,transcriber's note3 ,transcriber's note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected1 all other inconsistencies are as in the original4 ,author's spelling has been maintained4 --,the anchor for the footnote #gh was not to be found on the original page4 --,rx is used for ,reverse4 --,lines of #e spaced hyphens has been placed where the author has cut passages of letters4 --,centered groups of #e underscores have been placed by the authors to show change of document4 ,,the ,,medallic ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 #aggf-ahgf4 ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,loubat1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,new-,,york ,,historical ,,society4 ,,knight ,,commander ,,of ,,st4 ,,stanislaus ,,of ,,russia4 ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class ,,of ,,the ,,crown ,,and ,,of ,,frederick ,,of ,w,,rttemberg4 ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,legion ,,of ,,honor ,,of ,,france4 ,,with #agj ,,etchings ,,by ,,jules ,,jacquemart4 published by ,n4 ,,flayderman ,,co41 ,,inc4 ,new ,milford1 ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,library of ,congress ,catalog ,card ,no #fg-bhcec ,printed ,bound in ,norwalk1 ,connecticut by ,t4 ,o',toole ,sons1 ,inc4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,no part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher4 ,n4 ,,flayderman ,,co41 ,,inc4 ,new ,milford1 ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,the ,,honorable ,,elihu ,b4 ,,washburne1 7p4 vi7 ,,late ,,envoy ,,extraordinary ,,and ,,minister ,,plenipotentiary ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,to ,,france4 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,permit me to dedicate to you this work on our ,national ,medals1 as a slight testimonial for your distinguished services during your long official residence in ,paris1 and especially during the siege of that city in #ahgj-ahga1 when you had under your protection the subjects of fourteen governments besides your own1 and yet so discharged your delicate and responsible duties as to win universal approbation4 ,yours sincerely1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,loubat4 ,new-,york1 ,union ,club1 ,may1 #ahgh4 ,,introduction4 7p4 vii7 ,medals1 by means of the engraver's art1 perpetuate in a durable form and within a small compass which the eye can embrace at a glance1 not only the features of eminent persons1 but the dates1 brief accounts1 and representations 7direct or emblematical7 of events2 they rank1 therefore1 among the most valuable records of the past1 especially when they recall men1 deeds1 or circumstances which have influenced the life of nations4 ,how much light has been furnished for the study of history by the concise and faithful testimony of these silent witnesses6 ,the importance of medals is now universally acknowledged1 and in almost every country they are preserved with reverent care1 and made the subject of costly publications1 illustrated by elaborate engravings1 with carefully prepared letter-press descriptions and notes4 ,up to the present time no thorough work devoted to the medals of the ,united ,states of ,america has been published4 ,when ,i entered upon the task1 several years ago1 of investigating their history 7p4 viii7 for the period embracing the first century of the ,republic1 ,i had little conception of the difficulties to be encountered4 ,the search involved a very considerable expenditure of time and labor1 but at last ,i have the satisfaction of offering to the public the result of my investigations1 completed according to the original plan4 ,although our political history measures but a hundred years1 it records so many memorable deeds1 and the names of so many illustrious citizens1 that our medals form1 even now1 an historically valuable collection1 to say nothing of the great artistic merit of some of them4 ,during the ,war of ,independence alone1 how many exploits1 how many heroes do we find worthy of being thus honored6 ,how numerous would have been our medals if ,congress had not been imbued with the conviction that only the very highest achievements are entitled to such a distinction1 and that the value of a reward is enhanced by its rarity6 ,in voting those struck after the ,war of #ahab-'ae with ,great ,britain1 and after that of #ahdf-'dg with ,mexico1 the same discretion was shown4 ,there was still greater necessity for reserve during the late ,civil ,war1 and only two were presented during that painful period3 one to ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 then a major-general1 for victories1 and another to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt1 in acknowledgment of his free gift of the steamship which bore his name4 ,similar national rewards have been earned also by deeds which interest humanity1 science1 or commerce2 as1 for instance1 the laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable1 the expedition of ,doctor ,kane to the ,arctic ,seas1 and the beneficence of ,george ,peabody4 ,if to these are added the ,indian peace medals1 bearing the effigies of our 7p4 ix7 successive ,presidents1 the various elements which compose the official medals of the ,united ,states of ,america will have been enumerated4 ,as neither titles of nobility nor orders of knighthood exist in our country1 ,congress can bestow no higher distinction on an ,american citizen than to offer him the thanks of the nation1 and to order that a medal be struck in his honor4 ,i cannot do better than to quote here the words of ,general ,winfield ,scott1 when he received from ,president ,monroe the medal voted to him for the battles of ,chippewa and ,niagara3 ,with a deep sense of the additional obligation now contracted1 ,i accept at the hands of the venerable ,chief ,magistrate of the ,union the classic token of the highest reward a free man can receive3 the recorded approbation of his country4 ,our medals number eighty-six in all1 most of which were struck by order of ,congress in honor of citizens of the ,united ,states4 ,seventeen belong to the period of the ,revolution1 twenty-seven to the ,war of #ahab-'ae1 four to the ,mexican ,war1 and two to the ,civil ,war4 ,only five were voted to foreigners3 one1 in #aggi1 to ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,fleury1 a ,french gentleman in the ,continental ,army1 for gallant conduct at ,stony ,point2 another1 in #aheh1 to ,dr4 ,frederick ,rose1 an assistant-surgeon in the ,british ,navy for kindness and humanity to sick seamen on one of our men-of-war2 and the others1 in #ahff1 to three foreign merchant captains1 ,messrs4 ,creighton1 ,low1 and ,stouffer1 who1 in ,december1 #ahec1 went to the aid of the steamer ,san ,francisco1 7p4 x7 thereby rescuing about five hundred ,americans4 ,seven of the eighty-six medals do not owe their origin to a congressional vote3 two which were struck in the ,united ,netherlands 7#aghb71 one to commemorate their acknowledgment of the ,united ,states of ,america1 and the other the treaty of amity and commerce between the two countries2 that known as ,libertas ,americana 7#aghc72 the two in honor of ,franklin 7#aghd-aghf72 the ,diplomatic medal 7#agij72 and lastly that struck in memory of the conclusion of the treaty of commerce between the ,united ,states and ,france 7#ahbb74 ,although these cannot properly be classed as official medals1 their historic importance and value as works of art entitle them to a place in our national collection4 ,nearly all of the early medals were executed by ,french engravers1 whose names alone are a warrant for the artistic merit of their work4 ,we are indebted to ,augustin ,dupr1 who has been called the great ,dupr for the ,daniel ,morgan1 the ,nathaniel ,greene1 the ,john ,paul ,jones1 the ,libertas ,americana1 the two ,franklin1 and the ,diplomatic medals2 to ,pierre ,simon ,duvivier for those of ,george ,washington1 de ,fleury1 ,william ,augustine ,washington1 and ,john ,eager ,howard2 to ,nicolas ,marie ,gatteaux for those of ,horatio ,gates1 ,anthony ,wayne1 and ,john ,stewart2 and to ,bertrand ,andrieu and ,raymond ,gayrard for the one in commemoration of the signature of the treaty of commerce between ,france and the ,united ,states4 ,congress had not yet proclaimed the independence of the thirteen ,united ,colonies when1 on ,march #be1 #aggf1 it ordered that a gold 7p4 xi7 medal be struck and presented to ,his ,excellency1 ,general ,washington1 for his wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of ,boston4 ,but this1 although the first one voted1 was not engraved until after the de ,fleury and the ,libertas ,americana pieces1 both of which were executed in ,paris under the direction of ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,the following letter gives the date of the de ,fleury medal3 ,to ,his ,excellency ,mr4 ,,huntington1 ,passy1 ,march #d1 #aghj4 ,president of ,congress4 ,sir3 ,agreeably to the order of ,congress1 ,i have employed one of the best artists here in cutting the dies for the medal intended for ,m4 de ,fleury4 ,the price of such work is beyond my expectation1 being a thousand livres for each die4 ,i shall try if it is not possible to have the others done cheaper4 - - - - - ,with great respect ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,this medal was shown in the exhibition of the ,royal ,academy in ,paris in #agha4 ,the ,libertas ,americana piece was struck in #aghc4 ,six of the earliest of the series were designed under the supervision of ,colonel ,david ,humphreys1 namely1 those for ,generals ,washington1 ,gates1 ,greene1 and ,morgan1 and ,lieutenant-,colonels ,washington and ,howard4 ,to insure a due observance of the laws of numismatics1 and that they might bear comparison with the best specimens of modern times1 ,colonel ,humphreys asked the aid of the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres in the composition of the designs4 7p4 xii7 ,he explained his action in this respect to the ,president of ,congress in the following letter3 ,to ,his ,excellency ,paris1 ,march #ah1 #aghe4 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,sir3 ,before ,i left ,america1 ,i made application to the ,superintendent of ,finances for the sword which ,congress had been pleased to order1 by their resolution of the #agth of ,november1 #agha1 to be presented to me1 in consequence of which ,mr4 ,morris informed me verbally that he would take the necessary arrangements for procuring all the honourary presents which had been directed to be given to different officers during the late war1 and requested that ,i would undertake to have them executed in ,europe4 ,some time after my arrival here1 ,i received the inclosed letter#a from him1 accompanied with a list of medals1 etc41 and a description of those intended for ,general ,morgan and ,colonels ,washington and ,howard4 ,upon the receipt of these documents ,i did not delay to make the proper inquiries from the characters who were the best skilled in subjects of this nature1 and after having spoken to some of the first artists1 ,i was advised to apply to the ,abb ,barthlmy1 member of the academies of ,london1 ,madrid1 ,cortona1 and ,hesse-,cassel1 and actual keeper of the ,king's ,cabinet of ,medals and ,antiquities1 at whose instance ,i wrote a letter to the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 of which a copy is inclosed4 ,being informed at the same time that the description of medals for ,general ,morgan1 etc41 was not in the style and manner such medals were usually executed1 ,i took the liberty of suspending the execution of them1 until ,i could learn whether it is the pleasure of ,congress to have them performed exactly in the manner prescribed--which shall be done accordingly1 in case ,i should not be honoured with further instructions on the subject before their approaching recess4 ,the medals voted for the capture of ,stony ,point have been1 or ,i believe may be1 all struck from the die originally engraved to furnish one of them for ,colonel de ,fleury4 ,as to the swords in question1 it is proposed to have them all constructed in precisely the same fashion1 the hilt to be of silver1 round which a foliage of laurel to be enameled in 7p4 xiii7 gold in such a manner as to leave a medallion in the centre sufficient to receive the arms of the ,united ,states on one side1 and on the reverse an inscription in ,english1 ,the ,united ,states to ,colonel ,meigs1 ,july #be1 #aggg1 and the same for the others4 ,the whole ten1 executed in this manner1 may probably cost about three hundred louis d'or1 which is 7as ,i have been informed7 but little more than was paid for the sword which some time since was presented on the part of the ,united ,states to the ,marquis de la ,fayette4 ,i have the honour to be1 with the most perfect respect1 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,p4,s4 ,i forgot to mention that1 in order to have the medals for ,general ,morgan1 etc41 executed in the manner originally proposed1 it will be necessary for me to have more particular information of the numbers on both sides1 of the killed1 wounded1 prisoners1 trophies1 etc41 which the enemy lost in the action of the ,cowpens4 ,footnote #a3 ,i have not been able to find this letter4 ,the following is the letter to the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 referred to by ,colonel ,humphreys in the above3 ,paris1 ,march #ad1 #aghe4 ,mr4 ,,dacier1 ,perpetual ,secretary of the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 ,rue ,chabanais1 ,paris4 ,sir3 ,having it in charge to procure the honourary presents which 7during the late war7 have been voted by ,congress to several meritorious officers in their service1 particularly three medals in gold1 one for ,general ,washington1 another for ,general ,gates1 and a third for ,general ,greene2 and1 being extremely desirous that these medals should be executed in a manner grateful to the illustrious personages for whom they are designed1 worthy the dignity of the sovereign power by whom they are presented1 and calculated to perpetuate the remembrance of those great events which they are intended to consecrate to immortality1 ,i therefore take the liberty to address1 through you1 ,sir1 the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 on the subject1 and entreat that this learned body will be pleased to honour me1 as soon as 7p4 xiv7 may be convenient1 with their advice and sentiments respecting the devices and inscriptions proper for the before mentioned medals4 ,a memoir1#b which has been left in the hands of ,m4 ,barthlmy1 one of their members1 will give the necessary information4 ,in addressing so respectable an assembly of literati ,i do not think myself permitted to enlarge on the importance of this subject1 because they must know1 much better than ,i can inform them1 in how great a degree such monuments of public gratitude are calculated to produce a laudable emulation1 a genuine love of liberty1 and all the virtues of real patriotism1 not only among the innumerable generations who are yet to people the wastes of ,america1 but on the human character in general4 ,nor do ,i make those apologies for the trouble ,i am now giving1 which would be requisite1 did ,i not feel a conviction that whatever is interesting to the national glory of ,america1 to the good of posterity1 or to the happiness of the human race1 cannot be indifferent to a society composed of the most enlightened and liberal characters in ,europe1 fostered by the royal protection of a monarch whose name will forever be as dear to the ,united ,states as it will be glorious in the annals of mankind4 ,being so unfortunate as not to be able to write myself in ,french1 my intimate friend and brave companion in arms1 ,m4 le marquis de la ,fayette1 has had the goodness to make a translation of this letter into that language1 which ,i inclose herewith4 ,i have the honour to be1 with the most perfect respect1 ,sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,footnote #b3 ,i have not been able to find any trace of this memoir in the archives of the ,french ,academy4 ,a letter written by ,franklin1 about the same time1 to ,john ,jay1 then ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs1 is of much interest in this connection3 ,to the ,honourable ,john ,,jay1 ,passy1 ,may #aj1 #aghe4 ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4 - - - - - ,p4,s4 ,the striking of the medals being now in agitation here1 ,i send the inclosed for consideration4 ,a thought concerning the ,medals that are to be struck by 7p4 xv7 order of ,congress4 ,the forming of dies in steel to strike medals or money1 is generally with the intention of making a great number of the same form4 ,the engraving those dies in steel is1 from the hardness of the substance1 very difficult and expensive1 but1 once engraved1 the great number to be easily produced afterward by stamping justifies the expense1 it being but small when divided among a number4 ,where only one medal of a kind is wanted1 it seems an unthrifty way to form dies for it in steel to strike the two sides of it1 the whole expense of the dies resting on that medal4 ,it was by this means that the medal voted by ,congress for ,m4 de ,fleury cost one hundred guineas1 when an engraving of the same figures and inscriptions might have been beautifully done on a plate of silver of the same size for two guineas4 ,the ancients1 when they ordained a medal to record the memory of any laudable action1 and do honour to the performer of that action1 struck a vast number and used them as money4 ,by this means the honour was extended through their own and neighbouring nations1 every man who received or paid a piece of such money was reminded of the virtuous action1 the person who performed it1 and the reward attending it1 and the number gave such security to this kind of monuments against perishing and being forgotten1 that some of each of them exist to this day1 though more than two thousand years old1 and1 being now copied in books by the arts of engraving and painting1 are not only exceedingly multiplied but likely to remain some thousands of years longer4 ,the man who is honoured only by a single medal is obliged to show it to enjoy the honour1 which can be done only to a few and often awkwardly4 ,i therefore wish the medals of ,congress were ordered to be money1 and so continued as to be convenient money1 by being in value aliquot parts of a dollar4 ,copper coins are wanting in ,america for small change4 ,we have none but those of the ,king of ,england4 ,after one silver or gold medal is struck from the dies1 for the person to be honoured1 they may be usefully employed in striking copper money1 or in some cases small silver4 ,the nominal value of the pieces might be a little more than the real1 to prevent their being melted down1 but not so much more as to be an encouragement of counterfeiting4 ,i am1 etc41 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres entered on the 7p4 xvi7 discussion with the same alacrity as if the subject had been designed to illustrate the actions of their compatriots1 or to immortalize some glorious events in the annals of their own nation4#c ,commissioners1 consisting of four of its members1 were at once appointed to suggest designs for the three medals asked for ,generals ,washington1 ,gates1 and ,greene4#d ,footnote #c3 ,see ,a1 page xxxiv4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,b1 page xxxvi4 ,through the courtesy of ,m4 ,narcisse ,dupr1 son of ,augustin ,dupr1 ,i am enabled to give the contract between his father and ,colonel ,humphreys for the engraving of the medal for ,general ,greene3#e ,footnote #e3 ,for the ,french original see ,c1 page xli4 ,i1 the undersigned1 ,augustin ,dupr1 engraver of medals and medallist of the ,royal ,academy of ,painting and ,sculpture1 bind myself to ,colonel ,humphreys to engrave the medal representing the portrait of ,general ,greene4 ,on the reverse1 ,victory treading under her feet broken arms1 with the legend and the exergue1 and ,i hold myself responsible for any breakage of the dies up to twenty-four medals1 and bind myself to furnish one at my own expense 7the diameter of the medal to be twenty-four lignes74 ,all on the following conditions3 ,that for the two engraved dies of the said medal shall be paid me the sum of two thousand four hundred livres1 on delivery of the two dies after the twenty-four medals which the ,colonel desires have been struck4 ,done in duplicate between us1 in ,paris1 this nineteenth of ,november1 one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five 7#aghe74 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,,dupr4 ,on ,november #beth of the same year1 ,m4 ,dacier1 the perpetual secretary of the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 communicated another letter from ,colonel ,humphreys1 in which he requested the ,academy to compose designs for three more medals1 which had been voted to ,general ,morgan and to ,lieutenant-,colonels ,washington and ,howard4 7p4 xvii7 ,commissioners were appointed and designs made for these also4#f ,footnote #f3 ,see ,b1 page xxxvi4 ,colonel ,humphreys having returned to ,america before the medals were finished1 their superintendence was undertaken by ,mr4 ,jefferson1 as will be seen from the following letter3 ,to the ,honourable ,john ,,jay1 ,paris1 ,february #ad1 #aghg4 ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4 ,sir3 ,mr4 ,morris1 during his office1 being authorized to have the medals and swords executed1 which had been ordered by ,congress1 he authorized ,colonel ,humphreys to take measures here for the execution4 ,colonel ,humphreys did so1 and the swords were finished in time for him to carry them4 ,the medals not being finished1 he desired me to attend to them4 ,the workman who was to make that of ,general ,greene brought me yesterday the medal in gold1 twenty-three in copper1 and the die4 ,mr4 ,short1 during my absence1 will avail himself of the first occasion which shall offer of forwarding the medals to you4 ,i must beg leave1 through you1 to ask the pleasure of ,congress as to the number they would choose to have struck4 ,perhaps they might be willing to deposit one of each person in every college of the ,united ,states4 ,perhaps they might choose to give a series of them to each of the crowned heads of ,europe1 which would be an acceptable present to them4 ,they will be pleased to decide4 ,in the meantime ,i have sealed up the die1 and shall retain it till ,i am honoured with their orders as to this medal1 and the others also1 when they shall be finished4 ,with great respect and esteem1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,in another letter to ,mr4 ,jay1 dated ,marseilles1 ,may #d1 #aghg1 ,mr4 ,jefferson again refers to this subject3 - - - - - ,i am in hopes ,mr4 ,short will be able to send you the medals of ,general ,gates by this packet4 ,i await a general instruction as to these medals4 ,the academies of ,europe will be much pleased to receive a set4 - - - - - ,mr4 ,jefferson's communication of the #adth of ,february was 7p4 xviii7 brought to the notice of ,congress by ,mr4 ,jay1 and was referred back to him by ,congress4 ,the result was the following report3 ,,office ,,for ,,foreign ,,affairs1 ,july #aa1 #aghg4 ,the ,secretary of the ,united ,states for the ,department of ,foreign ,affairs1 to whom was referred a letter from the ,honourable ,mr4 ,jefferson of the #adth of ,february last1 ,reports1 ,your secretary presumes that the following paragraphs in this letter occasion its being referred to him1 viz43 ,the workman who was to make a medal of ,general ,greene brought me yesterday the medal in gold1 twenty-three in copper1 and the die4 ,i must beg leave1 through you1 to ask the pleasure of ,congress as to the number they would choose to have struck4 ,perhaps they might be willing to deposit one of each person in every college of the ,united ,states4 ,perhaps they might choose to give a series of them to each of the crowned heads of ,europe1 which would be an acceptable present to them4 ,they will be pleased to decide4 ,in the meantime ,i have sealed up the die1 and shall retain it till ,i am honoured with their orders as to this medal1 and the others also1 when they shall be finished4 ,as these medals were directed to be struck in order to signalize and commemorate certain interesting events and conspicuous characters1 the distribution of them should in his opinion be such as may best conduce to that end4 ,he therefore thinks that both of ,mr4 ,jefferson's hints should be improved1 to wit1 that a series of these medals should be presented to each of the crowned heads in ,europe1 and that one of each set be deposited in each of the ,american colleges4 ,he presumes that ,mr4 ,jefferson does not mean that any should be presented to the ,king of ,great ,britain1 for it would not be delicate2 nor that by crowned heads he meant to exclude free states from the compliment1 for to make discriminations would give offense4 ,in the judgment of your secretary it would be proper to instruct ,mr4 ,jefferson to present in the name of the ,united ,states one silver medal of each denomination to every monarch 7except ,his ,britannic ,majesty71 and to every sovereign and independent state without exception in ,europe2 and also to the ,emperor of ,morocco4 ,that he also be instructed to send fifteen silver medals of each set to ,congress1 to be by them presented to the thirteen 7p4 xix7 ,united ,states respectively1 and also to the ,emperor of ,china with an explanation and a letter1 and one to ,general ,washington4 ,that he also be instructed to present a copper medal of each denomination to each of the most distinguished universities 7except the ,british7 in ,europe1 and also to ,count de ,rochambeau1 to ,count d',estaing1 and to ,count de ,grasse2 and1 lastly1 that he be instructed to send to ,congress two hundred copper ones of each set1 together with the dies4 ,your secretary thinks that of these it would be proper to present one to each of the ,american colleges1 one to the ,marquis de la ,fayette1 and one to each of the other major-generals who served in the late ,american army2 and that the residue with the dies be deposited in the ,secretary's ,office of the ,united ,states1 subject to such future orders as ,congress may think proper to make respecting them4 ,it might be more magnificent to give gold medals to sovereigns1 silver ones to distinguished persons1 and copper ones to the colleges2 but1 in his opinion1 the nature of the ,american ,governments1 as well as the state of their finance1 will apologize for their declining the expense4 ,all which is submitted to the wisdom of ,congress4 ,john ,,jay4 ,the records of the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres show that in #aghi1 at the request of ,mr4 ,jefferson1 it also composed designs for the medals awarded by ,congress to ,general ,wayne1 ,major ,stewart1 and ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones4#g ,mr4 ,jefferson had previously had an interview with ,m4 ,augustin ,dupr on the subject1 as will be seen by the following note1 the original of which is in ,mr4 ,jefferson's handwriting3#h ,footnote #g3 ,see ,d1 page xli4 ,footnote #h3 ,for the ,french originals of this and the following letter1 see ,e1 page xliv4 ,to ,m4 ,,dupr1 ,engraver of ,medals and ,medallist of the ,royal ,academy of ,painting and ,sculpture4 ,mr4 ,jefferson having received orders concerning medals to be struck would like to talk about them with ,m4 ,dupr1 if he will please do him the honour to call on him to-morrow morning before eleven o'clock4 ,saturday1 ,january #c1 #aghi4 ,in the following month1 ,mr4 ,jefferson again wrote to ,m4 ,dupr1 7p4 xx7 inclosing descriptions of the designs for the medals of ,general ,morgan and of ,admiral ,jones4 ,the reader will note some slight differences between these and those originally composed by the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres3 ,to ,m4 ,,dupr1 ,engraver of ,medals and ,medallist of the ,royal ,academy of ,painting and ,sculpture4 ,mr4 ,jefferson has the honour to send to ,m4 ,dupr the devices for the medals for ,general ,morgan and ,rear-,admiral ,paul ,jones1 which he has just received from the ,academy of ,belles-,lettres1 and the making of which he proposes to ,m4 ,dupr1 the latter to be responsible for the success of the dies up to the striking of three hundred and fifty of each medal in gold1 silver1 or bronze1 and to furnish proofs in tin at the end of the month of ,march next1 so that the medals may all be struck before the #aeth of ,april4 ,he begs him to kindly mention the conditions on which he will undertake them1 and ,mr4 ,jefferson will have the honour to reply on receipt of them4 ,february #ac1 #aghi4 ,medal for ,general ,morgan1 of twenty-four lignes in diameter4 ,the general1 at the head of his army1 charges the enemy1 which takes to flight4 ,legend3 ,,victoria ,,libertatis ,,vindex4 ,exergue3 ,,fugatis ,,captis ,,aut ,c,,sis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostibus #ag ,jan4 #agha4 ,reverse3 ,america1 recognizable by her shield1 rests her left hand upon a trophy of arms and of flags1 and with her right crowns the general1 who bends before her4 ,legend3 ,,danieli ,,morgan ,,duci ,,exercitus4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,medal for ,rear-,admiral ,john ,paul ,jones1 of twenty-four 7p4 xxi7 lignes4 ,device3 ,his head 7,m4 ,houdon will furnish the bust in plaster74 ,legend3 ,,joanni ,,paulo ,,jones ,,classis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,naval ,engagement4 ,legend3 ,,hostium ,,navibus ,,captis ,,aut ,,fugatis4 ,exergue3 ,,ad ,,oram ,,scoti #bc ,,sept4 #aggi4 ,the following1 from the same to the same1 bearing date ,february #ae1 #aghi1 throws some light on the prices of the medals engraved by ,m4 ,dupr3 ,to ,m4 ,,dupr1 ,engraver of ,medals1 ,paris4 ,mr4 ,jefferson has the honour to observe to ,m4 ,dupr that he pays only twenty-four hundred livres to ,m4 ,duvivier or to ,m4 ,gatteaux for medals which measure twenty-four lignes1 that he paid the same sum to ,m4 ,dupr himself for that of ,general ,greene1 and that recently ,m4 ,dupr asked no higher price for that of ,general ,morgan4 ,mr4 ,jefferson cannot1 therefore1 consent to give more4 ,for that sum he would expect to have the best work of ,m4 ,dupr and not that of inferior artists4 ,as regards time1 perhaps it may be possible to prolong it somewhat in regard to the medal for ,admiral ,paul ,jones1 that officer being at present in ,europe4 ,mr4 ,jefferson will have the honour to await ,m4 ,dupr's answer1 and will be happy to conclude this arrangement with him4#i ,february #ae1 #aghi4 ,footnote #i3 ,for the ,french original see ,f1 page xlv4 ,it is to be supposed that ,dupr accepted these conditions1 since he is the engraver of the ,john ,paul ,jones medal1 one of the finest specimens in our collection4 ,the ,daniel ,morgan piece is no less remarkable as an effort of numismatic skill4 ,the fight at the ,cowpens1 on the reverse1 is a striking example of the boldness with which ,dupr enlarged 7p4 xxii7 the limits of his art1 and1 in defiance of all traditional rules1 successfully represented several planes in the background4 ,i cannot do better than to give the opinion1 concerning this and the other of ,dupr's ,american medals1 of ,m4 ,charles ,blanc1#aj from whom ,i quote freely in the following3 ,footnote #aj3 ,,institut ,,de ,,france--,,acad,,mie ,,des ,,beaux-,,arts ,notice sur la vie et les ouvrages d',augustin ,dupr1 ,graveur-,gnral des ,monnoies de la ,rpublique4 ,lue dans la sance trimestrielle des cinq classes de l',institut1 le #bf ,octobre1 #ahgj1 par ,m4 ,charles ,blanc4 ,the ,morgan medal1 says this eminent ,french critic1 seems to vibrate beneath the rush of cavalry and the tread of infantry flying in the background1 indicated by the almost imperceptible lines of the metal where the smoke of the cannonade is vanishing away in air4 ,in the ,libertas ,americana medal1 which recalls1 if we except the evacuation of ,boston1 the two most memorable events of the ,war of ,independence1 namely1 the capitulation of ,general ,burgoyne1 at ,saratoga1 in ,october1 #aggg1 and that of ,general ,lord ,cornwallis1 at ,yorktown1 in ,october1 #agha1 ,dupr has represented the new-born ,liberty1 sprung from the prairies without ancestry and without rulers1 as a youthful virgin1 with disheveled hair and dauntless aspect1 bearing across her shoulder a pike1 surmounted by the ,phrygian cap4 ,this great artist1 in consequence of his intimacy with ,franklin1 had conceived the greatest enthusiasm for the cause of the ,united ,states4 ,franklin resided at ,passy1 and ,dupr at ,auteuil4 ,as they both went to ,paris every day1 they met and made acquaintance on the road--an acquaintance which soon ripened into friendship4 ,dupr first engraved ,franklin's seal with the motto1 ,in simplici salus1 and afterward his portrait4 ,this 7p4 xxiii7 portrait presents an alto-rilievo which is well adapted for medals only2 it is conceived in the spirit of the ,french school1 which has always attached great importance to the truthful rendering of flesh4 ,the artist has indicated the flat parts1 the relaxation of the muscles1 and1 as it were1 the quivering of the flesh1 so as to convey an exact idea of the age of the model4 ,he has conscientiously represented the lines which the finger of ,time imprints on the countenance1 but1 above all1 he has given us with wonderful fidelity the physiognomy of the ,american sage1 his shrewd simplicity1 his sagacity1 and his expression of serene uprightness4 ,a ,latin hexameter from the pen of ,turgot became the well-known legend of this medal3 ,eripuit coelo fulmen1 sceptrumque tyrannis4 ,the four pieces executed by ,duvivier are no less remarkable for beauty and excellence of workmanship4 ,they all figured at the exhibitions of the members of the ,royal ,academy of ,paris1 that of the ,chevalier de ,fleury1 as mentioned before1 in the exhibition of #agha1 and those of of ,general and of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington1 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard1 in that of #aghi4aa ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,g1 page xlv4 ,in those by ,gatteaux1 the personification of ,america as an ,indian queen with an alligator at her feet is noteworthy4 ,with the exception of the ,treaty of ,commerce medal 7#ahbb71 and perhaps of that of ,captain ,truxtun1 our medals after the ,war of ,independence were engraved and struck at home4 ,before that time1 indeed1 the one voted in #aggi to ,major ,henry ,lee had been made by ,john ,wright1 of ,philadelphia4 ,from the close of the eighteenth century down to 7p4 xxiv7 #ahdj ,john ,reich and subsequently ,moritz ,frst were the engravers of the national medals4 ,reich's works are valued2 unfortunately they are few in number4 ,they consist of the medal voted in #ahje to ,captain ,edward ,preble for his naval operations against ,tripoli1 of another voted in #ahac to ,captain ,isaac ,hull for the capture of the ,british frigate ,guerrire1 and of those of ,presidents ,jefferson and ,madison4 ,that of ,president ,jefferson especially deserves attention for its beauty4 ,but little can be said in commendation of the works of ,frst1 whose numerous medals are very inferior to ,reich's1 and still less worthy of being compared with those of the ,french engravers4 ,while wishing to avoid undue severity1 ,i cannot but endorse the opinion of ,general ,scott1 given in a communication addressed to the ,honorable ,william ,l4 ,marcy1 ,secretary of ,war1 in regard to the medal voted to ,general ,zachary ,taylor1 for victories on the ,rio ,grande3 ,to the ,honourable ,,headquarters ,,of ,,the ,,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,washington1 ,july #be1 #ahdf4 ,secretary of ,war4 ,as medals are among the surest monuments of history1 as well as muniments of individual distinction1 there should be given to them1 besides intrinsic value and durability of material1 the utmost grace of design1 with the highest finish in mechanical execution4 ,all this is necessary to give the greater or adventitious value2 as in the present instance1 the medal is to be1 at once1 an historical record and a reward of distinguished merit4 ,the credit of the donor thus becomes even more than that of the receiver interested in obtaining a perfect specimen in the fine arts4 ,the within resolution prescribes gold as the material of the medal4 ,the general form 7circular7 may be considered as equally settled by our own practice1 and that of most nations1 ancient and modern4 ,there is1 however1 some little diversity in diameter and thickness in the medals heretofore ordered 7p4 xxv7 by ,congress1 at different periods1 as may be seen in the cabinets of the ,war and ,navy ,departments4 ,diversity in dimensions is even greater in other countries4 ,the specific character of the medal is shown by its two faces1 or the face and the reverse4 ,the within resolution directs appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon4 ,for the face1 a bust likeness is needed1 to give1 with the name and the rank of the donee1 individuality4 ,to obtain the likeness1 a first-rate miniature painter should1 of course1 be employed4 ,the reverse receives the device1 appropriate to the events commemorated4 ,to obtain this1 it is suggested that the resolutions and despatches1 belonging to the subject1 be transmitted to a master in the art of design--say ,prof4 ,weir1 at ,west ,point--for a drawing--including1 if practicable1 this inscription3 ,,palo ,,alto2 ,,resaca ,,de ,,la ,,palma3 ,,may #h ,,and #i1 #ahdf4 ,a third artist--all to be well paid--is next to be employed--a die-sinker4 ,the mint of the ,united ,states will do the coinage4 ,copies1 in cheaper metal1 of all our gold medals1 should be given to the libraries of the ,federal and ,state ,governments1 to those of the colleges1 etc4 ,the medals voted by the ,revolutionary ,congress were executed--designs and dies--under the superintendence of ,mr4 ,jefferson1#ab in ,paris1 about the year #aghf4 ,those struck in honour of victories1 in our ,war of #ahab1 were all--at least so far as it respected the land service--done at home1 and not one of them presented1 ,i think1 earlier than the end of ,mr4 ,monroe's administration 7#ahbe74 ,the delay principally resulted from the want of good die-sinkers4 ,there was only one of mediocre merit 7and he a foreigner7 found for the army4 ,what the state of this art may now be in the ,united ,states ,i know not4 ,but ,i beg leave again to suggest that the honour of the country requires that medals1 voted by ,congress1 should always exhibit the arts involved1 in their highest state of perfection wherever found3 for letters1 science1 and the fine arts constitute but one republic1 embracing the world4 ,so thought our early ,government1 and ,mr4 ,jefferson--a distinguished member of that general republic4 ,all which is respectfully submitted to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,footnote #ab3 ,this is an error4 ,see page xi4 ,whatever may be the weight of ,general ,scott's opinion on such a 7p4 xxvi7 subject1 and whether or not it is important1 as he insists1 that medals should possess high artistic value1 in order that they may be not only the rewards of merit and monuments of history1 but also favorable specimens of contemporary art1 it must be acknowledged that those struck since #ahdj differ widely1 in many respects1 from those of the preceding period4 ,while the earlier works are of a pure and lofty style1 the later ones are not always in good taste4 ,the former are conceived generally in strict observance of classical rules1 and will bear comparison with the numismatic masterpieces of antiquity2 the latter reflect the realistic tendency of their day4 ,the ,indian medals1 with the exception of that of ,president ,jefferson and a few others1 which are very fine1 possess only an historic value4 ,these pieces owe their origin to the custom1 in the colonial times1 of distributing to the chiefs of ,indian tribes1 with whom treaties were concluded1 medals bearing on the obverse the effigy of the reigning ,british sovereign1 and on the reverse friendly legends and emblems of peace4 ,mr4 ,kean1 member of the ,continental ,congress from ,south ,carolina1 on ,april #bj1 #aghf1 moved3 ,that the ,board of ,treasury ascertain the number and value of the medals received by the commissioners appointed to treat with the ,indians1 from said ,indians1 and have an equal number1 with the arms of the ,united ,states1 made of silver1 and returned to the chiefs from whom they were received4 ,the result was the ,indian series1 which bear on their obverses the busts of the respective ,presidents under whom they were issued 7none 7p4 xxvii7 exists of ,president ,harrison1 who died a month after his inauguration72 but it should be borne in mind that these are mere ,indian peace tokens1 struck only for distribution as presents to friendly chiefs4 ,i have called in question the discernment of some of the ,federal administrations in their choice of engravers2 unfortunately1 ,i have also to draw attention to an unaccountable delay in the execution of one of the medals4 ,it seems scarcely credible that the one voted in #aheg to ,dr4 ,elisha ,kent ,kane for his discoveries in the ,arctic ,seas has not yet been struck4 ,elder1 in his ,life of ,e4 ,k4 ,kane 7page #bbh71 says3 ,congress having failed at its first session after his 7,kane's7 return to appropriate1 by a national recognition1 the honors he had won for his country1 had no other opportunity for repairing the neglect till after his death2 then a gold medal was ordered1 of which1 ,i believe1 nothing has been heard since the passage of the resolution4 ,to complete my undertaking1 it was necessary not only to study the composition and history of all our national medals1 but also to have plates of them engraved1 which could only be done from the originals or copies1 or1 as a last resort1 from casts4 ,my first step was to apply to the ,mint in ,philadelphia for bronze copies of all the medals4 ,in #ahee the director of that establishment had been authorized by the ,secretary of the ,treasury1 to strike from the original dies1 copies of the medals for sale1 as is the custom at the ,paris ,mint4 ,but when he sought to avail himself of this authorization1 it was discovered that many of the dies were missing4 ,it was thought probable that those of the medals which had been 7p4 xxviii7 struck in ,france during the ,war of ,independence would be found there1 and the ,french ,government was communicated with1 in #ahfa1 in regard to the following3 ,washington before ,boston2 ,general ,wayne1 for capture of ,stony ,point2 ,colonel ,fleury1 for same2 ,captain ,stewart1 for same2 ,major ,lee1 for capture of ,paulus ,hook2 ,colonel ,john ,eager ,howard1 for ,cowpens2 ,colonel ,william ,washington1 for same2 ,major-,general ,greene1 for ,eutaw ,springs2 ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones1 for capture of the ,serapis by the ,bonhomme ,richard4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,h1 page xlvii4 ,but the ,paris ,mint possessed only the dies of the two ,washington1 of the ,howard1 and of the ,john ,paul ,jones medals2 moreover1 the rules of that establishment did not permit them to be given up4 ,bronze copies of the four were obtained1 however1 and from them ,messrs4 ,george ,eckfeldt and ,r4 ,jefferson of the ,philadelphia ,mint cut new dies4 ,in ,washington1 in ,january1 #ahgb1 ,i was informed by ,mr4 ,spofford1 of the ,library of ,congress1 that after the fire which destroyed a portion of that library1 ,december #bd1 #ahea1 the bronze copies of the medals formerly deposited there had been transferred to the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,at the latter place ,i was shown the remains of the collection1 all more or less injured by fire4 ,moreover1 the five wanted were not to be found2 and further investigations made in ,december1 #ahgg1 in the ,philadelphia ,mint1 showed that four of the dies1 namely1 those of ,generals ,greene and ,wayne1 and of ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,fleury and ,major ,stewart1 are still missing from that establishment4 ,during the year #ahgb1 ,i obtained permission from the ,honorable ,hamilton ,fish1 ,secretary of ,state1 to examine in the archives of 7p4 xxix7 his department the official papers relating to the medals of the ,war of ,independence1 and was fortunate enough to find the correspondence concerning the ,diplomatic medal between ,jefferson1 ,william ,short1 the ,marquis de la ,luzerne1 and the ,count de ,moustier4 ,afterward1 in the reports of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society 7vol4 vi41 #c;d series71 ,i found a description which seemed to apply to this same medal4 ,i then went to ,philadelphia to see the writer of the description1 ,joshua ,francis ,fisher1 ,esq41 but he was on his death-bed1 and it was impossible to prosecute the inquiry4 ,after his decease1 ,i was informed that no medal of the kind described was contained in his collection4 ,in #agij1 ,president ,washington ordered two ,diplomatic medals to be struck and presented1 one to the ,marquis de la ,luzerne1 ,french ,minister to the ,united ,states1 and the other to his successor1 the ,count de ,moustier4 ,in ,paris1 in #ahgd1 ,i made application to the present heads of those families1 the ,count de ,vibray#ad and the ,marquis de ,moustier1#ae for information concerning these medals2 but no trace of the object of my search could be found among their family papers4 ,footnote #ad3 ,the ,count de ,vibray is the representative in the female line of the de la ,luzerne family1 which is extinct in the male line4 ,footnote #ae3 ,the ,marquis de ,moustier is the great-grandson of the ,count de ,moustier4 ,about this time1 ,mr4 ,charles ,i4 ,bushnell1 of ,new ,york city1 kindly sent me plaster casts of an obverse and of a reverse1 in which ,i at once recognized the ,diplomatic medal1 but neither bore the signature of ,dupr4 ,nevertheless1 ,i had a plate engraved from them1 hoping by its aid to find the original4 ,i then turned once more to ,m4 ,gatteaux1 the son of ,m4 ,nicolas 7p4 xxx7 ,marie ,gatteaux1 who had shown me1 in #ahfh1 in his house in the ,rue de ,lille1 ,paris1 the wax model of the obverse of the medal of ,general ,gates1 and the designs for those of ,general ,wayne and ,major ,stewart1 but1 the house having been burnt during the reign of the ,commune in #ahga1 he could furnish no information1 and ,i was as far as ever from discovering the original of this piece4 ,in #ahgf ,i showed to ,m4 ,augustin ,dumont1 the celebrated sculptor1#af and the godson of ,augustin ,dupr1 the plate engraved from the plaster casts1 and from him ,i learned that ,m4 ,narcisse ,dupr1 the son of ,augustin1 was still living in the south of ,france1 at ,montpellier4 ,m4 ,dumont had given to ,m4 ,ponscarme1 his pupil1 now professor in the cole des ,beaux-,arts1 the maquettes1 or lead proofs1 of many of ,dupr's works4 ,a few days later1 ,m4 ,ponscarme showed me a maquette of the obverse of the ,diplomatic medal1 and at last ,m4 ,narcisse ,dupr sent me a photograph of the reverse4 ,i thus obtained proof of the correctness of the engraved plate4 ,footnote #af3 ,among his most noted works is the bronze statue of the ,emperor ,napoleon ,i41 placed by ,napoleon ,,iii4 on the column in the ,place ,vendme1 ,paris1 which was overthrown by the ,communists4 ,the statue has since been replaced on the reconstructed column4 ,m4 ,dumont1 who is a professor in the cole des ,beaux-,arts1 is a member of the ,institute1 ,commander of the ,legion of ,honor1 etc4 ,while in ,washington1 in ,february1 #ahgb1 ,i was fortunate enough to find1 in the office of ,rear-,admiral ,joseph ,smith1 then chief of the ,bureau of ,yards and ,docks1 in the ,navy ,department1 where they were used as paperweights1 the original dies of the medal voted to ,commodore ,edward ,preble for his naval operations against ,tripoli4 ,i immediately brought this to the notice of the chief clerks of 7p4 xxxi7 the ,navy and of the ,treasury ,departments1 and also to that of ,captain 7now ,rear-,admiral7 ,george ,h4 ,preble1 a connection of the commodore's1 and these dies are now where they belong1 in the ,mint in ,philadelphia4 ,shortly afterward ,i was also instrumental in having restored to the mint the dies of the ,vanderbilt medal1 which were lying in the cellar of one of the ,new ,york city banks4 ,i have found it impossible to obtain any trustworthy information respecting the designer and the engraver of the medal1 voted on ,march #bi1 #ahjj1 in honor of ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun4 ,as there were no competent medallists in the ,united ,states at the period1 and as we were then at war with ,france1 it is presumable that the dies were made in ,england4 ,if so1 they were probably cut at the private mint of ,matthew ,boulton1 of ,birmingham1 who furnished the ,united ,states ,government for a long time with planchets for its copper coinage4 ,the work now offered to the public consists of two volumes3 ,volume ,i41 ,text2 ,volume ,,ii41 ,plates4 ,the text is subdivided into eighty-six sections1 corresponding to the number of the medals1 in each of which is included1 besides the descriptive matter1 all the documents that could be obtained relating to the respective piece1 and arranged according to the following plan3 #a4 ,the number of the medal1 its date1 and its number in the book of plates4 ,the medals are arranged chronologically3 those voted by ,congress according to the dates of the several resolutions or acts awarding them1 and not in the order of the events which they commemorate2 the unofficial ones in the order of events which they commemorate2 and the presidential pieces according to the date 7p4 xxxii7 of inauguration of each ,president4 #b4 ,the descriptive titles of each medal1 in the following order3 #ast1 the legends of the obverse and of the reverse2 #b;d1 the name of the person honored1 or of the title by which the piece is known2 #c;d1 the event commemorated4 #c4 ,a description of the medal1 beginning with the obverse3 #ast1 the whole legend2 #b;d1 the description of the emblems and devices2 #c;d1 the legend of the exergue2 #dth1 the names of the designer and of the engraver4 ,the same order has been followed for the reverse4 ,the legends are copied exactly from the medals1 and when in ,latin1 translated2 the abbreviations are explained1 and are1 like the translations1 placed between parentheses4 ,the words1 facing the right and facing the left mean the right or the left of the person looking at the piece4 #d4 ,a short biographical sketch of the designers and of the engravers4 #e4 ,a short biographical sketch of the person in whose honor the medal was struck1 or of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 in case of the ,indian peace tokens4 #f4 ,original documents1 such as ,resolutions or ,acts of ,congress1 the official reports of the events commemorated1 and letters of interest4 ,the original documents have been given in the belief that the reader would prefer them to a mere recital of the events of which they treat4 ,many of these are now printed for the first time4 ,it is interesting to note that ,mr4 ,jefferson1 as early as #aghi1 entertained the idea of publishing an account of all the 7p4 xxxiii7 ,american medals struck up to that time1 as will be seen from the following letter2 ,to ,m4 ,,dupr1 ,engraver of ,medals1 ,paris4 ,mr4 ,jefferson is going to have a description of all the medals printed1 in order to send them1 with copies of the medals1 to the sovereigns of ,europe4 ,the one of ,mr4 ,franklin1 made by ,m4 ,dupr1 is wanting2 he begs you to lend him a copy1 and to communicate to him the description also1 if any has been made1 as is probable4 ,february #bc1 #aghiag4 ,footnote #ag3 ,the original of this letter1 which is in ,french1 and which was communicated to me in ,paris by ,m4 ,narcisse ,dupr1 is undoubtedly in the handwriting of ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,i have sought in vain for the document mentioned in it4 ,see ,i1 page #a4 ,no mention is made of the size of the medals1 as the plates show their exact dimensions4 ,being desirous that the execution of the engravings should be as perfect as possible1 ,i invited ,m4 ,jules ,jacquemart1 of ,paris1 to undertake the whole of them4 ,m4 ,jacquemart needs no praise4 ,all amateurs know his etchings from ,van der ,meer1 ,franz ,hals1 ,rembrandt1 etc41 and his plates for the ,history of ,porcelain1 by ,m4 ,albert ,jacquemart1 his father1 for the ,gems and ,jewels of the ,crown1 published by ,m4 ,barbet de ,jouy1 and for the ,collection of ,arms of ,count de ,nieuwerkerke4 ,the ,american public has had1 moreover1 an opportunity of admiring the works of this eminent artist at the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art in ,new ,york city4 ,his collaboration adds great value to the artistic portion of this work4 ,,original ,,documents 7p4 xxxiv7 ,,referred ,,to ,,in ,,the ,,introduction4 ,a ,mount ,vernon1 ,november1 #aghg4 ,to ,,the ,,printer ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,museum 7,mr4 ,,carey47 ,sir3 ,i understand that a part1 if not all1 of the medals which1 in the course of the late war1 were voted by ,congress to officers of distinguished merit1 and for the execution of which ,i contracted with artists at ,paris1 have lately arrived in ,america4 ,but1 not having seen any account published of the devices and inscriptions1 ,i presume it will not be ungrateful to the public to receive some authentic information respecting these memorials of national glory4 ,however superfluous the publication of the correspondence#ah on this subject with the ,perpetual ,secretary of the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres might be deemed1 it will not1 ,i conceive1 be improper it should be known that this learned society1 to whom a reference was made1 entered on the discussion with the same alacrity as if the subject had been designed to illustrate the actions of their compatriots1 or to immortalize some glorious events in the annals of their own nation4 ,you will be at liberty to insert in your ,museum the result of their deliberations4 ,in our free republics certainly nothing should be suppressed that can tend to awaken a noble spirit of emulation1 to cherish the fine feelings of patriotism1 to exhibit alluring examples for imitation1 or to extend and perpetuate the remembrance of those heroic achievements which have ennobled the era of the ,american ,revolution4 ,few inventions could be more happily calculated to diffuse the knowledge and preserve the memory of illustrious characters and splendid events than medals--whether we take into consideration the imperishable nature of the substance whence they are formed1 the facility of multiplying copies1 or the practice of depositing them in the cabinets of the curious4 ,perhaps one improvement might be made4 ,the sage and venerable ,dr4 ,franklin1 whose patriotic genius is active in old age1 and ever prolific in projects of public utility1 once suggested1#ai in conversation with me1 as an expedient for propagating still more extensively the knowledge of facts designed to be perpetuated in medals1 that their devices should be impressed on the current coin of the nation4 ,under influence of such ideas1 ,i shall claim the indulgence 7p4 xxxv7 of my countrymen for bringing forward a communication which might possibly have come more satisfactorily from some other quarter4 ,an apprehension that the subject might remain unnoticed is my apology4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,david ,,humphreys4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i have found none of this correspondence in the archives of the ,french ,academy1 ,paris1 nor in those of the ,state ,department1 ,washington1 excepting the letter of ,colonel ,humphreys to ,m4 ,dacier1 dated ,paris1 ,march #ad1 #aghe1 for which see page xiii4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,franklin's despatch to the ,honorable ,john ,jay1 dated ,passy1 ,may #aj1 #aghe1 page xiv4 ,devices and ,inscriptions of ,american ,medals4 ,the gold medal for ,general ,washington represents the head of ,his ,excellency1 with this legend3 ,,georgio ,,washington ,,supremo ,,duci ,,exercituum1 ,,adsertori ,,libertatis1 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,on the reverse3 ,the ,evacuation of ,boston4 ,the ,american army advances in good order toward the town1 which is seen at a distance1 while the ,british army flies with precipitation toward the strand1 to embark on board the vessels with which the roads are covered4 ,in the front of the picture1 on the side of the ,american army1 ,general ,washington appears on horseback1 amid a group of officers1 to whom he seems to be pointing out the retreat of the enemy4 ,legend3 ,,hostibus ,,primo ,,fugatis4 ,on the ,exergue3 ,,bostonium ,,recuperatum1 ,,die #ag ,,martii1 ,,mdcclxxvi4 ,the gold medal for ,general ,gates represents the head of that general1 with this legend3 ,,horatio ,,gates1 ,,duci ,,strenuo1 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,on the reverse3 ,the enemy's general1 at the head of his army1 who are grounding their arms1 presents his sword to the ,american general1 whose troops stand with shouldered arms4 ,legend3 ,,salus ,,regionum ,,septentrionalium4 ,on the ,exergue3 ,,hoste ,,ad ,,saratogam ,,in ,,deditionem ,,accepto1 ,,die #ag ,,octobris1 ,,mdcclxxvii4 ,the gold medal of ,general ,greene represents the head of that general1 with this legend3 ,,nathanieli ,,green1 ,,egregio ,,duci1 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,on the reverse3 ,a ,victory treading under feet broken arms4 ,legend3 ,,salus ,,regionum ,,australium4 ,on the ,exergue3 ,,hostibus ,,apud ,,eutaw ,,debellatis1 ,,die #h ,,septembris1 ,,mdcclxxxi4 ,the medal in gold for ,general ,morgan1 and those in silver for ,colonels ,howard and ,washington1 were to be indicative of the several circumstances which attended the victory at the ,cowpens on the #agth of ,january1 #agha1 in conformity to a special resolution of ,congress4 ,it may not be foreign to the purpose to add that dies have formerly been engraved under the direction of ,dr4 ,franklin1#bj for striking the gold medal for ,general ,wayne1 and the silver medals for ,colonels de ,fleury and ,stewart1 emblematic of their gallant conduct in storming the works of ,stony ,point1 sword in hand4 ,footnote #bj3 ,this is an error4 ,the medals for ,general ,wayne and ,major ,stewart were composed1 at the request of ,mr4 ,jefferson1 by the ,french ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 in #aghi4 ,see ,d1 page xli4 ,these are all the medals voted by ,congress in the course of the war4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,this is incorrect1 as ,congress voted medals to ,major ,lee1 ,september #bd1 #aggi1 and to ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart1 ,november #c1 #aghj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b 7p4 xxxvi7 ,registre des ,assembles et ,dlibrations de l',acadmie ,royale des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres pendant l'anne #aghe4 ,vendredi #h avril #aghe4 - - - - - ,monsieur le secrtaire a fait part d'une lettre de ,monsieur ,humphreys1 ancien colonel au service des tats-,unis1 par laquelle il demande trois mdailles pour ,messieurs ,washington1 le gnral ,gates et le gnral ,green4 ,il envoie en mme temps des renseignements sur les actions de ces trois personnes4 ,l'acadmie a remis huitaine pour s'occuper de ces trois mdailles4 ,mardi #ai avril #aghe4 - - - - - ,aprs ces diffrents arrangements1 on s'est occup des mdailles demandes par le ,congrs d',amrique1 et l'on a invit messieurs les acadmiciens apporter des projets pour ces mdailles1 la premire sance1 dans laquelle on est convenu de nommer des commissaires pour rdiger ces mdailles4 ,vendredi #bb avril #aghe4 - - - - - ,monsieur ,dacier a fait ensuite la lecture des projets des trois mdailles pour les trois officiers gnraux amricains2 aprs les avoir bien discuts1 on a nomm1 pour les terminer1 ,messieurs ,barthlmy1 ,dupuy1 ,brotier et ,le ,blond4 ,mardi #bf avril #aghe4 - - - - - ,monsieur ,dacier1 le secrtaire perptuel1 lut ensuite les sujets de mdailles demandes par le ,congrs pour trois officiers gnraux4 ,pour ,monsieur ,washington4 ,d'un ct sa tte4 ,lgende3 ,,georgio ,,washington ,,supremo ,,duci ,,exercituum ,,adsertori ,,libertatis4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,la prise de ,boston1 l'arme anglaise fuyant vers le rivage pour s'embarquer1 etc4 ,lgende3 ,,hostibus ,,ou ,,anglis ,,primum ,,fugatis4 ,exergue3 ,,bostonium ,,recuperatum ,,die #ag ,,martii ,,anno #aggf4 ,pour ,monsieur ,gates4 ,d'un ct sa tte4 ,lgende3 ,,horatio ,,gates ,,duci ,,provido ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,le gnral ennemi1 la tte de son arme1 prsente son pe au gnral ,gates1 la tte de l'arme amricaine4 ,lgende3 ,,salus ,,provinciarum ,,septentrionalium4 7p4 xxxvii7 ,exergue3 ,,hoste ,,ad ,,saratogam ,,in ,,deditionem ,,accepto ,,die #ag #h;bris #aggg4 ,pour ,monsieur ,green4 ,d'un ct sa tte4 ,lgende3 ,,nathanieli ,,green ,,egregio ,,duci ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,la ,victoire foulant aux pieds des armes brises4 ,lgende3 ,,salus ,,provinciarum ,,australium4 ,exergue3 ,,hostibus ,,ad ,,eutaw ,,debellatis ,,die 444 #agha4 ,vendredi #ac mai #aghe4 - - - - - ,d'aprs des observations des commissaires1 on a cru devoir changer1 dans les deux mdailles du gnral ,gates et du gnral ,green1 le mot ,provinciarum en celui de ,regionum4 ,et dans les mdailles de ,gates1 du ct de la tte1 au lieu de ,duci provido on a mis ,duci strenuo4 ,vendredi #be novembre #aghe4 - - - - - ,monsieur le secrtaire a fait encore la lecture d'une lettre du colonel ,humphreys1 secrtaire d'ambassade de l',amrique1 par laquelle il prie l'acadmie1 au nom du ,congrs1 de faire trois mdailles votes par le mme ,congrs2 l'une pour le gnral ,morgan1 la seconde pour le colonel ,washington1 la troisime pour le colonel ,howard4 ,la dlibration a t remise huitaine selon l'usage4 ,mardi #f dcembre #aghe4 - - - - - ,on a nomm1 pour rdiger les sujets de mdailles demandes par le ,congrs des tats-,unis de l',amrique1 ,messieurs ,barthlmy1 ,des ,brequigny1 ,le ,blond1 ,brotier4 ,mardi #ac dcembre #aghe4 - - - - - ,monsieur le secrtaire a lu les trois projets de mdailles arrts par les commissaires pour les mdailles du gnral ,morgan et des colonels ,washington et ,howard1 les voici3 ,pour le gnral ,morgan4 ,type3 ,le gnral la tte de ses troupes1 charge l'arme ennemie qui prend la fuite4 ,lgende3 ,,victoria ,,libertatis ,,vindex4 ,exergue3 ,c,,sis ,,aut ,,captis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostium 444 ,,signis ,,relatis 444 #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,revers3 ,l',amrique1 reconnaissable son cusson1 appuie sa main gauche sur un trophe d'armes et de drapeaux1 et de la droite couronne le gnral inclin devant elle4 ,lgende3#bb ,n4 ,,morgan ,,duci ,,exercitus4 ,footnote #bb3 ,abbreviation of ,,nomen1 name1 or of ,,nescio1 ,i know not4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana ,,anno 444 ,pour le colonel ,washington4 7p4 xxxviii7 ,type3 ,le colonel1 la tte d'un petit nombre de soldats1 fond sur l'ennemi1 qui commence prendre la fuite1 et que lui montre la ,victoire1 place au-dessus de sa tte4 ,lgende3 ,n4 ,,washington ,,legionis ,n4 ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia1 etc4 ,revers3 ,l'inscription suivante doit tre grave dans une couronne de lauriers3 ,,quod ,,parva ,,militum ,,manu ,,strenue ,,prosecutus ,,hostes ,,virtutis ,,ingenit ,,pr,,clarum ,,specimen ,,dedit ,,in ,,pugna ,,apud ,,cowpens #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,pour le colonel ,howard4 ,mme type1 mme lgende au nom prs4 ,mme exergue qu' la prcdente4 ,au ,revers3 ,dans une couronne de lauriers3 ,,quod ,,in ,,nutantem ,,hostium ,,aciem ,,subito ,,irruens ,,pr,,clarum ,,bellic ,,virtutis ,,specimen ,,dedit ,,in ,,pugna ,,apud ,,cowpens #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,translation4 ,register of the ,meetings and ,deliberations of the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres during the year #aghe4 ,friday1 ,april #h1 #aghe4 - - - - - ,the secretary communicated a letter from ,mr4 ,humphreys1 formerly a colonel in the service of the ,united ,states1 in which he asks for three medals for ,messrs4 ,washington1 ,general ,gates and ,general ,green4 ,he sends at the same time information concerning the deeds of these three persons4 ,the academy postponed for a week the consideration of these three medals4 ,tuesday1 ,april #ai1 #aghe4 - - - - - ,after these different arrangements1 the medals asked by the ,congress of ,america considered1 and the gentlemen academicians were invited to bring suggestions for these medals at the 7p4 xxxix7 following meeting1 at which it was agreed that commissioners should be named to compose these medals4 ,friday1 ,april #bb1 #aghe4 - - - - - ,m4 ,dacier then read the proposals for the three medals for the three ,american general officers2 after they had been thoroughly discussed1 ,messrs4 ,barthlmy1 ,dupuy1 ,brotier1 and ,le ,blond1 were appointed to report on them4 ,tuesday1 ,april #bf1 #aghe4 - - - - - ,m4 ,dacier1 the perpetual secretary1 then read the subjects of the medals asked for by ,congress for the three general officers4 ,for ,mr4 ,washington4 ,on one side1 his head4 ,legend3 ,,georgio ,,washington ,,supremo ,,duci ,,exercituum ,,adsertori ,,libertatis4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,the taking of ,boston1 the ,english army fleeing toward the shore to embark1 etc4 ,legend3 ,,hostibus or ,,anglis ,,primum ,,fugatis4 ,exergue3 ,,bostonium ,,recuperatum ,,die #ag ,,martii ,,anno #aggf4 ,for ,mr4 ,gates4 ,on one side1 his head4 ,legend3 ,,horatio ,,gates ,,duci ,,provido ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,the enemy's general at the head of his army1 surrenders his sword to ,general ,gates1 at the head of the ,american army4 ,legend3 ,,salus ,,provinciarum ,,septentrionalium4 ,exergue3 ,,hoste ,,ad ,,saratogam ,,in ,,deditionem ,,accepto ,,die #ag #h;bris #aggg4 ,for ,mr4 ,green4 ,on one side1 his head4 ,legend3 ,,nathanieli ,,green ,,egregio ,,duci ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,victory treading under her feet broken arms4 ,legend3 ,,salus ,,provinciarum ,,australium4 ,exergue3 ,,hostibus ,,ad ,,eutaw ,,debellatis ,,die 444 #agha4 ,friday1 ,may #ac1 #aghc4 - - - - - ,after observations by the commissioners1 it was thought proper to change1 in the two medals of ,general ,gates and of ,general ,green1 the word ,provinciarum to that of ,regionum4 ,and in the medal of ,gates1 on the side of the head1 instead of ,duci provido to substitute ,duci strenuo4 ,friday1 ,november #be1 #aghe4 7p4 xl7 - - - - - ,the secretary also read a letter of ,colonel ,humphreys1 ,secretary of ,embassy of ,america1 in which he requested the academy1 in the name of ,congress1 to compose three medals voted by the same ,congress3 one for ,general ,morgan1 the second for ,colonel ,washington1 the third for ,colonel ,howard4 ,the discussion was laid over1 according to custom1 until next week4 ,tuesday1 ,december #f1 #aghe4 - - - - - ,messrs4 ,barthlmy1 ,des ,brequigny1 ,le ,blond1 and ,brotier1 were named to compose the medals asked for by the ,congress of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,tuesday1 ,december #ac1 #aghe4 - - - - - ,the secretary read the three reports agreed upon by the commissioners for the medals for ,general ,morgan and ,colonels ,washington and ,howard1 as follows3 ,for ,general ,morgan4 ,device3 ,the general1 at the head of his troops1 charges the army of the enemy1 which takes to flight4 ,legend3 ,,victoria ,,libertatis ,,vindex4 ,exergue3 ,c,,sis ,,aut ,,captis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostium 444 ,,signis ,,relatis 444 #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,reverse3 ,america1 recognizable by her shield1 rests her left hand upon a trophy of arms and of flags1 and with her right crowns the general1 who bends before her4 ,legend3 ,n4 ,,morgan ,,duci ,,exercitus4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana ,,anno 444 ,for ,colonel ,washington4 ,device3 ,the colonel1 at the head of a few soldiers1 rushes on the enemy1 who begin to fly1 and whom ,victory1 hovering over his head1 points out to him4 ,legend3 ,n4 ,,washington ,,legionis ,n4 ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia1 etc4 ,reverse3 ,the following inscription to be engraved in a crown of laurel3 ,,quod ,,parva ,,militum ,,manu ,,strenue ,,prosecutus ,,hostes ,,virtutis ,,ingenit ,,pr,,clarum ,,specimen ,,dedit ,,in ,,pugna ,,apud ,,cowpens #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,for ,colonel ,howard4 7p4 xli7 ,same device1 same legend1 excepting the name4 ,same exergue as the preceding4 ,reverse3 ,within a crown of laurel3 ,,quod ,,in ,,nutantem ,,hostium ,,aciem ,,subito ,,irruens ,,pr,,clarum ,,bellic ,,virtutis ,,specimen ,,dedit ,,in ,,pugna ,,apud ,,cowpens #ag ,,jan4 #agha 99 99 99 99 99 ,c ,je soussign ,augustin ,dupr1 graveur en mdaille#bc et mdailliste de l',acadmie ,royal de ,peinture et ,sculpture4 ,m'engage envers ,monsieur le colonel ,humphreys graver la mdaille reprsentant le portrait du gnral ,green4 ,au revers la ,victoire foulant aux pieds des armes brises avecque la lgende et l'exergue1 et rpond de la fracture des coins jusqu' la concurrence de vingt quatre mdailles1 dont j'en fourniray une en or mes frais et dpend 7le diamtre de la mdaille sera de la grandeur de vingt-quatre lignes74 ,le tout aux conditions suivantes1 que les deux coins gravs de ladite mdaille me seront paye la somme de deux mille quatre cens livres en remettant les deux coins aprs avoir frapps les vingt quatre mdailles que dsire ,monsieur le colonel4 ,fait le double entre nous1 ce dix-neuf novembre mille sept cens quatre vingt cinq 7#aghe7 ,paris4 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,,dupr4 ,footnote #bc3 ,the reader will detect many errors in this and the following ,french letters4 ,the originals are copied exactly in each case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d ,registre des ,assembles et ,dlibrations de l',acadmie ,royale des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres pendant l'anne #aghi4 ,mardi #ac janvier #aghi4 - - - - - ,monsieur ,dacier annona ensuite que ,monsieur ,jefferson1 ministre des tats-,unis d',amrique1 priait l',acadmie de vouloir bien 7p4 xlii7 s'occuper de sujets pour les trois mdailles que le ,congrs a rsolu de frapper en l'honneur du gnral ,wayne1 du major ,stewart et du commodore ,paul ,jones4 ,sur cette demande1 la ,compagnie a dcid que les commissaires nomms dans la sance prcdente seraient chargs de rdiger le projet de ces mdailles4 ,mardi #aj fvrier #aghi4 - - - - - ,monsieur ,dacier a mis1 au commencement de la sance1 sous les yeux de l',acadmie1 le travail de ,messieurs les commissaires relativement aux mdailles qu'ils taient chargs de rdiger4 ,sur la demande de ,monsieur ,jefferson1 ministre des tats-,unis de l',amrique1 on a corrig ainsi l'exergue de la mdaille anciennement compose pour le gnral ,morgan3 ,,fugatis ,,captis ,,aut ,c,,sis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostibus1 #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,mdaille pour le gnral ,wayne4 ,type3 ,l',amrique1 reconnaissable son cusson1 tient de la main gauche1 leve1 une couronne murale1 et donne1 de la droite1 une couronne de lauriers au gnral inclin devant elle4 ,lgende3 ,n4 ,,wayne ,,duci ,,exercitus4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,le ,rocher et le ,fort de ,stony ,point4 ,lgende3 ,,stony ,,point ,,expugnatum4 ,exergue3 #ae ,,jul4 #aggi4 ,pour le major ,stewart4 ,type3 ,l',amrique1 debout1 comme ci-dessus1 donne une palme au major1 inclin devant elle4 ,lgende3 ,n4 ,,stewart ,,cohortis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,le major monte l'assaut au travers d'un abatis d'arbres qu'il a fait rompre par sa troupe4 ,lgende3 ,,stony ,,point ,,oppugnatum4 ,exergue3 #ae ,,jul4 #aggi4 ,pour le commodore ,paul ,jones4 ,type3 ,la tte du commodore4 ,lgende3 ,,paulo ,,jones ,,classis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,combat de vaisseaux4 ,lgende3 ,,primus ,,americanorum ,,triumphus ,,navalis4 ,exergue3 ,,ad ,,oram ,,scoti #bc ,,sept4 ,,anno 444 ,autre lgende3 ,,hostium ,,navibus ,,captis ,,aut ,,fugatis4 ,exergue3 ,comme de l'autre part4 ,translation4 7p4 xliii7 ,register of the ,meetings and ,deliberations of the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres during the year #aghi4 ,tuesday1 ,january #ac1 #aghi4 - - - - - ,m4 ,dacier then announced that ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,minister of the ,united ,states of ,america1 begged the academy kindly to occupy itself with the subjects of the three medals which ,congress has resolved to strike in honor of ,general ,wayne1 ,major ,stewart1 and ,commodore ,paul ,jones4 ,according to this request1 the company have decided that the commissioners#bd named in the preceding sitting shall be charged with the composition of these medals4 ,footnote #bd3 ,these were ,messrs4 l'abb ,barthlmy1 l'abb ,garnier1 l'abb ,le ,blond1 l'abb ,brotier1 de ,vauvillier1 ,dupuis1 and ,d4 ,poirier4 ,tuesday1 ,february #aj1 #aghi4 - - - - - ,m4 ,dacier submitted to the academy at the opening of the sitting1 the report of the commissioners in reference to the medals1 with the composition of which they had been intrusted4 ,at the suggestion of ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,minister of the ,united ,states of ,america1 the exergue of the medal formerly composed for ,general ,morgan was altered as follows3 ,,fugatis ,,captis ,,aut ,c,,sis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostibus #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,medal for ,general ,wayne4 ,device3 ,america1 recognizable by her shield1 holds in her left hand1 which is elevated1 a mural crown1 and presents with her right a crown of laurels to the general1 who bends before her4 ,legend3 ,n4 ,,wayne ,,duci ,,exercitus4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,the ,rock and the ,fort of ,stony ,point4 ,legend3 ,,stony ,,point ,,expugnatum4 ,exergue3 #ae ,,jul4 #aggi4 ,for ,major ,stewart4 ,device3 ,america1 standing as above1 presents a palm to the major1 who bends before her4 ,legend3 ,n4 ,,stewart ,,cohortis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,the major mounts to the assault through an abatis of trees1 which his men have broken through4 ,legend3 ,,stony ,,point ,,oppugnatum4 ,exergue3 #ae ,,jul4 #aggi4 ,for ,commodore ,paul ,jones4 7p4 xliv7 ,device3 ,the head of the commodore4 ,legend3 ,,paulo ,,jones ,,classis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,reverse3 ,a naval engagement4 ,legend3 ,,primus ,,americanorum ,,triumphus ,,navalis4 ,exergue3 ,,ad ,,oram ,,scoti #bc ,,sept4 ,,anno 444 ,another legend3 ,,hostium ,,navibus ,,captis ,,aut ,,fugatis4#be ,footnote #be3 ,the accepted legend4 ,exergue3 ,same as above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e ,a ,monsieur ,monsieur ,,dupr1 ,graveur en mdaille et mdailliste de l',acadmie ,royale de ,peinture et ,sculpture4 ,monsieur ,jefferson ayant reu des ordres au sujet des mdailles faire seroit bien aise d'en traiter avec ,monsieur ,dupr1 s'il voudrait bien lui faire l'honneur de passer chez lui demain matin avant les onze heures4 ,samedi #cme janvier #aghi4 ,monsieur ,jefferson a l'honneur d'envoyer ,monsieur ,dupr les devises des mdailles pour le gnral ,morgan et le contre-amiral ,paul ,jones qu'il vient de recevoir de l',acadmie des ,belles-,lettres1 et dont il propose ,monsieur ,dupr l'entreprise1 en rpondant du succs des coins jusqu' frapper trois cents cinquante de chaque mdaille en or1 argent ou bronze1 et d'en fournir les preuves en tain au fin du mois de mars prochain1 fin que les mdailles peuvent tre frappes toutes avant le #aeme avril4 ,il le prie d'avoir la bont de lui indiquer les conditions auxquelles il les entreprendra1 et ,monsieur ,jefferson aura l'honneur d'y rpondre au moment qu'il les recevra4 ,ce #acme fvrier #aghi4 ,mdaille pour le gnral ,morgan1 de #bd lignes de diamtre4 ,le gnral la tte de son arme charge l'ennemi1 qui prend la fuite4 ,lgende3 ,,victoria ,,libertatis ,,vindex4 ,exergue3 ,,fugatis ,,captis ,,aut ,c,,sis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostibus #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,revers3 ,l',amrique reconnaissable son cusson appuie sa main gauche sur une trophe d'armes et de drapeaux1 et de la droite1 couronne le gnral inclin devant elle4 ,lgende3 ,,danieli ,,morgan ,,duci ,,exercitus4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,mdaille pour le contre-amiral ,john ,paul ,jones1 de #bd 7p4 xlv7 lignes4 ,type3 ,sa tte 7,m4 ,houdon fournira le buste en pltre74 ,lgende3 ,,joanni ,,paulo ,,jones ,,classis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,exergue3 ,,comitia ,,americana4 ,revers3 ,combat de vaisseaux4 ,lgende3 ,,hostium ,,navibus ,,captis ,,aut ,,fugatis4 ,exergue3 ,,ad ,,oram ,,scoti #bc ,,sept4 #aggi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ,a ,monsieur ,monsieur ,,dupr1 ,graveur en mdailles1 ,paris4 ,monsieur ,jefferson a l'honneur d'observer ,monsieur ,dupr qu'il ne donne pas pour les mdailles de #bd lignes ni ,monsieur ,duvivier ni ,monsieur ,gatteaux que #b1djj livres1 que c'est l ce qu'il a pay ,monsieur ,dupr aussi pour celle du gnral ,greene1 et que ,monsieur ,dupr n'a demand que a dernirement pour celle du gnral ,morgan4 ,monsieur ,jefferson ne peut pas consentir donc de donner plus4 ce prix1 il attendroit ce que ,monsieur ,dupr pourrait faire de mieux1 de soi-mme1 et non pas par des artistes subalternes4 ,pour ce qui regarde le temps1 peut tre qu'il seroit possible de le prolonger un peu pour la mdaille de l'amiral ,paul ,jones1 cet officier tant actuellement en ,europe4 ,monsieur ,jefferson aura l'honneur d'attendre la rponse de ,monsieur ,dupr et sera charm de pouvoir conclure cet arrangement avec lui4 ,ce #aeme fvrier #aghi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g ,,explication des ,peintures1 ,sculptures et ,gravures de ,messieurs de l',acadmie ,royale1 dont l',exposition a t ordonne1 suivant l'intention de ,sa ,majest1 par ,m4 le ,comte de la ,billarderie d',angeviller1 ,conseiller du ,roi en ses conseils1 ,mestre-de-,camp de ,cavalerie1 ,chevalier de l'ordre ,royal et ,militaire de ,saint-,louis1 ,commandeur de l'ordre de ,saint-,lazare1 ,intendant du ,jardin du ,roi1 ,directeur et ,ordonnateur ,gnral des ,btiments de ,sa ,majest1 ,jardins1 ,arts1 ,acadmies ,manufactures ,royales2 de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,paris1 rue ,saint-,jacques1 ,de l',imprimerie de la veuve ,hrissant1 ,imprimeur du ,roi1 des ,cabinet1 ,maison et ,btiments de ,sa ,majest2 de l',acadmie ,royale de ,peinture1 etc4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxxxi4 ,avec privilge du ,roi4 ,gravures4 7p4 xlvi7 ,par ,m4 ,,duvivier1 acadmicien1 graveur gnral des ,monnoies de ,france des ,mdailles du ,roi4 #bid4--,sous un mme cadre et sous un mme numro4 #a4 999999 444 #b4 999999 444 #c4 999999 444 #d4 ,mdaille ordonne par les tats-,unis de l',amrique1 l'honneur de ,m4 le ,chevalier de ,fleury1 pour s'tre distingu la prise de ,stony ,point1 en #aggi4 ,,explication des ,peintures1 ,sculptures et ,gravures de ,messieurs de l',acadmie ,royale1 dont l',exposition a t ordonne1 suivant l'intention de ,sa ,majest1 par ,m4 le ,comte de la ,billarderie d',angeviller1 ,conseiller du ,roi en ses conseils1 ,mestre-de-,camp de ,cavalerie1 ,chevalier de l'ordre ,royal et ,militaire de ,saint-,louis1 ,commandeur de l'ordre de ,saint-,lazare1 ,gouverneur de ,rambouillet1 ,directeur et ,ordonnateur ,gnral des ,btiments de ,sa ,majest1 ,jardins1 ,arts1 ,acadmies et ,manufactures ,royales2 de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,paris1 ,de l',imprimerie des ,btiments du ,roi et de l',acadmie ,royale de ,peinture4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxxxix4 ,avec privilge du ,roi4 ,gravures4 ,par ,m4 ,,duvivier1 graveur gnral des ,monnoies et des ,mdailles du ,roi4 #a4 999999 444 #b4 999999 444 #c4 999999 444 #d4 999999 444 #e4 ,buste du ,gnral ,washington1 au revers1 vacuation de ,boston1 #aggf4 #f #g4 ,mdailles pour le ,colonel ,washington et le ,colonel ,howard4 ces trois mdailles sont pour les tats-,unis de l',amrique4 ,translation4 ,,explanation of the ,paintings1 ,sculptures1 and ,engravings of the ,gentlemen of the ,royal ,academy1 of which the ,exhibition has been ordered1 according to the intention of ,his ,majesty1 by the ,count de la ,billarderie d',angeviller1 ,councillor of the ,king in ,his ,councils1 ,master-of-,camp of ,cavalry1 ,knight of the ,royal and ,military ,order of ,st4 ,louis1 ,commander of the ,order of ,saint ,lazare1 ,intendant of the ,garden of the ,king1 ,director and ,ordonnator-,general of ,his ,majesty's ,buildings1 ,gardens1 ,arts and ,royal ,academies and ,manufactures2 of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences4 ,paris1 ,rue ,saint ,jacques1 ,from the ,printing ,office of widow ,hrissant1 ,printer to the ,king1 to the ,cabinet1 ,household and ,buildings of ,his ,majesty2 of the ,royal ,academy of ,paintings1 etc4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxxxi4 ,with the privilege of the ,king4 ,engravings4 7p4 xlvii7 ,by ,m4 ,duvivier1 ,academician1 engraver-general of the ,moneys of ,france and of the ,medals of the ,king4 #bid--;,in the same case and under the same number4 #a4 999999 444 #b4 999999 444 #c4 999999 444 #d4 ,medal ordered by the ,united ,states of ,america in honor of the ,chevalier de ,fleury1 for having distinguished himself at the taking of ,stony ,point1 in #aggi4 ,,explanation of the ,paintings1 ,sculptures1 and ,engravings of the ,gentlemen of the ,royal ,academy1 of which the ,exhibition has been ordered1 according to the intention of ,his ,majesty1 by the ,count de la ,billarderie d',angeviller1 ,councillor of the ,king in ,his ,councils1 ,master-of-,camp of ,cavalry1 ,knight of the ,royal and ,military ,order of ,saint ,louis1 ,commander of the ,order of ,saint ,lazare1 ,governor of ,rambouillet1 ,director and ,ordonnator-,general of ,his ,majesty's ,buildings1 ,gardens1 ,arts1 and ,royal ,academies and ,manufactures2 of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences4 ,,paris4 ,from the ,printing ,office of the ,building of the ,king and of the ,royal ,academy of ,painting4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxxxix4 ,with the privilege of the ,king4 ,engravings4 ,by ,m4 ,duvivier1 engraver-general of the ,moneys and of the ,medals of the ,king4 #a4 999999 444 #b4 999999 444 #c4 999999 444 #d4 999999 444 #e4 ,bust of ,general ,washington1 and on the reverse1 ,evacuation of ,boston1 #aggf4 #f and #g4 ,medals for ,colonel ,washington and ,colonel ,howard4 ,these three medals are for the ,united ,states of ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h ,,mint ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,honorable ,philadelphia1 ,november #bb1 #ahfa4 ,william ,l4 ,,dayton1 ,minister of the ,united ,states at the ,court of ,france4 ,dear ,sir3 ,during the ,revolutionary ,war1 medals were awarded by resolution of the ,continental ,congress to certain officers who commanded the ,american forces in the principal conflicts with the enemy1 or participated therein4 ,the dies for these medals were prepared in ,paris1 and the medals produced there4 ,several of the dies in question are understood to be in the possession of the ,mint of ,medals at ,paris4 ,as we have recently prepared1 for 7p4 xlviii7 distribution1 bronze medals from the national medal dies in our country1 it would be very gratifying if the ,american medal dies1 at the ,french ,mint1 could be procured and the series made complete4 ,the medals that were prepared for us in ,paris are interesting memorials of some of the most remarkable events in our history1 and the appropriate place for the dies would appear to be in the ,national ,mint of the ,united ,states4 ,may ,i request the favor of you to ascertain1 from the proper official source1 what medal dies1 relating to events connected with the history of the ,united ,states1 are at the mint in ,paris1 and whether the same can be obtained4 ,if not1 ,i should be glad to have1 say twenty copies in bronze1 struck from the dies1 provided the expense would not be too great4 ,inclosed ,i send you a list of the medals recently struck in bronze from the dies of a public character in our possession4 ,it will be seen that it is deficient in medals of the ,revolutionary era4 ,the following ,american medal dies are believed to be at the ,french ,mint of ,medals3 ,washington before ,boston4 ,general ,wayne1 for capture of ,stony ,point4 ,colonel ,fleury1 for same4 ,captain ,stewart1 for same4 ,major ,lee1 for capture of ,paulus ,hook4 ,colonel ,john ,eager ,howard1 for ,cowpens4 ,colonel ,william ,washington1 for same4 ,major ,general ,greene1 for ,eutaw ,springs4 ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones1 for capture of the ,serapis by the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,your attention to the request contained herein will greatly oblige1 ,your friend and obedient servant1 ,james ,,pollock1 ,director of the ,mint4 ,to ,his ,excellency1 ,legation of the ,united ,states1 ,monsieur ,,thouvenel1 ,paris1 ,december #aj1 #ahfa4 ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 etc41 ,paris4 ,monsieur le ,ministre3 ,i have received from the ,director of the ,mint of the ,united ,states a letter 7of which ,i annex a copy71 calling me to procure a certain series of medals prepared in ,paris to commemorate certain events in the history of the ,american ,revolution4 ,these dies having been prepared in ,paris1 and the medals struck here1 it is supposed the former yet remain in some safe depository4 ,if it is possible to procure the original dies1 ,i am requested to do so2 if that be not possible1 ,i should be happy to learn if ,i can procure copies4 ,i avail myself of the occasion to renew to ,your ,excellency the assurance of the high consideration with which ,i have the honor to be1 ,your obedient servant1 ,w4 ,l4 ,,dayton4 ,monsieur ,,dayton1 ,paris1 le #ag janvier #ahfb4 7p4 xlix7 ,ministre des tats-,unis ,paris4 ,monsieur3 ,par la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de m'adresser le #aj dcembre dernier1 vous m'exprimiez le dsir d'tre mis en possession des coins d'un certain nombre de mdailles commmoratives d'vnements de la guerre de l',indpendance qui ont t frappes ,paris4 ,monsieur le ,ministre des ,finances qui j'avais du crire ce sujet1 me rpond que le ,muse ,montaire ne possde les coins que de quatre de ces mdailles4 ,la prise de ,boston1 la prise de ,serapis1 bataille de ,cowpens--,washington1 et bataille de ,cowpens--,howard4 ,le muse ne pourrait se dessaisir de ces coins1 mais il serait facile1 moyennant une lgre dpense1 de faire frapper de nouveaux exemplaires2 il faudrait seulement1 si la proposition tait agre par le gouvernement ,fdral1 que vous me fissiez parvenir l'indication prcise du nombre d'exemplaires de chacune de ces mdailles qu'il dsirerait obtenir4 ,agrez les assurances de la haute considration avec laquelle j'ai l'honneur d'tre1 ,monsieur1 ,votre trs humble et trs obissant serviteur1 ,pour le ministre et par autorisation1 ,le ,ministre ,plnipotentiaire ,directeur1 ,,banneville4 ,translation4 ,mr4 ,,dayton1 ,paris1 ,january #ag1 #ahfb4 ,minister of the ,united ,states1 ,paris4 ,sir3 ,by the letter which you did me the honor to address to me on the #ajth of ,december last1 you expressed to me the desire to obtain the dies of a certain number of medals1 commemorative of events of the ,war of ,independence1 which were struck in ,paris4 ,the ,minister of ,finance1 to whom ,i had to write on the subject1 replies that the ,museum of the ,mint possesses the dies of only four of these medals3 the taking of ,boston1 the capture of the ,serapis1 the battle of the ,cowpens--,washington1 and the battle of the ,cowpens--,howard4 ,the museum cannot part with these dies1 but it will be easy1 at a small outlay1 to have new copies struck2 it will only be necessary1 if the proposition is accepted by the ,federal ,government1 for you to indicate to me the precise number of copies of each of these medals which it wishes to obtain4 ,receive the assurances of the high consideration with which ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 ,your very humble and very obedient servant1 ,for the minister and by authorization1 ,the ,minister ,plenipotentiary ,director1 ,,banneville4 ,to ,his ,excellency1 ,legation of the ,united ,states1 ,monsieur ,,thouvenel1 ,paris1 ,january #bc1 #ahfb4 ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 etc41 ,paris4 ,monsieur ,le ,ministre3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the #agth instant in reference to the ,american medal dies4 ,i avail myself of your kind offer to have copies struck from the original dies4 ,be pleased to direct that twenty copies in bronze be struck 7p4 l7 from such dies1 with a diameter of two and one half inches4 ,the expense will be met by this ,legation immediately upon notice4 ,i avail myself of the opportunity to assure ,your ,excellency of the high consideration with which ,i am1 ,your humble servant1 ,w4 ,l4 ,,dayton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,monsieur ,,dupr1 ,graveur en mdailles1 ,paris4 ,monsieur ,jefferson va faire imprimer des explications de toutes les mdailles1 pour les envoyer avec les mdailles aux souverains de l',europe2 il lui manque celle de ,m4 ,franklin1 faite par ,m4 ,dupr2 il le prie de lui en prter une exemplaire1 et de lui en communiquer l'explication aussi1 s'il y en a t une de faite comme il y en avait sans doute4 ,ce #bc fvrier #aghi4 ,,contents4 7p4 li7 ,number ,number of ,text of ,plate4 #a ,,general ,,george ,,washington4 ,i ,boston ,retaken4 ,page4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 #a ,biographical ,sketch of ,pierre ,simon ,duvivier444444444444444444 #b ,biographical ,sketch of ,george ,washington4444444444444444444444 #b ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,washington44444444444444444444444444444 444 ,march #be1 #aggf444 #c ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,march #ai1 #aggf444 #d ,the ,president of ,congress to ,general ,washington44444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,april #b1 #aggf444 #e ,john ,adams to ,general ,washington4444444444444 ,april #b1 #aggf444 #e ,general ,washington to ,john ,adams444444444444 ,april #ae1 #aggf444 #f ,colonel ,humphreys to ,general ,washington4444444444 ,may1 #aghe444 #f ,colonel ,humphreys to ,thomas ,jefferson44444 ,january #cj1 #aghf444 #f ,thomas ,jefferson to ,colonel ,humphreys4444444444 ,may #g1 #aghf444 #g #b ,,major-,,general ,,horatio ,,gates4 ,,ii ,surrender of the ,british ,army at ,saratoga4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 #h ,biographical ,sketch of ,nicolas ,marie ,gatteaux44444444444444444 #i ,biographical ,sketch of ,horatio ,gates44444444444444444444444444 #i ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,gates4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,november #d1 #aggg444 #aj ,general ,gates to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #ah1 #aggg444 #aj ,articles of ,convention between ,generals ,gates and ,burgoyne4444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #af1 #aggg444 #aa ,thomas ,jefferson to ,colonel ,humphreys4444 ,december #d1 #aghe444 #ac ,colonel ,humphreys to ,thomas ,jefferson444444444444444444444444 #ac #c ,,brigadier-,,general ,,anthony ,,wayne4 ,,iii ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ad ,biographical ,sketch of ,anthony ,wayne4444444444444444444444444 #ad ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,general ,wayne1 to ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,fleury1 and to ,major ,stewart1 etc444444444444444444444444 ,july #bf1 #aggi444 #ae ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,july #af1 #aggi444 #af ,general ,wayne to ,general ,washington444444444 ,july #af1 #aggi444 #af ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,july #bj1 #aggi444 #af ,general ,wayne to ,general ,washington444444444 ,july #ag1 #aggi444 #bj #d ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,de ,,fleury4 ,,iv 7p4 lii7 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #bb ,biographical ,sketch of ,franois ,louis ,teisseidre de ,fleury444 #bc ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,july #be1 #aggi444 #bd ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,july #bh1 #aggi444 #be ,memorial for ,m4 de ,fleury444444444444444444444444444444444 444 #be #e ,,major ,,john ,,stewart4 ,v ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #bh ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,stewart44444444444444444444444444 #bh #f ,,major ,,henry ,,lee4 ,,vi ,surprise of ,paulus ,hook4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #bi ,biographical ,sketch of ,joseph ,wright4444444444444444444444444 #cj ,biographical ,sketch of ,henry ,lee44444444444444444444444444444 #cj ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,major ,henry ,lee1 etc44444444444444444444444 ,september #bd1 #aggi444 #cj ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,august #bc1 #aggi444 #ca ,major ,henry ,lee to ,general ,washington44444 ,august #bb1 #aggi444 #cb #g ,,john ,,paulding1 ,,david ,,williams1 ,,isaac ,,van ,,wart4 ,,vii ,capture of ,major ,andr4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #cg ,biographical ,sketches of ,paulding1 ,williams1 and ,van ,wart4444 #cg ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart44444 ,november #c1 #aghj444 #ch ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress44444444444444444444444444444 ,september #bf1 #aghj444 #ch ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,october #g1 #aghj444 #ci #h ,,brigadier-,,general ,,daniel ,,morgan4 ,,viii ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #dj ,biographical ,sketch of ,augustin ,dupr444444444444444444444444 #da ,biographical ,sketch of ,daniel ,morgan4444444444444444444444444 #da ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,general ,morgan and to ,lieutenant-,colonels ,washington and ,howard1 etc4444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #i1 #agha444 #da ,general ,morgan to ,general ,greene444444444 ,january #ai1 #agha444 #db ,act of ,congress ,directing a ,gold ,copy of ,general ,morgan's ,medal to be ,struck for ,morgan ,neville444444 ,july #b1 #ahcf444 #de #i ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,william ,a4 ,,washington4 ,,ix 7p4 liii7 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #df ,biographical ,sketch of ,william ,augustine ,washington4444444444 #df #aj ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,john ,,eager ,,howard4 ,x ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #dh ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,eager ,howard444444444444444444444 #dh #aa ,,major-,,general ,,nathaniel ,,greene4 ,,xi ,victory of ,eutaw ,springs4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ej ,biographical ,sketch of ,nathaniel ,greene4444444444444444444444 #ej ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,greene1 etc4444444444444444444444444444 ,october #bi1 #agha444 #ea ,general ,greene to the ,president of ,congress44444444444444444444444444444 ,september #aa1 #agha444 #eb ,john ,jay to ,major ,william ,pierce and others44444444444444444444444444444444 ,february #ab1 #aghh444 #ef #ab ,,acknowledgment ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,,xii ,libera ,soror4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #eg ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,george ,holtzhey444444444444444444 #eh ,john ,adams to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston444444444 ,april #ai1 #aghb444 #eh ,extracts from the ,register ,books of the ,states of the ,netherlands4444444444444444444444444444 44444444 #aghb444 #eh ,original ,documents from the ,royal ,archives at the ,hague4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 #aghb444 #fd ,john ,adams to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston444444444 ,april #bb1 #aghb444 #gb #ac ,,treaty ,,of ,,amity ,,and ,,commerce ,,between ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,,xiii ,favstissimo ,foedere ,jvnct4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #gd ,treaty between the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america44444444444444444444444 ,october #h1 #aghb444 #ge ,convention between the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america4444444444444444 ,october #h1 #aghb444 #hd #ad ,,libertas ,,americana4 ,,xiv 7p4 liv7 ,surrender of the ,british ,armies at ,saratoga and at ,yorktown4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #hf ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #ai1 #agha444 #hg ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #bg1 #agha444 #hh ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,thanks1 etc41 for the ,taking of ,yorktown444444444444444444444 ,october #bi1 #agha444 #hh ,benjamin ,franklin to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston444 ,march #d1 #aghb444 #ij ,benjamin ,franklin to ,sir ,william ,jones44444 ,march #ag1 #aghc444 #ij ,benjamin ,franklin to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston44 ,april #ae1 #aghc444 #ij ,benjamin ,franklin to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston444 ,july #bb1 #aghc444 #ia ,benjamin ,franklin to the ,grand ,master of ,malta4444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,april #f1 #aghc444 #ia ,the ,grand ,master of ,malta to ,benjamin ,franklin4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,june #ba1 #aghc444 #ib #ae ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,,xv ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ic ,biographical ,sketch of ,benjamin ,franklin444444444444444444444 #ic #af ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,,xvi ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ie ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson44444444444 ,june #ad1 #agij444 #ie ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,president of the ,national ,assembly of ,france444444444444444444444444 ,march #h1 #agia444 #if #ag ,,captain ,,john ,,paul ,,jones4 ,,xvii ,capture of the ,serapis4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ig ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,paul ,jones44444444444444444444444 #ih ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to the ,chevalier ,john ,paul ,jones44444444444444 ,october #af1 #aghg444 #ih ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones to ,benjamin ,franklin4444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,october #c1 #aggi444 #ii ,m4 de ,sartine to the ,president of ,congress444 ,may #cj1 #aghj44 #aji ,m4 de ,sartine to ,commodore ,john ,paul ,jones44 ,june #bh1 #aghj44 #aji ,resolution of ,congress ,authorizing ,captain ,jones to ,accept from the ,king of ,france the ,cross of ,military ,merit444444444444444444444444444444444 ,february #bg1 #agha44 #aaj ,the ,united ,states to the ,king of ,france44 ,october #ai1 #aghg44 #aaj ,thomas ,jefferson to ,general ,washington44444444 ,may #b1 #aghh44 #aaa ,admiral ,john ,paul ,jones to ,thomas ,jefferson444444444444444444 ,august #bi--,september #i1 #aghh44 #aab #ah ,,president ,,george ,,washington4 ,,xviii ,,xix ,first ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aac ,indian ,peace ,medals444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 #aac #ai ,,the ,,diplomatic ,,medal4 ,,xx 7p4 lv7 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aae ,biographical ,sketch of ,csar ,anne de la ,luzerne4444444444444 #aaf ,biographical ,sketch of lonore ,franois lie de ,moustier444 #aaf ,john ,adams to the ,president of ,congress444 ,august #c1 #aggi444 #aag ,thomas ,jefferson to ,william ,short444444444 ,april #cj1 #agij444 #aag ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,marquis de la ,luzerne44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,april #cj1 #agij444 #aah ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4444444444 ,june #ad1 #agij444 #aai ,thomas ,jefferson to ,william ,short4444444444 ,july #bf1 #agij444 #aai ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,count de ,moustier44 ,march #b1 #agia444 #abj ,thomas ,jefferson to ,william ,short4444444444 ,march #h1 #agia444 #abj ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson44444444444 ,june #f1 #agia444 #aba ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson44444 ,september #be1 #agia444 #aba ,william ,short to ,m4 ,dupr44444444444444444444444444444444444 #abb ,m4 de ,moustier to ,m4 ,dupr4444444444444444444444444444444444 #abc ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4444444 ,february #h1 #agib444 #abd ,m4 ,lagrange to ,william ,short444444444444 ,january #ca1 #agib444 #abd #bj ,,president ,,john ,,adams4 ,,xxi ,second ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #abg ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,adams444444444444444444444444444 #abg #ba ,,captain ,,thomas ,,truxtun4 ,,xxii ,action with the ,vengeance4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #abh ,biographical ,sketch of ,thomas ,truxtun44444444444444444444444 #abh ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,captain ,truxtun1 etc4444444444444444444444444444 ,march #bi1 #ahjj444 #abi ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun to the ,secretary of the ,navy4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,february #c1 #ahjj444 #acj ,journal of ,captain ,truxtun of ,occurrences on board the ,united ,states ,ship ,constellation44 ,february #a1 #ahjj444 #acj ,president ,john ,adams to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #ca1 #ahjj444 #acb ,john ,adams to ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun444 ,november #cj1 #ahjb444 #acb #bb ,,president ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,,xxiii ,third ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #acc ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,reich444444444444444444444444444 #acc ,biographical ,sketch of ,thomas ,jefferson444444444444444444444 #acc #bc ,,commodore ,,edward ,,preble4 ,,xxiv 7p4 lvi7 ,naval operations against ,tripoli4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ace ,biographical ,sketch of ,edward ,preble444444444444444444444444 #ace ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,commodore ,preble444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #c1 #ahje444 #acf ,president ,thomas ,jefferson to ,congress4 ,february #bj1 #ahje444 #acf ,commodore ,preble to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ah1 #ahjd444 #acg ,r4 ,smith to ,george ,harrison4444444444444444 ,june #bf1 #ahje444 #aej #bd ,,president ,,james ,,madison4 ,,xxv ,fourth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aea ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,madison444444444444444444444444 #aeb #be ,,captain ,,isaac ,,hull4 ,,xxvi ,capture of the ,guerrire4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aec ,biographical ,sketch of ,isaac ,hull444444444444444444444444444 #aec ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,hull1 ,decatur1 ,jones1 etc4444444444444444444 ,january #bi1 #ahac444 #aed ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy44 ,july #ba1 #ahab444 #aee ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,august #cj1 #ahab444 #aeg ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,august #cj1 #ahab444 #aei #bf ,,captain ,,jacob ,,jones4 ,,xxvii ,capture of the ,frolic4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #afj ,biographical ,sketch of ,moritz ,frst4444444444444444444444444 #afj ,biographical ,sketch of ,jacob ,jones44444444444444444444444444 #afa ,captain ,jacob ,jones to the ,secretary of the ,navy444444444444444444444444444444444 ,november #bd1 #ahab444 #afa #bg ,,captain ,,stephen ,,decatur4 ,,xxviii ,capture of the ,macedonian4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #afc ,biographical ,sketch of ,stephen ,decatur4444444444444444444444 #afc ,captain ,decatur to the ,secretary of the ,navy4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #cj1 #ahab444 #afd #bh ,,captain ,,william ,,bainbridge4 ,,xxix 7p4 lvii7 ,capture of the ,java4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aff ,biographical ,sketch of ,william ,bainbridge4444444444444444444 #aff ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,bainbridge1 etc44444444444444444444444444 ,march #c1 #ahac444 #afg ,captain ,bainbridge to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #c1 #ahac444 #afg ,extract from ,captain ,bainbridge's ,journal444444444444444444444444444444 ,december #cj1 #ahab444 #afh ,h4 ,d4 ,corneck to ,lieutenant ,wood444444444 ,january #a1 #ahac444 #agj #bi ,,lieutenant ,,edward ,,rutledge ,mc,c,a,l,l4 ,,xxx ,capture of the ,boxer4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aga ,biographical ,sketch of ,edward ,rutledge ,mc,call444444444444444 #aga ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,lieutenants ,mc,call4 ,burrows1 etc4444444444444444444 ,january #f1 #ahad444 #agb ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ad1 #ahac444 #agb ,lieutenant ,mc,call to ,captain ,hull444444 ,september #g1 #ahac444 #agc #cj ,,lieutenant ,,william ,,burrows4 ,,xxxi ,capture of the ,boxer4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #agd ,biographical ,sketch of ,william ,burrows4444444444444444444444 #agd #ca ,,captain ,,oliver ,,hazard ,,perry4 ,,xxxii ,victory of ,lake ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #agf ,biographical ,sketch of ,oliver ,hazard ,perry444444444444444444 #agf ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,perry1 ,elliott1 etc44444444444444444444 ,january #f1 #ahad444 #agg ,captain ,perry to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #aj1 #ahac444 #agh ,captain ,perry to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ac1 #ahac444 #agh ,the ,secretary of the ,navy to ,george ,harrison4444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,july #d1 #ahad444 #ahj #cb ,,captain ,,jesse ,,duncan ,,elliott4 ,,xxxiii ,victory of ,lake ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ahc ,biographical ,sketch of ,jesse ,duncan ,elliott44444444444444444 #ahc #cc ,,captain ,,james ,,lawrence4 ,,xxxiv 7p4 lviii7 ,captain of the ,peacock4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ahe ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,lawrence44444444444444444444444 #ahe ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,lawrence1 etc44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #aa1 #ahad444 #ahf ,captain ,lawrence to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #ai1 #ahac444 #ahf #cd ,,captain ,,thomas ,,macdonough4 ,,xxxv ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ahi ,biographical ,sketch of ,thomas ,macdonough44444444444444444444 #ahi ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,macdonough and ,henley1 ,lieutenant ,cassin1 etc44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #bj1 #ahad444 #aij ,resolution of ,congress ,complimentary to ,lieutenant ,silas ,duncan444444444444444444444444444444 ,may #ac1 #ahbf444 #aij ,captain ,macdonough to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #aa1 #ahad444 #aia ,captain ,macdonough to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ac1 #ahad444 #aia #ce ,,captain ,,robert ,,henley4 ,,xxxvi ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aic ,biographical ,sketch of ,robert ,henley444444444444444444444444 #aid #cf ,,lieutenant ,,stephen ,,cassin4 ,,xxxvii ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aie ,biographical ,sketch of ,stephen ,cassin44444444444444444444444 #aif #cg ,,captain ,,lewis ,,warrington4 ,,xxxviii ,capture of the pervier4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aig ,biographical ,sketch of ,lewis ,warrington444444444444444444444 #aig ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,warrington1 etc44444444444444444444444 ,october #ba1 #ahad444 #aih ,captain ,warrington to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,april #bi1 #ahad444 #aih #ch ,,captain ,,johnston ,,blakeley4 ,,xxxix ,capture of the ,reindeer4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bjj ,biographical ,sketch of ,johnston ,blakeley44444444444444444444 #bja ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,blakeley1 etc4444444444444444444444444 ,november #c1 #ahad444 #bja ,captain ,blakeley to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,july #h1 #ahad444 #bja #ci ,,major-,,general ,,jacob ,,brown4 ,,xl 7p4 lix7 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bjc ,biographical ,sketch of ,jacob ,brown44444444444444444444444444 #bjc ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,generals ,brown1 ,scott1 ,porter1 ,gaines1 ,macomb1 ,ripley and ,miller44444444444444444444444444444444 ,november #c1 #ahad444 #bjd ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4444444 ,july #g1 #ahad444 #bje ,general ,orders444444444444444444444444444444 ,july #f1 #ahad444 #bjh ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4444444 ,august1 #ahad444 #bjh ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,september #bi1 #ahad444 #baa ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4444 ,october #a1 #ahad444 #bad #dj ,,major-,,general ,,peter ,,buel ,,porter4 ,,xli ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bae ,biographical ,sketch of ,peter ,buel ,porter44444444444444444444 #bae ,general ,porter to ,general ,brown44444444,september #bb1 #ahad444 #baf #da ,,brigadier-,,general ,,eleazer ,,wheelock ,,ripley4 ,,xlii ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bai ,biographical ,sketch of ,eleazer ,wheelock ,ripley44444444444444 #bai ,general ,ripley to ,general ,gaines4 ,august #ag1 #ahad44444444444 #bbj #db ,,brigadier-,,general ,,james ,,miller4 ,,xliii ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bbc ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,miller4444444444444444444444444 #bbc #dc ,,major-,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,,xliv ,victories of ,chippewa and ,niagara4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bbd ,biographical ,sketch of ,winfield ,scott44444444444444444444444 #bbd #dd ,,major-,,general ,,edmund ,,pendleton ,,gaines4 ,,xlv ,victory of ,erie4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bbf ,biographical ,sketch of ,edmund ,pendleton ,gaines44444444444444 #bbf ,general ,gaines to the ,secretary of ,war444 ,august #ae1 #ahad444 #bbg ,general ,gaines to the ,secretary of ,war444 ,august #bc1 #ahad444 #bbg ,general ,gaines to the ,secretary of ,war444 ,august #bf1 #ahad444 #bca #de ,,major-,,general ,,alexander ,,macomb4 ,,xlvi 7p4 lx7 ,victory of ,plattsburgh4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bcc ,biographical ,sketch of ,alexander ,macomb444444444444444444444 #bcc ,general ,macomb to the ,secretary of ,war444444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ae1 #ahad444 #bcd ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,rifles to ,martin ,j4 ,aitkin and others4444444444444444444444 ,may #bj1 #ahbf444 #bcg #df ,,major-,,general ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,,xlvii ,victory of ,new ,orleans4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bch ,biographical ,sketch of ,andrew ,jackson44444444444444444444444 #bch ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,jackson444444444444444444444444444444 ,february #bg1 #ahae444 #bci ,general ,jackson to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,january #ac1 #ahae444 #bdj ,general ,jackson to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,january #ai1 #ahae444 #bda ,general ,jackson's ,farewell ,address to his ,army44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,march1 #ahae444 #bdb ,resolutions of ,congress complimentary to ,commodore ,d4 ,t4 ,patterson and others44444444444 ,february #ae1 #ahae444 #bdc ,resolutions of ,congress complimentary to the ,people of the ,state of ,louisiana1 etc44444444444444 ,february #ae1 #ahae444 #bdd #dg ,,captain ,,charles ,,stewart4 ,,xlviii ,capture of the ,cyane and of the ,levant4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bde ,biographical ,sketch of ,charles ,stewart4444444444444444444444 #bde ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,stewart1 etc4444444444444444444444444 ,february #bb1 #ahaf444 #bdf ,captain ,stewart to the ,secretary of the ,navy444 ,may1 #ahae444 #bdf ,minutes of the ,action between the ,constitution1 ,cyane1 and ,levant44444444444444444444 ,february #bj1 #ahae444 #bdg #dh ,,captain ,,james ,,biddle4 ,,xlix ,capture of the ,penguin4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bdi ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,biddle4444444444444444444444444 #bdi ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,biddle1 etc44444444444444444444444444 ,february #bb1 #ahaf444 #bej ,captain ,biddle to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #be1 #ahae444 #bej #di ,,president ,,james ,,monroe4 ,l ,fifth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bec ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,monroe4444444444444444444444444 #bec #ej ,,major-,,general ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison4 ,,li 7p4 lxi7 ,victory of the ,thames4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bed ,biographical ,sketch of ,william ,henry ,harrison444444444444444 #bed ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,general ,harrison and ,governor ,shelby1 etc44444444444444444 ,april #d1 #ahah444 #bee ,general ,harrison to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,october #e1 #ahac444 #bee ,general ,harrison to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,october #i1 #ahac444 #bef ,general ,orders of ,debarkation1 of ,march1 and of ,battle444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #bg1 #ahac444 #bfa #ea ,,governor ,,isaac ,,shelby4 ,,lii ,victory of the ,thames4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bfe ,biographical ,sketch of ,isaac ,shelby4444444444444444444444444 #bfe #eb ,,treaty ,,of ,,commerce ,,with ,,france4 ,,liii ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bff ,biographical ,sketch of ,bertrand ,andrieu444444444444444444444 #bff ,biographical ,sketch of ,raymond ,gayrard4444444444444444444444 #bfg ,treaty of ,commerce with ,france4444444444444 ,june #bd1 #ahbb444 #bfg #ec ,,president ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams4 ,,liv ,sixth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bgj ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,quincy ,adams44444444444444444444 #bgj #ed ,,president ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,,lv ,seventh ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bga #ee ,,colonel ,,george ,,croghan4 ,,lvi ,defence of ,fort ,stephenson4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bgb ,biographical ,sketch of ,george ,croghan44444444444444444444444 #bgb ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,colonel ,croghan1 etc4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,february #ac1 #ahce444 #bgc ,major ,croghan to ,general ,harrison444444444 ,august #e1 #ahac444 #bgc #ef ,,president ,,martin ,,van ,,buren4 ,,lvii 7p4 lxii7 ,eighth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bge ,biographical ,sketch of ,martin ,van ,buren444444444444444444444 #bge #eg ,,president ,,john ,,tyler4 ,,lviii ,tenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bgf ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,tyler444444444444444444444444444 #bgf ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson to ,j4 ,c4 ,spencer44444444 ,november #b1 #ahda444 #bgg ,j4 ,c4 ,spencer to ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson4444444 ,november #ac1 #ahda444 #bgh ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson to ,john ,c4 ,spencer4444 ,september #ag1 #ahdb444 #bgi ,d4 ,parker to ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson4444444444 ,september #ba1 #ahdb444 #bgi #eh ,,president ,,james ,,knox ,,polk4 ,,lix ,eleventh ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bhj ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,knox ,polk4444444444444444444444 #bhj #ei ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,,lx ,victories on the ,rio ,grande4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bha ,biographical ,sketch of ,zachary ,taylor44444444444444444444444 #bha ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,taylor444444444444444444444444444 ,july #af1 #ahdf444 #bhb ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,may #i1 #ahdf444 #bhb ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,may #i1 #ahdf444 #bhc ,general ,order ,congratulating the ,army4444444 ,may #aa1 #ahdf444 #bhd ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army44444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,may #af1 #ahdf444 #bhe ,the ,secretary of ,war to ,doctor ,patterson44444444444444444444444444444 ,december #i1 #ahdf444 #bhg ,doctor ,patterson to the ,secretary of ,war4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,december #ab1 #ahdf444 #bhh #fj ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,,lxi ,taking of ,monterey4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bij ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,taylor444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #b1 #ahdg444 #bij ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #i1 #ahdf444 #bia #fa ,,loss ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,brig-,,of-,,war ,,somers4 ,,lxii 7p4 lxiii7 ,for ,having ,saved the ,lives of ,americans4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #bii ,biographical ,sketch of ,charles ,gushing ,wright444444444444444 #bii ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,british1 ,french1 and ,spanish ,officers1 etc44444444444444444444 ,march #c1 #ahdg444 #cjj ,lieutenant ,semmes to ,commodore ,m4 ,c4 ,perry14444444444444444444444444444444 ,december #aj1 #ahdf444 #cjj #fb ,,major-,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,,lxiii ,mexican ,campaign4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cjd ,biographical ,sketch of ,salathiel ,ellis4444444444444444444444 #cjd ,biographical ,sketch of ,g4 ,c4 ,humphries4444444444444444444444 #cjd ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,scott4444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #i1 #ahdh444 #cje ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war44444 ,march #ab1 #ahdg444 #cje ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war44444 ,march #bc1 #ahdg444 #cjg ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war44444 ,march #bi1 #ahdg444 #cji ,terms of ,capitulation for the ,surrender of ,vera ,cruz1 etc444 #caj ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war44444 ,april #ai1 #ahdg444 #caa ,general ,orders ,no4 #aaa44444444444444444444 ,april #ag1 #ahdg444 #cad ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4444 ,august #bh1 #ahdg444 #cae ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war444444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #aa1 #ahdg444 #cbc ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war444444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ah1 #ahdg444 #cbe ,general ,orders ,no4 #bhf4444444444444444444 ,september1 #ahdg444 #ccd #fc ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,,lxiv ,victory of ,buena ,vista4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ccf ,biographical ,sketch of ,frederick ,augustus ,smith4444444444444 #ccf ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,taylor444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,may #i1 #ahdh444 #ccf ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army44444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #f1 #ahdg444 #ccg ,general ,order ,congratulating the ,army44 ,february #bf1 #ahdg444 #cdf #fd ,,president ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,,lxv ,twelfth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cdh #fe ,,president ,,millard ,,fillmore4 ,,lxvi ,thirteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cdi ,biographical ,sketch of ,joseph ,willson44444444444444444444444 #cdi ,biographical ,sketch of ,millard ,fillmore444444444444444444444 #cdi #ff ,,president ,,franklin ,,pierce4 ,,lxvii 7p4 lxiv7 ,fourteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cea ,biographical ,sketch of ,franklin ,pierce4444444444444444444444 #cea #fg ,,commander ,,duncan ,,nathaniel ,,ingraham4 ,,lxviii ,release of ,martin ,coszta4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ceb ,biographical ,sketch of ,seth ,eastman4444444444444444444444444 #cec ,biographical ,sketch of ,p4 ,f4 ,cross44444444444444444444444444 #cec ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,barton ,longacre4444444444444444 #cec ,biographical ,sketch of ,duncan ,nathaniel ,ingraham444444444444 #cec ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,commander ,ingraham4444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,august #d1 #ahed444 #cec ,commander ,ingraham to ,commodore ,stringham444 ,july #f1 #ahec444 #ced ,commander ,ingraham to ,commander ,schwartz444 ,june #bh1 #ahec444 #cee ,commander ,schwartz to ,commander ,ingraham444 ,june #bi1 #ahec444 #cef ,commander ,ingraham to ,commander ,schwartz4444 ,july #b1 #ahec444 #cef ,commander ,schwartz to ,commander ,ingraham4444 ,july #b1 #ahec444 #ceg ,s4 ,n4 ,brown to ,commander ,ingraham4444444444 ,june #bh1 #ahec444 #ceg ,enclosure from ,caleb ,lyon of ,lyonsdale4444444444444444444444 #ceh ,martin ,coszta's ,declaration of ,intention444 ,july #ca1 #aheb444 #cei ,agreement between the ,consul-,general of ,austria and the ,consul of the ,united ,states of ,america44444444444 ,july #b1 #ahec444 #cei #fh ,,president ,,james ,,buchanan4 ,,lxix ,fifteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cfa ,biographical ,sketch of ,james ,buchanan44444444444444444444444 #cfa #fi ,,doctor ,,frederick ,,henry ,,rose4 ,,lxx ,kindness and ,humanity of ,doctor ,rose4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cfb ,biographical ,sketch of ,a4 ,c4 ,paquet4444444444444444444444444 #cfb ,biographical ,sketch of ,frederick ,henry ,rose44444444444444444 #cfc ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,doctor ,rose44444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,may #aa1 #aheh444 #cfc ,captain ,sands to the ,secretary of the ,navy44444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,april #ae1 #aheh444 #cfd #gj ,,president ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,,lxxi ,sixteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cff ,biographical ,sketch of ,abraham ,lincoln4444444444444444444444 #cff #ga ,,navy ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,,lxxii a 7p4 lxv7 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cfg ,acts of ,congress ,instituting ,naval ,medals of ,honor 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,december #ba1 #ahfa444 #cfg 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,july #af1 #ahfb444 #cfg #gb ,,army ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,,lxxii b ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cfh ,resolution and ,act of ,congress ,instituting ,army ,medals of ,honor 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,july #ab1 #ahfb444 #cfh 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #c1 #ahfc444 #cfi #gc ,,major-,,general ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant4 ,,lxxiii ,victories of fort ,donelson1 ,vicksburg1 and ,chattanooga4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #cgj ,biographical ,sketch of ,antrobus44444444444444444444444444444 #cga ,biographical ,sketch of ,ulysses ,simpson ,grant4444444444444444 #cga ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,grant44444444444444444444444444444444 ,december #ag1 #ahfc444 #cga ,general ,grant to ,general ,cullum44444444 ,february #af1 #ahfb444 #cgb ,general ,buckner to ,general ,grant4444444 ,february #af1 #ahfb444 #cgd ,general ,grant to ,general ,buckner4444444 ,february #af1 #ahfb444 #cgd ,general ,buckner to ,general ,grant4444444 ,february #af1 #ahfb444 #cgd ,general ,orders ,no4 #b4444444444444444444 ,february #ag1 #ahfb444 #cge ,general ,grant to the ,assistant ,adjutant-,general4444444444444444444444 4444 ,july #f1 #ahfc444 #cge ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,grant4444444444 ,july #c1 #ahfc444 #cia ,general ,grant to ,general ,pemberton4444444444 ,july #c1 #ahfc444 #cib ,general ,grant to ,general ,pemberton4444444444 ,july #c1 #ahfc444 #cib ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,grant4444444444 ,july #c1 #ahfc444 #cic ,general ,grant to ,general ,pemberton4444444444 ,july #d1 #ahfc444 #cic ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,grant4444444444 ,july #d1 #ahfc444 #cid ,general ,grant to the ,assistant ,adjutant-,general444444444444444444444 ,december #bc1 #ahfc444 #cid #gd ,,cornelius ,,vanderbilt4 ,,lxxiv ,free ,gift of ,steamship ,vanderbilt4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #djf ,biographical ,sketch of ,emanuel ,leutze44444444444444444444444 #djf ,biographical ,sketch of ,cornelius ,vanderbilt44444444444444444 #djg ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt4444444444444444444444444444 ,january #bh1 #ahfd444 #djg ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt44444444444444444444444444444 4 ,april #ag1 #ahff444 #djh ,cornelius ,vanderbilt to the ,secretary of ,state4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,may #c1 #ahff444 #djh #ge ,,president ,,andrew ,,johnson4 ,,lxxv ,seventeenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #daj ,biographical ,sketch of ,andrew ,johnson44444444444444444444444 #daj #gf ,,wreck ,,of ,,the ,,steamship ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,lxxvi 7p4 lxvi7 ,testimonial of ,national ,gratitude4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #daa ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,creighton1 ,low1 and ,stouffer444444444444444444444444 ,july #bf1 #ahff444 #dab ,major ,wyse to the ,adjutant ,general of the ,army4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #ad1 #ahed444 #dab ,consolidated ,morning ,report1 #c;d ,artillery44444444444444444444444444444 ,january #ad1 #ahed444 #dad ,colonel ,gates to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #af1 #ahed444 #dae ,acts of ,congress ,voting ,eight ,months' ,pay to ,lieutenant ,francis ,key ,murray and others 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,march #bg1 #ahed444 #daf 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,august #e1 #ahed444 #dag #gg ,,cyrus ,,west ,,field4 ,,lxxvii ,laying of the ,atlantic ,telegraph ,cable4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dah ,biographical ,sketch of ,j4 ,goldsborough ,bruff4444444444444444 #dai ,biographical ,sketch of ,william ,barber44444444444444444444444 #dai ,biographical ,sketch of ,cyrus ,west ,field444444444444444444444 #dai ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field4444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #b1 #ahfg444 #dai ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #g1 #ahfi444 #dbj #gh ,,george ,,peabody4 ,,lxxviii ,promotion of ,universal ,education4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dba ,biographical ,sketch of ,george ,peabody44444444444444444444444 #dbb ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,george ,peabody44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #af1 #ahfg444 #dbc ,george ,peabody's ,gift for ,southern ,education44444444444444444444444444444 ,february #g1 #ahfg444 #dbc ,action of the ,trustees of the ,peabody ,gift4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,february #h1 #ahfg444 #dbe ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,george ,peabody444 ,june #bc1 #ahfh444 #dbf ,george ,peabody to the ,secretary of ,state4444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #ah1 #ahfh444 #dbg ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,george ,peabody44444444444444444444444444444444 ,october #g1 #ahfh444 #dbg ,george ,peabody to the ,secretary of ,state4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #f1 #ahfi444 #dbh #gi ,,president ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant4 ,,lxxix ,eighteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dbi #hj ,,george ,,foster ,,robinson4 ,,lxxx ,heroic ,conduct4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dcj ,biographical ,sketch of ,george ,foster ,robinson444444444444444 #dca ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,george ,f4 ,robinson4444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #a1 #ahga444 #dca ,report of the ,committee on ,foreign ,affairs in ,regard to ,george ,f4 ,robinson4444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 #dcb #ha ,,loss ,,of ,,the ,,steamer ,,metis4 ,,lxxxi 7p4 lxvii7 ,courage and ,humanity4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dcd ,biographical ,sketch of ,charles ,e4 ,barber44444444444444444444 #dcd ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,crandall and others444444444444444444444444444 ,february #bd1 #ahgc444 #dcd ,captain ,david ,ritchie to the ,secretary of the ,navy444444444444444444444444444444444 ,september #a1 #ahgb444 #dce ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,thanks to ,captain ,ritchie4444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #bd1 #ahgc444 #dcg #hb ,,centennial ,,medal4 ,,lxxxii ,hundredth ,anniversary of ,american ,independence4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dch ,act of ,congress ,authorizing ,centennial ,medals444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,june #af1 #ahgd444 #dci ,official ,notice ,promulgated by the ,centennial ,board of ,finance44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #bd1 #ahge444 #dci #hc ,,centennial ,,medal4 ,,lxxxiii ,hundredth ,anniversary of ,american ,independence4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ddj #hd ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class4 ,,lxxxiv ,saving ,life from the ,perils of the ,sea4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dda ,act of ,congress ,instituting ,life ,saving ,medals444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,june #bj1 #ahgd444 #ddb ,the ,acting ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,lucien ,m4 ,clemons44444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,june #cj1 #ahgf444 #ddb ,the ,acting ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,james ,martin444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #c1 #ahgg444 #ddc ,the ,acting ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,john ,dean44444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,march #c1 #ahgg444 #ddd ,report of the ,united ,states ,life-,saving ,service444444444444444444444444444444 ,november #cj1 #ahgf444 #ddd ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,colonel ,j4 ,schuyler ,crosby444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,june #cj1 #ahgg444 #ddg ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,carl ,fosberg44444444444444444444444444444 ,september #bb1 #ahgg444 #ddh ,report of the ,united ,states ,life-,saving ,service444444444444444444444444444444 ,november #bi1 #ahgg444 #ddh ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,philip ,c4 ,bleil444444444444444444444444444444444 ,january #ae1 #ahgh444 #deb #he ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,class4 ,,lxxxv ,saving ,life from the ,perils of the ,sea4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #dec ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,john ,o4 ,philbrick444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,july #bb1 #ahgf444 #dec ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,henry ,m4 ,lee444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,july #ca1 #ahgg444 #ded ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,captain ,charles ,h4 ,smith44444444444444444444444444444444 ,march #ab1 #ahgh444 #ded ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,edward ,nordall44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #ab1 #ahgh444 #dee ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury to ,malachi ,corbell44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,march #ab1 #ahgh444 #def #hf ,,john ,,horn1 ,,jr4 ,,lxxxvi 7p4 lxviii7 ,heroic ,exploits4 ,description of ,medal4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #deg ,biographical ,sketch of ,john ,horn1 ,jr444444444444444444444444 #deg ,act of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,john ,horn1 ,jr444444444444444444444444444444444 ,june #bj1 #ahgd444 #deh ,john ,horn1 ,jr41 to ,moses ,w4 ,field444444 ,february #bc1 #ahgd444 #deh ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,documents 7p4 lxix7 ,,given ,,or ,,referred ,,to ,,in ,,the ,,introduction4 ,page4 ,benjamin ,franklin to the ,president of ,congress4444 ,march #d1 #aghj44444 xi ,colonel ,humphreys to the ,president of ,congress444 ,march #ah1 #aghe4444 xii ,colonel ,humphreys to the ,perpetual ,secretary of the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres of ,france44444444444444444444444 ,march #ad1 #aghe444 xiii ,benjamin ,franklin to the ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs44444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 ,may #aj1 #aghe4444 xiv ,contract between ,colonel ,humphreys and ,m4 ,dupr for ,engraving the ,medal of ,general ,greene4444444 ,november #ai1 #aghe4444 xvi ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs44444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,february #ad1 #aghg444 xvii ,report of the ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4444444 ,july #aa1 #aghg44 xviii ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr44444444444444444444 ,january #c1 #aghi4444 xix ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr444444444444444444 ,february #ac1 #aghi44444 xx ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr444444444444444444 ,february #ae1 #aghi4444 xxi ,general ,winfield ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4444 ,july #be1 #ahdf444 xxiv ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr444444444444444444 ,february #bc1 #aghi4 xxxiii ,colonel ,humphreys to the ,printer of the ,american ,museum 7,mr4 ,carey744444444444444444444444444444 ,november1 #aghg44 xxxiv ,registre des ,assembles et ,dlibrations de l',acadmie ,royale des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres pendant l'anne #aghe444444444 xxxvi ,contract between ,colonel ,humphreys and ,m4 ,dupr for ,engraving the ,medal of ,general ,greene4444444 ,november #ai1 #aghe4444 xli ,registre des ,assembles et ,dlibrations de l',acadmie ,royale des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres pendant l'anne #aghi44444444444 xli ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr4444444444444 ,royale ,january #c1 #aghi444 xliv ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr44444444444 ,royale ,february #ac1 #aghi444 xliv ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr444444444444444444 ,february #ae1 #aghi4444 xlv ,explication des ,peintures4 ,sculptures et ,gravures de ,messieurs de l',acadmie ,royale1 etc4444444444444 #agha and #aghi4444 xlv ,james ,pollock to ,william ,l4 ,dayton444444444444 ,november #bb1 #ahfa44 xlvii ,william ,l4 ,dayton to the ,french ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs44444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,december #aj1 #ahfa4 xlviii ,marquis de ,banneville to ,w4 ,l4 ,dayton4444444444 ,january #ag1 #ahfb444 xlix ,william ,l4 ,dayton to the ,french ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs444444444444444444444444444 ,january #bc1 #ahfb444 xlix ,thomas ,jefferson to ,m4 ,dupr444444444444444444 ,february #bc1 #aghi444444 l ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,number ,designer and ,number ,page of ,plate4 ,title of ,medal4 ,engraver4 of ,text4 of ,text4 ,i ,,general ,,george ,,washington4 ,boston retaken4 ,georgio ,washington svpremo dvci exercitvvm adsertori libertatis ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,hostibus primo fugatis4 ,,duvivier4 #a #a ,,ii ,,major-,,general ,,horatio ,,gates4 ,surrender of the ,british ,army at ,saratoga4 ,horatio ,gates duci strenuo ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,salus regionum septentrional4 ,n4 ,,gatteaux4 #b #h ,,iii ,,brigadier-,,general ,,anthony ,,wayne4 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,antonio ,wayne duci exercitus ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,stoney-,point expugnatum4 ,,gatteaux4 #c #ad ,,iv ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,de ,,fleury4 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,virtutis et audaci monum4 et prmium4 ,rx4 ,aggeres paludes hostes victi4 ,,duvivier4 #d #bb ,v ,,major ,,john ,,stewart4 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,joanni ,stewart cohortis prfecto ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,stoney-,point oppugnatum4 ,,gatteaux4 #e #bh ,,vi ,,major ,,henry ,,lee4 ,surprise of ,paulus ,hook4 ,henrico ,lee legionis equit4 prfecto4 ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,non obstantib fluminibus vallis1 etc4 ,j4 ,,wright4 #f #bi ,,vii ,,john ,,paulding1 ,,david ,,williams1 ,,isaac ,,van ,,wart4 ,capture of ,major ,andr4 ,fidelity4 ,rx4 ,vincit amor patri4 #g #cg ,,viii ,,brigadier-,,general ,,daniel ,,morgan4 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,danieli ,morgan duci exercitus ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,victoria libertatis vindex4 ,,dupr4 #h #dj ,,ix ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,william ,,augustine ,,washington4 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,gulielmo ,washington legionis equit4 prfecto ,comitia ,american4 ,rx4 ,quod parva militum manu1 etc4 ,,duvivier4 #i #df ,x ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,john ,,eager ,,howard4 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,joh4 ,egar4 ,howard legionis peditum prfecto ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,quod in nutantem hostium aciem1 etc4 ,,duvivier #aj #dh ,,xi ,,major-,,general ,,nathaniel ,,greene4 ,victory of ,eutaw ,springs4 ,nathanieli ,green egregio duci ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,salus regionum australium4 ,,dupr #aa #ej ,,xii ,,acknowledgment ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,libera ,soror4 ,libera soror4 ,rx4 ,tyrannis virtute repulsa4 ,i4 ,g4 ,,holtzhey4 #ab #eg ,,xiii ,,treaty ,,of ,,amity ,,and ,,commerce ,,between ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,faustissimo ,foedere ,junct4 ,faustissimo foedere junct4 die ,,vii ,octob4 ,,mdcclxxxii4 ,rx4 ,justitiam et non temnere divos4 ,i4 ,g4 ,,holtzhey4 #ac #gd ,,xiv ,,libertas ,,americana4 ,surrender of the ,british ,armies at ,saratoga and at ,yorktown4 ,libertas ,americana4 ,rx4 ,non sine diis animosus infans4 ,,dupr4 #ad #hf ,,xv ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,benj4 ,franklin natus ,boston4 ,,xvii ,jan4 ,,mdccvi4 ,rx4 ,eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis4 ,,aug4 ,,dupr4 #af #ie ,,xvii ,,captain ,,john ,,paul ,,jones4 ,capture of the ,serapis4 ,joanni ,paulo ,jones classis prfecto4 ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,hostium navibus captis aut fugatis4 ,,dupr4 #ag #ig ,,xviii ,,xix ,,president ,,george ,,washington4 ,first ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,george ,washington ,president4 #agib4 #ah #aac ,,xx ,,the ,,diplomatic ,,medal4 ,to peace and commerce4 ,rx4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,dupr4 #ai #aae ,,xxi ,,president ,,john ,,adams4 ,second ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,john ,adams ,president of the ,u4,s4 ,a4,d4 #agig4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 #bj #abg ,,xxii ,,captain ,,thomas ,,truxtun4 ,action with the ,vengeance4 ,patri4 patres4 filio4 digno4 ,thomas ,truxtun4 ,rx4 ,united ,states frigate ,constellation of #ch guns1 c4 #ba #abh ,,xxiii ,,president ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,third ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,th4 ,jefferson ,president of the ,u4,s4 ,a4,d4 #ahja4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,reich4 #bb #acc ,,xxiv ,,commodore ,,edward ,,preble4 ,naval operations against ,tripoli4 ,edwardo ,preble duci strenuo ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,vindici commercii ,americani4 ,,reich4 #bc #ace ,,xxv ,,president ,,james ,,madison4 ,fourth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,james ,madison ,president of the ,u4,s4,a4 ,d4 #ahji4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,reich4 #bd #aea ,,xxvi ,,captain ,,isaac ,,hull4 ,capture of the ,guerrire4 ,isaacus ,hull peritos arte superat ,jul4 ,,mdcccxii ,aug4 certamine fortes4 ,rx4 ,hor momento victoria4 ,,reich4 #be #aec ,,xxvii ,,captain ,,jacob ,,jones4 ,capture of the ,frolic4 ,jacobus ,jones virtus in ardua tendit4 ,rx4 ,victoriam hosti majori celerrime rapuit4 ,f,,rst4 #bf #afj ,,xxviii ,,captain ,,stephen ,,decatur4 ,capture of the ,macedonian4 ,stephanus ,decatur navarchus1 pugnis pluribus1 victor4 ,rx4 ,occidit signum hostile sidera surgunt4 ,f,,rst4 #bg #afc ,,xxix ,,captain ,,william ,,bainbridge4 ,capture of the ,java4 ,gulielmus ,bainbridge patria victisque laudatus4 ,rx4 ,pugnando4 ,f,,rst4 #bh #aff ,,xxx ,,lieutenant ,,edward ,,rutledge ,mc,c,a,l,l4 ,capture of the ,boxer4 ,edward ,r4 ,mc,call navis ,enterprise prfectus4 ,sic itur ad astra4 ,rx4 ,vivere sat vincere4 ,f,,rst4 #bi #aga ,,xxxi ,,lieutenant ,,william ,,burrows4 ,capture of the ,boxer4 ,victoriam tibi claram4 patri mstam4 ,rx4 ,vivere sat vincere4 ,f,,rst4 #cj #agd ,,xxxii ,,captain ,,oliver ,,hazard ,,perry4 ,victory of ,lake ,erie4 ,oliverus ,h4 ,perry1 princeps stagno ,eriense4 classim totam contudit4 ,rx4 ,viam invenit virtus aut facit4 ,f,,rst4 #ca #agf ,,xxxiii ,,captain ,,jesse ,,duncan ,,elliott4 ,victory of ,lake ,erie4 ,jesse ,d4 ,elliott4 ,nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum4 ,rx4 ,viam invenit virtus aut facit4 ,f,,rst4 #cb #ahc ,,xxxiv ,,captain ,,james ,,lawrence4 ,capture of the ,peacock4 ,jac4 ,lawrence dulce et decorum est pro patria mori4 ,rx4 ,mansuetud4 maj4 quam victoria4 ,f,,rst4 #cc #ahe ,,xxxv ,,captain ,,thomas ,,macdonough4 ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,tho4 ,macdonough4 ,stagno ,champlain clas4 ,reg4 ,brit4 superavit4 ,rx4 ,uno latere percusso4 alterum impavide vertit4 ,f,,rst4 #cd #ahi ,,xxxvi ,,captain ,,robert ,,henley4 ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,rob4 ,henley ,eagle prfect4 palma virtu4 per ternit4 florebit4 ,rx4 ,uno latere percusso4 alterum impavide vertit4 ,f,,rst4 #ce #aic ,,xxxvii ,,lieutenant ,,stephen ,,cassin4 ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,step4 ,cassin ,ticonderoga prfect4 ,qu regio in terris nos4 non plena lab4 ,rx4 ,uno latere percusso4 alterum impavide vertit4 ,f,,rst4 #cf #aie ,,xxxviii ,,captain ,,lewis ,,warrington4 ,capture of the pervier4 ,ludovicus ,warrington dux navalis ,ameri4 ,rx4 ,pro patria paratus aut vincere aut mori4 ,f,,rst4 #cg #aig ,,xxxix ,,captain ,,johnston ,,blakeley4 ,capture of the ,reindeer4 ,johnston ,blakeley ,reip4 ,fd4 ,am4 nav4 ,wasp dux4 ,rx4 ,eheu6 bis victor patria tua te luget plauditq4 ,f,,rst4 #ch #bjj ,,xl ,,major-,,general ,,jacob ,,brown4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,major ,general ,jacob ,brown4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 #ci #bjc ,,xli ,,major-,,general ,,peter ,,buel ,,porter4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,major ,general ,peter ,b4 ,porter4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 #dj #bae ,,xlii ,,brigadier-,,general ,,eleazer ,,wheelock ,,ripley4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,brig4 ,general ,eleazer ,w4 ,ripley4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,novemb4 #c4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 #da #bai ,,xliii ,,brigadier-,,general ,,james ,,miller4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,brigadier ,genl4 ,james ,miller4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 #db #bbc ,,xliv ,,major-,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,victories of ,chippewa and ,niagara4 ,major ,general ,winfield ,scott4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 etc4 ,f,,rst4 #dc #bbd ,,xlv ,,major-,,general ,,edmund ,p4 ,,gaines4 ,victory of ,erie4 ,major ,general ,edmund ,p4 ,gaines4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 #dd #bbf ,,xlvi ,,major-,,general ,,alexander ,,macomb4 ,victory of ,plattsburgh4 ,major ,general ,alexander ,macomb4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 #de #bcc ,,xlvii ,,major-,,general ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,victory of ,new ,orleans4 ,major ,general ,andrew ,jackson4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,february #bg4 #ahae4 ,f,,rst4 #df #bch ,,xlviii ,,captain ,,charles ,,stewart4 ,capture of the ,cyane and of the ,levant4 ,carolus ,stewart navis ,amer4 ,constitution dux4 ,rx4 ,una victoriam eripuit ratibus binis4 ,f,,rst4 #dg #bde ,,xlix ,,captain ,,james ,,biddle4 ,capture of the ,penguin4 ,the ,congress of the ,u4,s4 to ,capt4 ,james ,biddle4 etc4 ,rx4 ,capture of the ,british ship ,penguin by the ,u4,s4 ship ,hornet4 ,f,,rst4 #dh #bdi ,l ,,president ,,james ,,monroe4 ,fifth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,james ,monroe ,president of the ,u4,s4,a4 ,d4 #ahag4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,f,,rst4 #di #bec ,,li ,,major-,,general ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison4 ,victory of the ,thames4 ,major ,general ,william ,h4 ,harrison4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,april #d4 #ahah4 ,f,,rst4 #ej #bed ,,lii ,,governor ,,isaac ,,shelby4 ,victory of the ,thames4 ,governor ,isaac ,shelby4 ,rx4 ,battle of the ,thames4 ,octo4 #e4 #ahac4 ,f,,rst4 #ea #bfe ,,liii ,,treaty ,,of ,,commerce ,,with ,,france4 ,lvdovicvs4 ,,xviii ,franc4 et4 ,nav4 rex4 ,rx4 ,gallia4 et4 ,america4 foederata4 ,,andrieu4 ,,gayrard4 #eb #bff ,,liv ,,president ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams4 ,sixth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,john ,quincy ,adams ,president of the ,united ,states #ahbe4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,f,,rst4 #ec #bgj ,,lv ,,president ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,seventh ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,andrew ,jackson ,president of the ,united ,states ,a4,d4 #ahbi4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,f,,rst4 #ed #bga ,,lvi ,,colonel ,,george ,,croghan4 ,defence of ,fort ,stephenson4 ,presented by ,congress to ,colonel ,george ,croghan #ahce4 ,rx4 ,pars magna fuit4 ,f,,rst4 #ee #bgb ,,lvii ,,president ,,martin ,,van ,,buren4 ,eighth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,martin ,van ,buren ,president of the ,united ,states ,a4,d4 #ahcg4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,f,,rst4 #ef #bge ,,lviii ,,president ,,john ,,tyler4 ,tenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,john ,tyler1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ahda4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 #eg #bgf ,,lix ,,president ,,james ,,knox ,,polk4 ,eleventh ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,james ,k4 ,polk ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ahde4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,peale4 #eh #bhj ,,lx ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,victories on the ,rio ,grande4 ,major ,general ,zachary ,taylor4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,july #afth #ahdf1 etc4 #ei #bha ,,lxi ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,taking of ,monterey4 ,major ,general ,zachary ,taylor4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,march #bnd #ahdg1 etc4 #fj #bij ,,lxii ,,loss ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,brig-,,or-,,war ,,somers4 ,for ,having ,saved the ,lives of ,americans4 ,somers navis ,americana4 ,rx4 ,pro vitis ,americanorum conservatis4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright4 #fa #bii ,,lxiii ,,major-,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,mexican ,campaign4 ,major ,general ,winfield ,scott4 ,rx4 ,vera ,cruz4 ,cerro ,gordo4 ,contreras1 etc4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,humphries4 #fb #cid ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright4 ,,lxiv ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor ,victory of ,buena ,vista4 ,major ,general ,zachary ,taylor1 etc4 ,rx4 ,buena ,vista ,feb4 #bb #bc1 #ahdg4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,smith4 #fc #ccf ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright4 ,,lxv ,,president ,,zachary ,,taylor ,twelfth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,zachary ,taylor ,president of the ,united ,states #ahdi4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,f4 ,,peale4 #fd #cdh ,,lxvi ,,president ,,millard ,,fillmore4 ,thirteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,millard ,fillmore ,president of the ,united ,states #ahej4 ,rx4 ,labor virtue honor4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,j4 ,,willson4 #fe #cdi ,,lxvii ,,president ,,franklin ,,pierce4 ,fourteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,franklin ,pierce1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ahec4 ,rx4 ,labor virute honor4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,j4 ,,willson4 #ff #cea ,,lxviii ,,commander ,,duncan ,,nathaniel ,,ingraham4 ,release of ,martin ,coszta4 ,smyrna4 ,american sloop of war ,st4 ,louis4 ,austrian brig of war ,hussar4 ,rx4 ,presented by the ,president of the ,united ,states to ,commander ,duncan ,n4 ,ingraham1 etc4 ,s4 ,,eastman4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cross4 #fg #ceb ,j4 ,b4 ,,longacre4 ,,lxix ,,president ,,james ,,buchanan4 ,fifteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,james ,buchanan1 ,president of the ,united ,states #aheg4 ,rx4 ,labor virtue honor4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,j4 ,,willson4 #fh #cfa ,,lxx ,,doctor ,,frederick ,,henry ,,rose4 ,kindness and ,humanity of ,doctor ,rose4 ,james ,buchanan1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,rx4 ,to ,dr4 ,frederick ,rose1 ,assistant ,surgeon1 ,royal ,navy1 ,g4,b4 ,,paquet4 #fi #cfb ,,lxxi ,,president ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,sixteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,president of the ,united ,states #ahfb4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 #gj #cff ,l,x,x,i,ia ,,navy ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,,paquet4 #ga #cfg ,l,x,x,i,ib ,,army ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,,paquet4 #gb #cfh ,,lxxiii ,,major-,,general ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant4 ,victories of ,fort ,donelson1 ,vicksburg1 and ,chattanooga4 ,major ,general ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant4 ,joint ,resolution of ,congress ,december #ag4 #ahfc4 ,rx4 ,donelson1 ,vicksburg1 etc4 ,,antrobus4 ,,paquet4 #gc #cgj ,,lxxiv ,,cornelius ,,vanderbilt4 ,free ,gift of ,steamship ,vanderbilt4 ,a grateful country to her generous son ,cornelius ,vanderbilt4 ,rx4 ,bis dat qui tempori dat4 #ahfe4 ,,leutze4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 #gd #djf ,,lxxv ,,president ,,andrew ,,johnson4 ,seventeenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,andrew ,johnson1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ahfe4 ,rx4 ,peace4 ,,paquet4 #ge #daj ,,lxxvi ,,wreck ,,of ,,the ,,steamship ,,san ,,francisco4 ,testimonial of ,national ,gratitude4 ,by joint resolution of ,congress to the rescuers of the passengers officers and men of steamship ,san ,francisco1 etc4 ,rx4 ,july #bf #ahff4 ,,paquet4 #ge #daj ,,lxxvii ,,cyrus ,,west ,,field4 ,laying of the ,atlantic ,telegraph ,cable4 ,honor and fame are the reward4 ,rx4 ,by resolution of the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,march #b1 #ahfg4 to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 of ,new ,york1 etc4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,bruff4 ,,barber4 #gg #dah ,,lxxviii ,,george ,,peabody4 ,promotion of ,universal ,education4 ,rx4 ,the people of the ,united ,states to ,george ,peabody1 etc4 #gh #dba ,,lxxix ,,president ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant4 ,eighteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,liberty justice and equality ,let us have peace4 ,rx4 ,on earth peace good will toward men4 ,,paquet4 #gi #dbi ,,lxxx ,,george ,,foster ,,robinson4 ,heroic ,conduct4 ,to ,george ,f4 ,robinson4 ,awarded by the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 ,march #a1 #ahga4 ,g4 ,y4 ,,coffin4 ,,paquet4 #hj #dcj ,,lxxxi ,,loss ,,of ,,the ,,steamer ,,metis4 ,courage and ,humanity4 ,by ,resolution of ,congress ,february #bd1 #ahgc4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,barber4 #ha #dcd ,,lxxxii ,,centennial ,,medal4 ,hundredth ,anniversary of ,american ,independence4 ,these ,united ,colonies are1 and of right ought to be1 free and independent ,states4 ,rx4 ,in commemoration of the hundredth anniversary4 ,w4 ,,barber4 #hc #ddj ,,lxxxiii ,,centennial ,,medal4 ,hundredth ,anniversary of ,american ,independence4 ,these ,united ,colonies are1 and of right ought to be1 free and independent ,states4 ,rx4 ,by authority of the ,congress1 etc4 ,w4 ,,barber4 #hc #ddj ,,lxxxiv ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class4 ,saving ,life from the ,perils of the ,sea4 ,life ,saving medal of the first class4 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,rx4 ,in testimony of heroic deeds1 etc4 ,,paquet4 #hd #dda ,,lxxxv ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,class4 ,saving ,life from the ,perils of the ,sea4 ,life ,saving medal of the second class4 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,rx4 ,in testimony of heroic deeds1 etc4 ,,paquet4 #he #dec ,,lxxxvi ,,john ,,horn1 ,,jr4 ,heroic ,exploits4 ,john ,horn1 ,jr4 ,rx4 ,by ,act of ,congress ,june #bjth #ahgd4 ,in recognition of his heroic exploits1 etc4 ,c4 ,,barber4 #hf #deg ,,the ,,medallic ,,history 7p4 #jja7 ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 #aggf-ahgf4 ,no4 #a4 ,,plate ,i4 ,march #ag1 #aggf4 ,georgio ,washington svpremo dvci exercitvvm adsertori libertatis ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4#bf ,hostibus primo fugatis4 ,footnote #bf3 ,rx4 ,abbreviation of ,,reverse4 ,,general ,,george ,,washington4 ,boston retaken4 ,,georgio ,,washington ,,svpremo ,,dvci ,,exercitvvm ,,adsertori ,,libertatis ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,george ,washington1 commander-in-chief of the armies1 the assertor of liberty47 ,undraped bust of ,general ,washington1 facing the right4 ,,duvivier4 ,paris4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,hostibus ,,primo ,,fugatis4 7,the enemy put to flight for the first time47 ,to the left1 ,general ,washington on horseback1 surrounded by his staff1 points toward the ,british fleet1 which is leaving ,boston4 ,the ,american army1 in battle array in front of its intrenchments1 7p4 #jjb7 makes ready to occupy the city4 ,exergue3 ,,bostonium ,,recuperatum ,,xvii ,,martii ,,mdcclxxvi4 7,boston retaken1 ,march #ag1 #aggf47 ,on a cannon1 ,,duviv4 7,duvivier74#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 xiii1 xvi1 xxiii1 xxv1 xxviii2 ,b1 xxxvi2 ,g1 xlv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,although this medal was the first one voted by ,congress1 it was not struck until after that of the ,chevalier de ,fleury1 which was voted three years later4 ,its designs1 and those of the medals awarded to ,general ,horatio ,gates for ,saratoga1 ,general ,nathaniel ,greene for ,eutaw ,springs1 ,general ,daniel ,morgan1 ,lieutenant-,colonels ,william ,augustine ,washington and ,john ,eager ,howard for the ,cowpens1 ,general ,anthony ,wayne and ,major ,john ,stewart for ,stony ,point1 and ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones for the capture of the ,serapis1 were composed by commissioners appointed by the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 at the request of ,colonel ,david ,humphreys and of ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,the legend of the reverse of the ,general ,washington medal1 as originally proposed1 was ,,hostibus or ,,anglis ,,primum ,,fugatis4 ,several of the medals are treated of at length in the ,introduction1 to which1 to avoid repetition1 the reader is referred4 ,,pierre ,,simon ,,duvivier was born in ,paris1 ,november #e1 #agca4 ,he was the son of ,jean ,duvivier1 a member of the ,royal ,academy of ,painting and ,sculpture1 and the grandson of ,jean ,duvivier1 known as ,duvivier le pre1 the first of this distinguished family of medal engravers1 who lived in ,lige at the beginning of the #agth century4 ,pierre ,simon ,duvivier was engraver-general of the ,paris ,mint prior to #agic1 and executed medals of many eminent persons4 ,america is indebted to him for those of ,general ,washington1 ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,fleury1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,william ,augustine ,washington1 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,john ,eager ,howard4 ,he was a member of the ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 and died ,june #aj1 #ahai4 ,,george ,,washington was born near ,pope's ,creek1 ,westmoreland ,county1 ,virginia1 ,february #bb1 #agcb4 ,he lost his father when but ten years of age1 and in #ageb1 in consequence of the death of his elder brother1 came into possession of the estate of ,mount ,vernon1 on the ,potomac ,river1 and other property4 ,the same year he received a commission as major of militia1 and in #agee became colonel and aid-de-camp to 7p4 #jjc7 ,general ,braddock4 ,on the death of that officer in the disastrous march against ,fort ,duquesne1 ,washington conducted the retreat1 and was shortly afterward appointed commander of the ,virginia troops4 ,in #aggd he was elected member of the first ,continental ,congress1 held in ,philadelphia1 and in the following year was appointed commander-in-chief of the ,continental ,army1 taking command of the forces at ,cambridge1 ,july #c1 #agge4 ,on ,march #ag1 #aggf1 he compelled the ,british forces to evacuate ,boston1 for which ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he was commander-in-chief throughout the ,war of ,independence1 and resigned his commission as such1 ,december #bc1 #aghc1 when he retired to ,mount ,vernon4 ,he was delegate from ,virginia to the ,national ,convention which met in ,philadelphia in ,may1 #aghg1 to frame the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 and was chosen its president4 ,he was afterward unanimously elected first ,president of the ,united ,states1 and was inaugurated in ,new ,york city1 ,april #cj1 #aghi4 ,he was re-elected1 and inaugurated a second time1 ,march #d1 #agic2 refused a third term of office1 and issued a farewell address1 ,september #ag1 #agif4 ,when a war with ,france was expected1 in #agig1 he was re-appointed commander-in-chief4 ,general ,washington died at ,mount ,vernon1 ,december #ad1 #agii4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,washington4 ,,in ,,congress4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of this ,congress1 in their own name1 and in the name of the thirteen ,united ,colonies1 whom they represent1 be presented to ,his ,excellency ,general ,washington1 and the officers and soldiers under his command1 for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of ,boston2 and that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of this great event1 and presented to ,his ,excellency2 and that a committee of three#bh be appointed to prepare a letter of thanks and a proper device for the medal4 ,monday1 ,march #be1 #aggf4 ,footnote #bh3 ,the members chosen were ,mr4 ,j4 ,adams1 ,mr4 ,jay1 and ,mr4 ,hopkins4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 7p4 #jjd7 ,to ,john ,,hancock1 ,esq41 ,,headquarters1 ,cambridge1 ,president of ,congress4 ,march #ai1 #aggf4 ,sir3 ,it is with the greatest pleasure ,i inform you that1 on ,sunday last1 the seventeenth instant1 about nine o'clock in the forenoon1 the ministerial army evacuated the town of ,boston1 and that the forces of the ,united ,colonies are now in actual possession thereof4 ,i beg leave to congratulate you1 ,sir1 and the honourable ,congress1 on this happy event1 and particularly as it was effected without endangering the lives and property of the remaining unhappy inhabitants4 ,i have great reason to imagine their flight was precipitated by the appearance of a work which ,i had ordered to be thrown up last ,saturday night on an eminence at ,dorchester1 which lay nearest to ,boston ,neck1 called ,nook's ,hill4 ,the town1 although it has suffered greatly1 is not in so bad a state as ,i expected to find it2 and ,i have a particular pleasure in being able to inform you1 ,sir1 that your house has received no damage worth mentioning4 ,your furniture is in tolerable order1 and the family pictures are all left entire and untouched4 ,captain ,cazeneau takes charge of the whole until he shall receive further orders from you4 ,as soon as the ministerial troops had quitted the town1 ,i ordered a thousand men 7who had had the small-pox71 under command of ,general ,putnam1 to take possession of the heights1 which ,i shall endeavour to fortify in such a manner as to prevent their return1 should they attempt it4 ,but as they are still in the harbour1 ,i thought it not prudent to march off with the main body of the army until ,i should be fully satisfied they had quitted the coast4 ,i have1 therefore1 only detached five regiments1 besides the rifle battalion1 to ,new ,york1 and shall keep the remainder here till all suspicion of their return ceases4 ,the situation in which ,i found their works evidently discovered that their retreat was made with the greatest precipitation4 ,they have left their barracks1 and other works of wood at ,bunker ,hill1 c41 all standing1 and have destroyed but a small part of their lines4 ,they have also left a number of fine pieces of cannon which they first spiked up1 also a very large iron mortar1 and1 as ,i am informed1 they have thrown another over the end of your wharf4 ,i have employed proper persons to drill the cannon1 and doubt not ,i shall save the most of them4 ,i am not yet able to procure an exact list of all the stores they have left4 ,as soon as it can be done1 ,i shall take care to transmit it to you4 ,from an estimate of what the quartermaster-general has already discovered1 the amount will be twenty-five or thirty thousand pounds4 ,part of the powder mentioned in yours of the sixth instant has already arrived4 ,the remainder ,i have ordered to be stopped on the road1 as we shall have no occasion for it here4 ,the letter to ,general ,thomas ,i immediately sent to him4 ,he desired leave for three or four days to settle some of his private affairs1 after which he will set out for his command in ,canada4 ,i am happy that my conduct in intercepting ,lord ,drummond's letter is approved of by ,congress4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,the ,president of ,congress to ,general ,washington4 7p4 #jje7 ,to ,general ,,washington4 ,philadelphia1 ,april #b1 #aggf4 ,sir3 ,it gives me the most sensible pleasure to convey to you1 by order of ,congress1 the only tribute which a free people will ever consent to pay--the tribute of thanks and gratitude to their friends and benefactors4 ,the disinterested and patriotic principles which led you to the field have also led you to glory2 and it affords no little consolation to your countrymen to reflect that1 as a peculiar greatness of mind induced you to decline any compensation for serving them1 except the pleasure of promoting their happiness1 they may1 without your permission1 bestow upon you the largest share of their affections and esteem4 ,those pages in the annals of ,america will record your title to a conspicuous place in the temple of fame which shall inform posterity that1 under your direction1 an undisciplined band of husbandmen1 in the course of a few months1 became soldiers2 and that the desolation meditated against the country by a brave army of veterans1 commanded by the most experienced generals1 but employed by bad men in the worst of causes1 was1 by the fortitude of your troops1 and the address of their officers1 next to the kind interposition of ,providence1 confined for near a year within such narrow limits as scarcely to admit more room than was necessary for the encampments and fortifications they lately abandoned4 ,accept1 therefore1 ,sir1 the thanks of the ,united ,colonies1 unanimously declared by their delegates to be due to you and the brave officers and troops under your command2 and be pleased to communicate to them this distinguished mark of the approbation of their country4 ,the ,congress have ordered a golden medal1 adapted to the occasion1 to be struck1 and1 when finished1 to be presented to you4 ,i have the honour to be1 with every sentiment of esteem1 ,sir1 your most obedient and very humble servant1 ,john ,,hancock1 ,president4 ,john ,adams to ,general ,washington4 ,to ,general ,,washington4 ,philadelphia1 ,april #b1 #aggf4 ,sir3 ,i congratulate you1 as well as all the friends of mankind1 in the reduction of ,boston1 an event which appeared to me of so great and decisive importance1 that1 the next morning after the arrival of the news1 ,i did myself the honour to move for the thanks of ,congress to ,your ,excellency1 and that a medal of gold should be struck in commemoration of it4 ,congress have been pleased to appoint me1 with two other gentlemen1 to prepare a device4 ,i should be very happy to have ,your ,excellency's sentiments concerning a proper one4 ,i have the honour to be1 with great respect1 ,sir1 your most obedient and affectionate servant1 ,john ,,adams4 ,general ,washington to ,john ,adams4 7p4 #jjf7 ,to ,john ,,adams1 ,esq41 ,new ,york1 ,april #ae1 #aggf4 ,in ,congress4 ,sir3 ,i am impressed with the deepest gratitude for the high honour intended me by ,congress4 ,whatever devices may be determined upon by the respectable committee they have chosen for that purpose will be highly agreeable to me4 ,i have the honour to be1 most respectfully1 ,sir1 your most obedient and affectionate humble servant1 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,colonel ,humphreys to ,general ,washington4 ,to ,general ,,washington4 ,paris1 ,may1 #aghe4 ,my dear ,general3 ,upon leaving ,america ,mr4 ,morris invested me with the power of procuring the several honourary presents which have been voted by ,congress to different officers in their service during the late war4 ,the ,royal ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 to whom ,i addressed a letter on the subject1 have furnished me with the following device and inscriptions for the gold medal which is to be executed for ,your ,excellency3 ,on one side1 the head of the general4 ,legend3 ',,georgio ,,washington ,,supremo ,,duci ,,exercituum ,,adsertori ,,libertatis ,,comitia ,,americana4' ,on the reverse3 ,taking possession of ,boston4 ,the ,american army advances in good order toward the town1 which is seen at a distance1 while the ,british army flies with precipitation toward the shore1 to embark on board the vessels1 with which the harbour is covered4 ,in the front of the ,american army appears the general on horseback1 in a group of officers1 whom he seems to make observe the flight of the enemy4 ,legend3 ',,hostibus ,,primo ,,fugatis4' ,exergue3 ',,bostonium ,,recuperatum ,,die ,,xvii ,,martii1 ,,mdcclxxvi4' ,i think it has the character of simplicity and dignity which is to be aimed at in a memorial of this kind1 which is designed to transmit the remembrance of a great event to posterity4 ,you really do not know how much your name is venerated on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,i have the honour to be1 my dear ,general1 your sincere friend and humble servant1 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,colonel ,humphreys to ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,to ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,esq41 ,london1 ,january #cj1 #aghf4 ,paris4 ,dear ,sir3 ,gatteaux1 the engraver1 lives in the street ,st4 ,thomas du ,louvre1 opposite the ,treasury of the ,duke de ,chartres4 ,now that there is no obstacle to commencing the medal for 7p4 #jjg7 ,general ,washington1 since ,houdon's return1 ,i could wish1 should it not be giving you too much trouble1 that you would send for ,duvivier1 who lives in the old ,louvre1 and propose to him undertaking it upon exactly the terms he had offered1 which1 ,i think1 were #b1djj livres1 besides the gold and expense of coinage4 ,if he should not choose it1 we must let it rest until ,dupr shall have finished ,general ,greene's4 ,gatteaux has a paper on which is the description of ,general ,washington's medal4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your most obedient and humble servant1 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,thomas ,jefferson to ,colonel ,humphreys4 ,to ,colonel ,,humphreys1 ,paris1 ,may #g1 #aghf4 ,london4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i have received the books and papers you mention1 and will undertake to have finished what you left undone of the medals1 or1 at least1 will proceed in it till the matter shall be put into better hands4 ,i am1 dear ,sir1 your friend and servant1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,no4 #b4 7p4 #jjh7 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,october #ag1 #aggg4 ,horatio ,gates duci strenuo ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,salus regionum septentrional4 ,,major-,,general ,,horatio ,,gates4 ,surrender of the ,british ,army at ,saratoga4 ,,horatio ,,gates ,,duci ,,strenuo ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,horatio ,gates1 a valiant general47 ,bust of ,general ,gates1 in uniform1 facing the left4 ,n4 ,,gatteaux4 ,,salus ,,regionum ,,septentrional4 7,salus regionum septentrionalium3 ,the safety of the northern regions47 ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne is surrendering his sword to ,general ,gates4 ,in the background1 on the left1 the vanquished troops of ,great ,britain are grounding their arms and standards4 ,on the right is the victorious ,american army1 in order of battle1 with colors flying4#bi ,exergue3 ,,hoste ,,ad ,,saratogam ,,in ,,dedition4 7deditionem7 ,,accepto ,,die ,,xvii4 ,,oct4 7,octobris7 ,,mdcclxxvii4 7,the enemy surrendered at ,saratoga1 on the #agth of ,october1 #aggg47 ,on the platform1 ,,gatteaux1 ,f4 7fecit74#cj ,footnote #bi3 ,the stars and stripes4 ,congress passed1 ,june #ad1 #aggg1 the following resolution3 ,resolved1 ,that the flag of the thirteen ,united ,states be thirteen stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union be thirteen stars1 white on a blue field1 representing a new constellation4 ,and it was to this new ,american flag that ,general ,burgoyne surrendered4 ,congress changed the flag by the following act1 which was approved ,january #ac1 #agid3 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 ,that from and after the first day of ,may1 anno ,domini one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five1 the flag of the ,united ,states be fifteen stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union be fifteen stars1 white on a blue field4 ,congress made a second change by an act approved ,april #ad1 #ahah3 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 ,that from and after the fourth day of ,july next1 the flag of the ,united ,states be thirteen horizontal stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union be twenty stars1 white on a blue field4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further enacted1 ,that on the admission of every new ,state into the ,union1 one star be added to the union of the flag2 and that such addition shall take place on the fourth day of ,july then next succeeding such admission4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 xiii1 xvi1 xvii1 xxx1 xxxv2 and ,b1 xxxvi4 ,the legend of the obverse of this medal1 originally proposed by 7p4 #jji7 the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 was ,,horatio ,,gates ,,duci ,,provido ,,comitia ,,americana2 and that of the reverse1 ,,salus ,,provinciarum ,,septentrionalium4 ,,nicolas ,,marie ,,gatteaux was born in ,paris1 ,august #b1 #agea1 and in the latter part of the reign of ,louis ,,xvi4 was appointed engraver of medals to the king4 ,during the ,french ,revolution he was intrusted with the execution of various works of art for different branches of the public service4 ,the process followed in the printing of assignats1 of bills of exchange1 and of lottery tickets1 as well as the printing-press which works at the same time with the dry and wet stamp1 were his inventions4 ,he designed and engraved a number of medals representing eminent persons1 or important events of the period1 including three relating to the ,war of ,independence1 viz41 those of ,general ,gates1 ,general ,wayne1 and ,major ,john ,stewart ,he died in ,paris1 ,june #bd1 #ahcb4 ,,horatio ,,gates was born in ,malden1 ,england1 in #agbh4 ,he entered the ,british army when young1 and served under ,general ,lord ,cornwallis in ,nova ,scotia1 and afterward under ,general ,braddock in his campaign against ,fort ,duquesne1 but1 being severely wounded during the retreat1 left the army and settled in ,virginia4 ,having received a commission as adjutant-general1 with the rank of brigadier1 he accompanied ,washington to ,cambridge in ,july1 #agge4 ,while commander-in-chief of the northern army1 he defeated ,general ,john ,burgoyne at ,stillwater1 ,september #ag1 #aggg1 and received his surrender at ,saratoga on the #agth of ,october following1 for which most important achievement ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4#ca ,he was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern department in ,june1 #aghj1 but1 being defeated shortly afterward at ,camden1 on the #afth of ,august1 he was superseded by ,general ,greene4 ,during the remainder of the war he played no prominent part1 and1 at the conclusion of peace1 retired to his estate1 in ,virginia4 ,in #agij he removed to ,new ,york city1 where he died1 ,april #aj1 #ahjf4 ,footnote #ca3 ,the victory at ,saratoga is also commemorated in the ,libertas ,americana medal1 ,no4 #ad1 page #hf1 which was struck in ,paris in #aghc1 under the direction of ,dr4 ,franklin4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #jaj7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,gates4 ,,in ,,congress4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of ,congress1 in their own name1 and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen ,united ,states1 be presented to ,major-,general ,gates1 commander-in-chief in the northern department1 and to ,major-,generals ,lincoln and ,arnold1 and the rest of the officers and troops under his command1 for their brave and successful efforts in support of the independence of their country1 whereby an army of the enemy1 of ten thousand men1 has been totally defeated2 one large detachment of it1 strongly posted and intrenched1 having been conquered at ,bennington2 another repulsed with loss and disgrace from ,fort ,schuyler2 and the main army of six thousand men1 under ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne1 after being beaten in different actions1 and driven from a formidable post and strong intrenchments1 reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon terms honourable and advantageous to these ,states1 on the #agth day of ,october last1 to ,major-,general ,gates2 and that a medal of gold be struck1 under the direction of the ,board of ,war1 in commemoration of this great event1 and in the name of these ,united ,states presented by the ,president to ,major-,general ,gates4 ,tuesday1 ,november #d1 #aggg4 ,general ,gates to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,john ,,hancock1 ,esq41 ,camp ,saratoga1 ,president of ,congress4 ,october #ah1 #aggg4 ,sir3 ,i have the satisfaction to present ,your ,excellency with the convention of ,saratoga1 by which ,his ,excellency ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne has surrendered himself and his whole army into my hands1 and they are now upon their march for ,boston4 ,this signal and important event is the more glorious1 as it was effected with so little loss to the army of the ,united ,states4 ,this letter will be presented to ,your ,excellency by my adjutant-general1 ,colonel ,wilkinson1 to whom ,i must beg leave to refer ,your ,excellency for the particulars that brought this great business to so happy and fortunate a conclusion4 ,i desire to be permitted to recommend this gallant officer in the warmest manner to ,congress1 and entreat that he may be continued in his present office1 with the brevet of a brigadier-general4 ,the honourable ,congress will believe me when ,i assure them that1 from the beginning of this war1 ,i have not met with a more promising military genius than ,colonel ,wilkinson1 and whose services have been of the greatest importance to this army4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,your ,excellency's most obedient and humble servant1 ,horatio ,,gates4 ,articles of ,convention between ,major-,general ,gates and 7p4 #jaa7 ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne4 ,i4 ,the troops under ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne to march out of their camp1 with the honours of war and the artillery of the intrenchments1 to the verge of the river1 where the old fort stood1 where the arms and artillery are to be left1 the arms to be piled by word of command from their own officers4 ,,ii4 ,a free passage to be granted to the army under ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne to ,great ,britain1 on condition of not serving again in ,north ,america during the present contest2 and the port of ,boston is assigned for the entry of transports to receive the troops whensoever ,general ,howe shall so order4 ,,iii4 ,should any cartel take place by which the army under ,general ,burgoyne1 or any part of it1 may be exchanged1 the foregoing article to be void1 as far as such exchange be made4 ,,iv4 ,the army under ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne to march to ,massachusetts ,bay by the easiest1 most expeditious and convenient route1 and to be quartered in1 near1 or as convenient as possible to1 ,boston1 that the march of the troops may not be delayed when transports arrive to receive them4 ,v4 ,the troops to be supplied1 on their march and during their being in quarters1 with provisions1 by ,general ,gates's orders1 at the same rate of rations as the troops of his own army2 and1 if possible1 the officers' horses and cattle are to be supplied with forage at the usual rates4 ,,vi4 ,all officers to retain their carriages1 bathorses1 and other cattle1 and no baggage to be molested or searched1 ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne giving his honour that there are no public stores secreted therein4 ,major-,general ,gates will1 of course1 take the necessary measures for the due performance of this article4 ,should any carriages be wanted1 during the march1 for the transportation of officers' baggage1 they are1 if possible1 to be supplied by the country at the usual rates4 ,,vii4 ,upon the march1 and during the time the army shall remain in quarters in ,massachusetts ,bay1 the officers are not1 as far as circumstances admit1 to be separated from their men4 ,the officers are to be quartered according to rank1 and are not to be hindered from assembling their men for roll-call1 and other necessary purposes of regularity4 ,,viii4 7p4 #jab7 ,all corps whatsoever of ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne's army1 whether composed of sailors1 bateaumen1 artificers1 drivers1 independent companies1 and followers of the army1 of whatever country1 shall be included in the fullest sense and the utmost extent of the above articles1 and comprehended in every respect as ,british subjects4 ,,ix4 ,all ,canadians and persons belonging to the ,canadian establishment1 consisting of sailors1 bateaumen1 artificers1 drivers1 independent companies1 and many other followers of the army1 who come under no particular description1 are to be permitted to return there2 they are to be conducted immediately1 by the shortest route1 to the first ,british post on ,lake ,george1 are to be supplied with provisions in the same manner as the other troops1 and are to be bound by the same condition of not serving during the present contest in ,north ,america4 ,x4 ,passports to be immediately granted for three officers1 not exceeding the rank of captains1 who shall be appointed by ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne to carry despatches to ,sir ,william ,howe1 ,sir ,guy ,carleton1 and to ,great ,britain1 by the way of ,new ,york2 and ,major-,general ,gates engages the public faith that these despatches shall not be opened4 ,these officers are to set out immediately after receiving their despatches1 and are to travel the shortest route and in the most expeditious manner4 ,,xi4 ,during the stay of the troops in ,massachusetts ,bay the officers are to be admitted on parole1 and are to be allowed to wear their side arms4 ,,xii4 ,should the army under ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne find it necessary to send for their clothing and other baggage to ,canada1 they are permitted to do it in the most convenient manner1 and the necessary passports granted for that purpose4 ,,xiii4 ,these articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow morning at nine o'clock1 and the troops under ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne are to march out of their intrenchments at three o'clock in the afternoon4 ,horatio ,,gates1 ,major-,general4 ,j4 ,,burgoyne1 ,lieutenant-,general4 ,saratoga1 ,october #af1 #aggg4 ,to prevent any doubts that might arise from ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne's name not being mentioned in the above treaty1 ,major-,general ,gates hereby declares that he is understood to be comprehended in it as fully as if his name had been specifically mentioned4 ,horatio ,,gates4 ,thomas ,jefferson to ,colonel ,humphreys4 7p4 #jac7 ,to ,colonel ,,humphreys1 ,paris1 ,december #d1 #aghe4 ,london4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i inclose a letter from ,gatteaux1 observing that there will be an anachronism if1 in making a medal to commemorate the victory of ,saratoga1 he puts on ,general ,gates the insignia of the ,cincinnati1 which did not exist at that date4 ,i wrote him1 in answer1 that ,i thought so1 too1 but that you had the direction of the business2 that you were now in ,london2 that ,i would write to you1 and probably should have an answer within a fortnight2 and that1 in the mean time1 he could be employed on other parts of the die4 ,i supposed you might not have observed on the print of ,general ,gates the insignia of the ,cincinnati1 or did not mean that that particular should be copied4 ,another reason against it strikes me3 ,congress have studiously avoided giving to the public their sense of this institution4 ,should medals be prepared to be presented from them to certain officers1 and bearing on them the insignia of the order1 as the presenting them would involve an approbation of the institution1 a previous question would be forced on them1 whether they would present these medals4 ,i am of opinion it would be very disagreeable to them to be placed under the necessity of making this declaration4 ,be so good as to let me know your wishes on this subject by the first post1 and be assured of the esteem with which ,i am1 dear ,sir1 your friend and servant1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,colonel ,humphreys to ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,to ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,esq41 ,london1 ,leicester ,square1 ,no4 #ah4 ,paris4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i have been honoured with your favour of ,december #dth1 and on the subject of ,gatteaux' application take the liberty to inform you that ,i never had an idea of his engraving the insignia of the ,cincinnati4 ,i clearly see the impropriety of it4 ,i should1 therefore1 be much obliged if you would take the trouble of giving him definitive instructions on this and any other points that may occur in the execution of the medal4444 ,i am1 with the sincerest affection1 dear ,sir1 your most obedient and humble servant1 ,d4 ,,humphreys4 ,no4 #c4 7p4 #jad7 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,july #ae1 #gggi4 ,antonio ,wayne duci exercitus ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,stoney-,point expugnatum4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,,anthony ,,wayne4 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,,antonio ,,wayne ,,duci ,,exercitus ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,general ,anthony ,wayne47 ,america1 personified as an ,indian queen1 standing1 and having at her feet a bow1 an alligator1 and the ,american shield1 presents to ,general ,wayne a laurel and a mural crown4 ,,gatteaux4 ,,stoney-,,point 7sic7 ,,expugnatum4 7,stony ,point carried by storm47 ,the ,american troops carrying ,stony ,point by assault4 ,six ships on the ,hudson ,river4 ,exergue3 ,,xv ,,jul4 ,,mdcclxxix4 7#ae ,julii1 #aggi3 ,july #ae1 #aggi47 ,on the platform1 ,,gatteaux4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xix1 xxviii1 xxx1 xxxv2 ,d1 xli2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,,anthony ,,wayne was born at ,waynesborough1 ,chester ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,january #a1 #agde4 ,he was educated in ,philadelphia4 ,in #aggd he was elected a member of the ,pennsylvania ,convention1 and in #agge was appointed colonel of a regiment under ,general ,thomas in ,canada1 and took part in the engagements at ,three ,rivers and at ,ticonderoga4 ,in #aggg he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general under ,washington1 and fought at the ,brandywine1 ,germantown1 and ,monmouth4 ,on the night of ,july #ae1 #aggi1 he surprised and took ,stony ,point1 on the ,hudson ,river1 for which gallant deed ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he afterward served in the ,south1 occupied ,savannah1 ,july #aa1 #aghb1 and ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 on the #adth of ,december following1 and retired to his estate at the close of the war4 ,on ,april #c1 #agib1 he was appointed major-general and commander-in-chief in the war against the western ,indians1 and in #agid gained an important victory over the ,miami tribe of ,indians4 ,he died at ,presque ,isle1 7p4 #jae7 now ,erie1 ,pennsylvania1 ,december #ad1 #agif4 ,in #ahji1 his son1 ,colonel ,wayne1 removed his remains to the cemetery of ,radnor church1 near ,waynesborough1 where the ,pennsylvania ,state ,society of the ,cincinnati caused a handsome monument to be erected to his memory4 ,he was known during the ,revolutionary ,war by the sobriquet of ,mad ,anthony4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,general ,wayne1 to ,lieutenant ,colonel de ,fleury1 and to ,major ,stewart1 etc4 ,,in ,,congress ,,assembled4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be given to ,his ,excellency ,general ,washington for the vigilance1 wisdom1 and magnanimity with which he hath conducted the military operations of these ,states1 and which are among many other signal instances manifested in his orders for the late glorious enterprize and successful attack on the enemy's fortress on the bank of ,hudson's river4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be presented to ,brigadier-,general ,wayne for his brave1 prudent1 and soldierly conduct in the spirited and well-conducted attack of ,stony ,point4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that ,congress entertain a proper sense of the good conduct of the officers and soldiers under the command of ,brigadier-,general ,wayne1 in the assault of the enemy's works at ,stony ,point1 and highly commend the coolness1 discipline1 and firm intrepidity exhibited on that occasion4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury and ,major ,stewart1 who by their situation in leading the two attacks had a more immediate opportunity of distinguishing themselves1 have1 by their personal achievements1 exhibited a bright example to their brother soldiers1 and merit in a particular manner the approbation and acknowledgment of the ,united ,states4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that ,congress warmly approve and applaud the cool determined spirit with which ,lieutenant ,gibbons and ,lieutenant ,knox led on the forlorn hope1 braving danger and death in the cause of their country4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that a medal1 emblematical of this action1 be struck3 ,that one of gold be presented to ,brigadier-,general ,wayne1 and a silver one to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury and ,major ,stewart respectively4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that brevets of captain be given to ,lieutenant ,gibbons and ,lieutenant ,knox4 ,that the brevet of captain be given to ,mr4 ,archer1 the bearer of the general's letter1 and volunteer aid to ,brigadier-,general ,wayne4 ,that ,congress approve the promises of reward made by ,general 7p4 #jaf7 ,wayne1 with the concurrence of the commander-in-chief1 to the troops under his command4 ,that the value of the military stores taken at ,stony ,point be ascertained1 and divided among the gallant troops by whom it was reduced1 in such manner and proportion as the commander-in-chief shall prescribe4 ,monday1 ,july #bf1 #aggi4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,new ,windsor1 half-past nine o'clock1 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,july #af1 #aggi4 ,sir3 ,i have the pleasure to transmit to ,your ,excellency the inclosed copy of a letter from ,brigadier-,general ,wayne1 which this moment came to hand4 ,i congratulate ,congress upon our success1 and what makes it still more agreeable from the report of ,captain ,fishbourn1 who brought me ,general ,wayne's letter1 the post was gained with but very inconsiderable loss on our part4 ,as soon as ,i receive a particular account of the affair1 ,i shall transmit it4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,general ,wayne to ,general ,washington4 ,to ,stony ,point1 two o'clock ,a4,m41 ,general ,,washington4 ,july #af1 #aggi4 ,dear ,general3 ,the fort and garrison with ,colonel ,johnson are ours4 ,our officers and men behaved like men who are determined to be free4 ,yours1 most sincerely1 ,anthony ,,wayne4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,new ,windsor1 ,july #bj1 #aggi4 ,sir3 ,on the #afth instant ,i had the honour to inform ,congress of a successful attack upon the enemy's post at ,stony ,point1 on the preceding night1 by ,brigadier-,general ,wayne and the corps of light infantry under his command4 ,the ulterior operations on which we have been engaged have hitherto put it out of my power to transmit the particulars of this interesting event4 ,they will now be found in the inclosed report1 which ,i have received from ,general ,wayne4 ,to the encomiums he has deservedly bestowed on the officers and men under his command1 it gives me pleasure to add1 that his own conduct throughout the whole of this arduous enterprize merits the warmest approbation of ,congress4 ,he 7p4 #jag7 improved upon the plan recommended by me1 and executed it in a manner that does signal honour to his judgment and to his bravery4 ,in a critical moment of the assault1 he received a flesh wound in the head with a musket ball1 but continued leading on his men with unshaken firmness4 ,i now beg leave1 for the private satisfaction of ,congress1 to explain the motives which induced me to direct the attempt4 ,in my former letters ,i have pointed out the advantages which the enemy derived from the possession of this post and the one on the opposite side1 and the inconveniences resulting from it to us4 ,to deprive them of the former1 and to remove the latter1 were sufficient inducements to endeavour to dispossess them4 ,the necessity of doing something to satisfy the expectations of the people1 and reconcile them to the defensive plan we are obliged to pursue1 and to the apparent inactivity which our situation imposes upon us2 the value of the acquisition in itself1 with respect to the men1 artillery1 and stores1 which composed the garrison2 the effect it would have upon the successive operations of the campaign1 and the check it would give to the immediate depredations of the enemy at the present season2 all these motives concurred to determine me to the undertaking4 ,the certain advantages of success1 even if not so extensive as might be hoped1 would1 at all events1 be very important2 the probable disadvantages of a failure were comparatively inconsiderable1 and1 on the plan which was adopted1 could amount to little more than the loss of a small number of men4 ,after reconnoitering the post myself1 and collecting all the information ,i could get of its strength and situation1 ,i found that1 without hazarding a greater loss than we were able to afford1 and with little likelihood of success1 the attempt to carry it could only be by way of surprize4 ,i therefore resolved on this mode1 and gave my instructions to ,general ,wayne accordingly1 in hopes that ,verplanck's ,point might fall in consequence of the reduction of the other4 ,dispositions were made for the purpose1 which unluckily did not succeed4 ,the evening appointed for the attack1 ,i directed ,major-,general ,mc,dougall to put two brigades under marching orders to be moved down toward ,verplanck's1 as soon as he should receive intelligence of the success of the attempt on this side1 and requested ,general ,wayne to let his despatches to me pass through ,general ,mc,dougall1 that he might have the earliest advice of the event4 ,but by some misconception1 they came directly to headquarters1 which occasioned a loss of several hours4 ,the next morning ,major-,general ,howe was sent to take the command of those troops1 with orders to advance to the vicinity of the enemy's works1 and open batteries against them4 ,i was in hopes that this might either awe them1 under the impression of what had happened on the other side1 to surrender1 or prepare the way for an assault4 ,but some accidental delays1 in bringing on the heavy cannon and intrenching tools necessary for an operation of this kind1 unavoidably retarded its execution1 till the approach of the enemy's main body made it too late4 ,general ,howe1 to avoid being intercepted1 found himself under the necessity of relinquishing his project and returning to a place of security4 ,i did not unite the two attacks at the same time and in the same manner1 because this would have rendered the enterprize more complex1 more liable to suspicion1 and less likely to succeed for want of an exact co-operation1 which could hardly have been expected4 ,when ,i came to examine the post at ,stony ,point1 ,i found it 7p4 #jah7 would require more men to maintain it than we could afford1 without incapacitating the army for other operations4 ,in the opinion of the engineer1 corresponding with my own and that of all the general officers present1 not less than fifteen hundred men would be requisite for its defence2 and1 from the nature of the works1 which were opened toward the river1 a great deal of labour and expense must have been incurred1 and much time employed to make them defensible by us4 ,the enemy1 depending on their shipping to protect their rear1 had constructed the works solely against an attack by land4 ,we should have had to apprehend equally an attack by water1 and must have inclosed the post4 ,while we were doing this1 the whole army must have been in the vicinity1 exposed to the risk of a general action1 on terms which it would not be our interest to court1 and too distant to assist in carrying on the fortifications at ,west ,point1 or to support them in case of necessity4 ,these considerations made it a unanimous sentiment to evacuate the post1 remove the cannon and stores1 and destroy the works1 which was accomplished on the night of the #ahth1 one piece of heavy cannon only excepted4 ,for want of proper tackling within reach to transport the cannon by land1 we were obliged to send them to the fort by water4 ,the movements of the enemy's vessels created some uneasiness on their account1 and induced me to keep one of the pieces for their protection1 which finally could not be brought off without risking more for its preservation than it was worth4 ,we also lost a galley1 which was ordered down to cover the boats4 ,she got under way on her return the afternoon of the #ahth4 ,the enemy began a severe and continued cannonade upon her1 from which having suffered some injury she was run on shore1 which disabled her from proceeding4 ,as she could not be got afloat till late in the flood-tide1 and one or two of the enemy's vessels under favour of the night passed above her1 she was set on fire and blown up4 ,disappointed in our attempt on the other side1 we may lose some of the principal advantages hoped from the undertaking4 ,the enemy may re-establish the post at ,stony ,point1 and still continue to interrupt that communication4 ,had both places been carried1 though we should not have been able to occupy them ourselves1 there is great reason to believe the enemy would hardly have mutilated their main body a second time1 and gone through the same trouble to regain possession of posts where they had been so unfortunate4 ,but though we may not reap all the benefits which might have followed1 those we do reap are very important4 ,the diminution of the enemy's force1 by the loss of so many men1 will be felt in their present circumstances4 ,the artillery and stores will be a valuable acquisition to us1 especially in our scarcity of heavy cannon for the forts4 ,the event will have a good effect upon the minds of the people1 give our troops greater confidence in themselves1 and depress the spirits of the enemy proportionably4 ,if they resolve to re-establish the post1 they must keep their force collected for the purpose4 ,this will serve to confine their ravages within a narrower compass1 and to a part of the country already exhausted4 ,they must lose part of the remainder of the campaign in rebuilding the works2 and when they have left a garrison for its defence1 their main body1 by being lessened1 must act with so much the less energy1 and so much the greater caution4 ,they have now brought their whole force up the river1 and yesterday they landed a body at ,stony ,point4 ,it is supposed not impossible that ,general ,clinton may retaliate by a stroke 7p4 #jai7 upon ,west ,point2 and his having stripped ,new ,york and its dependencies pretty bare1 and brought up a number of small boats1 are circumstances that give a colour to the surmise4 ,though all this may very well be resolved into different motives1 prudence requires that our dispositions should have immediate reference to the security of this post2 and ,i have1 therefore1 drawn our force together1 so that the whole may act in its defence on an emergency4 ,to-morrow ,i shall remove my own quarters to the fort4 ,it is probable ,congress will be pleased to bestow some marks of consideration upon those officers who distinguished themselves upon this occasion4 ,every officer and man of the corps deserves great credit2 but there were particular ones1 whose situation placed them foremost in danger1 and made their conduct most conspicuous4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury and ,major ,stewart commanded the two attacks4 ,lieutenants ,gibbons and ,knox commanded the advanced parties1 or forlorn hope2 and all acquitted themselves as well as possible4 ,these officers have a claim to be more particularly noticed4 ,in any other service promotion would be the proper reward1 but in ours it would be injurious4 ,i take the liberty to recommend in preference some honourary present1 especially to the field-officers4 ,a brevet captaincy to the other two1 as it will have no operation in regimental rank1 may not be amiss4 ,congress will perceive that some pecuniary rewards were promised by ,general ,wayne to his corps4 ,this was done with my concurrence2 and in addition to them1 as a greater incitement to their exertions1 they were also promised the benefit of whatever was taken in the fort4 ,the artillery and stores are converted to the use of the public1 but1 in compliance with my engagements1 it will be necessary to have them appraised1 and the amount paid to the captors in money4 ,i hope my conduct in this instance will not be disapproved4 ,mr4 ,archer1 who will have the honour of delivering these despatches1 is a volunteer aid to ,general ,wayne1 and a gentleman of merit4 ,his zeal1 activity1 and spirit are conspicuous on every occasion4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,p4,s4 ,congress may be at a loss what to do with ,mr4 ,archer4 ,a captain's brevet1 or commission in the army at large1 will be equal to his wishes2 and he deserves encouragement on every account4 ,lest there should be any misapprehension as to what is mentioned about the manner of sending despatches through ,general ,mc,dougall1 ,i beg leave to be more explicit4 ,i directed ,general ,wayne1 when he marched from his ground1 to send his despatches in the first instance to the officer of his baggage guard1 left at the encampment from which he marched1 who was to inform his messenger where ,i was to be found4 ,i left word with this officer to forward the messenger to ,general ,mc,dougall1 and ,i desired ,general ,mc,dougall to open the despatches4 ,the messenger1 who was ,captain ,fishbourn1 came directly on1 either through misconception in ,general ,wayne1 in the officer of the guard1 or in himself4 ,i forgot to mention that there are two standards taken1 one belonging to the garrison and one to the ,seventeenth regiment2 these shall be sent to ,congress by the first convenient opportunity4 ,general ,wayne to ,general ,washington4 7p4 #jbj7 ,to ,general ,,washington4 ,stony ,point1 ,july #ag1 #aggi4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to give you a full and particular relation of the reduction of this ,point1 by the light infantry under my command4 ,on the #aeth instant1 at twelve o'clock1 we took our line of march from ,sandy ,beach1 distant fourteen miles from this place2 the roads being exceedingly bad and narrow1 and having to pass over high mountains1 through deep morasses and difficult defies1 we were obliged to move in single files the greatest part of the way4 ,at eight o'clock in the evening the van arrived at ,mr4 ,springsteel's1 within one mile and a half of the enemy1 and formed into columns as fast as they came up1 agreeably to the order of battle annexed2 namely1 ,colonels ,febiger's and ,meigs' regiments1 with ,major ,hull's detachment1 formed the right column2 ,colonel ,butler's regiment and ,major ,murfey's two companies the left4 ,the troops remained in this position until several of the principal officers with myself had returned from reconnoitering the works4 ,at half-past eleven o'clock1 being the hour fixed on1 the whole moved forward4 ,the van of the right consisted of one hundred and fifty volunteers1 properly officered1 who advanced with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets1 under the command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury2 these were preceded by twenty picked men1 and a vigilant and brave officer1 to remove the abatis and other obstructions4 ,the van of the left consisted of one hundred volunteers1 under the command of ,major ,stewart1 with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets1 also preceded by a brave and determined officer with twenty men1 for the same purpose as the other4 ,at twelve o'clock1 the assault was to begin on the right and left flanks of the enemy's works1 while ,major ,murfey amused them in front2 but a deep morass covering their whole front1 and at this time overflowed by the tide1 together with other obstructions1 rendered the approaches more difficult than was at first apprehended1 so that it was about twenty minutes after twelve before the assault began4 ,previously to which ,i placed myself at the head of ,febiger's regiment1 or the right column1 and gave the troops the most pointed orders not to fire on any account1 but place their whole dependence on the bayonet1 which order was literally and faithfully obeyed4 ,neither the deep morass1 the formidable and double rows of abatis1 nor the strong works in front and flank1 could damp the ardour of the troops1 who1 in the face of a most tremendous and incessant fire of musketry1 and from cannon loaded with grape-shot1 forced their way at the point of the bayonet through every obstacle1 both columns meeting in the centre of the enemy's works nearly at the same instant4 ,too much praise cannot be given to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury 7who struck the enemy's standard with his own hand7 and to ,major ,stewart1 who commanded the advanced parties1 for their brave and prudent conduct4 ,colonels ,butler1 ,meigs1 and ,febiger conducted themselves with that coolness1 bravery1 and perseverance that will ever insure success4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hay was wounded in the thigh1 bravely fighting at the head of his battalion4 ,i should take up too much of ,your ,excellency's time were ,i to particularize every individual who deserves it1 for his bravery on this occasion4 ,i cannot1 7p4 #jba7 however1 omit ,major ,lee1 to whom ,i am indebted for frequent and very useful intelligence1 which contributed much to the success of the enterprize1 and it is with the greatest pleasure ,i acknowledge to you1 that ,i was supported in the attack by all the officers and soldiers under my command1 to the utmost of my wishes4 ,the officers and privates of the artillery exerted themselves in turning the cannon against ,verplanck's ,point1 and forced the enemy to cut the cables of their shipping1 and run down the river4 ,i should be wanting in gratitude were ,i to omit mentioning ,captain ,fishbourn and ,mr4 ,archer1 my two aids-de-camp1 who1 on every occasion1 showed the greatest intrepidity1 and supported me into the works after ,i received my wound in passing the last abatis4 ,inclosed are the returns of the killed and wounded of the light infantry1 as also of the enemy1 together with the number of prisoners taken2 likewise of the ordnance and stores found in the garrison4 ,i forgot to inform ,your ,excellency that1 previously to my marching1 ,i had drawn ,general ,muhlenberg into my rear1 who1 with three hundred men of his brigade1 took post on the opposite side of the marsh1 so as to be in readiness either to support me1 or to cover a retreat1 in case of accident2 and ,i have no doubt of his faithfully and effectually executing either1 had there been any occasion for him4 ,the humanity of our brave soldiery1 who scorned to take the lives of a vanquished foe calling for mercy1 reflects the highest honour on them1 and accounts for the few of the enemy killed on the occasion4 ,i am not satisfied with the manner in which ,i have mentioned the conduct of ,lieutenants ,gibbons and ,knox1 the two gentlemen who led the advanced parties of twenty men each4 ,their distinguished bravery deserves the highest commendation4 ,the former belongs to the ,sixth ,pennsylvania regiment1 and lost seventeen men killed and wounded in the attack2 the latter belongs to the ,ninth ,pennsylvania regiment1 and was more fortunate in saving his men1 though not less exposed4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,anthony ,,wayne4 ,no4 #d4 7p4 #jbb7 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,july #ae1 #aggi4 ,virtutis et audaci monum4 et prmium4 ,rx4 ,aggeres paludes hostes victi4 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,de ,,fleury4 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,,virtutis ,,et ,,audaci ,,monum4 ,,et ,,pr,,mium4 7,virtutis et audaci monumentum et prmium3 ,a memorial and reward of courage and boldness47 ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,fleury1 as a ,roman soldier1 helmeted1 stands amidst the ruins of a fort1 holding in his right hand a sword1 and in his left the staff of an enemy's flag1 which he tramples under his right foot ,exergue3 ,d4 7sic7 ,,de ,,fleury ,,equiti ,,gallo ,,primo ,,super ,,muros ,,resp4 ,,americ4 ,d4,d4 7,d4 de ,fleury equiti gallo primo super muros ,respublica ,americana dono dedit3 ,the ,american ,republic presented this gift to ,d4 de ,fleury1 a ,french knight1 the first to mount the walls47 ,,duvivier4 ,,aggeres ,,paludes ,,hostes ,,victi4 7,fortifications1 marshes1 enemies overcome47 ,the fortress of ,stony ,point4 ,six vessels on the ,hudson ,river4 ,exergue3 ,,stony-,,pt4 ,,expugn4 ,,xv ,,jul4 ,,mdcclxxix4 7,stony ,point expugnatum1 #ae ,julii1 #aggi3 ,stony ,point carried by storm1 ,july #ae1 #aggi74cc ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages ix1 x1 xi1 xii1 xv1 xxiii1 xxviii1 xxxv2 ,g1 xlv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,i give an extended biography of the ,chevalier de ,fleury1 the only foreigner to whom a medal was awarded during the ,revolutionary ,war1 because no accurate account of him has hitherto been published4 ,the facts were obtained partly from the archives of the ,french ,ministry of ,war1 through the politeness of ,m4 ,camille ,roussel1 member of the ,french ,academy1 and at the time historiographer of the ,ministry of ,war1 and partly from the archives of the ,ministry of ,marine4 ,i am 7p4 #jbc7 also indebted to ,m4 ,roussel for the memorial 7petition7 of ,m4 de ,fleury1 a translation of which is given below4 ,,fran,,ois ,,louis ,,teisseidre ,,de ,,fleury1 son of ,franois ,teisseidre1 ,seigneur de ,fleury1 was born at ,st4 ,hippolyte1 ,languedoc1 ,france1 ,august #bh1 #agdi4 ,he entered the ,french army as a volunteer in the regiment of ,rouergue infantry1 ,may #ae1 #agfh2 became second-lieutenant1 ,september #ae1 #agfh2 lieutenant second class1 of rifles1 ,june #aa1 #aggf2 first lieutenant1 ,june #b1 #aggg2 major of ,saintonge infantry1 ,march #ai1 #aghj2 colonel of the ,pondichry 7,india7 regiment1 ,january #af1 #aghd2 marchal-de-camp1 ,june #cj1 #agia2 and resigned1 ,june #bd1 #agib4 ,he was made a knight of ,st4 ,louis1 ,december #e1 #agha4 ,the ,chevalier de ,fleury served in ,corsica during the campaigns of #agfh1 #agfi1 and #aggj4 ,having been commissioned a captain of engineers in #aggf1 he obtained a furlough and entered the ,american army as a volunteer1 was appointed by ,congress a captain of engineers1 ,may #bb1 #aggg1 and was sent first to ,general ,washington's army1 and toward the end of the campaign to ,fort ,mifflin1 where he was wounded4 ,at the battle of the ,brandywine1 he had a horse shot under him1 and was again wounded4 ,congress presented him with a horse1 as a testimonial of the sense they had of his merits1 ,september #ac1 #aggg1 and promoted him to a lieutenant-colonelcy1 in consideration of the disinterested gallantry he had manifested in the service of the ,united ,states1 ,november #bf1 #aggg4 ,in the assault on ,stony ,point1 ,july #ae1 #aggi1 he commanded one of the attacks1 was the first to enter the main works1 and struck the ,british flag with his own hands1 for which gallant deed ,congress voted him a silver medal4 ,on ,friday1 ,october #a1 #aggi1 ,congress passed the following resolution concerning ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,fleury3 ,resolved1 ,that ,congress entertain a high sense of the zeal1 activity1 military genius1 and gallantry of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury1 which he has exhibited on a variety of occasions during his service in the armies of these ,states1 wherein1 while he has rendered essential benefit to the ,american cause1 he has deservedly acquired the esteem of the army and gained unfading reputation for himself4 ,he continued in ,america after ,general ,count de ,rochambeau's arrival1 serving under him in the campaigns of #aghj1 #agha1 and #aghb2 and received a pension of four hundred livres by royal decree of ,may #h1 #aghc1 in consideration of his distinguished services1 especially at the siege and taking of 7p4 #jbd7 ,yorktown1 ,october #ai1 #agha4 ,he afterward served in ,india1 commanded in chief the islands of ,mauritius and of ,bourbon from ,may to ,november1 #aghe1 obtained a pension of one thousand livres1 in consideration of his services1 ,november1 #aghf1 and returned to ,france in ,april1 #agij4 ,he held the rank of marchal-de-camp in the army of the ,north1 and commanded at ,montmdy after ,general de ,bouill's flight in #agia1 and at ,givet and ,cambray in #agia and #agib4 ,at the breaking out of the war he was at ,valenciennes1 and served under ,marshals de ,rochambeau and de ,luckner4 ,during the retreat from ,mons his horse1 which had been shot under him1 fell upon him1 and1 while lying helpless in that position1 he was ridden over by the enemy's cavalry4 ,after a long illness he left the army1 ,june #bd1 #agib1 and retired to ,rebais1 in the ,department of ,seine-et-,oise4 ,,original ,,documents4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the taking of ,stony ,point1 are given under ,no4 #c1 page #ad4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,headquarters1 ,west ,point1 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,july #be1 #aggi4 ,sir3 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury having communicated to me his intention to return to ,france at the present juncture1 on some matters interesting to himself1 ,i have thought proper to give him this letter to testify to ,congress the favourable opinion ,i entertain of his conduct4 ,the marks of their approbation which he received on a former occasion have been amply justified by all his subsequent behaviour4 ,he has signalized himself in more than one instance since2 and in the late assault on ,stony ,point he commanded one of the attacks1 was the first that entered the enemy's works1 and struck the ,british flag with his own hands1 as reported by ,general ,wayne4 ,it is but justice to him to declare that1 in the different stations in which he has been employed1 he has rendered services of real utility1 and has acquitted himself in every respect as an officer of distinguished merit1 one whose talents1 zeal1 activity1 and bravery alike entitle him to particular notice4 ,he has intimated to me a desire to obtain a furlough for a few months4 ,i doubt not ,congress will be disposed to grant him every indulgence which can be granted with propriety4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 7p4 #jbe7 ,,certificate4 ,to ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,west ,point1 ,july #bh1 #aggi4 ,i certify that ,lieutenant-,colonel ,fleury has served in the army of the ,united ,states since the beginning of the campaign of #aggg1 to the present period1 and has uniformly acquitted himself as an officer of distinguished merit for talents1 zeal1 activity1 prudence1 and bravery2 that he first obtained a captain's commission from ,congress1 and entered as a volunteer in a corps of riflemen1 in which1 by his activity and bravery1 he soon recommended himself to notice2 that he next served as brigade-major1 with the rank of major1 first in the infantry and then in the cavalry1 in which stations he acquired reputation in the army1 and the approbation of his commanding officers1 of which he has the most ample testimonies2 that1 toward the conclusion of the campaign of #aggg1 he was sent to the important post of ,fort ,mifflin in quality of engineer1 in which he rendered essential services1 and equally signalized his intelligence and his valour4 ,that1 in consequence of his good conduct on this and on former occasions1 he was promoted by ,congress to the rank of lieutenant-colonel1 and has been since employed in the following stations1 namely1 as a sub-inspector1 as second in command in a corps of light infantry in an expedition against ,rhode ,island1 and lastly as commandant of a battalion of light infantry in the army under my immediate command2 that in each of these capacities1 as well as the former1 he has justified the confidence reposed in him1 and acquired more and more the character of a judicious1 well-informed1 indefatigable1 and brave officer4 ,in the assault of ,stony ,point1 a strong fortified post of the enemy on the ,north ,river1 he commanded one of the attacks1 was the first that entered the main works1 and struck the ,british flag with his own hands4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,a ,memorial for ,m4 de ,fleury1 an ,officer in the ,regiment of ,rouergue for twelve years2 a ,captain of ,engineers in the ,service of ,france for three years2 and a ,lieutenant-,colonel in the ,service of the ,united ,states for two years4 ,m4 de ,fleury left ,france with ,m4 du ,coudray in #aggf4 ,he obtained a furlough and was commissioned as a captain of engineers4 ,congress having refused to employ ,m4 du ,coudray and the officers who came over with him1 almost all of them were discouraged2 but ,m4 de ,fleury joined the army and served as a volunteer private during a part of the campaign of #aggg4 ,at the fight of ,piscataqua he had the good fortune to be remarked while in performance of his duty1 and he was promoted to the rank of captain4 7,certified by ,colonel ,morgan74 ,he was afterward employed to make a survey of the environs of 7p4 #jbf7 ,philadelphia1 which was to be the seat of the approaching campaign1 to take soundings in the ,delaware1 and to fortify ,billingsport4 7,certified by ,general ,washington74 ,the enemy having landed at ,hith1 he joined the army and acted as major of brigade4 ,at the battle of the ,brandywine1 he remained on the field after his brigade had been routed1 had a horse shot under him1 and carried off a piece of ordnance4 ,on the report of ,general ,washington to ,congress1 it was ordered that a horse be presented to ,m4 de ,fleury as a mark of the high sense ,congress entertained of his merits4 7,certified by ,general ,washington and ,general ,sullivan74 ,n4,b4 ,this honour has been paid only to ,general ,arnold and ,m4 de ,fleury4 ,at the battle of ,germantown he acted as brigade-major of dragoons1 charged several times1 and made several prisoners4 ,the horse which had been given to him by ,congress was shot under him1 and he himself was wounded in the leg4 7,certified by ,general ,count ,pulaski74 ,fort ,mifflin1 on ,mud ,island1 the only defence of the ,delaware1 was threatened by the ,british army and squadron4 ,it was a post of the greatest importance1 and ,m4 de ,fleury was sent there as chief engineer4 ,he sustained a siege of six weeks behind a stockade4 ,a ship of sixty-four guns1 the ,augusta1 and one of #bb guns1 the ,merlin1 blew up under fire from the fort4 ,the commandant and the garrison1 numbering #fjj men1 were relieved three times1 but ,m4 de ,fleury refused to leave the fort4 ,he was wounded ,october #aeth1 and the fort was evacuated that same night4 ,for this action he was made a lieutenant-colonel1 and a letter of thanks was addressed to him by the ,president of ,congress4 7,certified by ,congress1 the ,general-in-chief1 and ,m4 de la ,fayette74 ,during the winter of #aggh he formed the project of crossing the ice and setting fire to the ,english squadron4 ,the ,delaware not being frozen that year hard enough for his purpose1 he invented explosive boats1 and he was engaged in constructing them when he received orders to join the ,army of the ,north4 7,certified by ,general ,washington and ,commodore ,hasilwood74 ,the ,canadian expedition did not take place1 and on his return ,m4 de ,fleury was appointed inspector and charged with forming1 instructing1 and disciplining the troops4 7,certified by ,general ,washington74 ,at the opening of the campaign of #aggh he was second in command of a select corps 7in which was the general's body-guard7 of #fjj men1 #b pieces of ordnance1 and #ej cavalry4 ,he served in this capacity at the battle of ,monmouth and afterward4 ,on the arrival of the ,french squadron1 he was sent to meet ,count d',estaing by ,general ,washington1 and he went with him to ,rhode ,island1 where an attack was expected4 ,it was by his advice that the fruitless siege of ,newport was raised1 and that the retreat to the north part of the island was resolved upon4 ,the corps in which he served repulsed the enemy and covered the retreat4 7,certified by ,general ,sullivan74 ,when he returned to the ,army of the ,south1 ,count d',estaing kindly wrote to ,general ,washington3 ,allow me to recommend particularly to your favour ,m4 de ,fleury4 ,general ,sullivan will tell you what he did at ,rhode ,island2 he is an excellent officer and a useful ,frenchman4 ,i should be happy1 if the occasion offered1 to serve again with him4 ,he is fitted to bring about good feeling among private individuals1 and to make them as friendly as our two 7p4 #jbg7 nations are4 7,letter of ,m4 d',estaing74 ,at the opening of the campaign of #aggi ,m4 de ,fleury was in command of a corps of light infantry2 he was the first to mount the ramparts of ,stony ,point1 and he took the enemy's flag with his own hand4 7,certified by the ,general and by ,congress74 ,on this occasion the ,president of ,congress wrote that ,congress hoped he would receive some reward from his own country1 and the ,french minister also expressed a hope that his ,court would give ,america1 through ,m4 de ,fleury1 some token of the satisfaction with which the services of a ,french officer to ,america were viewed in ,france4 7,letter from ,mr4 ,jay74 ,when ,m4 de la ,luzerne arrived1 ,general ,washington requested him to call the attention of the ,french ,court to the conduct of ,m4 de ,fleury4 ,at the close of the campaign1 by the advice of his general1 he asked for nine months' leave4 ,at his departure1 ,general ,washington wrote to ,congress that he desired the return of an officer who had rendered such important services4 7,letter of ,general ,washington74 ,though far from rich1 ,m4 de ,fleury declined any pecuniary recompense on leaving ,america4 ,m4 de ,fleury1 having thus by his services risen from the ranks to a lieutenant-colonelcy1 and having been honoured by the good will of the nation and of the army1 the esteem of ,congress and the confidence of his general1 ventures to solicit some mark of the approbation of his ,prince and of the minister under whose auspices he entered the service of an ally of ,france4 ,though convinced that he owes his success to his good fortune rather than to his talents1 and that by his zeal he has alone been enabled to make up for his deficiency1 he ventures to hope that his country will not overlook his services1 and that his return to a beloved land--which is a source of happiness to every ,frenchman--will not prove in his case a misfortune and a loss4 ,p4,s4 ,m4 de ,fleury has made some surveys and written reports which have met with the approbation of ,m4 ,girard2 he begs to be allowed to present them to the ,minister4 7,letter of ,m4 ,girard74 ,no4 #e4 7p4 #jbh7 ,,plate ,v4 ,july #ae1 #aggi4 ,joanni ,stewart cohortis prfecto ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,stoney-,point oppugnatum4 ,,major ,,john ,,stewart4 ,taking of ,stony ,point4 ,,joanni ,,stewart ,,cohortis ,,pr,,fecto ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,major ,john ,stewart47 ,america1 personified as an ,indian queen1 leaning on the ,american shield1 and having at her feet an alligator1 presents a palm branch to ,major ,stewart4 ,,gatteaux4 ,,stoney-,,point 7sic7 ,,oppugnatum4 7,stony ,point assaulted47 ,major ,stewart1 at the head of his men1 is crossing an abatis of trees1 in pursuit of the defeated enemy2 in the background the ,american troops are mounting to the assault of ,stony ,point ,six ships are on the ,hudson ,river4 ,exergue3 ,,xv ,,jul4 ,,mdcclxxix4 7#ae ,julii1 #aggi3 ,july #ae1 #aggi47 ,on the platform1 ,,gatteaux4#cecf ,footnote #ce3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xix1 xxviii1 xxx1 xxxv2 ,d1 xli2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,footnote #cf3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the taking of ,stony ,point1 are given under ,no4 #c1 page #ad4 ,,john ,,stewart was a major of infantry1 served under ,general ,wayne1 and for his gallantry at the storming of ,stony ,point1 on the ,hudson ,river1 ,july #ae1 #aggi1 ,congress voted him a silver medal4 ,no trustworthy information can be found concerning him4 ,he is reported to have died near ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 from injuries caused by a fall from his horse4 ,no4 #f4 7p4 #jbi7 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,august #ai1 #aggi4 ,henrico ,lee legionis equit4 prfecto4 ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,non obstantib fluminibus vallis1 etc4 ,,major ,,henry ,,lee4 ,surprise of ,paulus ,hook4 ,,henrico ,,lee ,,legionis ,,equit4 ,,pr,,fecto4 ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,henrico ,lee legionis equitum prfecto ,comitia ,americana3 ,the ,american ,congress to ,henry ,lee1 major of cavalry47 ,bust of ,major ,lee1 facing the right4 ,on edge of bust1 ,j4 ,,wright4 ,within a crown of laurel3 ,,non ,,obstantib ,,fluminibus ,,vallis ,,astutia ,,virtute ,,bellica ,,parva ,,manu ,,hostes ,,vicit ,,victosq4 ,,armis ,,humanitate ,,devinxit4 ,,in ,,mem ,,pugn ,,ad ,,paulus ,,hook ,,die ,,xix4 ,,aug4 #aggi4 7,non obstantibus fluminibus vallis astutia et virtute bellica parva manu hastes vicit victosque armis humanitate devinxit4 ,in memoria pugni ad ,paulus ,hook1 die #ai ,augusti1 #aggi3 ,notwithstanding rivers and ramparts1 he conquered1 with a handful of men1 the enemy by skill and valor1 and attached by his humanity those vanquished by his arms4 ,in commemoration of the battle of ,paulus ,hook1 ,august #ai1 #agai47cg ,footnote #cg3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages xxiii1 xxviii1 xxxv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,the original die of the obverse of this medal is in the ,mint at ,philadelphia1 but the original die of the reverse is not to be found there4 ,a new one was engraved for the ,mint1 some time ago1 by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,barber4 ,,joseph ,,wright was born in ,bordentown1 ,new ,jersey1 in #agef4 ,he 7p4 #jcj7 studied painting in ,england and ,france1 and1 after his return to ,america1 painted a portrait of ,general ,washington4 ,he was appointed first draughtsman and die sinker to the ,united ,states ,mint1 and made the dies of a medal1 the bust on the obverse of which was considered to be the best medallic profile likeness of ,washington4 ,he also made the medal voted by ,congress to ,major ,lee4 ,he died in ,philadelphia in #agic4 ,,henry ,,lee was born in ,stratford1 ,westmoreland ,county1 ,virginia1 ,january #bi1 #agef4 ,he was graduated at ,princeton ,college1 ,new ,jersey1 in #aggc2 was appointed captain in #aggg1 and major in #aggh4 ,he surprised ,paulus ,hook1 ,august #ai1 #aggi1 and received for the prudence1 address1 and bravery displayed by him on that occasion the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal2 he became lieutenant-colonel1 ,november #f1 #aghj1 and joined the southern army under ,general ,greene1 greatly distinguished himself in various engagements1 and resigned in #aghb4 ,in #aghf he was chosen one of the delegates to ,congress from ,virginia2 was governor of that ,state1 #agia-agid2 member of ,congress1 #agii2 and on the death of ,washington was selected to pronounce his eulogium1 in which he embodied the memorable words3 ,first in war1 first in peace1 first in the hearts of his countrymen4 ,he wrote1 in #ahji1 ,memoirs of the ,war in the ,southern ,department of the ,united ,states4 ,he died on ,cumberland ,island1 ,georgia1 ,march #be1 #ahah4 ,he was known during the ,revolutionary ,war by the sobriquet of ,light ,horse ,harry4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,major ,henry ,lee1 etc4 ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in ,,congress ,,assembled4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be given to ,his ,excellency ,general ,washington1 for ordering with so much wisdom the late attack on the enemy's fort and works at ,powles ,hook4#ch ,footnote #ch3 ,properly ,paulus ,hook 7,hoeck71 now ,jersey ,city4 ,it derived its name from ,michael ,paulusen1 who was commissary there in #afcc4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be given to 7p4 #jca7 ,major-,general ,lord ,stirling for the judicious measures taken by him to forward the enterprize and to secure the retreat of the party4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be given to ,major ,lee for the remarkable prudence1 address and bravery displayed by him on the occasion2 and that they approve the humanity shown in circumstances prompting to severity1 as honourable to the arms of the ,united ,states1 and correspondent to the noble principles on which they were assumed4 ,resolved1 ,that ,congress entertain a high sense of the discipline1 fortitude1 and spirit manifested by the officers and soldiers under the command of ,major ,lee in the march1 action and retreat2 and while with singular satisfaction they acknowledge the merit of these gallant men1 they feel an additional pleasure by considering them as part of an army1 in which very many brave officers and soldiers have proved1 by their cheerful performance of every duty under every difficulty1 that they ardently wish to give the truly glorious examples they now receive4 ,resolved1 ,that ,congress justly esteem the military caution so happily combined with daring activity by ,lieutenants ,mc,allister and ,rudolph in leading on the forlorn hope4 ,resolved1 ,that a medal of gold1 emblematical of this affair1 be struck1 under the direction of the ,board of ,treasury1 and presented to ,major ,lee4 ,resolved1 ,that the brevet1 and the pay and subsistence of captain1 be given to ,lieutenant ,mc,allister and to ,lieutenant ,rudolph respectively4 ,resolved1 ,that the sum of #ae1jjj dollars be put into the hands of ,major ,lee1 to be by him distributed among the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the detachment he commanded at the attack and surprize of ,powles ,hook1 in such manner as the commander-in-chief shall direct4 ,friday1 ,september #bd1 #aggi4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,head ,quarters1 ,west ,point1 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,august #bc1 #aggi4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to enclose to ,your ,excellency ,major ,lee's report of the surprize and capture of the garrison of ,powles ,hook4 ,the ,major displayed a remarkable degree of prudence1 address1 enterprize and bravery1 upon this occasion1 which does the highest honour to himself and to all the officers and men under his command4 ,the situation of the post rendered the attempt critical and the success brilliant4 ,it was made in consequence of information that the garrison was in a state of negligent security1 which the event has justified4 ,i am much indebted to ,lord ,stirling for the judicious measures he took to forward the enterprize1 and to secure the retreat of the party4 ,lieutenant ,mc,allister1 who will have the honour of delivering these 7p4 #jcb7 despatches1 will present ,congress with the standard of the garrison1 which fell into his possession during the attack4 ,major ,lee speaks of this gentleman's conduct in the handsomest terms4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,p4,s4 ,the report not having been received till this day1 prevented a speedier transmission4 ,major ,lee mentions twenty men lost on our side4 ,captain ,rudolph informs me that1 since the report was concluded1 several of the missing had returned1 which will lessen the supposed loss near one half4 ,major ,henry ,lee to ,general ,washington4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,paramus1 ,august #bb1 #aggi4 ,general ,,washington4 ,sir3 ,lord ,stirling was pleased to communicate to ,your ,excellency my verbal report to his ,lordship of the #aith instant4 ,i now do myself the honour to present a particular relation of the enterprize ,your ,excellency was pleased to commit to my direction4 ,i took command of the troops employed on this occasion on the #ahth4 ,they amounted to four hundred infantry1 composed of detachments from the ,virginia and ,maryland divisions1 and one troop of dismounted dragoons4 ,the troops moved from the vicinity of the ,new ,bridge about four o'clock ,p4,m4 ,patrols of horse being detached to watch the communication with the ,north ,river1 and parties of infantry stationed at the different avenues leading to ,powles ,hook4 ,my anxiety to render the march as easy as possible1 induced me to pursue the ,bergen road lower than intended4 ,after filing into the mountains1 the timidity or treachery of the principal guide prolonged a short march into a march of three hours2 by this means the troops were exceedingly harassed1 and being obliged1 through deep mountainous woods1 to regain our route1 some parties of the rear were unfortunately separated4 ,this affected me most sensibly1 as it not only diminished the number of men destined for the assault1 but deprived me of the aid of several officers of distinguished merit4 ,on reaching the point of separation1 ,i found my first disposition impracticable1 both from the near approach of day and the rising of the tide4 ,not a moment being to spare1 ,i paid no attention to the punctilios of honour or rank1 but ordered the troops to advance in their then disposition4 ,lieutenant ,rudolph1 whom ,i had previously detached to reconnoitre the passages of the canal1 returned to me at this point of time and reported that all was silence within the works1 that he had fathomed the canal and found the passage on the centre route still admissible4 ,this intervening intelligence was immediately communicated from front to rear1 and the troops pushed on with that resolution1 order1 and coolness which insures success4 ,the forlorn hopes1 led by ,lieutenant ,mc,allister1 of the 7p4 #jcc7 ,maryland1 and ,lieutenant ,rudolph1 of the dragoons1 marched on with trailed arms1 in most profound silence4 ,such was the singular address of these two gentlemen1 that the first notice to the garrison was the forlorns plunging into the canal4 ,a firing immediately commenced from the block-houses and along the line of the abatis1 but did not in the least check the advance of the troops4 ,the forlorns1 supported by ,major ,clarke1 at the head of the right column1 broke through all opposition1 and found an entrance into the main work4 ,so rapid was the movement of the troops1 that we gained the fort before the discharge of a single piece of artillery4 ,the centre column1 conducted by ,captain ,forsyth1 on passing the abatis1 took a direction to their left4 ,lieutenant ,armstrong led on the advance of this column4 ,they soon possessed themselves of the officers and troops posted at the house ,no4 #f1 and fully completed every object of their destination4 ,the rear column1 under ,captain ,handy1 moved forward in support of the whole4 ,thus were we completely victorious in the space of a few moments4 ,the appearance of daylight1 my apprehension lest some accident might have befallen the boats1 the numerous difficulties of the retreat1 the harassed state of the troops1 and the destruction of all our ammunition by passing the canal1 conspired in influencing me to retire in the moment of victory4 ,major ,clarke1 with the right column1 was immediately put in motion with the greater part of the prisoners4 ,captain ,handy followed on with the remainder4 ,lieutenants ,armstrong and ,reed formed the rear guard4 ,immediately on the commencement of the retreat1 ,i sent forward ,captain ,forsyth to ,prior's ,mill to collect such men from the different columns as were most fit for action1 and to take post on the heights of ,bergen to cover the retreat4 ,on my reaching this place ,i was informed by ,cornet ,neill 7who had been posted there during the night for the purpose of laying the bridge and communicating with the boats71 that my messenger1 directed to him previous to the attack1 had not arrived1 nor had he heard from ,captain ,peyton1 who had charge of the boats4 ,struck with apprehension that ,i should be disappointed in the route of retreat1 ,i rode forward to the front1 under ,major ,clarke1 whom ,i found very near the point of embarkation1 and no boats to receive them4 ,in this very critical situation ,i lost no time in my decision1 but ordered the troops to regain ,bergen road and shove on to the ,new ,bridge2 at the same time ,i communicated my disappointment to ,lord ,stirling by express1 then returned to ,prior's ,bridge to the rear-guard4 ,oppressed by every possible misfortune1 at the head of troops worn down by a rapid march of thirty miles1 through mountains1 swamps1 and deep morasses1 without the least refreshment during the whole march1 ammunition destroyed1 incumbered with prisoners1 and a retreat of fourteen miles to make good1 on a route admissible of interception at several points1 by a moving in our rear1 and another 7from the intelligence ,i had received from the captured officers7 in all probability well advanced on our right2 a retreat naturally impossible to our left2 under all these distressing circumstances1 my sole dependence was in the persevering gallantry of the officers and obstinate courage of the troops4 ,in this ,i was fully satisfied by the shouts of the soldiery1 who gave every proof of unimpaired vigour the moment that the enemy's approach was announced4 ,having gained the point of intersection opposite ,weehawken1 7p4 #jcd7 ,captain ,handy was directed to move with his division on the mountain road1 in order to facilitate the retreat4 ,captain ,catlett1 of the ,virginia regiment1 fortunately joined me at this moment1 at the head of fifty men1 with good ammunition4 ,i immediately halted this officer1 and having detached two parties1 the one on the ,bergen road in the rear of ,major ,clarke1 the other on the banks of the ,north ,river1 ,i moved with the party under the command of the captain on the centre route4 ,by these precautions a sudden approach of the enemy was fully prevented4 ,i am very much indebted to this officer1 and the gentlemen under him1 for their alacrity and vigilance on this occasion4 ,on the rear's approach to the ,fort ,lee road1 we met a detachment under the command of ,colonel ,ball1 which ,lord ,stirling had pushed forward1 on the first notice of our situation1 to support the retreat4 ,the colonel moved on1 and occupied a position which effectually covered us4 ,some little time after this1 a body of the enemy 7alluded to in the intelligence ,i mentioned to have received from the officers while in the fort7 made their appearance1 issuing out of the woods on our right1 and moving through the fields directly to the road4 ,they immediately commenced a fire upon my rear4 ,lieutenant ,reed threw himself1 with a party1 into a stone house which commanded the road4 ,these two officers were directed mutually to support each other1 and give time for the troops to pass the ,english ,neighbourhood ,creek1 at the liberty pole4 ,on the enemy's observing this disposition1 they immediately retired by the same route they had approached1 and gained the woods4 ,the precipitation with which they retired1 preventing the possibility of ,colonel ,ball's falling in with them1 saved the whole4 ,the body which moved in our rear1 having excessively fatigued themselves by the rapidity of their march1 thought prudent to halt before they came in contact with us4 ,thus1 ,sir1 was every attempt to cut off our rear completely baffled4 ,the troops arrived safe at the ,new ,bridge1 with all the prisoners1 about one o'clock ,p4,m4 on the nineteenth4 ,i should commit the highest injustice was ,i not to assure ,your ,excellency that my endeavours were fully seconded by every officer in his station2 nor can any discrimination justly be made but what arose from opportunity4 ,the troops vied with each other in patience under their many sufferings1 and conducted themselves in every vicissitude of fortune with a resolution which reflects the highest honour on them4 ,during the whole action not a single musket was fired on our side--the bayonet was our sole dependence4 ,having gained the fort1 such was the order of the troops1 and attention of the officers1 that the soldiers were prevented from plundering1 although in the midst of every sort4 ,american humanity has been again signally manifested4 ,self-preservation strongly dictated1 on the retreat1 the putting the prisoners to death1 and ,british cruelty fully justified it1 notwithstanding which1 not a man was wantonly hurt4 ,during the progress of the troops in the works1 from the different reports of my officers1 ,i conclude not more than fifty of the enemy were killed1 and a few wounded4 ,among the killed is one officer1 supposed 7from his description7 to be a captain in ,colonel ,buskirk's regiment4 ,our loss1 on this occasion1 is very trifling4 ,i have not yet had a report from the detachment of 7p4 #jce7 the ,virginians2 but as ,i conclude their loss to be proportionate to the loss of the other troops1 ,i can venture to pronounce that the loss of the whole1 in killed1 wounded1 and missing1 will not exceed twenty4 ,as soon as the report comes to hand1 ,i will transmit to headquarters an accurate return4 ,i herewith enclose a return of the prisoners taken from the enemy4 ,at every point of the enterprize ,i stood highly indebted to ,major ,clarke for his zeal1 activity1 and example4 ,captains ,handy and ,forsyth have claim to my particular thanks for the support ,i experienced from them on every occasion4 ,the ,captains ,reed1 ,mc,lane1 ,smith1 ,crump1 and ,wilmot1 behaved with the greatest zeal and intrepidity4 ,i must acknowledge myself very much indebted to ,major ,burnet and ,captain ,peyton1 of the dragoons1 for their counsel and indefatigability in the previous preparations to the attack4 ,the premature withdrawal of the boats was owing to the non-arrival of my despatches2 and1 though a most mortifying circumstance1 can be called nothing more than unfortunate4 ,lieutenant ,vanderville1 who was to have commanded one of the forlorns1 but was thrown out by alteration of the disposition of battle1 conducted himself perfectly soldier-like4 ,the whole of the officers behaved with the greatest propriety2 and1 as ,i said before1 no discrimination can justly be made1 but what arose from opportunity4 ,the ,lieutenants ,mc,allister1 ,armstrong1 ,reed1 and ,rudolph distinguished themselves remarkably4 ,too much praise cannot be given to those gentlemen for their prowess and example4 ,captain ,bradford1 of the train1 who volunteered it with me1 for the purpose of taking direction of the artillery1 deserves my warmest thanks for his zeal and activity4 ,i am personally indebted to ,captain ,rudolph and ,dr4 ,irvine1 of the dragoons1 who attended me during the expedition1 for their many services4 ,i beg leave to present ,your ,excellency with the flag of the fort by the hands of ,mr4 ,mc,allister1 the gentleman into whose possession it fell4 ,it is needless for me to explain my reasons for the instantaneous evacuation of the fort4 ,your ,excellency's knowledge of the post will suggest fully the propriety of it4 ,the event confirms it4 ,among the many unfortunate circumstances which crossed our wishes1 none was more so than the accidental absence of ,colonel ,buskirk and the greatest part of his regiment4 ,they had set out on an expedition up the ,north ,river the very night of the attack4 ,a company of vigilant ,hessians had taken their place in the fort1 which rendered the secrecy of approach more precarious1 and1 at the same time1 diminished the object of the enterprize by a reduction of the number of the garrison4 ,major ,sutherland fortunately saved himself by a soldier counterfeiting his person4 ,this imposition was not discovered until too late4 ,i intended to have burned the barracks1 but on finding a number of sick soldiers and women with young children in them1 humanity forbade the execution of my intention4 ,the key of the magazine could not be found1 nor could it be broken open in the little time we had to spare1 many attempts having been made to that purpose by the ,lieutenants ,mc,allister and ,reed4 ,it was completely impracticable to bring off any pieces of artillery4 ,i consulted ,captain ,bradford on the point1 who confirmed me in my opinion4 ,the circumstance of spiking them being trivial it was omitted altogether4 ,after most of the troops had retired from the works1 and were 7p4 #jcf7 passed and passing the canal1 a fire of musketry commenced from a few stragglers1 who had collected in an old work1 on the right of the main fort4 ,their fire being ineffectual1 and the object trifling1 ,i determined not to break in upon the order of retreat1 but continued passing the defile in front4 ,i cannot conclude this relation without expressing my wannest thanks to ,lord ,stirling1 for the full patronage ,i received from him in every stage of the enterprize4 ,i must also return my thanks to the cavalry1 for their vigilant execution of the duties assigned them4 ,captain ,rudolph waits on ,your ,excellency with these despatches4 ,i beg leave to refer to this officer for any further explanation that may be required4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 with the most perfect respect1 ,your ,excellency's most obedient and humble servant1 ,henry ,,lee1 ,jr4 ,no4 #g4 7p4 #jcg7 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,september #bc1 #aghj4 ,fidelity4 ,rx4 ,vincit amor patri4 ,,john ,,paulding1 ,,david ,,williams1 ,,isaac ,,van ,,wart4 ,capture of ,major ,andr4 ,,fidelity4 ,field embossed in and wreathed with two branches1 one of laurel1 the other of palm1 united by a ribbon4 ,,vincit ,,amor ,,patri4 7,love of country conquers47 ,a vacant space1 to receive the name of the recipient1 between two branches of fleur-de-lis1 united by a ribbon4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,see ,,introduction1 page xxxv4 ,this is not properly a medal1 but a repouss1 made by a silversmith4 ,,john ,,paulding was born in ,new ,york in #agei2 and died in ,westchester ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,february #ah1 #ahdh4 ,,david ,,williams was born in ,tarrytown1 ,october #ba1 #aged1 and died in ,broome1 ,schoharie ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,august #b1 #ahca4 ,,isaac ,,van ,,wart was born in ,new ,york in #agej1 and died in ,westchester ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bc1 #ahah4 ,these three militiamen captured ,major ,andr1 of the ,british ,army1 ,september #bc1 #aghj1 and refusing his large offers of money1 delivered him up to the ,american commanding officer of the district4 ,thus the treasonable intentions of ,general ,arnold to surrender ,west ,point to the enemy were frustrated4 ,for this great service to their country they each received the thanks of ,congress and a silver medal4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #jch7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart4 ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in ,,congress ,,assembled4 ,whereas1 ,congress have received information that ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart1 three young volunteer militiamen of the ,state of ,new ,york1 did1 on the #bc;d day of ,september last1 intercept ,major ,john ,andr1 adjutant-general of the ,british army1 on his return from the ,american lines1 in the character of a spy2 and1 notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release1 nobly disdaining to sacrifice their country for the sake of gold1 secured and conveyed him to the commanding officer of the district1 whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of ,benedict ,arnold was brought to light1 the insidious designs of the enemy baffled1 and the ,united ,states rescued from impending danger3 ,resolved1 ,that ,congress have a high sense of the virtuous and patriotic conduct of the said ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart4 ,in testimony whereof1 ,ordered1 ,that each of them receive annually1 out of the public treasury1 #bjj dollars in specie1 or an equivalent in the current money of these ,states1 during life2 and that the ,board of ,war procure for each of them a silver medal1 on one side of which shall be a shield with this inscription3 ,fidelity1 and on the other the following motto3 ,vincit amor patri1 and forward them to the commander-in-chief1 who is requested to present the same1 with a copy of this resolution1 and the thanks of ,congress for their fidelity1 and the eminent service they have rendered their country4 ,friday1 ,november #c1 #aghj4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,robinson ,house1 ,in ,the ,highlands1 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,september #bf1 #aghj4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,in the mean time1 a packet had arrived from ,lieutenant-,colonel ,jameson1 announcing the capture of a ,john ,anderson1 who was endeavouring to go to ,new ,york with several interesting and important papers1 all in the handwriting of ,general ,arnold4 ,this was also accompanied with a letter from the prisoner1 avowing himself to be ,major ,john ,andr1 adjutant-general of the ,british army1 relating the manner of his capture1 and endeavouring to show that he did not come under the description of a spy4 ,from the several circumstances1 and information that the general 7,arnold7 seemed to be thrown into some degree of agitation on receiving a letter1 a little time before he went down from 7p4 #jci7 his quarters1 ,i was led to conclude immediately1 that he had heard of ,major ,andr's captivity1 and that he would1 if possible1 escape to the enemy2 and ,i accordingly took such measures as appeared the most probable1 to apprehend him4 ,but he had embarked in a barge1 and proceeded down the river under a flag to the ,vulture sloop-of-war1 which lay some miles below ,stony and ,verplanck's ,points4 ,after he got on board1 he wrote to me a letter1 of which the enclosed is a copy4 ,major ,andr is not arrived yet1 but ,i hope he is secure1 and that he will be here to-day4 ,i have been and am taking proper precautions1 which ,i trust will prove effectual1 to prevent the important consequences which this conduct on the part of ,general ,arnold was intended to produce4 ,i do not know the party that took ,major ,andr1 but it is said to have consisted only of militia1 who acted in such a manner as does them the highest honour1 and proves them to be men of great virtue4 ,they were offered1 ,i am informed1 a large sum of money for his release1 and as many goods as they would demand1 but without any effect4 ,their conduct gives them a just claim to the thanks of their country1 and ,i also hope they will be otherwise rewarded4 ,as soon as ,i know their names1 ,i shall take pleasure in transmitting them to ,congress4 - - - - - ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,paramus1 ,october #g1 #aghj4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,i have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the three persons who captured ,major ,andr1 and who refused to release him1 notwithstanding the most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward on his part4 ,their conduct merits our wannest esteem2 and ,i beg leave to add1 that ,i think the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity4 ,they have prevented in all probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that could have been meditated against us4 ,their names are ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,no4 #h4 7p4 #jdj7 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,january #ag1 #agha4 ,danieli ,morgan duci exercitus ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,victoria libertatis vindex4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,,daniel ,,morgan4 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,,danieli ,,morgan ,,duci ,,exercitus ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,general ,daniel ,morgan47 ,america1 personified as an ,indian queen1 standing1 places with her right hand a crown of laurel upon the head of ,general ,morgan1 while her left rests on a bow4 ,to the left are seen trophies of the enemy's arms2 against a cannon is the ,american shield1 upon which lies a branch of laurel2 to the right is a forest4 ,,dupr1 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,victoria ,,libertatis ,,vindex4 7,victory1 the vindicator of liberty47 ,general ,morgan is leading his troops1 who advance with colors flying1 and put to flight the ,british army2 in the foreground1 a combat between an ,indian and a dismounted cavalry soldier4 ,exergue3 ,,fvgatis ,,captis ,,avt ,,caesis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostibvs ,,xvii4 ,,jan4 ,,mdcclxxxi4 7,fugatis captis aut csis ad ,cowpens hostibus1 #ag ,januarii1 #agha3 ,the enemy put to flight1 taken1 or slain at the ,cowpens1 ,january #ag1 #agha47 ,,dupr ,,inv ,,et ,f4 7,dupr invenit et fecit74#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 xii1 xiii1 xvii1 xx1 xxi1 xxii1 xxxv2 ,b1 xxxvi2 ,d1 xli2 ,e1 xliv2 and ,f1 xlv4 ,the legend of the exergue of this medal1 as originally proposed by the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 was ,c,,sis ,,aut ,,captis ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,hostium 99 99 ,,signis ,,relatis 99 99 #ag ,,jan4 #agha4 ,the change was made at the suggestion of ,jefferson4 ,,augustin ,,dupr was born in ,st4 ,etienne1 ,france1 ,october1 #agdh4 7p4 #jda7 ,he began life as a workman in a manufactory of arms4 ,in #agfh he went to ,paris as apprentice to an engraver1 and became one of the most distinguished medal engravers of the latter part of the #ahth century4 ,among his works are the celebrated five franc piece known as l',hercule1 the five centime and one decime pieces1 on which the head of ,liberty is the profile of ,madame ,rcamier1 and seven medals relating to ,america3 ,john ,paul ,jones1 ,general ,morgan1 ,general ,greene1 ,libertas ,americana1 the ,diplomatic medal1 and two of ,franklin4 ,dupr was engraver-general of the ,paris ,mint from ,july1 #agia1 to #ahja1 when he was dismissed by ,general ,bonaparte1 then first consul4 ,he died at ,armentires1 ,january #ca1 #ahcc4 ,,daniel ,,morgan was born in ,hunterdon ,county1 ,new ,jersey1 in #agcf4 ,in early life he served as a teamster in ,general ,braddock's army1 and afterward settled in ,frederick 7now ,clarke7 ,county1 ,virginia4 ,in #agge he was captain of a rifle company1 and served under ,washington4 ,he accompanied ,general ,arnold to ,canada1 and was made prisoner at ,quebec2 he served again under ,washington1 as colonel of a rifle regiment1 in #aggf1 and greatly distinguished himself under ,general ,gates at ,saratoga4 ,he was brigadier-general in #aghj1 served in the ,south under ,generals ,gates and ,greene1 and won the brilliant victory of the ,cowpens1 ,january #ag1 #agha1 for which ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,soon afterward he resigned from ill health1 and retired to his plantation4 ,he was a member of ,congress from #agie to #agii4 ,in #aghj he removed to ,winchester1 ,virginia1 where he died ,july #f1 #ahjb4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,general ,morgan and to ,lieutenant-,colonels ,washington and ,howard1 etc4 ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in ,,congress ,,assembled4 ,considering it as a tribute due to distinguished merit to give a public approbation of the conduct of ,brigadier-,general ,morgan1 and of the officers and men under his command1 on the #agth day of ,january last1 when with #hj cavalry and #bcg infantry of the troops of the ,united ,states1 and #eec militia from the ,states of ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia1 he 7p4 #jdb7 obtained a complete and important victory over a select and well appointed detachment of more than #a1ajj ,british troops commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton2 do therefore resolve3-- ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled be given to ,brigadier-,general ,morgan1 and the officers and men under his command1 for their fortitude and good conduct displayed in the action at the ,cowpens1 in the ,state of ,south ,carolina1 on the #agth day of ,january last3 ,that a medal of gold be presented to ,brigadier-,general ,morgan1 and a medal of silver to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington 7,william71 of the cavalry1 and one of silver to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard1 of the infantry of the ,united ,states2 severally with emblems and mottoes descriptive of the conduct of those officers respectively on that memorable day3 ,that a sword be presented to ,colonel ,pickens1 of the militia1 in testimony of his spirited conduct in the action before mentioned3 ,that ,captain ,edward ,giles1 aid-de-camp of ,brigadier-,general ,morgan1 have the brevet commission of major2 and that ,baron de ,glasbuch1 who served with ,brigadier-,general ,morgan as a volunteer1 have the brevet commission of captain in the army of the ,united ,states2 in consideration of their merit and services4 ,ordered1 ,that the commanding officer in the southern department communicate these resolutions in general orders4 ,friday1 ,march #i1 #agha4 ,general ,morgan to ,general ,greene4 ,to ,camp1 near ,cain ,creek1 ,general ,,greene4 ,january #ai1 #agha4 ,sir3 ,the troops ,i have the honour to command have been so fortunate as to obtain a complete victory over a detachment from the ,british army1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton4 ,the action happened on the #agth instant1 about sunrise1 at the ,cowpens4 ,it perhaps would be well to remark1 for the honour of the ,american arms1 that although the progress of this corps was marked with burning and devastation1 and although they waged the most cruel warfare1 not a man was killed1 wounded1 or even insulted1 after he surrendered4 ,had not the ,britons during this contest received so many lessons of humanity1 ,i should natter myself that this might teach them a little4 ,but ,i fear they are incorrigible4 ,to give you a just idea of our operation1 it will be necessary to inform you1 that on the #adth instant1 having received certain intelligence that ,lord ,cornwallis and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton were both in motion1 and that their movements clearly indicated their intentions of dislodging me1 ,i abandoned my encampment on ,grindall's ,ford on the ,pacolet1 and on the #afth1 in the evening1 took possession of a post1 about seven miles from the ,cherokee ,ford1 on ,broad river4 ,my former position subjected me at once 7p4 #jdc7 to the operations of ,cornwallis and ,tarleton1 and in case of a defeat1 my retreat might have easily been cut off4 ,my situation at the ,cowpens enabled me to improve any advantages ,i might gain1 and to provide better for my own security should ,i be unfortunate4 ,these reasons induced me to take this post1 at the risk of its wearing the face of a retreat4 ,i received regular intelligence of the enemy's movements from the time they were first in motion4 ,on the evening of the #afth instant they took possession of the ground ,i had removed from in the morning1 distant from the scene of action about twelve miles4 ,an hour before daylight1 one of my scouts returned and informed me that ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton had advanced within five miles of our camp4 ,on this information1 ,i hastened to form as good a disposition as circumstances would admit1 and from the alacrity of the troops1 we were soon prepared to receive them4 ,the light infantry1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard1 and the ,virginia ,militia1 under the command of ,major ,triplett1 were formed on a rising ground1 and extended a line in front4 ,the third regiment of dragoons1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington1 were posted at such a distance in their rear as not to be subjected to the line of fire directed at them1 and to be so near as to be able to charge the enemy should they be broken4 ,the volunteers of ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia1 under the command of the brave and valuable ,colonel ,pickens1 were situated to guard the flanks4 ,major ,mc,dowell1 of the ,north ,carolina ,volunteers1 was posted on the right flank in front of the line1 one hundred and fifty yards2 and ,major ,cunningham1 of the ,georgia ,volunteers1 on the left1 at the same distance in front4 ,colonels ,brannon and ,thomas1 of the ,south ,carolinians1 were posted on the right of ,major ,mc,dowell1 and ,colonels ,hays and ,mc,call1 of the same corps1 on the left of ,major ,cunningham4 ,captains ,tate and ,buchanan1 with the ,augusta ,riflemen1 to support the right of the line4 ,the enemy drew up in single line of battle1 four hundred yards in front of our advanced corps4 ,the first battalion of the #gast regiment was opposed to our right1 the #gth regiment to our left1 the infantry of the legion to our centre1 the light companies on their flank4 ,in front moved two pieces of artillery4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton1 with his cavalry1 was posted in the rear of his line4 ,the disposition of battle being thus formed1 small parties of riflemen were detached to skirmish with the enemy1 upon which their whole line moved on with the greatest impetuosity1 shouting as they advanced4 ,mc,dowell and ,cunningham gave them a heavy and galling fire1 and retreated to the regiments intended for their support4 ,the whole of ,colonel ,pickens' command then kept up a fire by regiments1 retreating agreeably to their orders4 ,when the enemy advanced to our line1 they received a well-directed and incessant fire2 but their numbers being superior to ours1 they gained our flanks1 which obliged us to change our position4 ,we retired in good order about fifty paces1 formed1 advanced on the enemy1 and gave them a fortunate volley1 which threw them into disorder4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard1 observing this1 gave orders for the line to charge bayonets1 which was done with such address that they fled with the utmost precipitation1 leaving their field pieces in our possession4 ,we pushed our advantages so effectually1 that they never had an opportunity of rallying1 had their intentions been ever so good4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington1 having been informed that 7p4 #jdd7 ,tarleton was cutting down our riflemen on the left1 pushed forward1 and charged them with such firmness1 that1 instead of attempting to recover the fate of the day1 which one would have expected from an officer of his splendid character1 they broke and fled4 ,the enemy's whole force were now bent solely in providing for their safety in flight--the list of their killed1 wounded1 and prisoners1 will inform you with what effect ,tarleton1 with the small remains of his cavalry1 and a few scattering infantry he had mounted on his waggon horses1 made their escape4 ,he was pursued twenty-four miles1 but owing to our having taken a wrong trail at first1 we never could overtake him4 ,as ,i was obliged to move off the field of action in the morning1 to secure the prisoners1 ,i cannot be so accurate as to the killed and wounded as ,i could wish4 ,from the reports of an officer whom ,i sent to view the ground1 there were one hundred non-commissioned officers and privates1 and ten commissioned officers1 killed1 and two hundred rank and file wounded4 ,we have now in our possession five hundred and two non-commissioned officers and privates prisoners1 independent of the wounded1 and the militia are taking up stragglers continually4 ,twenty-nine commissioned officers have fallen into our hands4 ,their rank you will see by an enclosed list4 ,the officers ,i have paroled1 the privates ,i am conveying by the safest route to ,salisbury4 ,two standards1 two field pieces1 thirty-five waggons1 a travelling forge1 and all their music are ours4 ,their baggage1 which was immense1 they have in a great measure destroyed4 ,our loss is inconsiderable1 which the enclosed return will evince4 ,i have not been able to ascertain ,colonel ,pickens' loss1 but know it to be very small4 ,from our force being composed of such a variety of corps1 a wrong judgment may be formed of our numbers4 ,we fought only eight hundred men1 two-thirds of which were militia4 ,the ,british1 with their baggage guard1 were not less than one thousand one hundred and fifty1 and these veteran troops4 ,their own officers confess that they fought one thousand and thirty-seven4 ,such was the inferiority of our numbers1 that our success must be attributed to the justice of our cause and the bravery of our troops4 ,my wishes would induce me to mention the name of every sentinel in the corps ,i have the honour to command4 ,in justice to the bravery and good conduct of the officers1 ,i have taken the liberty to enclose you a list of their names1 from a conviction that you will be pleased to introduce such characters to the world4 ,major ,giles1 my aid1 and ,captain ,brookes1 my brigade-major1 deserve and have my thanks for their assistance and behaviour on this occasion4 ,the ,baron de ,glasbuch1 who accompanies ,major ,giles with these despatches1 served with me in the action as a volunteer1 and behaved in such a manner as merits your attention4 ,i am1 dear ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,daniel ,,morgan4 ,p4,s4 ,our loss was very inconsiderable1 not having more than twelve killed and about sixty wounded4 ,the enemy had ten commissioned officers and upwards of one 7p4 #jde7 hundred rank and file killed1 two hundred rank and file wounded1 and twenty-seven officers and more than five hundred privates which fell into our hands1 with two pieces of artillery1 two ,standards1 eight hundred stand of arms1 one travelling forge1 thirty-five waggons1 ten negroes1 and upwards of one hundred dragoon horses4 ,although our success was complete1 we fought only eight hundred men1 and were opposed by upwards of one thousand ,british troops4 ,act of ,congress directing a gold copy of ,general ,morgan's medal to be struck and presented to ,morgan ,neville1 ,esq41 the lineal heir of ,general ,morgan4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 ,that1 in pursuance of the request of ,morgan ,neville1 in his memorial presented at the present session of ,congress1 the director of the mint be and he is hereby authorized and directed to cause to be struck1 a gold medal1 of the intrinsic value of one hundred and fifty dollars1 in honour of the battle of the ,cowpens1 which was fought on the seventeenth day of ,january1 seventeen hundred and eighty-one1 to replace the original medal presented by a resolution of the ,continental ,congress1 of ,march ninth1 seventeen hundred and eighty-one1 to ,brigadier-,general ,daniel ,morgan2 the said medal to be struck from the original die1 and delivered when executed to the said ,morgan ,neville1 the lineal heir of ,general ,morgan2 the expense of the same to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,approved ,july #b;d1 #ahcf4 ,no4 #i4 7p4 #jdf7 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,january #ag1 #agha4 ,gulielmo ,washington legionis equit4 prfecto ,comitia ,american4 ,rx4 ,quod parva militum manu1 etc4 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,william ,,augustine ,,washington4 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,,gulielmo ,,washington ,,legionis ,,equit4 7equitum7 ,,pr,,fecto ,,comitia ,,american4 7,americana47 7,the ,american ,congress to ,william ,washington1 commander of a regiment of cavalry47 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington1 at the head of his men1 is pursuing the enemy's cavalry4 ,a winged ,victory hovers above him1 holding in her right hand a crown of laurel1 and in her left a palm branch4 ,,duv4 7,duvivier74 ,within a crown of laurel3 ,,quod ,,parva ,,militum ,,manu ,,strenue ,,prosecutus ,,hostes ,,virtutis ,,ingenit ,,pr,,clarum ,,specimen ,,dedit ,,in ,,pugna ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,xvii4 ,,jan4 7,januarii7 ,,mdcclxxxi47,because in vigorously pursuing the enemy with a handful of soldiers he gave a noble example of innate courage at the battle of the ,cowpens1 ,january #ag1 #agha74da1db ,footnote #da3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 xii1 xvii1 xxiii1 xxviii1 xxxv2 ,b1 xxxvi2 ,g1 xlv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,footnote #db3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official report of the battle of the ,cowpens1 are given under ,no4 #h1 page #dj4 ,,william ,,augustine ,,washington1 a distant relation of ,general ,washington's1 was born in ,stafford ,county1 ,virginia1 ,february #bh1 #ageb4 ,he was educated for the church1 but entered the army as captain of infantry1 and fought in the battles of ,long ,island1 ,trenton1 and ,princeton4 ,in #aggh he was lieutenant-colonel of dragoons1 and served in the ,south under ,generals ,lincoln1 ,greene1 and ,morgan4 ,he distinguished himself at the victory of the ,cowpens1 for which he 7p4 #jdg7 received from ,congress a silver medal2 was made a prisoner at ,eutaw ,springs1 and remained in captivity in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 till the close of the war1 when he settled in that city4 ,he served for some time in the ,south ,carolina ,legislature2 was appointed on ,general ,washington's staff with the rank of brigadier-general1 in #agig1 and died in ,charleston1 ,march #f1 #ahaj4 ,no4 #aj4 7p4 #jdh7 ,,plate ,x4 ,january #ag1 #agha4 ,joh4 ,egar ,howard legionis peditum prfecto ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,quod in nutantem hostium aciem1 etc4 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,john ,,eager ,,howard4 ,victory of the ,cowpens4 ,,joh4 7,johanni7 ,,egar4 7sic7 ,,howard ,,legionis ,,peditum ,,pr,,fecto ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,john ,eager ,howard1 commander of a regiment of infantry47 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard1 on horseback1 is in pursuit of a foot-soldier of the enemy who is carrying away a standard4 ,a winged ,victory hovers over him1 holding in her right hand a crown of laurel1 and in her left a palm branch4 ,,duviv4 7,duvivier74 ,within a crown of laurel3 ,,quod ,,in ,,nutantem ,,hostium ,,aciem ,,subito ,,irruens ,,pr,,clarum ,,bellic ,,virtutis ,,specimen ,,dedit ,,in ,,pugna ,,ad ,,cowpens ,,xvii4 ,,jan4 7,januarii7 ,,mdcclxxxi4 7,because by rushing suddenly on the wavering lines of the enemy1 he gave a brilliant example of martial courage at the battle of the ,cowpens1 ,january #ag1 #agha74dc1dd ,footnote #dc3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 xii1 xvii1 xxiii1 xxviii1 xxxv2 ,b1 xxxvi2 ,g1 xlv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,footnote #dd3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official report of the battle of the ,cowpens1 are given under ,no4 #h1 page #dj4 ,,john ,,eager ,,howard was born in ,baltimore ,county1 ,maryland1 ,june #d1 #ageb4 ,on the breaking out of the ,revolution he was appointed captain1 and took part in the battle of ,white ,plains4 ,he was promoted to the rank of major in #aggg1 and fought at ,germantown and ,monmouth4 ,he became lieutenant-colonel of the #eth ,maryland regiment of infantry in #aggi1 and served in the ,south under ,generals ,gates1 ,greene1 and ,morgan1 taking a brilliant part in every engagement4 ,at the victory of the ,cowpens he held in his hands at one time the swords of seven 7p4 #jdi7 ,british officers who had surrendered to him4 ,for his services in this battle ,congress awarded him a silver medal4 ,he was colonel of the #b;d ,maryland regiment at ,eutaw ,springs4 ,at the close of the war he retired to ,baltimore1 and was governor of ,maryland1 #aghi-agib1 and ,united ,states senator1 #agif-ahjc ,when a war with ,france was expected in #agig1 he was selected by ,general ,washington for one of his brigadier-generals4 ,he organized the defence of ,baltimore in #ahad1 and died in that city1 ,october #ab1 #ahbg4 ,no4 #aa4 7p4 #jej7 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,september #h1 #agha4 ,nathanieli ,green egregio duci ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,salus regionum australium4 ,,major-,,general ,,nathaniel ,,greene4 ,victory of ,eutaw ,springs4 ,,nathanieli ,,green 7sic7 ,,egregio ,,duci ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,nathaniel ,greene1 a distinguished general47 ,bust of ,general ,greene1 in uniform1 facing the left4 ,,salus ,,regionum ,,australium4 7,the safety of the southern regions47 ,a winged ,victory holds a crown of laurel in her right hand1 and a palm branch in her left2 one foot is resting on a trophy of arms and flags of conquered enemies4 ,exergue3 ,,hostibus ,,ad ,,eutaw ,,debellatis ,,die ,,viii ,,sept 7,septembris7 ,,mdcclxxxi4 7,the enemy vanquished at ,eutaw on the #hth of ,september1 #agha47 ,,dupr4#de ,footnote #de3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 xiii1 xvi1 xvii1 xviii1 xxi1 xxviii1 xxxv2 ,b1 xxxvi2 ,c1 xli2 ,f1 xlv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,the legend of the reverse of this medal1 as originally proposed by the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres was1 ,,salus ,,provinciarum ,,australium4 ,,nathaniel ,,greene was born at ,potowhommet1 ,warwick ,county1 ,rhode ,island1 ,may #bg1 #agdb4 ,he began life as a blacksmith1 but entered the ,kentish ,guards as a private in #aggd4 ,he was made brigadier-general of the ,rhode ,island contingent to the army before ,boston1 in ,may1 #agge1 and a brigadier-general in the ,continental ,army1 ,june #bb1 #agge1 and remained in active service throughout the war4 ,in #aggf he commanded in ,long ,island as a major-general2 and fought at ,trenton1 ,princeton1 the ,brandywine1 ,germantown1 ,monmouth1 ,newport1 and ,springfield4 ,he was quartermaster-general from ,march #b1 #aggh1 to ,august1 #aghj2 and was commander of the army1 in ,september1 when ,arnold's treason was discovered4 ,the same year he was appointed commander-in-chief of 7p4 #jea7 the southern department1 retook the two ,carolinas and ,georgia1 and won the battle of ,eutaw ,springs1 ,september #h1 #agha1 for which victory ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,after the war he removed to a plantation1 which the ,state of ,georgia had given him1 on the ,savannah river1 and died there of a sunstroke1 ,june #ai1 #aghf4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,greene1 etc4 ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in ,,congress ,,assembled4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to ,major-,general ,greene for his wise1 decisive1 and magnanimous conduct in the action of the #hth of ,september last1 near the ,eutaw ,springs1 in ,south ,carolina1 in which1 with a force inferior in number to that of the enemy1 he obtained a most signal victory4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to the officers and men of the ,maryland and ,virginia brigades1 and ,delaware battalion of continental troops1 for the unparalleled bravery and heroism by them displayed1 in advancing to the enemy through an incessant fire1 and charging them with an impetuosity and ardour that could not be resisted4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to the officers and men of the legionary corps and artillery1 for their intrepid and gallant exertions during the action4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to the brigade of ,north ,carolina for their resolution and perseverance in attacking the enemy1 and sustaining a superior fire4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to the officers and men of the state corps of ,south ,carolina1 for the zeal1 activity1 and firmness by them exhibited throughout the engagement4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to the officers and men of the militia1 who formed the front line in the order of battle1 and sustained their post with honour1 propriety1 and resolution1 worthy of men determined to be free4 ,resolved1 ,that a ,british standard be presented to ,major-,general ,greene as an honourable testimony of his merit1 and a golden medal emblematical of the battle and victory aforesaid4 ,that ,major-,general ,greene be desired to present the thanks of 7p4 #jeb7 ,congress to ,captains ,pierce and ,pendleton1 ,major ,hyrne and ,captain ,shubrick1 his aids-de-camp in testimony of their particular activity and good conduct during the whole of the action4 ,that a sword be presented to ,captain ,pierce1 who bore the general's despatches giving an account of the victory1 and that the ,board of ,war take order herein4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 be presented to ,brigadier-,general ,marion1 of the ,south ,carolina militia1 for his wise1 gallant1 and decided conduct in defending the liberties of his country2 and particularly for his prudent and intrepid attack on a body of the ,british troops1 on the #cjth day of ,august last1 and for the distinguished part he took in the battle of the #hth of ,september4 ,monday1 ,october #bi1 #agha4 ,general ,greene to the ,president of ,congress4 ,headquarters1 ,martin's ,tavern1 near ,ferguson's ,swamp1 ,to ,his ,excellency ,south ,carolina1 ,september #aa1 #agha4 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,sir3 ,in my last despatch of the #beth of ,august1 ,i informed ,your ,excellency that we were on our march for ,fryday's ,ferry1 to form a junction with the ,state troops and a body of militia1 collecting at that place1 with an intention to make an attack upon the ,british army laying at ,colonel ,thompson's1 near ,mc,cord's ,ferry4 ,on the #bgth1 on our arrival near ,fryday's ,ferry1 ,i got intelligence that the enemy were retiring4 ,we crossed the river at ,howell's ,ferry1 and took post at ,motte's plantation4 ,here ,i got intelligence that the enemy had halted at the ,eutaw ,springs1 about forty miles below us2 and that they had a reinforcement1 and were making preparations to establish a permanent post there4 ,to prevent this1 ,i was determined rather to hazard an action1 notwithstanding our numbers were greatly inferior to theirs4 ,on the #eth we began our march1 our baggage and stores having been ordered to ,howell's ,ferry under a proper guard4 ,we moved by slow and easy marches1 as well to disguise our real intention1 as to give ,general ,marion an opportunity to join us1 who had been detached for the support of ,colonel ,harden1 a report of which ,i transmitted in my letter of the #eth1 dated ,maybrick's ,creek4 ,general ,marion joined us on the evening of the #gth1 at ,burdell's plantation1 seven miles from the enemy's camp4 ,we made the following disposition1 and marched at four o'clock the next morning to attack the enemy4 ,our front line was composed of four small battalions of militia1 two of ,north and two of ,south ,carolinians2 one of the ,south ,carolinians was under the immediate command of ,general ,marion1 and was posted on the right1 who also commanded the front line2 the two ,north ,carolina battalions1 wider the command of ,colonel ,malmady1 were posted in the centre2 and the other ,south ,carolina battalion under the 7p4 #jec7 command of ,general ,pickens1 was posted on the left4 ,our second line consisted of three small brigades of continental troops--one from ,north ,carolina1 one from ,virginia1 and one from ,maryland4 ,the ,north ,carolinians were formed into three battalions1 under the command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ash1 ,majors ,armstrong and ,blount2 the whole commanded by ,general ,sumner1 and posted upon the right4 ,the ,virginians consisted of two battalions1 commanded by ,major ,snead and ,captain ,edmonds1 and the whole by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,campbell1 and posted in the centre4 ,the ,marylanders also consisted of two battalions1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard and ,major ,hardman1 and the brigade by ,colonel ,williams1 deputy adjutant-general to the army1 and were posted upon the left4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,lee with his legion covered our right flank2 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,henderson1 with the ,state troops1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonels ,hampton1 ,middleton1 and ,polk1 our left4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington1 with his horse and the ,delaware troops1 under ,captain ,kirkwood1 formed a corps of reserve4 ,two three-pounders1 under ,captain-,lieutenant ,gaines1 advanced with the front line1 and two sixes1 under ,captain ,browne1 with the second4 ,the legion and ,state troops formed our advance1 and were to retire upon the flanks upon the enemy's forming4 ,in this order we moved on to the attack4 ,the legion and ,state troops fell in with a party of the enemy's horse and foot1 about four miles from their camp1 who1 mistaking our people for a party of militia1 charged them briskly1 but were soon convinced of their mistake by the reception they met with4 ,the infantry of the ,state troops kept up a heavy fire1 and the legion in front1 under ,captain ,rudolph1 charged them with fixed bayonets2 they fled on all sides1 leaving four or five dead on the ground1 and several more wounded4 ,as this was supposed to be the advance of the ,british army1 our front line was ordered to form and move on briskly in line1 the legion and ,state troops to take their position upon the flanks4 ,all the country is covered with timber1 from the place the action began to ,eutaw ,springs4 ,the firing began again between two and three miles from the ,british camp4 ,the militia were ordered to keep advancing as they fired4 ,the enemy's advanced parties were soon driven in1 and a most tremendous fire began on both sides from right to left1 and the legion and ,state troops were closely engaged4 ,general ,marion1 ,colonel ,malmady1 and ,general ,pickens conducted the troops with great gallantry and good conduct2 and the militia fought with a degree of spirit and firmness that reflects the highest honour upon that class of soldiers4 ,but the enemy's fire being greatly superior to ours1 and continuing to advance1 the militia began to give ground4 ,the ,north ,carolina brigade1 under ,general ,sumner1 was ordered up to their support4 ,these were all new levies1 and had been under discipline but little more than a month1 notwithstanding which they fought with a degree of obstinacy that would do honour to the best of veterans1 and ,i could hardly tell which to admire most1 the gallantry of the officers or the bravery of the troops4 ,they kept up a heavy and well directed fire1 and the enemy returned it with equal spirit1 for they really fought worthy of a better cause1 and great execution was done on both sides4 ,in this stage of the action1 the ,virginians under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,campbell1 and the ,marylanders under ,colonel ,williams1 were led on to a brisk charge1 with trailed arms1 through a heavy cannonade and a shower of musket balls4 ,nothing could exceed the gallantry and firmness of both officers and soldiers upon this 7p4 #jed7 occasion4 ,they preserved their order1 and pressed on with such unshaken resolution that they bore all before them4 ,the enemy was routed in all quarters4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,lee had1 with great address1 gallantry1 and good conduct1 turned the enemy's left flank1 and was charging them in rear at the same time the ,virginia and ,maryland troops were charging them in front4 ,a most valuable officer1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hampton1 who commanded the ,state cavalry1 and who fortunately succeeded ,lieutenant-,colonel ,henderson in command1 charged a party of the enemy1 and took upwards of one hundred prisoners4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington brought up the corps of reserve upon the left1 where the enemy seemed disposed to make further resistance1 and charged them so briskly with the cavalry and ,captain ,kirkwood's infantry as gave them no time to rally or form4 ,lieutenant-,colonels ,polk and ,middleton1 who commanded the ,state infantry1 were no less conspicuous for their good conduct than their intrepidity2 and the troops under their command gave a specimen of what may be expected from men1 naturally brave1 when improved by proper discipline4 ,captain-,lieutenant ,gaines1 who commanded the three-pounders with the front line1 did great execution until his pieces were dismounted4 ,we kept close at the enemy's heels after they broke1 until we got into their camp1 and a great number of prisoners were continually falling into our hands1 and some hundreds of the fugitives ran off toward ,charleston4 ,but a party threw themselves into a large three-story brick house1 which stands near the spring2 others took post in a picqueted garden1 while others were lodged in an impenetrable thicket1 consisting of a cragged shrub called a blackjack4 ,thus secured in front1 and upon the right by the house and a deep ravine1 upon the left by the picqueted garden and in the impenetrable shrubs1 and the rear also being secured by the springs and deep hollow ways1 the enemy renewed the action4 ,every exertion was made to dislodge them4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington made most astonishing efforts to get through the thicket to charge the enemy in the rear1 but found it impracticable1 had his horse shot under him1 and was wounded and taken prisoner4 ,four six-pounders were ordered up before the house--two of our own and two of the enemy's1 which they had abandoned--and they were pushed on so much under the command of the fire from the house and the party in the thicket as rendered it impracticable to bring them off again when the troops were ordered to retire4 ,never were pieces better served2 most of the men and officers were either killed or wounded4 ,washington failing in his charge upon the left1 and the legion baffled in an attempt upon the right1 and finding our infantry galled by the fire of the enemy1 and our ammunition mostly consumed1 though both officers and men continued to exhibit uncommon acts of heroism1 ,i thought proper to retire out of the fire of the house1 and draw up the troops at a little distance in the woods1 not thinking it advisable to push our advantages further1 being persuaded the enemy could not hold the post many hours1 and that our chance to attack them on the retreat was better than a second attempt to dislodge them1 in which1 if we succeeded1 it must be attended with considerable loss4 ,we collected all our wounded1 except such as were under the command of the fire of the house1 and retired to the ground from which we marched in the morning1 there being no water nearer1 7p4 #jee7 and the troops ready to faint with the heat and want of refreshment1 the action having continued near four hours4 ,i left on the field of action a strong picquet1 and early in the morning detached ,general ,marion and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,lee1 with the legion of horse between ,eutaw and ,charleston1 to prevent any reinforcements from coming to the relief of the enemy2 and also to retard their march1 should they attempt to retire1 and give time to the army to fall upon their rear and put a finishing stroke to our success4 ,we left two pieces of our artillery in the hands of the enemy1 and brought off one of theirs4 ,on the evening of the #ith the enemy retired1 leaving upward of seventy of their wounded behind them1 and not less than one thousand stand of arms that were picked up on the field1 and found broke and concealed in the ,eutaw ,springs4 ,they stove between twenty and thirty puncheons of rum1 and destroyed a great variety of other stores1 which they had not carriages to carry off4 ,we pursued them the moment we got intelligence of their retiring2 but they formed a junction with ,major ,mc,arthur at this place1 ,general ,marion and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,lee not having a force sufficient to prevent it2 but on our approach they retired to the neighbourhood of ,charleston4 ,we have taken five hundred prisoners1 including the wounded the enemy left behind2 and ,i think they cannot have suffered less than six hundred more in killed and wounded4 ,the fugitives that fled from the field of battle spread such an alarm that the enemy burnt their stores at ,dorchester1 and abandoned their post at ,fair ,lawn2 and a great number of negroes and others were employed in felling trees across the roads for some miles without the gates at ,charleston4 ,nothing but the brick house1 and the peculiar strength of the position at ,eutaw1 saved the remains of the ,british army from being all made prisoners4 ,we pursued them as far as this place2 but not being able to overtake them1 we shall halt a day or two to refresh1 and then take our old position on the high hills of ,santee4 ,i think myself principally indebted for the victory we obtained to the free use of the bayonet1 made by the ,virginians and ,marylanders1 the infantry of the legion1 and ,captain ,kirkwood's light infantry1 and though few armies ever exhibited equal bravery with ours in general1 yet the conduct and intrepidity of these corps were peculiarly conspicuous4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,campbell fell as he was leading his troops to the charge1 and though he fell with distinguished marks of honour1 yet his loss is much to be regretted2 he was the great soldier and the firm patriot4 ,our loss in officers is considerable1 more from their value than their number2 for never did men or officers offer their blood more willingly in the service of their country4 ,i cannot help acknowledging my obligations to ,colonel ,williams for his great activity on this and many other occasions in forming the army1 and for his uncommon intrepidity in leading on the ,maryland troops to the charge1 which exceeded anything ,i ever saw4 ,i also feel myself greatly indebted to ,captains ,pierce and ,pendleton1 ,major ,hyrne and ,captain ,shubrick1 my aids-de-camp1 for their activity and good conduct throughout the whole of the action4 ,this despatch will be handed to ,your ,excellency by ,captain ,pierce1 to whom ,i beg leave to refer you for further particulars4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,nath4 ,,greene4 ,john ,jay to ,major ,william ,pierce and others4 7p4 #jef7 ,office for ,foreign ,affairs1 #ab ,february1 #aghh4 ,to the ,honourables ,,major ,,william ,,pierce and ,,nathaniel ,,pendleton1 ,esquire1 of ,georgia1 and ,,lieutenant-,,colonel ,,lewis ,,morris#df1 ,,major ,,thomas ,,shubrick and ,,major ,,hyrne1 of ,south ,carolina1 formerly aids of the late ,general ,,greene4 ,sir3 ,it gives me pleasure to have an opportunity of transmitting to you1 by order of ,congress1 a copy of the medal struck by their direction in honour of the late ,general ,greene4 ,a variety of circumstances conspire to render this work of public attention acceptable to you1 though ,i am persuaded none among them will more immediately affect the feelings1 than the relation it bears to that great man1 whose loss you in particular1 and the people of ,america in general1 have great reason to regret and lament4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc4 ,john ,,jay4 ,footnote #df3 ,colonel ,morris's name does not appear in the resolution of ,congress4 ,see ,no4 #aa1 page #ej4 ,no4 #ab4 7p4 #jeg7 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,april #ai1 #aghb4 ,libera soror4 ,rx4 ,tyrannis virtute repulsa4 ,,acknowledgment ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,,libera ,,soror4 7,free sister47 ,the sun shedding its rays on two maidens1 one of whom1 with breast-plate and helmet1 and personifying the ,states-,general of the ,netherlands1 holds with her left hand a staff surmounted by a cap of ,liberty over the head of her companion4 ,the latter1 an ,indian queen 7,america71 holds in her left hand a lance1 a shield with thirteen stars 7the thirteen original ,united ,states71 and the end of a chain which binds a leopard 7,great ,britain71 on whose head she rests her left foot4 ,their right hands1 clasped1 are extended over a fire burning on an antique altar ornamented with a caduceus and a cornucopia1 the attributes of ,mercury1 god of commerce4 ,exergue3 ,,solemni ,,decr4 ,,agn4 #ai ,,apr4 ,,mdcclxxxii 7,solemni decreto agnita1 #ai ,aprilis1 #aghb3 ,acknowledged by a solemn decree1 ,april #ai1 #aghb74 ,,tyrannis ,,virtute ,,repulsa4 7,tyranny repulsed by virtue47 ,a unicorn 7,great ,britain71 royally gorged1 lies extended at the foot of a precipice1 against which it has broken its horn2 in the background a vast country 7,america71 diversified by plains1 rivers and mountains4 ,exergue3 ,,sub ,,galli ,,auspiciis 7,under the auspices of ,france74 ,on the platform3 ,i4 ,g4 ,,holtzhey ,,fec4 7fecit74#dg ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,,introduction1 page x4 ,,john ,,george ,,holtzhey was born in ,amsterdam1 in #agbi4 ,he was the 7p4 #jeh7 eldest son of ,martin ,holtzhey1 a celebrated engraver1 who died in ,middleburg1 ,november ,i1 #agfg4 ,john ,george ,holtzhey was the pupil of his father1 and engraved1 in collaboration with him1 the plates in a work entitled3 ,catalogus der 7#gc stuks7 ,medailles en gedenkpenningen betrekking hebbende op de voornamste historien der ,vereenigde ,nederlanden 7,amsterdam1 #agee74 ,among his works are two medals relating to the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,libera ,soror1 and ,faustissimo ,foedere ,junct4 ,he was one of the most eminent engravers of his day4 ,he died in ,amsterdam1 ,february #ae1 #ahjh4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,john ,adams to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston4 ,to ,robert ,r4 ,,livingston1 ,amsterdam1 ,april #aith1 #aghb4 ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to transmit you the following resolutions of the respective provinces1 relative to my admission in quality of ,minister ,plenipotentiary1 together with two resolutions of their ,high ,mightinesses1 upon the same subject1 all in the order in which they were taken4 ,i have the honour1 etc41 ,john ,,adams4 ,,friesland4 ,extract from the ,register ,book of the ,lords1 the ,states of ,friesland4 ,the requisition of ,mr4 ,adams1 for presenting his letters of credence from the ,united ,states of ,north ,america to their ,high ,mightinesses1 having been brought into the ,assembly and put into deliberation1 as also the ulterior address to the same purpose1 with a demand of a categorical answer1 made by him1 as is more amply mentioned in the minutes of their ,high ,mightinesses1 of the #dth of ,may1 #agha1 and the #ith of ,january1 #aghb1 whereupon1 it having been taken into consideration1 that the said ,mr4 ,adams would have1 probably1 some propositions to make to their ,high ,mightinesses1 and to present to them the principal articles and foundations upon which the ,congress1 on their part1 would enter into a treaty of commerce and friendship1 or other affairs to propose1 in regard to which dispatch would be requisite4 ,it has been thought fit and resolved to authorize the gentlemen1 the ,deputies of this ,province at the generality1 and to instruct them to direct things1 at the table of their ,high 7p4 #jei7 ,mightinesses1 in such a manner that the said ,mr4 ,adams be admitted forthwith as ,minister of the ,congress of ,north ,america1 with further order to the said ,deputies1 that if there should be made1 moreover1 any similar propositions by the same to inform immediately their ,noble ,mightinesses of them4 ,and an extract of the present ,resolution shall be sent them for their information1 that they may conduct themselves conformably4 ,thus resolved at the ,province ,house1 the #bfth of ,february1 #aghb4 ,compared with the aforesaid book to my knowledge1 ,a4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,sminia4 ,,holland ,,and ,,west ,,friesland4 ,extract of the ,resolutions of the ,lords1 the ,states of ,holland and ,west ,friesland1 taken in the ,assembly of their ,noble and ,grand ,mightinesses4 ,thursday1 ,march #bhth1 #aghb4 ,deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address of ,mr4 ,adams1 made the #dth of ,may1 #agha1 and the #ith of ,january1 #aghb1 to the ,president of the ,states-,general1 communicated to the ,assembly1 the #ith of ,may1 #agha1 and the #bb;d of last month1 to present his letters of credence1 in the name of the ,united ,states of ,america1 to their ,high ,mightinesses1 by which ulterior address the said ,mr4 ,adams has demanded a categorical answer1 that he may acquaint his constituents thereof2 deliberated also upon the petitions of a great number of merchants1 manufacturers and others1 inhabitants of this ,province interested in commerce1 to support their request presented to the ,states-,general the #bjth current1 to the end that efficacious measures might be taken to establish a commerce between this country and ,north ,america1 copies of which petitions have been given to the members the #bast2 and it has been thought fit1 and resolved1 that the affairs shall be directed1 on the part of their ,noble and ,grand ,mightinesses1 at the ,assembly of the ,states-,general1 and there shall be there made the strongest instances that ,mr4 ,adams be admitted and acknowledged1 as soon as possible1 by their ,high ,mightinesses in quality of ,envoy of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,and the ,counsellor-,pensionary has been charged to inform1 under his hand1 the said ,mr4 ,adams of this ,resolution of their ,noble and ,grand ,mightinesses4 ,,zealand4 ,extract of the ,resolutions of their ,high ,mightinesses1 the ,states-,general of the ,united ,provinces4 ,monday1 ,april #hth1 #aghb4 ,the ,deputies of the ,province of ,zealand have brought to the ,assembly and caused to be read there the ,resolution of the ,states of the said ,province1 their principals1 to cause to be admitted as soon as possible1 ,mr4 ,adams1 in quality of ,envoy of the ,congress of ,north ,america in the following terms3 ,extract from the ,register of the ,resolutions of the ,lords1 the 7p4 #jfj7 ,states of ,zealand4 ,april #dth1 #aghb4 ,it has been thought fit and ordered1 that the gentlemen1 the ,ordinary ,deputies of this ,province at the generality1 shall be convoked and authorized1 as it is done by the present1 to assist in the direction of affairs at the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses1 in such a manner that ,mr4 ,adams may be acknowledged as soon as possible as ,envoy of the ,congress of ,north ,america2 that the letters of credence be accepted1 and that he be admitted in that quality according to the ordinary form1 enjoining further upon the said ,lords1 the ,ordinary ,deputies1 to take such propositions as should be made to this ,republic1 by the said ,mr4 ,adams1 for the information and the deliberation of their ,high ,mightinesses1 to the end to transmit them here as soon as possible4 ,and an extract of this resolution of their ,noble ,mightinesses shall be sent to the gentlemen1 their ,ordinary ,deputies1 to serve them as an instruction4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,chalmers4 ,upon which1 having deliberated1 it has been thought fit and resolved to pray1 by the present1 the gentlemen1 the ,deputies of the ,provinces of ,guelderland1 ,utrecht1 and ,groningen1 and ,ommelanden1 who have not as yet explained themselves upon this subject1 to be pleased to do it1 as soon as possible4 ,,overyssel4 ,extract from the ,register of the ,resolutions of the ,equestrian ,order1 and of the cities composing the ,states ,overyssel4 ,zwoll1 #eth of ,april1 #aghb4 ,the grand ,bailiff de ,sallande1 and the other commissions of their ,noble ,mightinesses for the affairs of finance1 having examined1 conformably to their commissarial resolution of the #c;d of this month1 the addresses of ,mr4 ,adams1 communicated to the ,assembly the #dth of ,may1 #agha1 and the #bb;d of ,february1 #aghb1 to present his letters of credence to their ,high ,mightinesses1 in the name of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america2 as well as the resolution of the ,lords1 the ,states of ,holland and ,west ,friesland1 dated the #bhth of ,march1 #aghb1 carried the #bith of the same month to the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses1 for the admission and acknowledgment of ,mr4 ,adams1 have reported to the ,assembly1 that they should be of opinion that the gentlemen1 the ,deputies of this ,province in the ,states-,general1 ought to be authorized and charged to declare in the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses1 that the ,equestrian ,order and the cities' ,judge1 that it is proper to acknowledge1 as soon as possible1 ,mr4 ,adams1 in quality of ,minister of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 to their ,high ,mightinesses4 ,upon which1 having deliberated1 the ,equestrian ,order and the cities have conformed themselves to the said report4 ,compared with the aforesaid ,register4 ,derk ,,dumbar4 ,,groningen4 7p4 #jfa7 ,extract from the ,register of the ,resolutions of their ,noble ,mightinesses1 the ,states of ,groningen and ,ommelanden4 ,tuesday1 #ith of ,april1 #aghb4 ,the ,lords1 the ,states of ,groningen and ,ommelanden1 having heard the report of the gentlemen1 the ,commissioners for the ,petitions of the ,council of ,state and the ,finances of the ,province1 and having carefully examined the demand of ,mr4 ,adams1 to present his letters of credence from the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 to their ,high ,mightinesses1 have1 after deliberation upon the subject1 declared themselves of opinion that in the critical circumstances in which the ,republic finds itself at present1 it is proper to take1 without loss of time1 such efficacious measures as may not only repair the losses and damages that the kingdom of ,great ,britain has caused1 in a manner so unjust1 and against every shadow of right1 to the commerce of the ,republic1 as well before as after the war1 but particularly such as may establish the free navigation and the commerce of the ,republic1 for the future1 upon the most solid foundations1 as may confirm and re-assure it by the strongest bonds of reciprocal interest1 and that1 in consequence1 the gentlemen1 the ,deputies at the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses1 ought to be authorized on the part of the ,province1 as they are by the present1 to admit ,mr4 ,adams to present his letters of credence from the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 and to receive the propositions which he shall make1 to make report of them to the ,lords1 the ,states of this ,province4 ,e4 ,,lewe1 ,secretary4 ,the ,states-,general1 having deliberated the same day upon this resolution1 have ,resolved1 ',that the ,deputies of the ,province of ,guelderland1 which has not yet declared itself upon the same subject1 should be requested to be pleased to do it as soon as possible4' ,,utrecht4 ,extract of the ,resolutions of their ,noble ,mightinesses1 the ,states of the ,province of ,utrecht4 #ajth of ,april1 #aghb4 ,heard the report of ,mr4 de ,westerveld1 and other ,deputies of their ,noble ,mightinesses for the ,department of ,war1 who1 in virtue of the commissarial resolutions of the #ith of ,may1 #agha1 the #afth of ,january1 and the #bjth of ,march1 of the present year1 #aghb1 have examined the resolution of their ,high ,mightinesses of the #dth of ,may1 #agha1 containing an overture1 that the ,president of the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses had made1 'that a person1 styling himself ,j4 ,adams1 had been with him1 and had given him to understand that he had received letters of credence for their ,high ,mightinesses from the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 with a request that he would be pleased to communicate them to their ,high ,mightinesses1' as well as the resolution of their ,high ,mightinesses1 of the #ith of ,january1 containing an ulterior overture of the ,president1 'that the said ,mr4 ,adams 7p4 #jfb7 had been with him1 and had insisted upon a categorical answer1 whether his said letters of credence would be accepted or not2' finally1 the resolution of their ,high ,mightinesses1 of the #eth of ,march last1 with the insertion of the resolution of ,friesland1 containing a proposition 'to admit ,mr4 ,adams in quality of ,minister of the ,congress of ,north ,america4' ,upon which1 having deliberated and remarked that the ,lords1 the ,states of ,holland and ,west ,friesland1 by their resolution1 carried the #bith of ,march to the ,states-,general1 have also consented to the admission of the said ,mr4 ,adams in quality of ,minister of the ,congress of ,north ,america1 it has been thought fit1 and resolved1 that the gentlemen1 the ,deputies of this ,province in the ,states-,general1 should be authorized1 as their ,noble ,highnesses authorize them by the present1 to conform themselves1 in the name of this ,province1 to the resolution of the ,lords1 the ,states of ,holland and ,west ,friesland1 and of ,friesland1 and to consent1 by consequence1 that ,mr4 ,adams be acknowledged and admitted as ,minister of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 their ,noble ,mightinesses being at the same time of opinion that it would be necessary to acquaint ,her ,majesty1 the ,empress of ,russia1 and the other neutral powers1 with the resolution to be taken by their ,high ,mightinesses upon this subject1 in communicating to them 7as much as shall be necessary7 the reasons which have induced their ,high ,mightinesses to it1 and in giving them the strongest assurances1 that the intention of their ,high ,mightinesses is by no means to prolong thereby the war1 which they would have willingly prevented and terminated long since2 but that1 on the contrary1 their ,high ,mightinesses wish nothing with more ardor than a prompt re-establishment of peace1 and that they shall be always ready on their part to co-operate in it1 in all possible ways1 and with a suitable readiness1 so far as that shall be any way compatible with their honour and their dignity4 ,and to this end an extract of this shall be carried by missive to the gentlemen1 the ,deputies at the ,generality4 ,,guelderland4 ,extract from the ,precis of the ordinary ,diet1 held in the ,city of ,nimeguen1 in the month of ,april1 #aghb4 ,wednesday1 #agth of ,april1 #aghb4 ,the requisition of ,mr4 ,adams to present his letter of credence to their ,high ,mightinesses1 in the name of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 having been brought to the ,assembly and read1 as well as an ulterior address made upon this subject1 with the demand of a categorical answer by the said ,mr4 ,adams1 more amply mentioned in the registers of their ,high ,mightinesses1 of the date of the #dth of ,may1 #agha1 and the #ith of ,january1 #aghb1 moreover1 the resolutions of the ,lords1 the ,states of the six other ,provinces1 carried successively to the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses1 and all tending to admit ,mr4 ,adams1 in quality of ,envoy of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 to this ,republic2 upon which their ,noble ,mightinesses1 after deliberation1 have 7p4 #jfc7 resolved to authorize the ,deputies of this ,province1 as they authorize them by the present1 to conform themselves in the name of this ,province1 to the resolution of the ,lords1 the ,states of ,holland and ,west ,friesland1 and to consent1 by consequence1 that ,mr4 ,adams may be acknowledged and admitted1 in quality of ,envoy of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 to this ,republic4 ,in consequence1 an extract of the present shall be sent to the said ,deputies1 to make1 as soon as possible1 the requisite overture of it to the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses4 ,j4 ,,in ,,de ,,betouw4 ,this resolution of ,guelderland was no sooner remitted1 on the #aith1 to their ,high ,mightinesses1 than they took immediately a resolution conformable to the unanimous wish of the ,seven ,provinces1 conceived in the following terms3 ,extract from the ,register of the ,resolutions of their ,high ,mightinesses1 the ,states-,general of the ,united ,provinces4 ,friday1 ,april #aith1 #aghb4 ,deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address1 made by ,mr4 ,adams1 the #dth of ,may1 #agha1 and the #ith of ,january of the current year1 to the ,president of the ,assembly of their ,high ,mightinesses1 to present to their ,high ,mightinesses his letters of credence1 in the name of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 and by which ulterior address the said ,mr4 ,adams has demanded a categorical answer1 to the end to be able to acquaint his constituents thereof2 it has been thought fit and resolved1 that ,mr4 ,adams shall be admitted and acknowledged in quality of ,envoy of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america to their ,high ,mightinesses1 as he is admitted and acknowledged by the present4 ,w4 ,,boreel4 ,compared with the aforesaid register4 ,h4 ,,fagel4 ,,the ,,formal ,,resolution ,,of ,,their ,,high ,,mightinesses4 ,extract from the ,register of the ,resolutions of their ,high ,mightinesses1 the ,states-,general of the ,united ,provinces4 ,monday1 ,april #bb;d1 #aghb4 ,mr4 ,boreel1 who presided in the ,assembly the last week1 has reported to their ,high ,mightinesses and notified them1 that ,mr4 ,john ,adams1 ,envoy of the ,united ,states of ,america1 had been with him last ,saturday1 and had presented to him a letter from the ,assembly of ,congress1 written at ,philadelphia1 the #ast of ,january1 #agha1 containing a credence for the said ,mr4 ,adams1 to the end to reside in quality of its ,minister ,plenipotentiary near their ,high ,mightinesses4 ,upon which1 having deliberated1 it has been thought fit and resolved to declare by the present1 that the said ,mr4 ,adams is agreeable to their ,high ,mightinesses2 that 7p4 #jfd7 he shall be acknowledged in quality of ,minister ,plenipotentiary1 and that there shall be granted to him an audience1 or assigned commissioners1 when he shall demand it4 audience1 or assigned above shall be given to the said ,mr4 ,adams by the agent1 ,van der ,burch de ,spieringshoek4 ,w4 ,,van ,,citters4 ,compared with the aforesaid register4 ,h4 ,,fagel4 ,,original ,,documents1 ,,from ,,the ,,royal ,,archives ,,at ,,the ,,hague1 ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,acknowledgment ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4#dh ,footnote #dh3 ,these copies were obtained through the politeness of ,baron de ,zuijlen de ,nijevelt1 ,envoy ,extraordinary and ,minister ,plenipotentiary of the ,netherlands to ,france4 ,the original record of the action of the ,state of ,utrecht could not be found in the ,royal ,archives4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten der provincie ,friesland van den jare #aghb4 ,adams te admitteeren als minister weegens het congres van ,noord-,america4 ,ter vergaderinge voorgedragen en in deliberatie gelegd zijnde het versoek van de heer ,adams om zijne brieven van credentie van de ,verenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america aan ,hun ,hoog ,mog' te overhandigen1 mitsgaders het nader adres ten dien einde1 met versoek van een cathegorisch antwoord door deselve gedaan en breeder in de notulen van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' van den #d ,may #agha en #i ,january #aghb1 vermeld4 ,waarop in consideratie genomen zijnde dat de voorschr4 heer ,adams niet onwaarschijnlijk eenige propositien aan ,hun ,hoog ,mog' zoude hebben te doen en voorname articulen en gronden aan ,hun ,hoog ,mog' kunnen ter hand stellen1 waarop 't congres aan haare zijde in een tractaat van commercie en vriendschap zoude willen treeden of andere zaaken hebben voortedragen1 waaromtrent spoed vereischt wierde1 is goedgevonden en verstaan de heeren deeser prov4 gecommitteerden ter generaliteit te authoriseeren en te gelasten1 het ter tafel van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' daar heen te dirigeeren1 dat gedagte heer ,adams met den eersten als minister van het ,congres van ,noord-,america1 werde toegelaten1 met verdere last aan opgemelde gecommitteerden1 om indien door deselve eenige soortgelijke propositien werden gedaan1 daar van ten spoedigsten ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' te informeeren4 ,en sal extract deeses aan hun worden toegesonden tot narigt en om sig daar na te gedragen4 ,aldus geresolveert op 't ,landschapshuis den #bf;e ,february #aghb4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten van 7p4 #jfe7 ,holland en ,westfriesland van den jare1 #aghb4 ,donderdag den #bh ,maart #aghb4 ,bij resumtie gedelibereert zijnde op het adres en nader adres van den heer ,adams den #d ,mey #agha en #i ,january #aghb aan den heer ter generaliteit presideerende en den #i ,mey #agha en #bb der voorlede maand ter vergadering gecommuniceert1 om uit naam der ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america zijne brieven van credentie aan ,hun ,hoog ,mogende te overhandigen en bij welk nader adres gemelde heer ,adams een cathagorisch antwoord heeft versogt1 om daar van aan sijne principaalen kennis te kunnen geeven1 als meede op de requesten van een groot aantal commercieerende1 fabriceerende en sig door den handel geneerende ingezeetenen in deese provincie1 tot appui van hunne versoeken ter generaliteit den #bj deeser gedaan ten einde tot verkrijging der handel uit deesen landen op ,noord-,america1 efficacieuse middelen werden beraamt1 op den #ba deeser bij copie aan de leden gegeeven4 ,is goedgevonden en verstaan dat de saak van wegens ,hun ,edele ,groot ,mog' ter generaliteit daar heen sal worden gedirigeert en daar op ten sterkste geinsteert1 dat de heer ,adams als afgezant van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 ten spoedigsten bij ,hun ,hoog ,mog' moge werden ge admitteert en erkent2 en word de raadpensionaris gelast den voornoemden heer ,adams van deese ,hun ,edele ,groot ,mog' resolutie onder de hand te informeeren4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten der provincie ,zeeland van den jare #aghb4 ,den #bi ,maart #aghb4 ,de raadpensionaris heeft ter voldoening aan ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' onderscheiden resolutien commissoriaal van den #e1 #aa en #be deezer maand1 uit naam van heeren commissarissen gerapporteerd1 dat geexamineerd hadden het nader adres van den heer ,adams1 den #i ,january deezes jaars aan den heer prsideerende ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' gedaan op het subject van het overhandigen zijner brieven van credentie aan hoogstdezelve uit naam der ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 ten einde en met verzoek van een cathagorisch antwoord daar op1 om deswegens aan dezelve kennis te kunnen geeven1 voorts de resolutie der heeren ,staten van ,vriesland den #e deezer ter generaliteit ingebragt1 houdende een auctorisatie op derzelver gecommitteerden om het aldaar daar heen te dirigeeren dat gemelden heer ,adams met den eersten als minister van ,noord-,america worde erkend1 nog ,hun ,hoog ,mog' resolutie nopens de aan hoogstdezelve den #bj deezer geprsenteerde drie requesten door commercieerende1 fabriceerende en met verscheiden handel zig geneerende ingezeetenen deezer landen1 waar bij op het sterkste aandringen op een vryen handel tusschen de ingezeetenen deezer republicq en die van ,noord-,america1 en eindelijk de den #be deezer aan ,hun ,ed4 7p4 #jff7 ,mog' geprsenteerde requesten door het collegie van de kooplieden te ,middelburg en die te ,vlissingen1 verzoekende dat hoogstdezelve de heeren gedeputeerden van deeze provincie ter generaliteit gelieven te auctoriseeren1 om het ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' insgelyks daar heen te helpen dirigeeren dat meergenoemden heer ,adams in voorschr4 qualiteit erkend1 met denzelven in onderhandeling getreeden en een tractaat van commercie en navigatie gesloten werde1 bij voorige notulen breeder vermeld1 bij welke gelegenheid de raadpensionaris wyders heeft gerelateerd1 dat even voor het aangaan van het besogne nog ontfangen hebbende een request van een groot aantal kooplieden1 rheeders1 assuradeurs1 trafiquanten en fabricquers binnen de stad ,middelburg1 tendeerende ten zelven einde als de twee evengemelde requesten1 heeren commissarissen1 onder ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' welnemen 7als relatif tot het onderwerp waar over 't besogne was gedecerneerd7 geen zwarigheid hadden gemaakt om hetzelve al mede te examineeren en daarop rapport te doen1 ter wyl heeren commissarissen ook waren geinformeerd geworden dat eenige kooplieden te ,veere mede van voornemen zijn geweest om tot hetzelve oogmerk zig aan ,hun ,ed4 ,mog te adresseeren1 indien tijdig genoeg van de voorschr4 requesten hadden kennis gehad2 dat heeren commissarissen1 in ernstige overweginge genomen hebbende het verval van den koophandel1 die voorname zenuw van den ,staat1 de vermindering1 ja bijna geheelen stilstand van de fabricquen en traficquen1 mitsgaders het middel 't geen mogelyk zon kunnen strekken om al het zelve wederom eenigsins te herstellen of wel tot voorig aanzien te brengen1 en dus de schaden1 welken de commercieerende ingezeetenen door den oorlog met het rijk van ,groot ,brittannien bereids geleeden hadden1 wederom vergoed te krijgen1 door naamelyk het sluyten van een tractaat van commercie en negotie tusschen deeze republyk en de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,amerika als waar op zoo zeer door 's lands ingezeetenen alomme wordt aangedrongen en waar toe ook van de zyde van het congres sedert eenige maanden aanzoek was gedaan2 na alles rijpelyk onderzogt1 als mede in 't breede beredeneerd te hebben1 eindelijk gemeend hadden ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' te moeten adviseeren dat de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit door ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' zoo spoedig immers doenlijk zij1 zouden behooren te worden aangeschreeven en geauctoriseerd1 om het ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' daar heen te helpen dirigeeren1 dat de heer ,adams1 als minister plenipotentiaris van het congres van ,noord-,america1 ten spoedigsten werde erkend1 deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd1 en in die hoedanigheid ter gemelde vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' toegelaaten1 met verderen last aan dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien1 als door den voorschr4 heer aan deeze republijk zouden mogen worden gedaan1 ter kennis en deliberatie van ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' copielijk overtenemen en dezelve ten spoedigsten overtezenden4 ,waarop gedelibereerd zijnde1 hebben de raadpensionaris voor den heer eersten edelen1 benevens de heeren gedeputeerden van ,middelburg1 ,ziericzee1 ,goes1 ,tholen en ,veere copie verzogt van het voorschr4 rapport en die van ,tholen ook van de drie over het zelve onderwerp aan ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' gepresenteerde requesten1 om te brengen ter kennis en deliberatie van de heeren hunne respective committenten4 ,de heeren gedeputeerden van ,vlissingen hebben geinhaereerd het advys door dezelve omtrent de admissie van den heer ,adams op de laastvoorige sessie uitgebragt en wyders geinsteerd dat de andere leden zig1 zoo ras mogelijk op dit 7p4 #jfg7 important poinct gelieven te verklaaren1 waar op die van ,veere aannaamen om in deeze zaak alle spoed te recommandeeren aan de heeren hunne principaalen1 ten einde zoo veel van dezelve dependeerde1 een spoedige conclusie zal kunnen worden genomen4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten der provincie ,zeeland van den jare #aghb4 ,den #d ,april #aghb4 ,de heer van ,lijnden voor den heer eersten edelen en de heeren gedeputeerden van ,middelburg1 ,ziericzee1 ,goes1 ,tholen en ,veere verzogt zijnde zig te verklaaren op het rapport van het besogne den #bi ,maart1 jongstleden ter vergadering uitgebragt1 raakende het erkennen van den heer ,adams1 als minister plenipotentiaris der ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,amerika1 by voorige notulen breeder gemeld1 heeft eerstgemelden heer aangenomen zig daar op nader te zullen verklaaren2 die van ,middelburg1 ,goes1 ,tholen en ,veere hebben1 op speciaalen last van de heeren hunne committenten1 zig met het voorschr4 rapport geconformeerd en die van ,ziericzee uit specialen last gedeclareerd1 dat indien de kooplieden binnen de stad ,ziericzee in tijds kennisse bekomen hadden dat die van de ,walchersche steden zig wegens deeze zaak aan ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' zouden addresseeren1 zij uyt overtuiging van het nut1 het geen uit eene alliantie met de ,noord-,americaansche ,staten voor den koophandel en scheepvaart deezer landen zouden voortspruiten1 zig zeer gaarne daar bij zouden hebben gevoegd4 ,dat ,hun ,ed4 ,actb4 ook volkomen geconvinceerd van het important belang hetgeen in zoodanige alliantie voor de geheele republiq geleegen zij1 van wegens hunne stad de dertien ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america als vry en onafhankelyk erkennen en mitsdien met alle empressement moeten insteeren1 dat de heeren ordinaris geedeputeerden ter generaliteit ten spoedigsten werden gelast1 den heer ,adams als minister plenipotentiaris van het congres1 ter audientie te admitteren en als dan de propositien1 welke door denzelven tot het aangaan van een tractaat van koophandel of eenige andere dergelijke1 mogten worden gedaan1 ter deliberatie van ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' overteneemen4 ,het welk gehoord1 heeft de raadpensionaris verzogt dat den heer van ,lijnden zig nu ook geliefde te expliceeren1 die daar op gezegd heeft dat1 ziende de inclinatie van alle deszelfs medeleden in de admissie van den heer ,adams zeer wel konde toekomen1 doch dat eenige bedenkingen hebbende op een te neemen resolutie1 conform het dispositif van het voorschr4 rapport1 zoude praefereeren dat in deeze zaak werde te werk gegaan even als bij de heeren ,staten van ,holland1 en mitsdien hoogstderzelver resolutie gevolgd1 en vervolgens door den raadpensionaris daar op omvrage gedaan zijnde1 hebben die van ,middelburg geoordeeld dat alle zwaarigheid zoude kunnen worden weggenomen1 indien maar eenvoudig wierde gesteld de volgende periode3 en in die hoedanigheid1 op de gewoone wijze toegelaaten1 zonder melding te maken van het admitteeren bepaaldelijk ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende1 de heeren gedeputeerden van de vijf andere steden hebben zig met onderlinge concurrentie met het gemeld conciliatoir advijs der heeren 7p4 #jfh7 van ,middelburg geconformeerd1 waar na de heer van ,lijnden heeft gedeclareerd dat1 ofschoon meer inclineerde1 zoo als gezegd heeft1 om de resolutie van ,holland te volgen1 echter bespeurende de overeenkomende sentimenten der andere leden om1 onder de voorgeslage verandering1 het rapport ter conclusie te brengen en overtuigd zijnde van de noodzaakelykheid dat hier omtrent een resolutie met eenpaarigheid werde genomen1 zig als nu ook daar by zoude voegen1 om de afdoening deezer zaak te bevorderen4 ,vervolgens bij resumtie gedelibereerd zijnde op het voorschr4 rapport1 als mede op de onderscheidene requesten en andere stukken daar bij gemeld1 is1 met eenparige bewilliging van alle de leden1 goedgevonden en verstaan dat de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit zullen worden aangeschreven1 en geauctoriseerd1 gelijk geschiedt by deeze om het ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende daar heen te helpen dirigeeren1 dat de heer ,adams1 als afgezant van het congres van ,noord-,america1 ten spoedigsten werde erkend deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd en in die hoedanigheid op de gewoone wyze toegelaaten2 met verdere last aan dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien1 als door den voorschr4 heer ,adams aan deeze republicq zouden mogen worden gedaan1 ter kennis en deliberatie van ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' copielijk overteneemen en dezelve ten spoedigsten herwaards te zenden4 ,en zal extract van deeze ,hun ,ed4 ,mog' resolutie aan gemelde heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden1 tot derzelver narigt worden gezonden1 zonder resumtie4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten der provincie ,overijssel1 van #aa ,maart tot #a ,november #aghb4 ,vrijdag den #e ,april #aghb4 ,de heeren de droste van ,zalland en andere ,hunner ,ed4 ,mog' gecommitteerden tot de zaaken van financie1 ingevolge en ter voldoening van derzelver resolutie commissoriaal van den #cj deezer hebbende geexamineerd de adressen van den heere ,adams1 den #d;e ,mey #agha en #i;e ,january #aghb1 aan den heere ter generaliteit presideerende en den #i;e ,mey #agha en #bb ,february #aghb ter vergadering gecommuniceert1 om uit naam van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 zijne brieven van credentie aan ,hun ,hoog ,mogende te overhandigen2 als mede de resolutie van de heeren staten van ,holland en ,westvriesland van den #bh;e ,maart #aghb den #bi;e1 dierzelfde maand ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' ingebragt op de admissie en erkentenis van den heere ,adams1 als afgezant der ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america4 ,hebben ter vergadering gerapporteert1 dat van advise zouden wesen1 dat de heeren gecommitteerden van wegens deeze provincie ter generaliteit zouden behooren te worden geautoriseerd en gelast1 om ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mog' te declareeren1 dat ,ridders en ,steden van oordeel zijn1 dat de heer ,adams als afgezant van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america bij ,hun ,hoog ,mog' ten spoedigsten behoorde te worden erkent4 ,waarop zijnde gedelibereerd1 hebben ,ridders en ,steden zig met het voorschr4 rapport geconformeert4 ,en hebben wijders de heeren gedeputeerden der stad ,deventer 7p4 #jfi7 geinsteert1 dat de twee overige pointen vervat in derzelver resolutie van den #cj ,maart #aghb1 geinsereerd in deeze onze notulen van den #c dezer mede ter deliberatie mogen worden genomen4 ,waarmede de heere droste van ,ysselmuijden zig heeft gevoegd4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten der provincie ,stad en ,lande 7,groningen7 van #agha-aghb4 ,dingsdag den #i ,april #aghb4 ,gedelibereert sijnde op het rapport der heeren ,gecommitteerden tot de petitien van de ,raad van ,state en deezer provincie finances1 in dato den #bf deser1 tenderende om den heere ,adams tot het overgeven van zijne brieven van credentie van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america aan ,hun ,hoog ,mogende toetelaaten1 luidende als volgt3 ,rapport der heeren ,gecommitteerden tot de petitien van de ,raad van ,state en deser provincie finances4 ,,edele ,,mogende ,,heeren4 ,door de heeren ,uwer ,edele ,mogende gecommitteerden ingevolge en ter voldoeninge aan de resolutie commissoriaal1 in dato den #d ,may des voorigen jaars1 zijnde geexamineert1 het verzoek van den heer ,adams1 om zijne brieven van credentie van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america aan ,hun ,hoog ,mogende te overhandigen1 als mede ter voldoeninge aan de resolutie commissoriaal in dato den #ad ,maart jongstl4 daar tevens zijnde gelesen en naagegaan1 de resolutie der ,heeren ,staten van ,friesland op den #e ,meert1 daar bevorens ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende ingebragt waar bij de heeren derzelver gecommitteerden ter generaliteit hebben gelast ter tafel van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende het daar heen te dirigeren dat de heer ,adams1 als minister van 't congres van ,noord-,america1 by ,hun ,hoog ,mogende werde toegelaten met verdere last aan opgemelde gecommitteerden indien door dezelve eenige propositien werden gedaan1 betrekkelijk het aangaan van een tractaat van commercie en vriendschap1 daar van ten spoedigsten de heeren ,staten van ,friesland te informeren1 hebben de heeren gecommitteerden de eer ,u,edele ,mogende te rapporteeren1 dat van gedagten zouden zijn1 dat in de hachelijke omstandigheden1 waar in de republyk zich thans ziet gebragt1 zodane efficacieuse maatregelen1 zonder tijdverzuim1 behoorden te worden genomen1 waar door niet alleen de geledene schadens en naedeelen tegens allen schijn van recht1 zoo voor als nae het declareren van den oorlog door het rijk van ,groot ,brittannien1 op zulk een onregtvaardige wyze aan de commercie dezer landen toegebragt1 zoude kunnen worden vergoed1 maar vooral ook de vrye scheepvaart en koophandel van de ,republyk voor het toekomende op vaste gronden gestelt en door de sterkste banden van weederkerige belangens bevestigt en beveiligt en dat overzulks de heeren ,u,edele ,mogende gedeputeerden ter vergaderinge van ,hun ,hoog 7p4 #jgj7 ,mogende behoorden te worden geauthoriseert1 om zoo haast door de provincie van ,holland en ,westfriesland1 of eene der meest geinteresseerde provincien1 daar in mede zal sijn geconsenteert1 den heer ,adams1 tot het overgeven sijner brieven van credentie van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america toetelaten1 diens te doene propositie overtenemen en daar van aan ,u,edele ,mogende ten eersten verslag te doen4 ,aldus gedaan binnen ,groningen in het provincie huis1 op dingsdag den #bf ,maart #aghb-- was getekent3 ,t4 ,,van ,,hoorn1 ,g4 ,,lewe1 ,l4 ,a4 ,,trip1 ,t4 ,,jarges1 ,i4 ,h4 ,,keiser1 ,s4 ,i4 ,,niehoff1 ,p4 ,,laman1 ,f4 ,,fiddens1 en ,i4 ,a4 ,,engelhard4 ,hebben de heeren ,staten van ,stad en ,lande1 zich met het uitgebragte rapport geconformeert en de heeren ministers geauthoriseert1 hier van extract naa der zaaken omstandigheid geconcipieert1 te verzenden2 zonder resumtie aftewachten4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,heeren ,staten der provincie ,gelderland van #aghb-aghc4 ,mercurii den #ag ,april #aghb4 ,was ter vergaderinge ingekomen en aan gedeputeerden en hoofdsteden copielijk medegedeeld4 #a4 ,een missive van de gecommitteerdens ter generaliteit van den #h ,maart1 hebbende tot bylage copie van eene bij haar nevens de heeren gedeputeerden van de provincien van ,zeeland1 van ,utrecht en van ,stad en ,lande overgenomene resolutie van de heeren ,staten van de provincie van ,friesland op den #e daar bevorens ter tafele van ,haar ,hoog ,mogende geexhibeerd1 waar bij de gecommitteerdens van welgemelte provincie ter generaliteit worden gelast1 het ter vergadering van ,haar ,hoog ,mogende daar heenen te dirigereen1 dat1 in consideratie der redenen in voorschreeve resolutie vervat1 de heer ,adams1 met ten eersten als minister van het congres van ,noord-,america1 bij de republicq werde geadmitteerd1 van welke missive en bijlage op den #i ,maart de afschriften aan gedeputeerden en hoofdsteden waaren ingezonden4 #b4 ,,dat ',t ,,hof ,,enz4 ,op welke voorschreve poincten voor zoo verre daar op niet mogte geresolveerd zijn1 welgemelde raaden verzogten1 dat ,haar ,edele ,mogende zoodane resolutien zouden gelieven te neemen als na derselver hooge wijsheid zouden oordeelen en vermeenen te behooren4 ,ter vergaderinge voorgebragt en gelesen zijnde het versoek 7p4 #jga7 van den heer ,adams1 om uit naam van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 zijne brieven van credentie aan ,hun ,hoog ,mogende te overhandigen1 mitsgaders het nader adres ten dien einde1 met versoek van een cathegorisch antwoord door denzelven gedaan en breder in de notulen van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende van den #d ,may #agha en #i ,january #aghb1 vermeld1 als mede de resolutie van de heeren ,staten van de ses andere provincien1 ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende successivelyk ingebragt1 alle tendeerende tot het admitteeren van den heer ,adams1 als afgesant van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 bij dese republicq4 ,hebben ,haar ,edele ,mogende na gehoudene deliberatie1 goedgevonden de gecommitteerdens van wegens dese provincie ter generaliteit te authoriseeren1 gelijk geauctoriseert worden bij dezen1 on zig namens deze provincie met de resolutie der heeren ,staten van ,holland en ,westfriesland te conformeeren en dienvolgens te consenteeren dat de heer ,adams1 als gezant van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america bij deze republicq werde erkend en geadmitteerd4 ,zullende oversulx extract dezes aan welgemelte gecommitteerdens worden toegesonden1 om daar van ten spoedigsten ter vergadering van ,hun ,hoog ,mogende de vereischte opening te doen4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,hoog ,mogende ,heeren ,staten ,generaal der ,vereenigde ,provincien van den jare #aghb4 #a deel4 ,veneris den #ai ,april #aghb4 ,bij resumtie gedelibereerd sijnde op het adres en nader adres van den heer ,adams1 den #d ,mey1 #agha en #i ,january deezes jaars aan den heer ter vergadering van ,haar ,hoog ,mogende prsideerende1 gedaan1 om uit naem der ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 zijne brieven van credentie aan ,haar ,hoog ,mogende te overhandigen1 en bij welk nader adres1 gem4 heer ,adams1 een cathegorisch antwoord heeft versogt1 om daer van aan zijne principalen kennis te kunnen geeven4 ,is goedgevonden en verstaan1 dat de heer ,adams als afgezant van de ,vereenigde ,staten van ,noord-,america1 bij ,haar ,hoog ,mogende zal worden geadmitteert en erkent1 gelijk deselve geadmitteert en erkend word bij deezen4 ,de heeren gedeputeerden van de provincien van ,zeeland en ,utrecht hebben geinhaereert de resolutien van de heeren ,staten hunne principalen op het voorn subject ter vergadering van ,haar ,hoog ,mogende ingebragt4 ,extract uit het ,register der resolutien van de ,hoog ,mogende ,heeren ,staten ,generaal der ,vereenigde ,nederlanden van den jare #aghb4 #a deel4 ,lunae den #bb ,april #aghb4 ,de heer ,boreel1 in de voorleeden week ter vergaderinge gepraesideert hebbende heeft aan ,haar ,hoog ,mogende voorgedragen en bekend gemaakt dat den heer ,john ,adams1 afgezant van de 7p4 #jgb7 ,vereenigde ,staten van ,america1 voorleeden saturdag bij hem was geweest en aan hem overgeleevert hadde een missive van de vergadering van 't ,congres1 geschreeven te ,philadelphia den #a ,january #agha1 houdende creditif op gemelde heer ,adams1 om in qualitiet als hunnen minister plenipotentiars bij ,haar ,hoog ,mogende te resideeren4 ,waarop gedelibereerd sijnde1 is goedgevonden en verstaan mits deezen te verklaaren dat gemelde heer ,adams aan ,haar ,hoog ,mogende aangenaam is en dat deselve in de qualitiet van minister plenipotentiaris sal worden erkent en dat aan dezelve audientie sal worden verleent of commissarissen toegevoegt zullen worden1 als hij die zal komen te versoeken4 ,en zal hier van aan geme4 heer ,adams door den agent van der ,burch van ,spieringshoek1 kennise worden gegeeven4 ,john ,adams to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston4 ,to ,the ,hague1 ,april #bb;d1 #aghb4 ,robert ,r4 ,,livingston4 ,sir3 ,on the #bb;d of ,april ,i was introduced1 by the ,chamberlain1 to ,his ,most ,serene ,highness1 the ,prince of ,orange4 ,knowing that ,his ,highness spoke ,english1 ,i asked his permission to speak to him in that language1 to which he answered1 smiling1 if you please1 ,sir4 ,although ,french is the language of the ,court1 he seemed to be pleased1 and to receive as a compliment my request to speak to him in ,english4 ,i told him ,i was happy to have the honour of presenting the respects of the ,united ,states of ,america1 and a letter of credence from them to ,his ,most ,serene ,highness1 and to assure him of the profound veneration in which the ,house of ,orange had been held in ,america even from its first settlement1 and that ,i should be happier still to be the instrument of further cementing the new connexions between two nations professing the same religion1 animated by the same spirit of liberty1 and having reciprocal interests1 both political and commercial1 so extensive and so important2 and that1 in the faithful and diligent discharge of the duties of my mission1 ,i flattered myself with hopes of the approbation of ,his ,most ,serene ,highness4 ,his ,highness received the letter of credence1 which he opened and read4 ,the answer that he made to me was in a voice so low and so indistinctly pronounced that ,i comprehended only the conclusion of it1 which was that he had made no difficulty against my reception4 ,he then fell into familiar conversation with me1 and asked me many questions about indifferent things1 as is the custom of ,princes and ,princesses upon such occasions4 ,how long ,i had been in ,europe8 ,how long ,i had been in this country8 ,whether ,i had purchased a house at the ,hague8 ,whether ,i had not lived some time at ,leyden8 ,how long ,i had lived at ,amsterdam8 ,how ,i liked the country8 c4 ,this conference passed in the ,prince's chamber of audience1 with his ,highness alone4 ,i had waited some time in the antechamber1 as the ,duc de la ,vauguyon was in conference with the ,prince4 7p4 #jgc7 ,the ,duke1 on his return through the antechamber1 meeting me unexpectedly1 presented me his hand with an air of cordiality which was remarked by every courtier1 and had a very good effect4 ,the ,prince has since said to the ,duc de la ,vauguyon that he was obliged to me for not having pressed him upon the affair of my reception at the beginning4 ,he had reason2 for if ,i had1 and he had said or done anything offensive to the ,united ,states or disagreeable to me1 it would now be remembered1 much to the disadvantage of the ,court4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 ,your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,john ,,adams4 ,no4 #ac4 7p4 #jgd7 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,october #h1 #aghb4 ,favstissimo foedere jvnct4 die ,,vii ,octob4 ,,mdcclxxxii4 ,rx4 ,justitiam et non temnere divos4 ,,treaty ,,of ,,amity ,,and ,,commerce ,,between ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,,favstissimo ,,foedere ,,jvnct4 ,,die ,,vii ,,octob4#di 7,octobris7 ,,mdcclxxxii4 7,united by a most auspicious alliance1 ,october #g1 #aghb47 ,fame seated on the clouds is blowing a trumpet1 held in her left hand2 in her right she holds two shields3 one bearing the arms of the ,united ,netherlands1 the other studded with thirteen stars 7the thirteen original ,united ,states72 above the two shields is a wreath1 and beneath them are the lion's skin and the club of ,hercules4 ,footnote #di3 ,the date should be ,october #h1 not #g1 as will be seen by the official documents below4 ,,justitiam ,,et ,,non ,,temnere ,,divos4#ej 7,learn justice1 and not to despise the gods47 ,on the face of a pyramid1 the base of which is adorned with flowers1 is placed the crowned shield of ,amsterdam1 resting on fasces2 beneath1 on a scroll1 the inscription3 ,,prodromus 7a forerunner74 ,a flying ,mercury places a wreath on the shield2 below on the right1 an anchor1 a basket of flowers1 and a cock crowing 7,france72 in the background1 the sea covered with ships4 ,exergue3 ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,,amst4 ,,sacrvm4 7,senatui populoque ,amstelodamensi sacrum3 ,dedicated to the ,senate and people of ,amsterdam74 ,on the platform1 ,i4 ,g4 ,,holtzhey ,,fec4 7fecit74#ea ,footnote #ej3 ,virgil1 neid1 ,book ,,vi1 #fbj4 ,this mutilated quotation is scarcely intelligible4 ,the entire verse is3 ,,discite ,,justitiam1 ,,moniti1 ,,et ,,non ,,temnere ,,divos4 7,admonished by me1 learn justice and not to despise the gods74 ,footnote #ea3 ,,see ,,introduction1 page x4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #jge7 ,treaty of ,amity and ,commerce between their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america1 to wit3 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island and ,providence ,plantations1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia4 ,concluded ,october #h1 #aghb2 ratified ,january #bb1 #aghc4 ,their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america1 to wit3 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island