file which includes the original        
illustrations4       ,see #bahbi-;h4htm 
or #bahbi-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/
a_/h_/b_/bahbi_/bahbi-;h_/#bahbi-;h4htm7
       or                               
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/
a_/h_/b_/bahbi_/bahbi-;h4zip7           
,transcriber's note3        ,page       
numbers #aj and #cgj were skipped in the
 original text2       they are not      
missing4 ,there were two pages #cee and 
#cef in       the original2 the two     
between page #ced and the first page    
#cee have been renumbered #ced;a and    
#cde;b and references to       them in  
the text changed accordingly4           
,printer errors were corrected silently 
and hyphenation was       made          
consistent1 but variant spellings have  
been preserved4      ,a ,,treatise ,,on 
,,domestic ,,economy1  ,for the ,use of 
,young ,ladies at ,home1 and at ,school4
  by  ,,miss ,,catherine ,e4 ,,beecher4 
,revised ,edition1 ,with ,numerous      

,additions and ,illustrative            
,engravings4        ,new-,york3 ,harper 
,brothers1 #hb ,cliff ,street4 #ahde4   
,entered1 according to ,act of          
,congress1 in the year #ahdb1 by ,thomas
 ,h4 ,webb1  ,co41 in the ,clerk's      
,office of the ,district ,court of      
,massachusetts4     ,,to  ,,american    
,,mothers1  whose intelligence and      
virtues have inspired admiration and    
respect1 whose experience has furnished 
many valuable suggestions1 in this work1
 whose approbation will be highly       
valued1 and whose influence1 in         
promoting the object aimed at1 is       
respectfully solicited1 this work is    
dedicated1 by their friend and          
countrywoman1  ,,the ,,author4          
,,preface  ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition4
   ,the author of this work was led to  
attempt it1 by discovering1 in her      
extensive travels1 the deplorable       
sufferings of multitudes of young wives 
and mothers1 from the combined influence
 of poor health1 poor domestics1 and a  

defective domestic education4 ,the      
number of young women whose health is   
crushed1 ere the first few years of     
married life are past1 would seem       
incredible to one who has not           
investigated this subject1 and it would 
be vain to attempt to depict the sorrow1
 discouragement1 and distress           
experienced in most families where the  
wife and mother is a perpetual invalid4 
,the writer became early convinced that 
this evil results mainly from the fact1 
that young girls1 especially in the more
 wealthy classes1 are not trained for   
their profession4 ,in early life1 they  
go through a course of school training  
which results in great debility of      
constitution1 while1 at the same time1  
their physical and domestic education is
 almost wholly neglected4 ,thus they    
enter on their most arduous and sacred  
duties so inexperienced and uninformed1 
and with so little muscular and nervous 
strength1 that probably there is not one
 chance in ten1 that young women of the 

present day1 will pass through the first
 years of married life without such     
prostration of health and spirits as    
makes life a burden to themselves1 and1 
it is to be feared1 such as seriously   
interrupts the confidence and happiness 
of married life4  ,the measure which1   
more than any other1 would tend to      
remedy this evil1 would be to place     
domestic economy on an equality with the
 other sciences in female schools4 ,this
 should be done because it can be       
properly and systematically taught 7not 
practically1 but as a science71 as much 
so as political economy or moral        
science1 or any other branch of study2  
because it embraces knowledge1 which    
will be needed by young women at all    
times and in all places2 because this   
science can never be properly taught    
until it is made a branch of study2 and 
because this method will secure a       
dignity and importance in the estimation
 of young girls1 which can never be     
accorded while they perceive their      

teachers and parents practically        
attaching more value to every other     
department of science than this4 ,when  
young ladies are taught the construction
 of their own bodies1 and all the causes
 in domestic life which tend to weaken  
the constitution2 when they are taught  
rightly to appreciate and learn the most
 convenient and economical modes of     
performing all family duties1 and of    
employing time and money2 and when they 
perceive the true estimate accorded to  
these things by teachers and friends1   
the grand cause of this evil will be    
removed4 ,women will be trained to      
secure1 as of first importance1 a strong
 and healthy constitution1 and all those
 rules of thrift and economy that will  
make domestic duty easy and pleasant4   
,to promote this object1 the writer     
prepared this volume as a text-book for 
female schools4 ,it has been examined by
 the ,massachusetts ,board of           
,education1 and been deemed worthy by   
them to be admitted as a part of the    

,massachusetts ,school ,library4  ,it   
has also been adopted as a text-book in 
some of our largest and most popular    
female schools1 both at the ,east and   
,west4  ,the following1 from the pen of 
,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,emmerson1 one of the  
most popular and successful teachers in 
our country1 who has introduced this    
work as a text-book in his own school1  
will exhibit the opinion of one who has 
formed his judgment from experience in  
the use of the work3  ,it may be        
objected that such things cannot be     
taught by books4 ,why not8 ,why may not 
the structure of the human body1 and the
 laws of health deduced therefrom1 be as
 well taught as the laws of natural     
philosophy8 ,why are not the application
 of these laws to the management of     
infants and young children as important 
to a woman as the application of the    
rules of arithmetic to the extraction of
 the cube root8 ,why may not the        
properties of the atmosphere be         
explained1 in reference to the proper   

ventilation of rooms1 or exercise in the
 open air1 as properly as to the burning
 of steel or sodium8 ,why is not the    
human skeleton as curious and           
interesting as the air-pump2 and the    
action of the brain1 as the action of a 
steam-engine8 ,why may not the          
healthiness of different kinds of food  
and drink1 the proper modes of cooking1 
and the rules in reference to the modes 
and times of taking them1 be discussed  
as properly as rules of grammar1 or     
facts in history8 ,are not the          
principles that should regulate         
clothing1 the rules of cleanliness1 the 
advantages of early rising and domestic 
exercise1 as readily communicated as the
 principles of mineralogy1 or rules of  
syntax8 ,are not the rules of ,jesus    
,christ1 applied to refine domestic     
manners and preserve a good temper1 as  
important as the abstract principles of 
ethics1 as taught by ,paley1 ,wayland1  
or ,jouffroy8 ,may not the advantages of
 neatness1 system1 and order1 be as well

 illustrated in showing how they        
contribute to the happiness of a family1
 as by showing how they add beauty to a 
copy-book1 or a portfolio of drawings8  
,would not a teacher be as well employed
 in teaching the rules of economy1 in   
regard to time and expenses1 or in      
regard to dispensing charity1 as in     
teaching double1 or single entry in     
bookkeeping8 ,are not the principles    
that should guide in constructing a     
house1 and in warming and ventilating it
 properly1 as important to young girls  
as the principles of the ,athenian      
,commonwealth1 or the rules of ,roman   
tactics8 ,is it not as important that   
children should be taught the dangers to
 the mental faculties1 when over-excited
 on the one hand1 or left unoccupied on 
the other1 as to teach them the         
conflicting theories of political       
economy1 or the speculations of         
metaphysicians8 ,for ourselves1 we have 
always found children1 especially girls1
 peculiarly ready to listen to what they

 saw would prepare them for future      
duties4 ,the truth1 that education      
should be a preparation for actual1 real
 life1 has the greatest force with      
children4 ,the constantly-recurring     
inquiry1 ',what will be the use of this 
study8' is always satisfied by showing1 
that it will prepare for any duty1      
relation1 or office which1 in the       
natural course of things1 will be likely
 to come4  ,we think this book extremely
 well suited to be used as a text-book  
in schools for young ladies1 and many   
chapters are well adapted for a reading 
book for children of both sexes4  ,to   
this the writer would add the testimony 
of a lady who has used this work with   
several classes of young girls and young
 ladies4 ,she remarked that she had     
never known a school-book that awakened 
more interest1 and that some young girls
 would learn a lesson in this when they 
would study nothing else4 ,she remarked1
 also1 that when reciting the chapter on
 the construction of houses1 they became

 greatly interested in inventing plans  
of their own1 which gave an opportunity 
to the teacher to point out difficulties
 and defects4 ,had this part of domestic
 economy been taught in schools1 our    
land would not be so defaced with       
awkward1 misshapen1 inconvenient1 and1  
at the same time1 needlessly expensive  
houses1 as it now is4  ,although the    
writer was trained to the care of       
children1 and to perform all branches of
 domestic duty1 by some of the best of  
housekeepers1 much in these pages is    
offered1 not as the result of her own   
experience1 but as what has obtained the
 approbation of some of the most        
judicious mothers and housekeepers in   
the nation4 ,the articles on ,physiology
 and ,hygiene1 and those on             
horticulture1 were derived from standard
 works on these subjects1 and are       
sanctioned by the highest authorities4  
,the ,american ,housekeeper's ,receipt  
,book is another work prepared by the   
author of the ,domestic ,economy1 in    

connexion with several experienced      
housekeepers1 and is designed for a     
supplement to this work4 ,on pages      
#ced;a and #ced;b will be found the     
,preface and ,analysis of that work1 the
 two books being designed for a complete
 course of instructions on every        
department of ,domestic ,economy4  ,the 
copyright interest in these two works is
 held by a board of gentlemen appointed 
for the purpose1 who1 after paying a    
moderate compensation to the author for 
the time and labour spent in preparing  
these works1 will employ all the        
remainder paid over by the publishers1  
to aid in educating and locating such   
female teachers as wish to be employed  
in those portions of our country1 which 
are most destitute of schools4  ,the    
contract with the publisher provides    
that the publisher shall guaranty the   
sales and thus secure against any losses
 for bad debts1 for which he shall      
receive five per cent4 ,he shall charge 
twenty per cent4 for commissions paid to

 retailers1 and also the expenses of    
printing1 paper1 and binding1 at the    
current market prices1 and make no other
 charges4 ,the net profits thus         
determined are then to be divided       
equally1 the publishers taking one half1
 and paying the other half to the board 
above mentioned4      ,,contents4       
,,preface1                              
#g   ,,chapter ,i4  ,,peculiar          
,,responsibilities ,,of ,,american      
,,women4  ,american ,women should feel a
 peculiar ,interest in ,democratic      
,institutions4 ,the ,maxim of our ,civil
 ,institutions4 ,its ,identity with the 
main ,principle of ,christianity4       
,relations involving ,subordination2 why
 they are needful4 ,examples4 ,how these
 ,relations are decided in a ,democracy4
 ,what decides the ,equity of any ,law  
or ,institution4 ,the ,principle of     
,aristocracy4 ,the ,tendency of         
,democracy in ,respect to the ,interests
 of ,women4 ,illustrated in the ,united 
,states4 ,testimony of ,de ,tocqueville4

 ,miss ,martineau's ,misrepresentations4
 ,in what ,respects are ,women          
subordinate8 and why8 ,wherein are they 
equal or superior in ,influence8 and how
 are they placed by ,courtesy8 ,how can 
,american ,women rectify any real       
,disadvantages involved in our ,civil   
,institutions8 ,opinion of ,de          
,tocqueville as to the ,influence and   
,example of ,american ,democracy4       
,responsibilities involved in this      
,view1 especially those of ,american    
,women1                                 
#be   ,,chapter ,,ii4  ,,difficulties   
,,peculiar ,,to ,,american ,,women4  ,a 
,law of ,moral ,action to be noted4 ,its
 ,application4 ,considerations to be    
borne in ,mind1 in appreciating peculiar
 ,trials4 ,application to ,american     
,women4 ,difference between this and    
,aristocratic ,countries4 ,how this     
affects the ,interests of ,american     
,women4 ,effect of ,wealth1 in this     
,country1 on ,domestic ,service4        
,effects on the ,domestic ,comfort of   

,women4 ,second peculiar ,trial of      
,american ,women4 ,extent of this ,evil4
 ,the ,writer's ,observation on this    
,point4 ,effects on the ,anticipations  
of ,mothers and ,daughters4 ,infrequency
 of ,healthful ,women in the ,wealthy   
,classes4 ,causes which operate to      
undermine the ,female ,constitution4    
,excitement of ,mind4 ,course of        
,intellectual ,training4 ,taxation1 in  
,domestic ,life1 of ,american ,mothers  
and ,housekeepers4 ,exercise and ,fresh 
,air needful to balance ,mental         
,excitement4 ,defect in ,american1      
compared with ,english1 ,customs1 in    
this ,respect4 ,difference in the       
,health and ,youthfulness of ,appearance
 between ,english and ,american         
,mothers4 ,liabilities of ,american     
,women to the uncommon ,exposures of a  
,new ,country4 ,remarks of ,de          
,tocqueville and the ,writer on this    
,point1      #ch   ,,chapter ,,iii4     
,,remedies ,,for ,,the ,,preceding      
,,difficulties4  ,first ,remedy         

suggested4 ,obligations of ,wealthy     
,ladies on this ,point4 ,how a ,dearth  
of ,domestics may prove a ,blessing4    
,second ,remedy4 ,domestic ,economy     
should be taught in ,schools4 ,third    
,remedy4 ,reasons for endowing ,colleges
 and ,professional ,schools4 ,similar   
,reasons exist for endowing ,female     
,institutions4 ,present ,evils in       
conducting ,female ,education4 ,a       
,sketch of a ,model ,female             
,institution4 ,accommodations provided4 
,mode of securing ,exercise to ,pupils4 
,objections to this answered4           
,calisthenics4 ,course of ,intellectual 
,discipline adopted4 ,mode of ,division 
of ,labor adopted4 ,example of ,illinois
 in ,regard to ,female ,education4      
,economy of ,health and ,time secured by
 such ,institutions4 ,plan suggested for
 the ,early ,education of ,young ,girls4
 ,last ,remedy suggested1            #dh
   ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,,on ,,domestic     
,,economy ,,as ,a ,,branch ,,of ,,study4
  ,impediment to making ,domestic       

,economy a ,study at ,school4 ,first    
,reason why it should be so made4 ,state
 of ,domestic ,service precarious4      
,second ,reason4 ,examples illustrating4
 ,third ,reason4 ,questions asked4      
,first ,objection2 how answered4 ,next  
,objection2 how answered4 ,next         
,objection2 how answered4 ,last ,reason1
                  #fc   ,,chapter ,v4   
,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,health4        
,importance of a ,knowledge of the ,laws
 of ,health1 and of the ,human ,system1 
to ,females4 ,construction of the ,human
 ,frame4 ,,bones2 their ,structure1     
,design1 and ,use4 ,engraving and       
,description4 ,spinal ,column4          
,engravings of ,vertebr4 ,exercise of   
the ,bones4 ,,muscles2 their            
,constitution1 ,use1 and ,connection    
with the ,bones4 ,engraving and         
,description4 ,operation of ,muscles4   
,,nerves2 their ,use4 ,spinal ,column4  
,engravings and ,descriptions4          
,distortions of the ,spine4 ,engravings 
and ,descriptions4 ,,blood-,,vessels2   

their ,object4 ,engravings and          
,descriptions4 ,the ,heart1 and its     
,connection with the ,system4           
,engravings and ,descriptions4 ,,organs 
,,of ,,digestion ,,and ,,respiration4   
,engraving and ,description4 ,process of
 ,digestion4 ,circulation of the ,blood4
 ,process of ,respiration4 ,necessity of
 ,pure ,air4 ,,the ,,skin4 ,process of  
,perspiration4 ,insensible              
,perspiration4 ,heat of the ,body4      
,absorbents4 ,importance of frequent    
,ablutions and ,change of ,garments4    
,follicles of ,oily ,matter in the      
,skin4 ,nerves of ,feeling1             
#fh   ,,chapter ,,vi4  ,,on ,,healthful 
,,food4  ,responsibility of a           
,housekeeper in ,regard to ,health and  
,food4 ,the most fruitful ,cause of     
,disease4 ,gastric ,juice2 how          
proportioned4 ,hunger the ,natural      
,guide as to ,quantity of ,food4 ,a     
,benevolent ,provision2 how perverted1  
and its ,effects4 ,a ,morbid ,appetite1 
how caused4 ,effects of too much ,food  

in the ,stomach4 ,duty of a ,housekeeper
 in ,reference to this4 ,proper ,time   
for taking ,food4 ,peristaltic ,motion4 
,need of ,rest to the ,muscles of the   
,stomach4 ,time necessary between each  
,meal4 ,exceptions of hard ,laborers and
 active ,children4 ,exercise2 its       
,effect on all parts of the ,body4 ,how 
it produces ,hunger4 ,what is to be done
 by those who have lost the ,guidance of
 ,hunger in regulating the ,amount of   
,food4 ,on ,quality of ,food4           
,difference as to ,risk from bad ,food1 
between ,healthy ,persons who exercise1 
and those of ,delicate and ,sedentary   
,habits4 ,stimulating ,food2 its        
,effects4 ,condiments needed only for   
,medicine1 and to be avoided as ,food4  
,difference between ,animal and         
,vegetable ,food4 ,opinion of some      
,medical ,men4 ,medical ,men agree as to
 the ,excess of ,animal ,food in        
,american ,diet4 ,extracts from ,medical
 ,writers on this ,point4 ,articles most
 easily digested4 ,the most ,unhealthful

 ,articles result from bad cooking4     
,caution as to ,mode of ,eating4 ,reason
 why ,mental and ,bodily ,exertions are 
injurious after a full ,meal4 ,changes  
in ,diet should be gradual2 and why4    
,drink most needed at ,breakfast2 and   
why4 ,dinner should be the heartiest    
,meal2 and why4 ,little ,drink to be    
taken while eating2 and why4 ,extremes  
of ,heat or ,cold2 why injurious in     
,food4 ,fluids immediately absorbed from
 the ,stomach4 ,why ,soups are hard of  
,digestion4 ,case of ,alexis ,st4       
,martin4 ,why highly-concentrated       
,nourishment is not good for ,health4   
,beneficial ,effects of using ,unbolted 
,flour4 ,scarcity of ,wheat under       
,william ,pitt's ,administration1 and   
its ,effects4 ,causes of a ,debilitated 
,constitution from the ,misuse of ,food1
                #id   ,,chapter ,,vii4  
,,on ,,healthful ,,drinks4              
,responsibility of a ,housekeeper in    
this ,respect4 ,stimulating ,drinks not 
required for the ,perfection of the     

,human ,system4 ,therefore they are     
needless4 ,first ,evil in using them4   
,second ,evil4 ,five ,kinds of          
,stimulating ,articles in ,use in this  
,country4 ,first ,argument in ,favor of 
,stimulants1 and how answered4 ,second  
,argument2 how answered4 ,the ,writer's 
,view of the ,effects of ,tea and       
,coffee on ,american ,females4 ,duty in 
,reference to ,children4 ,black ,tea the
 most harmless ,stimulant4 ,warm ,drinks
 not needful4 ,hot ,drinks injurious4   
,effect of ,hot ,drinks on ,teeth4      
,mexican ,customs and their ,effects    
illustrating this4 ,opinion of ,dr4     
,combe on this subject4 ,difference     
between the ,stimulus of ,animal ,food  
and the ,stimulating ,drinks used4      
,common ,habit of ,drinking freely of   
,cold ,water debilitating4 ,persons     
taking but little ,exercise require but 
little ,drink1         #ajf   ,,chapter 
,,viii4  ,,on ,,clothing4  ,calculations
 made from ,bills of ,mortality2 and    
,inference from them4 ,causes of ,infant

 ,mortality4 ,of the ,circulation in    
,infancy4 ,warm ,dress for ,infants2 and
 why4 ,investigations in ,france1 and   
,results4 ,dangers from the opposite    
,extreme4 ,effects of too much          
,clothing4 ,rule of ,safety4            
,featherbeds2 why unhealthy in ,warm    
,weather4 ,best ,nightgowns for ,young  
,children4 ,clothing2 how to be         
proportioned4 ,irrational ,dress of     
,women4 ,use of ,flannel next the ,skin4
 ,evils of ,tight ,dresses to ,women4   
,false ,taste in our ,prints of         
,fashions4 ,modes in which ,tight       
,dresses operate to weaken the          
,constitution4 ,rule of ,safety as to   
,looseness of ,dress4 ,example of       
,english ,ladies in ,appropriateness of 
,dress1                                 
#aab   ,,chapter ,,ix4  ,,on            
,,cleanliness4  ,importance of          
,cleanliness not realized1 without a    
,knowledge of the ,nature of the ,skin4 
,foundation of the ,maxim respecting the
 ,healthfulness of ,dirt4 ,office of the

 ,skin4 ,other ,organs which perform    
similar ,duties4 ,amount of ,matter     
daily exhaled by the ,skin4 ,effect of a
 ,chill upon the ,skin1 when perspiring4
 ,illustration of this4 ,effect of      
closing the ,pores of the ,skin1 with   
,dirt or other ,matter4 ,the ,skin      
absorbs ,matter into the ,blood4        
,reasons for a ,daily ,ablution of the  
whole ,body4 ,effects of ,fresh ,air on 
,clothing worn next the ,skin4          
,americans compared with other ,nations 
as to ,care of the ,skin4 ,cautions in  
,regard to a ,use of the ,bath4 ,how to 
decide when ,cold ,bathing is useful4   
,warm ,bath tends to prevent ,colds2 and
 why4 ,when a ,bath should be taken4    
,advantages of ,general ,ablutions to   
,children4 ,care of the ,teeth1         
#aah   ,,chapter ,x4  ,,on ,,early      
,,rising4  ,universal ,impression in    
,respect to this ,practice4 ,why it     
should be regarded as ,american and     
,democratic4 ,practice in ,aristocratic 
,circles in ,england4 ,appeal to        

,american ,women4 ,first ,consideration 
in ,favor of ,early ,rising4 ,another   
,physiological ,reason in its ,favor4   
,another ,reason4 ,time necessary for   
,sleep4 ,proper ,hours for ,rising and  
,retiring4 ,evils of protracted ,sleep4 
,testimony of ,sir ,john ,sinclair4     
,another ,reason for ,early ,rising4    
,responsibility of ,parents for the     
,health and ,industry of a ,family4     
,effects of ,early ,rising on ,general  
,society1                               
#abb   ,,chapter ,,xi4  ,,on ,,domestic 
,,exercise4  ,causes which produce      
,delicacy and ,decay of the ,female     
,constitution4 ,want of ,exercise4      
,neglect of the ,laws of ,health4 ,want 
of ,pure ,air4 ,objectionable           
,amusements4 ,sleeping by ,day4 ,want of
 ,exercise a greater ,cause of these    
,evils1 than all the ,others combined4  
,importance of understanding the        
,influence of the ,neglect or ,abuse of 
the ,muscular ,system4 ,nerves of       
,sensation and of ,motion4 ,both need   

,exercise4 ,rules for ,exercise4        
,importance of a ,feeling of ,interest  
in taking ,exercise4 ,walks merely for  
,exercise4 ,exercise most proper for    
,young ,girls4 ,exercise1 more than any 
,thing else1 imparts fresh ,strength and
 ,vitality to all ,parts of the ,body4  
,mistakes of ,mothers and ,teachers on  
this ,subject4 ,effects of neglecting to
 use the ,muscles2 ,effects of excessive
 ,use of them4 ,effect of ,school       
,confinement and ,seats4 ,extract from  
the ,young ,lady's ,friend4 ,lady       
,montagu4 ,daughter of a ,french        
,nobleman1          #abh   ,,chapter    
,,xii4  ,,on ,,domestic ,,manners4      
,what are ,good-manners4 ,defect in     
,american ,manners4 ,coldness and       
,reserve of the ,descendants of the     
,puritans accounted for4 ,cause of the  
,want of ,courtesy in ,american         
,manners4 ,want of ,discrimination4     
,difference of ,principles regulating   
,aristocratic and ,democratic ,manners4 
,rules for regulating the ,courtesies   

founded on ,precedence of ,age1 ,office1
 and ,station1 in a ,democracy4 ,manners
 appropriate to ,superiors and          
,subordinates4 ,miss ,martineau's       
,remarks on the ,universal ,practice of 
,americans to give ,precedence to       
,woman4 ,peculiar ,defect of ,americans 
in this ,respect4 ,this to be remedied  
in the ,domestic ,circle1 alone4 ,rules 
of ,precedence to be enforced in the    
,family4 ,manners and ,tones towards    
,superiors to be regulated in the       
,family4 ,treatment of grown ,brothers  
and ,sisters by ,young ,children4       
,acknowledgement of ,favors by ,children
 to be required4 ,children to ask leave 
or apologize in certain ,cases4 ,rules  
for avoiding ,remarks that wound the    
,feelings of ,others4 ,rules of         
,hospitality4 ,conventional ,rules4     
,rules for ,table ,manners4 ,caution as 
to teaching these ,rules to ,children4  
,caution as to ,allowances to be made   
for those deficient in ,good-manners4   
,comparison of ,english and ,american   

,manners1 by ,de ,tocqueville4 ,america 
may hope to excel all ,nations in       
,refinement1 ,taste1 and ,good-breeding2
 and why4 ,effects of ,wealth and       
,equalisation of ,labor4 ,allusion to   
the ,manners of ,courts in the past     
,century1                               
#acf   ,,chapter ,,xiii4  ,,on ,,the    
,,preservation ,,of ,a ,,good ,,temper  
,,in ,a ,,housekeeper4  ,influence of a 
,housekeeper on ,domestic ,happiness4   
,contrasts to illustrate4 ,sympathy4    
,influence of ,tones4 ,allowances to be 
made for ,housekeepers4 ,considerations 
to aid in regulating ,temper and ,tones4
 ,first2 ,her ,duties to be regarded as 
,dignified1 ,important1 and ,difficult4 
,second2 ,she should feel that she      
really has ,great ,difficulties to meet 
and overcome4 ,third2 ,she should       
deliberately calculate upon having her  
,plans interfered with1 and be prepared 
for the ,emergency4 ,fourth2 ,all her   
,plans should be formed consistently    
with the ,means at ,command4 ,fifth2    

,system1 ,economy1 and ,neatness1 only  
valuable when they tend to promote the  
,comfort and ,well-being of the ,family4
 ,sixth2 ,government of ,tones of       
,voice4 ,some ,persons think ,angry     
,tones needful4 ,they mistake4          
,illustration4 ,scolding1 ,unlady-like1 
and in ,bad ,taste4 ,a ,forgiving       
,spirit necessary4 ,seventh and ,last   
,consideration offered2 ,right ,view of 
a ,superintending ,providence4          
,fretfulness and ,complaining sinful1   
#adh   ,,chapter ,,xiv4  ,,on ,,habits  
,,of ,,system ,,and ,,order4  ,question 
of the ,equality of the ,sexes1         
frivolous and useless4 ,relative        
,importance and ,difficulty of the      
,duties a ,woman is called to perform4  
,her ,duties not trivial4 ,more         
difficult than those of the ,queen of a 
great ,nation4 ,a ,habit of ,system and 
,order necessary4 ,right ,apportionment 
of ,time1 ,general ,principles4         
,christianity to be the ,foundation4    
,intellectual and ,social ,interests to 

be preferred to ,gratification of ,taste
 or ,appetite4 ,the ,latter to be last  
in our ,estimation4 ,no ,sacrifice of   
,health allowable4 ,neglect of ,health a
 ,sin in the ,sight of ,god4 ,regular   
,season of ,rest appointed by the       
,creator4 ,divisions of ,time4          
,systematic ,arrangement of ,house      
,articles and other ,conveniences4      
,regular ,employment for each ,member of
 a ,family4 ,children can be of great   
,service4 ,boys should be taught ,family
 ,work4 ,advantage to them in           
,afterlife4 ,older ,children to take    
,care of ,infants of a ,family1         
#aee   ,,chapter ,,xv4  ,,on ,,giving   
,,in ,,charity4  ,no ,point of ,duty    
more difficult to fix by ,rule1 than    
,charity4 ,first                        
,consideration2--,object for which we   
are placed in this ,world4 ,how to be   
perfectly happy4 ,self-denying          
,benevolence4 ,important ,distinction4  
,second ,consideration2--,natural       
,principles not to be exterminated1 but 

regulated and controlled4 ,all          
,constitutional ,propensities good1 and 
designed to be gratified4 ,their ,abuses
 to be guarded against4 ,third          
,consideration2--,superfluities         
sometimes proper1 and sometimes not4    
,fourth ,consideration2--,no ,rule of   
,duty right for ,one and not for ,all4  
,the ,opposite of this ,principle       
tested4 ,some ,use of ,superfluities    
necessary4 ,physical ,gratifications    
should always be subordinate to ,social1
 ,intellectual1 and ,moral ,advantages4 
,difficulties in the ,way4 ,remarks upon
 them4 ,plan for ,keeping an ,account of
 ,necessaries and ,superfluities4       
,untoward ,results of our ,actions do   
not always prove that we deserve ,blame4
 ,examples of ,conformity to the ,rules 
here laid down4 ,general ,principles to 
guide in deciding upon ,objects of      
,charity4 ,parable of ,good ,samaritan4 
,who are our ,neighbors4 ,those most in 
,need to be first relieved4             
,intellectual and ,moral ,wants more    

necessary to be supplied than ,physical4
 ,not much ,need of ,charity in         
supplying ,physical ,wants in this      
,country4 ,system of ,associated        
,charities1 in which many small ,sums   
are combined4 ,indiscriminate           
,charity--,very injurious to ,society1  
as a ,general ,rule4 ,exceptions4       
,impropriety of judging of the          
,charities of ,others1                  
#afg   ,,chapter ,,xvi4  ,,on ,,economy 
,,of ,,time ,,and ,,expenses4  ,economy 
of ,time4 ,value of ,time4 ,right       
,apportionment of ,time4 ,laws appointed
 by ,god for the ,jews4 ,proportions of 
,property and ,time the ,jews were      
required to devote to ,intellectual1    
,benevolent1 and ,religious ,purposes4  
,the ,levites4 ,the weekly ,sabbath4    
,the ,sabbatical ,year4 ,three sevenths 
of the ,time of the ,jews devoted to    
,god's ,service4 ,christianity removes  
the ,restrictions laid on the ,jews1 but
 demands all our ,time to be devoted to 
our own best ,interests and the ,good of

 our ,fellow-men4 ,some ,practical ,good
 to be the ,ultimate ,end of all our    
,pursuits4 ,enjoyment connected with the
 ,performance of every ,duty4 ,great    
,mistake of ,mankind4 ,a ,final ,account
 to be given of the ,apportionment of   
our ,time4 ,various ,modes of           
economizing ,time4 ,system and ,order4  
,uniting several ,objects in one        
,employment4 ,employment of ,odd        
,intervals of ,time4 ,we are bound to   
aid ,others in economizing ,time4       
,economy in ,expenses4 ,necessity of    
,information on this ,point4            
,contradictory ,notions4 ,general       
,principles in which all agree4         
,knowledge of ,income and ,expenses4    
,every ,one bound to do as much as she  
can to secure ,system and ,order4       
,examples4 ,evils of ,want of ,system   
and ,forethought4 ,young ,ladies should 
early learn to be systematic and        
economical4 ,articles of ,dress and     
,furniture should be in ,keeping with   
each other1 and with the ,circumstances 

of the ,family4 ,mistaken ,economy4     
,education of ,daughters away from ,home
 injudicious4 ,nice ,sewing should be   
done at ,home4 ,cheap ,articles not     
always most economical4 ,buying by      
wholesale economical only in special    
cases4 ,penurious ,savings made by      
getting the ,poor to work cheap4        
,relative ,obligations of the ,poor and 
the ,rich in ,regard to ,economy4       
,economy of ,providence in the ,unequal 
,distribution of ,property4             
,carelessness of ,expense not a ,mark of
 ,gentility4 ,beating down ,prices      
improper in ,wealthy ,people4           
,inconsistency in ,american would-be    
,fashionables1     #ahj   ,,chapter     
,,xvii4  ,,on ,,health ,,of ,,mind4     
,intimate ,connection between the ,body 
and ,mind4 ,brain excited by improper   
,stimulants taken into the ,stomach4    
,mental ,faculties then affected4       
,example of a ,person having lost a     
,portion of his ,skull4 ,causes of      
,mental ,diseases4 ,want of ,oxygenized 

,blood4 ,fresh ,air absolutely          
necessary4 ,excessive ,exercise of the  
,intellect or ,feelings a ,cause of     
,derangement4 ,such ,attention to       
,religion1 as prevents the ,performance 
of other ,duties1 wrong4 ,teachers and  
,parents should look to this4 ,unusual  
,precocity in ,children usually the     
,result of a ,diseased ,brain4 ,parents 
generally add ,fuel to this ,fever4     
,idiocy often the ,result1 or the       
,precocious ,child sinks below the      
,average of ,mankind4 ,this ,evil yet   
prevalent in ,colleges and other        
,seminaries4 ,a ,medical ,man necessary 
in every ,seminary4 ,some ,pupils always
 needing ,restraint in ,regard to       
,study4 ,a ,third ,cause of ,mental     
,disease1 the ,want of ,appropriate     
,exercise of the ,various ,faculties of 
the ,mind4 ,extract from ,dr4 ,combe4   
,examples of ,wealthy ,ladies4          
,beneficial ,results of active          
,intellectual ,employments4 ,indications
 of a ,diseased ,mind1                  

#aie   ,,chapter ,,xviii4  ,,on ,,the   
,,care ,,of ,,domestics4  ,no ,subject  
on which ,american ,women need more     
,wisdom1 ,patience1 ,principle1 and     
,self-control4 ,its ,difficulties4      
,necessary ,evils4 ,miseries of         
,aristocratic ,lands4 ,wisdom of        
,conforming to ,actual ,circumstances4  
,how to judge correctly respecting      
,domestics4 ,they should be treated as  
we would expect to be under similar     
,circumstances4 ,when ,labor is scarce1 
its ,value is increased4 ,instability of
 ,domestics2 how it may be remedied4    
,pride and ,insubordination2 how        
remedied4 ,abhorrence of ,servitude a   
,national ,trait of ,character4         
,domestics easily convinced of the      
,appropriateness of different ,degrees  
of ,subordination4 ,example4 ,domestics 
may be easily induced to be respectful  
in their ,deportment1 and appropriate in
 their ,dress4 ,deficiencies of         
,qualifications for the ,performance of 
their ,duties2 how remedied4            

,forewarning1 better than ,chiding4     
,preventing1 better than finding ,fault4
 ,faults should be pointed out in a     
,kind ,manner4 ,some ,employers think it
 their ,office and ,duty to find ,fault4
 ,domestics should be regarded with     
,sympathy and ,forbearance1             
#bjd   ,,chapter ,,xix4  ,,on ,,the     
,,care ,,of ,,infants4  ,necessity of a 
,knowledge of this ,subject1 to every   
,young ,lady4 ,examples4 ,extracts from 
,doctors ,combe1 ,bell1 and ,eberle4    
,half the ,deaths of ,infants owing to  
,mismanagement1 and ,errors in ,diet4   
,errors of ,parents and ,nurses4 ,error 
of administering ,medicines to          
,children1 unnecessarily4 ,need of      
,fresh ,air1 ,attention to ,food1       
,cleanliness1 ,dress1 and ,bathing4     
,cholera ,infantum not cured by         
,nostrums4 ,formation of ,good ,habits  
in ,children1                      #bac 
,,chapter ,,xx4  ,,on ,,the ,,management
 ,,of ,,young ,,children4  ,physical    
,education of ,children4 ,remark of ,dr4

 ,clark1 and ,opinion of other ,medical 
,men4 ,many ,popular ,notions relating  
to ,animal ,food for ,children1         
erroneous4 ,the ,formation of the ,human
 ,teeth and ,stomach does not indicate  
that ,man was designed to live on       
,flesh4 ,opinions of ,linnus and        
,cuvier4 ,stimulus of ,animal ,food not 
necessary to ,full ,developement of the 
,physical and ,intellectual ,powers4    
,examples4 ,of ,laplanders1             
,kamtschatkadales1 ,scotch ,highlanders1
 ,siberian ,exiles1 ,africans1 ,arabs4  
,popular ,notion that ,animal ,food is  
more ,nourishing than ,vegetable4       
,different ,opinions on this ,subject4  
,experiments4 ,opinions of ,dr4 ,combe  
and others4 ,examples of ,men who lived 
to a great ,age4 ,dr4 ,franklin's       
,testimony4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton and     
others4 ,albany ,orphan ,asylum4        
,deleterious ,practice of allowing      
,children to eat at short ,intervals4   
,intellectual ,training4 ,schoolrooms4  
,moral ,character4 ,submission1         