and ,providence ,plantations1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia1 desiring to ascertain1 in a permanent and equitable manner1 the rules to be observed relative to the commerce and correspondence which they intend to establish between their respective ,states1 countries and inhabitants1 have judged that the said end cannot be better obtained than by establishing the most perfect equality and reciprocity for the basis of their agreement1 and by avoiding all those burdensome preferences which are usually the sources of debate1 embarrassment1 and discontent2 by leaving also each party at liberty to make1 respecting commerce and navigation1 such ulterior regulations as it shall find most convenient to itself2 and by founding the advantages of commerce solely upon reciprocal utility and the just rules of free intercourse2 reserving withal to each party the liberty of admitting at its pleasure other nations to a participation of the same advantages4 ,on these principles their said ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands have named for their ,plenipotentiaries1 from the midst of their assembly1 ,messieurs their ,deputies for the ,foreign ,affairs2 and the said ,united ,states of ,america1 on their part1 have furnished with full powers ,mr4 ,john ,adams1 late ,commissioner of the ,united ,states of ,america at the ,court of ,versailles1 heretofore ,delegate in ,congress from the ,state of ,massachusetts ,bay1 and ,chief ,justice of the said ,state1 who have agreed and concluded as follows1 to wit3 ,,article ,i4 ,there shall be a firm1 inviolable1 and universal peace and sincere friendship between their ,high ,mightinesses1 the ,lords1 the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 and the ,united ,states of ,america1 and between the subjects and inhabitants of the said parties1 and between the countries1 islands1 cities1 and places situated under the jurisdiction of the said ,united ,netherlands and the said ,united ,states of ,america1 their subjects and inhabitants1 of every degree1 without exception of persons or places4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the subjects of the said ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands shall pay in the ports1 havens1 roads1 countries1 islands1 cities1 or places of the ,united ,states of ,america1 or any of them1 no other nor greater duties or imposts1 of whatever nature or denomination they may be1 than those which the nations the 7p4 #jgf7 most favoured are or shall be obliged to pay2 and they shall enjoy all the rights1 liberties1 privileges immunities1 and exemptions in trade1 navigation1 and commerce which the said nations do or shall enjoy1 whether in passing from one port to another in the said ,states1 or in going from any of those ports to any foreign port of the world1 or from any foreign port of the world to any of those ports4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,the subjects and inhabitants of the said ,united ,states of ,america shall pay in the ports1 havens1 roads1 countries1 islands1 cities or places of the said ,united ,netherlands1 or any of them1 no other nor greater duties or imposts1 of whatever nature or denomination they may be1 than those which the nations the most favoured are or shall be obliged to pay2 and they shall enjoy all the rights1 liberties1 privileges1 immunities and exemptions in trade1 navigation and commerce1 which the said nations do or shall enjoy1 whether in passing from one port to another in the said ,states1 or from any one toward any one of those ports from or to any foreign port of the world4 ,and the ,united ,states of ,america1 with their subjects and inhabitants1 shall leave to those of their ,high ,mightinesses the peaceable enjoyment of their rights in the countries1 islands and seas in the ,east and ,west ,indies1 without any hindrance or molestation4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,there shall be an entire and perfect liberty of conscience allowed to the subjects and inhabitants of each party1 and to their families2 and no one shall be molested in regard to his worship1 provided he submits1 as to the public demonstration of it1 to the laws of the country3 ,there shall be given1 moreover1 liberty1 when any subjects or inhabitants of either party shall die in the territory of the other1 to bury them in the usual burying-places1 or in decent and convenient grounds to be appointed for that purpose1 as occasion shall require2 and the dead bodies of those who are buried shall not in any wise be molested4 ,and the two contracting parties shall provide1 each one in his jurisdiction1 that their respective subjects and inhabitants may henceforward obtain the requisite certificates in cases of deaths in which they shall be interested4 ,,article ,v4 ,their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america shall endeavour1 by all the means in their power1 to defend and protect all vessels and other effects1 belonging to their subjects and inhabitants1 respectively1 or to any of them1 in their ports1 roads1 havens1 internal seas1 passes1 rivers1 and as far as their jurisdiction extends at sea1 and to recover1 and cause to be restored to the true proprietors1 their agents1 or attorneys1 all such vessels and effects1 which shall be taken under their jurisdiction3 ,and their vessels of war and convoys1 in cases when they may have a common enemy1 shall take under their protection all the vessels belonging to the subjects and inhabitants of either party1 which shall not be laden with contraband goods1 according to the description which shall be made of them hereafter1 for places with which one of the parties is in peace and the other at 7p4 #jgg7 war1 nor destined for any place blockaded1 and which shall hold the same course or follow the same route2 and they shall defend such vessels as long as they shall hold the same course or follow the same route1 against all attacks1 force and violence of the common enemy1 in the same manner as they ought to protect and defend the vessels belonging to their own respective subjects4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,the subjects of the contracting parties may1 on one side and on the other1 in the respective countries and ,states1 dispose of their effects by testament1 donation or otherwise2 and their heirs1 subjects of one of the parties1 and residing in the country of the other1 or elsewhere1 shall receive such successions1 even ab intestato1 whether in person or by their attorney or substitute1 even although they shall not have obtained letters of naturalization1 without having the effects of such commission tested under pretext of any rights or prerogatives of any province1 city or private person4 ,and if the heirs to whom such successions may have fallen shall be minors1 the tutors or curators established by the judge domiciliary of the minors may govern1 direct1 administer1 sell and alienate the effects fallen to the said minors by inheritance1 and1 in general1 in relation to the said successions and effects1 use all the rights and fulfill all the functions which belong1 by the disposition of the laws1 to guardians1 tutors and curators3 provided1 nevertheless1 that this disposition cannot take place but in cases where the testator shall not have named guardians1 tutors or curators by testament1 codicil or other legal instrument4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,it shall be lawful and free for the subjects of each party to employ such advocates1 attorneys1 notaries1 solicitors or factors as they shall judge proper4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,merchants1 masters and owners of ships1 mariners1 men of all kinds1 ships and vessels1 and all merchandizes and goods in general1 and effects of one of the confederates1 or of the subjects thereof1 shall not be seized or detained in any of the countries1 lands1 islands1 cities1 places1 ports1 shores1 or dominions whatsoever of the other confederate1 for any military expedition1 publick or private use of any one1 by arrests1 violence1 or any colour thereof2 much less shall it be permitted to the subjects of either party to take or extort by force anything from the subjects of the other party1 without the consent of the owner2 which1 however1 is not to be understood of seizures1 detentions1 and arrests which shall be made by the command and authority of justice1 and by the ordinary methods1 on account of debts or crimes1 in respect whereof the proceedings must be by way of law1 according to the forms of justice4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,it is further agreed and concluded that it shall be wholly free for all merchants1 commanders of ships1 and other subjects and inhabitants of the contracting parties1 in every place 7p4 #jgh7 subjected to the jurisdiction of the two powers respectively1 to manage themselves their own business2 and moreover as to the use of interpreters or brokers1 as also in relation to the loading or unloading of their vessels1 and everything which has relation thereto1 they shall be1 on one side1 and on the other1 considered and treated upon the footing of natural subjects1 or1 at least1 upon an equality with the most favoured nation4 ,,article ,x4 ,the merchant ships of either of the parties1 coming from the port of an enemy1 or from their own1 or a neutral port1 may navigate freely towards any port of an enemy of the other ally3 they shall be1 nevertheless1 held1 whenever it shall be required1 to exhibit1 as well upon the high seas as in the ports1 their sea-letters and other documents described in the twenty-fifth article1 stating expressly that their effects are not of the number of those which are prohibited as contraband2 and not having any contraband goods for an enemy's port1 they may freely1 and without hindrance1 pursue their voyage towards the port of an enemy4 ,nevertheless1 it shall not be required to examine the papers of vessels convoyed by vessels of war1 but credence shall be given to the word of the officer who shall conduct the convoy4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,if1 by exhibiting the sea-letters and other documents described more particularly in the twenty-fifth article of this treaty1 the other party shall discover there are any of those sorts of goods which are declared prohibited and contraband1 and that they are consigned for a port under the obedience of his enemy1 it shall not be lawful to break up the hatches of such ship1 nor to open any chests1 coffers1 packs1 casks1 or other vessels found therein1 or to remove the smallest parcels of her goods1 whether the said vessel belongs to the subjects of their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands or to the subjects or inhabitants of the said ,united ,states of ,america1 unless the lading be brought on shore1 in presence of the officers of the ,court of ,admiralty1 and an inventory thereof made2 but there shall be no allowance to sell1 exchange or alienate the same until after that due and lawful process shall have been had against such prohibited goods of contraband1 and the ,court of ,admiralty1 by a sentence pronounced1 shall have confiscated the same1 saving always as well the ship itself as any other goods found therein1 which are to be esteemed free1 and may not be detained on pretence of their being infected by the prohibited goods1 much less shall they be confiscated as lawful prize3 ,but1 on the contrary1 when1 by the visitation at land1 it shall be found that there are no contraband goods in the vessel1 and it shall not appear by the papers that he who has taken and carried in the vessel has been able to discover any there1 he ought to be condemned in all the charges1 damages and interests of them1 which he shall have caused1 both to the owners of vessels and to the owners and freighters of cargoes with which they shall be loaded1 by his temerity in taking and carrying them in2 declaring most expressly the free vessels shall assure the liberty of the effects with which they shall be loaded1 and that this liberty shall extend itself equally to the persons who shall be found in a free vessel1 who may not be taken out of her1 unless they are military men actually in the service of an enemy4 ,,article ,,xii4 7p4 #jgi7 ,on the contrary1 it is agreed that whatever shall be found to be taken by the subjects and inhabitants of either party1 or any ship belonging to the enemies of the other1 or to their subjects1 although it be not comprehended under the sort of prohibited goods1 the whole may be confiscated in the same manner as if it belonged to the enemy2 except1 nevertheless1 such effects and merchandizes as were put on board such vessel before the declaration of war1 or in the space of six months after it1 which effects shall not be1 in any manner1 subject to confiscation1 but shall be faithfully and without delay restored in nature to the owners who shall claim them1 or cause them to be claimed1 before the confiscation and sale1 as also their proceeds1 if the claim could not be made1 but in the space of eight months after the sale1 which ought to be publick3 ,provided1 nevertheless1 that if the said merchandizes are contraband1 it shall by no means be lawful to transport them afterwards to any port belonging to enemies4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,and that more effectual care may be taken for the security of subjects and people of either party1 that they do not suffer molestation from the vessels of war or privateers of the other party1 it shall be forbidden to all commanders of vessels of war and other armed vessels of the said ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the said ,united ,states of ,america1 as well as to all their officers1 subjects and people1 to give any offence or do any damage to those of the other party2 and if they act to the contrary they shall be1 upon the first complaint which shall be made of it1 being found guilty after a just examination1 punished by their proper judges1 and1 moreover1 obliged to make satisfaction for all damages and interests thereof1 by reparation1 under pain and obligation of their persons and goods4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,for further determining of what has been said1 all captains of privateers or fitters-out of vessels armed for war1 under commission and on account of private persons1 shall be held1 before their departure1 to give sufficient caution1 before competent judges1 either to be entirely responsible for the malversations which they may commit in their cruizes or voyages1 as well as for the contraventions of their captains and officers against the present treaty1 and against the ordinances and edicts which shall be published in consequence of and conformity to it1 under pain of forfeiture and nullity of the said commissions4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,all vessels and merchandizes1 of whatsoever nature1 which shall be rescued out of the hands of any pirates or robbers1 navigating the high seas without requisite commissions1 shall be brought into some port of one of the two ,states1 and deposited in the hands of the officers of that port1 in order to be restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proofs shall be made concerning the property thereof4 ,,article ,,xvi4 ,if any ships or vessels belonging to either of the parties1 their subjects1 or people1 shall1 within the coasts or dominions of the other1 stick upon the sands1 or be wrecked1 or suffer any 7p4 #jhj7 other sea damage1 all friendly assistance and relief shall be given to the persons shipwrecked1 or such as shall be in danger thereof2 and the vessels1 effects and merchandizes1 or the part of them which shall have been saved or the proceeds of them1 if1 being perishable1 they shall have been sold1 being claimed within a year and a day by the masters or owners1 or their agents or attorneys1 shall be restored1 paying only the reasonable charges1 and that which must be paid1 in the same case1 for the salvage1 by the proper subjects of the country3 there shall also be delivered them safe conducts or passports for their free and safe passage from thence1 and to return1 each one to his own country4 ,,article ,,xvii4 ,in case the subjects or people of either party1 with their shipping1 whether publick and of war1 or private and of merchants1 be forced1 through stress of weather1 pursuit of pirates or enemies1 or any other urgent necessity for seeking of shelter and harbor1 to retract and enter into any of the rivers1 creeks1 bays1 ports1 roads or shores belonging to the other party1 they shall be received with all humanity and kindness1 and enjoy all friendly protection and help1 and they shall be permitted to refresh and provide themselves1 at reasonable rates1 with victuals1 and all things needful for the sustenance of their persons or reparation of their ships2 and they shall no ways be detained or hindered from returning out of the said ports or roads1 but may remove and depart when and whither they please1 without any let or hindrance4 ,,article ,,xviii4 ,for the better promoting of commerce on both sides1 it is agreed that1 if a war should break out between their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america1 there shall always be granted to the subjects on each side the term of nine months after the date of the rupture1 or the proclamation of war1 to the end that they may retire1 with their effects1 and transport them where they please1 which it shall be lawful for them to do1 as well as to sell or transport their effects and goods1 in all freedom and without any hindrance1 and without being able to proceed1 during the said term of nine months1 to any arrests of their effects1 much less of their persons2 on the contrary1 there shall be given them1 for their vessels and their effects1 which they could carry away1 passports and safe conducts for the nearest ports of their respective countries1 and for the time necessary for the voyage4 ,and no prize made at sea shall be adjudged lawful1 at least if the declaration of war was not or could not be known in the last port which the vessel taken has quitted2 but for whatever may have been taken from the subjects and inhabitants of either party1 and for the offences which may have been given them1 in the interval of the said terms1 a complete satisfaction shall be given them4 ,,article ,,xix4 ,no subject of their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands shall apply for or take any commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the said ,united ,states of ,america1 or any of them1 or the subjects and inhabitants of the said ,united ,states1 or any of them1 or against the property of the inhabitants 7p4 #jha7 of any of them1 from any ,prince or ,state with which the said ,united ,states of ,america may happen to be at war3 nor shall any subject or inhabitant of the said ,united ,states of ,america1 or any of them1 apply for or take any commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the ,high and ,mighty ,lords the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 or against the subjects of their ,high ,mightinesses1 or any of them1 or against the property of any one of them1 from any ,prince or ,state with which their ,high ,mightinesses may be at war3 ,and if any person of either nation shall take such commission or letters of marque1 he shall be punished as a pirate4 ,,article ,,xx4 ,if the vessels of the subjects or inhabitants of one of the parties come upon any coast belonging to either of the said allies1 but not willing to enter into port1 or being entered into port and not willing to unload their cargoes or break bulk1 or take in any cargo1 they shall not be obliged to pay1 neither for the vessels nor for the cargoes1 at least if there is not just cause to presume that they carry to an enemy merchandizes of contraband4 ,,article ,,xxi4 ,the two contracting parties grant to each other1 mutually1 the liberty of having1 each in the ports of the other1 consuls1 vice-consuls1 agents1 and commissaries1 of their own appointing1 whose functions shall be regulated by particular agreement1 whenever either party chooses to make such appointments4 ,,article ,,xxii4 ,this treaty shall not be understood in any manner to derogate from the ninth1 tenth1 nineteenth1 and twenty-fourth articles of the treaty with ,france1 as they were numbered in the same treaty1 concluded the sixth of ,february1 #aggh1 and which make the articles ninth1 tenth1 seventeenth1 and twenty-second of the treaty of commerce now subsisting between the ,united ,states of ,america and the ,crown of ,france2 nor shall it hinder ,his ,catholic ,majesty from according to that treaty1 and enjoying the advantages of said four articles4 ,,article ,,xxiii4 ,if at any time the ,united ,states of ,america shall judge necessary to commence negotiations with the ,king or ,emperor of ,morocco and ,fez1 and with the ,regencies of ,algiers1 ,tunis1 or ,tripoli1 or with any of them1 to obtain passports for the security of their navigation in the ,mediterranean ,sea1 their ,high ,mightinesses promise that upon the requisition which the ,united ,states of ,america shall make of it1 they will second such negotiations in the most favourable manner1 by means of their ,consuls residing near the said ,king1 ,emperor1 and ,regencies4 ,contraband4 ,,article ,,xxiv4 ,the liberty of navigation and commerce shall extend to all sorts of merchandizes1 excepting only those which are distinguished under the name of contraband1 or merchandizes prohibited2 7p4 #jhb7 and under this denomination of contraband and merchandizes prohibited1 shall be comprehended only warlike stores and arms1 as mortars1 artillery1 with their artifices and appurtenances1 fusils1 pistols1 bombs1 grenades1 gunpowder1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 match1 bullets and balls1 pikes1 sabres1 lances1 halberts1 casques1 cuirasses1 and other sorts of arms1 as also soldiers1 horses1 saddles1 and furniture for horses2 all other effects and merchandizes1 not before specified expressly1 and even all sorts of naval matters1 however proper they may be for the construction and equipment of vessels of war1 or for the manufacture of one or another sort of machines of war1 by land or sea1 shall not be judged contraband1 neither by the letter1 nor according to any pretended interpretation whatever1 ought they or can they be comprehended under the notion of effects prohibited or contraband3 so that all effects and merchandizes1 which are not expressly before named1 may1 without any exception1 and in perfect liberty1 be transported by the subjects and inhabitants of both allies1 from and to places belonging to the enemy2 excepting only the places which at the time shall be besieged1 blocked1 or invested2 and those places only shall be held for such which are surrounded nearly by some of the belligerent powers4 ,,article ,,xxv4 ,to the end that all dissention and quarrel may be avoided and prevented1 it has been agreed1 that in case that one of the two parties happens to be at war1 the vessels belonging to the subjects or inhabitants of the other ally shall be provided with sea letters or passports1 expressing the name1 the property1 and the burthen of the vessel1 as also the name of abode of the master1 or commander of the said vessel1 to the end that thereby it may appear that the vessel really and truly belongs to the subjects or inhabitants of one of the parties2 which passports shall be drawn and distributed1 according to the form annexed to this treaty2 each time that the vessel shall return1 she should have such her passport renewed1 or at least they ought not to be of more ancient date than two years1 before the vessel has been returned to her own country4 ,it has also been agreed that such vessels1 being loaded1 ought to be provided not only with the said passports or sea letters1 but also with a general passport1 or with particular passports or manifests1 or other publick documents1 which are ordinarily given to vessels outward bound in the ports from whence the vessels have set sail in the last place1 containing a specification of the cargo1 of the place from whence the vessel departed1 and of that of her destination1 or1 instead of all these1 with certificates from the magistrates or governors of cities1 places and colonies from whence the vessel came1 given in the usual form1 to the end that it may be known whether there are any effects prohibited or contraband1 on board the vessels1 and whether they are destined to be carried to an enemy's country or not2 and in case any one judges proper to express in the said documents the persons to whom the effects on board belong1 he may do it freely1 without1 however1 being bound to do it2 and the omission of such expression cannot and ought not to cause a confiscation4 ,,article ,,xxvi4 ,if the vessels of the said subjects or inhabitants of either of the parties1 sailing along the coasts or on the high seas1 are met by a vessel of war1 or privateer1 or other armed vessel 7p4 #jhc7 of the other party1 the said vessels of war1 privateers1 or armed vessels1 for avoiding all disorder1 shall remain without the reach of cannon1 but may send their boats on board the merchant vessel1 which they shall meet in this manner1 upon which they may not pass more than two or three men1 to whom the master or commander shall exhibit his passport1 containing the property of the vessel1 according to the form annexed to this treaty3 ,and the vessel1 after having exhibited such a passport1 sea letter1 and other documents1 shall be free to continue her voyage1 so that it shall not be lawful to molest her1 or search her in any manner1 nor give her chase1 nor to force her to alter her course4 ,,article ,,xxvii4 ,it shall be lawful for merchants1 captains1 and commanders of vessels1 whether publick and of war1 or private and of merchants1 belonging to the said ,united ,states of ,america1 or any of them1 or to their subjects and inhabitants1 to take freely into their service1 and receive on board of their vessels1 in any port or place in the jurisdiction of their ,high ,mightinesses aforesaid1 seamen or others1 natives or inhabitants of any of the said ,states1 upon such conditions as they shall agree on1 without being submitted for this to any fine1 penalty1 punishment1 process1 or reprehension whatsoever4 ,and reciprocally1 all merchants1 captains1 and commanders1 belonging to the said ,united ,netherlands1 shall enjoy1 in all the ports and places under the obedience of the said ,united ,states of ,america1 the same privilege of engaging and receiving seamen or others1 natives or inhabitants of any country of the domination of the said ,states-,general3 ,provided1 that neither on one side nor the other1 they may not take into their service such of their countrymen who have already engaged in the service of the other party contracting1 whether in war or trade1 and whether they meet them by land or sea2 at least if the captains or masters under the command of whom such persons may be found1 will not of his own consent discharge them from their service1 upon pain of being otherwise treated and punished as deserters4 ,,article ,,xxviii4 ,the affair of the refraction shall be regulated in all equity and justice1 by the magistrates of cities respectively1 where it shall be judged that there is any room to complain in this respect4 ,,article ,,xxix4 ,the present treaty shall be ratified and approved by their ,high ,mightinesses the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and by the ,united ,states of ,america2 and the acts of ratification shall be delivered in good and due form1 on one side and on the other1 in the space of six months1 or sooner if possible1 to be computed from the day of the signature4 ,in faith of which1 we the ,deputies and ,plenipotentiaries of the ,lords the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 and the ,minister ,plenipotentiary of the ,united ,states of ,america1 in virtue of our respective authorities and full powers1 have signed the present treaty and apposed thereto the seals of our arms4 ,done at the ,hague the eighth of ,october1 one thousand seven 7p4 #jhd7 hundred and eighty-two4 ,john ,,adams4 ,l4,s4 ,george ,,van ,,randwyck4 ,l4,s4 ,b4 ,v4 ,d4 ,,santheuvel4 ,l4,s4 ,p4 ,v4 ,,bleiswijk4 ,l4,s4 ,w4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,van ,,lijnden4 ,l4,s4 ,d4 ,j4 ,,van ,,heeckeren4 ,l4,s4 ,joan ,,van ,,kuffeler4 ,l4,s4 ,f3 ,g3 ,,van ,,dedem1 ,,tot ,,den ,,gelder4 ,l4,s4 ,h3 ,,tjassens4 ,l4,s4 ,convention between the ,lords the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america1 concerning vessels recaptured4 ,concluded ,october #h1 #aghb4 ,the ,lords the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands and the ,united ,states of ,america1 being inclined to establish some uniform principles with relation to prizes made by vessels of war1 and commissioned by the two contracting ,powers1 upon their common enemies1 and to vessels of the subjects of either party1 captured by the enemy1 and recaptured by vessels of war commissioned by either party1 have agreed upon the following articles3 ,,article ,i4 ,the vessels of either of the two nations recaptured by the privateers of the other1 shall be restored to the first proprietor1 if such vessels have not been four and twenty hours in the power of the enemy1 provided the owner of the vessel recaptured pay therefor one-third of the value of the vessel1 as also of that of the cargo1 the cannons and apparel1 which third shall be valued by agreement1 between the parties interested2 or1 if they cannot agree thereon among themselves1 they shall address themselves to the officers of the admiralty of the place where the privateer who has retaken the vessel shall have conducted her4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,if the vessel recaptured has been more than twenty-four hours in the power of the enemy1 she shall belong entirely to the privateer who has retaken her4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,in case a vessel shall have been recaptured by a vessel of war belonging to the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 or to the ,united ,states of ,america1 she shall be restored to the first owner1 he paying a thirtieth part of the value of the ship1 her cargo1 cannons and apparel1 if she has been recaptured in the interval of twenty-four hours1 and the tenth part if she has been recaptured after the twenty-four hours1 which sums shall be 7p4 #jhe7 distributed in form of gratifications to the crews of the vessels which have retaken her4 ,the valuation of the said thirtieth parts and tenth parts shall be regulated according to the tenor of the first article of the present convention4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,the restitution of prizes1 whether they may have been retaken by vessels of war or by privateers1 in the mean time and until requisite and sufficient proofs can be given of the property of vessels recaptured1 shall be admitted in a reasonable time1 under sufficient sureties for the observation of the aforesaid articles4 ,,article ,v4 ,the vessels of war and privateers of one and of the other of the two nations1 shall be reciprocally1 both in ,europe and in the other parts of the world1 admitted in the respective ports of each with their prizes1 which may be unloaded and sold according to the formalities used in the ,state where the prize shall have been conducted1 as far as may be consistent with the #bb;d article of the treaty of commerce3 ,provided1 always1 that the legality of prizes by the vessels of the ,low ,countries shall be decided conformably to the laws and regulations established in the ,united ,netherlands2 as1 likewise1 that of prizes made by ,american vessels1 shall be judged according to the laws and regulations determined by the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,moreover1 it shall be free for the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 as well as for the ,united ,states of ,america1 to make such regulations as they may judge necessary1 relative to the conduct which their respective vessels and privateers ought to hold in relation to the vessels which they shall have taken and conducted into the ports of the two powers4 ,in faith of which1 ,we1 the ,deputies and ,plenipotentiaries of the ,lords the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 and ,minister ,plenipotentiary of the ,united ,states of ,america1 have1 in virtue of our respective authorities and full powers1 signed these presents1 and confirmed the same with the seals of our arms4 ,done at the ,hague the eighth of ,october1 one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two4 ,john ,,adams4 ,l4,s4 ,george ,,van ,,randwyck4 ,l4,s4 ,b4 ,v4 ,d4 ,,santheuvel4 ,l4,s4 ,p4 ,v4 ,,bleiswijk4 ,l4,s4 ,w4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,van ,,lijnden4 ,l4,s4 ,d4 ,j4 ,,van ,,heeckeren4 ,l4,s4 ,joan ,,van ,,kuffeler4 ,l4,s4 ,f3 ,g3 ,,van ,,dedem1 ,,tot ,,den ,,gelder4 ,l4,s4 ,h3 ,,tjassens4 ,l4,s4 ,no4 #ad4 7p4 #jhf7 ,,plate ,,xiv4 #aghb4 ,libertas ,americana4 ,rx4 ,non sine diis animosus infans4 ,,libertas ,,americana4 ,surrender of the ,british ,armies at ,saratoga and at ,yorktown4 ,,libertas ,,americana4 7,american liberty47 ,the head of a beautiful maiden1 facing the left1 with dishevelled hair floating in the wind1 and with the rod of liberty surmounted by the ,phrygian cap on her right shoulder4 ,exergue3 #d ,,juil4 7sic7 #aggf4 7#d ,julii1 #aggf3 ,july #d1 #aggf47 ,on edge of bust1 ,,dupr4 ,,non ,,sine ,,diis ,,animosus ,,infans4#eb 7,the courageous child was aided by the gods47 ,the infant ,hercules 7,america71 in his cradle1 is strangling two serpents1 while ,minerva 7,france7 stands by1 helmeted1 and with spear in her right hand1 ready to strike a leopard 7,england7 whose attacks she wards off with her shield decked with the lilies of ,france4 ,exergue3 #ag_/ai ,,oct4 #aggg_/agha4 7#ag_/ai ,octobris #aggg_/agha3 #ag_/ai ,october1 #aggg_/agha47ec ,,dupr4 ,f4 7fecit74#ed ,footnote #eb3 ,horace1 ,book ,,iii1 ,ode iv1 #bj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dates of the surrender of the ,british armies at ,saratoga and at ,yorktown4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xi1 and xxii4 ,this medal was not voted by ,congress1 but was ordered by ,franklin1 in commemoration of the surrenders of ,lieutenant-,general ,burgoyne and of ,general ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,as the official reports of the first of these events have already been given under ,no4 #b1 page #i1 ,i give here only the documents relating to the surrender of ,lord ,cornwallis1 at ,yorktown4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #jhg7 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,headquarters1 near ,york1 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,october #ai1 #agha4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform ,congress that a reduction of the ,british army1 under the command of ,lord ,cornwallis1 is most happily effected4 ,the unremitted ardour which actuated every officer and soldier in the combined army on this occasion1 has principally led to this important event1 at an earlier period than my most sanguine hopes had induced me to expect4 ,the singular spirit of emulation1 which animated the whole army from the first commencement of our operations1 has filled my mind with the highest pleasure and satisfaction1 and had given me the highest presages of success4 ,on the #agth instant1 a letter was received from ,lord ,cornwallis1 proposing a meeting of commissioners to consult on terms for the surrender of the posts of ,york and ,gloucester4 ,this letter 7the first that had passed between us7 opened a correspondence1 a copy of which ,i do myself the honour to inclose2 that correspondence was followed by the definitive capitulation1 which was agreed to and signed on the #aith1 copy of which is herewith transmitted2 and which ,i hope will meet with the approbation of ,congress4 ,i should be wanting in the feelings of gratitude did ,i not mention on this occasion1 with the warmest sense of acknowledgment1 the very cheerful and able assistance which ,i have received in the course of our operations from ,his ,excellency the ,count de ,rochambeau4 ,nothing could equal this zeal of our allies but the imitating spirit of the ,american officers1 whose ardour would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded4 ,the very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue1 which the nature of the service required from the officers of engineers and artillery of both armies1 obliges me particularly to mention the obligations ,i am under to the commanding and other officers of those corps4 ,i wish it was in my power to express to ,congress how much ,i feel myself indebted to the ,count de ,grasse1 and the officers of the fleet under his command1 for the distinguished aid and support which has been afforded by them1 between whom and the army the most happy concurrence of sentiments and views have subsisted1 and from whom every possible co-operation has been experienced which the most harmonious intercourse could afford4 ,returns of the prisoners1 military stores1 ordnance1 shipping and other matters1 ,i shall do myself the honour to transmit to ,congress as soon as they can be collected by the heads of departments to which they belong4 ,colonel ,laurens and the ,viscount de ,noailles1 on the part of the combined army1 were the gentlemen who acted as commissioners for forming and settling the terms of capitulation and surrender1 herewith transmitted1 to whom ,i am particularly obliged for their readiness and attention exhibited on the occasion4 ,colonel ,tilghman1 one of my aids-de-camp1 will have the 7p4 #jhh7 honour to deliver these despatches to ,your ,excellency2 he will be able to inform you of every minute circumstance which is particularly mentioned in my letter4 ,his merits1 which are too well known to need any observations at this time1 have gained my particular attention1 and ,i could wish that they may be honoured by the notice of ,your ,excellency and ,congress4 ,your ,excellency and ,congress will be pleased to accept my congratulations on this happy event1 and believe me to be1 with the highest respect and esteem1 ,sir1 your ,excellency's most obedient humble servant1 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,p4,s4 ,though ,i am not possessed of the particular returns1 yet ,i have reason to suppose that the number of prisoners will be between five and six thousand1 exclusive of seamen and others4 ,general ,washington to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,headquarters1 near ,york1 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,congress4 ,october #bg1 #agha4 ,sir3 ,i do myself the honour to enclose to ,your ,excellency copies of returns of prisoners1 artillery1 arms1 ordnance1 and other stores1 surrendered by the enemy in their posts of ,york and ,gloucester1 on the #aith instant1 which were not completed at the time of my despatches1 and but this moment handed to me4 ,a draft of these posts1 with the plan of attack and defence1 is herewith transmitted2 and twenty-four standards1 taken at the same time1 are ready to be laid before ,congress4 ,my present despatches being important1 ,i have committed to the care of ,colonel ,humphreys1 one of my aids-de-camp1 whom1 for his attention1 fidelity and good services1 ,i beg leave to recommend to ,congress and ,your ,excellency4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 ,your ,excellency's most obedient humble servant1 ,geo4 ,,washington4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,thanks1 etc41 for the ,taking of ,yorktown4 ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,in ,,congress ,,assembled3 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 be presented to ,his ,excellency ,general ,washington1 for the eminent services which he has rendered to the ,united ,states1 and particularly for the well concerted plan against the 7p4 #jhi7 ,british garrisons in ,york and ,gloucester2 for the vigour1 attention1 and military skill with which that plan was executed1 and for the wisdom and prudence manifested in the capitulation4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 be presented to ,his ,excellency the ,count de ,rochambeau1 for the cordiality1 zeal1 judgment1 and fortitude1 with which he seconded and advanced the progress of the allied army against the ,british garrison in ,york4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 be presented to ,his ,excellency ,count de ,grasse1 for his display of skill and bravery in attacking and defeating the ,british fleet off the ,bay of ,chesapeake1 and for his zeal and alacrity in rendering1 with the fleet under his command1 the most effectual and distinguished aid and support to the operations of the allied army in ,virginia4 ,that the thanks of the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 be presented to the commanding and other officers of the corps of artillery and engineers of the allied army1 who sustained extraordinary fatigue and danger in their animated and gallant approaches to the lines of the enemy4 ,that ,general ,washington be directed to communicate to the other officers and soldiers under his command the thanks of the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 for their conduct and valour on this occasion3 ,resolved1 ,that the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 will cause to be erected1 at ,york1 in ,virginia1 a marble column1 adorned with emblems of the alliance between the ,united ,states and ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty1 and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the surrender of ,earl ,cornwallis to ,his ,excellency ,general ,washington1 commander-in-chief of the combined forces of ,america and ,france1 to ,his ,excellency the ,count de ,rochambeau1 commanding the auxiliary troops of ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty in ,america1 and to ,his ,excellency the ,count de ,grasse1 commanding-in-chief the naval army of ,france in ,chesapeake4 ,resolved1 ,that two stands of colours taken from the ,british army under the capitulation of ,york1 be presented to ,his ,excellency ,general ,washington1 in the name of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled4 ,resolved1 ,that two pieces of the field ordnance1 taken from the ,british army under the capitulation of ,york1 be presented by the commander-in-chief of the ,american army to ,count de ,rochambeau2 and that there be engraved thereon a short memorandum1 that ,congress were induced to present them from considerations of the illustrious part which he bore in effectuating the surrender4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,secretary of ,foreign ,affairs be directed to request the ,minister ,plenipotentiary of ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty1 to inform his ,majesty that it is the wish of ,congress that ,count de ,grasse may be permitted to accept a testimony of their approbation1 similar to that to be presented to ,count de ,rochambeau4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,board of ,war be directed to present to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tilghman1 in the name of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 a horse properly caparisoned1 and an elegant sword1 in testimony of their high opinion of his merit and ability4 ,monday1 ,october #bi1 #agha4 ,benjamin ,franklin to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston4 7p4 #jij7 ,to the ,honourable ,robert ,r4 ,,livingston1 ,passy1 ,march #d1 #aghb4 ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,this puts me in mind of a medal ,i have had a mind to strike since the late great event#ee you gave me an account of1 representing the ,united ,states by the figure of an infant ,hercules in his cradle1 strangling the two serpents2 and ,france by that of ,minerva1 sitting by as his nurse1 with her spear and helmet1 and her robe specked with a few fleurs-de-lis4 ,the extinguishing of two entire armies in one war is what has rarely happened1 and it gives a presage of the future force of our growing empire4444 ,with great esteem1 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,footnote #ee3 ,the surrender of ,lord ,cornwallis1 at ,yorktown1 which took place ,october #ai1 #agha4 ,benjamin ,franklin to ,sir ,william ,jones4 ,to ,sir ,william ,,jones4 ,passy1 ,march #ag1 #aghc4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,the engraving of my medal1 which you know was projected before the peace1 is but just finished4 ,none are yet struck in hard metal1 but will be in a few days4 ,in the meantime1 having this good opportunity by ,mr4 ,penn1 ,i send you one of the preuves4 ,you will see that ,i have profited by some of your ideas1 and adopted the mottoes you were so kind as to furnish4444 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,benjamin ,franklin to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston4 ,to the ,honourable ,robert ,r4 ,,livingston1 ,passy1 ,april #ae1 #aghc4 ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4 ,sir3 ,i have caused to be struck here the medal which ,i formerly mentioned to you1 the design of which you seemed to approve4 ,i enclose one in silver for the ,president of ,congress and one in copper for yourself4 ,the impression on copper is thought to appear best2 and you will soon receive a number for the members4 ,i have presented one to the ,king and another to the ,queen1 7p4 #jia7 both in gold2 and one in silver to each of the ministers1 as a monumental acknowledgment1 which may go down to future ages1 of the obligations we are under to this nation4 ,it is mighty well received1 and gives general pleasure4 ,if the ,congress approve of it1 as ,i hope they will1 ,i may add something on the die 7for those to be struck hereafter7 to shew that it was done by their order1 which ,i could not venture to do till ,i had authority for it4 ,with the greatest respect1 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,benjamin ,franklin to ,robert ,r4 ,livingston4 ,to the ,honourable ,robert ,r4 ,,livingston1 ,passy1 ,july #bb1 #aghc4 ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs4 ,sir3 ,i made the ,grand ,master of ,malta a present of one of our medals in silver1 writing to him a letter of which ,i enclose a copy1 and ,i believe our people will be kindly received in his port4 ,with the greatest respect1 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant4 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,benjamin ,franklin to the ,grand ,master of ,malta4 ,to ,his ,eminent ,highness ,,the ,,grand ,,master ,,of ,,malta4 ,passy1 #f ,april1 #aghc4 ,my ,lord3 ,i have the honour to address to ,your ,eminent ,highness the medal which ,i have lately had struck4 ,it is an ,homage of gratitude1 my ,lord1 which is due to the interest you have taken in our cause and we no less owe it to your virtues and to ,your ,eminent ,highnesses wise ,administration of ,government4 ,permit me1 my ,lord1 to demand your protection for such of our citizens as circumstances may lead to your ports4 ,i hope that ,your ,eminent ,highness will be pleased to grant it to them and kindly receive the assurances of the profound respect with which ,i am1 my ,lord1 ,your ,eminent ,highnesses most humble and most obedient servant1 ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,the ,grand ,master of ,malta to ,benjamin ,franklin4 7p4 #jib7 ,to ,his ,excellency ,b4 ,,franklin4 ,malta1 #ba ,june1 #aghc4 ,sir3 ,i received with the most lively sensibility the medal which ,your ,excellency sent me1 and the value ,i set upon this acquisition leaves my gratitude unbounded4 ,this monument of ,american liberty has a distinguished place in my cabinet4 ,whenever chance or commerce shall lead any of your fellow citizens or their vessels into the ports of our ,island1 ,i shall receive them with the greatest ,welcome1 they shall experience from me every assistance they may claim4 ,i shall observe with infinite pleasure any growing connection between that interesting nation and my subjects1 especially if it will tend to convince ,your ,excellency of the distinguished sentiments with which ,i am1 ,sir1 ,your ,excellency's most affectionate servant1 ,the ,grand ,master1 ,,rohan4 ,no4 #ae4 7p4 #jic7 ,,plate ,,xv4 #aghd4 ,benj4 ,franklin natus ,boston4 ,,xvii ,jan4 ,,mdccvi4 ,rx4 ,eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,,benj4 ,,franklin ,,natus ,,boston4 ,,xvii ,,jan4 ,,mdccvi4 7,benjamin ,franklin natus ,boston1 #ag ,januarii1 #agjf3 ,benjamin ,franklin1 born in ,boston1 ,january #ag1 #agjf47 ,bust of ,franklin1 facing the left4 ,on edge of bust1 ,,dupr ,f4 7fecit74 ,,eripuit ,,coelo ,,fulmen ,,sceptrum ,,que ,,tyrannis4 7,he drew fire from heaven and wrenched the sceptre from tyrants47 ,a genius pointing with his right hand to a lightning-rod attracting the electric spark1 and with his left to a broken crown and sceptre at his feet4 ,exergue3 ,,sculpsit ,,et ,,dicavit ,,aug4 ,,dupr ,,anno ,,mdcclxxxiv4 7,sculpsit et dicavit ,augustinus ,dupr1 anno #aghd3 ,engraved and dedicated by ,augustin ,dupr1 in the year #aghd74ef1eg ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x and xxiii4 ,footnote #eg3 ,for original documents1 see ,no4 #af1 page #ie4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin was born in ,boston1 ,january #ag1 #agjf4 ,he began life as an apprentice to his brother1 a printer2 went to ,england to follow his trade1 but ultimately settled in ,philadelphia in #agbf1 where he edited the ,pennsylvania ,gazette1 and in #agcb began the publication of ,poor ,richard's ,almanac4 ,he founded the first fire company in #agcg1 and soon afterward the first fire insurance company4 ,in #ageb he discovered the identity of lightning and the electric fluid1 and invented the lightning-rod4 ,in consideration of his brilliant services to science1 the degree of ,,ll4 ,d4 was conferred upon him by the university of ,oxford in #agfb4 ,benjamin ,franklin was a member of the ,continental ,congress1 #agge-aggf2 a signer of the ,declaration of ,independence1 and one of the commissioners to ,france1 #aggf-aghe4 ,he signed the offensive and defensive treaty with ,france1 in ,paris1 7p4 #jid7 ,february #f1 #aggh2 and the definitive treaty of peace with ,england1 ,september #c1 #aghc4 ,he was governor of ,pennsylvania1 #aghf-aghh2 and died in ,philadelphia1 ,april #ag1 #agij4 ,congress ordered a mourning of four months1 and the ,national ,assembly of ,france1 on the proposal of ,mirabeau1 seconded by ,monsieur de la ,rochefoucauld and ,general de la ,fayette1 went into mourning for three days4 ,turgot composed in his honor the celebrated latin verse3 ,eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis4 ,no4 #af4 7p4 #jie7 ,,plate ,,xvi4 #aghf4 ,benj4 ,franklin natus ,boston4 ,,xvii ,jan4 ,,mdccvi4 ,rx4 ,eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,,benj4 ,,franklin ,,natus ,,boston4 ,,xvii ,,jan4 ,,mdccvi4 7,benjamin ,franklin1 natus ,boston1 #ag ,januarii1 #agjf3 ,benjamin ,franklin1 born in ,boston1 ,january #ag1 #agjf47 ,bust of ,franklin1 facing the left4 ,on edge of bust1 ,,dupr ,f4 7fecit74 ,within a crown of oak3 ,,eripuit ,,coelo ,,fulmen ,,sceptrum ,,que ,,tyrannis4 7,he drew fire from ,heaven and wrenched the sceptre from tyrants74 ,exergue3 ,,sculpsit ,,et ,,dicavit ,,aug4 ,,dupr ,,anno ,,mdcclxxxvi4 7,sculpsit et dicavit ,augustinus ,dupr1 anno #aghf3 ,engraved and dedicated by ,augustin ,dupr1 in the year #aghf74eh ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x and xxiii4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,to the ,honourable ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,paris1 ,june the #adth1 #agij4 ,secretary of ,state4 ,sir3 ,on the news of ,dr4 ,franklin's death being received here1 the ,national ,assembly decreed that they would go in mourning for three days--and that the ,president should write to ,congress to notify to them the part they take in the melancholy event4 ,a kind of enthusiasm has spread also through the different parts of the capital--different societies and bodies have shown their adhesion to the sentiments of the ,national ,assembly in different ways4 ,i am1 etc41 ,wm4 ,,short4 ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,president of the ,national ,assembly of 7p4 #jif7 ,france4 ,to ,philadelphia1 ,march #hth1 #agia4 ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,assembly ,,of ,,france4 ,sir3 ,i have it in charge from the ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america to communicate to the ,national ,assembly of ,france the peculiar sensibility of ,congress to the tribute paid to the memory of ,benjamin ,franklin1 by the enlightened and free ,representatives of a great nation1 in their decree of the #aath of ,june1 #agij4 ,that the loss of such a citizen should be lamented by us1 among whom he lived1 whom he so long and eminently served1 and who feel their country advanced and honoured by his birth1 life and labours1 was to be expected1 but it remained for the ,national ,assembly of ,france to set the first example of the ,representative of one nation doing homage by a public act to the private citizen of another1 and by withdrawing arbitrary lines of separation1 to reduce into one fraternity the good and the great1 wherever they have lived or died4 ,that these separations may disappear between us in all times and circumstances1 and that the union of sentiment1 which mingles our sorrows on this occasion1 may continue long to cement the friendship and the interests of our two nations is our constant prayer4 ,with no one is it more sincere than with him1 who in being charged with the honour of conveying a public sentiment1 is permitted that of expressing the homage of profound respect and veneration with which he is1 ,sir1 your most obedient and humble servant1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,no4 #ag4 7p4 #jig7 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,september #bc1 #aggi4 ,joanni ,pavlo ,jones classis prfecto4 ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,hostivm navibvs captis avt fvgatis4 ,,captain ,,john ,,paul ,,jones4 ,capture of the ,serapis4 ,,joanni ,,pavlo ,,jones ,,classis ,,pr,,fecto4 ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to naval commander ,john ,paul ,jones74 ,bust of ,captain ,jones1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,on edge of bust1 ,,dupr ,f4 7fecit74 ,,hostivm ,,navibvs ,,captis ,,avt ,,fvgatis4 7,the enemy's vessels taken or put to flight47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states frigate ,bonhomme ,richard1 of forty guns1 ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones1 and the ,british frigate ,serapis1 of forty-four guns1 ,captain ,pearson4 ,both vessels are grappled1 lying head and stern4 ,the ,bonhomme ,richard is on fire1 and her crew are boarding the ,serapis4 ,to the left1 a third vessel4#ei ,exergue3 ,,ad ,,oram ,,scoti 7sic7 ,,xxiii ,,sept4 7,septembris7 ,m4,,dcclxxviiii4 7,off the coast of ,scotland1 ,september #bc1 #aggi47 ,,dupr4 ,f4 7fecit74#fj ,footnote #ei3 ,see ,admiral ,jones's curious observations on the position of the accessories on the reverse1 in his letter to ,jefferson1 dated ,august #bi1_/,september #i1 #aghh1 page #aab4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xix1 xx1 xxi1 xxviii2 ,d1 xli2 ,e1 xliv2 ,f1 xlv2 and ,h1 xlvii4 ,the legend on the reverse of the medal is the second of the two proposed by the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres4 ,the first was1 ,,primus ,,americanorum ,,triumphus ,,navalis4 ,the bust of ,john ,paul ,jones1 on the obverse of this medal1 is from a plaster cast by ,houdon1 the celebrated sculptor4 ,,the ,,chevalier ,,john ,,paul ,,jones was born at ,arbingland1 in the 7p4 #jih7 parish of ,kirkbean1 in ,scotland1 ,july #f1 #agdg4 ,he went to sea when young1 and settled in ,virginia in #aggc4 ,in #agge he was appointed a lieutenant in the navy1 through the recommendation of ,general ,jones1 of ,north ,carolina1 and in gratitude to him1 he added the name of ,jones to his family name of ,paul4 ,he joined the ,alfred1 of thirty guns and three hundred men1 and on her deck1 ,october #aj1 #aggf1 when off ,chestnut street wharf1 ,philadelphia1 under a salute of thirteen guns1 hoisted with his own hands the first ,american naval flag4 ,this had thirteen stripes1 but without the blue union1 and bore across the field a rattlesnake with the motto ,don't tread on me4 ,appointed captain in ,october1 #aggf1 he was soon afterward sent by ,congress to ,france1 to arrange certain naval matters with the ,american commissioners4 ,subsequently he carried terror along the coast of ,england1 and on ,september #bc1 #aggi1 fought his famous action off ,flamborough ,head1 near ,scarborough1 in which he took the ,serapis1 ,captain ,richard ,pearson4 ,he was enthusiastically received in ,france1 and ,king ,louis ,,xvi4 presented him with a sword of honor and with the cross of ,military ,merit4 ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal1 in #aghg1 and sent him to ,france1 ,denmark1 and ,sweden1 as agent for prize money4 ,the same year he entered the ,russian service with the rank of rear-admiral1 and received from the ,empress ,catherine ,,ii4 the cross of ,st4 ,anne4 ,he had a command in the squadron stationed in the ,black ,sea1 where he greatly distinguished himself1 but embittered by slanderous calumnies1 he left the ,russian service and settled in ,paris1 where he died in poverty1 ,july #ah1 #agib4 ,the ,national ,assembly of ,france1 then in session1 expressed their regret for him by wearing mourning1 and sent a deputation to attend his funeral4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to the ,chevalier ,john ,paul ,jones4 ,,in ,,congress4 ,resolved unanimously1 ,that a medal of gold be struck and presented to the ,chevalier ,john ,paul ,jones1 in commemoration of the valour and brilliant services of that officer1 in the command of a squadron of ,french and ,american ships1 under the flag and commission of the ,united ,states1 off the coast of ,great ,britain1 in the late war2 and that the ,honourable ,mr4 ,jefferson1 7p4 #jii7 ,minister ,plenipotentiary of the ,united ,states at the ,court of ,versailles1 have the same executed1 with the proper devices4 ,resolved1 ,that a letter be written to ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty1 informing him that the ,united ,states1 in ,congress assembled1 have bestowed upon the ,chevalier ,john ,paul ,jones1 this medal1 as well in consideration of the distinguished marks of approbation which ,his ,majesty has pleased to confer upon that officer1 as from a sense of his merit3 ,and1 that as it is his earnest desire to acquire greater knowledge in his profession1 it would be acceptable to ,congress1 that ,his ,majesty would be pleased to permit him to embark with his fleets of evolution1 convinced that he can no where else so well acquire that knowledge which may hereafter render him more extensively useful4 ,ordered1 ,that the ,secretary of ,foreign ,affairs prepare a letter for the above purpose1 to be signed by the ,president1 and that the ,chevalier ,jones be the bearer of the said letter4 ,tuesday1 ,october #af1 #aghg4 ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones to ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,on board the ship ,serapis1 ,to ,his ,excellency ,at anchor without the ,texel1 in ,holland1 ,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,october #c1 #aggi4 ,honoured and ,dear ,sir3 ,when ,i had the honour of writing to you on the #aath of ,august1 previous to my departure from the ,road of ,groaix1 ,i had before me the most flattering prospect of rendering essential service to the common cause of ,france and ,america4 ,i had a full confidence in the voluntary inclination and ability of every captain under my command to assist and support me in my duty with cheerful emulation2 and ,i was persuaded that every one of them would pursue glory in preference to interest4 ,whether ,i was or was not deceived will best appear by a relation of circumstances4 ,the little squadron under my orders1 consisting of the ,bonhomme ,richard of #dj guns1 the ,alliance of #cf guns1 the ,pallas of #cb guns1 the ,cerf of #ah guns1 and the ,vengeance of #ab guns1 joined by two privateers1 the ,monsieur and the ,granville1 sailed from the ,road of ,groaix at daybreak on the #adth of ,august2 the same day we spoke with a large convoy bound from the southward to ,brest4 ,on the #ahth we retook a large ship belonging to ,holland1 laden chiefly with brandy and wine that had been destined from ,barcelona for ,dunkirk1 and taken eight days before by an ,english privateer4 ,the captain of the ,monsieur1 however1 took out of this prize such articles as he pleased in the night1 and the next day being astern of the squadron and to windward1 he actually wrote orders in his proper name1 and sent away the prize under one of his own officers4 ,this1 however1 ,i superseded by sending her 7p4 #ajj7 for ,l',orient under my orders in the character of commander-in-chief4 ,the evening of the day following the ,monsieur separated from the squadron4 ,on the #bjth we saw and chased a large ship1 but could not overtake her1 she being to windward4 ,on the #bast we saw and chased another ship that was also to windward1 and thereby eluded our pursuit4 ,the same afternoon we took a brigantine called the ,mayflower1 laden with butter and salt provisions1 bound from ,limerick1 in ,ireland1 for ,london2 this vessel ,i immediately expedited for ,l',orient4 ,on the #bc;d we saw ,cape ,clear and ,s4 ,w4 part of ,ireland4 ,that afternoon1 it being calm1 ,i sent some armed boats to take a brigantine that appeared in the ,n4 ,w4 quarter4 ,soon after in the evening it became necessary to have a boat ahead of the ship to tow1 as the helm could not prevent her from laying across the tide of flood1 which would have driven us into a deep and dangerous bay1 situated between the rocks on the south called the ,shallocks1 and on the north called the ,blaskets4 ,the ship's boats being absent1 ,i sent my own barge ahead to tow the ship4 ,the boats took the brigantine1 she was called the ,fortune1 and bound with a cargo of oil1 blubber1 and staves1 from ,newfoundland for ,bristol2 this vessel ,i ordered to proceed immediately for ,nantes or ,st4 ,malo4 ,soon after sunset the villains who towed the ship1 cut the tow rope and decamped with my barge4 ,sundry shots were fired to bring them to without effect2 in the mean time the master of the ,bonhomme ,richard1 without orders1 manned one of the ship's boats1 and with four soldiers pursued the barge in order to stop the deserters4 ,the evening was clear and serene1 but the zeal of that officer1 ,mr4 ,cutting ,lent1 induced him to pursue too far1 and a fog which came on soon afterwards prevented the boats from rejoining the ship1 although ,i caused signal guns to be frequently fired4 ,the fog and calm continued the next day till towards evening4 ,in the afternoon ,captain ,landais came on board the ,bonhomme ,richard and behaved towards me with great disrespect1 affirming in the most indelicate manner and language that ,i had lost my boats and people through my imprudence in sending boats to take a prize6 ,he persisted in his reproaches1 though he was assured by ,messrs4 de ,weibert and de ,chamillard that the barge was towing the ship at the time of elopement1 and that she had not been sent in pursuit of the prize4 ,he was affronted because ,i would not the day before suffer him to chase without my orders1 and to approach the dangerous shore ,i have already mentioned1 where he was an entire stranger1 and when there was not sufficient wind to govern a ship4 ,he told me he was the only ,american in the squadron1 and was determined to follow his own opinion in chasing when and where he thought proper1 and in every other matter that concerned the service1 and that1 if ,i continued in that situation three days longer1 the squadron would be taken1 etc4 ,by the advice of ,captain de ,cottineau1 and with the free consent and approbation of ,m4 de ,varage1 ,i sent the ,cerf in to reconnoitre the coast1 and endeavour to take the boats and people the next day1 while the squadron stood off and on in ,s4 ,w4 quarter1 in the best possible situation to intercept the enemy's merchant ships1 whether outward or homeward bound4 ,the ,cerf had on board a pilot well acquainted with the coast1 and was ordered to join me again before night4 ,i approached the shore in the afternoon1 but the ,cerf did not appear2 this induced me to 7p4 #aja7 stand off again in the night in order to return and be joined by the ,cerf the next day2 but to my great concern and disappointment1 though ,i ranged the coast along1 and hoisted our private signals1 neither the boats nor the ,cerf joined me4 ,the evening of that day1 the #bfth1 brought with it stormy weather1 with the appearance of a severe gale from the ,s4 ,w41 yet ,i must declare ,i did not follow my own judgment1 but was led by the assertion which had fallen from ,captain ,landais1 when ,i in the evening made a signal to steer to the northward and leave that station1 which ,i wished to have occupied at least a week longer4 ,the gale increased in the night with thick weather2 to prevent separation1 ,i carried a top light and fired a gun every quarter of an hour4 ,i carried also a very moderate sail1 and the course had been clearly pointed out by a signal before night2 yet1 with all this precaution1 ,i found myself accompanied only by the brigantine ,vengeance in the morning1 the ,granville having remained astern with a prize1 as ,i have since understood the tiller of the ,pallas broke after midnight1 which disabled her from keeping up1 but no apology has yet been made in behalf of the ,alliance4 ,on the #cast we saw the ,flannen ,islands1 situated near the ,lewis1 on the ,n4 ,w4 coast of ,scotland2 and the next morning1 off ,cape ,wrath1 we gave chase to a ship to windward1 at the same time two ships appearing in the ,n4 ,w4 quarter1 which proved to be the ,alliance and a prize ship which she had taken1 bound1 as ,i understood1 from ,liverpool to ,jamaica4 ,the ship which ,i chased brought to at noon2 she proved to be the ,union1 letter of marque1 bound from ,london for ,quebec1 with a cargo of naval stores on account of government1 adapted for the service of ,british armed vessels on the lakes4 ,the public despatches were lost1 as the ,alliance very imprudently hoisted ,american colours1 though ,english colours were then flying on board the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,captain ,landais sent a small boat to ask whether ,i would man the ship1 or he should1 as in the latter case he would suffer no boat nor person from the ,bonhomme ,richard to go near the prize4 ,ridiculous as this appeared to me1 ,i yielded to it for the sake of peace1 and received the prisoners on board the ,bonhomme ,richard1 while the prize was manned from the ,alliance4 ,in the afternoon another sail appeared1 and ,i immediately made the signal for the ,alliance to chase2 but1 instead of obeying1 he wore and laid the ship's head the other way4 ,the next morning ,i made a signal to speak with the ,alliance1 to which no attention was shown2 ,i then made sail with the ships in company for the second rendezvous which was not far distant1 and where ,i fully expected to be joined by the ,pallas and ,cerf4 ,the #b;d of ,september we saw a sail at daybreak1 and gave chase2 that ship proved to be the ,pallas1 and had met with no success while separated from the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,on the #c;d the ,vengeance brought to a small ,irish brigantine1 bound homeward from ,norway4 ,the same evening ,i sent the ,vengeance in the ,n4 ,e4 quarter to bring up the two prize ships that appeared to me to be too near the islands of ,shetland1 while with the ,alliance and ,pallas ,i endeavoured to weather ,fair ,isle1 and to get into my second rendezvous1 where ,i directed the ,vengeance to join me with the three prizes4 ,the next morning1 having weathered ,fair ,isle1 and not seeing the ,vengeance nor the prizes1 ,i spoke the ,alliance1 and ordered her to steer to the northward and bring them up to the rendezvous4 ,on the morning of the #dth the ,alliance appeared again1 and 7p4 #ajb7 had brought to two very small coasting sloops in ballast1 but without having attended properly to my orders of yesterday4 ,the ,vengeance joined me soon after1 and informed me that in consequence of ,captain ,landais' orders to the commanders of the two prize ships1 they had refused to follow him to the rendezvous4 ,i am to this moment ignorant of what orders these men received from ,captain ,landais1 nor know ,i by virtue of what authority he ventured to give his orders to prizes in my presence1 and without either my knowledge or approbation4 ,captain ,ricot further informed me that he had burnt the prize brigantine1 because that vessel proved leaky2 and ,i was sorry to understand afterward that though the vessel was ,irish property1 the cargo was property of the subjects of ,norway4 ,in the evening ,i sent for all the captains to come on board the ,bonhomme ,richard1 to consult on future plans of operations4 ,captains ,cottineau and ,ricot obeyed me1 but ,captain ,landais obstinately refused1 and after sending me various uncivil messages1 wrote me a very extraordinary letter in answer to a written order which ,i had sent him1 on finding that he had trifled with my verbal orders4 ,the next day a pilot boat came on board from ,shetland1 by which means ,i received such advices as induced me to change a plan which ,i otherwise meant to have pursued2 and as the ,cerf did not appear at my second rendezvous1 ,i determined to steer towards the third in hopes of meeting her there4 ,in the afternoon a gale of wind came on1 which continued four days without intermission4 ,in the second night of that gale the ,alliance1 with her two little prizes1 again separated from the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,i had now with me only the ,pallas and the ,vengeance1 yet ,i did not abandon the hopes of performing some essential service4 ,the winds continued contrary1 so that we did not see the land till the evening of the #acth1 when the hills of the ,cheviot in the ,s4 ,e4 of ,scotland appeared4 ,the next day we chased sundry vessels1 and took a ship and a brigantine1 both from the ,firth of ,edinburgh1 laden with coal4 ,knowing that there lay at anchor in ,leith ,road an armed ship of #bj guns1 with two or three fine cutters1 ,i formed an expedition against ,leith1 which ,i purposed to lay under a large contribution1 or otherwise to reduce it to ashes4 ,had ,i been alone1 the wind being favourable1 ,i would have proceeded directly up the ,firth1 and must have succeeded1 as they lay there in a state of perfect indolence and security1 which would have proved their ruin4 ,unfortunately for me1 the ,pallas and ,vengeance were both at a considerable distance in the offing1 they having chased to the southward2 this obliged us to steer out of the ,firth again to meet them4 ,the captains of the ,pallas and ,vengeance being come on board the ,bonhomme ,richard1 ,i communicated to them my project1 to which many difficulties and objections were made by them2 at last1 however1 they appeared to think better of the design1 after ,i had assured them that ,i hoped to raise #bjj1jjj pounds sterling on ,leith1 and that there was no battery of cannon there to oppose our landing4 ,so much time1 however1 was unavoidably spent in pointed remarks and sage deliberation that night1 that the wind became contrary in the morning4 ,we continued working to windward up the ,firth without being able to reach the road of ,leith1 till1 on the morning of the #agth1 when1 being almost within cannon shot of the town1 having 7p4 #ajc7 everything in readiness for a descent1 a very severe gale of wind came on1 and being directly contrary1 obliged us to bear away1 after having in vain endeavoured for some time to withstand its violence4 ,the gale was so severe that one of the prizes that had been taken on the #adth sunk to the bottom1 the crew being with difficulty saved4 ,as the alarm by this time had reached ,leith by means of a cutter that had watched our motions that morning1 and as the wind continued contrary 7though more moderate in the evening71 ,i thought it impossible to pursue the enterprize with a good prospect of success2 especially as ,edinburgh1 where there is always a number of troops1 is only a mile distant from ,leith1 therefore ,i gave up the project4 ,on the #aith1 having taken a sloop and a brigantine in ballast1 with a sloop laden with building timber1 ,i proposed another project to ,m4 ,cottineau1 which would have been highly honourable though not profitable2 many difficulties were made1 and our situation was represented as being the most perilous4 ,the enemy1 he said1 would send against us a superior force1 and that if ,i obstinately continued on the coast of ,england two days longer1 we should all be taken4 ,the ,vengeance having chased along shore to the southward1 ,captain ,cottineau said he would follow her with the prizes1 as ,i was unable to make much sail1 having that day been obliged to strike the main-top-mast to repair damages2 and as ,i afterward understood1 he told ,m4 de ,chamillard that unless ,i joined them the next day1 both the ,pallas and the ,vengeance would leave that coast4 ,i had thoughts of attempting the enterprize alone after the ,pallas had made sail to join the ,vengeance4 ,i am persuaded1 even now1 that ,i would have succeeded1 and to the honour of my young officers1 ,i found them as ardently disposed to the business as ,i could desire2 nothing prevented me from pursuing my design but the reproach that would have been cast upon my character1 as a man of prudence1 had the enterprize miscarried4 ,it would have been said1 was he not forewarned by ,capt4 ,cottineau and others8 ,i made sail along shore to the southward1 and next morning took a coasting sloop1 in ballast1 which1 with another that ,i had taken the night before1 ,i ordered to be sunk4 ,in the evening ,i again met with the ,pallas and ,vengeance1 off ,whitby4 ,captain ,cottineau told me he had sunk the brigantine1 and ransomed the sloop1 laden with building timber1 that had been taken the day before4 ,i had told ,captain ,cottineau1 the day before1 that ,i had no authority to ransom prizes4 ,on the #bast we saw and chased two sail1 off ,flamborough ,head1 the ,pallas in the ,n4 ,e4 quarter1 while the ,bonhomme ,richard followed by the ,vengeance in the ,s4 ,w4 ,the one ,i chased1 a brigantine collier in ballast1 belonging to ,scarborough1 was soon taken1 and sunk immediately afterward1 as a fleet then appeared to the southward4 ,it was so late in the day that ,i could not come up with the fleet before night2 at length1 however1 ,i got so near one of them as to force her to run ashore1 between ,flamborough ,head and the ,spurn4 ,soon after ,i took another1 a brigantine from ,holland1 belonging to ,sunderland2 and at daylight the next morning1 seeing a fleet steering towards me from the ,spurn1 ,i imagined them to be a convoy1 bound from ,london for ,leith1 which had been for some time expected2 one of them had a pendant hoisted1 and appeared to be a ship of force4 ,they had not1 however1 courage to come on1 but kept back1 all except the one which seemed to be armed1 and that one also kept to windward 7p4 #ajd7 very near the land1 and on the edge of dangerous shoals1 where ,i could not with safety approach4 ,this induced me to make a signal for a pilot1 and soon afterward two pilot boats came off2 they informed me that the ship that wore a pendant was an armed merchant ship1 and that a king's frigate lay there in sight1 at anchor within the ,humber1 waiting to take under convoy a number of merchant ships bound to the northward4 ,the pilots imagined the ,bonhomme ,richard to be an ,english ship of war1 and1 consequently1 communicated to me the private signal which they had been required to make4 ,i endeavoured by this means to decoy the ships out of the port1 but the wind then changing1 and with the tide becoming unfavourable for them1 the deception had not the desired effect1 and they wisely put back4 ,the entrance of the ,humber is exceedingly difficult and dangerous1 and1 as the ,pallas was not in sight1 ,i thought it not prudent to remain off the entrance2 ,i1 therefore1 steered out again to join the ,pallas off ,flamborough ,head4 ,in the night we saw and chased two ships until three o'clock in the morning1 when1 being at a very small distance from them1 ,i made the private signal of recognizance1 which ,i had given to each captain before ,i sailed from ,groaix4 ,one half of the answer only was returned4 ,in this position both sides lay to till daylight1 when the ships proved to be the ,alliance and the ,pallas4 ,on the morning of that day1 the #bc;d of ,september1 the brig from ,holland not being in sight1 we chased a brigantine that appeared laying to windward4 ,about noon we saw and chased a large ship that appeared coming round ,flamborough ,head1 from the northward1 and at the same time ,i manned and armed one of the pilot boats to sail in pursuit of the brigantine1 which now appeared to be the vessel that ,i had forced ashore4 ,soon after this a fleet of forty-one sail appeared off ,flamborough ,head1 bearing ,n4 ,n4 ,e42 this induced me to abandon the single ship which had then anchored in ,burlington ,bay2 ,i also called back the pilot boat and hoisted a signal for a general chase4 ,when the fleet discovered us bearing down all the merchant ships crowded sail towards the shore4 ,the two ships of war that protected the fleet at the same time steered from the land1 and made the disposition for the battle4 ,in approaching the enemy ,i crowded every possible sail1 and made the signal for the line of battle1 to which the ,alliance showed no attention4 ,earnest as ,i was for the action1 ,i could not reach the commodore's ship until seven in the evening1 being then within pistol shot1 when he hailed the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,we answered him by firing a whole broadside4 ,the battle being thus begun1 was continued with unremitting fury4 ,every method was practised on both sides to gain an advantage1 and rake each other2 and ,i must confess that the enemy's ship being much more manageable than the ,bonhomme ,richard1 gained thereby several times an advantageous situation1 in spite of my best endeavours to prevent it4 ,as ,i had to deal with an enemy of greatly superior force1 ,i was under the necessity of closing with him1 to prevent the advantage which he had over me in point of manoeuvre4 ,it was my intention to lay the ,bonhomme ,richard athwart the enemy's bow1 but as that operation required great dexterity in the management of both sails and helm1 and some of our braces being shot away1 it did not exactly succeed to my wishes2 the enemy's bowsprit1 however1 came over the ,bonhomme ,richard's poop1 by the mizzen mast1 and ,i made both ships fast together in that situation1 which1 by the action of the wind 7p4 #aje7 on the enemy's sails1 forced her stern close to the ,bonhomme ,richard's bow1 so that the ships lay square alongside of each other1 the yards being all entangled1 and the cannon of each ship touching the opponent's side4 ,when this position took place it was eight o'clock1 previous to which the ,bonhomme ,richard had received sundry eighteen pound shot below the water and leaked very much4 ,my battery of #ab-pounders1 on which ,i had placed my chief dependence1 being commanded by ,lieut4 ,dale and ,col4 ,weibert1 and manned principally with ,american seamen and ,french volunteers1 were entirely silenced and abandoned4 ,as to the six old #ah-pounders that formed the battery of the lower gun-deck1 they did no service whatever2 two out of three of them burst at the first fire1 and killed almost all the men who were stationed to manage them4 ,before this time1 too1 ,col4 de ,chamillard1 who commanded a party of twenty soldiers on the poop1 had abandoned that station1 after having lost some of his men4 ,these men deserted their quarters4 ,i had now only two pieces of cannon1 #i-pounders1 on the quarter-deck that were not silenced1 and not one of the heavier cannon was fired during the rest of the action4 ,the purser1 ,mr4 ,mease1 who commanded the guns on the quarter-deck1 being dangerously wounded in the head1 ,i was obliged to fill his place1 and with great difficulty rallied a few men1 and shifted over one of the lee quarter-deck guns1 so that we afterwards played three pieces of #i-pounders upon the enemy4 ,the tops alone seconded the fire of this little battery1 and held out bravely during the whole of the action2 especially the main top1 where ,lieut4 ,stack commanded4 ,i directed the fire of one of the three cannon against the main-mast with double-headed shot1 while the other two were exceedingly well served with grape and canister-shot to silence the enemy's musketry1 and clear her decks1 which was at last effected4 ,the enemy were1 as ,i have since understood1 on the instant of calling for quarter1 when the cowardice or treachery of three of my under officers induced them to call to the enemy4 ,the ,english commodore asked me if ,i demanded quarter1 and ,i having answered him in the most determined negative1 they renewed the battle with double fury2 they were unable to stand the deck1 but the fire of their cannon1 especially the lower battery1 which was entirely formed of #ah-pounders1 was incessant4 ,both ships were set on fire in various places1 and the scene was dreadful beyond the reach of language4 ,to account for the timidity of my three under officers1 ,i mean the gunner1 the carpenter1 and the master-at-arms1 ,i must observe that the two first were slightly wounded1 and as the ship had received various shots under water1 and one of the pumps being shot away1 the carpenter expressed his fear that she would sink1 and the other two concluded that she was sinking1 which occasioned the gunner to run aft on the poop1 without my knowledge1 to strike the colours2 fortunately for me1 a cannon ball had done that before1 by carrying away the ensign staff2 he was1 therefore1 reduced to the necessity of sinking1 as he supposed1 or of calling for quarter1 and he preferred the latter4 ,all this time the ,bonhomme ,richard had sustained the action alone1 and the enemy1 though much superior in force1 would have been very glad to have got clear1 as appeared by their own acknowledgments1 and their having let go an anchor the instant ,i laid them on board1 by which means they would have escaped1 had ,i not made them well fast to the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,at last1 at half-past nine o'clock1 the ,alliance appeared1 7p4 #ajf7 and ,i now thought the battle at an end2 but to my utter astonishment1 he discharged a broadside full into the stern of the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,we called to him for ,god's sake to forbear firing into the ,bonhomme ,richard2 yet he passed along the off side of the ship1 and continued firing4 ,there was no possibility of his mistaking the enemy's ship for the ,bonhomme ,richard1 there being the most essential difference in their appearance and construction2 besides it was then full moonlight1 and the sides of the ,bonhomme ,richard were all black1 while the sides of the prizes were yellow2 yet1 for their greater security1 ,i showed the signal of our reconnoissance by putting out three lanterns1 one at the head 7bow71 another at the stern 7quarter71 and the third in the middle1 in a horizontal line4 ,every tongue cried that he was firing into the wrong ship1 but nothing availed1 he passed round1 firing into the ,bonhomme ,richard's head1 stern1 and broadside1 and by one of his volleys killed several of my best men and mortally wounded a good officer on the forecastle4 ,my situation was really deplorable4 ,the ,bonhomme ,richard received various shots under water from the ,alliance2 the leak gained on the pumps2 and the fire increased much on board both ships4 ,some officers persuaded me to strike1 of whose courage and good sense ,i entertain a high opinion4 ,my treacherous master-at-arms let loose all my prisoners1 without my knowledge1 and my prospect became gloomy indeed4 ,i would not1 however1 give up the point4 ,the enemy's main-mast began to shake1 their firing decreased1 ours rather increased1 and the ,british colours were struck at half an hour past ten o'clock4 ,this prize proved to be the ,british ship-of-war the ,serapis1 a new ship of #dd guns1 built on their most approved construction1 with two complete batteries1 one of them #ah-pounders1 and commanded by the brave ,commodore ,richard ,pearson4 ,i had yet two enemies to encounter far more formidable than the ,britons--,i mean fire1 and water4 ,the ,serapis was attacked only by the first1 but the ,bonhomme ,richard was assailed by both3 there were five feet water in the hold1 and though it was moderate from the explosion of so much gunpowder1 yet the three pumps that remained could with difficulty only keep the water from gaining4 ,the fire broke out in various parts of the ship1 in spite of all the water that could be thrown to quench it1 and at length broke out as low as the powder magazine1 and within a few inches of the powder4 ,in that dilemma1 ,i took out the powder upon deck1 ready to be thrown overboard at the last extremity1 and it was #aj o'clock the next day1 the #bdth1 before the fire was entirely extinguished4 ,with respect to the situation of the ,bonhomme ,richard1 the rudder was cut entirely off the stern frame1 and the transoms were almost entirely cut away2 the timbers1 by the lower deck especially1 from the mainmast to the stern1 being greatly decayed with age1 were mangled beyond my power of description2 and a person must have been an eye witness to form a just idea of the tremendous scene of carnage1 wreck1 and ruin that everywhere appeared4 ,humanity cannot but recoil from the prospect of such finished horror1 and lament that war should produce such fatal consequences4 ,after the carpenters1 as well as ,capt4 de ,cottineau1 and other men of sense had well examined and surveyed the ship 7which was not finished before five in the evening71 ,i found every person to be convinced that it was impossible to keep the ,bonhomme 7p4 #ajg7 ,richard afloat so as to reach a port if the wind should increase1 it being then only a very moderate breeze4 ,i had but little time to remove my wounded1 which now became unavoidable1 and which was effected in the course of the night and next morning4 ,i was determined to keep the ,bonhomme ,richard afloat1 and1 if possible1 to bring her into port4 ,for that purpose1 the first lieutenant of the ,pallas continued on board with a party of men to attend the pumps1 with boats in waiting1 ready to take them on board1 in case the water should gain on them too fast4 ,the wind augmented in the night and the next day1 on the #beth1 so that it was impossible to prevent the good old ship from sinking4 ,they did not abandon her until after #i o'clock2 the water was then up to the lower deck1 and a little after ten1 ,i saw with inexpressible grief the last glimpse of the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,no lives were lost with the ship1 but it was impossible to save the stores of any sort whatever4 ,i lost even the best part of my clothes1 books1 and papers2 and several of my officers lost all their clothes and effects4 ,having thus endeavoured to give a clear and simple relation of the circumstances and events that have attended the little armament under my command1 ,i shall freely submit my conduct therein to the censure of my superiors and the impartial public4 ,i beg leave1 however1 to observe1 that the force that was put under my command was far from being well composed2 and as the great majority of the actors in it have appeared bent on the pursuit of interest only1 ,i am exceedingly sorry that they and ,i have been at all concerned4 ,i am in the highest degree sensible of the singular attentions which ,i have experienced from the court of ,france1 which ,i shall remember with perfect gratitude until the end of my life1 and will always endeavour to merit1 while ,i can1 consistent with my honour1 continue in the public service4 ,i must speak plainly4 ,as ,i have always been honoured with the full confidence of ,congress1 and as ,i always flattered myself with enjoying in some measure the confidence of the court of ,france1 ,i could not but be astonished at the conduct of ,m4 de ,chaumont1 when1 in the moment of my departure from ,groaix1 he produced a paper1 a concordat1 for me to sign1 in common with the officers whom ,i had commissioned but a few days before4 ,had that paper1 or even a less dishonourable one1 been proposed to me at the beginning1 ,i would have rejected it with just contempt1 and the word dplacement1 among others1 should have been necessary4 ,i cannot1 however1 even now suppose that he was authorized by the court to make such a bargain with me2 nor can ,i suppose that the minister of marine meant that ,m4 de ,chaumont should consider me merely as a colleague with the commanders of the other ships1 and communicate to them not only all he knew1 but all he thought1 respecting our destination and operations4 ,m4 de ,chaumont has made me various reproaches on account of the expense of the ,bonhomme ,richard1 wherewith ,i cannot think ,i have been justly chargeable4 ,m4 de ,chamillard can attest that the ,bonhomme ,richard was at last far from being well fitted or armed for war4 ,if any person or persons who have been charged with the expense of that armament have acted wrong1 the fault must not be laid to my charge4 ,i had no authority to superintend that armament1 and the persons who had authority were so far from giving me what ,i thought necessary that ,m4 de ,chaumont even refused1 among other things1 to allow me irons to secure the prisoners of war4 ,in short1 while my life remains1 if ,i have any capacity to 7p4 #ajh7 render good and acceptable services to the common cause1 no man will step forward with greater cheerfulness and alacrity than myself1 but ,i am not made to be dishonoured1 nor can ,i accept of the half confidence of any man living2 of course1 ,i cannot1 consistent with my honour and a prospect of success1 undertake future expeditions1 unless when the object and destination is communicated to me alone1 and to no other person in the marine line4 ,in cases where troops are embarked1 a like confidence is due alone to their commander-in-chief4 ,on no other condition will ,i ever undertake the chief command of a private expedition2 and when ,i do not command in chief1 ,i have no desire to be in the secret4 ,captain ,cottineau engaged the ,countess of ,scarborough1 and took her after an hour's action1 while the ,bonhomme ,richard engaged the ,serapis4 ,the ,countess of ,scarborough is an armed ship of #bj six-pounders1 and was commanded by a king's officer4 ,in the action1 the ,countess of ,scarborough and the ,serapis were at a considerable distance asunder2 and the ,alliance1 as ,i am informed1 fired into the ,pallas1 and killed some men4 ,if it should be asked why the convoy was suffered to escape1 ,i must answer1 that ,i was myself in no condition to pursue1 and that none of the rest showed any inclination1 not even ,m4 ,ricot1 who had held off at a distance to windward during the whole action1 and withheld by force the pilot boat with my lieutenant and #ae men4 ,the ,alliance1 too1 was in a state to pursue the fleet1 not having had a single man wounded1 or a single shot fired at her from the ,serapis1 and only three that did execution from the ,countess of ,scarborough1 at such a distance that one stuck in the side1 and the other two just touched and then dropped into the water4 ,the ,alliance killed one man only on board the ,serapis4 ,as ,captain de ,cottineau charged himself with manning and securing the prisoners of the ,countess of ,scarborough1 ,i think the escape of the ,baltic fleet cannot so well be charged to his account4 ,i should have mentioned that the main-mast and mizzen topmast of the ,serapis fell overboard soon after the captain had come on board the ,bonhomme ,richard4 ,upon the whole1 the captain of the ,alliance has behaved so very ill in every respect that ,i must complain loudly of his conduct4 ,he pretends that he is authorized to act independent of my command4 ,i have been taught the contrary2 but1 supposing it to be so1 his conduct has been base and unpardonable4 ,m4 de ,chamillard will explain the particulars4 ,either ,captain ,landais or myself is highly criminal1 and one or the other must be punished4 ,i forbear to take any steps with him until ,i have the advice and approbation of ,your ,excellency4 ,i have been advised by all the officers of the squadron to put ,m4 ,landais under arrest2 but1 as ,i have postponed it so long1 ,i will bear with him a little longer1 until the return of my express4 ,we this day anchored here1 having since the action been tossed to and fro by contrary winds4 ,i wished to have gained the road of ,dunkirk on account of our prisoners1 but was overruled by the majority of my colleagues4 ,i shall hasten up to ,amsterdam1 and there1 if ,i meet with no orders from my government1 ,i will take the advice of the ,french ambassador4 ,it is my present intention to have the ,countess of ,scarborough ready to transport the prisoners from hence to ,dunkirk1 unless it should be found more expedient to deliver them to the ,english ambassador1 taking his obligation to send to ,dunkirk1 c41 immediately an equal number of ,american prisoners4 ,i am under strong apprehensions that our object here will fail1 and that through the imprudence of 7p4 #aji7 ,m4 de ,chaumont1 who has communicated everything he knew or thought on the matter to persons who cannot help talking of it at a full table4 ,this is the way he keeps state secrets1 though he never mentioned the affair to me4 ,i am ever1 c41 ,john ,p4 ,,jones4 ,m4 de ,sartine to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,mr4 ,,huntington1 ,versailles1 ,may #cj1 #aghj4 ,president of the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,commodore ,paul ,jones1 after having shown to all ,europe1 and particularly to the enemies of ,france and the ,united ,states1 the most unquestionable proofs of his valour and talents1 is about returning to ,america to give an account to ,congress of the success of his military operations4 ,i am convinced1 ,sir1 that the reputation he has so justly acquired will precede him1 and that the recital of his actions alone will suffice to prove to his fellow citizens that his abilities are equal to his courage4 ,but the ,king has thought proper to add ,his suffrage and attention to the public opinion4 ,he has expressly charged me to inform you how perfectly ,he is satisfied with the services of the ,commodore1 persuaded that ,congress will render him the same justice4 ,he has offered1 as a proof of ,his esteem1 to present him with a sword1 which cannot be placed in better hands1 and likewise proposes to ,congress to decorate this brave officer with the ,cross of ,military ,merit4#fa ,his ,majesty conceives that this particular distinction1 by holding forth the same honours to the two nations1 united by the same interests1 will be looked upon as one tie more that connects them1 and will support that emulation which is so precious to the common cause4 ,if1 after having approved the conduct of the ,commodore1 it should be thought proper to give him the command of any new expedition to ,europe1 ,his ,majesty will receive him again with pleasure1 and presumes that ,congress will oppose nothing that may be judged expedient to secure the success of his enterprizes4 ,my personal esteem for him induces me to recommend him very particularly to you1 ,sir1 and ,i dare flatter myself that the reception he will receive from ,congress and you1 will warrant the sentiments with which he has inspired me4 ,i have the honour of being1 c41 ,,de ,,sartine4 ,footnote #fa3 ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones was the only ,american officer decorated by the ,king of ,france during the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,m4 de ,sartine to ,commodore ,john ,paul ,jones4 ,mr4 ,paul ,,jones1 ,versailles1 ,june #bh1 #aghj4 ,commodore in the ,navy of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,sir3 ,the ,king has already testified ,his approbation of the zeal and valour which you have displayed in ,europe1 in support of the common cause between the ,united ,states and ,his ,majesty1 and 7p4 #aaj7 ,he has also informed you of the distinguished proofs ,he is disposed to give you thereof4 ,persuaded that the ,united ,states will give their consent that you should receive the cross of the institution of ,military ,merit1 ,i send you1 in the packet addressed to ,m4 de la ,luzerne1 the one designed for you4 ,you will be pleased to deliver him this packet1 and he will confer on you this distinction by a chevalier of the institution1 agreeably to ,his ,majesty's orders4 ,but at any rate that you should have a proof of the ,king's approbation and munificence1 ,his ,majesty has ordered a gold headed sword to be made for you1 which will be immediately delivered to you1 and ,he has the greatest confidence in the use you will make of it for ,his glory and that of the ,united ,states4 ,i have the honour1 etc41 ,,de ,,sartine4 ,resolution of ,congress ,authorizing ,captain ,jones to ,accept from the ,king of ,france the ,cross of ,military ,merit4 ,,in ,,congress4 ,the ,committee to whom was referred the letter of ,may #cj1 #aghj1 from ,m4 de ,sartine1 delivered in a report1 whereupon ,resolved1 ,that the ,congress entertain a high sense of the distinguished bravery and military conduct of ,john ,paul ,jones1 ,esq41 captain in the navy of the ,united ,states1 and particularly in his victory over the ,british frigate ,serapis on the coast of ,england1 which was attended with circumstances so brilliant as to excite general applause and admiration4 ,that the ,minister ,plenipotentiary of these ,united ,states at the ,court of ,versailles1 communicate to ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty the high satisfaction ,congress have received from the conduct and gallant behaviour of ,captain ,john ,paul ,jones1 which have merited the attention and approbation of ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty1 and that ,his ,majesty's offer of adorning ,captain ,jones with a ,cross of ,military ,merit is highly acceptable to ,congress4 ,february #bg1 #agha4 ,the ,united ,states to the ,king of ,france4 ,,in ,,congress1 ,october #ai1 #aghg4 ,the ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs reports that agreeably to the order of the #afth1 he hath prepared the following letter to ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty1 which having been duly signed and countersigned1 was delivered to the ,chevalier ,john ,paul ,jones4 ,,great ,,and ,,beloved ,,friend3 ,we1 the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled1 in consideration of the distinguished marks of approbation with which ,your ,majesty has been pleased to honour the ,chevalier ,john ,paul ,jones1 as 7p4 #aaa7 well as from a sense of his merit1 have unanimously directed a medal of gold to be struck and presented to him1 in commemoration of his valour and brilliant services1 while commanding a squadron of ,french and ,american ships under our flag and commission1 off the coast of ,great ,britain1 in the late war4 ,as it is his earnest desire to acquire greater knowledge in his profession1 we cannot forbear requesting of ,your ,majesty to permit him to embark in your fleets of evolution1 where only it will be probably in his power to acquire that degree of knowledge which may hereafter render him more extensively useful4 ,permit us to repeat to ,your ,majesty our sincere assurances that the various and important benefits for which we are indebted to your friendship will never cease to interest us in whatever may concern the happiness of ,your ,majesty1 your family1 and people4 ,we pray ,god to keep you1 our great and beloved friend1 under his holy protection4 ,done at the city of ,new ,york1 the nineteenth day of ,october1 in the year of our ,lord #aghg1 and of our sovereignty and independence the #abth4 ,thomas ,jefferson to ,general ,washington4 ,to ,general ,,washington4 ,paris1 ,may #b1 #aghh4 ,dear ,sir3 ,the war between the ,russians and ,turks has made an opening for ,commodore ,paul ,jones4 ,the ,empress has invited him into her service4 ,she insures to him the rank of a ,rear ,admiral and will give him a separate command1 and it is understood that he is never to be commanded4 ,i think she means to oppose him to the ,captain ,pasha on the ,black ,sea4 ,he is1 by this time1 probably at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the circumstances did not permit his awaiting the permission of ,congress1 because the season was close at hand for opening the campaign4 ,but he has made it a condition that he shall be free at all times to return to the orders of ,congress1 whenever they shall please to call for him2 and also that he shall not1 in any case1 be expected to bear arms against ,france4 ,i believe ,congress had it in contemplation to give him the grade of ,admiral from the date of his taking the ,serapis4 ,such a measure now would greatly gratify him1 second the efforts of fortune in his favour and better the opportunities of improving him for our service1 whenever the moment shall come in which we may want him4 ,i have the honour to be ,your ,excellency's most obedient and most humble servant1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,admiral ,john ,paul ,jones to ,thomas ,jefferson4 7p4 #aab7 ,his ,excellency ,on board the ,wladimir1 ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,esq4 ,before ,oczacoff1 ,august #bj--,september #i1 #aghh4 ,sir3 ,some of my friends in ,america did me the honour to ask for my bust4 ,i enclose the names of eight gentlemen1 to each of whom ,i promised to send one4 ,you will oblige me by desiring ,mr4 ,houdon to have them prepared and packed up1 two and two2 and if ,mr4 ,short1 to whom ,i present my respects1 will take the trouble to forward them by good opportunities1 via ,havre de ,grace1 writing1 at the same time1 a few words to each of these gentlemen1 ,i shall esteem it a particular favour4 ,before ,i left ,copenhagen1 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,amoureux1 merchant at ,l',orient1 to dispose of some articles of mine in his hands1 and remit you the amount4 ,i hope he has done it1 and that his remittance may be sufficient to pay ,mr4 ,houdon1 and the expense of striking the medal with which ,i am honoured by the ,united ,states4 ,but lest this should not turn out as ,i expect1 ,i have directed ,dr4 ,bancroft to pay any draft of yours on him for my account1 as far as four or five thousand livres4 ,i shall want four gold medals as soon as the dies are finished4 ,i must present one to the ,united ,states1 another to the ,king of ,france1 and ,i cannot do less than offer one to the ,empress4 ,as you will keep the dies for me1 it is my intention to have some more gold medals struck2 therefore ,i beg you1 in the meantime1 not to permit the striking of a single silver or copper medal4 ,i send enclosed an extract from my journal on my expedition from ,france to ,holland1 in the year #aggi1 for the information of the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres4 ,i trust1 at the same time1 more to your judgment than to theirs4 ,there is a medallist who executed three medals for me in wax1 one of them is the battle between the ,bonhomme ,richard and the ,serapis4 ,the position of the two ships is not much amiss2 but the necessary figures are much too near the principal objects2 and he has placed them to windward1 instead of being as they really were1 to leeward of the ,bonhomme ,richard and ,serapis4 ,i do not at this moment recollect the medallist's name1 but he lives on the #c;d or #dth stage1 at a marble cutter's almost opposite1 but a little higher than your former house1 ,cul-de-sac ,rue ,taitbout1 and may be easily found4 ,it would be of use to see the medal he has made1 although it is by no means to be copied4 ,i have not comprehended1 in the extract of my journal1 the extreme difficulties ,i met with in ,holland1 nor my departure from the ,texel in the ,alliance1 when ,i was forced out by the ,vice ,admiral ,rhynst1 in the face of the enemy's fleet4 ,the critical situation ,i was in1 in ,holland1 needs no explanation1 and ,i shall not say how much the honour of the ,american flag depended on my conduct1 or how much it affected all the belligerent powers4 ,i shall only say it was a principal cause of the resentment of ,england against ,holland1 and the war that ensued4 ,it is for you and the ,academy to determine whether that part of my services ought to be the subject of one side of the medal4 ,i am1 with perfect esteem and attachment1 ,your ,excellency's most obedient humble servant1 ,j4 ,p4 ,,jones4 ,no4 #ah4 7p4 #aac7 ,,plates ,,xviii and ,,xix4 ,april #cj1 #aghi--,march #d1 #agig4 ,george ,washington1 ,president1 #agib4 ,,president ,,george ,,washington4 ,first ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,general ,washington in uniform and bareheaded1 standing1 facing the left1 has just given the calumet of peace to an ,indian chief1 who is smoking it4 ,the ,indian1 standing1 facing the right1 has a large medal suspended from around his neck2 on the left1 a pine tree2 at its foot1 a tomahawk2 in the background1 a farmer ploughing4 ,exergue3 ,,george ,,washington ,,president4 #agib4 ,the arms and crest of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,arms3 ,paleways of thirteen pieces1 argent and gules1 a chief1 azure4 ,the escutcheon on the breast of the ,american eagle1 displayed proper1 holding in his dexter talon an olive branch1 and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows1#fb all proper1 and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto1 ,e ,,pluribus ,,unum 7,one out of many74 ,crest3 ,over the head of the eagle1 which appears above the escutcheon1 a glory1 or1 breaking through a cloud1 proper1 and surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation1 argent1 on an azure field4#fc ,footnote #fb3 ,the thirteen original ,states4 ,footnote #fc3 ,see ,,introduction1 page xxvi4 ,it was then customary with the ,indians1 when they made a treaty of peace1 to simulate the burying of the tomahawk4 ,in a speech of ,red ,jacket's to the ,honorable ,samuel ,dexter1 secretary of ,war1 delivered at ,philadelphia1 ,february #aa1 #ahjb1 is the following passage3 ,brother1 you offered to join with us in tearing up the largest pine tree in our forests1 and under it to bury the tomahawk4 ,we 7p4 #aad7 gladly join with you1 brother1 in this work1 and let us heap rocks and stones on the root of this tree1 that the tomahawk may never again be found4 ,the engraving is a representation of the medal generally known as the ,red ,jacket medal1 from its having been given by ,president ,washington to the celebrated ,seneca orator and chief ,sa-go-ya-wat-ha 7,he keeps them awake71 better known as ,red ,jacket1 on the occasion of his visit to ,philadelphia in ,march and ,april1 #agib4 ,on the death of this great chief of the ,six ,nations of the ,state of ,new ,york 7,mohawks1 ,oneidas1 ,onondagas1 ,cayugas1 ,senecas1 and ,tuscaroras71 in #ahcj1 it passed into the hands of his nephew the ,seneca chief ,so-sa-wa 7,corpulent man71 ,james ,johnson4 ,it now belongs to ,james ,johnson's grand-nephew1 ,do-ne-ho-g-wa 7,open door71 ,general ,ely ,s4 ,parker1 who served during the ,civil ,war on the staff of ,general ,u4,s4 ,grant4 ,he was afterward for some time commissioner of ,indian ,affairs1 and is now living in the city of ,new ,york4 ,it is owing to the politeness of ,general ,parker that ,i am able to give an engraving of this1 the only well-authenticated ,washington ,indian peace medal1 although similar ones were given during his administration to different ,indian chiefs1 as will be seen from the following extract from a message addressed by ,general ,knox1 then secretary of ,war1 to the ,choctaw nation1 and dated ,philadelphia1 ,february1 #ag1 #agib3 ,brothers1 your father1 ,general ,washington1 sends you two great silver medals--you will point out the two great chiefs who are to receive these marks of distinction4 ,general ,parker says that this medal was made by ,dr4 ,rittenhouse1 who was director of the ,united ,states ,mint at ,philadelphia from #agib till #agie1 that these medals were of three sizes from ,president ,jefferson to ,president ,fillmore's administration1 and that they were given to ,indian chiefs according to their rank4 ,since then they have been made of two sizes only4 ,no4 #ai4 7p4 #aae7 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,april #cj1 #agij4 ,to ,peace and ,commerce4 ,rx4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,the ,,diplomatic ,,medal4 ,,to ,,peace ,,and ,,commerce4 ,to the left1 ,america1 personified as an ,indian queen1 seated1 facing the right1 and holding in her left hand the cornucopia of abundance 7,peace71 welcomes ,mercury 7,commerce7 to her shores1 and with her right calls his attention to her products1 packed ready for transportation4 ,in the background1 to the right1 the sea1 and a ship under full sail4 ,exergue3 ,,iv ,,jul4 ,,mdcclxxvi4 7#d ,julii1 #aggf3 ,july #d1 #aggf74 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,the arms and crest of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,arms3 ,paleways of thirteen pieces1 argent and gules1 a chief1 azure4 ,the escutcheon on the breast of the ,american eagle1 displayed proper1 holding in his dexter talon an olive branch1 and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows1#fd all proper1 and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto1 ,e ,,pluribus ,,unum 7,one out of many74 ,crest3 ,over the head of the eagle1 which appears above the escutcheon3 a glory1 or1 breaking through a cloud1 proper1 and surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation1 argent1 on an azure field4#fe ,footnote #fd3 ,the thirteen original ,states4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x1 xxix and xxx4 ,only two of these ,diplomatic medals have thus far been awarded1 one to the ,marquis de la ,luzerne and the other to the ,count de ,moustier4 ,c,,sar ,,anne ,,de ,,la ,,luzerne was born in ,paris in #agda4 ,he was 7p4 #aaf7 graduated at the ,chevau-lgers school1 became aide-de-camp to the ,duke de ,broglie2 was appointed major-general of cavalry in #agfb2 and colonel of the ,french grenadiers in #aggf4 ,quitting the army1 he entered the diplomatic service1 and was envoy to the court of ,maximilian ,joseph1 ,elector of ,bavaria1 in #agff1 and minister to the ,united ,states in #aggi-aghd4 ,he contracted1 under his own responsibility1 a loan to relieve the distress of the ,american army in #aghj2 received from ,harvard ,college the degree of ,,ll4,d4 in #agha1 and the same from ,dartmouth ,college in #aghb4 ,he was appointed ambassador to ,england in ,january1 #aghh4 ,thomas ,jefferson1 then secretary of ,state1 wrote to him1 ,april #cj1 #agij1 by order of ,president ,washington1 conveying to him an express acknowledgment of his services1 and of the high appreciation of them by the government and people of ,america1 informing him also that1 by order of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 a medal and a chain of gold would be prepared and delivered to him by the charg d'affaires of the ,united ,states at the court of ,france4 ,the ,marquis de la ,luzerne died in ,london1 ,september #ad1 #agia1 before the medal was finished4 ,l,,onore ,,fran,,ois ,,lie1 ,,count1 ,,afterward ,,marquis1 ,,de ,,moustier1 was born in ,paris1 ,march #ae1 #agea4 ,he entered the army when but fourteen years of age1 and at sixteen was sub-lieutenant in the ,royal ,navarre cavalry2 captain in the ,dauphin dragoons #agga2 mestre-de-camp1 #aggg1 and soon after marchal-de-camp2 and lieutenant-general1 #ahaf4 ,entering the diplomatic service in #agga1 he first served as gentilhomme d'ambassade in ,lisbon1 then as conseiller d'ambassade in ,london1 #aggb2 was charg d'affaires at ,naples1 and in #aggg1 minister to the court of ,treves1 ,he was sent on a special mission to ,england in #aghc1 and as minister to the ,united ,states in #aghg4 ,in #agij he declined the mission to the court of ,st4 ,james1 and went as ambassador to ,berlin4 ,thomas ,jefferson1 then secretary of ,state1 informed him1 ,march #b1 #agia1 by order of ,president ,washington1 that a medal and a chain of gold would be presented to him by ,mr4 ,short1 in the name of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,in ,september1 #agia1 he declined the ministry of ,foreign ,affairs1 emigrated in #agib1 and came back to ,france with ,louis ,,xviii4 in #ahad4 ,the ,marquis de ,moustier died at ,bailli1 near ,versailles1 ,february #a1 #ahaf4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #aag7 ,john ,adams to the ,president of ,congress4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,john ,,jay1 ,braintree1 ,august #c1 #aggi4 ,president of ,congress4 ,sir3 ,the ,chevalier de la ,luzerne is a ,knight of the ,order of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 of an ancient and noble family1 connected by blood with many characters of principal name in the kingdom2 a grandson of the celebrated ,chancellor de la ,moignon2 a nephew of ,monsieur ,malesherbes1 perhaps still more famous as first ,president of the ,court of ,aids1 and as ,minister of ,state1 a brother of the ,comte de la ,luzerne1 and of the ,bishop of ,langres1 one of the three ,dukes and ,peers who had the honour to assist in the consecration of the ,king2 a near relative of the ,marshal de ,broglie1 and the ,comte his brother1 and of many other important personages in that country2 nor is his personal character less respectable than his connections4 ,as he is possessed of much useful information of all kinds1 and particularly of the political system of ,europe1 obtained in his late ,embassy in ,bavaria2 and of the justest sentiments of the mutual interests of his country and ours1 and of the utility to both of that alliance which so happily unites them1 and at the same time divested of all personal and party attachments and aversions1 ,congress and their constituents1 ,i flatter myself1 will have much satisfaction in his negotiations1 as well as in those of the ,secretary to the ,embassy1 ,monsieur ,marbois1 who was also ,secretary to the ,embassy in ,bavaria1 and is a ,counsellor of the ,parliament of ,metz1 a gentleman whose abilities1 application and disposition cannot fail to make him useful in this momentous office he sustains4 ,i have the honour to be with great respect1 ,sir1 ,your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,john ,,adams4 ,thomas ,jefferson to ,william ,short4 ,to ,william ,,short1 ,esquire1 ,new ,york1 ,april #cjth1 #agij4 ,charg d',affaires of the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,paris4 ,dear ,sir3 ,it has become necessary to determine on a present proper to be given to diplomatic characters on their taking leave of us2 and it is concluded that a medal and chain of gold will be the most convenient4 ,i am therefore to ask the favour of you to order the dies to be engraved with all the despatch practicable4 ,the medal must be of #cj-lines diameter1 with a loop on the edge to receive the chain4 ,on one side must be the arms of the ,united ,states1 of which ,i send you a written description1 and 7p4 #aah7 several impressions in wax1 to render that more intelligible2 round them as a legend must be ,the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the device on the other side we do not decide on2 one suggestion has been a ,columbia 7a fine female figure7 delivering the emblems of ,peace and ,commerce to a ,mercury1 with the legend ,peace and ,commerce circumscribed1 and the date of our ,republic1 to-wit3 ,,iv ,jul4 ,,mdcclxxvi1 subscribed as an ,exerguum2 but having little confidence in our own ideas in an art not familiar here1 they are only suggested to you1 to be altered1 or altogether postponed to such better device as you may approve on consulting with those who are in the habit and study of medals4 ,duvivier and ,dupr seem to be the best workmen1 perhaps the last is the best of the two4 ,i am with great and sincere esteem1 ,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,marquis de la ,luzerne4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,,the ,,marquis ,,de ,,la ,,luzerne4 ,new ,york1 ,april #cjth1 #agij4 ,sir3 ,when in the course of your ,legation to the ,united ,states your affairs rendered it necessary that you should absent yourself a while from that station1 we flattered ourselves with the hopes that that absence was not final4 ,it turned out in events that the interests of your ,sovereign called for your talents1 and the exercise of your functions in another quarter4 ,you were pleased to announce this to the former ,congress through their ,secretary for ,foreign ,affairs1 at a ,time when that body was closing its ,administration1 in order to hand it over to a ,government1 then preparing on a different model4 ,this ,government is now formed1 organized and in action1 and it considers among its earliest duties and assuredly among its most cordial1 to testify to you the ,regret which the ,people and ,government of the ,united ,states felt at your ,removal from among them2 a very general and sincere regret1 and tempered only by the consolation of your personal advancement which accompanied it4 ,you will receive1 ,sir1 by order of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 as soon as it can be prepared1 a ,medal and chain of gold1 of which he desires your acceptance1 in token of their ,esteem and of the sensibility with which they will ever recall your ,legation to their memory4 ,but as this compliment may hereafter be rendered to other missions1 from which yours was distinguished by eminent circumstances1 the ,president of the ,united ,states wishes to pay you the distinguished tribute of an express acknowledgment of your services1 and our sense of them4 ,you came to us1 ,sir1 through all the perils which encompassed us on all sides4 ,you found us struggling and suffering under difficulties as singular and trying as our situation was new and unprecedented4 ,your magnanimous nation had taken side with us in the conflict and yourself become the center of our common councils1 the link which connected our common operations4 ,in that position you laboured without ceasing1 till all labours were crowned with glory to your nation1 ,freedom to ours1 and ,benefit to both4 ,during the whole we had constant evidence 7p4 #aai7 of your ,zeal1 your abilities1 and your good ,faith2 and we desire to convey this ,testimony of it home to your own ,breast and to that of your ,sovereign1 our best and greatest ,friend1 and this ,i do1 ,sir1 in the name and by the express ,instruction of the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,i feel how flattering it is to me1 ,sir1 to be the organ of the public sense on this occasion1 and to be justified by that office in adding to theirs1 the homage of those sentiments of respect and esteem with which ,i have the honour to be1 ,your ,excellency's most obedient and most humble servant1 ,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,to the ,honourable ,paris1 ,june the #adth1 #agij4 ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,secretary of ,state4 ,dear ,sir3 - - - - - ,i received three days ago the first letters which have come to my hands from you since your arrival in ,new ,york4 ,that of the latest date was ,april #cjth4 ,i communicated to ,mr4 de ,montmorin#ff also the copy of the letter to ,mr4 de la ,luzerne1 which he desired ,i should allow him to retain4 ,i shall employ ,dupr to execute the medal you mention1 after having consulted with the ,abb ,barthlmi1 respecting those parts which are left undecided1 and no time shall be lost in forwarding the business4 - - - - - ,wm4 ,,short4 ,footnote #ff3 ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,thomas ,jefferson to ,william ,short4 ,to ,william ,,short1 ,esquire1 ,new ,york1 ,july #bfth1 #agij4 ,charg d',affaires of the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,paris4 ,dear ,sir3 - - - - - ,as ,i presume the die will be finished by the time you receive this1 ,i am to desire you will have a medal of gold struck for the ,marquis de la ,luzerne1 and have put to it a chain of #cfe links1 each link containing gold of the value of two dollars and a half1 or #ac livres #aj sous1 the links to be of plain wire1 so that their workmanship may cost as it were nothing4 ,the whole will make a present of a little more than a thousand dollars1 including the medal and chain4 ,as soon as done1 be pleased to forward them by a safe hand to the ,marquis de la ,luzerne1 7p4 #abj7 in the name of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 informing him that it is the one spoken of in my letter to him of ,april #cjth1 #agij4 ,say nothing to anybody of the value of the present1 because that will not always be the same in all cases4 ,be so good as to have a second medal of gold struck in the same die1 and to send this second1 together with the dies1 to ,philadelphia by the first safe person who shall be passing4 ,no chain to be sent with it4 ,i am with great and sincere esteem1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,thomas ,jefferson to the ,count de ,moustier4 ,to ,,the ,,count ,,de ,,moustier4 ,philadelphia1 ,march #b;d1 #agia4 ,sir3 ,i have received your favour of ,november #fth1 wherein you inform me that the ,king has thought proper1 by a new mission to the ,court of ,berlin1 to put an end to your functions as his ,minister ,plenipotentiary with the ,united ,states4 ,the ,president1 in a letter to the ,king1 has expressed his sense of your merit1 and his entire approbation of your conduct while here1 and has charged me to convey to yourself the same sentiments on his part4 ,had you returned to your station with us1 you would have received new and continued marks of the esteem inspired by the general worth of your character1 as well as by the particular dispositions you manifested towards this country4 ,amidst the regrets excited by so early a loss of you1 it will be a consolation1 if your new situation shall contribute to advance your own happiness4 ,as a testimony of these sentiments1 we ask the acceptance of a medal and chain of gold1 with which ,mr4 ,short is instructed to present you on the part of the ,united ,states4 ,to this general tribute1 permit me to add my own1 with sincere wishes for your constant happiness1 and assurances of the respect and esteem with which ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 ,your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,thomas ,jefferson to ,william ,short4 ,to ,william ,,short1 ,esquire4 ,philadelphia1 ,march #hth1 #agia4 ,dear ,sir3 ,you are directed to have a medal struck from the diplomatic die1 formerly ordered1 and to present it with a chain of gold to the ,count de ,moustier1 who is notified that this will be done by you4 ,i formerly informed you that we proposed to 7p4 #aba7 vary the worth of the present by varying the size of the links of the chain1 which are fixed at #cfe in number4 ,let each in the present instance contain six livres worth of gold1 and let it be made of plain wire1 so that the value may be in the metal and not at all in the workmanship4 ,i shall hope to receive the dies themselves when a safe conveyance presents itself4 ,i am1 with great esteem1 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,to the ,honourable ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,paris1 ,june #fth1 #agia4 ,secretary of ,state4 ,dear ,sir3 ,the medal which you desire to be made for ,mr4 de ,moustier shall be executed as soon as ,i can have the coins dies finished4 ,you will no doubt be much astonished at this delay1 but the engraver has been so devoted to the affair of their money1 which is contending for by all the artists1 that it has been impossible to get him to finish the work he had undertaken for the ,united ,states1 and which was nearly completed last fall4 ,this delay cannot last much longer1 and he assures me he will shorten it as much as possible4 ,he is to write a letter that ,i may send it to ,mr4 de la ,luzerne and show him that the delay does not proceed from me4 ,i don't know by what opportunity to send you the dies2 there is no other than by the public carriages to ,havre1 and at present they would be stopped and examined by several of the municipalities1 who would take them1 from their weight1 to be specie to be exported1 which they do not allow1 notwithstanding the decrees of the assembly4444 ,wm4 ,,short4 ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,to the ,honourable ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,paris1 ,september #beth1 #agia4 ,secretary of ,state4 ,dear ,sir3 ,you will have heard of the death of ,mr4 de la ,luzerne in ,england4 ,the dies for the medal destined for him have been retarded in a most unexpected manner on account of the engraver being employed here in the new coinage4 ,previous to the death of ,mr4 de la ,luzerne1 ,i explained to him the cause of this delay and sent him a letter from the engraver on the subject1 which he answered by a desire that the national work should be first performed4 ,the dies were since completed1 but unfortunately one of them failed1 as often happens1 in the hardening4 ,the engraver is now employed in repairing this evil and says it will be done in two or three weeks4 ,i suppose it so certain that this medal should be given to 7p4 #abb7 ,mr4 de la ,luzerne's representative1 that as soon as it is ready ,i shall mention the subject to ,mr4 de ,montmorin and follow his advice respecting it4 ,dear ,sir1 ,yours affectionately1 ,wm4 ,,short4 ,william ,short to ,m4 ,dupr4 ,monsieur3#fg ,comme je ne pense pas que vous ignoriez que la mdaille pour l',amrique1 dont le coin a pri l'preuve du balancier1 est promise depuis longtemps des personnes d'un caractre distingu sans doute vous ne serez pas surpris de l'intrt que je prends ce que ni la dlicatesse des donateurs ni l'empressement des lgataires soient compromis4 ,or je ne vois1 ,monsieur1 qu'un seul moyen de l'viter1 c'est de remettre aux donateurs1 pour le moment1 la seule preuve que le coin a permis et qui est entre vos mains2 ce moyen1 en cartant tout soupon de ngligence de ma part1 vite aussi aux tats-,unis le dsagrment de paratre avoir oubli ses promesses4 ,veuillez donc bien1 ,monsieur1 vous prter cet arrangement1 dont les personnes intresses ne manqueront pas certainement de vous tenir compte1 vos droits sur la fabrication n'tant1 d'ailleurs1 que retards1 puisque le coin doit tre refait4 ,je vous prie donc1 ,monsieur1 de remettre la mdaille au porteur1 afin que je puisse la prsenter pour remdier1 en quelque sorte1 l'accident1 et dans le cas ou vous penseriez devoir la retenir1 veuillez bien m'en informer par crit afin que je puisse me justifier de toute autre manire vis--vis les personnes intresses4 ,je suis trs-parfaitement1 ,monsieur1 etc4 ,footnote #fg3 ,the original of this letter1 without date or signature1 which is in ,french1 and which was communicated to me in ,paris by ,m4 ,narcisse ,dupr1 is undoubtedly in the handwriting of ,mr4 ,william ,short4 ,translation4 ,william ,short to ,m4 ,dupr4 ,sir3 ,as ,i do not suppose that you are ignorant that the medal for ,america1 of which the die was broken in the coining press1 has been for a long time promised to distinguished persons1 you will no doubt not be surprised at the interest which ,i take that neither the delicacy of the donors nor the desire of the legatees should be compromised4 ,now1 ,sir1 ,i see only one means of avoiding this1 that is to give to the donors1 for the time being1 the only proof which the die has permitted and which is in your hands2 this1 while removing all suspicion of negligence on my part1 prevents also the ,united ,states from occupying the disagreeable position of appearing to have forgotten its promises4 ,be good enough therefore1 ,sir1 to lend yourself to this 7p4 #abc7 arrangement1 which the interested persons will most certainly not fail to acknowledge2 your rights upon the making being besides only retarded1 since a new die must be made4 ,i beg you therefore1 ,sir1 to hand the medal to the bearer1 so that ,i may present it to remedy1 in some degree1 the accident2 and in case you think you ought to retain it1 be kind enough to inform me thereof in writing1 so that ,i may justify myself in every way to the interested parties4 ,i am1 very truly1 ,sir1 etc4 ,m4 de ,moustier to ,m4 ,dupr4 ,monsieur ,,dupr1 ,graveur1 place ,dauphine1 #aj4 ,j'ai e d'autant plus de regret1 ,monsieur1 du retard qu'a prouv l'excution de la mdaille qui m'a t destine par le gouvernement des tats-,unis1 que j'ai appris qu'il tait d des causes qui ont d vous contrarier4 ,j'espre qu'une troisime opration aura un succs complet4 ,je le dsire plus vivement depuis que j'ai vu par l'empreinte en mtal qui est chez ,mr4 ,short1 combien cette mdaille est agrable produire par un ,franois en pays tranger qui aime y faire valoir ses compatriotes4 ,lorsqu'elle sera acheve1 je vous serai fort oblig de vouloir bien me la remettre1 puisque ,mr4 ,short doit s'absenter4 ,j'ai l'honneur d'tre trs-parfaitement1 ,monsieur1 votre trs-humble et trs-obissant serviteur1 ,f4 ,,de ,,moustier4 ,translation4 ,to ,m4 ,,dupr1 ,engraver1 ,place ,dauphine1 #aj4 ,i have had the more regret1 ,sir1 at the delay which has happened to the execution of the medal destined for me by the ,government of the ,united ,states1 since ,i have learned that it was due to causes which have been annoying to you4 ,i hope that a third trial will prove a complete success4 ,i desire it the more ardently since ,i have seen by the impression in metal at ,mr4 ,short's how gratifying its exhibition will be for a ,frenchman abroad who loves to do honor to his compatriots4 ,when it shall be finished ,i will be much obliged to you if you will please have it sent to me1 since ,mr4 ,short is about to leave4 ,i have the honor to be very truly1 ,sir1 your most humble and very obedient servant1 ,f4 ,,de ,,moustier4 ,william ,short to ,thomas ,jefferson4 7p4 #abd7 ,to the ,honourable ,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,paris1 ,february #hth1 #agib4 ,secretary of ,state4 ,dear ,sir3 ,the diplomatic medals ordered so long ago and delayed so unexpectedly for the reasons already given to you have been at length completed and delivered with their chains1 that for ,mr4 de la ,luzerne to ,mr4 de ,montmorin1 and that for ,mr4 de ,moustier to himself4 ,i inclose you copies of their prices--the originals with the receipts remain in my hands for your directions--they were paid for1 together with #b1djj livres1 to the engraver ,dupr1 by a draft on the bankers at ,amsterdam1 the whole amounting1 as you will see1 to #ad1egj livres1 the exchange1 #cb-a_/b1 made #c1idf4a4 ,the nominal price of the chains was more than #f livres and #ac livres #aj--;gold having risen on account of the assignats1 but the exchange having lowered in a greater proportion1 the price is less in florins than it would otherwise have been4 ,the gold employed in the chains was of #bj karats1 the usual alloy1 and weighed the first #dm4 #eo4 #d-a_/b;gr4 #ca;d41 and the second #am4 #fo4 #d;gr4 ,the gold of the medals was finer1 according to usage4 ,i had only two golden medals struck4 ,the six of bronze will await your orders4 ,your obedient servant1 ,wm4 ,,short4 ,m4 ,lagrange to ,william ,short4 ,monsieur ,,short3 ,paris ce #ca ,janvier #agib4 ,j'ai l'honneur de vous prvenir que les deux mdailles et les tuis sont prts4 ,je vous serais oblig de les faire retirer la monnoye des mdailles ainsi que les six mdailles de bronze4 ,les #b mdailles d'or psent #bm4 #don4 #a;gr4 #agel4 l'once #cdcdl4 #b blires en or #fl4 chaque #ab #f mdailles de bronze #gl4 chaque #db #b tuis de galuchet#fh #adb ---- ,total #cfcj ,j'ai l'honneur d'tre ,monsieur votre trs humble et trs obissant serviteur1 ,,lagrange1 ,caissier de la ,monnoye des ,mdailles4 ,footnote #fh3 ,galuchet1 prepared shark-skins4 ,mmoire de deux grandes chaines d'or fournies ,monsieur ,short par ,auguste1 orfvre du ,roi4 ,petite ,chaine4 l'poque o l'or tait #aajl4 l'once1 7p4 #abe7 chaque maillon de cette chaine devait coter #fl41 maintenant que l'or vaut #accl4 #f-h4 ,ce qui est plus du #fme en sus de son ancien prix1 celui de chaque chainon revient #gl41 ce qui lve le total des #cfe chainons la somme de #beeel4 ,l'anneau et l',s de cette chaine valeur #fe ---- #bfbj ,grande ,chaine4 ,chaque maillon de la grande chaine qui par la mme raison ne devait coter que #acl4 #aj revient au prix de #afl41 ce qui fait pour le total des #cfe chainons la somme de #ehdjl4 ,pour l'anneau et l',s de cette chaine valeur #hj ---- #eibj ---- ,total des deux chaines #hedjl4 ,translation4 ,m4 ,lagrange to ,william ,short4 ,to ,mr4 ,,short4 ,paris1 ,january #ca1 #agib4 ,i have the honor to advise you that the two medals and the cases are ready4 ,i would be obliged to you to have them taken from the ,mint of ,medals1 as also the six medals in bronze4 ,the two gold medals weigh #bm4 #doz4 #a;gr4#fi ,at #age livres#gj the ounce #c1dcd livres #b loop-rings in gold at #f livres each #ab #f medals in bronze at #g livres each #db #b galuchet cases #adb ----- ,total #c1fcj ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 your very humble and very obedient servant1 ,,lagrange1 ,cashier of the ,mint of ,medals4 ,footnote #fi3 ,former weights of ,france3 #a livre #b marcs #af ounces #abh gros #chd deniers #i1baf grains4 ,footnote #gj3 ,former moneys of ,france3 #a livre #bj sous #bdj deniers or #dh liards4 #a livre #j4ihgf francs4 ,account of the two large gold chains furnished to ,mr4 ,short by ,auguste1 goldsmith to the king4 ,small ,chain4 ,at the time when gold was worth #aaj livres the ounce1 each link of this chain was to cost #f livres2 now that gold is worth #acc livres1 #f sous1 #h deniers1 which is more 7p4 #abf7 than one-sixth above its former price1 that of each link comes to #g livres1 which increases the total of the #cfe links to the sum of #b1eeel4 ,the ring and the ,s of this chain1 cash #fel4 ----- #b1fbjl4 ,large ,chain4 ,each link of the large chain1 which for the same reason was to cost only #ac livres1 #aj sous1 comes to #af livres1 which makes for the total of #cfe links the sum of #e1hdjl4 ,for the ring and the ,s of this chain1 cash #hjl4 ----- #e1ibjl4 ----- ,total for both chains #h1edjl4 ,no4 #bj4 7p4 #abg7 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,march #d1 #agig--,march #d1 #ahja4 ,john ,adams ,president of the ,u4,s4 ,a4,d4 #agig4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,john ,,adams4 ,second ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,john ,,adams ,,president ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 7,united ,states7 ,a4 ,d4 7,anno ,domini3 ,the year of our ,lord7 #agig4 ,bust of ,president ,john ,adams1 facing the right4 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,,john ,,adams was born at ,braintree1 now ,quincy1 ,massachusetts1 ,october #ai1 #agce4 ,he was graduated at ,harvard ,college in #agee1 studied law1 and settled in ,boston in #agfh2 he was a delegate to ,congress1 #aggd-aggh2 serving on the ,boards of ,naval and of ,foreign ,affairs1 and also on the ,board of ,war2 commissioner to ,france1 #aggh2 to ,holland1 #aghj2 minister to ,holland1 #aghb2 to ,england1 #aghe-aghh2 vice-president of the ,united ,states1 #aghi-agic2 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #agig-ahja4 ,he retired to ,quincy in #ahja1 and died there1 ,july #d1 #ahbf1 on the fiftieth anniversary of the ,independence of the ,united ,states1 and on the same day with ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,no4 #ba4 7p4 #abh7 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,february #b1 #ahjj4 ,patri4 patres4 filio4 digno4 ,thomas ,truxtun4 ,rx4 ,united ,state frigate ,constellation1 of #ch guns1 c4 ,,captain ,,thomas ,,truxtun4 ,action with the ,vengeance4 ,,patri4 ,,patres4 ,,filio4 ,,digno4 ,,thomas ,,truxtun4 7,the fathers of the country to their worthy son1 ,thomas ,truxtun47 ,bust of ,captain ,truxtun1 in uniform1 facing the left4 ,,united ,,states ,,frigate ,,constellation ,,of #ch ,,guns ,,pursues ,,attacks ,,and ,,vanquishes ,,the ,,french ,,ship ,,la ,,vengeance ,,of #ed ,,guns #a ,,feby4 7,february7 #ahjj4 ,naval action between the ,united ,states frigate ,constellation1 of thirty-eight guns1 ,captain ,truxtun1 and the ,french frigate ,la ,vengeance1 of fifty-four guns1 ,captain ,pitot4 ,the ,constellation has lost her main mast4 ,exergue3 ,,by ,,vote ,,of ,,congress1 ,,to ,,thomas ,,truxtun #bi ,,mar4 7,march7 #ahjj4ga ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages xxiii and xxxi4 ,the engraving is an exact representation of the original gold medal1 at present the property of ,thomas ,truxtun ,houston1 jr41 of ,washington1 the great-grandson1 in the female line1 of ,commodore ,truxtun4 ,,thomas ,,truxton was born in ,jamaica1 ,long ,island1 ,new ,york1 ,february #ae1 #agee4 ,he served as lieutenant and captain of privateers during the ,war of ,independence4 ,in #aghb1 while engaged in carrying ,mr4 ,thomas ,barclay1 ,united ,states consul-general1 to ,france1 he beat off a 7p4 #abi7 ,british frigate of thirty-two guns4 ,after the war he commanded ,east ,indiamen1 but in #agid1 on the creation of the ,american ,navy1 he received a commission as captain1 and was appointed to the ,constellation1 of thirty-eight guns4 ,in #agii1 he captured l',insurgente1 a ,french frigate of thirty-six guns1 ,captain ,barreault4 ,his celebrated engagement with ,la ,vengeance1 of fifty-four guns1 ,captain ,pitot1 took place ,february #b1 #ahjj1 and for this exploit ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he afterward commanded the ,president1 of forty-four guns4 ,in #ahjb1 ,mr4 ,smith1 secretary of the ,navy under ,president ,jefferson1 having interpreted as a resignation ,truxtun's refusal to accept the command of the ,mediterranean squadron1 unless a flag captain was given him1 the country was deprived of this gallant officer's services4 ,he retired to ,new ,jersey1 and afterward removed to ,philadelphia1 where he was high-sheriff of the city and county from #ahaf to #ahai1 and where he died1 ,may #e1 #ahbb4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,captain ,truxtun1 etc4 ,resolved by the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present to ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun a golden medal1 emblematical of the late action between the ,united ,states frigate ,constellation1 of thirty-eight guns1 and the ,french ship of war ,la ,vengeance1 of fifty-four1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement1 wherein an example was exhibited by the ,captain1 officers1 sailors1 and marines1 honourable to the ,american name1 and instructive to its rising navy4 ,resolved3 ,that the conduct of ,james ,jarvis1 a midshipman in said frigate1 who gloriously preferred certain death to an abandonment of his post1 is deserving of the highest praise1 and that the loss of so promising an officer is a subject of national regret4 ,approved ,march #bi1 #ahjj4 ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 7p4 #acj7 ,to ,benjamin ,,stoddart1 ,esq41 ,united ,states ship ,constellation1 ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,at sea1 ,february #c1 #ahjj4 ,sir3 ,on the #cjth ult4 ,i left ,st4 ,christopher's1 with the ,constellation1 in excellent trim1 and stood to windward in order to gain the station for myself before the road of ,guadaloupe2 and at half-past seven in the morning of the day following ,i discovered a sail to the south-east1 to which ,i gave chase1 and for the further particulars of that chase1 and the action after it1 ,i must beg to refer to the extracts from my journal1 herewith1 as being the best mode of exhibiting a just and candid account of all our transactions in the late business1 which has ended in the almost entire dismantlement of the ,constellation1 though1 ,i trust1 to the high reputation of the ,american flag4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,thos4 ,,truxtun4 ,occurrences on board the ,united ,states ship ,constellation1 of thirty-eight guns1 under my command1 ,february #a1 #ahjj3 ,throughout these twenty-four hours very unsettled weather2 kept on our tacks1 beating up under ,guadaloupe1 and at half-past seven in the morning1 the road of ,basseterre bearing east1 five leagues distant1 saw a sail in the south-east standing to the south-west1 which1 from her situation1 ,i at first took for a large ship from ,martinique1 and hoisted ,english colours in giving chase1 by way of inducement for her to come down and speak me1 which would have saved us a long chase to leeward off my intended cruising ground2 but finding she did not attempt to alter her course1 ,i examined her more minutely1 as we approached her1 and discovered that she was a heavy ,french frigate1 mounting at least fifty-four guns4 ,i immediately gave orders for the yards to be slung with chains1 top-sail sheets1 c41 stoppered1 and the ship cleared1 and everything prepared for action1 and hauled down the ,english colours4 ,at noon the wind became light1 and ,i observed the chase that we had before been gaining fast on held way with us1 but ,i was determined to continue the pursuit1 though the running to leeward1 ,i was convinced1 would be attended with many serious disadvantages1 especially if the object of my wishes were not gratified4 ,passed two schooners standing to the northward1 one of these showed ,american colours1 and was a merchant vessel1 and the other ,i supposed to be of the same description4 ,february #b;d1 at one ,p4,m41 the wind being somewhat fresher than at the noon preceding1 and an appearance of its continuance1 our prospect of bringing the enemy to action began to brighten1 as ,i perceived we were coming up with the chase fast1 and every inch of canvas being set that could be of service1 except the bog reefs which ,i kept in the topsails1 in case of the chase1 finding an escape from our thunder impracticable1 should haul on a wind and give us fair battle4 ,but this did not prove to be her commander's intention4 ,i1 however1 got within hail of him at #h ,p4,m41 hoisted our ensign1 and had the candles in the battle 7p4 #aca7 lanterns all lighted1 and the large trumpet in the lee-gangway ready to speak him1 and to demand the surrender of his ship to the ,united ,states of ,america2 but he1 at that instant1 commenced a fire from his stern and quarter guns1 directed at our rigging and spars4 ,no parley being then necessary1 ,i sent my principal aid-de-camp1 ,mr4 ,vandyke1 to the different officers commanding divisions on the main battery1 to repeat strictly my orders1 before given1 not to throw away a single charge of powder1 but to take good aim and fire directly into the hull of the enemy1 and load principally with two round shot1 and now and then with a round shot and stand of grape1 c41 to encourage the men at their quarters2 to cause or suffer no noise or confusion whatever2 but to load and fire as fast as possible when it could be done with certain effect4 ,these orders being given1 in a few moments ,i gained a position on his weather quarter that enabled us to return1 effectually1 his salute2 and thus a close and as sharp an action as ever was fought between two frigates1 commenced and continued until within a few minutes of #a ,a4,m41 when the enemy's fire was completely silenced1 and he was again sheering off4 ,it was at this moment that ,i considered him as my prize1 and was trimming1 in the best manner ,i could1 my much shattered sails1 when ,i found the mainmast was totally unsupported by rigging1 every shroud being shot away1 and some of them in several places1 that even stoppers were useless1 and could not be applied with effect4 ,i then gave orders for the officers to send the men up the gun-deck to endeavour to secure it1 in order that we might get alongside of the enemy again as soon as possible2 but every effort was in vain1 for the mainmast went over the side a few minutes after1 and carried with it the top-men1 among whom was an amiable young gentleman who commanded the maintop1 ,mr4 ,james ,jarvis1 son of ,james ,jarvis1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york4 ,it seems that this young gentleman was apprized of the mast going in a few minutes by an old seaman1 but he had already so much of the principle of an officer ingrafted on his mind1 not to leave his quarters on any account1 that he told the men if the mast went they must go with it1 which was the case1 and only one of them was saved4 ,i regret much his loss1 as a promising young officer and amiable young man1 as well as on account of a long intimacy that has subsisted between his father and myself2 but have great satisfaction in finding that ,i have lost no other1 and only two or three slightly wounded1 out of thirty-nine killed and wounded--fourteen of the former1 and twenty-five of the latter4 ,as soon as the mainmast went every effort was made to clear the wreck from the ship as soon as possible1 which was effected in about an hour4 ,it being impossible to pursue the enemy1 and as her security was the great object1 ,i immediately bore away for ,jamaica1 for repairs1 etc41 finding it impossible to reach a friendly port in any of the islands to windward4 ,i should be wanting in common justice were ,i to omit here to journalize the steady attention to order1 and the great exertion and bravery of all my officers1 seamen and marines1 in this action1 many of whom ,i had sufficiently tried before1 on a similar occasion1 and all their names are recorded in the muster-roll ,i sent to the ,secretary of the ,navy1 dated the nineteenth of ,december last1 signed by myself4 ,all hands employed at repairing the damages sustained in the 7p4 #acb7 action1 so far as to get the ship into ,jamaica as soon as possible4 ,thomas ,,truxtun4 ,president ,john ,adams to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to ,b4 ,,stoddart1 ,philadelphia1 ,march #ca1 #ahjj4 ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states requests the ,secretary of the ,navy to take immediate measures for carrying into execution the resolution of ,congress of the #bith1 for presenting to ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun a gold medal1 emblematical of the late action between the ,united ,states frigate ,constellation1 of thirty-eight guns1 and the ,french ship-of-war ,la ,vengeance1 of fifty-four1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement1 wherein an example was exhibited by the captain1 officers1 sailors and marines1 honourable to the ,american name1 and instructive to its rising navy4 ,john ,,adams4 ,john ,adams to ,captain ,thomas ,truxtun4 ,to ,,captain ,,thomas ,,truxtun1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,quincy1 ,november #cjth1 #ahjb4 ,sir3 ,i have many apologies to make for omitting so long to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favour of the #ajth of ,july4 ,the copy you have done me the honour to present me1 of the medal voted by ,congress1 and executed according to my directions to the ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,i accept with great pleasure1 not only from my personal regard to the giver1 but because ,i esteem every laurel conferred upon you1 for the glorious action of the #ast of ,march1 #ahjj1 as an honour done to our beloved country4 ,from both of these motives ,i have been highly gratified with the honour the gentlemen of ,lloyd's ,coffee ,house have done themselves in the handsome acknowledgment they have made of their obligations to you4 ,i regret that the artist had not completed the medal in season1 that ,i might have had the satisfaction of presenting it to an officer who has so greatly deserved it2 and ,i lament still more that ,i had not the power of promoting merit to its just rank in the navy1 that of an admiral4 ,the counsel which ,themistocles gave to ,athens1 ,pompey to ,rome1 ,cromwell to ,england1 ,de ,witt to ,holland1 and ,colbert to ,france1 ,i have always given and shall continue to give to my countrymen1 that1 as the great questions of commerce and power between nations and empires must be decided by a military marine1 and war and peace are determined at sea1 all reasonable encouragement should be given to the navy4 ,the trident of ,neptune is the sceptre of the world4 ,i am1 ,sir1 etc41 ,john ,,adams4 ,no4 #bb4 7p4 #acc7 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,march #d1 #ahja--,march #d1 #ahji4 ,th4 ,jefferson ,president of the ,u4,s4 ,a4,d4 #ahja4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,third ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,th4 7,thomas7 ,,jefferson ,,president ,,of ,,the ,u4,s4 7,united ,states7 ,a4,d4 7,anno ,domini3 ,the year of our ,lord7 #ahja4 ,bust of ,president ,jefferson1 facing the left4 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity3 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons2 on the other1 the ,american eagle2 above the hands1 a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages xxiv and xxvi4 ,this medal bears no signature1 but as the smaller size of the same is marked ,r4 7,reich71 it is presumable that both are the work of that engraver4 ,,john ,,reich1 a native of ,germany1 came to ,america by the advice of ,henry ,voigt1 chief coiner of the ,united ,states ,mint1 who on his arrival took him into his employ to make scales and other fine work4 ,mr4 ,scott took him afterward as an assistant to make dies1 but tried in vain to have him appointed by the government4 ,reich made the ,preble and ,hull medals and the ,indian medals of ,presidents ,jefferson and ,madison4 ,he died in ,albany1 ,state of ,new ,york1 in #ahcc4 ,,thomas ,,jefferson was born at ,shadwell1 ,albemarle ,county1 ,virginia1 ,april #b1 #agdc4 ,he studied at ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,virginia1 and was admitted to the bar in #agfg4 ,he was a member of the ,house of 7p4 #acd7 ,burgesses1 of ,virginia1 from #agfi till the ,revolution2 was delegate to the ,continental ,congress in #agge2 wrote the ,declaration of ,independence1 #aggf2 was governor of ,virginia1 #aggi-agha2 member of ,congress1 #aghb2 minister to ,france1 #aghe-aghi2 secretary of ,state to ,president ,washington1 #agij-agic2 vice-president of the ,united ,states1 #agig-ahja2 ,president 7first term71 #ahja-ahje2 7second term71 #ahje-ahji4 ,he then retired to his estate of ,monticello1 in ,albemarle ,county1 ,virginia1 and died there1 ,july #d1 #ahbf1 on the fiftieth anniversary of the ,independence of the ,united ,states1 and on the same day with ,john ,adams4 ,no4 #bc4 7p4 #ace7 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 #ahjd4 ,edwardo ,preble duci strenuo ,comitia ,americana4 ,rx4 ,vindici commercii ,americani4 ,,commodore ,,edward ,,preble4 ,naval operations against ,tripoli4 ,,edwardo ,,preble ,,duci ,,strenuo ,,comitia ,,americana4 7,the ,american ,congress to ,edward ,preble1 a valiant officer47 ,bust of ,commodore ,preble1 in uniform1 facing the left4 ,on edge of bust1 ,r4 7,reich74 ,,vindici ,,commercii ,,americani4 7,to the vindicator of ,american commerce47 ,the ,united ,states fleet1 commanded by ,commodore ,preble1 is bombarding ,tripoli4 ,exergue3 ,,ante ,,tripoli ,,mdccciv4 7,off ,tripoli1 #ahjd74gc ,footnote #gc3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages xxiv and xxx4 ,,edward ,,preble was born at ,falmouth ,neck1 now ,portland1 ,maine1 ,august #ae1 #agfa4 ,he served as midshipman and lieutenant during the ,war of ,independence1 was appointed lieutenant in the navy in #agih1 and commanded the brig ,pickering4 ,in #agii he became captain1 and was appointed to the ,essex4 ,owing to ill health he was unemployed till #ahjc1 when he was given the command of the squadron sent against ,tripoli4 ,for his skill and bravery on this expedition ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,in #ahjf1 ,president ,jefferson offered him the ,navy ,department1 which he declined on account of ill health4 ,he died in ,portland1 ,august #be1 #ahjg4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #acf7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,commodore ,preble4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and the same are hereby1 presented to ,commodore ,edward ,preble1 and through him to the officers1 seamen1 and marines attached to the squadron under his command1 for their gallantry and good conduct displayed in the several attacks on the town1 batteries and naval force of ,tripoli1 in the year one thousand eight hundred and four4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 emblematical of the attacks on the town1 batteries1 and naval force of ,tripoli1 by the squadron under ,commodore ,preble's command1 and to present it to ,commodore ,preble in such a manner as1 in his opinion1 will be most honourable to him2 and that the ,president be further requested to cause a sword to be presented to each of the commissioned officers and midshipmen who have distinguished themselves in the several attacks4 ,resolved1 ,that one month's pay be allowed1 exclusively of the common allowance1 to all the petty officers1 seamen1 and marines1 of the squadron1 who so gloriously supported the honour of the ,american flag1 under the orders of their gallant commander1 in the several attacks4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be also requested to communicate to the parents1 or other near relatives1 of ,captain ,richard ,somers1 ,lieutenants ,henry ,wadsworth1 ,james ,decatur1 ,james ,r4 ,caldwell1 ,joseph ,israel1 and ,midshipman ,john ,sword ,dorsey1 the deep regret which ,congress feel for the loss of those gallant men1 whose names ought to live in the recollections and affections of a grateful country1 and whose conduct ought to be regarded as an example to future generations4 ,approved ,march #c1 #ahje4 ,president ,thomas ,jefferson to ,congress4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,february #bjth1 #ahje4 ,,to ,,the ,,senate ,,and ,,house ,,of ,,representatives ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,i communicate1 for the information of ,congress1 a letter of ,september #ah1 from ,commodore ,preble1 giving a detailed account of the transactions of the vessels under his command1 from ,july the #ith to the #ajth of ,september1 last past4 ,the energy and judgment displayed by this excellent officer1 through the whole course of the service lately confided to him1 and the zeal and bravery of his officers and men in the several enterprizes executed by them1 cannot fail to give high satisfaction to ,congress and their country1 of whom they have deserved well4 ,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,commodore ,preble to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 7p4 #acg7 ,to the ,honourable ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,united ,states ship ,constitution1 ,malta ,harbour1 ,september #ahth1 #ahjd4 ,sir3 ,i had the honour to write you from ,messina1 under date of the #eth of ,july2 ,i then expected to have sailed the day following1 but was detained1 by bad weather1 until the #ith1 when ,i left it1 with two small bomb vessels under convoy1 and arrived at ,syracuse1 where we were necessarily detained four days4 ,on the #adth ,i sailed1 the schooners ,nautilus and ,enterprize in company1 with six gun boats and two bomb vessels1 generously loaned us by ,his ,sicilian ,majesty4 ,the bomb vessels are about thirty tons1 carry a thirteen-inch brass sea mortar1 and forty men4 ,gun boats1 twenty-five tons1 carry a long iron twenty-four pounder in the bow1 with a complement of thirty-five men4 ,they are officered and manned from the squadron1 excepting twelve ,neapolitan bombardiers1 gunners1 and sailors1 attached to each boat1 who were shipped by permission of their ,government4 ,this step ,i found necessary1 as every vessel in the squadron was considerably short of complement4 ,the gun boats are constructed for the defence of harbours2 they are flat bottomed and heavy1 and do not sail or row even tolerably well4 ,they were never intended to go to sea1 and1 ,i find1 cannot be navigated with safety1 unless assisted by tow ropes from larger and better sailing vessels1 nor even then1 in very bad weather2 however1 as they were the best ,i could obtain1 ,i have thought it for the good of our service to employ them1 particularly as the weather in ,july and ,august is generally pleasant1 and1 without them1 my force too small to make any impression on ,tripoli4 ,on the #afth of ,july we arrived at ,malta1 where we were detained by contrary gales until the #bast1 when we left it1 and arrived in sight of ,tripoli the #beth1 and were joined by the ,syren1 ,argus1 ,vixen and ,scourge4 ,our squadron now consisted of the ,constitution1 three brigs1 three schooners1 two bombs1 and six gun-boats1 our whole number of men one thousand and sixty4 ,i proceeded to make the necessary arrangements for an attack on ,tripoli1 a city well walled1 protected by batteries judiciously constructed1 mounting one hundred and fifteen pieces of heavy cannon1 and defended by twenty-five thousand ,arabs and ,turks2 the harbour protected by nineteen gun-boats1 two galleys1 two schooners of eight guns each1 and a brig mounting ten guns1 ranged in order of battle1 forming a strong line of defence1 at secure moorings1 inside a long range of rocks and shoals1 extending more than two miles to the eastward of the town1 which form the harbour1 protects them from the northern gales1 and renders it impossible for a vessel of the ,constitution's draught of water to approach near enough to destroy them1 as they are sheltered by the rocks1 and can retire under that shelter to the shore1 unless they choose to expose themselves in the different channels and openings of the reefs1 for the purpose of annoying their enemies4 ,each of their gunboats mounts a heavy eighteen or twenty-six pounder in the bow1 and two brass howitzers on their quarters1 and carry from thirty-six to fifty men4 ,the galleys have each one hundred men1 schooners and brigs about the same number4 ,the weather was not favourable for anchoring until the #bhth1 when1 with the wind ,e4 ,s4 ,e41 the squadron stood in 7p4 #ach7 for the coast1 and at #c ,p4,m4 anchored1 per signal1 ,tripoli bearing ,s4 two and a half miles distant4 ,at this moment the wind shifted suddenly from ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 to ,n4 ,n4 ,w41 and from thence to ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 ,at #e o'clock it blew strong1 with a heavy sea1 setting directly on shore4 ,i made the signal to prepare to weigh4 ,at #f1 the wind and sea having considerably increased the signal was made for the squadron to weigh and gain an offing4 ,the wind continued veering to the eastward1 which favoured our gaining sea-room without being obliged to carry so great a press of sail as to lose any of our gunboats1 although they were in great danger4 ,the gale continued varying from ,n4 ,e4 to ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 without increasing much1 until the #cast1 when it blew away our reefed foresail1 and close-reefed main-topsail2 fortunately1 the sea did not rise in proportion to the strength of the gale1 or we must have lost all our boats4 ,august #ast the gale subsided1 and we stood towards the coast3 every preparation was made for an attack on the town and harbour4 ,august #c;d1 pleasant weather1 wind ,east2 stood in with the squadron towards ,tripoli4 ,at noon we were between two or three miles from the batteries1 which were all manned1 and observing several of their gunboats and galleys had advanced1 in two divisions1 without the rocks1 ,i determined to take advantage of their temerity4 ,at half-past #ab ,i wore off shore1 and made the signal to come within hail1 when ,i communicated to each of the commanders my intention of attacking the enemy's shipping and batteries4 ,the gun and mortar boats were immediately manned and prepared to cast off1 the gunboats in two divisions of three each2 the first division commanded by ,captain ,somers1 in ,no4 #a2 ,lieutenant ,decatur in ,no4 #b1 and ,lieutenant ,blake in ,no4 #c2 the second division commanded by ,captain ,decatur1 in ,no4 #d1 ,lieutenant ,bainbridge in ,no4 #e1 and ,lieutenant ,trippe in ,no4 #f4 ,the two bombards were commanded by ,lieutenant-,commandant ,dent1 and ,mr4 ,robinson1 ,first ,lieutenant of this ship4 ,at half-past #a o'clock1 having made the necessary arrangements for the attack1 wore ship and stood towards the batteries4 ,at #b signal made to cast off the boats2 at a quarter-past #b signal for bombs and gunboats to advance and attack the enemy4 ,at half-past #b general signal for battle4 ,at three-quarters-past #b the bombs commenced the action1 by throwing shells into the town4 ,in an instant the enemy's shipping and batteries opened a tremendous fire1 which was promptly returned by the whole squadron within grape-shot distance2 at the same time the second division1 of three gunboats1 led by the gallant ,captain ,decatur1 was advancing1 with sails and oars1 to board the eastern division of the enemy1 consisting of nine boats4 ,our boats gave the enemy showers of grape and musket balls as they advanced2 they1 however1 soon closed1 when the pistol1 sabre1 pike and tomahawk were made good use of by our brave tars4 ,captain ,somers1 being in a dull sailer1 made the best use of his sweeps1 but was not able to fetch far enough to windward to engage the same division of the enemy's boats which ,captain ,decatur fell in with2 he1 however1 gallantly bore down with his single boat on five of the enemy's western division1 and engaged within pistol shot1 defeated and drove them within the rocks1 in a shattered condition1 and with the loss of a great number of men4 ,lieutenant ,decatur1 in ,no4 #b1 was closely engaged with one of the enemy's largest boats of the eastern division1 which struck to him1 after having lost a large proportion of men1 and1 at the instant that brave officer was boarding her to take possession1 he was 7p4 #aci7 treacherously shot through the head by the captain of the boat that had surrendered1 which base conduct enabled the poltroon 7with the assistance he received from the other boats7 to escape4 ,the third boat of ,captain ,somers' division kept to windward1 firing at the boats and shipping in the harbour2 had she gone down to his assistance1 it is probable several of the enemy's boats would have been captured in that quarter4 ,captain ,decatur1 in ,no4 #d1 after having1 with distinguished bravery1 boarded and carried one of the enemy of superior force1 took his prize in tow1 and gallantly bore down to engage a second1 which1 after a severe and bloody conflict1 he also took possession of4 ,these two prizes had thirty-three officers and men killed1 and twenty-seven made prisoners1 nineteen of which were badly wounded4 ,lieutenant ,trippe1 of the ,vixen1 in ,no4 #f1 ran alongside of one of the enemy's large boats1 which he boarded with only ,midshipman ,john ,henley and nine men1 his boat falling off before any more could get on board2 thus was he left1 compelled to conquer or perish1 with the odds of thirty-six to eleven4 ,the ,turks could not withstand the ardour of this brave officer and his assistants2 in a few minutes the decks were cleared1 and her colours hauled down4 ,on board of this boat fourteen of the enemy were killed1 and twenty-two made prisoners1 seven of which were badly wounded4 ,the rest of their boats retreated within the rocks4 ,lieutenant ,trippe received eleven sabre wounds1 some of which are very severe2 he speaks in the highest terms of ,mr4 ,henley1 and those who followed him4 ,lieutenant ,bainbridge1 in ,no4 #e1 had his latteen yard shot away early in the action1 which prevented his getting alongside the enemy's boats1 but he galled them by a steady and well directed fire1 within musket shot2 indeed he pursued the enemy until his boat grounded under the batteries2 she was1 fortunately1 soon got off4 ,the bomb vessels kept their stations1 although covered with the spray of the sea occasioned by the enemy's shot4 ,they were well conducted by ,lieutenants ,dent and ,robinson1 who kept up a constant fire from the mortars1 and threw a great number of shells into the town4 ,five of the enemy's gunboats1 and two galleys1 composing the centre division1 and stationed within the rocks1 as a reserve1 joined by the boats that had been driven in1 and supplied by fresh men from the shore to replace those they had lost1 twice attempted to row out1 to endeavour to surround our gunboats and their prizes3 ,i as often made the signal to cover them1 which was promptly attended to by the brigs and schooners1 all of which were gallantly conducted1 and annoyed the enemy exceedingly1 but the fire from this ship kept their flotilla completely in check4 ,our grape shot made great havoc among their men1 not only on board their shipping1 but on shore4 ,we were several times within two cables length of the rocks1 and within three of their batteries1 every one of which1 in succession1 were silenced1 so long as we could bring our broadside to bear upon them2 but the moment we passed a battery1 it was re-animated1 and a constant1 heavy fire kept up from all that we could not point our guns at4 ,we suffered most when wearing or tacking2 it was then ,i most sensibly felt the want of another frigate4 ,at half-past four1 the wind inclining to the northward1 ,i made the signal for the bombs and gunboats to retire from action1 and1 immediately after1 the signal to tow off the gunboats and prizes1 which was handsomely executed by the brigs1 schooners1 and boats of the squadron1 covered by a heavy fire from the ,constitution4 ,at three-quarters past #d1 ,p4,m41 the light vessels1 gunboats1 and prizes being 7p4 #adj7 out of reach of the enemy's shot1 ,i hauled off to take the bomb vessels in tow4 ,we were two hours under the fire of the enemy's batteries1 and the only damage received in the ship is a twenty-four pound shot nearly through the centre of the mainmast1 thirty feet from the deck2 main royal yard and sail shot away2 one of our quarter-deck guns damaged by a thirty-two pound shot1 which1 at the same time1 shattered a mariner's arm2 two lower shrouds and two backstays were shot away1 and our sails and running rigging considerably cut4 ,we must impute our getting off thus well to our keeping so near that they overshot us1 and to the annoyance our grape shot gave them2 they are1 however1 but wretched gunners4 ,gunboat ,no4 #e had her main yard shot away1 and the rigging and sails of the brigs and schooners were considerably cut4 ,lieutenant ,decatur was the only officer killed1 but in him the service has lost a valuable officer4 ,he was a young man who gave strong promise of being an ornament to his profession4 ,his conduct in the action was highly honourable1 and he died nobly4 ,the enemy must have suffered very much in killed and wounded1 both among the shipping and on shore4 ,three of their gunboats were sunk in the harbour1 several of them had their decks nearly cleared of men by our shot1 and a number of shells burst in the town and batteries1 which must have done great execution4 ,the officers1 seamen1 and marines1 of the squadron behaved in the most gallant manner4 ,the ,neapolitans1 in emulating the ardour of our seamen1 answered my highest expectations4 ,i cannot but notice the active exertions and officer-like conduct of ,lieutenant ,gordon1 and the other lieutenants of the ,constitution4 ,mr4 ,harriden1 the master1 gave me full satisfaction1 as did all the officers and ship's company4 ,i was much gratified with the conduct of ,captain ,hall and ,lieutenant ,greenleaf1 and the marines belonging to his company1 in the management of six long twenty-six pounders1 on the spar-deck1 which ,i placed under his direction4 ,captain ,decatur speaks in the highest terms of the conduct of ,lieutenant ,thorn and ,midshipman ,mc,donough1 of ,no4 #d1 as does ,captain ,somers of ,midshipmen ,ridgely and ,miller1 attached to ,no4 #a4 ,annexed is a list of killed and wounded1 and1 enclosed1 a copy of my general orders on this occasion3 ,killed4 ,gunboat ,no4 #b3 ,lieutenant ,james ,decatur4 ,wounded4 ,constitution3 one marine2 gunboat ,no4 #d3 ,captain ,decatur 7slightly71 one sergeant of marines and two seamen2 gunboat ,no4 #f3 ,lieutenant ,trippe 7severely71 one boatswain's mate and two marines2 gunboat ,no4 #a3 two seamen2 gunboat ,no4 #b3 two seamen4 ,total1 one killed1 thirteen wounded4 ,august #e4 ,we were at anchor with the squadron about two leagues north from the city of ,tripoli2 the ,argus in chase of a small vessel to the westward1 which she soon came up with1 and brought within hail2 she proved to be a ,french privateer1 of four guns1 which put into ,tripoli a few days since1 for water1 and left it this morning4 ,i prevailed on the captain1 for a consideration1 to return to ,tripoli1 for the purpose of landing fourteen very badly wounded ,tripolitans1 which ,i put on board his vessel1 with a letter to the ,prime ,minister1 leaving it at the option of the ,bashaw to reciprocate this generous mode of conducting the war4 ,the sending these unfortunate men on shore1 to be taken care of by their friends1 was an act of humanity on our part1 which 7p4 #ada7 ,i hope will make a proper impression on the minds of the barbarians1 but ,i doubt it4 ,all hands were busily employed in altering the rig of the three prizes from latteen vessels to sloops1 and preparing for a second attack4 ,observed one of the enemy's schooners and the brig 7two corsairs in the harbour7 to be dismasted2 was informed by the ,french captain that the damage these vessels received in the action of the #c;d had occasioned their masts being taken out4 ,august #gth4 ,the ,french privateer came out1 and brought me a letter from the ,french ,consul1 in which he observes1 that our attack of the #c;d instant has disposed the ,bashaw to accept of reasonable terms1 and invited