,self-denial1 and ,benevolence1 the     
three most important ,habits to be      
formed in ,early ,life4 ,extremes to be 
guarded against4 ,medium ,course4       
,adults sometimes forget the ,value     
which ,children set on ,trifles4        
,example4 ,impossible to govern         
,children1 properly1 without            
appreciating the ,value they attach to  
their ,pursuits and ,enjoyments4 ,those 
who govern ,children should join in     
their ,sports4 ,this the best way to    
gain their ,confidence and ,affection4  
,but ,older ,persons should never lose  
the ,attitude of ,superiors4            
,unsteadiness in ,government4           
,illustrations4 ,punishment from        
unsteady ,governors1 does little ,good4 
,over-,government4 ,want of ,patience   
and ,self-control in ,parents and       
,governors4 ,example of ,parents more   
effectual than their ,precepts4         
,formation of ,habits of ,self-denial in
 ,early ,life4 ,denying ,ourselves to   
promote the ,happiness of ,others4      

,habits of ,honesty and ,veracity4      
,habits of ,modesty4 ,delicacy          
studiously to be cherished4 ,licentious 
and ,impure ,books to be banished4      
,bulwer a ,licentious ,writer1 and to be
 discountenanced1                       
#bbj   ,,chapter ,,xxi4  ,,on ,,the     
,,care ,,of ,,the ,,sick4  ,women       
frequently called upon to direct in     
,cases of ,indisposition4 ,extremes to  
be avoided4 ,grand ,cause of most       
,diseases1 ,excess in ,eating and       
,drinking4 ,fasting useful4 ,extracts   
from ,doctors ,burne and ,combe4        
,necessity of a ,woman's ,understanding 
the ,nature and ,operation of ,common   
,medicines4 ,simple ,electuary4         
,discretion required4 ,useful           
,directions in ,regard to ,nursing the  
,sick4 ,fresh ,air absolutely necessary4
 ,frequent ,ablutions important4        
,dressing a ,blister4 ,arrangements to  
be made beforehand1 when practicable4   
,importance of ,cleanliness2 ,nothing   
more annoying to the ,sick1 than a want 

of it4 ,necessity of a proper           
,preparation of ,food1 for the ,sick4   
,physicians' ,directions to be well     
understood and implicitly followed4     
,kindness1 ,patience1 and ,sympathy1    
towards the ,sick1 important4           
,impositions of ,apothecaries4 ,drugs to
 be locked up from the ,access of       
,children1                              
#bcd   ,,chapter ,,xxii4  ,,on          
,,accidents ,,and ,,antidotes4  ,medical
 ,aid should be promptly resorted to4   
,suffocation1 from ,substances in the   
,throat4 ,common ,cuts4 ,wounds of      
,arteries1 and other severe ,cuts4      
,bruises4 ,sprains4 ,broken ,limbs4     
,falls4 ,blows on the ,head4 ,burns4    
,drowning4 ,poisons3--,corrosive        
,sublimate2 ,arsenic1 or ,cobalt2       
,opium2 ,acids2 ,alkalies4 ,stupefaction
 from ,fumes of ,charcoal1 or from      
entering a ,well1 ,limekiln1 or         
,coalmine4 ,hemorrhage of the ,lungs1   
,stomach1 or ,throat4 ,bleeding of the  
,nose4 ,dangers from ,lightning1        

#bdj   ,,chapter ,,xxiii4  ,,on         
,,domestic ,,amusements ,,and ,,social  
,,duties4  ,indefiniteness of ,opinion  
on this ,subject4 ,every ,person needs  
some ,recreation4 ,general ,rules4 ,how 
much ,time to be given4 ,what           
,amusements proper4 ,those should always
 be avoided1 which cause ,pain1 or      
injure the ,health1 or endanger ,life1  
or interfere with important ,duties1 or 
are pernicious in their ,tendency4      
,horse-racing1 ,circus-riding1          
,theatres1 and ,gambling4 ,dancing1 as  
now conducted1 does not conduce to      
,health of ,body or ,mind1 but the      
contrary4 ,dancing in the ,open ,air    
beneficial4 ,social ,benefits of        
,dancing considered4 ,ease and ,grace of
 ,manners better secured by a ,system of
 ,calisthenics4 ,the ,writer's          
,experience4 ,balls going out of        
,fashion1 among the more refined        
,circles4 ,novel-reading4 ,necessity for
 ,discrimination4 ,young ,persons should
 be guarded from ,novels4 ,proper       

,amusements for ,young ,persons4        
,cultivation of ,flowers and ,fruits4   
,benefits of the ,practice4 ,music4     
,children enjoy it4 ,collections of     
,shells1 ,plants1 ,minerals1 c4         
,children's ,games and ,sports4 ,parents
 should join in them4 ,mechanical ,skill
 of ,children to be encouraged4 ,other  
,enjoyments4 ,social ,enjoyments not    
always considered in the ,list of       
,duties4 ,main ,object of ,life to form 
,character4 ,family ,friendship should  
be preserved4 ,plan adopted by ,families
 of the ,writer's ,acquaintance4        
,kindness to ,strangers4 ,hospitality4  
,change of ,character of ,communities in
 ,relation to ,hospitality4 ,hospitality
 should be prompt4 ,strangers should be 
made to feel at their ,ease1    #bdd    
,,chapter ,,xxiv4  ,,on ,,the           
,,construction ,,of ,,houses4           
,importance to ,family ,comfort of      
well-constructed ,houses4 ,rules for    
constructing them4 ,economy of ,labor4  
,large ,houses4 ,arrangement of ,rooms4 

,wells and ,cisterns4 ,economy of       
,money4 ,shape and ,arrangement of      
,houses4 ,porticoes1 ,piazzas1 and other
 ,ornaments4 ,simplicity to be          
preferred4 ,fireplaces4 ,economy of     
,health4 ,outdoor ,conveniences4 ,doors 
and ,windows4 ,ventilation4 ,economy of 
,comfort4 ,domestics4 ,spare ,chambers4 
,good ,taste4 ,proportions4 ,color and  
,ornaments4 ,plans of ,houses and       
,domestic ,conveniences4 ,receipts for  
,whitewash1                             
#beh   ,,chapter ,,xxv4  ,,on ,,fires   
,,and ,,lights4  ,wood ,fires4          
,construction of ,fireplaces4 ,firesets4
 ,building a ,fire4 ,wood4 ,cautions4   
,stoves and ,grates4 ,cautions4         
,stovepipes4 ,anthracite ,coal4         
,bituminous ,coal4 ,proper ,grates4     
,coal ,stoves4 ,on ,lights4 ,lamps4     
,oil4 ,candles4 ,lard4 ,pearlash and    
,water for cleansing ,lamps4 ,care of   
,lamps4 ,difficulty4 ,articles needed in
 trimming ,lamps4 ,astral ,lamps4       
,wicks4 ,dipping ,wicks in ,vinegar4    

,shades4 ,weak ,eyes4 ,entry ,lamps4    
,night ,lamps4 ,tapers4 ,wax ,tapers for
 ,use in ,sealing ,letters4 ,to make    
,candles4 ,moulds4 ,dipped ,candles4    
,rush ,lights1       #bhj   ,,chapter   
,,xxvi4  ,,on ,,washing4  ,all needful  
,accommodations should be provided4     
,plenty of ,water1 easily accessible1   
necessary4 ,articles to be provided for 
,washing4 ,substitutes for ,soft ,water4
 ,common ,mode of ,washing4 ,assorting  
,clothes4 ,to ,wash ,bedding4 ,feathers4
 ,calicoes4 ,bran-water4 ,potato-water4 
,soda ,washing4 ,soda ,soap4 ,mode of   
,soda ,washing4 ,cautions in ,regard to 
,colored ,clothes1 and ,flannels4 ,to   
,wash ,brown ,linen1 ,muslins1 ,nankeen1
 ,woollen ,table-,covers and ,shawls1   
,woollen ,yarn1 ,worsted and ,woollen   
,hose4 ,to ,cleanse ,gentlemen's        
,broadcloths4 ,to make ,ley1 ,soft      
,soap1 ,hard ,soap1 ,white ,soap1       
,starch1 and other ,articles used in    
,washing1                               
#bhd   ,,chapter ,,xxvii4  ,,on         

,,starching1 ,,ironing1 ,,and           
,,cleansing4  ,to prepare ,starch4 ,glue
 and ,gum ,starch4 ,beef's or ,ox-,gall4
 ,starching ,muslins and ,laces4 ,to    
,cleanse or ,whiten ,silk ,lace1 or     
,blond1 and ,white ,lace ,veils4 ,on    
,ironing4 ,articles to be provided for  
,ironing4 ,sprinkling1 ,folding1 and    
,ironing1                       #bib    
,,chapter ,,xxviii4  ,,on ,,whitening1  
,,cleansing1 ,,and ,,dyeing4  ,to       
,whiten ,articles and ,remove ,stains   
from them4 ,mixtures to ,remove ,stains 
and ,grease4 ,to ,cleanse ,silk         
,handkerchiefs and ,ribands2 ,silk ,hose
 or ,gloves2 ,down and ,feathers2 ,straw
 and ,leghorn ,hats4 ,on ,coloring4     
,pink1 ,red1 ,yellow1 ,blue1 ,green1    
,salmon1 ,buff1 ,dove1 ,slate1 ,brown1  
,black1 and ,olive ,colors1             
#bif   ,,chapter ,,xxix4  ,,on ,,the    
,,care ,,of ,,parlors4  ,proper         
,arrangement of ,rooms4 ,shades and     
,colors4 ,carpets1 ,curtains1 and other 
,furniture1 should be selected with     

,reference to each other4 ,laying down  
,carpets4 ,blocks to prevent ,sofas and 
,tables from rubbing against ,walls1 and
 to hold ,doors open4 ,footstools4      
,sweeping ,carpets4 ,tealeaves4 ,wet    
,indian ,meal4 ,taking up and cleansing 
,carpets4 ,washing ,carpets4 ,straw     
,matting4 ,pictures and ,glasses4       
,curtains and ,sofas4 ,mahogany         
,furniture4 ,unvarnished ,furniture2    
,mixtures for4 ,hearths and ,jambs4     
,sweeping and ,dusting ,parlors1        
#cjb   ,,chapter ,,xxx4  ,,on ,,the     
,,care ,,of ,,breakfast ,,and           
,,dining-,,rooms4  ,large ,closet       
necessary4 ,dumb ,waiter1 or ,sliding   
,closet4 ,furniture for a ,table4 ,on   
,setting a ,table4 ,rules for doing it  
properly2--for ,breakfast and ,tea2 for 
,dinner4 ,on ,waiting at ,table4 ,on    
,carving and ,helping at ,table1        
#cjf   ,,chapter ,,xxxi4  ,,on ,,the    
,,care ,,of ,,chambers ,,and ,,bedrooms4
  ,importance of well-ventilated        
,sleeping-rooms4 ,debility and          

,ill-health caused by a ,want of ,pure  
,air4 ,chamber ,furniture4 ,cheap       
,couch4 ,bedding4 ,feathers1 ,straw1 or 
,hair1 ,mattresses4 ,to ,make a ,bed4   
,domestics should be provided with      
,single ,beds1 and ,washing             
,conveniences4 ,on ,packing and ,storing
 ,articles4 ,to ,fold a ,gentleman's    
,coat and ,shirt1 and a ,frock4 ,packing
 ,trunks4 ,carpet ,bags4 ,bonnet        
,covers4 ,packing ,household ,furniture 
for ,moving1         #caa   ,,chapter   
,,xxxii4  ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,the  
,,kitchen1 ,,cellar1 ,,and ,,storeroom4 
,importance of a ,convenient ,kitchen4  
,floor should be painted4 ,sink and     
,drain4 ,washing ,dishes4 ,conveniences 
needed4 ,rules4 ,kitchen ,furniture4    
,crockery4 ,iron ,ware4 ,tin ,ware4     
,wooden ,ware4 ,basket ,ware4 ,other    
,articles4 ,on the ,care of the ,cellar4
 ,storeroom4 ,modes of ,destroying      
,insects and ,vermin1                   
#cag   ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4  ,,on        
,,sewing1 ,,cutting1 ,,and ,,mending4   

,importance of ,young ,girls being      
taught various ,kinds of ,stitching4    
,directions for doing various ,kinds of 
,work4 ,work-,baskets1 and their        
,contents4 ,on ,cutting and ,fitting    
,garments4 ,silks4 ,cotton and ,linen4  
,old ,silk ,dresses quilted for ,skirts4
 ,flannel2 ,white should be colored4    
,children's ,flannels4 ,nightgowns4     
,wrappers4 ,bedding4 ,mending1          
#cbd   ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4  ,,on ,,the   
,,care ,,of ,,yards ,,and ,,gardens4    
,on the ,preparation of ,soil4 ,for     
,pot-,plants4 ,on the ,preparation of a 
,hot-,bed4 ,planting ,flower-,seeds4 ,to
 plant ,garden-,seeds4 ,transplanting4  
,to ,re-pot ,house-,plants4 ,on laying  
out ,yards4 ,gardens4 ,flower-,beds4    
,bulbs and ,tuberous ,roots4 ,list of   
,various ,kinds of ,flowers1 in         
,reference to ,color1 and ,height4      
,annuals4 ,climbing ,plants4            
,perennials4 ,herbaceous ,roots4        
,shrubs2 ,list of those most suitable   
for adorning a ,yard4 ,roses2 ,varieties

 of4 ,shade-,trees4 ,time for           
,transplanting4 ,trees4 ,care of ,house 
,plants1                                
#cca   ,,chapter ,,xxxv4  ,,on ,,the    
,,propagation ,,of ,,plants4  ,different
 ,modes of ,propagation2--,by ,offsets2 
,cuttings2 ,layers2 ,budding1 or        
,inoculating2                           
,ingrafting2--,whip-,grafting2          
,split-,grafting2 ,stock-,grafting4     
,pruning4 ,thinning1                    
#cda   ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4  ,,on ,,the   
,,cultivation ,,of ,,fruit4  ,value of  
,attention to this ,subject4            
,preparation of ,soil4 ,planting of     
,seeds4 ,budding1 ,grafting1 and        
,transplanting4 ,training the ,limbs4   
,attention to the ,soil4 ,manuring4     
,filberts4 ,figs4 ,currants4            
,gooseberries4 ,raspberries4            
,strawberries4 ,grapes4 ,to ,preserve   
,fruit2 ,modes of ,preserving           
,fruit-,trees4 ,fire ,blight4 ,worms1   
#cdg   ,,chapter ,,xxxvii4              
,,miscellaneous ,,directions4  ,women   

should know how to take proper ,care of 
,domestic ,animals4 ,care of a ,horse4  
,care of a ,cow4 ,poultry4 ,cautions for
 ,winter4 ,smoky ,chimneys4             
,house-,cleaning4 ,parties4             
,invitations4 ,comfort of ,guests4      
,flower-,baskets4 ,fire-,boards4        
,water-proof ,shoes4 ,earthen ,ware4    
,cements1 c4 c4                         
#cea   ,,note4--,cooking1               
#ced   ,,glossary1                      
#cee   ,,index1                         
#cga     ,,list ,,of ,,engravings4   #a4
 ,the ,human ,skeleton1 showing the     
,connection of the ,bones of the        
,system1                                
#gj  #b1 #c1 #d4 ,the ,cervical1        
,dorsal1 and ,lumbar1 ,vertebr1         
#gb  #e4 ,muscles of the ,arm1          
#gd  #f4 ,vertical ,section of the      
,skull and ,spinal ,column1 side view1  
#gg  #g4 ,view of the same as seen from 
behind1                              #gg
  #h4 ,ramifications of the ,nerves1    
#gi  #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,natural and         

,distorted ,spines1                     
#ha  #ab4 ,vascular ,system1 or         
,blood-,vessels1                        
#hb  #ac4 ,the ,two ,sides of the       
,heart1 separated1                      
#he  #ad4 ,the ,heart1 with its two     
,sides united1 as in ,nature1           
#hf  #ae4 ,the ,heart1 with the great   
,blood-,vessels1 on a larger scale1     
#hg  #af4 ,organs of ,digestion and     
,respiration1                           
#hh  #ag4 ,elevation of a ,cottage of   
,fine ,proportions1                     
#bfb  #ah4 ,ground-plan of the same1    
#bfb  #ai4 ,arrangement of one ,side of 
a ,room                                 
#bfc  #bj4 ,fireplace and ,mantelpiece1 
#bfe  #ba4 ,elevation of a ,cottage on a
 different ,plan from the former1       
#bfe  #bb4 ,ground-plan of the same1    
#bff  #bc1 #bd4 ,ground-plan and ,second
 ,story of a two-story ,cottage1        
#bfg  #be4 ,front ,elevation of the     
latter ,cottage1                        
#bfh  #bf4 ,front ,elevation1 on a      

different ,plan1                        
#bfh  #bg1 #bh4 ,plans of ,first and    
,second ,stories of the latter          
,elevation1   #bfi  #bi1 #cj4 ,plans of 
,first and ,second ,stories of a larger 
,house1         #bgj  #ca4 ,front       
,elevation of a very convenient         
,cottage1                    #bga  #cb4 
,ground-plan of the same1               
#bgb  #cc4 ,cottage of ,daniel          
,wadsworth1 ,esq41 near ,hartford1      
,conn41         #bgd  #cd4              
,accommodations for securing ,water with
 the least ,labor1          #bge  #ce4  
,back-door ,accommodations1             
#bgf  #cf4 ,latticed ,portico1          
#bgg  #cg4 ,sliding ,closet1 or ,dumb   
,waiter1                                
#bgh  #ch4 ,cheap ,couch1               
#cab  #ci4 ,plan of a ,flower-,bed1     
#ccd  #dj4 ,budding1                    
#cdc  #da4 ,grafting1                   
#cdd  #db4 ,stock-,grafting1            
#cde     ,,domestic ,,economy4          
,,chapter ,i4  ,,the ,,peculiar         

,,responsibilities ,,of ,,american      
,,women4   ,there are some reasons1 why 
,american women should feel an interest 
in the support of the democratic        
institutions of their ,country1 which it
 is important that they should consider4
 ,the great maxim1 which is the basis of
 all our civil and political            
institutions1 is1 that all men are      
created equal1 and that they are equally
 entitled to life1 liberty1 and the     
pursuit of happiness4  ,but it can      
readily be seen1 that this is only      
another mode of expressing the          
fundamental principle which the ,great  
,ruler of the ,universe has established1
 as the law of ,his eternal government4 
,thou shalt love thy neighbor as        
thyself2 and ,whatsoever ye would that  
men should do to you1 do ye even so to  
them1 are the ,scripture forms1 by which
 the ,supreme ,lawgiver requires that   
each individual of our race shall regard
 the happiness of others1 as of the same
 value as his own2 and which forbid any 

institution1 in private or civil life1  
which secures advantages to one class1  
by sacrificing the interests of another4
  ,the principles of democracy1 then1   
are identical with the principles of    
,christianity4  ,but1 in order that each
 individual may pursue and secure the   
highest degree of happiness within his  
reach1 unimpeded by the selfish         
interests of others1 a system of laws   
must be established1 which sustain      
certain relations and dependencies in   
social and civil life4 ,what these      
relations and their attending           
obligations shall be1 are to be         
determined1 not with reference to the   
wishes and interests of a few1 but      
solely with reference to the general    
good of all2 so that each individual    
shall have his own interest1 as well as 
the public benefit1 secured by them4    
,for this purpose1 it is needful that   
certain relations be sustained1 which   
involve the duties of subordination4    
,there must be the magistrate and the   

subject1 one of whom is the superior1   
and the other the inferior4 ,there must 
be the relations of husband and wife1   
parent and child1 teacher and pupil1    
employer and employed1 each involving   
the relative duties of subordination4   
,the superior1 in certain particulars1  
is to direct1 and the inferior is to    
yield obedience4 ,society could never go
 forward1 harmoniously1 nor could any   
craft or profession be successfully     
pursued1 unless these superior and      
subordinate relations be instituted and 
sustained4  ,but who shall take the     
higher1 and who the subordinate1        
stations in social and civil life8 ,this
 matter1 in the case of parents and     
children1 is decided by the ,creator4   
,he has given children to the control of
 parents1 as their superiors1 and to    
them they remain subordinate1 to a      
certain age1 or so long as they are     
members of their household4 ,and parents
 can delegate such a portion of their   
authority to teachers and employers1 as 

the interests of their children require4
  ,in most other cases1 in a truly      
democratic state1 each individual is    
allowed to choose for himself1 who shall
 take the position of his superior4 ,no 
woman is forced to obey any husband but 
the one she chooses for herself2 nor is 
she obliged to take a husband1 if she   
prefers to remain single4 ,so every     
domestic1 and every artisan or laborer1 
after passing from parental control1 can
 choose the employer to whom he is to   
accord obedience1 or1 if he prefers to  
relinquish certain advantages1 he can   
remain without taking a subordinate     
place to any employer4  ,each subject1  
also1 has equal power with every other1 
to decide who shall be his superior as a
 ruler4 ,the weakest1 the poorest1 the  
most illiterate1 has the same           
opportunity to determine this question1 
as the richest1 the most learned1 and   
the most exalted4  ,and the various     
privileges that wealth secures1 are     
equally open to all classes4 ,every man 

may aim at riches1 unimpeded by any law 
or institution which secures peculiar   
privileges to a favored class1 at the   
expense of another4 ,every law1 and     
every institution1 is tested by         
examining whether it secures equal      
advantages to all2 and1 if the people   
become convinced that any regulation    
sacrifices the good of the majority to  
the interests of the smaller number1    
they have power to abolish it4  ,the    
institutions of monarchical and         
aristocratic nations are based on       
precisely opposite principles4 ,they    
secure1 to certain small and favored    
classes1 advantages1 which can be       
maintained1 only by sacrificing the     
interests of the great mass of the      
people4 ,thus1 the throne and           
aristocracy of ,england are supported by
 laws and customs1 which burden the     
lower classes with taxes1 so enormous1  
as to deprive them of all the luxuries1 
and of most of the comforts1 of life4   
,poor dwellings1 scanty food1 unhealthy 

employments1 excessive labor1 and entire
 destitution of the means and time for  
education1 are appointed for the lower  
classes1 that a few may live in palaces1
 and riot in every indulgence4  ,the    
tendencies of democratic institutions1  
in reference to the rights and interests
 of the female sex1 have been fully     
developed in the ,united ,states2 and it
 is in this aspect1 that the subject is 
one of peculiar interest to ,american   
women4 ,in this ,country1 it is         
established1 both by opinion and by     
practice1 that woman has an equal       
interest in all social and civil        
concerns2 and that no domestic1 civil1  
or political1 institution1 is right1    
which sacrifices her interest to promote
 that of the other sex4 ,but in order to
 secure her the more firmly in all these
 privileges1 it is decided1 that1 in the
 domestic relation1 she take a          
subordinate station1 and that1 in civil 
and political concerns1 her interests be
 intrusted to the other sex1 without her

 taking any part in voting1 or in making
 and administering laws4 ,the result of 
this order of things has been fairly    
tested1 and is thus portrayed by ,m4 ,de
 ,tocqueville1 a writer1 who1 for       
intelligence1 fidelity1 and ability1    
ranks second to none4  ,there are people
 in ,europe1 who1 confounding together  
the different characteristics of the    
sexes1 would make of man and woman1     
beings not only equal1 but alike4 ,they 
would give to both the same functions1  
impose on both the same duties1 and     
grant to both the same rights4 ,they    
would mix them in all things1--their    
business1 their occupations1 their      
pleasures4 ,it may readily be conceived1
 that1 by thus attempting to make one   
sex equal to the other1 both are        
degraded2 and1 from so preposterous a   
medley of the works of ,nature1 nothing 
could ever result1 but weak men and     
disorderly women4  ,it is not thus that 
the ,americans understand the species of
 democratic equality1 which may be      

established between the sexes4 ,they    
admit1 that1 as ,nature has appointed   
such wide differences between the       
physical and moral constitutions of man 
and woman1 her manifest design was1 to  
give a distinct employment to their     
various faculties2 and they hold1 that  
improvement does not consist in making  
beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly   
the same things1 but in getting each of 
them to fulfil their respective tasks1  
in the best possible manner4 ,the       
,americans have applied to the sexes the
 great principle of political economy1  
which governs the manufactories of our  
age1 by carefully dividing the duties of
 man from those of woman1 in order that 
the great work of society may be the    
better carried on4  ,in no country has  
such constant care been taken1 as in    
,america1 to trace two clearly distinct 
lines of action for the two sexes1 and  
to make them keep pace one with the     
other1 but in two pathways which are    
always different4 ,american women never 

manage the outward concerns of the      
family1 or conduct a business1 or take a
 part in political life2 nor are they1  
on the other hand1 ever compelled to    
perform the rough labor of the fields1  
or to make any of those laborious       
exertions1 which demand the exertion of 
physical strength4 ,no families are so  
poor1 as to form an exception to this   
rule4  ,if1 on the one hand1 an         
,american woman cannot escape from the  
quiet circle of domestic employments1 on
 the other hand1 she is never forced to 
go beyond it4 ,hence it is1 that the    
women of ,america1 who often exhibit a  
masculine strength of understanding1 and
 a manly energy1 generally preserve     
great delicacy of personal appearance1  
and always retain the manners of women1 
although they sometimes show that they  
have the hearts and minds of men4  ,nor 
have the ,americans ever supposed1 that 
one consequence of democratic           
principles1 is1 the subversion of       
marital power1 or the confusion of the  

natural authorities in families4 ,they  
hold1 that every association must have a
 head1 in order to accomplish its       
object2 and that the natural head of the
 conjugal association is man4 ,they do  
not1 therefore1 deny him the right of   
directing his partner2 and they         
maintain1 that1 in the smaller          
association of husband and wife1 as well
 as in the great social community1 the  
object of democracy is1 to regulate and 
legalize the powers which are necessary1
 not to subvert all power4  ,this       
opinion is not peculiar to one sex1 and 
contested by the other4 ,i never        
observed1 that the women of ,america    
considered conjugal authority as a      
fortunate usurpation of their rights1   
nor that they thought themselves        
degraded by submitting to it4 ,it       
appears to me1 on the contrary1 that    
they attach a sort of pride to the      
voluntary surrender of their own will1  
and make it their boast to bend         
themselves to the yoke1 not to shake it 

off4 ,such1 at least1 is the feeling    
expressed by the most virtuous of their 
sex2 the others are silent2 and in the  
,united ,states it is not the practice  
for a guilty wife to clamor for the     
rights of woman1 while she is trampling 
on her holiest duties4  ,although the   
travellers1 who have visited ,north     
,america1 differ on a great number of   
points1 they agree in remarking1 that   
morals are far more strict1 there1 than 
elsewhere4,a ,it is evident that1 on    
this point1 the ,americans are very     
superior to their progenitors1 the      
,english4 ,in ,england1 as in all other 
,countries of ,europe1 public malice is 
constantly attacking the frailties of   
women4 ,philosophers and statesmen are  
heard to deplore1 that morals are not   
sufficiently strict2 and the literary   
productions of the ,country constantly  
lead one to suppose so4 ,in ,america1   
all books1 novels not excepted1 suppose 
women to be chaste2 and no one thinks of
 relating affairs of gallantry4  ,it has

 often been remarked1 that1 in ,europe1 
a certain degree of contempt lurks1 even
 in the flattery which men lavish upon  
women4 ,although a ,european frequently 
affects to be the slave of woman1 it may
 be seen1 that he never sincerely thinks
 her his equal4 ,in the ,united ,states1
 men seldom compliment women1 but they  
daily show how much they esteem them4   
,they constantly display an entire      
confidence in the understanding of a    
wife1 and a profound respect for her    
freedom4  ,they have decided that her   
mind is just as fitted as that of a man 
to discover the plain truth1 and her    
heart as firm to embrace it1 and they   
have never sought to place her virtue1  
any more than his1 under the shelter of 
prejudice1 ignorance1 and fear4  ,it    
would seem1 that in ,europe1 where man  
so easily submits to the despotic sway  
of woman1 they are nevertheless         
curtailed of some of the greatest       
qualities of the human species1 and     
considered as seductive1 but imperfect  

beings1 and 7what may well provoke      
astonishment7 women ultimately look upon
 themselves in the same light1 and      
almost consider it as a privilege that  
they are entitled to show themselves    
futile1 feeble1 and timid4 ,the women of
 ,america claim no such privileges4  ,it
 is true1 that the ,americans rarely    
lavish upon women those eager attentions
 which are commonly paid them in        
,europe4 ,but their conduct to women    
always implies1 that they suppose them  
to be virtuous and refined2 and such is 
the respect entertained for the moral   
freedom of the sex1 that1 in the        
presence of a woman1 the most guarded   
language is used1 lest her ear should be
 offended by an expression4 ,in         
,america1 a young unmarried woman may1  
alone1 and without fear1 undertake a    
long journey4  ,thus the ,americans do  
not think that man and woman have either
 the duty1 or the right1 to perform the 
same offices1 but they show an equal    
regard for both their respective parts2 

and1 though their lot is different1 they
 consider both of them1 as beings of    
equal value4 ,they do not give to the   
courage of woman the same form1 or the  
same direction1 as to that of man2 but  
they never doubt her courage3 and if    
they hold that man and his partner ought
 not always to exercise their intellect 
and understanding in the same manner1   
they at least believe the understanding 
of the one to be as sound as that of the
 other1 and her intellect to be as      
clear4 ,thus1 then1 while they have     
allowed the social inferiority of woman 
to subsist1 they have done all they     
could to raise her1 morally and         
intellectually1 to the level of man2    
and1 in this respect1 they appear to me 
to have excellently understood the true 
principle of democratic improvement4    
,as for myself1 ,i do not hesitate to   
avow1 that1 although the women of the   
,united ,states are confined within the 
narrow circle of domestic life1 and     
their situation is1 in some respects1   

one of extreme dependence1 ,i have      
nowhere seen women occupying a loftier  
position2 and if ,i were asked1 now ,i  
am drawing to the close of this work1 in
 which ,i have spoken of so many        
important things done by the ,americans1
 to what the singular prosperity and    
growing strength of that people ought   
mainly to be attributed1 ,i should      
reply1--to the superiority of their     
women4  ,this testimony of a foreigner1 
who has had abundant opportunities of   
making a comparison1 is sanctioned by   
the assent of all candid and intelligent
 men1 who have enjoyed similar          
opportunities4  ,it appears1 then1 that 
it is in ,america1 alone1 that women are
 raised to an equality with the other   
sex2 and that1 both in theory and       
practice1 their interests are regarded  
as of equal value4 ,they are made       
subordinate in station1 only where a    
regard to their best interests demands  
it1 while1 as if in compensation for    
this1 by custom and courtesy1 they are  

always treated as superiors4            
,universally1 in this ,country1 through 
every class of society1 precedence is   
given to woman1 in all the comforts1    
conveniences1 and courtesies1 of life4  
,in civil and political affairs1        
,american women take no interest or     
concern1 except so far as they          
sympathize with their family and        
personal friends2 but in all cases1 in  
which they do feel a concern1 their     
opinions and feelings have a            
consideration1 equal1 or even superior1 
to that of the other sex4  ,in matters  
pertaining to the education of their    
children1 in the selection and support  
of a clergyman1 in all benevolent       
enterprises1 and in all questions       
relating to morals or manners1 they have
 a superior influence4 ,in such         
concerns1 it would be impossible to     
carry a point1 contrary to their        
judgement and feelings2 while an        
enterprise1 sustained by them1 will     
seldom fail of success4  ,if those who  

are bewailing themselves over the       
fancied wrongs and injuries of women in 
this ,nation1 could only see things as  
they are1 they would know1 that1        
whatever remnants of a barbarous or     
aristocratic age may remain in our civil
 institutions1 in reference to the      
interests of women1 it is only because  
they are ignorant of them1 or do not use
 their influence to have them rectified2
 for it is very certain that there is   
nothing reasonable1 which ,american     
women would unite in asking1 that would 
not readily be bestowed4  ,the preceding
 remarks1 then1 illustrate the position1
 that the democratic institutions of    
this ,country are in reality no other   
than the principles of ,christianity    
carried into operation1 and that they   
tend to place woman in her true position
 in society1 as having equal rights with
 the other sex2 and that1 in fact1 they 
have secured to ,american women a lofty 
and fortunate position1 which1 as yet1  
has been attained by the women of no    

other nation4  ,there is another topic1 
presented in the work of the above      
author1 which demands the profound      
attention of ,american women4  ,the     
following is taken from that part of the
 ,introduction to the work1 illustrating
 the position1 that1 for ages1 there has
 been a constant progress1 in all       
civilized nations1 towards the          
democratic equality attained in this    
,country4  ,the various occurrences of  
national existence have every where     
turned to the advantage of democracy2   
all men have aided it by their          
exertions2 those who have intentionally 
labored in its cause1 and those who have
 served it unwittingly2 those who have  
fought for it1 and those who have       
declared themselves its opponents1 have 
all been driven along in the same track1
 have all labored to one end2 all have  
been blind instruments in the hands of  
,god4  ,the gradual developement of the 
equality of conditions1 is1 therefore1 a
 ,providential fact2 and it possesses   

all the characteristics of a ,divine    
decree3 it is universal1 it is durable1 
it constantly eludes all human          
interference1 and all events1 as well as
 all men1 contribute to its progress4   
,the whole book1 which is here offered  
to the public1 has been written under   
the impression of a kind of religious   
dread1 produced in the author's mind1 by
 the contemplation of so irresistible a 
revolution1 which has advanced for      
centuries1 in spite of such amazing     
obstacles1 and which is still proceeding
 in the midst of the ruins it has made4 
,it is not necessary that ,god ,himself 
should speak1 in order to disclose to us
 the unquestionable signs of ,his will4 
,we can discern them in the habitual    
course of ,nature1 and in the invariable
 tendency of events4  ,if the men of our
 time were led1 by attentive            
observation1 and by sincere reflection1 
to acknowledge that the gradual and     
progressive developement of social      
equality is at once the past and future 

of their history1 this solitary truth   
would confer the sacred character of a  
,divine decree upon the change4 ,to     
attempt to check democracy1 would be1 in
 that case1 to resist the will of ,god2 
and the nations would then be           
constrained to make the best of the     
social lot awarded to them by           
,providence4  ,it is not1 then1 merely  
to satisfy a legitimate curiosity1 that 
,i have examined ,america2 my wish has  
been to find instruction by which we may
 ourselves profit4 ,i have not even     
affected to discuss whether the social  
revolution1 which ,i believe to be      
irresistible1 is advantageous or        
prejudicial to mankind4 ,i have         
acknowledged this revolution1 as a fact 
already accomplished1 or on the eve of  
its accomplishment2 and ,i have selected
 the nation1 from among those which have
 undergone it1 in which its developement
 has been the most peaceful and the most
 complete1 in order to discern its      
natural consequences1 and1 if it be     

possible1 to distinguish the means by   
which it may be rendered profitable4 ,i 
confess1 that in ,america ,i saw more   
than ,america2 ,i sought the image of   
democracy itself1 with its inclinations1
 its character1 its prejudices1 and its 
passions1 in order to learn what we have
 to fear1 or to hope1 from its progress4
  ,it thus appears1 that the sublime and
 elevating anticipations which have     
filled the mind and heart of the        
religious world1 have become so far     
developed1 that philosophers and        
statesmen are perceiving the signs1 and 
are predicting the approach1 of the same
 grand consummation4 ,there is a day    
advancing1 by seers predicted1 and by   
poets sung1 when the curse of           
selfishness shall be removed2 when      
scenes surpassing fable1 and yet true1  
shall be realized2 when all nations     
shall rejoice and be made blessed1 under
 those benevolent influences1 which the 
,messiah came to establish on earth4    
,and this is the ,country1 which the    

,disposer of events designs shall go    
forth as the cynosure of nations1 to    
guide them to the light and blessedness 
of that day4 ,to us is committed the    
grand1 the responsible privilege1 of    
exhibiting to the world1 the beneficent 
influences of ,christianity1 when       
carried into every social1 civil1 and   
political institution2 and1 though we   
have1 as yet1 made such imperfect       
advances1 already the light is streaming
 into the dark prison-house of despotic 
lands1 while startled kings and sages1  
philosophers and statesmen1 are watching
 us with that interest1 which a career  
so illustrious1 and so involving their  
own destiny1 is calculated to excite4   
,they are studying our institutions1    
scrutinizing our experience1 and        
watching for our mistakes1 that they may
 learn whether a social revolution1 so  
irresistible1 be advantageous or        
prejudicial to mankind4  ,there are     
persons1 who regard these interesting   
truths merely as food for national      

vanity2 but every reflecting and        
,christian mind1 must consider it as an 
occasion for solemn and anxious         
reflection4 ,are we1 then1 a spectacle  
to the world8 ,has the ,eternal         
,lawgiver appointed us to work out a    
problem1 involving the destiny of the   
whole earth8 ,are such momentous        
interests to be advanced or retarded1   
just in proportion as we are faithful to
 our high trust8 ,what manner of        
persons1 then1 ought we to be1 in       
attempting to sustain so solemn1 so     
glorious a responsibility8  ,but the    
part to be enacted by ,american women1  
in this great moral enterprise1 is the  
point to which special attention should 
here be directed4  ,the success of      
democratic institutions1 as is conceded 
by all1 depends upon the intellectual   
and moral character of the mass of the  
people4 ,if they are intelligent and    
virtuous1 democracy is a blessing2 but  
if they are ignorant and wicked1 it is  
only a curse1 and as much more dreadful 

than any other form of civil government1
 as a thousand tyrants are more to be   
dreaded than one4 ,it is equally        
conceded1 that the formation of the     
moral and intellectual character of the 
young is committed mainly to the female 
hand4 ,the mother forms the character of
 the future man2 the sister bends the   
fibres that are hereafter to be the     
forest tree2 the wife sways the heart1  
whose energies may turn for good or for 
evil the destinies of a nation4 ,let the
 women of a country be made virtuous and
 intelligent1 and the men will certainly
 be the same4 ,the proper education of a
 man decides the welfare of an          
individual2 but educate a woman1 and the
 interests of a whole family are        
secured4  ,if this be so1 as none will  
deny1 then to ,american women1 more than
 to any others on earth1 is committed   
the exalted privilege of extending over 
the world those blessed influences1     
which are to renovate degraded man1 and 
clothe all climes with beauty4  ,no     

,american woman1 then1 has any occasion 
for feeling that hers is an humble or   
insignificant lot4 ,the value of what an
 individual accomplishes1 is to be      
estimated by the importance of the      
enterprise achieved1 and not by the     
particular position of the laborer4 ,the
 drops of heaven which freshen the      
earth1 are each of equal value1 whether 
they fall in the lowland meadow1 or the 
princely parterre4 ,the builders of a   
temple are of equal importance1 whether 
they labor on the foundations1 or toil  
upon the dome4  ,thus1 also1 with those 
labors which are to be made effectual in
 the regeneration of the ,earth4 ,and it
 is by forming a habit of regarding the 
apparently insignificant efforts of each
 isolated laborer1 in a comprehensive   
manner1 as indispensable portions of a  
grand result1 that the minds of all1    
however humble their sphere of service1 
can be invigorated and cheered4 ,the    
woman1 who is rearing a family of       
children2 the woman1 who labors in the  

schoolroom2 the woman1 who1 in her      
retired chamber1 earns1 with her needle1
 the mite1 which contributes to the     
intellectual and moral elevation of her 
,country2 even the humble domestic1     
whose example and influence may be      
moulding and forming young minds1 while 
her faithful services sustain a         
prosperous domestic state2--each and all
 may be animated by the consciousness1  
that they are agents in accomplishing   
the greatest work that ever was         
committed to human responsibility4 ,it  
is the building of a glorious temple1   
whose base shall be coextensive with the
 bounds of the earth1 whose summit shall
 pierce the skies1 whose splendor shall 
beam on all lands2 and those who hew the
 lowliest stone1 as much as those who   
carve the highest capital1 will be      
equally honored1 when its top-stone     
shall be laid1 with new rejoicings of   
the morning stars1 and shoutings of the 
sons of ,god4   ,,footnote3  ,a ,miss   
,martineau is a singular exception to   

this remark4 ,after receiving unexampled
 hospitalities and kindnesses1 she gives
 the following picture of her           
entertainers4 ,having in other places   
spoken of the ,american woman as having 
her intellect confined1 and her morals  
crushed1 and as deficient in education1 
because she has none of the objects in  
life for which an enlarged education is 
considered requisite1 she says1--,it is 
assumed1 in ,america1 particularly in   
,new ,england1 that the morals of       
society there are peculiarly pure4 ,i am
 grieved to doubt the fact2 but ,i do   
doubt it4 ,the ,auld-,robin-,gray story 
is a frequently-enacted tragedy here2   
and one of the worst symptoms that      
struck me1 was1 that there was usually a
 demand upon my sympathy in such        
cases4--,the unavoidable consequence of 
such a mode of marrying1 is1 that the   
sanctity of marriage is impaired1 and   
that vice succeeds4 ,there are sad tales
 in country villages1 here and there1   
that attest this2 and yet more in towns1

 in a rank of society where such things 
are seldom or never heard of in         
,england4--,i unavoidably knew of more  
cases of lapse in highly respectable    
families in one ,state1 than ever came  
to my knowledge at home2 and they were  
got over with a disgrace far more       
temporary and superficial than they     
could have been visited with in         
,england4--,the vacuity of mind of many 
women1 is1 ,i conclude1 the cause of a  
vice1 which it is painful to allude to1 
but which cannot honestly be passed     
over4--,it is no secret on the spot1    
that the habit of intemperance is not   
infrequent among women of station and   
education in the most enlightened parts 
of the ,country4 ,i witnessed some      
instances1 and heard of more4 ,it does  
not seem to me to be regarded with all  
the dismay which such a symptom ought to
 excite4 ,to the stranger1 a novelty so 
horrible1 a spectacle so fearful1       
suggests wide and deep subjects of      
investigation4  ,it is not possible for 

language to give representations more   
false in every item4 ,in evidence of    
this1 the writer would mention1 that1   
within the last few years1 she has      
travelled almost the entire route taken 
by ,miss ,martineau1 except the lower   
tier of the ,southern ,states2 and1     
though not meeting the same individuals1
 has mingled in the very same circles4  
,moreover1 she has resided from several 
months to several years in eight of the 
different ,northern and ,western        
,states1 and spent several weeks at a   
time in five other ,states4 ,she has    
also had pupils from every ,state in the
 ,union1 but two1 and has visited       
extensively at their houses4 ,but in her
 whole life1 and in all these different 
positions1 the writer has never1 to her 
knowledge1 seen even one woman1 of the  
classes with which she has associated1  
who had lapsed in the manner indicated  
by ,miss ,martineau2 nor does she       
believe that such a woman could find    
admission in such circles any where in  

the ,country4 ,as to intemperate women1 
five cases are all of whom the writer   
has ever heard1 in such circles1 and two
 of these many believed to be           
unwarrantably suspected4 ,after         
following in ,miss ,martineau's track1  
and discovering all the falsehood1      
twaddle1 gossip1 old saws1 and almanac  
stories1 which have been strung together
 in her books1 no charitable mode of    
accounting for the medley remains1 but  
to suppose her the pitiable dupe of that
 love of hoaxing so often found in our  
,country4  ,again1 ,miss ,martineau     
says1 ,we passed an unshaded meadow1    
where the grass had caught fire1 every  
day1 at eleven o'clock1 the preceding   
,summer4 ,this demonstrates the         
necessity of shade6 ,a woman1 with so   
little common sense1 as to swallow such 
an absurdity for truth1 and then tack to
 it such an astute deduction1 must be a 
tempting subject for the abovementioned 
mischievous propensity4     ,,chapter   
,,ii4  ,,difficulties ,,peculiar ,,to   

,,american ,,women4   ,in the preceding 
chapter1 were presented those views1    
which are calculated to inspire         
,american women with a sense of their   
high responsibilities to their ,country1
 and to the world2 and of the excellence
 and grandeur of the object to which    
their energies may be consecrated4  ,but
 it will be found to be the law of moral
 action1 that whatever involves great   
results and great benefits1 is always   
attended with great hazards and         
difficulties4 ,and as it has been shown1
 that ,american women have a loftier    
position1 and a more elevated object of 
enterprise1 than the females of any     
other nation1 so it will appear1 that   
they have greater trials and            
difficulties to overcome1 than any other
 women are called to encounter4         
,properly to appreciate the nature of   
these trials1 it must be borne in mind1 
that the estimate of evils and          
privations depends1 not so much on their
 positive nature1 as on the character   

and habits of the person who meets them4
 ,a woman1 educated in the savage state1
 finds it no trial to be destitute of   
many conveniences1 which a woman1 even  
of the lowest condition1 in this        
,country1 would deem indispensable to   
existence4 ,so a woman1 educated with   
the tastes and habits of the best ,new  
,england or ,virginia housekeepers1     
would encounter many deprivations and   
trials1 which would never occur to one  
reared in the log cabin of a new        
settlement4 ,so1 also1 a woman1 who has 
been accustomed to carry forward her    
arrangements with well-trained          
domestics1 would meet a thousand trials 
to her feelings and temper1 by the      
substitution of ignorant foreigners1 or 
shiftless slaves1 which would be of     
little account to one who had never     
enjoyed any better service4  ,now1 the  
larger portion of ,american women are   
the descendants of ,english progenitors1
 who1 as a nation1 are distinguished for
 systematic housekeeping1 and for a     

great love of order1 cleanliness1 and   
comfort4 ,and ,american women1 to a     
greater or less extent1 have inherited  
similar tastes and habits4 ,but the     
prosperity and democratic tendencies of 
this ,country produce results1          
materially affecting the comfort of     
housekeepers1 which the females of      
monarchical and aristocratic lands are  
not called to meet4 ,in such countries1 
all ranks and classes are fixed in a    
given position1 and each person is      
educated for a particular sphere and    
style of living4 ,and the dwellings1    
conveniences1 and customs of life1      
remain very nearly the same1 from       
generation to generation4 ,this secures 
the preparation of all classes for their
 particular station1 and makes the lower
 orders more dependent1 and more        
subservient to employers4  ,but how     
different is the state of things in this
 ,country4 ,every thing is moving and   
changing4 ,persons in poverty1 are      
rising to opulence1 and persons of      

wealth1 are sinking to poverty4 ,the    
children of common laborers1 by their   
talents and enterprise1 are becoming    
nobles in intellect1 or wealth1 or      
office2 while the children of the       
wealthy1 enervated by indulgence1 are   
sinking to humbler stations4 ,the sons  
of the wealthy are leaving the rich     
mansions of their fathers1 to dwell in  
the log cabins of the forest1 where very
 soon they bear away the daughters of   
ease and refinement1 to share the       
privations of a new settlement4         
,meantime1 even in the more stationary  
portions of the community1 there is a   
mingling of all grades of wealth1       
intellect1 and education4 ,there are no 
distinct classes1 as in aristocratic    
lands1 whose bounds are protected by    
distinct and impassable lines1 but all  
are thrown into promiscuous masses4     
,thus1 persons of humble means are      
brought into contact with those of vast 
wealth1 while all intervening grades are
 placed side by side4 ,thus1 too1 there 

is a constant comparison of conditions1 
among equals1 and a constant temptation 
presented to imitate the customs1 and to
 strive for the enjoyments1 of those who
 possess larger means4  ,in addition to 
this1 the flow of wealth1 among all     
classes1 is constantly increasing the   
number of those who live in a style     
demanding much hired service1 while the 
number of those1 who are compelled to go
 to service1 is constantly diminishing4 
,our manufactories1 also1 are making    
increased demands for female labor1 and 
offering larger compensation4 ,in       
consequence of these things1 there is   
such a disproportion between those who  
wish to hire1 and those who are willing 
to go to domestic service1 that1 in the 
non-slaveholding ,states1 were it not   
for the supply of poverty-stricken      
foreigners1 there would not be a        
domestic for each family who demands    
one4 ,and this resort to foreigners1    
poor as it is1 scarcely meets the       
demand2 while the disproportion must    

every year increase1 especially if our  
prosperity increases4 ,for1 just in     
proportion as wealth rolls in upon us1  
the number of those1 who will give up   
their own independent homes to serve    
strangers1 will be diminished4  ,the    
difficulties and sufferings1 which have 
accrued to ,american women1 from this   
cause1 are almost incalculable4 ,there  
is nothing1 which so much demands system
 and regularity1 as the affairs of a    
housekeeper1 made up1 as they are1 of   
ten thousand desultory and minute items2
 and yet1 this perpetually fluctuating  
state of society seems forever to bar   
any such system and regularity4 ,the    
anxieties1 vexations1 perplexities1 and 
even hard labor1 which come upon        
,american women1 from this state of     
domestic service1 are endless2 and many 
a woman has1 in consequence1 been       
disheartened1 discouraged1 and ruined in
 health4 ,the only wonder is1 that1 amid
 so many real difficulties1 ,american   
women are still able to maintain such a 

character for energy1 fortitude1 and    
amiableness1 as is universally allowed  
to be their due4  ,but the second1 and  
still greater difficulty1 peculiar to   
,american women1 is1 a delicacy of      
constitution1 which renders them early  
victims to disease and decay4  ,the fact
 that the women of this ,country are    
unusually subject to disease1 and that  
their beauty and youthfulness are of    
shorter continuance than those of the   
women of other nations1 is one which    
always attracts the attention of        
foreigners2 while medical men and       
philanthropists are constantly giving   
fearful monitions as to the extent and  
alarming increase of this evil4         
,investigations make it evident1 that a 
large proportion of young ladies1 from  
the wealthier classes1 have the         
incipient stages of curvature of the    
spine1 one of the most sure and fruitful
 causes of future disease and decay4    
,the writer has heard medical men1 who  
have made extensive inquiries1 say1 that

 a very large proportion of the young   
women at boarding schools1 are affected 
in this way1 while many other           
indications of disease and debility     
exist1 in cases where this particular   
evil cannot be detected4  ,in           
consequence of this enfeebled state of  
their constitutions1 induced by a       
neglect of their physical education1 as 
soon as they are called to the          
responsibilities and trials of domestic 
life1 their constitution fails1 and     
their whole existence is rendered a     
burden4 ,for no woman can enjoy         
existence1 when disease throws a dark   
cloud over the mind1 and incapacitates  
her for the proper discharge of every   
duty4  ,the writer1 who for some ten    
years has had the charge of an          
institution1 consisting of young ladies 
from almost every ,state in the ,union1 
since relinquishing that charge1 has    
travelled and visited extensively in    
most of the non-slaveholding ,states4   
,in these circuits1 she has learned the 

domestic history1 not merely of her     
pupils1 but of many other young wives   
and mothers1 whose sorrowful experience 
has come to her knowledge4 ,and the     
impression1 produced by the dreadful    
extent of this evil1 has at times been  
almost overwhelming4  ,it would seem as 
if the primeval curse1 which has written
 the doom of pain and sorrow on one     
period of a young mother's life1 in this
 ,country had been extended over all2 so
 that the hour seldom arrives1 when she 
forgetteth her sorrow for joy that a man
 is born into the world4 ,many a mother 
will testify1 with shuddering1 that the 
most exquisite sufferings she ever      
endured1 were not those appointed by    
,nature1 but those1 which1 for week     
after week1 have worn down health and   
spirits1 when nourishing her child4 ,and
 medical men teach us1 that this1 in    
most cases1 results from a debility of  
constitution1 consequent on the         
mismanagement of early life4 ,and so    
frequent and so mournful are these1 and 

the other distresses that result from   
the delicacy of the female constitution1
 that the writer has repeatedly heard   
mothers say1 that they had wept tears of
 bitterness over their infant daughters1
 at the thought of the sufferings which 
they were destined to undergo2 while    
they cherished the decided wish1 that   
these daughters should never marry4 ,at 
the same time1 many a reflecting young  
woman is looking to her future          
prospects1 with very different feelings 
and hopes from those which ,providence  
designed4  ,a perfectly healthy woman1  
especially a perfectly healthy mother1  
is so unfrequent1 in some of the        
wealthier classes1 that those1 who are  
so1 may be regarded as the exceptions1  
and not as the general rule4 ,the writer
 has heard some of her friends declare1 
that they would ride fifty miles1 to see
 a perfectly healthy and vigorous woman1
 out of the laboring classes4 ,this1    
although somewhat jocose1 was not an    
entirely unfair picture of the true     

state of female health in the wealthier 
classes4  ,there are many causes        
operating1 which serve to perpetuate and
 increase this evil4 ,it is a well-known
 fact1 that mental excitement tends to  
weaken the physical system1 unless it is
 counterbalanced by a corresponding     
increase of exercise and fresh air4     
,now1 the people of this ,country are   
under the influence of high commercial1 
political1 and religious stimulus1      
altogether greater than was ever known  
by any other nation2 and in all this1   
women are made the sympathizing         
companions of the other sex4 ,at the    
same time1 young girls1 in pursuing an  
education1 have ten times greater an    
amount of intellectual taxation         
demanded1 than was ever before exacted4 
,let any daughter1 educated in our best 
schools at this day1 compare the course 
of her study with that pursued in her   
mother's early life1 and it will be seen
 that this estimate of the increase of  
mental taxation probably falls below the

 truth4 ,though1 in some countries1     
there are small classes of females1 in  
the higher circles1 who pursue          
literature and science to a far greater 
extent than in any corresponding circles
 in this ,country1 yet1 in no nation in 
the world are the advantages of a good  
intellectual education enjoyed1 by so   
large a proportion of the females4 ,and 
this education has consisted far less of
 accomplishments1 and far more of those 
solid studies which demand the exercise 
of the various powers of mind1 than the 
education of the women of other lands4  
,and when ,american women are called to 
the responsibilities of domestic life1  
the degree in which their minds and     
feelings are taxed1 is altogether       
greater than it is in any other nation4 
,no women on earth have a higher sense  
of their moral and religious            
responsibilities1 or better understand1 
not only what is demanded of them1 as   
housekeepers1 but all the claims that   
rest upon them as wives1 mothers1 and   

members of a social community4 ,an      
,american woman1 who is the mistress of 
a family1 feels her obligations1 in     
reference to her influence over her     
husband1 and a still greater            
responsibility in rearing and educating 
her children4 ,she feels1 too1 the      
claims which the moral interests of her 
domestics have on her watchful care4 ,in
 social life1 she recognises the claims 
of hospitality1 and the demands of      
friendly visiting4 ,her responsibility1 
in reference to the institutions of     
benevolence and religion1 is deeply     
realized4 ,the regular worship of the   
,lord's day1 and all the various        
religious meetings and benevolent       
societies which place so much dependence
 on female influence and example1 she   
feels obligated to sustain4 ,add to     
these multiplied responsibilities1 the  
perplexities and evils which have been  
pointed out1 resulting from the         
fluctuating state of society1 and the   
deficiency of domestic service1 and no  

one can deny that ,american women are   
exposed to a far greater amount of      
intellectual and moral excitement1 than 
those of any other land4 ,of course1 in 
order to escape the danger resulting    
from this1 a greater amount of exercise 
in the fresh air1 and all those methods 
which strengthen the constitution1 are  
imperiously required4  ,but1 instead of 
this1 it will be found1 that1 owing to  
the climate and customs of this ,nation1
 there are no women who secure so little
 of this healthful and protecting       
regimen1 as ours4 ,walking and riding   
and gardening1 in the open air1 are     
practised by the women of other lands1  
to a far greater extent1 than by        
,american females4 ,most ,english women1
 in the wealthier classes1 are able to  
walk six and eight miles1 without       
oppressive fatigue2 and when they visit 
this ,country1 always express their     
surprise at the inactive habits of      
,american ladies4 ,in ,england1 regular 
exercise1 in the open air1 is very      

commonly required by the mother1 as a   
part of daily duty1 and is sought by    
young women1 as an enjoyment4 ,in       
consequence of a different physical     
training1 ,english women1 in those      
circles which enjoy competency1 present 
an appearance which always strikes      
,american gentlemen as a contrast to    
what they see at home4 ,an ,english     
mother1 at thirty1 or thirty-five1 is in
 the full bloom of perfected womanhood2 
as fresh and healthful as her daughters4
 ,but where are the ,american mothers1  
who can reach this period unfaded and   
unworn8 ,in ,america1 young ladies of   
the wealthier classes are sent to school
 from early childhood2 and neither      
parents nor teachers make it a definite 
object to secure a proper amount of     
fresh air and exercise1 to              
counterbalance this intellectual        
taxation4 ,as soon as their school days 
are over1 dressing1 visiting1 evening   
parties1 and stimulating amusements1    
take the place of study1 while the most 

unhealthful modes of dress add to the   
physical exposures4 ,to make morning    
calls1 or do a little shopping1 is all  
that can be termed their exercise in the
 fresh air2 and this1 compared to what  
is needed1 is absolutely nothing1 and on
 some accounts is worse than nothing4,b 
,in consequence of these1 and other     
evils1 which will be pointed out more at
 large in the following pages1 the young
 women of ,america grow up with such a  
delicacy of constitution1 that probably 
eight out of ten become subjects of     
disease1 either before or as soon as    
they are called to the responsibilities 
of domestic life4  ,but there is one    
peculiarity of situation1 in regard to  
,american women1 which makes this       
delicacy of constitution still more     
disastrous4 ,it is the liability to the 
exposures and hardships of a            
newly-settled country4  ,one more       
extract from ,de ,tocqueville will give 
a view of this part of the subject1     
which any one1 familiar with ,western   

life1 will admire for its               
verisimilitude4  ,the same strength of  
purpose which the young wives of        
,america display in bending themselves1 
at once1 and without repining1 to the   
austere duties of their new condition1  
is no less manifest in all the great    
trials of their lives4 ,in no country in
 the world1 are private fortunes more   
precarious1 than in the ,united ,states4
 ,it is not uncommon for the same man1  
in the course of his life1 to rise and  
sink again through all the grades which 
lead from opulence to poverty4 ,american
 women support these vicissitudes with a
 calm and unquenchable energy4 ,it would
 seem that their desires contract1 as   
easily as they expand1 with their       
fortunes4 ,the greater part of the      
adventurers1 who migrate1 every year1 to
 people the ,western wilds1 belong to   
the old ,anglo-,american race of the    
,northern ,states4 ,many of these men1  
who rush so boldly onward in pursuit of 
wealth1 were already in the enjoyment of

 a competency in their own part of the  
,country4 ,they take their wives along  
with them1 and make them share the      
countless perils and privations1 which  
always attend the commencement of these 
expeditions4 ,i have often met1 even on 
the verge of the wilderness1 with young 
women1 who1 after having been brought up
 amid all the comforts of the large     
towns of ,new ,england1 had passed1     
almost without any intermediate stage1  
from the wealthy abode of their parents1
 to a comfortless hovel in a forest4    
,fever1 solitude1 and a tedious life1   
had not broken the springs of their     
courage4 ,their features were impaired  
and faded1 but their looks were firm3   
they appeared to be1 at once1 sad and   
resolute4  ,in another passage1 he gives
 this picturesque sketch3 ,by the side  
of the hearth1 sits a woman1 with a baby
 on her lap4 ,she nods to us1 without   
disturbing herself4 ,like the pioneer1  
this woman is in the prime of life2 her 
appearance would seem superior to her   

condition3 and her apparel even betrays 
a lingering taste for dress4 ,but her   
delicate limbs appear shrunken2 her     
features are drawn in2 her eye is mild  
and melancholy2 her whole physiognomy   
bears marks of a degree of religious    
resignation1 a deep quiet of all        
passion1 and some sort of natural and   
tranquil firmness1 ready to meet all the
 ills of life1 without fearing and      
without braving them4 ,her children     
cluster about her1 full of health1      
turbulence1 and energy2 they are true   
children of the wilderness3 their mother
 watches them1 from time to time1 with  
mingled melancholy and joy4 ,to look at 
their strength1 and her languor1 one    
might imagine that the life she had     
given them had exhausted her own2 and   
still she regrets not what they have    
cost her4 ,the house1 inhabited by these
 emigrants1 has no internal partition or
 loft4 ,in the one chamber of which it  
consists1 the whole family is gathered  
for the night4 ,the dwelling is itself a

 little world2 an ark of civilization   
amid an ocean of foliage4 ,a hundred    
steps beyond it1 the primeval forest    
spreads its shades1 and solitude resumes
 its sway4  ,such scenes1 and such      
women1 the writer has met1 and few      
persons realize how many refined and    
lovely women are scattered over the     
broad prairies and deep forests of the  
,west2 and none1 but the ,father above1 
appreciates the extent of those         
sacrifices and sufferings1 and the value
 of that firm faith and religious hope1 
which live1 in perennial bloom1 amid    
those vast solitudes4 ,if the ,american 
women of the ,east merit the palm1 for  
their skill and success as accomplished 
housekeepers1 still more is due to the  
heroines of the ,west1 who1 with such   
unyielding fortitude and cheerful       
endurance1 attempt similar duties1 amid 
so many disadvantages and deprivations4 
,but1 though ,american women have those 
elevated principles and feelings1 which 
enable them to meet such trials in so   

exemplary a manner1 their physical      
energies are not equal to the exertions 
demanded4 ,though the mind may be bright
 and firm1 the casket is shivered2      
though the spirit may be willing1 the   
flesh is weak4 ,a woman of firm health1 
with the hope and elasticity of youth1  
may be envied rather than pitied1 as she
 shares with her young husband the hopes
 and enterprises of pioneer life4 ,but1 
when the body fails1 then the eye of    
hope grows dim1 the heart sickens1 the  
courage dies2 and1 in solitude1         
weariness1 and suffering1 the wanderer  
pines for the dear voices and the tender
 sympathies of a far distant home4 ,then
 it is1 that the darkest shade is       
presented1 which marks the peculiar     
trials and liabilities of ,american     
women1 and which exhibits still more    
forcibly the disastrous results of that 
delicacy of constitution which has been 
pointed out4 ,for1 though all ,american 
women1 or even the greater part of them1
 are not called to encounter such       

trials1 yet no mother1 who rears a      
family of daughters1 can say1 that such 
a lot will not fall to one of her flock2
 nor can she know which will escape4    
,the reverses of fortune1 and the       
chances of matrimony1 expose every woman
 in the ,nation to such liabilities1 for
 which she needs to be prepared4        
,,footnote3  ,b ,so little idea have    
most ladies1 in the wealthier classes1  
of what is a proper amount of exercise1 
that1 if they should succeed in walking 
a mile or so1 at a moderate pace1 three 
or four times a week1 they would call it
 taking a great deal of exercise4       
,,chapter ,,iii4  ,,remedies ,,for ,,the
 ,,preceding ,,difficulties4   ,having  
pointed out the peculiar                
responsibilities of ,american women1 and
 the peculiar embarrassments which they 
are called to encounter1 the following  
suggestions are offered1 as remedies for
 such difficulties4  ,in the first      
place1 the physical and domestic        
education of daughters should occupy the

 principal attention of mothers1 in     
childhood2 and the stimulation of the   
intellect should be very much reduced4  
,as a general rule1 daughters should not
 be sent to school before they are six  
years old2 and1 when they are sent1 far 
more attention should be paid to their  
physical developement1 than is usually  
done4 ,they should never be confined1 at
 any employment1 more than an hour at a 
time2 and this confinement should be    
followed by sports in the open air4     
,such accommodations should be secured1 
that1 at all seasons1 and in all        
weathers1 the teacher can every half    
hour send out a portion of her school1  
for sports4 ,and still more care should 
be given to preserve pure air in the    
schoolroom4 ,the close stoves1 crowded  
condition1 and poisonous air1 of most   
schoolrooms1 act as constant drains on  
the health and strength of young        
children4  ,in addition to this1 much   
less time should be given to school1 and
 much more to domestic employments1     

especially in the wealthier classes4 ,a 
little girl may begin1 at five or six   
years of age1 to assist her mother2 and1
 if properly trained1 by the time she is
 ten1 she can render essential aid4     
,from this time1 until she is fourteen  
or fifteen1 it should be the principal  
object of her education to secure a     
strong and healthy constitution1 and a  
thorough practical knowledge of all     
kinds of domestic employments4 ,during  
this period1 though some attention ought
 to be paid to intellectual culture1 it 
ought to be made altogether secondary in
 importance2 and such a measure of study
 and intellectual excitement1 as is now 
demanded in our best female seminaries1 
ought never to be allowed1 until a young
 lady has passed the most critical      
period of her youth1 and has a vigorous 
and healthful constitution fully        
established4 ,the plan might be adopted1
 of having schools for young girls kept 
only in the afternoon2 that their       
mornings might be occupied in domestic  

exercise1 without interfering with      
school employments4 ,where a proper     
supply of domestic exercise cannot be   
afforded1 the cultivation of flowers and
 fruits might be resorted to1 as a      
delightful and unfailing promotive of   
pleasure and health4  ,and it is to that
 class of mothers1 who have the best    
means of securing hired service1 and who
 are the most tempted to allow their    
daughters to grow up with inactive      
habits1 that their ,country and the     
world must look for a reformation1 in   
this respect4 ,whatever ladies in the   
wealthier classes decide shall be       
fashionable1 will be followed by all the
 rest2 but1 while they persist in the   
aristocratic habits1 now so common1 and 
bring up their daughters to feel as if  
labor was degrading and unbecoming1 the 
evils pointed out will never find a     
remedy4 ,it is1 therefore1 the peculiar 
duty of ladies1 who have wealth1 to set 
a proper example1 in this particular1   
and make it their first aim to secure a 

strong and healthful constitution for   
their daughters1 by active domestic     
employments4 ,all the sweeping1 dusting1
 care of furniture and beds1 the clear  
starching1 and the nice cooking1 should 
be done by the daughters of a family1   
and not by hired servants4 ,it may cost 
the mother more care1 and she may find  
it needful to hire a person for the     
express purpose of instructing and      
superintending her daughters1 in these  
employments2 but it should be regarded  
as indispensable to be secured1 either  
by the mother's agency1 or by a         
substitute4  ,it is in this point of    
view1 that the dearth of good domestics 
in this ,country may1 in its results1   
prove a substantial blessing4 ,if all   
housekeepers1 who have the means1 could 
secure good servants1 there would be    
little hope that so important a         
revolution1 in the domestic customs of  
the wealthy classes1 could be effected4 
,and so great is the natural indolence  
of mankind1 that the amount of exercise1

 needful for health1 will never be      
secured by those who are led to it      
through no necessity1 but merely from   
rational considerations4 ,yet the       
pressure of domestic troubles1 from the 
want of good domestics1 has already     
determined many a mother1 in the wealthy
 classes1 to train her daughters to aid 
her in domestic service2 and thus       
necessity is compelling mothers to do   
what abstract principles of expediency  
could never secure4  ,a second method of
 promoting the same object1 is1 to raise
 the science and practice of ,domestic  
,economy to its appropriate place1 as a 
regular study in female seminaries4 ,the
 succeeding chapter will present the    
reasons for this1 more at large4 ,but it
 is to the mothers of our ,country1 that
 the community must look for this       
change4 ,it cannot be expected1 that    
teachers1 who have their attention      
chiefly absorbed by the intellectual and
 moral interests of their pupils1 should
 properly realize the importance of this

 department of education4 ,but if       
mothers generally become convinced of   
this1 their judgement and wishes will   
meet the respectful consideration they  
deserve1 and the object will be         
accomplished4  ,the third method of     
securing a remedy for the evils pointed 
out1 is1 the endowment of female        
institutions1 under the care of suitable
 trustees1 who shall secure a proper    
course of education4 ,the importance of 
this measure cannot be realized by      
those1 who have not turned their        
attention to this subject2 and for such1
 the following considerations are       
presented4  ,the endowment of colleges1 
and of law1 medical1 and divinity1      
schools1 for the other sex1 is designed 
to secure a thorough and proper         
education1 for those who have the most  
important duties of society to perform4 
,the men who are to expound the laws1   
the men who have the care of the public 
health1 and the men who are to          
communicate religious instruction1      

should have well-disciplined and        
well-informed minds2 and it is mainly   
for this object that collegiate and     
professional institutions are           
established4 ,liberal and wealthy       
individuals contribute funds1 and the   
legislatures of the ,states also lend   
assistance1 so that every ,state in this
 ,nation has from one to twenty such    
endowed institutions1 supplied with     
buildings1 apparatus1 a library1 and a  
faculty of learned men to carry forward 
a superior course of instruction4 ,and  
the use of all these advantages is      
secured1 in many cases1 at an expense1  
no greater than is required to send a   
boy to a common school and pay his board
 there4 ,no private school could offer  
these advantages1 without charging such 
a sum1 as would forbid all but the rich 
from securing its benefits4 ,by         
furnishing such superior advantages1 on 
low terms1 multitudes are properly      
educated1 who would otherwise remain in 
ignorance2 and thus the professions are 

supplied1 by men properly qualified for 
them4  ,were there no such institutions1
 and no regular and appropriate course  
of study demanded for admission to the  
bar1 the pulpit1 and to medical         
practice1 the education of most         
professional men would be desultory1    
imperfect1 and deficient4 ,parents and  
children would regulate the course of   
study according to their own crude      
notions2 and1 instead of having         
institutions which agree in carrying on 
a similar course of study1 each school  
would have its own peculiar system1 and 
compete and conflict with every other4  
,meantime1 the public would have no     
means of deciding which was best1 nor   
any opportunity for learning when a     
professional man was properly qualified 
for his duties4 ,but as it is1 the      
diploma of a college1 and the license of
 an appointed body of judges1 must both 
be secured1 before a young man feels    
that he has entered the most promising  
path to success in his profession4  ,our