me to send a boat to the rocks with a flag of truce1 which was declined1 as the white flag was not hoisted at the ,bashaw's castle4 ,at #i ,a4,m41 with a very light breeze from the eastward1 and a strong current which obliged the ,constitution to remain at anchor1 ,i made the signal for the light vessels to weigh1 and the gun and bomb boats to cast off1 and stand in shore toward the western batteries2 the prize boats having been completely fitted for service1 and the command of them given to ,lieutenants ,crane1 of the ,vixen1 ,thorn1 of the ,enterprize1 and ,caldwell1 of the ,syren1 the whole advanced with sails and oars4 ,the orders were for the bombs to take a position in a small bay to the westward of the city1 where but few of the enemy's guns could be brought to bear on them1 but from whence they could annoy the town with shells2 the gunboats to silence a battery of seven heavy guns which guarded the approach to that position1 and the brigs and schooners to support them1 in case the enemy's flotilla should venture out4 ,at half-past one ,p4,m41 a breeze from ,n4 ,n4 ,e41 ,i weighed with the ,constitution and stood in for the town2 but the wind being on shore1 made it imprudent to engage the batteries with the ship1 as1 in case of a mast being shot away1 the loss of the vessel would probably ensue1 unless a change of wind should favour our getting off4 ,at half-past two ,p4,m41 the bomb and gun boats having gained their station1 the signal was made for them to attack the town and batteries4 ,our bombs immediately commenced throwing shells1 and the gunboats opened a sharp and well directed fire on the town and batteries1 within point blank shot1 which was warmly returned by the enemy4 ,the seven gun battery1 in less than two hours1 was silenced1 except one gun2 ,i presume the others were dismounted by our shot1 as the walls were almost totally destroyed4 ,at a quarter-past three ,p4,m41 a ship hove in sight to the northward1 standing for the town2 made the ,argus signal to chase4 ,at half-past three1 one of our prize gunboats was blown up by hot shot from the enemy1 which passed through her magazine3 she had on board twenty-eight officers1 seamen1 and marines1 ten of whom were killed1 and six wounded2 among the killed were ,james ,r4 ,caldwell1 ,first ,lieutenant of the ,syren1 and ,midshipman ,john ,s4 ,dorsey1 both excellent officers2 ,midshipman ,spence and eleven men were taken up unhurt4 ,captain ,decatur1 whose division this boat belonged to1 and who was near at the time she blew up1 reports to me that ,mr4 ,spence was superintending the loading of the gun at that moment1 and1 notwithstanding the boat was sinking1 he and the brave fellows surviving1 finished charging1 gave three cheers as the boat went from under them1 and swam to the nearest boats1 where they assisted during the remainder of the action4 ,the enemy's gunboats and galleys 7fifteen in number7 were all in motion close under the batteries1 and appeared to meditate an attack on our boats2 the ,constitution1 ,nautilus1 and ,enterprize1 were to windward1 ready1 at every hazard1 to cut them off 7p4 #adb7 from the harbour1 if they should venture down2 while the ,syren and ,vixen were near our boats1 to support and cover any that might be disabled4 ,the enemy thought it most prudent1 however1 to retire to their snug retreat behind the rocks1 after firing a few shot4 ,our boats1 in two divisions1 under ,captains ,somers and ,decatur1 were well conducted1 as were our bomb vessels1 by ,lieutenants ,dent and ,robinson4 ,the town must have suffered much from this attack1 and their batteries1 particularly the seven gun battery1 must have lost many men4 ,at half-past five ,p4,m41 the wind began to freshen from the ,n4 ,n4 ,e41 ,i made the signal for the gun and bomb boats to retire from action1 and for the vessels to which they were attached to take them in tow4 ,the ,argus made signal that the strange sail was a friend4 ,in this day's action ,no4 #d had a twenty-four pound shot through her hull2 ,no4 #f her latteen yard shot away2 ,no4 #h a twenty-four pound shot through her hull1 which killed two men2 some of the other boats had their rigging and sails considerably cut4 ,we threw forty-eight shells1 and about five hundred twenty-four pound shot into the town and batteries4 ,all the officers and men engaged in the action behaved with the utmost intrepidity4 ,at half-past six all the boats were in tow1 and the squadron standing to the northwest4 ,at eight1 the ,john ,adams1 ,captain ,chauncey1 from the ,united ,states1 joined company4 ,at nine the squadron anchored1 ,tripoli bearing southeast1 five miles distant4 ,gunboat ,no4 #c was this day commanded by ,mr4 ,brooks1 master of the ,argus1 and ,no4 #f by ,lieutenant ,wadsworth1 of the ,constitution4 ,annexed is a return of our loss in this attack4 ,killed4 ,gunboat ,no4 #i3 ,one lieutenant1 one midshipman1 one boatswain's mate1 one quarter gunner1 one sergeant of marines1 and five seamen2 ,gunboat ,no4 #h3 ,two seamen4 ,wounded4 ,gunboat ,no4 #i3 ,six seamen1 two of whom mortally4 ,total1 twelve killed1 six wounded4 ,captain ,chauncey brought me the first positive information that any reinforcement was to be expected4 ,by him ,i was honoured with your letters of the #gth1 #bb;d1 and #cast of ,may1 informing me that four frigates were coming out1 under ,commodore ,barren1 who is to supersede me in the command of our naval forces in these seas1 at the same time approbating my conduct1 and conveying to me the thanks of the ,president for my services4 ,i beg you1 ,sir1 to accept my warmest thanks for the very obliging language in which you have made these communications1 and to assure the ,president that to merit the applause of my country is my only aim1 and to receive it the highest gratification it can bestow4 ,captain ,chauncey informed me that the frigates might be expected every moment1 as they were to sail from ,hampton ,roads four days after him4 ,in consequence of this information 7and as ,i could not bring the ,john ,adams into action1 she having left all her gun carriages for her gun deck1 except eight1 on board the ,congress and ,constellation1 a day or two previous to her sailing71 ,i determined to wait a few days for the arrival of ,commodore ,barron1 before another attack1 when1 if he should arrive1 the fate of ,tripoli must be decided in a few hours1 and the ,bashaw completely humbled4 ,had the ,john ,adams brought out her gun carriages1 ,i should not have waited a moment1 and can have 7p4 #adc7 no doubt but the next attack would make the arrival of more ships unnecessary for the termination of the ,tripoline war4 ,i gave ,captain ,chauncey orders to remain on the station1 that we might be benefited by the assistance of his boats and men1 as nearly half the crews of the ,constitution1 brigs and schooners1 were taken out to man the bombs1 gun and ship's boats when prepared for an attack4 ,august #ith4 ,we were engaged supplying the bombs and gunboats with ammunition and stores1 and getting everything in readiness for an attack1 the moment ,commodore ,barron should arrive and make the signal4 ,i cannot but regret that our naval establishment is so limited as to deprive me of the means and glory of completely subduing the haughty tyrant of ,tripoli1 while in the chief command2 it will1 however1 afford me satisfaction to give my successor all the assistance in my power4 ,at three ,p4,m4 ,i went on board the ,argus1 for the purpose of reconnoitering the harbour of ,tripoli2 we stood in towards the town1 and were near being sunk by the enemy's fire2 one of their heaviest shot1 which struck about three feet short of the water line1 raked the copper off her bottom under water1 and cut the plank half through4 ,in the evening the wind blew strong from the ,n4 ,n4 ,e42 the squadron weighed1 and kept under sail all night4 ,the day following we anchored1 ,tripoli bearing ,s4 ,s4 ,w41 six miles distant4 ,at ten ,a4,m4 the ,french ,consul hoisted a white flag at his flagstaff1 under the national colours1 which was a signal that the ,bashaw was ready to treat4 ,i sent a boat into the harbour1 and took this opportunity to forward ,captain ,bainbridge1 and his officers1 letters from their friends4 ,the boat was not allowed to land1 but returned in the afternoon1 and brought me a letter1 advising that the ,bashaw was ready to receive five hundred dollars for the ransom of each of the prisoners1 and terminate the war1 without any consideration for peace or tribute4 ,this is three hundred and fifty thousand dollars less than was demanded previous to the action of the #c;d instant4 ,these terms ,i did not hesitate to reject1 as ,i was informed by ,captain ,chauncey that it was the expectation of our ,government1 on the arrival of four frigates1 to obtain the release of the officers and crew of the ,philadelphia without ransom1 and dictate the terms of peace4 ,i enclose you copies of our correspondence1 which will convince you that our attacks have not been made without effect4 ,august #afth4 ,no news of the frigates1 and but short allowance of water in the squadron4 ,i sent the ,enterprize to ,malta1 with orders to the agent there to hire transports1 and send off immediately a supply of fresh water1 provision1 and other stores which have become necessary1 as some of the squadron have now been upwards of five months in sight of this dismal coast1 without once visiting a friendly port4 ,those vessels1 as well as the gunboats1 received their supply of water and provisions from the ,constitution4 ,august #ahth4 ,as the season is fast approaching when we may expect bad weather1 and no news of the frigates1 ,i have determined to make an attack as soon as the wind proves favourable4 ,at eight ,p4,m4 ,i sent ,captains ,decatur and ,chauncey1 in two small boats1 to reconnoitre the harbour1 and observe the disposition of the enemy's flotilla at night4 ,they returned at midnight1 and reported that they were anchored in a line abreast1 from the mole to the ,bashaw's castle1 with their heads to the eastward1 for the defence of the inner harbour4 ,at daylight 7p4 #add7 the wind shifted suddenly from northeast to north-northwest1 and brought a heavy sea on shore1 which obliged us1 for greater safety1 to weigh and stand to sea4 ,august #bjth4 ,we had gained an offing of nine or ten leagues2 still blowing hard4 ,we had met with the ketch ,intrepid1 from ,syracuse1 with a cargo of fresh water1 stock1 and vegetables1 for the squadron4 ,august #bb;d4 ,fell in with a ship from ,malta1 with water and live stock for the squadron4 ,these cargoes arrived very opportunely1 as we have for some time past been on a short allowance of water4 ,the wind having moderated1 we stood in and anchored with the squadron1 six miles northeast by north from ,tripoli4 ,all the boats were engaged in discharging the transports4 ,the ,enterprize arrived from ,malta1 but brought no intelligence of the long expected frigates4 ,august #bdth4 ,with a light breeze from the northeast1 we stood in with the squadron1 prepared for action1 intending to attack the town and shipping in the night4 ,at eight in the evening1 anchored about two and a half miles from the batteries4 ,at midnight it fell calm4 ,i sent the bomb vessels1 under the protection of the gunboats1 to bombard the town2 the boats of the squadron were employed in towing them in4 ,at two ,a4,m4 the bombardment commenced1 and continued until daylight1 but with what effect is uncertain4 ,at six all the boats joined us1 and were taken in tow by the squadron1 which was under weigh and standing off4 ,at seven1 anchored four miles north of the town4 ,the weather for several days1 proved unfavourable for approaching the shore4 ,august #bhth4 ,we were favoured with a pleasant breeze from the eastward2 at three ,p4,m4 we weighed1 and stood in for ,tripoli2 at five1 anchored the ,constitution1 two miles north by east from ,fort ,english1 and two miles and a half from the ,bashaw's castle2 the light vessels ordered to keep under way2 we were employed until eight ,p4,m4 in making arrangements for attacking the town2 a number of the officers1 and many of the seamen1 of the ,constitution being attached to the bomb1 gun and ship's boats2 ,captain ,chauncey1 with several of his officers1 and about seventy seamen and marines1 volunteered their services on board the ,constitution4 ,all the boats in the squadron were officered and manned1 and attached to the several gunboats4 ,the two bomb vessels could not be brought into action1 as one was leaky and the mortar-bed of the other had given way4 ,the ,john ,adams1 ,scourge1 transports and bombs1 were anchored seven miles to the northward of the town4 ,lieutenant ,commander ,dent1 of the ,scourge1 came on board the ,constitution1 and took charge on the gun-deck4 ,lieutenant ,izard1 of the ,scourge1 also joined me4 ,lieutenant ,gordon commands gunboat ,no4 #b1 and ,lieutenant ,lawrence1 of the ,enterprize1 ,no4 #e2 these are the only changes4 ,at half past one1 ,a4,m41 the gunboats1 in two divisions1 led by ,captains ,decatur and ,somers1 were ordered to advance and take their stations close to the rocks at the entrance of the harbour1 within grape-shot distance of the ,bashaw's castle4 ,the ,syren1 ,argus1 ,vixen1 ,nautilus1 ,enterprize1 and boats of the squadron accompanied them4 ,at three1 ,a4,m41 the boats anchored with springs on1 within pistol shot of the rocks1 and commenced a brisk fire on the shipping1 town1 batteries1 and ,bashaw's castle1 which was warmly returned1 but not as well directed4 ,the ship's boats remained with the gunboats1 to assist in boarding the enemy's 7p4 #ade7 flotilla1 if it should venture out1 while the brigs and schooners kept under way1 ready for the same service1 or for annoying the enemy as occasion might present4 ,at daylight1 presuming that the gunboats had nearly expended their ammunition1 we weighed with the ,constitution1 and stood in for the harbour4 ,fort ,english1 the ,bashaw's castle1 crown and mole batteries1 kept up a heavy fire upon us as we advanced4 ,at half past five1 ,i made the signal for the gunboats to retire from action1 and for the brigs and schooners to take them in tow4 ,we were then within two cables length of the rocks1 and commenced a heavy fire of round and grape on thirteen of the enemy's gunboats and galleys1 which were in pretty close action with our boats4 ,we sunk one of the enemy's boats1 at the same time1 two more1 disabled1 ran on shore to avoid sinking2 the remainder immediately retreated4 ,we continued running in until we were within musket shot of the crown and mole batteries1 when we brought to and fired upwards of three hundred round shot1 besides grape and canister1 into the town1 ,bashaw's castle1 and batteries4 ,we silenced the castle and two of the batteries for some time4 ,at a quarter past six1 the gunboats being all out of shot and in tow1 ,i hauled off1 after having been three-quarters of an hour in close action4 ,the gunboats fired upwards of four hundred round shot1 besides grape and canister1 with good effect4 ,a large ,tunisian galliot was sunk in the mole4 ,a ,spanish ship1 which had entered with an ambassador from the ,grand ,seignor1 received considerable damage4 ,the ,tripoline galleys and gunboats lost many men1 and were much cut4 ,the ,bashaw's castle and town have suffered very much2 as have their crown and mole batteries4 ,captains ,decatur and ,somers conducted their divisions of gunboats with their usual firmness and address1 and were well supported by the officers and men attached to them4 ,the brigs and schooners were also well conducted during the action1 and fired a number of shot at the enemy1 but their guns are too light to do much execution4 ,they suffered considerably in their sails and rigging4 ,the officers and crew of the ,constitution behaved well4 ,i cannot1 in justice to ,captain ,chauncey1 omit noticing the very able assistance ,i received from him on the quarter-deck of the ,constitution during the whole of the action4 ,the damage which we have received is principally above the hull4 ,three lower shrouds1 two spring stays1 two top-mast back stays1 trusses1 chains1 and lifts of the main yard1 shot away4 ,our sails had several cannon shot through them1 and were beside considerably cut by grape2 much of our running rigging cut to pieces4 ,one of our anchor stocks1 and our larboard cable1 shot away1 and a number of grape shot were sticking in different parts of the hull1 but not a man hurt6 ,a boat belonging to the ,john ,adams1 with a master's mate 7,mr4 ,creighton7 and eight men1 was sunk by a double-headed shot from the batteries1 while in tow of the ,nautilus1 which killed three men1 and badly wounded one1 who1 with ,mr4 ,creighton and the other four1 were picked up by one of our boats4 ,the only damage our gunboats sustained was in their rigging and sails1 which were considerably cut by the enemy's round and grape shot4 ,at eleven1 ,a4,m41 we anchored with the squadron1 five miles northeast by north from ,tripoli1 and repaired the damage received in the action4 ,august #bith and #cjth4 ,preparing the bomb vessels for service2 supplying the gunboats with ammunition1 etc4 ,august #cast4 ,a vessel arrived from ,malta with provisions 7p4 #adf7 and stores2 brought no news of ,commodore ,barron or the frigates4 ,we discharged this vessel's cargo and ordered her to return4 ,september #b;d4 ,the bomb vessels having been repaired and ready for service1 ,lieutenants ,dent and ,robinson resumed the command of them4 ,lieutenant ,morris of the ,argus1 took command of ,no4 #c1 and ,lieutenant ,trippe1 having nearly recovered from his wounds1 resumed the command of ,no4 #f1 which he so gallantly conducted the #c;d ultimo4 ,captain ,chauncey1 with several young gentlemen1 and sixty men from the ,john ,adams1 volunteered on board the ,constitution4 ,at four ,p4,m41 made the signal to weigh2 kept under sail all night4 ,at eleven ,p4,m41 a general signal to prepare for battle4 ,a ,spanish polacre in ballast came out of ,tripoli1 with an ambassador of the ,grand ,seignor on board1 who had been sent from ,constantinople to ,tripoli to confirm the ,bashaw in his title2 this ceremony takes place in all the ,barbary regencies every five years4 ,the captain of this vessel informed us that our shot and shells had made great havoc and destruction in the city1 and among the shipping1 and that a vast number of people had been killed3 also informs us that three of the boats which were sunk by our shot in the actions of the #c;d and #bhth ultimo1 had been got up1 repaired1 and fitted for service4 ,september #c;d4 ,at two ,p4,m41 ,tripoli bore south southwest1 two miles and a half distant2 wind east by north4 ,at half-past two the signals were made for the gunboats to cast off1 advance1 and attack the enemy's galleys and gunboats1 which were all under weigh in the eastern part of the harbour1 whither they had for some time been working up against the wind4 ,this was certainly a judicious movement of theirs1 as it precluded the possibility of our boats going down to attack the town1 without leaving the enemy's flotilla in their rear1 and directly to windward4 ,i accordingly ordered the bomb vessels to run down within proper distance of the town and bombard it1 while our gunboats were to engage the enemy's galleys and boats to windward4 ,at half-past three ,p4,m41 our bombs having gained the station to which they were directed1 anchored1 and commenced throwing shells into the city2 at the same time our gunboats opened a brisk fire on the galleys1 c41 within point blank shot1 which was warmly returned by them and ,fort ,english1 and by a new battery a little to the westward2 but as soon as our boats arrived within good musket shot of their galleys and boats1 they gave way and retreated to the shore within the rocks1 and under cover of musketry from ,fort ,english4 ,they were followed by our boats1 and by the ,syren1 ,argus1 ,vixen1 ,nautilus and ,enterprize1 as far as the reefs would permit them to go with prudence4 ,the action was then divided4 ,one division of our boats1 with the brigs and schooners1 attacked ,fort ,english1 whilst the other was engaged with the enemy's galleys and boats4 ,the ,bashaw's castle1 the mole1 crown1 and several other batteries kept up a constant fire on our bomb vessels1 which were well conducted1 and threw shells briskly into the town2 but1 from their situation1 they were very much exposed1 and in great danger of being sunk4 ,i accordingly ran within them with the ,constitution1 to draw off the enemy's attention and amuse them whilst the bombardment was kept up4 ,we brought to within reach of grape1 and fired eleven broadsides into the ,bashaw's castle1 town and batteries1 in a situation where more than seventy guns could bear upon us4 ,one of their batteries was silenced4 ,the town1 castle and other batteries considerably 7p4 #adg7 damaged4 ,by this time1 it was half-past four o'clock2 the wind was increasing1 and inclining rapidly to the northward4 ,i made the signal for the boats to retire from action1 and for the brigs and schooners to take them in tow1 and soon after hauled off with the ,constitution to repair damages4 ,our main-topsail was totally disabled by a shell from the batteries1 which cut away the leech rope1 and several cloths of the sail2 another shell went through the fore-top-sail1 and one through the jib2 all our sails considerably cut2 two top-mast backstays shot away1 main sheets1 fore tacks1 lifts1 braces1 bowlines1 and the running rigging1 generally1 very much cut1 but no shot in our hull1 excepting a few grape4 ,our gunboats were an hour and fifteen minutes in action4 ,they disabled several of the enemy's galleys and boats1 and considerably damaged ,fort ,english4 ,most of our boats received damage in their rigging and sails4 ,the bomb vessel ,no4 #a1 commanded by ,lieutenant ,robinson1 was disabled1 every shroud being shot away2 the bed of the mortar rendered useless1 and the vessel near sinking2 she was1 however1 towed off4 ,about fifty shells were thrown into the town1 and our boats fired four hundred round shot1 besides grape and canister4 ,they were led into action by ,captains ,decatur and ,somers1 with their usual gallantry4 ,the brigs and schooners were handsomely conducted1 and fired many shot with effect at ,fort ,english1 which they were near enough to reach with their carronades2 they suffered considerably in their rigging1 and the ,argus received a thirty-two pound shot in the hull forward1 which cut off a bower cable as it entered4 ,we kept under weigh until eleven ,p4,m41 when we anchored1 ,tripoli bearing south southwest three leagues4 ,i again1 with pleasure1 acknowledge the services of an able and active officer in ,captain ,chauncey1 serving on the quarter-deck of the ,constitution4 ,at sunrise ,i made the signal for the squadron to prepare for action4 ,the carpenters were sent on board the bombs to repair damages1 and our boats employed in supplying the bombs and gunboats with ammunition1 and to replace the expenditures4 ,desirous of annoying the enemy by all the means in my power1 ,i directed to be put into execution a long contemplated plan of sending a fire ship1 or infernal1 into the harbour of ,tripoli1 in the night1 for the purpose of endeavouring to destroy the enemy's shipping1 and shatter the ,bashaw's castle and town4 ,captain ,somers1 of the ,nautilus1 having volunteered his services1 had1 for several days before this period1 been directing the preparation of the ketch ,intrepid1 assisted by ,lieutenants ,wadsworth and ,israel4 ,about one hundred barrels of powder1 and one hundred and fifty fixed shells1 were apparently judiciously disposed of on board her4 ,the fusees leading to the magazine1 where all the powder was deposited1 were calculated to burn for a quarter of an hour4 ,september #dth4 ,the ,intrepid being prepared for the intended service1 ,captain ,somers and ,lieutenant ,wadsworth made choice of two of the fastest rowing boats in the squadron1 for bringing them out1 after reaching their destination1 and firing the combustible materials which were to communicate with the fusees4 ,captain ,somers' boat was manned with four seamen from the ,nautilus1 and ,lieutenant ,wadsworth's with six from the ,constitution4 ,lieutenant ,israel accompanied them4 ,at eight in the evening1 the ,intrepid was under sail1 and standing for the port1 with a leading breeze from the eastward4 ,the ,argus1 ,vixen1 and ,nautilus1 convoyed her as far as the rocks4 ,on entering the 7p4 #adh7 harbour1 several shot were fired at her from the batteries4 ,in a few minutes after1 when she had apparently nearly gained the intended place of destination1 she suddenly exploded1 without their having previously fired a room filled with splinters and other combustibles1 which were intended to create a blaze in order to deter the enemy from boarding while the fire was communicating to the fusees which led to the magazine4 ,the effect of the explosion awed their batteries into profound silence with astonishment2 not a gun was afterwards fired for the night4 ,the shrieks of the inhabitants informed us that the town was thrown into the greatest terror and consternation by the explosion of the magazine1 and the bursting and falling of shells in all directions4 ,the whole squadron waited1 with the utmost anxiety1 to learn the fate of the adventurers1 from a signal previously agreed on1 in case of success2 but waited in vain4 ,no signs of their safety were to be observed4 ,the ,argus1 ,vixen and ,nautilus1 hovered round the entrance of the port until sunrise1 when they had a fair view of the whole harbour4 ,not a vestige of the ketch or her boats was to be seen4 ,one of the enemy's largest gunboats was missing1 and three others were seen very much shattered and damaged1 which the enemy were hauling on shore4 ,from these circumstances1 ,i am led to believe that these boats were detached from the enemy's flotilla to intercept the ketch1 and1 without suspecting her to be a fire ship1 the missing boat had suddenly boarded her1 when the gallant ,somers and heroes of his party1 observing the other three boats surrounding them1 and no prospect of escape1 determined1 at once1 to prefer death and the destruction of the enemy to captivity and torturing slavery1 put a match to the tram leading directly to the magazine1 which at once blew the whole into the air1 and terminated their existence4 ,my conjectures respecting this affair are founded on a resolution which ,captain ,somers1 ,lieutenants ,wadsworth and ,israel had formed--neither to be taken by the enemy1 nor suffer him to get possession of the powder on board the ,intrepid4 ,they expected to enter the harbour without discovery1 but had declared that should they be disappointed1 and the enemy should board them1 before they reached the point of destination1 in such force as to leave them no hopes of a safe retreat1 that they would put a match to the magazine1 and blow themselves and their enemies up together2 determined1 as there was no exchange of prisoners1 that their country should never pay ransom for them1 nor the enemy receive a supply of powder through their means4 ,the disappearance of one of the enemy's boats1 and the shattered condition of three others1 confirm me in my opinion that they were an advanced guard1 detached from the main body of the flotilla on discovering the approach of the ,intrepid1 and that they attempted to board her before she had reached her point of destination2 otherwise the whole of their shipping must have suffered1 and perhaps would have been totally destroyed4 ,that she was blown up before she had gained her station is certain1 by which the service has lost three very gallant officers4 ,captain ,somers1 and ,lieutenants ,wadsworth and ,israel were officers of conspicuous bravery1 talents1 and merit4 ,they had uniformly distinguished themselves in the several actions2 were beloved and lamented by the whole squadron4 ,september #eth4 ,we were employed in supplying the gunboats with ammunition1 c41 and repairing the bomb vessels for another attack1 but1 the wind shifting to the ,n4 ,n4 ,e41 a heavy swell setting on shore1 and other indications of bad weather1 determined me1 for greater safety1 to take the guns1 mortars1 7p4 #adi7 shot and shells out of the boats into the ,constitution and ,john ,adams1 which was accordingly done4 ,the weather continuing to wear a threatening aspect until the #gth1 and our ammunition being reduced to a quantity not more than sufficient for three vessels to keep up the blockade1 no intelligence of the expected reinforcement1 and the season so far advanced as to render it imprudent to hazard the gunboats any longer on the station1 ,i gave orders for the ,john ,adams1 ,syren1 ,nautilus1 ,enterprize and ,scourge1 to take the bombs and gunboats in tow1 and proceed to ,syracuse with them4 ,the ,argus and ,vixen to remain with the ,constitution1 to keep up the blockade4 ,september #ajth4 ,the ,united ,states ship ,president1 ,commodore ,barron1 and ,constellation1 ,captain ,campbell1 hove in sight1 and soon joined company1 when the command of the squadron was surrendered to ,commodore ,barron with the usual ceremony4 ,i continued in company with the squadron until the #abth1 when three strange ships came in sight1 standing direct for ,tripoli4 ,chase was given1 and two of them boarded and taken possession of by the ,constitution1 the ,president in company1 about four leagues from ,tripoli1 but not more than five miles from the land1 while the ,constellation and ,argus were in chase of the third4 ,the two boarded by the ,constitution were loaded with about sixteen thousand bushels of wheat4 ,tripoli is in a state of starvation1 and there can be no doubt but these cargoes were meant as a supply and relief to our enemies4 ,considering the season too far advanced1 and weather too uncertain1 to hazard any further operations against ,tripoli1 at present1 ,commodore ,barron determined that the prizes should be sent to ,malta1 under convoy of the ,constitution1 it being necessary she should go into port to be recaulked and refitted4 ,i notified to ,commodore ,barron that it was my wish to return to the ,united ,states1 in the frigate ,john ,adams1 ,captain ,chauncey2 this readily1 and in the handsomest manner1 met his acquiescence4 ,i shall accordingly return in that ship4 ,the service in this quarter cannot suffer from this arrangement1 as ,captain ,decatur is at present without a ship1 and my return will place him immediately in the exercise of the duties attached to that commission which he has so gallantly earned1 and his country generously bestowed4 ,i shall feel a pleasure in leaving the ,constitution under the command of that officer1 whose enterprising and manly conduct ,i have often witnessed1 and whose merits eminently entitle him to so handsome a command4 ,the other commanders merit the highest commendations for their prompt obedience to orders1 on all occasions1 and for the zeal1 spirit and judgment which they displayed in the several attacks on the enemy's shipping and batteries1 as well as for the general good order and discipline at all times observed on board their respective vessels4 ,the officers of the squadron have conducted themselves in the most gallant and handsome manner2 and the conduct of the different ship's companies have merited my warmest approbation since ,i have had the honour to command them4 ,it affords me much satisfaction to observe that we have neither had a duel nor a court martial in the squadron since we left the ,united ,states4 ,i most sincerely regret the loss of our gallant countrymen1 who have sacrificed their lives to the honour of the service1 and that it has not been in my power1 consistent with the 7p4 #aej7 interest and expectation of our country1 to liberate ,captain ,bainbridge and the unfortunate officers and crew of the ,philadelphia4 ,be assured1 sir1 ,i have incessantly endeavoured to effect this desirable object4 ,i have no doubt but my successor will be able to effect their release1 and establish peace1 on such terms as will reflect the highest honour on himself and his country4 ,september #agth4 ,arrived at ,malta with the two detained ,greek vessels4 ,we experienced very bad weather1 but had the satisfaction to learn that the bombs and gunboats had arrived safe at ,syracuse1 the #aeth instant1 without accident4 ,each of the ,tripoline gunboats which we have captured has two brass howitzers abaft1 and a handsome copper gun in the bow1 which carries a twenty-nine pound shot1 is eleven and a half feet long1 and weighs six thousand six hundred pounds4 ,i send you a plan of the town and harbour of ,tripoli1 with the disposition of our squadron1 and the enemy's flotilla1 at the time of the several attacks1 with sundry other papers4 ,i have the honour to be1 with the highest respect1 sir1 ,your most obedient servant1 ,edward ,,preble4 ,r4 ,smith to ,george ,harrison4 ,to ,george ,,harrison1 ,esq41 ,navy ,department1 ,philadelphia4 ,june #bf1 #ahje4 ,sir3 ,i have received your letter1 accompanied by drawings of the medal for ,commodore ,preble4 ,i now return you the ,commodore's likeness and one of the drawings sent to me by you4 ,i approve the drawings1 excepting as to size1 which appears to me to be too large4 ,i doubt whether any die can be made to impress so large a surface4 ,we should depart1 too1 from general custom1 by making this medal so large4 ,the medal voted by the old ,congress1 for ,general ,washington1 was three inches diameter1 those for ,general ,greene1 ,gates1 c41 were two and a half inches1 and those for ,morgan1 ,wayne1 c41 were two inches4 ,the drawings of the medal for ,commodore ,preble are four inches4 ,i have no objections to the medal for ,commodore ,preble being two and a half inches4 ,confer with artists upon the subject and let me hear from you4 ,it is my determination to have it made by ,mr4 ,reich1 and you may so inform him1 that he may not engage in other business to interfere with this4 ,i am respectfully1 sir1 your most obedient servant1 ,r4 ,,smith4 ,no4 #bd4 7p4 #aea7 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,march #d1 #ahji--,march #d1 #ahag4 ,james ,madison ,president of the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahji4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,james ,,madison4 ,fourth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,james ,,madison ,,president ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 7,united ,states7 ,a4 ,d4 7,anno ,domini3 ,the year of our ,lord7 #ahji4 ,bust of ,president ,madison1 facing the left4 ,on ring1 ,r4 7,reich74 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped1 in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4#gd ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,,introduction1 page xxiv4 ,the dies of the reverse of this medal served for all the ,indian ,presidential medals struck previous to ,july1 #ahdf1 when new ones had to be made1 as will be seen from the following extracts from despatches of ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson1 director of the ,mint1 to ,william ,merrill1 commissioner of ,indian affairs1 bearing date1 ,philadelphia1 ,july #ah1 #ahdf3 ,as the dies for the ,indian medals belong to the ,war ,department1 it is proper that ,i should mention that the reverses are no longer in a condition to be employed4 ,they have been used for all the medals struck since the time of ,president ,jefferson1 and it was with difficulty that they could be made to answer for those which we have just completed4 ,a new set will be absolutely necessary1 and it seems not unreasonable that they should be paid out of the appropriation made for these medals1 in striking which they have finally failed4 ,and ,philadelphia1 ,december #e1 #ahdf3 7p4 #aeb7 ,in a letter which ,i addressed to you on the #ahth of ,july last1 ,i stated that the reverses used for the ,indian medals were no longer in a condition to be again employed4 ,i mentioned that the cost of a new set would be #cjj1 and ,i asked your authority to have them made without further delay4 ,this authority you gave me in your letter of the #bast of ,july4 ,i have now to report that complete sets both of hubs and dies have been made1 and that the hubs will put it in our power to replace a die1 at any time1 if it should be injured4 ,all apprehension from this source is therefore removed for the future4 ,,james ,,madison was born at ,king ,george1 on the ,rappahannock river1 ,virginia1 ,march #af1 #agea4 ,he was graduated at the ,college of ,new ,jersey1 ,princeton1 #agga2 studied law2 was member of the ,general ,assembly of ,virginia1 #aggf2 of the ,continental ,congress1 #aghj-aghc2 of the ,state ,legislature of ,virginia1 #aghd2 of the ,philadelphia ,convention1 #aghg2 representative in ,congress from ,virginia1 #aghi-agig2 secretary of ,state to ,president ,jefferson1 #ahja-ahji2 ,president of the ,united ,states 7first term71 #ahji-ahac2 7second term71 #ahac-ahag4 ,he died at his estate of ,montpelier1 ,orange ,county1 ,virginia1 ,june #bh1 #ahcf4 ,no4 #be4 7p4 #aec7 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,august #ai1 #ahab4 ,isaacus ,hull peritos arte superat ,jul ,,mdcccxii ,aug4 certamine fortes4 ,rx4 ,horae memento victoria4 ,,captain ,,isaac ,,hull4 ,capture of the ,guerrire4 ,,isaacus ,,hull ,,peritos ,,arte ,,superat ,,jul4 7,julii71 ,,mdcccxii ,,aug4 7,augusti7 ,,certamine ,,fortes4#ge 7,isaac ,hull conquers in ,july1 #ahab1 the skilled by stratagem1 and in ,august1 the strong in battle47 ,bust of ,captain ,hull1 in uniform1 facing the left4 ,on edge of bust1 ,r4 7,reich74 ,footnote #ge3 ,as this legend refers to two events1 ,hull's celebrated escape from a ,british fleet in ,july1 and his capture of the ,guerrire in ,august1 #ahab1 the official reports of both those important affairs are given4 ,,horae ,,momento ,,victoria4 7,victory in the space of an hour47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 of forty-four guns1 ,captain ,hull1 and the ,british frigate ,guerrire1 of forty-nine guns1 ,captain ,dacres4 ,the ,constitution1 firing her starboard battery1 carries away the ,guerrire's mizzenmast1 which1 in falling1 takes with it the mainmast2 the ,guerrire1 having already lost her foremast1 is completely dismasted2 the ,constitution1 on the contrary1 is but slightly injured in her rigging4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,const4 ,,nav4 ,,amer4 ,,et ,,guer4 ,,angl4 7,inter ,constitution navem ,americanam et ,guerrire ,anglicanam3 ,between the ,american vessel ,constitution and the ,english vessel ,guerrire74#gf ,footnote #gf3 ,see ,,introduction1 page xxiv4 ,,isaac ,,hull was born at ,derby1 ,connecticut1 ,march #i1 #agge4 ,he was first in the merchant service1 but entered the navy as lieutenant in #agih1 and served under ,commodores ,preble and ,barron before ,tripoli1 7p4 #aed7 #ahjb-ahje4 ,in ,may1 #ahjd1 he was appointed master-commandant1 and in ,april1 #ahjf1 captain4 ,on ,july #ag1 #ahab1 and on the following two days1 while in command of the frigate ,constitution1 he found himself becalmed1 with a fleet of five ,british vessels in pursuit of him1 but by repeatedly sending out his kedge anchors and hauling his ship up to them1 he kept out of their reach until the breeze sprung up again1 when he soon left them far astern4 ,a few weeks later1 ,august #ai1 he fell in with and captured the ,british frigate ,guerrire1 ,captain ,j4 ,a4 ,dacres1 for which gallant action ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,after the war1 he commanded in the ,pacific and the ,mediterranean4 ,he was a member of the ,naval ,board1 and was at the head of the navy yards at ,boston and at ,washington4 ,he died in ,philadelphia1 ,february #c1 #ahdc4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,hull1 ,decatur1 ,jones1 etc4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby1 requested to present to ,captain ,hull of the frigate ,constitution1 ,captain ,decatur of the frigate ,united ,states1 and ,captain ,jones of the sloop of war ,wasp1 each a gold medal1 with suitable emblems and devices2 and a silver medal1 with like emblems and devices1 to each commissioned officer of the aforesaid vessels1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry1 good conduct1 and services of the captains1 officers1 and crews of the aforesaid vessels in their respective conflicts with the ,british frigates the ,guerrire and the ,macedonian1 and sloop of war ,frolic2 and the ,president is also requested to present a silver medal1#gg with like emblems and devices1 to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,bush1 and one to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,funk1 in testimony of the gallantry and merit of those deceased officers1 in whom their country has sustained a loss much to be regretted4 ,footnote #gg3 ,the silver medals are copies of the gold ones given to the captains of the respective ships4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he hereby is1 requested to present to ,lieutenant ,elliott of the navy of the ,united ,states1 an elegant sword1 with suitable emblems and devices1 in testimony of the just sense entertained by ,congress of his gallantry and good conduct in boarding and capturing the ,british brigs ,detroit and ,caledonia1 while anchored under the protection of ,fort ,erie4 ,approved ,january #bi1 #ahac4 ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 7p4 #aee7 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 ,paul ,,hamilton1 at ,sea1 ,july #ba1 #ahab4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,in pursuance of your orders of the #c;d instant1 ,i left ,annapolis on the #eth instant1 and the ,capes on the #abth1 of which ,i advised you by the ,pilot that brought the ship to sea4 ,for several days after we got out the wind was light and ahead1 which with a strong southerly current prevented our making much way to the northward4 ,on the #agth at #b ,p4,m41 being in #bb fathoms water off ,egg ,harbour1 four sail of ships were discovered from the mast head to the northward and in shore of us2 apparently ships of war4 ,the wind being very light1 all sail was made in chase of them1 to ascertain whether they were enemy's ships or our squadron having got out of ,new ,york waiting the arrival of the ,constitution1 the latter of which ,i had reason to believe was the case4 ,at #d in the afternoon a ship was seen from the mast head bearing about ,n4 ,e41 standing for us under all sail1 which she continued to do until sundown1 at which time she was too far off to distinguish signals1 and the ships in shore were only to be seen from the tops1 they were standing off to the southward1 and eastward4 ,as we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in the offing was1 ,i determined to stand for her and get near enough to make the night signal4 ,at #aj1 in the evening1 being within six or eight miles of the strange sail1 the ,private ,signal was made1 and kept up nearly one hour1 but finding she could not answer it1 ,i concluded she and the ships in shore were enemies4 ,i immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward1 and made all sail1 having determined to lay off till day light1 to see what they were4 ,the ship that we had been chasing1 hauled off after us1 showing a light1 and occasionally making signals1 supposed to be for the ships in shore4 ,july #ahth4 ,at daylight1 or a little before it was quite light1 saw two sail under our lee1 which proved to be frigates of the enemy--one frigate astern1 within about five or six miles1 and a line-of-battle ship1 a frigate1 a brig and schooner1 about ten or twelve miles directly astern1 all in chase of us1 with a fine breeze1 and coming up very fast1 it being nearly calm where we were4 ,soon after sunrise the wind entirely left us1 and the ship would not steer1 but fell round off with her head towards the two ships under our lee4 ,the boats were instantly hoisted out and sent ahead to tow the ship's head round1 and to endeavour to get her farther from the enemy1 being then within five miles of three heavy frigates4 ,the boats of the enemy were got out1 and sent ahead to tow1 which1 with the light air that remained with them1 they came up very fast4 ,finding the enemy coming fast up1 and but little chance of escaping from them1 ,i ordered two of the guns on the gun deck1 ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the gun deck1 and hoisted one of the #bd-pounders off the gun deck1 and run that1 with the forecastle gun1 an #ah-pounder1 out at the ports on the quarter deck1 and cleared the ship for action1 being determined they should not get her without resistance on our part1 notwithstanding their force and the situation we were placed in4 ,at about seven in the morning the ship nearest us 7p4 #aef7 approaching within gunshot and directly astern1 ,i ordered one of the stern guns fired to see if we could reach her1 to endeavour to disable her masts1 found the shot fell a little short1 would not fire any more4 ,at #h four of the enemy's ships nearly within gunshot1 some of them having six or eight boats ahead towing1 with all their oars and sweeps out to row them up with us1 which they were fast doing4 ,it now appeared that we must be taken1 and that our escape was impossible1 four heavy ships nearly within gunshot and coming up fast1 and not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of getting off by outsailing them4 ,in the situation1 finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms water 7by the suggestion of that valuable officer1 ,lieutenant ,morris71 ,i determined to try and warp the ship ahead by carrying out anchors and warping her up to them4 ,three or four hundred fathoms of rope was instantly got up1 and two anchors got ready and sent ahead1 by which means we began to gain ahead of the enemy4 ,they however soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors1 and adopted the same plan1 under very advantageous circumstances1 as all the boats from the ship furthermost off were sent to tow and warp up those nearest to us1 by which means they again came up1 so that at #i the ship nearest us began firing her bow guns1 which we instantly returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on the quarter deck4 ,all the shots from the enemy fell short1 but we have reason to believe that some of ours went on board her1 as we could not see them strike the water4 ,soon after #i a second frigate passed under our lee and opened her broadside1 but finding her shot fell short1 discontinued her fire1 but continued1 as did all the rest of them1 to make every possible exertion to get up with us4 ,from #i to #ab1 all hands were employed in warping the ship ahead1 and in starting some of the water in the main hold1 to lighten her1 by which1 with the help of a light air1 we rather gained of the enemy1 or at least held on our own4 ,about #b1 in the afternoon1 all the boats from the line of battle ship1 and some of the frigates1 were sent to the frigate nearest to us1 to endeavour to tow her up1 but a light breeze sprung up1 which enabled us to hold way with her1 notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead1 and all her sails furled to tow her to windward4 ,the wind continued light until #aa at night1 and the boats were kept ahead towing and warping to keep out of the reach of the enemy1 three of the frigates being very near us4 ,at #aa1 we got a light breeze from the southward1 the boats came alongside1 and were hoisted up1 the ship having too much way to keep them ahead1 the enemy still in chase and very near4 ,july #aith4 ,at daylight passed within gun shot of one of the frigates1 but she did not fire on us1 perhaps for fear of becalming her as the wind was light4 ,soon after passing us she tacked and stood after us4 ,at this time six sail were in sight under all sail after us4 ,at #i1 in the morning1 saw a strange sail on our weather beam1 supposed to be an ,american merchant ship4 ,the instant the frigate nearest us saw her1 she hoisted ,american colours1 as did all the squadron1 in hopes to decoy her down4 ,i immediately hoisted ,english colours1 that she might not be deceived4 ,she soon hauled her wind1 and it is to be hoped made her escape4 ,all this day the wind increased gradually1 and we gained on the enemy1 in the course of the day1 six or eight miles1 they however continued chasing us all night under a press of sail4 ,july #bjth4 ,at daylight in the morning only three of them 7p4 #aeg7 could be seen from the mast head1 the nearest of which was about twelve miles off directly astern4 ,all hands were set at work wetting the sails1 from the royals down1 with the engine and fire-buckets1 and we soon found that we left the enemy very fast4 ,at quarter past #h1 the enemy finding that they were fast dropping astern1 gave over the chase1 and hauled their own wind to the northward1 probably for the station off ,new ,york4 ,at half-past #h1 saw a sail ahead1 gave chase after her under all sail4 ,at #i1 saw another strange sail under our lee bow4 ,we soon spoke the first sail1 discovered and found her to be an ,american brig from ,st4 ,domingo1 bound to ,portland4 ,i directed the captain how to steer to avoid the enemy1 and made sail for the vessel to leeward4 ,on coming up with her1 she proved to be an ,american brig from ,st4 ,bartholomews1 bound to ,philadelphia1 but on being informed of war1 she bore up for ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,finding the ship so far to the southward and eastward1 and the enemy's squadron stationed off ,new ,york1 which would make it impossible for the ship to get in there1 ,i determined to make for ,boston to receive your further orders1 and ,i hope that my having done so will meet your approbation4 ,my wish to explain to you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed1 and the length of time the enemy were in chase of us1 with various other circumstances1 have caused me to make this communication much longer than ,i would have wished1 yet ,i cannot 7in justice to the brave officers and crew under my command7 close it without expressing to you the confidence ,i have in them1 and assuring you that their conduct whilst under the guns of the enemy was such as might have been expected from ,american officers and seamen4 ,i have the honour to be1 with great respect1 ,sir1 your obedient humble servant1 ,isaac ,,hull4 ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ,frigate ,constitution1 ,paul ,,hamilton1 ,off ,boston ,light1 ,august #cj1 #ahab4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you that on the #aith instant1 at #b ,p4,m41 being in latitude #da #db1 longitude #ee #dh1 with the ,constitution under my command1 a sail was discovered from the masthead bearing ,e4 by ,s4 or ,e4 ,s4 ,e41 but at such a distance we could not tell what she was4 ,all sail was instantly made in chase1 and we soon found we came up with her4 ,at #c ,p4,m4 could plainly see that she was a ship on the starboard tack1 under easy sail1 close on a wind2 at half past #c ,p4,m4 made her out to be a frigate2 continued the chase until we were within about three miles1 when ,i ordered the light sails taken in1 the courses hauled up1 and the ship cleared for action4 ,at this time the chase had backed his main top-sail1 waiting for us to come down4 ,as soon as the ,constitution was ready for action1 ,i bore down with an intention to bring him to close action immediately2 but on our coming within gunshot she gave us a broadside and filled away1 and wore1 giving us a broadside on the other tack2 but 7p4 #aeh7 without effect2 her shot falling short4 ,she continued wearing and manoeuvering for about three-quarters of an hour1 to get a raking position1 but finding she could not1 bore up1 and run under topsails and gib1 with the wind on the quarter4 ,immediately made sail to bring the ship up with her1 and five minutes before #f ,p4,m4 being alongside within half pistol shot1 we commenced a heavy fire from all our guns1 double-shotted with round and grape1 and so well directed were they1 and so warmly kept up1 that in fifteen minutes her mizzen-mast went by the board1 and her mainyard in the slings1 and the hull1 rigging and sails were very much torn to pieces4 ,the fire was kept up with equal warmth for fifteen minutes longer1 when her main-mast and fore-mast went1 taking with them every spar1 excepting the bowsprit2 on seeing this we ceased firing1 so that in thirty minutes after we got fairly alongside the enemy she surrendered1 and had not a spar standing1 and her hull below and above water so shattered that a few more broadsides must have carried her down4 ,after informing you that so fine a ship as the ,guerrire1 commanded by an able and experienced officer1 had been totally dismasted1 and otherwise cut to pieces1 so as to make her not worth towing into port1 in the short space of #cj minutes1 you can have no doubt of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and ship's company ,i have the honour to command4 ,it only remains1 therefore1 for me to assure you1 that they all fought with great bravery2 and it gives me great pleasure to say1 that from the smallest boy in the ship to the oldest seaman1 not a look of fear was seen4 ,they all went into action giving three cheers1 and requesting to be laid close alongside the enemy4 ,enclosed ,i have the honour to send you a list of killed and wounded on board the ,constitution1 and a report of the damages she has sustained2 also a list of the killed and wounded on board the enemy1 with his quarter-bill1 c4 ,i have the honour to be1 with very great respect1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,isaac ,,hull4 ,killed and wounded on board the ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 ,isaac ,hull1 ,esquire1 ,captain1 in the action with ,his ,britannic ,majesty's frigate ,guerrire1 ,james ,a4 ,dacres1 ,esquire1 ,captain1 on the #bjth of ,august1 #ahab3 ,killed3 ,w4 ,s4 ,bush1 ,lieutenant of ,marines1 and #f seamen #g ,wounded3 ,lieutenant ,c4 ,morris1 ,master ,j4 ,c4 ,aylwin1 #d seamen1 #a marine #g -- ,total killed and wounded #ad ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 ,august #bast1 #ahab4 ,t4 ,s4 ,,chew1 ,purser4 ,isaac ,,hull1 ,captain4 ,killed and wounded on board ,his ,britannic ,majesty's frigate ,guerrire3 ,killed3 #c officers1 #ab seamen and marines #ae ,wounded3 ,j4 ,a4 ,dacres1 ,captain1 #d officers1 #eg seamen and marines #fb ,missing3 ,lieutenants ,pullman and ,roberts1 and #bb seamen and marines1 supposed to have gone overboard with the masts #bd --- ,total killed1 wounded and missing #aja ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 7p4 #aei7 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ,frigate ,constitution1 ,paul ,,hamilton1 ,boston1 ,august #cj1 #ahab4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,i cannot but make you acquainted with the very great assistance ,i received from that valued officer1 ,lieutenant ,morris1 in bringing the ship into action1 and in working her whilst along side the enemy1 and ,i am extremely sorry to state that he is badly wounded1 being shot through the body2 we have yet hopes of his recovery1 when ,i am sure he will receive the thanks and gratitude of his country1 for this and the many gallant acts he has done in its service4 ,were ,i to name any particular officer as having been more useful than the rest1 ,i should do them great injustice2 they all fought bravely1 and gave me every possible assistance that ,i could wish4 ,i am extremely sorry to state to you the loss of ,lieutenant ,bush1 of marines2 he fell at the head of his men in getting ready to board the enemy4 ,in him our country has lost a valuable and brave officer4 ,after the fall of ,lieutenant ,bush1 ,lieutenant ,contee of the corps1 took command of the marines1 and ,i have pleasure in saying that his conduct was that of a brave1 good officer1 and the marines behaved with great coolness and courage during the action1 and annoyed the enemy very much whilst she was under our stern4 ,i have the honour to be1 with very great respect1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,isaac ,,hull4 ,no4 #bf4 7p4 #afj7 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,october #ah1 #ahab4 ,jacobus ,jones virtus in ardua tendit4 ,rx4 ,victoriam hosti majori celerrime rapuit4 ,,captain ,,jacob ,,jones4 ,capture of the ,frolic4 ,,iacobus ,,jones ,,virtus ,,in ,,ardua ,,tendit4 7,jacob ,jones4 ,valor seeks difficulties47 ,bust of ,captain ,jones1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,on edge of bust1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,victoriam ,,hosti ,,majori ,,celerrime ,,rapuit4 7,he quickly snatched victory from a superior enemy47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,wasp1 of eighteen guns1 ,captain ,jones1 and the ,british sloop-of-war ,frolic1 of twenty-two guns1 ,captain ,whinyates4 ,the ,wasp has lost her main-topmast1 and is raking the ,frolic as she lays her on board4 ,the ,americans are in possession of the enemy's forecastle4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,wasp ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,frolic ,,nav4 ,,ang4 ,,die ,,xviii ,,oct4 ,,mdcccxii4 7,inter ,wasp navem ,americanam et ,frolic navem ,anglicanam1 die #ah ,octobris1 #ahab3 ,between the ,american vessel ,wasp and the ,english vessel ,frolic1 ,october #ah1 #ahab47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,moritz ,f,,rst was born in ,presburg1 ,hungary1 and studied with ,wrt1 a die sinker in the ,imperial ,mint of ,vienna4 ,he was for a time superintendent of the ,royal ,mint of ,lombardy4 ,in #ahjg he was engaged by the ,american ,consul at ,leghorn as die sinker to the ,united ,states ,mint1 arrived the same year in ,america1 and entered on his duties in the spring of #ahjh4 ,he made nearly all the medals voted by ,congress to the army and navy for the ,war of #ahab-ahae1 and the ,indian medals of ,presidents ,monroe1 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 ,andrew ,jackson1 and ,martin ,van ,buren4 ,he resided for many years in ,new ,york4 ,,jacob ,,jones was born near ,smyrna1 ,kent ,county1 ,delaware1 in ,march1 7p4 #afa7 #aggj4 ,he first studied medicine1 but entered the navy as midshipman in #agii1 was lieutenant in #ahja1 was taken prisoner in the frigate ,philadelphia1 off ,tripoli1 #ahjc1 and remained in captivity for twenty months4 ,having been commissioned as master-commandant in #ahaj1 he was given1 in #ahaa1 the sloop-of-war ,wasp1 with which he captured the ,british sloop-of-war ,frolic1 ,captain ,whinyates1 ,october #ah1 #ahab4 ,for this gallant action ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he became captain in #ahac1 and received the frigate ,macedonian4 ,he afterward commanded squadrons in the ,mediterranean and in the ,pacific2 was a member of the ,naval ,board and governor of the ,naval ,asylum in ,philadelphia1 where he died1 ,august #c1 #ahej4 ,footnote #gh3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal is given under ,no4 #be1 page #aed4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,captain ,jacob ,jones to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,paul ,,hamilton1 ,new ,york1 ,november #bdth1 #ahac4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i here avail myself of the first opportunity of informing you of the occurrences of our cruise1 which terminated in the capture of the ,wasp1 on the #ahth of ,october1 by the ,poictiers1 of #gd guns1 while a wreck from damages received in an engagement with the ,british sloop-of-war ,frolic1 of #bb guns2 #af of them #cb-pound carronades1 and four twelve-pounders on the main deck1 and two twelve-pounders1 carronades1 on the top-gallant forecastle1 making her superior in force to us by four twelve-pounders4 ,the ,frolic had struck to us1 and was taken possession of1 about two hours before our surrendering to the ,poictiers4 ,we had left the ,delaware on the #acth4 ,the #afth had a heavy gale1 in which we lost our jib-boom and two men4 ,half-past #aa1 on the night of the #agth1 in the latitude of #cg degrees north1 and longitude #fe degrees west1 we saw several sail2 two of them appeared very large4 ,we stood from them for some time1 then shortened sail1 and steered the remainder of the night the course we had perceived them on4 ,at daylight1 on ,sunday the #ahth1 we saw them ahead1 gave chase1 and soon discovered them to be a convoy of six sail1 under the protection of a sloop-of-war1 four of them large ships1 mounting from #af to #ah guns4 ,at #cj minutes past #aa1 ,a4,m41 we engaged the sloop-of-war1 having first received her fire at the distance of fifty or sixty yards1 which space we 7p4 #afb7 gradually lessened until we laid her on board1 after a well supported fire of #dc minutes2 and although so near1 while loading the last broadside1 that our rammers were shoved against the side of the enemy1 our men exhibited the same alacrity which they had done during the whole of the action4 ,they immediately surrendered upon our gaining their forecastle1 so that no loss was sustained on either side after boarding4 ,our main-topmast was shot away between four and five minutes from the commencement of the firing1 and falling1 together with the main-topsail yard1 across the larboard fore and fore-topsail braces1 rendered our head-yards unmanageable the remainder of the action4 ,at eight minutes the gaff and main-topgallant-mast came down1 and at twenty minutes from the beginning of the action1 every brace and most of the rigging was shot away4 ,a few minutes after separating from the ,frolic1 both her masts fell upon deck1 the main-mast going close by the deck1 and the fore-mast twelve or fifteen feet above it4 ,the courage and exertions of the officers and crew fully answered my expectations and wishes4 ,lieutenant ,biddle's active conduct contributed much to our success by the exact attention paid to every department during the engagement1 and the animating example he afforded the crew by his intrepidity4 ,lieutenants ,rodgers1 ,booth1 and ,mr4 ,rapp shewed1 by the incessant fire from their divisions1 that they were not to be surpassed in resolution or skill4 ,mr4 ,knight and every other officer acted with a courage and promptitude highly honourable1 and1 ,i trust1 have given assurance that they may be relied on whenever their services may be required4 ,i could not ascertain the exact loss of the enemy1 as many of the dead lay buried under the masts and spars that had fallen upon deck1 which two hours exertion had not sufficiently removed4 ,mr4 ,biddle1 who had charge of the ,frolic1 states that1 from what he saw and from information from the officers1 the number killed must have been about thirty1 and that of the wounded about forty or fifty3 of the killed is her first lieutenant and sailing master2 of the wounded ,captain ,whinyates and the second lieutenant4 ,we had five killed and five wounded1 as per list2 the wounded are recovering4 ,lieutenant ,claxton1 who was confined by sickness1 left his bed a little previous to the engagement1 and though too weak to be at his division1 remained upon deck1 and shewed1 by his composed manner of noting incidents1 that we had lost1 by his illness1 the services of a brave officer4 ,i am1 respectfully yours1 etc41 ,jacob ,,jones4 ,no4 #bg4 7p4 #afc7 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,october #be1 #ahab4 ,stephanus ,decatur navarchus1 pugnis pluribus1 victor4 ,rx4 ,occidit signum hostile sidera surgunt4 ,,captain ,,stephen ,,decatur4 ,capture of the ,macedonian4 ,,stephanus ,,decatur ,,navarchus1 ,,pugnis ,,pluribus1 ,,victor4 7,stephen ,decatur1 a naval captain1 conqueror in many battles47 ,bust of ,captain ,decatur1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,occidit ,,signum ,,hostile ,,sidera ,,surgunt4 7,the enemy's standard falls1 the stars arise47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states frigate ,united ,states1 of forty-four guns1 ,captain ,decatur1 and the ,british frigate ,macedonian1 of forty-nine guns1 ,captain ,carden2 the ,united ,states1 to leeward1 is firing her port broadside2 the ,macedonian has lost her mizzenmast1 her fore and main-topmasts1 and her mainyard4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,sta4 ,,uni4 ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,macedo4 ,,nav4 ,,ang4 ,,die ,,xxv ,,octobris ,,mdcccxii4 7,inter ,united ,states navem ,americanam et ,macedonian navem ,anglicanam1 die #be ,octobris1 #ahab3 ,between the ,american vessel ,united ,states and the ,english vessel ,macedonian1 ,october #be1 #ahab47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,stephen ,,decatur was born in ,sinnepuxent1 ,worcester ,county1 ,maryland1 ,january #e1 #aggi4 ,he was appointed a midshipman1 #agih2 a lieutenant1 #agii2 served in the ,mediterranean under ,commodore ,dale1 #ahja1 and under ,commodore ,preble1 #ahjc2 and1 while in command of the ,intrepid1 destroyed the ,philadelphia1 off ,tripoli1 ,february #ae1 #ahjd4 ,for this gallant deed he was immediately promoted to the rank of captain4 7p4 #afd7 ,he commanded a division of gunboats under ,preble in the subsequent attacks on ,tripoli4 ,on ,october #be1 #ahab1 when in command of the frigate ,united ,states1 he captured the ,british frigate ,macedonian1 ,captain ,john ,carden1 for which action ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,in ,january1 #ahae1 he left ,new ,london as commodore1 having his flag on the ,president1 but was soon afterward captured by an ,english fleet4 ,the same year he sailed for the ,mediterranean in command of a squadron1 and made treaties with ,algiers1 ,tunis1 and ,tripoli4 ,on his return home he became a member of the ,naval ,board4 ,he was shot in a duel by ,commodore ,barron1 at ,bladensburg1 ,maryland1 ,march #bb1 #ahbj1 and died the same evening4 ,,original ,,documents4#gi ,footnote #gi3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal is given under ,no4 #be1 page #aed4 ,captain ,decatur to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ship ,united ,states1 ,paul ,,hamilton1 at ,sea1 ,october #cj1 #ahab4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you1 that on the #beth instant1 being in the latitude #bi1 ,n41 longitude #bi1 #cj'1 ,w41 we fell in with1 and1 after an action of an hour and a half1 captured ,his ,britannic ,majesty's ship ,macedonian1 commanded by ,captain ,john ,carden1 and mounting #di carriage guns 7the odd gun shifting74 ,she is a frigate of the largest class1 two years old1 four months out of dock1 and reputed one of the best sailors in the ,british service4 ,the enemy being to windward1 had the advantage of engaging us at his own distance1 which was so great1 that for the first half hour we did not use our carronades1 and at no moment was he within the complete effect of our musketry or grape3 to this circumstance and a heavy swell1 which was on at the time1 ,i ascribe the unusual length of the action4 ,the enthusiasm of every officer1 seaman1 and marine on board this ship1 on discovering the enemy2 their steady conduct in battle1 and precision of their fire1 could not be surpassed4 ,where all met my fullest expectations1 it would be unjust for me to discriminate4 ,permit me1 however1 to recommend to your particular notice my first ,lieutenant1 ,william ,h4 ,allen4 ,he has served with me upwards of five years1 and to his unremitted exertions in disciplining the crew1 is to be imputed the obvious superiority of our gunnery exhibited in the result of this contest4 ,subjoined is a list of the killed and wounded on both sides4 7p4 #afe7 ,our loss1 compared with that of the enemy1 will appear small4 ,amongst our wounded1 you will observe the name of ,lieutenant ,funk1 who died in a few hours after the action3 he was an officer of great gallantry and promise1 and the service has sustained a severe loss in his death4 ,the ,macedonian lost her mizzen-mast1 fore and main-top-masts and main yard1 and was much cut up in her hull4 ,the damage sustained by this ship was not such as to render her return into port necessary1 and had ,i not deemed it important that we should see our prize in1 should have continued our cruize4 ,with the highest consideration1 ,i am1 yours1 etc41 ,stephen ,,decatur4 ,killed #e ,wounded #g--a since dead4 -- #ab ,,macedonian4 ,killed #cf ,wounded #fh --- #ajd ,no4 #bh4 7p4 #aff7 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,december #bi1 #ahab4 ,gulielmus ,bainbridge patria victisque laudatus4 ,rx4 ,pugnando4 ,,captain ,,william ,,bainbridge4 ,capture of the ,java4 ,,gulielmus ,,bainbridge ,,patria ,,victisque ,,laudatus4 7,william ,bainbridge praised by his country and by the vanquished foe47 ,bust of ,captain ,bainbridge1 in uniform1 facing the right2 underneath1 a star4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,pugnando4 7,in fighting47 ,the naval action is over4 ,the ,british frigate ,java1 of forty-nine guns1 ,captain ,lambert1 is completely dismasted2 while the ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 of forty-four guns1 ,captain ,bainbridge1 is but slightly damaged in her rigging4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,const4 ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,jav4 ,,nav4 ,,angl4 ,,die ,,xxix ,,decem4 ,,mdcccxii4 7,inter ,constitution navem ,americanam et ,java navem1 ,anglicanam1 die #bi ,decembris1 #ahab3 ,between the ,american vessel ,constitution and the ,english vessel ,java1 ,december #bi1 #ahab47 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,william ,,bainbridge was born in ,princeton1 ,new ,jersey1 ,may #g1 #aggd4 ,he began life in the merchant service1 but entered the navy as lieutenant in #agih1 was master-commandant in #agii1 and captain in #ahjj4 ,with the frigate ,george ,washington he went to ,algiers1 whence he conveyed an ambassador to ,constantinople1 the ,george ,washington being the first ,american vessel ever seen there4 ,he commanded the ,philadelphia when she was lost off ,tripoli1 ,november #a1 #ahjc4 ,after his return to the ,united ,states he did not serve again afloat till #ahab1 when he obtained the command of the ,constitution2 and on ,december #bi of the same year he captured the ,british frigate ,java1 ,captain ,lambert1 7p4 #afg7 for which action ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,after the war he commanded twice in the ,mediterranean1 and after #ahba served on shore1 commanding different navy yards1 and was president of the ,naval ,board4 ,he died in ,philadelphia1 ,july #bh1 #ahcc4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,bainbridge1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby1 requested to present to ,captain ,william ,bainbridge1 of the frigate ,constitution1 a gold medal1 with suitable emblems and devices2 and a silver medal1#hj with suitable emblems and devices1 to each commissioned officer of the said frigate1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry1 good conduct1 and services of ,captain ,bainbridge1 his officers1 and crew1 in the capture of the ,british frigate ,java1 after a brave and skillful combat4 ,footnote #hj3 ,the silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to ,captain ,bainbridge4 ,approved ,march #c1 #ahac4 ,captain ,bainbridge to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,navy1 ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,st4 ,salvador1 ,january #c;d1 #ahac4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you that on the #bith ultimo1 at #b ,p4,m41 in south latitude #ac1 #jf'1 and west longitude #ci1 ten leagues distance from the coast of ,brazils1 ,i fell in with and captured ,his ,britannic ,majesty's frigate ,java1 of #di guns1 and upwards of #djj men1 commanded by ,captain ,lambert1 a very distinguished officer4 ,the action lasted one hour and fifty-five minutes1 in which time the enemy was completely dismasted1 not having a spar of any kind standing4 ,the loss on board the ,constitution was #i killed and #be wounded1 as per enclosed list4 ,the enemy had #fj killed and #aja wounded1 certainly 7among the latter1 ,captain ,lambert1 mortally71 but by the enclosed letter1 written on board the ship 7by one of the officers of the ,java71 and accidentally found1 it is evident that the enemy's wounded must have been much greater than as above stated1 and who must have died of their wounds previously to their being removed4 ,the letter states #fj killed and #agj wounded4 ,for further details of the action1 ,i beg leave to refer you 7p4 #afh7 to the enclosed extracts from my journal4 ,the ,java had in addition to her own crew upwards of one hundred supernumerary officers and seamen1 to join the ,british ships-of-war in the ,east ,indies3 also ,lieutenant-,general ,hyslop1 appointed to the command of ,bombay1 ,major ,walker and ,captain ,wood1 of his staff1 and ,captain ,marshall1 master and commander in the ,british navy1 going to the ,east ,indies to take command of a sloop-of-war there4 ,should ,i attempt to do justice1 by representation1 to the brave and good conduct of all my officers and crew1 during the action1 ,i should fail in the attempt2 therefore1 suffice it to say1 that the whole of their conduct was such as to merit my highest encomiums4 ,i beg leave to recommend the officers particularly to the notice of government1 as also the unfortunate seamen who were wounded1 and the families of those men who fell in the action4 ,the great distance from our own coast1 and the perfect wreck we made the enemy's frigate1 forbid every idea of attempting to take her to the ,united ,states2 and not considering it prudent to trust her in a port of ,brazils1 particularly ,st4 ,salvador1 ,i had no alternative but burning her1 which ,i did on the #cast ultimo1 after receiving all the prisoners and their baggage1 which was very tedious work1 only having one boat left 7out of eight7 and not one left on board the ,java4 ,on blowing up the frigate ,java1 ,i proceeded to this place1 where ,i have landed all the prisoners on their parole1 to return to ,england and there remain until regularly exchanged1 and not serve in their professional capacities in any place or in any manner whatever1 against the ,united ,states of ,america1 until the exchange shall be effected4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,w4 ,,bainbridge4 ,extract from ,captain ,bainbridge's ,journal1 containing minutes of the action with the ,british frigate ,java4 ,wednesday1 ,december #cjth1 #ahab 7nautical time7 in latitude #ac degrees1 #f minutes ,south1 and longitude #ci ,west1 ten leagues from the coast of ,brazil1 commences with clear weather and moderate breezes from east north-east1 hoisted our ensign and pendant4 ,at #ae minutes past meridian1 the ship hoisted her colours1 an ,english ensign having a signal flying at her main1 red1 yellow and red4 ,at #a4bf ,p4,m4 being sufficiently from the land1 and finding the ship to be an ,english frigate1 took in the main-sail and royals1 tacked ship and stood for the enemy4 ,at #a4ej ,p4,m4 the enemy bore down with the intention of raking us1 which we avoided by wearing4 ,at #b ,p4,m4 the enemy being within half a mile of us1 and to windward1 and having hauled down his colours1 except an ,union ,jack at the mizzen-mast head1 induced me to give orders to the officers of the #c;d division to fire one gun ahead of the enemy to make him show his colours1 which being done1 brought on a fire from us of the whole broadside1 on which the enemy hoisted his colours and immediately returned our fire4 ,a general action with round and grape then commenced1 the enemy keeping at a 7p4 #afi7 much greater distance than ,i wished1 but could not bring him to closer action without exposing ourselves to several rakes4 ,considerable manoeuvres were made by both vessels to rake and avoid being raked4 ,the following minutes were taken during the action3 ,at #b4aj ,p4,m4 commenced the action within good grape and canister distance1 the enemy to windward1 but much further than ,i wished4 ,at #b4cj our wheel was shot entirely away2 #b4dj1 determined to close with the enemy1 notwithstanding his raking1 set the fore and main-sail and luffed up close to him2 #b4ej1 the enemy's jib-boom got foul of our mizzen rigging2 #c1 the head of the enemy's bowsprit and jib-boom shot away by us2 #c4e1 shot away the enemy's foremast by the board2 #c4ae1 shot away his main-top-mast just above the cap2 #c4dj1 shot away gaff and spanker boom2 #c4ee1 shot away his mizzenmast nearly by the board2 #d4e1 having silenced the fire of the enemy completely1 and his colours in main rigging being down1 supposed he had struck1 then hauled aboard the courses to shoot ahead to repair our rigging1 which was extremely cut1 leaving the enemy a complete wreck4 ,soon after discovered the enemy's flag was still flying2 hove to1 to repair some of our damage2 #d4bj1 the enemy's main-mast went nearly by the board2 #d4ej1 wore ship and stood for the enemy2 #e4be1 got very close to the enemy in a very effectual raking position1 athwart his bows1 and was at the very instant of raking him1 when he most prudently struck his flag1 for had he suffered the broadside to have raked him1 his additional loss must have been extremely great1 as he laid an unmanageable wreck upon the water4 ,after the enemy had struck1 wore ship and reefed the topsails1 then hoisted out one of the only two remaining boats we had left out of eight1 and sent ,lieutenant ,parker1 #ast of the ,constitution1 to take possession of the enemy1 which proved to be ,his ,britannic ,majesty's frigate ,java1 rated #ch but carried #di guns1 and manned with upwards of #djj men1 commanded by ,captain ,lambert1 a very distinguished officer1 who was mortally wounded4 ,the action continued1 from the commencement to the end of the fire1 one hour and fifty-five minutes4 ,the ,constitution had #i killed and #be wounded4 ,the enemy had #fj killed and #aja certainly wounded1 but by a letter written on board the ,constitution1 by one of the officers of the ,java1 and accidentally found1 it is evident the enemy's wounded must have been considerably greater than as above stated1 and who must have died of their wounds previously to their being removed4 ,the letter states #fj killed and #agj wounded4 ,the ,java had her own complement of men complete1 and upwards of one hundred supernumeraries1 going to join the ,british ships-of-war in the ,east ,indies2 also several officers1 passengers1 going out on promotion4 ,the force of the enemy in number of men1 at the commencement of the action1 was no doubt considerably greater than we have been able to ascertain1 which is upwards of #djj men4 ,the officers were extremely cautious in discovering the number4 ,by her quarter bill she had one man more stationed at each gun than we had4 ,the ,constitution was very much cut in her sails and rigging1 and many of her spars injured4 ,at #g ,p4,m4 the boat returned with ,lieutenant ,chads1 the first lieutenant of the enemy's frigate1 and ,lieutenant-,general ,hyslop 7appointed governor of ,bombay71 ,major ,walker and ,captain ,wood1 belonging to his staff4 ,captain ,lambert1 of the ,java1 was too dangerously wounded to be 7p4 #agj7 removed immediately4 ,the cutter returned on board the prize for the prisoners1 and brought ,captain ,marshall1 master and commander of the ,british navy1 who was passenger on board1 as also several other naval officers1 destined for ships in the ,east ,indies4 ,the ,java was an important ship1 fitted out in the completest manner1 to carry ,lieutenant-,general ,hyslop and staff to ,bombay1 and several naval officers for different ships in the ,east ,indies2 and had despatches for ,st4 ,helena1 ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and every ,british establishment in the ,india and ,china seas4 ,she had on board copper for a #gd and two brigs building at ,bombay1 and ,i expect a great many other valuables2 but everything was blown up in her except the officers' baggage1 when we set her on fire at #c ,p4,m41 on the #ast of ,january1 #ahac 7nautical time74 ,copy4 ,h4 ,d4 ,corneck to ,lieutenant ,wood4 ,prisoner on board the ,american frigate ,constitution4 ,to ,,lieutenant ,,peter ,v4 ,,wood1 #bb;d ,regiment of ,foot1 ,st4 ,salvador1 ,brazils1 ,january #ast1 #ahac4 ,isle of ,france or ,bourbon1 ,east ,indies4 ,my dear ,sir3 ,i am sorry to inform you of the unpleasant news of ,mr4 ,gascoigne's death4 ,mr4 ,gascoigne and myself were shipmates in ,marlboro'1 and first came to sea together4 ,he was shot in the early part of the action by a round shot in his right thigh1 and died a few minutes after2 four others of his messmates shared the same fate1 together with #fj men killed and #agj wounded4 ,the official account you no doubt heard of before this reaches you4 ,i beg you will let all his friends and relations hear of his untimely fate4 ,we were on board the ,java frigate for a passage to ,india1 when we fell in with this frigate4 ,two parcels ,i have sent you under good care4 ,hope this will reach you safe4 ,yours truly1 ,h4 ,d4 ,,corneck4 ,a true copy4 ,william ,,bainbridge4 ,no4 #bi4 7p4 #aga7 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,september #d1 #ahac4 ,edward ,rx4 ,mc,call navis ,enterprise prfectus4 ,sic itur ad astra4 ,rx4 ,vivere sat vincere4 ,,lieutenant ,,edward ,,rutledge ,mc,c,a,l,l4 ,capture of the ,boxer4 ,,edward ,r4 7,rutledge7 ,mc,c,a,l,l ,,navis ,,enterprise 7sic7 ,,pr,,fectus4 ,,sic ,,itur ,,ad ,,astra4#ha 7,edward ,rutledge ,mc,call1 ,commander of the vessel ,enterprize4 ,thus one attains glory47 ,bust of ,lieutenant ,mc,call1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #ha3 ,virgil1 neid1 ,book ,,ix1 #fda4 ,,vivere ,,sat ,,vincere4 7,to conquer is to live enough47 ,naval engagement between the ,united ,states brig-of-war ,enterprize1 of fourteen guns1 ,lieutenant-,commander ,burrows1 and the ,british brig-of-war ,boxer1 of fourteen guns1 ,captain ,blythe4 ,the ,enterprize is raking the ,boxer1 fore and aft4 ,the latter has lost her main-topmast4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,enterprize ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,boxer ,,nav4 ,,brit4#hb ,,die ,,iv ,,sept4 ,,mdcccxiii4 7,inter ,enterprize navem ,americanam et ,boxer navem ,britannicam1 die #d ,septembris1 #ahac3 ,between the ,american vessel ,enterprize and the ,british vessel ,boxer1 ,september #d1 #ahac47 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #hb3 ,it is singular that on some of the silver coins of ,great ,britain the abbreviation ,,brit4 7,britanniarum7 is spelled with one t1 and on some of the copper coins1 with two t's1 thus1 ,,britt4 ,,edward ,,rutledge ,,mccall was born in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 ,august #e1 #agij4 ,he entered the navy in ,january1 #ahjh4 ,in #ahac he was first lieutenant of the ,enterprize1 under ,lieutenant ,burrows1 in the action with the ,boxer1 took the command after that officer fell1 and captured the ,british vessel1 for which gallant deed ,congress gave him a 7p4 #agb7 vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he afterward served in the ,mediterranean under ,commodore ,perry1 was promoted to the rank of master-commandant in #ahbe1 and to that of captain in #ahce4 ,he died in ,bordentown1 ,new ,jersey1 ,july #ca1 #ahec4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,lieutenants ,mc,call1 ,burrows1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,william ,burrows1 and to ,lieutenant ,edward ,r4 ,mc,call1 of the brig ,enterprize1 a gold medal1 with suitable emblems and devices2 and a silver medal1#hc with like emblems and devices1 to each of the commissioned officers of the aforesaid vessel1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew in the conflict with the ,british sloop ,boxer1 on the fourth of ,september1 in the year #ahac4 ,and the ,president is also requested to communicate to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,burrows the deep regret which ,congress feel for the loss of that valuable officer1 who died in the arms of victory1 nobly contending for his country's rights and fame4 ,footnote #hc3 ,the silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to ,lieutenant ,mc,call4 ,approved ,january #f1 #ahad4 ,captain ,hull to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ,navy ,yard1 ,portsmouth1 ,william ,,jones1 ,september #adth1 #ahac4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to forward to you1 by the mail1 the flags of the late ,british brig ,boxer1 which were nailed to her mast-heads at the time she engaged1 and was captured by1 the ,united ,states brig ,enterprize4 ,great as the pleasure is that ,i derive from performing this part of my duty1 ,i need not tell you how different my feelings would have been1 could the gallant ,burrows have had this honour4 ,he went into action most gallantly1 and the difference of injury done the two vessels proves how nobly he fought4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,isaac ,,hull4 ,lieutenant ,mc,call to ,captain ,hull4 7p4 #agc7 ,to ,united ,states ,brig ,enterprize1 ,isaac ,,hull1 ,esq41 ,portland1 ,september #gth1 #ahac4 ,united ,states ,navy ,yard1 ,portsmouth4 ,sir3 ,in consequence of the unfortunate death of ,lieutenant-,commander ,william ,burrows1 late commander of this vessel1 it devolves on me to acquaint you with the result of our cruize4 ,after sailing from ,portsmouth on the #ast instant1 we steered to the eastward1 and on the morning of the #c;d1 off ,wood ,island1 discovered a schooner1 which we chased into this harbour1 where we anchored4 ,on the morning of the #dth weighed anchor and swept out1 and continued our cruize to the eastward4 ,having received information of several privateers being off ,manhagan1 we stood for that place2 and on the following morning1 in the bay near ,penguin ,point1 discovered a brig getting under weigh1 which appeared to be a vessel of war1 and to which we immediately gave chase4 ,she fired several guns and stood for us1 having four ensigns hoisted4 ,after reconnoitering and discovering her force1 and the nation to which she belonged1 we hauled upon a wind to stand out of the bay1 and at #c o'clock shortened sail1 tacked and ran down with an intention to bring her to close action4 ,at #bj minutes after #c ,p4,m41 when within half pistol shot1 the firing commenced from both1 and after being warmly kept up1 and with some manoeuvering1 the enemy hailed and said they had surrendered1 about #d ,p4,m4 ,their colours being nailed to the masts1 could not be hauled down4 ,she proved to be ,his ,britannic ,majesty's brig ,boxer1 of #ad guns1 ,samuel ,blythe1 ,esquire1 commander1 who fell in the early part of the engagement1 having received a cannon shot through the body4 ,and ,i am sorry to add that ,lieutenant ,burrows1 who had gallantly led us to action1 fell also about the same time by a musket ball1 which terminated his existence in eight hours4 ,the ,enterprize suffered much in spars and rigging1 and the ,boxer both in spars1 rigging and hull1 having many shots between wind and water4 ,it would be doing injustice to the merit of ,mr4 ,tillinghast1 #b;d lieutenant1 were ,i not to mention the able assistance ,i received from him during the remainder of the engagement1 by his strict attention to his own division and other departments4 ,and the officers and crew1 generally1 ,i am happy to add1 from their cool and determined conduct1 have my warmest approbation and applause4 ,as no muster roll that can be fully relied on came into my possession1 ,i cannot exactly state the number killed on board the ,boxer2 but from information received from the officers of that vessel1 it appears that there are between twenty and twenty-five killed1 and fourteen wounded4 ,enclosed is a list of killed and wounded on board the ,enterprize4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,edward ,r4 ,m',,call1 ,senior ,officer4 ,killed #a1 ,wounded #ac2 of whom ,lieutenant ,burrows1 ,commander1 ,midshipman ,kervan ,waters1 and carpenter's mate ,elisha ,blossom1 have since died4 ,no4 #cj4 7p4 #agd7 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,september #d1 #ahac4 ,victoriam tibi claram4 patri mstam4 ,rx4 ,vivere sat vincere4 ,,lieutenant ,,william ,,burrows4 ,capture of the ,boxer4 ,,victoriam ,,tibi ,,claram4 ,,patri ,m,,stam 7sic74 7,a victory brilliant for thee1 sorrowful for thy country74 ,a funeral urn upon a tomb is surrounded with naval emblems2 a crown of laurel is hanging from a trident1 and in a cartoon of elliptical form3 ,w4 7,william7 ,,burrows4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,vivere ,,sat ,,vincere4 7,to conquer is to live enough47 ,naval engagement between the ,united ,states brig-of-war ,enterprize1 of fourteen guns1 ,lieutenant-,commander ,burrows1 and the ,british brig-of-war ,boxer1 of fourteen guns1 ,captain ,blythe4 ,the ,enterprize is raking the ,boxer1 fore and aft4 ,the latter has lost her main-topmast4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,enterprize ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,boxer ,,nav4 ,,brit4 ,,die ,,iv ,,sept4 ,,mdcccxiii4 7,inter ,enterprize navem ,americanam et ,boxer navem ,britannicam1 die #d ,septembris1 #ahac3 ,between the ,american vessel ,enterprize and the ,british vessel ,boxer1 ,september #d1 #ahac47 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#hd ,footnote #hd3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the capture of the ,boxer1 are given under ,no4 #bi1 page #aga4 ,,william ,,burrows was born in ,kenderton1 near ,philadelphia1 ,october #f1 #aghe4 ,he entered the navy as midshipman1 ,january #d1 #ahjj2 served in the ,constitution under ,commodore ,preble in the campaign against ,tripoli2 returned to ,america about #ahjg as lieutenant1 and served in different vessels on various stations4 ,in the summer of #ahac1 he obtained the command of the sloop-of-war ,enterprize1 with which1 7p4 #age7 on ,september #e1 he engaged the ,british sloop-of-war ,boxer1 ,captain ,blythe1 but was killed in the beginning of the action1 as was also the commander of the enemy's vessel1 and they were both buried with military honors at ,portland1 ,maine4 ,congress1 by joint resolution1 approved ,january #f1 #ahad1 requested the ,president of the ,united ,states to present to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,burrows a gold medal1 and to communicate to him the deep regret they felt at this officer's loss4 ,no4 #ca4 7p4 #agf7 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,september #aj1 #ahac4 ,oliverus ,h4 ,perry1 princeps stagno ,eriense4 classim totam contudit4 ,rx4 ,viam invenit virtus aut facit4 ,,captain ,,oliver ,,hazard ,,perry4 ,victory of ,lake ,erie4 ,,oliverus ,h4 7,hazard7 ,,perry4 ,,princeps ,,stagno ,,eriense4 ,,classim ,,totam ,,contudit4 7,oliver ,hazard ,perry1 commander-in-chief1 destroyed on ,lake ,erie an entire fleet47 ,bust of ,captain ,perry1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,,viam ,,invenit ,,virtus ,,aut ,,facit4 7,valor finds or makes a way47 ,the ,united ,states fleet on ,lake ,erie1 carrying fifty-four guns1 and commanded by ,captain ,perry1 stands out to meet the ,british fleet with sixty-three guns1 under ,captain ,barclay4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,class4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,brit4 ,,die ,x4 ,,sep4 ,,mdcccxiii4 7,inter classim ,americanam et ,britannicam1 die #aj ,septembris1 #ahac3 ,between the ,american and ,british fleets1 ,september #aj1 #ahac47 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,oliver ,,hazard ,,perry was born in ,south ,kingston1 ,rhode ,island1 ,august #bc1 #aghe4 ,he entered the navy as a midshipman1 ,april #g1 #agii1 on the sloop-of-war ,general ,greene1 then commanded by his father1 ,captain ,christopher ,raymond ,perry4 ,he served in the ,mediterranean during the ,tripolitan war1 was made lieutenant in #ahjg1 and master-commandant in #ahab1 when he received a division of gunboats at ,newport1 ,rhode ,island4 ,in ,february1 #ahac1 he was transferred to the command on ,lake ,erie1 where1 on ,september #aj1 he defeated and captured the entire ,british squadron under ,captain ,barclay4 ,for this important victory he received the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal1 and was promoted to the rank of captain1 and as such commanded the ,java in the 7p4 #agg7 ,mediterranean for several years4 ,in ,march1 #ahai1 he set out with a squadron for the coast of ,south ,america1 and died of yellow fever at ,port ,spain1 ,trinidad1 ,august #bc1 #ahai4 ,the remains of ,commodore ,perry were transferred1 in #ahbg1 by order of the ,government1 in the ,united ,states ship ,lexington1 to ,newport1 ,rhode ,island4 ,his battle-flag on ,lake ,erie1 with the motto ,don't give up the ship6 is preserved in the ,naval ,academy1 at ,annapolis4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,perry1 ,elliott1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and the same are hereby1 presented to ,captain ,oliver ,hazard ,perry1 and through him to the officers1 petty officers1 seamen1 marines1 and infantry serving as such1 attached to the squadron under his command1 for the decisive and glorious victory gained on ,lake ,erie1 on the tenth of ,september1 in the year #ahac1 over a ,british squadron of superior force4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause gold medals to be struck1 emblematical of the action between the two squadrons1 and to present them to ,captain ,perry and ,captain ,jesse ,d4 ,elliott1 in such manner as will be most honourable to them2 and that the ,president be further requested to present a silver medal1#he with suitable emblems and devices1 to each of the commissioned officers1 either of the navy or army1 serving on board1 and a sword to each of the midshipmen and sailing-masters who so nobly distinguished themselves on that memorable day4 ,footnote #he3 ,the silver medals are copies of the ones in gold given to the captains of the respective ships4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present a silver medal1 with like emblems and devices1 to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,john ,brooks1 of the marines1 and a sword to the nearest male relatives of ,midshipmen ,henry ,lamb1 and ,thomas ,claxton1 jr41 and to communicate to them the deep regret which ,congress feel for the loss of those gallant men1 whose names ought to live in the recollection and affection of a grateful country1 and whose conduct ought to be regarded as an example to future generations4 ,resolved1 ,that three months' pay be allowed1 exclusively of the common allowance1 to all the petty officers1 seamen1 marines1 and infantry serving as such1 who so gloriously supported the honour of the ,american flag1 under the orders of their gallant commander1 on that signal occasion4 ,approved ,january #f1 #ahad4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the 7p4 #agh7 ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present a sword to the nearest male relation of ,midshipman ,john ,clarke1 who was slain gallantly combating the enemy in the glorious battle gained on ,lake ,erie1 under the command of ,captain ,perry1 and to communicate to him the deep regret which ,congress feels for the loss of that brave officer4 ,approved ,february #ai1 #ahad4 ,captain ,o4 ,h4 ,perry to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,u4,s4 brig ,niagara1 off the ,western ,sisters1 ,william ,,jones1 ,head of ,lake ,erie1 ,sept4 #aj1 #ahac1 #d ,p4,m4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,it has pleased the ,almighty to give to the arms of the ,united ,states a signal victory over their enemies on this lake4 ,the ,british squadron1 consisting of two ships1 two brigs1 one schooner1 and one sloop1 have this moment surrendered to the force under my command1 after a sharp conflict4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,o4 ,h4 ,,perry4 ,captain ,o4 ,h4 ,perry to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states schooner ,ariel1 ,william ,,jones1 ,put-in-,bay1 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahac4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,in my last ,i informed you that we had captured the enemy's fleet on this lake4 ,i have now the honour to give you the most important particulars of the action4 ,on the morning of the #ajth instant1 at sunrise1 they were discovered from ,put-in-,bay1 where ,i lay at anchor with the squadron under my command4 ,we got under weigh1 the wind light at south-west1 and stood for them4 ,at #aj ,a4,m4 the wind hauled to south-east and brought us to windward2 formed the line and bore up4 ,at #ae minutes before #ab1 the enemy commenced firing2 at five minutes before #ab1 the action commenced on our part4 ,finding their fire very destructive1 owing to their long guns1 and its being mostly directed at the ,lawrence1 ,i made sail1 and directed the other vessels to follow1 for the purpose of closing with the enemy4 ,every brace and bow line being soon shot away1 she became unmanageable1 notwithstanding the great exertions of the sailing master4 ,in this situation1 she sustained the action upwards of two hours within canister distance1 until every gun was rendered useless1 and the greater part of her crew either killed or wounded4 ,finding she could no longer annoy 7p4 #agi7 the enemy1 ,i left her in charge of ,lieutenant ,yarnall1 who1 ,i was convinced1 from the bravery already displayed by him1 would do what would comport with the honour of the flag4 ,at half-past two1 the wind springing up ,captain ,elliot was enabled to bring his vessel1 the ,niagara1 gallantly into close action4 ,i immediately went on board of her1 when he anticipated my wish by volunteering to bring the schooner which had been kept astern by the lightness of the wind into close action4 ,it was with unspeakable pain that ,i saw1 soon after ,i got on board the ,niagara1 the flag of the ,lawrence come down1 although ,i was perfectly sensible that she had been defended to the last1 and that to have continued to make a show of resistance would have been a wanton sacrifice of the remains of her brave crew4 ,but the enemy was not able to take possession of her1 and circumstances soon permitted her flag again to be hoisted4 ,at #de minutes past #b the signal was made for close action4 ,the ,niagara being very little injured1 ,i determined to pass through the enemy's line1 bore up and passed ahead of their two ships and a brig1 giving a raking fire to them from the starboard guns1 and to a large schooner and sloop1 from the larboard side1 at half pistol shot distance4 ,the smaller vessels at this time having got within grape and canister distance1 under the direction of ,captain ,elliot1 and keeping up a well directed fire1 the two ships1 a brig and a schooner surrendered1 a schooner and sloop making a vain attempt to escape4 ,those officers and men who were immediately under my observation1 evinced the greatest gallantry1 and ,i have no doubt that all others conducted themselves as became ,american officers and seamen4 ,lieutenant ,yarnall1 first of the ,lawrence1 although several times wounded1 refused to quit the deck4 ,midshipman ,forrest 7doing duty as lieutenant71 and sailing-master ,taylor1 were of great assistance to me4 ,i have great pain in stating to you the death of ,lieutenant ,brooks1 of the marines1 and midshipman ,lamb1 both of the ,lawrence1 and midshipman ,john ,clarke1 of the ,scorpion2 they were valuable and promising officers4 ,mr4 ,hambleton1 purser1 who volunteered his services on deck1 was severely wounded late in the action4 ,midshipman ,claxton and ,swartout1 of the ,lawrence1 were severely wounded4 ,on board the ,niagara1 ,lieutenants ,smith and ,edwards1 and midshipman ,webster 7doing duty as sailing-master7 behaved in a very handsome manner4 ,captain ,brevoort1 of the army1 who acted as a volunteer in the capacity of a marine officer1 on board that vessel1 is an excellent and brave officer1 and with his musketry did great execution4 ,lieutenant ,turner1 commanding the ,caledonia1 brought that vessel into action in the most able manner1 and is an officer that1 in all situations1 may be relied on4 ,the ,ariel1 ,lieutenant ,parker1 and ,scorpion1 sailing-master ,champlin1 were enabled to get early into action1 and were of great service4 ,captain ,elliot speaks in the highest terms of ,mr4 ,magrath1 purser1 who had been despatched in a boat on service1 previous to my getting on board the ,niagara1 and1 being a seaman1 since the action has rendered essential service in taking charge of one of the prizes4 ,of ,captain ,elliot1 already so well known to the government1 it would be almost superfluous to speak2 in this action1 he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgment2 and1 since the close of the action1 has given me the most able and essential assistance4 ,i have the honour to enclose you a return of the killed and 7p4 #ahj7 wounded1 together with a statement of the relative force of the squadrons4 ,the captain and first lieutenant of the ,queen ,charlotte1 and first lieutenant of the ,detroit1 were killed4 ,captain ,barclay1 senior officer1 and the commander of the ,lady ,prevost1 severely wounded4 ,their loss in killed and wounded ,i have not yet been able to ascertain2 it must1 however1 have been very great4 ,very respectfully1 c41 ,o4 ,h4 ,,perry4 ,statement of the force of the ,british squadron4 ,ship ,detroit #ai guns3 #a on pivot and #b howitzers4 ,queen ,charlotte #ag #a ,schooner ,lady ,prevost #ac #a ,brig ,hunter #aj ,sloop ,little ,belt #c ,schooner ,chippeway #a #b swivels4 -- #fc guns4 ,,note3 ,the ,detroit is a new ship1 very strongly built1 and mounts long twenty-fours1 eighteens and twelves4 ,statement of the force of the ,united ,states squadron4 ,brig ,lawrence #bj guns4 ,niagara #bj ,caledonia #c ,schooner ,ariel #d 7#a burst early in action47 ,scorpion #b ,somers #b and #b swivels4 ,sloop ,trippe #a ,schooner ,tigress #a ,porcupine #a -- #ed guns4 ,the exact number of the enemy's force has not been ascertained1 but ,i have good reason to believe that it exceeded ours by nearly #ajj men4 ,s4 ,,hambleton1 ,purser4 ,o4 ,h4 ,,perry1 ,captain and senior officer4 ,the ,secretary of the ,navy to ,george ,harrison4 ,to ,george ,,harrison1 ,esq41 ,navy ,department1 ,navy ,agent1 ,philadelphia4 ,july #dth1 #ahad4 ,sir3 ,in order to have made the swords and medals contemplated by the inclosed resolutions of ,congress1 ,i have to request that you will engage artists for that purpose whose abilities and 7p4 #aha7 taste will insure their being executed in the best manner4 ,you will perceive by the resolution that the device for the medal for ,captains ,perry and ,elliott must be emblematical of the action on ,lake ,erie2 and1 it appears to me1 that representations of the several engagements are the most suitable devices for the others4 ,the best representations of those engagements yet engraved may be seen1 ,i understand1 in the ,academy of ,arts at ,philadelphia1 where the artists and amateurs might readily determine on the devices4 ,the number of dies for the medals will be as follows1 viz43 ,capture of the ,guerrire by the ,constitution #a ,macedonian by the ,united ,states #a ,frolic by the ,wasp #a ,java by the ,constitution #a ,peacock by the ,hornet #a ,boxer by the ,enterprize #a ,victory on ,lake ,erie #a -- ,dies #g ,the reverse of the medals will be properly appropriated to the respective portraits of the several commanders1 which1 ,i believe1 have all been published4 ,these1 however1 ought to be correct likenesses4 ,of the number of medals of each kind to be struck1 you will be informed in due time4 ,as it will scarcely be possible to represent distinctly the deeply interesting scenes of the memorable victory of ,erie on one face of the medal1 it may be well to omit the portrait of ,commodore ,perry1 and divide the representation of the action into two prominent and distinct parts which mark the crisis of the battle1 in the first terminating with the abandonment of the ,lawrence1 and the passage of the hero in his gig1 with his flag1 from that ship to the ,niagara4 ,second1 the bringing up of the gunboats and small vessels by ,captain ,elliott1 and the subsequent breaking through the enemy's line and capture of his whole fleet4 ,thus the entire action may be distinctly and beautifully represented4 ,herewith you will receive one of the medals struck for ,commodore ,preble1 which is tolerably well executed and of good size4 ,the emblematical figures ought to be bold and distinct1 rather than minutely delineated1 which renders the effect less striking and enhances the labour and cost4 ,with respect to the cost it must be regulated by a due attention to the views of the ,legislature and to economy without parsimony4 ,the number is considerable1 and will require all the artists who are qualified for the execution4 ,it is very desirable to have them completed as soon as possible1 and particularly before the next meeting of ,congress4 ,if the number of artists in ,philadelphia shall not be sufficient1 you will employ those of ,new ,york or elsewhere4 ,i submit this business to your care with confidence and pleasure1 because ,i know that your own discriminating tastes and judgment in these matters will be combined with your admiration of the men1 and the scenes to be commemorated1 in producing the best and most speedy execution4 ,the sword for ,captain ,elliott will be an elegant dress sword2 7p4 #ahb7 a cut and thrust1 with belt1 c41 such in form as is prescribed for a dress sword of a captain in the navy1 but decorated with devices and inscriptions suitable to the occasion1 and finished in the best style the sum of #hjj will procure4 ,the swords of the warrant officers1 twelve in number1 will be of the same form and with proper belts1 c41 will be finished in the best style that #bej each will procure4 ,these you will please have finished as soon as possible4 ,the medals should be finished in succession according to the order of the dates of the events1 unless the whole can be put in hand at once1 which is very desirable4 ,i am respectfully1 ,sir1 your most obedient servant1 ,w4 ,,jones1 ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,no4 #cb4 7p4 #ahc7 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,september #aj1 #ahac4 ,jesse ,d4 ,elliott4 ,nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum4 ,rx4 ,viam invenit virtus aut facit4 ,,captain ,,jesse ,,duncan ,,elliott4 ,victory of ,lake ,erie4 ,,jesse ,d4 7,duncan7 ,,elliott4 ,,nil ,,actum ,,reputans ,,si ,,quid ,,superesset ,,agendum4#hf 7,jesse ,duncan ,elliott4 ,considering nothing done1 if aught remained to be done47 ,bust of ,captain ,elliott1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #hf3 ,nil actum credens quum quid superesset agendum4 ,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ,book ,,ii1 #feg4 ,,viam ,,invenit ,,virtus ,,aut ,,facit4 7,valor finds or makes a way47 ,the ,united ,states fleet on ,lake ,erie1 carrying fifty-four guns1 and commanded by ,captain ,perry1 stands out to meet the ,british fleet with sixty-three guns1 under ,captain ,barclay4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,class4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,brit4 ,,die ,x4 ,,sep4 ,,mdcccxiii4 7,inter classim ,americanam et ,britannicam1 die #aj ,septembris1 #ahac3 ,between the ,american and ,british fleets1 ,september #aj1 #ahac47 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#hg ,footnote #hg3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the action on ,lake ,erie1 are given under ,no4 #ca1 page #agf4 ,,jesse ,,duncan ,,elliott was born in ,maryland1 ,july #ad1 #aghb4 ,he was appointed midshipman in #ahjd2 was promoted to be lieutenant in #ahaj2 served under ,commodore ,chauncey on the lakes in #ahab2 and on ,october #h1 commanding an expedition1 he cut out two ,british ships from under ,fort ,erie4 ,for this daring act ,congress voted him a sword of honor4 ,he was master-commandant in ,july1 #ahac2 and second in command in 7p4 #ahd7 ,perry's victory on ,lake ,erie1 for which he received from ,congress a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,on ,perry's departure in ,october1 #ahae1 he succeeded him in command4 ,he became captain in #ahah2 and afterward commanded the ,mediterranean squadron1 and the navy yards of ,boston and of ,philadelphia4 ,he died in ,philadelphia1 ,december #aj1 #ahde4 ,no4 #cc4 7p4 #ahe7 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,february #bd1 #ahac4 ,jac ,lawrence dulce et decorum est pro patria mori4 ,rx4 ,mansuetud4 maj4 quam victoria4 ,,captain ,,james ,,lawrence4 ,capture of the ,peacock4 ,,jac4 7,jacobus7 ,,lawrence ,,dulce ,,et ,,decorum ,,est ,,pro ,,patria ,,mori#hh 7,james ,lawrence4 ,it is sweet and becoming to die for one's country47 ,bust of ,captain ,lawrence in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #hh3 ,horace1 ,book ,,ii1 ,ode ,,ii1 #ac4 ,,mansuetud4 ,,maj4 ,,quam ,,victoria4 7,mansuetudo major quam victoria3 ,clemency greater than victory47 ,the action is over4 ,the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,hornet1 of twenty guns1 ,captain ,lawrence1 is lying to and sending her boats to the rescue of the crew of the ,british brig-of-war ,peacock1 of twenty-two guns1 ,captain ,peake1 which has lost her mainmast1 and is going down head foremost4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,hornet ,,nav ,,ameri ,,et ,,peacock ,,nav ,,ang ,,die ,,xxiv ,,feb ,,mdcccxiii4 7,inter ,hornet1 navem ,americanam1 et ,peacock1 navem ,anglicanam1 die #bd ,februarii1 #ahac3 ,between the ,american vessel ,hornet and the ,english vessel ,peacock1 ,february #bd1 #ahac47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,james ,,lawrence was born in ,burlington1 ,new ,jersey1 ,october #a1 #agha4 ,he was appointed a midshipman in #agih1 and became a lieutenant in #ahjb2 served against ,tripoli1 #ahjb-ahjd1 and was second in command under ,decatur1 in the ,intrepid1 when the ,philadelphia was destroyed off 7p4 #ahf7 ,tripoli4 ,in #ahaj he became master-commandant1 and on ,february #bd1 #ahac1 with the ,hornet1 captured the ,british brig-of-war ,peacock1 ,captain ,william ,peake4 ,for this action1 ,congress awarded him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,as captain he commanded the ,chesapeake in #ahac and fell1 mortally wounded1 in the engagement with the ,british ship ,shannon1 ,captain ,broke4 ,his last words1 when carried below1 were1 ,don't give up the ship6 ,he died four days after the combat1 on ,june #e1 #ahac1 and was buried with military honors at ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,his remains were afterward taken to the ,united ,states1 and now lie in ,trinity church-yard1 ,new ,york city4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,lawrence1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present to the nearest male relative of ,captain ,james ,lawrence1 a gold medal1 and a silver medal#hi to each of the commissioned officers who served under him in the sloop-of-war ,hornet1 in her conflict with the ,british vessel-of-war1 the ,peacock1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew in the capture of that vessel2 and the ,president is also requested to communicate to the nearest male relative of ,captain ,lawrence the sense which ,congress entertains of the loss which the naval service of the ,united ,states has since sustained in the death of that distinguished officer4 ,footnote #hi3 ,the silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to ,captain ,lawrence4 ,approved ,january #aa1 #ahad4 ,captain ,lawrence to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ship ,hornet1 ,william ,,jones1 ,holmes' ,hole1 ,march #aith1 #ahac4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you of the arrival1 at this port1 of the ,united ,states ship ,hornet1 under my command1 from a cruise of #ade days1 and to state to you1 that after ,commodore ,bainbridge left the coast of ,brazils1 7on the #fth of ,january last17 the ,hornet continued off the harbour of ,st4 ,salvador1 blockading the ,bonne ,citoyenne until the #bdth1 when the ,montagu #gd hove in sight1 and chased me into the harbour2 but night 7p4 #ahg7 coming on1 ,i wore and stood to the southward4 ,knowing that she had left ,rio ,janeiro for the express purpose of relieving the ,bonne ,citoyenne and the packet1 7which ,i had also blockaded for fourteen days1 and obliged her to send her mail to ,rio in a ,portuguese smack17 ,i judged it most prudent to change my cruising ground1 and stood to the eastward1 with the view of cruising off ,pernambuco2 and on the #dth day of ,february1 captured the ,english brig ,resolution1 from ,rio ,janeiro1 bound to ,maranham1 with coffee1 jerked beef1 flour1 fustic and butter1 and about #be1jjj dollars in specie4 ,as the brig sailed dull1 and could ill spare hands to man her1 ,i took out the money and set her on fire4 ,i then ran down the coast for ,maranham1 and cruised there for a short time2 from thence ran off ,surinam4 ,after cruising off that coast from the #eth to the #bb;d of ,february1 without meeting a vessel1 ,i stood for ,demarara1 with an intention1 should ,i not be fortunate on that station1 to run through the ,west ,indies1 on my way to the ,united ,states4 ,but on the morning of the #bdth1 ,i discovered a brig to leeward1 to which ,i gave chase2 ran into quarter less four1 and not having a pilot1 was obliged to haul off2 the fort at the entrance of ,demarara river at this time bearing south west1 distance about #b-a_/b leagues4 ,previously to giving up the chase1 ,i discovered a vessel at anchor without the bar1 with ,english colours flying1 apparently a brig of war4 ,in beating round ,corobano bank1 in order to get at her1 at half past #c ,p4,m4 ,i discovered another sail on my weather quarter edging down for us4 ,at #d4bj minutes she hoisted ,english colours1 at which time we discovered her to be a large man-of-war brig2 beat to quarters1 and cleared ship for action2 kept close by the wind1 in order1 if possible1 to get to the weather gage4 ,at #e4aj minutes1 finding ,i could weather the enemy1 ,i hoisted ,american colours1 and tacked4 ,at #e4bj minutes1 in passing each other1 exchanged broadsides within half pistol shot4 ,observing the enemy in the act of wearing1 ,i bore up1 received his starboard broadside1 ran him close on board on the starboard quarter1 and kept up such a heavy and well directed fire1 that in less than fifteen minutes he surrendered1 being literally cut to pieces1 and hoisted an ensign1 union down1 from his fore-rigging1 as a signal of distress4 ,shortly after1 his main-mast went by the board2 dispatched ,lieutenant ,shubrick on board1 who soon returned with her first lieutenant1 who reported her to be ,his ,britannic ,majesty's late brig ,peacock1 commanded by ,captain ,william ,peake1 who fell in the latter part of the action2 that a number of her crew were killed and wounded1 and that she was sinking fast1 having then six feet of water in her hold2 dispatched the boats immediately for the wounded1 and brought both vessels to anchor4 ,such shot-holes as could be got at were then plugged1 her guns thrown overboard1 and every possible exertion used to keep her afloat1 until the prisoners could be removed1 by pumping and bailing1 but without effect1 and she unfortunately sunk in five and a half fathoms water1 carrying down thirteen of her crew and three of my brave fellows1 viz43 ,john ,hart1 ,joseph ,williams1 and ,hannibal ,boyd4 ,lieutenant ,conner1 ,midshipman ,cooper1 and the remainder of the ,hornet's crew1 employed in removing the prisoners1 with difficulty saved themselves by jumping in a boat that was lying on her bows as she went down4 ,four men1 of the thirteen mentioned1 were so fortunate as to gain the fore-top1 and were afterwards taken off by the boats4 ,previous to her going down1 four of her men took to her stern boat1 which had been much damaged during the action1 which ,i hope reached the shore 7p4 #ahh7 in safety2 but from the heavy sea running at the time1 the shattered state of the boat1 and the difficulty of landing on the coast1 ,i much fear they were lost4 ,i have not been able to ascertain from her officers the exact number killed4 ,captain ,peake and four men were found dead on board4 ,the master1 one midshipman1 carpenter1 and captain's clerk1 and twenty-nine seamen were wounded1 most of them very severely2 three of them died of their wounds after being removed1 and nine drowned4 ,our loss was trifling in comparison4 ,john ,place1 killed2 ,samuel ,coulson and ,joseph ,dalrymple1 slightly wounded2 ,george ,coffin and ,lewis ,todd1 severely burnt by the explosion of a cartridge4 ,todd survived only a few days4 ,our rigging and sails were much cut2 one shot through the foremast1 and the bowsprit slightly injured4 ,our hull received little or no damage4 ,at the time the ,peacock was brought to action1 the ,l',espigle 7the brig mentioned above as being at anchor71 mounting sixteen two-and-thirty pound carronades1 and two long nines1 lay at about six miles in shore1 and could plainly see the whole of the action4 ,apprehensive that she would beat out to the assistance of her consort1 such exertions were made by my officers and crew in repairing damages1 c41 that by #i o'clock the boats were stowed1 a new set of sails bent1 and the ship completely ready for action4 ,at #b ,a4,m4 got under weigh1 and stood by the wind to the northward and westward1 under easy sail4 ,on mustering next morning1 found we had #bgg souls on board1 including the crew of the ,american brig ,hunter1 of ,portland1 taken a few days before by the ,peacock4 ,and1 as we had been on two-thirds allowance of provisions for some time1 and had but #c1djj gallons of water on board1 ,i reduced the allowance to three pints a man1 and determined to make the best of my way to the ,united ,states4 ,the ,peacock was deservedly styled one of the finest vessels of her class in the ,british navy1 probably about the tonnage of the ,hornet4 ,her beam was greater by five inches1 but her extreme length not so great by four feet4 ,she mounted sixteen twenty-four pound carronades1 two long nines1 one twelve-pound carronade on her topgallant-forecastle1 as a shifting gun1 and one four or six-pounder1 and two swivels mounted aft4 ,i find1 by her quarter-bill1 that her crew consisted of #acd men1 four of whom were absent in a prize4 ,the cool and determined conduct of my officers and crew during the action1 and their almost unexampled exertions afterwards1 entitled them to my warmest acknowledgments1 and ,i beg leave most earnestly to recommend them to the notice of government4 ,by the indisposition of ,lieutenant ,stewart ,i was deprived of the services of an excellent officer2 had he been able to stand the deck ,i am confident his exertions would not have been surpassed by any one on board4 ,i should be doing injustice to the merits of ,lieutenant ,shubrick1 and of acting-lieutenants ,conner and ,newton1 were ,i not to recommend them particularly to your notice4 ,lieutenant ,shubrick was in the actions with the ,guerrire and ,java4 ,captain ,hull and ,commodore ,bainbridge can bear testimony to his coolness and good conduct on both occasions4 ,with the greatest respect1 ,i remain1 c41 ,james ,,lawrence4 ,p4,s4 ,at the commencement of the action my sailing master and seven men were absent in a prize1 and ,lieutenant ,stewart and six men on the sick list4 ,no4 #cd4 7p4 #ahi7 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,september #aa1 #ahad4 ,tho4 ,macdonough4 ,stagno ,champlain clas4 ,reg4 ,brit superavit4 ,rx4 ,uno latere percusso4 alterum impavide vertit4 ,,captain ,,thomas ,,macdonough4 ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,,tho4 ,,macdonough4 ,,stagno ,,champlain ,,clas4 ,,reg4 ,,brit4 ,,superavit4 7,thomas ,macdonough ,stagno ,champlain classim ,regis ,britannia superavit3 ,thomas ,macdonough defeated the ,royal ,british fleet on ,lake ,champlain47 ,bust of ,captain ,macdonough1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,uno ,,latere ,,percusso4 ,,alterum ,,impavide ,,vertit4 7,beaten on one side1 he fearlessly turns the other47 ,naval action on ,lake ,champlain1 between the ,united ,states fleet1 carrying eighty-six guns1 under ,captain ,macdonough1 and the ,british fleet1 with ninety-five guns1 commanded by ,commodore ,downie4 ,to the right1 the city of ,plattsburgh in flames4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,class4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,brit4 ,,die ,,xi ,,sept4 ,,mdcccxiiii4 7,inter classim ,americanam et ,britannicam1 die #aa ,septembris1 #ahad3 ,between the ,american and ,british fleets1 ,september #aa1 #ahad47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,thomas ,,macdonough was born in ,newcastle ,county1 ,delaware1 ,december #bc1 #aghc4 ,he entered the navy as a midshipman in #ahjj2 served in the ,tripolitan campaign1 and was with ,decatur in the ,intrepid1 when the latter blew up the ,philadelphia4 ,he was made a lieutenant in ,february1 #ahjg1 and a master-commandant in ,july1 #ahac4 ,he defeated the ,british squadron1 commanded by ,commodore ,george ,downie1 on ,lake ,champlain1 ,september #aa1 #ahad1 for which victory he received the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal1 and was promoted to the rank of 7p4 #aij7 captain4 ,he commanded the ,mediterranean squadron for several years1 and died at sea1 ,november #ah1 #ahbe1 of consumption1 on his homeward voyage to the ,united ,states4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,macdonough and ,henley1 ,lieutenant ,cassin1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and the same are hereby1 presented to ,captain ,thomas ,macdonough1 and through him to the officers1 petty officers1 seamen1 marines1 and infantry serving as marines1 attached to the squadron under his command1 for the decisive and splendid victory gained on ,lake ,champlain1 on the eleventh of ,september1 in the year one thousand eight hundred and fourteen1 over a ,british squadron of superior force4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause gold medals to be struck1 emblematical of the action between the two squadrons1 and to present them to ,captain ,macdonough and ,captain ,robert ,henley1 and also to ,lieutenant ,stephen ,cassin1 in such a manner as may be most honourable to them2 and that the ,president be further requested to present a silver medal1#ij with suitable emblems and devices1 to each of the commissioned officers of the navy and army serving on board1 and a sword to each of the midshipmen and sailing-masters1 who so nobly distinguished themselves in that memorable conflict4 ,footnote #ij3 ,the silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to ,captain ,macdonough4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present a silver medal1 with like emblems and devices1 to the nearest male relative of ,lieutenant ,peter ,gamble1 and of ,lieutenant ,john ,stansbury1 and to communicate to them the deep regret which ,congress feel for the loss of those gallant men1 whose names ought to live in the recollection and affection of a grateful country4 ,resolved1 ,that three months' pay be allowed1 exclusively of the common allowance1 to all petty officers1 seamen1 marines1 and infantry serving as marines1 who so gloriously supported the honour of the ,american flag on that memorable day4 ,approved ,october #bj1 #ahad4 ,resolution of ,congress ,complimentary to ,lieutenant ,silas ,duncan4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled3 ,that the provisions of the joint resolutions of ,congress passed ,october twentieth1 eighteen hundred and fourteen1 entitled ,resolution expressive of the sense of ,congress of the gallant conduct of ,captain ,thomas ,macdonough1 the officers1 seamen and marines1 and infantry 7p4 #aia7 serving as marines on board of the ,united ,states squadron on ,lake ,champlain1 be so construed and extended as to include the names of ,silas ,duncan1 a lieutenant in the ,navy of the ,united ,states1 in testimony of the sense which is entertained by both houses of ,congress of the distinguished gallantry and good conduct of the said ,lieutenant ,duncan1 in an action with the enemy's forces on the sixth of ,september1 eighteen hundred and fourteen1 on the same lake4 ,approved ,may #acth1 #ahbf4 ,captain ,macdonough to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honorable ,united ,states ,ship ,saratoga1 ,william ,,jones1 ,off ,plattsburgh1 ,september #aath1 #ahad4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,the ,almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory on ,lake ,champlain1 in the capture of one frigate1 one brig1 and two sloops-of-war of the enemy4 ,i have the honor to be1 c4 ,t4 ,,macdonough4 ,captain ,macdonough to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honorable ,ship ,saratoga1 ,william ,,jones1 ,plattsburgh ,bay1 ,september #acth1 #ahad4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to give you the particulars of the action which took place on the #aath instant1 on this lake4 ,for several days the enemy were on their way to ,plattsburgh by land and water1 and it being well understood that an attack would be made at the same time by their land and naval forces1 ,i determined to await1 at anchor1 the approach of the latter4 ,at #h ,a4,m4 the look-out boat announced the approach of the enemy4 ,at #i1 he anchored in a line ahead1 at about #cjj yards distance from my line2 his ship was opposed to the ,saratoga1 his brig to the ,eagle1 ,captain ,robert ,henley1 his gallies1 thirteen in number1 to the schooner1 the sloop1 and a division of our gallies1 one of his sloops assisting their ship and brig1 the other assisting their gallies4 ,our remaining gallies1 with the ,saratoga and ,eagle4 ,in this situation1 the whole force on both sides became engaged1 the ,saratoga suffering much1 from the heavy fire of the ,confiance4 ,i could perceive at the same time1 however1 that our fire was very destructive to her4 ,the ,ticonderoga1 ,lieutenant ,commandant ,cassin1 gallantly sustained her full share of the action4 ,at half-past #aj o'clock1 the ,eagle not being able to bring her guns to bear1 cut her cable1 and anchored in a more 7p4 #aib7 eligible position1 between my ship and the ,ticonderoga1 where she very much annoyed the enemy1 but unfortunately1 leaving me exposed to a galling fire from the enemy's brig4 ,our guns on the starboard side being nearly all dismounted1 or not manageable1 a stern anchor was let go1 the bower cut1 and the ship winded with a fresh broadside on the enemy's ship1 which soon after surrendered4 ,our broadside was then sprung to bear on the brig1 which surrendered in about #ae minutes after4 ,the sloop that was opposed to the ,eagle had struck some time before1 and drifted down the line2 the sloop which was with their gallies having struck also4 ,three of their gallies are said to be sunk1 the others pulled off4 ,our gallies were about obeying with alacrity the signal to follow them1 when all the vessels were reported to me to be in a sinking state4 ,it then became necessary to annul the signal to the gallies1 and order their men to the pumps4 ,i could only look at the enemy's gallies going off in a shattered condition1 for there was not a mast in either squadron that could stand to make sail on2 the lower rigging being nearly shot away1 hung down as though it had been just placed over mast heads4 ,the ,saratoga had #ee round shot in her hull1 the ,confiance #aje4 ,the enemy's shot passed principally just over our heads1 as there were not #bj whole hammocks in the nettings after the close of the action1 which lasted1 without intermission1 two hours and twenty minutes4 ,the absence and sickness of ,lieutenant ,raymond ,perry left me without the services of that excellent officer2 much ought fairly to be attributed to him for his great care and attention in disciplining the ship's crew1 as her first lieutenant4 ,his place was filled by a gallant young officer1 ,lieutenant ,peter ,gamble1 who1 ,i regret to inform you1 was killed early in the action4 ,acting-lieutenant ,vallette worked the first and second division of guns with able effect4 ,sailing-master ,brum's attention to the springs1 and in the execution of the order to wind the ship1 and occasionally at the guns1 met my entire approbation2 also ,captain ,youngs1 commanding the acting marines1 who took his men to the guns4 ,mr4 ,beale1 purser1 was of great service at the guns1 and in carrying my orders throughout the ship1 with ,midshipman ,montgomery4 ,master's mate ,joshua ,justin had command of the third division2 his conduct during the action was that of a brave officer4 ,midshipmen ,monteath1 ,graham1 ,williamson1 ,platt1 ,thwing1 and ,acting-,midshipman ,baldwin all behaved well1 and gave evidence of their making valuable officers4 ,the ,saratoga was twice set on fire by hot shot from the enemy's ship4 ,i close1 ,sir1 this communication with feelings of gratitude for the able support ,i received from every officer and man attached to the squadron which ,i have the honour to command4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,t4 ,,macdonough4 ,no4 #ce4 7p4 #aic7 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,september #aa1 #ahad4 ,rob4 ,henley ,eagle prfect4 palma virtu per ternit4 florebit4 ,rx4 ,uno latere percusso4 alterum impavide vertit4 ,,captain ,,robert ,,henley4 ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,,rob4 ,,henley ,,eagle ,,pr,,fect4 ,,palma ,,virtu4 ,,per ,,ternit4 ,,florebit4 7,robertus ,henley1 ,eagle prfectus2 palma virtutis per ternitatem florebit3 ,robert ,henley1 commander of the ,eagle4 ,the palm of bravery will flourish forever47 ,bust of ,captain ,henley1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,uno ,,latere ,,percusso4 ,,alterum ,,impavide ,,vertit4 7,beaten on one side1 he fearlessly turns the other47 ,naval action on ,lake ,champlain1 between the ,united ,states fleet1 carrying eighty-six guns1 under ,captain ,macdonough1 and the ,british fleet1 with ninety-five guns1 commanded by ,commodore ,downie4 ,to the right the city of ,plattsburgh in flames4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,class4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,brit4 ,,die ,,xi ,,sept4 ,,mdcccxiiii4 7,inter classim ,americanam et ,britannicam1 die #aa ,septembris1 #ahad3 ,between the ,american and ,british fleets1 ,september #aa1 #ahad47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#ia ,footnote #ia3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the victory on ,lake ,champlain1 are given under ,no4 #cd1 page #ahi4 ,,robert ,,henley was born in ,james ,city ,county1 ,virginia1 ,january #e1 7p4 #aid7 #aghc4 ,he entered the navy as a midshipman in #agii1 and was on board of the ,constellation1 under ,captain ,truxtun1 during her combat with ,la ,vengeance2 he was a lieutenant in #ahjg2 a commander ,august #ab1 #ahad2 obtained the ,eagle1 and was second in command to ,macdonough in his victory on lake ,champlain1 ,september #aa1 #ahad1 receiving for his conduct on that occasion the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal4 ,he was appointed captain1 ,march #c1 #ahbe2 served in the home squadron and in the ,west ,indies1 and died on ,sullivan's ,island1 ,south ,carolina1 ,october #g1 #ahbh4 ,no4 #cf4 7p4 #aie7 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,september #aa1 #ahad4 ,step4 ,cassin ,ticonderoga prfect4 ,qu regio in terris nos4 non plena lab4 ,rx4 ,uno latere percusso4 alterum impavide vertit4 ,,lieutenant ,,stephen ,,cassin4 ,victory of ,lake ,champlain4 ,,step4 ,,cassin ,,ticonderoga ,,pr,,fect4 ,,qu ,,regio ,,in ,,terris ,,nos4 ,,non ,,plena ,,lab4#ib 7,stephanus ,cassin1 ,ticonderoga prfectus4 ,qu regio in terris nostri non plena laboris3 ,stephen ,cassin1 commander of the ,ticonderoga4 ,what region of the earth is not full of our works47 ,bust of ,lieutenant ,cassin1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #ib3 ,virgil1 neid1 ,book ,i1 #dfd4 ,,uno ,,latere ,,percusso4 ,,alterum ,,impavide ,,vertit4 7,beaten on one side1 he fearlessly turns the other47 ,naval action on ,lake ,champlain1 between the ,united ,states fleet1 carrying eighty-six guns1 under the command of ,captain ,macdonough1 and the ,british fleet1 with ninety-five guns1 commanded by ,commodore ,downie4 ,to the right the city of ,plattsburgh in flames4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,class4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,brit4 ,,die ,,xi ,,sept4 ,,mdcccxiiii4 7,inter classim ,americanam et ,britannicam1 die #aa ,septembris1 #ahad3 ,between the ,american and ,british fleets1 ,september #aa1 #ahad47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the action on ,lake ,champlain1 are given under ,no4 #cd1 page #ahi4 ,,stephen ,,cassin was born in ,philadelphia1 ,february #af1 #aghc4 ,he 7p4 #aif7 entered the navy as a midshipman in #ahjj1 served in the ,tripolitan campaign1 and became a lieutenant in #ahjg4 ,he commanded the ,ticonderoga in ,macdonough's victory on ,lake ,champlain1 ,september #aa1 #ahad1 and for his conduct on that occasion was promoted to the rank of master1 and received a vote of thanks and a gold medal from ,congress4 ,he was made captain1 ,march #c1 #ahbe1 commanded for some time the navy yard at ,washington1 ,district of ,columbia1 and died there1 ,april #bi1 #aheg4 ,no4 #cg4 7p4 #aig7 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,march #bi1 #ahad4 ,ludovicus ,warrington dux navalis ,ameri4 ,rx4 ,pro patria paratus aut vincere aut mori4 ,,captain ,,lewis ,,warrington4 ,capture of the pervier4 ,,ludovicus ,,warrington ,,dux ,,navalis ,,ameri4 7,americanus7 7,lewis ,warrington1 ,american naval commander47 ,bust of ,captain ,warrington1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,pro ,,patria ,,paratus ,,aut ,,vincere ,,aut ,,mori4 7,prepared to conquer or die for his country47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,peacock1 of eighteen guns1 ,captain ,warrington1 and the ,british brig-of-war pervier1 of eighteen guns1 ,captain ,wales2 the ,peacock1 to leeward1 is firing her port broadside4 ,the pervier has lost her main-topmast ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,peacock ,,nav4 ,,ameri ,,et ,,epervie 7sic7 ,,nav4 ,,ang4 ,,die ,,xxix ,,mar4 ,,mdcccxiv4 7,inter ,peacock navem ,americanam et pervier navem ,anglicanam1 die #bi ,martii1 #ahad3 ,between the ,american vessel ,peacock and the ,english vessel pervier1 ,march #bi1 #ahad47 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,lewis ,,warrington was born in ,williamsburgh1 ,virginia1 ,november #c1 #aghb4 ,he entered the navy as a midshipman in #ahjj1 and served under ,commodore ,preble in the ,tripolitan campaign2 was lieutenant1 #ahjg2 and master-commandant1 #ahac4 ,he sailed from ,new ,york in ,march1 #ahad1 7p4 #aih7 in command of the sloop-of-war ,peacock1 and on the #bith of the same month took the ,british brig-of-war pervier1 ,captain ,wales1 for which gallant deed he received the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal4 ,he was promoted to the rank of captain in ,november of the same year1 and subsequently served on the ,naval ,board4 ,in #ahdb he became chief of the ordnance and hydrographic bureau of the ,navy ,department1 in which capacity he died in ,washington1 ,october #ab1 #ahea4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,warrington1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present to ,captain ,lewis ,warrington1 of the sloop-of-war ,peacock1 a gold medal1 with suitable emblems and devices1 and a silver medal1#id with like emblems and devices1 to each of the commissioned officers1 and a sword to each of the midshipmen1 and to the sailing-master of said vessel1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew1 in the action with the ,british brig pervier1 on the #bith day of ,april1 in the year one thousand eight hundred and fourteen1 in which action the decisive effect and great superiority of the ,american gunnery were so signally displayed4 ,footnote #id3 ,the silver medals are copies of the one in gold to ,captain ,warrington4 ,approved ,october #ba1 #ahad4 ,captain ,warrington to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states sloop ,peacock1 at sea1 ,william ,,jones1 ,latitude #bg #dg1 longitude #hi4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,april #bith1 #ahad4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you that we have this morning captured1 after an action of #db minutes1 ,his ,majesty's brig pervier1 ,captain ,wales1 rating and mounting #ah thirty-two pound carronades1 with #abh men1 of whom #h were killed and #ae wounded1 according to the best information we could obtain4 ,among the latter is her first lieutenant1 who has lost an arm1 and received a severe splinter wound in the hip4 ,not a man in the ,peacock 7p4 #aii7 was killed1 and only two wounded1 neither dangerously so4 ,the fate of the pervier would have been determined in much less time1 but for the circumstance of our fore-yard being totally disabled by two round shots in the starboard quarter from her first broadside1 which entirely deprived us of the use of our fore and fore-top sails1 and compelled us to keep the ship large throughout the remainder of the action4 ,this1 with a few top-mast and top-gallant back-stays cut away1 a few shots through our sails1 is the only injury the ,peacock has sustained4 ,not a round shot touched our hull2 our masts and spars are as sound as ever4 ,when the enemy struck he had five feet water in his hold1 his main top-mast was over the side1 his main-boom shot away1 his fore-mast cut nearly in two and tottering1 his fore rigging and stays shot away1 his bowsprit badly wounded1 and forty-five shot holes in his hull1 twenty of which were within a foot of his water line4 ,by great exertion we got her in sailing order just as dark came on4 ,in fifteen minutes after the enemy struck1 the ,peacock was ready for another action1 in every respect but her fore-yard1 which was sent down1 finished and had the fore-sail set again in forty-five minutes3 such was the spirit and activity of our gallant crew4 ,the pervier had under her convoy an ,english hermaphrodite brig1 a ,russian and a ,spanish ship1 which all hauled their wind1 and stood to the east-northeast4 ,i had determined upon pursuing the former1 but found that it would not answer to leave our prize in her then crippled state1 and the more particularly so1 as we found she had in her #abj1jjj in specie1 which we soon transferred to this sloop4 ,every officer1 seaman1 and marine did his duty1 which is the highest compliment ,i can pay them4 ,i am1 respectfully1 ,l4 ,,warrington4 ,no4 #ch4 7p4 #bjj7 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,june #bh1 #ahad4 ,johnston ,blakeley ,reip4 ,fd4 ,am4 nav4 ,wasp dux4 ,rx4 ,eheu6 bis victor patria tua te luget plauditq4 ,,captain ,,johnston ,,blakeley4 ,capture of the ,reindeer4 ,,johnston ,,blakeley ,,reip4 ,f,d4 ,,am4 ,,nav4 ,,wasp ,,dux4 7,johnston ,blakeley1 ,reipublic ,fderat ,american navis ,wasp dux3 ,johnston ,blakeley1 ,captain of the ,american ,federal ,republic's vessel ,wasp47 ,bust of ,captain ,blakeley1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,eheu6 ,,bis ,,victor ,,patria ,,tua ,,te ,,luget ,,plauditq4 7,plauditque7 7,alas6 twice conqueror1 thy country laments and applauds thee47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,wasp1 of eighteen guns1 ,captain ,blakeley1 and the ,british sloop-of-war ,reindeer1 of eighteen guns1 ,captain ,manners2 the ,wasp1 to windward1 is firing her port broadside4 ,the ,british vessel is striking her colors4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,wasp ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,reindeer ,,nav4 ,,ang4 ,,die ,,xxviii ,,junius 7sic7 ,,mdcccxiv4 7,inter ,wasp navem ,americanam et ,reindeer navem ,anglicanam1 die #bh ,junius1 #ahad3 ,between the ,american vessel ,wasp and the ,english vessel ,reindeer1 ,june #bh1 #ahad47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,johnston ,,blakeley was born at ,seaford1 ,county ,down1 ,ireland1 7p4 #bja7 ,october1 #agha4 ,he was brought1 when very young1 to ,north ,carolina1 where his parents settled1 and where they died while he was still a child4 ,he entered the navy as a midshipman1 ,february #e1 #ahjj1 and served under ,commodore ,preble in the ,tripolitan campaign4 ,in #ahac1 when a lieutenant1 he commanded the ,enterprize1 and in the same year became master-commandant of the sloop-of-war ,wasp1 with which1 on ,june #bh1 #ahad1 he took the ,british sloop-of-war ,reindeer1 ,commander ,william ,manners4 ,for this memorable action ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he afterward cruised off the coast of ,france1 and was lost at sea in the ,wasp1 of which no news has ever been received4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,blakeley1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present to ,captain ,johnston ,blakeley1 of the sloop ,wasp1 a gold medal1 with suitable devices1 and a silver medal1#ie with like devices1 to each of the commissioned officers1 and also a sword to each of the midshipmen1 and the sailing-master of the aforesaid vessel1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew1 in the action with the ,british sloop-of-war ,reindeer1 on the twenty-eighth of ,june1 in the year one thousand eight hundred and fourteen2 in which action determined bravery and cool intrepidity1 in nineteen minutes1 obtained a decisive victory by boarding4 ,footnote #ie3 ,the silver medals are copies of the medal in gold to ,captain ,blakeley4 ,approved ,november #c1 #ahad4 ,captain ,blakeley to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ,ship ,wasp1 ,william ,,jones ,l',orient1 ,july #hth1 #ahad4 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,on ,tuesday1 the #bhth instant1 being then in latitude #dh #cf1 north1 and longitude #aa #ae west1 we fell in with1 engaged1 and after an action of nineteen minutes1 captured ,his 7p4 #bjb7 ,britannic ,majesty's sloop-of-war the ,reindeer1 ,william ,manners1 ,esquire1 commander4 ,where all did their duty and each appeared anxious to excel1 it is very difficult to discriminate4 ,it is1 however1 only rendering them their merited due1 when it is declared of ,lieutenants ,reily and ,bury1 #ast and #c;d of this vessel1 and whose names will be found among those of the conquerors of the ,guerrire and ,java2 and of ,mr4 ,tillinghast1 #b;d lieutenant1 who was greatly instrumental in the capture of the ,boxer2 that their conduct and courage on this occasion fulfilled my highest expectations and gratified every wish4 ,sailing-master ,carr is also entitled to great credit for the zeal and ability with which he discharged his various duties4 ,the cool and patient conduct of every officer and man1 while exposed to the fire of the shifting gun of the enemy1 and without an opportunity of returning it1 could only be equalled by the animation and ardour exhibited when actually engaged1 or by the promptitude and firmness with which every attempt of the enemy to board was met and successfully repelled4 ,such conduct may be seen1 but cannot well be described4 ,the ,reindeer mounted sixteen #bd pound carronades1 two long #f or #i pounders1 and a shifting #ab pound carronade1 with a complement 7on board7 of #aah men4 ,her crew were said to be the pride of ,plymouth4 ,our loss in men has been severe1 owing in part to the proximity of the two vessels and the extreme smoothness of the sea1 but chiefly in repelling boarders4 ,that of the enemy1 however1 was infinitely more so1 as will be seen by the list of killed and wounded on both sides4 ,six round shot struck our hull1 and many grape which did not penetrate far4 ,the fore-mast received a #bd pound shot1 which passed through its centre1 and our rigging and sails were a good deal injured4 ,the ,reindeer was literally cut to pieces in a line with her ports2 her upper works1 boats and spare spars1 were one complete wreck4 ,a breeze springing up next afternoon1 her fore-mast went by the board4 ,having received all the prisoners on board1 which from the number of wounded occupied much time1 together with their baggage1 the ,reindeer was on the evening of the #bith1 set on fire1 and in a few hours blew up4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,j4 ,,blakeley4 ,killed and ,wounded4 ,the loss on board the ,reindeer was #be killed and #db wounded1 total #fg4 ,on board the ,wasp1 #e killed and #ba wounded1 principally in boarding2 among the latter1 midshipmen ,langdon and ,toscan1 both of whom expired some days after the action4 ,no4 #ci4 7p4 #bjc7 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,july #e and #be1 and ,september #ag1 #ahad4 ,major ,general ,jacob ,brown4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,,major-,,general ,,jacob ,,brown4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,,major ,,general ,,jacob ,,brown4 ,bust of ,general ,brown1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,november #c4 #ahad4 ,in the center of a trophy1 composed of the enemy's arms and flags1 are the ,roman fasces1 emblem of the strength and of the union of ,america4 ,the fasces are surrounded by a crown of laurel1 from which hang three cartoons1 each bearing the name of one of the three victories3 ,,niagara ,,erie ,,chippewa4 ,at the foot of the trophy the ,american eagle1 with outspread wings1 holds in its talons a ,british standard4 ,exergue3 ,,battles ,,of ,,chippewa4 ,,july #e4 #ahad4 ,,niagara4 ,,july #be4 #ahad4 ,,erie4 ,,sep4 7,september7 #ag4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,jacob ,,brown was born in ,bucks ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may #i1 #agge4 ,he began life as a school teacher1 and afterward became a land surveyor in ,ohio4 ,he removed to ,jefferson ,county1 ,new ,york1 in #agii2 was made a colonel of ,new ,york militia1 #ahji2 a brigadier-general of the same1 #ahaj2 and distinguished himself by his defence of ,sackett's ,harbor1 ,may #bi1 #ahac4 ,he was appointed a brigadier-general in the ,united 7p4 #bjd7 ,states army1 ,july #ai1 #ahac2 major-general1 ,january #bd1 #ahad2 and1 in the same year1 commander-in-chief on the ,canada frontier4 ,in this capacity he won the battles of ,chippewa1 ,july #e2 ,niagara1 ,july #be2 and ,erie1 ,september #ag4 ,for these victories ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he became commander-in-chief of the army in #ahba1 and died at head-quarters in ,washington1 ,february #bd1 #ahbh4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,generals ,brown1 ,scott1 ,porter1 ,gaines1 ,macomb1 ,ripley1 and ,miller4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they are hereby1 presented to ,major ,general ,brown1 and through him1 to the officers and men of the regular army1 and of the militia under his command1 for their gallantry and good conduct in the successive battles of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie1 in ,upper ,canada1 in which ,british veteran troops were beaten and repulsed by equal or inferior numbers2 and that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 emblematical of these triumphs1 and presented to ,major-,general ,brown4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 with suitable emblems and devices1 and presented to ,major-,general ,scott1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his distinguished services in the successive conflicts of ,chippewa and ,niagara1 and of his uniform gallantry and good conduct in sustaining the reputation of the arms of the ,united ,states4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause gold medals to be struck1 with suitable emblems and devices1 and presented to ,brigadier-,general ,ripley1 ,brigadier-,general ,miller1 and ,major-,general ,porter1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of their gallantry and good conduct in the several conflicts of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they are hereby1 presented to ,major-,general ,gaines1 and through him to the officers and men under his command1 for their gallantry and good conduct in defeating the enemy at ,erie on the fifteenth of 7p4 #bje7 ,august1 repelling with great slaughter the attack of a ,british veteran army1 superior in numbers2 and that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 emblematical of this triumph1 and presented to ,major-,general ,gaines4 ,resolved1 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they are hereby1 presented to ,major-,general ,macomb1 and through him to the officers and men of the regular army under his command1 and to the militia and volunteers of ,new ,york and ,vermont1 for their gallantry and good conduct1 in defeating the enemy at ,plattsburgh on the eleventh of ,september1 repelling with one thousand five hundred men1 aided by a body of militia and volunteers from ,new ,york and ,vermont1 a ,british veteran army1 greatly superior in number2 and that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 emblematical of this triumph1 and presented to ,major-,general ,macomb4 ,approved ,november #c1 #ahad4 ,major-,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,head ,quarters1 ,chippewa ,plains1 ,john ,,armstrong1 ,july #gth1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,on the #b;d instant ,i issued my order for crossing the ,niagara river1 and made the arrangements deemed necessary for securing the garrison of ,fort ,erie4 ,on the #c;d that post surrendered at #e ,p4,m4 ,our loss in this affair was four of the #beth regiment1 under ,major ,jessup1 of ,brigadier-,general ,scott's brigade1 wounded4 ,i have enclosed a return of the prisoners1 of the ordnance and ordnance stores captured4 ,to secure my rear1 ,i have placed a garrison in this fort1 and requested ,captain ,kennedy to station his vessels near the post4 ,on the morning of the #dth1 ,brigadier-,general ,scott1 with his brigade and a corps of artillery1 was ordered to advance toward ,chippewa1 and be governed by circumstances2 taking care to secure a good military position for the night4 ,after some skirmishing with the enemy1 he selected this plain with the eye of a soldier1 his right resting on the river1 and a ravine being in front4 ,at #aa at night ,i joined him with the reserve1 under ,general ,ripley1 our field and battering train1 and corps of artillery under ,major ,hindman4 ,general ,porter arrived the next morning with a part of the ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania volunteers1 and some of the warriors of the ,six ,nations4 ,early in the morning of the #eth1 the enemy commenced a petty war upon our pickets1 and1 as he was indulged1 his presumption increased2 by noon he showed himself on the left of our extensive line1 and attacked one of our pickets as it was returning to camp4 ,captain ,treat1 who commanded it1 retired disgracefully1 leaving a wounded man on the ground4 ,captain ,biddle1 of the artillery1 who was near the scene1 impelled by feelings highly honourable to him as a soldier and officer1 promptly assumed the command of this picket1 led it back to the wounded man and brought him off the field4 ,i ordered ,captain ,treat1 on the post1 to retire from the army1 as ,i am anxious that no officer 7p4 #bjf7 shall remain under my command who can be suspected of cowardice4 ,i advise that ,captain ,treat#if be struck from the rolls of the army4 ,at #d o'clock in the afternoon1 agreeably to a plan ,i had given ,general ,porter1 he advanced from the rear of our camp1 with the volunteers and ,indians 7taking the woods in order to keep out of view of the enemy71 with the hope of bringing his pickets and scouting parties between his 7,porter's7 line of march1 and our camp4 ,as ,porter moved1 ,i ordered the parties advanced in front of our camp to fall back gradually1 under the enemy's fire1 in order to draw him1 if possible1 up to our line4 ,about half past #d1 the advance of ,general ,porter's command met the light parties of the enemy in the woods1 upon our extreme left4 ,the enemy were driven1 and ,porter advancing near to ,chippewa1 met their whole column in order of battle4 ,from the cloud of dust rising1 and the heavy firing1 ,i was led to conclude that the entire force of the enemy was in march1 and prepared for action4 ,i immediately ordered ,general ,scott to advance with his brigade1 and ,towson's artillery1 and meet them upon the plain in front of our camp4 ,the general did not expect to be gratified with a field engagement4 ,he advanced in the most prompt and officer-like style1 and in a few minutes was in close action upon the plain1 with a superior force of ,british regular troops4 ,by this time ,general ,porter's command had given way1 and fled in every direction1 notwithstanding his personal gallantry1 and great exertions to stay their flight4 ,the retreat of the volunteers and ,indians caused the left flank of ,general ,scott's brigade to be greatly exposed4 ,captain ,harris1 with his dragoons1 was directed to stop the fugitives1 behind the ravine fronting our camp2 and ,i sent ,colonel ,gardner to order ,general ,ripley to advance with the #bast regiment which formed part of the reserve1 pass to the left of our camp1 skirt the woods so as to keep out of view1 and fall upon the rear of the enemy's right flank4 ,this order was promptly obeyed1 and the greatest exertions were made by the #bast regiment to gain their position1 and close with the enemy1 but in vain2 for such was the zeal and gallantry of the line commanded by ,general ,scott1 that its advance upon the enemy was not to be checked4 ,major ,jessup1 commanding the left flank battalion1 finding himself pressed in front and in flank1 and his men falling fast around him1 ordered his battalion to support arms and advance2 the order was promptly obeyed1 amidst the most deadly and destructive fire4 ,he gained a more secure position1 and returned upon the enemy so galling a discharge1 as caused them to retire4 ,by this time1 their whole line was falling back1 and our gallant soldiers pressing upon them as fast as possible4 ,as soon as the enemy had gained the sloping ground1 descending towards ,chippewa1 and distant a quarter of a mile1 he broke and ran to gain his works4 ,in this effort he was too successful1 and the guns from his batteries opening immediately upon our line1 checked in some degree the pursuit4 ,at this moment ,i resolved to bring up all my ordnance and force the place by a direct attack1 and gave the order accordingly4 ,major ,wood1 of the corps of engineers1 and my aid1 ,captain ,austin1 rode to the bank of the creek towards the right of their line of works1 and examined them4 ,i was induced by their report1 the lateness of the hour1 and the advice of ,general ,scott and ,major ,wood1 to order the forces to retire to camp4 ,my most difficult duty remains to be performed2 ,i am 7p4 #bjg7 depressed with the fear of not being able to do justice to my brave companions in arms1 and apprehensive1 that some who had an opportunity of distinguishing themselves1 and promptly embraced it1 will escape my notice4 ,brigadier-,general ,scott is entitled to the highest praise our country can bestow3 to him1 more than any other man1 ,i am indebted for the victory of the #eth of ,july4 ,his brigade has covered itself with glory4 ,every officer and every man of the #ith and #bb;d1 #aath and #aeth regiments did his duty with a zeal and energy worthy of the ,american character4 ,when every officer stands so pre-eminently high in the path of his duty and honour1 it is impossible to discriminate1 but ,i cannot deprive myself of the pleasure of saying1 that ,major ,leavenworth commanded the #ith and #bb;d1 ,major ,jessup the #beth1 and ,major ,mc,neil the #aath4 ,colonel ,campbell was wounded early in the action1 gallantly leading on his regiment4 ,the family of ,general ,scott were conspicuous in the field2 ,lieutenant ,smith of the #fth infantry1 major of brigade1 and ,lieutenants ,worth and ,watts his aids4 ,from ,general ,ripley and his brigade1 ,i received every assistance that ,i gave them an opportunity of rendering4 ,i did not order any part of the reserve into action until ,general ,porter's command had given way1 and then ,general ,scott's movements were so rapid and decisive1 that ,general ,ripley could not get up in time with the #bast1 to the position as directed4 ,the corps of artillery under ,major ,hindman were not generally in action2 this was not their fault4 ,captain ,towson's company was the only one that had a full opportunity of distinguishing itself1 and it is believed that no company ever embraced an opportunity with more zeal or more success4 ,a detachment from the #b;d brigade under the command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mc,donald1 penetrated the woods with the ,indians and volunteers1 and for their support4 ,the conduct of ,mc,donald and his command reflects high honour on the brigade to which they belong4 ,the conduct of ,general ,porter has been conspicuously gallant4 ,every assistance in his power to afford1 with the description of force under his command1 has been rendered4 ,we could not expect him to contend with the ,british column of regulars which appeared upon the plains of ,chippewa4 ,it was no cause of surprise to me to see his command retire before this column4 ,justice forbids that ,i should omit to name my own family4 ,they yield to none in honourable zeal1 intelligence1 and attention to duty4 ,colonel ,gardner1 ,major ,jones1 and my aids1 ,captains ,austin and ,spencer1 have been as active and as much devoted to the cause as any officers of the army4 ,their conduct merits my warmest acknowledgments2 of ,gardner and ,jones ,i shall have occasion again to speak to you4 ,major ,camp1 deputy-quarter-master-general1 deserves my particular notice and approbation4 ,by his great exertions1 ,i was enabled to find the means of crossing4 ,captain ,daliba1 of the ordnance department1 has rendered every service in his power4 ,the inclosed return will show you our loss1 and furnish you with the names of the dead and wounded officers4 ,these gallant men must not be forgotten4 ,our country will remember them1 and do them justice4 ,with great respect1 c41 ,jacob ,,brown4 ,footnote #if3 ,captain ,treat was tried by a court-martial and honorably acquitted4 ,general ,orders4 7p4 #bjh7 ,adjutant-,general's ,office1 left ,division1 ,chippewa ,plains1 ,july #fth1 #ahad4 ,major-,general ,brown has the gratification to say1 that the soldiers of the #b;d division1 west of the ,niagara1 merit greater applause than he is able to bestow in general orders2 they merit the highest approbation of the country4 ,the conduct of ,brigadier-,general ,scott's brigade1 which had the opportunity to engage the whole force of the enemy1 the greater part1 it is believed1 of all in the peninsula1 removes on the day of this battle the reflection on our country1 that its reputation in arms is yet to be established4 ,his brigade consists of battalions of the #ith1 the #aath1 the #beth and a detachment of the #bb;d4 ,towson's company of artillery1 which was attached to it1 gallantly commenced1 and with it sustained the action4 ,the volunteers and ,indians performed their part2 they drove the enemy's ,indians and light troops until they met the ,british army3 they meet the general's approbation4 ,of the reports of killed and wounded1 the names of the wounded officers will be mentioned1 in order that they may be rewarded with that honourable mention which is due4 ,by order of ,major-,general ,brown4 ,c4 ,k4 ,,gardner1 ,adj't ,gen4 ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,john ,,armstrong1 ,buffalo1 ,august1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,confined as ,i was1 and have been1 since the last engagement with the enemy1 ,i fear that the account ,i am about to give may be less full and satisfactory than under other circumstances it might have been made4 ,i particularly fear that the conduct of the gallant men it was my good fortune to lead1 will not be noticed in a way due to their fame and the honour of our country4 ,you are already apprized that the army had1 on the #beth ultimo1 taken a position at ,chippewa4 ,about noon of that day1 ,colonel ,swift1 who was posted at ,lewistown advised me by express that the enemy appeared in considerable force in ,queenstown1 and on its heights2 that four of the enemy's fleet had arrived during the preceding night1 and were then lying near ,fort ,niagara1 and that a number of boats were in view moving up the strait4 ,within a few minutes after this intelligence had been received1 ,i was further informed by ,captain ,denmons1 of the quarter-master's department1 that the enemy was landing at ,lewistown1 and that our baggage and stores at ,schlosser1 and on their way thither1 were in danger of immediate capture4 ,it is proper here to mention1 that having received advices as late as the #bjth from ,general ,james1 that our fleet was then in port1 and the commodore sick1 we ceased to look for co-operation from that quarter1 and determined to disencumber ourselves of baggage1 and march directly for ,burlington 7p4 #bji7 ,heights4 ,to mask this intention1 and to draw from ,schlosser a small supply of provisions1 ,i fell back upon ,chippewa4 ,as this arrangement1 under the increased force of the enemy1 left much at hazard on our side of the ,niagara1 and as it appeared by the before stated information1 that the enemy was about to avail himself of it1 ,i conceived that the most effectual method of recalling him from this object was to put myself in motion towards ,queenstown4 ,general ,scott1 with his first brigade1 ,towson's artillery1 and all the dragoons and mounted men were accordingly put in march on the road leading thither1 with orders to report1 if the enemy appeared1 and to call for assistance1 if that was necessary4 ,on the general's arrival at the falls1 he learned that the enemy was in force directly in his front1 a narrow piece of woods alone intercepting his view of them4 ,waiting only to give this information1 he advanced upon them4 ,by this time ,assistant ,adjutant ,general ,jones had delivered his message1 the action began1 and before the remaining part of the division had crossed the ,chippewa1 it had become close and general between the advanced corps4 ,though ,general ,ripley with his second brigade1 ,major ,hindman with the corps of artillery1 and ,general ,porter at the head of his command1 had respectively pressed forward with ardour1 it was not less than an hour before they were brought to sustain ,general ,scott1 during which time his command most skilfully and gallantly maintained the conflict4 ,upon my arrival1 ,i found that the general had passed the wood1 and engaged the enemy on the ,queenstown road1 and on the ground to the left of it1 with the #ith1 #aath and #bb;d regiments1 and ,towson's artillery4 ,the #beth had been thrown to the right1 to be governed by circumstances4 ,apprehending that these corps were much exhausted1 and knowing that they had suffered severely1 ,i determined to interpose a new line with the advancing troops2 and thus disengage ,general ,scott1 and hold his brigade in reserve4 ,orders were accordingly given to ,general ,ripley4 ,the enemy's artillery at this moment occupied a hill which gave great advantage1 and was the key of the whole position4 ,it was supported by a line of infantry4 ,to secure victory1 it was necessary to carry this artillery and seize the height4 ,this duty was assigned to ,colonel ,miller1 while1 to favour its execution1 the #ast regiment1 under the command of ,colonel ,nicholas1 was directed to manoeuvre and amuse the infantry4 ,to my great mortification1 this regiment1 after a discharge or two1 gave way and retreated some distance1 before it could be rallied1 though it is believed the officers of the regiment exerted themselves to shorten this distance4 ,in the mean time1 ,colonel ,miller1 without regard to this occurrence1 advanced steadily and gallantly to his object1 and carried the height and the cannon4 ,general ,ripley brought up the #bc;d regiment1 7which had also faltered17 to his support1 and the enemy disappeared from before them4 ,the #ast regiment was now brought into line on the left of the #bast1 and the detachment of the #agth and #aith1 ,general ,porter occupying with his command the extreme left4 ,about this time1 ,colonel ,miller carried the enemy's cannon4 ,the #beth regiment1 under ,major ,jessup was engaged in a more obstinate conflict with all that remained to dispute with us the field of battle4 ,the major1 as has been already stated1 had been ordered by ,general ,scott1 at the commencement of the action1 to take ground to his right4 ,he had succeeded in turning the enemy's flank2 had captured 7by a detachment under ,captain ,ketchum71 7p4 #baj7 ,general ,riall and sundry other officers1 and showed himself again to his own army1 in a blaze of fire1 which defeated or destroyed a very superior force of the enemy4 ,he was ordered to form on the right of the #b;d regiment4 ,the enemy rallying his forces1 and as is believed1 having received reinforcements1 now attempted to drive us from our position and regain his artillery4 ,our line was unshaken and the enemy repulsed4 ,two other attempts having the same object1 had the same issue4 ,general ,scott was again engaged in repelling the former of these1 and the last ,i saw of him in the field of battle1 he was near the head of his column1 and giving to its march a direction that would place him on the enemy's right4 ,it was with great pleasure ,i saw the good order and intrepidity of ,general ,porter's volunteers from the moment of their arrival2 but during the last charge of the enemy those qualities were conspicuous4 ,stimulated by the examples set them by their gallant leader1 by ,major ,wood of the ,pennsylvania corps1 by ,colonel ,dobbin of ,new ,york1 and by their officers generally1 they precipitated themselves upon the enemy's line1 and made all the prisoners which were taken at this point of the action4 ,having been for some time wounded1 and being a good deal exhausted by the loss of blood1 it became my wish to devolve the command on ,general ,scott1 and retire from the field2 but on enquiry1 ,i had the misfortune to learn1 that he was disabled by wounds2 ,i therefore kept my post1 and had the satisfaction to see the enemy's last effort repulsed4 ,i now consigned the command to ,general ,ripley4 ,while retiring from the field1 ,i saw and felt1 that the victory was complete on our part1 if proper measures were promptly adopted to secure it4 ,the exhaustion of the men was1 however1 such as made some refreshment necessary4 ,they particularly required water4 ,i was myself extremely sensible of the want of this necessary article4 ,i therefore believed it proper1 that ,general ,ripley and the troops should return to camp1 after bringing off the dead1 the wounded1 and artillery2 and in this ,i saw no difficulty1 as the enemy had entirely ceased to act4 ,within an hour after my arrival in camp1 ,i was informed that ,general ,ripley had returned without annoyance1 and in good order4 ,i now sent for him1 and after giving him my reasons for the measure ,i was about to adopt1 ordered him to put the troops in the best possible condition2 to give to them the necessary refreshment2 to take the pickets and camp-guards1 and every other description of force2 to put himself on the field of battle as the day dawned1 and there to meet and beat the enemy if he again appeared4 ,to this order he made no objection1 and ,i relied upon its execution4 ,it was not executed4 ,i feel most sensibly how inadequate are my powers in speaking of the troops1 to do justice to their merits1 or to my own sense of them4 ,under abler direction1 they might have done more and better4 ,from the preceding details1 you have new evidence of the distinguished gallantry of ,generals ,scott and ,porter1 of ,colonel ,miller and ,major ,jessup1 of the #ast brigade4 ,the chief1 with his aid-de-camp ,worth1 his major of brigade ,smith1 and every commander of battalion1 were wounded4 ,the #b;d brigade suffered less2 but as a brigade1 their conduct entitled them to the applause of their country4 ,after the enemy's strong position had been carried by the #bast and the detachments of the #agth and #aith1 the #ast and #bc;d assumed a new character4 ,they could not again be shaken or dismayed4 ,major ,mc,farland1 of the latter1 fell nobly at the head of his battalion4 ,under the command of ,general ,porter1 the militia volunteers 7p4 #baa7 of ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york stood undismayed amidst the hottest fire1 and repulsed the veterans opposed to them4 ,the ,canadian volunteers1 commanded by ,colonel ,wilson1 are reported by ,general ,porter as having merited and received his approbation4 ,the corps of artillery commanded by ,major ,hindman1 behaved with its usual gallantry4 ,towson's company attached to the #ast brigade1 was the first and the last engaged1 and during the whole conflict maintained that high character which they had previously won by their skill and their valour4 ,captains ,biddle and ,ritchie were both wounded early in the action1 but refused to quit the field4 ,the latter declared that he would never leave his piece2 and true to his engagement1 fell by its side covered with wounds4 ,the staff of the army had its peculiar merit and distinction4 ,colonel ,gardner1 adjutant-general1 though ill1 was on horseback1 and did all in his power2 his assistant1 ,major ,jones1 was very active and useful4 ,my gallant aids-de-camp1 ,austin and ,spencer1 had many and critical duties to perform1 in discharge of which the latter fell2 ,i shall ever think of this young man with pride and regret2 regret that his career has been so short2 pride that it has been so noble and distinguished4 ,the engineers1 ,majors ,mc,ree and ,wood1 were greatly distinguished on this day1 and their high military talents exerted with great effect2 they were much under my eye and near my person1 and to their assistance a great deal is fairly to be ascribed4 ,i most earnestly recommend them as worthy of the highest trust and confidence4 ,the staff of ,generals ,ripley and ,porter1 discovered great zeal and attention to duty4 ,lieutenant ,e4 ,b4 ,randolph1 of the #bjth regiment1 is entitled to notice2 his courage was conspicuous4 ,i enclose a return of our loss3 those noted missing may generally be numbered with the dead4 ,the enemy had but little opportunity of making prisoners4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,jacob ,,brown4 ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,headquarters1 ,camp ,fort ,erie1 ,john ,,armstrong1 ,september #bith1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,in my letter of the #ahth instant ,i briefly informed you of the fortunate issue of the sortie