 ,country1 then1 is most abundantly     
supplied with endowed institutions1     
which secure a liberal education1 on    
such low terms as make them accessible  
to all classes1 and in which the        
interests of education are watched over1
 sustained1 and made permanent1 by an   
appropriate board of trustees4  ,but are
 not the most responsible of all duties 
committed to the charge of woman8 ,is it
 not her profession to take care of     
mind1 body1 and soul8 and that1 too1 at 
the most critical of all periods of     
existence8 ,and is it not as much a     
matter of public concern1 that she      
should be properly qualified for her    
duties1 as that ministers1 lawyers1 and 
physicians1 should be prepared for      
theirs8 ,and is it not as important1 to 
endow institutions which shall make a   
superior education accessible to all    
classes1--for females1 as for the other 
sex8 ,and is it not equally important1  
that institutions for females be under  
the supervision of intelligent and      

responsible trustees1 whose duty it     
shall be to secure a uniform and        
appropriate education for one sex as    
much as for the other8 ,it would seem as
 if every mind must accord an           
affirmative reply1 as soon as the matter
 is fairly considered4  ,as the         
education of females is now conducted1  
any man or woman who pleases1 can       
establish a female seminary1 and secure 
recommendations which will attract      
pupils4 ,but whose business is it to see
 that these young females are not       
huddled into crowded rooms8 or that they
 do not sleep in ill-ventilated         
chambers8 or that they have healthful   
food8 or that they have the requisite   
amount of fresh air and exercise8 or    
that they pursue an appropriate and     
systematic course of study8 or that     
their manners1 principles1 and morals1  
are properly regulated8 ,parents either 
have not the means1 or else are not     
qualified to judge2 or1 if they are     
furnished with means and capacity1 they 

are often restricted to a choice of the 
best school within reach1 even when it  
is known to be exceedingly              
objectionable4  ,if the writer were to  
disclose all that can truly be told of  
boarding-school life1 and its influence 
on health1 manners1 disposition1        
intellect1 and morals1 the disclosure   
would both astonish and shock every     
rational mind4 ,and yet she believes    
that such institutions are far better   
managed in this ,country1 than in any   
other2 and that the number of those1    
which are subject to imputations in     
these respects1 is much less than could 
reasonably be expected4 ,but it is most 
surely the case1 that much remains to be
 done1 in order to supply such          
institutions as are needed for the      
proper education of ,american women4    
,in attempting a sketch of the kind of  
institutions which are demanded1 it is  
very fortunate that there is no         
necessity for presenting a theory1 which
 may1 or may not1 be approved by        

experience4 ,it is the greatest honor of
 one of our newest ,western ,states1    
that it can boast of such an            
,institution1 endowed1 too1 wholly by   
the munificence of a single individual4 
,a slight sketch of this ,institution1  
which the writer has examined in all its
 details1 will give an idea of what can 
be done1 by showing what has actually   
been accomplished4  ,this ,institution,c
 is under the supervision of a ,board of
 ,trustees1 who hold the property in    
trust for the object to which it is     
devoted1 and who have the power to fill 
their own vacancies4 ,it is furnished   
with a noble and tasteful building1 of  
stone1 so liberal in dimensions and     
arrangement1 that it can accommodate    
ninety pupils and teachers1 giving one  
room to every two pupils1 and all being 
so arranged1 as to admit of thorough    
ventilation4 ,this building is          
surrounded by extensive grounds1        
enclosed with handsome fences1 where    
remains of the primeval forest still    

offer refreshing shade for juvenile     
sports4  ,to secure adequate exercise   
for the pupils1 two methods are adopted4
 ,by the first1 each young lady is      
required to spend a certain portion of  
time in domestic employments1 either in 
sweeping1 dusting1 setting and clearing 
tables1 washing and ironing1 or other   
household concerns4  ,let not the       
aristocratic mother and daughter express
 their dislike of such an arrangement1  
till they can learn how well it         
succeeds4 ,let them walk1 as the writer 
has done1 through the large airy halls1 
kept clean and in order by their fair   
occupants1 to the washing and           
ironing-rooms4 ,there they will see a   
long hall1 conveniently fitted up with  
some thirty neatly-painted tubs1 with a 
clean floor1 and water conducted so as  
to save both labor and slopping4 ,let   
them see some thirty or forty merry     
girls1 superintended by a motherly lady1
 chatting and singing1 washing and      
starching1 while every convenience is at

 hand1 and every thing around is clean  
and comfortable4 ,two hours1 thus       
employed1 enable each young lady to wash
 the articles she used during the       
previous week1 which is all that is     
demanded1 while thus they are all       
practically initiated into the arts and 
mysteries of the wash-tub4 ,the         
,superintendent remarked to the writer1 
that1 after a few weeks of probation1   
most of her young washers succeeded     
quite as well as those whom she could   
hire1 and who made it their business4   
,adjacent to the washing-room1 is the   
ironing establishment2 where another    
class are arranged1 on the ironing-day1 
around long1 extended tables1 with      
heating-furnaces1 clothes-frames1 and   
all needful appliances4  ,by a          
systematic arrangement of school and    
domestic duties1 a moderate portion of  
time1 usually not exceeding two hours a 
day1 from each of the pupils1           
accomplished all the domestic labor of a
 family of ninety1 except the cooking1  

which was done by two hired domestics4  
,this part of domestic labor it was     
deemed inexpedient to incorporate as a  
portion of the business of the pupils1  
inasmuch as it could not be accommodated
 to the arrangements of the school1 and 
was in other respects objectionable4    
,is it asked1 how can young ladies      
paint1 play the piano1 and study1 when  
their hands and dresses must be unfitted
 by such drudgery8 ,the woman who asks  
this question1 has yet to learn that a  
pure and delicate skin is better secured
 by healthful exercise1 than by any     
other method2 and that a young lady1 who
 will spend two hours a day at the      
wash-tub1 or with a broom1 is far more  
likely to have rosy cheeks1 a           
finely-moulded form1 and a delicate     
skin1 than one who lolls all day in her 
parlor or chamber1 or only leaves it1   
girt in tight dresses1 to make          
fashionable calls4 ,it is true1 that    
long-protracted daily labor hardens the 
hand1 and unfits it for delicate        

employments2 but the amount of labor    
needful for health produces no such     
effect4 ,as to dress1 and appearance1 if
 neat and convenient accommodations are 
furnished1 there is no occasion for the 
exposures which demand shabby dresses4  
,a dark calico1 genteelly made1 with an 
oiled-silk apron1 and wide cuffs of the 
same material1 secures both good looks  
and good service4 ,this plan of domestic
 employments for the pupils in this     
,institution1 not only secures regular  
healthful exercise1 but also aids to    
reduce the expenses of education1 so    
that1 with the help of the endowments1  
it is brought within the reach of many1 
who otherwise could never gain such     
advantages4  ,in addition to this1 a    
system of ,calisthenic,d exercises is   
introduced1 which secures all the       
advantages which dancing is supposed to 
effect1 and which is free from the      
dangerous tendencies of that fascinating
 and fashionable amusement4 ,this system
 is so combined with music1 and         

constantly varying evolutions1 as to    
serve as an amusement1 and also as a    
mode of curing distortions1 particularly
 all tendencies to curvature of the     
spine2 while1 at the same time1 it tends
 to promote grace of movement1 and easy 
manners4  ,another advantage of this    
,institution1 is1 an elevated and       
invigorating course of mental           
discipline4 ,many persons seem to       
suppose1 that the chief object of an    
intellectual education is the           
acquisition of knowledge4 ,but it will  
be found1 that this is only a secondary 
object4 ,the formation of habits of     
investigation1 of correct reasoning1 of 
persevering attention1 of regular       
system1 of accurate analysis1 and of    
vigorous mental action1 is the primary  
object to be sought in preparing        
,american women for their arduous       
duties2 duties which will demand not    
only quickness of perception1 but       
steadiness of purpose1 regularity of    
system1 and perseverance in action4  ,it

 is for such purposes1 that the         
discipline of the ,mathematics is so    
important an element in female          
education2 and it is in this aspect1    
that the mere acquisition of facts1 and 
the attainment of accomplishments1      
should be made of altogether secondary  
account4  ,in the ,institution here     
described1 a systematic course of study 
is adopted1 as in our colleges2 designed
 to occupy three years4 ,the following  
slight outline of the course1 will      
exhibit the liberal plan adopted in this
 respect4  ,in ,mathematics1 the whole  
of ,arithmetic contained in the larger  
works used in schools1 the whole of     
,euclid1 and such portions from ,day's  
,mathematics as are requisite to enable 
the pupils to demonstrate the various   
problems in ,olmsted's larger work on   
,natural ,philosophy4 ,in ,language1    
besides ,english ,grammar1 a short      
course in ,latin is required1 sufficient
 to secure an understanding of the      
philosophy of the language1 and that    

kind of mental discipline which the     
exercise of translating affords4 ,in    
,philosophy1 ,chemistry1 ,astronomy1    
,botany1 ,geology and ,mineralogy1      
,intellectual and ,moral ,philosophy1   
,political ,economy1 and the ,evidences 
of ,christianity1 the same textbooks are
 used as are required at our best       
colleges4 ,in ,geography1 the most      
thorough course is adopted2 and in      
,history1 a more complete knowledge is  
secured1 by means of charts and         
textbooks1 than most of our colleges    
offer4 ,to these branches1 are added    
,griscom's ,physiology1,e ,bigelow's    
,technology1 and ,jahn's ,archology1    
together with a course of instruction in
 polite literature1 for which           
,chambers's ,english ,literature is     
employed as the text-book1 each         
recitation being attended with          
selections and criticisms1 from teacher 
or pupils1 on the various authors       
brought into notice4 ,vocal ,music1 on  
the plan of the ,boston ,academy1 is a  

part of the daily instructions4 ,linear 
drawing1 and pencilling1 are designed   
also to be a part of the course4        
,instrumental ,music is taught1 but not 
as a part of the regular course of      
study4  ,to secure the proper           
instruction in all these branches1 the  
division of labor1 adopted in colleges1 
is pursued4 ,each teacher has distinct  
branches as her department1 for which   
she is responsible1 and in which she is 
independent4 ,one teacher performs the  
duties of a governess1 in maintaining   
rules1 and attending to the habits and  
manners of the pupils4 ,by this method1 
the teachers have sufficient time1 both 
to prepare themselves1 and to impart    
instruction and illustration in the     
class-room4 ,in this ,institution it is 
made a direct object of effort to cure  
defects of character and habits4 ,at the
 frequent meetings of the ,principal and
 teachers1 the peculiarities of each    
pupil are made the subjects of inquiry2 
and methods are devised for remedying   

defects through the personal influence  
of the several teachers4 ,this1 when    
thus made a direct object of combined   
effort1 often secures results most      
gratifying and encouraging4  ,one       
peculiarity of this ,institution demands
 consideration4 ,by the method adopted  
here1 the exclusive business of         
educating their own sex is1 as it ever  
ought to be1 confined to females4 ,the  
,principal of the ,institution1 indeed1 
is a gentleman2 but1 while he takes the 
position of a father of the family1 and 
responsible head of the whole concern1  
the entire charge of instruction1 and   
most of the responsibilities in regard  
to health1 morals1 and manners1 rest    
upon the female teachers1 in their      
several departments4 ,the ,principal is 
the chaplain and religious teacher2 and 
is a member of the board of instructors1
 so far as to have a right to advise1   
and an equal vote1 in every question    
pertaining to the concerns of the       
,school2 and thus he acts as a sort of  

regulator and mainspring in all the     
various departments4 ,but no one person 
in the ,institution is loaded with the  
excessive responsibilities1 which rest  
upon one1 where a large institution of  
this kind has a ,principal1 who employs 
and directs all the subordinate         
assistants4 ,the writer has never before
 seen the principle of the division of  
labor and responsibility so perfectly   
carried out in any female institution2  
and she believes that experience will   
prove that this is the true model for   
combining1 in appropriate proportions1  
the agency of both sexes in carrying    
forward such an institution4 ,there are 
cases where females are well qualified1 
and feel willing to take the place      
occupied by the ,principal2 but such    
cases are rare4  ,one thing more should 
be noticed1 to the credit of the rising 
,state where this ,institution is       
located4 ,a female association has been 
formed1 embracing a large portion of the
 ladies of standing and wealth1 the     

design of which1 is1 to educate1        
gratuitously1 at this1 and other        
similar1 institutions1 such females as  
are anxious to obtain a good education1 
and are destitute of the means4 ,if this
 enterprise is continued1 with the same 
energy and perseverance as has been     
manifested during the last few years1   
that ,state will take the lead of her   
sister ,states in well-educated women2  
and if the views in the preceding pages 
are correct1 this will give her         
precedence in every intellectual and    
moral advantage4  ,many1 who are not    
aware of the great economy secured by a 
proper division of labor1 will not      
understand how so extensive a course can
 be properly completed in three years4  
,but in this ,institution1 none are     
received under fourteen2 and a certain  
amount of previous acquisition is       
required1 in order to admission1 as is  
done in our colleges4 ,this secures a   
diminution of classes1 so that but few  
studies are pursued at one time2 while  

the number of well-qualified teachers is
 so adequate1 that full time is afforded
 for all needful instruction and        
illustration4 ,where teachers have so   
many classes1 that they merely have time
 to find out what the pupils learn from 
books1 without any aid from their       
teachers1 the acquisitions of the pupils
 are vague and imperfect1 and soon pass 
away2 so that an immense amount of      
expense1 time1 and labor1 is spent in   
acquiring or recalling what is lost     
about as fast as it is gained4  ,parents
 are little aware of the immense waste  
incurred by the present mode of         
conducting female education4 ,in the    
wealthy classes1 young girls are sent to
 school1 as a matter of course1 year    
after year1 confined1 for six hours a   
day1 to the schoolhouse1 and required to
 add some time out of school to learning
 their lessons4 ,thus1 during the most  
critical period of life1 they are for a 
long time immured in a room1 filled with
 an atmosphere vitiated by many breaths1

 and are constantly kept under some sort
 of responsibility in regard to mental  
effort4 ,their studies are pursued at   
random1 often changed with changing     
schools1 while book after book 7heavily 
taxing the parent's purse7 is conned    
awhile1 and then supplanted by others4  
,teachers have usually so many pupils1  
and such a variety of branches to teach1
 that little time can be afforded to    
each pupil2 while scholars1 at this     
thoughtless period of life1 feeling sure
 of going to school as long as they     
please1 manifest little interest in     
their pursuits4  ,the writer believes   
that the actual amount of education1    
permanently secured by most young ladies
 from the age of ten to fourteen1 could 
all be acquired in one year1 at the     
,institution described1 by a young lady 
at the age of fifteen or sixteen4       
,instead of such a course as the common 
one1 if mothers would keep their        
daughters as their domestic assistants1 
until they are fourteen1 requiring them 

to study one lesson1 and go out1 once a 
day1 to recite it to a teacher1 it would
 abundantly prepare them1 after their   
constitutions are firmly established1 to
 enter such an institution1 where1 in   
three years1 they could secure more1    
than almost any young lady in the       
,country now gains by giving the whole  
of her youth to school pursuits4  ,in   
the early years of female life1 reading1
 writing1 needlework1 drawing1 and      
music1 should alternate with domestic   
duties2 and one hour a day1 devoted to  
some study1 in addition to the above    
pursuits1 would be all that is needful  
to prepare them for a thorough education
 after growth is attained1 and the      
constitution established4 ,this is the  
time when young women would feel the    
value of an education1 and pursue their 
studies with that maturity of mind1 and 
vividness of interest1 which would      
double the perpetuity and value of all  
their acquisitions4  ,the great         
difficulty1 which opposes such a plan1  

is1 the want of institutions that would 
enable a young lady to complete1 in     
three years1 the liberal course of      
study1 here described4 ,but if ,american
 mothers become convinced of the        
importance of such advantages for their 
daughters1 and will use their influence 
appropriately and efficiently1 they will
 certainly be furnished4 ,there are     
other men of liberality and wealth1     
besides the individual referred to1 who 
can be made to feel that a fortune1     
expended in securing an appropriate     
education to ,american women1 is as     
wisely bestowed1 as in founding colleges
 for the other sex1 who are already so  
abundantly supplied4 ,we ought to have  
institutions1 similar to the one        
described1 in every part of this        
,nation2 and funds should be provided1  
for educating young women destitute of  
means3 and if ,american women think and 
feel1 that1 by such a method1 their own 
trials will be lightened1 and their     
daughters will secure a healthful       

constitution and a thorough domestic and
 intellectual education1 the appropriate
 expression of their wishes will secure 
the necessary funds4 ,the tide of       
charity1 which has been so long flowing 
from the female hand to provide a       
liberal education for young men1 will   
flow back with abundant remuneration4   
,the last method suggested for lessening
 the evils peculiar to ,american women1 
is1 a decided effort to oppose the      
aristocratic feeling1 that labor is     
degrading2 and to bring about the       
impression1 that it is refined and      
lady-like to engage in domestic         
pursuits4 ,in past ages1 and in         
aristocratic countries1 leisure and     
indolence and frivolous pursuits have   
been deemed lady-like and refined1      
because those classes1 which were most  
refined1 countenanced such an opinion4  
,but whenever ladies of refinement1 as a
 general custom1 patronise domestic     
pursuits1 then these employments will be
 deemed lady-like4 ,it may be urged1    

however1 that it is impossible for a    
woman who cooks1 washes1 and sweeps1 to 
appear in the dress1 or acquire the     
habits and manners1 of a lady2 that the 
drudgery of the kitchen is dirty work1  
and that no one can appear delicate and 
refined1 while engaged in it4 ,now all  
this depends on circumstances4 ,if a    
woman has a house1 destitute of neat and
 convenient facilities2 if she has no   
habits of order and system2 if she is   
remiss and careless in person and       
dress2--then all this may be true4 ,but1
 if a woman will make some sacrifices of
 costly ornaments in her parlor1 in     
order to make her kitchen neat and      
tasteful2 if she will sacrifice         
expensive dishes1 in order to secure    
such conveniences for labor as protect  
from exposures2 if she will take pains  
to have the dresses1 in which she works1
 made of suitable materials1 and in good
 taste2 if she will rise early1 and     
systematize and oversee the work of her 
family1 so as to have it done           

thoroughly1 neatly1 and in the early    
part of the day2 she will find no       
necessity for any such apprehensions4   
,it is because such work has generally  
been done by vulgar people1 and in a    
vulgar way1 that we have such           
associations2 and when ladies manage    
such things1 as ladies should1 then such
 associations will be removed4 ,there   
are pursuits1 deemed very refined and   
genteel1 which involve quite as much    
exposure as kitchen employments4 ,for   
example1 to draw a large landscape1 in  
colored crayons1 would be deemed very   
lady-like2 but the writer can testify1  
from sad experience1 that no cooking1   
washing1 sweeping1 or any other domestic
 duty1 ever left such deplorable traces 
on hands1 face1 and dress1 as this same 
lady-like pursuit4 ,such things depend  
entirely on custom and associations2 and
 every ,american woman1 who values the  
institutions of her ,country1 and wishes
 to lend her influence in extending and 
perpetuating such blessings1 may feel   

that she is doing this1 whenever1 by her
 example and influence1 she destroys the
 aristocratic association1 which would  
render domestic labor degrading4        
,,footnotes3  ,c ,the writer omits the  
name of this ,institution1 lest an      
inference should be drawn which would be
 unjust to other institutions4 ,there   
are others equally worthy of notice1 and
 the writer selects this only because   
her attention was especially directed to
 it as being in a new ,state1 and       
endowed wholly by an individual4  ,d    
,from two ,greek words1--,greek3 kalos1 
kalos1 beauty1 and ,greek3 sthenos1     
sthenos1 strength1 being the union of   
both4 ,the writer is now preparing for  
the press1 an improved system1 of her   
own invention1 which1 in some of its    
parts1 has been successfully introduced 
into several female seminaries1 with    
advantage4 ,this plan combines singing  
with a great variety of amusing and     
graceful evolutions1 designed to promote
 both health and easy manners4  ,e ,this

 work1 which has gone through numerous  
editions1 and been received by the      
public with great favour1 forms ,no4    
lxxxv4 of the ,family ,library1 and ,no4
 lvii4 of the ,school ,district         
,library1 issued by the publishers of   
this volume4 ,it is abundantly          
illustrated by engravings1 and has been 
extensively introduced as a school      
text-book4     ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,,on    
,,domestic ,,economy ,,as ,a ,,branch   
,,of ,,study4   ,the greatest impediment
 to making ,domestic ,economy a branch  
of study1 is1 the fact1 that neither    
parents nor teachers realize the        
importance1 or the practicability of    
constituting it a regular part of school
 education4  ,it is with reference to   
this1 that the first aim of the writer  
will be1 to point out some of the       
reasons for introducing ,domestic       
,economy as a branch of female          
education1 to be studied at school4     
,the first reason1 is1 that there is no 
period1 in a young lady's life1 when she

 will not find such knowledge useful to 
herself and to others4 ,the state of    
domestic service1 in this ,country1 is  
so precarious1 that there is scarcely a 
family1 in the free ,states1 of whom it 
can be affirmed1 that neither sickness1 
discontent1 nor love of change1 will    
deprive them of all their domestics1 so 
that every female member of the family  
will be required to lend some aid1 in   
providing food and the conveniences of  
living2 and the better she is qualified 
to render it1 the happier she will be1  
and the more she will contribute to the 
enjoyment of others4  ,a second reason1 
is1 that every young lady1 at the close 
of her schooldays1 and even before they 
are closed1 is liable to be placed in a 
situation1 in which she will need to do1
 herself1 or to teach others to do1 all 
the various processes and duties        
detailed in this work4 ,that this may be
 more fully realized1 the writer will   
detail some instances1 which have come  
under her own observation4  ,the eldest 

daughter of a family returned from      
school1 on a visit1 at sixteen years of 
age4 ,before her vacation had closed1   
her mother was laid in the grave2 and   
such were her father's circumstances1   
that she was obliged to assume the cares
 and duties of her lost parent4 ,the    
care of an infant1 the management of    
young children1 the superintendence of  
domestics1 the charge of family         
expenses1 the responsibility of         
entertaining company1 and the many other
 cares of the family state1 all at once 
came upon this young and inexperienced  
schoolgirl4  ,again2 a young lady went  
to reside with a married sister1 in a   
distant ,state4 ,while on this visit1   
the elder sister died1 and there was no 
one but this young lady to fill the     
vacant place1 and assume all the cares  
of the nursery1 parlor1 and kitchen4    
,again2 a pupil of the writer1 at the   
end of her schooldays1 married1 and     
removed to the ,west4 ,she was an entire
 novice in all domestic matters2 an     

utter stranger in the place to which she
 removed4 ,in a year1 she became a      
mother1 and her health failed2 while1   
for most of the time1 she had no        
domestics1 at all1 or only ,irish or    
,germans1 who scarcely knew even the    
names1 or the uses1 of many cooking     
utensils4 ,she was treated with         
politeness by her neighbors1 and wished 
to return their civilities2 but how     
could this young and delicate creature1 
who had spent all her life at school1 or
 in visiting and amusement1 take care of
 her infant1 attend to her cooking1     
washing1 ironing1 and baking1 the       
concerns of her parlor1 chambers1       
kitchen1 and cellar1 and yet visit and  
receive company8 ,if there is any thing 
that would make a kindly heart ache1    
with sorrow and sympathy1 it would be to
 see so young1 so amiable1 so helpless a
 martyr to the mistaken system of female
 education now prevalent4 ,i have the   
kindest of husbands1 said the young     
wife1 after her narrative of sufferings1

 and ,i never regretted my marriage2    
but1 since this babe was born1 ,i have  
never had a single waking hour of       
freedom from anxiety and care4 ,o6 how  
little young girls know what is before  
them1 when they enter married life6 ,let
 the mother or teacher1 whose eye may   
rest on these lines1 ask herself1 if    
there is no cause for fear that the     
young objects of her care may be thrown 
into similar emergencies1 where they may
 need a kind of preparation1 which as   
yet has been withheld4  ,another reason 
for introducing such a subject1 as a    
distinct branch of school education1 is1
 that1 as a general fact1 young ladies  
will not be taught these things in any  
other way4 ,in reply to the             
thousand-times-repeated remark1 that    
girls must be taught their domestic     
duties by their mothers1 at home1 it may
 be inquired1 in the first place1 ,what 
proportion of mothers are qualified to  
teach a proper and complete system of   
,domestic ,economy8 ,when this is       

answered1 it may be asked1 ,what        
proportion of those who are qualified1  
have that sense of the importance of    
such instructions1 and that energy and  
perseverance which would enable them    
actually to teach their daughters1 in   
all the branches of ,domestic ,economy  
presented in this work8  ,it may then be
 asked1 ,how many mothers actually do   
give their daughters instruction in the 
various branches of ,domestic ,economy8 
,is it not the case1 that1 owing to ill 
health1 deficiency of domestics1 and    
multiplied cares and perplexities1 a    
large portion of the most intelligent   
mothers1 and those1 too1 who most       
realize the importance of this          
instruction1 actually cannot find the   
time1 and have not the energy1 necessary
 to properly perform the duty8 ,they are
 taxed to the full amount of both their 
mental and physical energies1 and cannot
 attempt any thing more4 ,almost every  
woman knows1 that it is easier to do the
 work1 herself1 than it is to teach an  

awkward and careless novice2 and the    
great majority of women1 in this        
,country1 are obliged to do almost every
 thing in the shortest and easiest way4 
,this is one reason why the daughters of
 very energetic and accomplished        
housekeepers are often the most         
deficient in these respects2 while the  
daughters of ignorant or inefficient    
mothers1 driven to the exercise of their
 own energies1 often become the most    
systematic and expert4  ,it may be      
objected1 that such things cannot be    
taught by books4 ,this position may     
fairly be questioned4 ,do not young     
ladies learn1 from books1 how to make   
hydrogen and oxygen8 ,do they not have  
pictures of furnaces1 alembics1 and the 
various utensils employed in cooking the
 chemical agents8 ,do they not study the
 various processes of mechanics1 and    
learn to understand and to do many as   
difficult operations1 as any that belong
 to housekeeping8 ,all these things are 
explained1 studied1 and recited in      

classes1 when every one knows that      
little practical use can ever be made of
 this knowledge4 ,why1 then1 should not 
that science and art1 which a woman is  
to practise during her whole life1 be   
studied and recited8  ,it may be urged1 
that1 even if it is studied1 it will    
soon be forgotten4 ,and so will much of 
every thing studied at school4 ,but why 
should that knowledge1 most needful for 
daily comfort1 most liable to be in     
demand1 be the only study omitted1      
because it may be forgotten8  ,it may   
also be objected1 that young ladies can 
get such books1 and attend to them out  
of school4 ,and so they can get books on
 ,chemistry and ,philosophy1 and study  
them out of school2 but will they do it8
 ,and why ought we not to make sure of  
the most necessary knowledge1 and let   
the less needful be omitted8 ,if young  
ladies study such a work as this1 in    
school1 they will remember a great part 
of it2 and1 when they forget1 in any    
emergency1 they will know where to      

resort for instruction4 ,but if such    
books are not put into schools1 probably
 not one in twenty will see or hear of  
them1 especially in those retired places
 where they are most needed4 ,and is it 
at all probable1 that a branch1 which is
 so lightly esteemed as to be deemed    
unworthy a place in the list of female  
studies1 will be sought for and learned 
by young girls1 who so seldom look into 
works of solid instruction after they   
leave school8 ,so deeply is the writer  
impressed with the importance of this1  
as a branch of female education1 at     
school1 that she would deem it far safer
 and wiser to omit any other1 rather    
than this4  ,another reason1 for        
introducing such a branch of study into 
female schools1 is1 the influence it    
would exert1 in leading young ladies    
more correctly to estimate the          
importance and dignity of domestic      
knowledge4 ,it is now often the case1   
that young ladies rather pride          
themselves on their ignorance of such   

subjects2 and seem to imagine that it is
 vulgar and ungenteel to know how to    
work4 ,this is one of the relics of an  
aristocratic state of society1 which is 
fast passing away4 ,here1 the tendency  
of every thing is to the equalisation of
 labor1 so that all classes are feeling1
 more and more1 that indolence is       
disreputable4 ,and there are many       
mothers1 among the best educated and    
most wealthy classes1 who are bringing  
up their daughters1 not only to know how
 to do1 but actually to do1 all kinds of
 domestic work4 ,the writer knows young 
ladies1 who are daughters of men of     
wealth and standing1 and who are among  
the most accomplished in their sphere1  
who have for months been sent to work   
with a mantuamaker1 to acquire a        
practical knowledge of her occupation1  
and who have at home learned to perform 
all kinds of domestic labor4  ,and let  
the young women of this ,nation find1   
that ,domestic ,economy is placed1 in   
schools1 on equal or superior ground to 

,chemistry1 ,philosophy1 and            
,mathematics1 and they will blush to be 
found ignorant of its first principles1 
as much as they will to hesitate        
respecting the laws of gravity1 or the  
composition of the atmosphere4 ,but1 as 
matters are now conducted1 many young   
ladies know how to make oxygen and      
hydrogen1 and to discuss questions of   
,philosophy or ,political ,economy1 far 
better than they know how to make a bed 
and sweep a room properly2 and they can 
construct a diagram in ,geometry1 with  
far more skill than they can make the   
simplest article of female dress4  ,it  
may be urged1 that the plan suggested by
 the writer1 in the previous pages1     
would make such a book as this needless2
 for young ladies would learn all these 
things at home1 before they go to       
school4 ,but it must be remembered1 that
 the plan suggested cannot fully be     
carried into effect1 till such endowed  
institutions1 as the one described1 are 
universally furnished4 ,this probably   

will not be done1 till at least one     
generation of young women are educated4 
,it is only on the supposition that a   
young lady can1 at fourteen or fifteen  
years of age1 enter such an institution1
 and continue there three years1 that it
 would be easy to induce her to remain1 
during all the previous period1 at home1
 in the practice of ,domestic ,economy1 
and the limited course of study pointed 
out4 ,in the present imperfect1         
desultory1 varying1 mode of female      
education1 where studies are begun1     
changed1 partially learned1 and         
forgotten1 it requires nearly all the   
years of a woman's youth1 to acquire the
 intellectual education now demanded4   
,while this state of things continues1  
the only remedy is1 to introduce        
,domestic ,economy as a study at school4
  ,it is hoped that these considerations
 will have weight1 not only with parents
 and teachers1 but with young ladies    
themselves1 and that all will unite     
their influence to introduce this1 as a 

popular and universal branch of         
education1 into every female school4    
,,chapter ,v4  ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of   
,,health4   ,there is no point1 where a 
woman is more liable to suffer from a   
want of knowledge and experience1 than  
in reference to the health of a family  
committed to her care4 ,many a young    
lady1 who never had any charge of the   
sick2 who never took any care of an     
infant2 who never obtained information  
on these subjects from books1 or from   
the experience of others2 in short1 with
 little or no preparation2 has found    
herself the principal attendant in      
dangerous sickness1 the chief nurse of a
 feeble infant1 and the responsible     
guardian of the health of a whole       
family4  ,the care1 the fear1 the       
perplexity1 of a woman1 suddenly called 
to these unwonted duties1 none can      
realize1 till they themselves feel it1  
or till they see some young and anxious 
novice first attempting to meet such    
responsibilities4 ,to a woman of age and

 experience1 these duties often involve 
a measure of trial and difficulty1 at   
times deemed almost insupportable2 how  
hard1 then1 must they press on the heart
 of the young and inexperienced6  ,there
 is no really efficacious mode of       
preparing a woman to take a rational    
care of the health of a family1 except  
by communicating that knowledge1 in     
regard to the construction of the body1 
and the laws of health1 which is the    
basis of the medical profession4 ,not   
that a woman should undertake the minute
 and extensive investigation requisite  
for a physician2 but she should gain a  
general knowledge of first principles1  
as a guide to her judgement in          
emergencies when she can rely on no     
other aid4 ,therefore1 before attempting
 to give any specific directions on the 
subject of this chapter1 a short sketch 
of the construction of the human frame  
will be given1 with a notice of some of 
the general principles1 on which        
specific rules in regard to health are  

based4 ,this description will be        
arranged under the general heads of     
,,bones1 ,,muscles1 ,,nerves1           
,,blood-,,vessels1 ,,organs ,,of        
,,digestion ,,and ,,respiration1 and    
,,the ,,skin4   ,,bones4  ,the bones are
 the most solid parts of the body4 ,they
 are designed to protect and sustain it1
 and also to secure voluntary motion4   
,they are about two hundred and fifty in
 number1 7there being sometimes a few   
more or less17 and are fastened together
 by cartilage1 or gristle1 a substance  
like the bones1 but softer1 and more    
elastic4  ,in order to convey a more    
clear and correct idea of the form1     
relative position1 and connection1 of   
the bones constituting the human        
framework1 the engraving on page #gj1   
7,fig4 #a17 is given4  ,illustration3   
,fig4 #a4  ,by the preceding engraving1 
it will be seen1 that the cranium1 or   
skull1 consists of several distinct     
pieces1 which are united by sutures1 7or
 seams17 as represented by the zigzag   

lines2 a1 being the frontal bone2 b1 the
 parietal bone2 c1 the temporal bone2   
and d1 the place of the occipital bone1 
which forms the back part of the head1  
and therefore is not seen in the        
engraving4 ,the nasal bones1 or bones of
 the nose1 are shown at e2 f1 is the    
cheek bone2 g1 the upper1 and h1 the    
lower1 jaw bones2 i1 i1 the spinal      
column1 or back bone1 consisting of     
numerous small bones1 called vertebr2 j1
 j1 the seven true ribs1 which are      
fastened to the spine1 behind1 and by   
the cartilages1 k1 k1 to the sternum1 or
 breast bone1 l1 in front2 m1 m1 are the
 first three false ribs1 which are so   
called1 because they are not united     
directly to the breast bone1 but by     
cartilages to the seventh true rib2 n1  
n1 are the lower two false1 which are   
also called floating1 ribs1 because they
 are not connected with the breast bone1
 nor the other ribs1 in front2 o1 o1 p1 
q1 are the bones of the pelvis1 which is
 the foundation on which the spine      

rests2 r1 r1 are the collar bones2 s1 s1
 the shoulder blades2 t1 t1 the bones of
 the upper arm2 u1 u1 the elbow joints1 
where the bones of the upper arm and    
fore arm are united in such a way that  
they can move like a hinge2 v w1 v w1   
are the bones of the fore arm2 x1 x1    
those of the wrists2 y1 y1 those of the 
fingers2 z1 z1 are the round heads of   
the thigh bones1 where they are inserted
 into the sockets of the bones of the   
pelvis1 giving motion in every          
direction1 and forming the hip joint2 a 
b1 a b1 are the thigh bones2 c1 c1 the  
knee joints2 d e1 d e1 the leg bones2 f1
 f1 the ankle joints2 g1 g1 the bones of
 the foot4  ,the bones are composed of  
two substances1--one animal1 and the    
other mineral4 ,the animal part is a    
very fine network1 called the cellular  
membrane4 ,in this1 are deposited the   
harder mineral substances1 which are    
composed principally of carbonate and   
phosphate of lime4 ,in very early life1 
the bones consist chiefly of the animal 

part1 and are then soft and pliant4 ,as 
the child advances in age1 the bones    
grow harder1 by the gradual deposition  
of the phosphate of lime1 which is      
supplied by the food1 and carried to the
 bones by the blood4 ,in old age1 the   
hardest material preponderates2 making  
the bones more brittle than in earlier  
life4  ,as we shall soon have occasion  
to refer1 particularly1 to the spinal1  
or vertebral column1 and the derangement
 to which it is liable1 we give1 on page
 #gb1 representations of the different  
classes of vertebr2 viz4 the cervical1  
7from the ,latin1 cervix1 the neck17 the
 dorsal1 7from dorsum1 the back17 and   
lumbar1 7from lumbus1 the loins47       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4  ,fig4 #b1     
represents one of the cervical vertebr4 
,seven of these1 placed one above       
another1 constitute that part of the    
spine which is in the neck4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,fig4 #c1 is  
one of the dorsal vertebr1 twelve of    
which1 form the central part of the     

spine4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4  ,fig4 
#d1 represents one of the lumbar        
vertebr1 7five in number17 which are    
immediately above the sacrum4 ,these    
vertebr are so fastened1 that the spine 
can bend1 in any direction2 and the     
muscles of the trunk are used in holding
 it erect1 or in varying its movements4 
,by the drawings here presented1 it will
 be seen1 that the vertebr of the neck1 
back1 and loins1 differ somewhat in size
 and shape1 although they all possess   
the same constituent parts2 thus1 ,a1 in
 each1 represents the body of the       
vertebr2 ,b1 the articulating processes1
 by which each is joined to its fellow1 
above and below it2 ,c1 the spinous     
process1 or that part of the vertebr1   
which forms the ridge to be felt1 on    
pressure1 the whole length of the centre
 of the back4 ,the back bone receives   
its name1 spine1 or spinal column1 from 
these spinous processes4  ,it is the    
universal law of the human frame1 that  
exercise is indispensable to the health 

of the several parts4 ,thus1 if a       
blood-vessel be tied up1 so as not to be
 used1 it shrinks1 and becomes a useless
 string2 if a muscle be condemned to    
inaction1 it shrinks in size1 and       
diminishes in power2 and thus it is also
 with the bones4 ,inactivity produces   
softness1 debility1 and unfitness for   
the functions they are designed to      
perform4 ,this is one of the causes of  
the curvature of the spine1 that common 
and pernicious defect in the females of 
,america4 ,from inactivity1 the bones of
 the spine become soft and yielding2 and
 then1 if the person is often placed1   
for a length of time1 in positions that 
throw the weight of the body unequally  
on certain portions of the spine1 they  
yield to this frequent compression1 and 
a distortion ensues4 ,the positions     
taken by young persons1 when learning to
 write or draw1 or to play on the       
guitar1 harp1 or piano1 and the position
 of the body when sleeping on one side1 
on high pillows1 all tend to produce    

this effect1 by throwing the weight of  
the body unequally1 and for a length of 
time1 on particular parts of the spine4 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4   ,,muscles4   
,the muscles are the chief organs of    
motion1 and consist of collections of   
fine fibres or strings1 united in       
casings of membrane or thin skin4 ,they 
possess an elastic power1 like ,india   
rubber1 which enables them to extend and
 contract4 ,the red meat in animals     
consists of muscles4 ,every muscle has  
connected with it nerves1 veins1 and    
arteries2 and those designed to move the
 bones1 are fastened to them by tendons 
at their extremities4 ,the muscles are  
laid over each other1 and are separated 
by means of membranes and layers of fat1
 which enable them to move easily1      
without interfering with each other4    
,the figure on page #gd1 represents the 
muscles of the arm1 as they appear when 
the skin and fat are removed4 ,the      
muscles a and b are attached1 at their  
upper ends1 to the bone of the arm1 and 

by their lower ends to the upper part of
 the fore arm1 near the elbow joint4    
,when the fibres of these muscles       
contract1 the middle part of them grows 
larger1 and the arm is bent at the      
elbow4 ,the muscle c1 is1 in like       
manner1 fastened1 by its upper end1 to  
the shoulder blade and the upper part of
 the arm1 and by its lower end to one of
 the bones of the fore arm1 near the    
elbow4 ,when the arm is bent1 and we    
wish to straighten it1 it is done by    
contracting this muscle4 ,the muscles d1
 d1 are fastened at one end near the    
elbow joint1 and at the other near the  
ends of the fingers2 and on the back of 
the hand are reduced in size1 appearing 
like strong cords4 ,these cords are     
called tendons4 ,they are employed in   
straightening the fingers1 when the hand
 is shut4 ,these tendons are confined by
 the ligament or band1 e1 which binds   
them down1 around the wrist1 and thus   
enables them to act more efficiently1   
and secures beauty of form to the limb4 

,the muscles at f1 are those which      
enable us to turn the hand and arm      
outward4 ,every different motion of the 
arm has one muscle to produce it1 and   
another to restore the limb to its      
natural position4 ,those muscles which  
bend the body are called flexors2 those 
which straighten it1 extensors4 ,when   
the arm is thrown up1 one set of muscles
 is used2 to pull it down1 another set3 
when it is thrown forward1 a still      
different set is used2 when it is thrown
 back1 another1 different from the      
former2 when the arm turns in its       
socket1 still another set is used2 and  
thus every different motion of the body 
is made by a different set of muscles4  
,all these muscles are compactly and    
skilfully arranged1 so as to work with  
perfect ease4 ,among them1 run the      
arteries1 veins1 and nerves1 which      
supply each muscle with blood and       
nervous power1 as will be hereafter     
described4 ,the size and strength of the
 muscles depend greatly on their        

frequent exercise4 ,if left inactive1   
they grow thin and weak1 instead of     
giving the plumpness to the figure1     
designed by ,nature4 ,the delicate and  
feeble appearance of many ,american     
women1 is chiefly owing to the little   
use they make of their muscles4 ,many a 
pale1 puny1 shad-shaped girl1 would have
 become a plump1 rosy1 well-formed      
person1 if half the exercise1 afforded  
to her brothers in the open air1 had    
been secured to her1 during childhood   
and youth4   ,,nerves4  ,the nerves are 
the organs of sensation4 ,they enable us
 to see1 hear1 feel1 taste1 and smell2  
and also combine with the bones and     
muscles in producing motion4  ,the first
 engraving1 on p4 #gg1 7,fig4 #f17 is a 
vertical section of the skull1 and of   
the spinal column1 or back bone1 which  
supports the head1 and through which    
runs the spinal cord1 whence most of the
 nerves originate4 ,it is a side view1  
and represents the head and spine1 as   
they would appear1 if they were cut     

through the middle1 from front to back4 
,fig4 #g1 exhibits them as they would   
appear1 if viewed from behind4 ,in ,fig4
 #f1 a1 represents the cerebrum1 or     
great brain2 b1 the cerebellum1 or      
little brain1 which is situated directly
 under the great brain1 at the back and 
lower part of the head2 c1 d1 e1 is the 
spinal marrow1 which is connected with  
the brain at c1 and runs through the    
whole length of the spinal column4 ,this
 column consists1 as has already been   
stated1 of a large number of small      
bones1 f1 f1 called vertebr1 laid one   
above another1 and fastened together by 
cartilage1 or gristle1 g1 between them4 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #g4  ,between each two vertebr1  
or spinal bones1 there issues from the  
spine1 on each side1 a pair of nerves4  
,the lower broad part of the spine1 7see
 p1 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #gj1 and ,fig4 #g1 p4  
#gg17 is called the sacrum2 in this1 are
 eight holes1 through which the lower   
pairs of nerves pass off4  ,the nerves  

of the head and lungs run directly from 
the brain2 those of all other parts of  
the body proceed from the spine1 passing
 out in the manner already mentioned4   
,the nerves which thus proceed from the 
spine1 branch out1 like the limbs and   
twigs of a tree1 till they extend over  
the whole body2 and1 so minutely are    
they divided and arranged1 that a point1
 destitute of a nerve1 cannot be found  
on the skin4  ,some idea of the         
ramifications of the nerves1 may be     
obtained by reference to the following  
engraving1 7,fig4 #h47 ,in this1 ,a1 ,a1
 represents the cerebrum1 or great      
brain2 ,b1 ,b1 the cerebellum1 or little
 brain2 7see also a1 b1 in ,fig4 #f27   
,c1 ,c1 represents the union of the     
fibres of the cerebrum2 ,d1 ,d1 the     
union of the two sides of the           
cerebellum2 ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 the spinal      
marrow1 which passes through the centre 
of the spine1 7as seen at c1 d1 e1 in   
,fig4 #f27 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1      
branches of the nerves going to         

different parts of the body4 ,as the    
nerves are the organs of sensation1 all 
pain is an affection of some portion of 
the nerves4 ,the health of the nerves   
depends very greatly on the exercise of 
the muscles1 with which they are so     
intimately connected4 ,this shows the   
reason why the headache1 tic douloureux1
 diseases of the spine1 and other       
nervous affections1 are so common among 
,american women4 ,their inactive habits1
 engender a debility of the nervous     
system1 and these diseases follow1 as   
the consequence4  ,illustration3 ,fig4  
#h4  ,it can be seen1 by a reference to 
the side view1 represented on page #gg1 
7,fig4 #f17 that the spine is naturally 
curved back and forward4 ,when1 from    
want of exercise1 its bones are         
softened1 and the muscles weakened1 the 
spine acquires an improper curve1 and   
the person becomes what is called       
crooked1 having the neck projected      
forward1 and1 in some cases1 having the 
back convex1 where it should be concave4

 ,probably one half of the ,american    
women have the head thus projecting     
forward1 instead of carrying it in the  
natural1 erect position1 which is both  
graceful and dignified4  ,the curvature 
of the spine1 spoken of in this work as 
so common1 and as the cause of so many  
diseases among ,american women1 is what 
is denominated the lateral curvature1   
and is much more dangerous than the     
other distortion4 ,the indications of   
this evil1 are1 the projection of one   
shoulder blade more than the other1 and1
 in bad cases1 one shoulder being       
higher1 and the hip on the opposite side
 more projecting1 than the other4 ,in   
this case1 the spine1 when viewed from  
behind1 instead of running in a straight
 line1 7as in ,fig4 #g and #i17 is      
curved somewhat1 as may be seen in      
,figures #aj and #aa4  ,this effect is  
occasioned by the softness of the bones1
 induced by want of exercise1 together  
with tight dressing1 which tends to     
weaken the muscles that are thus thrown 

out of use4 ,improper and long continued
 positions in drawing1 writing1 and     
sleeping1 which throw the weight of the 
body on one part of the spine1 induce   
the same evil4 ,this distortion is      
usually accompanied with some consequent
 disease of the nervous system1 or some 
disarrangement of the internal organs4  
,by comparing ,figures #i and #aa1 the  
difference between a natural and        
distorted spine will be readily         
perceived4 ,in ,fig4 #aj1 the curved    
line shows the course of the spine1     
occasioned by distortion2 the           
perpendicular line1 in this and ,fig4   
#aa1 indicates the true direction of the
 spine2 the horizontal lines show that  
one shoulder and hip are forced from    
their proper level4  ,illustration3     
,fig4 #i4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4               
,,blood-,,vessels4  ,the blood is the   
fluid into which our food is changed1   
and which is employed to minister       
nourishment to the whole body4 ,for this

 purpose1 it is carried to every part of
 the body1 by the arteries2 and1 after  
it has given out its nourishment1       
returns to the heart1 through the veins4
  ,the subjoined engraving1 7,fig4 #ab17
 which presents a rude outline of the   
vascular system1 will more clearly      
illustrate this operation1 as we shall  
presently show4  ,illustration3 ,fig4   
#ab4  ,before entering the heart1 the   
blood receives a fresh supply of        
nourishment1 by a duct which leads from 
the stomach4 ,the arteries have their   
origin from the heart1 in a great trunk1
 called the aorta1 which is the parent  
of all the arteries1 as the spinal      
marrow is the parent of the nerves which
 it sends out4 ,when the arteries have  
branched out into myriads of minute     
vessels1 the blood which is in them     
passes into as minute veins2 and these  
run into each other1 like the rills and 
branches of a river1 until they are all 
united in two great veins1 which run    
into the heart4 ,one of these large     

receivers1 called the vena cava         
superior1 or upper vena cava1 brings    
back the blood from the arms and head1  
the other1 the vena cava inferior1 or   
lower vena cava1 brings back the blood  
from the body and lower limbs4  ,in the 
preceding figure1 ,h1 is the heart1     
which is divided into four compartments2
 two1 called auricles1 used for         
receiving the blood1 and two1 called    
ventricles1 used for sending out the    
blood4 ,a1 is the aorta1 or great       
artery1 which sends its branches to     
every part of the body4 ,in the upper   
part1 at a1 a1 a1 are the main branches 
of the aorta1 which go to the head and  
arms4 ,below1 at a1 a1 are the branches 
which go to the lower limbs4 ,the       
branches which set off at ,x1 ,x1 are   
those by which the intestines are       
supplied by vessels from the aorta4     
,every muscle in the whole body1 all the
 organs of the body1 and the skin1 are  
supplied by branches sent off from this 
great artery4 ,when the blood is thus   

dispersed through any organ1 in minute  
vessels1 it is received1 at their       
terminations1 by numerous minute veins1 
which gradually unite1 forming larger   
branches1 till they all meet in either  
the upper or lower vena cava1 which     
returns the blood to the heart4 ,v ,i1  
is the vena cava inferior1 which        
receives the blood from the veins of the
 lower parts of the body1 as seen at v1 
v4 ,the blood1 sent into the lower limbs
 from the aorta1 is received by minute  
veins1 which finally unite at v1 v1 and 
thus it is emptied through the lower    
vena cava into the heart3 o1 o1         
represent the points of entrance of     
those tributaries of the vena cava1     
which receive that blood from the       
intestines1 which is sent out by the    
aorta at ,x1 ,x4 ,in the upper part1 ,v 
,s1 is the vena cava superior1 which    
receives the blood from the head and    
arms2 v1 v1 v1 are the tributaries of   
the upper vena cava1 which bring the    
blood back from the head and arms2 d1 d1

 represents the course of the thoracic  
duct1 a delicate tube by which the chyle
 is carried into the blood1 as mentioned
 on page #hi2 t1 shows the place where  
this duct empties into a branch of the  
vena cava4  ,it thus appears1 that      
wherever a branch of the aorta goes to  
carry blood1 there will be found a      
tributary of the upper or lower vena    
cava1 to bring it back4  ,the succeeding
 engravings1 will enable the reader to  
form a more definite idea of this       
important function of the system1--the  
circulation of the blood4 ,the heart1 in
 man1 and in all warm-blooded animals1  
is double1 having two auricles and two  
ventricles4 ,in animals with cold blood1
 7as fishes17 the heart is single1      
having but one auricle and one          
ventricle4 ,fig4 #ac1 represents the    
double heart as it appears when the two 
sides are separated1 and also the great 
blood-vessels2 those on the left of the 
figure being on the right side of the   
body1 and vice versa4 ,the direction of 

the blood is represented by the arrows4 
,a1 represents the lower vena cava1     
returning the blood from the lower parts
 of the body1 and ,l1 the upper vena    
cava1 returning the blood from the head 
and arms4 ,b1 is the right sinus1 or    
auricle1 into which the returned blood  
is poured4 ,from this cavity of the     
heart1 the blood is carried into the    
right ventricle1 ,c2 and from this      
ventricle1 the pulmonary arteries1 ,d1  
convey into the lungs the blood which is
 returned from the body4 ,these five    
vessels1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 and ,l1 belong 
to the right side of the heart1 and     
contain the venous or dark-colored      
blood1 which has been through the       
circulation1 and is now unfit for the   
uses of the system1 till it has passed  
through the lungs4  ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #ac4  ,when the blood reaches the      
lungs1 and is exposed to the action of  
the air which we breathe1 it throws off 
its impurities1 becomes bright in color1
 and is then called arterial blood4 ,it 

then returns to the left side of the    
heart1 7on the right of the engraving17 
by the pulmonary veins ,e1 ,e1 7also    
seen at m1 m1 ,fig4 #ae17 into the left 
auricle ,f1 whence it is forced into the
 ventricle1 ,g4 ,from the left          
ventricle1 proceeds the aorta1 ,h1 ,h1  
which is the great artery of the body1  
and conveys the blood to every part of  
the system4 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 are branches of 
the aorta1 going to the head and arms4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4  ,fig4 #ad1   
represents the heart1 with its two sides
 united as in nature2 and will be       
understood from the description of ,fig4
 #ac4  ,on the opposite page1 ,fig4 #ae1
 represents the heart1 with the great   
blood-vessels1 on a still larger scale2 
a1 being the left ventricle2 b1 the     
right ventricle2 c1 e1 f1 the aorta1 or 
great artery1 rising out of the left    
ventricle2 g1 h1 i1 the branches of the 
aorta1 going to the head and arms2 k1 l1
 l1 the pulmonary artery1 and its       
branches2 m1 m1 veins of the lungs1     

which bring the blood back from the     
lungs to the heart2 n1 right auricle2 o1
 vena cava inferior2 p1 veins returning 
blood from the liver and bowels2 q1 the 
vena cava superior2 r1 the left auricle2
 s1 the left coronary artery1 which     
distributes the blood exclusively to the
 substance of the heart4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #ae4   ,,organs ,,of ,,digestion 
,,and ,,respiration4  ,digestion and    
respiration are the processes1 by which 
the food is converted into blood for the
 nourishment of the body4 ,the engraving
 on the next page 7,fig4 #af7 shows the 
organs by which these operations are    
performed4  ,in the lower part of the   
engraving1 is the stomach1 marked ,s1   
which receives the food through the     
gullet1 marked ,g4 ,the latter1 though  
in the engraving it is cut off at ,g1 in
 reality continues upwards to the       
throat4 ,the stomach is a bag composed  
of muscles1 nerves1 and blood-vessels1  
united by a material similar to that    
which forms the skin4 ,as soon as food  

enters the stomach1 its nerves are      
excited to perform their proper function
 of stimulating the muscles4 ,a muscular
 7called the peristaltic7 motion        
immediately commences1 by which the     
stomach propels its contents around the 
whole of its circumference1 once in     
every three minutes4  ,illustration3    
,fig4 #af4  ,this movement of the       
muscles attracts the blood from other   
parts of the system2 for the blood      
always hastens to administer its        
supplies to any organ which is called to
 work4 ,the blood-vessels of the stomach
 are soon distended with blood1 from    
which the gastric juice is secreted by  
minute vessels in the coat of the       
stomach4 ,this mixes with the food1 and 
reduces it to a soft pulpy mass1 called 
chyme4 ,it then passes through the lower
 end of the stomach1 into the           
intestines1 which are folded up in the  
abdomen1 and the upper portion1 only1 of
 which1 is shown in the engraving1 at   
,a1 ,a4 ,the organ marked ,l1 ,l1 is the

 liver1 which1 as the blood passes      
through its many vessels1 secretes a    
substance called bile1 which accumulates
 in the gall-bladder1 marked ,b4 ,after 
the food passes out of the stomach1 it  
receives from the liver a portion of    
bile1 and from the pancreas the         
pancreatic juice4 ,the pancreas does not
 appear in this drawing1 being concealed
 behind the stomach4 ,these two liquids 
separate the substance which has passed 
from the stomach1 into two different    
portions4 ,one is a light liquid1 very  
much like cream in appearance1 and      
called chyle1 of which the blood is     
formed2 the other is a more solid       
substance1 which contains the refuse and
 useless matter1 with a smaller portion 
of nourishment2 and this1 after being   
further separated from the nourishing   
matter which it contains1 is thrown out 
of the body4 ,there are multitudes of   
small vessels1 called lacteals1 which1  
as these two mixed substances pass      
through the long and winding folds of   

the intestines in the abdomen1 absorb   
the chyle1 and convey it to the thoracic
 duct1 which runs up close by the spine1
 and carries the chyle1 thus received1  
into a branch of the vena cava superior1
 at t1 whence it is mingled with the    
blood going into the heart4 ,in this    
engraving1 the lacteals and thoracic    
duct are not shown2 but their position  
is indicated by the dotted lines1 marked
 ,x1 ,y2 ,x1 being the lacteals1 and ,y1
 the thoracic duct4  ,in the upper half 
of the engraving1 ,h represents the     
heart2 a1 the commencement of the aorta2
 v c s1 the termination of the vena cava
 superior4 ,on each side of the heart1  
are the lungs2 l l1 being the left lobe1
 and r l1 the right lobe4 ,they are     
composed of a network of air-vessels1   
blood-vessels1 and nerves4 ,w1          
represents the trachea1 or windpipe1    
through which1 the air we breathe is    
conducted to the lungs4 ,it branches out
 into myriads of minute vessels1 which  
are thus filled with air every time we  

breathe4 ,from the heart1 run the       
pulmonary arteries1 marked p a4 ,these  
enter the lungs and spread out          
along-side of the branches of the       
air-vessels1 so that every air-vessel   
has a small artery running side by side 
with it4 ,when the two vena cavas empty 
the blood into the heart1 the latter    
contracts1 and sends this blood1 through
 these pulmonary arteries1 into the     
lungs4  ,as the air and blood meander1  
side by side1 through the lungs1 the    
superabundant carbon and hydrogen of the
 blood combine with the oxygen of the   
air1 forming carbonic acid gas1 and     
water1 which are thrown out of the lungs
 at every expiration4 ,this is the      
process by which the chyle is converted 
into arterial blood1 and the venous     
blood purified of its excess of carbon  
and hydrogen4 ,when the blood is thus   
prepared1 in the lungs1 for its duties1 
it is received by the small pulmonary   
veins1 which gradually unite1 and bring 
the blood back to the heart1 through the

 large pulmonary veins1 marked p v1 p v4
  ,on receiving this purified blood from
 the lungs1 the heart contracts1 and    
sends it out again1 through the aorta1  
to all parts of the body4 ,it then makes
 another circuit through every part1    
ministering to the wants of all1 and is 
afterwards again brought back by the    
veins to receive the fresh chyle from   
the stomach1 and to be purified by the  
lungs4  ,the throbbing of the heart is  
caused by its alternate expansion and   
contraction1 as it receives and expels  
the blood4 ,with one throb1 the blood is
 sent from the right ventricle into the 
lungs1 and from the left ventricle into 
the aorta4  ,every time we inspire air1 
the process of purifying the blood is   
going on2 and every time we expire the  
air1 we throw out the redundant carbon  
and hydrogen1 taken from a portion of   
the blood4 ,if the waist is compressed  
by tight clothing1 a portion of the     
lungs be compressed1 so that the        
air-vessels cannot be filled4 ,this     

prevents the perfect purification and   
preparation of the blood1 so that a part
 returns back to the heart unfitted for 
its duties4 ,this is a slow1 but sure1  
method1 by which the constitution of    
many a young lady is so undermined that 
she becomes an early victim to disease  
and to the decay of beauty and strength4
 ,the want of pure air is another cause1
 of the debility of the female          
constitution4 ,when air has been        
rendered impure1 by the breath of       
several persons1 or by close            
confinement1 it does not purify the     
blood properly4 ,sleeping in close      
chambers1 and sitting in crowded and    
unventilated schoolrooms1 are frequent  
causes of debility in the constitution  
of young persons4   ,,of ,,the ,,skin4  
,the skin is the covering of the body1  
and has very important functions to     
perform4 ,it is more abundantly supplied
 with nerves and blood-vessels than any 
other part2 and there is no spot of the 
skin where the point of the finest      

needle would not pierce a nerve and     
blood-vessel4 ,indeed1 it may be        
considered as composed chiefly of an    
interlacing of minute nerves and        
blood-vessels1 so that it is supposed   
there is more nervous matter in the     
skin1 than in all the rest of the body  
united1 and that the greater portion of 
the blood flows through the skin4  ,the 
whole animal system is in a state of    
continual change and renovation4 ,food  
is constantly taken into the stomach1   
only a portion of which is fitted for   
the supply of the blood4 ,all the rest  
has to be thrown out of the system1 by  
various organs designed for this        
purpose4 ,these organs are1--the lungs1 
which throw off a portion of useless    
matter when the blood is purified2 the  
kidneys1 which secrete liquids that pass
 into the bladder1 and are thrown out   
from the body by that organ2 and the    
intestines1 which carry off the useless 
and more solid parts of the food1 after 
the lacteals have drawn off the chyle4  

,in addition to these organs1 the skin  
has a similar duty to perform2 and as it
 has so much larger a supply of blood1  
it is the chief organ in relieving the  
body of the useless and noxious parts of
 the materials which are taken for food4
  ,various experiments show1 that not   
less than a pound and four ounces of    
waste matter is thrown off by the skin  
every twenty-four hours4 ,this is       
according to the lowest calculation4    
,most of those1 who have made           
experiments to ascertain the quantity1  
represent it as much greater2 and all   
agree1 that the skin throws off more    
redundant matter from the body1 than the
 whole of the other organs together4 ,in
 the ordinary state of the skin1 even   
when there is no apparent perspiration1 
it is constantly exhaling waste matter1 
in a form which is called insensible    
perspiration1 because it cannot be      
perceived by the senses4 ,a very cool   
mirror1 brought suddenly near to the    
skin1 will be covered1 in that part1    

with a moisture1 which is this effluvium
 thus made visible4 ,when heat or       
exercise excites the skin1 this         
perspiration is increased1 so as to be  
apparent to the senses4 ,this shows the 
reason why it is so important frequently
 to wash the entire surface of the body4
 ,if this be neglected1 the pores of the
 skin are closed by the waste matter    
thrown from the body1 and by small      
particles of the thin scarfskin1 so that
 it cannot properly perform its duties4 
,in this way1 the other organs are made 
to work harder1 in order to perform the 
labor the skin would otherwise          
accomplish1 and thus the lungs and      
bowels are often essentially weakened4  
,another office of the skin1 is1 to     
regulate the heat of the body4 ,the     
action of the internal organs is        
constantly generating heat2 and the     
faster the blood circulates1 the greater
 is the heat evolved4 ,the perspiration 
of the skin serves to reduce and        
regulate this heat4 ,for1 whenever any  

liquid changes to a vapor1 it absorbs   
heat from whatever is nearest to it4    
,the faster the blood flows1 the more   
perspiration is evolved4 ,this bedews   
the skin with a liquid1 which the heat  
of the body turns to a vapor2 and in    
this change1 that heat is absorbed4     
,when a fever takes place1 this         
perspiration ceases1 and the body is    
afflicted with heat4 ,insensible        
perspiration is most abundant during    
sleep1 after eating1 and when friction  
is applied to the skin4 ,perspiration is
 performed by the terminations of minute
 arteries in every part of the skin1    
which exude the perspiration from the   
blood4  ,the skin also performs another 
function4 ,it is provided with a set of 
small vessels1 called absorbents1 which 
are exceedingly abundant and minute4    
,when particular substances are brought 
in contact with the skin1 these         
absorbents take up some portions and    
carry them into the blood4 ,it is owing 
to this1 that opium1 applied on the     

skin1 acts in a manner similar to its   
operation when taken into the stomach4  
,the power of absorption is increased by
 friction2 and this is the reason that  
liniments are employed1 with much       
rubbing1 to bruises and sprains4 ,the   
substance applied is thus introduced    
into the injured part1 through the      
absorbents4 ,this shows another reason  
for frequent washing of the skin1 and   
for the frequent changes of the garment 
next the skin4 ,otherwise portions of   
the noxious matter1 thrown out by the   
skin1 are reabsorbed into the blood1 and
 are slow but sure causes of a decay of 
the strength of the system4  ,the skin  
is also provided with small follicles1  
or bags1 which are filled with an oily  
substance4 ,this1 by gradually exuding  
over the skin1 prevents water from      
penetrating and injuring its texture4   
,the skin is also the organ of touch4   
,this office is performed through the   
instrumentality of the nerves of        
feeling1 which are spread over all parts

 of the skin4  ,this general outline of 
the construction of the human frame is  
given1 with reference to the practical  
application of this knowledge in the    
various cases where a woman will be     
called upon to exercise her own unaided 
judgement4 ,the application will be     
further pointed out1 in the chapters on 
,food1 ,dress1 ,cleanliness1 ,care of   
the ,sick1 and ,care of ,infants4       
,,chapter ,,vi4  ,,on ,,healthful       
,,food4   ,the person who decides what  
shall be the food and drink of a family1
 and the modes of preparation1 is the   
one who decides1 to a greater or less   
extent1 what shall be the health of that
 family4 ,it is the opinion of most     
medical men1 that intemperance in eating
 is the most fruitful of all causes of  
disease and death4 ,if this be so1 the  
woman who wisely adapts the food and    
cooking of her family to the laws of    
health1 removes the greatest risk which 
threatens the lives of those under her  
care4  ,to exhibit this subject clearly1

 it will be needful to refer1 more      
minutely1 to the organization and       
operation of the digestive organs4  ,it 
is found1 by experiment1 that the supply
 of gastric juice1 furnished from the   
blood1 by the arteries of the stomach1  
is proportioned1 not to the amount of   
food put into the stomach1 but to the   
wants of the body2 so that it is        
possible to put much more into the      
stomach than can be digested4 ,to guide 
and regulate in this matter1 the        
sensation called hunger is provided4 ,in
 a healthy state of the body1 as soon as
 the blood has lost its nutritive       
supplies1 the craving of hunger is felt1
 and then1 if the food is suitable1 and 
is taken in the proper manner1 this     
sensation ceases1 as soon as the stomach
 has received enough to supply the wants
 of the system4 ,but our benevolent     
,creator1 in this1 as in our other      
duties1 has connected enjoyment with the
 operation needful to sustain our       
bodies4 ,in addition to the allaying of 

hunger1 the gratification of the palate 
is secured1 by the immense variety of   
food1 some articles of which are far    
more agreeable than others4  ,this      
arrangement of ,providence1 designed for
 our happiness1 has become1 either      
through ignorance1 or want of           
self-control1 the chief cause of the    
various diseases and sufferings1 which  
afflict those classes who have the means
 of seeking a variety to gratify the    
palate4 ,if mankind had only one article
 of food1 and only water to drink1      
though they would have less enjoyment in
 eating1 they would never be tempted to 
put any more into the stomach1 than the 
calls of hunger required4 ,but the      
customs of society1 which present an    
incessant change1 and a great variety of
 food1 with those various condiments    
which stimulate appetite1 lead almost   
every person very frequently to eat     
merely to gratify the palate1 after the 
stomach has been abundantly supplied1 so
 that hunger has ceased4  ,when too     

great a supply of food is put into the  
stomach1 the gastric juice dissolves    
only that portion which the wants of the
 system demand4 ,the remainder is       
ejected1 in an unprepared state2 the    
absorbents take portions of it into the 
system2 and all the various functions of
 the body1 which depend on the          
ministries of the blood1 are thus       
gradually and imperceptibly injured4    
,very often1 intemperance in eating     
produces immediate results1 such as     
colic1 headaches1 pains of indigestion1 
and vertigo4 ,but the more general      
result1 is1 a gradual undermining of all
 parts of the human frame2 thus         
imperceptibly shortening life1 by so    
weakening the constitution1 that it is  
ready to yield1 at every point1 to any  
uncommon risk or exposure4 ,thousands   
and thousands are passing out of the    
world1 from diseases occasioned by      
exposures1 which a healthy constitution 
could meet without any danger4 ,it is   
owing to these considerations1 that it  

becomes the duty of every woman1 who has
 the responsibility of providing food   
for a family1 to avoid a variety of     
tempting dishes4 ,it is a much safer    
rule1 to have only one kind of healthy  
food1 for each meal1 than the abundant  
variety which is usually met at the     
tables of almost all classes in this    
,country4 ,when there is to be any      
variety of dishes1 they ought not to be 
successive1 but so arranged1 as to give 
the opportunity of selection4 ,how often
 is it the case1 that persons1 by the   
appearance of a favorite article1 are   
tempted to eat1 merely to gratify the   
palate1 when the stomach is already     
adequately supplied4 ,all such          
intemperance wears on the constitution1 
and shortens life4 ,it not unfrequently 
happens1 that excess in eating produces 
a morbid appetite1 which must constantly
 be denied4  ,but the organization of   
the digestive organs demands1 not only  
that food be taken in proper quantities1
 but that it be taken at proper times4  