which took place the day preceding4 ,but it is due to the gallant officers and men1 to whose bravery we are indebted for our success on this occasion1 that ,i should give you a more circumstantial and detailed account of this affair4 ,the enemy's camp ,i had ascertained to be situated in a field1 surrounded by woods1 nearly two miles distant from their batteries and entrenchments1 the object of which was to keep the parts of their force which was not upon duty1 out of the range of our fire from ,fort ,erie and ,black ,rock4 ,their infantry was formed into three brigades1 estimated at #a1bjj or #a1ejj men each4 ,one of these brigades1 with a detail from their artillery1 was 7p4 #bab7 stationed at their works1 7these being but #ejj yards distant from old ,fort ,erie1 and the right of our line74 ,we had already suffered much from the fire of two of their batteries1 and were aware that a third was about to open upon us4 ,under these circumstances1 ,i resolved to storm the batteries1 destroy the cannon1 and roughly handle the brigade upon duty1 before those in reserve could be brought into action4 ,on the morning of the #agth1 the infantry and riflemen1 regulars and militia1 were ordered to be paraded1 and put in readiness to march precisely at #ab o'clock4 ,general ,porter with the volunteers1 ,colonel ,gibson with the riflemen1 and ,major ,brooke with the #bcrd and #bast infantry1 and a few dragoons acting as infantry1 were ordered to move from the extreme left of our position1 upon the enemy's right1 by a passage opened through the woods for the occasion4 ,general ,miller was directed to station his command in the ravine1 which lies between ,fort ,erie and the enemy's batteries1 by passing them by detachments through the skirts of the wood1 and the #bast infantry1 under ,general ,ripley1 was posted as a corps of reserve between the new bastions of ,fort ,erie2 all under cover and out of the view of the enemy4 ,about #bj minutes before #c ,p4,m4 ,i found the left columns1 under the command of ,general ,porter1 which were destined to turn the enemy's right1 within a few rods of the ,british entrenchments4 ,they were ordered to advance and commence the action4 ,passing down the ravine1 ,i judged from the report of musketry1 that the action had commenced on our left2 ,i now hastened to ,general ,miller and directed him to seize the moment and pierce the enemy's entrenchments between batteries ,no4 #b and #c4 ,my orders were promptly and ably executed4 ,within #cj minutes after the first gun was fired1 batteries ,no4 #c and #b1 the enemy's line of entrenchments1 and his two block houses1 were in our possession4 ,soon after1 battery ,no4 #a was abandoned by the ,british4 ,the guns in each were spiked by us1 or otherwise destroyed1 and the magazine of ,no4 #c was blown up4 ,a few minutes before the explosion1 ,i had ordered up the reserve under ,general ,ripley4 ,as he passed me at the head of his column1 ,i desired him1 as he would be the senior in advance1 to ascertain1 as near as possible1 the situation of the troops in general1 and to have a care that not more was hazarded than the occasion required2 that1 the object of the sortie effected1 the troops would retire in good order1 c4 ,general ,ripley passed rapidly on2 soon after1 ,i became alarmed for ,general ,miller1 and sent an order for the #bast to hasten to his support towards battery ,no4 #a4 ,colonel ,upham received the order1 and advanced to the aid of ,general ,miller4 ,general ,ripley had inclined to the left1 where ,major ,brooke's command was engaged1 with a view of making some necessary enquiries of that officer1 and in the act of doing so1 was unfortunately wounded4 ,by this time1 the object of the sortie was accomplished beyond my most sanguine expectations4 ,general ,miller had consequently ordered the troops on the right to fall back2 observing this movement1 ,i sent my staff along the line to call in the other corps4 ,within a few minutes they retired from the ravine1 and from thence to camp4 ,thus1 one thousand regulars1 and an equal portion of militia1 in one hour of close action1 blasted the hopes of the enemy1 destroyed the fruits of fifty days labour1 and diminished his effective force #a1jjj men at least4 ,i am at a loss how to express my satisfaction at the gallant conduct of the officers and 7p4 #bac7 men of this division1 whose valour has shown superior to every trial4 ,general ,porter1 in his official report herein enclosed1 has very properly noticed those patriotic citizens who have done so much honour to themselves1 by freely and voluntarily tendering their services at a dangerous and critical period4 ,as the scene of action was in a wood1 in advance of the position ,i had chosen for directing the movements of the whole1 the several reports of commandants of corps1 must guide me in noticing individuals4 ,general ,miller mentions ,lieutenant-,colonel ,aspinwall1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,beedle1 ,major ,trimble1 ,captain ,hull1 ,captain ,ingersoll1 ,lieutenant ,crawford1 ,lieutenant ,lee1 and particularly ,ensign ,o',fling1 as entitled to distinction4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mc,donald1 upon whom the command of the rifle corps devolved1 upon the fall of the brave and generous ,gibson1 names ,adjutant ,shortridge1 of the #ast1 and ,ballard of the #dth regiments1 as deserving the highest applause for their promptness and gallantry in communicating orders4 ,of the other officers of the corps1 he reports generally1 that the bravery and good conduct of all was so conspicuous as to render it impossible to discriminate4 ,major ,brooke1 to whom much credit is due for the distinguished manner in which he executed the orders he received1 speaks in high terms of ,lieutenants ,goodell1 ,ingersoll1 ,livingston1 and ensigns ,brant and ,o',fling1 of the #bc;d1 particularly of the latter4 ,also of ,captain ,simms1 ,lieutenants ,bissel1 ,shore1 and ,brinot1 of the #ast infantry1 and ,lieutenant ,watts1 of the dragoons4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,upham1 who took the command of the reserve after ,general ,ripley was disabled1 bestows great praise upon ,major ,chambers1 of the #dth regiment of riflemen1 attached to the #bast infantry1 as also upon ,captain ,bradford and ,lieutenant ,holding of that regiment4 ,my staff1 ,colonel ,snelling1 ,colonel ,gardner1 ,major ,jones1 and my aids-de-camp1 ,major ,austin and ,lieutenant ,armstrong1 were1 as usual1 zealous1 intelligent1 and active2 they performed every duty required of them to my entire satisfaction4 ,major ,hall1 assistant inspector general1 led a battalion of militia1 and conducted with skill and gallantry4 ,lieutenant ,kirby1 aid-de-camp to ,general ,ripley1 was extremely active and useful during the time he was in action4 ,lieutenants ,frazer and ,riddle were in ,general ,porter's staff2 their bravery was conspicuous1 and no officers of their grade were more useful4 ,the corps of artillery1 commanded by ,major ,hindman1 which has been so eminently distinguished throughout this campaign1 had no opportunity of taking a part in the sortie4 ,the #beth infantry1 under ,colonel ,jessup1 was stationed in ,fort ,erie to hold the key of our position4 ,colonel ,brady1 on whose firmness and good conduct every reliance could be placed1 was in command at ,buffalo with the remains of the #bb;d infantry4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mc,ree and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wood1 of the corps of engineers1 having rendered to this army services the most important1 ,i must seize the opportunity of again mentioning them particularly4 ,on every trying occasion1 ,i have reaped much benefit from their sound and excellent advice4 ,no two officers of their grade could have contributed more to the safety and honour of this army4 ,wood1 brave1 generous and 7p4 #bad7 enterprising1 died as he had lived1 without a feeling but for the honour of his country and glory of her arms4 ,his name and example will live to guide the soldiers in the path of duty so long as true heroism is held in estimation4 ,mc,ree lives to enjoy the approbation of every virtuous and generous mind1 and to receive the reward due to his services and high military talents4 ,it is proper here to notice1 that although but one-third of the enemy's force was on duty when his works were carried1 the whole were brought into action while we were employed in destroying his cannon4 ,we secured prisoners from seven of his regiments1 and know that the #fth and #hgth suffered severely in killed and wounded1 yet these regiments were not upon duty4 ,lieutenant-,general ,drummond broke up his camp during the night of the #bast1 and retired to his entrenchments behind the ,chippewa4 ,a part of our men came up with the rear of his army at ,frenchman's creek2 the enemy destroyed part of their stores by setting fire to the building from which they were employed in conveying them4 ,we found in and about the camp a considerable quantity of cannon ball1 and upwards of one hundred stand of arms4 ,i send you enclosed herein a return of our loss4 ,the return of prisoners enclosed does not include the stragglers that came in after the action4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,jacob ,,brown4 ,general ,brown to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,head ,quarters1 ,fort ,camp ,erie1 ,john ,,armstrong1 ,october #ast1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,looking over my official account of the action of the #agth ultimo1 ,i find that the names of the regiments which composed ,general ,miller's command have not been given4 ,as ,i believe it even more important to distinguish corps than individuals1 ,i am anxious to correct this mistake4 ,general ,miller on that day commanded the remains of the #ith and #aath infantry1 and a detachment of the #aith4 ,of three field officers who were attached to them1 two were severely wounded1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,aspinwall1 of the #ith1 gallantly leading his men to the attack upon the enemy's entrenchments2 and ,major ,trimble1 of the #aith1 who was shot within their works1 conducting with great skill and bravery4 ,a detachment of the #agth regiment was attached to the #bast4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,jacob ,,brown4 ,no4 #dj4 7p4 #bae7 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,july #e and #be1 and ,september #ag1 #ahad4 ,major ,general ,peter ,b4 ,porter4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,,major-,,general ,,peter ,,buel ,,porter4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,,major ,,general ,,peter ,b4 7,buel7 ,,porter4 ,bust of ,general ,porter1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,november #c4 #ahad4 ,a winged ,victory1 holding in her right hand a palm branch and a wreath of laurel1 and in her left three standards1 upon which are written3 ,,erie ,,chippewa ,,niagara4 ,she dictates to the muse of ,history1 who is seated on the ground1 writing4 ,exergue3 ,,battles ,,of ,,chippewa4 ,,july #e4 #ahad4 ,,niagara4 ,,july #be4 #ahad4 ,,erie4 ,,sep4 7,september7 #ag4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,peter ,,buel ,,porter was born in ,salisbury1 ,connecticut1 ,august #ad1 #aggc4 ,he was graduated at ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven1 in #agia2 and studied law and commenced practice in ,canandaigua1 ,new ,york1 in #agie4 ,he was a member of ,congress1 #ahji-ahac2 a major-general of ,new ,york volunteers1 #ahac2 and distinguished himself at the battles of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie1 for which ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4#ig ,he was again a member of ,congress1 #ahae-ahaf2 was appointed a ,united ,states commissioner for determining the north-western boundary1 #ahaf2 and was secretary of ,war in #ahbh-ahbi4 ,he died at ,niagara ,falls1 ,march #bj1 #ahdd4 ,footnote #ig3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the battles of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie1 are given under ,no4 #ci1 page #bjc4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #baf7 ,brigadier-,general ,p4 ,b4 ,porter to ,major-,general ,jacob ,brown4 ,to ,jacob ,,brown1 ,esq41 ,fort ,erie1 ,september #bb;d1 #ahad4 ,major-,general commanding4 ,sir3 ,in executing the duty you have imposed on me1 of reporting the conduct of the officers and men composing the left column1 which you were pleased to place under my command1 in the sortie of the #agth instant1 the pleasure ,i derive in representing to you the admirable conduct of the whole1 is deeply chastened by sorrow for the loss of many brave and distinguished men4 ,being obliged1 from the nature of the ground1 to act on foot1 it was impossible that my own personal observation should reach to every officer4 ,some part of this report must therefore rest upon the information of others4 ,it is the business of this communication to speak of the conduct of individuals2 yet you will permit me to premise1 although well known to yourself already1 that the object of the left column was to penetrate by a circuitous route between the enemy's batteries1 where one-third of his force was always kept on duty1 and his main camp1 and that it was sub-divided into three divisions3 the advance of #bjj riflemen1 and a few ,indians1 commanded by ,colonel ,gibson1 and two columns moving parallel to1 and #cj yards distant from1 each other4 ,the right column was commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wood1 headed by #djj infantry1 under ,major ,brooke1 of the #bc;d1 and followed by #ejj volunteers and militia1 being parts of ,lieutenant-,colonels ,dobbin's1 ,m',burney's1 and ,fleming's regiments1 and was intended to attack the batteries4 ,the left column of #ejj militia was commanded by ,brigadier-,general ,davis1 and comprised the commands of ,lieutenant-,colonels ,hopkins1 ,churchhill and ,crosby1 and was intended to hold in check any reinforcements from the enemy's camp2 or both columns 7circumstances requiring it1 which frequently happened7 to co-operate in the same object4 ,after carrying by storm1 in the handsomest style1 a strong block house1 in rear of the third battery1 making its garrison prisoners1 destroying the three #bd-pounders and their carriages in the third battery1 and blowing up the enemy's magazine1 and after co-operating with ,general ,miller in taking the second battery1 the gallant leaders of the three divisions all fell nearly at the same time2 ,colonel ,gibson1 at the second battery1 and ,general ,davis and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wood in an assault upon the first4 ,brigadier-,general ,davis1 although a militia officer of little experience1 conducted on this occasion with all the coolness and bravery of a veteran1 and fell while advancing upon the enemy's entrenchments4 ,his loss as a citizen as well as a soldier1 will be severely felt in the patriotic county of ,genesee4 ,colonel ,gibson fully sustained the high military reputation which he had before so justly acquired4 ,you know how exalted an opinion ,i have always entertained of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wood of the engineers4 ,his conduct on this day was what it uniformly has been1 on every similar occasion1 an exhibition of military skill1 acute judgment1 and heroic valour4 ,of the other regular officers1 7p4 #bag7 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,m',donald and ,major ,brooke1 senior in command1 will report to you in relation to their respective divisions4 ,permit me1 however1 to say of these two officers1 that1 much as was left to them by the fall of their distinguished leaders1 they were able to sustain their parts in the most admirable manner1 and they richly deserve the notice of the government4 ,of the militia1 ,i regret that the limits of a report will not permit me even to name all of those who on this occasion established claims to the gratitude of their fellow citizens2 much less to particularize individual merit4 ,lieutenant-,colonels ,hopkins1 ,m',burney1 ,churchhill and ,crosby1 and ,majors ,lee1 ,marcle1 ,wilson1 ,lawrence1 ,burr1 ,dunham1 ,kellogg and ,ganson1 are entitled to the highest praise for their gallant conduct1 their steady and persevering exertions4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,dobbin being prevented by severe indisposition from taking the field1 ,major ,hall1 assistant inspector general1 volunteered his services to join ,major ,lee in the command of the volunteer regiment2 and ,major ,lee and every other officer speak in the highest terms of the gallant and good conduct of this young officer4 ,captain ,fleming1 who commanded the ,indians1 was1 as he always is1 in the front of the battle4 ,there is not a more intrepid soldier in the army4 ,i should be ungrateful were ,i to omit the names of ,captains ,knapp and ,hull of the volunteers1 and ,captain ,parker and ,lieutenant ,chatfield of the militia1 by whose intrepidity ,i was1 during the action1 extricated from the most unpleasant situation4 ,captains ,richardson1 ,buel and ,kennedy1 ,lieutenants ,parkhurst and ,brown1 and ,adjutants ,dobbin1 ,bates and ,robinson1 particularly distinguished themselves4 ,the patriotic conduct of ,captain ,elliot1 with twenty young gentlemen1 who volunteered from ,batavia1 and of ,major ,hubbard1 with fourteen men exempted by age from military duty1 should not be omitted4 ,they were conspicuous during the action4 ,you will excuse me if ,i shall seem partial in speaking of my own family1 consisting of my brigade major1 ,frazer1 my volunteer aid-de-camp ,riddle 7both first lieutenants in the #aeth infantry71 ,captain ,bigger1 of the ,canadian volunteers1 ,messrs4 ,williams and ,delapierre1 volunteer aids for the day1 all of whom1 except ,mr4 ,williams1 were wounded4 ,lieutenants ,frazer and ,riddle were engaged for the most of the preceding day with fatigue parties1 cutting roads for the advance of the column through the swamp1 and falling timber to the rear1 and within #aej yards of the enemy's right2 which service they executed with so much address as to avoid discovery2 and on the succeeding day they conducted the two columns to the attack4 ,frazer was severely wounded by a musket ball while spiking a gun on the second battery4 ,riddle1 after the first battery was carried1 descended into the enemy's magazine1 and after securing 7with the assistance of quarter master ,greene of the volunteers1 whose good conduct deserves much praise7 a quantity of fixed ammunition1 blew up the magazine1 and suffered severely by the explosion4 ,i must solicit1 through you1 ,sir1 the attention of the general government to these meritorious young men4 ,captain ,bigger is an excellent officer1 and rendered me much assistance1 but was dangerously wounded4 ,the other young gentlemen are citizens1 and deserve much credit for their activity1 and for having voluntarily encountered danger4 ,my aid-de-camp1 ,major ,dox1 was confined at ,buffalo by sickness4 ,on the whole1 ,sir1 ,i can say of the regular troops attached 7p4 #bah7 to the left column1 of the veteran volunteers of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,dobbin's regiment1 that every man did his duty1 and their conduct on this occasion reflects a new lustre on their former brilliant achievements4 ,to the militia1 the compliment is justly due1 and ,i could pay them no greater one1 than to say1 that they were not surpassed by the heroes of ,chippewa and ,niagara in steadiness and bravery4 ,the studied intricacy of the enemy's defences1 consisting not only of the breastwork connecting their batteries1 but of successive lines of entrenchments for a hundred yards in the rear1 covering the batteries and enfilading each other1 and the whole obstructed by abatis1 brush and felled timber1 was calculated to produce confusion among the assailants1 and led to several contests at the point of the bayonet4 ,but by our double columns1 any temporary irregularity in the one1 was always corrected by the other4 ,our success would probably have been more complete but for the rain which unfortunately set in soon after we commenced our march1 which rendered the fire of many of our muskets useless1 and by obscuring the sun1 led to several unlucky mistakes4 ,as an instance of this1 a body of #ej prisoners who had surrendered1 were ordered to the fort in charge of a subaltern and #ad volunteers2 the officer mistaking the direction1 conducted them towards the ,british camp in the route by which we had advanced1 and they were re-taken with the whole of the guard1 excepting the officer and one man1 who fought their way back4 ,several of our stragglers were made prisoners by the same mistake4 ,but1 ,sir1 notwithstanding these accidents1 we have reason to rejoice at our signal success1 in inflicting a vastly disproportionate injury on the enemy1 and in wholly defeating all his plans of operation against this army4 ,i have the honour to be1 c4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,porter1 ,brigadier ,general commanding ,volunteers and ,militia4 ,no4 #da4 7p4 #bai7 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,july #e and #be1 ,august #ae1 and ,september #ag1 #ahad4 ,brig4 ,general ,eleazer ,w4 ,ripley4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,novemb4 #c4 #ahad4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,,eleazer ,,wheelock ,,ripley4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,,brig4 7,brigadier7 ,,general ,,eleazer ,w4 7,wheelock7 ,,ripley4 ,bust of ,general ,ripley1 in uniform1 facing the right ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,novemb4 7,november7 #c4 #ahad4 ,a winged ,victory1 standing1 holds in her right hand a trumpet and a crown of laurel1 and with her left is hanging upon a palm tree a shield on which are the words3 ,,chippewa ,,niagara ,,erie4 ,exergue3 ,,battles ,,of ,,chippewa ,,july #e4 #ahad4 ,,niagara ,,july #be4 #ahad4 ,,erie4 ,,aug4 7,august7 #ae4 ,,sep4 7,september7 #ag #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#ih ,footnote #ih3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the battles of ,chippewa1 ,niagara and ,erie1 are given under ,no4 #ci1 page #bjc1 and ,no4 #dd1 page #bbf4 ,,eleazer ,,wheelock ,,ripley was born in ,hanover1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,april #ae1 #aghb4 ,he was graduated at ,dartmouth ,college1 ,hanover1 ,new ,hampshire1 in #ahjj1 and studied law4 ,he was speaker of the ,legislature of ,massachusetts in #ahab2 a lieutenant-colonel the same year2 colonel of the #bast regiment of infantry1 #ahac2 and a brigadier-general1 #ahad4 ,he distinguished himself at ,chippewa1 at ,niagara1 and at ,erie1 for which services he received the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal4 ,he 7p4 #bbj7 was wounded at ,niagara1 and again dangerously at ,erie2 was breveted a major-general1 ,july #be1 #ahad2 resigned in #ahbj1 and settled in ,louisiana1 which he represented in ,congress1 #ahce-ahci4 ,he died at ,west ,feliciana1 ,louisiana1 ,march #b1 #ahci4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,brigadier-,general ,e4 ,w4 ,ripley to ,brigadier-,general ,gaines4 ,to ,,brigadier-,,general ,,gaines4 ,fort ,erie1 ,august #agth1 #ahad4 ,sir3 ,i take the liberty of reporting you the cause of operations on the left flank of the camp1 during the action of the #aeth instant4 ,from indications satisfactory to me1 ,i was persuaded very early of the enemy's design of attacking us in our position4 ,before any alarm1 ,i caused my brigade to occupy their alarm posts4 ,on the first fire of the picket1 ,captain ,towson opened his artillery upon them from ,fort ,williams1 in a style which does him infinite credit4 ,it was continued with very great effect upon the enemy during the whole action4 ,the enemy advanced with fixed bayonets1 and attempted to enter our works between the fort and water4 ,they brought ladders for the purpose of scaling1 and in order to prevent their troops from resorting to any other course excepting the bayonet1 had caused all the flints to be taken from their muskets4 ,the column that approached in this direction consisted of ,colonel ,fischer's command1 and amounted in number to at least #a1ejj men2 and1 according to the representation of prisoners1 they were #b1jjj strong4 ,the companies posted at the point of the works1 which they attempted to escalade1 were ,captain ,ross's1 ,captain ,marston's1 ,lieutenant ,bowman's1 and ,lieutenant ,larned's1 of the #bast regiment1 not exceeding #bej men1 under command of ,major ,wood1 of the engineer corps4 ,on the enemy's approach they opened their musketry upon them in a manner the most powerful4 ,fort ,williams and this little band1 emitted one broad uninterrupted sheet of light4 ,the enemy were repulsed4 ,they rallied1 came on a second time to the charge1 and a party waded round our line by the lake1 and came in on the flank2 but a reserve of two companies1 posted in the commencement of the action to support this point1 marched up and fired upon the party1 who were all killed or taken4 ,five times in this manner did the enemy advance to the charge2 five times were their columns beaten back in the utmost confusion by a force one-sixth of their numbers2 till 7p4 #bba7 at length finding the contest unavailing1 they retired4 ,at this point we made #adg prisoners4 ,during the contest in this quarter1 the lines of the whole of the left wing were perfectly lined1 in addition to the reserves2 and ,i found myself able to detach three companies of the #bc;d regiment from the left1 to reinforce the troops at ,fort ,erie1 viz43 ,captain ,wattles'1 ,lieutenant ,cantine's1 and ,lieutenant ,brown's companies1 and one of the #aith under ,captain ,chunn4 ,they were in the fort during the time of the explosion1 and their conduct is highly spoken of by ,major ,brooke1 their commanding officer4 ,indeed1 from the high state to which that regiment has been brought by ,major ,brooke1 ,i am convinced that no troops will behave better4 ,in submitting to your view the conduct of the troops under my command on this occasion1 ,i find every thing to applaud1 nothing to reprehend4 ,the utmost coolness and subordination was manifested1 both by the #bast and #bc;d regiments4 ,to ,major ,wood ,i feel particularly indebted4 ,this officer's merits are so well known1 that approbation can scarcely add to his reputation4 ,he has the merit1 with the ,spartan band1 in connection with ,captain ,towson's artillery1 of defeating a vaunting foe of six times his force4 ,major ,brooke did every thing in his power3 and it affords me pleasure at all times to call the attention of the general commanding to this amiable and accomplished officer4 ,the officers commanding companies immediately engaged1 have my highest commendation4 ,their conduct was most judicious and gallant4 ,i cannot refrain from adverting to the manner in which ,captain ,towson's artillery was served4 ,i have never seen it equalled4 ,this officer has so often distinguished himself1 that to say simply that he is in action1 is a volume of eulogium2 the army1 only to be informed he is there1 by a spontaneous assent1 are at once satisfied that he has performed well his part4 ,i have no idea that there is an artillery officer in any service superior to him in the knowledge and performance of his duty4 ,the officers ,i have mentioned as commanding companies of the #bast and #bc;d regiments1 are particularly commended by their commanding officers4 ,captain ,marston1 a most valuable officer1 commanded a first line of three companies opposed to the enemy's column4 ,captain ,ropes commanded the companies of reserve4 ,major ,wood reports in the highest terms of the good conduct of the subalterns4 ,lieutenants ,riddle1 of the #aeth1 attached to the #bast1 and ,hall1 and ensigns ,bean1 ,jones1 ,gumming1 and ,thomas1 of the #aith1 as being extremely active1 and performing their duties with alacrity4 ,the manner in which ,lieutenant ,belknap1 of the #bc;d1 retired with his picket guard from before the enemy's column1 excites my particular commendation4 ,he gave orders to fire three times as he was retreating to camp1 himself bringing up the rear4 ,in this gallant manner1 he kept the light advance of the enemy in check1 for a distance of two or three hundred yards4 ,i have to regret1 that when entering our lines after his troops1 the enemy pushed so close upon him that he received a severe wound from a bayonet4 ,lieutenant ,bushnel and ,cissney1 of the #aith1 while gallantly engaged with the enemy at ,fort ,erie1 were both severely1 if not mortally1 wounded4 ,their conduct merits the warmest approbation4 ,permit me to recommend to your notice1 the good conduct of my 7p4 #bbb7 staff1 ,lieutenant ,kirby1 of the corps of artillery1 my aid-de-camp1 and ,lieutenant ,holding1 acting brigade major2 their activity and zeal was entirely to my satisfaction4 ,i close this long report1 with stating to you1 in the highest terms of approbation1 the skillfulness exhibited by ,doctor ,fuller1 surgeon of the #bc;d1 and ,doctor ,trowbridge1 surgeon of the #bast infantry1 with their mates ,doctor ,gale1 of the #bc;d1 and ,doctors ,everett and ,allen1 of the #bast2 their active1 humane and judicious treatment of the wounded1 both of the enemy and of our own1 together with their steady and constant attention to the duties of their station1 must have attracted your personal observation1 and ,i am confident will receive your approbation4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,e4 ,w4 ,,ripley1 ,brigadier-,general commanding #b;d ,brigade4 ,no4 #db4 7p4 #bbc7 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,july #e and #be1 and ,september #ag1 #ahad4 ,brigadier ,genl4 ,james ,miller4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,,james ,,miller4 ,victories of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie4 ,,brigadier ,,gen,l4 7,general7 ,,james ,,miller4 ,bust of ,general ,miller1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,exergue3 ,i',,ll ,,try4 ,his answer when he received the order to attack the enemy's batteries on the hill at ,niagara4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,november #c4 #ahad4 ,colonel ,miller1 at the head of his troops1 is carrying the ,british batteries on the hill at ,niagara4 ,exergue3 ,,battles ,,of ,,chippewa ,,july #e4 #ahad4 ,,niagara4 ,,july #be4 #ahad4 ,,erie ,,sep4 7,september7 #ag4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,james ,,miller was born in ,peterborough1 ,hillsborough ,county1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,april #be1 #aggf4 ,he practiced law from #ahjc to #ahjh1 when he entered the army with the rank of major2 was made a lieutenant-colonel in #ahaj1 and distinguished himself in the ,west1 under ,harrison2 and became colonel of the #bast infantry1 ,march #i1 #ahad4 ,he greatly distinguished himself at ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and at ,erie1 for which he was breveted a brigadier-general and received the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal4#ii ,at ,niagara1 when ordered to carry the ,british batteries on the heights1 he made the celebrated reply1 ,i'll try1 ,sir4 ,he resigned in #ahai2 and was governor of ,arkansas ,territory in #ahai-ahbe1 and ,united ,states collector of customs at ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 from #ahbe to #ahdi4 ,he died at ,temple1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,june #g1 #ahea4 ,footnote #ii3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the battles of ,chippewa1 ,niagara1 and ,erie1 are given under ,no4 #ci1 page #bjc4 ,no4 #dc4 7p4 #bbd7 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,july #e and #be1 #ahad4 ,major ,general ,winfield ,scott4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad etc4 ,,major-,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,victories of ,chippewa and ,niagara4 ,,major ,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,bust of ,general ,scott1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,a serpent1 entwined in a wreath of laurel and palm1 is biting its tail--emblem of immortality through glory and victory4 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,november #c4 #ahad4 ,,battles ,,of ,,chippewa ,,july #e4 #ahad4 ,,niagara ,,july #be4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#ajj1aja ,footnote #ajj3 ,see ,,introduction1 page ix4 ,footnote #aja3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal1 and the official reports of the battles of ,chippewa and ,niagara1 are given under ,no4 #ci1 page #bjc4 ,,winfield ,,scott was born near ,petersburg1 ,virginia1 ,june #ac1 #aghf4 ,he was graduated at ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,virginia1 studied law1 and for some time engaged in practice4 ,he was appointed captain of light artillery1 ,may #c1 #ahjh1 and served in ,louisiana under ,general ,wilkinson1 but resigned on account of differences with him4 ,he was made lieutenant-colonel of the #b;d artillery1 ,july #f1 #ahab1 and was taken prisoner at ,queenstown ,heights1 ,upper ,canada1 in the following ,october4 ,he became colonel of the #b;d artillery and adjutant-general under ,general ,dearborn1 ,march #ah1 #ahac1 and brigadier-general ,march #i1 #ahad4 ,he distinguished himself at ,chippewa1 ,july #e1 and on ,july #be1 at ,niagara 7,lundy's ,lane7 where he was severely wounded4 ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal for ,chippewa and ,niagara1 and he was breveted a major-general1 ,september #ad1 #ahad4 ,he went on a mission to ,europe in #ahae2 was sent to ,maine to settle the boundary question in #ahci1 and was promoted major-general and commander-in-chief of 7p4 #bbe7 the army1 ,june #be1 #ahda4 ,as commander-in-chief in ,mexico he took ,vera ,cruz1 ,march #bf1 #ahdg1 and gained the battles of ,cerro ,gordo1 ,april #ah2 ,contreras1 ,august #ai2 ,san ,antonio and ,churubusco1 ,august #bj2 ,molinos del ,rey1 ,september #h2 ,chapultepec1 ,september #ac2 and occupied the ,city of ,mexico1 ,september #ad4 ,for this brilliant campaign ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4#ajb ,he received the honorary degree of ,,ll4 ,d4 from ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york1 in #ahej1 and also from ,harvard ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 in #ahfa4 ,he was an unsuccessful candidate for the ,presidency in #aheb2 was made lieutenant-general1 by brevet1 ,february #bh1 #ahee2 was sent on a mission to ,oregon to settle the boundary question1 #ahei2 remained true to the ,union at the outbreak of the ,civil ,war1 and resigned1 ,november #a1 #ahfa4 ,he died at ,west ,point1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bi1 #ahff4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,no4 #fb1 page #cjd4 ,no4 #dd4 7p4 #bbf7 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,august #ae1 #ahad4 ,major ,general ,edmund ,p4 ,gaines4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,,major-,,general ,,edmund ,,pendleton ,,gaines4 ,victory of ,erie4 ,,major ,,general ,,edmund ,p4 7,pendleton7 ,,gaines4 ,bust of ,general ,gaines1 in uniform1 facing the right ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,november #c4 #ahad4 ,a winged ,victory1 standing on a ,british shield1 holds a palm branch in her left hand1 and places with her right a crown of laurel upon the cascabel of a cannon standing upright in the ground1 and forming the centre of a trophy of the enemy's arms3 on the cannon is the inscription ,,erie4 ,exergue3 ,,battle ,,of ,,erie ,,aug4 7,august7 #ae4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#ajc ,footnote #ajc3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal is given under ,no4 #ci1 page #bjc4 ,,edmund ,,pendleton ,,gaines was born in ,culpepper ,county1 ,virginia1 ,march #bj1 #aggg4 ,he entered the army as ensign of infantry1 #agii2 became first-lieutenant1 #ahjb2 captain1 #ahjg2 major and lieutenant-colonel1 #ahab2 colonel1 #ahac1 and brigadier-general #ahad4 ,he greatly distinguished himself at the battle of ,erie1 ,august #ae1 #ahad1 and was badly wounded on the #bhth of the same month4 ,for his services on this occasion he was breveted major-general1 ,september #ad1 #ahad1 and ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he served in ,florida 7,seminole war7 and in ,georgia 7,creek war72 and was commander of the southern and afterward of the western military districts4 ,he died in ,new ,orleans1 ,june #f1 #ahdi4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #bbg7 ,general ,gaines to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,head-,quarters1 ,fort ,erie1 ,u4 ,c41#ajd ,john ,,armstrong1 ,august #aeth1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,u4 ,c41 ,abbreviation of ,upper ,canada4 ,sir3 ,my heart is gladdened with gratitude to ,heaven and joy to my country1 to have it in my power to inform you that the gallant army under my command has this morning beaten the enemy commanded by ,lieutenant-,general ,drummond1 after a severe conflict of nearly three hours1 commencing at #b o'clock this morning4 ,they attacked us on each flank1 got possession of the salient bastion of the old ,fort ,erie1 which was regained at the point of the bayonet1 with a dreadful slaughter4 ,the enemy's loss in killed and prisoners1 is about #fjj2 near #cjj killed4 ,our loss is considerable1 but ,i think not one-tenth as great as that of the enemy4 ,i will not detain the express to give you the particulars4 ,i am preparing my force to follow up the blow4 ,with great respect1 etc41 ,edmund ,p4 ,,gaines1 ,brigadier-,general commanding4 ,general ,gaines to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,head-,quarters1 left wing1 #b;d ,division1 ,john ,,armstrong1 ,fort ,erie1 ,u4 ,c41 ,august #bc;d1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to communicate1 for the information of the department of war1 the particulars of the battle fought at this place1 on the #aeth instant1 between the left wing of the #b;d division of the northern army1 under my command1 and the ,british forces in the ,peninsula of ,upper ,canada1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,general ,drummond1 which terminated in a signal victory in favour of the united ,american arms4 ,our position on the margin of the lake1 at the entrance of the ,niagara river1 being nearly a horizontal plain1 twelve or fifteen feet above the surface of the water1 possessing few natural advantages1 had been strengthened in front by temporary parapet breast works1 entrenchments and abatis1 with two batteries and six field pieces4 ,the small unfinished fort1 ,erie1 with a #bd1 #ah and #ab pounder1 forms the north-east1 and the ,douglass battery1 with an #ah and #f pounder near the edge of the lake1 the south-east angle of our right4 ,the left is defended by a redoubt battery1 with six field pieces just thrown up on a small ridge4 ,our rear was left open to the lake1 bordered by a rocky shore of easy ascent4 ,the battery on the left was defended by ,captain 7p4 #bbh7 ,towson2 ,fort ,erie1 by ,captain ,williams1 with ,major ,trimble's command of the #aith infantry2 the batteries on the front1 by ,captains ,biddle and ,fanning2 the whole of the artillery commanded by ,major ,hindman4 ,parts of the #aath1 #ith and #bb;d infantry 7of the late veteran brigade of ,major-,general ,scott7 were posted on the right1 under the command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,aspinwall4 ,general ,ripley's brigade1 consisting of the #bast and #bc;d1 defended on the left4 ,general ,porter's brigade of ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania volunteers1 with our distinguished riflemen1 occupied the centre4 ,i have heretofore omitted stating to you1 that during the #acth and #adth1 the enemy had kept up a brisk cannonade1 which was sharply returned from our batteries1 without any considerable loss on our part4 ,at #f ,p4,m4 one of their shells lodged in a small magazine in ,fort ,erie1 which was fortunately almost empty4 ,it blew up with an explosion more awful in appearance than injurious in its effects1 as it did not disable a man or derange a gun4 ,it occasioned but a momentary cessation of the thunders of the artillery on both sides2 it was followed by a loud and joyous shout by the ,british army1 which was instantly returned on our part1 and ,captain ,williams1 amidst the smoke of the explosion1 renewed the contest by an animated roar of his heavy cannon4 ,from the supposed loss of our ammunition1 and the consequent depression such an event was likely to produce upon the minds of our men1 ,i felt persuaded that this explosion would lead the enemy to assault1 and made my arrangements accordingly4 ,the night was dark1 and the early part of it raining1 but the faithful sentinel slept not2 one-third of the troops were up at their posts4 ,at half-past two o'clock1 the right column of the enemy approached1 and though enveloped in darkness black as his designs and principles1 was distinctly heard on our left1 and promptly marked by our musketry under ,major ,wood1 and cannon under ,captain ,towson4 ,being mounted at the moment1 ,i repaired to the point of attack1 where the sheet of fire rolling from ,towson's battery1 and the musketry of the left wing of the #bast infantry under ,major ,wood1 enabled me to see the enemy's column of about #a1ejj men approaching on that point1 his advance was not checked1 until it had approached within ten feet of our infantry4 ,a line of loose brush representing an abatis only intervened2 a column of the enemy attempted to pass round the abatis through the water1 where it was nearly breast deep4 ,apprehending that this point would be carried1 ,i ordered a detachment of riflemen and infantry to its support1 but having met with the gallant commander1 ,major ,wood1 was assured by him that he could defend his position without reinforcements4 ,at this moment the enemy were repulsed1 but instantly renewed the charge and were again repulsed4 ,my attention was now called to the right1 where our batteries and lines were soon lighted by a most brilliant fire of cannon and musketry2 it announced the approach of the centre and left columns of the enemy1 under ,colonels ,drummond and ,scott2 the latter was received by the veteran #ith1 under the command of ,captain ,foster1 and ,captains ,broughton and ,harding's companies of ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania volunteers1 aided by a six-pounder judiciously posted by ,major ,m',ree1 chief engineer1 who was most active and useful at this point2 they were repulsed4 ,that of the centre1 led by ,colonel ,drummond1 was not long kept in check2 it approached at once every assailable point of the fort2 and 7p4 #bbi7 with scaling ladders ascended the parapet1 but was repulsed with fearful carnage4 ,the assault was twice repeated1 and as often checked1 but the enemy having moved round the ditch covered by darkness1 added to the heavy cloud of smoke which had rolled from our cannon and musketry1 enveloping surrounding objects1 repeated the charge1 re-ascended the ladders2 the pikes1 bayonets and spears fell upon our gallant artillerists4 ,the gallant spirits of our favourite ,captain ,williams and ,lieutenants ,m',donough and ,watmough1 with their brave men1 were overcome4 ,the two former1 and several of their men1 received deadly wounds4 ,our bastion was lost2 ,lieutenant ,m',donough1 being severely wounded1 demanded quarter2 it was refused by ,colonel ,drummond4 ,the lieutenant then seized a handspike and nobly defended himself until he was shot down with a pistol by the monster who had refused him quarter1 who often reiterated the order3 ,give the damned ,yankees no quarter4 ,this officer1 whose bravery1 if it had been seasoned with virtue1 would have entitled him to the admiration of every soldier1 the hardened murderer soon met his fate4 ,he was shot through the breast while repeating the order to give no quarter4 ,the battle now raged with increased fury on the right1 but on the left the enemy was repulsed and put to flight4 ,thence and from the centre ,i ordered reinforcements4 ,they were promptly sent by ,brigadier-,general ,ripley and ,brigadier-,general ,porter4 ,captain ,fanning1 of the corps of artillery1 kept up a spirited and destructive fire with his field pieces1 on the enemy attempting to approach the fort4 ,major ,hindman's gallant efforts1 aided by ,major ,trimble1 having failed to drive the enemy from the bastion1 with the remaining artillerists and infantry in the forts1 ,captain ,birdsall1 of the #dth rifle regiment1 with a detachment of riflemen1 gallantly rushed in through the gateway to their assistance1 and with some infantry1 charged the enemy1 but was repulsed1 and the captain severely wounded4 ,a detachment from the #aath1 #aith1 and #bb;d infantry1 under ,captain ,foster1 of the #aath1 were introduced over the interior bastion1 for the purpose of charging the enemy4 ,major ,hall1 assistant inspector general1 very handsomely tendered his services to lead the charge4 ,the charge was gallantly made by ,captain ,foster and ,major ,hall1 but owing to the narrowness of the passage up to the bastion1 admitting only two or three men abreast1 it failed4 ,it was often repeated1 and as often checked2 the enemy's force on the bastion was1 however1 much cut to pieces and diminished by our artillery and small arms4 ,at this moment every operation was arrested by the explosion of some cartridges deposited in the end of the stone building adjoining the contested bastion4 ,the explosion was tremendous3 it was decisive2 the bastion was restored4 ,at this moment ,captain ,biddle was ordered to cause a field piece to be posted so as to enfilade the exterior plain and salient glacis4 ,the captain1 though not recovered from a severe contusion in the shoulder1 received from one of the enemy's shells1 promptly took his position1 and served his field piece with vivacity and effect4 ,captain ,farming's battery likewise played upon them at this time with great effect4 ,the enemy were in a few moments entirely defeated1 taken or put to flight1 leaving on the field #bbb killed1 #agd wounded1 and #ahf prisoners4 ,a large portion are so severely wounded that they cannot survive2 the slightly wounded1 it is presumed1 were carried off4 ,to ,brigadier-,general ,ripley1 much credit is due for the 7p4 #bcj7 judicious disposition of the left wing1 previous to the action1 and for the steady disciplined courage manifested by him and his immediate command1 and for the promptness with which he complied with my orders for reinforcement during the action4 ,brigadier-,general ,porter1 commanding the ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania volunteers1 manifested a degree of vigilance and judgment in his preparatory arrangements1 as well as military skill and courage in the action1 which proves him to be worthy the confidence of his country1 and the brave volunteers who fought under him4 ,of the volunteers1 ,captains ,broughton and ,harding with their detachments posted on the right1 and attached to the line commanded by ,captain ,e4 ,foster1 of the veteran #ith infantry1 handsomely contributed to the repulse of the left column of the enemy under ,colonel ,scott4 ,the judicious preparations and steady conduct of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,aspinwall commanding the first brigade1 merit approbation4 ,to ,major ,mc,ree1 chief engineer1 the greatest credit is due for the excellent arrangement and skillful execution of his plans for fortifying and defending the right1 and for his correct and seasonable suggestions to regain the bastion4 ,major ,wood1 of the engineers1 also greatly contributed to the previous measures of defence4 ,he has accepted the command of a regiment of infantry1 7the #bast17 for which he has often proved himself well qualified1 but never so conspicuously as on this occasion4 ,towson's battery emitted a constant sheet of fire4 ,wood's small arms lighted up the space1 and repulsed five terrible charges made between the battery and the lake4 ,brigadier-,general ,ripley speaks in high terms of the officers and men engaged1 particularly ,captains ,marston and ,ropes1 ,lieutenants ,riddle 7of the #aeth1 doing duty with the #bast7 and ,hall2 ,ensigns ,benn1 ,jones1 ,cummings and ,thomas of the #bast1 and ,keally and ,green of the #aith4 ,major ,hindman1 and the whole of the artillery under the command of that excellent officer1 displayed a degree of gallantry and good conduct not to be surpassed4 ,the particular situation of ,captain ,towson1 and the much lamented ,captain ,williams and ,lieutenant ,m',donough1 and that of ,lieutenant ,watmough1 as already described1 with their respective commands1 rendered them most conspicuous4 ,the courage and good conduct of ,lieutenant ,zantzinger and ,lieutenant ,childs1 is spoken of in high terms by ,major ,hindman and ,captain ,towson1 as also that of ,sergeant-,major ,denhon4 ,captains ,biddle and ,fanning1 on the centre and right of their entrenchments1 threw their shot to the right1 left and front1 and annoyed the ,indians and light troops of the enemy approaching from the woods4 ,lieutenant ,fontaine in his zeal to meet the enemy1 was unfortunately wounded and made prisoner4 ,lieutenant ,bird was active and useful1 and in fact every individual belonging to the corps did their duty4 ,the detachment of ,scott's gallant brigade1 consisting of parts of the #ith1 #aath and #bb;d infantry1 did its duty in a manner worthy the high reputation the brigade had acquired at ,chippewa1 and at the ,falls of ,niagara4 ,the #ith1 under the command of ,captain ,edmund ,foster1 was actively engaged against the left of the enemy1 and with the aid of ,lieutenant ,douglass's corps of bombardiers1 commanding the water battery1 and that of the volunteers1 under ,captains ,broughton and ,harding1 effected their repulse4 ,the good conduct of ,lieutenants ,childs1 ,cushman and ,foot1 and ,ensign ,blake1 deserves commendation4 ,the officers killed1 are ,captain ,williams and ,lieutenant 7p4 #bca7 ,mc,donough of the artillery4 ,wounded1 ,lieutenant ,watmough of the artillery2 ,ensign ,cissney #aith2 ,lieutenant ,bushnel #bast2 ,lieutenants ,brown and ,belknap #bc;d2 and ,captain ,birdsall1 #dth rifle regiment1 all severely4 ,lieutenant ,fontaine of the artillery1 who was taken prisoner1 writes from the ,british camp1 that he fortunately fell into the hands of the ,indians1 who1 after taking his money1 treated him kindly4 ,it would seem1 then1 that these savages had not joined in the resolution to give no quarter4 ,to ,major ,jones1 assistant adjutant-general1 and ,major ,hull1 assistant inspector-general2 ,captain ,harris of the dragoons1 volunteer aid-de-camp2 ,lieutenant ,belton1 aid-de-camp1 much credit is due for their constant vigilance and strict attention to every duty previous to the action1 and the steady courage1 zeal1 and activity1 which they manifested during the action4 ,the surgeons1 doctors ,fuller #bc;d1 ,trowbridge #bast1 with their mates1 doctors ,gale of the #bc;d1 and ,everett and ,allen of the #bast1 deserve the warmest approbation1 for their indefatigable exertions and humane attention to the wounded of our army1 as well as to the prisoners who fell into their hands4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,e4 ,p4 ,,gaines1 ,brigadier-,general commanding4 ,general ,gaines to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,headquarters1 ,fort ,erie1 ,upper ,canada1 ,john ,,armstrong1 ,august #bfth1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,in my report of the battle of the #aeth instant1 ,i inadvertently omitted the names of ,captain ,chunn of the #aith1 ,lieutenants ,bowman and ,larned1 of the #bast1 and ,jewett of the #aath infantry1 as also my brigade major1 ,lieutenant ,gleason1 each of whom bore a conspicuous part in the action1 and whom ,i beg leave to recommend to your notice4 ,lieutenants ,bowman and ,larned commanded companies in the #bast1 which so gallantly beat the enemy's right column4 ,captain ,chunn1 with his company was doing duty with the same regiment4 ,i also omitted mentioning that a part of this regiment pursued the enemy's right upwards of a mile1 and took #ajj prisoners2 his left was also pursued1 and more than a hundred prisoners were taken beyond our works4 ,these facts prove that the affair was not merely a defence of our position1 or a mere repulse of the enemy1 as ,i find it called by some4 ,as regards myself1 ,i am satisfied with the result1 and am not disposed to make any difficulty about the name by which the affair may be called2 but it is due to the brave men ,i have the honour to command1 that ,i should say1 that the affair was to the enemy a sore beating and a defeat1 and it was to us a handsome victory4 ,our position is growing stronger every day by the exertions of ,majors ,m',ree and ,wood1 and the officers and men generally4 ,we keep up a smart cannonade4 ,one of the enemy's pickets yesterday approached nearer to 7p4 #bcb7 ours than usual4 ,major ,brooke1 officer of the day1 added #ajj men to our picket1 attacked and drove them in with considerable loss2 the major brought in about #cj muskets4 ,in this affair however1 we have to lament the loss of another gallant officer1 ,captain ,wattles1 of the #bc;d2 our loss was otherwise inconsiderable4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,e4 ,p4 ,,gaines1 ,brigadier-,general commanding4 ,no4 #de4 7p4 #bcc7 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,september #aa1 #ahad4 ,major ,general ,alexander ,macomb4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,november #c4 #ahad4 ,,major-,,general ,,alexander ,,macomb4 ,victory of ,plattsburgh4 ,,major ,,general ,,alexander ,,macomb4 ,bust of ,general ,macomb1 in uniform1 facing the right ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,november #c4 #ahad4 ,the ,american army repulsing the ,british troops1 who are striving to cross the ,saranac river4 ,to the left1 ,plattsburgh in flames2 to the right1 naval battle on ,lake ,champlain2 in the distance1 ,cumberland ,head4 ,exergue3 ,,battle ,,of ,,plattsburgh ,,sept4 7,september7 #aa4 #ahad4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#aje ,footnote #aje3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal is given under ,no4 #ci1 page #bjc4 ,,alexander ,,macomb was born in ,detroit1 ,april #c1 #aghb4 ,he entered the army as cornet of cavalry1 #agii2 was #b;d lieutenant1 #ahja2 #ast lieutenant of engineers1 #ahjb2 captain1 #ahje2 major1 #ahjh2 lieutenant-colonel #ahaj2 colonel #c;d ,artillery1 #ahab2 and brigadier-general1 ,january1 #ahad4 ,he gained the victory of ,plattsburgh over the ,british troops1 commanded by the governor-general of the ,canadas1 ,general ,sir ,george ,prevost1 ,september #aa1 #ahad1 for which important achievement ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal1 and he was breveted major-general4 ,he was appointed chief of the engineer corps1 #ahba1 and became major-general and commander-in-chief of the army1 ,may #bd1 #ahbh4 ,he died at the head-quarters of the army in ,washington1 ,june #be1 #ahda4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #bcd7 ,general ,macomb to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,head-,quarters1 ,plattsburgh1 ,john ,,armstrong1 ,september #aeth1 #ahad4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to communicate for the information of the war department1 the particulars of the advance of the enemy into the territory of the ,united ,states1 the circumstances attending the siege of ,plattsburgh1 and the defence of the posts entrusted to my charge4 ,the governor-general of the ,canadas1 ,sir ,george ,prevost1 having collected all the disposable force of ,lower ,canada1 with a view of conquering the country as far as ,crown ,point and ,ticonderoga1 entered the territories of the ,united ,states on the first of the month1 and occupied the village of ,champlain1 there avowed his intentions1 and issued orders and proclamations tending to dissuade the people from their allegiance1 and inviting them to furnish his army with provisions4 ,he immediately began to press the wagons and teams in the vicinity1 and loaded them with his heavy baggage and stores4 ,from this ,i was persuaded he intended to attack this place4 ,i had but just returned from the lines1 where ,i had commanded a fine brigade1 which was broken to form the division under ,major-,general ,izard1 ordered to the westward4 ,being senior officer he left me in command1 and except the four companies of the #fth regiment1 ,i had not an organized battalion among those remaining4 ,the garrison was composed of convalescents and recruits of the new regiments1 all in the greatest confusion1 as well as the ordnance and stores1 and the works in no state of defence4 ,to create an emulation and zeal among the officers and men in completing the works1 ,i divided them into detachments1 and placed them near the several forts2 declaring in orders1 that each detachment was the garrison of its own work1 and bound to defend it to the last extremity4 ,the enemy advanced cautiously and by short marches1 and our soldiers worked day and night2 so that by the time he made his appearance before this place we were prepared to receive him4 ,general ,izard named the principal work ,fort ,moreau1 and to remind the troops of the actions of their brave countrymen1 ,i called the redoubt on the right ,fort ,brown1 and that on the left ,fort ,scott4 ,besides these three works1 we have two block-houses strongly fortified4 ,finding1 on examining the returns of the garrison1 that our force did not exceed fifteen hundred effective men for duty1 and well informed that the enemy had as many thousands1 ,i called on ,general ,mooers1 of the ,new ,york militia1 and arranged with him plans for bringing forth the militia en masse4 ,the inhabitants of the village fled with their families and effects1 except a few worthy citizens and some boys1 who formed themselves into a party1 received rifles1 and were exceedingly useful4 ,by the #dth of the month1 ,general ,mooers collected about #gjj militia1 and advanced seven miles on the ,beekmantown road1 to watch the motions of the enemy1 and to skirmish with him as he advanced2 also to obstruct the roads with fallen trees1 and to break up the bridges4 ,on the ,lake road1 at ,deer ,creek bridge1 ,i posted #bjj men 7p4 #bce7 under ,captain ,sproul1 of the #acth regiment1 with orders to abatis the woods1 to place obstructions in the road1 and to fortify himself2 to this party ,i added two field pieces4 ,in advance of that position1 was ,lieutenant-,colonel ,appling1 with #aaj riflemen1 watching the movements of the enemy and procuring intelligence4 ,it was ascertained that before daylight on the #fth1 the enemy would advance in two columns1 on the two roads before mentioned1 dividing at ,sampson's1 a little below ,chazy village4 ,the column on the ,beekmantown road proceeded most rapidly1 the militia skirmished with his advanced parties1 and1 except a few brave men1 fell back most precipitately in the greatest disorder1 notwithstanding the ,british troops did not deign to fire on them1 except by their flankers and advanced patrols4 ,the night previous1 ,i ordered ,major ,wool to advance with a detachment of #bej men1 to support the militia1 and set them an example of firmness4 ,also ,captain ,leonard1 of the light artillery1 was directed to proceed with two pieces1 to be on the ground before day2 yet he did not make his appearance before #h o'clock1 when the enemy had approached within two miles of the village4 ,with his conduct1 therefore1 ,i am not well pleased4 ,major ,wool1 with his party1 disputed the road with great obstinacy1 but the militia could not be prevailed on to stand1 notwithstanding the exertions of their general and staff officers2 although the fields were divided by strong stone walls1 and they were told that the enemy could not possibly cut them off4 ,the ,state dragoons of ,new ,york wear red coats1 and they being on the heights to watch the enemy1 gave constant alarm to the militia1 who mistook them for the enemy1 and feared his getting in their rear4 ,finding the enemy's columns had penetrated within a mile of ,plattsburgh1 ,i despatched my aid-de-camp1 ,lieutenant ,root1 to bring off the detachment at ,dead ,creek1 and to inform ,lieutenant-,colonel ,appling that ,i wished him to fall on the enemy's right flank4 ,the colonel fortunately arrived just in time to save his retreat1 and to fall in with the head of a column debouching from the woods4 ,here he poured in a destructive fire from his riflemen at rest1 and continued to annoy the column until he formed a junction with ,major ,wool4 ,the field pieces did considerable execution among the enemy's columns4 ,so undaunted1 however1 was the enemy1 that he never deployed in his whole march1 always pressing on our columns4 ,finding that every road was full of troops crowding on us on all sides1 ,i ordered the field pieces to retire across the bridge and form a battery for its protection1 and to cover the retreat of the infantry1 which was accordingly done1 and the parties of ,appling and ,wool1 as well as that of ,sproul1 retired alternately1 keeping up a brisk fire until they got under cover of the works4 ,the enemy's light troops occupied the houses near the bridge1 and kept up a constant firing from the windows and balconies1 and annoyed us much4 ,i ordered them to be driven out with hot shot1 which soon put the houses in flames1 and obliged the sharp-shooters to retire4 ,the whole day1 until it was too late to see1 the enemy's light troops endeavoured to drive our guards from the bridge1 but they suffered dearly for their perseverance4 ,an attempt was also made to cross the upper bridge1 where the militia handsomely drove them back4 ,the column which marched by the ,lake road was much impeded by the obstructions and the removal of the bridge at ,dead ,creek1 and1 as it passed the creek and beach1 the gallies kept up a lively and galling fire4 ,our troops being now all on the south side of the ,saranac1 ,i directed the planks to be taken off the bridges and piled up in the form of breastworks1 to 7p4 #bcf7 cover our parties intended for disputing the passage1 which afterwards enabled us to hold the bridges against very superior numbers4 ,from the #gth to the #aath1 the enemy was employed in getting on his battering train1 and erecting his batteries and approaches1 and constantly skirmishing at the bridges and fords4 ,by this time1 the militia of ,new ,york1 and the volunteers of ,vermont1 were pouring in from all quarters3 ,i advised ,general ,mooers to keep his force along the ,saranac1 to prevent the enemy's crossing the river1 and to send a strong body in his rear to harass him day and night1 and keep him in continual alarm4 ,the militia behaved with great spirit after the first day1 and the volunteers of ,vermont were exceedingly serviceable4 ,our regular troops1 notwithstanding the constant skirmishing and repeated endeavours of the enemy to cross the river1 kept at their work day and night strengthening the defences1 and evinced a determination to hold out to the last extremity4 ,it was reported that the enemy had only waited the arrival of his flotilla1 to make a general attack4 ,about eight in the morning of the #aath1 as was expected1 the flotilla appeared in sight round ,cumberland ,head1 and at nine1 bore down and engaged our flotilla at anchor in the bay off the town4 ,at the same instant1 the batteries were opened on us1 and continued throwing bomb shells1 shrapnels1 balls1 and congreve rockets until sunset1 when the bombardment ceased1 every battery of the enemy being silenced by the superiority of our fire4 ,the naval engagement lasted but two hours1 in full view of both armies4 ,three efforts were made by the enemy to pass the river1 at the commencement of the cannonade and bombardment1 with a view of assaulting the works1 and he had prepared for that purpose an immense number of scaling ladders4 ,one attempt to cross was made at the village bridge1 another at the upper bridge1 and a third at a ford about three miles from the works4 ,at the two first he was repulsed by the regulars2 at the ford1 by the brave volunteers and militia1 where he suffered severely in killed1 wounded1 and prisoners2 a considerable body having crossed the stream1 but were either killed1 taken1 or driven back4 ,the woods at this place were very favourable to the operations of the militia4 ,a whole company of the #gfth regiment was here destroyed1 the three lieutenants and #bg men prisoners1 the captain and the rest killed4 ,i cannot forego the pleasure of here stating the gallant conduct of ,captain ,m',glassin1 of the #aeth regiment1 who was ordered to ford the river1 and attack a party constructing a battery on the right of the enemy's line1 within five hundred yards of ,fort ,brown1 which he handsomely executed at midnight with fifty men2 drove off the working party1 consisting of one hundred and fifty1 and defeated a covering party of the same number1 killing one officer and six men in the charge1 and wounding many4 ,at dusk the enemy withdrew his artillery from the batteries1 and raised the siege2 at nine1 under cover of the night1 he sent off in a great hurry all the baggage he could find transport for1 and also his artillery4 ,at two next morning the whole army precipitately retreated1 leaving the sick and wounded to our generosity1 and the governor left a note with a surgeon requesting the humane attention of the commanding general4 ,vast quantities of provisions were left behind and destroyed1 also an immense quantity of bombshells1 cannon balls1 grape shot1 ammunition1 flints1 c41 c42 intrenching tools of all 7p4 #bcg7 sorts1 also tents and marquees4 ,a great deal has been found concealed in the ponds and creeks1 and buried in the ground1 and a vast quantity carried off by the inhabitants4 ,such was the precipitancy of his retreat1 that he arrived at ,chazy1 a distance of eight miles1 before we had discovered he had gone4 ,the light troops1 volunteers1 and militia pursued immediately on learning of his flight2 and some of the mounted men made prisoners five dragoons of the #aith regiment1 and several others of the rear guard4 ,a continued fall of rain and a violent storm prevented further pursuit4 ,upwards of #cjj deserters have come in1 and many are hourly arriving4 ,we have buried the ,british officers of the army and navy with the honours of war1 and shown every attention and kindness to those who have fallen into our hands4 ,the conduct of the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and soldiers of my command1 during this trying occasion1 cannot be represented in too high terms1 and ,i feel it my duty to recommend to the particular notice of government1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,appling of the #ast rifle corps1 ,major ,wool of the #bith1 ,major ,totten of the corps of engineers1 ,captain ,brooks of the artillery1 ,captain ,m',glassin of the #aeth1 ,lieutenants ,de ,russy and ,trescott of the corps of engineers1 ,lieutenants ,smyth1 ,mountford1 and ,cromwell of the artillery1 also my aid-de-camp ,lieutenant ,root1 who have all distinguished themselves by their uncommon zeal and activity1 and have been greatly instrumental in producing the happy and glorious result of the siege4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,alexander ,,macomb4 ,the loss of the enemy in killed1 wounded1 prisoners1 and deserters1 since his first appearance1 cannot fall short of #b1ejj1 including many officers1 among whom is ,colonel ,wellington1 of the ,buffs4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,rifles to ,martin ,f4 ,aitkin and others4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby authorized to cause to be delivered to ,martin ,j4 ,aitkin1 ,azariah ,c4 ,flagg1 ,ira ,a4 ,wood1 ,gustavus ,a4 ,bird1 ,james ,trowbridge1 ,hazen ,mooers1 ,henry ,k4 ,averill1 ,st4 ,john ,b4 ,l4 ,skinner1 ,frederick ,p4 ,allen1 ,hiram ,walworth1 ,ethan ,everist1 ,amos ,soper1 ,james ,patten1 ,bartemus ,brooks1 ,smith ,bateman1 ,melancthon ,w4 ,travis and ,flavel ,williams1 each1 one rifle1 promised them by ,general ,macomb1 while commanding the ,champlain department1 for their gallantry and patriotic services as a volunteer corps1 during the siege of ,plattsburgh in ,september1 one thousand eight hundred and fourteen1 on each of which said rifles there shall be a plate containing an appropriate inscription4 ,approved ,may #bj1 #ahbf4 ,no4 #df4 7p4 #bch7 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,january #h1 #ahae4 ,major ,general ,andrew ,jackson4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,february #bg4 #ahae4 ,,major-,,general ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,victory of ,new ,orleans4 ,,major ,,general ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,bust of ,general ,jackson1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,february #bg4 #ahae4 ,a winged ,victory1 holding in her left hand a crown of laurel1 and a tablet upon which she has written1 at the dictation of ,peace1 the word ,,orleans4 ,exergue3 ,,battle ,,of ,,new ,,orleans ,,january #h4 #ahae4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,andrew ,,jackson was born in the ,waxhaw ,settlement1 ,north ,carolina1 ,march #ae1 #agfg4 ,his parents had recently emigrated from ,ireland1 and he lost them both early in life4 ,in #agha he joined the ,continental ,army and served in ,north ,carolina4 ,having studied law1 he removed1 in #aghh1 to ,nashville4 ,he was the first member of ,congress from ,tennessee1 in #agif2 was ,united ,states senator1 #agig-agih2 judge of the ,supreme ,court of ,tennessee1 #agii2 resigned in #ahjd1 and retired to his farm1 called ,the ,hermitage1 near ,nashville4 ,as major-general of the ,tennessee ,volunteers1 he gained victories over the ,creek ,indians at ,talladega1 ,november #i1 #ahac1 at ,emuckfaw and ,enotochopco1 ,january #bb and #bd1 and at ,tohopeka1 ,march #bg1 #ahad4 ,he was appointed brigadier-general in the ,united ,states ,army on ,april #ai1 7p4 #bci7 major-general on ,may #a1 #ahad1 and commander-in-chief for the defence of ,louisiana against the ,british troops under ,general ,packenham1 whom he completely defeated at the battle of ,new ,orleans1 ,january #h1 #ahae4 ,for this great victory ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he retired from the army1 #ahai1 was governor of ,florida territory1 #ahba1 ,united ,states senator from ,tennessee1 #ahbc-ahbd1 unsuccessful presidential candidate in #ahbd1 and ,president of the ,united ,states 7first term71 #ahbi-ahcc2 7second term71 #ahcc-ahcg4 ,he retired to the ,hermitage in #ahcg1 and died there ,june #h1 #ahde4 ,he was known by the sobriquet of ,old ,hickory4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,jackson4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they are hereby1 given to ,major-,general ,jackson1 and1 through him1 to the officers and soldiers of the regular army1 of the militia and of the volunteers1 under his immediate command1 and to the officers and soldiers charged with the defence of ,fort ,st4 ,philip1 for their uniform gallantry and good conduct1 conspicuously displayed against the enemy1 from the time of his landing before ,new ,orleans until his final expulsion from the ,state of ,louisiana1 and particularly for the valour1 skill1 and good conduct on the eighth of ,january last1 in repulsing1 with great slaughter1 a numerous ,british army of chosen veteran troops1 when attempting by a bold and daring attack to carry by storm the works hastily thrown up for the protection of ,new ,orleans1 and thereby obtaining a most signal victory over the enemy with a disparity of loss1 on his part1 unexampled in military annals4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause to be struck a gold medal1 with devices emblematical of this splendid achievement1 and presented to ,major-,general ,jackson1 as a testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable occasion4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause the foregoing resolution to be communicated to ,major-,general ,jackson in such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the objects thereof4 ,approved ,february #bg1 #ahae4 ,general ,jackson to the ,secretary of ,war4 7p4 #bdj7 ,to the ,honourable ,head ,quarters1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,war1 ,camp #d miles below ,new ,orleans1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,january #acth1 #ahae4 ,sir3 ,at such a crisis1 ,i conceive it my duty to keep you constantly advised of my situation4 ,on the #ajth instant ,i forwarded you an account of the bold attempt made by the enemy on the morning of the #hth to take possession of my works by storm1 and of the severe repulse he met with4 ,that report having been sent by the mail which crosses the lake1 may possibly have miscarried2 for which reason ,i think it the more necessary briefly to repeat the substance of it4 ,early on the morning of the #hth1 the enemy having been actively employed the two preceding days in making preparations for a storm1 advanced in two strong columns on my right and left4 ,they were received1 however1 with a firmness which it seems they little expected1 and which defeated all their hopes4 ,my men1 undisturbed by their approach1 which indeed they long anxiously wished for1 opened upon them a fire so deliberate and certain as rendered their scaling ladders and fascines1 as well as their more direct implements of war1 perfectly useless4 ,for upwards of an hour it was continued with a briskness of which there have been but few instances1 perhaps in any country4 ,in justice to the enemy1 it must be said1 they withstood it as long as could be expected from the most determined bravery4 ,at length1 however1 when all prospect of success became hopeless1 they fled in confusion from the field1 leaving it covered with their dead and wounded4 ,their loss was immense4 ,i had at first computed it at #aejj1 but it is since ascertained to have been much greater4 ,upon information which is believed to be correct1 ,colonel ,hayne1 the inspector-general1 reports it to be in total #bfjj4 ,his report ,i enclose you4 ,my loss was inconsiderable1 being only seven killed and six wounded4 ,such a disproportion in loss1 when we consider the number and kind of troops engaged1 must1 ,i know1 excite astonishment1 and may not everywhere be fully credited2 yet ,i am perfectly satisfied that the account is not exaggerated on the one part1 nor underrated on the other4 ,the enemy1 having hastily quitted a post which they had gained possession of on the other side of the river1 and we having immediately returned to it1 both armies at present occupy their former positions4 ,whether1 after the severe losses he has sustained1 he is preparing to return to his shipping1 or to make still mightier efforts to attain his first object1 ,i do not pretend to determine4 ,it becomes me to act as though the latter were his intention4 ,one thing1 however1 seems certain1 that if he still calculates on effecting what he has hitherto been unable to accomplish1 he must expect considerable reinforcements1 as the force with which he landed must undoubtedly be diminished by at least #cjjj4 ,besides the loss which he sustained on the night of the #bc;d ultimo1 which is estimated at #djj1 he cannot have suffered less between that period and the morning of the #ahth instant than #cjjj2 having1 within that time1 been repulsed in two general attempts to drive us from our position1 and there having been continual cannonading and skirmishing during the whole of it4 ,yet he is still able to show a very formidable force4 ,there is little doubt that the commanding general1 ,sir ,edward 7p4 #bda7 ,packenham1 was killed in the action of the #hth1 and that ,major-,generals ,keane and ,gibbs were badly wounded4 ,whenever a more leisure moment shall occur1 ,i will take the liberty to make and forward you a more circumstantial account of the several actions1 and particularly that of the #hth1 in doing which my chief motive will be to render justice to those brave men ,i have the honour to command1 and who have so remarkably distinguished themselves4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,andrew ,,jackson4 ,general ,jackson to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honourable ,,secretary ,,of ,,war1 ,camp below ,new ,orleans1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,january #aith1 #ahae4 ,sir3 ,last night at #ab o'clock1 the enemy precipitately decamped1 and returned to their boats1 leaving behind them1 under medical attendance1 eighty of his wounded1 including two officers1 #ad pieces of his heavy artillery1 and a quantity of shot1 having destroyed much of his powder4 ,such was the situation of the ground he abandoned1 and of that through which he retired1 protected by canals1 redoubts1 entrenchments and swamps on his right1 and the river on his left1 that ,i could not1 without encountering a risk which true policy did not seem to require1 or to authorize1 attempt to annoy him much on his retreat4 ,we took only eight prisoners4 ,whether it is the purpose of the enemy to abandon the expedition altogether1 or renew his efforts at some other point1 ,i do not pretend to determine with positiveness4 ,in my own mind1 however1 there is but little doubt that his last exertions have been made in this quarter1 at any rate for the present season1 and by the next ,i hope we shall be fully prepared for him4 ,in this belief ,i am strengthened not only by the prodigious loss he has sustained at the position he has just quitted1 but by the failure of his fleet to pass ,fort ,st4 ,philip4 ,his loss on this ground1 since the debarkation of his troops1 as stated by the last prisoners and deserters1 and as confirmed by many additional circumstances1 must have exceeded four thousand2 and was greater in the action of the #hth than was estimated1 from the most correct data then in his possession1 by the inspector-general1 whose report has been forwarded to you4 ,we succeeded1 on the #hth1 in getting from the enemy about #ajjj stand of arms of various descriptions4 ,since the action of the #hth1 the enemy has been allowed very little respite2 my artillery from both sides of the river being constantly employed1 till the night1 and indeed until the hour of their retreat1 in annoying them4 ,no doubt they thought it quite time to quit a position in which so little rest could be found4 ,i am advised by ,major ,overton1 who commanded at ,fort ,st4 ,philip1 in a letter of the #ahth1 that the enemy having bombarded his fort for #h or #i days from #ac-;inch mortars without effect1 had1 on the morning of that day1 retired4 ,i have little doubt that he would have been able to have sunk their vessels had they attempted to run by4 ,giving the proper weight to all these considerations1 ,i 7p4 #bdb7 believe you will not think me too sanguine in the belief that ,louisiana is now clear of its enemy4 ,i hope1 however1 ,i need not assure you1 that wherever ,i command1 such a belief shall never occasion any relaxation in the measures for resistance4 ,i am but too sensible that the moment when the enemy is opposing us1 is not the most proper to provide for them4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,andrew ,,jackson4 ,general ,jackson's ,farewell ,address to his ,army4 ,new ,orleans1 ,march1 #ahae4 ,the major-general is at length enabled to perform the pleasing task of restoring to ,tennessee1 ,kentucky1 ,louisiana1 and the territory of the ,mississippi1 the brave troops who have acted such a distinguished part in the war which has just terminated4 ,in restoring these brave men to their homes1 much exertion is expected of1 and great responsibility imposed on1 the commanding officers of the different corps4 ,it is required of ,major-,generals ,carroll and ,thomas1 and ,brigadier-,general ,coffee1 to march their commands1 without unnecessary delay1 to their respective states4 ,the troops from the ,mississippi territory and state of ,louisiana1 both militia and volunteers1 will be immediately mustered out of service1 paid1 and discharged4 ,the major-general has the satisfaction of announcing the approbation of the ,president of the ,united ,states to the conduct of the troops under his command1 expressed1 in flattering terms1 through the honourable ,secretary of ,war4 ,in parting with those brave men1 whose destinies have been so long united with his own1 and in whose labours and glories it is his happiness and his boast to have participated1 the commanding general can neither suppress his feelings1 nor give utterance to them as he ought4 ,in what terms can he bestow suitable praise on merit so extraordinary1 so unparalleled8 ,let him1 in one burst of joy1 gratitude1 and exultation1 exclaim1 ,these are the saviours of their country2 these the patriot soldiers1 who triumphed over the invincibles of ,wellington1 and conquered the conquerors of ,europe6 ,with what patience did you submit to privations2 with what fortitude did you endure fatigue2 what valour did you display in the day of battle6 ,you have secured to ,america a proud name among the nations of the earth2 a glory which will never perish4 ,possessing those dispositions which equally adorn the citizen and the soldier1 the expectations of your country will be met in peace1 as her wishes have been gratified in war4 ,go1 then1 my brave companions1 to your homes2 to those tender connections and blissful scenes which render life so dear2 full of honour1 and crowned with laurels that will never fade4 ,when participating in the bosoms of your families1 the enjoyment of peaceful life1 with what happiness will you not look back to the toils you have borne1 to the dangers you have encountered8 ,how will all your past exposures be converted into sources of inexpressible delight8 ,who1 that never experienced your sufferings1 will 7p4 #bdc7 be able to appreciate your joys8 ,the man who slumbered ingloriously at home1 during your painful marches1 your nights of watchfulness1 and your days of toil1 will envy you the happiness which these recollections will afford2 still more will he envy the gratitude of that country which you have so eminently contributed to save4 ,continue1 fellow-soldiers1 on your passage to your several destinations1 to preserve that subordination1 that dignified and manly deportment1 which have so ennobled your character4 ,while the commanding general is thus giving indulgence to his feelings1 towards those brave companions1 who accompanied him through difficulties and danger1 he cannot permit the names of ,blount1 and ,shelby1 and ,holmes1 to pass unnoticed4 ,with what generous ardour and patriotism have these distinguished governors contributed all their exertions to provide the means of victory6 ,the recollection of their exertions1 and of the success which has resulted1 will be to them a reward more grateful than any which the pomp of title1 or the splendour of wealth1 can bestow4 ,what happiness it is to the commanding general1 that1 while danger was before him1 he was1 on no occasion1 compelled to use1 towards his companions in arms1 either severity or rebuke4 ,if1 after the enemy had retired1 improper passions began their empire in a few unworthy bosoms1 and rendered a resort to energetic measures necessary for their suppression1 he has not confounded the innocent with the guilty1 the seduced with the seducers4 ,towards you1 fellow-soldiers1 the most cheering recollections exist1 blended1 alas6 with regret1 that disease and war should have ravished from us so many worthy companions4 ,but the memory of the cause in which they perished1 and of the virtues which animated them while living1 must occupy the place where sorrow would claim to dwell4 ,farewell1 fellow-soldiers4 ,the expression of your general's thanks is feeble2 but the gratitude of a country of freemen is yours1 yours the applause of an admiring world4 ,andrew ,,jackson1 ,major-,general commanding4 ,resolutions of ,congress complimentary to ,commodore ,d4 ,t4 ,patterson and others4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,congress entertain a high sense of the valour and good conduct of ,commodore ,d4 ,t4 ,patterson1 of the officers1 petty officers1 and seamen attached to his command for their prompt and efficient co-operation with ,general ,jackson in the late gallant and successful defence of the city of ,new ,orleans when assailed by a powerful ,british force4 ,resolved1 ,that ,congress entertain a high sense of the valour and good conduct of ,major ,daniel ,carmick1 of the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and marines under his command1 in the defence of the said city1 on the late memorable occasion4 ,approved ,february #ae1 #ahae4 ,resolutions of ,congress complimentary to the ,people of the ,state 7p4 #bdd7 of ,louisiana1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that ,congress entertain a high sense of the patriotism1 fidelity1 zeal1 and courage with which the people of the ,state of ,louisiana promptly and unanimously stepped forth1 under circumstances of imminent danger from a powerful invading army1 in defence of all the individual1 social and political rights held dear to man4 ,congress declare and proclaim1 that the brave ,louisianians deserve well of the whole people of the ,united ,states4 ,resolved1 ,that ,congress entertain a high sense of the generosity1 benevolence1 and humanity displayed by the people of ,new ,orleans in voluntarily affording the best accommodations in their power1 and giving the kindest attention to the wounded1 not only of our own army1 but also to the wounded prisoners of a vanquished foe4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to ,his ,excellency the ,governor of ,louisiana1 accompanied with the request that he cause the greatest possible publicity to be given to them for the information of the whole people of ,louisiana4 ,approved ,february #ae1 #ahae4 ,no4 #dg4 7p4 #bde7 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,february #bj1 #ahae4 ,carolus ,stewart navis ,amer4 ,constitution dux4 ,rx4 ,una victoriam eripuit ratibus binis4 ,,captain ,,charles ,,stewart4 ,capture of the ,cyane and of the ,levant4 ,,carolus ,,stewart ,,navis ,,amer4 7,american7 ,,constitution ,,dux4 7,charles ,stewart1 captain of the ,american vessel ,constitution47 ,bust of ,captain ,stewart1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,una ,,victoriam ,,eripuit ,,ratibus ,,binis4 7,he snatched victory from two vessels with one47 ,naval action between the ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 of fifty-two guns1 ,captain ,stewart1 and the ,british frigate ,cyane1 of thirty-four guns1 ,captain ,falcon1 and the sloop-of-war ,levant1 of twenty-one guns1 ,captain the ,honorable ,george ,douglas4 ,the ,constitution1 to windward1 is opening with her port battery on the ,levant2 both ,british vessels are returning the fire from their starboard batteries4 ,exergue3 ,,inter ,,constitu4 ,,nav4 ,,ameri4 ,,et ,,levant ,,et ,,cyane ,,nav4 ,,ang4 ,,die ,,xx4 ,,febr4 ,,mdcccxv4 7,inter ,constitution navem ,americanam et ,levant et ,cyane naves ,anglicanas1 die #bj ,februarii1 #ahae3 ,between the ,american vessel ,constitution and the ,english vessels ,levant and ,cyane1 on the #bjth of ,february1 #ahae47 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,charles ,,stewart was born in ,philadelphia1 ,july #ah1 #aggh4 ,he began life in the merchant service1 but entered the navy as lieutenant1 ,march #ac1 #agih4 ,he served in the ,west ,indies1 and afterward in the ,tripolitan campaign1 commanding the ,siren4 ,he escorted the ,intrepid to 7p4 #bdf7 ,tripoli when ,decatur blew up the ,philadelphia1 and was promoted to the rank of master-commandant1 ,may #ai1 #ahjd1 and of captain1 ,april #bb1 #ahjf4 ,while in command of the frigate ,constitution he fought and captured1 ,february #bj1 #ahae1 the two ,british ships-of-war1 ,cyane1 ,captain ,gordon ,falcon1 and ,levant1 ,captain the ,honorable ,george ,douglas1 for which brilliant action he received the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal4 ,he commanded in the ,mediterranean from #ahaf to #ahbj2 in the ,pacific from #ahba to #ahbc2 was member of the ,naval ,board from #ahcj to #ahcc2 commanded the navy yard at ,philadelphia1 #ahcg2 and was put on the retired list in #aheg2 but was replaced on the active list as senior flag officer1 #ahei1 and was appointed rear-admiral on the retired list1 #ahfb4 ,he died at ,bordentown1 ,new ,jersey1 ,november #g1 #ahfi4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,stewart1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby requested1 to present to ,captain ,charles ,stewart1 of the frigate ,constitution1 a gold medal1 with suitable emblems and devices1 and a silver medal1#ajf with suitable emblems and devices1 to each commissioned officer of the said frigate1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the gallantry1 good conduct and services of ,captain ,stewart1 his officers and crew1 in the capture of the ,british vessels of war1 the ,cyane and ,levant1 after a brave and skilful combat4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,the silver medals are copies of the gold medal given to ,captain ,stewart4 ,approved ,february #bb1 #ahaf4 ,captain ,stewart to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states ,frigate ,constitution1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,navy1 ,may1 #ahae4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,on the #bjth of ,february last1 the island of ,madeira bearing about west southwest1 distant #fj leagues1 we fell in with ,his ,britannic ,majesty's two ships-of-war1 the ,cyane and ,levant1 7p4 #bdg7 and brought them to action about #f o'clock in the evening1 both of which1 after a spirited engagement of #dj minutes1 surrendered to the ship under my command4 ,considering the advantages derived by the enemy from a divided and more active force1 as also their superiority in the weight and number of guns1 ,i deem the speedy and decisive result of this action the strongest assurance which can be given to the government that all under my command did their duty1 and gallantly supported the reputation of ,american seamen4 ,enclosed you will receive the minutes of the action1 and a list of the killed and wounded on board this ship2 also enclosed you will receive for your information a statement of the actual force of the enemy1 and the number killed and wounded on board their ships1 as near as could be ascertained4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,charles ,,stewart4 ,american loss3 #c killed1 #ab wounded4 ,british loss3 #ce killed1 #db wounded4 ,prisoners taken1 #cac4 ,minutes of the action between the ,united ,states frigate ,constitution1 and ,his ,britannic ,majesty's skips ,cyane and ,levant1 on the #bjth ,february1 #ahae4 ,commences with light breezes from the east1 and cloudy weather4 ,at one1 discovered a sail two points on the larboard bow1 hauled up and made sail in chase4 ,at a quarter past one1 made the sail to be a ship2 at three-quarters past one1 discovered another sail ahead2 made them out at two ,p4,m4 to be both ships1 standing close hauled1 with their starboard tacks on board2 at four ,p4,m4 the weathermost ship made signals1 and bore up to her consort1 then about #aj miles to leeward2 we bore up after her1 and set lower top-mast1 top-gallant1 and royal studding-sails in chase2 at half-past four1 carried away our main royal mast2 took in the sails and got another prepared2 at five ,p4,m4 commenced firing on the chase from our two larboard bow guns2 our shot falling short1 ceased firing2 at half-past five1 finding it impossible to prevent their junction1 cleared ship for action1 then about four miles from the two ships2 at forty minutes after five1 they passed within hail of each other1 and hauled by the wind on the starboard tack1 hauled up their courses1 and prepared to receive us3 at forty-five minutes past five1 they made all sail close hauled by the wind1 in hopes of getting to the windward of us2 at fifty-five minutes past five1 finding themselves disappointed in their object1 and we were closing with them fast1 they shortened sail1 and formed on a line of wind1 about half a cable's length from each other4 ,at six ,p4,m4 having them under command of our battery1 hoisted our colours1 which was answered by both ships hoisting ,english ensigns4 ,at five minutes past six1 ranged up on the starboard side of the sternmost ship1 about #cjj yards distant1 and commenced the action by broadsides1 both ships returning our fire with the greatest spirit for about fifteen minutes1 then the fire of the enemy beginning to slacken1 and the great column of smoke collected under our lee1 induced 7p4 #bdh7 us to cease our fire to ascertain their positions and conditions4 ,in about three minutes the smoke clearing away1 we found ourselves abreast of the headmost ship1 the sternmost ship luffing up for our larboard quarter2 we poured a broadside into the headmost ship1 and then braced aback our main and mizzen topsails1 and backed astern under cover of the smoke1 abreast the sternmost ship1 when the action was continued with spirit and considerable effect until #ce minutes past #f1 when the enemy's fire again slackened1 and we discovered the headmost bearing up2 filled our topsails1 shot ahead1 and gave her two stern rakes4 ,we then discovered the sternmost ship wearing also2 wore ship immediately after her1 and gave her a stern rake1 she luffing to on our starboard bow and giving us her larboard broadside4 ,we ranged upon her larboard quarter1 within hail1 and were about to give her our starboard broadside1 when she struck her colours1 fired a lee gun and yielded4 ,at fifty minutes past six took possession of ,his ,britannic ,majesty's ship ,cyane1 ,captain ,gordon ,falcon1 mounting #cd guns4 ,at #h ,p4,m4 filled away after her consort1 which was still in sight to leeward4 ,at half-past eight found her standing towards us1 with her starboard tacks close hauled1 with top-gallant sails set and colours flying4 ,at #ej minutes past #h ranged close alongside to windward of her1 on opposite tacks1 and exchanged broadsides2 wore immediately under her stern1 and raked her with a broadside4 ,she then crowded all sail and endeavoured to escape by running1 hauled on board our tacks1 set spanker and flying-jib in chase4 ,at half-past #i commenced firing on her from our starboard bow chaser2 gave her several shot1 which cut her spars and rigging considerably4 ,at #aj ,p4,m4 finding they could not escape1 fired a gun1 struck her colours1 and yielded4 ,we immediately took possession of ,his ,britannic ,majesty's ship ,levant1 ,hon4 ,captain ,george ,douglas1 mounting #ba guns4 ,at #a ,a4,m4 the damages of our rigging were repaired1 sails shifted1 and the ship in fighting condition4 ,no4 #dh4 7p4 #bdi7 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,march #bc1 #ahae4 ,the ,congress of the ,u4 ,s4 to ,capt4 ,james ,biddle1 etc4 ,rx4 ,capture of the ,british ship ,penguin by the ,u4 ,s4 ship ,hornet4 ,,captain ,,james ,,biddle4 ,capture of the ,penguin4 ,,the ,,congress ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 7,united ,states7 ,,to ,,capt4 7,captain7 ,,james ,,biddle4 ,,for ,,his ,,gallantry ,,good ,,conduct ,,and ,,services4 ,bust of ,captain ,biddle1 in uniform1 facing the right ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,capture ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,ship ,,penguin ,,by ,,the ,u4 ,s4 7,united ,states7 ,,ship ,,hornet4 ,naval action between the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,hornet1 of eighteen guns1 ,captain ,biddle1 and the ,british sloop-of-war ,penguin1 of nineteen guns1 ,captain ,dickenson4 ,the ,hornet1 to windward1 is raking the ,penguin4 ,the ,british vessel has lost her main-top-gallant-mast ,in the distance the peak of ,tristan d',acunha4 ,exergue3 ,,off ,,tristan ,d',,acunha ,,march ,,xxiii ,,mdcccxv4 ,on the platform1 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,james ,,biddle was born in ,philadelphia1 ,february #bh1 #aghc4 ,he entered the navy as a midshipman in #ahjj1 and went to the ,mediterranean with ,captain ,bainbridge4 ,he was wrecked in the ,philadelphia1 and was a prisoner in ,tripoli for nearly two years2 was a lieutenant in #ahjg1 and first lieutenant of the ,wasp in #ahab1 when she captured the ,frolic4 ,for his conduct on this occasion he was promoted to the rank of master-commandant4 ,while in command of the sloop-of-war ,hornet he captured the ,british sloop-of-war ,penguin1 ,captain ,dickenson1 ,march #bc1 #ahae1 receiving for this gallant deed the thanks of ,congress and a gold medal4 ,he became a captain in the same year1 and commanded 7p4 #bej7 the ,mediterranean squadron1 #ahcj-ahcb4 ,he was governor of the ,naval ,asylum in ,philadelphia1 #ahch-ahdb2 commanded the ,east ,india squadron1 #ahde1 and was on the west coast of ,mexico during the ,mexican war4 ,he died in ,philadelphia1 ,october #a1 #ahdh4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,biddle1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby1 requested to present to ,captain ,james ,biddle1 of the sloop of war ,hornet1 a gold medal1 with suitable emblems and devices1 and a silver medal1#ajg with suitable emblems and devices1 to each commissioned officer of the said sloop of war1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress1 of the gallantry1 good conduct1 and services of ,captain ,biddle1 his officers and crew1 in capturing the ,british sloop of war ,penguin1 after a brave and skilful combat4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,the silver medals are copies of the one in gold to ,captain ,biddle4 ,approved ,february #bb1 #ahaf4 ,captain ,biddle to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,to the ,honourable ,united ,states sloop ,hornet1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,navy1 ,off ,tristan ,d',acunha1 ,march #beth1 #ahae4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you1 that on the morning of the #bc;d instant1 at half past ten1 when about to anchor off the north end of the island of ,tristan d',acunha1 a sail was seen to the southward and eastward1 steering to the westward1 the wind fresh from the ,s4 ,s4 ,w4 ,in a few minutes she had passed on to the westward1 so that we could not see her for the land4 ,i immediately made sail for the westward1 and shortly after getting in sight of her again1 perceived her to bear up before the wind4 ,i hove to for him to come down to us4 ,when she had approached near1 ,i filled the main-topsail1 and continued to yaw the ship1 while she continued to come down1 wearing occasionally to prevent her passing under our stern4 ,at #a4dj ,p4,m4 being within nearly musket shot distance1 she hauled her wind on the starboard tack1 hoisted ,english colours and fired a gun4 ,we immediately luffed to1 hoisted our ensign and gave the enemy a broadside4 ,the action being thus commenced1 a quick and well directed fire was 7p4 #bea7 kept up from this ship1 the enemy gradually driving near to us1 when at #a4je minutes he bore up apparently to run us on board4 ,as soon as ,i perceived he would certainly fall on board1 ,i called the boarders1 so as to be ready to repel any attempt to board us4 ,at the instant every officer and man repaired to the quarterdeck1 where the two vessels were coming in contact1 and eagerly pressed me to permit them to board the enemy2 but this ,i would not permit1 as it was evident1 from the commencement of the action1 that our fire was greatly superior both in quickness and effect4 ,the enemy's bowsprit came in between our main and mizzen rigging1 on our starboard side1 affording him an opportunity to board us1 if such was his design1 but no attempt was made4 ,there was a considerable swell on1 and as the sea lifted us ahead1 the enemy's boom carried away our mizzen shrouds1 stern davits1 and spanker boom1 and he hung upon our larboard quarter4 ,at this moment an officer1 who was afterwards recognized to be ,mr4 ,m',donald1 the first lieutenant1 and the then commanding officer1 called out that they had surrendered4 ,i directed the marines and musketry men to cease firing1 and1 while on the taffrail asking if they had surrendered1 ,i received a wound in the neck4 ,the enemy had just then got clear of us1 and his fore-mast and bowsprit being both gone1 and perceiving us wearing to give a fresh broadside1 he again called out that he had surrendered4 ,it was with difficulty ,i could restrain my crew from firing into him again1 as he had certainly fired into us after having surrendered4 ,from the firing of the first gun1 to the last time the enemy cried out he had surrendered1 was exactly #bb minutes by the watch4 ,she proved to be ,his ,britannic ,majesty's sloop of war ,penguin1 mounting six #cb pound carronades1 two long #ab's1 a #ab pound carronade on the top-gallant fore-castle1 with swivels on the capstern in the tops4 ,she had a spare port forward1 so as to fight both her long guns a side4 ,she sailed from ,england in ,september last4 ,she was shorter upon deck than this ship1 by two feet1 but she had a greater length of keel1 greater breadth of beam1 thicker sides1 and higher bulwarks than this ship1 and was in all respects a remarkably fine vessel of her class4 ,the enemy acknowledge a complement of #acb1 #ab of them supernumerary marines from the ,medway #gd1 received on board in consequence of their being ordered to cruise for the ,american privateer ,young ,wasp4 ,they acknowledge1 also1 a loss of #ad killed and #bh wounded2 but ,mr4 ,mayo1 who was in charge of the prize1 assures me that the number of killed was certainly greater4 ,among the killed is ,captain ,dickenson1 who fell at the close of the action1 and the boatswain2 among the wounded is the second lieutenant1 purser1 and two midshipmen4 ,each of the midshipmen lost a leg4 ,we received on board1 in all1 #aah prisoners1 four of whom have since died of their wounds4 ,having removed the prisoners1 and taken on board such provisions and stores as would be useful to us1 ,i scuttled the ,penguin this morning1 before daylight1 and she went down4 ,as she was completely riddled by our shot1 her foremast and bowsprit both gone1 and her main-mast so crippled as to be incapable of being secured1 it seemed unadvisable1 at this distance from home1 to attempt sending her to the ,united ,states4 ,this ship did not receive a single round shot in her hull1 nor any material wound in her spars2 the rigging and sails were very much cut2 but having bent a new suit of sails and knotted and secured our rigging1 we are now completely ready1 in all 7p4 #beb7 respects1 for any service4 ,we were eight men short of complement1 and had nine upon the sick list the morning of the action4 ,enclosed is a list of killed and wounded4 ,i lament to state that ,lieutenant ,conner is wounded dangerously4 ,i feel great solicitude on his account1 as he is an officer of much promise1 and his loss would be a serious loss to the service4 ,it is a most pleasing part of my duty to acquaint you that the conduct of ,lieutenants ,conner and ,newton1 ,mr4 ,mayo1 ,acting-,lieutenant ,brownlow1 of the marines1 sailing master ,romney1 and other officers1 seamen1 and marines ,i have the honour to command1 was in the highest degree creditable to them1 and calls for my warmest recommendation4 ,i cannot1 indeed1 do justice to their merits4 ,the satisfaction which was diffused throughout the ship when it was ascertained that the stranger was an enemy's sloop of war1 and the alacrity with which every one repaired to quarters1 fully assured me that their conduct in the action would be marked with coolness and intrepidity4 ,the loss on board the ,hornet1 was #a killed and #aa wounded4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,j4 ,,biddle4 ,no4 #di4 7p4 #bec7 ,,plate ,l4 ,march #d1 #ahag--,march #d1 #ahbe4 ,james ,monroe ,president of the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahag4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,james ,,monroe4 ,fifth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,james ,,monroe ,,president ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 7,united ,states7 ,a4 ,d4 7,anno ,domini3 ,the year of our ,lord7 #ahag4 ,bust of ,president ,monroe1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,,james ,,monroe was born in ,westmoreland ,county1 ,virginia1 ,april #bh1 #ageh4 ,he was educated at ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,virginia1 served with distinction in the revolutionary war from #aggf to #aggh2 was member of the ,virginia ,assembly1 #aghb2 delegate to ,congress1 #aghc-aghf2 senator of the ,united ,states1 #agij-agid2 minister to ,france1 #agid-agif2 governor of ,virginia1 #agii-ahjb2 was sent on a special mission to ,france for the acquisition of ,louisiana1 #ahjb2 was minister to ,england1 #ahjc-ahjh2 and to ,spain1 #ahje2 governor of ,virginia1 #ahaj2 secretary of ,state under ,president ,madison1 #ahaa-ahag2 acting secretary of ,war1 #ahad-ahae2 ,president of the ,united ,states 7first term71 #ahag-ahba2 7second term71 #ahba-ahbe4 ,he died in the city of ,new ,york1 ,july #d1 #ahca1 on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the ,independence of the ,united ,states4 ,no4 #ej4 7p4 #bed7 ,,plate ,,li4 ,october #e1 #ahac4 ,major ,general ,william ,h4 ,harrison4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,april #d4 #ahah4 ,,major-,,general ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison4 ,victory of the ,thames4 ,,major ,,general ,,william ,h4 7,henry7 ,,harrison4 ,bust of ,general ,harrison1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,april #d1 #ahah4 ,america1 personified as a maiden1 with a spear in her right hand and resting on the ,american shield1 places with her left a crown of laurel on a trophy formed of the arms of the enemy1 on which hangs a buckler1 with the inscription ,,fort ,,meigs ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,thames4 ,exergue3 ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,thames ,,october #e4 #ahac4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison was born in ,berkeley1 ,charles ,city ,county1 ,virginia1 ,february #i1 #aggc4 ,he entered the army as ensign in #agia2 served in the north-west against the ,indians1 under ,general ,st4 ,clair1 and afterward under ,general ,wayne1 to whom he was aid-de-camp2 became captain in #agie2 resigned in #agig2 was appointed secretary of the ,north-west territory1 and was its delegate in ,congress1 #agii4 ,he was governor of the territory of ,indiana1 #ahja-ahac2 defeated ,tecumseh at ,tippecanoe1 ,november #g1 #ahaa2 was made brigadier-general and commander of the ,north-west territory in #ahab1 major-general in #ahac2 gallantly defended ,fort ,meigs1 and defeated the ,british army at the battle of the ,thames1 ,october #e1 #ahac1 for which victory ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he resigned his commission shortly afterwards4 ,was a member of ,congress from ,ohio1 #ahaf-ahai2 ,ohio ,state senator1 #ahai-ahbd2 ,united ,states senator1 #ahbe-ahbh1 and 7p4 #bee7 ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,march #d1 #ahda4 ,he died in the ,white ,house1 ,washington1 on ,april #d1 one month after his inauguration4 ,he was known in the ,west by the sobriquet of ,old ,tippecanoe4 ,no presidential medal of him was struck4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,general ,harrison and ,governor ,shelby1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they are hereby1 presented to ,major-,general ,william ,henry ,harrison1 and ,isaac ,shelby1 late ,governor of ,kentucky1 and1 through them1 to the officers and men under their command1 for their gallantry and good conduct in defeating the combined ,british and ,indian forces under ,major-,general ,proctor1 on the ,thames1 in ,upper ,canada1 on the fifth day of ,october1 one thousand eight hundred and thirteen1 capturing the ,british army1 with their baggage1 camp equipage and artillery2 and that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause two gold medals to be struck1 emblematical of this triumph1 and presented to ,general ,harrison and ,isaac ,shelby1 late ,governor of ,kentucky4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to present to ,colonel ,richard ,m4 ,johnson a sword1 as a testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of the daring and distinguished valour displayed by himself and the regiment of volunteers under his command1 in charging and essentially contributing to vanquish the combined ,british and ,indian forces under ,major-,general ,proctor1 on the ,thames1 in ,upper ,canada1 on the fifth day of ,october1 one thousand eight hundred and thirteen4 ,approved ,april #d1 #ahah4 ,general ,harrison to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to ,headquarters1 near ,moravian ,town1 ,,general ,,john ,,armstrong1 ,on the river ,thames1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #hj miles from ,detroit1 ,october #e1 #ahac4 ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you that1 by the blessing of ,providence1 the army under my command has obtained a complete victory over the combined ,indian and ,british forces under 7p4 #bef7 the command of ,general ,proctor4 ,i believe that nearly the whole of the enemy's regulars are taken or killed4 ,amongst the former are all the superior officers1 excepting ,general ,proctor4 ,my mounted men are now in pursuit of him4 ,our loss is very trifling4 ,the brave ,colonel ,r4 ,m4 ,johnson is the only officer whom ,i have heard of that is wounded1 he badly1 but ,i hope not dangerously4 ,i have the honour to be1 c41 ,william ,h4 ,,harrison4 ,general ,harrison to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to ,,general ,,john ,,armstrong1 ,head ,quarters1 ,detroit1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,october #ith1 #ahac4 ,sir3 ,in my last letter from ,sandwich1 of the #cjth ultimo1 ,i did myself the honour to inform you1 that ,i was preparing to pursue the enemy on the following day4 ,from various causes1 however1 ,i was unable to put the troops in motion until the morning of the #b;d instant1 and then to take with me only about #adj of the regular troops1 ,johnson's mounted regiment1 and such of ,governor ,shelby's volunteers as were fit for a rapid march1 the whole amounting to about #cejj men4 ,to ,general ,m',arthur1 with about #gjj effectives1 the protection of this place1 and the sick1 was committed4 ,general ,cass's brigade1 and the corps of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ball1 were left at ,sandwich1 with orders to follow me as soon as the men received their knapsacks and blankets1 which had been left on an island in ,lake ,erie4 ,the unavoidable delay at ,sandwich was attended with no disadvantage to us4 ,general ,proctor had posted himself at ,dalson's1 on the right bank of the river ,thames 7or ,french71 fifty-six miles from this place1 where ,i was informed he intended to fortify and to receive me4 ,he must have believed1 however1 that ,i had no disposition to follow him1 or that he had secured my continuance here1 by the reports that were circulated that the ,indians would attack and destroy this place1 upon the advance of the army1 as he neglected the breaking up of the bridges until the night of the #b;d instant4 ,on the night our army reached the river1 which is #be miles from ,sandwich1 and is one of four streams crossing our route1 over all of which are bridges1 and being deep and muddy1 are unfordable for a considerable distance into the country4 ,the bridge here was found entire1 and in the morning ,i proceeded with ,johnson's regiment1 to save1 if possible1 the others4 ,at the second bridge1 over a branch of the river ,thames1 we were fortunate enough to capture a lieutenant of dragoons and #aa privates1 who had been sent by ,general ,proctor to destroy them4 ,from the prisoners ,i learned that the third bridge was broken up1 and that the enemy had no certain information of our advance4 ,the bridge1 having been imperfectly destroyed1 was soon repaired1 and the army encamped at ,drake's farm1 four miles below ,dalson's4 ,the river ,thames1 along the banks of which our route lay1 is a fine deep stream1 navigable for vessels of considerable burthen1 after the passage of the bar at its mouth1 over which there is six and a half feet water4 ,the baggage of the army was brought from ,detroit in boats1 7p4 #beg7 protected by three gun-boats1 which ,commodore ,perry had furnished for the purpose1 as well as to cover the passage of the army over the ,thames itself1 or the mouth of its tributary streams2 the banks being low1 and the country generally open 7prairies71 as high as ,dalson's1 these vessels were well calculated for the purpose4 ,above ,dalson's1 however1 the character of the river and adjacent country1 is considerably changed4 ,the former1 though still deep1 is very narrow1 and its banks high and woody4 ,the commodore and myself1 therefore1 agreed upon the propriety of leaving the boats under a guard of #aej infantry1 and ,i determined to trust to fortune1 and the bravery of my troops1 to effect the passage of the river4 ,below a place called ,chatham1 and four miles above ,dalson's1 is the third fordable branch of the ,thames4 ,the bridge over its mouth had been taken up by the ,indians1 as well as at ,m',gregor's ,mills1 one mile above4 ,several hundred of the ,indians remained to dispute our passage1 and1 upon the arrival of the advanced guard1 commenced a heavy fire from the opposite bank of the creek1 as well as that of the river4 ,believing that the whole force of the enemy was there1 ,i halted the army formed in order of battle1 and brought up our two six-pounders to cover the party that were ordered to repair the bridge1 and cross the troops4 ,colonel ,johnson's mounted regiment1 being upon the right of the army1 had seized the remains of the bridge at the mills1 under a heavy fire from the ,indians4 ,our loss1 upon this occasion1 was two killed and three or four wounded2 that of the enemy was ascertained to be considerably greater4 ,a house near the bridge1 containing a very considerable number of muskets1 had been set on fire2 but it was extinguished by our troops1 and the arms saved4 ,at the first farm above the bridge1 we found one of the enemy's vessels on fire1 loaded with arms and ordnance stores1 and learned that they were a few miles ahead of us1 still on the right bank of the river1 with the great body of ,indians4 ,at ,bowles's farm1 four miles from the bridge1 we halted for the night1 found two other vessels1 and a large distillery1 filled with ordnance and other valuable stores1 to an immense amount1 in flames4 ,it was impossible to put out the fire2 two twenty-four pounders1 with their carriages1 were taken1 and a large quantity of ball and shells of various sizes4 ,the army was put in motion early on the morning of the #eth4 ,i pushed on1 in advance1 with the mounted regiment1 and requested ,governor ,shelby to follow1 as expeditiously as possible1 with the infantry4 ,the governor's zeal1 and that of his men1 enabled them to keep up with the cavalry1 and by #i o'clock1 we were at ,arnold's mills1 having taken1 in the course of the morning1 two gun-boats and several bateaux1 loaded with provisions and ammunition4 ,a rapid at the river at ,arnold's mills affords the only fording to be met with for a very considerable distance2 but1 upon examination1 it was found too deep for the infantry4 ,having1 however1 fortunately taken two or three boats and some canoes1 on the spot1 and obliging the horsemen to take a footman behind each1 the whole were safely crossed by #ab o'clock4 ,eight miles from the crossing we passed a farm where a part of the ,british troops had encamped the night before1 under the command of ,colonel ,warburton4 ,the detachment with ,general ,proctor had arrived the day before at the ,moravian towns1 four miles higher up4 ,being now certainly near the enemy1 ,i directed the advance of ,johnson's regiment to accelerate their march1 for the purpose of procuring intelligence4 ,the officer commanding it1 in a short time1 sent to inform me that his progress was stopped by 7p4 #beh7 the enemy1 who were formed across our line of march4 ,one of the enemy's wagoners being also taken prisoner1 from the information received from him1 and my own observation1 assisted by some of my officers1 ,i soon ascertained enough of their position1 and order of battle1 to determine that which it was proper for me to adopt4 ,i have the honour herewith to enclose you my general order of the #bgth ultimo1 prescribing the order of march and of battle when the whole army should act together4 ,but as the number and description of the troops had been essentially changed since the issuing of the order1 it became necessary to make a corresponding alteration in their disposition4 ,from the place where our army was last halted1 to the ,moravian towns1 a distance of about three and a half miles1 the road passes through a beech forest without any clearing1 and for the first two miles near to the bank of the river4 ,at from two to three hundred yards from the river a swamp extends parallel to it throughout the whole distance4 ,the intermediate ground is dry1 and although the trees are tolerably thick1 it is in many places clear of underbrush4 ,across this strip of land1 its left appuyed upon the river1 supported by artillery placed in the wood1 their right in the swamp covered by the whole of their ,indian force1 the ,british troops were drawn up4 ,the troops at my disposal consisted of about one hundred and twenty regulars of the #bgth regiment1 five brigades of ,kentucky volunteer militia infantry under his excellency ,governor ,shelby1 averaging less than five hundred men1 and ,colonel ,johnson's regiment of mounted infantry1 making in the whole an aggregate something above #cjjj4 ,no disposition of an army opposed to an ,indian force can be safe1 unless it is secured on the flanks and in the rear4 ,i had therefore no difficulty in arranging the infantry conformably to my general order of battle4 ,general ,trotter's brigade of #ejj men formed the front line1 his right upon the road and his left upon the swamp4 ,general ,king's brigade as a second line1 #aej yards in the rear of ,trotter's1 and ,childs's brigade1 as a corps of reserve1 in the rear of it4 ,these three brigades formed the command of ,major-,general ,henry2 the whole of ,general ,desha's division1 consisting of two brigades1 were formed en potence upon the left of ,trotter4 ,while ,i was engaged in forming the infantry1 ,i had directed ,colonel ,johnson's regiment1 which was still in front1 to be formed in two lines opposite to the enemy1 and upon the advance of the infantry1 to take ground to the left1 and forming upon that flank1 to endeavour to turn the right of the ,indians4 ,a moment's reflection1 however1 convinced me1 that from the thickness of the woods and swampiness of the ground1 they would be unable to do anything on horseback1 and there was no time to dismount them and place their horses in security2 ,i therefore determined to refuse my left to the ,indians1 and to break the ,british lines at once by a charge of the mounted infantry2 the measure was not sanctioned by any thing ,i had seen or heard of1 but ,i was fully convinced that it would succeed4 ,the ,american backwoodsmen ride better in the woods than any other people4 ,a musket or rifle is no impediment to them1 being accustomed to carry them on horseback from their earliest youth4 ,i was persuaded1 too1 that the enemy would be quite unprepared for the shock1 and that they could not resist it4 ,conformably to this idea1 ,i directed the regiment to be drawn up in close column1 7p4 #bei7 with its right at the distance of fifty yards from the road 7that it might be1 in some measure1 protected by the trees from the artillery71 its left upon the swamp1 and to charge1 at full speed1 as soon as the enemy delivered their fire4 ,the few regular troops of the #bgth regiment1 under the command of their colonel 7,paul71 occupied1 in column of sections of four1 the small space between the road and the river1 for the purpose of seizing the enemy's artillery1 and some ten or twelve friendly ,indians were directed to move under the bank4 ,the crotchet1 formed by the front line and ,general ,desha's division was an important point4 ,at that place the venerable governor of ,kentucky was posted1 who1 at the age of sixty-six1 preserves all the vigour of youth1 the ardent zeal which distinguished him in the ,revolutionary war1 and the undaunted bravery which he manifested at ,king's ,mountain4 ,with my aids-de-camp1 the acting ,assistant ,adjutant-,general1 ,captain ,buttler1 my gallant friend ,commodore ,perry1 who did me the honour to serve as my volunteer aid-de-camp1 and ,brigadier-,general ,cass1 who1 having no command1 tendered me his assistance1 ,i placed myself at the head of the front line of infantry1 to direct the movements of the cavalry and give them the necessary support4 ,the army had moved on this order but a short distance1 when the mounted men received the fire of the ,british line1 and were ordered to charge2 the horses in the front of the column recoiled from the fire2 another was given by the enemy1 and our column1 at length getting into motion1 broke through the enemy with irresistible force4 ,in one minute the contest in front was over4 ,the ,british officers seeing no hopes of reducing their disordered ranks to order1 and our mounted men wheeling upon them and pouring in a destructive fire1 immediately surrendered4 ,it is certain that three only of our troops were wounded in this charge4 ,upon the left1 however1 the contest was more severe with the ,indians4 ,colonel ,johnson1 who commanded on that flank of his regiment1 received a most galling fire from them1 which was returned with great effect4 ,the ,indians still further to the right advanced and fell in with our front line of infantry1 near its junction with ,desha's division1 and1 for a moment1 made an impression on it4 ,his ,excellency1 ,governor ,shelby1 however1 brought up a regiment to its support1 and the enemy1 receiving a severe fire in front1 and a part of ,johnson's regiment having gained their rear1 retreated with precipitation4 ,their loss was very considerable in the action and many were killed in their retreat4 ,i can give no satisfactory information of the number of ,indians that were in the action1 but they must have been considerably upwards of one thousand4 ,from the documents in my possession 7,general ,proctor's official letters1 all of which were taken71 and from the information of respectable inhabitants of this territory1 the ,indians1 kept in pay by the ,british1 were much more numerous than has been generally supposed4 ,in a letter to ,general de ,rottenburg1 of the #bgth instant1 ,general ,proctor speaks of having prevailed upon most of the ,indians to accompany him4 ,of these it is certain that fifty or sixty ,wyandot warriors abandoned him4 ,a ,british officer1 of high rank1 assured one of my aids-de-camp1 that on the day of our landing1 ,general ,proctor had at his disposal upwards of three thousand ,indian warriors1 but asserted that the greatest part had left him previous to the action4 ,the number of our troops was certainly greater than that of 7p4 #bfj7 the enemy1 but when it is recollected that they had chosen a position that effectually secured their flank1 which it was impossible for us to turn1 and that we could not present to them a line more extended than their own1 it will not be considered arrogant to claim for my troops the palm of superior bravery4 ,in communicating to the ,president1 through you1 ,sir1 my opinion of the conduct of the officers who served under my command1 ,i am at a loss how to mention that of ,governor ,shelby1 being convinced that no eulogium of mine can reach his merits4 ,the governor of an independent ,state1 greatly my superior in years1 in experience and in military character1 he placed himself under my command1 and was not more remarkable for his zeal and activity1 than for the promptitude and cheerfulness with which he obeyed my orders4 ,the ,major-,generals ,henry and ,desha1 and the ,brigadiers ,allen1 ,caldwell1 ,king1 ,childs1 and ,trotter1 all of the ,kentucky volunteers1 manifested great zeal and activity4 ,of ,governor ,shelby's staff1 his adjutant-general1 ,colonel ,walker1 rendered great service1 as did his aids-de-camp1 ,general ,adair1 and ,majors ,barry and ,crittenden4 ,the military skill of the former was of great service to us1 and the activity of the two latter gentlemen could not be surpassed4 ,illness deprived me of the talents of my adjutant-general1 ,colonel ,gaines1 who was left at ,sandwich4 ,his duties were1 however1 ably performed by the acting assistant adjutant-general1 ,captain ,buttler4 ,my aids-de-camp1 ,lieutenant ,o',fallon and ,captain ,todd1 of the line1 and my volunteer aids1 ,john ,speed ,smith and ,john ,chambers1 ,esquires1 have rendered me the most important services from the opening of the campaign4 ,i have already stated that ,general ,cass and ,commodore ,perry assisted me in forming the troops for the action4 ,the former is an officer of the highest merit1 and the appearance of the brave commodore cheered and animated every breast4 ,it would be useless1 ,sir1 after stating the circumstances of the action1 to pass encomiums upon ,colonel ,johnson and his regiment4 ,veterans could not have manifested more firmness4 ,the colonel's numerous wounds prove that he was in the post of danger4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,james ,johnson1 and the ,majors ,payne and ,thompson were equally active though more fortunate4 ,major ,wood of the engineers1 already distinguished by his conduct at ,fort ,meigs1 attended the army with two six-pounders4 ,having no use for them in the action1 he joined in the pursuit of the enemy1 and with ,major ,payne1 of the mounted regiment1 two of my aids-de-camp1 ,todd and ,chambers1 and three privates1 continued it for several miles after the rest of the troops had halted1 and made many prisoners4 ,i left the army before an official return of the prisoners1 or that of the killed and wounded1 was made out4 ,it was however ascertained that the former amounts to #fja regulars1 including #be officers4 ,our loss is #g killed and #bb wounded1 #e of which have since died4 ,of the ,british troops #ab were killed and #bb wounded4 ,the ,indians suffered most1 #cc of them having been found upon the ground1 besides those killed on the retreat4 ,on the day of the action1 six pieces of brass artillery were taken1 and two iron #bd pounders the day before4 ,several others were discovered in the river1 and can be easily procured4 ,of the brass pieces1 three are the trophies of our revolutionary war1 that were taken at ,saratoga and ,york1 and surrendered by ,general ,hull4 ,the number of small arms taken by us and destroyed 7p4 #bfa7 by the enemy1 must amount to upwards of #ejjj2 most of them had been ours and taken by the enemy at the surrender of ,detroit1 at the river ,raisin1 and at ,colonel ,dudley's defeat4 ,i believe that the enemy retain no other military trophy of their victories than the standard of the #dth regiment2 they were not magnanimous enough to bring that of the #dth regiment into the field1 or it would have been taken4 ,you have been informed1 ,sir1 of the conduct of the troops under my command in action2 it gives me great pleasure to inform you1 that they merit also the approbation of their country for their conduct1 in submitting to the greatest privations with the utmost cheerfulness4 ,the infantry were entirely without tents1 and for several days the whole army subsisted upon fresh beef1 without bread or salt4 ,i have the honour to be1 etc41 ,william ,h4 ,,harrison4 ,p4,s4 ,general ,proctor escaped by the fleetness of his horses1 escorted by #dj dragoons and a number of mounted ,indians4 ,general ,orders of ,debarkation1 of ,march1 and of ,battle4 ,head ,quarters1 on ,board the ,united ,states schooner ,ariel1 ,september #bg1 #ahac4 ,as it is the intention of the general to land the army on the enemy's coast1 the following will be order of debarkation1 of march1 and of battle3 ,the right wing of the army will be composed of the ,kentucky volunteers1 under the command of ,his ,excellency1 ,governor ,shelby1 acting as major-general4 ,the left wing1 of the light corps of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ball1 and the brigades of ,generals ,m',arthur and ,cass4 ,the arrangement is made with a view to the localities of the ground upon which the troops are to act and the composition of the enemy's force1 and is calculated1 in marching up the lake or straight1 to place our regular troops in the open ground on the lake1 where they will probably be opposed by the ,british regulars1 and the ,kentucky volunteers in the woods1 which it is presumed will be occupied by the enemy's militia and the ,indians4 ,when the signal is given for putting to the shore1 the corps of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ball will precede the left wing3 the regiment of volunteer riflemen the right wing3 these corps will land with the utmost celerity1 consistent with the preservation of good order1 and as soon as landed will seize the most favourable position of annoying the enemy and covering the disembarkation of the troops of the line4 ,general ,cass's brigade will follow ,colonel ,ball's corps1 and ,general ,calmes the volunteer riflemen4 ,the regiments will land and form in succession upon those which precede them4 ,the right wing1 with its left in front1 displaying to the right2 and the left wing1 with its right in front1 displaying to the left4 ,the brigades of ,generals ,king1 ,allen1 and ,caldwell will form successively to the right of ,general ,calmes4 ,general ,m',arthur and ,child's 7p4 #bfb7 brigades will form the reserve4 ,the general will command in person the right brigades of ,generals ,cass and ,calmes1 assisted by ,major-,general ,henry4 ,his ,excellency1 ,governor ,shelby1 will have the immediate command of three brigades on the right1 assisted by ,major-,general ,desha4 ,as soon as the troops are disembarked1 the boats are to be immediately sent back to the fleet4 ,it will be observed that the order of landing here prescribed is somewhat that of direct eschelons deployed into line upon the advanced corps of the right and left wing4 ,it is the intention of the general1 however1 that all the troops which are provided with boats should land in as quick succession as possible2 and the general officers in command towards the extremities of the line1 are authorized to deviate from the arrangement to counteract any movement of the enemy1 by landing any part of their commands1 previously to the formation of the corps1 which is herein directed to precede them4 ,the corps of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ball and the volunteer rifle regiment will maintain the position they occupy on landing1 until the troops of the line are formed to support them2 they will then retire through the intervals of the line1 or to the flanks1 and form in the rear of the line4 ,a detachment of artillery1 with a six1 four and three-pounder and howitzer1 will land with the advanced light corps2 the rest of the artillery will be held in reserve1 and landed at such point as ,major ,wood may direct4 ,the point of landing for the reserve1 under ,brigadier-,general ,m',arthur1 cannot now be designated2 it will be made to support any point of the line which may require aid1 or be formed on the flanks1 as circumstances may render necessary4 ,the arrangement for landing the troops will be made entirely under the direction of an officer of the navy1 whom ,commodore ,perry has been so obliging as to offer for that purpose4 ,the debarkation of the troops will be covered by the cannon of the vessels4 ,the troops being landed1 and the enemy driven off1 or not opposing the landing1 the army will change its front to the left1 and form in order of battle in the following manner3 ,the two brigades of regular troops1 and two of the volunteers1 to be formed in two lines at right angles to the shore of the lake4 ,general ,m',arthur's brigade and ,calmes' to form the front line1 and ,cass's and ,childs's the second line2 the regular troops still on the left2 that flank of both lines1 resting on the shore2 the distance between the two lines will be #cjj yards4 ,the remaining three brigades of volunteers will be drawn up in a single line of two ranks1 at right angles to the line of march1 its head upon the right of the front line1 forming a crotchet 7en potence7 with that line1 and extending beyond the second line4 ,the corps of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ball will form the advance of the left wing1 at the distance of #cjj yards1 the regiment of rifle volunteers the advance of the right wing1 at the same distance4 ,some light pieces of artillery will be placed in the road leading up the lake1 and at such other points as ,major ,wood may direct4 ,when the order is given for marching1 the first and second lines will advance by files from the heads of companies2 in other words1 these two lines will form two columns1 marching by their flanks by companies at entire distances4 ,the three brigades on the right flank will be faced to the left and marched forward2 the head of this column still forming en potence with the front line4 ,it is probable that the two brigades of the front line will extend from the lake some distance into the woods1 on 7p4 #bfc7 the right flank1 and it is desirable it should be so2 but should it be otherwise1 and the crotchet or angle be at any time on the open ground1 his excellency ,governor ,shelby will immediately prolong the front line to the right1 by adding to it as many companies of the leading brigade of the flank column as will bring the angle1 and consequently the flank column itself1 completely within the woods4 ,it is to be presumed that the enemy will make their attack upon the army in its march1 that their regular troops will form their right upon the lake1 their militia occupy the ground between the regulars and the woods1 and the ,indians the woods4 ,the formation herein prescribed is intended to resist an arrangement of this kind4 ,should the general's conjecture on that subject prove correct1 as it must be evident that the right of the enemy cannot be turned1 and on that wing his best troops must be placed1 it will be proper to refuse him our left1 and direct our principal effort to uncover the flank of his regulars by driving off his militia4 ,in the event supposed1 therefore1 it will be proper to bring up a part or the whole of ,general ,cass's brigade1 to assist the charge made by ,general ,calmes1 or that the former should change positions with the brigade of volunteers in the second line4 ,should the general think it safe to order the whole of ,cass's brigade to the right1 without replacing it with another1 ,general ,cass will march to the right1 formed in oblique eschelons of companies4 ,it will be the business of ,general ,m',arthur1 in the event of his wing being refused to watch the motions of the enemy1 with the assistance of the artillery1 to prevent his front line at least from interrupting the progress of our right4 ,should the enemy's militia be defeated1 the brigade of ours in advance will immediately wheel upon the flank of the ,british regulars1 and ,general ,m',arthur will advance to attack them in front4 ,in the mean time1 his excellency ,governor ,shelby can use the brigade in reserve of the second line to prolong the flank line from its front or left1 or to reinforce any weak part of the line4 ,in all cases where troops in advance are obliged to retire through those who are advancing to support them1 it will be done by companies in files1 which will retire through the intervals of the advancing line1 and will immediately form in rear4 ,the light troops will be particularly governed by this direction4 ,the disposition of the troops on the right flank is such as the commanding general thinks best calculated to resist an attack from ,indians1 which is only to be expected from that quarter4 ,his excellency ,governor ,shelby will1 however1 use his discretion in making any alteration which his experience and judgment may dictate4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ball1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,simral1 and the general officers commanding on the flank line1 are to send out small detachments in advance of the two former corps1 and to the flank of the latter4 ,should they discover the enemy in force1 immediately notice will be sent to the head of the lines4 ,the general commanding on the spot will immediately order the signals for forming in order of battle1 which will be the beat to arms4 ,all signals will be immediately repeated by all the drums of the line2 the signal for the whole to halt1 is the retreat4 ,drums will be distributed along the heads of companies1 and the taps occasionally given to regulate their march4 ,lieutenant-,colonels ,ball and ,simral are to keep the general constantly advised of the discoveries made by the advanced parties4 ,where it shall become necessary for the corps of 7p4 #bfd7 ,ball and ,simral to retire1 they will form on the flank or in the rear of ,generals ,m',arthur and ,calmes's brigades1 and receive the orders of the brigadiers respectively4 ,brigadier-,general ,cass will designate such officers as he may deem proper1 to assist ,captain ,elliott1 of the navy1 in the arrangement of the troops4 ,the general will be the signal for the whole to move4 ,by command1 ,edmund ,p4 ,,gaines1 ,col4 ,adj4 ,gen4 ,no4 #ea4 7p4 #bfe7 ,,plate ,,lii4 ,october #e1 #ahac4 ,governor ,isaac ,shelby4 ,rx4 ,battle of the ,thames4 ,octo4 #e4 #ahac4 ,,governor ,,isaac ,,shelby4 ,victory of the ,thames4 ,,governor ,,isaac ,,shelby4 ,bust of ,governor ,shelby in a general's uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,thames4 ,,octo4 7,october7 #e4 #ahac4 ,the battle of the ,thames2 in the background1 a forest2 in the foreground1 the mounted riflemen are charging the enemy4 ,exergue3 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,april #d4 #ahah4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74#ajh ,footnote #ajh3 ,the resolution of ,congress voting this medal and the official reports of the ,battle of the ,thames are given under ,no4 #ej1 page #bed4 ,,isaac ,,shelby was born in ,hagerstown1 ,maryland1 ,december #aa1 #agej4 ,he served in the ,south throughout the ,revolutionary ,war1 rose to the rank of colonel1 and displayed great gallantry in the battle of ,king's ,mountain1 ,october #g1 #aghj1 for which he received a sword of honor and thanks from the ,legislature of ,north ,carolina4 ,he was governor of ,kentucky1 #agib-agif1 and #ahab-ahaf2 he joined ,general ,harrison with four thousand ,kentucky volunteers1 and distinguished himself in the battle of the ,thames1 ,october #e1 #ahac1 for which victory ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he declined to be secretary of ,war in #ahag1 and died in ,lincoln ,county1 ,kentucky1 ,july #ah1 #ahbf4 ,no4 #eb4 7p4 #bff7 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,june #bd1 #ahbb4 ,lvdovicvs4 ,,xviii ,franc4 et4 ,nav4 rex4 ,rx4 ,gallia4 et4 ,america4 foederata4 ,,treaty ,,of ,,commerce ,,with ,,france4 ,,lvdovicvs4 ,,xviii ,,franc4 ,,et4 ,,nav4 ,,rex4 7,ludovicus ,,xviii4 ,franci et ,navarr rex3 ,louis ,,xviii1 ,king of ,france and ,navarre47 ,bust of ,louis the ,eighteenth1 facing the right ,,de ,,puymaurin ,,direxit#aji 7directed74 ,on edge of bust1 ,,andrieu4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #aji3 ,de ,puymaurin was director of the ,paris ,mint at the time this medal was struck4 ,,gallia4 ,,et4 ,,america4 ,,foederata4 7,france and ,america allied47 ,france and ,america1 personified as two female figures1 standing1 leaning on a column1 on which is a bust of ,mercury4 ,france1 beside whom is a shield bearing the three fleurs de lis1 holds in her right hand a cornucopia1 and ,america rests her left hand on the prow of a galley2 on the face of the column is engraved3 ,,mdcccxxii 7#ahbb74 ,exergue3 ,,novis4 ,,commerciorvm4 ,,pactis ,,ivnctae 7,united by new treaties of commerce47 ,,gayrard4 ,f4 7fecit74#aaj ,footnote #aaj3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages x and xxiii4 ,,bertrand ,,andrieu was born in ,bordeaux1 ,france1 in #agfb4 ,he studied first at the academy of ,bordeaux1 then with ,lavaux4 ,he came to ,paris early in life4 ,among his principal medals are3 the taking of the ,bastille2 the battle of ,marengo2 the passage of the ,st4 ,bernard2 the baptism of the ,king of ,rome2 the head of the ,emperor ,napoleon2 the head of the ,empress ,josephine2 the head of the ,empress ,marie ,louise2 and the cathedral of ,vienna4 ,he also executed the obverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce of #ahbb1 between the ,united ,states of ,america and ,france4 ,he died in ,paris1 ,december #aj1 #ahbb4 ,,raymond ,,gayrard was born at ,rodez1 ,france1 in #aggg4 ,he 7p4 #bfg7 volunteered and served in the army from #agif to #ahjb2 then studied under ,launay and ,jeoffroy1 and first attracted attention by his medallions of the ,emperor ,napoleon and of the ,archduchess ,marie ,louise1 on the occasion of their marriage4 ,among his principal medals are3 the visits to the mint of the ,emperor of ,austria1 and of the ,king of ,prussia2 the second entrance of ,louis ,,xviii4 into ,paris2 the removal of the ashes of the ,duke d',enghien to the chapel at ,vincennes2 the triumphal entrance of the ,duke d',angoulme into ,paris2 the death of ,louis ,,xviii42 and the accession to the throne of ,charles ,x4 ,he also engraved the reverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce between the ,united ,states of ,america and ,france4 ,he was distinguished also as a sculptor1 and among his statues is one of the ,american ,republic4 ,he was engraver to ,king ,louis ,,xviii4 and ,charles ,x41 was decorated with the ,legion of ,honor in #ahbe1 and received a medal of the #b;d class for sculpture at the ,exhibition of ,fine ,arts in #ahad1 and an honorable mention at the ,universal ,exhibition of #ahee4 ,he died in ,paris1 ,may #d1 #aheh4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,treaty with ,france1 #ahbb4 ,convention of ,navigation and ,commerce between the ,united ,states of ,america and ,his ,majesty the ,king of ,france and ,navarre1 concluded ,june #bd1 #ahbb2 ratifications exchanged ,february #ab1 #ahbc2 proclaimed ,february #ab1 #ahbc4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america and ,his ,majesty the ,king of ,france and ,navarre1 being desirous of settling the relations of navigation and commerce between their respective nations1 by a temporary convention reciprocally beneficial and satisfactory1 and thereby of leading to a more permanent and comprehensive arrangement1 have respectively furnished their full powers in manner following1 that is to say1 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states to ,john ,quincy ,adams1 their ,secretary of ,state1 and ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty to the ,baron ,hyde de ,neuville1 ,knight of the ,royal and ,military ,order of ,st4 ,louis1 ,commander of the ,legion of ,honour1 ,grand ,cross of the ,royal ,american ,order of ,isabella the ,catholic1 his ,envoy ,extraordinary and ,minister ,plenipotentiary near the ,united ,states2 ,who1 after exchanging their full powers1 have agreed 7p4 #bfh7 on the following articles3 ,,article ,i4 ,articles of the growth1 produce1 or manufacture of the ,united ,states1 imported into ,france in vessels of the ,united ,states1 shall pay an additional duty1 not exceeding twenty francs per ton of merchandize1 over and above the duties paid on the like articles1 also of the growth1 produce1 or manufacture of the ,united ,states1 when imported in ,french vessels4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,articles of the growth1 produce or manufacture of ,france1 imported into the ,united ,states in ,french vessels1 shall pay an additional duty1 not exceeding three dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of merchandize1 over and above the duties collected upon the like articles1 also of the growth1 produce or manufacture of ,france1 when imported in vessels of the ,united ,states4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,no discriminating duty shall be levied upon the productions of the soil or industry of ,france1 imported in ,french bottoms into the ports of the ,united ,states for transit or re-exportation2 nor shall any such duties be levied upon the productions of the soil or industry of the ,united ,states1 imported in vessels of the ,united ,states into the ports of ,france for transit or re-exportation4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,the following quantities shall be considered as forming the ton of merchandize for each of the articles hereinafter specified3 ,wines3 ,four #fa-;gallon hogsheads1 or #bdd gallons of #bca cubic inches1 ,american measure4 ,brandies1 and all other liquids1 #bdd gallons4 ,silks and all other dry goods1 and all other articles usually subject to measurement1 forty-two cubic feet ,french1 in ,france1 and fifty cubic feet ,american measure in the ,united ,states4 ,cotton3 #hjdlbs4 avoirdupois1 or #cfe kilogrammes4 ,tobacco3 #afjjlbs4 avoirdupois1 or #gbe kilogrammes4 ,ashes1 pot and pearl3 #bbdjlbs4 avoirdupois1 or #ajaf kilogrammes4 ,rice3 #afjjlbs4 avoirdupois1 or #gbe kilogrammes1 and for all weighable articles1 not specified1 #bbdjlbs4 avoirdupois1 or #ajaf kilogrammes4 ,,article ,v4 ,the duties of tonnage1 light money1 pilotage1 port charges1 brokerage1 and all other duties upon foreign shipping1 over and above those paid by the national shipping in the two countries respectively1 other than those specified in articles #a and #b of the present convention1 shall not exceed in ,france1 for vessels of the ,united ,states1 five francs per ton of the vessel's ,american register2 nor for vessels of ,france in the ,united ,states1 ninety four cents per ton of the vessel's ,french passport4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,the contracting parties1 wishing to favour their mutual commerce1 by affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their respective vessels1 have agreed that the consuls and 7p4 #bfi7 vice-consuls may cause to be arrested the sailors1 being part of the crews of the vessels of their respective nations1 who shall have deserted from the said vessels1 in order to send them back and transport them out of the country4 ,for which purpose the said consuls and vice-consuls shall address themselves to the courts1 judges1 and officers competent1 and shall demand the said deserters in writing1 proving by an exhibition of the registers of the vessel1 or ship's roll1 or other official documents1 that those men were part of the said crews2 and on this demand1 so proved1 7saving however where the contrary is proved17 the delivery shall not be refused2 and there shall be given all aid and assistance to the said consuls and vice-consuls for the search1 seizure1 and arrest of the said deserters1 who shall even be detained and kept in the prisons of the country1 at their request and expense1 until they shall have found an opportunity of sending them back4 ,but if they be not sent back within three months1 to be counted from the day of their arrest1 they shall be set at liberty1 and shall be no more arrested for the same cause4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,the present temporary convention shall be in force for two years from the first day of ,october next1 and even after the expiration of that term1 until the conclusion of a definitive treaty1 or until one of the parties shall have declared its intention to renounce it1 which declaration shall be made at least six months beforehand4 ,and in case the present arrangement should remain without such declaration of its discontinuance by either party1 the extra duties specified in the #ast and #b;d articles shall1 from the expiration of the said two years1 be1 on both sides1 diminished by one-fourth of their whole amount1 and1 afterwards by one-fourth of the said amount from year to year1 so long as neither party shall have declared the intention of renouncing it as above stated4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,the present convention shall be ratified on both sides1 and the ratifications shall be exchanged within one year from the date hereof1 or sooner1 if possible4 ,but the execution of the said convention shall commence in both countries on the first of ,october next1 and shall be effective1 even in case of non-ratification1 for all such vessels as may have sailed bon fide for the ports of either nation1 in the confidence of its being in force4 ,in faith whereof1 the respective ,plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention1 and have hereto affixed their seals1 at the city of ,washington1 this #bdth day of ,june1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbb4 ,john ,,quincy ,,adams l4s4 ,g4 ,,hyde ,,de ,,neuville l4s4 ,,separate ,,article4 ,the extra duties levied on either side before the present day1 by virtue of the act of ,congress of #aeth ,may1 #ahbj1 and of the ordinance of #bfth ,july of the same year1 and others confirmative thereof1 and which have not already been paid back1 shall be refunded4 ,signed and sealed as above1 this #bdth day of ,june1 #ahbb4 ,john ,,quincy ,,adams l4s4 ,g4 ,,hyde ,,de ,,neuville l4s4 ,no4 #ec4 7p4 #bgj7 ,,plate ,,liv4 ,march #d1 #ahbe--,march #d1 #ahbi4 ,john ,quincy ,adams ,president of the ,united ,states #ahbe4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams4 ,sixth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahbe4 ,bust of ,president ,john ,quincy ,adams1 facing the right4 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,the obverse of this medal1 though not signed1 was engraved by ,frst4 ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams1 son of ,president ,john ,adams1 was born in ,braintree1 now ,quincy1 ,massachusetts1 ,july #aa1 #agfg4 ,he spent several years of his early life in ,europe with his father2 was graduated at ,harvard ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 #aghg2 was admitted to the bar in #agia1 and settled in ,boston2 was minister to ,holland1 ,england1 and ,prussia1 #agid-ahja2 ,united ,states senator1 #ahjc-ahjh2 minister to ,russia1 #ahji-ahad2 one of the negotiators of the treaty of ,ghent1 #ahad2 secretary of ,state under ,president ,monroe1 #ahag-ahbe2 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #ahbe-ahbi2 representative in ,congress1 #ahca-ahdh4 ,he died in the ,capitol in ,washington1 ,february #bc1 #ahdh4 ,no4 #ed4 7p4 #bga7 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,march #d1 #ahbi--,march #d1 #ahcg4 ,andrew ,jackson ,president of the ,united ,states ,a4,d4 #ahbi4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,andrew ,,jackson4 ,seventh ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,andrew ,,jackson ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,a4 ,d4 7,anno ,domini3 ,the year of our ,lord71 #ahbi4 ,bust of ,president ,jackson1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,no4 #ee4 7p4 #bgb7 ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,august #b1 #ahac4 ,presented by ,congress to ,colonel ,george ,croghan #ahce4 ,rx4 ,pars magna fuit4 ,,colonel ,,george ,,croghan4 ,defence of ,fort ,stephenson4 ,,presented ,,by ,,congress ,,to ,,colonel ,,george ,,croghan #ahce4 ,bust of ,colonel ,croghan1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,in a pendant3 ,,pars ,,magna ,,fuit#aaa 7,his share was great47 ,major ,croghan is defending1 with one hundred and sixty men1 ,fort ,stephenson against the attack of the ,british army1 one thousand strong4 ,in the background1 three gunboats on ,lake ,erie4 ,exergue3 ,,sandusky #b2 ,,august #ahac4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,footnote #aaa3 ,virgil1 neid1 ,book ,,ii1 #f4 ,as this medal was not voted by ,congress until #ahce1 it is placed here according to the chronological order adopted4 ,,george ,,croghan was born near ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 ,november #ae1 #agia4 ,he was graduated at ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,virginia1 and in #ahaa was aid-de-camp to ,colonel ,boyd at the battle of ,tippecanoe2 captain in #ahab1 major in #ahac1 and aid-de-camp to ,general ,harrison at ,fort ,meigs4 ,on ,august #c1 #ahac1 with a garrison of one hundred and sixty men1 he repulsed ,general ,proctor at the head of an army of one thousand ,british troops and ,indians4 ,for this gallant deed ,congress1 in #ahce1 gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,in #ahad he was appointed lieutenant-colonel2 resigned in #ahag2 was promoted to the rank of inspector-general and colonel in #ahbe2 served under ,general ,taylor in ,mexico1 and died in ,new ,orleans1 ,january #h1 #ahdi4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #bgc7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,colonel ,croghan1 etc4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 with suitable emblems and devices1 and presented to ,colonel ,croghan1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the defence of ,fort ,stephenson2 and that he present a sword to each of the following officers engaged in that affair3 to ,captain ,james ,hunter1 to the eldest male representative of ,lieutenant ,benjamin ,johnston1 and to ,lieutenant ,cyrus ,a4 ,baylor1 ,john ,meek1 ,ensign ,joseph ,duncan1 and the nearest male representative of ,ensign ,edmund ,shipp1 deceased4 ,approved ,february #ac1 #ahce4 ,major ,croghan to ,general ,harrison4 ,to ,,major-,,general ,,harrison1 ,lower ,sandusky1 ,august #eth1 #ahac4 ,commanding ,northwestern ,army4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i have the honour to inform you that the combined force of the enemy1 amounting to at least #ejj regulars1 and seven or eight hundred ,indians1 under the immediate command of ,general ,proctor1 made its appearance before this place early on ,sunday evening last1 and so soon as the general had made such disposition of his troops as would cut off my retreat1 should ,i be disposed to make one1 he sent ,colonel ,elliott1 accompanied by ,major ,chambers1 with a flag to demand the surrender of the fort1 as he was anxious to spare the effusion of blood1 which he should probably not have it in his power to do should he be reduced to the necessity of taking the place by storm4 ,my answer to the summons was1 that ,i was determined to defend the place to the last extremity1 and that no force1 however large1 should induce me to surrender it4 ,so soon as the flag had returned1 a brisk fire was opened upon us from the gunboats in the river1 and from a five and a half inch howitzer on shore1 which was kept up with little intermission through the night4 ,at an early hour the next morning1 three sixes 7which had been placed during the night within #bej yards of the pickets7 began to play upon us1 but with little effect4 ,about #d o'clock ,p4,m41 discovering that the fire from all his guns was concentrated against the northwestern angle of the fort1 ,i became confident that his object was to make a breach1 and attempt to storm the works at that point4 ,i therefore ordered out as many men as could be employed for the purpose of strengthening that front1 which was so effectually secured by means of bags of flour1 sand1 c41 that the picketing suffered little or no injury4 ,notwithstanding which1 the enemy1 about #e o'clock1 having formed in close column1 advancing to assail our works at the expected point1 at the same time making two feints at the front of ,captain ,hunter's line1 the column which advanced against the north-western angle1 consisting of about #cej men1 7p4 #bgd7 was so completely enveloped in smoke as not to be discovered until it had approached within fifteen or twenty paces of the lines2 but the men being all at their posts and ready to receive it1 commenced so heavy and galling a fire as to throw the column a little into confusion4 ,being quickly rallied1 it advanced to the outer works and began to leap into the ditch4 ,just at that moment a fire of grape was opened from our six pounder 7which had been previously arranged so as to rake in that direction71 which1 together with the musketry1 threw them into such confusion1 that they were compelled to retire precipitately to the woods4 ,during the assault1 which lasted about half an hour1 an incessant fire was kept up by the enemy's artillery 7which consisted of five sixes and a howitzer71 but without effect4 ,my whole loss during the siege1 was one killed and seven wounded slightly4 ,the loss of the enemy in killed1 wounded1 and prisoners1 must exceed one hundred and fifty2 one lieutenant-colonel1 a lieutenant and fifty rank and file1 were found in and about the ditch1 those of the remainder1 who were not able to escape1 were taken off during the night by the ,indians4 ,seventy stand of arms and several brace of pistols have been collected near the work4 ,about three in the morning the enemy sailed down the river1 leaving behind them a boat1 containing clothing and considerable military stores4 ,too much praise cannot be bestowed on the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and privates under my command for their gallantry and good conduct during the siege4 ,yours1 with respect1 ,g4 ,,croghan1 ,major #agth ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry comdg4 ,l4 ,s4 ,no4 #ef4 7p4 #bge7 ,,plate ,,lvii4 ,march #d1 #ahcg--,march #d1 #ahda4 ,martin ,van ,buren ,president of the ,united ,states ,a4 ,d4 #ahcg4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,martin ,,van ,,buren4 ,eighth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,martin ,,van ,,buren ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,a4 ,d4 7,anno ,domini3 ,the year of our ,lord7 #ahcg4 ,bust of ,president ,van ,buren1 facing the right4 ,f,,rst4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,,martin ,,van ,,buren was born at ,kinderhook1 ,columbia ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,december #e1 #aghb4 ,he received his early education at a common school2 was admitted to the bar in the city of ,new ,york1 #ahjc2 ,state senator1 #ahab2 attorney-general of ,new ,york1 #ahae2 ,united ,states senator1 #ahba-ahbh2 governor of ,new ,york1 #ahbh2 secretary of ,state to ,president ,jackson1 #ahbi-ahca2 appointed minister to ,england1 #ahca1 but was not confirmed by the ,senate2 vice-president of the ,united ,states1 #ahcc-ahcg2 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #ahcg-ahda4 ,he was an unsuccessful candidate for the ,presidency in #ahdh4 ,he died at ,kinderhook1 ,july #bd1 #ahfb4 ,no4 #eg4 7p4 #bgf7 ,,plate ,,lviii4 ,april #d1 #ahda--,march #d1 #ahde4 ,john ,tyler1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ahda4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,john ,,tyler4 ,tenth#aab ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,footnote #aab3 ,general ,harrison1 the ninth ,president1 died one month after his inauguration1 and no ,indian peace medal of him was struck4 ,,john ,,tyler1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahda4 ,bust of ,president ,tyler1 facing the left4 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,this medal bears no signature4 ,below are given the only documents relating to it which could be obtained4 ,,john ,,tyler was born in ,charles ,city ,county1 ,virginia1 ,march #bi1 #agij4 ,he was graduated at ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,virginia1 #ahjg2 and was admitted to the bar1 #ahji4 ,he was a member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahaa-ahaf2 member of ,congress1 #ahaf-ahba2 member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahbc-ahbe2 governor of ,virginia1 #ahbe-ahbg2 ,united ,states senator1 #ahbg-ahcf2 vice-president of the ,united ,states1 ,march #d1 #ahda1 and ,president1 on the death of ,general ,harrison 7,april #d71 7p4 #bgg7 #ahda-ahde4 ,he took part with the ,south during the ,civil ,war1 and was a member of the ,confederate ,congress4 ,he died in ,richmond1 ,january #ag1 #ahfb4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson to ,j4 ,c4 ,spencer4 ,to the ,honorable ,j4 ,c4 ,,spencer1 ,mint of the ,united ,states1 ,secretary of ,war4 ,november #b1 #ahda4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the #bhth ult41 and am gratified to see the interest which you take in the subject of our ,american ,medals4 ,the ,military ,medals of which we have the dies1 are now in the course of execution1 in compliance with your request4 ,among them is included the ,medal voted1 in #aggg1 to ,general ,gates1 of which the dies were given1 by the family1 through ,colonel ,burr1 to our former chief coiner1 ,mr4 ,eckfeldt4 ,electrotype copies of the other ,medals1 properly mounted1 could be furnished at two dollars each4 ,we have already the means of making the following3 ,washington--,boston1 #aggf2 ,colonel ,howard--,cowpens1 #agha2 ,general ,greene1 #agha3 ,alliance with ,france1 #aggg-aghaaac2 ,colonel ,washington--,cowpens1 #agha4 ,the dies for the ,indian ,medals1 bearing the heads of the successive ,presidents1 have heretofore been cut by artists in this country2 the earlier ones by ,reich1 the later by ,frst4 ,one of these is dead1 and the other in ,europe4 ,i now propose1 with your approbation1 to pursue a different course1 and to dispense entirely with the services of the die sinker4 ,for this purpose1 a medallion likeness of the ,president must be modeled in wax or clay1 on a table of four inches in diameter1 and ,i understand that an artist at ,washington1 named ,chapman1 is competent to this work4 ,a plaster cast from this model is used as a pattern for a casting in fine iron1 which can be executed by ,babbit at ,boston1 as well as at the celebrated foundries at ,berlin4 ,this casting is then placed in an instrument called a portrait lathe 7of which we have a very perfect one at the ,mint1 which ,i caused to be made at ,paris71 and reduced fac-similes of it are turned by the lathe1 thus preparing for us the dies which we need4 ,the advantages offered by this mode of operating are manifest4 ,a model made on a large scale in relief1 and in plastic material1 can hardly fail to be more perfect than a head sunk originally on a die of steel4 ,i accordingly anticipate from this process a more perfect set of dies1 than any we have yet made4 ,but it is not an untried experiment which ,i propose to make4 ,i send you herewith1 a medal of ,franklin executed by us here1 entirely by this process4 ,the original was a medallion likeness of ,franklin in burnt 7p4 #bgh7 clay4 ,all the rest was a purely mechanical operation1 7the work being1 in fact1 done by a steam engine71 except a little retouching1 and the impression of the letters4 ,the proposed method presents the advantage of greater economy4 ,the last ,indian ,medal dies1 which were the cheapest we have had made1 cost #a1afj2 ,mr4 ,peale1 our chief coiner1 is willing to undertake the execution of those for ,president ,tyler1 for #hjj4 ,the ,medals for ,president ,van ,buren were begun1 and in fact completed1 in anticipation of the necessary appropriation by ,congress1 and ,i would suggest to you1 whether the same course would not be desirable now4 ,i present the following estimate1 for the appropriation to be asked3 ,for furnishing three head dies444444444444444444444444444 #hjj4jj ,for preparing1 striking1 ringing1 etc41 #fj of the largest ,medals at #b4cg each44444 #adb4bj ,for #bjj of the two smaller sizes at #a4cg each444444444444444444444444444444444 #bgd4jj ,fine silver used for the ,medals44444444444444 #a1jjj4jj ,contingencies44444444444444444444444444 44444444 #bhc4hj --------- #b1ejj4jj ,footnote #aac3 ,the ,libertas ,americana medal4 ,it may perhaps be judged proper to introduce ,indian ,medals of ,president ,harrison into the series4 ,in this case1 the estimate need not be doubled1 for it is not to be supposed that many more ,medals would be wanted4 ,i should suppose that an additional appropriation of #ajjj would be sufficient4 ,i may remark1 however1 that ,washington is not in the series of ,indian ,medals1 and that ,harrison1 like ,washington1 is in the series of those voted by ,congress to our successful military commanders4 ,i wait your instructions1 which ,i shall execute with great pleasure4 ,very respectfully1 your faithful servant1 ,r4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,director4 ,j4 ,c4 ,spencer to ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson4 ,to ,,doctor ,r4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,department of ,war4 ,director of the ,mint1 ,washington1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahda4 ,philadelphia1 ,penn4 ,sir3 ,i have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the #b;d instant1 respecting the means of procuring the dies for ,medals bearing the likeness of ,president ,tyler4 ,the advantages of the mode you propose are sufficiently attested by the execution of the ,medal accompanying your letter1 and1 in accordance with your suggestions1 measures have been adopted to have a medallion likeness of the ,president taken1 the execution of which has been entrusted to ,mr4 ,pettrich1 whose merit as an artist cannot be unknown to you4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,spencer4 ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson to ,john ,c4 ,spencer4 7p4 #bgi7 ,to the ,honorable ,john ,c4 ,,spencer1 ,mint1 ,u4,s4 ,secretary of ,war4 ,september #ag1 #ahdb4 ,sir3 ,permit me to ask whether an appropriation was made at the late session of ,congress for defraying the expense of making a set of medals bearing the head of the ,president1 to be given to ,indian chiefs1 as has been the custom heretofore4 ,in consequence of our former correspondence on this subject1 you are aware that some steps have already been taken for accomplishing this object4 ,let me inquire of you whether the work is to go forward4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,director4 ,d4 ,parker to ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,esq41 ,war ,department4 ,director of the ,mint1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,sep4 #ba1 #ahdb4 ,philadelphia4 ,sir3 ,in answer to your letter of the #agth instant1 in the absence of the ,secretary of ,war1 ,i have to state that #b1ejj was appropriated during the last session of ,congress for making medals bearing the head of the ,president1 to be given to ,indian chiefs4 ,of this #ej was paid to ,mr4 ,pettrich1 and a requisition has this day been made in your favor for #a1ejj1 which the ,treasury ,department is requested to remit to you as early as practicable4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,d4 ,,parker1 ,chief ,clerk4 ,no4 #eh4 7p4 #bhj7 ,,plate ,,lix4 ,march #d1 #ahde--,march #d1 #ahdi4 ,james ,k4 ,polk1 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #ahde4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,james ,,knox ,,polk4 ,eleventh ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,james ,k 7,knox7 ,,polk ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 #ahde4 ,bust of ,president ,polk1 facing the left4 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,the obverse of this medal1 though not signed1 was made by ,franklin ,peale1 as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson1 director of the ,mint1 to ,william ,medill1 commissioner of ,indian ,affairs1 and dated ,philadelphia1 ,june #ae1 #ahdf4 ,the ,indian medals1 with the head of ,president ,polk1 being nearly finished by our chief coiner1 ,mr4 ,peale1 etc4 ,,james ,,knox ,,polk was born in ,mecklenburg ,county1 ,north ,carolina1 ,november #b1 #agie4 ,he was graduated at the ,university of ,north ,carolina1 #ahah2 was admitted to the bar in ,nashville1 ,tennessee1 #ahbj2 member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahbc-ahbe2 member of ,congress1 #ahbe-ahci2 speaker of the ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states1 #ahce-ahci2 governor of ,tennessee1 #ahci-ahda2 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #ahde-ahdi4 ,he died in ,nashville1 ,june #ae1 #ahdi4 ,no4 #ei4 7p4 #bha7 ,,plate ,,lx4 ,may #h and #i1 #ahdf4 ,major ,general ,zachary ,taylor4 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress1 ,july #afth1 #ahdf1 etc4 ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,victories on the ,rio ,grande4 ,,major ,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,bust of ,general ,taylor1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,within a wreath of laurel and palm inclosing a serpent biting its tail--emblem of immortality through glory and victory3 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,july #af,,th #ahdf4 ,,palo ,,alto ,,may #h,,th #ahdf ,,resaca ,,de ,,la ,,palma ,,may #i,,th #ahdf4aad ,footnote #aad3 ,see ,,introduction1 pages xxiv and xxv4 ,,zachary ,,taylor was born in ,orange ,county1 ,virginia1 ,september #bd1 #aghd4 ,his father soon after removed to a plantation near ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 where young ,taylor passed the early years of his life4 ,he entered the army as first lieutenant of infantry1 #ahjh2 was captain1 #ahaj2 distinguished himself by his defence of ,fort ,harrison1 on the ,wabash river1 against the ,indians led by ,tecumseh1 ,september #e1 #ahab1 for which he was breveted major2 full major1 #ahad2 lieutenant-colonel1 #ahai2 colonel1 #ahcb4 ,he served during all this period against the ,indians on the north-west frontier2 he was ordered to ,florida in #ahcf1 and won the battle of ,okechobee against the ,seminoles1 ,december #be1 #ahcg1 for which he was made brigadier-general by brevet and commander-in-chief in ,florida1 #ahch2 commander of the first division in the south-west in #ahdj1 in which year he removed from ,kentucky to ,louisiana1 where he bought a plantation near ,baton ,rouge4 ,appointed commander of the army of occupation in ,texas1 ,july1 #ahde1 he defeated the ,mexican armies in battle at ,palo ,alto and ,resaca de la ,palma1 ,may #h and #i1 #ahdf2 at ,monterey1 ,september #bd1 same year2 and at ,buena ,vista1 ,february #bb and #bc1 #ahdg4 ,for these victories ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and three gold medals4#aae ,he was made 7p4 #bhb7 major-general1 ,june #bi1 #ahdf2 became ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,march #e1 #ahdi1 and died at the ,white ,house in ,washington1 ,july #i1 #ahej4 ,his soldiers gave him the sobriquet of ,old ,rough and ,ready4 ,footnote #aae3 ,see ,nos4 #fj1 page #bij1 and #fc1 page #ccf4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,taylor4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress are due1 and are hereby tendered to ,major-,general ,zachary ,taylor1 commanding the army of occupation1 his officers and men1 for the fortitude1 skill1 enterprise1 and courage1 which have distinguished the recent brilliant operations on the ,rio ,grande4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that ,congress sincerely sympathize with the relatives and friends of the officers and soldiers of the army of the ,united ,states who so bravely fell in the service of their country on the ,rio ,grande4 ,,section #c4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to ,general ,taylor1 and through him to the army under his command4 ,,section #d4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be authorized and requested to have a medal of gold procured1 with appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon1 and presented to ,general ,taylor1 in the name of the ,republic1 as a tribute to his good conduct1 valor1 and generosity to the vanquished4 ,approved ,july #af1 #ahdf4 ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 ,to ,headquarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,,the ,,adjutant-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,army1 ,camp at ,palo ,alto1 ,texas1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,may #i1 #ahdf4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to report that ,i was met near this place yesterday1 on my march from ,point ,isabel1 by the ,mexican forces1 and1 after an action of about five hours1 dislodged them from their position and encamped upon the field4 ,our artillery consisting of two eighteen-pounders and two light batteries1 was the arm chiefly engaged1 and to the excellent manner in which it was manoeuvred and served is our success mainly due4 ,the strength of the enemy is believed to have been about 7p4 #bhc7 #fjjj men1 with seven pieces of artillery and #hjj cavalry4 ,his loss is probably at least one hundred killed4 ,our strength did not exceed1 all told1 twenty-three hundred1 while our loss was comparatively trifling3 four men killed1 three officers and thirty-seven men wounded1 several of the latter mortally4 ,i regret to say that ,major ,ringgold1 #b;d ,artillery1 and ,captain ,page1 #dth ,infantry1 are severely wounded4 ,lieutenant ,luther1 #b;d ,artillery1 slightly so4 ,the enemy has fallen back1 and it is believed has repassed the river4 ,i have advanced parties now thrown forward in his direction1 and shall move the main body immediately4 ,in the haste of this report1 ,i can only say that the officers and men behaved in the most admirable manner throughout the action4 ,i shall have the pleasure of making a more detailed report when those of the different commanders shall be received4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 commanding4 ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 ,head-,quarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,camp at ,resaca de la ,palma1 #c miles from ,matamoros1 ,to #aj o'clock ,p4,m41 ,may #i1 #ahdf4 ,,the ,,adjutant-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,army1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to report that ,i marched with the main body of the army at two o'clock to-day1 having previously thrown forward a body of light infantry into the forest1 which covers the ,matamoros road4 ,when near the spot where ,i am now encamped1 my advance discovered that a ravine crossing the road had been occupied by the enemy with artillery4 ,i immediately ordered a battery of field artillery to sweep the position1 flanking and sustaining it by the #c;d1 #dth1 and #eth regiments1 deployed as skirmishers to the right and left4 ,a heavy fire of artillery and of musketry was kept up for some time1 until finally the enemy's batteries were carried in succession by a squadron of dragoons and the regiments of infantry that were on the ground4 ,he was soon driven from his position1 and pursued by a squadron of dragoons1 battalion of artillery1 #c;d ,infantry1 and a light battery1 to the river4 ,our victory has been complete4 ,eight pieces of artillery1 with a great quantity of ammunition1 three standards1 and some one hundred prisoners have been taken2 among the latter1 ,general ,la ,vega1 and several other officers4 ,one general is understood to have been killed4 ,the enemy has recrossed the river1 and ,i am sure will not again molest us on this bank4 ,the loss of the enemy in killed has been most severe4 ,our 7p4 #bhd7 own has been very heavy1 and ,i deeply regret to report that ,lieutenant ,inge1 #b;d ,dragoons1 ,lieutenant ,cochrane1 #dth ,infantry1 and ,lieutenant ,chadbourne1 #hth ,infantry1 were killed on the field4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,payne1 #dth ,artillery1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mc,intosh1 ,lieutenant ,dobbins1 #c;d ,infantry2 ,captain ,hoe and ,lieutenant ,fowler1 #eth ,infantry2 and ,captain ,montgomery1 ,lieutenants ,gates1 ,selden1 ,mc,clay1 ,burbank1 and ,jordan1 #hth ,infantry1 were wounded4 ,the extent of our loss in killed and wounded is not yet ascertained1 and is reserved for a more detailed report4 ,the affair of to-day may be regarded as a proper supplement to the cannonade of yesterday2 and the two taken together1 exhibit the coolness and gallantry of our officers and men in the most favorable light4 ,all have done their duty1 and done it nobly4 ,it will be my pride1 in a more circumstantial report of both actions1 to dwell upon particular instances of individual distinction4 ,it affords me peculiar pleasure to report that the field-work opposite ,matamoros has sustained itself handsomely during a cannonade and bombardment of #afj hours4 ,but the pleasure is alloyed with profound regret at the loss of its heroic and indomitable commander1 ,major ,brown1 who died to-day from the effect of a shell4 ,his loss would be a severe one to the service at any time1 but to the army under my orders it is indeed irreparable4 ,one officer and one non-commissioned officer killed1 and ten men wounded1 comprise all the casualties incident to this severe bombardment4 ,i inadvertently omitted to mention the capture of a large number of pack-mules left in the ,mexican camp4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 commanding4 ,general ,order ,congratulating the ,army4 ,head ,quarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,resaca de la ,palma1 ,may #aa1 #ahdf4 ,the commanding general congratulates the army under his command upon the signal success which has crowned its recent operations against the enemy4 ,the coolness and steadiness of the troops during the action of the #hth1 and the brilliant impetuosity with which the enemy's position and artillery were carried on the #ith1 have displayed the best qualities of the ,american soldier4 ,to every officer and soldier of his command1 the general returns his thanks for the noble manner in which they have sustained the honor of the service and of the country4 ,while the main body of the army has been thus actively employed1 the garrison left opposite ,matamoros has rendered no less distinguished service1 by sustaining a severe cannonade and bombardment for many successive days4 ,the army and the country1 while justly rejoicing in this triumph of our arms1 will deplore the loss of many brave 7p4 #bhe7 officers and men who fell gallantly in the hour of combat4 ,it being necessary for the commanding general to visit ,point ,isabel on public business1 ,colonel ,twiggs will assume command of the corps of the army near ,matamoros1 including the garrison of the field-work4 ,he will occupy the former lines of the army1 making such dispositions for defence and for the comfort of his command as he may deem advisable4 ,he will hold himself strictly on the defensive until the return of the commanding general4 ,by order of ,brig4 ,gen4 ,taylor4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,bliss1 ,act4 ,adj4 ,gen4 ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 ,head-,quarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,to ,camp near ,matamoros1 ,may #af1 #ahdf4 ,,the ,,adjutant-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,army1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,the main body of the ,army of ,occupation marched under my immediate orders from ,point ,isabel on the evening of the #gth of ,may1 and bivouacked seven miles from that place4 ,our march was resumed the following morning4 ,about noon1 when our advance of cavalry had reached the water-hole of ',palo ,alto1' the ,mexican troops were reported in our front1 and were soon discovered occupying the road in force4 ,i ordered a halt upon reaching the water1 with a view to rest and refresh the men1 and to form deliberately our line of battle4 ,the ,mexican line was now plainly visible across the prairie1 and about three-quarters of a mile distant4 ,their left1 which was composed of a heavy force of cavalry1 occupied the road1 resting upon a thicket of chapparal1 while masses of infantry were discovered in succession on the right1 greatly outnumbering our own force4 ,our line of battle was now formed in the following order1 commencing on the extreme right3 #eth ,infantry1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,m',intosh2 ,major ,ringgold's ,artillery2 #c;d ,infantry1 commanded by ,captain ,l4 ,n4 ,morris2 two eighteen-pounders1 commanded by ,lieutenant ,churchill1 #c;d ,artillery2 #dth ,infantry1 commanded by ,major ,g4 ,w4 ,allen2 the #c;d and #dth regiments composed the ,third ,brigade1 under command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,garland2 and all the above corps1 together with two squadrons of dragoons1 under ,captains ,ker and ,may1 composed the right wing1 under the orders of ,colonel ,twiggs4 ,the left was formed by the battalion of artillery1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,childs1 ,captain ,duncan's ,light ,artillery1 and the ,eighth ,infantry1 under ,captain ,montgomery2 all forming the ,first ,brigade1 under command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,belknap4 ,the train was parked near the water1 under direction of ,captains ,grossman and ,myers1 and protected by ,captain ,ker's squadron4 ,about #b o'clock1 we took up the march1 by heads of columns1 in the direction of the enemy1 the eighteen-pounder battery following the road4 ,while the columns were advancing1 7p4 #bhf7 ,lieutenant ,blake1 ,topographical ,engineer1 volunteered a reconnoissance of the enemy's line1 which was handsomely performed1 and resulted in the discovery of at least tyro batteries of artillery in the intervals of their cavalry and infantry4 ,these batteries were soon opened upon us1 when ,i ordered the columns halted and deployed into line1 and the fire to be returned by all our artillery4 ,the ,eighth ,infantry1 on our extreme left1 was thrown back to secure that flank4 ,the first fires of the enemy did little execution1 while our eighteen-pounders and ,major ,ringgold's artillery soon dispersed the cavalry which formed his left4 ,captain ,duncan's battery1 thrown forward in advance of the line1 was doing good execution at this time4 ,captain ,may's squadron was now detached to support that battery and the left of our position4 ,the ,mexican cavalry with two pieces of artillery were now reported to be moving through the chapparal to our right to threaten that flank1 or make a demonstration against the train4 ,the ,fifth ,infantry was immediately detached to check this movement1 and1 supported by ,lieutenant ,ridgely1 with a section of ,major ,ringgold's battery and ,captain ,walker's company of volunteers1 effectually repulsed the enemy1 the ,fifth ,infantry repelling a charge of lancers1 and the artillery doing great execution in their ranks4 ,the ,third ,infantry was now detached to the right as a still further security to that flank1 yet threatened by the enemy4 ,major ,ringgold1 with the remaining section1 kept up his fire from an advanced position1 and was supported by the ,fourth ,infantry4 ,the grass of the prairie had been accidentally fired by our artillery1 and the volumes of smoke now partially concealed the armies from each other4 ,as the enemy's left had evidently been driven back1 and left the road free1 the cannonade having been suspended1 ,i ordered forward the eighteen-pounders on the road nearly to the position first occupied by the ,mexican cavalry1 and caused the ,first ,brigade to take up a new position still on the left of the eighteen-pounder battery4 ,the ,fifth was advanced from its former position and occupied a point on the extreme right of the new line4 ,the enemy made a change of position corresponding to our own1 and after suspension of nearly an hour the action was resumed4 ,the fire of artillery was now most destructive2 openings were constantly made through the enemy's ranks by our fire1 and the constancy with which the ,mexican infantry sustained this severe cannonade was a theme of universal remark and admiration4 ,captain ,may's squadron was detached to make a demonstration on the left of the enemy's position1 and suffered severely from the fire of artillery to which it was for some time exposed4 ,the ,fourth ,infantry1 which had been ordered to support the eighteen-pounder battery1 was exposed to a most galling fire of artillery1 by which several men were killed1 and ,captain ,page dangerously wounded4 ,the enemy's fire was directed against our eighteen-pounder battery1 and the guns under ,major ,ringgold in its vicinity4 ,the major himself1 while coolly directing the fire of his pieces1 was struck by a cannon ball and mortally wounded4 ,in the mean time1 the ,battalion of ,artillery1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,childs1 had been brought up to support the artillery on our right4 ,a strong demonstration of cavalry was now made by the enemy against this part of our line1 and the column continued to advance under a severe fire from the eighteen-pounders4 ,the battalion was instantly formed in square1 and held ready 7p4 #bhg7 ready to receive the charge of cavalry1 but when the advancing squadrons were within close range1 a deadly fire of canister from the eighteen-pounders dispersed them4 ,a brisk fire of small-arms was now opened upon the square1 by which one officer1 ,lieutenant ,luther1 #b;d ,artillery1 was slightly wounded1 but a well directed volley from the front of the square silenced all further firing from the enemy in this quarter4 ,it was now nearly dark1 and the action was closed on the right of our line1 the enemy having been completely driven back from his position1 and foiled in every attempt against our line4 ,while the above was going forward on our right1 and under my own eye1 the enemy had made a serious attempt against the left of our line4 ,captain ,duncan instantly perceived the movement1 and by a bold and brilliant manoeuvring of his battery1 completely repulsed several successive efforts of the enemy to advance in force upon our left flank4 ,supported in succession by the #hth ,infantry and ,captain ,ker's squadron of dragoons1 he gallantly held the enemy at bay1 and finally drove him1 with immense loss1 from the field4 ,the action here and along the whole line continued until dark1 when the enemy retired into the chapparal in rear of his position4 ,our army bivouacked on the ground it occupied4 ,during the afternoon the train had been moved forward about half a mile1 and was parked in rear of the new position4 ,our loss this day was nine killed1 forty-four wounded1 and two missing4 ,among the wounded were ,major ,ringgold1 who has since died1 and ,captain ,page dangerously wounded4 ,lieutenant ,luther slightly so4 ,our own force is shown by the field report to have been #agg officers and #baaa men3 aggregate #bbhh4 ,the ,mexican force1 according to the statements of their own officers1 was not less than #fjjj regular troops1 with ten pieces of artillery1 and probably exceeded that number2 the irregular force not known4 ,their loss was not less than #bjj killed and #djj wounded2 probably greater4 ,this estimate is very moderate1 and formed upon the number actually counted upon the field1 and upon the report of their own officers4 ,as already reported in my first brief despatch1 the conduct of our officers and men was everything that could be desired4 ,exposed for hours to the severest trial1 cannonade of artillery1 our troops displayed a coolness and constancy which gave me throughout the assurance of victory4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,u4,s4,a41 commanding4 ,the ,secretary of ,war to ,doctor ,patterson4 ,to ,war ,department1 ,,doctor ,r4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,december #ith1 #ahdf4 ,director of the ,united ,states ,mint1 ,philadelphia4 ,sir3 ,by a resolution of ,congress1 approved the #afth of ,july last1 the ,president is authorized and requested to have a medal of gold procured1 with appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon1 7p4 #bhh7 and presented to ,general ,taylor4 ,preliminary arrangements are being made to carry out the object of the resolution1 and as soon as a likeness of the general can be procured1 the ,department will be prepared to place the design of the medal in the hands of the die sinker4 ,in the meantime it is desired to know whether the work can be executed at the ,mint1 under your direction1 and what measures it may be necessary to take to insure a speedy compliance with the resolution4 ,may ,i request to be furnished with your views on the subject1 with such suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,wm4 ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,secretary of ,war4 ,doctor ,patterson to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,mint of the ,united ,states1 ,secretary of ,war4 ,december #ab1 #ahdf4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the #ith inst41 regarding the execution of the ,medal voted by ,congress to ,general ,taylor1 and asking me to present my views on the subject with such suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated4 ,i comply cheerfully with this request1 and recommend the following measures3 ,first4 ,that a likeness of ,general ,taylor be procured in profile4 ,a good daguerreotype would answer very well4 ,secondly4 ,that a medallion of the head and bust be made in wax1 on a plate of about four inches in diameter4 ,mr4 ,chapman1 of ,new ,york1 would be competent to make it4 ,thirdly4 ,this being done1 the remainder of the work required for making the obverse die can be committed to ,mr4 ,franklin ,peale1 the chief coiner of the ,mint4 ,a cast is made from the medallion in iron4 ,this is used as a pattern1 and a reduced copy of it is cut in steel1 by the action of an apparatus called a portrait lathe1 which we have in our possession here4 ,when the likeness is thus cut on the die1 the legend is to be struck in1 and will consist1 ,i presume1 of the name and title1 ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,for the reverse1 ,i would recommend that no emblematic design should be attempted1 but that it be composed of a wreath1 enclosing the words3 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,july #af1 #ahdf4 ,,palo ,,alto ,,may #h1 #ahdf4 ,,resaca ,,de ,,la ,,palma ,,may #i1 #ahdf4 ,the medal awarded ,general ,scott presents an example of that which is now suggested4 ,for the dies thus described 7hardened and polished complete71 7p4 #bhi7 ,mr4 ,peale estimates the whole cost at #fjj4 ,for the gold medal the estimate is as follows3 #h oz4 fine gold at #bj4fg #afe4cf ,striking and wastage #bj4jj ,case #e4jj ------- #aij4cf ,whole cost #gij4cf ,may ,i venture to make another suggestion8 ,it is1 that besides the medal of gold which is sent to ,general ,taylor himself1 there be a large number of copies struck in bronze1 to be distributed in such manner as may be determined by the ,war ,department4 ,in this case1 it would be necessary to make hubs for the purpose of replacing the dies when injured4 ,including this work ,mr4 ,peale presents the following estimates3 #ejj bronze medals1 at #a4ej #gej #ejj cases1 at #a4jj #ejj ------ #a1bej ,mr4 ,peale asks me to present the medals which are sent with this letter4 ,that in bronze is for yourself1 and that in silver gilt we request you to give to the ,president4 ,they were made by the process recommended in this letter4 ,the medallion was modelled by ,mr4 ,chapman4 ,you will not fail to observe that the head and shoulder are in too great relief1 the former to such an extent as partially to overshadow the features of the face4 ,this is a fault easily avoided in a new medallion4 ,i beg you to be assured that any services which ,i can render to you in this matter are fully at your command4 ,very respectfully1 ,your faithful servant1 ,r4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,director4 ,no4 #fj4 7p4 #bij7 ,,plate ,,lxi4 ,september #bd1 #ahdf4 ,major ,general ,zachary ,taylor1 ,rx4 ,resolution of ,congress ,march #bnd #ahdg1 etc4 ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,taking of ,monterey4 ,,major ,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,bust of ,general ,taylor1 in uniform1 facing the right4 ,within a wreath of oak3 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,march #bnd #ahdg ,,monterey ,,september #ahdf4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,taylor4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress are due1 and are hereby tendered1 to ,major-,general ,zachary ,taylor1 his officers and men1 for the fortitude1 skill1 enterprise1 and courage which distinguished the late brilliant military operations at ,monterey4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president be requested to cause to be struck a gold medal1 with devices emblematical of this splendid achievement1 and presented to ,general ,taylor as a testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress for his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable occasion4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be further requested to cause swords1 with suitable devices1 to be presented to ,major-,general ,butler1 ,major-,general ,henderson1 and to ,brigadier-,general ,quitman1 in testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of their gallantry and good conduct in storming ,monterey4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be further requested to present a sword1 with suitable devices1 to the nearest male relative of ,brigadier-,general ,hamer1 and to communicate to him the deep regret which ,congress feels for the loss of a gallant man1 whose name ought to live in the 7p4 #bia7 recollection and affection of a grateful country4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to ,general ,taylor1 and through him1 to the army under his command4 ,approved ,march #b;d1 #ahdg4 ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 ,head-,quarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,to ,camp ,near ,monterey1 ,october #i1 #ahdf4 ,,the ,,adjutant-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,army1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have now the honor to submit a detailed report of the recent operations before ,monterey1 resulting in the capitulation of that city4 ,the information received on the route from ,seralvo1 and particularly the continual appearance in our front of the ,mexican cavalry1 which had a slight skirmish with our advance at the village of ,ramas1 induced the belief1 as we approached ,monterey1 that the enemy would defend that place4 ,upon reaching the neighborhood of the city1 on the morning of the #aith of ,september1 this belief was fully confirmed4 ,it was ascertained that he occupied the town in force2 that a large work had been constructed commanding all the northern approaches2 and that the ,bishop's ,palace1 and some heights in its vicinity near the ,saltillo road1 had also been fortified and occupied with troops and artillery4 ,it was known1 from information previously received1 that the eastern approaches were commanded by several small works in the lower edge of the city4 ,the configuration of the heights and gorges in the direction of the ,saltillo road1 as visible from the point attained by our advance on the morning of the #aith1 led me to suspect that it was practicable to turn all the works in that direction1 and thus cut the enemy's line of communication4 ,after establishing my camp at the ,walnut ,springs1 three miles from ,monterey1 the nearest suitable position1 it was1 accordingly1 my first care to order a close reconnoissance of the ground in question1 which was executed on the evening of the #aith by the engineer officers1 under the direction of ,major ,mansfield4 ,a reconnoissance of the eastern approaches was at the same time made by ,captain ,williams1 ,topographical ,engineer4 ,the examination made by ,major ,mansfield proved the entire practicability of throwing forward a column to the ,saltillo road1 and thus turning the position of the enemy4 ,deeming this to be an operation of essential importance1 orders were given to ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,worth1 commanding the second division1 to march with his command on the #bjth2 to turn the hill of the ,bishop's ,palace2 to occupy a position on the ,saltillo road1 and to carry the enemy's detached works in that quarter1 where practicable4 ,the first regiment of ,texas mounted volunteers1 under command of ,colonel ,hays1 was associated with the second division on this service4 ,captain ,sanders1 ,engineers1 and ,lieutenant ,meade1 ,topographical ,engineers1 were also 7p4 #bib7 ordered to report to ,general ,worth for duty with his column4 ,at #b o'clock ,p4,m41 on the #bjth1 the second division took up its march4 ,it was soon discovered by officers who were reconnoitering the town1 and communicated to ,general ,worth1 that its movement had been perceived1 and that the enemy was throwing reinforcements towards the ,bishop's ,palace and the height which commands it4 ,to divert his attention as far as practicable1 the first division1 under ,brigadier-,general ,twiggs1 and the field division of volunteers1 under ,major-,general ,butler1 were displayed in front of the town until dark4 ,arrangements were made at the same time to place in battery during the night1 at a suitable distance from the enemy's main work1 the citadel1 two twenty-four pounder howitzers1 and a ten-inch mortar1 with a view to open a fire on the following day1 when ,i proposed to make a diversion in favor of ,general ,worth's movement4 ,the #dth ,infantry covered this battery during the night4 ,general ,worth had1 in the mean time1 reached and occupied for the night a defensive position just without range of a battery above the ,bishop's ,palace1 having made a reconnoissance as far as the ,saltillo road4 ,before proceeding to report the operations of the #bast and following days1 ,i beg leave to state that ,i shall mention in detail only those which were conducted against the eastern extremity of the city1 or elsewhere1 under my immediate direction1 referring you for the particulars of ,general ,worth's operations1 which were entirely detached1 to his own full report4 ,early on the morning of the #bast1 ,i received a note from ,general ,worth1 written at half-past nine o'clock the night before1 suggesting what ,i had already intended1 a strong diversion against the centre and left of the town1 to favor his enterprise against the heights in rear4 ,the infantry and artillery of the first division1 and the field division of volunteers1 were ordered under arms and took the direction of the city1 leaving one company of each regiment as a camp guard4 ,the #b;d ,dragoons1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may1 and ,colonel ,wood's regiment of ,texas mounted volunteers1 under the immediate direction of ,general ,henderson1 were directed to the right to support ,general ,worth1 if necessary1 and to make an impression1 if practicable1 upon the upper quarter of the city4 ,upon approaching the mortar battery1 the #ast and #c;d regiments of infantry and battalion of ,baltimore and ,washington volunteers1 with ,captain ,bragg's field battery1 the whole under the command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,garland1 were directed toward the lower part of the town1 with orders to make a strong demonstration1 and carry one of the enemy's advanced works1 if it could be done without too heavy loss4 ,major ,mansfield1 ,engineers1 and ,captain ,williams and ,lieutenant ,pope1 ,topographical ,engineers1 accompanied this column1 ,major ,mansfield being charged with its direction and the designation of points of attack4 ,in the meantime the mortar1 served by ,captain ,ramsay1 of the ,ordnance1 and the howitzer battery under ,captain ,webster1 #ast ,artillery1 had opened their fire upon the citadel1 which was deliberately sustained1 and answered from the work4 ,general ,butler's division had now taken up a position in rear of this battery1 when the discharges of artillery1 mingled finally with a rapid fire of small arms1 showed that ,lieutenant-,colonel ,garland's command had become warmly engaged4 ,i now deemed it necessary to support this attack1 and accordingly ordered the #dth ,infantry and three regiments of ,general ,butler's division1 to march at once by the left 7p4 #bic7 flank in the direction of the advanced work at the lower extremity of the town1 leaving one regiment 7#ast ,kentucky7 to cover the mortar and howitzer battery4 ,by some mistake two companies of the #dth ,infantry did not receive this order1 and consequently did not join the advance companies until some time afterward4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,garland's command had approached the town in a direction to the right of the advanced work 7,no4 #a7 at the northeastern angle of the city1 and the engineer officer1 covered by skirmishers1 had succeeded in entering the suburbs and gaining cover4 ,the remainder of this command now advanced and entered the town under a fire of artillery from the citadel and the works on the left1 and of musketry from the houses and small works in front4 ,a movement to the right was attempted with a view to gain the rear of ,no4 #a1 and carry that work1 but the troops were so much exposed to a fire which they could not effectually return1 and had already sustained such severe loss1 particularly in officers1 that it was deemed best to withdraw them to a more secure position4 ,captain ,backus1 #ast ,infantry1 however1 with a portion of his own and other companies1 had gained the roof of a tannery1 which looked directly into the gorge of ,no4 #a1 and from which he poured a most destructive fire into that work and upon the strong building in its rear4 ,this fire happily coincided in point of time with the advance of a portion of the volunteer division upon ,no4 #a1 and contributed largely to the fall of that strong and important work4 ,the three regiments of the volunteer division1 under the immediate command of ,major-,general ,butler1 had in the mean time advanced in the direction of ,no4 #a4 ,the leading brigade1 under ,brigadier-,general ,quitman1 continued its advance upon that work1 preceded by three companies of the #dth ,infantry1 while ,general ,butler1 with the first ,ohio regiment1 entered the town to the right4 ,the companies of the #dth ,infantry had advanced within short range of the work1 when they were received by a fire that almost1 in one moment1 struck down one-third of the officers and men1 and rendered it necessary to retire and effect a conjunction with the two other companies then advancing4 ,general ,quitman's brigade1 though suffering most severely1 particularly in the ,tennessee regiment1 continued its advance1 and finally carried the work in handsome style1 as well as the strong building in its rear4 ,five pieces of artillery1 a considerable supply of ammunition1 and thirty prisoners1 including three officers1 fell into their hands4 ,major-,general ,butler1 with the #ast ,ohio regiment1 after entering the edge of the town1 discovered that nothing was to be accomplished in his front1 and at this point1 yielding to the suggestions of several officers1 ,i ordered a retrograde movement2 but learning almost immediately from one of my staff that the battery ,no4 #a was in our possession1 the order was countermanded2 and ,i determined to hold the battery and defences already gained4 ,general ,butler1 with the #ast ,ohio regiment1 then entered the town at a point farther to the left1 and marched in the direction of the battery ,no4 #b4 ,while making an examination1 with a view to ascertain the possibility of carrying this second work by storm1 the general was wounded and soon after compelled to quit the field4 ,as the strength of ,no4 #b and the heavy musketry fire flanking the approach rendered it impossible to carry it without great loss1 the #ast ,ohio regiment was withdrawn from the town4 ,fragments of the various regiments engaged were now under 7p4 #bid7 cover of the captured battery1 and some buildings in its front1 and on the right4 ,the field batteries of ,captains ,bragg and ,ridgely were also partially covered by the battery4 ,an incessant fire was kept up on this position from battery ,no4 #b1 and other works on its right1 and from the citadel on all our approaches4 ,general ,twiggs1 though quite unwell1 joined me at this point1 and was instrumental in causing the artillery captured from the enemy to be placed in battery1 and served by ,captain ,ridgely against ,no4 #b1 until the arrival of ,captain ,webster's howitzer battery1 which took its place4 ,in the mean time1 ,i directed such men as could be collected of the #ast1 #c;d1 and #dth regiments1 and ,baltimore battalion1 to enter the town1 penetrating to the right1 and carry the #b;d battery if possible4 ,this command1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,garland1 advanced beyond the bridge ,purisima1 when1 finding it impracticable to gain the rear of the #b;d battery1 a portion of it sustained themselves for some time in that advanced position2 but as no permanent impression could be made at that point1 and the main object of the general operation had been effected1 the command1 including a section of ,captain ,ridgely's battery1 which had joined it1 was withdrawn to battery ,no4 #a4 ,during the absence of this column1 a demonstration of cavalry was reported in the direction of the citadel4 ,captain ,bragg1 who was at hand1 immediately galloped with his battery to a suitable position1 from which a few discharges effectually dispersed the enemy4 ,captain ,miller1 #ast ,infantry1 was dispatched with a mixed company to support the battery on this service4 ,the enemy's lancers had previously charged upon the ,ohio and a part of the ,mississippi regiment1 near some fields at a distance from the edge of the town1 and had been repulsed with a considerable loss4 ,a demonstration of cavalry on the opposite side of the river was also dispersed in the course of the afternoon by ,captain ,ridgely's battery1 and the squadrons returned to the city4 ,at the approach of evening1 all the troops that had been engaged were ordered back to camp1 except ,captain ,ridgely's battery1 and the regular infantry of the first division1 who were detailed as a guard for the works during the night1 under command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,garland4 ,one battalion of the #ast ,kentucky regiment was ordered to reinforce this command4 ,intrenching tools were procured1 and additional strength was given to the works1 and protection to the men1 by working parties during the night1 under the direction of ,lieutenant ,scarritt1 ,engineers4 ,the main object proposed in the morning had been effected4 ,a powerful diversion had been made to favor the operations of the #b;d ,division1 one of the enemy's advanced works had been carried1 and we now had a strong foot-hold in the town4 ,but this had not been accomplished without a heavy loss1 embracing some of our gallant and promising officers4 ,captain ,williams1 ,topographical ,engineers1 ,lieutenants ,terrett and ,dilworth1 #ast ,infantry1 ,lieutenant ,woods1 #b;d ,infantry1 ,captains ,morris and ,field1 ,brevet-,major ,barbour1 ,lieutenants ,irwin and ,hazlitt1 #c;d ,infantry1 ,lieutenant ,hoskins1 #dth ,infantry1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,watson1 ,baltimore battalion1 ,captain ,allen and ,lieutenant ,putman1 ,tennessee regiment1 and ,lieutenant ,hett1 ,ohio regiment1 were killed1 or have since died of wounds received in this engagement1 while the number and rank of the officers wounded gives additional proof of the obstinacy of the contest1 and the good conduct of our troops4 ,the number of killed and wounded 7p4 #bie7 incident to the operations in the lower part of the city on the #bast is #cid4 ,early in the morning of this day 7#bast71 the advance of the #b;d ,division had encountered the enemy in force1 and after a brief but sharp conflict1 repulsed him with heavy loss4 ,general ,worth then succeeded in gaining a position on the ,saltillo road1 thus cutting the enemy's line of communication4 ,from this position the two heights south of the ,saltillo road were carried in succession1 and the gun taken in one of them turned upon the ,bishop's ,palace4 ,these important successes were fortunately obtained with comparatively small loss2 ,captain ,mc,kavett1 #hth ,infantry1 being the only officer killed4 ,the #bb;d day of ,september passed without any active operations in the lower part of the city4 ,the citadel and other works continued to fire at parties exposed to their range1 and at the work now occupied by our troops4 ,the guard left in it the preceding night1 except ,captain ,ridgely's company1 was relieved at midday by ,general ,quitman's brigade4 ,captain ,bragg's battery was thrown under cover in front of the town to repel any demonstration of cavalry in that quarter4 ,at dawn of day the height above the ,bishop's ,palace was carried1 and soon after meridian the palace itself was taken1 and its guns turned upon the fugitive garrison4 ,the object for which the #b;d ,division was detached had thus been completely accomplished1 and ,i felt confident that with a strong force occupying the road and heights in his rear1 and a good position below the city in our possession1 the enemy could not possibly maintain the town4 ,during the night of the #bb;d the enemy evacuated nearly all his defences in the lower part of the city4 ,this was reported to me early in the morning of the #bc;d by ,general ,quitman1 who had already meditated an assault upon those works4 ,i immediately sent instructions to that officer1 leaving it to his discretion1 to enter the city1 covering his men by the houses and walls1 and advance carefully as far as he might deem prudent4 ,after ordering the remainder of the troops as a reserve1 under the orders of ,brigadier-,general ,twiggs1 ,i repaired to the abandoned works and discovered that a portion of ,general ,quitman's brigade had entered the town1 and were successfully forcing their way towards the principal plaza4 ,i then ordered up the #b;d regiment of ,texas mounted volunteers1 who entered the city dismounted1 and1 under the immediate orders of ,general ,henderson1 co-operated with ,general ,quitman's brigade4 ,captain ,bragg's battery was also ordered up1 supported by the #c;d ,infantry2 and after firing for some time at the cathedral1 a portion of it was likewise thrown into the city4 ,our troops advanced from house to house1 and from square to square1 until they reached a street but one square in rear of the principal plaza1 in and near which the enemy's force was mainly concentrated4 ,this advance was conducted vigorously1 but with due caution1 and although destructive to the enemy1 was attended with but small loss on our part4 ,captain ,ridgely1 in the mean time1 had served a captured piece in battery ,no4 #a against the city1 until the advance of our men rendered it imprudent to fire in the direction of the cathedral4 ,i was now satisfied that we could operate successfully in the city1 and that the enemy had retired from the lower portion of it to make a stand behind his barricades4 ,as ,general ,quitman's brigade had been on duty the previous night1 ,i determined to withdraw the troops to the 7p4 #bif7 evacuated works1 and concert with ,general ,worth a combined attack upon the town4 ,the troops accordingly fell back deliberately1 in good order1 and resumed their original positions1 ,general ,quitman's brigade being relieved after nightfall by that of ,general ,hamer4 ,on my return to camp1 ,i met an officer with the intelligence that ,general ,worth1 induced by the firing in the lower part of the city1 was about making an attack at the upper extremity1 which had also been evacuated by the enemy to a considerable distance4 ,i regretted that this information had not reached me before leaving the city1 but still deemed it inexpedient to change my orders1 and accordingly returned to the camp4 ,a note from ,general ,worth written at eleven o'clock ,p4,m41 informed me that he had advanced to within a short distance of the principal plaza1 and that the mortar 7which had been sent to his division in the morning7 was doing good execution within effective range of the enemy's position4 ,desiring to make no further attempt upon the city without complete concert as to the lines and mode of approach1 ,i instructed that officer to suspend his advance until ,i could have an interview with him on the following morning at his head-quarters4 ,early on the morning of the #bdth1 ,i received1 through ,colonel ,moreno1 a communication from ,general ,ampudia1 proposing to evacuate the town2 which1 with the answer1 were forwarded with my first despatch4 ,i arranged with ,colonel ,moreno a cessation of fire until twelve o'clock1 at which hour ,i would receive the answer of the ,mexican general at ,general ,worth's head-quarters1 to which ,i soon repaired4 ,in the mean time1 ,general ,ampudia had signified to ,general ,worth1 his desire for a personal interview with me1 to which ,i acceded1 and which finally resulted in a capitulation1 placing the town and the material of war1 with certain exceptions1 in our possession4 ,a copy of that capitulation was transmitted with my first despatch4 ,upon occupying the city1 it was discovered to be of great strength in itself1 and to have its approaches carefully and strongly fortified4 ,the town and works were armed with forty-two pieces of cannon1 well supplied with ammunition1 and manned with a force of at least #gjjj troops of the line1 and from #bjjj to #cjjj irregulars4 ,the force under my orders before ,monterey1 was #dbe officers and #fbbj men4 ,our artillery consisted of one ten-inch mortar1 two twenty-four-pounder howitzers1 and four light field batteries of four guns each2 the mortar being the only piece suitable to the operations of a siege4 ,our loss is twelve officers and one hundred and eight men killed2 thirty-one officers and three hundred and thirty-seven men wounded4 ,that of the enemy is not known1 but is believed considerably to exceed our own4 ,i take pleasure in bringing to the notice of the government the good conduct of the troops1 both regulars and volunteers1 which has been conspicuous throughout the operations4 ,i am proud to bear testimony to their coolness and constancy in battle1 and the cheerfulness with which they have submitted to exposure and privation4 ,to the general officers commanding divisions1 ,major-,generals ,butler and ,henderson1 and ,brigadier-,generals ,twiggs and ,worth1 ,i must express my obligations for the efficient aid which they have rendered in their respective commands4 ,i was unfortunately deprived1 early on the #bast1 of the valuable services of ,major-,general ,butler1 who was disabled by a wound received in the attack on the city4 ,major-,general ,henderson1 commanding the ,texan volunteers1 has given me important aid 7p4 #big7 in the organization of the command1 and its subsequent operations4 ,brigadier-,general ,twiggs rendered important services with his division1 and as the second in command after ,major-,general ,butler was disabled4 ,brigadier-,general ,worth was intrusted with an important detachment which rendered his operations independent of my own4 ,these operations were conducted with ability1 and crowned with complete success4 ,i desire also to notice ,brigadier-,generals ,hamer and ,quitman1 commanding brigades in ,general ,butler's division2 ,lieutenant-,colonels ,garland and ,wilson1 commanding brigades in ,general ,twiggs' division2 ,colonels ,mitchell1 ,campbell1 ,davis1 and ,wood1 commanding the ,ohio1 ,tennessee1 ,mississippi1 and #b;d ,texas regiments1 respectively2 and ,majors ,lear1 ,allen1 and ,abercrombie1 commanding the #c;d1 #dth1 and #ast regiments of infantry2 all of whom served under my eye1 and conducted their commands with coolness and gallantry against the enemy4 ,colonel ,mitchell1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mc,clung1 ,mississippi regiment1 ,major ,lear1 #c;d ,infantry1 and ,major ,alexander1 ,tennessee regiment1 were all severely wounded1 as were ,captain ,lamotte1 #ast ,infantry1 ,lieutenant ,graham1 #dth ,infantry1 ,adjutant ,armstrong1 ,ohio regiment1 ,lieutenants ,scudder and ,allen1 ,tennessee regiment1 and ,lieutenant ,howard1 ,mississippi regiment1 while leading their men against the enemy's position1 on the #bast and #bc;d4 ,after the fall of ,colonel ,mitchell1 the command of #ast ,ohio regiment devolved upon ,lieutenant-,colonel ,weller2 that of the #c;d ,infantry1 after the fall of ,major ,lear1 devolved in succession upon ,captain ,bainbridge and ,captain ,henry1 the former being also wounded4 ,the following named officers have been favorably noticed by their commanders3 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,anderson1 and ,adjutant ,heiman1 ,tennessee regiment2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mc,clung1 ,captains ,cooper and ,downing1 ,lieutenants ,patterson1 ,calhoun1 ,moore1 ,russell1 and ,cook1 ,mississippi regiment2 also ,sergeant-,major ,hearlan1 ,mississippi regiment1 and ,major ,price1 and ,captain ,j4 ,smith1 unattached1 but serving with it4 ,i beg leave also to call attention to the good conduct of ,captain ,johnston1 ,ohio regiment1 and ,lieutenant ,hooker1 #ast ,artillery1 serving on the staff of ,general ,hamer1 and of ,lieutenant ,nichols1 #b;d ,artillery1 on that of ,general ,quitman4 ,captains ,bragg and ,ridgely served with their batteries during the operations under my own observation1 and in part under my immediate orders1 and exhibited distinguished skill and gallantry4 ,captain ,webster1 #ast ,artillery1 assisted by ,lieutenants ,donaldson and ,bowen1 rendered good service with the howitzer battery1 which was much exposed to the enemy's fire on the #bast4 ,from the nature of the operations1 the #b;d ,dragoons were not brought into action1 but were usefully employed under the direction of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may1 as escorts1 and in keeping open our communications4 ,the #ast ,kentucky regiment was also prevented from participating in the action of the #bast1 but rendered highly important services under ,colonel ,ormsby1 in covering the mortar battery1 and holding in check the enemy's cavalry during the day4 ,i have noticed above the officers whose conduct either fell under my immediate eye1 or is noticed only in minor reports which are not forwarded4 ,for further mention of individuals1 ,i beg leave to refer to the reports of division commanders4 ,i fully concur in their recommendations1 and desire that they may be considered as a part of my own report4 ,from the officers of my personal staff1 and of the engineers1 7p4 #bih7 topographical engineers1 and ordnance1 associated with me1 ,i have derived valuable and efficient assistance during the operations4 ,colonel ,whiting1 assistant quartermaster-general1 ,colonels ,croghan and ,belknap1 inspector generals1 ,major ,bliss1 assistant adjutant general1 ,captain ,sibley1 assistant quartermaster1 ,captain ,waggaman1 commissary of subsistence1 ,captain ,eaton and ,lieutenant ,garnett1 aids-de-camp1 and ,major ,kirby and ,van ,buren1 pay department1 served near my person1 and were ever prompt1 in all situations1 in the communication of my orders and instructions4 ,i must express my particular obligations to ,brevet-,major ,mansfield and ,lieutenant ,scarritt1 corps of ,engineers4 ,they both rendered most important services in reconnoitring the enemy's positions1 conducting troops in attack1 and strengthening the works captured from the enemy4 ,major ,mansfield1 though wounded on the #bast1 remained on duty during that and the following day1 until confined by his wound to camp4 ,captain ,williams1 ,topographical ,engineer1 to my great regret and the loss of the service1 was mortally wounded while fearlessly exposing himself in the attack of the #bast4 ,lieutenant ,pope1 of the same corps1 was active and zealous throughout the operations4 ,major ,munroe1 chief of the ,artillery1 ,major ,craig and ,captain ,ramsay1 of the ,ordnance1 were assiduous in the performance of their proper duties4 ,the former superintended their mortar service on the #bb;d1 as particularly mentioned in the report of ,general ,worth1 to which ,i also refer for the services of the engineer and topographical officers detached with the second division4 ,surgeon ,craig1 medical director1 was actively employed in the important duties of his department1 and the medical staff generally were unremitting in their attentions to the numerous wounded2 their duties with the regular regiments being rendered uncommonly arduous by the small number serving in the field4 ,i respectfully enclose herewith1 in addition to the report of division commanders1 a field return of the force before ,monterey on the #bast of ,september2 a return of killed1 wounded and missing during the operations1 and two topographical sketches1 one exhibiting all the movements around ,monterey1 the other on a large scale illustrating more particularly the operations in the lower quarters of the city1 prepared respectively by ,lieutenants ,meade and ,pope1 ,topographical ,engineers4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,major-,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 commanding4 ,no4 #fa4 7p4 #bii7 ,,plate ,,lxii4 ,december #aj1 #ahdf4 ,somers navis ,americana4 ,rx4 ,pro vitis ,americanorum conservatis4 ,,loss ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,brig-,,of-,,war ,,somers4 for ,having ,saved the ,lives of ,americans4 ,,somers ,,navis ,,americana4 7,the ,american vessel ,somers47 ,the ,united ,states brig-of-war ,somers knocked down at sea4 ,exergue3 ,,ante ,,vera ,,cruz ,,dec4 #aj,,th #ahdf4 7,off ,vera ,cruz1 ,december #ajth1 #ahdf47 ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,pro ,,vitis ,,americanorum ,,conservatis4 7,for having saved the lives of ,americans47 ,three men-of-war's boats1 ,english1 ,spanish1 and ,french1 pulling for the ,somers4 ,exergue3 ,a vacant space for the name of the recipient4 ,,eng4 7engraved7 ,,by ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright4 ,i saw1 in #ahgb1 in the office of the chief clerk of the ,navy ,department1 ,washington1 two small paintings of both sides of this medal4 ,they were signed3 ,butterworth1 pinxit4 ,,charles ,,cushing ,,wright was born in ,maine in #agif4 ,he was a bank note engraver and a die sinker1 and made several medals1 among others those voted to ,general ,taylor for ,buena ,vista1 to ,general ,scott for ,mexico1 to ,colonel ,bliss by the ,state of ,new ,york1 to ,general ,taylor by the ,state of ,louisiana1 to the ,volunteers in ,mexico by the ,city of ,new ,york1 and the ,somers medal4 ,he died in ,new ,york1 ,june #g1 #ahed4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #cjj7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,british1 ,french1 and ,spanish ,officers1 etc4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states is hereby authorized and requested to cause suitable gold and silver medals to be prepared and presented to the officers and men belonging or attached to the ,french1 ,british1 and ,spanish ships of war in the harbor of ,vera ,cruz1 who so gallantly and at the imminent peril of their lives1 aided in rescuing from a watery grave many of the officers and crew of the ,united ,states brig ,somers4 ,approved ,march #c;d1 #ahdg4 ,lieutenant ,semmes to ,commodore ,m4 ,c4 ,perry4 ,to ,u4 ,s4 frigate ,raritan1 ,,commodore ,m4 ,c4 ,,perry1 ,anton ,lizardo1 ,december #aj1 #ahdf4 ,second in command1 ,home ,squadron4 ,sir3 ,it becomes my painful duty to inform you of the loss of the ,u4,s4 brig ,somers1 late under my command1 and of the drowning of more than half of her crew4 ,the details of this sad catastrophe are briefly as follows3 ,after having been forty-five days maintaining the blockade off ,vera ,cruz1 ,i anchored on the evening of the #gth instant under ,verde ,island1 where it had been my practice to take shelter from the ,n4 ,w4 gales1 which blow with such frequency and violence along this coast at this season of the year4 ,soon after sunrise the next morning1 a sail having been descried from the masthead1 ,i immediately got under way1 and commenced beating up between the ,verde ,island and ,pascoros reefs4 ,in a short time ,i was enabled1 with my glass1 to make out the strange sail to be a man of war1 whereupon ,i hoisted my number1 and had the satisfaction in fifteen or twenty minutes more to see the stranger show that of the ,john ,adams4 ,the wind1 which had been blowing from the ,w4 ,n4 ,w4 when we got under way1 gradually hauled to the northwest and settled for a while at ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 ,the barometer having fallen the night previous to #bi4hj in41 and being still down1 and the weather looking still unsettled1 ,i was apprehensive of a gale4 ,as soon1 therefore1 as the ,john ,adams showed her number1 ,i wore round and ran down towards ,verde ,island1 with a view of coming to1 and getting my vessel snug before the gale should come on4 ,when ,i had nearly approached the anchorage1 the look-out at the masthead cried ,sail ho6 a second time4 ,on applying my glass to the direction indicated from aloft1 ,i perceived this second sail to be a brig in the ,n4 ,e41 standing apparently for ,vera ,cruz 7she did afterwards run between the inner ,anegada and the ,blanquilla74 ,i immediately abandoned my intention of anchoring1 as the gale had not yet set in1 and hauling on a wind1 under top-sails and courses1 commenced to beat up the passage a second time1 7p4 #cja7 with the view of placing myself between the strange sail and the ,port1 to prevent the possibility of her running the blockade1 if she should be so inclined4 ,i made one tack towards the ,pascoros reefs1 and at the time of the catastrophe1 was standing on the larboard tack1 with the northern point of the ,verde ,island reef a couple of points on my lee bow4 ,we were still under topsails1 courses1 jib and spanker1 and the ,brig did not appear too much pressed4 ,i was myself standing on the lee arm-chest1 having just passed over from the weather quarter1 and1 with my spy-glass in hand1 was observing the reef on our lee bow to see whether it were possible to weather it1 or in the event of our not being able to do this1 to give timely notice to the officer of the deck to tack ship4 ,i had not been long in this position before the officer of the deck1 #b;d ,lieut4 ,jas4 ,l4 ,parker1 remarked to me that he thought it looked a little squally to windward4 ,i immediately passed over to the weather side1 and as it looked a little darker than it had done1 ,i ordered him to haul up the mainsail1 and brail up the spanker1 and directed the helm to be put up4 ,these orders were promptly obeyed4 ,lieut4 ,parker took the mainsail off her1 and had got the spanker about half brailed up1 when the squall struck us4 ,it did not appear to be very riotous1 nor was its approach accompanied by any foaming of the water1 or other indications which usually mark the approach of heavy squalls4 ,but the ,brig being flying light1 having scarcely any water or provisions1 and but six tons of ballast on board1 she was thrown over almost instantly1 so far as to refuse to obey her helm1 the pressure of the water on the lee bow rather inclining her to luff2 seeing which1 ,i directed the helm to be put down1 hoping that ,i might luff and shake the wind out of her sails1 until the force of the squall should be spent4 ,the quartermaster at the helm had hardly time to obey this order1 before the brig was on her beam ends1 and the water pouring into every hatch and scuttle4 ,being now convinced that she must speedily go down unless relieved1 ,i ordered the masts to be cut away4 ,the officers and men1 who1 with few exceptions1 had1 by this time1 gained the weather bulwarks of the vessel1 immediately began to cut away the rigging4 ,but as this was a forlorn hope1 the brig filling very fast1 and her masts and yards lying flat upon the surface of the sea1 ,i placed no reliance whatever on their efforts4 ,a few moments more1 and ,i was convinced that1 in spite of all our exertions1 she must inevitably go down in a very short time4 ,i accordingly turned my attention to the saving of as many lives as possible4 ,the boats secured in the grips amidships1 and the starboard-quarter boat1 were already several feet under water1 so that it was impossible to reach them1 but we succeeded in disengaging the larboard-quarter boat from her davits1 a small boat pulling five oars1 and dropped her1 fortunately1 to leeward of the brig to prevent her being thrown upon the vessel's side1 and crushed by the sea4 ,i ordered ,midshipman ,f4 ,g4 ,clark to take charge of this boat1 and with the purser1 surgeon1 and seventeen men1 make for ,verde ,island1 if possible1 and after having landed all but the boat's crew1 to return and save others4 ,it was now blowing a strong gale1 with a heavy sea running1 and ,i deemed it imprudent to trust more men in so small a boat4 ,besides1 ,i was anxious to shove her off1 before the vessel should sink1 lest there might be a rush for her1 and no life at all should be saved4 ,i cannot refrain from expressing1 in this place1 my admiration of the noble conduct of several of the men embarked in this boat1 who implored the officers by name to take their 7p4 #cjb7 places1 saying they would willingly die by the wreck1 if the officers would but save themselves4 ,of course1 none of the generous fellows were permitted to come out1 and they were all subsequently safely landed1 as they deserved to be4 ,midshipman ,clark fortunately succeeded in shoving off1 and pulling some twenty paces from the brig before she went down4 ,when she was on the point of sinking beneath us1 and engulfing us in the waves1 ,i gave the order3 ,every man save himself who can4 ,whereupon there was a simultaneous plunge into the sea1 of about sixty officers and men1 each one trying to secure some frail object that had drifted from the wreck1 for the purpose of sustaining himself in the awful struggle with the sea1 which awaited him4 ,some reached a grating1 some an oar1 some a boat's mast1 some a hen-coop1 c41 but many poor fellows sprang into the sea to perish in a few minutes1 not being able to find any object of support4 ,lieut4 ,parker and myself1 being both swimmers1 were fortunate enough to reach one of the arm-chest gratings1 which afforded us partial support1 but on which we should inevitably have been drowned1 if we had not1 when we had swam some twenty or thirty paces1 secured an upper half port which came drifting by us4 ,we lashed this with lanyards attached to it to our grating1 and thenceforth got along much better4 ,midshipman ,clark1 after he had landed the officers and men under his charge at ,verde ,island1 shoved off a second time1 in obedience to the orders ,i had given him1 at the imminent peril of his life1 for the gale was now blowing with such violence1 and the sea running so heavy1 that it seemed impossible that so small a boat could live1 and skirted the ,verde ,island to see if it were possible to rescue any of us from the waves4 ,his efforts were rewarded with partial success1 as he picked up ,lieutenant ,parker and myself and one of the seamen4 ,as soon as ,i landed ,i sent ,midshipman ,clark out again1 who ventured as far from the island as he thought his boat would live1 but this time he returned unsuccessful1 having been able to descry no floating object whatever4 ,lieutenant ,claiborne saved himself on a small hatch about two feet square1 used for covering the pump-well1 and which he found floating near the wreck4 ,he was thrown with great violence upon a reef near ,sacrificios1 but fortunately escaped without serious injury4 ,as strange as it may appear to you1 there could not have elapsed more than ten minutes between our being struck with the squall and the total disappearance of the ,somers4 ,i feel that ,i would not be doing justice to the officers and men who were under my command on this melancholy occasion1 if ,i were to close this report without bearing testimony to their uniform coolness and self-possession under the trying circumstance under which we were placed1 the alacrity with which they obeyed my orders1 and when all was over the generosity with which they behaved to each other in the water1 where the struggle was one of life and death4 ,i have thus concluded what ,i had to say in relation to the causes of the disaster1 and our own exertions2 but with heartfelt acknowledgments1 it remains for me to inform you of the gallant and feeling manner in which all the foreign men-of-war lying at ,sacrificios came to our rescue4 ,they hoisted out and manned boats immediately1 and at the hazard of their lives1 put out towards the wreck4 ,they were at first driven back by the violence of the wind and sea1 but renewed their efforts upon the first lull1 and had the unhoped for satisfaction of saving fourteen more of our unfortunate companions4 ,to ,captain ,lambert1 of the ,english frigate ,endymion2 ,captain 7p4 #cjc7 ,frankland1 of the ,english corvette ,alarm2 ,commander ,matson1 of the ,english brig ,daring2 ,captain ,dubut1 of the ,french brig ,mercure2 ,captain de ,labdoyre1 of the ,french brig ,pylade2 and ,captain ,puente1 of the ,spanish corvette ,louisa ,fernandez2 who all sent boats1 and supplied us with clothing1 and hospitably entertained us on board their ships1 we owe a lasting debt of gratitude4 ,in conclusion1 ,i respectfully request that at as early a date as convenient you will order a ,court of ,inquiry to investigate my conduct in this unfortunate affair4 ,r4 ,,semmes1 ,lieutenant commanding4 ,no4 #fb4 7p4 #cjd7 ,,plate ,,lxiii4 #ahdg4 ,major ,general ,winfield ,scott4 ,rx4 ,vera ,cruz4 ,cerro ,gordo4 ,contreras1 etc4 ,,major-,,general ,,scott4 ,mexican ,campaign4 ,in a pendant3 ,,major ,,general ,,winfield ,,scott4 ,undraped bust of ,general ,scott1 facing the left4 ,fifteen stars on each side4 ,exergue3 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,march #i4 #ahdh4 ,s4 ,,ellis ,,del4 7delineavit47 ,on the edge of bust1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright1 ,f4 7fecit74 ,six crowns of laurel and oak intertwined2 in each the name of one of the ,mexican victories of ,general ,scott3 ,,vera ,,cruz4 ,,cerro ,,gordo4 ,,contreras4 ,,san ,,antonio ,,churubusco4 ,,molino ,,del ,,rey4 ,,chapultepec4 ,in the centre is the taking of the capital1 ,,city ,,of ,,mexico1 which ,general ,scott is observing on horseback4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,humphries ,,del4 7delineavit47 ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright ,f,e,ct4 7fecit74 ,,salathiel ,,ellis was born in ,vermont in #ahjf1 and followed his parents to ,st4 ,lawrence ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,he became a portrait painter1 cameo cutter and die sinker4 ,he settled in ,new ,york city about #ahdb1 and designed the obverses of the medals awarded to ,general ,taylor for ,buena ,vista1 and to ,general ,scott for ,mexico2 he engraved the obverses of the medals of ,presidents ,fillmore1 ,pierce1 ,buchanan1 and ,lincoln1 and also of that given to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,humphries1 who designed the reverse of this medal1 died in ,london1 ,england4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #cje7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,scott4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they are hereby1 presented to ,winfield ,scott1 ,major-,general commanding-in-chief the army in ,mexico1 and through him to the officers and men of the regular and volunteer corps under him1 for their uniform gallantry and good conduct1 conspicuously displayed at the siege and capture of the city of ,vera ,cruz and castle of ,san ,juan d',ulloa1 ,march #bi1 #ahdg2 and in the successive battles of ,cerro ,gordo1 ,april #ah2 ,contreras1 ,san ,antonio1 and ,churubusco1 ,august #ai and #bj2 and for the victories achieved in front of the city of ,mexico1 ,september #h1 #aa1 #ab1 and #ac2 and the capture of the metropolis1 ,september #ad1 #ahdg2 in which the ,mexican troops1 greatly superior in numbers1 and with every advantage of position1 were in every conflict signally defeated by the ,american arms4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby1 requested to cause to be struck a gold medal1 with devices emblematical of the series of brilliant victories achieved by the army1 and presented to ,major-,general ,winfield ,scott1 as a testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his valor1 skill1 and judicious conduct in the memorable campaign of #ahdg4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to ,major-,general ,scott in such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the objects thereof4 ,approved ,march #i1 #ahdh4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,camp ,washington1 before ,vera ,cruz1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,march #ab1 #ahdg4 ,sir3 ,the colors of the ,united ,states were triumphantly planted ashore1 in full view of the city and castle1 and under the distant fire of both1 in the afternoon of the #ith inst4 ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,worth's brigade of regulars led the descent1 quickly followed by the division of ,united ,states volunteers under ,major-,general ,patterson1 and ,brigadier-,general ,twiggs' reserve brigade of regulars4 ,the three lines successively landed in sixty-seven surf-boats1 each boat conducted by a naval officer1 and rowed by sailors from ,commodore ,conner's squadron1 whose lighter vessels flanked the boats so as to be ready to protect the operation by their cross-fire4 ,the whole army reached the shore in fine style1 and without direct opposition 7on the beach71 accident or loss1 driving the enemy from the ground to be occupied4 ,the line of investment1 according to ,general ,orders1 ,no4 #dg1 was partially taken up the same night2 but has only been completed to-day1 owing to most extraordinary difficulties3 #a4 ,the environs of the city1 outside of the fire of its guns and those of the 7p4 #cjf7 castle1 are broken into innumerable hills of loose sand1 from #bj to #bej feet in height1 with almost impassable forests of chapparal between2 and #b4 ,of all our means1 of land transportation3 wagons1 carts1 pack-saddles1 horses and mules1 expected to join us from ,tampico and the ,brazos1 weeks ago1 but fifteen carts and about one hundred draught-horses have yet arrived4 ,three hundred pack-mules are greatly needed to relieve the troops in taking subsistence alone1 along the line of investment of more than five miles1 as1 at present1 our only depot is south of the city4 ,on the cessation of the present raging norther1 which almost stifles the troops with sand1 sweeping away hills and creating new1 ,i hope to establish a second depot north of the city1 which will partially relieve the left wing of the army4 ,in extending the line of investment around the city1 the troops for three days have performed the heaviest labors in getting over the hills and cutting through the intervening forests1 all under the distant fire of the city and castle1 and in the midst of many sharp skirmishes with the enemy4 ,in these operations we have lost in killed and wounded several valuable officers and men4 ,among the killed ,i have to report ,brevet ,captain ,alburtis1 of the ,united ,states #b;d ,infantry1 much distinguished in the ,florida war1 and a most excellent officer4 ,he fell on the #aath inst41 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,dickenson1 of the ,south ,carolina ,regiment1 was badly wounded in a skirmish the day before4 ,two privates have been killed in these operations1 and four or five wounded4 ,as yet ,i have not been able to obtain their names4 ,as soon as the subsistence of the troops can be assured1 and their positions are well established1 ,i shall1 by an organized movement1 cause each brigade of regulars and volunteers to send detachments1 with supports1 to clear its front1 including sub-bourgs1 of the enemy's parties1 so as to oblige them to confine themselves within the walls of the city4 ,i have heretofore reported that but two-sevenths of the siege-train and ammunition had reached me4 ,the remainder is yet unheard of4 ,we shall commence landing the heavy metal as soon as the storm subsides1 and hope that the five-sevenths may be up in time4 ,the city being invested1 would1 no doubt1 early surrender1 but for fear that1 if occupied by us1 it would immediately be fired upon by the castle4 ,i am not altogether without hope of finding the means of coming to some compromise with the city on this subject4 ,so far1 the principal skirmishing has fallen to the lot of ,brigadier-,general ,pillow's and ,quitman's brigades4 ,both old and new volunteer regiments have conducted themselves admirably4 ,indeed1 the whole army is full of zeal and confidence1 and cannot fail to acquire distinction in the impending operations4 ,to ,commodore ,conner1 the officers and sailors of his squadron1 the army is indebted for great and unceasing assistance1 promptly and cheerfully rendered4 ,their co-operation is the constant theme of our gratitude and admiration4 ,a handsome detachment of marines1 under ,captain ,edson1 of that corps1 landed with the first line1 and is doing duty with the army4 ,march #acth4 ,the enemy1 at intervals1 continues the fire of heavy ordnance1 from the city and castle1 upon our line of investment1 both by day and night1 but with little or no effect4 ,the norther has ceased1 which has renewed our communication 7p4 #cjg7 with the storeships at anchor under ,sacrificios4 ,we shall immediately commence landing the few pieces of heavy ordnance1 with ordnance stores1 at hand1 and hope soon to have the necessary draught mules to take them to their positions4 ,any further delay in the arrival of those means of transportation will be severely felt in our operations4 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,sir1 with high respect1 your obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,camp ,washington1 before ,vera ,cruz1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,march #bc1 #ahdg4 ,sir3 ,yesterday1 seven of our #aj-;inch mortars being in battery1 and the labors for planting the remainder of our heavy metal being in progress1 ,i addressed1 at two o'clock ,p4,m41 a summons to the ,governor of ,vera ,cruz1 and within the two hours limited by the bearer of the flag1 received the governor's answer4 ,copies of the two papers 7marked respectively ,a and ,b7 are herewith enclosed4 ,it will be perceived that the ,governor1 who1 it turns out1 is the commander of both places1 chose1 against the plain terms of the summons1 to suppose me to have demanded the surrender of the castle and of the city2 when1 in fact1 from the non-arrival of our heavy metal1 principally mortars1 ,i was in no condition to threaten the former4 ,on the return of the flag with the reply1 ,i at once ordered the seven mortars1 in battery1 to open upon the city4 ,in a short time the smaller vessels of ,commodore ,perry's squadron1 two steamers and five schooners1 according to previous arrangement with him1 approached the city within about a mile and an eighth1 whence1 being partially covered from the castle1 an essential condition to their safety1 they also opened a brisk fire upon the city4 ,this has been continued uninterruptedly by the mortars1 and only with a few intermissions1 by the vessels1 up to #i o'clock this morning1 when the commodore1 very properly1 called them off from a position too daringly assumed4 ,our three remaining mortars are now 7#ab o'clock ,a4,m47 in battery1 and the whole ten in activity4 ,to-morrow1 early1 if the city should continue obstinate1 batteries ,nos4 #d and #e will be ready to add their fire2 ,no4 #d consisting of four #bd-pounders and two #h-;inch ,paixhan guns1 and ,no4 #e 7naval battery7 of three #cb-pounders and three #h-;inch ,paixhans3 the guns1 officers1 and sailors1 landed from the squadron2 our friends of the navy being unremitting in their zealous co-operation1 in every mode and form4 ,so far1 we know that our fire upon the city has been highly effective1 particularly from the battery of #aj-;inch mortars1 planted at about #hjj yards from the city4 ,including the preparation and defence of the batteries1 from the beginning1 now many days1 and notwithstanding the heavy fire of the enemy1 from city and castle1 we have only had four or five men wounded 7p4 #cjh7 and one officer and one man killed1 in or near the trenches4 ,that officer was ,captain ,john ,r4 ,vinton1 of the ,united ,states third ,artillery1 one of the most talented1 accomplished1 and effective members of the army1 and who was highly distinguished in the brilliant operations at ,monterey4 ,he fell last evening in the trenches1 where he was on duty as field and commanding officer1 universally regretted4 ,i have just attended his honored remains to a soldier's grave1 in full view of the enemy and within reach of his guns4 ,thirteen of the long needed mortars1 leaving twenty-seven1 besides heavy guns1 behind1 have arrived1 and two of them landed4 ,a heavy norther then set in 7at meridian7 that stopped that operation1 and also the landing of shells4 ,hence the fire of our mortar batteries has been slackened since two o'clock to-day1 and cannot be reinvigorated until we shall again have a smooth sea4 ,in the mean time ,i shall leave this report open for journalizing events that may occur up to the departure of the steam ship-of-war1 the ,princeton1 with ,commodore ,conner1 who1 ,i learn1 expects to leave the anchorage off ,sacrificios1 for the ,united ,states1 the #beth instant4 ,march #bdth4 ,the storm having subsided in the night1 we commenced this forenoon1 as soon as the sea became a little smooth1 to land shot1 shells1 and mortars4 ,the naval battery1 ,no4 #e1 was opened with great activity1 under ,captain ,aulick1 the second in rank of the squadron1 at about #aj ,a4,m4 ,his fire was continued to #b o'clock ,p4,m41 a little before he was relieved by ,captain ,mayo1 who landed with a fresh supply of ammunition1 ,captain ,aulick having exhausted the supply he had brought with him4 ,he lost four sailors1 killed1 and had one officer1 ,lieutenant ,baldwin1 slightly hurt4 ,the mortar batteries ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c1 have fired but languidly during the day for want of shells1 which are now going out from the beach4 ,the two reports of ,colonel ,bankhead1 chief of artillery1 both of this date1 copies of which ,i enclose1 give the incidents of those three batteries4 ,battery ,no4 #d1 which will mount four #bd-pounders and two #h-;inch ,paixhan guns1 has been much delayed in the hands of the indefatigable engineers by the norther that filled up the work with sand nearly as fast as it could be opened by the half-blinded laborers4 ,it will1 however1 doubtless be in full activity early to-morrow morning4 ,march #beth4 ,the ,princeton being about to start for ,philadelphia1 ,i have but a moment to continue this report4 ,all the batteries1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 and #e1 are in awful activity this morning4 ,the effect is1 no doubt1 very great1 and ,i think the city cannot hold out beyond to-day4 ,to-morrow morning many of the new mortars will be in a position to add their fire1 when1 or after the delay of some twelve hours1 if no proposition to surrender should be received1 ,i shall organize parties for carrying the city by assault4 ,so far the defence has been spirited and obstinate4 ,i enclose a copy of a memorial received last night1 signed by the consuls of ,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,spain1 and ,prussia1 within ,vera ,cruz1 asking me to grant a truce to enable the neutrals1 together with ,mexican women and children1 to withdraw from the scene of havoc about them4 ,i shall reply1 the moment an opportunity may be taken1 to say3 #a4 ,that a truce can only be granted on application of ,governor ,morales1 with a view to surrender4 #b4 ,that in 7p4 #cji7 sending safeguards to the different consuls1 beginning so far back as the #acth inst41 ,i distinctly admonished them1 particularly the ,french and ,spanish consuls1 and of course through the two1 the other consuls1 of the dangers that have followed4 #c4 ,that although at that date ,i had already refused to allow any person whatever to pass the line of investment either way1 yet the blockade had been left open to the consuls and other neutrals to pass out to their respective ships of war up to the #bb;d instant2 and #d4 ,i shall enclose to the memorialists a copy of my summons to the ,governor1 to show that ,i had fully considered the impending hardships and distresses of the place1 including those of women and children1 before one gun had been fired in that direction4 ,the intercourse between the neutral ships of war and the city was stopped at the last mentioned date by ,commodore ,perry1 with my concurrence1 which ,i placed on the ground that that intercourse could not fail to give to the enemy moral aid and comfort4 ,it will be seen from the memorial that our batteries have already had a terrible effect on the city 7also known through other sources71 and hence the inference that a surrender must soon be proposed4 ,in haste1 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,sir1 with respect1 your most obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,head-,quarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,vera ,cruz1 ,march #bi1 #ahdg4 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,the flag of the ,united ,states of ,america floats triumphantly over the walls of the city and castle of ,san ,juan d',ulloa4 ,our troops have garrisoned both since #aj o'clock2 it is now noon4 ,brigadier-,general ,worth is in command of the two places4 ,articles of capitulation were signed and exchanged at a late hour night before last4 ,i enclose a copy of the document4 ,i have heretofore reported the principal incidents of the siege up to the #beth instant4 ,nothing of striking interest occurred till early in the morning of the next day1 when ,i received overtures from ,general ,landero1 on whom ,general ,morales had devolved the principal command4 ,a terrible storm of wind and sand made it difficult to communicate with the city1 and impossible to refer to ,commodore ,perry4 ,i was obliged to entertain the proposition alone1 or to continue the fire upon a place that had shown a disposition to surrender2 for the loss of a day1 or perhaps several1 could not be permitted4 ,the accompanying papers will show the proceedings and results4 ,yesterday1 after the norther had abated1 and the commissioners appointed by me early the morning before had again met those appointed by ,general ,landero1 ,commodore ,perry sent ashore his second in command1 ,captain ,aulick1 as a commissioner on the part of the navy4 ,although not included in my specific arrangement with the ,mexican commander1 ,i did not hesitate1 with proper 7p4 #caj7 courtesy1 to desire that ,captain ,aulick might be duly introduced and allowed to participate in the discussions and acts of the commissioners who had been reciprocally accredited4 ,hence the preamble to his signature4 ,the original ,american commissioners were ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,worth1 ,brigadier-,general ,pillow1 and ,colonel ,totten4 ,four more able or judicious officers could not have been desired4 ,i have to add but little more4 ,the remaining details of the siege2 the able co-operation of the ,united ,states squadron1 successively under the command of ,commodores ,conner and ,perry1 the admirable conduct of the whole army1 regulars and volunteers1 ,i should be happy to dwell upon as they deserve2 but the steamer ,princeton1 with ,commodore ,conner on board1 is under way1 and ,i have commenced organizing an advance into the interior4 ,this may be delayed a few days1 waiting the arrival of additional means of transportation4 ,in the mean time1 a joint operation1 by land and water will be made upon ,alvarado4 ,no lateral expedition1 however1 shall interfere with the grand movement towards the capital4 ,in consideration of the great services of ,colonel ,totten1 in the siege that has just terminated most successively1 and the importance of his presence at ,washington1 as the head of the engineer bureau1 ,i intrust this despatch to his personal care1 and beg to commend him to the very favorable consideration of the department4 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,sir1 with high respect1 your most obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,terms of ,capitulation agreed upon for the surrender to the arms of the ,united ,states of ,america of ,vera ,cruz1 the castle of ,san ,juan d',ulloa and their dependencies1 with their armaments1 munitions of war1 garrisons1 and arms4 ,i4 ,the whole garrison1 or garrisons1 to be surrendered to the arms of the ,united ,states of ,america1 as prisoners of war1 the #bith instant at #aj o'clock ,a4,m41 the garrisons to be permitted to march out with all the honors of war1 and to lay down their arms to such officers as may be appointed by the general-in-chief of the ,united ,states army1 and at a point to be agreed on by the commissioners4 ,,ii4 ,mexican officers shall preserve their arms and private effects1 including horse and horse furniture1 and to be allowed1 regular and irregular officers and also the rank and file1 five days to retire to their respective homes1 on parole1 as hereinafter prescribed4 ,,iii4 ,coincident with the surrender1 as stipulated in ,article ,i1 the ,mexican flags of the various forts and stations shall be struck1 saluted by their own batteries2 and1 immediately thereafter1 forts ,santiago and ,conception and the castle of ,san ,juan d',ulloa1 occupied by the forces of the ,united ,states4 ,,iv4 ,the rank and file of the regular portion of the prisoners to 7p4 #caa7 be disposed of1 after surrender and parole1 as their general-in-chief may desire1 and the irregular to be permitted to return to their homes4 ,the officers1 in respect to all arms and descriptions of force1 giving the usual parole1 that the said rank and file1 as well as themselves1 shall not serve again until duly exchanged4 ,v4 ,all the materiel of war1 and all public property of every description found in the city1 the castle of ,san ,juan d',ulloa1 and their dependencies1 to belong to the ,united ,states2 but the armament of the same 7not injured or destroyed in the further prosecution of the actual war7 may be considered as liable to be restored to ,mexico by a definite treaty of peace4 ,,vi4 ,the sick and wounded ,mexicans to be allowed to remain in the city1 with such medical officers of the army as may be necessary to their care and treatment4 ,,vii4 ,absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to persons in the city1 and property1 and it is clearly understood that no private building or property is to be taken or used by the forces of the ,united ,states1 without previous arrangement with the owners1 and for a fair equivalent4 ,,viii4 ,absolute freedom of religious worship and ceremonies is solemnly guaranteed4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,plan del ,rio1 #ej miles from ,vera ,cruz1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,april #ai1 #ahdg4 ,sir3 ,the plan of attack1 sketched in ,general ,orders1 ,no4 #aaa1 forwarded herewith1 was finely executed by this gallant army before two o'clock ,p4,m4 yesterday4 ,we are quite embarrassed with the results of victory1 prisoners of war1 heavy ordnance1 field batteries1 small arms and accoutrements4 ,about three thousand men laid down their arms1 with the usual proportion of field and company officers1 besides five generals1 several of them of great distinction3 ,pinson1 ,yarrero1 ,la ,vega1 ,noriega1 and ,obardo4 ,a sixth general1 ,vasquez1 was killed in defending the battery 7tower7 in the rear of the whole ,mexican army1 the capture of which gave us these glorious results4 ,our loss1 though comparatively small in numbers1 has been serious4 ,brigadier-,general ,shields1 a commander of activity1 zeal and talent1 is1 ,i fear1 if not dead1 mortally wounded4 ,he is 7p4 #cab7 some five miles from me at the moment4 ,the field of operations covered many miles1 broken by mountains and deep chasms1 and ,i have not a report1 as yet1 from any division or brigade4 ,twiggs' division1 followed by ,shields' 7now ,colonel ,baker's7 brigade1 are now at ,xalapa1 and ,worth's division is en route thither1 all pursuing1 with good results1 as ,i learn1 that part of the ,mexican army1 perhaps six or seven thousand men1 who had fled before our right had carried the tower1 and gained the ,xalapa road4 ,pillow's brigade alone is near me at this depot of wounded1 sick1 and prisoners2 and ,i have time only to give from him the names of #ast ,lieutenant ,f4 ,b4 ,nelson1 and #b;d ,lieutenant ,c4 ,j4 ,hill1 both of the #b;d ,tennessee foot 7,haskell's regiment71 among the killed1 and in the brigade one hundred and six1 of all ranks1 killed or wounded4 ,among the latter1 the gallant ,brigadier-,general himself has a smart wound in the arm1 but not disabled2 and ,major ,r4 ,farqueson1 #b;d ,tennessee1 ,captain ,h4 ,f4 ,murray1 #b;d ,lieutenant ,g4 ,t4 ,sutherland1 #ast ,lieutenant ,w4 ,p4 ,hale1 ,adjutant1 all of the same regiment1 severely1 and #ast ,lieutenant ,w4 ,yearwood1 mortally wounded4 ,and ,i know1 from personal observation on the ground1 that #ast ,lieutenant ,ewell1 of the ,rifles1 if not now dead1 was mortally wounded in entering1 sword in hand1 the intrenchments around the captured tower4 ,second ,lieutenant ,derby1 ,topographical ,engineers1 ,i also saw1 at the same place1 severely wounded1 and ,captain ,patten1 #b;d ,united ,states ,infantry1 lost his right hand4 ,major ,sumner1 #b;d ,united ,states ,dragoons1 was slightly wounded the day before1 and ,captain ,johnston1 ,topographical ,engineers 7now ,lieutenant-,colonel of ,infantry71 was very severely wounded some days earlier while reconnoitering4 ,i must not omit to add that ,captain ,mason1 and #b;d ,lieutenant ,davis1 both of the rifles1 were among the very severely wounded in storming the same tower4 ,i estimate our total loss1 in killed and wounded1 may be about two hundred and fifty1 and that of the enemy at three hundred and fifty4 ,in the pursuit toward ,xalapa 7#be miles hence71 ,i learn1 we have added much to the enemy's loss in prisoners1 killed and wounded4 ,in fact1 ,i suppose his retreating army to be nearly disorganized1 and hence my haste to follow1 in an hour or two1 to profit by events4 ,in this hurried and imperfect report ,i must not omit to say that ,brigadier-,general ,twiggs1 in passing the mountain range beyond ,cerro ,gordo1 crowned with the tower1 detached from his division1 as ,i suggested the day before1 a strong force to carry that height1 which commanded the ,xalapa road at the foot1 and could not fail1 if carried1 to cut off the whole1 or any part of the enemy's forces1 from a retreat in any direction4 ,a portion of the #ast ,artillery1 under the often distinguished ,brevet-,colonel ,childs1 the #c;d ,infantry1 under ,captain ,alexander1 the #gth ,infantry1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,plympton1 and the ,rifles1 under ,major ,loring1 all under the temporary command of ,colonel ,hamey1 #b;d ,dragoons1 during the confinement to his bed of ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,p4 ,f4 ,smith1 composed that detachment4 ,the style of execution1 which ,i had the pleasure to witness1 was most brilliant and decisive4 ,the brigade ascended the long and difficult slope of ,cerro ,gordo1 without shelter1 and under the tremendous fire of artillery and musketry1 with the utmost steadiness1 reached the breastworks1 drove the enemy from them1 planted the colors of the #ast 7p4 #cac7 ,artillery1 #c;d and #gth ,infantry1 the enemy's flag still flying1 and1 after some minutes' sharp firing1 finished the conquest with the bayonet4 ,it is a most pleasing duty to say that the highest praise is due to ,harney1 ,childs1 ,plympton1 ,loring1 ,alexander1 their gallant officers and men1 for this brilliant service1 independent of the great results which soon followed4 ,worth's division of regulars coming up at this time1 he detached ,brevet ,lieutenant-,colonel ,c4 ,f4 ,smith1 with his light battalion1 to support the assault1 but not in time4 ,the general1 reaching the tower a few minutes before me1 and observing a white flag displayed from the nearest portion of the enemy towards the batteries below1 sent out ,colonels ,harney and ,childs to hold a parley4 ,the surrender followed in an hour or two4 ,major-,general ,patterson left a sick bed to share in the dangers and fatigues of the day2 and after the surrender went forward to command the advance forces towards ,xalapa4 ,brigadier-,general ,pillow and his brigade twice assaulted with great daring the enemy's line of batteries on our left2 and though without success1 they contributed much to distract and dismay their immediate opponents4 ,president ,santa ,anna1 with ,generals ,canalizo and ,almonte1 and some six or eight thousand men1 escaped toward ,xalapa just before ,cerro ,gordo was carried1 and before ,twiggs' division reached the national road above4 ,i have determined to parole the prisoners1 officers and men1 as ,i have not the means of feeding them here1 beyond to-day1 and cannot afford to detail a heavy body of horse and foot1 with wagons1 to accompany them to ,vera ,cruz4 ,our baggage train1 though increasing1 is not half large enough to give an assured progress to this army4 ,besides1 a greater number of prisoners would1 probably1 escape from the escort in the long and deep sandy road without subsistence1 ten to one1 than we shall find again1 out of the same body of men1 in the ranks opposed to us4 ,not one of the ,vera ,cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines of ,cerro ,gordo4 ,some six of the officers1 highest in rank1 refuse to give their paroles1 except to go to ,vera ,cruz1 and thence1 perhaps1 to the ,united ,states4 ,the small arms and accoutrements1 being of no value to our army here or at home1 ,i have ordered them to be destroyed1 for we have not the means of transporting them4 ,i am1 also1 somewhat embarrassed with the pieces of artillery1 all bronze1 which we have captured4 ,it would take a brigade1 and half the mules of our army1 to transport them fifty miles4 ,a field battery ,i shall take for service with the army2 but the heavy metal must be collected and left here for the present4 ,we have our own siege-train and the proper carriages with us4 ,being much occupied with the prisoners and all the details of a forward movement1 besides looking to the supplies which are to follow from ,vera ,cruz1 ,i have time to add no more1 intending to be at ,xalapa early to-morrow4 ,we shall not1 probably1 again meet with serious opposition this side of ,perote2 certainly not1 unless delayed by the want of the means of transportation4 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,sir1 with high respect1 your most obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,general ,orders ,no4 #aaa4 7p4 #cad7 ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,plan del ,rio1 ,april #ag1 #ahdg4 ,the enemy's line of intrenchments and batteries will be attacked in front1 and at the same time turned1 early in the day1 to-morrow1 probably before ten o'clock ,a4,m4 ,the second 7,twiggs'7 division of regulars is already advanced within easy turning distance towards the enemy's left4 ,that division has instructions to move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up a position across the national road in the enemy's rear1 so as to cut off a retreat towards ,xalapa4 ,it may be reinforced to-day if unexpectedly attacked in force1 by regiments1 one or two taken from ,shields' brigade of volunteers4 ,if not1 the two volunteer regiments will march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow morning1 under ,brigadier-,general ,shields1 who will report to ,brigadier-,general ,twiggs1 on getting up with him1 or the general-in-chief1 if he be in advance4 ,the remaining regiment of that volunteer brigade will receive instructions in the course of this day4 ,the first division of regulars 7,worth's7 will follow the movement against the enemy's left at sunrise to-morrow morning4 ,as already arranged1 ,brigadier-,general ,pillow's brigade will march at six o'clock to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered1 and stand ready as soon as he hears the report of arms on our right1 or sooner if circumstances should favor him1 to pierce the enemy's line of batteries at such point1 the nearer the river the better1 as he may select4 ,once in the rear of that line1 he will turn to the right or left1 or both1 and attack the batteries in reverse2 or1 if abandoned1 he will pursue the enemy with vigor until further orders4 ,wall's field battery and the cavalry will be held in reserve on the national road1 a little out of view and range of the enemy's batteries4 ,they will take up that position at nine o'clock in the morning4 ,the enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned1 all our divisions and corps will pursue with vigor4 ,this pursuit may be continued many miles1 until stopped by darkness or fortified positions1 towards ,xalapa4 ,consequently the body of the army will not return to this encampment1 but be followed to-morrow afternoon1 or early the next morning1 by the baggage trains of the several corps4 ,for this purpose1 the feebler officers and men of each corps will be left to guard its camp and effects1 and to load up the latter in the wagons of the corps4 ,a commander of the present encampment will be designated in the course of this day4 ,as soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been carried1 or that the general pursuit has been commenced1 one wagon for each regiment and one for the cavalry will follow the movement1 to receive1 under the direction of medical officers1 the wounded and disabled1 who will be brought back to this place for treatment in general hospital4 ,the ,surgeon-,general will organize this important service and 7p4 #cae7 designate that hospital1 as well as the medical officers to be left at it4 ,every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take the usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two days4 ,by command of ,major-,general ,scott4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,acting ,assistant ,adjutant-,general4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,tacubaya1 at the ,gates of ,mexico1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,august #bhth1 #ahdg4 ,sir3 ,my report1 ,no4 #ca1 commenced in the night of the #aith instant1 closed with the operations of the army on that day4 ,the morning of the #bjth opened with one of a series of unsurpassed achievements1 all in view of the capital1 and to which ,i shall give the general name3 ,battles of ,mexico4 ,in the night of the #aith1 ,brigadier-,generals ,shields1 ,p4 ,f4 ,smith1 and ,cadwallader1 and ,colonel ,riley with their brigades1 and the #aeth ,regiment1 under ,colonel ,morgan1 detached from ,brigadier-,general ,pierce1 found themselves in and about the important position1 the village1 hamlet or hacienda1 called indifferently1 ,contreras1 ,ansalda1 ,san ,geronimo1 half a mile nearer to the city than the enemy's intrenched camp1 on the same road1 towards the factory of ,magdalena4 ,that camp had been1 unexpectedly1 our formidable point of attack in the afternoon before1 and we had now to take it1 without the aid of cavalry or artillery1 or to throw back our advanced corps upon the direct road from ,san ,augustin to the city1 and thence force a passage through ,san ,antonio4 ,accordingly1 to meet contingencies1 ,major-,general ,worth was ordered to leave early in the morning of the #bjth1 one of his brigades to mask ,san ,antonio1 and to march with the other six miles1 via ,san ,augustin1 upon ,contreras4 ,a like destination was given to ,major-,general ,quitman and his remaining brigade in ,san ,augustin1 replacing1 for the moment1 the garrison of that important depot with ,harney's brigade of cavalry1 as horse could not pass over the intervening lava1 etc41 to reach the field of battle4 ,a diversion for an earlier hour 7daylight7 had been arranged the night before1 according to the suggestion of ,brigadier-,general ,p4 ,f4 ,smith1 received through the engineer1 ,captain ,lee1 who conveyed my orders to our troops remaining on the ground1 opposite to the enemy's centre1 a point for the diversion or the real attack1 as circumstances might allow4 ,guided by ,captain ,lee1 it proved the latter1 under the command of ,colonel ,ransom of the #ith1 having with him that regiment and some companies of three others1 the #c;d1 #abth1 and ,rifles4 ,shields1 the senior officer of the hamlet1 having arrived in 7p4 #caf7 the night1 after ,smith had arranged with ,cadwallader and ,riley the plan of attack for the morning1 delicately waived interference2 but reserved to himself the double task of holding the hamlet with his two regiments 7,south ,carolina and ,new ,york ,volunteers7 against ten times his numbers on the side of the city1 including the slopes to his left1 and in case the enemy's camp in his rear should be carried1 to face about and cut off the flying enemy4 ,at three ,a4,m41 the great movement commenced on the rear of the enemy's camp1 ,riley leading1 followed successively by ,cadwallader's and ,smith's brigades1 the latter temporarily under the orders of ,major ,dimick of the #ast ,artillery1 the whole force being commanded by ,smith1 the senior in the general attack1 and whose arrangements1 skill and gallantry always challenge the highest admiration4 ,the march was rendered tedious by the darkness1 rain1 and mud2 but about sunrise1 ,riley1 conducted by ,lieutenant ,turner1 ,engineer1 had reached an elevation behind the enemy1 whence he precipitated his columns2 stormed the intrenchments1 planted his several colors upon them1 and carried the work1 all in seventeen minutes4 ,conducted by ,lieutenant ,beauregard1 ,engineer1 and ,lieutenant ,brooks of ,twiggs' staff1 both of whom1 like ,lieutenant ,tower1 had1 in the night1 twice reconnoitred the ground2 ,cadwallader brought up to the general assault two of the regiments3 the ,voltigeurs and the #aath1 and at the appointed time ,colonel ,ransom1 with his temporary brigade1 conducted by ,captain ,lee1 ,engineer1 not only made the movement in front1 to divert and to distract the enemy1 but1 after crossing the deep ravine1 advanced1 and poured into the works and upon the fugitives many volleys from his destructive musketry4 ,in the mean time ,smith's own brigade1 under the temporary command of ,major ,dimick1 following the movements of ,riley and ,cadwallader1 discovered1 opposite to1 and outside of the works1 a long line of ,mexican cavalry1 drawn up as a support4 ,dimick having at the head of the brigade the company of ,sappers and ,miners1 under ,lieutenant ,g4 ,w4 ,smith1 engineer1 who had conducted the march1 was ordered by ,brigadier-,general ,smith to form his line1 faced to the enemy1 and in a charge against the flank1 routed the cavalry4 ,shields1 too1 by the wise disposition of his brigade and gallant activity1 contributed much to the general results4 ,he held masses of cavalry and infantry1 supported by artillery1 in check below him1 and captured hundreds1 with one general 7,mendoza71 of those who fled from above4 ,i doubt whether a more brilliant or decisive victory1 taking into view ground1 artificial defences1 batteries1 and the extreme disparity of numbers1 without cavalry or artillery on our side1 is to be found on record4 ,including all our corps directed against the intrenched camp1 with ,shields' brigade at the hamlet1 we positively did not number over four thousand five hundred rank and file2 and we knew by sight1 and since1 more certainly1 by many captured documents and letters1 that the enemy had actually engaged on the spot seven thousand men1 with at least twelve thousand more hovering within sight and striking distance1 both on the #aith and #bjth4 ,all1 not killed or captured1 now fled with precipitation4 ,thus was the great victory of ,contreras achieved2 one road to the capital opened2 seven hundred of the enemy killed2 eight hundred and thirteen prisoners1 including1 among eighty-eight 7p4 #cag7 officers1 four generals2 besides many colors and standards2 twenty-two pieces of brass ordnance1 half of large calibre2 thousands of small arms and accoutrements2 an immense quantity of shot1 shells1 powder1 and cartridges2 seven hundred pack mules1 many horses1 etc41 etc41 all in our hands4 ,it is highly gratifying to find that1 by skillful arrangement and rapidity of execution1 our loss1 in killed and wounded1 did not exceed1 on the spot1 sixty2 among the former the brave ,captain ,charles ,hanson1 of the #dth ,infantry1 not more distinguished for gallantry than for modesty1 morals1 and piety4 ,lieutenant ,j4 ,p4 ,johnstone1 #ast ,artillery1 serving with ,magruder's battery1 a young officer of the highest promise1 was killed the evening before4 ,one of the most pleasing incidents of the victory is the recapture1 in their works1 by ,captain ,drum1 #dth ,artillery1 under ,major ,gardner1 of the two brass #f-pounders1 taken from another company of the same regiment1 though without the loss of honor1 at the glorious battle of ,buena ,vista2 about which guns the whole regiment had mourned for so many long months6 ,coming up a little later ,i had the happiness to join in the protracted cheers of the gallant #dth on the joyous event2 and1 indeed1 the whole army sympathizes in its just pride and exultation4 ,the battle being won before the advancing brigades of ,worth's and ,quitman's divisions were in sight1 both were ordered to their late positions3 ,worth1 to attack ,san ,antonio1 in front1 with his whole force1 as soon as approached in the rear by ,pillow's and ,twiggs' divisions2 moving from ,contreras1 through ,san ,angel and ,coyoacan4 ,by carrying ,san ,antonio1 we knew that we should open another1 a shorter and better road to the capital for our siege and other trains4 ,accordingly1 the two advanced divisions and ,shields' brigade marched from ,contreras1 under the immediate orders of ,major-,general ,pillow1 who was now joined by the gallant ,brigadier-,general ,pierce of his division1 personally thrown out of activity1 late the evening before1 by a severe hurt received from the fall of his horse4 ,after giving necessary orders on the field1 in the midst of prisoners and trophies1 and sending instructions to ,harney's brigade of cavalry 7left at ,san ,augustin7 to join me1 ,i personally followed ,pillow's command4 ,arriving at ,coyoacan1 two miles by a cross road1 from the rear of ,san ,antonio1 ,i first detached ,captain ,lee1 ,engineer1 with ,captain ,kearny's troop1 #ast ,dragoons1 supported by the ,rifle regiment1 under ,major ,loring1 to reconnoitre that strong point2 and next despatched ,major-,general ,pillow1 with one of his brigades 7,cadwallader's71 to make the attack upon it1 in concert with ,major-,general ,worth on the opposite side4 ,at the same time1 by another road to the left1 ,lieutenant ,stevens of the ,engineers1 supported by ,lieutenant ,g4 ,w4 ,smith's company of sappers and miners1 of the same corps1 was sent to reconnoitre the strongly fortified church or convent of ,san ,pablo1 in the hamlet of ,churubusco1 one mile off1 ,twiggs with one of his brigades 7,smith's1 less the ,rifles7 and ,captain ,taylor's field battery1 were ordered to follow and to attack the convent4 ,major ,smith1 senior ,engineer1 was despatched to concert with ,twiggs the mode and means of attack1 and ,twiggs' other brigade 7,riley's7 ,i soon ordered up to support him4 ,next 7but all in ten minutes7 ,i sent ,pierce 7just able to 7p4 #cah7 keep the saddle7 with his brigade 7,pillow's division71 conducted by ,captain ,lee1 ,engineer1 by a third road a little farther to our left1 to attack the enemy's right and rear1 in order to favor the movement upon the convent1 and to cut off a retreat toward the capital4 ,and finally1 ,shields1 senior brigadier to ,pierce1 with the ,new ,york and ,south ,carolina ,volunteers 7,quitman's division71 was ordered to follow ,pierce closely1 and to take the command of our left wing4 ,all these movements were made with the utmost alacrity by our gallant troops and commanders4 ,finding myself at ,coyoacan1 from which so many roads conveniently branched1 without escort or reserve1 ,i had to advance for safety close upon ,twiggs' rear4 ,the battle now raged from the right to the left of our whole line4 ,learning on the return of ,captain ,lee1 that ,shields in the rear of ,churubusco was hard pressed1 and in danger of being outflanked1 if not overwhelmed1 by greatly superior numbers1 ,i immediately sent under ,major ,sumner1 #b;d ,dragoons1 the ,rifles 7,twiggs' reserve7 and ,captain ,sibley's troop1 #b;d ,dragoons1 then at hand1 to support our left1 guided by the same engineer4 ,about an hour earlier1 ,worth had1 by skillful and daring movements upon the front and right1 turned and forced ,san ,antonio3 its garrison1 no doubt1 much shaken by our decisive victory at ,contreras4 ,his second brigade 7,colonel ,clarke's7 conducted by ,captain ,mason1 ,engineer1 assisted by ,lieutenant ,hardcastle1 ,topographical ,engineer1 turned to the left1 and by a wide sweep came out upon the high road to the capital4 ,at this point the heavy garrison 7three thousand men7 in retreat was1 by ,clarke1 cut in the centre3 one portion1 the rear1 driven upon ,dolores1 off to the right1 and the other upon ,churubusco1 in the direct line of our operations4 ,the first brigade 7,colonel ,garland's71 same division1 consisting of the #b;d ,artillery1 under ,major ,gait1 the #c;d ,artillery1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,belton1 and the #dth ,infantry1 commanded by ,major ,f4 ,lee1 with ,lieutenant-,colonel ,duncan's field battery 7temporarily7 followed in pursuit through the town1 taking one general prisoner1 the abandoned guns 7five pieces71 much ammunition and other public property4 ,the forcing of ,san ,antonio was the second brilliant event of the day4 ,worth's division being soon reunited in hot pursuit1 he was joined by ,major-,general ,pillow1 who1 marching from ,coyoacan and discovering that ,san ,antonio had been carried1 immediately turned to the left according to my instructions1 and1 though much impeded by ditches and swamps1 hastened to the attack of ,churubusco4 ,the hamlet or scattered houses bearing this name1 presented besides the fortified convent1 a strong field-work 7tte-de-pont7 with regular bastions and curtains1 at the head of a bridge over which the road passes from ,san ,antonio to the capital4 ,the whole remaining forces of ,mexico1 some twenty-seven thousand men1 cavalry1 artillery and infantry1 collected from every quarter1 were now in1 on the flanks1 or within supporting distance of those works1 and seemed resolved to make a last and desperate stand2 for if beaten here1 the feebler defences at the gates of the city1 four miles off1 could not1 as was well known to both parties1 delay the victors an hour4 ,the capital of an ancient empire1 now of a great republic1 or an early peace1 the assailants were resolved to win4 ,not an ,american1 and we were less than a third of the enemy's numbers1 had a doubt as to the result4 ,the fortified church or convent1 hotly pressed by ,twiggs1 7p4 #cai7 had already held out about an hour1 when ,worth and ,pillow1 the latter having with him ,cadwallader's brigade1 began to manoeuvre closely upon the tte-de-pont1 with the convent at half gunshot to their left4 ,garland's brigade 7,worth's division71 to which had been added the light battalion under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,c4 ,f4 ,smith1 continued to advance in front and under the fire of a long line of infantry off on the left of the bridge2 and ,clarke1 of the same division1 directed his brigade along the road or close by its side4 ,two of ,pillow's and ,cadwallader's regiments1 the #aath and #adth1 supported and participated in this direct movement2 the other 7the ,voltigeurs7 was left in reserve4 ,most of these corps1 particularly ,clarke's brigade1 advancing perpendicularly1 were made to suffer much by the fire of the tte-de-pont1 and they would have suffered greatly more by flank attacks from the convent1 but for the pressure of ,twiggs on the other side of that work4 ,this well-combined and daring movement at length reached the principal point of attack1 and the formidable tte-de-pont was at once assaulted and carried by the bayonet4 ,its deep wet ditch was first gallantly crossed by the #hth and #eth ,infantry1 commanded respectively by ,major ,waite and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,martin ,scott1 followed closely by the #fth ,infantry 7same brigade71 which had been so much exposed on the road1 the #aath regiment1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,graham1 and the #adth1 commanded by ,colonel ,trousdale1 both of ,cadwallader's brigade1 ,pillow's division4 ,about the same time the enemy in front of ,garland1 after a hot conflict of an hour and a half1 gave way in a retreat toward the capital4 ,the immediate result of this third signal triumph of the day were three field pieces1 one hundred and ninety-two prisoners1 much ammunition1 and two colors taken at the tte-de-pont4 ,lieutenant ,i4 ,f4 ,irons1 #ast ,artillery1 aid-de-camp to ,brigadier-,general ,cadwallader1 a young officer of great merit and conspicuous in battle on several previous occasions1 received in front of the work a mortal wound4 7,since dead47 ,as the concurrent attack upon the convent favored physically and morally the assault upon the tte-de-pont1 so reciprocally1 no doubt1 the fall of the latter contributed to the capture of the former4 ,the two works were only some four hundred and fifty yards apart2 and as soon as we were in possession of the tte-de-pont1 a captured four-pounder was turned and fired1 first by ,captain ,larkin ,smith1 and next by ,lieutenant ,snelling1 both of the #hth ,infantry1 several times upon the convent4 ,in the same brief interval1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,duncan 7also of ,worth's division7 gallantly brought two of his guns to bear at a short range from the ,san ,antonio road1 upon the principal face of the work and on the tower of the church1 which in the obstinate contest1 had been often refilled with some of the best sharpshooters of the enemy4 ,finally1 twenty minutes after the tte-de-pont had been carried by ,worth and ,pillow1 and at the end of a desperate conflict of two hours and a half1 the church or convent1 the citadel of the strong line of defence along the rivulet of ,churubusco1 yielded to ,twiggs' division1 and threw out on all sides signals of surrender4 ,the white flags1 however1 were not exhibited until the moment when the #c;d ,infantry1 under ,captain ,alexander1 had cleared the way by fire and bayonet1 and had entered the work4 ,captain ,i4 ,m4 ,smith and ,lieutenant ,o4 ,l4 ,shepherd1 both of that regiment1 with their companies1 had the glory of leading the assault4 7p4 #cbj7 ,the former received the surrender1 and ,captain ,alexander instantly hung out from the balcony the colors of the gallant #c;d4 ,major ,dimick1 with a part of the #ast ,artillery1 serving as infantry1 entered nearly abreast with the leading troops4 ,captain ,taylor's field battery1 attached to ,twiggs' division1 opened its effective fire at an early moment upon the outworks of the convent and the tower of its church4 ,exposed to the severest fire of the enemy1 the captain1 his officers and men1 won universal admiration2 but at length1 much disabled in men and horses1 the battery was by superior orders withdrawn from the action thirty minutes before the surrender of the convent4 ,those corps1 excepting ,taylor's battery1 belonged to the brigade of ,brigadier-,general ,p4 ,f4 ,smith1 who closely directed the whole attack with his habitual coolness and ability3 while ,riley's brigade1 the #b;d and #gth ,infantry1 under ,captain ,t4 ,morris and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,plympton respectively1 vigorously engaged the right of the work and part of its rear4 ,at the moment the ,rifles1 belonging to ,smith's1 were detached in support of ,brigadier-,general ,shields on our extreme left1 and the #dth ,artillery1 acting as infantry1 under ,major ,gardner1 belonging to ,riley's brigade1 had been left in charge of the camp1 trophies1 etc41 at ,contreras4 ,twiggs' division at ,churubusco had thus been deprived of the services of two of its most gallant and effective regiments4 ,the immediate results of this victory were3 the capture of seven field pieces1 some ammunition1 one color1 three generals1 and one thousand two hundred and sixty-one prisoners1 including other officers4 ,captains ,e4 ,a4 ,capron and ,m4 ,j4 ,burke1 and ,lieutenant ,g4 ,hoffman1 all of the #ast ,artillery1 and ,captain ,j4 ,w4 ,anderson and ,lieutenant ,thomas ,easley1 both of the #b;d ,infantry1 five officers of great merit1 fell gallantly before this work4 ,the capture of the enemy's citadel was the fourth great achievement of our arms in the same day4 ,it has been stated that some two hours and a half before1 ,pierce's1 followed closely by the volunteer brigade1 both under the command of ,brigadier-,general ,shields1 had been dispatched to our left to turn the enemy's works2 to prevent the escape of the garrisons and to oppose the extention of the enemy's numerous corps from the rear upon and around our left4 ,considering the inferior numbers of the two brigades1 the objects of the movement were difficult to accomplish4 ,hence the re-enforcement 7the ,rifles1 etc417 sent forward a little later4 ,in a winding march of a mile around to the right1 this temporary division found itself on the edge of an open wet meadow1 near the road from ,san ,antonio to the capital1 and in the presence of some four thousand of the enemy's infantry1 a little in rear of ,churubusco1 on that road4 ,establishing the right at a strong building1 ,shields extended his left parallel to the road1 to outflank the enemy toward the capital4 ,but the enemy extending his right1 supported by three thousand cavalry1 more rapidly 7being favored by better ground7 in the same direction1 ,shields concentrated the division about a hamlet and determined to attack in front4 ,the battle was long1 hot and varied2 but1 ultimately1 success crowned the zeal and gallantry of our troops1 ably 7p4 #cba7 directed by their distinguished commander1 ,brigadier-,general ,shields4 ,the #ith1 #abth and #aeth regiments1 under ,colonel ,ransom1 ,captain ,wood1 and ,colonel ,morgan respectively1 of ,pierce's brigade 7,pillow's division71 and the ,new ,york and ,south ,carolina ,volunteers1 under ,colonels ,burnett and ,butler respectively1 of ,shields' own brigade 7,quitman's division71 together with the mountain howitzer battery1 now under ,lieutenant ,reno of the ,ordnance ,corps1 all shared in the glory of this action1 our fifth victory in the same day4 ,brigadier-,general ,pierce1 from the hurt of the evening before1 under pain and exhaustion1 fainted in the action4 ,several other changes in command occurred on this field4 ,thus ,colonel ,morgan being severely wounded1 the command of the #aeth ,infantry devolved on ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard2 ,colonel ,burnett receiving a like wound1 the command of the ,new ,york ,volunteers fell to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,baxter2 and1 on the fall of the lamented ,colonel ,p4 ,m4 ,butler1 earlier badly wounded1 but continuing to lead nobly in the hottest of the battle1 the command of the ,south ,carolina ,volunteers devolved1 first1 on ,lieutenant-,colonel ,dickenson1 who being severely wounded 7as before in the siege of ,vera ,cruz71 the regiment ultimately fell under the orders of ,major ,gladden4 ,lieutenants ,david ,adams and ,w4 ,r4 ,williams of the same corps2 ,captain ,augustus ,quarks and ,lieutenant ,j4 ,b4 ,goodman of the #aeth1 and ,lieutenant ,e4 ,chandler1 ,new ,york ,volunteers1 all gallant officers1 nobly fell in the same action4 ,shields took three hundred and eighty prisoners1 including officers2 and it cannot be doubted that the rage of the conflict between him and the enemy1 just in the rear of the tte-de-pont and the convent1 had some influence on the surrender of those formidable defences4 ,as soon as the tte-de-pont was carried1 the greater part of ,worth's and ,pillow's forces passed that bridge in rapid pursuit of the flying enemy4 ,these distinguished generals1 coming up with ,brigadier-,general ,shields1 now also victorious1 the three continued to press upon the fugitives to within a mile and a half of the capital4 ,here1 ,colonel ,harney1 with a small part of his brigade of cavalry1 rapidly passed to the front1 and charged the enemy up to the nearest gate4 ,the cavalry charge was headed by ,captain ,kearny1 of the #ast ,dragoons1 having in squadron with his own troop1 that of ,captain ,m',reynolds of the #c;d making the usual escort to general headquarters2 but1 being early in the day detached for general service1 was now under ,colonel ,hamey's orders4 ,the gallant captain not hearing the recall1 that had been sounded1 dashed up to the ,san ,antonio gate1 sabring in his way all who resisted4 ,of the seven officers of the squadron1 ,kearny lost his left arm2 ,m',reynolds and ,lieutenant ,lorimer ,graham were both severely wounded1 and ,lieutenant ,r4 ,s4 ,ewell1 who succeeded to the command of the escort1 had two horses killed under him4 ,major ,f4 ,d4 ,mills of the #aeth ,infantry1 a volunteer in this charge1 was killed at the gate4 ,so terminated the series of events which ,i have but feebly presented4 ,my thanks were freely poured out on the different fields1 to the abilities and science of generals and other officers1 to the zeal and prowess of all1 the rank and file included4 ,but a reward infinitely higher1 the applause of a grateful country and government1 will1 ,i cannot doubt1 be accorded in due time to so much merit of every sort displayed 7p4 #cbb7 by this glorious army1 which has now overcome all difficulties3 distance1 climate1 ground1 fortifications1 numbers4 ,it has in a single day1 in many battles1 as often defeated thirty-two thousand men2 made about three thousand prisoners1 including eight generals 7two of them ex-presidents71 and two hundred and five other officers2 killed or wounded four thousand of all ranks1 besides entire corps dispersed and dissolved2 captured thirty-seven pieces of ordnance1 more than trebling our siege train and field batteries1 with a large number of small arms1 a full supply of ammunition of every kind1 etc4 etc4 ,these great results have overwhelmed the enemy4 ,our loss amounts to one thousand and fifty-three3 killed1 one hundred and thirty-nine1 including sixteen officers2 wounded1 eight hundred and seventy-six1 with sixty officers4 ,the greater number of the dead and disabled were of the highest worth4 ,those under treatment1 thanks to our very able medical officers1 are doing well4 ,i regret having been obliged1 on the #bjth1 to leave ,major-,general ,quitman1 an able commander1 with a part of his division1 the fine #b;d ,pennsylvania ,volunteers1 and the veteran detachment of ,united ,states marines1 at our important depot1 ,san ,augustin4 ,it was there that ,i had placed our sick and wounded1 the siege1 supply and baggage trains4 ,if these had been lost1 the army would have been driven almost to despair2 and considering the enemy's very great excess of numbers1 and the many approaches to the depot1 it might well have become1 emphatically1 the post of honor4 ,after so many victories1 we might1 with but little additional loss1 have occupied the capital the same evening4 ,but ,mr4 ,trist1 commissioner1 etc41 as well as myself1 had been admonished by the best friends of peace1 intelligent neutrals1 and some ,american residents1 against precipitation1 lest1 by wantonly driving away the government and others1 dishonored1 we might scatter the elements of peace1 excite a spirit of national desperation and thus indefinitely postpone the hope of accommodation4 ,deeply impressed with this danger1 and remembering our mission1 to conquer a peace1 the army very cheerfully sacrificed to patriotism1 to the great wish and want of our country1 the clat that would have followed an entrance1 sword in hand1 into a great capital4 ,willing to leave something to this republic1 of no immediate value to us1 on which to rest her pride1 and to recover temper1 ,i halted our victorious corps at the gates of the city 7at least for a time71 and have them now cantoned in the neighboring villages1 where they are well sheltered and supplied with all necessaries4 ,on the morning of the #bast1 being about to take up battering or assaulting position1 to authorize me to summon the city to surrender1 or to sign an armistice with a pledge to enter at once into negotiations for peace1 a mission came out to propose a truce4 ,rejecting its terms1 ,i dispatched my contemplated note to ,president ,santa ,anna1 omitting the summons4 ,the #bb;d1 commissioners were appointed by the commanders of the two armies2 the armistice was signed the #bc;d1 and ratifications exchanged the #bdth4 ,all matters in dispute between the two governments have been thus happily turned over to their plenipotentiaries1 who have now had several conferences1 and with1 ,i think1 some hope of signing a treaty of peace4 ,there will be transmitted to the adjutant-general reports from divisions1 brigades1 etc41 on the foregoing operations1 to which ,i must refer1 with my hearty concurrence in the just applause 7p4 #cbc7 bestowed on corps and individuals by their respective commanders4 ,i have been able1 this report being necessarily a summary1 to bring out1 comparatively1 but little of individual merit not lying directly in the way of the narrative4 ,thus ,i doubt whether ,i have1 in express terms1 given my approbation and applause to the commanders of divisions and independent brigades2 but left their fame upon higher grounds1 the simple record of their great deeds and the brilliant results4 ,to the staff1 both general and personal1 attached to general headquarters1 ,i was again under high obligations for services in the field1 as always in the bureau1 ,i add their names1 etc43 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hitchcock1 ,acting ,inspector ,general2 ,major ,j4 ,l4 ,smith1 ,captain ,r4 ,e4 ,lee 7as distinguished for felicitous execution as for science and daring71 ,captain ,mason1 ,lieutenants ,stevens1 ,beauregard1 ,tower1 ,g4 ,w4 ,smith1 ,george ,b4 ,mc,clellan1 and ,foster1 all of the ,engineers2 ,major ,turnbull1 ,captain ,j4 ,mc,clellan1 and ,lieutenant ,hardcastle1 ,topographical ,engineers2 ,captain ,huger and ,lieutenant ,hagner1 of the ,ordnance2 ,captains ,irwin and ,wayne1 of the ,quartermaster's ,department2 ,captain ,grayson1 of the ,commissariat2 ,surgeon-,general ,lawson1 in his particular department2 ,captain ,h4 ,l4 ,scott1 ,acting ,adjutant-,general2 ,lieutenant ,t4 ,williams1 ,aid-de-,camp1 and ,lieutenant ,lay1 ,military ,secretary4 ,lieutenant ,schuyler ,hamilton1 another aid-de-camp1 had a week before been thrown out of activity by a severe wound received in a successful charge of cavalry against cavalry1 and four times his numbers2 but on the #bjth1 ,i had the valuable services1 as volunteer aids1 of ,majors ,kirby and ,van ,buren1 of the ,pay ,department1 always eager for activity and distinction1 and of a third1 the gallant ,major ,j4 ,p4 ,gaines1 of the ,kentucky ,volunteers4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 with high respect1 your most obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,tacubaya1 near ,mexico1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,september #aa1 #ahdg4 ,sir3 ,i have heretofore reported that ,i had1 ,august #bd1 concluded an armistice with ,president ,santa ,anna1 which was promptly followed by meetings between ,mr4 ,trist and ,mexican commissioners appointed to treat of peace4 ,negotiations were actively continued with1 as was understood1 some prospect of a successful result1 up to the #b;d instant1 when our commissioner handed in his ultimatum 7on boundaries71 and the negotiators adjourned to meet again on the #fth4 ,some infractions of the truce in respect to our supplies from the city1 were earlier committed1 followed by apologies on the part of the enemy4 ,these vexations ,i was willing to put down to the imbecility of the government1 and waived any pointed demands of reparation while any hope remained of a satisfactory termination of the war4 ,but on the #eth1 and more fully on the sixth1 7p4 #cbd7 ,i learned that as soon as the ultimatum had been considered in a grand council of ministers and others1 ,president ,santa ,anna on the #dth or #eth1 without giving me the slightest notice1 actively recommenced strengthening the military defences of the city1 in gross violation of the #c;d article of the armistice4 ,on that information1 which has since received the fullest verification1 ,i addressed to him my note of the #fth4 ,his reply1 dated the same day1 received the next morning1 was absolutely and notoriously false1 both in recrimination and explanation4 ,i enclose copies of both papers1 and have had no subsequent correspondence with the enemy4 ,being delayed by the terms of the armistice more than two weeks1 we had now1 late on the #gth1 to begin to reconnoitre the different approaches to the city1 within our reach1 before ,i could lay down any definitive plan of attack4 ,the same afternoon a large body of the enemy was discovered hovering about the ,molinos del ,rey1 within a mile and a third of this village1 where ,i am quartered with the general staff and ,worth's division4 ,it might have been supposed that an attack upon us was intended2 but knowing the great value to the enemy of those mills 7,molinos del ,rey71 containing a cannon foundry1 with a large deposit of powder in ,casa ,mata near them1 and having heard two days before that many church bells had been sent to be cast into guns1 the movement was easily understood1 and ,i resolved at once to drive him early the next morning1 to seize the powder1 and to destroy the foundry4 ,another motive for this decision1 leaving the general plan of attack upon the city for full reconnoissance1 was1 that we knew our recent captures had left the enemy not a fourth of the guns necessary to arm1 all at the same time1 the strong works at each of the eight city gates2 and we could not cut the communication between the foundry and the capital without first taking the formidable castle on the heights of ,chapultepec1 which overlooked both and stood between4 ,for this difficult operation we were not entirely ready1 and moreover we might altogether neglect the castle1 if1 as we then hoped1 our reconnoissances should prove that the distant southern approaches to the city were more eligible than this southwestern one4 ,hence the decision promptly taken1 the execution of which was assigned to ,brevet ,major-,general ,worth1 whose division was re-enforced with ,cadwallader's brigade of ,pillow's division1 three squadrons of dragoons under ,major ,sumner1 and some heavy guns of the siege train under ,captain ,huger of the ,ordnance1 and ,captain ,drum of the #dth ,artillery1 two officers of the highest merit4 ,for the decisive and brilliant results1 ,i beg to refer to the report of the immediate commander1 ,major-,general ,worth1 in whose commendations of the gallant officers and men1 dead and living1 ,i heartily concur1 having witnessed1 but with little indifference1 their noble devotion to fame and to country4 ,the enemy having several times re-enforced his line1 and the action soon becoming much more general than ,i had expected1 ,i called up1 from the distance of three miles1 first ,major-,general ,pillow1 with his remaining brigade 7,pierce's71 and next ,riley's brigade of ,twiggs' division1 leaving his other brigade 7,smith's7 in observation at ,san ,angel4 ,those corps approached with zeal 7p4 #cbe7 and rapidity1 but the battle was won just as ,brigadier-,general ,pierce reached the ground1 and had interposed his corps between ,garland's brigade 7,worth's division7 and the retreating enemy4 ,the accompanying report mentions1 with just commendation1 two of my volunteer aids3 ,major ,kirby1 ,paymaster1 and ,major ,gaines1 of the ,kentucky ,volunteers4 ,i also had the valuable services1 on the same field1 of several officers of my staff1 general and personal3 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hitchcock1 ,acting ,inspector-,general2 ,captain ,r4 ,e4 ,lee1 ,engineer2 ,captain ,irwin1 ,chief ,quartermaster2 ,captain ,grayson1 ,chief ,commissary2 ,captain ,h4 ,l4 ,scott1 ,acting ,adjutant-,general2 ,lieutenant ,williams1 ,aid-de-,camp2 and ,lieutenant ,lay1 ,military ,secretary4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 with high respect1 your obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,general ,scott to the ,secretary of ,war4 ,to the ,honorable ,headquarters of the ,army1 ,william ,l4 ,,marcy1 ,national ,palace of ,mexico1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,september #ahth1 #ahdg4 ,sir3 ,at the end of another series of arduous and brilliant operations of more than forty-eight hours' continuance1 this glorious army hoisted1 on the morning of the #adth1 the colors of the ,united ,states on the walls of this palace4 ,the victory of the #hth1 at the ,molinos del ,rey1 was followed by daring reconnaissances on the part of our distinguished engineers1 ,captain ,lee1 ,lieutenants ,beauregard1 ,stevens1 and ,tower3 ,major ,smith1 senior1 being sick1 and ,captain ,mason1 third in rank1 wounded4 ,their operations were directed principally to the south1 towards the gates of the ,piedad1 ,san ,angel1 7,nino ,perdido17 ,san ,antonio1 and the ,paseo de la ,viga4 ,this city stands on a slight swell of ground1 near the centre of an irregular basin1 and is girdled with a ditch in its greater extent1 a navigable canal of great breadth and depth1 very difficult to bridge in the presence of an enemy1 and serving at once for drainage1 custom-house purposes1 and military defence2 leaving eight entrances or gates1 over arches1 each of which we found defended by a system of strong works1 that seemed to require nothing but some men and guns to be impregnable4 ,outside and within the cross-fires of those gates1 we found to the south other obstacles but little less formidable4 ,all the approaches near the city are over elevated causeways1 cut in many places 7to oppose us71 and flanked on both sides by ditches1 also of unusual dimensions4 ,the numerous cross-roads are flanked in like manner1 having bridges at the intersections1 recently broken4 ,the meadows thus checkered are1 moreover1 in many spots1 under water or marshy2 for1 it will be remembered1 we were in the midst of the wet season1 though with less rain than usual1 and we could not wait for the fall of the neighboring lakes and the consequent drainage of the wet grounds at the edge of the 7p4 #cbf7 city1 the lowest in the whole basin4 ,after a close personal survey of the southern gates1 covered by ,pillow's division and ,riley's brigade of ,twiggs'1 with four times our numbers concentrated in our immediate front1 ,i determined on the #aath to avoid that network of obstacles1 and to seek1 by a sudden diversion to the southwest and west1 less unfavorable approaches4 ,to economize the lives of our gallant officers and men1 as well as to ensure success1 it became indispensable that this resolution should be long masked from the enemy2 and again1 that the new movement1 when discovered1 should be mistaken for a feint1 and the old as indicating our true and ultimate point of attack4 ,accordingly1 on the spot1 the #aath1 ,i ordered ,quitman's division from ,coyoacan1 to join ,pillow1 by daylight1 before the southern gates1 and then that the two major-generals1 with their divisions1 should1 by night1 proceed 7two miles7 to join me at ,tacubaya1 where ,i was quartered with ,worth's division4 ,twiggs1 with ,riley's brigade and ,captain ,taylor's and ,steptoe's field batteries1 the latter of twelve-pounders1 was left in front of those gates to manoeuvre1 to threaten1 or to make false attacks1 in order to occupy and deceive the enemy4 ,twiggs' other brigade 7,smith's7 was left at supporting distance1 in the rear1 at ,san ,angel1 till the morning of the #acth1 and also to support our general depot at ,miscoac4 ,the stratagem against the south was admirably executed throughout the #abth and down to the afternoon of the #acth1 when it was too late for the enemy to recover from the effects of his delusion4 ,the first step in the new movement was to carry ,chapultepec1 a natural and isolated mound of great elevation1 strongly fortified at its base1 on its acclivities and heights4 ,besides a numerous garrison1 here was the military college of the republic1 with a large number of sub-lieutenants and other students4 ,those works were within direct gun-shot of the village of ,tacubaya1 and1 until carried1 we could not approach the city on the west without making a circuit too wide and too hazardous4 ,in the course of the same night 7that of the #aath7 heavy batteries1 within easy ranges1 were established4 ,no4 #a1 on our right1 under the command of ,captain ,drum1 #dth ,artillery 7relieved late next day1 for some hours1 by ,lieutenant ,andrews1 of the #c;d71 and ,no4 #b1 commanded by ,lieutenant ,hagner1 ,ordnance1 both supported by ,pillow's division1 were commanded1 the former1 by ,captain ,brooks and ,lieutenant ,s4 ,s4 ,anderson1 #b;d ,artillery1 alternately1 and the latter by ,lieutenant ,stone1 ,ordnance4 ,the batteries were traced by ,captain ,huger and ,captain ,lee1 ,engineer1 and constructed by them with the able assistance of the young officers of those corps and the ,artillery4 ,to prepare for an assault1 it was foreseen that the play of the batteries might run into the second day2 but recent captures had not only trebled our siege-pieces1 but also our ammunition2 and we knew that we should greatly augment both by carrying the place4 ,i was1 therefore1 in no haste in ordering an assault before the works were well crippled by our missiles4 ,the bombardment and cannonade1 under the direction of ,captain ,huger1 were commenced early in the morning of the #abth4 ,before nightfall1 which necessarily stopped our batteries1 we had perceived that a good impression had been made on the castle and its outworks1 and that a large body of the enemy had remained outside1 towards the city1 from an early hour to avoid our 7p4 #cbg7 fire1 and to be at hand on its cessation1 in order to re-enforce the garrison against an assault4 ,the same outside force was discovered the next morning1 after our batteries had re-opened upon the castle1 by which we again reduced its garrison to the minimum needed for the guns4 ,pillow and ,quitman had been in position since early in the night of the #aath4 ,major-,general ,worth was now ordered to hold his division in reserve1 near the foundry1 to support ,pillow2 and ,brigadier-,general ,smith1 of ,twiggs' division1 had just arrived with his brigade from ,piedad 7two miles71 to support ,quitman4 ,twiggs' guns1 before the southern gates1 again reminded us1 as the day before1 that he1 with ,riley's brigade1 and ,taylor's and ,steptoe's batteries1 was in activity1 threatening the southern gates1 and there holding a great part of the ,mexican army on the defensive4 ,worth's division furnished ,pillow's attack with an assaulting party of some two hundred and fifty volunteer officers and men1 under ,captain ,mc,kenzie1 of the #b;d ,artillery2 and ,twiggs' division supplied a similar one1 commanded by ,captain ,casey1 #b;d ,infantry1 to ,quitman4 ,each of these little columns was furnished with scaling ladders4 ,the signal ,i had appointed for the attack was the momentary cessation of fire on the part of our heavy batteries4 ,about #h o'clock in the morning of the #acth1 judging that the time had arrived by the effect of the missiles we had thrown1 ,i sent an aid-de-camp to ,pillow1 and another to ,quitman1 with notice that the concerted signal was about to be given4 ,both columns now advanced with an alacrity that gave assurance of prompt success4 ,the batteries1 seizing opportunities1 threw shots and shells upon the enemy over the heads of our men1 with good effect1 particularly at every attempt to re-enforce the works from without to meet our assault4 ,major-,general ,pillow's approach1 on the west side1 lay through an open grove1 filled with sharp-shooters1 who were speedily dislodged2 when being up with the front of the attack1 and emerging into open space1 at the foot of a rocky acclivity1 that gallant leader was struck down by an agonizing wound4 ,the immediate command devolved on ,brigadier-,general ,cadwallader1 in the absence of the senior brigadier 7,pierce7 of the same division1 an invalid since the events of ,august #ai4 ,on a previous call of ,pillow1 ,worth had just sent him a re-enforcement1 ,colonel ,clarke's brigade4 ,the broken acclivity was still to be ascended1 and a strong redoubt1 midway1 to be carried1 before reaching the castle on the heights4 ,the advance of our brave men1 led by brave officers1 though necessarily slow1 was unwavering1 over rocks1 chasms1 and mines1 and under the hottest fire of cannon and musketry4 ,the redoubt now yielded to resistless valor1 and the shouts that followed announced to the castle the fate that impended4 ,the enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter4 ,the retreat allowed no time to fire a single mine1 without the certainty of blowing up friend and foe4 ,those who at a distance attempted to apply matches to the long trains1 were shot down by our men4 ,there was death below1 as well as above ground4 ,at length the ditch and wall of the main work was reached2 the scaling ladders were brought up and planted by the storming parties2 some of the daring spirits first in the assault were cast down1 killed or wounded2 but a lodgment was soon made2 streams of heroes 7p4 #cbh7 followed2 all opposition was overcome1 and several of our regimental colors flung out from the upper walls1 amidst long-continued shouts and cheers1 which sent dismay into the capital4 ,no scene could have been more animating or glorious4 ,major-,general ,quitman1 nobly supported by ,brigadier-,generals ,shields and ,smith1 7,p4 ,f417 his other officers and men1 was up with the part assigned him4 ,simultaneously with the movement on the west1 he had gallantly approached the southeast of the same works1 over a causeway with cuts and batteries1 and defended by an army strongly posted outside1 to the east of the works4 ,those formidable obstacles ,quitman had to face1 with but little shelter for his troops or space for manoeuvring4 ,deep ditches flanked the causeway1 made it difficult to cross on either side into the adjoining meadows1 and these again were intersected by other ditches4 ,smith and his brigade had been early thrown out to make a sweep to the right1 in order to present a front against the enemy's lines1 7outside17 and to turn two intervening batteries near the foot of ,chapultepec4 ,this movement was also intended to support ,quitman's storming parties1 both on the causeway4 ,the first of these1 furnished by ,twiggs' division1 was commanded in succession by ,captain ,casey1 #b;d ,infantry1 and ,captain ,paul1 #gth ,infantry1 after ,casey had been severely wounded2 and the second1 originally under the gallant ,major ,twiggs1 ,marine ,corps1 killed1 and then ,captain ,miller1 #b;d ,pennsylvania ,volunteers4 ,the storming party1 now commanded by ,captain ,paul1 seconded by ,captain ,roberts1 of the ,rifles1 ,lieutenant ,stewart1 and others of the same regiment1 ,smith's brigade1 carried the two batteries in the road1 took some guns1 with many prisoners1 and drove the enemy posted behind in support4 ,the ,new ,york and ,south ,carolina ,volunteers 7,shields' brigade7 and the #b;d ,pennsylvania ,volunteers1 all on the left of ,quitman's line1 together with portions of his storming parties1 crossed the meadows in front1 under a heavy fire1 and entered the outer enclosure of ,chapultepec just in time to join in the final assault from the west4 ,besides ,major-,generals ,pillow and ,quitman1 ,brigadier-,generals ,shields1 ,smith1 and ,cadwallader1 the following are the officers and corps most distinguished in those brilliant operations3 ,the ,voltigeur regiment in two detachments1 commanded respectively by ,colonel ,andrews and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,johnstone1 the latter mostly in the lead1 accompanied by ,major ,caldwell2 ,captains ,barnard and ,biddle1 of the same regiment1 the former the first to plant a regimental color1 and the latter among the first in the assault2 the storming party of ,worth's division1 under ,captain ,mc,kenzie1 #b;d ,artillery1 with ,lieutenant ,selden1 #hth ,infantry1 early on the ladder and badly wounded2 ,lieutenant ,armistead1 #fth ,infantry1 the first to leap into the ditch to plant a ladder2 ,lieutenants ,rodgers of the #dth1 and ,j4 ,p4 ,smith of the #eth ,infantry1 both mortally wounded2 the #ith ,infantry1 under ,colonel ,ransom1 who was killed while gallantly leading that gallant regiment1 the #aeth ,infantry1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard and ,major ,woods1 with ,captain ,chase1 whose company gallantly carried the redoubt1 midway up the acclivity2 ,colonel ,clarke's brigade 7,worth's division7 consisting of the #eth1 #hth1 and part of the #fth regiments of ,infantry1 commanded respectively by ,captain ,chapman1 ,major ,montgomery1 and ,lieutenant ,edward ,johnson1 the latter specially noticed1 with ,lieutenants ,longstreet 7badly wounded1 advancing1 colors in hand71 ,pickett1 and ,merchant1 the last three of the #hth ,infantry2 portions of the ,united ,states 7p4 #cbi7 marines1 ,new ,york1 ,south ,carolina1 and #b;d ,pennsylvania ,volunteers1 which1 delayed with their division 7,quitman's7 by the hot engagement below1 arrived just in time to participate in the assault of the heights1 particularly a detachment under ,lieutenant ,reid1 ,new ,york ,volunteers1 consisting of a company of the same1 with one of marines2 and another detachment1 a portion of the storming party1 7,twiggs' division1 serving with ,quitman17 under ,lieutenant ,steele1 #b;d ,infantry1 after the fall of ,lieutenant ,gantt1 #gth ,infantry4 ,in this connection1 it is but just to recall the decisive effect of the heavy batteries1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c and #d1 commanded by those excellent officers1 ,captain ,drum1 #dth ,artillery1 assisted by ,lieutenants ,benjamin and ,porter of his own company2 ,captain ,brooks and ,lieutenant ,anderson1 #b;d ,artillery1 assisted by ,lieutenant ,russell1 #dth ,infantry1 a volunteer2 ,lieutenants ,hagner and ,stone of the ,ordnance1 and ,lieutenant ,andrews1 #c;d ,artillery2 the whole superintended by ,captain ,huger1 chief of ,ordnance with this army1 an officer distinguished by every kind of merit4 ,the mountain howitzer battery1 under ,lieutenant ,reno1 of the ,ordnance1 deserves1 also1 to be particularly mentioned4 ,attached to the ,voltigeurs1 it followed the movements of that regiment1 and again won applause4 ,in adding to the list of individuals of conspicuous merit1 ,i must limit myself to a few of the many names which might be enumerated4 ,captain ,hooker1 assistant adjutant-general1 who won special applause1 successively1 in the staff of ,pillow and ,cadwallader2 ,lieutenant ,lovell1 #dth ,artillery 7wounded71 chief of ,quitman's staff2 ,captain ,page1 assistant adjutant-general 7wounded71 and ,lieutenant ,hammond1 #c;d ,artillery1 both of ,shields' staff1 and ,lieutenant ,van ,dorn 7#agth ,infantry71 aid-de-camp to ,brigadier-,general ,smith4 ,those operations all occurred on the west1 southeast1 and heights of ,chapultepec4 ,to the north and at the base of the mound1 inaccessible on that side1 the #aath ,infantry1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hebert1 the #adth1 under ,colonel ,trousdale1 and ,captain ,magruder's field battery1 #ast ,artillery3 one section advanced under ,lieutenant ,jackson1 all of ,pillow's division1 had1 at the same time1 some spirited affairs against superior numbers1 driving the enemy from a battery in the road1 and capturing a gun4 ,in these1 the officers and corps named gained merited praise4 ,colonel ,trousdale1 the commander1 though twice wounded1 continued on duty until the heights were carried4 ,early in the morning of the #acth1 ,i repeated the orders of the night before to ,major-,general ,worth1 to be1 with his division1 at hand to support the movement of ,major-,general ,pillow from our left4 ,the latter seems soon to have called for that entire division1 standing momentarily in reserve1 and ,worth sent him ,colonel ,clarke's brigade4 ,the call1 if not unnecessary1 was at least1 from the circumstances1 unknown to me at the time2 for1 soon observing that the very large body of the enemy1 in the road in front of ,major-,general ,quitman's right1 was receiving re-enforcements from the city1 less than a mile and a half to the east1 ,i sent instructions to ,worth1 on our opposite flank1 to turn ,chapultepec with his division1 and to proceed cautiously by the road at its northern base1 in order1 if not met by very superior numbers1 to threaten or to attack1 in rear1 that body of the enemy4 ,the movement1 it was also believed1 could not fail to distract and to intimidate the enemy generally4 ,worth promptly advanced with his remaining brigade1 ,colonel 7p4 #ccj7 ,garland's1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,c4 ,f4 ,smith's light battalion1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,duncan's field battery1 all of his division1 and three squadrons of dragoons1 under ,major ,sumner1 which ,i had just ordered up to join in the movement4 ,having turned the forest on the west1 and arriving opposite to the north centre of ,chapultepec1 ,worth came up with the troops in the road1 under ,colonel ,trousdale1 and aided1 by a flank movement of a part of ,garland's brigade1 in taking the one gun breastwork1 then under the fire of ,lieutenant ,jackson's section of ,captain ,magruder's field battery4 ,continuing to advance1 this division passed ,chapultepec1 attacking the right of the enemy's line1 resting on that road1 about the moment of the general retreat consequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its outworks4 ,arriving some minutes later1 and mounting to the top of the castle1 the whole field to the east lay plainly under my view4 ,there are two routes from ,chapultepec to the capital1 the one on the right entering the same gate1 ,belen1 with the road from the south1 via ,piedad2 and the other obliquing to the left1 to intersect the great western or ,san ,cosmo road1 in a suburb outside of the gate of ,san ,cosmo4 ,each of these routes 7an elevated causeway7 presents a double roadway on the sides of an aqueduct of strong masonry and great height1 resting on open arches and massive pillars1 which together afford fine points both for attack and defence4 ,the sideways of both aqueducts are1 moreover1 defended by many strong breastworks at the gates1 and before reaching them4 ,as we had expected1 we found the four tracks unusually dry and solid for the season4 ,worth and ,quitman were prompt in pursuing the retreating enemy1 the former by the ,san ,cosmo aqueduct1 and the latter along that of ,belen4 ,each had now advanced some hundred yards4 ,deeming it all important to profit by our successes1 and the consequent dismay of the enemy1 which could not be otherwise than general1 ,i hastened to dispatch from ,chapultepec1 first ,clarke's brigade1 and then ,cadwallader's1 to the support of ,worth1 and gave orders that the necessary heavy guns should follow4 ,pierce's brigade was1 at the same time1 sent to ,quitman1 and1 in the course of the afternoon1 ,i caused some additional siege pieces to be added to his train4 ,then1 after designating the #aeth ,infantry1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howard 7,morgan1 the ,colonel1 had been disabled by a wound at ,churubusco71 as the garrison of ,chapultepec1 and giving directions for the care of the prisoners of war1 the captured ordnance and ordnance stores1 ,i proceeded to join the advance of ,worth1 within the suburb1 and beyond the turn at the junction of the aqueduct with the great highway from the west to the gate of ,san ,cosmo4 ,at this junction of roads1 we first passed one of these formidable systems of city defences1 spoken of above1 and it had not a gun6 a strong proof1 #a4 ,that the enemy had expected us to fail in the attack upon ,chapultepec1 even if we meant anything more than a feint2 #b4 ,that1 in either case1 we designed1 in his belief1 to return and double our forces against the southern gates3 a delusion kept up by the active demonstration of ,twiggs and the forces posted on that side2 and1 #c4 ,that advancing rapidly from the reduction of ,chapultepec1 the enemy had not time to shift guns--our previous captures had left him1 7p4 #cca7 comparatively1 but few--from the southern gates4 ,within those disgarnished works1 ,i found our troops engaged in a street fight against the enemy posted in gardens1 at windows1 and on house-tops1 all flat1 with parapets4 ,worth ordered forward the mountain howitzers of ,cadwallader's brigade1 preceded by skirmishers and pioneers with pickaxes and crowbars1 to force windows and doors1 or to burrow through walls4 ,the assailants were soon in an equality of position fatal to the enemy4 ,by eight o'clock in the evening1 ,worth had carried two batteries in this suburb4 ,according to my instructions1 he here posted guards and sentinels1 and placed his troops under shelter for the night4 ,there was but one more obstacle1 the ,san ,cosmo gate1 7custom-house17 between him and the great square in front of the cathedral and palace1 the heart of the city2 and that barrier it was known could not1 by daylight1 resist our siege guns thirty minutes4 ,i had gone back to the foot of ,chapultepec1 the point from which the two aqueducts begin to diverge1 some hours earlier1 in order to be near that new depot1 and in easy communication with ,quitman and ,twiggs1 as well as with ,worth4 ,from this point ,i ordered all detachments and stragglers to their respective corps1 then in advance2 sent to ,quitman additional siege guns1 ammunition1 intrenching tools2 directed ,twiggs' remaining brigade1 ,riley's from ,piedad1 to support ,worth1 and ,captain ,steptoe's field battery1 also at ,piedad1 to rejoin ,quitman's division4 ,i had been1 from the first1 well aware that the western or ,san ,cosmo1 was the less difficult route to the centre1 and conquest of the capital1 and therefore intended that ,quitman should only manoeuvre and threaten the ,belen or southwestern gate1 in order to favor the main attack by ,worth1 knowing that the strong defences at the ,belen were directly under the guns of the much stronger fortress1 called the citadel1 just within4 ,both of these defences of the enemy were also within easy supporting distance from ,san ,angel 7or ,nino ,perdido7 and ,san ,antonio gates4 ,hence the greater support1 in numbers1 given to ,worth's movement as the main attack4 ,these views ,i repeatedly1 in the course of the day1 communicated to ,major-,general ,quitman2 but being in hot pursuit1 gallant himself1 and ably supported by ,brigadier-,generals ,shields and ,smith1 ,shields badly wounded before ,chapultepec1 and refusing to retire1 as well as by all the officers and men of the column1 ,quitman continued to press forward1 under flank and direct fires1 carried an intermediate battery of two guns1 and then the gate1 before two o'clock in the afternoon1 but not without proportionate loss1 increased by his steady maintenance of that position4 ,here1 of the heavy battery1 7#dth ,artillery17 ,captain ,drum and ,lieutenant ,benjamin were mortally wounded1 and ,lieutenant ,porter1 its third in rank1 slightly4 ,the loss of those two most distinguished officers the army will long mourn4 ,lieutenants ,j4 ,b4 ,morange and ,william ,canty1 of the ,south ,carolina ,volunteers1 also of high merit1 fell on the same occasion1 besides many of our bravest non-commissioned officers and men1 particularly in ,captain ,drum's veteran company4 ,i cannot1 in this place1 give names or numbers2 but full returns of the killed and wounded1 of all corps1 in their recent operations1 will accompany this report4 ,quitman within the city1 adding several new defences to the position he had won1 and sheltering his corps as well as practicable1 now awaited the return of daylight under the guns of the formidable citadel1 yet to be subdued4 ,about #d o'clock next morning 7,september #adth7 a deputation 7p4 #ccb7 of the ayuntamiento 7city council7 waited upon me to report that the federal government and the army of ,mexico had fled from the capital some three hours before2 and to demand terms of capitulation in favor of the church1 the citizens1 and the municipal authorities4 ,i promptly replied that ,i would sign no capitulation2 that the city had been virtually in our possession from the time of the lodgments effected by ,worth and ,quitman the day before2 that ,i regretted the silent escape of the ,mexican army2 that ,i should levy upon the city a moderate contribution1 for special purposes2 and that the ,american army should come under no terms not self-imposed3 such only as its own honor1 the dignity of the ,united ,states1 and the spirit of the age1 should1 in my opinion1 imperiously demand and impose4 ,for the terms1 so imposed1 ,i refer the department to subsequent ,general ,orders1 ,nos4 #bhg and #bhi 7paragraphs #g1 #h1 and #i of the latter71 copies of which are herewith enclosed4 ,at the termination of the interview with the city deputation1 ,i communicated1 about daylight1 orders to ,worth and ,quitman to advance slowly and cautiously 7to guard against treachery7 towards the heart of the city1 and to occupy its stronger and more commanding points4 ,quitman proceeded to the great plaza or square1 planted guards1 and hoisted the colors of the ,united ,states on the national palace1 containing the halls of ,congress and executive departments of ,federal ,mexico4 ,in this grateful service ,quitman might have been anticipated by ,worth1 but for my express orders1 halting the latter at the head of the ,alameda 7a green park71 within three squares of that goal of general ambition4 ,the capital1 however1 was not taken by any one or two corps1 but by the talent1 the science1 the gallantry1 the prowess of this entire army4 ,in the glorious conquest all had contributed1 early and powerfully1 the killed1 the wounded1 and the fit for duty1 at ,vera ,cruz1 ,cerro-,gordo1 ,contreras1 ,san ,antonio1 ,churubusco1 7three battles17 the ,molinos del ,rey1 and ,chapultepec1 as much as those who fought at the gates of ,belen and ,san ,cosmo4 ,soon after we had entered1 and were in the act of occupying the city1 a fire was opened upon us from the flat roofs of the houses1 from windows and corners of streets1 by some two thousand convicts1 liberated the night before by the flying government1 joined by perhaps as many ,mexican soldiers1 who had disbanded themselves and thrown off their uniforms4 ,this unlawful war lasted more than twenty-four hours1 in spite of the exertions of the municipal authorities1 and was not put down till we had lost many men1 including several officers1 killed or wounded1 and had punished the miscreants4 ,their objects were to gratify national hatred1 and in the general alarm and confusion1 to plunder the wealthy inhabitants1 particularly the deserted houses4 ,but families are now generally returning2 business of every kind has been resumed1 and the city is already tranquil and cheerful1 under the admirable conduct 7with exceptions very few and trifling7 of our gallant troops4 ,this army has been more disgusted than surprised that by some sinister process on the part of certain individuals at home1 its numbers have been1 generally1 almost trebled in our public papers1 beginning at ,washington4 ,leaving1 as we all feared1 inadequate garrisons at ,vera ,cruz1 ,perote1 and ,puebla1 with much larger hospitals2 and being obliged1 most reluctantly1 from the same cause 7general 7p4 #ccc7 paucity of numbers7 to abandon ,jalapa1 we marched 7,august #g-aj7 from ,puebla with only #aj1gch rank and file4 ,this number includes the garrison of ,jalapa1 and the #b1dbi men brought up by ,brigadier-,general ,pierce1 ,august #f4 ,at ,contreras1 ,churubusco1 etc4 7,august #bj71 we had but #h1dig men engaged1 after deducting the garrison of ,san ,augustin 7our general depot71 the intermediate sick and the dead2 at the ,molinos del ,rey 7,september #h71 but three brigades1 with some cavalry and artillery1 making in all #c1bea men1 were in battle2 in the two days1 ,september #abth and #acth1 our whole operating force1 after deducting again the recent killed1 wounded1 and sick1 together with the garrison of ,miscoac 7the then general depot7 and that of ,tacubaya1 was but #g1ahj2 and1 finally1 after deducting the new garrison of ,chapultepec1 with the killed and wounded of the two days1 we took possession 7,september #adth7 of this great capital with less than #f1jjj men4 ,and ,i re-assert1 upon accumulated and unquestionable evidence1 that1 in not one of those conflicts was this army opposed by fewer than three and a half times its numbers1 in several of them1 by a yet greater excess4 ,i recapitulate our losses since we arrived in the basin of ,mexico4 ,august #ai-bj4 ,killed1 #acg1 including #ad officers4 ,wounded1 #hgg1 including #fb officers4 ,missing 7probably killed71 #ch rank and file4 ,total #a1jeb4 ,september #h4 ,killed1 #aaf1 including #i officers4 ,wounded1 #ffe1 including #di officers4 ,missing1 #ah rank and file4 ,total #ghi4 ,september #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,killed1 #acj1 including #aj officers4 ,wounded1 #gjc1 including #fh officers4 ,missing1 #bi rank and file4 ,total #hfb4 ,grand total of losses1 #b1gjc1 including #chc officers4 ,on the other hand1 this small force has beaten on the same occasions in view of their capital1 the whole ,mexican army1 of 7at the beginning7 thirty odd thousand men2 posted always in chosen positions1 behind intrenchments1 or more formidable defences of nature and art2 killed or wounded1 of that number1 more than #g1jjj officers and men2 taken #c1gcj prisoners1 one-seventh officers1 including #ac generals1 of whom #c have been presidents of this republic2 captured more than #bj colors and standards1 #ge pieces of ordnance1 besides #eg wall pieces1 #bj1jjj small arms1 an immense quantity of shots1 shells1 powder1 c41 c4 ,of that enemy1 once so formidable in numbers1 appointments1 artillery1 c41 twenty odd thousand have disbanded themselves in despair1 leaving1 as is known1 not more than three fragments1 the largest about #b1ejj1 now wandering in different directions1 without magazines or a military chest1 and living at free quarters upon their own people4 ,general ,santa ,anna1 himself a fugitive1 is believed to be on the point of resigning the chief magistracy1 and escaping to neutral ,guatemala4 ,a new president1 no doubt1 will soon be declared1 and the federal ,congress is expected to reassemble at ,queretaro1 #abe miles north of this1 on the ,zacatecas road1 some time in ,october4 ,i have seen and given safe conduct through this city to several of its members4 ,the government will find itself without resources2 no army1 no arsenals1 no magazines1 and but little revenue1 internal or external4 ,still1 such is the obstinacy1 or rather infatuation1 of this people1 that it is very doubtful whether the new authorities will dare to sue for peace on terms which in the recent negotiations were made known by our minister4 ,in conclusion1 ,i beg to enumerate1 once more1 with due 7p4 #ccd7 commendation and thanks1 the distinguished staff officers1 general and personal1 who1 in our last operations in front of the enemy1 accompanied me1 and communicated orders to every point and through every danger4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hitchcock1 ,acting ,inspector-,general1 ,major ,turnbull and ,lieutenant ,hardcastle1 ,topographical ,engineers2 ,major ,kirby1 ,chief ,paymaster2 ,captain ,irwin1 ,chief ,quartermaster2 ,captain ,grayson1 ,chief ,commissary2 ,captain ,h4 ,l4 ,scott1 ,chief in the ,adjutant-,general's ,department2 ,lieutenant ,williams1 ,aid-de-,camp2 ,lieutenant ,lay1 ,military ,secretary2 and ,major ,j4 ,p4 ,gaines1 ,kentucky ,cavalry1 volunteer ,aid-de-,camp2 ,captain ,lee1 ,engineer1 so constantly distinguished1 also bore important orders from me 7,september #ac71 until he fainted from a wound and the loss of two nights' sleep at the batteries4 ,lieutenants ,beauregard1 ,stevens and ,tower1 all wounded1 were employed with the divisions1 and ,lieutenants ,g4 ,w4 ,smith and ,g4 ,b4 ,mc,clellan1 with the company of sappers and miners4 ,those fine ,lieutenants of ,engineers1 like their ,captain1 won the admiration of all about them4 ,the ordnance officers1 ,captain ,huger1 ,lieutenants ,hagner1 ,stone1 and ,reno1 were highly effective1 and distinguished at the several batteries2 and ,i must add that ,captain ,mc,kinstry1 ,assistant ,quartermaster1 at the close of the operations1 executed several important commissions for me as a special volunteer4 ,surgeon-,general ,lawson1 and the medical staff generally1 were skillful and untiring1 in and out of fire1 in ministering to the numerous wounded4 ,to illustrate the operations in this basin1 ,i enclose two beautiful drawings1 prepared under the directions of ,major ,turnbull1 mostly from actual surveys4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 with high respect1 your most obedient servant1 ,winfield ,,scott4 ,general ,orders ,no4 #bhf4 ,head-quarters of the ,army1 ,national ,palace of ,mexico1 ,september1 #ahdg4 ,the general-in-chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return1 both in public and in private worship1 thanks and gratitude to ,god for the signal triumphs which they have recently achieved for their country4 ,beginning with the #aith of ,august1 and ending the #adth instant1 this army has gallantly fought its way through the fields and forts of ,contreras1 ,san ,antonio1 ,churubusco1 ,molinos del ,rey1 ,chapultepec1 and the gates of ,san ,cosmo and ,tacubaya or ,belen1 into the capital of ,mexico4 ,when the very limited numbers who have performed those brilliant deeds shall have become known1 the whole world will be astonished1 and our own countrymen filled with joy and admiration4 ,but all is not yet done4 ,the enemy1 though scattered and 7p4 #cce7 dismayed1 has still many fragments of his late army hovering about us1 and aided by an exasperated population1 he may again reunite in treble our numbers1 and fall upon us to advantage if we rest inactive on the security of past victories4 ,compactness1 vigilance1 and discipline are1 therefore1 our only securities4 ,let every good officer and man look to those cautions and enjoin them upon all others4 ,by command of ,major-,general ,scott1 ,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1 ,acting ,adjutant-,general4 ,no4 #fc4 7p4 #ccf7 ,,plate ,,lxiv4 ,february #bb and #bc1 #ahdg4 ,major ,general ,zachary ,taylor1 etc4 ,rx4 ,buena ,vista ,feb #bb4 4 #bc4 #ahdg4 ,,major-,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,victory of ,buena ,vista4 ,,major ,,general ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress3 ,,may #i4 #ahdh4 ,undraped bust of ,general ,taylor1 facing the right2 underneath1 branches of oak and laurel1 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,,del4 7delineavit47 ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,buena ,,vista ,,feb4 #bb4 #bc4 #ahdg4 ,within a circle formed by two serpents1 one of which is a rattlesnake1 the ,american army1 commanded by ,general ,taylor1 is repulsing the attack of the ,mexicans4 ,beneath are branches of cactus and oak4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,smith ,,del4 7delineavit47 ,c4 ,c4 ,,wright ,,sculp4 7sculpsit74 ,,frederic ,,augustus ,,smith was graduated at ,west ,point as second lieutenant of engineers1 ,july #a1 #ahcc4 ,he was appointed captain1 ,july1 #ahch1 and died in ,washington1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,october #af1 #aheb4 ,he designed the reverse of the medal to ,major-,general ,taylor for ,buena ,vista4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,taylor4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress are due1 and they are hereby tendered to ,major-,general ,zachary ,taylor1 and1 through him1 to the officers and soldiers of the regular army and of the volunteers under 7p4 #ccg7 his command1 for their valor1 skill1 and good conduct1 conspicuously displayed1 on the twenty-second and twenty-third days of ,february last1 in the battle of ,buena ,vista1 in defeating a ,mexican army of more than four times their number1 consisting of chosen troops1 under their favorite commander1 ,general ,santa ,anna4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause to be struck a gold medal1 with devices emblematical of this splendid achievement1 and presented to ,major-,general ,zachary ,taylor1 as a testimony of the high sense entertained by ,congress of his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable occasion4 ,resolved1 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to ,major-,general ,taylor in such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the object thereof4 ,approved ,may #i1 #ahdh4 ,general ,taylor to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 ,to ,headquarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,,the ,,adjutant-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,army1 ,agua ,nueva1 ,march #f1 #ahdg4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to submit a detailed report of the operations of the forces under my command1 which resulted in the engagement of ,buena ,vista1 the repulse of the ,mexican army1 and the re-occupation of this position4 ,the information which reached me of the advance and concentration of a heavy ,mexican force in my front1 had assumed such a probable form1 as to induce a special examination far beyond the reach of our pickets to ascertain its correctness4 ,a small party of ,texan spies1 under ,major ,mc,culloch1 dispatched to the hacienda of ,encarnacion1 thirty miles from this1 on the route to ,san ,louis ,potosi1 had reported a cavalry force of unknown strength at that place4 ,on the #bjth of ,february1 a strong reconnoissance under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may was dispatched to the hacienda of ,heclionda1 while ,major ,mc,culloch made another examination of ,encarnacion4 ,the result of these expeditions left no doubt that the enemy was in large force at ,encarnacion1 under the orders of ,general ,santa ,anna1 and that he meditated a forward movement1 and attack upon our position4 ,as the camp of ,agua ,nueva could be turned on either flank1 and as the enemy's force was greatly superior to our own1 particularly in the arm of cavalry1 ,i determined1 after much consideration1 to take up a position about eleven miles in rear1 and there await the attack4 ,the army broke up its camp and marched at noon on the #bast1 encamping at the new position a little in front of the hacienda of ,buena ,vista4 ,with a small force ,i proceeded to 7p4 #cch7 ,saltillo1 to make some necessary arrangements for the defence of the town1 leaving ,brigadier-,general ,wool in the immediate command of the troops4 ,before those arrangements were completed1 on the morning of the #bb;d1 ,i was advised that the enemy was in sight1 advancing4 ,upon reaching the ground1 it was found that his cavalry advance was in our front1 having marched from ,encarnacion1 as we have since learned1 at eleven o'clock on the day previous1 and driving in a mounted force1 left ,agua ,nueva to cover the removal of public stores4 ,our troops were in position1 occupying a line of remarkable strength4 ,the road at this point becomes a narrow defile1 the valley on its right being rendered quite impracticable for artillery by a system of deep and impassable gullies1 while on the left a succession of rugged ridges and precipitous ravines extends far back toward the mountain which bounds the valley4 ,the features of the ground were such as nearly to paralyze the artillery and cavalry of the enemy1 while his infantry could not derive all the advantages of its numerical superiority4 ,in this position we prepared to receive him4 ,captain ,washington's battery 7#dth ,artillery7 was posted to command the road1 while the #ast and #b;d ,illinois regiments1 under ,colonels ,hardin and ,bissell1 each eight companies 7to the latter of which was attached ,captain ,conner's company of ,texas ,volunteers71 and the #b;d ,kentucky1 under ,colonel ,mc,kee1 occupied the crests of the ridges on the left and in rear4 ,the ,arkansas and ,kentucky regiments of cavalry1 commanded by ,colonels ,yell and ,h4 ,marshall1 occupied the extreme left near the base of the mountain1 while the ,indiana brigade1 under ,brigadier-,general ,lane 7composed of the #b;d and #c;d regiments1 under ,colonels ,bowles and ,lane71 the ,mississippi riflemen1 under ,colonel ,davis1 the squadrons of the #ast and #b;d ,dragoons1 under ,captain ,steen and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may1 and the light batteries of ,captains ,sherman and ,bragg1 #c;d ,artillery1 were held in reserve4 ,at eleven o'clock ,i received from ,general ,santa ,anna the following summons to surrender at discretion3 ,camp at ,encantada1 ,february #bb;d1 #ahdg4 ,to ,,general ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,commanding the ,forces of the ,united ,states4 ,god and ,liberty6 ,you are surrounded by #bj1jjj men1 and cannot1 in any human probability1 avoid suffering a route1 and being cut to pieces with your troops2 but as you deserve consideration and particular esteem1 ,i wish to save you from a catastrophe1 and for that purpose give you this notice1 in order that you may surrender at discretion1 under the assurance that you will be treated with the consideration belonging to the ,mexican character1 to which end you will be granted an hour's time to make up your mind1 to commence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in your camp4 ,with this view1 ,i assure you of my particular consideration1 ,antonio ,,lopez ,,de ,,santa ,,anna4 ,to this summons ,i immediately replied in these terms3 7p4 #cci7 ,headquarters1 ,army ,of ,occupation1 ,near ,buena ,vista1 ,february #bb1 #ahdg4 ,,se,,or ,,general ,,don ,,antonio ,,lopez ,,de ,,santa ,,anna1 ,commander-in-,chief1 ,la ,encantada4 ,sir3 ,in reply to your note of this date1 summoning me to surrender my forces at discretion1 ,i beg leave to say that ,i decline acceding to your request4 ,with high respect1 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,major-,general ,united ,states ,army1 commanding4 ,the enemy still forbore his attack1 evidently waiting for the arrival of his rear columns1 which could be distinctly seen by our look-outs as they approached the field4 ,a demonstration made on his left caused me to detach the #b;d ,kentucky regiment and a section of artillery to our right1 in which position they bivouacked for the night4 ,in the mean time the ,mexican light troops had engaged ours on the extreme left 7composed of parts of the ,kentucky and ,arkansas cavalry dismounted1 and a rifle battalion from the ,indiana brigade1 under ,major ,gorman1 the whole commanded by ,colonel ,marshall71 and kept up a sharp fire1 climbing the mountain side1 and apparently endeavoring to gain our flank4 ,three pieces of ,captain ,washington's battery had been detached to the left1 and were supported by the #b;d ,indiana regiment4 ,an occasional shell was thrown by the enemy into this part of our line1 but without effect4 ,the skirmishing of the light troops was kept up with trifling loss on our part until dark1 when ,i became convinced that no serious attack would be made before the morning1 and returned1 with the ,mississippi regiment and squadron of #b;d ,dragoons1 to ,saltillo4 ,the troops bivouacked without fires1 and laid upon their arms4 ,a body of cavalry1 some #aejj strong1 had been visible all day in rear of the town1 having entered the valley through a narrow pass east of the city4 ,this cavalry1 commanded by ,general ,minon1 had evidently been thrown in our rear to break up and harass our retreat1 and perhaps make some attempt against the town if practicable4 ,the city was occupied by four excellent companies of ,illinois volunteers1 under ,major ,warren of the #ast regiment4 ,a field-work1 which commanded most of the approaches1 was garrisoned by ,captain ,webster's company1 #ast ,artillery1 and armed with two twenty-four-pound howitzers1 while the train and headquarter camp was guarded by two companies of ,mississippi riflemen1 under ,captain ,rogers1 and a field-piece commanded by ,captain ,shover1 #c;d ,artillery4 ,having made these dispositions for the protection of the rear1 ,i proceeded on the morning of the #bc;d to ,buena ,vista1 ordering forward all the other available troops4 ,the action had commenced before my arrival on the field4 ,during the evening and night of the #bb;d1 the enemy had thrown a body of light troops on the mountain side1 with the purpose of outflanking our left2 and it was here that the action of the #bc;d commenced at an early hour4 ,our riflemen1 under ,colonel ,marshall1 who had been re-enforced by three companies1 under ,major ,trail1 #b;d ,illinois ,volunteers1 maintained their ground handsomely against a greatly superior force1 holding themselves under 7p4 #cdj7 cover1 and using their weapons with deadly effect4 ,about eight o'clock a strong demonstration was made against the centre of our position1 a heavy column moving along the road4 ,this force was soon dispersed by a few rapid and well-directed shots from ,captain ,washington's battery4 ,in the mean time the enemy was concentrating a large force of infantry and cavalry under cover of the ridges1 with the obvious intention of forcing our left1 which was posted on an extensive plateau4 ,the #b;d ,indiana and #b;d ,illinois regiments formed this part of our line1 the former covering three pieces of light artillery1 under the orders of ,captain ,o',brien1 ,brigadier-,general ,lane being in the immediate command4 ,in order to bring his men within effective range1 ,general ,lane ordered the artillery and #b;d ,indiana regiment forward4 ,the artillery advanced within musket range of a heavy body of ,mexican infantry1 and was served against it with great effect1 but without being able to check its advance4 ,the infantry ordered to its support had fallen back in disorder1 being exposed1 as well as the battery1 not only to a severe fire of small arms from the front1 but also to a murderous cross-fire of grape and canister from a ,mexican battery on the left4 ,captain ,o',brien found it impossible to retain his position without support1 but was only able to withdraw two of his pieces1 all the horses and cannoneers of the third piece being killed or disabled4 ,the #b;d ,indiana regiment1 which had fallen back as stated1 could not be rallied1 and took no further part in the action1 except a handful of men1 who1 under its gallant colonel1 ,bowles1 joined the ,mississippi regiment2 and did good service1 and those fugitives who1 at a later period in the day1 assisted in defending the train and depot at ,buena ,vista4 ,this portion of our line having given way1 and the enemy appearing in overwhelming force against our left flank1 the light troops which had rendered such good service on the mountain were compelled to withdraw1 which they did1 for the most part1 in good order4 ,many1 however1 were not rallied until they reached the depot at ,buena ,vista1 to the defence of which they afterward contributed4 ,colonel ,bissell's regiment 7#b;d ,illinois7 which had been joined by a section of ,captain ,sherman's battery1 had become completely outflanked1 and was compelled to fall back1 being entirely unsupported4 ,the enemy was now pouring masses of infantry and cavalry along the base of the mountain on our left1 and was gaining our rear in great force4 ,at this moment ,i arrived upon the field4 ,the ,mississippi regiment had been directed to the left before reaching the position1 and immediately came into action against the ,mexican infantry which had turned our flank4 ,the #b;d ,kentucky regiment1 and a section of artillery under ,captain ,bragg1 had previously been ordered from the right to re-enforce our left1 and arrived at a most opportune moment4 ,that regiment1 and a portion of the #ast ,illinois1 under ,colonel ,hardin1 gallantly drove the enemy1 and recovered a portion of the ground we had lost4 ,the batteries of ,captains ,sherman and ,bragg were in position on the plateau1 and did much execution1 not only in front1 but particularly upon the masses which had gained our rear4 ,discovering that the enemy was heavily pressing upon the ,mississippi regiment1 the #c;d ,indiana regiment1 under ,colonel ,lane1 was despatched to strengthen that part of the line1 which formed a crotchet perpendicular to the first line of battle4 ,at the same time ,lieutenant ,kilburn1 with a piece of ,captain ,bragg's battery1 was directed to support the infantry there engaged4 ,the action was1 for a long time1 warmly sustained at that point1 7p4 #cda7 the enemy making several efforts1 both with infantry and cavalry1 against our line1 and being always repulsed with heavy loss4 ,i had placed all the regular cavalry1 and ,captain ,pike's squadron of ,arkansas horse1 under the orders of ,brevet ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may1 with directions to hold in check the enemy's column1 still advancing to the rear along the base of the mountain1 which was done in conjunction with the ,kentucky and ,arkansas cavalry under ,colonels ,marshall and ,yell4 ,in the mean time our left1 which was still strongly threatened by a superior force1 was farther strengthened by the detachment of ,captain ,bragg's1 and a portion of ,captain ,sherman's batteries to that quarter4 ,the concentration of artillery fire upon the masses of the enemy along the base of the mountain1 and the determined resistance offered by the two regiments opposed to them1 had created confusion in their ranks1 and some of the corps attempted to effect a retreat upon their main line of battle4 ,the squadron of the #ast ,dragoons1 under ,lieutenant ,rucker1 was now ordered up the deep ravine which these retreating corps were endeavoring to cross1 in order to charge and disperse them4 ,the squadron proceeded to the point indicated1 but could not accomplish the object1 being exposed to a heavy fire from a battery established to cover the retreat of those corps4 ,while the squadron was detached on this service1 a large body of the enemy was observed to concentrate on our extreme left1 apparently with the view of making a descent upon the hacienda of ,buena ,vista1 where our train and baggage were deposited4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may was ordered to the support of that point1 with two pieces of ,captain ,sherman's battery under ,lieutenant ,reynolds4 ,in the mean time1 the scattered forces near the hacienda1 composed in part of ,majors ,trail and ,gorman's commands1 had been1 to some extent1 organized under the advice of ,major ,munroe1 chief of artillery1 with the assistance of ,major ,morrison1 volunteer staff1 and were posted to defend the position4 ,before our cavalry had reached the hacienda1 that of the enemy had made its attack2 having been handsomely met by the ,kentucky and ,arkansas cavalry under ,colonels ,marshall and ,yell4 ,the ,mexican column immediately divided1 one portion sweeping by the depot1 where it received a destructive fire from the force which had collected there1 and then gaining the mountain opposite1 under a fire from ,lieutenant ,reynolds' section1 the remaining portion regaining the base of the mountain on our left4 ,in the charge at ,buena ,vista1 ,colonel ,yell fell gallantly at the head of his regiment2 we also lost ,adjutant ,vaughan1 of the ,kentucky cavalry1 a young officer of much promise4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may1 who had been rejoined by the squadron of the #ast ,dragoons1 and by portions of the ,arkansas and ,indiana troops1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,roane and ,major ,gorman1 now approached the base of the mountain1 holding in check the right flank of the enemy1 upon whose masses1 crowded in the narrow gorges and ravines1 our artillery was doing fearful execution4 ,the position of that portion of the ,mexican army which had gained our rear was now very critical1 and it seemed doubtful whether it could regain the main body4 ,at this moment ,i received from ,general ,santa ,anna a message by a staff officer1 desiring to know what ,i wanted4 ,i immediately dispatched ,brigadier-,general ,wool to the ,mexican general-in-chief and sent orders to cease firing4 ,upon reaching the ,mexican lines1 ,general ,wool could not cause the enemy to cease their fire1 and accordingly returned without 7p4 #cdb7 having an interview4 ,the extreme right of the enemy continued its retreat along the base of the mountain1 and finally1 in spite of all our efforts1 effected a junction with the remainder of the army4 ,during the day1 the cavalry of ,general ,minon had ascended the elevated plain above ,saltillo1 and occupied the road from the city to the field of battle1 where they intercepted several of our men4 ,approaching the town1 they were fired upon by ,captain ,webster from the redoubt occupied by his company1 and then moved off towards the eastern side of the valley1 and obliquely toward ,buena ,vista4 ,at this time ,captain ,shover moved rapidly forward with his piece1 supported by a miscellaneous command of mounted volunteers1 and fired several shots at the cavalry with great effect4 ,they were driven into the ravines which lead to the lower valley1 closely pursued by ,captain ,shover1 who was farther supported by a piece of ,captain ,webster's battery1 under ,lieutenant ,donaldson1 which had advanced from the redoubt1 supported by ,captain ,wheeler's company of ,illinois volunteers4 ,the enemy made one or two efforts to charge the artillery1 but was finally driven back in a confused mass1 and did not again appear upon the plain4 ,in the mean time1 the firing had partially ceased upon the principal field4 ,the enemy seemed to confine his efforts to the protection of his artillery1 and ,i had left the plateau for a moment1 when ,i was recalled thither by a very heavy musketry fire4 ,on regaining that position1 ,i discovered that our infantry 7,illinois and #b;d ,kentucky7 had engaged a greatly superior force of the enemy1 evidently his reserve1 and that they had been overwhelmed by numbers4 ,the moment was most critical4 ,captain ,o',brien1 with two pieces1 had sustained this heavy charge to the last1 and was finally obliged to leave his guns on the field1 his infantry support being entirely routed4 ,captain ,bragg1 who had just arrived from the left1 was ordered at once into battery4 ,without any infantry to support him1 and at the imminent risk of losing his guns1 this officer came rapidly into action1 the ,mexican line being but a few yards from the muzzles of his pieces4 ,the first discharge of canister caused the enemy to hesitate1 the second and third drove him back in disorder1 and saved the day4 ,the #b;d ,kentucky regiment1 which had advanced beyond supporting distance in this affair1 was driven back and closely pressed by the enemy's cavalry4 ,taking a ravine which led in the direction of ,captain ,washington's battery1 their pursuers became exposed to his fire1 which soon checked and drove them back with loss4 ,in the mean time1 the rest of our artillery had taken position on the plateau1 covered by the ,mississippi and #c;d ,indiana regiments1 the former of which had reached the ground in time to pour a fire into the right flank of the enemy1 and thus contribute to his repulse4 ,in this last conflict we had the misfortune to sustain a very heavy loss4 ,colonel ,hardin1 #ast ,illinois1 and ,colonel ,mc,kee and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,clay1 #b;d ,kentucky regiment1 fell at this time while gallantly leading their commands4 ,no further attempt was made by the enemy to force our position1 and the approach of night gave an opportunity to pay proper attention to the wounded1 and also to refresh the soldiers1 who had been exhausted by incessant watchfulness and combat4 ,though the night was severely cold1 the troops were compelled for the most to bivouack without fires1 expecting that morning would renew the conflict4 ,during the night the wounded were removed to ,saltillo1 and every preparation made to receive the enemy1 7p4 #cdc7 should he again attack our position4 ,seven fresh companies were drawn from the town1 and ,brigadier-,general ,marshall1 with a re-enforcement of ,kentucky cavalry and four heavy guns1 under ,captain ,prentiss1 #ast ,artillery1 was near at hand1 when it was discovered that the enemy had abandoned his position during the night4 ,our scouts soon ascertained that he had fallen back upon ,agua ,nueva4 ,the great disparity of numbers1 and the exhaustion of our troops1 rendered it inexpedient and hazardous to attempt pursuit4 ,a staff officer was dispatched to ,general ,santa ,anna to negotiate an exchange of prisoners1 which was satisfactorily completed on the following day4 ,our own dead were collected and buried1 and the ,mexican wounded1 of which a large number had been left upon the field1 were removed to ,saltillo1 and rendered as comfortable as circumstances would permit4 ,on the evening of the #bfth1 a close reconnoissance was made of the enemy's position1 which was found to be occupied only by a small body of cavalry1 the infantry and artillery having retreated in the direction of ,san ,luis ,potosi4 ,on the #bgth1 our troops resumed their former camp at ,agua ,nueva1 the enemy's rear guard evacuating the place as we approached1 leaving a considerable number of wounded4 ,it was my purpose to beat up his quarters at ,encarnacion early the next morning1 but upon examination1 the weak condition of the cavalry horses rendered it unadvisable to attempt so long a march without water4 ,a command was finally dispatched to ,encarnacion1 on the #ast of ,march1 under ,colonel ,belknap4 ,some two hundred wounded1 and about sixty ,mexican soldiers were found there1 the army having passed on in the direction of ,matehuala1 with greatly reduced numbers1 and suffering much from hunger4 ,the dead and dying were strewed upon the road and crowded the buildings of the hacienda4 ,the ,american force engaged in the action of ,buena ,vista was #cdd officers and #d1dbe men1 exclusive of the small command left in and near ,saltillo4 ,of this number1 two squadrons of cavalry and three batteries of light artillery1 making not more than #dec men1 composed the only force of regular troops4 ,the strength of the ,mexican army is stated by ,general ,santa ,anna1 in his summons1 to be #bj1jjj2 and that estimate is confirmed by all the information since obtained4 ,our loss is #bfg killed1 #def wounded1 and #bc missing4 ,of the numerous wounded1 many did not require removal to the hospital1 and it is hoped that a comparatively small number will be permanently disabled4 ,the ,mexican loss in killed and wounded may be fairly estimated at #a1ejj1 and will probably reach #b1jjj4 ,at least #ejj of their killed were left upon the field of battle4 ,we have no means of ascertaining the number of deserters and dispersed men from their ranks1 but it is known to be very great4 ,our loss has been especially severe in officers1 twenty-eight having been killed upon the field4 ,we have to lament the death of ,captain ,george ,lincoln1 ,assistant ,adjutant-,general1 serving in the staff of ,general ,wool1 a young officer of high bearing and approved gallantry1 who fell early in the action4 ,no loss falls more heavily upon the army in the field than that of ,colonels ,hardin and ,mc,kee1 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,clay4 ,possessing1 in a remarkable degree1 the confidence of their commanders1 and the last two having enjoyed the advantage of a military education1 ,i had looked particularly to them for support in case we met the enemy4 ,i need not say that their zeal in engaging the enemy1 and the cool and steadfast courage with which they maintained 7p4 #cdd7 their positions during the day1 fully realized my hopes1 and caused me to feel yet more sensibly their untimely loss4 ,i perform a grateful duty in bringing to the notice of the government the general good conduct of the troops4 ,exposed for successive nights1 without fires1 to the severity of the weather1 they were ever prompt and cheerful in the discharge of every duty2 and finally displayed conspicuous steadiness and gallantry in repulsing1 at great odds1 a disciplined foe4 ,while the brilliant success achieved by their arms releases me from the painful necessity of specifying many cases of bad conduct before the enemy1 ,i feel an increased obligation to mention particular corps and officers1 whose skill1 coolness and gallantry in trying situations1 and under a continued and heavy fire1 seem to merit particular notice4 ,to ,brigadier-,general ,wool my obligations are especially due4 ,the high state of discipline and instruction of several of the volunteer regiments was attained under his command1 and to his vigilance and arduous service before the action1 and his gallantry and activity on the field1 a large share of our success may justly be attributed4 ,during most of the engagement he was in immediate command of the troops thrown back on our left flank4 ,i beg leave to recommend him to the favorable notice of the government4 ,brigadier-,general ,lane 7slightly wounded7 was active and zealous throughout the day1 and displayed great coolness and gallantry before the enemy4 ,the services of the light artillery1 always conspicuous1 were more than usually distinguished4 ,moving rapidly over the roughest ground1 it was always in action at the right place and the right time1 and its well-directed fire dealt destruction in the masses of the enemy4 ,while ,i recommend to particular favor the gallant conduct and valuable services of ,major ,munroe1 chief of artillery1 and ,captains ,washington1 #dth ,artillery1 and ,sherman and ,bragg1 #c;d ,artillery1 commanding batteries1 ,i deem it no more than just to mention all the subaltern officers4 ,they were nearly all detached at different times1 and in every situation exhibited conspicuous skill and gallantry4 ,captain ,o',brien1 ,lieutenants ,brent1 ,whiting1 and ,couch1 #dth ,artillery1 and ,bryan1 ,topographical ,engineer 7slightly wounded71 were attached to ,captain ,washington's battery4 ,lieutenants ,thomas1 ,reynolds1 and ,french1 #c;d ,artillery1 7severely wounded71 to that of ,captain ,sherman2 and ,captain ,shover and ,lieutenant ,kilburn1 #c;d ,artillery1 to that of ,captain ,bragg4 ,captain ,shover1 in connection with ,lieutenant ,donaldson1 #ast ,artillery1 rendered gallant and important service in repulsing the cavalry of ,general ,minon4 ,the regular cavalry1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,may1 with which was associated ,captain ,pike's squadron of ,arkansas horse1 rendered useful service in holding the enemy in check1 and in covering the batteries at several points4 ,captain ,steen1 #ast ,dragoons1 was severely wounded early in the day1 while gallantly endeavoring1 with my authority1 to rally the troops which were falling to the rear4 ,the ,mississippi riflemen1 under ,colonel ,davis1 were highly conspicuous for their gallantry and steadiness1 and sustained throughout the engagement the reputation of veteran troops4 ,brought into action against an immensely superior force1 they maintained themselves for a long time unsupported and with heavy loss1 and held an important part of the field until re-enforced4 ,colonel ,davis1 though severely wounded1 remained in the saddle until the close of the action4 ,his distinguished coolness and gallantry at the head of his regiment on this day entitle 7p4 #cde7 him to the particular notice of the government4 ,the #c;d ,indiana regiment1 under ,colonel ,lane1 and a fragment of the #b;d1 under ,colonel ,bowles1 were associated with the ,mississippi regiment during the greater portion of the day1 and acquitted themselves creditably in repulsing the attempts of the enemy to break that portion of our line4 ,the ,kentucky cavalry1 under ,colonel ,marshall1 rendered good service dismounted1 acting as light troops on our left1 and afterward1 with a portion of the ,arkansas regiment1 in meeting and dispersing the column of cavalry at ,buena ,vista4 ,the #ast and #b;d ,illinois1 and the #b;d ,kentucky regiments1 served immediately under my eye1 and ,i bear a willing testimony to their excellent conduct throughout the day4 ,the spirit and gallantry with which the #ast ,illinois and #b;d ,kentucky engaged the enemy in the morning1 restored confidence to that part of the field1 while the list of casualties will show how much these three regiments suffered in sustaining the heavy charge of the enemy in the afternoon4 ,captain ,conner's company of ,texas volunteers1 attached to the #b;d ,illinois regiment1 fought bravely1 its captain being wounded and two subalterns killed4 ,colonel ,bissell1 the only surviving colonel of these regiments1 merits notice for his coolness and bravery on this occasion4 ,after the fall of the field officers of the #ast ,illinois and #b;d ,kentucky regiments1 the command of the former devolved upon ,lieutenant-,colonel ,weatherford1 that of the latter upon ,major ,fry4 ,regimental commanders and others who have rendered reports1 speak in general terms of the good conduct of their officers and men1 and have specified many names1 but the limits of this report forbid a recapitulation of them here4 ,i may1 however1 mention ,lieutenants ,rucker and ,campbell1 of the dragoons1 and ,captain ,pike1 ,arkansas cavalry1 commanding squadrons2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,field1 ,kentucky cavalry2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,roane1 ,arkansas cavalry1 upon whom the command devolved after the fall of ,colonel ,yell2 ,major ,bradford1 ,captain ,sharpe 7severely wounded71 and ,adjutant ,griffith1 ,mississippi regiment2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hadden1 #b;d ,indiana regiment1 and ,lieutenant ,robinson1 aid-de-camp to ,general ,lane2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,weatherford1 #ast ,illinois regiment2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,morrison1 ,major ,trail1 and ,adjutant ,whiteside 7severely wounded71 #b;d ,illinois regiment2 and ,major ,fry1 #b;d ,kentucky regiment1 as being favorably noticed for gallantry and good conduct4 ,major ,mc,culloch1 quarter-master in the volunteer service1 rendered important services before the engagement1 in the command of a spy company1 and during the affair was associated with the regular cavalry4 ,to ,major ,warren1 #ast ,illinois ,volunteers1 ,i feel much indebted for his firm and judicious course1 while exercising command in ,saltillo4 ,the medical staff1 under the able direction of ,assistant ,surgeon ,hitchcock1 were assiduous in attention to the wounded1 upon the field1 and in their careful removal to the rear4 ,both in these respects1 and in the subsequent organization and service of the hospitals1 the administration of this department was every thing that could be wished4 ,brigadier-,general ,wool speaks in high terms of the officers of his staff1 and ,i take pleasure in mentioning them here1 having witnessed their activity and zeal upon the field4 ,lieutenant and ,aid-de-camp ,mc,dowell1 ,colonel ,churchill1 inspector-general1 ,captain ,chapman1 assistant quarter-master1 ,lieutenant ,sitgreaves1 ,topographical ,engineers1 and ,captains ,howard and ,davis1 7p4 #cdf7 volunteer service1 are conspicuously noticed by the general for their gallantry and good conduct4 ,messrs4 ,march1 ,addicks ,potts1 ,harrison1 ,burgess1 and ,dusenbury1 attached in various capacities to ,general ,wool's head-quarters1 are likewise mentioned for their intelligent alacrity in conveying orders to all parts of the field4 ,in conclusion1 ,i beg leave to speak of my own staff1 to whose exertions in rallying troops and communicating orders ,i feel greatly indebted4 ,major ,bliss1 assistant adjutant-general1 ,captain ,j4 ,h4 ,eaton1 and ,lieutenant ,r4 ,s4 ,garnett1 aids-de-camp1 served near my person1 and were prompt and zealous in the discharge of every duty4 ,major ,munroe1 besides rendering valuable service as chief of artillery1 was active and instrumental1 as were also ,colonels ,churchill and ,belknap1 inspectors general1 in rallying troops and disposing them for the defence of the train and baggage4 ,colonel ,whiting1 quartermaster general1 and ,captain ,eaton1 chief of the subsistence department1 were engaged with the duties of their departments1 and also served in my immediate staff on the field4 ,captain ,sibley1 assistant quartermaster1 was necessarily left with the head-quarter camp near town1 where his services were highly useful4 ,major ,mansfield and ,lieutenant ,benham1 engineers1 and ,captain ,linnard and ,lieutenants ,pope and ,franklin1 ,topographical ,engineers1 were employed before and during the engagement in making reconnoissances1 and on the field were very active in bringing information and in conveying my orders to distant points4 ,lieutenant ,kingsbury1 in addition to his proper duties as ordnance officer1 ,captain ,chilton1 assistant quartermaster1 and ,majors ,dix and ,coffee1 served also as extra aids-de-camp1 and were actively employed in the transmission of orders4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,l4 ,crittenden1 of ,kentucky1 though not in service1 volunteered as my aid-de-camp on this occasion1 and served with credit in that capacity4 ,major ,craig1 chief of ordnance1 and ,surgeon ,craig1 medical director1 had been detached on duty from head-quarters1 and did not reach the ground until the morning of the #bdth1 too late to participate in the action1 but in time to render useful services in their respective departments of the staff4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,,taylor1 ,major-,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 commanding4 ,general ,order ,congratulating the ,army4 ,headquarters1 ,army of ,occupation1 ,february #bf1 #ahdg4 #a4 ,the commanding general has the grateful task of congratulating the troops upon the brilliant success which attended their arms in the conflicts of the #bb;d and the #bc;d4 ,confident in the immense superiority of numbers1 and stimulated by the presence of a distinguished leader1 the ,mexican troops were yet repulsed in efforts to force our lines1 and finally withdrew with immense loss from the field4 #b4 ,the general would express his obligations to the officers 7p4 #cdg7 and men engaged1 for the cordial support which they rendered throughout the action4 ,it will be his highest pride to bring to the notice of the government the conspicuous gallantry of different officers and corps1 whose unwavering steadiness more than once saved the fortunes of the day4 ,he would also express his high satisfaction with the conduct of the small command left to hold ,saltillo4 ,though not so seriously engaged as their comrades1 their services were very important and efficiently rendered4 ,while bestowing this just tribute to the good conduct of the troops1 the general deeply regrets to say that there were not a few exceptions4 ,he trusts that those who fled ingloriously to ,buena ,vista1 and even to ,saltillo1 will seek an opportunity to retrieve their reputation1 and to emulate the bravery of their comrades who bore the brunt of the battle1 and sustained1 against fearful odds1 the honor of our flag4 ,the exultation of success is checked by the heavy sacrifice of life which it has cost1 embracing many officers of high rank and rare merit4 ,while the sympathies of a grateful country will be given to the bereaved families and friends of those who nobly fell1 their illustrious example will remain for the benefit and admiration of the army4 ,by order of ,major-,general ,taylor1 ,w4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,bliss1 ,act4 ,adj4 ,general4 ,no4 #fd4 7p4 #cdh7 ,,plate ,,lxv4 ,march #e1 #ahdi--;,july #i1 #ahej4 ,zachary ,taylor ,president of the ,united ,states #ahdi4 ,rx4 ,peace and friendship4 ,,president ,,zachary ,,taylor4 ,twelfth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,zachary ,,taylor ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahdi4 ,bust of ,president ,taylor1 facing the left4 ,,peace ,,and ,,friendship4 ,two hands clasped in token of amity2 on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes1 and buttons with the ,american eagle on them2 the other wrist bare2 above the hands1 a calumet and tomahawk crossed--,indian emblems of peace and war4 ,the obverse of this medal1 though not signed1 was engraved by ,franklin ,peale1 as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of ,r4 ,m4 ,patterson1 director of the ,mint1 to ,orlando ,brown1 office of ,indian ,affairs1 ,department of the ,interior1 and dated ,philadelphia1 ,november #bfth1 #ahdi3 ,three ,indian medal dies1 bearing the head of ,president ,taylor1 were asked of the chief coiner of the ,mint1 ,mr4 ,franklin ,peale1 by ,mr4 ,medill1 while ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs1 and he agreed to the estimate of the cost which was #gjj4 ,i have now the satisfaction of reporting that the dies are finished1 and that ,mr4 ,peale is ready to furnish1 on sufficient notice1 the medals which you may desire4 ,no4 #fe4 7p4 #cdi7 ,,plate ,,lxvi4 ,june #aj1 #ahej--,march #d1 #ahec4 ,millard ,fillmore ,president of the ,united ,states #ahej4 ,rx4 ,labor virtue honor4 ,,president ,,millard ,,fillmore4 ,thirteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,millard ,,fillmore ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahej4 ,undraped bust of ,president ,fillmore1 facing the right4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,,labor ,,virtue ,,honor4 ,a pioneer from the far ,west1 his left hand on a ploughshare1 explains to an ,indian chief the benefits of civilization1 of which he wishes him to partake4 ,the ,american flag envelops both in its folds4 ,in the background is a farm-house4 ,j4 ,,willson4 ,,joseph ,,willson was born at ,canton1 ,st ,lawrence ,county1 ,new ,york1 in #ahbe4 ,he studied portrait painting with ,salathiel ,ellis1 followed him to ,new ,york in #ahdb1 and began cutting cameos and die sinking4 ,in #ahdh he removed to ,washington1 under the patronage of the ,honorable ,r4 ,h4 ,gillet1 member of ,congress from ,st ,lawrence ,county1 ,new ,york1 associated himself in business with ,salathiel ,ellis1 and made the reverses of the ,indian medals of ,presidents ,fillmore and ,pierce4 ,in #ahea he went to ,italy to study sculpture1 and remained abroad three years4 ,he died1 ,september #h1 #aheg4 ,,millard ,,fillmore was born at ,summerhill1 ,cayuga ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,january #g1 #ahjj4 ,he began the study of law in #ahai1 and was admitted to the bar to practise as an attorney in #ahbg2 was counsellor in the ,supreme ,court of the ,state of ,new ,york1 #ahbi2 and settled in 7p4 #cej7 ,buffalo1 #ahcj4 ,he was a member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahbi-ahca2 member of ,congress1 #ahcb-ahcd1 and again1 #ahcg-ahda2 comptroller of the ,state of ,new ,york1 #ahdg2 vice-president of the ,united ,states1 #ahdi1 and ,president on the death of ,general ,taylor 7,june #aj71 #ahej-ahec4 ,he was an unsuccessful candidate for the ,presidency in #ahef1 and died in ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 ,march #h1 #ahgd4 ,no4 #ff4 7p4 #cea7 ,,plate ,,lxvii4 ,march #d1 #ahec--,march #d1 #aheg4 ,franklin ,pierce1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ahec4 ,rx4 ,labor virtue honor4 ,,president ,,franklin ,,pierce4 ,fourteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,franklin ,,pierce1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 #ahec4 ,undraped bust of ,president ,pierce1 facing the left4 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,,labor ,,virtue ,,honor4 ,a pioneer from the far ,west1 his left hand on a ploughshare1 explains to an ,indian chief the benefits of civilization1 of which he wishes him to partake4 ,the ,american flag envelops both in its folds4 ,in the background is a farm-house4 ,j4 ,,willson4 ,,franklin ,,pierce was born at ,hillsborough1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,november #bc1 #ahjd4 ,he was graduated at ,bowdoin ,college1 ,maine1 #ahbd1 and was admitted to the bar at ,hillsborough1 #ahbg2 was member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahbi2 member of ,congress1 #ahcc-ahcg2 ,united ,states senator1 #ahcg-ahdb2 brigadier-general of volunteers1 ,march1 #ahdg2 served under ,general ,scott throughout the ,mexican campaign2 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #ahec-aheg4 ,he retired to ,concord1 ,new ,hampshire1 and died there1 ,october #h1 #ahfi4 ,no4 #fg4 7p4 #ceb7 ,,plate ,,lxviii4 ,july #b1 #ahec4 ,smyrna4 ,american sloop of war ,st4 ,louis4 ,austrian brig of war ,hussar4 ,rx4 ,presented by the ,president of the ,united ,states to ,commander ,duncan ,n4 ,ingraham1 etc4 ,,commander ,,duncan ,,nathaniel ,,ingraham4 ,release of ,martin ,coszta4 ,the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,st ,louis1 and the ,austrian brig-of-war ,hussar1 are at anchor in the roads of ,smyrna2 while a second ,austrian war vessel and three mail steamers are at a little distance4 ,the city of ,smyrna and the ruins of the ,acropolis1 on ,mount ,pagus1 are in the background4 ,exergue3 ,,smyrna4 ,,american ,,sloop ,,of ,,war ,,st4 ,,louis4 ,,austrian ,,brig ,,of ,,war ,,hussar1 ,s4 ,,eastman ,d4 7delineavit47 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cross ,,sc44 7sculpsit47 ,,longacre4 ,within a wreath of laurel and oak3 ,,presented ,,by ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,to ,,commander ,,duncan ,n4 7,nathaniel7 ,,ingraham ,,as ,a ,,testimonial ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,sense ,,entertained ,,by ,,congress ,,of ,,his ,,gallant ,,and ,,judicious ,,conduct ,,on ,,the #b;,d ,,of ,,july #ahec4 ,,joint ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,august #d,,th #ahed4 ,exergue3 ,the ,american eagle1 with outspread wings1 holds an anchor in its talons2 above are thirty-one stars1 the whole lighted by the rays of the sun4 ,s4 ,,eastman ,d4 7delineavit47 ,j4 ,b4 ,,longacre ,,sc4 7sculpsit74 ,,seth ,,eastman was graduated at ,west ,point as second lieutenant of 7p4 #cec7 infantry1 ,july #a1 #ahbi2 was assistant teacher of drawing at ,west ,point1 #ahcc-ahdj2 first lieutenant1 #ahcf2 and captain1 #ahci4 ,he engraved the armorial bearings of several of the new ,states1 and designed the ,ingraham medal4 ,he was living in ,washington in #ahgb4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cross1 who engraved the obverse of the ,ingraham medal1 was born in ,sheffield1 ,england1 and died in ,philadelphia in #ahef4 ,,james ,,barton ,,longacre was born in ,delaware ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,august #aa1 #agid1 and became a steel-plate engraver4 ,in #ahdd he was appointed engraver to the ,united ,states ,mint1 in ,philadelphia1 and retained the situation till his death1 ,january #ad1 #ahfi4 ,he was also one of the publishers and proprietors of the ,national ,portrait ,gallery1 to which he contributed many engravings4 ,his largest plate1 however1 the equestrian portrait of ,general ,jackson1 is not in that work4 ,,duncan ,,nathaniel ,,ingraham was born in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 ,december #f1 #ahjb4 ,he was appointed a midshipman1 ,june #ah1 #ahab2 became a lieutenant1 ,january #ac1 #ahbe2 and commander1 ,september #h1 #ahda4 ,while in command of the sloop-of-war ,st4 ,louis1 off ,smyrna1 in ,july1 #ahec1 he rescued ,martin ,coszta from the ,austrian brig-of-war ,hussar2 for this act ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he became a captain1 #ahee2 and in #ahef was appointed chief of the ,bureau of ,ordnance and ,hydrography in the ,navy ,department1 ,washington4 ,he resigned1 ,february #d1 #ahfa1 and acted with the ,southern ,confederacy during the ,civil ,war4 ,he died in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 ,june #aj1 #ahfc4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,commander ,ingraham4 ,resolved unanimously by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby1 requested to cause to be made a medal1 with suitable devices1 and presented to ,commander ,duncan ,n4 ,ingraham1 of the navy of the ,united ,states1 as a testimonial of the high sense entertained by ,congress 7p4 #ced7 of his gallant and judicious conduct on the second of ,july1 eighteen hundred and fifty-three1 in extending protection to ,martin ,coszta1 by rescuing him from illegal seizure and imprisonment on board the ,austrian war brig ,hussar4 ,approved ,august #d1 #ahed4 ,commander ,ingraham to ,commodore ,stringham4 ,united ,states ship ,st4 ,louis1 ,to ,smyrna1 ,july #fth1 #ahec4 ,,commodore ,,silas ,h4 ,,stringham1 ,commander-in-,chief of the ,united ,states ,naval ,forces in the ,mediterranean4 ,sir3 ,it becomes my duty to report to you an affair at this place in which ,i have taken upon myself to compromise the ,american flag4 ,i arrived here upon the #bc;d of ,june1 and soon after anchoring was informed that an ,american had been kidnapped by the ,austrian ,consul upon the ,turkish soil and sent on board an ,austrian brig-of-war4 ,i sent for the ,american ,consul and informed him of what ,i had heard4 ,he told me the man was a ,hungarian refugee 7named ,martin ,coszta71 who had a certificate of intention to become a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and came here in an ,american vessel1 but that he did not consider him under his protection1 having to his knowledge no passport4 ,the ,consul and myself then went on board the brig1 and requested to see the commander1 but were told he was not on board4 ,we then went to the ,austrian ,consul1 and demanded to see ,coszta1 which after some demur was granted4 ,after a conversation with ,coszta1 ,i was afraid ,i had no right to demand him as a citizen of the ,united ,states1 but determined neither to make a claim nor acquiesce in his seizure until ,i could hear from the ,legation at ,constantinople4 ,i was guided in this opinion by the ,consul1 who seemed to think we could not use force without more evidence than the paper in his possession gave4 ,i then requested the ,consul to write immediately to the ,legation1 which he did4 ,before an answer could arrive1 ,i received information that ,coszta was to be sent to ,trieste4 ,i immediately wrote to the commander of the brig1 protesting against this step1 and received a verbal reply that he was ignorant of any such intention4 ,next morning1 at daylight1 ,i got under way1 and anchored within half cable's length of the brig1 and loaded my guns1 the steamer in which it was said ,coszta was to be sent being very near4 ,at #aa ,a4,m4 an answer came from ,mr4 ,brown1 stating that ,coszta was an ,american citizen1 and advising the ,consul to give him all aid and sympathy1 but in an unofficial way4 ,i then told the ,consul he must insist upon ,coszta remaining until ,i again heard from the ,charg4 ,he did so1 when the ,austrian ,consul told him he had intended to send the man off that day1 but would wait until the next mail4 ,on ,saturday1 the #b;d of ,july1 7p4 #cee7 the ,capen ,oglan of the ,legation arrived with letters from the ,charg to the ,consul and myself to use stringent measures4 ,i immediately held an interview with ,coszta1 in which he claimed the protection of the ,american flag4 ,i then addressed note ,b to the commander of the brig1 demanding ,coszta's release4 ,i also directed the ,american ,consul to furnish the ,austrian ,consul with a copy of the demand1 which was done4 ,at this time the ,austrian brig and a ten-gun schooner that arrived the day before prepared for action1 having three mail-steamers to assist4 ,i did the same1 and awaited the hour of #d ,p4,m4 ,at #ab1 our ,consul came off with a proposition that ,coszta should be delivered into the hands of the ,consul-,general of ,france1 to be held at the joint order of the ,american and ,austrian ,consuls1 until his nationality should be determined4 ,after some consideration1 and the advice of the ,english and ,french ,consuls to ours1 ,i agreed to the terms4 ,the prisoner was then landed amid the cheers of the inhabitants and every demonstration of joy4 ,i know1 ,sir1 ,i have taken a fearful responsibility upon myself by this act1 but after ,mr4 ,brown informed me ,coszta had taken the oath of allegiance to the ,united ,states1 and foresworn all allegiance to ,austria1 that he was an ,american citizen and had been under the protection of the ,legation at ,constantinople1 ,i could not hesitate to believe he was fully entitled to protection4 ,it was a case of life and death2 for1 if ,coszta had been taken to ,trieste his fate was sealed1 and could ,i have looked the ,american people in the face again1 if ,i had allowed a citizen to be executed and not used the power in my hands to protect him for fear of doing too much8 ,the easy manner1 also1 in which he was given up1 and the ,convention that he should be held by a third party until his nationality could be established1 is evidence that they were not sure of their ground4 ,should my conduct be approved by you1 ,sir1 it will be one of the proudest moments of my life that ,i have saved this gallant man from a cruel and ignominious death4 ,on the other hand1 should the course ,i have pursued be disavowed1 ,i must bow to the decision2 but whatever may be the consequence to myself1 ,i shall feel ,i have done my best to support the honor of the flag1 and not allow a citizen to be oppressed who claimed at my hands the protection of the flag4 ,i enclose copies of all the papers 7,a to ,e7 relating to this affair4 ,i have the honor to be1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,d4 ,n4 ,,ingraham1 ,commander4 ,a ,commander ,ingraham to ,commander ,schwartz4 ,united ,states ship ,st4 ,louis1 ,smyrna ,roads1 ,to ,evening ,june #bh1 #ahec4 ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,austrian ,,brig ,,hussar4 ,sir3 ,i have this moment received a letter stating ,martin ,coszta was to be sent on board the steamer to-morrow at daylight1 to be sent to ,trieste4 ,i have been only waiting to hear from the 7p4 #cef7 ,minister at ,constantinople before ,i took some action in the case of ,coszta1 as he has a paper stating his intention to become a citizen of the ,united ,states4 ,he came here in an ,american vessel1 and has been some time in the ,united ,states4 ,i earnestly protest against his leaving this port until something has been heard from ,constantinople4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,d4 ,n4 ,,ingraham1 ,commander4 ,b ,commander ,schwartz to ,commander ,ingraham4 ,his ,imperial ,majesty's brig ,hussar1 ,to ,smyrna1 ,june #bith1 #ahec4 ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,ship ,,st4 ,,louis4 ,sir3 ,i had the honor to receive your letter of the #bhth inst4 ,concerning the matter respecting ,martin ,coszta1 ,i request you1 ,sir1 to communicate with the ,consul ,general1 as ,i can personally do nothing in the matter1 as ,i receive all my orders from him4 ,i have the honor to subscribe myself1 with great respect1 your obedient servant1 ,,schwartz4 ,c ,commander ,ingraham to ,commander ,schwartz4 ,united ,states ship ,st4 ,louis1 ,to ,smyrna1 ,july #b;d1 #ahec4 ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,austrian ,,brig ,,hussar4 ,sir3 ,i have been directed by the ,american ,charg at ,constantinople to demand the person of ,martin ,coszta1 a citizen of the ,united ,states1 taken by force from the ,turkish soil and now confined on board the brig ,hussar4 ,and if a refusal is given to take him by force4 ,an answer to the demand must be returned by #d o'clock ,p4,m4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,d4 ,n4 ,,ingraham1 ,commander4 ,d 7p4 #ceg7 ,commander ,schwartz to ,commander ,ingraham4 ,his ,imperial ,majesty's brig ,hussar1 ,to ,smyrna1 ,july #b;d1 #ahec4 ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,ship ,,st4 ,,louis1 ,present4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to refer you to my letter of the #bhth ultimo1 in which ,i stated that ,i depend altogether upon the ,consul ,general in the matter respecting the prisoner ,martin ,coszta4 ,i shall send him your letter of this day1 and request him to come to an understanding with you himself4 ,i protest against all violence toward ,his ,imperial ,majesty's brig ,hussar1 or schooner ,artimesia1 and shall consider it as a hostile step for which ,i would hold you altogether responsible4 ,i have the honor to subscribe myself1 with great respect1 your obedient servant1 ,,schwartz4 ,e ,s4 ,n4 ,brown to ,commander ,ingraham4 ,to ,legation of the ,united ,states1 ,,commander ,,ingraham1 ,pera1 ,june #bhth1 #ahec4 ,united ,states ,corvette ,st4 ,louis4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i send you a copy of my letter to the ,austrian ,internuncio 7,minister7 on the subject of the detention of ,martin ,coszta on board the ,austrian brig ,hussar2 which will serve to show my views of the transaction better than ,i could do in a note4 ,the public here are quite as indignant at the brutal conduct of the ,austrian ,consul as they were in ,smyrna4 ,mussulman1 ,christian and ,jew execrate the conduct of the ,consul1 and accuse him as the cause of the bloodshed which resulted from the brutal arrest and treatment of ,coszta4 ,the ,porte would have been much pleased had you taken him from the ,austrian brig1 and ,i regret that it was not done on the ground that he had renounced all allegiance to the ,austrian ,emperor1 and taken an oath of allegiance to the government of the ,united ,states4 ,he certainly is not an ,austrian subject1 and he as certainly 7p4 #ceh7 can claim no other allegiance to any other power1 than to that of the ,united ,states4 ,it is not uncommon for persons having received official copies of their declaration of allegiance to procure an ,american passport stating this fact1 in which all protection and satisfaction is assured them from ,american authorities4 ,i believe that1 under the circumstances1 you have a right to persist in demanding him from the ,austrian commander4 ,the ,porte would wish to leave the matter open between us and the ,austrians1 and if we could see the poor fellow carried off and hung to let us take the ignominy of the transaction on our own shoulders4 ,if ,i thought you would be governed by my instructions1 they would be to demand him1 in the most formal and positive language1 of the ,austrian commander1 in my name as ,representative of the ,united ,states1 and after having him in your possession1 to leave the matter to be adjusted between the two governments4 ,in case of a refusal to deliver him1 founded on the pleas that he had renounced all allegiance to ,austria1 and that having taken the oath of allegiance to the ,united ,states1 he has a claim upon our protection1 ,i would take him out of the vessel4 ,such a course will meet with the most profound applause from this government and from every foreign legation here 7except that of ,austria71 and cannot but call forth strong gratification on the part of our government and people at home4 ,so abominable an act has excited here extreme abhorrence and execration1 and all you have already done has elevated the character of our country and of our navy4 ,i remain1 dear ,sir1 most truly yours1 ,s4 ,n4 ,,brown4 ,be so good as to allow ,mr4 ,offley to peruse the present4 ,i do not doubt but that he will support you in all you do4 ,s4 ,n4 ,b4 ,enclosure from ,caleb ,lyon of ,lyonsdale4 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,i cordially approve of the measures of ,mr4 ,brown in taking the exile ,coszta per force1 and do hope you will do so4 ,so far as my humble power goes1 ,i will defend it4 ,he is not an ,austrian subject1 he has sworn allegiance to the ,united ,states4 ,sure this is enough to demand our protection1 no matter what he says4 ,do not let this chance slip to acquit yourself nobly1 and to do honor to our country4 ,the ,turkish ,governor as well as the ,austrian ,consul have been both dismissed and disgraced4 ,the eyes of nations are upon the little ,st4 ,louis and her commander4 ,for ,god's sake1 and sake of humanity1 stand for the right4 ,regards and friendship of yours ever1 ,caleb ,,lyon ,,of ,,lyonsdale4 ,mr4 ,lyon is a member of ,congress from the ,state of ,new ,york1 and now travelling in ,europe4 ,martin ,coszta's ,declaration of ,intention4 7p4 #cei7 #aheb4 ,state of ,new ,york4 ,in the ,court of ,common ,pleas for the ,city and ,county of ,new ,york3 ,i1 ,martin ,coszta1 do declare on oath1 that it is bona fide my intention to become a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign ,prince1 ,potentate1 ,state or ,sovereignty whatever1 and particularly to the ,emperor of ,austria1 of whom ,i am a subject4 ,martin ,,coszta4 ,sworn this #cast day of ,july1 #aheb4 ,george ,w4 ,,riblet1 ,clerk4 ,clerk's ,office1 ,court of ,common ,pleas1 ,for the ,city and ,county of ,new ,york4 ,i certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an original ,declaration of ,intention1 remaining of record in my office4 ,in witness whereof ,i have hereunto subscribed my name1 and affixed the seal of said ,court1 this #cast day of ,july1 #aheb4 ,l4 ,s4 ,george ,w4 ,,riblet1 ,clerk4 ,agreement between the ,consul-,general of ,austria and the ,consul of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,smyrne le #b ,juillet1 #ahec4 ,les ,soussigns ,consul ,gnral d',autriche et ,consul des tats-,unis d',amrique1 prient ,monsieur le ,consul ,gnral de ,sa ,majest l',empereur des ,franais de prendre en dpt dans ses prisons le nomm ,martin ,koszta 7,martin ,coszta7 dtenu sur le brick de guerre ,autrichien ,hussard et dont la nationalit et par consquent les relations de protection sont en litige1 entre les ,ambassades respectives ,constantinople1 ainsi qu'entre les ,consulats ,smyrne4 ,ils prient ,monsieur le ,consul ,gnral de se charger de ce dpt aux conditions suivantes4 ,l'individu sus mentionn sera consign dans la journe d'aujourd'hui et au plus tt possible par un dtachement des soldats du brick ,autrichien qui le conduira au dbarcadre de l'hpital ,franais1 o il sera remis entre les mains de ,monsieur le ,consul ,gnral de ,france ou de la personne qu'il en aura charg4 ,le dtenu ne pourra communiquer avec aucune personne du dehors l'exception des ,consuls soussigns et dans l'hpital il sera confi spcialement une personne que ,monsieur le ,consul ,gnral de ,france dsignera4 ,les frais de nourriture et de maintien que les soussigns 7p4 #cfj7 laissent entirement la discrtion de ,monsieur le ,consul ,gnral de ,france de fixer au dtenu1 seront la charge du soussign ,consul ,gnral d',autriche4 ,il est expressment convenu que ,monsieur le ,consul ,gnral de ,france ne dlivrera le dtenu ,martin ,koszta 7,martin ,coszta7 que sur une demande collective des soussigns4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,offley1 ,,weekbecker1 ,consul des tats ,unis d',amrique4 ,consul ,gnral d',autriche4 ,translation4 ,smyrna1 ,july #b1 #ahec4 ,the undersigned1 the ,consul-,general of ,austria and the ,consul of the ,united ,states of ,america1 request the ,consul-,general of ,his ,majesty1 the ,emperor of the ,french1 to take in charge the named ,martin ,koszta 7,martin ,coszta71 detained on the ,austrian brig-of-war ,hussar1 whose nationality and consequently whose rights to protection are in litigation1 between the respective embassies at ,constantinople1 and also between the ,consulates at ,smyrna4 ,they request the ,consul-,general to take charge of the detained person on the following conditions3 ,the above-named individual shall be delivered to-day1 and as soon as possible1 by a detachment of soldiers from the ,austrian brig-of-war1 which shall conduct him to the landing of the ,french hospital1 where he shall be handed over to the ,consul-,general of ,france1 or to the persons designated by him4 ,the detained shall not be allowed to communicate with any outside person except with the undersigned ,consuls2 and in the hospital he shall be under the care of some one specially designated by the ,consul-,general of ,france4 ,the expenses of boarding and keeping1 the particulars of which the undersigned leave entirely to the discretion of the ,consul-,general of ,france1 shall be borne by the ,consul-,general of ,austria4 ,it is expressly agreed that the ,consul-,general of ,france shall deliver the detained ,martin ,koszta 7,martin ,coszta7 only on a collective demand of the undersigned4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,offley1 ,,weekbecker1 ,consul of the ,united ,states ,consul-,general of ,austria4 of ,america4 ,no4 #fh4 7p4 #cfa7 ,,plate ,,lxix4 ,march #d1 #aheg--,march #d1 #ahfa4 ,james ,buchanan4 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #aheg4 ,rx4 ,labor virtue honor4 ,,president ,,james ,,buchanan4 ,fifteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,james ,,buchanan1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #aheg4 ,bust of ,president ,buchanan1 facing the right ,s4 ,,ellis ,,sc4 7sculpsit47 ,,labor ,,virtue ,,honor4 ,a pioneer from the far ,west1 his left hand on a ploughshare1 explains to an ,indian chief the benefits of civilization1 of which he wishes him to partake4 ,the ,american flag envelops both in its folds4 ,in the background is a farm-house4 ,j4 ,,willson4 ,,james ,,buchanan was born in ,franklin ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,april #bc1 #agia4 ,he was graduated at ,dickinson ,college1 ,carlisle1 ,pennsylvania1 #ahji2 and was admitted to the bar in ,lancaster1 #ahab4 ,he was a member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahad-ahaf2 member of ,congress1 #ahba-ahca2 minister to ,russia1 #ahcb-ahcd2 ,united ,states senator1 #ahcd-ahde2 secretary of ,state to ,president ,polk1 #ahde-ahdi2 minister to ,england1 #ahec-ahef2 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #aheg-ahfa4 ,he died at his estate of ,wheatland1 near ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 ,june #a1 #ahfh4 ,no4 #fi4 7p4 #cfb7 ,,plate ,,lxx4 ,april1 #aheh4 ,james ,buchanan1 ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,rx4 ,to ,dr4 ,frederick ,rose1 ,assistant ,surgeon1 ,royal ,navy1 ,g4 ,b4 ,,doctor ,,frederick ,,henry ,,rose4 ,kindness and ,humanity of ,doctor ,rose4 ,,james ,,buchanan1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,bust of ,president ,buchanan1 facing-the right4 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,to ,,dr4 7,doctor7 ,,frederick ,,rose1 ,,assistant ,,surgeon1 ,,royal ,,navy1 ,g4 ,b4 7,great ,britain74 ,esculapius with his left hand is repelling ,time1 armed with his scythe1 and with his right is offering a draught to the sick1 one of whom is thanking him4 ,exergue3 ,,for ,,kindness ,,and ,,humanity ,,to ,,officers ,,and ,,crew ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 7,united ,states7 ,,steamer ,,susquehanna4 ,on the platform1 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74#aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,,introduction1 page ix4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,paquet was born in ,hamburg1 ,germany1 ,december #e1 #ahad4 ,he emigrated to ,america in ,october1 #ahdh1 settled in ,philadelphia1 and was assistant engraver to the ,united ,states ,mint from #aheg to #ahfd4 ,he has designed and engraved a number of medals1 of which the principal are3 ,general ,grant2 the wreck of the steamer ,san ,francisco2 the ,philadelphia cathedral2 ,president ,johnson2 ,doctor ,rose2 ,president ,buchanan2 the ,cincinnati exposition2 ,melgareja1 ,president of ,bolivia2 the secretary of ,state of ,bolivia2 the ,sanitary ,commission fair2 ,humboldt2 ,everett2 ,life-saving medal of the first class2 ,life-saving medal of the second-class2 ,robinson2 four gold1 and five silver dies for the ,chili ,mint1 and four silver dies for ,bolivia4 ,he is still living4 ,,frederick ,,henry ,,rose was born ,january #e1 #ahcc1 and entered the 7p4 #cfc7 ,british ,royal ,navy as assistant-surgeon1 ,november #aj1 #ahee4 ,he was employed on the home station1 on particular service on the ,north ,american1 ,west ,indian1 and ,west ,coast of ,africa stations1 until ,june1 #ahfc4 ,while in ,jamaica in ,april1 #aheh1 with the permission of his commanding officer1 ,admiral ,sir ,hewston ,stewart1 ,royal ,navy1 he volunteered1 at imminent personal risk1 his services on board the ,united ,states vessel-of-war ,susquehanna1 on which the yellow fever had broken out1 and sailed in her to ,new ,york1 devoting himself to the care of the sick4 ,for this noble deed ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,in #ahff ,doctor ,rose was placed on the retired list in consequence of ill health4 ,he died at ,san ,remo1 ,italy1 ,march #ca1 #ahgc4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,doctor ,rose4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president be1 and he is hereby1 authorized and requested to cause suitable acknowledgments to be made on the part of this government to ,admiral ,sir ,hewston ,stewart1 of ,her ,britannic ,majesty's ,navy1 and officers under his command1 for their prompt and efficient aid1 and generous hospitality1 extended to the disabled officers and crew of the ,united ,states ship ,susquehanna on her late arrival at ,port ,royal1 ,island of ,jamaica1 with the yellow fever on board2 on which occasion1 besides placing the naval hospital1 with an adequate corps of medical officers1 nurses and attendants1 at their service1 eighty-five of the officers and crew of the ,susquehanna were safely and promptly conveyed on shore with the aid of the boats of the ,british squadron1 and the lives of the greater portion of them thereby probably saved4 ,and that the ,president be further requested to cause a gold medal1 with appropriate devices1 to be presented1 on behalf of this government1 to ,assistant-,surgeon ,frederick ,h4 ,rose1 of the ,british ,navy1 who volunteered1 with the permission of his commanding officer1 to join the ,susquehanna1 and1 at imminent personal risk1 devoted himself1 on the voyage from ,jamaica to ,new ,york1 to the care of the sick remaining on board4 ,and that the ,president cause suitable testimonials to be in like manner presented to the medical officers in the ,british service1 in attendance at the hospital1 with appropriate rewards to the nurses and other attendants there1 whilst occupied by the officers and crew of the ,susquehanna4 ,approved ,may #aa1 #aheh4 ,captain ,sands to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 7p4 #cfd7 ,to the ,honorable ,u4 ,s4 ,ship ,susquehanna1 ,isaac ,,toucey1 ,new ,york ,harbor1 ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,april #aeth1 #aheh4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to report to you the arrival of this ship at ,new ,york1 having had #aee cases of yellow fever on board1 #he of which were left at the hospital at ,port ,royal1 ,jamaica4 ,for the information of the ,honorable ,department1 ,i have to state that after lying over one hundred days in ,san ,juan ,de ,nicaragua1 with an average sick list of about #ae1 the first case of fever made its appearance on the #agth ultimo1 then a second1 then a third1 when ,i thought it advisable to put to sea1 hoping that a change of air would dispel the disease4 ,after a few days the ship returned off ,san ,juan and anchored outside4 ,she remained there three days1 with some slight modification of the fever1 but it again broke out with greater violence4 ,i then got under way and stood toward ,aspinwall1 expecting to meet the ,jamestown1 ,commander ,kennedy1 whom ,i had instructed to relieve us on the #ast ,april1 this ship to take her place1 thinking that a change of position might be favorable to the health of both ships2 on our way down to ,aspinwall fresh cases continued to occur1 particularly among the lieutenants and engineers1 the first and second of the former being down1 and others complaining4 ,i now determined1 at the suggestion of the surgeon1 to steer for ,pensacola2 after standing for that port for some hours1 and the fever continuing to extend its ravages1 there being nearly one hundred down1 at the request of the surgeon ,i changed our course for the ,island of ,jamaica1 where ,i arrived about #h o'clock on the evening of the #eth ,april4 ,the ,admiral of the ,port1 ,sir ,hewston ,stewart1 on hearing of our condition1 kindly placed the ,naval ,hospital at our disposal1 and at six o'clock the next morning we landed #fc of our sick4 ,i then had to take coal and water on board1 at ,kingston1 which detained us a part of three days4 ,the ship being now disabled1 three lieutenants and six engineers being sick1 besides half the firemen and coal-heavers1 and many of the most valuable of the men off duty1 ,i shipped about #cj negroes1 and agreeably to the recommendation of the surgeon1 ,i deemed it advisable to proceed at once to a northern port4 ,the whole number of cases from the #agth ,march to #aeth ,april was #aee--he of which were left at the ,hospital at ,port ,royal1 ,jamaica4 ,there remain on the list to-day #cd cases4 ,we have had in all #af deaths1 among these was #ast ,lieutenant ,queen of the ,marine ,corps4 ,lieutenant ,howell and four engineers were left at the ,hospital1 doing1 ,i hope1 well4 ,since leaving ,port ,royal we have had two deaths1 and some addition to the number of cases1 but generally on approaching a cold climate1 all seem to improve and we have had no new cases for the last #dh hours4 ,i beg leave to forward three letters from ,surgeon ,pinckney1 who was taken down in the commencement of the epidemic1 also one from ,passed ,assistant ,surgeon ,maccoun1 from whom ,i have received 7p4 #cfe7 the most valuable aid1 during this severe visitation4 ,as ,i had but one surgeon left1 and fearing he might also fall sick during the passage home1 ,i applied to ,admiral ,stewart for a medical officer1 and previous to our departure from ,port ,royal1 he sent us ,assistant ,surgeon ,rose1 who kindly volunteered his services4 ,i cannot find words to express my sense of obligation to ,admiral ,stewart for the kind and prompt manner in which he placed the ,royal ,naval ,hospital at our disposal1 and furnished us with every convenience for landing the sick1 nor to ,dr4 ,kinnear1 ,deputy ,medical ,inspector1 and the medical officers under him for their attention to the comforts of those placed under their charge4 ,i also take great pleasure in mentioning that ,commodore ,kellett and ,captain ,hay of the ,indus came to offer their assistance with boats and cots to land the sick4 ,i have left instructions with ,mr4 ,harrison1 our ,consul at ,kingston1 relating to the sick at the ,hospital1 and have drawn a bill on the ,navy ,department in his favor for #aejj1 to cover any necessary expenses that might occur until further instructions should be received from the ,department4 ,i have only to add my great regret at being obliged to leave my station without instructions from the ,department1 but the circumstances of the case rendered it absolutely necessary4 ,i have the honor to be1 c41 c41 ,joshua ,r4 ,,sands1 ,captain ,united ,states ,navy4 ,no4 #gj4 7p4 #cff7 ,,plate ,,lxxi4 ,march #d1 #ahfa--;,april #ad1 #ahfe4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,president of the ,united ,states1 #ahfb4 ,,president ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,sixteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahfb4 ,bust of ,president ,lincoln1 facing the right4 ,s4 ,,ellis ,,del4 7delineavit47 ,,sc4 7sculpsit47 ,on edge of bust1 ,,patented4 ,a civilized ,indian is ploughing his field2 his children are playing at ball2 on a hill to the left is a log cabin2 to the right1 a church2 beyond them1 some ships and a steamboat on a river2 in the background1 mountains2 above is an ,indian scalping his enemy2 below1 the head of an ,indian squaw weeping2 on one side1 a quiver of arrows2 on the other1 a calumet and a bow--opposition of civilization to savage life4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln was born in ,hardin 7now ,larue7 ,county1 ,kentucky1 ,february #ab1 #ahji4 ,he settled in ,illinois1 #ahcj2 was captain of volunteers in the ,black ,hawk war1 #ahcb2 member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahcd-ahda2 was admitted to the bar1 #ahcf2 settled in ,springfield1 ,illinois1 #ahcg2 was a member of ,congress1 #ahdg-ahdi2 ,president of the ,united ,states 7first term71 #ahfa-ahfe2 7second term71 ,march #d to ,april #ad1 #ahfe4 ,he was shot by an assassin in ,washington1 ,april #ad1 #ahfe1 and died the next day1 universally lamented4 ,he was known by the sobriquet of ,honest ,abe 7,abraham74 ,no4 #ga4 7p4 #cfg7 ,,plate ,,lxxii a4 ,december #ba1 #ahfa1 and ,july #af1 #ahfb4 ,,navy ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,a five-pointed star1 tipped with trefoils1 each point containing a crown of laurel and oak2 in the middle1 within a circle of thirty-four stars1 ,america1 personified as ,minerva1 stands with her left hand resting on the fasces1 while with her right1 in which she holds a shield blazoned with the ,american arms1 she repulses ,discord1 represented with two snakes in each hand2 the whole suspended by an anchor to two clasps united by a ribbon of thirteen stripes1 paleways1 gules and argent1 and a chief1 azure4 ,on the platform3 ,,paquet ,f4 7fecit74 ,,original ,,documents4 ,acts of ,congress ,instituting ,naval ,medals of ,honor4 ,,section #g4 ,and be it further enacted1 ,that the ,secretary of the ,navy be1 and is hereby1 authorized to cause #bjj medals of honor to be prepared with suitable emblematic devices1 which shall be bestowed upon such petty officers1 seamen1 landsmen and marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action and other seamanlike qualities during the present war1 and that the sum of #a1jjj be1 and the same is hereby1 appropriated out of any money in the ,treasury for the purpose of carrying this section into effect4 ,approved ,december #ba1 #ahfa4 ,,section #aj4 ,seamen distinguishing themselves in battle or by extraordinary heroism in the line of their profession1 may be promoted to forward warrant officers1 or acting master's mates1 as they may be best qualified1 upon the recommendation of their commanding officer1 approved by the flag officer and the department4 ,upon such promotion they shall receive a gratuity of #ajj and a medal of honor to be prepared by the ,navy ,department4 ,approved ,july #af1 #ahfb4 ,no4 #gb4 7p4 #cfh7 ,,plate ,,lxxii b4 ,july #ab1 #ahfb1 and ,march #c1 #ahfc4 ,,army ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,a five-pointed star1 tipped with trefoils1 each point containing a crown of laurel and oak2 in the middle1 within a circle of thirty-four stars1 ,america1 personified as ,minerva1 stands with her left hand resting on the fasces1 while with her right1 in which she holds a shield blazoned with the ,american arms1 she repulses ,discord1 represented with two snakes in each hand2 the whole suspended by a trophy of two crossed cannons1 balls1 and a sword1 surmounted by the ,american eagle1 which is united by a ribbon of thirteen stripes1 paleways1 gules and argent1 and a chief1 azure1 to a clasp composed of two cornucopias and the ,american arms4 ,on the platform3 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution and ,act of ,congress ,instituting ,army ,medals of ,honor4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be1 and he is hereby1 authorized to cause #b1jjj medals of honor to be prepared with suitable emblematic devices1 and to direct that the same be presented1 in the name of ,congress1 to such non-commissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action1 and other soldier-like qualities during the present insurrection1 and that the sum of #aj1jjj be1 and the same is hereby1 appropriated for the purpose of carrying this resolution into effect4 ,approved ,july #abth1 #ahfb4 ,,section #i4 ,and be it further enacted1 ,that the ,president 7p4 #cfi7 cause to be struck from the dies recently prepared at the ,united ,states ,mint for that purpose1 medals of honor additional to those authorized by the act 7,resolution of ,july twelfth1 eighteen hundred and sixty-two71 and present the same to such officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and privates as have most distinguished or who may hereafter most distinguish themselves in action1 and the sum of #bj1jjj is hereby appropriated out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated1 to defray the expenses of the same4 ,approved ,march #c;d1 #ahfc4 ,no4 #gc4 7p4 #cgj7 ,,plate ,,lxxiii4 ,february #af1 #ahfb1 ,july #d and ,november #be1 #ahfc4 ,major ,general ,ulysses ,s ,grant4 ,joint resolution of ,congress ,december #ag1 #ahfc4 ,rx4 ,donelson4 ,vicksburg1 etc4 ,,major-,,general ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant4 ,victories of ,fort ,donelson1 ,vicksburg1 and ,chattanooga4 ,,major ,,general ,,ulysses ,s4 7,simpson7 ,,grant4 ,,joint ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,december #ag4 #ahfc4 ,bust of ,general ,grant1 in uniform1 facing the left4 ,in the upper part of a circle1 branches of laurel and oak2 in the lower part1 sugarcane1 the cotton plant1 tobacco leaves and wheat1 united by the national flag2 in a second circle1 thirteen stars1 emblematical of the thirteen original ,states of the ,union4 ,,antrobus4 ,d4 7delineavit47 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,america1 personified as a maiden1 is seated on a rainbow1 with the eagle at her side4 ,she holds in her left hand a cornucopia of flowers1 and in her right a crown of laurel and the ,american shield1 on which1 in bend1 is the word ,,donelson4 ,below1 dividing the medal into two parts1 is a trophy of arms1 surmounted by the cap of liberty1 and protected by two sentinels kneeling2 to the left is the city of ,vicksburg1 at the foot of which flows the ,mississippi river1 bearing two steamboats2 ,,vicksburg2 to the right are ,lookout ,mountain and ,missionary ,ridge2 the ,federal army encamped on the banks of the ,tennessee river2 ,,chattanooga4 ,in a first circle the ,mississippi river1 on which are four steamers1 two of which are gunboats2 ,,mississippi ,,river2 in a second1 thirteen stars--emblematical of the thirteen original ,states of the ,union4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,see ,,introduction1 page viii4 ,,antrobus1 who designed the medal to ,general ,grant1 was living in 7p4 #cga7 ,iowa in #ahgj4 ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant was born at ,point ,pleasant1 ,clermont ,county1 ,ohio1 ,april #bg1 #ahbb4 ,he was graduated at ,west ,point as second lieutenant in the #dth infantry1 ,july #a1 #ahdc1 and served under ,general ,taylor at ,palo ,alto1 ,resaca de la ,palma1 and ,monterey1 and in all ,general ,scott's battles1 from ,vera ,cruz to the ,city of ,mexico4 ,he was breveted first lieutenant at ,molinos del ,rey1 and captain at ,chapultepec1 for gallantry in the field4 ,he resigned in #ahed1 and in the early part of #ahfj removed to ,galena1 ,illinois4 ,in the ,civil ,war he entered the service as colonel of the #bast ,illinois ,volunteers1 ,may1 #ahfa4 ,as brigadier-general of volunteers he fought the battle of ,belmont1 ,november #g1 of the same year2 captured ,fort ,donelson1 ,february #af1 #ahfb1 for which he was appointed1 on the same day1 major-general of volunteers2 and won the battle of ,shiloh1 ,april #f and #g1 #ahfb4 ,he took ,vicksburg1 and was made major-general in the ,united ,states ,army1 ,july #d1 #ahfc2 won the battle of ,chattanooga1 ,november #be1 same year1 and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general4 ,he became commander-in-chief of the army1 ,march #ag1 #ahfd2 fought the battles of the ,wilderness1 in ,may1 and besieged ,richmond1 #ahfd-ahfe4 ,he received ,lee's surrender at ,appomattox ,court ,house1 ,april #i1 #ahfe4 ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal for ,fort ,donelson1 ,vicksburg1 and ,chattanooga1 ,december #ag1 #ahfc4 ,in ,july1 #ahff1 he was made general2 acted as secretary of ,war ad interim 7#ab ,august1 #ahfg1 ,february1 #ahfh72 ,president of the ,united ,states 7first term71 #ahfi-ahgc2 7second term71 #ahgc-ahgg4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,general ,grant4 ,be it resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they hereby are1 presented to ,major-,general ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 and through him to the officers and soldiers who have fought under his command during the rebellion1 for their gallantry and good conduct in the battles in which they have been engaged2 and that the ,president of the ,united ,states be 7p4 #cgb7 requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 with suitable emblems1 devices and inscriptions1 to be presented to ,major-,general ,grant4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that1 when the said medal shall have been struck1 the ,president shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be engrossed on parchment1 and shall transmit the same1 together with the said medal1 to ,major-,general ,grant1 to be presented to him in the name of the people of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,section #c4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that a sufficient sum of money to carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,approved ,december #ag1 #ahfc4 ,general ,grant to ,general ,cullum4 ,headquarters1 ,district of ,west ,tennessee1 ,to ,fort ,donelson1 ,february #afth1 #ahfb4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,,george ,w4 ,,cullum1 ,chief of ,staff1 ,department of the ,missouri4 ,general3 ,i am pleased to announce to you the unconditional surrender1 this morning1 of ,fort ,donelson1 with twelve to fifteen thousand prisoners1 at least forty pieces of artillery1 and a large amount of stores1 horses1 mules1 and other public property4 ,i left ,fort ,henry on the #abth instant1 with a force of about fifteen thousand men1 divided into two divisions1 under the command of ,generals ,mc,clernand and ,smith4 ,six regiments were sent around by water the day before1 convoyed by a gunboat 7or boats71 and with instructions not to pass it4 ,the troops made the march in good order1 the head of the column arriving within two miles of the fort at twelve o'clock1 m4 ,at this point the enemy's pickets were met and driven in4 ,the fortifications of the enemy were from this point gradually approached and surrounded1 with occasional skirmishing on the line4 ,the following day1 owing to the non-arrival of the gunboats and re-enforcements sent by water1 no attack was made1 but the investment was extended on the flanks of the enemy1 and drawn closer to his works1 with skirmishing all day4 ,on the evening of the #acth1 the gunboats and re-enforcements arrived4 ,on the #adth a gallant attack was made by flag-officer ,foote upon the enemy's river batteries with his fleet4 ,the engagement lasted probably one hour and a half1 and bid fair to result favorably1 when two unlucky shots disabled two of the armed boats1 so that they were carried back by the current4 ,the remaining two were very much disabled also1 having received a number of heavy shots about the pilot-houses and other parts of the vessels4 ,after these mishaps1 ,i concluded to make the investment of ,fort ,donelson as perfect as possible1 and partially fortify1 and await repairs to the gunboats4 ,this plan was frustrated1 however1 by the enemy making a most vigorous attack upon our right wing1 commanded by ,brigadier-,general ,j4 ,a4 7p4 #cgc7 ,mc,clernand1 and which consisted of his division and a portion of the force under ,general ,l4 ,wallace4 ,the enemy were repelled1 after a closely contested battle of several hours1 in which our loss was heavy4 ,the officers suffered out of proportion4 ,i have not the means of determining our loss1 even approximately1 but it cannot fall far short of twelve hundred killed1 wounded and missing4 ,i shall retain here enough of the enemy to exchange for them1 as they were immediately shipped off1 and not left for recapture4 ,about the close of this action the ammunition and cartridge boxes gave out1 which1 with the loss of many of the field officers1 produced great confusion in the ranks4 ,seeing that the enemy did not take advantage of it1 convinced me that equal confusion1 and1 consequently1 great demoralization existed with him4 ,taking advantage of this fact1 ,i ordered a charge upon our left 7enemy's right7 with the division under ,general ,c4 ,f4 ,smith1 which was most brilliantly executed1 and gave to our arms full assurance of victory4 ,the battle lasted until dark1 and gave us possession of part of the intrenchment4 ,an attack was ordered from the flank after the charge by ,general ,smith was commenced1 by the divisions under ,mc,clernand and ,wallace1 which1 notwithstanding hours of exposure to a heavy fire in the fore part of the day1 was gallantly made1 and the enemy further repulsed4 ,at the points thus gained1 night having come on1 all the troops encamped for the night1 feeling that a complete victory would crown their efforts at an early hour in the morning4 ,this morning1 at a very early hour1 a note was received from ,general ,buckner1 under a flag of truce1 proposing an armistice4 ,a copy of the correspondence which ensued is herewith enclosed4 ,i could mention individuals who especially distinguished themselves1 but will leave this to division and brigade commanders1 whose reports will be forwarded as soon as received4 ,of the division commanders1 however1 ,generals ,smith1 ,mc,clernand and ,wallace1 ,i must do the justice to say that all of them were with their commands in the midst of danger1 and were always ready to execute all orders1 no matter what the exposure to themselves4 ,at the hour the attack was made on ,general ,mc,clernand's command1 ,i was absent1 having received a note from flag officer ,foote1 requesting me to go and see him1 he being unable to call on me1 in consequence of a wound received the day before4 ,my staff3 ,colonel ,j4 ,d4 ,webster1 first ,illinois artillery1 chief of staff2 ,captain ,j4 ,a4 ,rawlins1 assistant adjutant-general2 first lieutenants ,c4 ,b4 ,lagone and ,william ,s4 ,hillyer1 aids2 and ,lieutenant ,colonel ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,pherson1 chief engineer and ,colonel ,john ,riggin1 junior1 volunteer aid1 are all deserving of personal mention for their gallantry and services4 ,for details1 see reports of engineers1 medical director and commanders of divisions and brigades to follow4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,general1 very respectfully your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,brigadier-,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 commanding4 ,copy4 7p4 #cgd7 ,general ,buckner to ,general ,grant4 ,headquarters1 ,fort ,donelson1 ,to ,february #afth1 #ahfb4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,u4,s4 ,,grant1 ,commanding ,united ,states ,forces near ,fort ,donelson4 ,sir3 ,in consideration of all the circumstances governing the present situation of affairs at this station1 ,i propose to the commanding officer of the ,federal forces the appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation of the forces and post under my command1 and in that view suggest an armistice until twelve o'clock to-day4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,s4 ,b4 ,,buckner1 ,brigadier-,general ,c4 ,s4 ,a4 ,copy4 ,general ,grant to ,general ,buckner4 ,headquarters1 ,army in the ,field1 ,to ,fort ,donelson1 ,february #afth1 #ahfb4 ,,general ,s4 ,b4 ,,buckner1 ,confederate ,army4 ,sir3 ,yours of this date proposing armistice and appointment of commissioners to settle terms of capitulation1 is just received4 ,no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted4 ,i propose to move immediately upon your works4 ,i am1 ,sir1 very respectfully your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,brigadier-,general commanding4 ,copy4 ,general ,buckner to ,general ,grant4 ,headquarters1 ,dover1 ,tennessee1 ,to ,february #afth1 #ahfb4 ,,brigadier-,,general ,,grant1 ,united ,states ,army4 ,sir3 ,the distribution of the forces under my command1 incident to an unexpected change of commanders1 and the overwhelming force under your command1 compel me1 notwithstanding the brilliant success of the ,confederate arms yesterday1 to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous terms which you propose4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your very obedient servant1 ,s4 ,b4 ,,buckner1 ,general commanding ,c4 ,s4 ,a4 ,general ,orders ,no4 #b4 7p4 #cge7 ,headquarters1 ,district of ,west ,tennessee1 ,fort ,donelson1 ,february #agth1 #ahfb4 ,the general commanding takes great pleasure in congratulating the troops of this command for the triumph over rebellion gained by their valor on the #acth1 #adth1 and #aeth instant4 ,for four successive nights1 without shelter during the most inclement weather known in this latitude1 they faced an enemy in large force in a position chosen by himself4 ,though strongly fortified by nature1 all the safeguards suggested by science were added4 ,without a murmur this was borne1 prepared at all times to receive an attack1 and with continuous skirmishing by day1 resulting ultimately in forcing the enemy to surrender without conditions4 ,the victory achieved is not only great in breaking down rebellion1 but has secured the greatest number of prisoners of war ever taken in one battle on this continent4 ,fort ,donelson will hereafter be marked in capitals on the maps of our united country1 and the men who fought the battle will live in the memory of a grateful people4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general commanding4 ,general ,grant to the ,assistant ,adjutant-,general4 ,to ,headquarters1 ,department of the ,tennessee1 ,,colonel ,j4 ,c4 ,,kelton1 ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi1 ,july #f1 #ahfc ,assistant ,adjutant-,general1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,colonel3 ,i have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the ,army of the ,tennessee1 and co-operating forces1 from the date of my assuming the immediate command of the expedition against ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi1 to the reduction of that place4 ,from the moment of taking command in person ,i became satisfied that ,vicksburg could only be turned from the south side1 and1 in accordance with this conviction1 ,i prosecuted the work on the canal1 which had been located by ,brigadier-,general ,williams1 across the peninsula1 on the ,louisiana side of the river1 with all vigor1 hoping to make a channel which would pass transports for moving the army and carrying supplies to the new base of operations thus provided4 ,the task was much more herculean than it at first appeared1 and was made much more so by the almost continuous rains that fell during the whole of the time this work was prosecuted4 ,the river1 too1 continued to rise and make a large expenditure of labor necessary to keep the water out of our camps and the canal4 ,finally1 on the #hth of ,march1 the rapid rise of the river 7p4 #cgf7 and the consequent great pressure upon the dam across the canal1 near the upper end1 at the main ,mississippi levee1 caused it to give way and let through the low lands at the back of our camps a torrent of water that separated the north and south shores of the peninsula as effectually as if the ,mississippi flowed between them4 ,this occurred when the enterprise promised success within a short time4 ,there was some delay in trying to repair damages4 ,it was found1 however1 that with the then stage of water1 some other plan would have to be adopted for getting below ,vicksburg with transports4 ,captain ,f4 ,e4 ,prime1 ,chief ,engineer1 and ,colonel ,g4 ,g4 ,pride1 who was acting on my staff1 prospected a route through the bayous which run from near ,milliken's ,bend on the north and ,new ,carthage on the south1 through ,roundaway ,bayou into the ,tensas river4 ,their report of the practicability of this route determined me to commence work upon it4 ,having three dredge boats at the time1 the work of opening this work was executed with great rapidity4 ,one small steamer and a number of barges were taken through the channel thus opened1 but the river commencing about the middle of ,april to fall rapidly1 and the roads becoming passable between ,milliken's ,bend and ,new ,carthage1 made it impracticable and unnecessary to open water communication between these points4 ,soon after commencing the first canal spoken of1 ,i caused a channel to be cut from the ,mississippi river into ,lake ,providence2 also one from the ,mississippi river into ,coldwater1 by way of ,yazoo ,pass4 ,i had no great expectations of important results from the former of these1 but having more troops than could be employed to advantage at ,young's ,point1 and knowing that ,lake ,providence was connected by ,bayou ,baxter with ,bayou ,macon1 a navigable stream through which transports might pass into the ,mississippi below1 through ,tensas1 ,wachita1 and ,red rivers1 ,i thought it possible that a route might be opened in that direction which would enable me to co-operate with ,general ,banks at ,port ,hudson4 ,by the ,yazoo ,pass route ,i only expected at first to get into the ,yazoo by way of ,coldwater and ,tallahatchie with some lighter gunboats and a few troops and destroy the enemy's transports in that stream and some gunboats which ,i knew he was building4 ,the navigation1 however1 proved so much better than had been expected that ,i thought for a time of the possibility of making this the route for obtaining a foothold on high land above ,haines ,bluff1 ,mississippi1 and small class steamers were accordingly ordered for transporting an army that way4 ,major-,general ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,pherson1 commanding seventeenth army corps1 was directed to have his corps in readiness to move by this route2 and one division from each the thirteenth and fifteenth corps were collected near the entrance of the ,pass to be added to his command4 ,it soon became evident that a sufficient number of boats of the right class could not be obtained for the movement of more than one division4 ,whilst my forces were opening one end of the ,pass the enemy was diligently closing the other end1 and in this way succeeded in gaining time to strongly fortify ,greenwood1 below the junction of the ,tallahatchie and ,yallobusha4 ,the advance of the expedition1 consisting of one division of ,mc,clernand's corps from ,helena1 commanded by ,brigadier-,general ,l4 ,f4 ,ross1 and the #abth and #agth regiments of ,missouri infantry1 from ,sherman's corps1 as 7p4 #cgg7 sharpshooters on the gunboats1 succeeded in reaching ,coldwater on the #b;d day of ,march1 after much difficulty1 and the partial disabling of most of the boats4 ,from the entrance into ,coldwater to ,fort ,pemberton1 at ,greenwood1 ,mississippi1 no great difficulty of navigation was experienced nor any interruption of magnitude from the enemy4 ,fort ,pemberton extends from the ,tallahatchie to the ,yazoo at ,greenwood4 ,here the two rivers come within a few hundred yards of each other4 ,the land around the fort is low1 and at the time of the attack was entirely overflowed4 ,owing to this fact1 no movement could be made by the army to reduce it1 but all depended upon the ability of the gunboats to silence the guns of the enemy and enable the transports to run down and land troops immediately on the fort itself4 ,after an engagement of several hours the gunboats drew off1 being unable to silence the batteries4 ,brigadier-,general ,i4 ,f4 ,quinby1 commanding a division of ,mc,pherson's corps1 met the expedition under ,ross with his division on its return from ,fort ,pemberton1 on the #bast of ,march1 and being the senior1 assumed command of the entire expedition1 and returned to the position ,ross had occupied4 ,on the #bc;d of ,march ,i sent orders for the withdrawal of all the forces operating in that direction1 for the purpose of concentrating my army on ,milliken's ,bend4 ,on the #adth day of ,march1 ,admiral ,d4 ,d4 ,porter1 commanding ,mississippi squadron1 informed me that he had made a reconnoissance up ,steele's ,bayou1 and partially through ,black ,bayou toward ,deer ,creek1 and so far as explored these water courses were reported navigable for the smaller iron-clads4 ,information given mostly1 ,i believe1 by the negroes of the country1 was to the effect that ,deer ,creek could be navigated to ,rolling ,fork1 and that from there through the ,sunflower to the ,yazoo river there was no question about the navigation4 ,on the following morning ,i accompanied ,admiral ,porter in the ram ,price1 several iron-clads preceding us1 up through ,steele's ,bayou to near ,black ,bayou4 ,at this time our forces were at a dead-lock at ,greenwood1 and ,i looked upon the success of this enterprise as of vast importance4 ,it would1 if successful1 leave ,greenwood between two forces of ours1 and would necessarily cause the immediate abandonment of that stronghold4 ,about thirty steamers of the enemy would have been destroyed or fallen into our hands4 ,seeing that the great obstacle to navigation1 so far as ,i had gone1 was from overhanging trees1 ,i left ,admiral ,porter near ,black ,bayou and pushed back to ,young's ,point for the purpose of sending forward a ,pioneer corps to remove these difficulties4 ,soon after my return to ,young's ,point ,admiral ,porter sent back to me for a co-operating force4 ,sherman was promptly sent with one division of his corps4 ,the number of steamers suitable for the navigation of these bayous being limited1 most of the force was sent up the ,mississippi river to ,eagle's ,bend1 a point where the river runs within one mile of ,steele's ,bayou1 thus saving an important part of this difficult navigation4 ,the expedition failed1 probably more from want of knowledge as to what would be required to open this route than from any impracticability in the navigation of the streams and bayous through which it was proposed to pass4 ,want of this knowledge led the expedition on until difficulties were encountered1 and then it would become necessary to send back to ,young's ,point for the means of removing them4 ,this gave the enemy time to move forces to effectually checkmate further 7p4 #cgh7 progress1 and the expedition was withdrawn when within a few hundred yards of free and open navigation to the ,yazoo4 ,all this may have been providential in driving us ultimately to a line of operations which has proven eminently successful4 ,for further particulars of ,steele's ,bayou expedition see report of ,major-,general ,w4 ,t4 ,sherman1 forwarded on the #abth of ,april4 ,as soon as ,i decided to open water communication from a point on the ,mississippi near ,milliken's ,bend to ,new ,carthage ,i determined to occupy the latter place1 it being the first point below ,vicksburg that could be reached by land at the stage of water then existing1 and the occupancy of which1 while it secured to us a point on the ,mississippi river1 would also protect the main line of communication by water4 ,accordingly the thirteenth army corps1 ,major-,general ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,clernand commanding1 was directed to take up its line of march on the #bith day of ,march for ,new ,carthage1 the fifteenth and seventeenth corps to follow1 moving no faster than supplies and ammunition could be transported to them4 ,the roads though level were intolerably bad1 and the movement was therefore necessarily slow4 ,arriving at ,smith's ,plantation1 two miles from ,new ,carthage1 it was found that the levee of ,bayou ,vidal was broken in several places1 thus leaving ,new ,carthage an island4 ,all the boats that could be were collected from the different bayous in the vicinity1 and others were built1 but the transportation of an army in this way was found exceedingly tedious4 ,another route had to be found4 ,this was done by making a further march around ,vidal to ,perkins' ,plantation1 a distance of twelve miles more1 making the whole distance to be marched from ,milliken's ,bend to reach water communication on the opposite side of the point thirty-five miles4 ,over this distance1 with bad roads to contend against1 supplies of ordnance stores and provisions had to be hauled by wagons with which to commence the campaign on the opposite side of the river4 ,at the same time that ,i ordered the occupation of ,new ,carthage1 preparations were made for running transports by the ,vicksburg batteries with ,admiral ,porter's gunboat fleet4 ,on the night of the #afth of ,april ,admiral ,porter's fleet and the transports ,silver ,wave1 ,forest ,queen1 and ,henry ,clay ran the ,vicksburg batteries4 ,the boilers of the transports were protected as well as possible with hay and cotton4 ,more or less commissary stores were put on each4 ,all three of these boats were struck more or less frequently while passing the enemy's batteries1 and the ,henry ,clay1 by the explosion of a shell or by other means1 was set on fire and entirely consumed4 ,the other two boats were somewhat injured1 but not seriously disabled4 ,no one on board of either was hurt4 ,as these boats succeeded in getting by so well1 ,i ordered six more to be prepared in like manner for running the batteries4 ,these latter1 viz43 ,tigress1 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,cheeseman1 ,empire ,city1 ,horizonia1 and ,moderator1 left ,milliken's ,bend on the night of the #bb;d ,april1 and five of them got by1 but in a somewhat damaged condition4 ,the ,tigress received a shot in her hull below the water line1 and sunk on the ,louisiana shore soon after passing the last of the batteries4 ,the crews of these steamers1 with 7p4 #cgi7 the exception of that of the ,forest ,queen1 ,captain ,d4 ,conway1 and the ,silver ,wave1 ,captain ,mc,millan1 were composed of volunteers from the army4 ,upon the call for volunteers for this dangerous enterprise1 officers and men presented themselves by hundreds1 anxious to undertake the trip4 ,the names of those whose services were accepted will be given in a separate report4 ,it is a striking feature1 so far as my observation goes1 of the present volunteer army of the ,united ,states1 that there is nothing which men are called upon to do1 mechanical or professional1 that accomplished adepts cannot be found for the duty required in almost every regiment4 ,the transports injured in running the blockade were repaired by order of ,admiral ,porter1 who was supplied with the material for such repairs as they required1 and who was and is ever ready to afford all the assistance in his power for the furtherance of the success of our arms4 ,in a very short time five of the transports were in running order1 and the remainder were in a condition to be used as barges in the moving of troops4 ,twelve barges loaded with forage and rations were sent in tow of the last six boats that run the blockade2 one half of them got through in a condition to be used4 ,owing to the limited number of transports below ,vicksburg it was found necessary to extend our line of travel to ,hard ,times1 ,louisiana1 which1 by the circuitous route it was necessary to take1 increased the distance to about seventy miles from ,milliken's ,bend1 our starting point4 ,the thirteenth army corps being all through to the ,mississippi and the seventeenth army corps well on the way1 so much of the thirteenth as could be got on board the transports and barges were put aboard and moved to the front of ,grand ,gulf on the #bith of ,april4 ,the plan here was that the navy should silence the guns of the enemy1 and the troops land under cover of the gunboats and carry the place by storm4 ,at #h o'clock ,a4,m4 the navy made the attack1 and kept it up for more than five hours in the most gallant manner4 ,from a tug out in the stream ,i witnessed the whole engagement4 ,many times it seemed to me the gunboats were within pistol-shot of the enemy's batteries4 ,it soon became evident that the guns of the enemy were too elevated and their fortifications too strong to be taken from the water side4 ,the whole range of hills on that side were known to be lined with rifle-pits1 besides the field artillery could be moved to any position where it could be made useful in case of an attempt at landing4 ,this determined me to again run the enemy's batteries1 turn his position by affecting a landing at ,rodney1 or at ,bruinsburg1 between ,grand ,gulf and ,rodney4 ,accordingly orders were immediately given for the troops to debark at ,hard ,times1 ,louisiana1 and march across to the point immediately below ,grand ,gulf4 ,at dark the gunboats again engaged the batteries1 and all the transports run by1 receiving but two or three shots in the passage1 and these without injury4 ,i had some time previously ordered a reconnoissance to a point opposite ,bruinsburg1 to ascertain if possible from persons in the neighborhood the character of the road leading to the highlands back of ,bruinsburg4 ,during the night ,i learned from a negro man that there was a good road from ,bruinsburg to ,port ,gibson1 which determined me to land there4 ,the work of ferrying the troops to ,bruinsburg was commenced 7p4 #chj7 at daylight in the morning1 the gunboats as well as transports being used for the purpose4 ,as soon as the thirteenth army corps was landed1 and could draw three days' rations to put in haversacks 7no wagons were allowed to cross until the troops were all over7 they were started on the road to ,port ,gibson4 ,i deemed it a matter of vast importance that the highlands should be reached without resistance4 ,the seventeenth corps followed as rapidly as it could be put across the river4 ,about #b o'clock on the #ast of ,may1 the advance of the enemy was met eight miles from ,bruinsburg1 on the road to ,port ,gibson4 ,he was forced to fall back1 but as it was dark1 he was not pursued far until daylight4 ,early on the morning of the #ast ,i went out1 accompanied by members of my staff1 and found ,mc,clernand with his corps engaging the enemy about four miles from ,port ,gibson4 ,at this point the roads branched in exactly opposite directions1 both1 however1 leading to ,port ,gibson4 ,the enemy had taken position on both branches1 thus dividing as he fell back the pursuing forces4 ,the nature of the ground in that part of the country is such that a very small force could retard the progress of a much larger one for many hours4 ,the roads usually run on narrow1 elevated ridges1 with deep and impenetrable ravines on either side4 ,on the right were the divisions of ,hovey1 ,carr1 and ,smith1 and on the left the division of ,osterhaus1 of ,mc,clernand's corps4 ,the three former succeeded in driving the enemy from position to position back toward ,port ,gibson steadily all day4 ,osterhaus did not1 however1 move the enemy from the position occupied by him on our left until ,logan's division of ,mc,pherson's corps arrived4 ,mc,clernand1 who was with the right in person1 sent repeated messages to me before the arrival of ,logan to send ,logan's and ,quinby's divisions of ,mc,pherson's corps to him4 ,i had been on that as well as all other parts of the field1 and could see how they could be used there to advantage4 ,however1 as soon as the advance of ,mc,pherson's corps 7,logan's division7 arrived1 ,i sent one brigade to ,mc,clernand on the right1 and sent one brigade1 ,brigadier-,general ,j4 ,e4 ,smith commanding1 to the left to the assistance of ,osterhaus4 ,by the judicious disposition made of this brigade1 under the immediate supervision of ,mc,pherson and ,logan1 a position was soon obtained giving us an advantage which soon drove the enemy from that part of the field1 to make no further stand south of ,bayou ,pierre4 ,the enemy was here repulsed with a heavy loss in killed1 wounded1 and prisoners4 ,the repulse of the enemy on our left took place late in the afternoon4 ,he was pursued toward ,port ,gibson1 but night closing in1 and the enemy making the appearance of another stand1 the troops slept upon their arms until daylight4 ,in the morning it was found that the enemy had retreated across ,bayou ,pierre1 on the ,grand ,gulf road1 and a brigade of ,logan's division was sent to divert his attention whilst a floating bridge was being built across ,bayou ,pierre immediately at ,port ,gibson4 ,this bridge was completed1 eight miles marched by ,mc,pherson's corps to the north fork of ,bayou ,pierre1 that stream bridged1 and the advance of this corps commenced passing over it at #e o'clock the following morning4 ,on the #c;d the enemy was pursued to ,hawkinson's ,ferry1 with 7p4 #cha7 slight skirmishing all day1 during which we took quite a number of prisoners1 mostly stragglers from the enemy4 ,finding that ,grand ,gulf had been evacuated1 and that the advance of my forces was already fifteen miles out from there1 and on the road1 too1 they would have to take to reach either ,vicksburg1 ,jackson1 or any intermediate point on the railroad between the two places1 ,i determined not to march them back1 but taking a small escort of cavalry1 some fifteen or twenty men1 ,i went to the gulf myself1 and made the necessary arrangements for changing my base of supplies from ,bruinsburg to ,grand ,gulf4 ,in moving from ,milliken's ,bend1 the fifteenth army corps1 ,major-,general ,w4 ,t4 ,sherman commanding1 was left to be the last to start4 ,to prevent heavy re-enforcements going from ,vicksburg to the assistance of the ,grand ,gulf forces1 ,i directed ,sherman to make a demonstration on ,haines's ,bluff1 and to make all the show possible4 ,from the information since received from prisoners captured this ruse succeeded admirably4 ,it had been my intention1 up to the time of crossing the ,mississippi river1 to collect all my forces at ,grand ,gulf1 and get on hand a good supply of provisions and ordnance stores before moving1 and in the meantime to detach an army corps to co-operate with ,general ,banks on ,port ,hudson and effect a junction of our forces4 ,about this time ,i received a letter from ,general ,banks giving his position west of the ,mississippi river1 and stating that he could return to ,baton ,rouge by the #ajth of ,may2 that by the reduction of ,port ,hudson he could join me with #ab1jjj men4 ,i learned about the same time that troops were expected at ,jackson from the southern cities with ,general ,beauregard in command4 ,to delay until the #ajth of ,may1 and for the reduction of ,port ,hudson after that1 the accession of #ab1jjj men would not leave me relatively so strong as to move promptly with what ,i had4 ,information received from day to day of the movements of the enemy also impelled me to the course pursued4 ,whilst lying at ,hawkinson's ,ferry waiting for wagons1 supplies1 and ,sherman's corps1 which had come forward in the mean time1 demonstrations were made1 successfully1 ,i believe1 to induce the enemy to think that route and the one by ,hall's ,ferry above were objects of much solicitude to me4 ,reconnoissances were made to the west side of the ,big ,black to within six miles of ,warrenton4 ,on the #gth of ,may an advance was ordered1 ,mc,pherson's corps keeping the road nearest ,black river to ,rocky ,springs1 ,mc,clernand's corps keeping the ,ridge road1 with his corps divided on the two roads4 ,all the ferries were closely guarded until our troops were well advanced4 ,it was my intention here to hug the ,black river as closely as possible1 with ,mc,clernand's and ,sherman's corps1 and get them to the railroad1 at some place between ,edward's ,station and ,bolton4 ,mc,pherson was to move by way of ,utica to ,raymond1 and from there into ,jackson1 destroying the railroad1 telegraph1 and public stores1 etc41 and push west to rejoin the main force4 ,orders were given to ,mc,pherson accordingly4 ,sherman was moved forward on the ,edward's ,station road1 crossing ,fourteen ,mile creek at ,dillon's ,plantation2 ,mc,clernand was moved across the same creek1 further west1 sending one division of his corps by the ,baldwin's ,ferry road as far as the river4 ,at the crossing of ,fourteen ,mile 7p4 #chb7 creek both ,mc,clernand and ,sherman had considerable skirmishing with the enemy to get possession of the crossing4 ,mc,pherson met the enemy near ,raymond1 two brigades strong under ,gregg and ,walker1 on the same day engaged him1 and after several hours hard fighting1 drove him with heavy loss in killed1 wounded1 and prisoners4 ,many threw down their arms and deserted4 ,my position at this time was with ,sherman's corps1 some seven miles west of ,raymond1 and about the centre of the army4 ,on the night of the #abth of ,may1 after orders had been given for the corps of ,mc,clernand and ,sherman to march toward the railroads by parallel roads1 the former in the direction of ,edward's ,station and the latter to a point on the railroad between ,edward's ,station and ,bolton1 the order was changed and both were directed to move toward ,raymond4 ,this was in consequence of the enemy having retreated toward ,jackson after his defeat at ,raymond1 and of information that re-enforcements were daily arriving at ,jackson1 and that ,general ,joe ,johnston was hourly expected there to take command in person4 ,i therefore determined to make sure of that place and leave no enemy in my rear4 ,mc,pherson moved on the #acth to ,clinton1 destroyed the railroad and telegraph1 and captured some important despatches from ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,gregg1 who had commanded the day before in the battle of ,raymond4 ,sherman moved to a parallel position on the ,mississippi ,springs and ,jackson road2 ,mc,clernand moved to a point near ,raymond4 ,the next day ,sherman and ,mc,pherson moved their entire forces toward ,jackson4 ,the rain fell in torrents all the night before1 and continued until about noon of that day making the roads at first slippery and then miry1 notwithstanding1 the troops marched in excellent order without straggling and in the best of spirits about fourteen miles1 and engaged the enemy about #ab o'clock1 ,m41 near ,jackson4 ,mc,clernand occupied ,clinton with one division1 ,mississippi ,springs with another1 ,raymond with a third1 and had his fourth division and ,blair's division of ,sherman's corps with a wagon train still in the rear near ,new ,auburn1 while ,mc,arthur with one brigade of his division of ,mc,pherson's corps was moving toward ,raymond on the ,utica road4 ,it was not the intention to move these forces any nearer ,jackson1 but to have them in a position where they would be in supporting distance if the resistance at ,jackson should prove more obstinate than there seemed reason to expect4 ,the enemy marched out the bulk of his force on the ,clinton road and engaged ,mc,pherson's corps about two and a half miles from the city4 ,a small force of artillery and infantry took a strong position in front of ,sherman1 about the same distance out4 ,by a determined advance of our skirmishers these latter were soon driven within their rifle-pits just outside the city4 ,it was impossible to ascertain the strength of the enemy at this part of the line in time to justify an immediate assault2 consequently ,mc,pherson's two divisions engaged the main bulk of the rebel garrison at ,jackson1 without further aid than the moral support given them by the knowledge the enemy had a force to the south side of the city and the few infantry and artillery of the enemy posted there to impede ,sherman's progress4 ,sherman soon discovered the weakness of the enemy by sending a 7p4 #chc7 reconnoitering party to his right1 which also had the effect of causing the enemy to retreat from this part of his line4 ,a few of the artillerists1 however1 remained in their places1 firing upon ,sherman's troops1 until the last moment1 evidently instructed to do so1 with the expectation of being captured in the end4 ,on entering the city it was found that the main body of the enemy had retreated north1 after a heavy engagement of more than two hours with ,mc,pherson's corps1 in which he was badly beaten4 ,he was pursued until near night1 but without further damage to him4 ,during that evening ,i learned that ,general ,johnston1 as soon as he satisfied himself that ,jackson was to be attacked1 had ordered ,pemberton peremptorily to march out from the direction of ,vicksburg and attack our rear4 ,availing myself of this information1 ,i immediately issued orders to ,mc,clernand and ,blair1 of ,sherman's corps1 to face their troops towards ,bolton1 with a view of reaching ,edward's ,station1 marching on different roads converging near ,bolton4 ,these troops were admirably located for such a move4 ,mc,pherson was ordered to retrace his steps early in the morning of the #aeth on the ,clinton road4 ,sherman was left in ,jackson to destroy the railroads1 bridges1 factories1 workshops1 arsenals1 and everything valuable for the support of the enemy4 ,this was accomplished in the most effectual manner4 ,on the afternoon of the #aeth ,i proceeded as far west as ,clinton1 through which place ,mc,pherson's corps passed to within supporting distance of ,hovey's division of ,mc,clernand's corps1 which had moved that day on the same road to within one and a half mile of ,bolton4 ,on reaching ,clinton1 at #d4de ,p4,m41 ,i ordered ,mc,clernand to move his command early the next morning toward ,edward's ,station1 marching so as to feel the enemy1 if he encountered him1 but not to bring on a general engagement unless he was confident he was able to defeat him2 and also to order ,blair to move with him4 ,about five o'clock on the morning of the #afth1 two men1 employees on the ,jackson and ,vicksburg railroad1 who had passed through ,pemberton's army the night before1 were brought to my headquarters4 ,they stated ,pemberton's force to consist of about eighty regiments1 with ten batteries of artillery1 and that the whole force was estimated by the enemy at about twenty-five thousand men4 ,from them ,i also learned the positions being taken up by the enemy1 and his intention of attacking our rear4 ,i had determined to leave one division of ,sherman's corps one day longer in ,jackson1 but this information determined me to bring his entire command up at once1 and ,i accordingly dispatched him at #e4cj ,a4,m4 to move with all possible speed until he came up with the main force near ,bolton4 ,my despatch reached him at #g4aj ,a4,m41 and his advance division was in motion in one hour from that time4 ,a despatch was sent to ,blair at the same time1 to push forward his division in the direction of ,edward's ,station with all possible dispatch4 ,mc,clernand was directed to establish communication between ,blair and ,osterhaus1 of his corps1 and keep it up1 moving the former to the support of the latter4 ,mc,pherson was ordered forward at #e4de ,a4,m4 to join ,mc,clernand1 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wilson1 of my staff1 was sent forward to communicate the information received1 and with verbal instructions to ,mc,clernand as to the disposition of his forces4 ,at an early hour ,i left for the advance1 and on arriving at the crossing of the ,vicksburg and ,jackson railroad with the road 7p4 #chd7 from ,raymond to ,bolton1 ,i found ,mc,pherson's advance and his pioneer corps engaged in rebuilding a bridge on the former road that had been destroyed by the cavalry of ,osterhaus's division that had gone into ,bolton the night before4 ,the train of ,hovey's division was at a halt1 and blocked up the road from further advance on the ,vicksburg road4 ,i ordered all quartermasters and wagonmasters to draw their teams to one side and make room for the passage of troops4 ,mc,pherson was brought up by this road4 ,passing to the front1 ,i found ,hovey's division of the thirteenth army corps at a halt1 with our skirmishers and the enemy's pickets near each other4 ,hovey was bringing his troops into line1 ready for battle1 and could have brought on an engagement at any moment4 ,the enemy had taken up a very strong position on a narrow ridge1 his left resting on a height where the road makes a sharp turn to the left approaching ,vicksburg4 ,the top of the ridge and the precipitous hill-side to the left of the road are covered by a dense forest and undergrowth4 ,to the right of the road the timber extends a short distance down the hill1 and then opens into cultivated fields on a gentle slope and into a valley extending for a considerable distance4 ,on the road and into the wooded ravine and hill-side ,hovey's division was disposed for the attack4 ,mc,pherson's two divisions1 all of his corps with him on the march from ,milliken's ,bend 7until ,ransom's brigade arrived that day after the battle71 were thrown to the right of the road properly speaking1 the enemy's rear4 ,but ,i would not permit an attack to be commenced by our troops until ,i could hear from ,mc,clernand1 who was advancing with four divisions1 two of them on a road intersecting the ,jackson road about one mile from where the troops above described were placed1 and about the centre of the enemy's line2 the other two divisions on a road still north and nearly the same distance off4 ,i soon heard from ,mc,clernand1 through members of his staff and my own1 whom ,i had sent to him early in the morning1 and found that by the nearest practicable route of communication he was two and a half miles distant4 ,i sent several successive messages to him to push forward with all rapidity4 ,there had been continuous firing between ,hovey's skirmishers and the rebel advance1 which by #aa o'clock grew into a battle4 ,for some time this division bore the brunt of the conflict1 but finding the enemy too strong for them1 at the instance of ,hovey ,i directed first one and then a second brigade from ,crocker's division to re-enforce him4 ,all this time ,logan's division was working upon the enemy's left and rear and weakened his front attack most wonderfully4 ,the troops here opposing us evidently far outnumbered ours4 ,expecting ,mc,clernand momentarily with four divisions1 including ,blair's1 ,i never felt a doubt at the result4 ,he did not arrive1 however1 until the enemy had been driven from the field1 after a terrible contest of hours1 with a heavy loss of killed1 wounded and prisoners1 and a number of pieces of artillery4 ,it was found afterward that the ,vicksburg road1 after following the ridge in a southerly direction for about one mile and to where it intersected one of the ,raymond roads1 turns almost to the west1 down the hill and across the valley in which ,logan was operating on the rear of the enemy4 ,one brigade of ,logan's division had1 unconscious of this important fact1 penetrated nearly to this road and compelled the enemy to retreat to prevent capture4 ,as it was1 much of his artillery and ,loring's division of his army was cut off1 besides the prisoners captured4 ,on the call of ,hovey for more re-enforcements1 just before the rout of the enemy 7p4 #che7 commenced1 ,i ordered ,mc,pherson to move what troops he could by a left flank around to the enemy's front4 ,logan rode up at this time and told me that if ,hovey could make another dash at the enemy he could come up from where he then was and capture the greater part of their force4 ,i immediately rode forward and found the troops that had been so gallantly engaged for so many hours withdrawn from their advanced position and were filling their cartridge boxes4 ,i directed them to use all dispatch and push forward as soon as possible1 explaining to them the position of ,logan's division4 ,proceeding still further forward1 expecting every moment to see the enemy1 and reaching what had been his line1 ,i found he was retreating4 ,arriving at the ,raymond road1 ,i saw to my left and on the next ridge a column of troops which proved to be ,can's division and ,mc,clernand with it in person2 and to the left of ,carr1 ,osterhaus's division soon afterward appeared with his skirmishers well in advance4 ,i sent word to ,osterhaus that the enemy was in full retreat1 and to push up with all haste4 ,the situation was soon explained1 after which ,i ordered ,carr to pursue with all speed to ,black river1 and across it if he could1 and to ,osterhaus to follow4 ,some of ,mc,pherson's troops had already got into the road in advance1 but having marched and engaged the enemy all day they were fatigued1 and gave the road to ,carr who continued the pursuit until after dark1 capturing a train of cars loaded with commissary and ordnance stores and other property4 ,the delay in the advance of the troops immediately with ,mc,clernand was caused1 no doubt1 by the enemy presenting a front of artillery and infantry where it was impossible1 from the nature of the ground and the density of the forest1 to discover his numbers4 ,as it was1 the battle of ,champion's ,hill or ,baker's ,creek was fought mainly by ,hovey's division of ,mc,clernand's corps and ,logan's and ,quinby's divisions 7the latter commanded by ,brigadier-,general ,m4 ,m4 ,crocker7 of ,mc,pherson's corps4 ,ransom's brigade1 of ,mc,pherson's corps1 came on to the field where the main battle had been fought immediately after the enemy had begun his retreat4 ,word was sent to ,sherman1 at ,bolton1 of the result of the day's engagement1 with directions to turn his corps toward ,bridgeport1 and to ,blair to join him at this latter place4 ,at daylight1 on the #agth1 the pursuit was renewed with ,mc,clernand's corps in the advance4 ,the enemy was found strongly posted on both sides of the ,black river4 ,at this point1 on ,black river1 the bluffs extended to the water's edge on the west bank4 ,on the east side is an open1 cultivated bottom of near one mile in width1 surrounded by a bayou of stagnant water1 from two to three feet in depth1 and from ten to twenty feet in width1 from the river above the railroad to the river below4 ,following the inside line of this bayou the enemy had constructed rifle-pits1 with the bayou to serve as a ditch on the outside and immediately in front of them4 ,carr's division occupied the right in investing this place1 and ,lawless brigade the right of his division4 ,after a few hours skirmishing ,lawler discovered that by moving a portion of his brigade under cover of the river bank he could get a position from which that place could be successfully assaulted1 and ordered a charge accordingly4 ,notwithstanding the level ground over which a portion of his troops had to pass without cover1 and the great obstacle of the ditch in front of the enemy's works1 the charge was gallantly and successfully 7p4 #chf7 made1 and in a few minutes the entire garrison with seventeen pieces of artillery were the trophies of this brilliant and daring movement4 ,the enemy on the west bank of the river immediately set fire to the railroad bridge and retreated1 thus cutting off all chance of escape for any portion of his forces remaining on the east bank4 ,sherman1 by this time1 had reached ,bridgeport1 on the ,black river above4 ,the only pontoon train with the expedition was with him4 ,by the morning of the #ahth he had crossed the river1 and was ready to march on ,walnut ,hills4 ,mc,clernand and ,mc,pherson built floating bridges during the night1 and had them ready for crossing their commands by #h ,a4,m4 of the #ahth4 ,the march was commenced by ,sherman at an early hour by the ,bridgeport and ,vicksburg road1 turning to the right when within three and a half miles of ,vicksburg to get possession of ,walnut ,hills and the ,yazoo river4 ,this was successfully accomplished before the night of the #ahth4 ,mc,pherson crossed ,black river above the ,jackson road1 and came into the same road with ,sherman1 but to his rear4 ,he arrived after nightfall with his advance to where ,sherman turned to the right4 ,mc,clernand moved by the ,jackson and ,vicksburg road to ,mount ,albans1 and there turned to the left to get into ,baldwin's ,ferry road4 ,by this disposition the three army corps covered all the ground their strength would admit of1 and by the morning of the #aith the investment of ,vicksburg was made as complete as could be by the forces at my command4 ,during the day there was continuous skirmishing1 and ,i was not without hope of carrying the enemy's works4 ,relying upon the demoralization of the enemy in consequence of repeated defeats outside of ,vicksburg1 ,i ordered a general assault at #b ,p4,m4 on this day4 ,the fifteenth army corps1 from having arrived in front of the enemy's works in time on the #ahth to get a good position1 were enabled to make a vigorous assault4 ,the thirteenth and seventeenth corps succeeded no further than to gain advanced positions1 covered from the fire of the enemy4 ,the #bjth and #bast were spent in perfecting communications with our supplies4 ,most of the troops had been marching and fighting battles for twenty days1 on an average of about five days' rations1 drawn from the commissary department4 ,though they had not suffered from short rations up to this time1 the want of bread to accompany the other rations was beginning to be much felt4 ,on the #bast my arrangements for drawing supplies of every description being complete1 ,i determined to make another effort to carry ,vicksburg by assault4 ,there were many reasons to determine me to adopt this course4 ,i believed an assault from the position gained by this time could be made successfully4 ,it was known that ,johnston was at ,canton with the force taken by him from ,jackson1 re-enforced by other troops from the east1 and that more were daily reaching him4 ,with the force ,i had1 a short time must have enabled him to attack me in the rear1 and possibly succeeded in raising the siege4 ,possession of ,vicksburg at that time would have enabled me to have turned upon ,johnston and driven him from the ,state1 and possess myself of all the railroads and practical military highways1 thus effectually securing to ourselves all territory west of the ,tombigbee1 and this before the season was too far advanced for campaigning in this latitude4 ,i would have saved 7p4 #chg7 government sending large re-enforcements much needed elsewhere2 and finally1 the troops themselves were impatient to possess ,vicksburg1 and would not have worked in the trenches with the same zeal1 believing it unnecessary1 that they did after the failure to carry the enemy's works4 ,accordingly on the #bast orders were issued for a general assault on the whole line1 to commence at #aa ,a4,m4 on the #bb;d4 ,all the corps commanders set their time by mine1 that there should be no difference between them in movement of assault4 ,promptly at the hour designated1 the three army corps then in front of the enemy's works commenced the assault4 ,i had taken a commanding position near ,mc,pherson's front1 and from which ,i could see all the advancing columns from his corps1 and a part of each of ,sherman's and ,mc,clernand's4 ,a portion of the commands of each succeeded in planting their flags on the outer slopes of the enemy's bastions and maintained them there until night4 ,each corps had many more men than could possibly be used in the assault1 over such ground as intervened between them and the enemy4 ,more men could only avail in case of breaking through the enemy's line or in repelling a sortie4 ,the assault was gallant in the extreme on the part of all the troops1 but the enemy's position was too strong1 both naturally and artificially1 to be taken in that way4 ,at every point assaulted1 and at all of them at the same time1 the enemy was able to show all the force his works could cover4 ,the assault failed1 ,i regret to say1 with much loss on our side in killed and wounded1 but without weakening the confidence of the troops in their ability to ultimately succeed4 ,no troops succeeded in entering any of the enemy's works with the exception of ,sergeant ,griffith1 of the #bast regiment ,iowa volunteers1 and some eleven privates of the same regiment4 ,of these none returned except the sergeant and possibly one man4 ,the work entered by him1 from its position1 could give us no practical advantage1 unless others to the right and left of it were carried and held at the same time4 ,about #ab ,m41 ,i received a despatch from ,mc,clernand that he was hard pressed at several points1 in reply to which ,i directed him to re-enforce the points hard pressed from such troops as he had that were not engaged4 ,i then rode round to ,sherman1 and had just reached there1 when ,i received a second despatch from ,mc,clernand stating positively and unequivocally that he was in possession of and still held two of the enemy's forts2 that the ,american flag was then waved over them1 and asking me to have ,sherman and ,mc,pherson make a diversion in his favor4 ,this despatch ,i showed to ,sherman1 who immediately ordered a renewal of the assault on his front4 ,i also sent a messenger to ,mc,clernand1 directing him to order up ,mc,arthur to his assistance1 and started immediately to the position ,i had just left on ,mc,pherson's line to convey to him the information from ,mc,clernand by this last despatch1 that he might make the diversion requested4 ,before reaching ,mc,pherson ,i met a messenger with a third despatch from ,mc,clernand1 of which the following is a copy3 ,headquarters #acth ,army ,corps1 ,to ,in the ,field near ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi1 ,,major-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant4 ,may #bb;d1 #ahfc4 ,general3 ,we have gained the enemy's intrenchments at several points1 but are brought to a stand4 ,i have sent word to ,mc,arthur to re-enforce me if he can4 ,would it not be best to 7p4 #chh7 concentrate the whole or part of his command on this point8 ,john ,a4 ,,mcclernand1 ,major-,general commanding4 ,p4,s4 ,i have received your despatch1 my troops are all engaged1 and ,i cannot withdraw any to re-enforce others4 ,,mcclernand4 ,the position occupied by me during most of the time of the assault gave me a better opportunity of seeing what was going on in front of the thirteenth army corps than ,i believed it possible for the commander of it to have4 ,i could not see his possession of forts1 nor necessity for re-enforcements1 as represented in his despatches1 up to the time ,i left it1 which was between #ab ,m4 and #a ,p4,m41 and ,i expressed doubts of their correctness1 which doubts the facts subsequently1 but too late1 confirmed4 ,at the time ,i could not disregard his reiterated statements1 for they might possibly be true2 and that no possible opportunity of carrying the enemy's stronghold should be allowed to escape through fault of mine1 ,i ordered ,quinby's division1 which was all of ,mc,pherson's corps then present1 but four brigades1 to report to ,mc,clernand1 and notified him of the order4 ,i showed his despatches to ,mc,pherson1 as ,i had to ,sherman1 to satisfy him of the necessity of an active diversion on their part to hold as much force in their fronts as possible4 ,the diversion was promptly and vigorously made and resulted in the increase of our mortality list full fifty per cent41 without advancing our position or giving us other advantages4 ,about #c4ej ,p4,m41 ,i received ,mc,clernand's fourth despatch1 as follows3 ,to ,headquarters #acth ,army ,corps1 ,,major-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,may #bb1 #ahfc4 ,department of the ,tennessee4 ,general3 ,i have received your despatch in regard to ,general ,quinby's division and ,general ,mc,arthur's division4 ,as soon as they arrive ,i will press the enemy with all possible speed1 and doubt not ,i will force my way through4 ,i have lost no ground4 ,my men are in two of the enemy's forts1 but they are commanded by rifle pits in the rear4 ,several prisoners have been taken who intimate that the rear is strong4 ,at this moment ,i am hard pressed4 ,john ,a4 ,,mcclernand1 ,major-,general commanding4 ,the assault of this day proved the quality of the soldiers of this army4 ,without entire success1 and with a heavy loss1 there was no murmuring or complaining1 no falling back1 nor other evidence of demoralization4 ,after the failure of the #bb;d1 ,i determined upon a regular siege4 ,the troops now being fully awake to the necessity of this worked diligently and cheerfully4 ,the work progressed rapidly and satisfactorily until the #c;d of ,july1 when all was about ready for a final assault4 ,there was a great scarcity of ,engineer officers in the beginning1 but under the skillful superintendence of ,captain ,f4 ,e4 ,prime1 of the ,engineer corps1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wilson1 of my staff1 7p4 #chi7 and ,captain ,c4 ,b4 ,comstock1 of the ,engineer corps1 who joined this command during the siege1 such practical experience was gained as would enable any division of this army hereafter to conduct a siege with considerable skill in the absence of regular ,engineer officers4 ,on the afternoon of the #c;d of ,july a letter was received from ,lieutenant-,general ,pemberton1 commanding the ,confederate forces at ,vicksburg1 proposing an armistice and the appointment of commissioners to arrange terms for the capitulation of the place4 ,the correspondence1 copies of which are herewith transmitted1 resulted in the surrender of the city and garrison of ,vicksburg at #aj o'clock ,a4,m41 ,july #d1 #ahfc1 on the following terms3 ,the entire garrison1 officers and men1 were to be paroled1 not to take up arms against the ,united ,states until exchanged by the proper authorities2 officers and men each to be furnished with a parole1 signed by himself2 officers to be allowed then side arms and private baggage1 and the field1 staff and cavalry officers one horse each2 the rank and file to be allowed all their clothing1 but no other property2 rations from their own stores sufficient to last them beyond our lines2 the necessary cooking utensils for preparing their food2 and thirty wagons to transport such articles as could not well be carried4 ,these terms ,i regarded more favorable to the government than an unconditional surrender4 ,it saved us the transportation of them north1 which at that time would have been very difficult1 owing to the limited amount of river transportation on hand1 and the expenses of subsisting them4 ,it left our army free to operate against ,johnston1 who was threatening us from the direction of ,jackson1 and our river transportation to be used for the movement of troops to any point the exigency of the service might require4 ,i deem it proper to state here1 in order that the correspondence may be fully understood1 that after my answer to ,general ,pemberton's letter of the morning of the #c;d1 we had a personal interview on the subject of the capitulation4 ,the particulars and incidents of the siege will be contained in the reports of division and corps commanders1 which will be forwarded as soon as received4 ,i brought forward during the siege1 in addition to ,lauman's division and four regiments previously ordered from ,memphis1 ,smith's and ,kimball's divisions of the sixteenth army corps1 and assigned ,major-,general ,c4 ,c4 ,washburne to command of same4 ,on the #aath of ,june1 ,major-,general ,f4 ,j4 ,herron's division from the ,department of the ,missouri arrived2 and on the #adth two divisions of the ninth army corps1 ,major-,general ,j4 ,g4 ,parke commanding1 arrived4 ,this increase in my force enabled me to make the investment most complete1 and at the same time left me a large reserve to watch the movements of ,johnston4 ,herron's division was put into position on the extreme south of the city1 and ,lauman's division was placed between ,herron and ,mc,clernand4 ,smith's and ,kimball's divisions and ,parke's corps were sent to ,haines's ,bluff4 ,this place ,i had fortified to the land side and every preparation made to resist a heavy force4 ,johnston crossed ,big ,black river with a portion of his force1 and everything indicated that he would make an attack about the #beth of ,june4 ,our position in front of ,vicksburg having been made as strong against a sortie from the enemy as his works were against an assault1 ,i placed ,major-,general ,sherman in command of all the troops designated to look after ,johnston4 ,the force intended to operate against ,johnston1 in addition to that at ,haines's ,bluff1 was one division from each of the thirteenth1 fifteenth1 and 7p4 #cij7 seventeenth army corps and ,lauman's division4 ,johnston1 however1 not attacking1 ,i determined to attack him the moment ,vicksburg was in our possession1 and accordingly notified ,sherman that ,i should again make an assault on ,vicksburg at daylight on the #fth1 and for him to have up supplies of all descriptions ready to move upon receipt of orders if the assault should prove a success4 ,his preparations were immediately made1 and when the place surrendered on the #dth two days earlier than ,i fixed for the attack1 ,sherman was found ready1 and moved at once with a force increased by the remainder of both the thirteenth and fifteenth army corps1 and is at present investing ,jackson where ,johnston has made a stand4 ,in the march from ,bruinsburg to ,vicksburg1 covering a period of twenty days1 before supplies could be obtained from government stores1 only five days' rations were issued1 and three days' of these were taken in haversacks at the start1 and were soon exhausted4 ,all other subsistence was obtained from the country through which we passed4 ,the march was commenced without wagons1 except such as could be picked up through the country4 ,the country was abundantly supplied with corn1 bacon1 beef and mutton4 ,the troops enjoyed excellent health1 and no army ever appeared in better spirits or felt more confident of success4 ,in accordance with previous instructions1 ,major-,general ,s4 ,a4 ,hurlbut started ,colonel 7now ,brigadier-,general7 ,b4 ,h4 ,grierson with a cavalry force from ,la ,grange1 ,tennessee1 to make a raid through the central portion of the ,state of ,mississippi to destroy railroads and other public property1 for the purpose of creating a diversion in favor of the army moving to the attack on ,vicksburg4 ,on the #agth of ,april this expedition started1 and arrived at ,baton ,rouge on the #b;d of ,may1 having successfully traversed the whole ,state of ,mississippi4 ,this expedition was skillfully conducted and reflects great credit on ,colonel ,grierson and all of his command4 ,the notice given the raid by the ,southern press confirms our estimate of its importance4 ,it has been one of the most brilliant cavalry exploits of the war1 and will be handed down in history as an example to be imitated4 ,colonel ,grierson's report is herewith transmitted4 ,i cannot close this report without an expression of thankfulness for my good fortune in being placed in co-operation with an officer of the navy who accords to every move that seems for the interest and success of our arms his hearty and energetic support4 ,admiral ,porter and the very efficient officers under him have ever shown the greatest readiness in their co-operation1 no matter what was to be done or what risk to be taken1 either by their men or their vessels4 ,without this prompt and cordial support my movements would have been much embarrassed1 if not wholly defeated4 ,captain ,j4 ,u4 ,shirk1 commanding the ,tuscumbia1 was especially active and deserving of the highest commendation for his personal attention to the repairing of the damage done our transports by the ,vicksburg batteries4 ,the result of this campaign has been the defeat of the enemy in five battles outside of ,vicksburg2 the occupation of ,jackson1 the capital of the ,state of ,mississippi1 and the capture of ,vicksburg and its garrison and munitions of war2 a loss to the enemy of thirty-seven thousand 7#cg1jjj7 prisoners1 among whom were fifteen general officers2 at least ten thousand men killed and 7p4 #cia7 wounded1 and among the killed ,generals ,tracy1 ,tilghman and ,green1 and hundreds and perhaps thousands of stragglers1 who can never be collected and reorganized4 ,arms and munitions of war for an army of sixty thousand men have fallen into our hands1 besides a large amount of other public property1 consisting of railroads1 locomotives1 cars1 steamboats1 cotton1 c41 and much was destroyed to prevent our capturing it4 ,our loss in the series of battles may be summed up as follows3 ,killed4 ,wounded4 ,missing4 ,port ,gibson #acj #gah #e ,fourteen ,mile creek 7skirmish7 #d #bd -- ,raymond #fi #cda #cb ,jackson #dj #bdj #f ,champion's ,hill #dbf #ahdb #ahi ,big ,black railroad bridge #bi #bdb #b ,vicksburg #ede #cfhh #cjc ,of the wounded many were but slightly wounded1 and continued on duty2 many more required but a few days or weeks for their recovery4 ,not more than one-half of the wounded were permanently disabled4 ,my personal staff and chiefs of departments have in all cases rendered prompt and efficient service4 ,in all former reports ,i have failed to make mention of company ,a1 #dth regiment ,illinois cavalry volunteers1 ,captain ,s4 ,d4 ,osband commanding4 ,this company has been on duty with me as an escort company since ,november1 #ahfa1 and in every engagement ,i have been in since that time rendered valuable service1 attracting general attention for their exemplary conduct1 soldierly bearings and promptness4 ,it would not be overstating the merits of this company to say that many of them would fill with credit any position in a cavalry regiment4 ,for the brilliant achievements recounted in this report1 the ,army of the ,tennessee1 their comrades of the ,ninth ,army corps1 ,herron's division of the ,army of the ,frontier1 and the navy co-operating with them1 deserve the highest honors their country can award4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,colonel1 very respectfully your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general ,united ,states ,army1 commanding4 ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,grant4 ,to ,headquarters1 ,vicksburg1 ,,major-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,july #c1 #ahfc4 ,commanding ,united ,states ,forces before ,vicksburg4 ,general3 ,i have the honor to propose to you an armistice for--hours1 with a view of arranging terms for the capitulation of ,vicksburg4 ,to this end1 if agreeable to you1 ,i will 7p4 #cib7 appoint three commissioners to meet a like number to be named by yourself at such place and hour to-day as you may find convenient4 ,i make this proposition to save the further effusion of blood1 which must otherwise be shed to a frightful extent1 feeling myself fully able to maintain my position for a yet indefinite period4 ,this communication will be handed you under flag of truce by ,major-,general ,j4 ,s4 ,bowen4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,pemberton1 ,lieutenant-,general4 ,general ,grant to ,general ,pemberton4 ,headquarters1 ,department of the ,tennessee1 ,to ,in the ,field1 near ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi1 ,july #c1 #ahfc4 ,,lieutenant-,,general ,j4 ,c4 ,,pemberton1 ,commanding ,confederate ,forces1 ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi4 ,general3 ,your note of this date is just received1 proposing an armistice for several hours for the purpose of arranging terms of capitulation through commissioners to be appointed1 etc4 ,the useless effusion of blood you propose stopping by this course can be ended at any time you may choose by an unconditional surrender of the city and garrison4 ,men who have shown so much endurance and courage as those now in ,vicksburg will always challenge the respect of all adversaries1 and ,i can assure you will be treated with all respect due to prisoners of war4 ,i do not favor the proposition of appointing commissioners to arrange terms of capitulation1 because ,i have no terms other than those indicated above4 ,i am1 ,general1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,general ,grant to ,general ,pemberton4 ,headquarters1 ,department of the ,tennessee1 ,to ,near ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi1 ,july #c1 #ahfc4 ,,lieutenant-,,general ,j4 ,c4 ,,pemberton1 ,commanding ,confederate ,forces1 ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi4 ,general3 ,in conformity with agreement of this afternoon1 ,i will submit the following proposition for the surrender of the city of ,vicksburg1 public stores1 etc4 ,on your accepting the terms proposed1 ,i will march one division as a guard and take possession at #h ,a4,m4 to-morrow4 ,as soon as rolls can be made out and paroles signed by officers and men1 you will be allowed to march out of our lines1 the officers taking with them their side-arms and clothing1 and the field1 staff1 and cavalry officers one horse each4 ,the rank and file will be allowed 7p4 #cic7 all their clothing1 but no other property4 ,if these conditions are accepted1 any amount of rations you may deem necessary can be taken from the stores you now have1 and also the necessary cooking utensils for preparing them4 ,thirty wagons1 also1 counting two horse or mule teams as one1 will be allowed to transport such articles as cannot be carried along4 ,the same conditions will be allowed to all sick and wounded officers and soldiers as fast as they become able to travel4 ,the paroles for these latter must be signed1 however1 whilst officers are present authorized to sign the roll of prisoners4 ,i am1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,grant4 ,to ,headquarters1 ,vicksburg1 ,,major-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,july #c1 #ahfc4 ,commanding ,united ,states ,forces before ,vicksburg4 ,general3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of this date1 proposing terms of capitulation for this garrison and post4 ,in the main your terms are accepted2 but in justice both to the honor and spirit of my troops manifested in the defence of ,vicksburg1 ,i have to submit the following amendments1 which1 if acceded to by you1 will perfect the agreement between us4 ,at #aj o'clock1 ,a4,m41 to-morrow1 ,i propose to evacuate the works in and around ,vicksburg1 and to surrender the city and garrison under my command1 by marching out with my colors and arms1 stacking them in front of my present lines1 after which you will take possession4 ,officers to retain their side-arms and personal property1 and the rights and property of citizens to be respected4 ,i am1 ,general1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,pemberton1 ,lieutenant-,general4 ,general ,grant to ,general ,pemberton4 ,headquarters1 ,department of the ,tennessee1 ,to ,before ,vicksburg1 ,july #d1 #ahfc4 ,,lieutenant-,,general ,j4 ,c4 ,,pemberton1 ,commanding ,confederate ,forces1 ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi4 ,general3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of #c;d ,july4 ,the amendment proposed by you cannot be acceded to in full4 ,it will be necessary to furnish every 7p4 #cid7 officer and man with a parole signed by himself1 which with the completion of the roll of prisoners1 will necessarily take some time4 ,again ,i can make no stipulations with regard to the treatment of citizens and their private property4 ,while ,i do not propose to cause them any undue annoyance or loss1 ,i cannot consent to leave myself under any restraint by stipulations4 ,the property which officers will be allowed to take with them will be as stated in my proposition of last evening2 that is1 officers will be allowed their private baggage and side arms1 and mounted officers one horse each4 ,if you mean by your proposition for each brigade to march to the front of the lines now occupied by it1 and stack arms at #aj ,a4,m41 and then return to the inside and there remain as prisoners until properly paroled1 ,i will make no objection to it4 ,should no notification be received of your acceptance of my terms by #i o'clock ,a4,m41 ,i shall regard them as having been rejected1 and shall act accordingly4 ,should these terms be accepted1 white flags should be displayed along your lines to prevent such of my troops as may not have been notified from firing upon your men4 ,i am1 ,general1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,general ,pemberton to ,general ,grant4 ,to ,headquarter1 ,vicksburg1 ,,major-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,july #d1 #ahfc4 ,commanding ,united ,states ,forces before ,vicksburg4 ,general3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of this day1 and in reply to say that the terms proposed by you are accepted4 ,very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,pemberton1 ,lieutenant-,general4 ,general ,grant to the ,assistant ,adjutant-,general4 ,headquarters1 ,military ,division of the ,mississippi1 ,to ,in the ,field1 ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee1 ,,colonel ,j4 ,c4 ,,kelton1 ,december #bc;d1 #ahfc4 ,assistant ,adjutant-,general1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,colonel3 ,in pursuance of ,general ,orders1 ,no4 #ccg1 ,war ,department1 of date ,washington1 ,october #afth1 #ahfc1 delivered to me by the ,secretary of ,war1 at ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 on the #ahth of the same month1 ,i assumed command of the ,military ,division of the ,mississippi1 comprising the ,departments of the ,ohio1 the ,cumberland1 and the ,tennessee1 and telegraphed the order 7p4 #cie7 assuming command1 together with the order of the ,war ,department1 referred to1 to ,major-,general ,a4 ,e4 ,burnside1 at ,knoxville1 and to ,major-,general ,w4 ,s4 ,rosecrans1 at ,chattanooga4 ,my action in telegraphing these orders to ,chattanooga in advance of my arrival there1 was induced by information furnished me by the ,secretary of ,war1 of the difficulties with which the ,army of the ,cumberland had to contend in supplying itself over a long1 mountainous1 and almost impassable road from ,stevenson1 ,alabama1 to ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee1 and his fears that ,general ,rosecrans would fall back to the north side of the ,tennessee river4 ,to guard further against the possibility of the ,secretary's fears1 ,i also telegraphed to ,major-,general ,thomas on the #aith of ,october1 from ,louisville1 to hold ,chattanooga at all hazards2 that ,i would be there as soon as possible4 ,to which he replied1 on same date1 ,i will hold the town till we starve4 ,proceeding directly to ,chattanooga1 ,i arrived there on the #bc;d of ,october1 and found that ,general ,thomas had immediately1 on being placed in command of the ,department of the ,cumberland1 ordered the concentration of ,major-,general ,hooker's command at ,bridgeport preparatory to securing the river and main wagon road between that place and ,brown's ,ferry1 immediately below ,lookout ,mountain4 ,the next morning after my arrival at ,chattanooga1 in company with ,thomas and ,brigadier-,general ,w4 ,f4 ,smith1 ,chief ,engineer1 ,i made a reconnoissance of ,brown's ,ferry and the hills on the south side of the river1 and at the mouth of ,lookout ,valley4 ,after the reconnoissance1 the plan agreed upon was for ,hooker to cross at ,bridgeport to the south side of the river with all the force that could be spared from the railroad1 and move on the main wagon road by way of ,whitesides to ,wauhatchie1 in ,lookout ,valley4 ,major-,general ,j4 ,m4 ,palmer was to proceed by the only practicable route north of the river from his position opposite ,chattanooga1 to a point on the north bank of the ,tennessee river1 and opposite ,whitesides1 there to cross to the south side to hold the road passed over by ,hooker4 ,in the meantime and before the enemy could be apprised of our intentions1 a force under the direction of ,brigadier-,general ,w4 ,f4 ,smith1 ,chief ,engineer1 was to be thrown across the river at or near ,brown's ,ferry to seize the range of hills at the mouth of ,lookout ,valley1 covering the ,brown's ,ferry road1 and orders were given accordingly4 ,it was known that the enemy held the north end of ,lookout ,valley with a brigade of troops1 and the road leading around the foot of the mountain from their main camps in ,chattanooga ,valley to ,lookout ,valley4 ,holding these advantages1 he would have had little difficulty in concentrating a sufficient force to have defeated or driven ,hooker back4 ,to remedy this the seizure of the range of hills at the mouth of ,lookout ,valley and covering the ,brown's ,ferry road was deemed of the highest importance4 ,this1 by the use of pontoon bridges at ,chattanooga and ,brown's ,ferry1 would secure to us by the north bank of the river1 across ,moccasin ,point1 a shorter line by which to re-enforce our troops in ,lookout ,valley1 than the narrow and tortuous road around the foot of ,lookout ,mountain afforded the enemy for re-enforcing his4 ,the force detailed for this expedition consisted of four thousand men1 under command of ,general ,smith1 ,chief ,engineer1 eighteen hundred of which under ,brigadier-,general ,w4 ,b4 ,hagen1 in sixty pontoon boats1 containing thirty armed men each1 floated 7p4 #cif7 quietly from ,chattanooga past the enemy's pickets to the foot of ,lookout ,mountain on the night of the #bgth of ,october1 landed on the south side of the river at ,brown's ,ferry1 surprised the enemy's pickets stationed there1 and seized the hills covering the ferry1 without the loss of a man killed and but four or five wounded4 ,the remainder of the force1 together with the material for a bridge1 was moved by the north bank of the river across ,moccasin ,point to ,brown's ,ferry1 without attracting the attention of the enemy1 and before day dawned the whole force was ferried to the south bank of the river2 #bnd the almost inaccessible heights rising from ,lookout ,valley1 at its outlet to the river and below the mouth of ,lookout creek were secured4 ,by ten o'clock ,a4,m4 an excellent pontoon bridge was laid across the river at ,brown's ,ferry1 thus securing to us the end of the desired road nearer the enemy's forces1 and the shorter line over which to pass troops if a battle became inevitable4 ,positions were taken up by our troops from which they could not have been driven except by vastly superior forces1 and then only with great loss of the enemy4 ,our artillery was placed in such position as to completely command the roads leading from the enemy's main camps in ,chattanooga ,valley to ,lookout ,valley4 ,on the #bhth ,hooker emerged into ,lookout ,valley at ,wauhatchie by the direct road from ,bridgeport by way of ,whitesides to ,chattanooga1 with the #aath ,army ,corps1 under ,major-,general ,howard1 and ,geary's ,division of the #abth ,army ,corps1 and proceeded to take up positions for the defence of the road from ,whitesides1 over which he had marched1 and also the road leading from ,brown's ,ferry to ,kelly's ,ferry1 throwing the left of ,howard's ,corps forward to ,brown's ,ferry4 ,the ,division that started under command of ,palmer for ,whitesides1 reached its destination1 and took up the position intended in the original plan of this movement4 ,three movements so successfully executed1 secured to us two comparatively good lines by which to obtain supplies from the terminus of the railroad at ,bridgeport1 namely1 the main wagon road by way of ,whitesides1 ,wauhatchie1 and ,brown's ,ferry1 distant but twenty-eight miles1 and the ,kelly's ,ferry and ,brown's ,ferry road1 which1 by the use of the river from ,bridgeport to ,kelly's ,ferry1 reduced the distance for wagoning to but eight miles4 ,up to this period our forces at ,chattanooga were practically invested1 the enemy's lines extending from the ,tennessee river above ,chattanooga to the river at and below the point of ,lookout ,mountain below ,chattanooga1 with the south bank of the river picketed to near ,bridgeport1 his main force being fortified in ,chattanooga ,valley1 at the foot of and on ,missionary ,ridge and ,lookout ,mountain1 and a brigade in ,lookout ,valley4 ,true1 we held possession of the country north of the river1 but it was from sixty to seventy miles over the most impracticable of roads to any supplies4 ,the artillery horses and mules had become so reduced by starvation that they could not have been relied on for moving anything4 ,an attempt at retreat must have been with men alone1 and with only such supplies as they could carry4 ,a retreat would have been almost certain annihilation1 for the enemy1 occupying positions within gunshot of1 and overlooking our very fortifications1 would unquestionably have pursued our retreating forces4 ,already more than ten thousand animals had perished in supplying half rations to the troops by the long and tedious route from ,stevenson and ,bridgeport to ,chattanooga1 over 7p4 #cig7 ,waldron's ,ridge4 ,they could not have been supplied another week4 ,the enemy was evidently fully apprised of our condition in ,chattanooga1 and of the necessity of our establishing a new and shorter line by which to obtain supplies1 if we would maintain our position1 and so fully was he impressed of the importance of keeping from us these lines1 lost to him by surprise1 and in a manner he little dreamed of1 that in order to regain possession of them1 a night attack was made by a portion of ,longstreet's forces on a portion of ,hooker's troops 7,geary's ,division of the #abth ,corps7 the first night after ,hooker's arrival in the valley4 ,this attack failed1 however1 and ,howard's ,corps1 which was moving to the assistance of ,geary1 finding that it was not required by him1 carried the remaining heights held by the enemy west of ,lookout ,creek4 ,this gave us quiet possession of the line of communication heretofore described south of the ,tennessee river4 ,of these operations ,i cannot speak more particularly1 the sub-reports having been sent to ,washington without passing through my hands4 ,by the use of two steamboats1 one of which had been left at ,chattanooga by the enemy and fell into our hands1 and one that had been built by us at ,bridgeport1 plying between ,bridgeport and ,kelly's ,ferry1 we were enabled to obtain supplies with but eight miles of wagoning4 ,the capacity of the railroad and steamboats was not sufficient1 however1 to supply all the wants of the army1 but actual suffering was prevented4 ,ascertaining from scouts and deserters that ,bragg was detaching ,longstreet from the front and moving him in the direction of ,knoxville1 ,tennessee1 evidently to attack ,burnside1 and feeling strongly the necessity of some move that would compel him to retain all his forces and recall those he had detached1 directions were given for a movement against ,missionary ,ridge with a view of carrying it1 and threatening the enemy's communication with ,longstreet1 of which ,i informed ,burnside by telegraph on the #gth of ,november4 ,after a thorough reconnoissance of the ground1 however1 it was deemed utterly impracticable to make the move until ,sherman could get up1 because of the inadequacy of our force and the condition of the animals then at ,chattanooga1 and ,i was forced to leave ,burnside1 for the present1 to contend against superior forces of the enemy until the arrival of ,sherman with his men and means of transportation4 ,in the meantime reconnoissances were made and plans matured for operations4 ,despatches were sent to ,sherman1 informing him of the movement of ,longstreet and the necessity of his immediate presence at ,chattanooga4 ,on the #adth of ,november1 ,i telegraphed to ,burnside as follows3 ,to ,,major-,,general ,a4 ,e4 ,,burnside4 ,your despatch and ,dana's just received4 ,being there1 you can tell better how to resist ,longstreet's attack than ,i can direct4 ,with your showing you had better give up ,kingston at the last moment1 and save the most productive part of your possessions4 ,every arrangement is now made to throw ,sherman's forces across the river just at and below the mouth of ,chicamauga creek1 as soon as it arrives4 ,thomas will attack on his left at the same time1 and together it is expected to carry ,missionary ,ridge 7p4 #cih7 and from there push a force on to the railroad between ,cleveland and ,dalton4 ,hooker will at the same time attack and1 if he can1 carry ,lookout ,mountain1 ,the enemy now seem to be looking for an attack on his left flank4 ,this favors us4 ,to further confirm this1 ,sherman's advance division will march direct from ,whitesides to ,trenton4 ,the remainder of his force will pass over a new road just made from ,whitesides to ,kelly's ,ferry1 thus being concealed from the enemy1 and leave him to suppose the whole force is going up ,lookout ,valley4 ,sherman's advance has only just reached ,bridgeport4 ,the rear will only reach there on the #afth4 ,this will bring it to the #aith1 as the earliest day for making the combined movement as desired4 ,inform me if you think you can sustain yourself until that time4 ,i can hardly conceive of the enemy breaking through at ,kingston and pushing for ,kentucky4 ,if they should1 however1 a new problem would be left for solution4 ,thomas has ordered a division of cavalry to the vicinity of ,sparta4 ,i will ascertain1 if they have started and inform you4 ,it will be entirely out of the question to send you ten thousand men1 not because they cannot be spared1 but how could they be fed after they got even one day east of here4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,on the #aeth1 having received from the ,general-in-,chief a despatch of date the #adth1 in reference to ,burnside's position1 the danger of his abandonment of ,east ,tennessee1 unless immediate relief was afforded1 and the terrible misfortune such a result would be to our arms2 and also despatches from ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,dana1 ,assistant ,secretary of ,war1 and ,colonel ,wilson1 of my ,staff1 sent at the instance of ,general ,burnside1 informing me more fully of the condition of affairs as detailed to them by him1 ,i telegraphed him as follows3 ,to ,chattanooga1 ,november #aeth1 #ahfc4 ,,major-,,general ,a4 ,e4 ,,burnside4 ,i do not know how to impress on you the necessity of holding on to ,east ,tennessee in strong enough terms4 ,according to the despatches of ,mr4 ,dana and ,colonel ,wilson1 it would seem that you should1 if pressed to do it1 hold on to ,knoxville and that portion of the valley which you will necessarily possess1 holding to that point4 ,should ,longstreet move his whole force across the ,little ,tennessee1 an effort should be made to cut his pontoons on that stream1 even if it sacrificed half the cavalry of the ,ohio army4 ,by holding on and placing ,longstreet between the ,little ,tennessee and ,knoxville1 he should not be allowed to escape with an army capable of doing anything this winter4 ,i can hardly conceive of the necessity of retreating from ,east ,tennessee4 ,if ,i did so at all1 it would be after losing most of the army1 and then necessity would suggest the route4 ,i will not attempt to lay out a line of retreat4 ,kingston1 looking at the map1 ,i thought of more importance than any one point in ,east ,tennessee4 ,but my attention being called more closely to it1 ,i can see that it might be passed by1 and ,knoxville and the rich valley about it possessed1 ignoring that place entirely4 ,i should not think it advisable to concentrate a force near the ,little ,tennessee2 7p4 #cii7 to resist the crossing of it would be in danger of capture1 but ,i would harass and embarrass progress in every way possible1 reflecting on the fact that the ,army of the ,ohio is not the only army to resist the onward progress of the enemy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,previous reconnoissances1 made first by ,brigadier-,general ,w4 ,f4 ,smith1 ,chief ,engineer1 and afterward by ,thomas ,sherman1 and myself in company with him1 of the country opposite ,chattanooga and north of the ,tennessee river1 extending as far east as the mouth of the ,north ,chicamauga1 and also of the mouth of the ,south ,chicamauga1 and the north end of ,missionary ,ridge1 so far as the same could be made from the north bank of the river1 without exciting suspicions on the part of the enemy1 showed good roads from ,brown's ,ferry up the river and back of the first range of hills opposite ,chattanooga1 and out of view of the enemy's positions4 ,troops crossing the bridge at ,brown's ,ferry could be seen and their numbers estimated by the enemy1 but not seeing anything further of them as they passed up in rear of these hills1 he would necessarily be at a loss to know whether they were moving to ,knoxville or held on the north side of the river for further operations at ,chattanooga4 ,it also showed that the north end of ,missionary ,ridge was imperfectly guarded1 and that the banks of the river from the mouth of ,south ,chicamauga ,creek1 westward to his main line in front of ,chattanooga1 were watched only by a small cavalry picket4 ,this determined the plan of operations indicated in my despatch of the #adth to ,burnside4 ,upon further consideration1 the great object being to mass all the force possible against one given point1 namely ,missionary ,ridge1 converging toward the north end of it1 it was deemed best to change the original plan1 so far as it contemplated ,hooker's attack on ,lookout ,mountain1 which would give us ,howard's ,corps of his command to aid in this purpose1 and on the #ahth the following instructions were given ,thomas3 ,to ,,major-,,general ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,thomas4 ,all preparations should be made for attacking the enemy's position on ,missionary ,ridge by ,saturday at daylight4 ,not being provided with a map giving names of roads1 spurs of the mountain and other places1 such definite instructions cannot be given as might be desirable4 ,however1 the general plan1 you understand1 is for ,sherman1 with the force brought with him1 strengthened by a division from your command1 to effect a crossing of the ,tennessee river just below the mouth of the ,chicamauga1 his crossing to be protected by artillery from the heights on the north bank of the river 7to be located by your chief of artillery71 and to secure the heights from the northern extremity to about the railroad tunnel1 before the enemy can concentrate against him4 ,you will co-operate with ,sherman4 ,the troops in ,chattanooga ,valley should be well concentrated on your left flank1 leaving only the necessary force to defend fortifications on the right and centre1 and a movable column of one division in readiness to move whereon ordered4 ,this division should show itself as threateningly as 7p4 #djj7 possible on the most practical line for making an attack up the valley ,your effort will then be to form a junction with ,sherman1 making your advance well toward the northern end of ,missionary ,ridge1 and moving as near simultaneously with him as possible4 ,the junction once formed and the ridge carried1 communication will at once be established between the two armies by roads on the south bank of the river4 ,further movements will then depend on those of the enemy4 ,lookout ,valley1 ,i think1 will be easily held by ,geary's ,division and what troops you may still have there belonging to the old army of the ,cumberland4 ,howard's corps can then be held in readiness to act either with you at ,chattanooga1 or with ,sherman4 ,it should be marched on ,friday night to a position on the north side of the river1 not lower down than the first pontoon bridge1 and there held in readiness for such orders as may become necessary4 ,all the troops will be provided with two days cooked rations in haversacks and one hundred rounds of ammunition on the person of each infantry soldier4 ,special care should be taken by all officers to see that no ammunition is wasted or unnecessarily fired away4 ,you will call on the ,engineer ,department for such preparations as you may deem necessary for carrying your infantry and artillery over the creek4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,a copy of these instructions was furnished ,sherman with the following communication3 ,to ,,major-,,general ,w4 ,t4 ,,sherman4 ,enclosed herewith ,i send you copy of instructions to ,major-,general ,thomas4 ,you having been over the ground in person1 and having heard the whole matter discussed1 further instructions will not be necessary for you4 ,it is particularly desirable that a force should be got through to the railroad between ,cleveland and ,dalton1 and ,longstreet thus cut off from communication with the ,south2 but being confronted by a large force here1 strongly located1 it is not easy to tell how this is to be effected1 until the result of our first effort is known4 ,i will add1 however1 what is not now shown in my instructions to ,thomas1 that a brigade of cavalry has been ordered here which1 if it arrives in time1 will be thrown across the ,tennessee above ,chicamauga1 and may be able to make the trip to ,cleveland or thereabouts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general4 ,sherman's forces were moved from ,bridgeport by way of ,whitesides1 our division threatening the enemy's left flank in the direction of ,trenton1 crossing at ,brown's ,ferry1 up the north bank of the ,tennessee to near the mouth of ,south ,chicamauga1 where they were kept concealed from the enemy until they were ready to force a crossing4 ,pontoons for throwing a bridge across the river were built and placed in the ,north ,chicamauga1 near its mouth1 a few miles further up1 without attracting the attention of the enemy4 ,it was expected we would be able to effect the crossing on the #bast of ,november1 but owing to heavy rains1 ,sherman was unable to get up until the afternoon of the #bc;d1 and then only with 7p4 #dja7 ,generals ,morgan ,l4 ,smith's1 ,john ,e4 ,smith's1 and ,hugh ,ewing's divisions of the #aeth ,corps1 under command of ,major-,general ,frank ,p4 ,blair1 of his army4 ,the pontoon bridge at ,brown's ,ferry having been broken by the drift consequent upon the rise in the river and rafts sent down by the enemy1 the other division 7,osterhaus'7 was detained on the south side1 and was on the night of the #bc;d ordered1 unless it could get across by eight o'clock the next morning1 to report to ,hooker1 who was instructed1 in this event1 to attack ,lookout ,mountain1 as contemplated in the original plan4 ,a deserter from the rebel army1 who came into our lines on the night of the #bb;d ,november1 reported ,bragg falling back4 ,the following letter from ,bragg1 received by flag of truce on the #bjth1 tended to confirm this report3 ,to ,headquarters1 ,army of the ,tennessee1 ,,major-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,in the ,field1 #bjth ,november1 #ahfc4 ,commanding ,united ,states ,forces1 ,chattanooga4 ,general3 ,as there may still be some non-combatants in ,chattanooga1 ,i deem it proper to notify you that prudence would dictate their early withdrawal4 ,i am1 ,general1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,braxton ,,bragg1 ,general commanding4 ,not being willing that he should get his army off in good order1 ,thomas was directed early on the morning of the #bc;d to ascertain the truth or