,it has before been shown1 that1 as soon
 as the food enters the stomach1 the    
muscles are excited by the nerves1 and  
the peristaltic motion commences4 ,this 
is a powerful and constant exercise of  
the muscles of the stomach1 which       
continues until the process of digestion
 is complete4 ,during this time1 the    
blood is withdrawn from other parts of  
the system1 to supply the demands of the
 stomach1 which is laboring hard with   
all its muscles4 ,when this motion      
ceases1 and the digested food has       
gradually passed out of the stomach1    
,nature requires that it should have a  
period of repose4 ,and if another meal  
be eaten1 immediately after one is      
digested1 the stomach is set to work    
again1 before it has had time to rest1  
and before a sufficient supply of       
gastric juice is provided4  ,the general
 rule1 then1 is1 that three hours be    
given to the stomach for labor1 and two 
for rest2 and in obedience to this1 five
 hours1 at least1 ought to elapse       

between every two regular meals4 ,in    
cases where exercise produces a flow of 
perspiration1 more food is needed to    
supply the loss2 and strong laboring men
 may safely eat as often as they feel   
the want of food4 ,so1 young and healthy
 children1 who gambol and exercise much1
 and whose bodies grow fast1 may have a 
more frequent supply of food4 ,but1 as a
 general rule1 meals should be five     
hours apart1 and eating between meals   
avoided4 ,there is nothing more unsafe1 
and wearing to the constitution1 than a 
habit of eating at any time1 merely to  
gratify the palate4 ,when a tempting    
article is presented1 every person      
should exercise sufficient self-denial1 
to wait till the proper time for eating 
arrives4 ,children1 as well as grown    
persons1 are often injured1 by eating   
between their regular meals1 thus       
weakening the stomach1 by not affording 
it any time for rest4  ,in deciding as  
to quantity of food1 there is one great 
difficulty to be met by a large portion 

of the community4 ,it has been shown1   
that the exercise of every part of the  
body is indispensable to its health and 
perfection4 ,the bones1 the muscles1 the
 nerves1 the organs of digestion and    
respiration1 and the skin1 all demand   
exercise1 in order properly to perform  
their functions4 ,when the muscles of   
the body are called into action1 all the
 blood-vessels entwined among them are  
frequently compressed4 ,as the arteries 
are so contrived1 that the blood cannot 
run back1 this compression hastens it   
forward1 through the veins1 towards that
 organ4 ,the heart is immediately put in
 quicker motion1 to send it into the    
lungs2 and they1 also1 are thus         
stimulated to more rapid action1 which  
is the cause of that panting which      
active exercise always occasions4 ,the  
blood thus courses with greater celerity
 through the body1 and sooner loses its 
nourishing properties4 ,then the stomach
 issues its mandate of hunger1 and a new
 supply of food must be furnished4 ,thus

 it appears1 as a general rule1 that the
 quantity of food1 actually needed by   
the body1 depends on the amount of      
muscular exercise taken4 ,a laboring    
man1 in the open fields1 probably throws
 off from his skin ten times the amount 
of perspirable matter1 which is evolved 
from the skin of a person of sedentary  
pursuits4 ,in consequence of this1 he   
demands a far greater amount of food and
 drink4  ,those persons1 who keep their 
bodies in a state of health1 by         
sufficient exercise1 can always be      
guided by the calls of hunger4 ,they can
 eat when they feel hungry1 and stop    
when hunger ceases2 and then they will  
calculate exactly right4 ,but the       
difficulty is1 that a large part of the 
community1 especially women1 are so     
inactive in their habits1 that they     
seldom feel the calls of hunger4 ,they  
habitually eat1 merely to gratify the   
palate4 ,this produces such a state of  
the system1 that they have lost the     
guide which ,nature has provided4 ,they 

are not called to eat1 by hunger1 nor   
admonished1 by its cessation1 when to   
stop4 ,in consequence of this1 such     
persons eat what pleases the palate1    
till they feel no more inclination for  
the article4 ,it is probable1 that three
 fourths of the women1 in the wealthier 
circles1 sit down to each meal without  
any feeling of hunger1 and eat merely on
 account of the gratification thus      
afforded them4 ,such persons find their 
appetite to depend almost solely upon   
the kind of food on the table4 ,this is 
not the case with those1 who take the   
exercise which ,nature demands4 ,they   
approach their meals in such a state    
that almost any kind of food is         
acceptable4  ,the question then arises1 
how are persons1 who have lost the guide
 which ,nature has provided1 to         
determine as to the proper amount of    
food they shall take8  ,the only rules  
they can adopt1 are of a general nature2
 founded on the principles already      
developed4 ,they should endeavor to     

proportion their food to the amount of  
the exercise they ordinarily take4 ,if  
they take but little exercise1 they     
should eat but little food in comparison
 with those who are much in the open air
 and take much exercise2 and their food 
should be chiefly vegetable1 and not    
animal4 ,but how often is it seen1 that 
a student1 or a man who sits all day in 
an office1 or a lady who spends the day 
in her parlor and chamber1 will sit down
 to a loaded table1 and1 by continuing  
to partake of the tempting varieties1 in
 the end load the stomach with a supply1
 which a stout farmer could scarcely    
digest4  ,but the health of a family    
depends1 not merely on the quantity of  
food taken2 but very much1 also1 on the 
quality4 ,some kinds of food are very   
pernicious in their nature1 and some    
healthful articles are rendered very    
injurious by the mode of cooking4       
,persons who have a strong constitution1
 and take much exercise1 may eat almost 
any thing1 with apparent impunity2 but  

young children1 who are forming their   
constitutions1 and persons who are      
delicate1 and who take but little       
exercise1 are very dependent for health1
 on a proper selection of food4  ,there 
are some general principles1 which may  
aid in regulating the judgement on this 
subject4  ,it is found1 that there are  
some kinds of food which afford         
nutriment to the blood1 and do not      
produce any other effect on the system4 
,there are other kinds1 which are not   
only nourishing1 but stimulating1 so    
that they quicken the functions of the  
organs on which they operate4 ,the      
condiments used in cookery1 such as     
pepper1 mustard1 and spices1 are of this
 nature4 ,there are certain states of   
the system1 when these stimulants are   
beneficial2 but it is only in cases     
where there is some debility4 ,such     
cases can only be pointed out by medical
 men4 ,but persons in perfect health1   
and especially young children1 never    
receive any benefit from such kind of   

food2 and just in proportion as         
condiments operate to quicken the labors
 of the internal organs1 they tend to   
wear down their powers4 ,a person who   
thus keeps the body working under an    
unnatural excitement1 lives faster than 
,nature designed1 and the sooner the    
constitution is worn out4 ,a woman1     
therefore1 should provide dishes for her
 family1 which are free from these      
stimulating condiments1 and as much as  
possible prevent their use4 ,it is also 
found1 by experience1 that animal food  
is more stimulating than vegetable4     
,this is the reason why1 in cases of    
fevers1 or inflammations1 medical men   
forbid the use of meat and butter4      
,animal food supplies chyle much more   
abundantly than vegetable food does2 and
 this chyle is more stimulating in its  
nature4 ,of course1 a person who lives  
chiefly on animal food1 is under a      
higher degree of stimulus than if his   
food was chiefly composed of vegetable  
substances4 ,his blood will flow faster1

 and all the functions of his body will 
be quickened4  ,this makes it important 
to secure a proper proportion of animal 
and vegetable diet4 ,some medical men   
suppose1 that an exclusively vegetable  
diet is proved1 by the experience of    
many individuals1 to be fully sufficient
 to nourish the body2 and bring1 as     
evidence1 the fact1 that some of the    
strongest and most robust men in the    
world1 are those1 who are trained1 from 
infancy1 exclusively on vegetable food4 
,from this1 they infer1 that life will  
be shortened1 just in proportion as the 
diet is changed to more stimulating     
articles2 and that1 all other things    
being equal1 children will have a better
 chance of health and long life1 if they
 are brought up solely on vegetable     
food4  ,but1 though this is not the     
common opinion of medical men1 they all 
agree1 that1 in ,america1 far too large 
a portion of the diet consists of animal
 food4 ,as a nation1 the ,americans are 
proverbial for the gross and luxurious  

diet with which they load their tables2 
and there can be no doubt that the      
general health of the ,nation would be  
increased1 by a change in our customs in
 this respect4 ,to take meat but once a 
day1 and this in small quantities1      
compared with the common practice1 is a 
rule1 the observance of which would     
probably greatly reduce the amount of   
fevers1 eruptions1 headaches1 bilious   
attacks1 and the many other ailments    
which are produced or aggravated by too 
gross a diet4  ,the celebrated ,roman   
physician1 ,baglivi1 7who1 from         
practising extensively among ,roman     
,catholics1 had ample opportunities to  
observe17 mentions1 that1 in ,italy1 an 
unusual number of people recover their  
health in the forty days of ,lent1 in   
consequence of the lower diet which is  
required as a religious duty4 ,an       
,american physician remarks1 ,for every 
reeling drunkard that disgraces our     
,country1 it contains one hundred       
gluttons2--persons1 ,i mean1 who eat to 

excess1 and suffer in consequence4      
,another distinguished physician says1  
,i believe that every stomach1 not      
actually impaired by organic disease1   
will perform its functions1 if it       
receives reasonable attention2 and when 
we perceive the manner in which diet is 
generally conducted1 both in regard to  
quantity and variety of articles of food
 and drink1 which are mixed up in one   
heterogeneous mass1--instead of being   
astonished at the prevalence of         
indigestion1 our wonder must rather be1 
that1 in such circumstances1 any stomach
 is capable of digesting at all4  ,in   
regard to articles which are the most   
easily digested1 only general rules can 
be given4 ,tender meats are digested    
more readily than those which are tough1
 or than many kinds of vegetable food4  
,the farinaceous articles1 such as rice1
 flour1 corn1 potatoes1 and the like1   
are the most nutritious1 and most easily
 digested4 ,the popular notion1 that    
meat is more nourishing than bread1 is a

 great mistake4 ,good bread contains one
 third more nourishment than butcher's  
meat4 ,the meat is more stimulating1 and
 for this reason is more readily        
digested4 ,a perfectly healthy stomach  
can digest almost any healthful food2   
but when the digestive powers are weak1 
every stomach has its peculiarities1 and
 what is good for one1 is hurtful to    
another4 ,in such cases1 experiment1    
alone1 can decide1 which are the most   
digestible articles of food4 ,a person1 
whose food troubles him1 must deduct one
 article after another1 till he learns1 
by experience1 which is the best for    
digestion4 ,much evil has been done1 by 
assuming that the powers of one stomach 
are to be made the rule in regulating   
every other4  ,the most unhealthful     
kinds of food1 are those1 which are made
 so by bad cooking2 such as sour and    
heavy bread1 cakes1 pie-crust1 and other
 dishes consisting of fat1 mixed and    
cooked with flour2 also rancid butter1  
and high-seasoned food4 ,the fewer      

mixtures there are in cooking1 the more 
healthful is the food likely to be4     
,there is one caution1 as to the mode of
 eating1 which seems peculiarly needful 
to ,americans4 ,it is indispensable to  
good digestion1 that food be well chewed
 and taken slowly4 ,it needs to be      
thoroughly chewed1 in order to prepare  
it for the action of the gastric juice1 
which1 by the peristaltic motion1 will  
be thus brought into universal contact  
with the minute portions4 ,it has been  
found1 that a solid lump of food        
requires much more time and labor of the
 stomach1 than divided substances4 ,it  
has also been found1 that1 as each      
bolus1 or mouthful1 enters the stomach1 
the latter closes1 until the portion    
received has had some time to move      
around and combine with the gastric     
juice2 and that the orifice of the      
stomach resists the entrance of any     
more1 till this is accomplished4 ,but1  
if the eater persists in swallowing     
fast1 the stomach yields2 the food is   

then poured in more rapidly than the    
organ can perform its duty of digestion2
 and evil results are sooner or later   
developed4 ,this exhibits the folly of  
those hasty meals1 so common to         
travellers1 and to men of business1 and 
shows why children should be taught to  
eat slowly4  ,after taking a full meal1 
it is very important to health1 that no 
great bodily or mental exertion be made1
 till the labor of the stomach is over4 
,intense mental effort draws the blood  
to the head1 and muscular exertions draw
 it to the muscles2 and in consequence  
of this1 the stomach loses the supply   
which it requires when performing its   
office4 ,when the blood is thus         
withdrawn1 the adequate supply of       
gastric juice is not afforded1 and      
indigestion is the result4 ,the         
heaviness which follows a full meal1 is 
the indication which ,nature gives of   
the need of quiet4 ,when the meal is    
moderate1 a sufficient quantity of      
gastric juice is exuded in an hour1 or  

an hour and a half2 after which1 labor  
of body and mind may safely be resumed4 
,when undigested food remains in the    
stomach1 and is at last thrown out into 
the bowels1 it proves an irritating     
substance1 producing an inflamed state  
in the lining of the stomach and other  
organs4 ,the same effect is produced by 
alcoholic drinks4  ,it is found1 that   
the stomach has the power of gradually  
accommodating its digestive powers to   
the food it habitually receives4 ,thus1 
animals1 which live on vegetables1 can  
gradually become accustomed to animal   
food2 and the reverse is equally true4  
,thus1 too1 the human stomach can       
eventually accomplish the digestion of  
some kinds of food1 which1 at first1    
were indigestible4  ,but any changes of 
this sort should be gradual2 as those   
which are sudden1 are trying to the     
powers of the stomach1 by furnishing    
matter for which its gastric juice is   
not prepared4  ,in regard to the nature 
of the meals prepared1 the breakfast    

should furnish a supply of liquids1     
because the body has been exhausted by  
the exhalations of the night1 and       
demands them more than at any other     
period4 ,it should not be the heartiest 
meal1 because the organs of digestion   
are weakened by long fasting1 and the   
exhalations4 ,dinner should be the      
heartiest meal1 because then the powers 
of digestion are strengthened1 by the   
supplies of the morning meal4 ,light and
 amusing employments should occupy mind 
and body for an hour or more after a    
full meal4  ,but little drink should be 
taken1 while eating1 as it dilutes the  
gastric juice which is apportioned to   
each quantity of food as it enters the  
stomach4 ,it is better to take drink    
after the meal is past4  ,extremes of   
heat or cold are injurious to the       
process of digestion4 ,taking hot food  
or drink1 habitually1 tends to          
debilitate all the organs thus          
needlessly excited4 ,in using cold      
substances1 it is found that a certain  

degree of warmth in the stomach is      
indispensable to their digestion2 so    
that1 when the gastric juice is cooled  
below this temperature1 it ceases to    
act4 ,indulging in large quantities of  
cold drinks1 or eating ice-creams1 after
 a meal1 tends to reduce the temperature
 of the stomach1 and thus to stop       
digestion4 ,this shows the folly of     
those refreshments1 in convivial        
meetings1 where the guests are tempted  
to load the stomach with a variety1 such
 as would require the stomach of a stout
 farmer to digest1 and then to wind up  
with ice-creams1 thus destroying        
whatever ability might otherwise have   
existed1 to digest the heavy load4 ,the 
fittest temperature for drinks1 if taken
 when the food is in the digesting      
process1 is blood heat4 ,cool drinks1   
and even ice1 can be safely taken at    
other times1 if not in excessive        
quantity4 ,when the thirst is excessive1
 or the body weakened by fatigue1 or    
when in a state of perspiration1 cold   

drinks are injurious4 ,when the body is 
perspiring freely1 taking a large       
quantity of cold drink has often        
produced instant death4  ,fluids taken  
into the stomach are not subject to the 
slow process of digestion1 but are      
immediately absorbed and carried into   
the blood4 ,this is the reason why      
drink1 more speedily than food1 restores
 from exhaustion4 ,the minute vessels of
 the stomach inhale or absorb its       
fluids1 which are carried into the      
blood1 just as the minute extremities of
 the arteries open upon the inner       
surface of the stomach1 and there exude 
the gastric juice from the blood4  ,when
 food is chiefly liquid1 7soup1 for     
example17 the fluid part is rapidly     
absorbed4 ,the solid parts remain1 to be
 acted on by the gastric juice4 ,in the 
case of ,st4 ,martin1,f in fifty minutes
 after taking soup1 the fluids were     
absorbed1 and the remainder was even    
thicker than is usual after eating solid
 food4 ,this is the reason why soups are

 deemed bad for weak stomachs2 as this  
residuum is more difficult of digestion 
than ordinary food4 ,in recovering from 
sickness1 beef-tea and broths are good1 
because the system then demands fluids  
to supply its loss of blood4            
,highly-concentrated food1 having much  
nourishment in a small bulk1 is not     
favorable to digestion1 because it      
cannot be properly acted on by the      
muscular contractions of the stomach1   
and is not so minutely divided1 as to   
enable the gastric juice to act         
properly4 ,this is the reason1 why a    
certain bulk of food is needful to good 
digestion2 and why those people1 who    
live on whale oil1 and other            
highly-nourishing food1 in cold         
climates1 mix vegetables and even       
sawdust with it1 to make it more        
acceptable and digestible4 ,so1 in      
civilized lands1 bread1 potatoes1 and   
vegetables1 are mixed with more         
highly-concentrated nourishment4 ,this  
explains why coarse bread1 of unbolted  

wheat1 so often proves beneficial4      
,where1 from inactive habits1 or other  
causes1 the bowels become constipated   
and sluggish1 this kind of food proves  
the appropriate remedy4 ,one fact on    
this subject is worthy of notice4 ,under
 the administration of ,william ,pitt1  
for two years or more1 there was such a 
scarcity of wheat1 that1 to make it hold
 out longer1 ,parliament passed a law1  
that the army should have all their     
bread made of unbolted flour4 ,the      
result was1 that the health of the      
soldiers improved so much1 as to be a   
subject of surprise to themselves1 the  
officers1 and the physicians4 ,these    
last came out publicly1 and declared1   
that the soldiers never before were so  
robust and healthy2 and that disease had
 nearly disappeared from the army4 ,the 
civic physicians joined and pronounced  
it the healthiest bread2 and1 for a     
time1 schools1 families1 and public     
institutions1 used it almost            
exclusively4 ,even the nobility1        

convinced by these facts1 adopted it for
 their common diet2 and the fashion     
continued a long time after the scarcity
 ceased1 until more luxurious habits    
resumed their sway4 ,for this reason1   
also1 soups1 gellies1 and arrow-root1   
should have bread or crackers mixed with
 them4 ,we thus see why children should 
not have cakes and candies allowed them 
between meals4 ,these are               
highly-concentrated nourishments1 and   
should be eaten with more bulky and less
 nourishing substances4 ,the most       
indigestible of all kinds of food1 are  
fatty and oily substances2 especially if
 heated4 ,it is on this account1 that   
pie-crust1 and articles boiled and fried
 in fat or butter1 are deemed not so    
healthful as other food4  ,the          
following1 then1 may be put down as the 
causes of a debilitated constitution1   
from the misuse of food4 ,eating too    
much1 eating too often1 eating too fast1
 eating food and condiments that are too
 stimulating1 eating food that is too   

warm or too cold1 eating food that is   
highly-concentrated1 without a proper   
admixture of less nourishing matter1 and
 eating food that is difficult of       
digestion4   ,,footnote3  ,f ,the       
individual here referred to1--,alexis   
,st4 ,martin1--was a young ,canadian1 of
 eighteen years of age1 of a good       
constitution1 and robust health1 who1 in
 #ahbb1 was accidentally wounded by the 
discharge of a musket1 which carried    
away a part of the ribs1 lacerated one  
of the lobes of the lungs1 and          
perforated the stomach1 making a large  
aperture1 which never closed2 and which 
enabled ,dr4 ,beaumont1 7a surgeon of   
the ,american army1 stationed at        
,michilimackinac1 under whose care the  
patient was placed17 to witness all the 
processes of digestion and other        
functions of the body1 for several      
years4 ,the published account of the    
experiments made by ,dr4 ,b41 is highly 
interesting and instructive4            
,,chapter ,,vii4  ,,on ,,healthful      

,,drinks4   ,although intemperance in   
eating is probably the most prolific    
cause of the diseases of mankind1       
intemperance in drink has produced more 
guilt1 misery1 and crime1 than any other
 one cause4 ,and the responsibilities of
 a woman1 in this particular1 are very  
great2 for the habits and liabilities of
 those under her care1 will very much   
depend on her opinions and practice4    
,it is a point fully established by     
experience1 that the full developement  
of the human body1 and the vigorous     
exercise of all its functions1 can be   
secured without the use of stimulating  
drinks4 ,it is1 therefore1 perfectly    
safe1 to bring up children never to use 
them2 no hazard being incurred1 by such 
a course4  ,it is also found1 by        
experience1 that there are two evils    
incurred1 by the use of stimulating     
drinks4 ,the first1 is1 their positive  
effect on the human system4 ,their      
peculiarity consists in so exciting the 
nervous system1 that all the functions  

of the body are accelerated1 and the    
fluids are caused to move quicker than  
at their natural speed4 ,this increased 
motion of the animal fluids1 always     
produces an agreeable effect on the     
mind4 ,the intellect is invigorated1 the
 imagination is excited1 the spirits are
 enlivened2 and these effects are so    
agreeable1 that all mankind1 after      
having once experienced them1 feel a    
great desire for their repetition4  ,but
 this temporary invigoration of the     
system1 is always followed by a         
diminution of the powers of the         
stimulated organs2 so that1 though in   
all cases this reaction may not be      
perceptible1 it is invariably the       
result4 ,it may be set down as the      
unchangeable rule of physiology1 that   
stimulating drinks 7except in cases of  
disease7 deduct from the powers of the  
constitution1 in exactly the proportion 
in which they operate to produce        
temporary invigoration4  ,the second    
evil1 is1 the temptation which always   

attends the use of stimulants4 ,their   
effect on the system is so agreeable1   
and the evils resulting are so          
imperceptible and distant1 that there is
 a constant tendency to increase such   
excitement1 both in frequency and power4
 ,and the more the system is thus       
reduced in strength1 the more craving is
 the desire for that which imparts a    
temporary invigoration4 ,this process of
 increasing debility and increasing     
craving for the stimulus that removes   
it1 often goes to such an extreme1 that 
the passion is perfectly uncontrollable1
 and mind and body perish under this    
baleful habit4  ,in this ,country1 there
 are five forms in which the use of such
 stimulants is common2 namely1 alcoholic
 drinks1 tea1 coffee1 opium mixtures1   
and tobacco4 ,these are all alike1 in   
the main peculiarity of imparting that  
extra stimulus to the system1 which     
tends to exhaust its powers4            
,multitudes in this ,nation are in the  
habitual use of some one of these       

stimulants2 and each person defends the 
indulgence by these arguments3  ,first1 
that the desire for stimulants is a     
natural propensity1 implanted in man's  
nature1 as is manifest from the         
universal tendency to such indulgences1 
in every nation4 ,from this1 it is      
inferred1 that it is an innocent desire1
 which ought to be gratified1 to some   
extent1 and that the aim should be1 to  
keep it within the limits of temperance1
 instead of attempting to exterminate a 
natural propensity4  ,this is an        
argument1 which1 if true1 makes it      
equally proper to use opium1 brandy1    
tea1 or tobacco1 as stimulating         
principles1 provided they are used      
temperately4 ,but1 if it be granted that
 perfect health and strength can be     
gained and secured without these        
stimulants1 and that their peculiar     
effect is to diminish the power of the  
system1 in exactly the same proportion  
as they stimulate it1 then there is no  
such thing as a temperate use1 unless   

they are so diluted1 as to destroy any  
stimulating power2 and in this form1    
they are seldom desired4  ,the other    
argument for their use1 is1 that they   
are among the good things provided by   
the ,creator1 for our gratification2    
that1 like all other blessings1 they are
 exposed to abuse and excess2 and that  
we should rather seek to regulate their 
use1 than to banish them entirely4      
,this argument is based on the          
assumption1 that they are1 like         
healthful foods and drinks1 necessary to
 life and health1 and injurious only by 
excess4 ,but this is not true2 for1     
whenever they are used in any such      
strength as to be a gratification1 they 
operate1 to a greater or less extent1 as
 stimulants2 and1 to just such extent1  
they wear out the powers of the         
constitution2 and it is abundantly      
proved1 that they are not1 like food and
 drink1 necessary to health4 ,such      
articles are designed for medicine1 and 
not for common use4 ,there can be no    

argument framed to defend the use of one
 of them1 which will not equally defend 
all4 ,that men have a love for being    
stimulated1 after they have once felt   
the pleasurable excitement1 and that    
,providence has provided the means for  
securing it1 are arguments as much in   
favor of alcohol1 opium1 and tobacco1 as
 of coffee and tea4 ,all that can be    
said in favor of the last-mentioned     
favorite beverages1 is1 that the danger 
in their use is not so great4 ,let any  
one1 who defends one kind of stimulating
 drink1 remember1 then1 that he uses an 
argument1 which1 if it be allowed that  
stimulants are not needed1 and are      
injurious1 will equally defend all      
kinds2 and that all which can be said in
 defence of tea and coffee1 is1 that    
they may be used1 so weak1 as to do no  
harm1 and that they actually have done  
less harm than some of the other        
stimulating narcotics4  ,the writer is  
of opinion1 that tea and coffee are a   
most extensive cause of much of the     

nervous debility and suffering endured  
by ,american women2 and that            
relinquishing such drinks would save an 
immense amount of such suffering4 ,but  
there is little probability that the    
present generation will make so decided 
a change in their habits1 as to give up 
these beverages2 and the subject is     
presented rather in reference to forming
 the habits of children4  ,it is a fact1
 that tea and coffee are1 at first1     
seldom or never agreeable to children4  
,it is the mixture of milk1 sugar1 and  
water1 that reconciles them to a taste1 
which in this manner gradually becomes  
agreeable4 ,now1 suppose that those who 
provide for a family conclude that it is
 not their duty to give up entirely the 
use of stimulating drinks1 may not the  
case appear different1 in regard to     
teaching their children to love such    
drinks8 ,let the matter be regarded     
thus3--,the experiments of physiologists
 all prove1 that stimulants are not     
needful to health1 and that1 as the     

general rule1 they tend to debilitate   
the constitution4 ,is it right1 then1   
for a parent to tempt a child to drink  
what is not needful1 when there is a    
probability that it will prove1 to some 
extent1 an undermining drain on the     
constitution8 ,some constitutions can   
bear much less excitement than others2  
and1 in every family of children1 there 
is usually one1 or more1 of delicate    
organization1 and consequently          
peculiarly exposed to dangers from this 
source4 ,it is this child who ordinarily
 becomes the victim to stimulating      
drinks4 ,the tea and coffee which the   
parents and the healthier children can  
use without immediate injury1 gradually 
sap the energies of the feebler child1  
who proves either an early victim1 or a 
living martyr to all the sufferings that
 debilitated nerves inflict4 ,can it be 
right1 to lead children1 where all allow
 that there is some danger1 and where1  
in many cases1 disease and death are    
met1 when another path is known to be   

perfectly safe8  ,of the stimulating    
drinks in common use1 black tea is least
 injurious1 because its flavor is so    
strong1 in comparison with its narcotic 
principle1 that one who uses it1 is much
 less liable to excess4 ,children can be
 trained to love milk and water         
sweetened with sugar1 so that it will   
always be a pleasant beverage2 or1 if   
there are exceptions to the rule1 they  
will be few4 ,water is an unfailing     
resort4 ,every one loves it1 and it is  
perfectly healthful4  ,the impression1  
common in this ,country1 that warm      
drinks1 especially in ,winter1 are more 
healthful than cold1 is not warranted by
 any experience1 nor by the laws of the 
physical system4 ,at dinner1 cold drinks
 are universal1 and no one deems them   
injurious4 ,it is only at the other two 
meals that they are supposed to be      
hurtful4  ,there is no doubt that warm  
drinks are healthful1 and more agreeable
 than cold1 at certain times and        
seasons2 but it is equally true1 that   

drinks above blood heat are not         
healthful4 ,if any person should hold a 
finger in hot water1 for a considerable 
time1 twice every day1 it would be found
 that the finger would gradually grow   
weaker4 ,the frequent application of the
 stimulus of heat1 like all other       
stimulants1 eventually causes debility4 
,if1 therefore1 a person is in the habit
 of drinking hot drinks1 twice a day1   
the teeth1 throat1 and stomach are      
gradually debilitated4 ,this1 most      
probably1 is one of the causes of an    
early decay of the teeth1 which is      
observed to be much more common among   
,american ladies1 than among those in   
,european countries4  ,it has been      
stated to the writer1 by an intelligent 
traveller1 who had visited ,mexico1 that
 it was rare to meet an individual with 
even a tolerable set of teeth2 and that 
almost every grown person1 he met in the
 street1 had merely remnants of teeth4  
,on inquiry into the customs of the     
,country1 it was found1 that it was the 

universal practice to take their usual  
beverage at almost the boiling point2   
and this1 doubtless1 was the chief cause
 of the almost entire want of teeth in  
that ,country4 ,in the ,united ,states1 
it cannot be doubted that much evil is  
done1 in this way1 by hot drinks4 ,most 
tea-drinkers consider tea as ruined1 if 
it stands until it reaches the healthful
 temperature for drink4  ,the following 
extract from ,dr4 ,andrew ,combe1       
presents the opinion of most intelligent
 medical men on this subject4,g  ,water 
is a safe drink for all constitutions1  
provided it be resorted to in obedience 
to the dictates of natural thirst1 only1
 and not of habit4 ,unless the desire   
for it is felt1 there is no occasion for
 its use during a meal4  ,the primary   
effect of all distilled and fermented   
liquors1 is1 to stimulate the nervous   
system and quicken the circulation4 ,in 
infancy and childhood1 the circulation  
is rapid1 and easily excited2 and the   
nervous system is strongly acted upon1  

even by the slightest external          
impressions4 ,hence slight causes of    
irritation readily excite febrile and   
convulsive disorders4 ,in youth1 the    
natural tendency of the constitution is 
still to excitement2 and consequently1  
as a general rule1 the stimulus of      
fermented liquors is injurious4  ,these 
remarks show1 that parents1 who find    
that stimulating drinks are not         
injurious to themselves1 may mistake in 
inferring1 from this1 that they will not
 be injurious to their children4  ,dr4  
,combe continues thus3 ,in mature age1  
when digestion is good and the system in
 full vigor1 if the mode of life be not 
too exhausting1 the nervous functions   
and general circulation are in their    
best condition1 and require no stimulus 
for their support4 ,the bodily energy is
 then easily sustained1 by nutritious   
food and a regular regimen1 and         
consequently artificial excitement only 
increases the wasting of the natural    
strength4 ,in old age1 when the powers  

of life begin to fail1 moderate stimulus
 may be used with evident advantage4    
,it may be asked1 in this connection1   
why the stimulus of animal food is not  
to be regarded in the same light1 as    
that of stimulating drinks4 ,in reply1 a
 very essential difference may be       
pointed out4 ,animal food furnishes     
nutriment to the organs which it        
stimulates1 but stimulating drinks      
excite the organs to quickened action1  
without affording any nourishment4  ,it 
has been supposed1 by some1 that tea and
 coffee have1 at least1 a degree of     
nourishing power4 ,but it is proved1    
that it is the milk and sugar1 and not  
the main portion of the drink1 which    
imparts the nourishment4 ,tea has not   
one particle of nourishing properties2  
and what little exists in the           
coffee-berry1 is lost by roasting it in 
the usual mode4 ,all that these articles
 do1 is simply to stimulate1 without    
nourishing4  ,it is very common1        
especially in schools1 for children to  

form a habit of drinking freely of cold 
water4 ,this is a debilitating habit1   
and should be corrected4 ,very often1   
chewing a bit of cracker will stop a    
craving for drink1 better than taking   
water2 and when teachers are troubled   
with very thirsty scholars1 they should 
direct them to this remedy4 ,a person   
who exercises but little1 requires no   
drink1 between meals1 for health2 and   
the craving for it is unhealthful4      
,spices1 wines1 fermented liquors1 and  
all stimulating condiments1 produce     
unhealthful thirst4   ,,footnote3  ,g   
,the writer would here remark1 in       
reference to extracts made from various 
authors1 that1 for the sake of          
abridging1 she has often left out parts 
of a paragraph1 but never so as to      
modify the meaning of the author4 ,some 
ideas1 not connected with the subject in
 hand1 are omitted1 but none are        
altered4     ,,chapter ,,viii4  ,,on    
,,clothing4   ,it appears1 by           
calculations made from bills of         

mortality1 that one quarter of the human
 race perishes in infancy4 ,this is a   
fact not in accordance with the analogy 
of ,nature4 ,no such mortality prevails 
among the young of animals2 it does not 
appear to be the design of the ,creator2
 and it must be owing to causes which   
can be removed4 ,medical men agree in   
the opinion1 that a great portion of    
this mortality1 is owing to             
mismanagement1 in reference to fresh    
air1 food1 and clothing4  ,at birth1 the
 circulation is chiefly in the vessels  
of the skin2 for the liver and stomach1 
being feeble in action1 demand less     
blood1 and it resorts to the surface4   
,if1 therefore1 an infant be exposed to 
cold1 the blood is driven inward1 by the
 contracting of the blood-vessels in the
 skin3 and1 the internal organs being   
thus over-stimulated1 bowel complaints1 
croup1 convulsions1 or some other evil1 
ensues4 ,this shows the sad mistake of  
parents1 who plunge infants in cold     
water to strengthen their constitution2 

and teaches1 that infants should be     
washed in warm water1 and in a warm     
room4 ,some have constitutions strong   
enough to bear mismanagement in these   
respects2 but many fail in consequence  
of it4  ,hence we see the importance of 
dressing infants warmly1 and protecting 
them from exposure to a cold            
temperature4 ,it is for this purpose1   
that mothers1 now1 very generally1 cover
 the arms and necks of infants1         
especially in ,winter4 ,fathers and     
mothers1 if they were obliged to go with
 bare arms and necks1 even in moderate  
weather1 would often shiver with cold2  
and yet they have a power of            
constitution which would subject them to
 far less hazard and discomfort1 than a 
delicate infant must experience from a  
similar exposure4 ,this mode of dressing
 infants1 with bare necks and arms1 has 
arisen from the common impression1 that 
they have a power of resisting cold     
superior to older persons4 ,this is a   
mistake2 for the experiments of medical 

men have established the fact1 that the 
power of producing heat is least in the 
period of infancy4  ,extensive          
investigations have been made in        
,france1 in reference to this point4 ,it
 is there required1 in some districts1  
that every infant1 at birth1 be carried 
to the office of the maire1 mayor1 to be
 registered4 ,it is found1 in these     
districts1 that the deaths of newly-born
 infants1 are much more numerous in the 
cold1 than in the warm1 months2 and that
 a much greater proportion of such      
deaths occurs among those who reside at 
a distance from the office of the maire1
 than among those in its vicinity4 ,this
 proves1 that exposure to cold has much 
to do with the continuance of infant    
life4  ,but it is as dangerous to go to 
the other extreme1 and keep the body too
 warm4 ,the skin1 when kept at too high 
a temperature1 is relaxed and weakened  
by too profuse perspiration1 and becomes
 more sensitive1 and more readily       
affected by every change of temperature4

 ,this increases the liabilities to     
sudden colds2 and it frequently happens1
 that the children1 who are most        
carefully guarded from cold1 are the    
ones most liable to take sudden and     
dangerous chills4 ,the reason is1 that1 
by the too great accumulation of        
clothing1 the skin is too much excited1 
and the blood is withdrawn from the     
internal organs1 thus weakening them1   
while the skin itself is debilitated by 
the same process4  ,the rule of safety1 
is1 so to cover the body1 as to keep it 
entirely warm1 but not so as to induce  
perspiration in any part4 ,the          
perspiration induced by exercise is     
healthful1 because it increases the     
appetite2 but the perspiration produced 
by excess of clothing is debilitating4  
,this shows the importance of adjusting 
beds and their covering to the season4  
,featherbeds are unhealthful in warm    
weather1 because they induce            
perspiration2 and in all cases1 those1  
who have the care of children1 should   

proportion their covering by night to   
the season of the year4 ,infants and    
children should never be so clothed1 as 
either to feel chilly1 or to induce     
perspiration4  ,the greatest trouble1 in
 this respect1 to those who have the    
care of children1 is owing to their     
throwing off their covering in the      
night4 ,the best guard1 against such    
exposures1 is a nightgown1 of the       
warmest and thickest flannel1 made like 
pantaloons at the lower part1 and the   
legs long1 so that they can be tied over
 the feet4 ,this makes less covering    
needful1 and saves the child from       
excessive cold when it is thrown off4   
,the clothing ought always to be        
proportioned to the constitution and    
habits4 ,a person of strong             
constitution1 who takes much exercise1  
needs less clothing than one of delicate
 and sedentary habits4 ,according to    
this rule1 women need much thicker and  
warmer clothing1 when they go out1 than 
men4 ,but how different are our customs1

 from what sound wisdom dictates6 ,women
 go out with thin stockings1 thin shoes1
 and open necks1 when men are protected 
by thick woollen hose and boots1 and    
their whole body encased in many folds  
of flannel and broadcloth4  ,flannel1   
worn next the skin1 is useful1 for      
several reasons4 ,it is a bad conductor 
of heat1 so that it protects the body   
from sudden chills when in a state of   
perspiration4 ,it also produces a kind  
of friction on the skin1 which aids it  
in its functions1 while its texture1    
being loose1 enables it to receive and  
retain much matter1 thrown off from the 
body1 which would otherwise accumulate  
on its surface4 ,this is the reason1 why
 medical men direct1 that young children
 wear flannel next the body1 and woollen
 hose1 the first two years of life4     
,they are thus protected from sudden    
exposures4 ,for the same reason1        
laboring men should thus wear flannels1 
which are also considered as            
preservatives from infection1 in        

unhealthy atmospheres4 ,they give a     
healthy action to the skin1 and thus    
enable it to resist the operation of    
unhealthy miasms4 ,on this account1     
persons residing in a new country should
 wear such clothing next the skin1 to   
guard them from the noxious miasms      
caused by extensive vegetable           
decompositions4 ,it is stated1 that the 
fatal influence of the malaria1 or      
noxious exhalations around ,rome1 has   
been much diminished by this practice4  
,but those who thus wear flannel1       
through the day1 ought to take it off1  
at night1 when it is not needed4 ,it    
should be hung so that it can be well   
aired1 during the night4  ,but the      
practice1 by which females probably     
suffer most1 is1 the use of tight       
dresses4 ,much has been said against the
 use of corsets by ladies4 ,but these   
may be worn with perfect safety1 and be 
left off1 and still injury1 such as they
 often produce1 be equally felt4 ,it is 
the constriction of dress1 that is to be

 feared1 and not any particular article 
that produces it4 ,a frock1 or a belt1  
may be so tight1 as to be even worse    
than a corset1 which would more equally 
divide the compression4  ,so long as it 
is the fashion to admire1 as models of  
elegance1 the wasp-like figures which   
are presented at the rooms of           
mantuamakers and milliners1 there will  
be hundreds of foolish women1 who will  
risk their lives and health to secure   
some resemblance to these deformities of
 the human frame4 ,but it is believed1  
that all sensible women1 when they      
fairly understand the evils which result
 from tight dressing1 and learn the real
 model of taste and beauty for a perfect
 female form1 will never risk their own 
health1 or the health of their          
daughters1 in efforts to secure one     
which is as much at variance with good  
taste1 as it is with good health4  ,such
 female figures as our print-shops      
present1 are made1 not by the hand of   
the ,author of all grace and beauty1 but

 by the murderous contrivances of the   
corset-shop2 and the more a woman learns
 the true rules of grace and beauty for 
the female form1 the more her taste will
 revolt from such ridiculous            
distortions4 ,the folly of the ,chinese 
belle1 who totters on two useless       
deformities1 is nothing1 compared to    
that of the ,american belle1 who impedes
 all the internal organs in the         
discharge of their functions1 that she  
may have a slender waist4  ,it was      
shown1 in the article on the bones and  
muscles1 that exercise was indispensable
 to their growth and strength4 ,if any  
muscles are left unemployed1 they       
diminish in size and strength4 ,the     
girding of tight dresses operates thus  
on the muscles of the body4 ,if an      
article1 like corsets1 is made to hold  
up the body1 then those muscles1 which  
are designed for this purpose1 are      
released from duty1 and grow weak2 so   
that1 after this has been continued for 
some time1 leaving off the unnatural    

support produces a feeling of weakness4 
,thus a person will complain of feeling 
so weak and unsupported1 without        
corsets1 as to be uncomfortable4 ,this  
is entirely owing to the disuse of those
 muscles1 which corsets throw out of    
employ4  ,another effect of tight dress1
 is1 to stop or impede the office of the
 lungs4 ,unless the chest can expand1   
fully1 and with perfect ease1 a portion 
of the lungs is not filled with air1 and
 thus the full purification of the blood
 is prevented4 ,this movement of the    
lungs1 when they are fully inflated1    
increases the peristaltic movement of   
the stomach and bowels1 and promotes    
digestion2 any constriction of the waist
 tends to impede this important         
operation1 and indigestion1 with all its
 attendant evils1 is often the result4  
,the rule of safety1 in regard to the   
tightness of dress1 is this4 ,every     
person should be dressed so loosely1    
that1 when sitting in the posture used  
in sewing1 reading1 or study ,,the      

,,lungs can be as fully and as easily   
inflated1 as they are without clothing4 
,many a woman thinks she dresses        
loosely1 because1 when she stands up1   
her clothing does not confine her chest4
 ,this is not a fair test4 ,it is in the
 position most used when engaged in     
common employments1 that we are to judge
 of the constriction of dress4 ,let     
every woman1 then1 bear in mind1 that1  
just so long as her dress and position  
oppose any resistance to the motion of  
her chest1 in just such proportion her  
blood is unpurified1 and her vital      
organs are debilitated4  ,the ,english  
ladies set our countrywomen a good      
example1 in accommodating their dress to
 times and seasons4 ,the richest and    
noblest among them wear warm cotton hose
 and thick shoes1 when they walk for    
exercise2 and would deem it vulgar to   
appear1 as many of our ladies do1 with  
thin hose and shoes1 in damp or cold    
weather4 ,any mode of dress1 not suited 
to the employment1 the age1 the season1 

or the means of the wearer1 is in bad   
taste4     ,,chapter ,,ix4  ,,on        
,,cleanliness4   ,the importance of     
cleanliness1 in person and dress1 can   
never be fully realized1 by persons who 
are ignorant of the construction of the 
skin1 and of the influence which its    
treatment has on the health of the body4
 ,persons deficient in such knowledge1  
frequently sneer at what they deem the  
foolish and fidgety particularity of    
others1 whose frequent ablutions and    
changes of clothing1 exceed their own   
measure of importance4  ,the popular    
maxim1 that dirt is healthy1 has        
probably arisen from the fact1 that     
playing in the open air is very         
beneficial to the health of children1   
who thus get dirt on their persons and  
clothes4 ,but it is the fresh air and   
exercise1 and not the dirt1 which       
promotes the health4  ,in a previous    
article1 it was shown1 that the lungs1  
bowels1 kidneys1 and skin1 were the     
organs employed in throwing off those   

waste and noxious parts of the food not 
employed in nourishing the body4 ,of    
this1 the skin has the largest duty to  
perform2 throwing off1 at least1 twenty 
ounces every twenty-four hours1 by means
 of insensible perspiration4 ,when      
exercise sets the blood in quicker      
motion1 it ministers its supplies       
faster1 and there is consequently a     
greater residuum to be thrown off by the
 skin2 and then the perspiration becomes
 so abundant as to be perceptible4 ,in  
this state1 if a sudden chill take      
place1 the blood-vessels of the skin    
contract1 the blood is driven from the  
surface1 and the internal organs are    
taxed with a double duty4 ,if the       
constitution be a strong one1 these     
organs march on and perform the labor   
exacted4 ,but if any of these organs be 
debilitated1 the weakest one generally  
gives way1 and some disease ensues4     
,one of the most frequent illustrations 
of this reciprocated action1 is afforded
 by a convivial meeting in cold weather4

 ,the heat of the room1 the food1 and   
the excitement1 quicken the circulation1
 and perspiration is evolved4 ,when the 
company passes into the cold air1 a     
sudden revulsion takes place4 ,the      
increased circulation continues1 for    
some time after2 but the skin being     
cooled1 the blood retreats1 and the     
internal organs are obliged to perform  
the duties of the skin as well as their 
own4 ,then1 in case the lungs are the   
weakest organ1 the mucous secretion     
becomes excessive2 so that it would fill
 up the cells1 and stop the breathing1  
were it not for the spasmodic effort    
called coughing1 by which this substance
 is thrown out4 ,in case the nerves are 
the weakest part of the system1 such an 
exposure would result in pains in the   
head or teeth1 or in some other nervous 
ailment4 ,if the muscles be the weakest 
part1 rheumatic affections will ensue2  
and if the bowels or kidneys be weakest1
 some disorder in their functions will  
result4  ,but it is found1 that the     

closing of the pores of the skin with   
other substances1 tends to a similar    
result on the internal organs4 ,in this 
situation1 the skin is unable perfectly 
to perform its functions1 and either the
 blood remains to a certain extent      
unpurified1 or else the internal organs 
have an unnatural duty to perform4      
,either of these results tends to       
produce disease1 and the gradual decay  
of the vital powers4  ,moreover1 it has 
been shown1 that the skin has the power 
of absorbing into the blood particles   
retained on its surface4 ,in consequence
 of these peculiarities1 the skin of the
 whole body needs to be washed1 every   
day4 ,this process removes from the     
pores the matter exhaled from the blood1
 and also that collected from the       
atmosphere and other bodies4 ,if this   
process be not often performed1 the     
pores of the skin fill up with the      
redundant matter expelled1 and being    
pressed1 by the clothing1 to the surface
 of the body1 the skin is both          

interrupted in its exhaling process1 and
 its absorbents take back into the      
system portions of the noxious matter4  
,thus the blood is not relieved to the  
extent designed1 while it receives back 
noxious particles1 which are thus       
carried to the lungs1 liver1 and every  
part of the system4  ,this is the reason
 why the articles worn next to the skin 
should often be changed2 and why it is  
recommended that persons should not     
sleep in the article they wear next the 
skin through the day4 ,the alternate    
change and airing of the articles worn  
next the body by day or night1 is a     
practice very favorable to the health of
 the skin4 ,the fresh air has the power 
of removing much of the noxious effluvia
 received from the body by the clothing4
 ,it is with reference to this1 that on 
leaving a bed1 its covering should be   
thrown open and exposed to the fresh    
air4  ,the benefit arising from a proper
 care of the skin1 is the reason why    
bathing has been so extensively         

practised by civilized nations4 ,the    
,greeks and ,romans considered bathing  
as indispensable to daily comfort1 as   
much so1 as their meals2 and public     
baths were provided for all classes4 ,in
 ,european countries1 this practice is  
very prevalent1 but there is no         
civilized nation which pays so little   
regard to the rules of health1 on this  
subject1 as our own4 ,to wash the face1 
feet1 hands1 and neck1 is the extent of 
the ablutions practised by perhaps the  
majority of our people4  ,in regard to  
the use of the bath1 there is need of   
some information1 in order to prevent   
danger from its misuse4 ,persons in good
 health1 and with strong constitutions1 
can use the cold bath1 and the          
shower-bath1 with entire safety and     
benefit4 ,but if the constitution be    
feeble1 cold bathing is injurious4 ,if  
it is useful1 it can be known by an     
invigorated feeling1 and a warm glow on 
the skin2 but if1 instead of this1 there
 be a feeling of debility1 and the hands

 and feet become cold1 it is a certain  
sign1 that this kind of bathing is      
injurious4 ,a bath at ninety-five       
degrees of ,fahrenheit1 is about the    
right temperature4 ,a bath1 blood warm1 
or a little cooler than the skin1 is    
safe for all constitutions1 if not      
protracted over half an hour4 ,after    
bathing1 the body should be rubbed with 
a brush or coarse towel1 to remove the  
light scales of scarfskin1 which adhere 
to it1 and also to promote a healthful  
excitement4  ,a bath should never be    
taken1 till three hours after eating1 as
 it interrupts the process of digestion1
 by withdrawing the blood from the      
stomach to the surface4 ,neither should 
it be taken1 when the body is weary with
 exercise1 nor be immediately followed  
by severe exercise4 ,many suppose that a
 warm bath exposes a person more readily
 to take cold2 and that it tends to     
debilitate the system4 ,this is not the 
case1 unless it be protracted too long4 
,if it be used so as to cleanse the     

skin1 and give it a gentle stimulus1 it 
is better able to resist cold than      
before the process4 ,this is the reason 
why the ,swedes and ,russians can rush1 
reeking1 out of their steam baths1 and  
throw themselves into the snow1 and not 
only escape injury1 but feel            
invigorated4 ,it is for a similar       
reason1 that we suffer less in going    
into the cold1 from a warm room1 with   
our body entirely warm1 than when we go 
out somewhat chilled4 ,when the skin is 
warm1 the circulation is active on the  
surface1 and the cold does not so reduce
 its temperature1 but that increased    
exercise will keep up its warmth4  ,when
 families have no bathing establishment1
 every member should wash the whole     
person1 on rising or going to bed1      
either in cold or warm water1 according 
to the constitution4 ,it is especially  
important1 that children have the       
perspiration and other impurities1 which
 their exercise and sports have         
occasioned1 removed from their skin     

before going to bed4 ,the hours of sleep
 are those when the body most freely    
exhales the waste matter of the system1 
and all the pores should be properly    
freed from impediments to this healthful
 operation4 ,for this purpose1 a large  
tin wash-pan should be kept for         
children1 just large enough1 at bottom1 
for them to stand in1 and flaring       
outward1 so as to be very broad at top4 
,a child can then be placed in it1      
standing1 and washed with a sponge1     
without wetting the floor4 ,being small 
at bottom1 it is better than a tub2 it  
is not only smaller1 but lighter1 and   
requires less water4  ,these remarks    
indicate the wisdom of those parents1   
who habitually wash their children1 all 
over1 before they go to bed4 ,the chance
 of life and health1 to such children1  
is greatly increased by this practice2  
and no doubt much of the suffering of   
childhood1 from cutaneous eruptions1    
weak eyes1 earache1 colds1 and fevers1  
is owing to a neglect of the skin4  ,the

 care of the teeth should be made       
habitual to children1 not merely as     
promoting an agreeable appearance1 but  
as a needful preservative4 ,the saliva  
contains tartar1 an earthy substance1   
which is deposited on the teeth1 and    
destroys both their beauty and health4  
,this can be prevented1 by the use of   
the brush1 night and morning4 ,but1 if  
this be neglected1 the deposite becomes 
hard1 and can be removed only by the    
dentist4 ,if suffered to remain1 it     
tends to destroy the health of the gums2
 they gradually decay1 and thus the     
roots of the teeth become bare1 and they
 often drop out4  ,when children are    
shedding their first set of teeth1 care 
should be taken1 to remove them as soon 
as they become loose2 otherwise the new 
teeth will grow awry4 ,when persons have
 defective teeth1 they can often be     
saved1 by having them filled by a       
dentist4 ,this also will frequently     
prevent the toothache4  ,children should
 be taught to take proper care of their 

nails4 ,long and dirty nails have a     
disagreeable appearance4 ,when children 
wash1 in the morning1 they should be    
supplied with an instrument to clean the
 nails1 and be required to use it4      
,,chapter ,x4  ,,on ,,early ,,rising4   
,there is no practice1 which has been   
more extensively eulogized1 in all ages1
 than early rising2 and this universal  
impression1 is an indication that it is 
founded on true philosophy4 ,for1 it is 
rarely the case1 that the common sense  
of mankind fastens on a practice1 as    
really beneficial1 especially one that  
demands self-denial1 without some       
substantial reason4  ,this practice1    
which may justly be called a domestic   
virtue1 is one1 which has a peculiar    
claim to be styled ,american and        
democratic4 ,the distinctive mark of    
aristocratic nations1 is1 a disregard of
 the great mass1 and a disproportionate 
regard for the interests of certain     
privileged orders4 ,all the customs and 
habits of such a nation1 are1 to a      

greater or less extent1 regulated by    
this principle4 ,now the mass of any    
nation must always consist of persons   
who labor at occupations which demand   
the light of day4 ,but in aristocratic  
countries1 especially in ,england1 labor
 is regarded as the mark of the lower   
classes1 and indolence is considered as 
one mark of a gentleman4 ,this          
impression has gradually and            
imperceptibly1 to a great extent1       
regulated their customs1 so that1 even  
in their hours of meals and repose1 the 
higher orders aim at being different and
 distinct from those1 who1 by laborious 
pursuits1 are placed below them4 ,from  
this circumstance1 while the lower      
orders labor by day1 and sleep at night1
 the rich1 the noble1 and the honored1  
sleep by day1 and follow their pursuits 
and pleasures by night4 ,it will be     
found1 that the aristocracy of ,london  
breakfast near mid-day1 dine after dark1
 visit and go to ,parliament between ten
 and twelve at night1 and retire to     

sleep towards morning4 ,in consequence  
of this1 the subordinate classes1 who   
aim at gentility1 gradually fall into   
the same practice4 ,the influence of    
this custom extends across the ocean1   
and here1 in this democratic land1 we   
find many1 who measure their grade of   
gentility by the late hour at which they
 arrive at a party4 ,and this           
aristocratic tendency is growing upon   
us1 so that1 throughout the ,nation1 the
 hours for visiting and retiring are    
constantly becoming later1 while the    
hours for rising correspond in lateness4
  ,the question1 then1 is one which     
appeals to ,american women1 as a matter 
of patriotism2 as having a bearing on   
those great principles of democracy1    
which we conceive to be equally the     
principles of ,christianity4 ,shall we  
form our customs on the principle that  
labor is degrading1 and indolence       
genteel8 ,shall we assume1 by our       
practice1 that the interests of the     
great mass are to be sacrificed for the 

pleasures and honors of a privileged    
few8 ,shall we ape the customs of       
aristocratic lands1 in those very       
practices which result from principles  
and institutions that we condemn8 ,shall
 we not rather take the place to which  
we are entitled1 as the leaders1 rather 
than the followers1 in the customs of   
society1 turn back the tide of          
aristocratic inroads1 and carry through 
the whole1 not only of civil and        
political1 but of social and domestic1  
life1 the true principles of democratic 
freedom and equality8 ,the following    
considerations may serve to strengthen  
an affirmative decision4  ,the first1   
relates to the health of a family4 ,it  
is a universal law of physiology1 that  
all living things flourish best in the  
light4 ,vegetables1 in a dark cellar1   
grow pale and spindling1,h and children1
 brought up in mines1 are wan and       
stinted4 ,this universal law1 indicates 
the folly of turning day into night1    
thus losing the genial influence1 which 

the light of day produces on all        
animated creation4  ,there is another   
phenomenon in the physiology of ,nature1
 which equally condemns this practice4  
,it has been shown1 that the            
purification of the blood1 in the lungs1
 is secured1 by the oxygen of the       
atmosphere absorbing its carbon and     
hydrogen4 ,this combination forms       
carbonic acid and water1 which are      
expired from our lungs into the         
atmosphere4 ,now all the vegetable world
 undergoes a similar process4 ,in the   
light of day1 all the leaves of         
vegetables absorb carbon and expire     
oxygen1 thus supplying the air with its 
vital principle1 and withdrawing the    
more deleterious element4 ,but1 when the
 light is withdrawn1 this process is    
reversed1 and all vegetables exhale     
carbonic acid1 and inspire the oxygen of
 the air4 ,thus it appears1 that the    
atmosphere of day is much more healthful
 than that of the night1 especially out 
of doors4  ,moreover1 when the body is  

fatigued1 it is much more liable to     
deleterious influences1 from noxious    
particles in the atmosphere1 which may  
be absorbed by the skin or the lungs4   
,in consequence of this1 the last hours 
of daily labor are more likely to be    
those of risk1 especially to delicate   
constitutions4 ,this is a proper reason 
for retiring to the house and to        
slumber1 at an early hour1 that the body
 may not be exposed to the most risk1   
when1 after the exertions of the day1 it
 is least able to bear it4  ,the        
observations of medical men1 whose      
inquiries have been directed to this    
point1 have decided1 that from six to   
eight hours1 is the amount of sleep     
demanded by persons in health4 ,some    
constitutions require as much as eight1 
and others no more than six1 hours of   
repose4 ,but eight hours is the maximum 
for all persons in ordinary health1 with
 ordinary occupations4 ,in cases of     
extra physical exertions1 or the        
debility of disease1 or a decayed       

constitution1 more than this is         
required4 ,let eight hours1 then1 be    
regarded as the ordinary period required
 for sleep1 by an industrious people1   
like the ,americans4 ,according to this1
 the practice of rising between four and
 five1 and retiring between nine and    
ten1 in ,summer1 would secure most of   
the sunlight1 and expose us the least to
 that period of the atmosphere1 when it 
is most noxious4 ,in ,winter1 the night 
air is less deleterious1 because the    
frost binds noxious exhalations1 and    
vegetation ceases its inspiring and     
expiring process2 and1 moreover1 as the 
constitution is more tried1 in cold1    
than in warm1 weather1 and as in cold   
weather the body exhales less during the
 hours of sleep1 it is not so injurious 
to protract our slumbers beyond the     
proper period1 as it is in the warm     
months4 ,but in ,winter1 it is best for 
grown persons1 in health1 to rise as    
soon as they can see to dress1 and      
retire so as not to allow more than     

eight hours for sleep4  ,it thus        
appears1 that the laws of our political 
condition1 the laws of the natural      
world1 and the constitution of our      
bodies1 alike demand that we rise with  
the light of day to prosecute our       
employments1 and that we retire within  
doors1 when this light is withdrawn4    
,in regard to the effects of protracting
 the time spent in repose1 many         
extensive and satisfactory              
investigations have been made4 ,it has  
been shown1 that1 during sleep1 the body
 perspires most freely1 while yet       
neither food nor exercise are           
ministering to its wants4 ,of course1 if
 we continue our slumbers1 beyond the   
time required to restore the body to its
 usual vigor1 there is an unperceived   
undermining of the constitution1 by this
 protracted and debilitating exhalation4
 ,this process1 in a course of years1   
renders the body delicate1 and less able
 to withstand disease2 and in the result
 shortens life4 ,sir ,john ,sinclair1   

who has written a large work on the     
,causes of ,longevity1 states1 as one   
result of his extensive investigations1 
that he has never yet heard or read of a
 single case of great longevity1 where  
the individual was not an early riser4  
,he says1 that he has found cases1 in   
which the individual has violated some  
one of all the other laws of health1 and
 yet lived to great age2 but never a    
single instance1 in which any           
constitution has withstood that         
undermining1 consequent on protracting  
the hours of repose beyond the demands  
of the system4  ,another reason for     
early rising1 is1 that it is            
indispensable to a systematic and       
well-regulated family4 ,at whatever hour
 the parents retire1 children and       
domestics1 wearied by play or labor1    
must retire early4 ,children usually    
awake with the dawn of light1 and       
commence their play1 while domestics    
usually prefer the freshness of morning 
for their labors4 ,if1 then1 the parents

 rise at a late hour1 they either induce
 a habit of protracting sleep in their  
children and domestics1 or else the     
family is up1 and at their pursuits1    
while their supervisors are in bed4 ,any
 woman1 who asserts that her children   
and domestics1 in the first hours of    
day1 when their spirits are freshest1   
will be as well regulated without her   
presence1 as with it1 confesses that1   
which surely is little for her credit4  
,it is believed1 that any candid woman1 
whatever may be her excuse for late     
rising1 will concede1 that1 if she could
 rise early1 it would be for the        
advantage of her family4 ,a late        
breakfast puts back the work1 through   
the whole day1 for every member of a    
family2 and1 if the parents thus        
occasion the loss of an hour or two1 to 
each individual1 who1 but for their     
delay in the morning1 would be usefully 
employed1 they1 alone1 are responsible  
for all this waste of time4 ,is it said1
 that those1 who wish to rise early1 can

 go to their employments before         
breakfast8 it may be replied1 that1 in  
most cases1 it is not safe to use the   
eyes or the muscles in the morning1 till
 the losses of the night have been      
repaired by food4 ,in addition to this1 
it may be urged1 that1 where the parents
 set an example of the violation of the 
rules of health and industry1 their     
influence tends in the wrong direction2 
so that whatever waste of time is       
induced1 by a practice which they thus  
uphold1 must be set down to their       
account4  ,but the practice of early    
rising has a relation to the general    
interests of the social community1 as   
well as to that of each distinct family4
 ,all that great portion of the         
community1 who are employed in business 
and labor1 find it needful to rise      
early2 and all their hours of meals1 and
 their appointments for business or     
pleasure1 must be accommodated to these 
arrangements4 ,now1 if a small portion  
of the community establish very         

different hours1 it makes a kind of     
jostling1 in all the concerns and       
interests of society4 ,the various      
appointments for the public1 such as    
meetings1 schools1 and business hours1  
must be accommodated to the mass1 and   
not to individuals4 ,the few1 then1 who 
establish domestic habits at variance   
with the majority1 are either constantly
 interrupted in their own arrangements1 
or else are interfering with the rights 
and interests of others4 ,this is       
exemplified in the case of schools4 ,in 
families where late rising is practised1
 either hurry1 irregularity1 and        
neglect1 are engendered in the family1  
or else the interests of the school1 and
 thus of the community1 are sacrificed4 
,in this1 and many other concerns1 it   
can be shown1 that the wellbeing of the 
bulk of the people1 is1 to a greater or 
less extent1 impaired by this           
aristocratic practice4 ,let any teacher 
select the unpunctual scholars1--a class
 who most seriously interfere with the  

interests of the school2--and let men of
 business select those who cause them   
most waste of time and vexation1 by     
unpunctuality2 and it will be found1    
that they are among the late risers1 and
 rarely among those who rise early4     
,thus1 it is manifest1 that late rising 
not only injures the person and family  
which practise it1 but interferes with  
the rights and convenience of the       
community4   ,,footnote3  ,h ,shooting  
into a long1 small1 stalk or root4      
,,chapter ,,xi4  ,,on ,,domestic        
,,exercise4   ,in the preceding         
chapters1 we have noticed the various   
causes1 which1 one or all1 operate to   
produce that melancholy delicacy and    
decay of the female constitution1 which 
are the occasion of so much physical and
 mental suffering throughout this       
,country4  ,these1 in a more condensed  
form1 may be enumerated thus3  ,a want  
of exercise1 inducing softness in the   
bones1 weakness in the muscles1         
inactivity in the digestive organs1 and 

general debility in the nervous system3 
,a neglect of the care of the skin1     
whereby the blood has not been properly 
purified1 and the internal organs have  
been weakened3 ,a violation of the laws 
of health1 in regard to food1 by eating 
too much1 too fast1 and too often2 by   
using stimulating food and drinks2 by   
using them too warm or too cold2 and by 
eating that which the power of the      
stomach is not sufficient to digest3 ,a 
neglect of the laws of health1 in regard
 to clothing1 by dressing too tight1 and
 by wearing too little covering1 in cold
 and damp weather1 and especially by not
 sufficiently protecting the feet3 ,a   
neglect to gain a proper supply of pure 
air1 in sleeping apartments and         
schoolrooms1 and too great a confinement
 to the house3 ,the pursuit of exciting 
amusements at unseasonable hours1 and   
the many exposures involved at such     
times3 ,and lastly1 sleeping by day1    
instead of by night1 and protracting the
 hours of sleep1 beyond the period of   

repose demanded for rest2 thus          
exhausting1 instead of recruiting1 the  
energies of the system4  ,but all the   
other causes1 combined1 probably1 do not
 produce one half the evils1 which      
result from a want of proper exercise4  
,a person who keeps all the functions of
 the system in full play1 by the active 
and frequent use of every muscle1       
especially if it be in the open air1    
gains a power of constitution1 which can
 resist many evils that would follow    
from the other neglects and risks       
detailed4 ,this being the case1 there   
can be no subject1 more important for   
mothers and young ladies to understand1 
than the influence on the health1 both  
of body and mind1 of the neglect or     
abuse of the muscular system4  ,it has  
been shown1 in the previous pages1 that 
all the muscles have nerves and         
blood-vessels1 running in larger trunks1
 or minute branches1 to every portion of
 the body4 ,the experiments of ,sir     
,charles ,bell and others1 have         

developed the curious fact1 that each   
apparently single nerve1 in reality     
consists of two distinct portions1      
running together in the same covering4  
,one portion1 is the nerve of sensation 
or feeling1 the other1 the nerve of     
motion4 ,the nerves of sensation are    
those which are affected by the emotions
 and volitions of the mind2 and the     
nerves of motion are those which impart 
moving power to the muscles4            
,experiments show1 that1 where the      
nerves issue from the spine1 the nerve  
of sensation may be cut off without     
severing the nerve of motion1 and then  
the parts1 to which this nerve extends1 
lose the power of feeling1 while the    
power of motion continues2 and so1 on   
the other hand1 the nerve of motion may 
be divided1 and1 the nerve of sensation 
remaining uninjured1 the power of       
feeling is retained1 and the power of   
motion is lost4  ,in certain nervous    
diseases1 sometimes a limb loses its    
power of feeling1 and yet retains the   

power of motion2 in other cases1 the    
power of motion is lost1 and the power  
of sensation is retained2 and in other  
cases1 still1 when a limb is paralysed1 
both the power of motion and of         
sensation are lost4  ,now1 the nerves1  
like all other parts of the body1 gain  
and lose strength1 according as they are
 exercised4 ,if they have too much1 or  
too little1 exercise1 they lose         
strength2 if they are exercised to a    
proper degree1 they gain strength4 ,when
 the mind is continuously excited1 by   
business1 study1 or the imagination1 the
 nerves of feeling are kept in constant 
action1 while the nerves of motion are  
unemployed4 ,if this is continued1 for a
 long time1 the nerves of sensation lose
 their strength1 from over action1 and  
the nerves of motion lose their power1  
from inactivity4 ,in consequence1 there 
is a morbid excitability of the nervous1
 and a debility of the muscular1 system1
 which make all exertion irksome and    
wearisome4 ,the only mode of preserving 

the health of these systems1 is1 to keep
 up in them an equilibrium of action4   
,for this purpose1 occupations must be  
sought1 which exercise the muscles1 and 
interest the mind2 and thus the equal   
action of both kinds of nerves is       
secured4 ,this shows why exercise is so 
much more healthful and invigorating1   
when the mind is interested1 than when  
it is not4 ,as an illustration1 let a   
person go a shopping1 with a friend1 and
 have nothing to do1 but look on2 how   
soon do the continuous walking and      
standing weary6 ,but suppose one1 thus  
wearied1 hears of the arrival of a very 
dear friend3 she can instantly walk off 
a mile or two1 to meet her1 without the 
least feeling of fatigue4 ,by this is   
shown the importance of furnishing1 for 
young persons1 exercise in which they   
will take an interest4 ,long and formal 
walks1 merely for exercise1 though they 
do some good1 in securing fresh air and 
some exercise of the muscles1 would be  
of triple benefit1 if changed to amusing

 sports1 or to the cultivation of fruits
 and flowers1 in which it is impossible 
to engage1 without acquiring a great    
interest4 ,it shows1 also1 why it is far
 better to trust to useful domestic     
exercise1 at home1 than to send a young 
person out to walk1 for the mere purpose
 of exercise4 ,young girls can seldom be
 made to realize the value of health1   
and the need of exercise to secure it1  
so as to feel much interest in walking  
abroad1 when they have no other object4 
,but1 if they are brought up to minister
 to the comfort and enjoyment of        
themselves and others1 by performing    
domestic duties1 they will constantly be
 interested and cheered in their        
exercise1 by the feeling of usefulness1 
and the consciousness of having         
performed their duty4  ,there are few   
young persons1 it is hoped1 who are     
brought up with such miserable habits of
 selfishness and indolence1 that they   
cannot be made to feel happier1 by the  
consciousness of being usefully         

employed4 ,and those who have never been
 accustomed to think or care for any one
 but themselves1 and who seem to feel   
little pleasure in making themselves    
useful1 by wise and proper influences1  
can often be gradually awakened to the  
new pleasure of benevolent exertion to  
promote the comfort and enjoyment of    
others4 ,and the more this sacred and   
elevating kind of enjoyment is tasted1  
the greater is the relish induced4      
,other enjoyments1 often cloy2 but the  
heavenly pleasure1 secured by virtuous  
industry and benevolence1 while it      
satisfies1 at the time1 awakens fresh   
desires for so ennobling a good4  ,but1 
besides the favorable influence on the  
nervous and muscular system1 thus       
gained1 it has been shown1 that exercise
 imparts fresh strength and vitality to 
all parts of the body4 ,the exertion of 
the muscles quickens the flow of the    
blood1 which thus ministers its supplies
 faster to every part of the body1 and1 
of course1 loses a portion of its       

nourishing qualities4 ,when this is the 
case1 the stomach issues its mandate of 
hunger1 calling for new supplies4 ,when 
these are furnished1 the action of the  
muscles again hastens a full supply to  
every organ1 and thus the nerves1 the   
muscles1 the bones1 the skin1 and all   
the internal organs1 are invigorated1   
and the whole body developes its powers1
 in fair proportions1 fresh strength and
 full beauty4 ,all the cosmetics of     
trade1 all the labors of mantuamakers1  
milliners1 makers of corsets1           
shoemakers1 and hairdressers1 could     
never confer so clear and pure a skin1  
so fresh a color1 so finely moulded a   
form1 and such cheerful health and      
spirits1 as would be secured by training
 a child to obey the laws of the        
benevolent ,creator1 in the appropriate 
employment of body and mind in useful   
domestic exercise4 ,and the present     
habits of the wealthy1 and even of those
 without wealth1 which condemn young    
girls so exclusively to books or        

sedentary pursuits1 are as destructive  
to beauty and grace1 as they are to     
health and happiness4  ,every allowance 
should be made for the mistakes of      
mothers and teachers1 to whom the       
knowledge which would have saved them   
from the evils of such a course has     
never been furnished2 but as            
information1 on these matters1 is every 
year becoming more abundant1 it is to be
 hoped1 that the next generation1 at    
least1 may be saved from the evils which
 afflict those now on the stage4 ,what a
 change would be made in the happiness  
of this ,country1 if all the pale and   
delicate young girls should become      
blooming1 healthful1 and active1 and all
 the enfeebled and care-worn mothers    
should be transformed into such fresh1  
active1 healthful1 and energetic        
matrons1 as are so frequently found in  
our mother land6  ,it has been stated1  
that the excessive use of the muscles1  
as much as their inactivity1 tends to   
weaken them4 ,nothing is more painful1  

than the keeping a muscle constantly on 
the stretch1 without any relaxation or  
change4 ,this can be realized1 by       
holding out an arm1 perpendicularly to  
the body1 for ten or fifteen minutes1 if
 any one can so long bear the pain4 ,of 
course1 confinement to one position1 for
 a great length of time1 tends to weaken
 the muscles thus strained4  ,this shows
 the evil of confining young children to
 their seats1 in the schoolroom1 so much
 and so long as is often done4 ,having  
no backs to their seats1 as is generally
 the case1 the muscles1 which are       
employed in holding up the body1 are    
kept in a state of constant tension1    
till they grow feeble from overworking4 
,then1 the child begins to grow crooked1
 and the parents1 to remedy the evil1   
sometimes put on bracers or corsets4    
,these1 instead of doing any good1 serve
 to prevent the use of those muscles1   
which1 if properly exercised1 would hold
 the body straight2 and thus they grow  
still weaker1 from entire inactivity4   