falsity of this report by driving in his pickets and making him develop his line4 ,this he did with the troops stationed at ,chattanooga1 and ,howard's corps 7which had been brought into ,chattanooga because of the apprehended danger to our pontoon bridges from the rise in the river and the enemy's rafts7 in the most gallant style1 driving the enemy from his first line and securing to us what is known as ,indian ,hill or ,orchard ,knoll1 and the low range of hills south of it4 ,these points were fortified during the night and artillery put in position on them4 ,the report of this deserter was evidently not intended to deceive1 but he had mistaken ,bragg's movements4 ,it was afterward ascertained that one division of ,buckner's corps had gone to join ,longstreet1 and a second division of the same corps had started1 but was brought back in consequence of our attack4 ,on the night of the #bc;d of ,november ,sherman1 with three divisions of his army1 strengthened by ,davis' division of ,thomas'1 which had been stationed along on the north bank of the river1 convenient to where the crossing was to be effected1 was ready for operations4 ,at an hour sufficiently early to secure the south bank of the river1 just below the mouth of the ,south ,chicamauga1 by dawn of day1 the pontoons in the ,north ,chicamauga were loaded with thirty armed men each1 and floated quietly past the enemy's pickets1 landed and captured all but one of the guard1 twenty in number1 before the enemy was aware of the presence of a foe4 ,the steamboat ,dunbar with a barge in tow1 after having finished ferrying across the river the horses procured from ,sherman1 with which to move ,thomas' artillery1 was sent up from ,chattanooga to aid in crossing artillery and troops1 and by daylight of the 7p4 #djb7 morning of the #bdth of ,november1 eight thousand men were on the south side of the ,tennessee and fortified in rifle trenches4 ,by twelve o'clock ,m4 the pontoon bridges across the ,tennessee and the ,chicamauga were laid1 and the remainder of ,sherman's forces crossed over1 and at half-past three ,p4,m4 the whole of the northern extremity of ,missionary ,ridge to near the railroad tunnel was in ,sherman's possession4 ,during the night he fortified the position thus secured1 making it equal if not superior in strength to that held by the enemy4 ,by three o'clock of the same day1 ,colonel ,long with his brigade of cavalry of ,thomas' army1 crossed to the south side of the ,tennessee1 and to the north of ,south ,chicamauga ,creek and made a raid on the enemy's lines of communications4 ,he burned ,tyner's station1 with many stores1 cut the railroad at ,cleveland1 captured near a hundred wagons1 and over two hundred prisoners4 ,his own loss was small4 ,hooker carried out the part assigned him for this day1 equal to the most sanguine expectations4 ,with ,geary's division 7#abth ,corps7 and two brigades of ,stanley's division 7#dth ,corps7 of ,thomas' army1 and ,osterhaus' division 7#aeth ,corps7 of ,sherman's army1 he scaled the western slope of ,lookout ,mountain1 drove the enemy from his rifle pits on the northern extremity and slope of the mountain1 capturing many prisoners1 without serious loss4 ,thomas having done on the #bc;d1 with his troops in ,chattanooga1 what was intended for the #bdth1 bettered and strengthened his advanced position during the day and pushed the #aath ,corps forward along the south bank of the ,tennessee river across ,citico creek1 one brigade of which with ,howard in person1 reached ,sherman just as he had completed the crossing of the river4 ,when ,hooker emerged in sight of the northern extremity of ,lookout ,mountain1 ,carlin's brigade of the #adth ,corps was ordered to cross ,chattanooga creek and form a junction with him4 ,this was effected late in the evening and after considerable fighting4 ,thus on the night of the #bdth1 our forces maintained an unbroken line with unbroken communications1 from the north end of ,lookout ,mountain through ,chattanooga ,valley to the north end of ,missionary ,ridge4 ,on the morning of the #beth1 ,hooker took possession of the mountain top with a small force1 and with the remainder of his command in pursuance of orders1 swept across ,chattanooga ,valley1 now abandoned by the enemy1 to ,rossville4 ,in this march he was detained four hours in building a bridge across ,chattanooga creek4 ,from ,rossville he ascended ,missionary ,ridge and moved northward toward the centre of the now shortened line4 ,sherman's attack upon the enemy's most northern and most vital points was vigorously kept up all day4 ,the assaulting column advanced to the very rifle pits of the enemy1 and held their position firmly and without wavering4 ,the right of the assaulting column being exposed to the danger of being turned1 two brigades were sent to its support4 ,these advanced in the most gallant manner over an open field on the mountain side to near the works of the enemy1 and laid there1 partially covered from fire for some time4 ,the right of these two brigades rested near the head of a ravine or gorge in the mountain side1 which the enemy took advantage of1 and sent troops1 covered from view below them 7p4 #djc7 and to their right rear4 ,being unexpectedly fired into from this direction1 they fell back across the open field below them1 and reformed in good order in the edge of the timber4 ,the column which attacked them was speedily driven to its entrenchments by the assaulting column proper4 ,sherman's position not only threatened the right flank of the enemy1 but1 from his occupying a line across the mountain and to the railroad bridge across ,chicamauga ,creek1 his rear and stores at ,chicamauga ,station4 ,this caused the enemy to mass heavily against him4 ,this movement of his being plainly seen from the position ,i occupied on ,orchard ,knoll1 ,baird's division of the #adth ,corps was ordered to ,sherman's support2 but receiving a note from ,sherman informing me that he had all the force necessary1 ,baird was put in position on ,thomas' left4 ,the appearance of ,hooker's column was at this time anxiously looked for and momentarily expected1 moving north on the ridge1 with his left in ,chattanooga ,valley and his right east of the ridge4 ,his approach was intended as the signal for storming the ridge in the centre1 with strong columns2 but the time necessarily consumed in the construction of the bridge near ,chattanooga creek1 detained him to a later hour than was expected4 ,being satisfied1 from the latest information from him1 that he must by this time be on his road from ,rossville1 though not yet in sight1 and discovering that the enemy in his desperation to defeat or resist the progress of ,sherman1 was weakening his centre on ,missionary ,ridge1 determined me to order the advance at once4 ,thomas was accordingly directed to move forward his troops1 constituting our centre1--,baird's division 7#adth ,corps71 ,wood's and ,sheridan's divisions 7#dth ,corps71 and ,johnson's division 7#adth ,corps71--with a double line of skirmishers thrown out1 followed in easy supporting distance by the whole force1 and carry the rifle pits at the foot of ,missionary ,ridge1 and when carried to reform his lines in the rifle pits with a view to carrying the top of the ridge4 ,these troops moved forward1 drove the enemy from the rifle pits at the base of the ridge like bees from a hive1 stopped but a moment until the whole were in line1 and commenced the ascent of the mountain from right to left almost simultaneously1 following closely the retreating enemy1 without further orders4 ,they encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister from near thirty pieces of artillery1 and musketry from still well filled rifle pits on the summit of the ridge4 ,not a waver1 however1 was seen in all that long line of brave men4 ,their progress was steadily onward until the summit was in their possession4 ,in this charge the casualties were remarkably few for the fire encountered4 ,i can account for this only on the theory that the enemy's surprise at the audacity of such a charge caused confusion and purposeless aiming of their pieces4 ,the nearness of night and the enemy still resisting the advance of ,thomas' left1 prevented a general pursuit that night1 but ,sheridan pushed forward to ,mission ,mills4 ,the resistance on ,thomas' left being overcome1 the enemy abandoned his position near the railroad tunnel in front of ,sherman1 and by twelve o'clock at night was in full retreat1 and the whole of his strong positions on ,lookout ,mountain1 ,chattanooga ,valley and ,missionary ,ridge were in our possession1 together with a large number of prisoners1 artillery1 and small arms4 ,thomas was directed to get ,granger with his corps1 and 7p4 #djd7 detachments enough from other commands1 including the force available at ,kingston1 to make twenty thousand men1 in readiness to go to the relief of ,knoxville1 upon the termination of the battle at ,chattanooga1 these troops to take with them four days' rations and a steamboat loaded with rations to follow up the river4 ,on the evening of the #beth ,november orders were given to both ,thomas and ,sherman to pursue the enemy early the next morning1 with all their available force except that under ,granger1 intended for the relief of ,knoxville4 ,on the morning of the #bfth ,sherman advanced by way of ,chicamauga ,station1 and ,thomas' forces1 under ,hooker and ,palmer1 moved on the ,rossville road toward ,grayville and ,ringgold4 ,the advance of ,thomas' forces reached ,ringgold on the morning of the #bgth1 where they found the enemy in strong position in the gorge and on the crest of ,taylor's ,ridge1 from which they dislodged him after a severe fight1 in which we lost heavily in valuable officers and men1 and continued the pursuit that day until near ,tunnel ,hill1 a distance of twenty miles from ,chattanooga4 ,davies' division 7#adth ,corps7 of ,sherman's column reached ,ringgold about noon of the same day4 ,howard's ,corps was sent by ,sherman to ,red ,clay to destroy the railroad between ,dalton and ,cleveland1 and thus cut off ,bragg's communication with ,longstreet1 which was successfully accomplished4 ,had it not been for the imperative necessity of relieving ,burnside1 ,i would have pursued the broken and demoralized retreating enemy as long as supplies could have been found in the country4 ,but my advices were that ,burnside's supplies would only last until about the #c;d of ,december4 ,it was already getting late to afford the necessary relief4 ,i determined1 therefore1 to pursue no further4 ,hooker was directed to hold the position he then occupied until the night of the #cast1 but to go no further south at the expense of a fight4 ,sherman was directed to march to the railroad crossing of the ,hiwassee1 to protect ,granger's flank until he was across that stream1 and to prevent further re-enforcements being sent by that route into ,east ,tennessee4 ,returning from the front on the #bhth1 ,i found that ,granger had not yet got off1 nor would he have the number of men ,i had directed4 ,besides he moved with reluctance and complaints4 ,i therefore determined1 notwithstanding the fact that two divisions of ,sherman's forces had marched from ,memphis and had gone into battle immediately on their arrival at ,chattanooga1 to send him with his command1 and orders in accordance therewith were sent him at ,calhoun1 to assume command of the troops with ,granger in addition to those with him1 and proceed with all possible dispatch to the relief of ,burnside4 ,general ,elliott had been ordered by ,thomas on the #bfth of ,november1 to proceed from ,alexandria1 ,tennessee1 to ,knoxville1 with his cavalry division to aid in the relief of that place4 ,the approach of ,sherman caused ,longstreet to raise the siege of ,knoxville and retreat eastward on the night of the #dth of ,december4 ,sherman succeeded in throwing his cavalry into ,knoxville on the night of the #c;d4 ,sherman arrived in person at ,knoxville on the #fth1 and after a conference with ,burnside in reference to organizing a pursuing force large enough to either overtake the enemy and beat him 7p4 #dje7 or drive him out of the ,state1 ,burnside was of the opinion that the corps of ,granger1 in conjunction with his own command1 was sufficient for that purpose1 and on the #gth addressed to ,sherman the following communication3 ,to ,knoxville1 ,december #gth1 #ahfc4 ,,major-,,general ,,sherman4 ,i desire to express to you and to your command my most hearty thanks and gratitude for your promptness in coming to our relief during the siege of ,knoxville1 and ,i am satisfied that your approach served to raise the siege4 ,the emergency having passed1 ,i do not deem for the present any other portion of your command1 but the corps of ,general ,granger1 necessary for operations in this section1 and inasmuch as ,general ,grant has weakened the forces immediately with him in order to relieve us1 thereby rendering portions of ,general ,thomas' less secure1 ,i deem it advisable that all the troops now here1 except those commanded by ,general ,granger1 should return at once to within supporting distance of the forces operating against ,bragg's army4 ,in behalf of my command ,i again desire to thank you and your command1 for the kindness you have done us4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,burnside1 ,major-,general4 ,leaving ,granger's command at ,knoxville1 ,sherman with the remainder of his forces returned by slow marches to ,chattanooga4 ,i have not spoken more particularly of the result of the pursuit of the enemy1 because the more detailed reports accompanying this do the subject justice4 ,for the same reason ,i have not particularized the part taken by ,corps and ,division ,commanders4 ,to ,brigadier-,general ,w4 ,f4 ,smith1 ,chief ,engineer1 ,i feel under more than ordinary obligations for the masterly manner in which he discharged the duties of his position1 and desire that his services be fully appreciated by higher authority4 ,the members of my staff discharged faithfully their respective duties1 for which they have my warmest thanks4 ,our losses in these battles were #geg killed1 #debi wounded1 and #ccj missing2 total #efaf4 ,the loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was probably less than ours1 owing to the fact that he was protected by his entrenchments1 while our men were without cover4 ,at ,knoxville1 however1 his loss was many times greater than ours1 making his entire loss at the two places equal to1 if not exceeding ours4 ,we captured #fadb prisoners1 of whom #bci were commissioned officers2 #dj pieces of artillery1 #fi artillery carriages and caissons1 and #gjjj stand of small arms4 ,the armies of the ,cumberland and of the ,tennessee1 for their energy and unsurpassed bravery in the three days battle of ,chattanooga and the pursuit of the enemy1 heir patient endurance in marching to the relief of ,knoxville1 and the ,army of the ,ohio for its masterly defence of ,knoxville and repeated repulses of ,longstreet's assaults upon that place1 are deserving of the gratitude of their country4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,colonel1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,major-,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,no4 #gd4 7p4 #djf7 ,,plate ,,lxxiv4 ,march #ag1 #ahfb4 ,a grateful country to her generous son ,cornelius ,vanderbilt4 ,rx4 ,bis dat qui tempori dat #ahfe4 ,,cornelius ,,vanderbilt4 ,free ,gift of ,steamship ,vanderbilt4 ,a ,,grateful ,,country ,,to ,,her ,,generous ,,son 99 99 99 ,,cornelius ,,vanderbilt 99 99 994 ,undraped bust of ,cornelius ,vanderbilt1 facing the right4 ,on edge of bust1 ,s4 ,,ellis4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,america1 personified as ,minerva1 stands1 leaning with her left hand on the ,american shield1 and holding in her right a sword which rests on her shoulder2 to the right the ,american eagle2 to the left1 the genius of the maritime cities imploring her aid and protection4 ,in the background1 in the open sea1 is the steamer ,vanderbilt under steam2 above1 a cloud with thunderbolts4 ,exergue3 ,,bis ,,dat ,,qui ,,tempori ,,dat4#aah 7,he gives twice who gives in time47 #ahfe4 ,,ellis ,,sc4 7sculpsit47 ,,leutze ,,del4 7delineavit47#aai ,footnote #aah3 ,the ,latin proverb is ,,bis ,,dat ,,qui ,,cito ,,dat4 ,footnote #aai3 ,see ,,introduction1 page viii4 ,,emanuel ,,leutze1 who designed the reverse of the medal to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt1 was born in ,gmnden1 ,wrttemberg1 ,may #bd1 #ahaf4 ,his parents emigrated to ,america while he was still a child1 and settled in ,fredericksburg1 ,virginia4 ,in #ahda he went to ,europe1 and studied art at ,dsseldorf under ,professor ,lessing4 ,he returned to ,america in #ahei1 and took up his residence in ,washington4 ,among his principal paintings1 which are mostly historical1 and relate to ,america1 are3 ,columbus before the ,council of ,salamanca1 ,columbus in chains1 ,columbus before ,queen ,isabella1 ,washington crossing the ,delaware1 ,washington at ,monmouth1 and ,washington at ,princeton4 ,one of his last works is the fresco in the ,capitol at ,washington1 ,westward the star of empire takes its way4 ,he died in ,washington1 ,july #ah1 #ahfh4 ,,cornelius ,,vanderbilt was born on ,staten ,island1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bg1 7p4 #djg7 #agid4 ,he went to ,new ,york city early in life1 and engaged in the shipping business1 in which1 by his energy and perseverance1 he in time acquired wealth1 and became owner of several lines of steamers1 running from ,new ,york to places along the coast4 ,in #ahea he established a line of steamers to ,california1 and in #ahee another to ,europe4 ,in ,march1 #ahfb1 he presented to the ,united ,states ,government the magnificent ship which bore his name1 for which generous gift ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal4 ,he was made president of the ,new ,york and ,harlem ,railroad ,company in ,may1 #ahfc2 of the ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,company in ,june1 #ahfe2 and of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad ,company in ,december1 #ahfg4 ,in ,november1 #ahfi1 the two last were consolidated1 with a joint capital of ninety millions of dollars4 ,he died in the city of ,new ,york1 ,january #d1 #ahgg4 ,cornelius ,vanderbilt was1 at the time of his death1 one of the richest men in the world4 ,among his charities was a gift of one million dollars to the ,central ,university of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,south1 in ,nashville1 ,tennessee1 which1 in consequence of this munificence1 was named1 in honor of him1 ,vanderbilt ,university4 ,he was known by the sobriquet of ,commodore4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt4 ,whereas1 ,cornelius ,vanderbilt of ,new ,york1 did1 during the spring of #ahfb1 make a free gift to his imperilled country of his new and staunch steamship ,vanderbilt1 of five thousand tons burthen1 built by him with the greatest care1 of the best materials1 at a cost of eight hundred thousand dollars1 which steamship has ever since been actively employed in the service of the republic against the rebel devastations of her commerce2 and ,whereas1 ,the said ,cornelius ,vanderbilt has in no manner sought any requital of this magnificent gift1 nor any official recognition thereof2 therefore1 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be presented to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt for this unique manifestation of a fervid and large-souled patriotism4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that the ,president 7p4 #djh7 of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 which shall fitly embody an attestation of the nation's gratitude for this gift2 which medal shall be forwarded to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt1 a copy of it being made and deposited for preservation in the library of ,congress4 ,approved ,january #bh1 #ahfd4 ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,cornelius ,vanderbilt4 ,to ,department of ,state1 ,,cornelius ,,vanderbilt1 ,esq41 ,washington1 ,april #ag1 #ahff4 ,new ,york4 ,sir3 ,i have to inform you that the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 by a resolution of the #bhth of ,january1 #ahfd1 an attested copy of which is herewith sent1 offered you their thanks for your generous gift to the nation during the last war1 of the steamer ,vanderbilt1 and requested the ,president to cause a gold medal to be struck and forwarded to you1 commemorative of that gift4 ,it is now my pleasing duty to forward the medal to you accordingly4 ,i avail myself of the occasion to express a hope that it may prove acceptable1 and also to congratulate you upon the proud consciousness1 which you cannot fail to cherish1 of having1 by the act referred to1 rendered your country a signal service at a critical period in its history4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your very obedient servant1 ,william ,h4 ,,seward4 ,cornelius ,vanderbilt to the ,secretary of ,state4 ,to the ,honorable ,william ,h4 ,,seward1 ,new ,york1 ,may #crd1 #ahff4 ,secretary of ,state1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,your communication of the #agth of ,april ult41 informing me that the ,congress of the ,united ,states had1 by their resolution of the #bhth of ,january1 #ahfd1 tendered to me their thanks for the gift of the steamer ,vanderbilt1 and requested the ,president to cause a gold medal to be struck and forwarded to me in commemoration of the gift1 has been placed in my hands4 ,i have also received the medal1 together with an attested copy of the resolution in compliance with which you have caused it to be transmitted4 ,you have been pleased to express the hope that the medal would be acceptable to me1 with your congratulations for the consciousness which you consider ,i cannot fail to cherish of having1 by the act which its presentation commemorates1 rendered a service to my country at a critical period in its history4 ,permit me1 ,sir1 to return my acknowledgment for this 7p4 #dji7 national recognition of the act referred to1 and to express the satisfaction with which ,i have received this generous token of remembrance4 ,it may not be inappropriate for me to refer to the transaction which gave rise to the resolve of ,congress which your ,department has now so gracefully executed4 ,about the year #ahef1 ,i formed the design and commenced the work of a steamship for the purpose of demonstrating that individual enterprise could1 without the aid of governmental encouragement1 place upon the ocean steamships equal at least in magnitude1 power and speed1 to any which had been constructed under governmental patronage and protection in any part of the world4 ,an expenditure of about one million of dollars produced the steamship ,vanderbilt1 which carried the flag of our country across the sea in a lesser space of time than any national banner had been hitherto borne4 ,on the #afth of ,march1 #ahfb1 ,i received at my residence in this city a letter from the ,war ,department enquiring if ,i would undertake to prevent the ,confederate steamer ,merrimac from coming out of the harbor of ,norfolk1 and urging my immediate attention1 as the danger was most imminent and there was no time to be lost4 ,i answered by telegraph that ,i would go to ,washington the next day4 ,on the morning of the #agth of ,march ,i called at the ,war ,department1 where ,i saw for the first time ,mr4 ,stanton1 the ,secretary of ,war4 ,he requested me to accompany him to the executive mansion1 where ,i was introduced to ,mr4 ,lincoln1 to whom ,i was then personally a stranger4 ,the ,president asked me if ,i thought ,i could1 with the aid of my steamships1 do anything to prevent the ,merrimac from getting out of ,hampton ,roads4 ,i replied to him that it was my opinion that if the steamship ,vanderbilt was there properly manned1 the ,merrimac would not venture to come out1 or if she did1 the chances were ten to one that the ,vanderbilt would sink and destroy her4 ,mr4 ,lincoln asked me to name the sum of money for which ,i would undertake the service2 ,i replied to him that nothing would induce me to become a speculator upon the necessities of the government1 and that ,i would not mention a sum as the value of her charter1 but that ,i would make a gift of her to the government for the service proposed4 ,the ,president replied1 ,i accept her4 ,i left him promising that the ,vanderbilt should be at ,fortress ,monroe properly equipped and officered under my direction within three or four days at the farthest1 and she was there within the time4 ,the requisite instrument of transfer was subsequently executed by me and transmitted to the ,war ,department4 ,the resolution of ,congress of which you have informed me truly states that ,i have in no manner sought requital for the gift1 and the recognition of it1 which in the discharge of your official duty you have given me1 was altogether unsolicited4 ,i shall proudly preserve the splendid token of appreciation which you have transmitted to me1 and it is my hope that those who come after me1 as they read the inscriptions of the medal and are reminded of the event in their father's life which caused it to be struck1 will inflexibly resolve that should our ,government be again imperilled1 no pecuniary sacrifice is too large to make in its behalf1 and no inducement sufficiently great to attempt to profit by its necessities4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your very obedient servant1 ,c4 ,,vanderbilt4 ,no4 #ge4 7p4 #daj7 ,,plate ,,lxxv4 ,april #af1 #ahfe--,march #d1 #ahfi4 ,andrew ,johnson1 ,president of the ,united ,states #ahfe4 ,rx4 ,peace4 ,,president ,,andrew ,,johnson4 ,seventeenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,andrew ,,johnson1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahfe4 ,undraped bust of ,president ,johnson1 facing the right ,,paquet1 ,f4 7fecit74 ,america is giving her hand to an ,indian chief1 before a mausoleum1 upon which1 in a crown of laurel1 is the word ,,peace4 ,the mausoleum is surmounted by a small undraped bust of ,washington1 facing the right2 to the left1 at the feet of the ,indian1 are the attributes of savage life1 and behind him a buffalo hunt2 to the right1 at the feet of ,america1 are the emblems of civilization1 and behind her a railway train4 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,andrew ,,johnson was born in ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina1 ,december #bi1 #ahjh4 ,he settled in ,greenville1 ,tennessee1 #ahbf2 was a member of the ,state ,legislature1 #ahce and #ahci2 ,state senator1 #ahda2 member of ,congress1 #ahdc-ahec2 governor of ,tennessee1 #ahec-aheg2 and ,united ,states senator1 #aheg-ahfc4 ,he remained true to the ,union when his ,state seceded1 and was appointed military-governor of ,tennessee1 #ahfd2 became vice-president of the ,united ,states1 ,march #d1 #ahfe2 ,president1 after the assassination of ,president ,lincoln1 ,april #af1 #ahfe-ahfi4 ,he was an unsuccessful candidate for the ,senate of the ,united ,states in #ahgj1 and for ,congress in #ahga2 but was elected to the ,senate in #ahge4 ,he died ,july #ca1 #ahge1 near ,elizabethtown1 ,carter ,county1 ,tennessee4 ,no4 #gf4 7p4 #daa7 ,,plate ,,lxxvi4 ,december1 #ahec4 ,by ,joint resolution of ,congress to the rescuers of the passengers officers and men of steamship ,san ,francisco1 etc4 ,rx4 ,july #bf #ahff4 ,,wreck ,,of ,,the ,,steamship ,,san ,,francisco4 ,testimonial of ,national ,gratitude4 ,,by ,,joint ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,to ,,the ,,rescuers ,,of ,,the ,,passengers ,,officers ,,and ,,men ,,of ,,steamship ,,san ,,francisco ,,wrecked ,,dec4 7,december7 #ahec4 ,,testimonial ,,of ,,national ,,gratitude ,,for ,,his ,,gallant ,,conduct4 ,america1 personified as a female1 seated1 and with the eagle1 fasces1 and shield at her left1 crowns with a wreath of laurel a sailor1 who is kneeling before her2 to the right1 the ,united ,states capitol2 to the left1 a ship at anchor4 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,thirty-nine stars2 a man and a woman on a raft at sea2 a ship coming to their rescue4 ,on the raft1 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,exergue3 ,,july #bf #ahff--;,an anchor and a branch of laurel4#abj ,footnote #abj3 ,see ,,introduction1 page ix4 ,as this medal was not voted by ,congress until #ahff1 it is placed here according to the chronological order adopted4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #dab7 ,resolutions of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captains ,creighton1 ,low1 and ,stouffer4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,,section #a4 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to procure three valuable gold medals with suitable devices1 one to be presented to ,captain ,creighton1 of the ship ,three ,bells1 of ,glasgow2 one to ,captain ,low1 of the bark ,kilby1 of ,boston2 and one to ,captain ,stouffer1 of the ship ,antar7c7tic1 as testimonials of national gratitude for their gallant conduct in rescuing about five hundred ,americans from the wreck of the steamship ,san ,francisco2 and that the cost of the same be paid for out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars each is hereby appropriated1 out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated1 to the above named captains respectively1 as a reward of their humanity and heroism in the rescue of the survivors of the said wreck1 and in case either of the said captains may have died1 then the amount hereby appropriated shall be paid to the widow of said deceased captain respectively2 if no widow surviving1 then to the respective child or children of such deceased captain2 and in the event of there being no child or children of said deceased captain surviving1 then the amount hereby appropriated shall be paid first1 to the father1 or if the father be not living1 then to the mother of such deceased captain respectively4 ,,section #c4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that there shall be paid to each mate of the three above-named vessels the sum of five hundred dollars1 and to each man and boy the sum of one hundred dollars1 and in case of the death of the respective mate or mates1 or men or boys1 that the said respective sums shall be paid in the same way and under the same conditions as the payment is to be made in case of the death of the respective captains4 ,approved ,july #bfth1 #ahff4 ,major ,wyse to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 ,to ,fort ,wood ,,colonel ,s4 ,,cooper1 ,new ,york ,harbor1 ,january #adth1 #ahed4 ,adjutant-,general1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,colonel3 ,i have the honor to enclose the above#aba informal report1 for the information of the proper authorities1 with the following remark3 ,we were wrecked about #g ,a4,m4 of the #bdth of ,december1 #ahec 7,saturday71 the sea sweeping overboard ,brevet ,colonel ,washington1 ,brevet ,major ,taylor1 ,brevet ,captain ,field1 ,lieutenant ,smith1 and about #abj men4 ,we were much disabled and leaking a great deal1 mostly under our guards1 which were 7p4 #dac7 all broken up4 ,on the #bhth of ,december1 #ahec1 we put on board the bark ,kilby1 bound for ,boston1 ,colonel ,gates1 ,major ,merchant1 ,brevet ,lieutenant-,colonel ,burke1 ,doctors ,saterlee and ,wirtz1 ,captain ,judd1 ,captain ,gardner1 ,lieutenant ,fremont1 ,lieutenant ,loeser and ,lieutenant ,van ,voast1 with all the ladies and their children1 and about fifty men4 ,lieutenants ,william ,a4 ,winder1 ,charles ,winder1 ,j4 ,g4 ,chandler and myself1 with the rest of the men remained on board the wreck4 ,i continued the disembarkation until about #h ,p4,m4 the same day1 when the weather forced us to stop1 and that night we parted with the bark in a gale4 ,on ,friday night1 the #cjth of ,december1 #ahec1 we fell in with the ,english ship ,three ,bells1 ,captain ,creighton1 who after finding our condition stuck by us most nobly1 until the sea calmed sufficiently to take our men off1 which was on ,tuesday morning the #c;d of ,january1 #ahed4 ,at this time the ship ,antarctic of ,liverpool came to our relief and also commenced taking off our men4 ,we continued this disembarkation throughout ,tuesday and ,wednesday1 and on ,wednesday evening1 about #f ,p4,m41 having removed every man1 woman and child of my command1 ,i embarked myself on board the ,three ,bells4 ,the commander of the ,san ,francisco1 ,captain ,watkins1 with his officers and crew1 remained on the wreck that night1 and left the next morning about #aj ,a4,m41 after which we parted with the wreck1 the ship ,antarctic steaming for ,liverpool1 and our ship the ,three ,bells for ,new ,york1 where ,i have the happiness to inform you we arrived last evening4 ,words cannot express the gratitude we owe to ,captain ,creighton for laying by us so faithfully during so many stormy days1 his ship disabled in the storm which wrecked us1 and leaking at the rate of four inches per hour1 and to whom ,i trust our government may make some suitable testimonial4 ,our own captain also behaved throughout the whole trouble with the most untiring courage1 energy and perseverance4 ,both of our surgeons being on the bark ,kilby1 ,i don't know what we should have done had it not been for the accidental presence of ,doctor ,buell1 a citizen physician1 who labored incessantly night and day to alleviate the sufferings of our numerous sick1 who were dying hourly with the cholera1 and to make things still worse the small pox made its appearance on board4 ,all our hospital stores were swept overboard the morning of the wreck1 with the exception of two or three boxes of brandy and wine1 and a little opium4 ,i feel that ,i would be doing injustice to ,lieutenants ,charles ,s4 ,winder1 ,james ,van ,voast1 and ,j4 ,g4 ,chandler1 did ,i not recommend them to the favorable notice of the ,president1 for their untiring and noble exertions1 night and day for ten successive days1 in keeping the ship clear of water1 and mingling among the sick and desponding men1 to minister to their wants and cheer them up with hope4 ,the other officer with me1 ,lieutenant ,wm4 ,a4 ,winder1 was sick nearly all the time and that prevented him from rendering the services which otherwise he would have done4 ,i am also happy to say that under the most trying circumstances1 my non-commissioned officers and men behaved well4 ,i have the honor to be1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,f4 ,o4 ,,wyse1 ,captain and ,brevet ,major #c;d ,artillery1 commanding4 ,footnote #aba3 ,see ,,enclosure1 page #dad4 ,enclosure4 7p4 #dad7 ,,consolidated ,,morning ,,report ,,of ,,companies ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k ,,and ,l1 ,,of ,,the #c;,d ,,artillery4 ,stationed at ,fort ,wood1 ,new ,york ,harbor1 ,january #ad1 #ahed4 ,number of ,letters ,companies4 of ,companies4 ,present for ,duty4 ,present ,sick4 ,absent4 ,absent ,sick4 ,dead4 ,total ,present4 ,total ,present ,absent1 and ,dead4 ,commissioned ,officers ,present4 ,aggregate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,field and #a ,staff ,regimental #g #a #g #g #h #bb #bb ,band #a ,a #ag #a #bd #d #h #ah #ed #ed #b ,b #ab #b #bj #c #ca #ad #fh #fh #c ,d #ba #d #ba #c #g #be #ef #a #eg #d ,g #ad #bc #c #ae #ad #ee #a #ef #e ,h #aa #a #be #a #ac #ab #ea #ea #f ,i #aj #a #ca #b #b #aa #df #df #g ,k #ab #a #f #b #cf #ac #eg #eg #h ,l #af #a #af #da #ag #gd #gd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #abj #ab #agd #ah #afj #acb #dhc #b #dhe ,number of ,companies4 ,,remarks4 ,field and ,staff3 ,lieutenant ,c4 ,winder and ,sergeant ,major ,gorham embarked for ,liverpool4 ,regimental ,band3 #g embarked for ,liverpool4 #a3 #b embarked on board the bark ,kilby for ,boston1 and #bf for ,liverpool4 #b3 #bc embarked for ,liverpool4 #c3 #i embarked for ,boston1 and #ae for ,liverpool4 #d3 #b privates embarked on board the bark ,kilby for ,boston1 and #ba for ,liverpool4 #e3 #bd embarked for ,liverpool1 and #b for ,boston4 #f3 #bi embarked for ,boston1 and #d for ,liverpool4 #g3 #a private embarked on board the bark ,kilby for ,boston1 and #g for ,liverpool4 #h3 #af embarked for ,liverpool4 ,colonel ,gates to the ,adjutant-,general of the ,army4 7p4 #dae7 ,to ,headquarters1 #cj ,artillery1 ,,colonel ,s4 ,,cooper1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahed4 ,adjutant-,general1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,colonel3 ,i have the honor to report my arrival in this city1 with a remnant of my regiment4 ,as you are already aware ,i embarked on the #bb;d of ,december last1 with eight companies of my regiment1 on the steamship ,san ,francisco for ,california4 ,on the #bdth ,december1 when about three hundred miles from ,new ,york1 the engine of the ship gave way1 and in a few hours a heavy sea boarded her1 carrying away the entire upper cabin1 and with it four officers and about two hundred enlisted men1 the wife of ,major ,taylor1 my eldest son1 and a number of citizen passengers4 ,every exertion was now made by both officers and men to assist the crew in keeping the ship afloat2 by clearing her of water and throwing overboard freight4 ,a constant succession of gales continued for four days1 rendering it almost certain 7to human foresight7 that she must go down4 ,but by the merciful goodness of ,god we were preserved1 and ,i am happy to inform you that all the survivors have been taken from the wreck and are now in this harbor1 and on the ship ,antarctic for ,liverpool1 except eighteen men that volunteered to remain1 and help work the old bark ,kilby into port4 ,on the #bgth of ,december the bark ,kilby of ,boston hove in sight1 and her noble commander1 ,captain ,low1 said he would lay by us until the sea would permit him to remove us on board his vessel4 ,on the #bhth1 the sea having in a measure become quiet1 he came alongside1 sent his boats and removed all the ladies1 children1 passengers 7citizens71 a number of officers1 and about fifty soldiers1 when suddenly a squall of wind separated the two vessels1 parting the hawser by which they were attached1 and continued to blow all night a violent gale4 ,this squall came on so suddenly that my quarter-master and acting adjutant1 #ast ,lieutenant ,fremont1 who came on board the bark for a few hours to urge the sailors on to renewed exertions1 and offer them large inducements to work the boats all night1 was left on the bark unable to get back4 ,brevet ,major ,wyse1 the senior officer1 undisabled1 was1 by my orders1 detailed to superintend the transfer of troops1 and was thus left in command of those remaining on the wreck4 ,for two days and nights the gale continued1 and though we tried constantly to regain the wreck1 it was found impossible to do so1 with the old bark in her crippled condition1 and as we were put on an allowance of bread and water1 it was finally resolved to make if possible an ,american port4 ,we drifted before the wind for fifteen days1 and were at last1 after living on parched corn five days1 taken off by the packet ship ,lucy ,thompson1 of this port1 ,captain ,pendleton1 a noble hearted sailor4 ,i cannot close this brief report without expressing my high admiration of the noble conduct of every undisabled officer1 and most of the men4 ,brevet ,major ,wyse1 ,captain ,judd1 my only staff officer 7quartermaster and acting adjutant71 #ast ,lieutenant ,fremont1 who1 in addition to his own duties1 served at the 7p4 #daf7 pumps1 #ast ,lieutenant ,loeser1 acting ,commissary1 #ast ,lieutenant ,w4 ,a4 ,winder1 #b;d ,lieutenants ,c4 ,s4 ,winder1 ,van ,voast1 and ,chandler4 ,these officers1 some of them though slightly disabled1 never faltered in their duty1 working day and night at the pumps and elsewhere1 and ,i would specially notice the three #b;d lieutenants who1 being unencumbered with the cares of family1 labored unremittingly1 and deserve the highest praise4 ,my regiment is broken up and disorganized1 and it will be many months before it can take the field successfully4 ,we were all anxious to reach ,california2 our all was embarked in the expedition1 and by the providence of ,god it has been swept away1 and we are now penniless and destitute4 ,we claim that our tour of duty in ,california has been performed1 by every military principle1 we have suffered more in the last three weeks than we could1 ordinarily1 during a five-year tour in ,california4 ,we have marched off parade1 sought our destination1 and been crushed1 cruelly crushed1 and we now ask that due consideration be shown us4 ,i further request that the officers of companies ,b and ,l now under orders for ,california be directed to report to me in this city for duty1 with the remnants of those companies4 ,the officers lost are ,brevet ,lieutenant-,colonel ,washington1 ,brevet ,major ,george ,taylor1 ,brevet ,captain ,h4 ,b4 ,field1 and #ast ,lieutenant ,r4 ,h4 ,smith4 ,as soon as possible a detailed report with a return of the survivors will be made to you4 ,the troops taken off by the ,kilby and ,three ,bells are at ,bedloe's ,island4 ,i am1 ,colonel1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,william ,,gates1 ,colonel commanding4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,acts of ,congress ,voting ,eight ,months' ,pay to ,lieutenant ,francis ,key ,murray and others4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled3 ,that there shall be paid1 under the direction of the ,president1 to each of the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 musicians and privates1 who1 on the twenty-first day of ,december1 eighteen hundred and fifty-three1 embarked at ,new ,york1 under orders to ,california1 on the steamship ,san ,francisco1 and who was on board the vessel on the occasion of her recent disaster at sea1 and to ,lieutenant ,francis ,key ,murray1 and any other officer or seaman of the ,united ,states ,navy1 who was on board the said steamship1 under orders1 a sum equal in amount to his pay and allowance for eight months4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further enacted1 ,that if any such 7p4 #dag7 officer1 non-commissioned officer1 musician or private1 shall have died before receiving such payment1 from any cause consequent upon said disaster1 his widow1 if one survive him1 and if not1 then his minor children1 if any there be1 shall be paid a sum equal in amount to six months' pay1 and allowances of the deceased2 and that the widows and minor children of those officers1 non-commissioned officers and privates1 who perished by this disaster1 or who died from disease in consequence thereof1 shall be allowed pensions in the same manner in all respects as if the said officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and privates had been killed in battle4 ,approved ,march #bgth1 #ahed4 ,,section #c4 ,and be it further enacted1 ,that the amount which it may be found necessary to pay under the act of twenty-seventh ,march1 eighteen hundred and fifty-four1 to the widows and orphans of ,united ,states troops1 who perished by the recent disaster to the steamship ,san ,francisco1 be paid out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,approved ,august #eth1 #ahed4 ,no4 #gg4 7p4 #dah7 ,,plate ,,lxxvii4 #ahff4 ,honor and fame are the reward4 ,rx4 ,by resolution of the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,march #b1 #ahfg4 to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 of ,new ,york1 etc4 ,,cyrus ,,west ,,field4 ,laying of the ,atlantic ,telegraph ,cable4 ,within a circle formed by a telegraphic cable3 ,,honor ,,and ,,fame ,,are ,,the ,,reward4 ,on clouds in the midst of sunbeams the undraped bust of ,cyrus ,west ,field1 facing the left4 ,a hand from above places a crown on his head2 below is the ,atlantic ,ocean2 two ships going in opposite directions are paying out the cable2 to the left1 the western hemisphere1 ,,america2 to the right1 the eastern hemisphere1 ,,europe2 beneath1 in a band formed by the ,atlantic cable and a chain uniting the two worlds1 ,,indomitable ,,perseverance ,,and ,,enduring ,,faith ,,achieved ,,the ,,success1 ,j4 ,g4 ,,bruff ,d4 7delineavit47 ,,barber ,f4 7fecit74 ,within an endless chain3 ,,by ,,resolution ,,of ,,the ,,congress ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,march #b1 #ahfg4 ,,to ,,cyrus ,w4 7,west7 ,,field1 ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,for ,,his ,,foresight1 ,,faith1 ,,and ,,persistency1 ,,in ,,establishing ,,telegraphic ,,communication1 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,atlantic ,,telegraph1 ,,connecting ,,the ,,old ,,with ,,the ,,new ,,world4 ,to the left1 the ,american shield2 to the right1 a star formed of thirty-one smaller stars2 below1 the terrestrial globe1 showing ,,america and ,,europe1 surrounded with electric sparks1 surmounted by a torch and a caduceus crossed1 and resting on branches of laurel and of oak4 ,j4 ,,goldsborough ,,bruff was in #ahgb one of the designing artists 7p4 #dai7 attached to the ,treasury ,department in ,washington4 ,he designed the face of this medal4 ,,william ,,barber1 at present engraver to the ,united ,states ,mint in ,philadelphia1 was born in ,london1 ,england4 ,the principal medals engraved by him are those of ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 ,elliot1 ,rittenhouse1 ,james ,pollock1 ,joseph ,pancoast1 and ,dr4 ,linderman4 ,,cyrus ,,west ,,field was born in ,stockbridge1 ,massachusetts1 ,november #cj1 #ahai4 ,he went to ,new ,york city at the age of fifteen1 and entered a commercial house4 ,he was one of the first promoters of an ,atlantic telegraph1 and founded the ,new ,york1 ,newfoundland1 and ,london ,telegraph ,company in #ahed2 organized the ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company in #ahef2 and took a leading part in the various attempts to lay a transatlantic cable4 ,he received a vote of thanks and a gold medal from ,congress for the final success of this great undertaking4 ,he is still living4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they hereby are1 presented to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field of ,new ,york1 for his foresight1 courage and determination in establishing telegraphic communication by means of the ,atlantic cable1 traversing mid-ocean and connecting the ,old ,world with the ,new2 and that the ,president of the ,united ,states be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck1 with suitable emblems1 devices1 and inscription1 to be presented to ,mr4 ,field4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that when the medal shall have been struck1 the ,president shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be engrossed on parchment1 and shall transmit the same1 together with the medal1 to ,mr4 ,field to be presented to him in the name of the people of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,and further1 ,that a sufficient sum of money to carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,approved ,march #b1 #ahfg4 ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field4 7p4 #dbj7 ,to ,department of ,state1 ,cyrus ,w4 ,,field1 ,esq41 ,washington1 ,january #g1 #ahfi4 ,new ,york4 ,sir3 ,pursuant to the resolution of ,congress of ,march #b1 #ahfg1 the ,president has caused to be prepared1 for presentation to you1 in the name of the people of the ,united ,states1 a gold medal1 with suitable devices and inscriptions1 in acknowledgment of your eminent services in the establishment of telegraphic communication1 by means of the ,atlantic cable1 between the ,old ,world and the ,new4 ,this testimonial1 together with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred to1 is herewith transmitted to you by direction of the ,president4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,william ,h4 ,,seward4 ,no4 #gh4 7p4 #dba7 ,,plate ,,lxxviii4 ,february #g1 #ahfg4 ,rx4 ,the people of the ,united ,states to ,george ,peabody1 etc4 ,,george ,,peabody4 ,promotion of ,universal ,education4 ,bust of ,george ,peabody1 facing the left4 ,,the ,,people ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,to ,,george ,,peabody ,,in ,,acknowledgment ,,of ,,his ,,beneficent ,,promotion ,,of ,,universal ,,education4#abb ,footnote #abb3 ,see ,,introduction1 page viii4 ,this is not1 properly speaking1 a medal1 but rather a medallion forming the center of a piece of gold plate1 the work of ,messrs4 ,starr and ,marcus1 goldsmiths1 of ,new ,york4 ,a female figure1 representing ,benevolence1 leans over the medallion on the right1 holding in her right hand a branch of laurel1 while with her left she points to the bust of ,george ,peabody4 ,on the opposite side1 under a palmetto tree1 are two children1 the one white1 the other a negro1 typical of education in the ,southern ,states4 ,the group is placed upon a pedestal of solid gold1 in the center of which are the arms of the ,united ,states of ,america in enamel1 resting upon two branches1 one of oak1 the other of laurel4 ,to the right1 ,,benevolence2 to the left1 ,,education4 ,on the reverse of the pedestal1 beneath the medallion1 are a globe1 books1 a map of the ,united ,states1 a square1 a compass1 etc41 emblems of ,art1 ,science1 and ,education4 ,this piece of plate is eight inches high1 six inches wide1 and its depth is an inch and a half4 ,the allegorical figures are modeled and finely chased1 and the 7p4 #dbb7 portrait in the medallion is in alto relievo4 ,,george ,,peabody was born in ,danvers1 ,massachusetts1 ,february #ah1 #agie4 ,in #ahjf he began life as an apprentice to a grocer4 ,he afterward entered into partnership with ,mr4 ,elisha ,riggs1 in ,baltimore1 and when the latter retired from business1 in #ahcj1 he became the head of the house2 in #ahdc he settled in ,london as a banker4 ,in #aheb he gave #bjj1jjj for the foundation of a free library and educational institute in ,danvers2 and in #aheg he founded in ,baltimore the ,peabody ,institute1 to which he gave #a1jjj1jjj4 ,he also contributed1 at various times1 #b1ejj1jjj1 for the amelioration of the condition of the ,london poor4 ,the freedom of the city of ,london was presented to him1 and ,queen ,victoria offered him a baronetcy or the grand cross of the ,order of the ,bath1 both of which honors he respectfully declined4 ,her ,majesty then wrote him a private letter of thanks1 and sent him1 in ,march1 #ahff1 a beautiful miniature portrait of herself4 ,during a visit to ,america1 in #ahfg1 he made a gift of #b1jjj1jjj to promote education in the ,southern ,states1 for which ,congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal2 and on ,april #ac1 #ahfh1 ,massachusetts passed an act changing the name of his native town1 ,danvers1 to ,peabody4 ,he returned to ,england1 and died in ,london1 ,november #d1 #ahfi4 ,a funeral service was performed over his body in ,westminster ,abbey1 ,november #ab2 and in ,december it was1 by order of ,her ,majesty1 the ,queen of ,great ,britain1 taken on board the iron-clad turret ship-of-war ,monarch1 ,captain ,comerell1 ,c4 ,b41 ,v4 ,c4 7,knight ,companion of the ,bath1#abc ,victoria ,cross71 and conveyed to ,america under escort1 by order of ,president ,grant1 of the ,united ,states screw sloop-of-war ,plymouth1 ,commander ,macomb4 ,it was landed in ,portland1 ,maine1 ,january #bf1 #ahgj1 and was deposited1 ,february #h1 #ahgj1 in the memorial church erected to his mother at ,peabody1 amid an immense concourse of people1 among whom were ,prince ,arthur of ,england1 the governors of ,maine and ,massachusetts1 and numerous deputations4 ,the bronze statue of ,mr4 ,peabody1 by ,story1 erected by the citizens of ,london behind the ,royal ,exchange1 was unveiled in presence of the ,prince of ,wales1 ,july #bc1 #ahfi4 ,footnote #abc3 ,the ,most ,honorable ,military ,order of the ,bath is composed of three classes3 ,,the ,,first ,,class3 7,g4 ,c4 ,b471 to consist of not more than seventy-two ,,knights ,,grand ,,crosses1 exclusive of the ,sovereign and ,princes of the ,blood4 ,,the ,,second ,,class3 7,k4 ,c4 ,b7 ,,knights ,,commanders4 ,,the ,,third ,,class3 7,c4 ,b47 ,,companions ,,of ,,the ,,bath4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #dbc7 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,george ,peabody4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress be1 and they hereby are1 presented to ,george ,peabody of ,massachusetts1 for his great and peculiar beneficence in giving a large sum of money1 amounting to two million dollars1 for the promotion of education in the more destitute portions of the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states1 the benefits of which1 according to his direction1 are to be distributed among the entire population without any distinction1 except what may be found in needs or opportunities of usefulness4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that it shall be the duty of the ,president to cause a gold medal to be struck1 with suitable devices and inscriptions1 which1 together with a copy of these resolutions1 shall be presented to ,mr4 ,peabody in the name of the people of the ,united ,states4 ,and further1 ,that a sufficient amount of money to carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,approved ,march #af1 #ahfg4 ,george ,peabody's ,gift for ,southern ,education4 ,washington1 ,february #g1 #ahfg4 ,to ,hon4 ,robert ,c4 ,,winthrop1 of ,massachusetts2 ,hon4 ,hamilton ,,fish1 of ,new ,york2 ,right ,rev4 ,charles ,p4 ,,mcilvaine1 of ,ohio2 ,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 of the ,united ,states ,army2 ,hon4 ,william ,c4 ,,rives1 of ,virginia2 ,hon4 ,john ,h4 ,,clifford1 of ,massachusetts2 ,hon4 ,william ,,aiken1 of ,south ,carolina2 ,william ,m4 ,,evarts1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york2 ,hon4 ,william ,a4 ,,graham1 of ,north ,carolina2 ,charles ,,macalester1 of ,pennsylvania2 ,george ,w4 ,,riggs1 ,esq41 of ,washington2 ,samuel ,,wetmore1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york2 ,edward ,a4 ,,bradford1 ,esq41 of ,louisiana2 ,george ,n4 ,,eaton1 ,esq41 of ,maryland2 and ,george ,,peabody ,,russell1 ,esq41 of ,massachusetts4 ,gentlemen3 ,i beg to address you on a subject which occupied my mind long before ,i left ,england1 and in regard to which one1 at least1 of you 7the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,winthrop1 the distinguished and valued friend to whom ,i am so much indebted for cordial sympathy1 careful consideration1 and wise counsel in this matter17 will remember that ,i consulted him immediately upon my arrival in ,may last4 ,i refer to the educational needs of those portions of our beloved and common country which have suffered from the destructive ravages1 and the not less disastrous consequences of civil war4 ,with my advancing years my attachment to my native land has but become more devoted4 ,my hope and faith in its successful and glorious future have grown brighter and stronger1 and now1 7p4 #dbd7 looking forward beyond my stay on earth1 as may be permitted to one who has passed the limit of three score and ten years1 ,i see our country united and prosperous1 emerging from the clouds which still surround her1 taking a higher rank among the nations1 and becoming richer and more powerful than ever before4 ,but to make her prosperity more than superficial1 her moral and intellectual development should keep pace with her material growth1 and in those portions of our nation to which ,i have referred1 the urgent and pressing physical needs of an almost impoverished people must for some years preclude them from making1 by unaided effort1 such advances in education1 and such progress in the diffusion of knowledge among all classes1 as every lover of his country must earnestly desire4 ,i feel most deeply1 therefore1 that it is the duty and privilege of the more favored and wealthy portions of our nation to assist those who are less fortunate1 and1 with the wish to discharge so far as ,i may be able my own responsibility in this matter1 as well as to gratify my desire to aid those to whom ,i am bound by so many ties of attachment and regard1 ,i give to you1 gentlemen1 most of whom have been my personal and especial friends1 the sum of one million of dollars1 to be by you and your successors held in trust1 and the income thereof used and applied in your discretion for the promotion and encouragement of intellectual1 moral1 or industrial education among the young of the more destitute portions of the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states of our ,union2 my purpose being that the benefits intended shall be distributed among the entire population1 without other distinction than their needs and the opportunities of usefulness to them4 ,besides the income thus derived1 ,i give to you permission to use from the principal sum1 within the next two years1 an amount not exceeding forty per cent4 ,in addition to this gift ,i place in your hands bonds of the ,state of ,mississippi1 issued to the ,planter's ,bank1 and commonly known as ,planter's ,bank bonds1 amounting1 with interest1 to about eleven hundred thousand dollars1 the amount realized by you from which is to be added to and used for the purposes of this trust4 ,these bonds were originally issued in payment for stock in that bank held by the ,state1 and amounted in all to only two millions of dollars4 ,for many years the ,state received large dividends from that bank over and above the interest on these bonds4 ,the ,state paid the interest without interruption till #ahdj1 since which no interest has been paid1 except a payment of about one hundred thousand dollars1 which was found in the treasury applicable to the payment of the coupons1 and paid by a mandamus of the ,supreme ,court4 ,the validity of these bonds has never been questioned1 and they must not be confounded with another issue of bonds made by the ,state to the ,union ,bank1 the recognition of which has been a subject of controversy with a portion of the population of ,mississippi4 ,various acts of the ,legislature1 viz43 of ,february #bh1 #ahdb2 ,february #bc1 #ahdd2 ,february #af1 #ahdf2 ,february #bh1 #ahdf2 ,march #d1 #ahdh1 and the highest judicial tribunal of the ,state have confirmed their validity1 and ,i have no doubt that at an early date such legislation will be had as to make these bonds available in increasing the usefulness of the present trust4 ,mississippi1 though now depressed1 is rich in agricultural 7p4 #dbe7 resources1 and cannot long disregard the moral obligation resting upon her to make provision for their payment4 ,in confirmation of what ,i have said in regard to the legislative and judicial action concerning the ,state bonds issued to the ,planter's ,bank1 ,i herewith place in your hands the documents marked ,a4 ,the details and organization of the trust ,i leave with you1 only requesting that ,mr4 ,winthrop may be ,chairman1 and ,governor ,fish and ,bishop ,mc,ilvaine ,vice-,chairmen of your body2 and ,i give to you power to make all necessary by-laws and regulations1 to obtain an act of incorporation1 if any shall be found expedient1 to provide for the expenses of the trustees and of any agents appointed by them2 and generally1 to do all such acts as may be necessary for carrying out the provisions of this trust4 ,all vacancies occurring in your number by death1 resignation1 or otherwise1 shall be filled by your election1 as soon as conveniently may be1 and having in view an equality of representation so far as regards the ,northern and ,southern ,states4 ,i furthermore give to you the power1 in case two-thirds of the trustees shall at any time1 after the lapse of #cj years1 deem it expedient1 to close this trust1 and of the funds which at that time shall be in the hands of yourselves and your successors1 to distribute not less than two-thirds among such educational or literary institutions1 or for such educational purposes as they may determine1 in the ,states for whose benefit the income is now appointed to be used4 ,the remainder may be distributed by the trustees for educational or literary purposes wherever they may deem it expedient4 ,in making this gift ,i am aware that the fund derived from it can but aid the ,states which ,i wish to benefit in their own exertions to diffuse the blessings of education and morality4 ,but if this endowment shall encourage those now anxious for the light of knowledge1 and stimulate to new efforts the many good and noble men who cherish the high purpose of placing our great country foremost1 not only in power1 but in the intelligence and virtue of her citizens1 it will have accomplished all that ,i can hope4 ,with reverent recognition of the need of the blessing of ,almighty ,god upon this gift1 and with the fervent prayer that1 under ,his guidance1 your counsels may be directed for the highest good of present and future generations in our beloved country1 ,i am1 gentlemen1 with great respect1 your humble servant1 ,george ,,peabody4 ,action of the ,trustees of the ,peabody ,gift4 ,on receipt of the foregoing letter by the ,hon4 ,robert ,c4 ,winthrop1 the ,trustees present in ,washington were called upon by him to meet on ,february #hth1 and the letter having been laid before them1 the following resolutions1 moved by ,bishop ,mc,ilvaine and seconded by ,gov4 ,aiken1 were unanimously adopted3 ,whereas3 ,our countryman and friend ,george ,peabody has1 in a letter just communicated to the undersigned1 made known his determination1 out of a grateful sense of the manifold 7p4 #dbf7 goodness with which ,god has prospered his life1 and of an earnest desire to promote the best interests of his fellow-citizens1 to devote a munificent donation of property for certain most wise and beneficent uses indicated in said letter1 and has requested us to take in trust the charge and management of the same1 therefore1 ,resolved1 ,that the undersigned1 being the ,trustees assembled in ,washington1 deeply sensible of the honor conferred on them by a trust of such eminent importance and responsibility1 and realizing their dependence upon the guidance and blessing of ,god to be enabled to discharge its duties with such wisdom and faithfulness as may best secure the benevolent designs of the giver1 do hereby accept the office of ,trustees of the same1 and promise our best exertions in its behalf4 ,resolved1 ,that we hereby express to ,mr4 ,peabody our grateful appreciation of the enlarged and unprecedented generosity which1 after having bestowed upon the poor of the city of ,london a bounty that drew forth the admiration of ,europe1 and after having exceeded the same in his recent return to his native land1 in benefactions to institutions of learning and education in the ,middle and ,eastern ,states of the ,union1 has now crowned the whole with this last deed of patriotism and loving kindness1 so eminently calculated to bind together the several parts of our beloved country in the bonds of mutual well-doing and regard4 ,resolved1 ,that we express to ,mr4 ,peabody our respectful and affectionate prayer that1 in the gracious providence of our ,heavenly ,father1 his valuable life may be long spared to witness the success of his benevolent contributions to the happiness of his fellow-citizens in all parts of his native and beloved land1 and that many of those whom ,god has blessed with large possessions may be induced to follow his example of wise and noble employment of wealth for the good of man and the glory of ,god4 ,robert ,c4 ,,winthrop1 ,c4 ,,macalester1 ,charles ,p4 ,,mcilvaine1 ,george ,w4 ,,riggs1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,gen4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,samuel ,,wetmore1 ,william ,,aiken1 ,george ,n4 ,,eaton1 ,william ,m4 ,,evarts1 ,geo4 ,,peabody ,,russell4 ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,george ,peabody4 ,to ,department of ,state1 ,mr4 ,george ,,peabody1 ,london4 ,washington1 ,june #bc1 #ahfh4 ,sir3 ,i have the pleasure to inform you that1 pursuant to the resolution of ,congress of ,march #af1 #ahfg1 the ,president has caused to be prepared for presentation to you1 in the name of the people of the ,united ,states1 a gold medal1 with suitable devices and inscriptions1 in acknowledgment of your munificent donation for the promotion of education in the more destitute portions of the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states4 ,this testimonial1 7p4 #dbg7 together with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred to1 will remain in the hands of this department until you shall have communicated to it your wishes with regard to their further disposition4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,william ,h4 ,,seward4 ,george ,peabody to the ,secretary of ,state4 ,to the ,honorable ,william ,h4 ,,seward1 ,london1 ,sept #ah1 #ahfh4 ,secretary of ,state1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication1 dated the #bc;d of ,june1 informing me of the completion of the gold medal prepared pursuant to an act of ,congress of ,march #af1 #ahfg1 to be presented to me in the name of the people of the ,united ,states1 and asking what may be my wishes in regard to its further disposition4 ,i have heretofore delayed responding to your polite letter from indecision on my part respecting the place to which ,i should wish to have the esteemed token transmitted1 whether to me here1 in ,london1 or to the institution bearing my name in ,south ,danvers1 which ,i intend shall be its final resting place2 but knowing the uncertainty of life1 particularly at my advanced age1 and feeling a great desire of seeing this most valued token my countrymen have been pleased to bestow upon me1 ,i beg leave to submit1 if compatible with the rules of your department1 that the medal with the accompanying documents may be sent to me here1 through our legation1 when ,i will endeavor to express myself more fully how highly ,i esteem the distinguished honor4 ,i am1 with great respect1 your humble servant1 ,george ,,peabody4 ,the ,secretary of ,state to ,george ,peabody4 ,to ,department of ,state1 ,mr4 ,george ,,peabody1 ,london4 ,washington1 ,october #g1 #ahfh4 ,sir3 ,your letter of the #ahth of ,september has been received4 ,in compliance with the suggestion therein contained the congressional medal is herewith transmitted to ,mr4 ,b4 ,f4 ,stevens1 the ,united ,states despatch agent at ,london1 with instructions to place the honorable testimonial directly into your own hands4 ,it is hoped that it may receive no injury by the way1 and that you may deem it1 in design and execution1 a not unworthy token of your countrymen's appreciation of your beneficence in the cause of universal education4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,william ,h4 ,,seward4 ,george ,peabody to the ,secretary of ,state4 7p4 #dbh7 ,to the ,honorable #fd ,queen ,street1 ,cheapside1 ,william ,h4 ,,seward1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c41 ,january #f1 #ahfi4 ,secretary of ,state1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to acknowledge the receipt1 through the ,united ,states despatch agent at ,london1 of the case alluded to in your letter of the #gth of ,october1 containing the gold medal1 which1 pursuant to the resolution of ,congress1 the ,president has caused to be prepared for me1 together with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred to4 ,the package arrived in ,england in ,november1 but owing to my absence from ,london it was not till the evening of ,christmas day that ,i was enabled to examine its contents in the presence of a circle of my intimate friends4 ,of the unsurpassed beauty of the medal1 and the excellence of its delicate workmanship1 there is but one opinion1 and ,i heartily concur with all who have seen it in appreciating the elegance of its design and the masterly skill of its execution4 ,cherishing as ,i do the warmest affection for my country1 it is not possible for me to feel more grateful than ,i do for this precious memorial of its regard1 coming as it does from thirty millions of ,american citizens1 through their representatives in ,congress1 with the full accord and co-operation of the ,president4 ,this medal1 together with the rich illuminated transcript of the ,congressional resolution1 ,i shall shortly deposit in the ,peabody ,institution1 at the place of my birth1 in apartments specially constructed for their safe-keeping1 along with other public testimonials with which ,i have been honored4 ,there ,i trust it will remain for generations1 to attest the generous munificence of the ,american people in recognizing the efforts1 however inadequate1 of one of the humblest of their fellow-countrymen to promote the enlightenment and prosperity of his native land4 ,to you1 ,sir1 individually1 ,i beg to convey the assurance of my profound gratitude for the interest which you have personally manifested on the occasion1 and for the cordial manner in which you have consulted my wishes in relation to the transmission of this gracious record of my country's favor4 ,i have the honor to be1 with great respect1 your humble servant1 ,george ,,peabody4 ,no4 #gi4 7p4 #dbi7 ,,plate ,,lxxix4 ,march #d1 #ahfi--,march #d1 #ahgg4 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,liberty justice and equality ,let us have peace4 ,rx4 ,on earth peace good will toward men4 ,,president ,,ulysses ,,simpson ,,grant4 ,eighteenth ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,within a wreath of laurel1 at the four points of which are shields of the ,united ,states of ,america3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,,liberty ,,justice ,,and ,,equality ,,let ,,us ,,have ,,peace4 ,bust of ,president ,grant1 facing the right2 under it1 a calumet of peace and a branch of laurel4 ,within a circle composed of thirty-six stars3 ,,on ,,earth ,,peace ,,good ,,will ,,toward ,,men #ahga4 ,the western hemisphere of the globe resting on implements of husbandry1 with the ,holy ,bible above it and rays behind it4 ,this medal1 though not signed1 is by ,paquet4 ,no4 #hj4 7p4 #dcj7 ,,plate ,,lxxx4 ,april #ad1 #ahfe4 ,to ,george ,f4 ,robinson4 ,awarded by the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 ,march #a1 #ahga4 ,,george ,,foster ,,robinson4 ,heroic ,conduct4 ,,to ,,george ,f4 ,,robinson4 ,,awarded ,,by ,,the ,,congress ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,march #a4 #ahga4 ,bust of ,robinson1 facing the left2 on the coat1 four clubs1 the badge#abd of the eighteenth army corps1 in which he served during the ,civil ,war2 above1 two crowns1 one of laurel and one of oak2 on each side1 the following3 ,,for ,,his ,,heroic ,,conduct ,,on ,,the #ad4 ,,day ,,of ,,april #ahfe1 ,,in ,,saving ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,honorable ,,wm4 ,h4 7,william ,henry7 ,,seward ,,then ,,secretary ,,of ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,footnote #abd3 ,during the war the campaign badge was of felt1 red for the first division1 white for the second1 and blue for the third4 ,for dress occasions it was of silver1 with the color of the division inserted in the badge4 ,the felt badge was worn on the right side of the hat1 the silver one as in the plate4 ,by means of the letters1 figures1 and badge1 any one could tell1 at a glance1 the army corps1 division1 brigade1 regiment1 and company1 to which a soldier belonged1 and the ,state from which he came4 ,after the war ,congress passed the following resolution3 ,resolved1 by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled3 ,that all who served as officers1 non-commissioned officers1 privates1 or other enlisted men1 in the regular army1 volunteer1 or militia forces of the ,united ,states1 during the war of the ,rebellion1 and have been honorably discharged from the service or remain still in the same1 shall be entitled to wear1 on occasions of ceremony1 the distinctive army badge ordered for or adopted by the army corps or division1 respectively1 in which they served4 ,approved ,july #be1 #ahfh4 ,secretary ,seward lying in his bed1 with curtains half drawn2 7p4 #dca7 standing at its side1 ,robinson struggling with ,payne1 who holds an uplifted dagger in his right hand4 ,g4 ,y4 ,,coffin4 ,,des4 7designavit47 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,george ,,foster ,,robinson was born at ,hartford1 ,oxford ,county1 ,maine1 ,august #ac1 #ahcb4 ,in #ahfc1 he enlisted in the #hth regiment of ,maine ,volunteers1 and was severely wounded at ,bermuda ,hundred1 ,may #bj1 #ahfd4 ,on the night of ,april #ad1 #ahfe1 while acting as sick nurse to the ,honorable ,william ,h4 ,seward1 then secretary of ,state1 at the imminent peril of his life1 and at the cost of serious wounds1 he saved ,mr4 ,seward from the knife of the assassin ,payne4 ,for his heroic conduct on this occasion1 ,congress voted him five thousand dollars and a gold medal4 ,he was clerk in the ,treasury ,department1 from ,june1 #ahfe1 to ,august1 #ahff1 when he resigned4 ,he was appointed in ,december1 #ahfh1 to a similar position in the quartermaster-general's office1 ,washington4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,george ,f4 ,robinson4 ,be it ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,secretary of the ,treasury be1 and he is hereby1 directed to pay to ,george ,f4 ,robinson1 late a private in the ,eighth ,regiment of ,maine ,volunteers1 the sum of five thousand dollars1 out of any money in the ,treasury of the ,united ,states not otherwise appropriated4 ,,section #b4 ,and be it further resolved1 ,that the ,secretary of the ,treasury be1 and he is hereby1 directed to cause to be prepared and presented to the said ,george ,f4 ,robinson a gold medal with appropriate devices and inscriptions1 commemorative of the heroic conduct of the said ,robinson on the fourteenth day of ,april1 eighteen hundred and sixty-five1 in saving the life of the ,honorable ,william ,h4 ,seward1 then secretary of ,state of the ,united ,states1 the expense of said medal to be paid out of any money in the ,treasury not otherwise appropriated4 ,approved ,march #ast1 #ahga4 ,the ,committee on ,foreign ,affairs1 to whom were referred the 7p4 #dcb7 resolutions of the legislature of the ,state of ,maine1 declaring that the heroic conduct of ,george ,f4 ,robinson1 late a private in the ,eighth ,regiment of ,maine ,volunteers1 in saving the life of ,secretary ,seward from the knife of an assassin1 at the imminent peril of his own life1 and at the expense of permanent wounds1 should receive public recognition by the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 to the end that his noble deeds may be known and remembered by the ,american ,people1 and that provision may be made for his future welfare such as right and justice demand1 and the generous impulse of a grateful people require1 respectfully submit the following report3#abe ,footnote #abe3 ,reported by ,mr4 ,porter ,sheldon1 of the ,committee on ,foreign ,affairs4 ,that on the #aeth day of ,august1 #ahfc1 ,george ,f4 ,robinson enlisted in the ,eighth ,regiment of ,maine ,volunteers4 ,on the #bjth day of ,may1 #ahfd1 at an attack at ,bermuda ,hundred1 made on ,general ,butler's lines by the rebels1 ,robinson was wounded very severely in the leg by a canister shot4 ,he was sent to ,douglas ,hospital in this city1 where he lay nearly a year undergoing great suffering from his wound4 ,on the memorable #adth day of ,april1 #ahfe1 although his wound was not then entirely healed1 he was detailed from the hospital to act as nurse to ,mr4 ,seward1 the ,secretary of ,state1 who1 it will be remembered1 was confined to his bed by serious injuries--a broken arm and jaw4 ,at #aj o'clock that night ,robinson was on duty in ,mr4 ,seward's room1 when the assassin1 ,payne1 sought that room to murder the feeble1 wounded1 helpless ,secretary1 in pursuance of the great conspiracy which ended with filling the whole civilized world with horror4 ,the ,secretary was sleeping2 the room was darkened4 ,robinson hearing a disturbance in the hall opened the door2 a flood of light streamed on him from the hall4 ,on the threshold stood the athletic assassin1 a revolver in one hand and a huge bowie knife in the other4 ,he saw against the wall the wounded1 crazed ,assistant ,secretary1 with blood pouring from his wound4 ,he caught the gleam of that terrible knife aimed at his throat2 instinctively he struck up at the assassin's arm to ward off the knife1 partially succeeded1 but received the blow upon his head1 and was prostrated to the floor4 ,bounding over him1 ,payne rushed on to the bed1 and commenced wildly striking with the knife at the throat of the ,secretary4 ,already he had cut the flesh off from one cheek to the bone1 and the blood gushed in torrents over the pillow4 ,this soldier1 just from the hospital1 with his wounded leg not yet healed1 enfeebled from his year of suffering and pain1 just prostrated to the floor by a blow from that terrible knife1 springs to his feet1 and without one moment's hesitation1 without one moment's thought for himself1 save1 as he swears1 the thought that he must die to save the ,secretary2 without a weapon of any description1 with a bravery never surpassed in the annals of any country1 he opposed his naked hands1 his wounded and enfeebled body1 to the terrible knife of the gigantic and desperate murderer4 ,he seized the assassin just as the deadly knife was about to bury itself in the throat of the ,secretary1 and then commenced an unequal struggle which seemingly can only end in the death of the brave soldier4 ,having succeeded in dragging ,payne from off the bed1 he receives over his shoulder two deep wounds down his back1 inflicting injuries from which one side of 7p4 #dcc7 his face and two fingers of one hand are still partially paralyzed4 ,he received two more wounds under his left shoulder blade1 which proved nearly fatal1 and received blows about the head and face from the revolver4 ,at last ,payne1 probably becoming alarmed for his own safety should he spend more time in the house1 wrenched himself loose and fled1 stabbing a messenger from the ,state ,department on his way down stairs4 ,disregarding his own desperate wounds1 the blood from which was filling his shoes1 with the help of ,mr4 ,seward's daughter ,robinson placed the insensible and mangled form of the ,secretary on the bed from which he had fallen1 and re-covering the gashed cheek with its flesh1 he placed his fingers on the wounded artery from which ,mr4 ,seward's life was fast passing1 and with the same coolness1 the same utter self-abandonment1 he kept his position1 though scarcely able to stand1 and believing himself fatally wounded1 until relieved by the arrival of the ,surgeon-,general4 ,after the ,secretary's wounds were dressed his own were attended to1 and he was the same night carried back to the hospital4 ,on the #agth day of ,may following ,robinson was honorably discharged from the service4 ,finding himself unable to labor on a farm1 by reason of his wounds1 he was obliged to sell his little place for some #a1bjj1 and sought employment as a ,government clerk4 ,he is now a clerk in the ,quartermaster ,general's ,department1 at a salary of #a1bjj per year1 and has no other means of supporting himself1 his wife1 and boy1 except a pension of #h per month for wounds received on the field of battle4 ,robinson is a modest man1 of excellent character1 and a faithful and efficient clerk4 ,the committee unanimously recommend the passage of the accompanying joint resolution4 ,no4 #ha4 7p4 #dcd7 ,,plate ,,lxxxi4 ,august #ca1 #ahgb4 ,by ,resolution of ,congress ,february #bd1 #ahgc4 ,,loss ,,of ,,the ,,steamer ,,metis4 ,for ,courage and ,humanity4 ,a man standing in a boat1 a coil of rope under his left arm1 directs oarsmen with his right hand to pull for the wreck of the ,metis4 ,one of the men is lifting a woman from the sea into the boat4 ,to the right1 in the background1 a light-house4 ,,by ,,resolution ,,of ,,congress ,,february #bd1 #ahgc4 ,within a wreath of ,oak3 ,,to#abf ,,for ,,courage ,,and ,,humanity ,,in ,,the ,,saving ,,of ,,life ,,from ,,the ,,wreck ,,of ,,the ,,steamer ,,metis ,,on ,,long ,,island ,,sound ,,august #ca1 #ahgb4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,barber4 ,footnote #abf3 ,blank space for name4 ,,charles ,e4 ,,barber1 son of ,william ,barber1 chief engraver to the ,united ,states ,mint1 ,philadelphia1 was born in ,london1 ,england1 in #ahdj4 ,he came to ,america with his parents when very young and studied the fine arts in the city of ,new ,york4 ,he engraved for the ,government of the ,united ,states the ,metis and ,john ,horn medals4 ,,original ,,documents4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,medals to ,captain ,crandall and others4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states is hereby authorized and requested to cause to be made and presented to each of the following persons such suitable and appropriate medals1 as in his judgment shall 7p4 #dce7 express the high estimation in which ,congress hold the respective merits and services of ,captain ,jared ,s4 ,crandall1 ,albert ,crandall1 ,daniel ,f4 ,larkin1 ,frank ,larkin1 ,byron ,green1 ,john ,d4 ,harvey1 ,courtland ,gavitt1 ,eugene ,nash1 ,edwin ,nash and ,william ,nash of the town of ,westerly1 ,state of ,rhode ,island1 who so gallantly volunteered to man the life-boat and a fishing boat1 and saved the lives of thirty-two persons from the wreck of the steamer ,metis1 on the waters of ,long ,island ,sound1 on the thirty-first day of ,august1 one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two4 ,approved ,february #bd1 #ahgc4 ,captain ,david ,ritchie to the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,united ,states ,revenue ,steamer ,mocassin1 ,to the ,honorable ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 ,september #ast1 #ahgb4 ,george ,s4 ,,boutwell1 ,secretary of the ,treasury1 ,washington1 ,district of ,columbia4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to submit the following report of the services rendered by this vessel1 her officers and crew to the passengers and crew of the wrecked steamer ,metis on the morning of ,august #cjth1 #ahgb4 ,on the evening of ,august #bith1 while cruising to the westward1 weather threatening1 ran in for a harbor behind the ,stonington breakwater1 where we anchored4 ,my glass falling and there being every indication of a storm1 ,i prepared my vessel for it4 ,at #h ,p4,m4 the gale began1 and continued to increase throughout the night from southeast with heavy sea and blinding rain4 ,at daylight the gale moderated and it stopped raining1 the wind hauling by south to westward4 ,at #i4bj ,a4,m4 the first officer of the steamer ,stonington of the ,new ,york and ,stonington ,line1 came alongside1 and reported that the steamer ,metis of the ,new ,york and ,providence ,line1 was wrecked off ,watch ,hill1 ,rhode ,island1 the fate of which1 together with her one hundred and fifty passengers and crew1 was unknown4 ,i ordered steam as quickly as possible1 and at #aj4ae ,a4,m4 got under way and proceeded to the scene of the disaster1 stationing lookouts aloft and upon the house4 ,i soon descried two boats loaded with helpless men1 women and children1 near the edge of the surf at ,watch ,hill ,light ,house1 and with great difficulty and danger1 on account of the heavy sea1 succeeded in getting them on board of the ,mocassin4 ,i then stood down for the wreck1 lowered boats and picked up the living and dead1 continuing this sad duty until #c4de ,p4,m41 when night coming on and medical aid being required for those of the rescued who were exhausted1 ,i put the vessel back for ,stonington1 the nearest port1 having no hope of finding any more living persons and seeing no dead bodies remaining afloat4 ,i reached ,stonington at #f ,p4,m4 with forty-two rescued persons and 7p4 #dcf7 seventeen dead bodies which we had recovered from the deep4 ,being a stranger in ,stonington1 ,i was at a loss to know what ,i should do with my precious cargo1 but at the wharf ,i met with unexpected aid in the person of ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,bigelow1 chief of the ,loan ,division of the ,treasury ,department1 who1 upon my wants being made known to him1 procured proper relief1 obtaining through ,mrs4 ,bigelow and ladies in the town1 clothing and proper care for five women who were rescued in a state of entire nudity4 ,the men rescued were taken charge of by the citizens1 who did all in their power to relieve their distress4 ,all the rescued were greatly exhausted1 having been in the water several hours4 ,i take great pleasure in informing the ,department of the noble and untiring exertions of #ast ,lieutenant ,joseph ,irish1 #b;d ,lieutenant ,a4 ,d4 ,littlefield1 ,chief ,engineer ,whittaker1 ,pilot ,joseph ,case1 ,boatswain ,e4 ,f4 ,r4 ,denison1 and each of the crew in saving life1 recovering bodies of the drowned and caring for the sick and wounded4 ,in the cases of several of the shipwrecked life was apparently extinct1 but by the efforts of those on board they were resuscitated4 ,the women were rolled in blankets1 and all in our power was done to make them comfortable4 ,many of the rescued were very weak1 and ,i doubted my ability to get them into port alive4 ,i was ably seconded in my work of boating by ,captain ,crandall1 light house keeper at ,watch ,hill1 and his noble crew1 they having picked up fourteen living and dead4 ,after the last body had been taken on board a sea caught their boat under this vessel's quarter and split her open4 ,the boat was the private property of ,captain ,crandall1 who1 on beholding her destruction1 simply remarked1 ,she has well paid for herself4 ,five of the dead bodies were identified by those saved on board1 and when the living women were clothed and brought to identify their friends1 a sad scene presented itself1 one recognizing a lost husband1 another a sister1 two men their wives1 and one man his two children4 ,the corpses were all numbered1 and together with a description list1 were delivered to the authorities of ,stonington1 a copy of said list being retained on board4 ,on the morning of the #cast ultimo at daylight1 kindly accompanied by ,j4 ,p4 ,bigelow1 ,captain ,george ,b4 ,hull1 ,superintendent of ,new ,york and ,providence ,steamship ,company 7one of the rescued71 and ,john ,mc,guire to assist my worn-out officers and men1 ,i again stood for the scene of the wreck and cruised in that vicinity1 with lookouts stationed aloft1 extending my cruise as far as ,block ,island4 ,the wind was blowing strong from the northwest and constantly increasing1 with a heavy cross sea from the southeast1 breaking over and completely covering this vessel4 ,there being no signs of any bodies floating about1 with decks full of water1 ,i stood for ,point ,judith4 ,still finding no signs of the wreck1 and the sea getting too heavy to lower a boat1 ,i stood for ,newport and anchored4 ,having found a jewel and pocket-book on board 7the property of one of the dead71 ,i turned the same over to ,mr4 ,bigelow1 to take them to ,stonington for the purpose of identifying corpse marked ,no4 #d4 ,trusting that the conduct of the ,mocassin1 under my command1 7p4 #dcg7 and the acts of her officers and crew may meet the approval of the ,department1 ,i remain1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,david ,,ritchie1 ,captain ,united ,states ,revenue ,marine4 ,resolution of ,congress ,voting ,thanks to ,captain ,ritchie4 ,resolved by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled3 ,that the thanks of ,congress are due1 and are hereby tendered to ,captain ,david ,ritchie1 commanding the revenue steamer ,mocassin1 and to the officers and men under his command1 for their heroic and humane action in saving the lives of forty-two persons from the wreck of the steamer ,metis on the waters of ,long ,island ,sound1 on the morning of the thirty-first of ,august1 eighteen hundred and seventy-two4 ,approved ,january #bd1 #ahgc4 ,no4 #hb4 7p4 #dch7 ,,plate ,,lxxxii4 #ahgf4 ,these ,united ,colonies are1 and of right ought to be1 free and independent ,states4 ,rx4 ,in commemoration of the hundredth anniversary1 etc4 ,,centennial ,,medal4 ,hundredth ,anniversary of ,american ,independence4 ,,these ,,united ,,colonies ,,are1 ,,and ,,of ,,right ,,ought ,,to ,,be1 ,,free ,,and ,,independent ,,states4#abg ,a female figure1 personifying the ,united ,colonies1 is kneeling1 with a sword in her right hand1 while she points with her left to a constellation of thirteen stars1 emblematical of the thirteen original ,united ,states4 ,exergue3 #aggf4 ,footnote #abg3 ,these words occur in the following resolution of the ,continental ,congress3 ,,in ,,congress4 ,resolved3 ,that the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to ,monday1 the first day of ,july next1 and in the meanwhile1 that no time be lost in case the ,congress agree thereto1 that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution1 which is in these words3 ,that these ,united ,colonies are1 and of right ought to be1 ,free and ,independent ,states1 that they are absolved from all allegiance to the ,british ,crown2 and that all political connection between them and the ,state of ,great ,britain is1 and ought to be1 totally dissolved4 ,monday1 ,june #ajth1 #aggf4 ,,in ,,commemoration ,,of ,,the ,,hundredth ,,anniversary ,,of ,,american ,,independence4 ,,act ,,of ,,congress ,,june #ahgd4 ,america personified as a maiden1 coiffed with the ,phrygian cap of liberty1 girt with a sword1 and with the shield of the ,united ,states of ,america by her side1 is crowning with laurels two female figures representing ,manufactures and ,arts4 ,on the platform1 #ahgf4 ,this medal1 though not signed1 is by ,william ,barber4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #dci7 ,act of ,congress ,authorizing ,centennial ,medals4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled3 ,that medals with appropriate devices1 emblems and inscriptions1 commemorative of the ,centennial ,anniversary of the ,declaration of ,independence1 be prepared at the mint at ,philadelphia for the ,centennial ,board of ,finance1 subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of eighteen hundred and seventy-three1 upon the payment of a sum not less than the cost thereof1 and all the provisions whether penal or otherwise of said coinage act against the counterfeiting or imitating of coins of the ,united ,states shall apply to the medals struck and issued under the provisions of this act4 ,approved ,june #af1 #ahgd4 ,official ,notice ,promulgated by the ,centennial ,board of ,finance4 ,united ,states ,centennial ,board of ,finance1 ,philadelphia1 ,march #bd1 #ahge4 ,it being deemed essential that medals1 with appropriate devices1 emblems1 and inscriptions1 commemorative of the centennial anniversary of the ,declaration of ,independence1 should be officially issued1 the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 by special act1 approved ,june #af1 #ahgd1 directed the same to be prepared at the ,mint for the ,centennial ,board of ,finance1 subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of #ahgc1 upon the payment of a sum not less than the cost thereof1 and all the provisions1 whether penal or otherwise1 of said coinage act against the counterfeiting or imitation of coins of the ,united ,states shall apply to the medals struck and issued under the provisions of this act4 ,these medals having been prepared and issued are now being sold by the ,centennial ,board of ,finance and its agents1 and the profits arising therefrom strictly applied in aid of the preparation for the celebration of the anniversary which the medals commemorate4 ,they are the only medals relating to the great events of #ahgf1 officially issued1 and may be readily distinguished from any of the tokens styled ,centennial medals and issued by private parties for their individual profit1 from the fact that in addition to the designs and other wording1 the larger medals have stamped upon them ,act of ,congress1 ,june1 #ahgd1 and the others1 ,by authority of the ,congress of the ,u4 ,s4 ,these official medals are of four kinds3 small gilt at #a2 large bronze at #b2 coin silver at #c2 large gilt at #e1 or all inclosed in one case at #aa4 ,cautionary notice is hereby given that the ,centennial ,board of ,finance intends to avail itself of the protection and privilege granted by the acts of ,congress above mentioned1 and that the highly penal provisions for publishing1 counterfeiting1 or imitating the authorized official medals will be strictly enforced against all infringement and violation4 ,john ,,welsh1 ,president ,centennial ,board of ,finance4 ,frederick ,,fraley1 ,secretary4 ,no4 #hc4 7p4 #ddj7 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii4 #ahgf4 ,these ,united ,colonies are1 and of right ought to be1 free and independent ,states4 ,rx4 ,by authority of the ,congress1 etc4 ,,centennial ,,medal4 ,hundredth ,anniversary of ,american ,independence4 ,,these ,,united ,,colonies ,,are1 ,,and ,,of ,,right ,,ought ,,to ,,be1 ,,free ,,and ,,independent ,,states4#abh ,a female figure1 personifying the ,united ,colonies1 is kneeling1 with a sword in her right hand1 while she points with her left to a constellation of thirteen stars1 emblematical of the thirteen original ,united ,states4 ,exergue3 #aggf4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see note #a under ,no4 #hb1 page #dch4 ,,by ,,authority ,,of ,,the ,,congress ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahgf4 ,within a wreath of laurel1 ,,in ,,commemoration ,,of ,,the ,,hundredth ,,anniversary ,,of ,,american ,,independence4#abi ,footnote #abi3 ,the act of ,congress in relation to the ,centennial ,medals1 and an official notice promulgated by the ,centennial ,board of ,finance1 are given under ,no4 #hb1 page #dch4 ,this medal1 though not signed1 is by ,william ,barber4 ,no4 #hd4 7p4 #dda7 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv4 ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,life ,saving medal of the first class4 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,rx4 ,in testimony of heroic deeds1 etc4 ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class4 ,saving ,life from the ,perils of the ,sea4 ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,three men in a boat in a heavy sea4 ,one is rescuing a person who has hold of a spar1 at the end of which is a block with its sheet4 ,another is standing1 casting a rope1 and a third is seated and rowing4 ,in the distance1 to the left1 is the wreck of a large vessel4 ,,paquet4 ,f4 7fecit74 ,,in ,,testimony ,,of ,,heroic ,,deeds ,,in ,,saving ,,life ,,from ,,the ,,perils ,,of ,,the ,,sea4 ,a female figure1 standing1 holds in her left hand a wreath of oak1 and with her right is preparing to inscribe the name of the recipient on a monument which is surmounted by the ,american eagle1 and to the right of which are a mast1 a yard with its sail bent1 an anchor1 a sextant1 and a branch of laurel4 ,exergue3 ,,act ,,of ,,congress ,,june #bjth #ahgd4 ,,paquet4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #ddb7 ,act of ,congress ,instituting ,life ,saving ,medals4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,secretary of the ,treasury is hereby directed to cause to be prepared medals of honor1 with suitable devices1 to be distinguished as ,life-,saving ,medals of the first and second class1 which shall be bestowed upon any persons who shall hereafter endanger their own lives in saving1 or endeavoring to save lives from perils of the sea1 within the ,united ,states1 or upon any ,american vessel3 ,provided1 ,that the medal of the first class shall be confined to cases of extreme and heroic daring1 and that the medal of the second class shall be given in cases not sufficiently distinguished to deserve the medal of the first class3 ,provided also1 ,that no award of either medal shall be made to any person until sufficient evidence of his deserving shall have been filed with the ,secretary of the ,treasury and entered upon the records of the ,department4 ,approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,lucien ,m4 ,clemons1 ,a4 ,j4 ,clemons1 and ,hubbard ,m4 ,clemons1 of ,marblehead1 ,ohio1 for rescuing two men from wreck of ,schooner ,consuello1 in ,lake ,erie1 ,may #a1 #ahge4 ,awarded ,june #aith1 #ahgf4 ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #cjth1 #ahgf4 ,to ,lucien ,m4 ,,clemons1 ,esq41#acj ,marblehead1 ,ohio4 ,footnote #acj3 ,similar letters were written to ,a4 ,j4 ,clemons and ,hubbard ,m4 ,clemons4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first-class1 which has been awarded to you under authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress1 approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue1 under circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty1 of two men from the wreck of the schooner ,consuello1 near ,marblehead1 ,ohio1 on the #ast of ,may1 #ahge4 ,in sending you this medal it is remarked that it and the two others respectively awarded to your associates in the hazardous undertaking referred to1 are the first that have been issued under the provisions of the act above named1 and the ,department is gratified that the law should commence its operations by honoring and commemorating an action of such distinguished gallantry4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,charles ,f4 ,,conant1 ,acting ,secretary4 ,hugh ,beard1 ,james ,conley1 ,william ,gregory1 ,charles ,danslow1 7p4 #ddc7 ,john ,dolman1 ,george ,lee1 ,philip ,murphy1 ,james ,munday1 ,james ,martin1 ,william ,ruffler1 ,samuel ,richards1 and ,william ,stewart1 members of the crew of the ,mersey ,docks and ,harbor ,board2 and ,e4 ,crabtree1 ,charles ,eddington1 ,william ,griffith1 ,james ,godfrey1 ,w4 ,jones1 ,john ,dean1 ,james ,duncan1 ,james ,harvey1 ,robert ,lucas1 ,thomas ,maloney1 ,charles ,mc,kenzie1 ,john ,powell1 ,john ,robinson1 ,r4 ,j4 ,thomas1 and ,henry ,williams1 members of the crew of the ,royal ,national ,life-,boat ,institution1 at ,new ,brighton1 ,england1 for rescuing persons at the wreck of the ,american ,ship ,ellen ,southard ,september #bg1 #ahge1 at the mouth of ,river ,mersey1 ,liverpool1 ,england4 ,awarded ,february #bg1 #ahgg4 ,treasury ,department1 ,office of ,the ,secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,march #c;d1 #ahgg4 ,to ,mr4 ,james ,,martin1#aca ,master of the ,mersey ,docks and ,harbor ,board ,life ,boat1 ,liverpool1 ,england4 ,footnote #aca3 ,similar letters were sent to ,hugh ,beard1 ,james ,conley1 ,william ,gregory1 ,charles ,danslow1 ,john ,dolman1 ,george ,lee1 ,philip ,murphy1 ,james ,munday1 ,william ,ruffler1 ,samuel ,richards1 and ,william ,stewart4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first class1 which has been awarded to you1 under the authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the ,act of the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue1 under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty1 of seventeen persons from the wreck of the ,american ship ,ellen ,southard1 on the #bgth of ,september1 #ahge1 at the mouth of the river ,mersey1 near ,liverpool4 ,it is the first time this nation has had an opportunity to offer to other than its own citizens the medal of the life-saving service1 and it is a matter of congratulation that the occasion is more than worthy of the token4 ,no words1 it is felt1 can do justice to the conduct of the men of the ,liverpool life-boat upon the scene of the wreck of the ,ellen ,southard1 and the fatal disaster which followed the rescue1 whereby nine persons belonging to the ship and three of your gallant comrades perished1 while it saddens the glory of the deliverance1 yet throws into bolder relief the noble courage of the life-boat crew by disclosing the dreadful hazards they dared to encounter4 ,upon you1 as upon each of the survivors1 it is my privilege to bestow1 in behalf of the ,united ,states1 this medal1 provided by law in grateful recognition of such deeds1 and ,i beg you will accept it with this expression of the appreciation of the gallant conduct it commemorates4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,charles ,f4 ,,conant1 ,acting ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 7p4 #ddd7 ,mr4 ,john ,,dean1#acb ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march #c1 #ahgg ,member of the crew of the ,life-,boat of the ,royal ,national ,life-,boat ,institution at ,new ,brighton1 ,england4 ,footnote #acb3 ,similar letters of the same date were sent to ,e4 ,crabtree1 ,charles ,eddington1 ,william ,griffith1 ,james ,godfrey1 ,w4 ,jones1 ,james ,duncan1 ,james ,harvey1 ,robert ,lucas1 ,thomas ,maloney1 ,charles ,mc,kenzie1 ,john ,powell1 ,john ,robinson1 ,r4 ,j4 ,thomas1 and ,henry ,williams4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first class which has been awarded to you1 under the authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the ,act of the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue1 under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty1 of eight persons from the wreck of the ,american ship ,ellen ,southard1 at the mouth of the river ,mersey1 near ,liverpool4 ,in transmitting this offering to you1 as to each member of the crew of the ,life-,boat of the ,royal ,national ,life-,boat ,institution stationed at ,new ,brighton1 it is proper to remark that it is the first time an opportunity has arisen for bestowing the medal of the life-saving service of this country upon subjects of a foreign nation4 ,it was the fortune of your crew to arrive upon the scene of disaster after the ,liverpool life-boat men had effected a deliverance1 and been in turn subjected to a dreadful casualty1 whereby nine of the persons they had rescued and three of their own number were drowned3 and the remaining eight persons from the vessel and the twelve men of the ,liverpool crew1 clinging to the capsized boat in a fearful sea1 owe their lives to you and your comrades4 ,the extreme jeopardy and hardships you encountered upon the occasion of their rescue are deeply appreciated1 and1 in behalf of the ,united ,states1 ,i beg you to accept this testimonial1 provided by law in recognition of such deeds of bravery and compassion4 ,in sending it1 allow me to add the expression of the sense of the gallantry and the devotion to high human duty which marked the conduct of yourself and of your comrades upon the occasion under notice1 and of the assurance that each member of your crew1 in his own person1 by this deed of valor and mercy1 confers fresh and just honor upon the great name of ,england4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,charles ,f4 ,,conant1 ,acting ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,life-,saving ,service4 ,treasury ,department1 ,to the ,honorable ,united ,states ,life-,saving ,service1 ,,lot ,m4 ,,morrill1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,november #cj1 #ahgf4 ,secretary of the ,treasury1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,,awards ,,of ,,medals4 ,during the year three life-saving medals of the first class and two of the second class have been awarded under the provisions of the act of ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,the medals of the first class were 7p4 #dde7 bestowed upon ,messrs4 ,lucien ,m4 ,clemons1 ,hubbard ,m4 ,clemons1 and ,a4 ,j4 ,clemons1 of ,marblehead1 ,ohio1 three brothers1 who displayed the most signal gallantry in saving two men from the wreck of the schooner ,consuelo1 about two miles north of that place1 on ,may #a1 #ahge4 ,it appears from the evidence of the transaction that the schooner1 which was heavily laden with blocks of stone1 was seen by a number of spectators on the shore laboring in apparent distress in the passage between ,kelley's ,island and ,marblehead1 the sea at the time being tremendous and the wind blowing a gale from the northeast1 when her cargo of stone blocks1 which had been left upon rollers1 thereby causing the disaster1 suddenly shifted1 and the vessel at once capsized and went down4 ,five of her crew immediately perished2 but the remaining two succeeded in getting a hold in the cross-trees of the mainmast1 which were above water1 where they clung for nearly an hour4 ,it was then that the three heroic brothers took a small flat-bottomed skiff1 twelve feet long1 three feet wide1 and fifteen inches deep1 the only boat available on the coast1 and leaving their weeping wives and children1 who formed a part of the watching group of forty or fifty persons on the shore1 went out in this frail shell to the rescue4 ,the venture was1 in the judgment of the lookers-on1 several of them old sailors1 hazardous in the extreme1 but after nearly an hour's hard struggle with the waves1 the ,clemons brothers gained the wreck and delivered the two exhausted men from their perilous position in the rigging4 ,with the added burden in their skiff they were then unable to make the shore1 but remained for a long time tossing about upon the high sea in momentary danger of destruction1 when fortunately they were descried by a steam-tug at ,kelley's ,island1 which came to their assistance4 ,under these circumstances the medals of honor awarded them must be considered justly due to their self-forgetful heroism4 ,the medals of the second class were given to ,messrs4 ,otis ,n4 ,wheeler and ,john ,o4 ,philbrick1 in recognition of their services in saving the lives of two men wrecked on ,watts' ,ledge1 on the coast of ,maine1 on ,tuesday1 the #cjth of ,november1 #ahge4 ,it appears that ,mr4 ,wheeler happened to see at #i o'clock in the morning1 from the window of a house on ,richmond ,island1 a man standing on the ledge1 which is about a quarter of a mile distant1 waving his hat as a signal of distress1 and called on ,mr4 ,philbrick1 the only other man on the island1 to assist in rescuing him4 ,the wind was blowing a gale from the northwest1 the ocean was rough and covered with vapor1 and the weather was very cold1 being at sunrise #af below zero4 ,the two life-savers went out in a dory1 one rowing and the other making thole-pins for the pull back1 there being but one pair4 ,arrived at the ledge1 they found there two men1 one lying at length on his side1 where he had resigned himself to death1 and got them with considerable difficulty into the dory1 great care being necessary to prevent the boat being stove on the sharp rocks on account of the dashing of the sea upon the ledge4 ,the return was effected with two pairs of oars1 the second set of thole-pins being finished1 and involved a hard pull dead to windward4 ,the men saved were badly frozen4 ,they had been on the ledge since #i o'clock of the night preceding1 and at high tide1 which was during the night1 had stood in a foot and a half of water1 which is the height to which the sea rises at that time over the highest point of the rock4 ,when they were taken off they were almost helpless1 and probably could not have survived an hour longer4 ,their boots had to be cut off2 their feet and hands 7p4 #ddf7 kept for hours in cold water2 great blisters which puffed up two and three inches high on their extremities were opened with a knife1 and they were put to bed in a forlorn condition4 ,mr4 ,wheeler then took the dory and rowed two miles dead to windward with extreme difficulty1 the wind blowing very hard1 and the sea feather-white with foam1 till he reached ,cape ,elizabeth1 where he purchased rum1 liniment1 corn-meal and coffee4 ,he got back to the island about dark1 bringing with him ,mr4 ,andrew ,j4 ,wheeler4 ,the rescued men were then in great suffering2 and rum1 gruel and coffee were administered to them1 and their feet1 hands1 and heads bathed in liniment and rum4 ,they were constantly and tenderly cared for by ,messrs4 ,wheeler and ,philbrick1 assisted by ,mr4 ,andrew ,j4 ,wheeler1 until ,thursday noon following1 when they were taken off the island by the revenue-cutter ,dallas4 ,the active and steadfast humanity of ,messrs4 ,wheeler and ,philbrick1 involving such marked labors1 hardships and sacrifices in the interest of two poor castaways1 can only be recognized1 not recompensed1 by the medals of honor bestowed upon them4 ,it appears that they also1 together with ,mr4 ,john ,n4 ,wheeler1 of ,cape ,elizabeth1 were subjected to considerable pecuniary loss on account of supplies and medicaments furnished these unfortunate men1 clothing and bedding spoiled by the ichor from their sores1 and journeys by team to ,portland1 to notify the ,collector of their situation and necessities2 and it is matter for deep regret that there is no appropriation available under the law to satisfy claims so intrinsically just1 and arising under such circumstances4 ,correspondence has been received from the ,honorable the ,secretary of ,state in relation to aid rendered by ,english life-boat crews to the crew of the ,american ship ,ellen ,southard1 including a dispatch from the ,american consul at ,liverpool1 dated ,october #af1 #ahge1 recommending recognition of the gallantry of these crews upon that occasion1 and suggesting that this might take the form of a medal for each one of the members thereof4 ,it appears that the ,ellen ,southard was wrecked by stranding on ,sunday1 the #bfth of ,september1 #ahge1 in a furious gale and frightful sea1 at the mouth of the river ,mersey4 ,the ship soon began to break up1 and unavailing efforts to construct a raft were made by her officers and men1 who remained in extreme peril during the whole night4 ,the next morning1 news of the disaster having reached ,liverpool1 the life-boat belonging to the ,mersey ,docks and ,harbor ,board1 and the life-boat stationed at ,new ,brighton1 of the ,royal ,national ,life-boat ,institution1 came to the rescue4 ,the ,liverpool boat arrived in advance of the other1 and1 after much difficulty and danger1 succeeded in taking off all the persons on the wreck1 seventeen in number1 including the pilot4 ,a few moments after1 while all on board were congratulating themselves upon the fortunate escape1 a terrific wave1 which appeared1 as averred by the deposition of some of the survivors1 to be as high as a house1 threw the life-boat entirely over1 and eight of those belonging to the ship1 including the captain and his wife1 the pilot1 and three of the fifteen life-boat men1 making twelve persons in all1 were drowned4 ,the life-boat1 which appears not to have been of the self-righting variety1 remained bottom upward1 and after struggling in the water for a considerable time1 the survivors1 being twelve of the life-boat crew and eight of the crew of the ship1 managed to get on to her1 where they clung for about an hour in great peril1 when the ,new ,brighton life-boat arrived and took them on board4 ,this melancholy disaster sets in the strongest relief the 7p4 #ddg7 gallant devotion of the crews of the two ,english life-boats1 all the members of which risked their lives1 while three of them died in the brave effort to save our countrymen4 ,the sorrow that must be felt for those who perished in this manly endeavor is tempered with satisfaction that the terms of the law permit us to bestow upon their living comrades in the enterprise the fitting tokens of our appreciation2 and gold medals of the first class have been awarded to the twenty-seven survivors1 and will be struck as soon as possible4 - - - - - ,i have the honor to be1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,s4 ,i4 ,,kimball1 ,in charge of life-,saving ,service4 ,colonel ,j4 ,s4 ,crosby1 ,u4 ,s4 ,consul at ,florence1 ,italy1 for rescuing the life of ,miss ,edith ,may1 and endeavoring to rescue the late ,miss ,adele ,hunter1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,garner and his wife1 at the sinking of the ,yacht ,mohawk1 in ,new ,york ,harbor1 ,july #bj1 #ahgf4 ,awarded ,june #h1 #ahgg4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,,colonel ,j4 ,,schuyler ,,crosby1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #cj1 #ahgg4 ,united ,states ,consul1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first class1 and which has been awarded to you1 under authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in saving the life of ,miss ,edith ,may1 and endeavoring to rescue the late ,miss ,adele ,hunter and ,mr4 ,william ,t4 ,garner and his wife1 under the circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty which attended the sinking of the yacht ,mohawk1 on the #bjth of ,july1 #ahgf4 ,the sorrowful catastrophe of that day will not soon be forgotten1 and will be all the more remembered for the noble manhood it called into action4 ,the vessel sank within four minutes4 ,in that brief time you saved one life from the sinking cabin4 ,there you re-entered1 and remained until submerged1 engaged in the desperate and heroic efforts to save the others1 escaping yourself finally only by swimming upward through the broken sky-light1 guided by the faint light shed from the above through the water4 ,in sending you this medal1 the highest recognition of your conduct which the ,government can give1 it is felt that no words can add distinction to the splendid gallantry which the token seeks to commemorate and honor4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,carl ,fosberg1 for endeavoring to save the late ,miss ,adele ,hunter 7p4 #ddh7 and ,mr4 ,william ,t4 ,garner and his wife1 at the sinking of the ,yacht ,mohawk1 in ,new ,york ,harbor1 ,july #bj1 #ahgf4 ,awarded ,june #h1 #ahgg4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,,carl ,,fosberg1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,september #bb1 #ahgg4 ,quartermaster1 ,yacht ,madeleine1 ,care of ,commodore ,john ,s4 ,dickerson1 ,no4 #bi ,cliff ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first class1 which has been awarded to you1 under authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in endeavoring to rescue the late ,miss ,adele ,hunter and ,mr4 ,william ,t4 ,garner and his wife1 under circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty1 which attended the sudden sinking of the yacht ,mohawk1 on the #bjth of ,july1 #ahgf4 ,it is regretted that1 owing to the inability of the ,department to discover your address1 the medal could not sooner be forwarded4 ,in now sending it to you ,i recur to the circumstances of the conduct it is intended to recognize and commemorate4 ,the record shows that the ,mohawk sank within four minutes4 ,during that time and when the vessel was on her beam ends1 you rushed down into her cabin1 where ,colonel ,crosby was already1 and remained there with him until the cabin was almost filled with water1 engaged in devoted though unavailing efforts to extricate the unfortunate ladies from the furniture which had fallen upon them1 and escaping finally only by swimming upward through the broken skylight1 guided by the faint light which penetrated the water4 ,it must be noted that you were not bound by any tie of friendship or kindred to those you tried to rescue1 and that you were not impelled by any consideration of reward1 but solely by the gallant instincts of manhood4 ,language has no power to add distinction to heroism like yours1 but in sending you this medal1 which is the highest tribute to your conduct that the ,government can bestow1 it is a satisfaction to be able to express the feeling that in men like you the traditional nobility of the sailor is preserved4 ,very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,report of the ,united ,states ,life-,saving ,service4 ,treasury ,department1 ,to the ,honorable ,united ,states ,life-,saving ,service1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,november #bi1 #ahgg4 ,secretary of the ,treasury1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3 - - - - - ,,awards ,,of ,,medals4 ,two life-saving medals of the first class1 and six life-saving medals of the second class1 have been awarded during the year under the provisions of the act of ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,the medals of the first class were awarded to ,colonel ,j4 7p4 #ddi7 ,schuyler ,crosby1 of ,new ,york1 at this date the ,american consul at ,florence1 and ,carl ,fosberg1 a seaman belonging to the yacht ,mohawk1 in recognition of their extraordinary gallantry upon the occasion of the sudden sinking of that vessel in ,new ,york ,harbor on the afternoon of the #bjth of ,july1 #ahgf4 ,the horror which this dreadful catastrophe diffused for days through ,new ,york and its environs was only relieved by their action1 which revealed some of the noblest traits of the human soul4 ,the ,mohawk was the largest and costliest of the fleet of pleasure vessels belonging to the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club4 ,she was the property of ,mr4 ,william ,t4 ,garner1 a wealthy merchant of ,new ,york1 residing near ,new ,brighton1 ,staten ,island1 and was sumptuously furnished and appointed4 ,on ,thursday afternoon 7,july #bj1 #ahgf7 she lay at her anchorage in ,new ,york ,bay1 off ,stapleton1 ,staten ,island4 ,at about half past three o'clock ,mr4 ,garner arrived on board with a party of friends1 consisting of ,mr4 ,gardiner ,g4 ,howland1 ,mr4 ,louis ,b4 ,montant1 ,colonel ,j4 ,schuyler ,crosby1 ,mr4 ,frost ,thorne1 together with ,mrs4 ,garner1 ,miss ,adele ,hunter1 and ,miss ,edith ,may1 arrangements having been made for a sail down the bay4 ,the day had been somewhat dark and cloudy1 with occasional squalls and showers1 and at the time of the company coming on board a thunder-storm was rising in the southwest1 of which no other notice was taken by the guests than to retreat into the cabin from the already dropping rain4 ,the order had been given by ,mr4 ,garner to get under way1 and under the direction of the sailing-master1 ,rowland1 the anchor had been lifted from the bottom1 but was still in the water1 and all the working sails were set except the flying-jib4 ,the neighboring craft1 of which there was a number1 had all taken in sail1 and the men upon the decks waited to see how the ,mohawk would behave in the coming squall4 ,at that moment although there was hardly a breath on deck1 a wind smote the upper sails1 and the sailing-master gave orders to let go the fore-sheet1 the jib-sheets1 and the fore-topsail4 ,the order had only been obeyed in respect to the fore-topsail1 when the squall struck the yacht with such fury that she careened1 and lurched violently to port4 ,there was an instant tumult of cries1 and the gentlemen rushed up on deck from the cabin4 ,in a moment the vessel was on her side with the water pouring over the rail4 ,while she was going over1 ,mr4 ,garner and ,colonel ,crosby hurried back into the cabin to save the ladies4 ,miss ,may was far over on the port side as they entered1 and ,colonel ,crosby1 calling to her to get out as quickly as possible1 met her half way as she came across1 got her to the companion-way1 where he pushed her up to ,mr4 ,howland and ,mr4 ,montant1 and sprang back into the cabin4 ,the bravery of this action will be realized when it is stated that the water was then pouring down the companion-way in a steady stream4 ,to enter the filling cabin down this narrow way1 in a vessel keeled over on her side and rapidly sinking1 seemed certain death4 ,this ,colonel ,crosby did1 and with equal courage1 the seaman ,fosberg rushed in with him4 ,the scene in the cabin was frightful4 ,the rich and heavy furniture had shifted1 and ,mrs4 ,garner and ,miss ,hunter were caught and pinioned by it against the sideboard4 ,mrs4 ,garner was screaming and her husband was making frantic efforts to release her and her companion1 by throwing off the heavy articles which held them down4 ,in these endeavors ,colonel ,crosby and ,carl ,fosberg desperately joined1 pulling away the furniture and handing it up to ,mr4 ,montant and ,mr4 ,howland1 who threw in 7p4 #dej7 out on deck4 ,the water1 meanwhile1 continued to pour in and the cabin rapidly filled4 ,although nearly submerged1 the three men never stopped their perilous work while it could be continued4 ,their labors were1 however1 ineffectual1 and were ended by the sinking of the vessel4 ,it was only four minutes from the moment she capsized till she went down4 ,mr4 ,garner was drowned1 clinging to his wife1 whom he would not leave4 ,colonel ,crosby and ,carl ,fosberg1 toiling to the last second1 were engulfed1 and nearly lost their lives4 ,swallowed by the flood in the cabin1 they only escaped by swimming upward1 guided by the faint light shed through the water from the broken skylight4 ,the aperture was fortunately large enough to enable them to pass through1 and they reached the surface1 and were picked up by one of the many boats which at once began to gather around the sunken vessel4 ,the yacht sank so rapidly that ,miss ,may1 after being saved by ,colonel ,crosby from the cabin1 was again placed in the greatest danger4 ,she had not instantly quitted the vessel1 being advised to remain by ,mr4 ,montant1 who1 with ,mr4 ,howland1 was engaged in throwing the cabin furniture out on deck from the companion-way4 ,consequently1 when the vessel went down1 they were all three caught between the companion-way and the furniture1 which was now washed back into the cabin1 and were completely covered by the rushing flood4 ,fortunately1 ,miss ,may had her arm outside the companion-way1 which prevented her from being swept back into the cabin1 and ,mr4 ,montant1 in his struggles1 losing hold of her1 she was enabled to swim1 and with a few strokes gained the surface of the water1 coming up near ,mr4 ,howland1 who supported her till they were picked up by a boat from a neighboring yacht4 ,mr4 ,montant also escaped1 though unhappily he did not long survive the shock of the disaster4 ,the gold medals of the life-saving service have never been awarded more deservedly than in this instance4 ,it was no common courage and humanity that impelled these two brave men to plunge within the sinking vessel1 where in the half darkness1 amidst the confusion of huddled furniture and rushing water1 they strove for the lives of the unfortunate victims4 ,the perfect behavior of the one in his manful efforts for his friends is matched by the action of the other in imperilling his life for strangers4 ,writing of him to the department1 ,colonel ,crosby expresses a true feeling1 the utterance of which adds new honor to his own conduct1 in these words3 ,too much cannot be said in favor of this man1 who was governed simply by his own brave instincts rather than the hope of any reward4 ,nor did he have friendly or loyal considerations to prompt him to risk his own life1 which he did by remaining to the last moment on board4 ,it deserves to be stated in this connection that ,mr4 ,carl ,fosberg completed his gallantry by his modesty4 ,after the affair in which he behaved so well1 he kept out of the way4 ,when reporters sought him he hid4 ,it was with difficulty1 and after some time1 that he could be found to give him the medal to which his conduct had entitled him4 ,the life-saving medals of the second class were bestowed upon six men who1 at the risk of their own lives1 saved a crew of nine persons from the wreck of the bark ,tanner4 ,this vessel1 bound for ,buffalo with a cargo of wheat1 stranded about ten o'clock 7p4 #dea7 on the night of ,september #i1 #ahge1 on the beach south of the harbor of ,milwaukee4 ,a severe northeast gale was prevailing1 and the vessel being submerged in about #bj feet of water1 her captain and crew were forced to take to the rigging1 where they remained all night1 with the heavy sea breaking over them4 ,at daylight the captain jumped into the sea1 and in the effort to gain the shore was drowned4 ,the unfortunate crew remained in the utmost peril1 one of the masts of the sunken vessel having fallen1 and the vessel herself fast going to pieces4 ,their rescue was ineffectually attempted by the revenue-steamer ,johnson1 aided by the tug ,f4 ,c4 ,maxon4 ,it was finally accomplished toward noon of that day 7,september #aj1 #ahge7 by the following contrivance3 ,a scow held by a long line from a steam-tug was allowed to drift down near the wreck1 and a yawl-boat1 similarly held to the scow1 was let down still nearer4 ,the men in the rigging then dropped one by one into the water and were picked up by those in the yawl1 which was then drawn up with its burden to the scow1 which in turn was drawn to shore4 ,the six men referred to manned the yawl and scow1 volunteering for this difficult and hazardous duty4 ,their names were ,henry ,m4 ,lee1 ,n4 ,a4 ,petersen1 ,barnt ,oleson1 ,anton ,oleson1 ,henry ,spark1 and ,john ,mc,kenna4 ,the skill and daring they displayed in the task of deliverance won hearty applause from many spectators1 and fully entitled them to the recognition expressed by the medals awarded them4 ,the twenty-seven gold medals1 mentioned in the last report as having been awarded to the crew of the life-boat of the ,royal ,national ,institution1 and the twelve survivors of the crew of the ,mersey ,docks and ,harbor ,board life-boat1 in recognition of their efforts to rescue the persons on board of the ,american ship ,ellen ,southard1 wrecked at the mouth of the river ,mersey1 near ,liverpool1 on ,september #bf1 #ahge1 efforts which cost three of the life-boatmen their lives1 have since been struck1 and delivered to the members of the respective crews4 ,the presentation took place on the #afth of ,april1 #ahgg1 at the ,town ,hall1 in ,liverpool1 the proceedings being attended by a large number of corporation officials1 officers of mercantile associations1 the principal ,american merchants in ,liverpool1 and most of the masters of ,american ships in port4 ,the deputy mayor of ,liverpool presided1 and the affair assumed the gratifying character of an ovation to the brave recipients of the medals1 and was also the occasion for cordial and enthusiastic references1 on the part of the distinguished gentlemen at the meeting1 to the action of our government in the matter1 which met with a suitable response from ,general ,fairchild1 the ,american consul at ,liverpool1 who was also present4 ,the same cordial spirit appeared in the comments which the occasion elicited from the ,english press4 ,i have the honor to be1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,s4 ,i4 ,,kimball1 ,general ,superintendent4 ,philip ,c4 ,bleil1 of the ,metropolitan ,police force of ,new ,york 7p4 #deb7 ,city1 for rescuing1 at different times1 several persons from drowning1 from ,november1 #ahgf1 to ,june1 #ahgg4 ,awarded ,january #d4 #ahgh4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,,philip ,c4 ,,bleil1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,january #ae1 #ahgh4 ,patrolman1 ,new ,york ,metropolitan ,police1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first class1 which has been awarded to you under authority of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 in recognition of your services in rescuing from drowning1 at the peril of your own life1 six persons1 on as many occasions1 since #ahge4 ,the papers in your case1 transmitted to the ,department1 show that in twelve other instances you rescued persons from drowning4 ,it is regretted that as these rescues were effected prior to the date of the ,act of ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 they cannot be recognized and honored by the inscription upon the medal awarded you4 ,it is1 however1 proper that they should be remembered here1 in connection with the six deliverances which the medal aims to commemorate1 and that thus due acknowledgment should be made of your gallant record as the preserver of eighteen human lives4 ,no record could be prouder1 nor could any give you a better title to the respect and gratitude of your fellow beings4 ,in sending you this token of the public appreciation of your noble courage and humanity1 it gives me the truest pleasure to add an expression of my sense of your heroism1 together with the hope that you may long adorn the force with which you are connected and the community which must rank you among its worthiest citizens4 ,i have the honor to be1 very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,no4 #he4 7p4 #dec7 ,,plate ,,lxxxv4 ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,life ,saving medal of the second class4 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,rx4 ,in testimony of heroic deeds1 etc4 ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,class4 ,saving ,life from the ,perils of the ,sea4 ,,life ,,saving ,,medal ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,class 99 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 99 ,a female figure hovering in the air1 and saving a man from the deep4 ,,in ,,testimony ,,of ,,heroic ,,deeds ,,in ,,saving ,,life ,,from ,,the ,,perils ,,of ,,the ,,sea4 ,within a wreath of laurel3 ,,act ,,of ,,congress ,,june #bj,,th1 #ahgd1 and a vacant space for the name of the recipient4 ,this medal1 though not signed1 is by ,paquet4 ,,original ,,documents4#acc ,footnote #acc3 ,the act of ,congress instituting this medal is given under ,no4 #hd1 page #dda4 ,john ,o4 ,philbrick and ,otis ,n4 ,wheeler of ,cape ,elizabeth1 ,maine1 for rescuing two men wrecked on ,watts' ,ledge1 ,maine1 ,november #cj1 #ahge4 ,awarded ,june #bc1 #ahgf4acd ,footnote #acd3 ,see report of the ,life-,saving ,service1 ,november #cj1 #ahgf1 ,no4 #hd1 page #dda4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary ,john ,o4 ,,philbrick1 ,esq41#ace ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,july #bb1 #ahgf4 ,cape ,elizabeth1 ,maine4 ,footnote #ace3 ,a similar letter was sent to ,otis ,n4 ,wheeler4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second class1 which has been awarded to you under authority of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 in recognition of your services in saving the lives of two men who were wrecked on ,watts' ,ledge1 on the coast of ,maine1 on the #cjth of ,november1 #ahge4 ,in sending you this medal1 the ,department desires to express 7p4 #ded7 its sense of the disinterestedness and zeal which marked your gallant conduct in saving the lives referred to4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 ,lot ,m4 ,,morrill1 ,secretary4 ,henry ,m4 ,lee and ,n4 ,a4 ,petersen1 ,barnt ,oleson and ,anton ,oleson1 ,henry ,shark and ,john ,mc,kenna1 of ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 for saving ,crew of the ,barque ,tanner on ,lake ,michigan1 ,september #i1 #ahge4 ,awarded ,june #aa1 #ahgg4acf ,footnote #acf3 ,see ,report of the ,life-,saving ,service1 ,november #bi1 #ahgg1 ,no4 #hd1 page #dda4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,henry ,m4 ,,lee1#acg ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,july #cast1 #ahgg4 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,footnote #acg3 ,similar letters were sent to ,n4 ,a4 ,petersen1 ,barnt ,oleson1 ,anton ,oleson1 ,henry ,shark and ,john ,mc,kenna4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second class1 which has been awarded to you1 under authority of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 in recognition of your services in saving the lives of the crew of the barque ,tanner1 consisting of nine men1 who were wrecked near the entrance to the harbor of ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 on the #ith of ,september1 #ahge4 ,the ingenuity1 skill and heroic daring displayed by you and your companions in effecting the difficult and dangerous rescue of these men upon the occasion referred to1 is felt to merit the highest commendation and to amply justify the award of this medal4 ,i have the honor to be1 ,sir1 very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,captain ,charles ,h4 ,smith1 of the ,light-,house ,tender ,rose1 for rescuing a boy from drowning in the ,christiana ,river1 ,wilmington1 ,delaware1 ,september #ag1 #ahgg4 ,awarded ,november #bc1 #ahgg4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,,captain ,,charles ,h4 ,,smith1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march #ab1 #ahgh4 ,master ,light-,house ,tender ,rose1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second class1 which has been awarded to you1 under authority of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june 7p4 #dee7 #bj1 #ahgd1 in recognition of your services in rescuing from drowning1 on the #aath of ,september1 #ahgg1 a boy named ,thomas ,walsh1 who had fallen from a wharf at ,wilmington1 ,delaware1 into the ,christiana river4 ,the witnesses of the affair testify that you plunged from the deck of your vessel in your clothes and1 under circumstances of peculiar danger1 seized the drowning lad as he was sinking for probably the last time1 handed him up to the people on the wharf1 and then swam back to your vessel4 ,in this perilous action your modesty was no less conspicuous than your bravery1 and in addition to the pleasure ,i have in sending you the medal which commemorates your gallant behavior1 there is the equal pleasure of knowing that the ,department is also honored by such conduct on the part of one of its officers4 ,very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,edward ,nordall1 seaman on board the revenue steamer ,tench ,coxe for rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the ,delaware ,river1 ,june #c1 #ahgg4 ,awarded ,november #bc1 #ahgg4 ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march #ab1 #ahgh4 ,to ,edward ,,nordall1 ,seaman on board the revenue steamer ,tench ,coxe1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second class1 which has been awarded to you1 under authority of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 in recognition of your services in rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the ,delaware river1 on the #c;d of ,june1 #ahgg4 ,the hardy courage and humanity of your action in springing overboard in a squall of violent wind and rain1 at the peril of your life1 and saving this stranger1 cannot fail to be appreciated1 and fully deserves the public recognition and esteem which the award of a medal to you1 involves4 ,in sending you this testimonial to your brave and humane conduct1 ,i am deeply gratified that it was so well won1 and by a seaman of the revenue marine4 ,very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,malachi ,corbell1 ,keeper of ,life ,saving ,station ,no4 #e1 ,district 7p4 #def7 ,no4 #f1 for rescuing two men from a capsized boat1 near ,caffrey's ,inlet1 ,north ,carolina1 ,november #ad1 #ahge4 ,awarded ,november #bc1 #ahgg4 ,to ,treasury ,department1 ,office of the ,secretary ,,captain ,,malachi ,,corbell1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march #ab1 #ahgh4 ,keeper of ,life ,saving ,station ,no4 #e1 ,district ,no4 #f1 ,caffrey's ,inlet1 ,n4 ,c4 ,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second class1 which has been awarded to you1 under authority of the seventh section of the ,act of ,congress approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 in recognition of your services in saving the lives of ,willis ,westcott and ,james ,gray1 near ,caffrey's ,inlet1 ,north ,carolina1 on the #beth of ,november1 #ahge4 ,it appears that these two men were clinging to a capsized boat in a heavy sea1 two of their companions having already been drowned1 and that you went out to their relief1 and succeeded in bringing them to shore in an exhausted condition1 at the peril of your own life1 your boat being also capsized in the effort4 ,such an action1 as marked by manly energy1 courage and humanity1 denotes no less the worthy keeper of a ,life-,saving ,station than a good and gallant man1 and ,i have peculiar pleasure in transmitting to you this medal as the memorial of noble conduct and character4 ,very respectfully1 ,john ,,sherman1 ,secretary4 ,no4 #hf4 7p4 #deg7 ,,plate ,,lxxxvi4 ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,john ,horn1 ,jr4 ,rx4 ,by act of ,congress ,june #bjth #ahgd4 ,in recognition of his heroic exploits1 etc4 ,,john ,,horn1 ,,jr4 ,heroic ,exploits4 ,,john ,,horn1 ,,jr4 ,undraped bust of ,john ,horn1 ,jr41 facing the left4 ,c4 ,,barber4 ,,by ,,act ,,of ,,congress ,,june #bj,,th1 #ahgd4 ,within a wreath of laurel3 ,,in ,,recognition ,,of ,,his ,,heroic ,,exploits ,,in ,,rescuing ,,men ,,women ,,children ,,from ,,drowning ,,in ,,detroit ,,river4 ,,john ,,horn1 ,jr41 was born at ,sidmouth1 ,devonshire1 ,england1 ,september #g1 #ahdc4 ,he was brought when quite young to ,detroit1 ,michigan1 where his parents settled1 and he is at present engaged with his father in the boat business1 they owning one ferry and two tug-boats4 ,he has been living1 since #ahfc1 on the dock at the foot of ,woodward ,avenue1 ,detroit1 opposite ,windsor1 in ,canada ,west1 and the most dangerous place on the river4 ,since ,may1 #ahfc1 he has saved more than one hundred persons from drowning1 distinguishing himself especially during the great fire at the ,detroit and ,milwaukee railroad depot1 on the night of ,april #aa1 #ahff1 when he rescued nine persons from the water4 ,the citizens of ,detroit presented him with a gold medal in #ahfi1 and the ,congress of the ,united ,states of ,america voted him another in #ahgd4 ,he is still living4 ,,original ,,documents4 7p4 #deh7 ,act of ,congress ,voting a ,medal to ,john ,horn1 ,jr4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled3 ,that the ,president of the ,united ,states be authorized and directed to cause to be prepared and presented to ,john ,horn1 junior1 of ,detroit1 ,michigan1 a gold medal1 with appropriate devices and inscriptions1 in recognition and in commemoration of his heroic and humane exploits in rescuing men1 women and children from drowning in the ,detroit river4 ,approved ,june #bj1 #ahgd4 ,john ,horn1 ,jr41 to ,moses ,w4 ,field4 ,to the ,honorable ,moses ,w4 ,,field1 ,detroit1 ,february #bb1 #ahgd4 ,house of ,representatives1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i have never desired a public statement of the service which1 under ,god1 ,i have been able to render in saving human life1 but as you have asked me to send you a list of the men1 women and children whom ,i have rescued from drowning1 ,i will do so1 so far as ,i can from memory4 ,i have never kept a record of the names1 and the number is so great that you will excuse me if ,i leave some unmentioned4 ,i think ,i have altogether saved more than one hundred human beings1 but ,i take no credit about this matter1 and ,i have never regretted doing what ,i have done in any case1 although ,i have had at times to keep my bed for many weeks on account of the exposure in the cold weather4 ,it is well for me that ,i had a good mother to take care of me at such times of sickness4 ,on the #bast of ,may1 #ahfc1 ,i saved ,mr4 ,manning1 of ,windsor2 on the #gth of ,july1 #ahfe1 ,i saved ,mr4 ,george ,taylor1 of ,new ,york ,state2 he was very near dead when ,i got him on the wharf2 ,october #aj1 #ahfe1 ,i saved a child of ,mr4 ,t4 ,gorman of ,adrian2 she was about five years old1 and was near drowned when ,i got her out2 ,december #ab1 #ahfe1 ,i saved a son of ,mr4 ,yates1 who kept a clothing store on ,jefferson avenue4 ,the night was very cold1 a high wind was blowing at the time1 and he was very near dead when we reached the wharf4 ,april #aa1 #ahff1 was the worst night ,i ever had4 ,it will be ever memorable as the night of the great conflagration at the ,detroit and ,milwaukee ,railroad depot1 when sixteen poor fellows were drowned4 ,i rescued nine1 and then became so exhausted that ,i could not swim1 and had to abandon them to their fate4 ,i got a very bad cold and lay in bed two weeks1 but that was nothing in comparison to the good accomplished4 ,july #be1 #ahff1 ,i saved ,mr4 ,joseph ,noble1 of ,windsor1 and ,i believe you were there at the time4 ,he was once engineer on the ,great ,western ,railroad4 7p4 #dei7 ,you know he came near drowning me in his struggles in the water1 at which time ,i received several internal injuries4 ,april #g1 #ahfg1 ,i saved the son of ,mr4 ,c4 ,meyers1 who lived in ,mullet street4 ,he was a boy about twelve years old4 ,june #ad1 #ahfg1 ,i saved the daughter of ,mr4 ,andrew ,nourse1 of ,cleveland4 ,she was going on board the ferry-boat with her mother and some other ladies1 when she fell off the plank4 ,when ,i got to the wharf she was going out of sight for the last time1 and ,i plunged in and brought her to the surface4 ,september #ae1 #ahfg1 ,i saved a colored man who was a deck hand on the propeller ,meteor4 ,he kicked me about in the water terribly1 for drowning men are always crazy4 ,november #b1 #ahfg1 ,i saved ,mr4 ,david ,miller1 the man who drove a wagon for ,hull ,brothers1 storekeepers on ,munroe avenue4 ,may #aj1 #ahfh1 ,i saved ,mr4 ,robert ,sinton1 known as ,free ,press ,bob4 ,you know he used to be a reporter for the ,free ,press4 ,and in his haste to get news1 he fell in1 and ,i got him out4 ,a few nights after that ,i saved ,mr4 ,steele1 who used to keep a store on ,michigan avenue4 ,he was on the ferry-boat with his wife2 he had a very spirited horse1 and was holding him by the head when the boat struck the wharf4 ,the horse jumped and threw him into the river1 when the current swept him under the wharf4 ,i jumped in and got him out all right4 ,october #d1 #ahfh1 ,i saved a daughter of ,mr4 ,mc,donald1 of ,windsor4 ,may #aa1 #ahfi1 ,i saved ,mr4 ,flattery1 one of the ,flattery ,brothers who kept a furniture store on ,woodward avenue4 ,he was a heavy man2 when ,i got hold of him he was near gone1 and ,i came near losing my own life in getting him out4 ,june #ba1 #ahgj1 ,i saved a man called ,mr4 ,george ,brodier4 ,i was eating dinner at the time1 when some persons came running in after me1 saying1 there is a man in the river4 ,i ran out and jumped into the river1 and as soon as ,i got near him he clutched me like a vice and took me under water twice4 ,when ,i came to the top the last time my father handed me a large pole1 which ,i caught and that saved me4 ,he was a powerful man1 and kicked and struggled so hard that he made my legs black and blue for many months4 ,my mother goes to the edge of the wharf with me very often1 when ,i jump in2 but when she sees persons struggling in the water and drowning she never holds me back4 ,august #bd1 #ahga1 ,i saved the daughter of ,mr4 ,a4 ,wilson of ,milwaukee4 ,march #d1 #ahgb1 ,i saved a colored man by the name of ,george ,wilkes2 he fell off the wharf while under the influence of liquor2 but ,i think he has been a sober man ever since4 ,july #d1 #ahgc1 ,i saved the daughter of ,mr4 ,f4 ,barlow1 a butcher1 who keeps a stall in the market4 ,she was going on board the ferry-boat ,detroit with her mother and some other ladies2 the crowd was very great1 being the ,fourth of ,july1 and although her mother held her by the hand1 the crowd surged1 and she was crowded off the plank1 and fell into the river4 ,there were about five hundred people on the wharf at the time1 and they were all staring at the poor girl struggling in the water1 not one of them daring to go to her rescue4 ,i was in the house when some one came to give the alarm1 and when ,i got out there ,i could just see her dress as she was going out of sight1 four or five feet below the surface4 ,i jumped in and caught her1 and when ,i got out on the top of the wharf with her the people gave me three cheers4 ,march #f1 #ahgc1 ,i saved a young lady called ,miss ,louise ,mc,kenzie4 ,this was the closest call ,i 7p4 #dfj7 ever had for my life4 ,i was in the water about seventeen minutes1 and the river being full of floating ice at the time1 ,i was nearer dead than alive when ,i got out4 ,four men carried me into the house1 and they rubbed me with hot whisky for over four hours before circulation was restored to its normal condition4 ,this severe exposure made me sick1 and it was over three months before the right feeling was in my hands4 ,you will remember this incident1 for you came to me when ,i was unwell4 ,i regret very much at this time ,i lost the beautiful medal presented me by the citizens1 and ,i think you were one of the gentlemen connected with its presentation4 ,i have been informed that ,i would receive a medal from the ,british ,parliament1 but it has not come4 ,i don't ask any4 ,i saved a poor unfortunate individual last month1 when ,i took a severe cold1 and as ,i was lying in bed reading the proceedings of ,congress1 ,i saw something about an appropriation for medals to persons for saving life on the seashore1 and ,i thought then that some gentleman would be very likely to remember also those who saved life on the northern lakes and rivers4 ,there are many other cases which ,i don't mention1 as ,i have not got their names4 ,you must know yourself of a great many1 as your place of business and warehouse are near by1 and ,i recollect seeing you several times when rescuing people from a watery grave4 ,wishing you and your family good health1 ,i remain1 very truly yours1 ,john ,horn1 ,jr4 ,,the ,,end4 ,illustrations3 ,plates ,i to ,,lxxxvi ,,index4 7p4 #dfj7 ,a ,,abercrombie1 ,,john ,,joseph1 #big4 ,,academy ,,of ,,inscriptions ,,and ,,belles-,,lettres1 ,paris1 xi1 xiii1 xvi1 xix1 xx1 xxxv1 xxxvi1 xxxviii1 xliv1 #b1 #i1 #dj1 #di1 #ig1 #aab4 ,,academy ,,of ,,painting ,,and ,,sculpture1 ,paris1 xli1 xliv1 xlv1 #b4 ,,academy ,,of ,,sciences1 ,paris1 xlv4 ,,academy1 ,,royal1 ,paris1 xi1 xxiii1 xlv4 ,,adair1 ,,john1 #bfj4 ,,adams1 ,,david1 #cba4 ,,adams1 ,,john1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #eh1 #gc1 #ge1 #hd1 #he1 #aag1 #abg1 #acb1 #acd1 #bgj4 ,,adams1 ,,john ,,quincy1 #afj1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,,addicks1 ,,mr41 #cdf4 ,,aiken1 ,,william1 #dbc1 #dbe1 #dbf4 ,,aitkin1 ,,martin ,j41 #bcg4 ,,alarm1 ,corvette1 #cjc4 ,,alburtis1 ,,captain1 #cjf4 ,,alexander1 ,,edmund ,b41 #cab1 #cac1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,,alexander1 ,,major1 ,tennessee ,volunteers1 #big4 ,,alfred1 ,ship of war1 #ih4 ,,allen1 ,,captain1 ,tennessee ,volunteers1 #bid4 ,,allen1 ,,doctor1 #bbb1 #bca4 ,,allen1 ,,frederick ,p41 #bcg4 ,,allen1 ,,general1 ,kentucky ,volunteers1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,,allen1 ,g4 ,w41 #bhe1 #big4 ,,allen1 ,,lieutenant1 ,tennessee ,volunteers1 #big4 ,,allen1 ,,william ,,henry1 #afd4 ,,alliance1 ,ship of war1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aab4 ,,almonte1 ,,juan ,,nepomuceno1 #cac4 ,,american ,,republic1 ,statue of1 #bfg4 ,,amoureux1 ,,mr41 #aab4 ,,ampudia1 ,,pedro ,,de1 #bif4 ,,anderson1 ,,james ,w41 #cbj4 ,,anderson1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 ,tennessee ,volunteers1 #big4 ,,anderson1 ,,samuel ,s41 #cbf1 #cbi4 ,,andr1 ,,john1 ,,major1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci4 ,,andrews1 ,,colonel1 ,voltigeurs1 #cbh4 ,,andrews1 ,,george ,p41 #cbf1 #cbi4 ,,andrieu1 ,,bertrand1 x1 #bff4 ,,angoul,,me1 ,,duke ,d'1 ,medal1 #bfg4 ,,antrobus1 ,,mr41 #cgj1 #cga4 ,,appling1 ,,daniel1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,,appomattox ,,court ,,house1 #cga4 ,,archer1 ,,mr41 #ae1 #ai1 #ba4 ,,argus1 ,brig of war1 #acg1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi4 ,,ariel1 ,schooner1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #bfa4 ,,armistead1 ,,lieutenant1 #cbh4 ,,arms ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 #aac1 #aae4 ,,armstrong1 ,,adjutant1 #big4 ,,armstrong1 ,,lieutenant1 ,revolution1 #cc1 #ce4 ,,armstrong1 ,,lieutenant1 ,war of #ahab1 #ba4 ,,armstrong1 ,,john1 #bje1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bad1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bee1 #bef4 ,,armstrong1 ,,major1 of ,north ,carolina1 #ec4 ,,army ,,medal ,,of ,,honor1 #cfh1 #cfi4 ,,arnold1 ,,benedict1 #aj1 #bf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #di4 ,,arthur1 ,,prince ,,of ,,great ,,britain1 #dbb4 ,,artimesia1 ,schooner1 #ceg4 ,,ash1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 of ,north ,carolina1 #ec4 ,,aspinwall1 ,,thomas1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbh4 ,,augusta1 ,ship of war1 #bf4 ,,auguste1 ,m41 #abd1 #abe4 ,,aulick1 ,,john ,h41 #cjh1 #cji1 #caj4 ,,austin1 ,,captain1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #baa4 ,,austin1 ,,major1 #bac4 ,,austria1 ,,emperor ,,of1 ,medal1 #bfg1 #ceg1 #cei4 ,,averill1 ,,henry ,k41 #bcg4 ,,aylwin1 ,j4 ,c41 #aeh4 ,b ,,babbitt1 ,,mr41 #bgg4 ,,backus1 ,,electus1 #bic4 ,,badge1 ,,campaign1 #dcj4 ,,bainbridge1 ,,henry1 #big4 ,,bainbridge1 ,,joseph1 #ach1 #aci4 ,,bainbridge1 ,,william1 #adc1 #aej1 #aff1 #agj1 #ahh1 #bdi4 ,,baird1 ,,absalom1 #djc4 ,,baker1 ,,edward ,,dickenson1 #cab4 ,,baker',s ,,creek1 ,,battle ,,of1 #che4 ,,baldwin1 ,,lieutenant1 #cjh4 ,,baldwin1 ,,midshipman1 #aib4 ,,ball1 ,,colonel1 #cd4 ,,ball1 ,,lieutenant ,,colonel1 #bej1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,,ballard1 ,,adjutant1 #bac4 ,,bancroft1 ,,dr41 #aab4 ,,bankhead1 ,,james1 #cjh4 ,,banks1 ,,nathaniel ,,prentiss1 #cgf1 #cha4 ,,banneville1 ,,marquis ,,de1 xlix4 ,,barber1 ,c41 #deg4 ,,barber1 ,,charles ,e41 #dcd4 ,,barber1 ,,william1 #bi1 #dah1 #dai1 #dcd4 ,,barbour1 ,,philip ,n41 #bid4 ,,barclay1 ,r4 ,h41 #agf1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ,,barclay1 ,,thomas1 #abi4 ,,barlow1 ,f41 #dei4 ,,barnard1 ,,captain1 ,voltigeurs1 #cbh4 ,,barreault1 ,,captain1 #abi4 ,,barron1 ,,james1 #afd4 ,,barron1 ,,samuel1 #adb1 #adc1 #adf1 #adi1 #aed4 ,,barry1 ,,william ,,taylor1 #bfj4 ,,barth,l,,my1 ,,abb1 xii1 xiv1 xxxvi1 xxxvii1 xxxix1 xl1 xliii1 #aai4 ,,bashaw ,,of ,,tripoli1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg4 ,,bastille1 ,,taking ,,of ,,the1 ,medal1 #bff4 ,,bateman1 ,,smith1 #bcg4 ,,bates1 ,,adjutant1 #bag4 ,,bath1 ,,order ,,of ,,the1 #dbb4 ,,baxter1 ,,lieutenant ,,commander1 ,new ,york ,volunteers1 #cba4 ,,baylor1 ,,cyrus ,a41 #bgc4 ,,beale1 ,,purser1 #aib4 ,,bean1 ,,ensign1 #bba4 ,,bean1 ,,hugh1 #ddc4 ,,beauregard1 ,,pierre ,,gustave ,,toutant1 #caf1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #ccd1 #cha4 ,,beedle1 ,,lieutenant ,,colonel1 #bac4 ,,belknap1 ,,william ,,goldsmith1 #bba1 #bca1 #bhe1 #bih1 #cdc1 #cdf4 ,,belmont1 ,,battle ,,of1 #cga4 ,,belton1 ,,lieutenant1 #bca4 ,,belton1 ,,lieutenant ,,colonel1 #cah4 ,,benham1 ,,henry ,w41 #cdf4 ,,benjamin1 ,,calvin1 #cbi1 #cca4 ,,benn1 ,,ensign1 #bcj4 ,,bennington1 ,,battle ,,of1 #aj4 ,,bermuda ,,hundred1 ,,battle ,,of1 #dca1 #dcb4 ,,betouw1 ,j4 ,,in ,,de1 #fc4 ,,biddle1 ,,charles ,,john1 #cbh4 ,,biddle1 ,,james1 #afb1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb4 ,,biddle1 ,,thomas1 #baa1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,,big ,,black ,,bridge1 ,,battle ,,at1 #che1 #chf1 #cia4 ,,bigelow1 ,j4 ,p41 #dcf4 ,,bigger1 ,,captain1 #bag4 ,,billarderie ,d',,angeviller1 ,,count ,,de ,,la1 xlv1 xlvi4 ,,bird1 ,,gustavus ,a41 #bcg4 ,,bird1 ,,lieutenant1 #bcj4 ,,birdsall1 ,,captain1 #bbi1 #bca4 ,,bishop',s ,,palace1 ,monterey1 #bia1 #bib1 #bie4 ,,bissel1 ,,lieutenant1 #bac4 ,,bissell1 ,,william ,h41 #cch1 #cdj1 #cde4 ,,blair1 ,,francis ,,preston1 ,,jr41 #chb1 #chc1 #chd1 #che1 #dja4 ,,blake1 ,,ensign1 #bcj4 ,,blake1 ,,jacob ,e41 #bhf4 ,,blake1 ,,lieutenant1 ,navy1 #ach4 ,,blakeley1 ,,johnston1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb4 ,,blanc1 ,,charles1 xxii4 ,,bleil1 ,,philip ,c41 #deb4 ,,bleiswijk1 ,p4 ,v41 #hd1 #he4 ,,bliss1 ,,william ,,wallace ,,smith1 #bhe1 #bih1 #bii1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,,blossom1 ,,elisha1 #agc4 ,,blythe1 ,,samuel1 #agc1 #agd1 #age4 ,,blount1 ,,governor1 #bdc4 ,,blount1 ,,thomas1 #ec4 ,,bonaparte1 ,,napol,,on1 #da1 #bfg4 ,,bonhomme ,,richard1 ,ship of war1 xxviii1 xlviii1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aab4 ,,bonne ,,citoyenne1 ,ship of war1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,,booth1 ,,lieutenant1 #afb4 ,,boreel1 ,w41 #fc1 #ga4 ,,boston1 ,,taking ,,of1 xi1 xxii1 xxviii1 xxxv1 xxxvi1 xxxix1 xlvii1 xlviii1 xlix1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #bgg4 ,,bouill1 ,g,n,,ral ,,de1 #bd4 ,,boulton1 ,,matthew1 xxxi4 ,,boutwell1 ,,george ,s41 #dce4 ,,bowdoin ,,college1 #cea4 ,,bowen1 ,,isaac1 #big4 ,,bowen1 ,,john ,s41 #cib4 ,,bowles1 ,,colonel1 ,indiana ,volunteers1 #cch1 #cde4 ,,bowman1 ,,lieutenant1 #bbj1 #bca4 ,,boyd1 ,,hannibal1 #ahg4 ,,boyd1 ,,john ,,parker1 #bgb4 ,,boxer1 ,brig of war1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #aha1 #bjb4 ,,braddock1 ,,edward1 #c1 #i1 #da4 ,,bradford1 ,,captain1 #ce4 ,,bradford1 ,,captain1 #bac4 ,,bradford1 ,,edward ,a41 #dbc4 ,,bradford1 ,,major1 ,mississippi ,volunteers1 #cde4 ,,bragg1 ,,braxton1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #big1 #cch1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdd1 #cig1 #dja1 #djd1 #dje4 ,,brandywine1 ,,battle ,,of ,,the1 #ad1 #bc1 #bf1 #di4 ,,brannon1 ,,colonel1 #dc4 ,,brant1 ,,ensign1 #bac4 ,,brent1 ,,thomas ,l41 #cdd4 ,,brevoort1 ,,captain1 #agi4 ,,brinot1 ,,lieutenant1 #bac4 ,,brit1 ,,abbreviation ,,of1 ,,on ,,british ,,coins1 #aga4 ,,brodier1 ,,george1 #dei4 ,,brogue1 ,,count ,,de1 #aag4 ,,broglie1 ,,duke ,,of1 #aaf4 ,,broglie1 ,,marshall ,,de1 #aag4 ,,broke1 ,,philip ,,bowes ,,vere1 #ahf4 ,,brooke1 ,,george ,,mercer1 #bab1 #bac1 #baf1 #bag1 #bba1 #bcb4 ,,brookes1 ,,captain1 #dd4 ,,brooks1 ,,bartemus1 #bcg4 ,,brooks1 ,,captain1 #bcg4 ,,brooks1 ,,horace1 #cbf1 #cbi4 ,,brooks1 ,,john1 #agg1 #agi4 ,,brooks1 ,,master1 #adb4 ,,brooks1 ,,william ,t4 ,h41 #caf4 ,,brotier1 ,,abb1 xxxvi1 xxxvii1 xxxix1 xl1 xliii4 ,,brown1 ,,fort1 #bcd4 ,,brown1 ,,jacob1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf4 ,,brown1 ,,lieutenant1 #bag4 ,,brown1 ,,lieutenant1 #bc;d ,regiment1 #bba1 #bca4 ,,brown1 ,,major1 #bhd4 ,,brown1 ,,orlando1 #cdh4 ,,brown1 ,s4 ,n41 #ced1 #cee1 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,,browne1 ,,captain1 #ec4 ,,brownlow1 ,,acting-,,lieutenant1 #beb4 ,,broughton1 ,,captain1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,,bruff1 ,j4 ,,goldsborough1 #dah1 #dai4 ,,brum1 ,,sailing-,,master1 #aib4 ,,bryan1 ,,francis ,t41 #cdd4 ,,buchanan1 ,,captain1 #dc4 ,,buchanan1 ,,james1 #cjd1 #cfa1 #cfb4 ,,buckner1 ,,simon ,,bolivar1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #dja4 ,,buel1 ,,captain1 #bag4 ,,buell1 ,,doctor1 #dac4 ,,buena ,,vista1 ,battle ,of1 #bha1 #bii1 #cjd1 #cag1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,,bunker ,,hill1 #d4 ,,burbank1 ,,john ,g41 #bhd4 ,,burgess1 ,,mr41 #cdf4 ,,burgoyne1 ,,john1 xxii1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #hf4 ,,burke1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 #dac4 ,,burke1 ,,martin ,j41 #cbj4 ,,burnet1 ,,major1 #ce4 ,,burnett1 ,,colonel1 ,new ,york ,volunteers1 #cba4 ,,burnside1 ,,ambrose ,,everett1 #cie1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii1 #djd1 #dje4 ,,burr1 ,,major1 #bag4 ,,burrows1 ,,william1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age4 ,,bury1 ,,lieutenant1 #bjb4 ,,butler1 ,,benjamin ,f41 #dcb4 ,,butler1 ,,pierce ,m41 #cba4 ,,butler1 ,,thomas1 #bj4 ,,butler1 ,,william ,,orlando1 #bij1 #bib1 #bic1 #bif1 #big4 ,,butterworth1 ,,mr41 #bii4 ,,buttler1 ,,captain1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,,bush1 ,w4 ,s41 #aed1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,,bushnell1 ,,charles ,i41 xxix4 ,,bushnel1 ,,lieutenant1 #aith ,regiment1 #bba4 ,,bushnell1 ,,lieutenant1 #bast ,regiment1 #bca4 ,,buskirk1 ,,colonel1 #cd1 #ce4 ,c ,,cadwalader1 ,,george1 #cae1 #caf1 #cag1 #cai1 #cbd1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,,caldwell1 ,,james ,r41 #acf1 #ada4 ,,caldwell1 ,,major1 ,voltigeurs1 #cbh4 ,,caldwell1 ,,samuel1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,,caledonia1 ,brig of ,war1 #aed1 #ahj4 ,,calhoun1 ,,lieutenant1 ,mississippi ,volunteers1 #big4 ,,calmes1 ,,marquis1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,,camden1 ,,battle ,,of1 #i4 ,,camp1 ,,major1 #bjg4 ,,campbell1 ,,hugh ,f41 #adi4 ,,campbell1 ,,john ,b41 #bjg4 ,,campbell1 ,,lieutenant1 #cde4 ,,campbell ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 #ec1 #ee4 ,,campbell1 ,,william ,b41 #big4 ,,canalizo1 ,,general1 #cac4 ,,cantine ,,lieutenant1 #bba4 ,,canty1 ,,william1 #cca4 ,,capitol ,,at ,,washington1 #bgj4 ,,capron1 ,e4 ,a41 #cbj4 ,,carden1 ,,john1 #afc1 #afd4 ,,carey1 ,,matthew1 xxxiv4 ,,carleton1 ,,sir ,,guy1 #ab4 ,,carlin1 ,,william ,p41 #djb4 ,,carmick1 ,,daniel1 #bdc4 ,,carr1 ,,eugene ,a41 #chj1 #che4 ,,carr1 ,,sailing-,,master1 #bjb4 ,,carroll1 ,,william1 #bda4 ,,case1 ,,joseph1 #dcf4 ,,casey1 ,,silas1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,,cass1 ,,lewis1 #bef1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,,cassin1 ,,stephen1 #aij1 #aia1 #aie1 #aif4 ,,catlett1 ,,captain1 #cd4 ,,catherine ,,ii1 ,,empress ,,of ,,russia1 #ih4 ,,cazeneau1 ,,captain1 #d4 ,,centennial ,,medals1 #dch1 #dci1 #ddj4 ,,cerf1 ,ship of ,war1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,,cerro ,,gordo1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bbe1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caa1 #cab1 #cac1 #ccb4 ,,chadbourne1 ,,theodore ,l41 #bhd4 ,,chads1 ,,lieutenant1 #afi4 ,,chalmers1 ,j4 ,m41 #fj4 ,,chambers1 ,,john1 #bfj4 ,,chambers1 ,,major1 #bgc4 ,,chambers1 ,,major1 #dth ,regiment of ,rifles1 #bac4 ,,chamillard1 ,,colonel ,,de1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,,champion',s ,,hill1 ,,battle ,,of1 #che4 ,,champlain1 ,,lake1 ,,victory ,,of1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie1 #aif1 #bcc1 #bcf4 ,,champlin1 ,,stephen1 #agi4 ,,chandler1 ,e41 #cba4 ,,chandler1 ,j4 ,g41 #dac1 #daf4 ,,chapman1 ,,captain1 #cde4 ,,chapman1 ,,william1 #cbh4 ,,chapman1 ,,mr41 #bgg1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,,chapultepec1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bbe1 #cjd1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cga4 ,,charles ,x1 ,,king ,,of ,,france1 #bfg4 ,,charleston1 ,,occupation ,,of1 #ad4 ,,chartres1 ,,duke ,,de1 #f4 ,,chase1 ,,captain1 #aeth ,infantry1 #cbh4 ,,chatfield1 ,,lieutenant1 #bag4 ,,chattanooga1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cid1 #cie1 #cif1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii1 #djj1 #dja1 #djb1 #djc1 #djd1 #dje4 ,,chaumont1 ,m4 ,,de1 #ajg1 #aji4 ,,chauncey1 ,,isaac1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #adi1 #ahc4 ,,chesapeake1 ,frigate1 #ahf4 ,,chew1 ,t4 ,s41 #aeh4 ,,chicamauga1 #djj1 #dja1 #djb1 #djc4 ,,childs1 ,,general1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,,childs1 ,,thomas1 #bcj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cab1 #cac4 ,,chilton1 ,,robert ,h41 #cdf4 ,,china1 ,,emperor ,,of1 xix4 ,,chippewa1 ,,battle ,,of1 ix1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,,chippeway1 ,schooner1 #ahj4 ,,choctaw ,,nation1 #aad4 ,,chunn1 ,,captain1 #bba1 #bca4 ,,churchill1 ,,sylvester1 #baf1 #bag1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,,churchill1 ,,william ,h41 #bhe4 ,,churubusco1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bbe1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbj1 #ccj1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,,cincinnati1 ,,order ,,of ,,the1 #ac1 #ae4 ,,citters1 ,w4 ,,van1 #fd4 ,,cissney1 ,,ensign1 #bca4 ,,cissney1 ,,lieutenant1 #bba4 ,,claiborne1 ,,lieutenant1 #cjj4 ,,clark1 ,f4 ,g41 ,,midshipman1 #cja1 #cjb4 ,,clarke1 ,,john1 #agh1 #agi4 ,,clarke1 ,,major1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce4 ,,clarke1 ,,newman ,s41 #cah1 #cai1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccj4 ,,claxton1 ,,alexander1 #afb4 ,,claxton1 ,,thomas ,,jr41 #agg4 ,,clay1 ,,henry1 ,,jr4 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,,clemons1 ,,ai ,j41 #ddb1 #dde4 ,,clemons1 ,,hubbard ,m41 #ddb1 #dde4 ,,clemons1 ,,lucian ,m41 #ddb1 #dde4 ,,clifford1 ,,john ,h41 #dbc4 ,,clinton1 ,,sir ,,henry1 #ah4 ,,cochrane1 ,,lieutenant1 #bhd4 ,,coffee1 ,,john1 #bda4 ,,coffee1 ,,major1 #cdf4 ,,coffin1 ,,george1 #ahh4 ,,columbia ,,college1 #bbe4 ,,columbus1 ,,painting ,,of1 #djf4 ,,comstock1 ,c4 ,b41 #chi4 ,,confiance1 ,ship of war1 #aia1 #aib4 ,,conant1 ,,charles ,f41 #ddb1 #ddc4 ,,congress1 ,,library ,,of1 xxviii4 ,,congress1 ,ship of war1 #adb4 ,,conley1 ,,james1 #ddc4 ,,conner1 ,,david1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #beb1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjh4 ,,conner1 ,,patrick ,e41 #cch1 #cde4 ,,constellation1 ,ship of war1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #adb1 #adi1 #aid4 ,,constitution1 ,frigate1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #adi1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #aff1 #afg1 #afi1 #agj1 #aha1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,,consuelo1 ,schooner1 ,,wreck ,,of1 #ddb1 #dde4 ,,contee1 ,,lieutenant1 #aei4 ,,contreras1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bbe1 #cjd1 #cae1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbj1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,,conway1 ,d41 #cgi4 ,,cooke1 ,,lieutenant1 ,mississippi ,regiment1 #big4 ,,cooper1 ,,captain1 ,mississippi ,regiment1 #big4 ,,cooper1 ,,midshipman1 #ahg4 ,,cooper1 ,s41 #dab4 ,,corbell1 ,,malachi1 #def4 ,,corneck1 ,h4 ,d41 #agj4 ,,cornwallis1 ,,charles1 ,,lord1 xxii1 #i1 #dc1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #ij4 ,,coszta1 ,,martin1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee1 #cef1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,,cottineau1 ,,captain ,,de1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajh4 ,,couch1 ,,darius ,n41 #cdd4 ,,coudray1 ,m4 ,,du1 #be4 ,,coulson1 ,,samuel1 #ahh4 ,,countess ,,of ,,scarborough1 ,ship1 ,,capture ,,of1 #ajh4 ,,cowpens1 ,,victory ,,of ,,the1 xiii1 xxi1 xxviii1 xxxv1 xxxviii1 xl1 xli1 xlii1 xliii1 xliv1 xlviii1 xlix1 #b1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #bgg4 ,,crabtree1 ,e41 #ddc1 #ddd4 ,,craig1 ,,henry ,,knox1 #bih1 #cdf4 ,,craig1 ,,surgeon1 #bih1 #cdf4 ,,crandall1 ,,albert1 #dce4 ,,crandall1 ,,jared ,s41 #dcd1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,,crane1 ,,lieutenant1 #ada4 ,,crawford1 ,,lieutenant1 #bac4 ,,creighton1 ,,captain1 ix1 #dab1 #dac4 ,,creighton1 ,,master',s ,,mate1 #ade4 ,,crittenden1 ,,john ,,jordon1 #bfj4 ,,crittenden1 ,,thomas ,l41 #cdf4 ,,crocker1 ,,marcellus ,m41 #chd1 #che4 ,,cromwell1 ,,lieutenant1 #bcg4 ,,crosby1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 #baf1 #bag4 ,,crosby1 ,j4 ,,schuyler1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dej4 ,,croghan1 ,,george1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bih4 ,,cross1 ,p4 ,f41 #ceb1 #cec4 ,,crossman1 ,,captain1 #bhe4 ,,crump1 ,,captain1 #ce4 ,,cullum1 ,,george ,,washington1 #cgb4 ,,cumming1 ,,ensign1 #bba1 #bcj4 ,,cunningham1 ,,major1 #dc4 ,,cushman1 ,,lieutenant1 #bcj4 ,,cyane1 ,frigate1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,d ,,dacier1 ,m41 xiii1 xvi1 xxxiv1 xxxvi1 xxxix1 xli1 xlii1 xliii4 ,,dacres1 ,,james ,a41 #aec1 #aed1 #aeh4 ,,dale1 ,,lieutenant1 #aje4 ,,dale1 ,,richard1 #afc4 ,,daliba1 ,,captain1 #bjg4 ,,dalrymple1 ,,joseph1 #ahh4 ,,dana1 ,,charles ,a41 #cig1 #cih4 ,,danslow1 ,,charles1 #ddc4 ,,daring1 ,brig of war1 #cjc4 ,,dartmouth ,,college1 #aaf1 #bai4 ,,davies1 ,,thomas ,,alfred1 #djd4 ,,davis1 ,,captain1 #cdf4 ,,davis1 ,,daniel1 #baf4 ,,davis1 ,,lieutenant1 ,rifles1 #cab4 ,,davis1 ,,jefferson1 #big1 #cch1 #cdd4 ,,davis1 ,,jefferson ,c41 #dja4 ,,dayton1 ,,william ,,lewis1 xlvii1 xlviii1 xlix1 #a4 ,,dean1 ,,john1 #ddc1 #ddd4 ,,dearborn1 ,,henry1 #bbd4 ,,decatur1 ,,james1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj4 ,,decatur1 ,,stephen1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adg1 #adi1 #aed1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bdf4 ,,dedem1 ,f4 ,g4 ,,van1 #hd1 #he4 ,,delapierre1 ,,aid ,,de-,,camp1 #bag4 ,,denhon1 ,,sergeant-,,major1 #bcj4 ,,denison1 ,e4 ,f4 ,r41 #dcf4 ,,denmons1 ,,captain1 #bjh4 ,,dent1 ,,john ,,herbert1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb1 #add1 #adf4 ,,depuis1 ,m41 xliii4 ,,depuy1 ,m41 xxxvi1 xxxix4 ,,derby1 ,,george ,h41 #cab4 ,,de ,,russy1 ,,ren ,e41 #bcg4 ,,des ,,brequigny1 ,m41 xxxvii1 xl4 ,,desha1 ,,joseph1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,,detroit1 ,brig of war1 #aed4 ,,detroit1 ,ship of war1 #ahj4 ,,detroit1 ,,surrender ,,of1 #bfa4 ,,dexter1 ,,samuel1 #aac4 ,,dickenson1 ,,captain1 #bdi1 #bea4 ,,dickenson1 ,,lieutenant ,,colonel1 ,south ,carolina ,volunteers1 #cjf1 #cba4 ,,dickerson1 ,,john ,s41 #ddh4 ,,dickinson ,,college1 #cfa4 ,,dilworth1 ,,rankin1 #bid4 ,,dimick1 ,,justin1 #caf1 #cbj4 ,,diplomatic ,,medal1 xxix1 xxx1 #da1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4 ,,dix1 ,,roger ,s41 #cdf4 ,,dobbin1 ,,adjutant1 #bag4 ,,dobbin1 ,,colonel1 #baj4 ,,dobbin1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah4 ,,dobbins1 ,,lieutenant1 #c;d ,infantry1 #bhd4 ,,dolman1 ,,john1 #ddc4 ,,donaldson1 ,,james ,,lowry1 #big1 #cdb1 #cdd4 ,,do-,,ne-,,ho-,g-,,wa 7,,general ,e4 ,s4 ,,parker71 #aad4 ,,donelson1 ,,fort1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cge4 ,,dorsey1 ,,john ,,sword1 #acf1 #ada4 ,,douglas1 ,,george1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,,douglass1 ,,lieutenant1 #bcj4 ,,downie1 ,,george1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aie4 ,,downing1 ,,captain1 ,mississippi ,volunteers1 #big4 ,,dox1 ,,major1 #bag4 ,,drum1 ,,simon ,h41 #cag1 #cbd1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #cca4 ,,drummond1 ,,colonel1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,,drummond1 ,,gordon1 #bad1 #bbg4 ,,drummond1 ,,lord1 #d4 ,,dubut1 ,,captain1 #cjc4 ,,dudley1 ,,colonel1 #bfa4 ,,dumbar1 ,,derk1 #fj4 ,,dumont1 ,,augustin1 xxx4 ,,dunham1 ,,major1 #bag4 ,,duncan1 ,,james1 #ddc1 #ddd4 ,,duncan1 ,,james1 ,army1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cah1 #cai1 #ccj4 ,,duncan1 ,,joseph1 #bgc4 ,,duncan1 ,,silas1 #aij1 #aia4 ,,dupr1 ,,augustin1 x1 xvi1 xix1 xx1 xxi1 xxii1 xxix1 xxx1 xxxiii1 xli1 xliv1 xlv1 #a1 #g1dj1 #da1 #di1 #hf1 #ic1 #ie1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,,dupr1 ,,narcisse1 xvi1 xxx1 xxxiii1 #abb4 ,,duquesne1 ,,expedition ,,against ,,fort1 #c1 #i4 ,,dusenbury1 ,,mr41 #cdf4 ,,duvivier1 ,,jean1 #b4 ,,duvivier1 ,,pierre ,,simon1 x1 xxi1 xxiii1 xlv1 xlvi1 xlvii1 #a1 #b1 #g1 #bb1 #df1 #dh1 #aah4 ,e ,,eagle1 ,brig of war1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid4 ,,easley1 ,,thomas1 #cbj4 ,,eastman1 ,,seth1 #ceb1 #cec4 ,,eaton1 ,,amos ,b41 #bih4 ,,eaton1 ,,george ,n41 #dbc1 #dbf4 ,,eaton1 ,j4 ,h41 #cdf4 ,,eckfeldt1 ,,george1 xxviii1 #bgg4 ,,cole ,,des ,,beaux ,,arts1 ,paris1 xxx4 ,,eddington1 ,,charles1 #ddc1 #ddd4 ,,edmonds1 ,,captain1 #ec4 ,,edson1 ,,captain1 #cjf4 ,,edwards1 ,,lieutenant1 #agi4 ,,elder1 ,,william1 xxvii4 ,,ellen ,,southard1 ,ship1 ,,wreck ,,of1 #ddc1 #ddf1 #dea4 ,,elliot1 ,,captain1 #bag4 ,,elliot1 ,,colonel1 #bgc4 ,,elliot1 ,,jesse ,,duncan1 #aed1 #agg1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bfd4 ,,ellis1 ,,salathiel1 #cjd1 #cdi1 #cfa1 #cff1 #djf4 ,,emuckfaw1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bch4 ,,endymion1 ,frigate1 #cjc4 ,,engelhard ,i4 ,a41 #gj4 ,,enghein1 ,,duke ,d'1 ,medal1 #bfg4 ,,england1 ,,treaty ,,of ,,peace ,,with1 #id4 ,,enotochopco1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bch4 ,,enterprize1 ,brig of war1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #aha1 #bja4 ,,enterprize1 ,schooner1 #acg1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #adf1 #adi4 ,,pervier1 ,brig of war1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii4 ,,erie1 ,,battle ,,of1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,,erie1 ,,fort1 #aed1 #ahc1 #bje1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,,erie1 ,,lake1 ,,victory ,,of1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,,espi,,gle1 ,l'1 ,brig of war1 #ahh4 ,essex1 ,ship of war1 #ace4 ,,estaing1 ,,count ,d'1 xix1 #bf1 #bg4 ,,eutaw ,,springs1 ,,victory ,,of1 xxviii1 xxxv1 xxxvii1 xxxix1 xlviii1 #b1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4 ,,evarts1 ,,william ,m41 #dbc1 #dbf4 ,,everett1 ,,doctor1 #bbb1 #bca4 ,,everett1 ,medal1 #cfb4 ,,everist1 ,,ethan1 #bcg4 ,,ewell1 ,,richard ,s41 #cba4 ,,ewell1 ,,lieutenant1 ,rifles1 #cab4 ,,ewing1 ,,hugh1 #dja4 ,,exhibition1 ,,universal1 of #ahee1 #bfg4 ,f ,,fagel1 ,h41 #fc1 #fd4 ,,fairchild1 ,,general1 #dea4 ,,falcon1 ,,gordon1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,,fanning1 ,,captain1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,,farqueson1 ,r41 #b;d ,tennessee ,volunteers1 #cab4 ,,febiger1 ,,christian1 #bj4 ,,fiddens1 ,f41 #gj4 ,,field1 ,,cyrus ,,west1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbj4 ,,field1 ,,george ,p41 #bid4 ,,field1 ,h4 ,b41 ,,captain1 #dab4 ,,field1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 ,kentucky ,volunteers1 #cde4 ,,field1 ,,moses ,w41 #deh4 ,,fillmore1 ,,millard1 #aad1 #cjd1 #cdi4 ,,fischer1 ,,colonel1 #bbj4 ,,fish1 ,,hamilton1 xxviii1 #dbc1 #dbe4 ,,fishbourn1 ,,william1 #af1 #ai1 #ba4 ,,fisher1 ,,joshua ,,francis1 xxix4 ,,flag1 ,,first ,,american ,,naval1 #ih4 ,,flag ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 #h4 ,,flagg1 ,,azariah ,c41 #bcg4 ,,flattery1 ,,mr41 #dei4 ,,fleming1 ,,captain1 #bag4 ,,fleming1 ,,lieutenant ,,colonel1 #baf4 ,,fleury1 ,,fran,,ois ,,teisseidre ,,de1 ix1 x1 xi1 xv1 xxiii1 xxviii1 xxxv1 xlvi1 xlviii1 #b1 #ae1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,,fontaine1 ,,lieutenant1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,,foot1 ,,lieutenant1 #bcj4 ,,foote1 ,,andrew ,,hull1 #cgc4 ,,forrest1 ,,midshipman1 #agi4 ,,forsyth1 ,,captain1 #cc1 #ce4 ,,fosberg1 ,,carl1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dej4 ,,foster1 ,,edmund1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,,foster1 ,,william ,s41 #bbi4 ,,foster1 ,,john ,g41 #cbc4 ,,fourteen ,,mile ,,creek1 ,,skirmish1 #cha1 #chb1 #cia4 ,,fowler1 ,,lieutenant1 #eth ,infantry1 #bhd4 ,,fraley1 ,,frederick1 #dci4 ,,france1 ,,former ,,moneys ,,of1 #abe4 ,,france1 ,,former ,,weights 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#bg1 #ef1 #aag4 ,,jefferson1 ,r41 xxviii4 ,,jefferson1 ,,thomas1 xvii1 xviii1 xix1 xx1 xxi1 xxiv1 xxv1 xxvi1 xxxiii1 xxxv1 xli1 xlii1 xliii1 xliv1 xlv1 #a1 #b1 #f1 #g1 #ac1 #dj1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ii1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abg1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,,jeoffroy1 ,m41 #bfg4 ,,jessup1 ,,thomas ,,sidney1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baj1 #bac4 ,,jewett1 ,,lieutenant1 #bca4 ,,john ,,adams1 ,ship of war1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adi1 #cjj4 ,,johnson1 ,,andrew1 #cfb1 #daj4 ,,johnson1 ,,colonel1 #af4 ,,johnson1 ,,edward1 #cbh4 ,,johnson1 ,,james1 ,,seneca ,,chief1 #aad4 ,,johnson1 ,,james1 #bfj4 ,,johnson1 ,,richard ,m41 #bee1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,,johnson1 ,,richard ,w41 #djc4 ,,johnston1 ,,benjamin1 #bgc4 ,,johnston1 ,,captain1 ,ohio ,volunteers1 #big4 ,,johnston1 ,,joseph ,,eccleston1 #cab1 #chb1 #chc1 #chf1 #chi1 #cij4 ,,johnstone1 ,,john ,p41 #cag4 ,,johnstone1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel1 ,voltigeurs1 #cbh4 ,,jones1 ,,assistant ,,adjutant-,,general1 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