,if a parent perceives that a child is  
growing crooked1 the proper remedy is1  
to withdraw it from all pursuits which  
tax one particular set of muscles1 and  
turn it out to exercise in sports1 or in
 gardening1 in the fresh air1 when all  
the muscles will be used1 and the whole 
system strengthened4 ,or1 if this cannot
 be done1 sweeping1 dusting1 running of 
errands1 and many household employments1
 which involve lifting1 stooping1       
bending1 and walking1 are quite as good1
 and1 on some accounts1 better1 provided
 the house is properly supplied with    
fresh air4  ,where persons have formed  
habits of inactivity1 some caution is   
necessary1 in attempting a change2 this 
must be made gradually2 and the muscles 
must never be excessively fatigued at   
any time4 ,if this change be not thus   
gradually made1 the weakness1 at first  
caused by inactivity1 will be increased 
by excessive exertion4 ,a distinguished 
medical gentleman gives this rule1 to   
direct us in regard to the amount of    

fatigue1 which is safe and useful4 ,a   
person is never too much fatigued1 if   
one night of repose gives sufficient    
rest1 and restores the usual strength4  
,but1 if the sleep is disturbed1 and the
 person wakes with a feeling of         
weariness and languor1 it is a sure     
indication that the exercise has been   
excessive4 ,no more fatigue1 then1      
should be allowed1 than one night's rest
 will remedy4  ,some persons object to  
sweeping1 on account of the dust        
inhaled4 ,but free ventilation1 frequent
 sweeping1 and the use of damp sand1 or 
damp ,indian meal1 or damp tea leaves1  
for carpets1 will secure a more clear   
atmosphere than is often found in the   
streets of cities4 ,and the mother1 who 
will hire domestics1 to take away this  
and other domestic employments1 which   
would secure to her daughters1 health1  
grace1 beauty1 and domestic virtues1 and
 the young ladies1 who consent to be    
deprived of these advantages1 will      
probably live to mourn over the languor1

 discouragement1 pain1 and sorrow1 which
 will come with ill health1 as the      
almost inevitable result4  ,the         
following are extracts from ',the ,young
 ,ladies' ,friend1' on this subject3--  
,whether rich or poor1 young or old1    
married or single1 a woman is always    
liable to be called to the performance  
of every kind of domestic duty1 as well 
as to be placed at the head of a family2
 and nothing1 short of a practical      
knowledge of the details of             
housekeeping1 can ever make those duties
 easy1 or render her competent to direct
 others in the performance of them4     
,all moral writers on female character1 
treat of ,domestic ,economy as an       
indispensable part of female education2 
and this1 too1 in the old countries of  
,europe1 where an abundant population1  
and the institutions of society1 render 
it easy to secure the services of       
faithful domestics4  ,all female        
characters that are held up to          
admiration1 whether in fiction or       

biography1 will be found to possess     
these domestic accomplishments2 and1 if 
they are considered indispensable in the
 ,old ,world1 how much more are they    
needed1 in this land of independence1   
where riches cannot exempt the mistress 
of a family from the difficulty of      
procuring efficient aid1 and where      
perpetual change of domestics1 renders  
perpetual instruction and               
superintendence necessary4  ,since1     
then1 the details of good housekeeping  
must be included in a good female       
education1 it is very desirable that    
they should be acquired when young1 and 
so practised as to become easy1 and to  
be performed dexterously and            
expeditiously4  ,the elegant and        
accomplished ,lady ,mary ,wortley       
,montagu1 who figured in the            
fashionable1 as well as the literary1   
circles of her time1 has said1 that 'the
 most minute details of household       
economy become elegant and refined1 when
 they are ennobled by sentiment2' and   

they are truly ennobled1 when we do them
 either from a sense of duty1 or        
consideration for a parent1 or love to a
 husband4 ',to furnish a room1'         
continues this lady1 'is no longer a    
commonplace affair1 shared with         
upholsterers and cabinet-makers2 it is  
decorating the place where ,i am to meet
 a friend or lover4 ,to order dinner is 
not merely arranging a meal with my     
cook2 it is preparing refreshment for   
him whom ,i love4 ,these necessary      
occupations1 viewed in this light1 by a 
person capable of strong attachment1 are
 so many pleasures1 and afford her far  
more delight1 than the games and shows  
which constitute the amusements of the  
world4'  ,such is the testimony of a    
titled lady of the last century1 to the 
sentiment that may be made to mingle in 
the most homely occupations4 ,i will now
 quote that of a modern female writer   
and traveller1 who1 in her pleasant     
book1 called ',six ,weeks on the        
,loire1' has thus described the         

housewifery of the daughter of a ,french
 nobleman1 residing in a superb chateau 
on that river4 ,the travellers had just 
arrived1 and been introduced1 when the  
following scene took place4  ',the bill 
of fare for dinner was discussed in my  
presence1 and settled1 sans faon1,i with
 that delightful frankness and gayety1  
which1 in the ,french character1 gives a
 charm to the most trifling occurrence4 
,mademoiselle ,louise then begged me to 
excuse her for half an hour1 as she was 
going to make some creams1 and some     
pastilles4,j ,i requested that ,i might 
accompany her1 and also render myself   
useful2 we accordingly went together to 
the dairy4 ,i made tarts  l',anglaise1,k
 whilst she made confections and        
bonbons1,l and all manner of pretty     
things1 with as much ease as if she had 
never done any thing else1 and as much  
grace as she displayed in the saloon4 ,i
 could not help thinking1 as ,i looked  
at her1 with her servants about her1 all
 cheerful1 respectful1 and anxious to   

attend upon her1 how much better it     
would be for the young ladies in        
,england1 if they would occasionally    
return to the habits of their           
grandmammas1 and mingle the animated and
 endearing occupations of domestic life1
 and the modest manners and social      
amusements of home1 with the perpetual  
practising on harps and pianos1 and the 
incessant efforts at display1 and search
 after gayety1 which1 at the present    
day1 render them any thing but what an  
amiable man1 of a reflecting mind and   
delicate sentiments1 would desire in the
 woman he might wish to select as the   
companion of his life4'   ,,footnotes3  
,i ,without formality1 or useless       
ceremony4  ,j ,rolls of paste1 or       
pastry1 or sugarplums4  ,k ,according to
 the ,english fashion4  ,l ,nice things 
or dainties1 such as sweetmeats4        
,,chapter ,,xii4  ,,on ,,domestic       
,,manners4   ,good-manners are the      
expressions of benevolence in personal  
intercourse1 by which we endeavor to    

promote the comfort and enjoyment of    
others1 and to avoid all that gives     
needless uneasiness4 ,it is the exterior
 exhibition of the ,divine precept1     
which requires us to do to others1 as we
 would that they should do to us4 ,it is
 saying1 by our deportment1 to all      
around1 that we consider their feelings1
 tastes1 and convenience1 as equal in   
value to our own4  ,good-manners lead us
 to avoid all practices which offend the
 taste of others2 all violations of the 
conventional rules of propriety2 all    
rude and disrespectful language and     
deportment2 and all remarks1 which would
 tend to wound the feelings of another4 
,there is a serious defect1 in the      
manners of the ,american people1        
especially in the free ,states1 which   
can never be efficiently remedied1      
except in the domestic circle1 and      
during early life4 ,it is a deficiency  
in the free expression of kindly        
feelings and sympathetic emotions1 and a
 want of courtesy in deportment4 ,the   

causes1 which have led to this result1  
may easily be traced4  ,the forefathers 
of this ,nation1 to a wide extent1 were 
men who were driven from their native   
land1 by laws and customs which they    
believed to be opposed both to civil and
 religious freedom4 ,the sufferings they
 were called to endure1 the subduing of 
those gentler feelings which bind us to 
country1 kindred1 and home1 and the     
constant subordination of the passions  
to stern principle1 induced characters  
of great firmness and self-control4     
,they gave up the comforts and          
refinements of a civilized country1 and 
came1 as pilgrims1 to a hard soil1 a    
cold clime1 and a heathen shore4 ,they  
were continually forced to encounter    
danger1 privations1 sickness1           
loneliness1 and death2 and all these1   
their religion taught them to meet with 
calmness1 fortitude1 and submission4    
,and thus it became the custom and habit
 of the whole mass1 to repress1 rather  
than to encourage1 the expression of    

feeling4  ,persons who are called to    
constant and protracted suffering and   
privation1 are forced to subdue and     
conceal emotion2 for the free expression
 of it would double their own suffering1
 and increase the sufferings of others4 
,those1 only1 who are free from care and
 anxiety1 and whose minds are mainly    
occupied by cheerful emotions1 are at   
full liberty to unveil their feelings4  
,it was under such stern and rigorous   
discipline1 that the first children in  
,new ,england were reared2 and the      
manners and habits of parents are       
usually1 to a great extent1 transmitted 
to children4 ,thus it comes to pass1    
that the descendants of the ,puritans1  
now scattered over every part of the    
,nation1 are predisposed to conceal the 
gentler emotions1 while their manners   
are calm1 decided1 and cold1 rather than
 free and impulsive4 ,of course1 there  
are very many exceptions to these       
predominating results4  ,the causes1 to 
which we may attribute a general want of

 courtesy in manners1 are certain       
incidental results of our democratic    
institutions4 ,our ancestors1 and their 
descendants1 have constantly been       
combating the aristocratic principle1   
which would exalt one class of men at   
the expense of another4 ,they have had  
to contend with this principle1 not only
 in civil1 but in social1 life4 ,almost 
every ,american1 in his own person1 as  
well as in behalf of his class1 has had 
to assume and defend the main principle 
of democracy1--that every man's feelings
 and interests are equal in value to    
those of every other man4 ,but1 in doing
 this1 there has been some want of clear
 discrimination4 ,because claims1 based 
on distinctions of mere birth1 fortune1 
or position1 were found to be injurious1
 many have gone to the extreme of       
inferring that all distinctions1        
involving subordination1 are useless4   
,such1 would regard children as equals  
to parents1 pupils to teachers1         
domestics to their employers1 and       

subjects to magistrates2 and that1 too1 
in all respects4  ,the fact1 that       
certain grades of superiority and       
subordination are needful1 both for     
individual and public benefit1 has not  
been clearly discerned2 and there has   
been a gradual tendency to an extreme1  
which has sensibly affected our manners4
 ,all the proprieties and courtesies1   
which depend on the recognition of the  
relative duties of superior and         
subordinate1 have been warred upon2 and 
thus we see1 to an increasing extent1   
disrespectful treatment of parents1 from
 children2 of teachers1 from pupils2 of 
employers1 from domestics2 and of the   
aged1 from the young4 ,in all classes   
and circles1 there is a gradual decay in
 courtesy of address4  ,in cases1 too1  
where kindness is rendered1 it is often 
accompanied with a cold1 unsympathizing 
manner1 which greatly lessens its value1
 while kindness or politeness is        
received in a similar style of coolness1
 as if it were but the payment of a just

 due4  ,it is owing to these causes1    
that the ,american people1 especially   
the inhabitants of ,new ,england1 do not
 do themselves justice4 ,for1 while     
those1 who are near enough to learn     
their real character and feelings1 can  
discern the most generous impulses1 and 
the most kindly sympathies1 they are so 
veiled1 in a composed and indifferent   
demeanor1 as to be almost entirely      
concealed from strangers4  ,these       
defects in our national manners1 it     
especially falls to the care of mothers1
 and all who have charge of the young1  
to rectify2 and if they seriously       
undertake the matter1 and wisely adapt  
means to ends1 these defects will be    
remedied4 ,with reference to this       
object1 the following ideas are         
suggested4  ,the law of ,christianity   
and of democracy1 which teaches that all
 men are born equal1 and that their     
interests and feelings should be        
regarded as of equal value1 seems to be 
adopted in aristocratic circles1 with   

exclusive reference to the class in     
which the individual moves4 ,the courtly
 gentleman1 addresses all of his own    
class with politeness and respect2 and1 
in all his actions1 seems to allow that 
the feelings and convenience of others  
are to be regarded1 the same as his own4
 ,but his demeanor to those of inferior 
station1 is not based on the same rule4 
,among those1 who make up aristocratic  
circles1 such as are above them1 are    
deemed of superior1 and such as are     
below1 of inferior1 value4 ,thus1 if a  
young1 ignorant1 and vicious coxcomb1   
happens to be born a lord1 the aged1 the
 virtuous1 the learned1 and the         
wellbred1 of another class1 must give   
his convenience the precedence1 and must
 address him in terms of respect4 ,so1  
when a man of noble birth is thrown     
among the lower classes1 he demeans     
himself in a style1 which1 to persons of
 his own class1 would be deemed the     
height of assumption and rudeness4      
,now1 the principles of democracy       

require1 that the same courtesy1 which  
we accord to our own circle1 shall be   
extended to every class and condition2  
and that distinctions1 of superiority   
and subordination1 shall depend1 not on 
accidents of birth1 fortune1 or         
occupation1 but solely on those         
relations1 which the good of all classes
 equally require4 ,the distinctions     
demanded1 in a democratic state1 are    
simply those1 which result from         
relations1 that are common to every     
class1 and are for the benefit of all4  
,it is for the benefit of every class1  
that children be subordinate to parents1
 pupils to teachers1 the employed to    
their employers1 and subjects to        
magistrates4 ,in addition to this1 it is
 for the general wellbeing1 that the    
comfort or convenience of the delicate  
and feeble1 should be preferred to that 
of the strong and healthy1 who would    
suffer less by any deprivation1 and that
 precedence should be given to their    
elders1 by the young1 and that reverence

 should be given to the hoary head4     
,the rules of good-breeding1 in a       
democratic state1 must be founded on    
these principles4 ,it is1 indeed1       
assumed1 that the value of the happiness
 of each individual1 is the same as that
 of every other2 but1 as there must be  
occasions1 where there are advantages   
which all cannot enjoy1 there must be   
general rules for regulating a          
selection4 ,otherwise1 there would be   
constant scrambling1 among those of     
equal claims1 and brute force must be   
the final resort2 in which case the     
strongest would have the best of every  
thing4 ,the democratic rule1 then1 is1  
that superiors1 in age1 station1 or     
office1 have precedence of subordinates2
 age and feebleness1 of youth and       
strength2 and the feebler sex1 of more  
vigorous man4,m  ,there is1 also1 a     
style of deportment and address1 which  
is appropriate to these different       
relations4 ,it is suitable for a        
superior to secure compliance with his  

wishes1 from those subordinate to him1  
by commands2 but a subordinate must     
secure compliance with his wishes1 from 
a superior1 by requests4 ,it is suitable
 for a parent1 teacher1 or employer1 to 
admonish for neglect of duty2 but not   
for an inferior to adopt such a course  
towards a superior4 ,it is suitable for 
a superior to take precedence of a      
subordinate1 without any remark2 but not
 for an inferior1 without previously    
asking leave1 or offering an apology4   
,it is proper for a superior to use     
language and manners of freedom and     
familiarity1 which would be improper    
from a subordinate to a superior4  ,the 
want of due regard to these proprieties1
 occasions the chief defect in ,american
 manners4 ,it is very common to hear    
children talk to their parents1 in a    
style proper only between companions and
 equals2 so1 also1 the young address    
their elders1 those employed1 their     
employers1 and domestics1 the members of
 the family and their visiters1 in a    

style1 which is inappropriate to their  
relative positions4 ,a respectful       
address is required not merely towards  
superiors2 every person desires to be   
treated with courtesy and respect1 and  
therefore1 the law of benevolence       
demands such demeanor1 towards all whom 
we meet in the social intercourse of    
life4 ,be ye courteous1 is the direction
 of the ,apostle in reference to our    
treatment of all4  ,good-manners can be 
successfully cultivated1 only in early  
life1 and in the domestic circle4 ,there
 is nothing which depends so much upon  
habit1 as the constantly recurring      
proprieties of good-breeding2 and1 if a 
child grows up without forming such     
habits1 it is very rarely the case that 
they can be formed at a later period4   
,the feeling1 that it is of little      
consequence how we behave at home1 if we
 conduct properly abroad1 is a very     
fallacious one4 ,persons1 who are       
careless and ill bred at home1 may      
imagine that they can assume            

good-manners abroad2 but they mistake4  
,fixed habits of tone1 manner1 language1
 and movements1 cannot be suddenly      
altered2 and those who are illbred at   
home1 even when they try to hide their  
bad habits1 are sure to violate many of 
the obvious rules of propriety1 and yet 
be unconscious of it4  ,and there is    
nothing1 which would so effectually     
remove prejudice against our democratic 
institutions1 as the general cultivation
 of good-breeding in the domestic       
circle4 ,good-manners are the exterior  
of benevolence1 the minute and often    
recurring exhibitions of peace and      
good-will2 and the nation1 as well as   
the individual1 which most excels in the
 external1 as well as the internal1     
principle1 will be most respected and   
beloved4  ,the following are the leading
 points1 which claim attention from     
those who have the care of the young4   
,in the first place1 in the family1     
there should be required1 a strict      
attention to the rules of precedence1   

and those modes of address appropriate  
to the various relations to be          
sustained4 ,children should always be   
required to offer their superiors1 in   
age or station1 the precedence in all   
comforts and conveniences1 and always   
address them in a respectful tone and   
manner4 ,the custom of adding ,sir1 or  
,ma'am1 to ,yes1 or ,no1 is valuable1 as
 a perpetual indication of a respectful 
recognition of superiority4 ,it is now  
going out of fashion1 even among the    
most wellbred people2 probably from a   
want of consideration of its importance4
 ,every remnant of courtesy of address1 
in our customs1 should be carefully     
cherished1 by all who feel a value for  
the proprieties of good-breeding4  ,if  
parents allow their children to talk to 
them1 and to the grown persons in the   
family1 in the same style in which they 
address each other1 it will be vain to  
hope for the courtesy of manner and     
tone1 which good-breeding demands in the
 general intercourse of society4 ,in a  

large family1 where the elder children  
are grown up1 and the younger are small1
 it is important to require the latter  
to treat the elder as superiors4 ,there 
are none1 so ready as young children to 
assume airs of equality2 and1 if they   
are allowed to treat one class of       
superiors in age and character          
disrespectfully1 they will soon use the 
privilege universally4 ,this is the     
reason1 why the youngest children of a  
family are most apt to be pert1 forward1
 and unmannerly4  ,another point to be  
aimed at1 is1 to require children always
 to acknowledge every act of kindness   
and attention1 either by words or       
manner4 ,if they are so trained as      
always to make grateful                 
acknowledgements1 when receiving favors1
 one of the objectionable features in   
,american manners will be avoided4      
,again1 children should be required to  
ask leave1 whenever they wish to gratify
 curiosity1 or use an article which     
belongs to another4 ,and if cases occur1

 when they cannot comply with the rules 
of good-breeding1 as1 for instance1 when
 they must step between a person and the
 fire1 or take the chair of an older    
person1 they should be required either  
to ask leave1 or to offer an apology4   
,there is another point of              
good-breeding1 which cannot1 in all     
cases1 be understood and applied by     
children1 in its widest extent4 ,it is  
that1 which requires us to avoid all    
remarks which tend to embarrass1 vex1   
mortify1 or in any way wound the        
feelings1 of another4 ,to notice        
personal defects2 to allude to others'  
faults1 or the faults of their friends2 
to speak disparagingly of the sect or   
party to which a person belongs2 to be  
inattentive1 when addressed in          
conversation2 to contradict flatly2 to  
speak in contemptuous tones of opinions 
expressed by another2--all these1 are   
violations of the rules of              
good-breeding1 which children should be 
taught to regard4 ,under this head1     

comes the practice of whispering1 and   
staring about1 when a teacher1 or       
lecturer1 or clergyman1 is addressing a 
class or audience4 ,such inattention1 is
 practically saying1 that what the      
person is uttering is not worth         
attending to2 and persons of real       
good-breeding always avoid it4 ,loud    
talking and laughing1 in a large        
assembly1 even when no exercises are    
going on2 yawning and gaping in company2
 and not looking in the face a person   
who is addressing you1 are deemed marks 
of ill-breeding4  ,another branch of    
good-manners1 relates to the duties of  
hospitality4 ,politeness requires us to 
welcome visiters with cordiality2 to    
offer them the best accommodations2 to  
address conversation to them2 and to    
express1 by tone and manner1 kindness   
and respect4 ,offering the hand to all  
visiters1 at one's own house1 is a      
courteous and hospitable custom2 and a  
cordial shake of the hand1 when friends 
meet1 would abate much of the coldness  

of manner ascribed to ,americans4  ,the 
last point of good-breeding1 to be      
noticed1 refers to the conventional     
rules of propriety and good taste4 ,of  
these1 the first class relates to the   
avoidance of all disgusting or offensive
 personal habits1 such as fingering the 
hair2 cleaning the teeth or nails2      
picking the nose2 spitting on carpets2  
snuffing1 instead of using a            
handkerchief1 or using the article in an
 offensive manner2 lifting up the boots 
or shoes1 as some men do1 to tend them  
on the knee1 or to finger them2--all    
these tricks1 either at home or in      
society1 children should be taught to   
avoid4  ,another branch1 under this     
head1 may be called table manners4 ,to  
persons of good-breeding1 nothing is    
more annoying1 than violating the       
conventional proprieties of the table4  
,reaching over another person's plate2  
standing up1 to reach distant articles1 
instead of asking to have them passed2  
using one's own knife1 and spoon1 for   

butter1 salt1 or sugar1 when it is the  
custom of the family to provide separate
 utensils for the purpose2 setting cups1
 with tea dripping from them1 on the    
tablecloth1 instead of the mats or small
 plates furnished2 using the tablecloth1
 instead of the napkins2 eating fast1   
and in a noisy manner2 putting large    
pieces in the mouth2 looking and eating 
as if very hungry1 or as if anxious to  
get at certain dishes2 sitting at too   
great a distance from the table1 and    
dropping food2 laying the knife and fork
 on the tablecloth1 instead of on the   
bread1 or the edge of the plate2--all   
these particulars1 children should be   
taught to avoid4 ,it is always          
desirable1 too1 to require children1    
when at table with grown persons1 to be 
silent1 except when addressed by others2
 or else their chattering will interrupt
 the conversation and comfort of their  
elders4 ,they should always be required1
 too1 to wait1 in silence1 till all the 
older persons are helped4  ,all these   

things should be taught to children1    
gradually1 and with great patience and  
gentleness4 ,some parents1 with whom    
good-manners is a great object1 are in  
danger of making their children         
perpetually uncomfortable1 by suddenly  
surrounding them with so many rules1    
that they must inevitably violate some  
one or other1 a great part of the time4 
,it is much better to begin with a few  
rules1 and be steady and persevering    
with these1 till a habit is formed1 and 
then take a few more1 thus making the   
process easy and gradual4 ,otherwise1   
the temper of children will be injured2 
or1 hopeless of fulfilling so many      
requisitions1 they will become reckless 
and indifferent to all4  ,but1 in       
reference to those who have enjoyed     
advantages for the cultivation of       
good-manners1 and who duly estimate its 
importance1 one caution is necessary4   
,those1 who never have had such habits  
formed in youth1 are under              
disadvantages1 which no benevolence of  

temper can remedy4 ,they may often      
violate the tastes and feelings of      
others1 not from a want of proper regard
 for them1 but from ignorance of custom1
 or want of habit1 or abstraction of    
mind1 or from other causes1 which demand
 forbearance and sympathy1 rather than  
displeasure4 ,an ability to bear        
patiently with defects in manners1 and  
to make candid and considerate allowance
 for a want of advantages1 or for       
peculiarities in mental habits1 is one  
mark of the benevolence of real         
good-breeding4  ,the advocates of       
monarchical and aristocratic            
institutions1 have always had great     
plausibility given to their views1 by   
the seeming tendencies to               
insubordination and bad-manners1 of our 
institutions4 ,and it has been too      
indiscriminately conceded1 by the       
defenders of the latter1 that such are  
these tendencies1 and that the offensive
 points1 in ,american manners1 are the  
necessary result of democratic          

principles4  ,but it is believed1 that  
both facts and reasoning are in         
opposition to this opinion4 ,the        
following extract from the work of ,de  
,tocqueville1 exhibits the opinion of an
 impartial observer1 when comparing     
,american manners with those of the     
,english1 who are confessedly the most  
aristocratic of all people4  ,he        
previously remarks on the tendency of   
aristocracy to make men more            
sympathizing with persons of their own  
peculiar class1 and less so towards     
those of lower degree2 and he then      
contrasts ,american manners with the    
,english1 claiming that the ,americans  
are much the most affable1 mild1 and    
social4 ,in ,america1 where the         
privileges of birth never existed1 and  
where riches confer no peculiar rights  
on their possessors1 men acquainted with
 each other are very ready to frequent  
the same places1 and find neither peril 
nor advantage in the free interchange of
 their thoughts4 ,if they meet1 by      

accident1 they neither seek nor avoid   
intercourse2 their manner is therefore  
natural1 frank1 and open4 ,if their     
demeanor is often cold and serious1 it  
is never haughty or constrained4 ,but an
 aristocratic pride is still extremely  
great among the ,english2 and1 as the   
limits of aristocracy are ill-defined1  
every body lives in constant dread1 lest
 advantage should be taken of his       
familiarity4 ,unable to judge1 at once1 
of the social position of those he      
meets1 an ,englishman prudently avoids  
all contact with them4 ,men are afraid1 
lest some slight service rendered should
 draw them into an unsuitable           
acquaintance2 they dread civilities1 and
 they avoid the obtrusive gratitude of a
 stranger1 as much as his hatred4       
,thus1 facts seem to show that when the 
most aristocratic nation in the world is
 compared1 as to manners1 with the most 
democratic1 the judgement of strangers  
is in favor of the latter4  ,and if     
good-manners are the outward exhibition 

of the democratic principle of impartial
 benevolence and equal rights1 surely   
the nation which adopts this rule1 both 
in social and civil life1 is the most   
likely to secure the desirable exterior4
 ,the aristocrat1 by his principles1    
extends the exterior of impartial       
benevolence to his own class1 only2 the 
democratic principle1 requires it to be 
extended to all4  ,there is reason1     
therefore1 to hope and expect more      
refined and polished manners in         
,america1 than in any other land2 while 
all the developements of taste and      
refinement1 such as poetry1 music1      
painting1 sculpture1 and architecture1  
it may be expected1 will come to a      
higher state of perfection1 here1 than  
in any other nation4  ,if this ,country 
increases in virtue and intelligence1 as
 it may1 there is no end to the wealth  
which will pour in as the result of our 
resources of climate1 soil1 and         
navigation1 and the skill1 industry1    
energy1 and enterprise1 of our          

countrymen4 ,this wealth1 if used as    
intelligence and virtue dictate1 will   
furnish the means for a superior        
education to all classes1 and every     
facility for the refinement of taste1   
intellect1 and feeling4  ,moreover1 in  
this ,country1 labor is ceasing to be   
the badge of a lower class2 so that     
already it is disreputable for a man to 
be a lazy gentleman4 ,and this feeling  
must increase1 till there is such an    
equalisation of labor1 as will afford   
all the time needful for every class to 
improve the many advantages offered to  
them4 ,already1 in ,boston1 through the 
munificence of some of her citizens1    
there are literary and scientific       
advantages1 offered to all classes1     
rarely enjoyed elsewhere4 ,in           
,cincinnati1 too1 the advantages of     
education1 now offered to the poorest   
classes1 without charge1 surpass what1  
some years ago1 most wealthy men could  
purchase1 for any price4 ,and it is     
believed1 that a time will come1 when   

the poorest boy in ,america can secure  
advantages1 which will equal what the   
heir of the proudest peerage can now    
command4  ,the records of the courts of 
,france and ,germany1 7as detailed by   
the ,duchess of ,orleans17 in and       
succeeding the brilliant reign of ,louis
 the ,fourteenth1--a period which was   
deemed the acme of elegance and         
refinement1--exhibit a grossness1 a     
vulgarity1 and a coarseness1 not to be  
found among the lowest of our           
respectable poor4 ,and the biography of 
,beau ,nash1 who attempted to reform the
 manners of the gentry1 in the times of 
,queen ,anne1 exhibits violations of the
 rules of decency among the aristocracy1
 which the commonest yeoman of this     
,land would feel disgraced in           
perpetrating4  ,this shows1 that our    
lowest classes1 at this period1 are more
 refined1 than were the highest in      
aristocratic lands1 a hundred years ago2
 and another century may show the lowest
 classes1 in wealth1 in this ,country1  

attaining as high a polish1 as adorns   
those who now are leaders of            
good-manners in the courts of kings4    
,,footnote3  ,m ,the universal practice 
of this ,nation1 in thus giving         
precedence to woman1 has been severely  
commented on by ,miss ,martineau and    
some others1 who would transfer all the 
business of the other sex to women1 and 
then have them treated like men4 ,may   
this evidence of our superior           
civilisation and ,christianity increase1
 rather than diminish6     ,,chapter    
,,xiii4  ,,on ,,the ,,preservation ,,of 
,a ,,good ,,temper ,,in ,a              
,,housekeeper4   ,there is nothing1     
which has a more abiding influence on   
the happiness of a family1 than the     
preservation of equable and cheerful    
temper and tones in the housekeeper4 ,a 
woman1 who is habitually gentle1        
sympathizing1 forbearing1 and cheerful1 
carries an atmosphere about her1 which  
imparts a soothing and sustaining       
influence1 and renders it easier for all

 to do right1 under her administration1 
than in any other situation4  ,the      
writer has known families1 where the    
mother's presence seemed the sunshine of
 the circle around her2 imparting a     
cheering and vivifying power1 scarcely  
realized1 till it was withdrawn4 ,every 
one1 without thinking of it1 or knowing 
why it was so1 experienced a peaceful   
and invigorating influence1 as soon as  
he entered the sphere illumined by her  
smile1 and sustained by her cheering    
kindness and sympathy4 ,on the contrary1
 many a good housekeeper1 7good in every
 respect but this17 by wearing a        
countenance of anxiety and              
dissatisfaction1 and by indulging in the
 frequent use of sharp and reprehensive 
tones1 more than destroys all the       
comfort which otherwise would result    
from her system1 neatness1 and economy4 
,there is a secret1 social sympathy1    
which every mind1 to a greater or less  
degree1 experiences with the feelings of
 those around1 as they are manifested by

 the countenance and voice4 ,a          
sorrowful1 a discontented1 or an angry1 
countenance1 produces a silent1         
sympathetic influence1 imparting a      
sombre shade to the mind1 while tones of
 anger or complaint still more          
effectually jar the spirits4  ,no person
 can maintain a quiet and cheerful frame
 of mind1 while tones of discontent and 
displeasure are sounding on the ear4 ,we
 may gradually accustom ourselves to the
 evil1 till it is partially diminished2 
but it always is an evil1 which greatly 
interferes with the enjoyment of the    
family state4 ,there are sometimes      
cases1 where the entrance of the        
mistress of a family seems to awaken a  
slight apprehension1 in every mind      
around1 as if each felt in danger of a  
reproof1 for something either           
perpetrated or neglected4 ,a woman1 who 
should go around her house with a small 
stinging snapper1 which she habitually  
applied to those whom she met1 would be 
encountered with feelings very much like

 to those which are experienced by the  
inmates of a family1 where the mistress 
often uses her countenance and voice1 to
 inflict similar penalties for duties   
neglected4  ,yet1 there are many        
allowances to be made for housekeepers1 
who sometimes imperceptibly and         
unconsciously fall into such habits4 ,a 
woman1 who attempts to carry out any    
plans of system1 order1 and economy1 and
 who has her feelings and habits        
conformed to certain rules1 is          
constantly liable to have her plans     
crossed1 and her taste violated1 by the 
inexperience or inattention of those    
about her4 ,and no housekeeper1 whatever
 may be her habits1 can escape the      
frequent recurrence of negligence or    
mistake1 which interferes with her      
plans4 ,it is probable1 that there is no
 class of persons1 in the world1 who    
have such incessant trials of temper1   
and temptations to be fretful1 as       
,american housekeepers4 ,for a          
housekeeper's business is not1 like that

 of the other sex1 limited to a         
particular department1 for which        
previous preparation is made4 ,it       
consists of ten thousand little         
disconnected items1 which can never be  
so systematically arranged1 that there  
is no daily jostling1 somewhere4 ,and in
 the best-regulated families1 it is not 
unfrequently the case1 that some act of 
forgetfulness or carelessness1 from some
 member1 will disarrange the business of
 the whole day1 so that every hour will 
bring renewed occasion for annoyance4   
,and the more strongly a woman realizes 
the value of time1 and the importance of
 system and order1 the more will she be 
tempted to irritability and complaint4  
,the following considerations1 may aid  
in preparing a woman to meet such daily 
crosses1 with even a cheerful temper and
 tones4  ,in the first place1 a woman1  
who has charge of a large household1    
should regard her duties as dignified1  
important1 and difficult4 ,the mind is  
so made1 as to be elevated and cheered  

by a sense of far-reaching influence and
 usefulness4 ,a woman1 who feels that   
she is a cipher1 and that it makes      
little difference how she performs her  
duties1 has far less to sustain and     
invigorate her1 than one1 who truly     
estimates the importance of her station4
 ,a man1 who feels that the destinies of
 a nation are turning on the judgement  
and skill with which he plans and       
executes1 has a pressure of motive1 and 
an elevation of feeling1 which are great
 safeguards from all that is low1       
trivial1 and degrading4  ,so1 an        
,american mother and housekeeper1 who   
looks at her position in the aspect     
presented in the previous pages1 and who
 rightly estimates the long train of    
influences which will pass down to      
thousands1 whose destinies1 from        
generation to generation1 will be       
modified by those decisions of her will1
 which regulated the temper1 principles1
 and habits1 of her family1 must be     
elevated above petty temptations1 which 

would otherwise assail her4  ,again1 a  
housekeeper should feel that she really 
has great difficulties to meet and      
overcome4 ,a person1 who wrongly thinks 
there is little danger1 can never       
maintain so faithful a guard1 as one who
 rightly estimates the temptations which
 beset her4 ,nor can one1 who thinks    
that they are trifling difficulties     
which she has to encounter1 and trivial 
temptations1 to which she must yield1 so
 much enjoy the just reward of conscious
 virtue and self-control1 as one who    
takes an opposite view of the subject4  
,a third method1 is1 for a woman        
deliberately to calculate on having her 
best-arranged plans interfered with1    
very often2 and to be in such a state of
 preparation1 that the evil will not    
come unawares4 ,so complicated are the  
pursuits1 and so diverse the habits of  
the various members of a family1 that it
 is almost impossible for every one to  
avoid interfering with the plans and    
taste of a housekeeper1 in some one     

point or another4 ,it is1 therefore1    
most wise1 for a woman to keep the loins
 of her mind ever girt1 to meet such    
collisions with a cheerful and quiet    
spirit4  ,another important rule1 is1 to
 form all plans and arrangements in     
consistency with the means at command1  
and the character of those around4 ,a   
woman1 who has a heedless husband1 and  
young children1 and incompetent         
domestics1 ought not to make such plans1
 as one may properly form1 who will not1
 in so many directions1 meet            
embarrassment4 ,she must aim at just so 
much as she can probably secure1 and no 
more2 and thus she will usually escape  
much temptation1 and much of the        
irritation of disappointment4  ,the     
fifth1 and a very important1            
consideration1 is1 that system1 economy1
 and neatness1 are valuable1 only so far
 as they tend to promote the comfort and
 wellbeing of those affected4 ,some     
women seem to act under the impression1 
that these advantages must be secured1  

at all events1 even if the comfort of   
the family be the sacrifice4 ,true1 it  
is very important that children grow up 
in habits of system1 neatness1 and      
order2 and it is very desirable that the
 mother give them every incentive1 both 
by precept and example3 but it is still 
more important1 that they grow up with  
amiable tempers1 that they learn to meet
 the crosses of life with patience and  
cheerfulness2 and nothing has a greater 
influence to secure this1 than a        
mother's example4 ,whenever1 therefore1 
a woman cannot accomplish her plans of  
neatness and order1 without injury to   
her own temper1 or to the temper of     
others1 she ought to modify and reduce  
them1 until she can4  ,the sixth method1
 relates to the government of the tones 
of voice4 ,in many cases1 when a woman's
 domestic arrangements are suddenly and 
seriously crossed1 it is impossible not 
to feel some irritation4 ,but it is     
always possible to refrain from angry   
tones4 ,a woman can resolve1 that1      

whatever happens1 she will not speak1   
till she can do it in a calm and gentle 
manner4 ,perfect silence is a safe      
resort1 when such control cannot be     
attained1 as enables a person to speak  
calmly2 and this determination1         
persevered in1 will eventually be       
crowned with success4  ,many persons    
seem to imagine1 that tones of anger are
 needful1 in order to secure prompt     
obedience4 ,but observation has         
convinced the writer that they are never
 necessary2 that in all cases1 reproof1 
administered in calm tones1 would be    
better4 ,a case will be given in        
illustration4  ,a young girl had been   
repeatedly charged to avoid a certain   
arrangement in cooking4 ,on one day1    
when company was invited to dine1 the   
direction was forgotten1 and the        
consequence was1 an accident1 which     
disarranged every thing1 seriously      
injured the principal dish1 and delayed 
dinner for an hour4 ,the mistress of the
 family entered the kitchen1 just as it 

occurred1 and1 at a glance1 saw the     
extent of the mischief4 ,for a moment1  
her eyes flashed1 and her cheeks glowed2
 but she held her peace4 ,after a minute
 or so1 she gave directions1 in a calm  
voice1 as to the best mode of retrieving
 the evil1 and then left1 without a word
 said to the offender4  ,after the      
company left1 she sent for the girl1    
alone1 and in a calm and kind manner    
pointed out the aggravations of the     
case1 and described the trouble which   
had been caused to her husband1 her     
visiters1 and herself4 ,she then        
portrayed the future evils which would  
result from such habits of neglect and  
inattention1 and the modes of attempting
 to overcome them2 and then offered a   
reward for the future1 if1 in a given   
time1 she succeeded in improving in this
 respect4 ,not a tone of anger was      
uttered2 and yet the severest scolding  
of a practised ,xantippe could not have 
secured such contrition1 and            
determination to reform1 as was gained  

by this method4  ,but similar negligence
 is often visited by a continuous stream
 of complaint and reproof1 which1 in    
most cases1 is met1 either by sullen    
silence1 or impertinent retort1 while   
anger prevents any contrition1 or any   
resolution of future amendment4  ,it is 
very certain1 that some ladies do carry 
forward a most efficient government1    
both of children and domestics1 without 
employing tones of anger2 and therefore 
they are not indispensable1 nor on any  
account desirable4  ,though some ladies1
 of intelligence and refinement1 do fall
 unconsciously into such a practice1 it 
is certainly very unlady-like1 and in   
very bad taste1 to scold2 and the       
further a woman departs from all        
approach to it1 the more perfectly she  
sustains her character as a lady4       
,another method of securing equanimity1 
amid the trials of domestic life1 is1 to
 cultivate a habit of making allowances 
for the difficulties1 ignorance1 or     
temptations1 of those who violate rule  

or neglect duty4 ,it is vain1 and most  
unreasonable1 to expect the             
consideration and care of a mature mind1
 in childhood and youth2 or that        
persons1 of such limited advantages as  
most domestics have enjoyed1 should     
practise proper self-control1 and       
possess proper habits and principles4   
,every parent1 and every employer1 needs
 daily to cultivate the spirit expressed
 in the ,divine prayer1 forgive us our  
trespasses1 as we forgive those who     
trespass against us4 ,the same          
allowances and forbearance1 which we    
supplicate from our ,heavenly ,father1  
and desire from our fellow-men1 in      
reference to our own deficiencies1 we   
should constantly aim to extend to all1 
who cross our feelings and interfere    
with our plans4  ,the last1 and most    
important1 mode of securing a placid and
 cheerful temper and tones1 is1 by a    
right view of the doctrine of a         
superintending ,providence4 ,all persons
 are too much in the habit of regarding 

the more important events of life1 as   
exclusively under the control of        
,perfect ,wisdom4 ,but the fall of a    
sparrow1 or the loss of a hair1 they do 
not feel to be equally the result of    
,his directing agency4 ,in consequence  
of this1 ,christian persons1 who aim at 
perfect and cheerful submission to heavy
 afflictions1 and who succeed1 to the   
edification of all about them1 are      
sometimes sadly deficient under petty   
crosses4 ,if a beloved child be laid in 
the grave1 even if its death resulted   
from the carelessness of a domestic1 or 
of a physician1 the eye is turned from  
the subordinate agent1 to the ,supreme  
,guardian of all1 and to ,him they bow1 
without murmur or complaint4 ,but if a  
pudding be burnt1 or a room badly swept1
 or an errand forgotten1 then vexation  
and complaint are allowed1 just as if   
these events were not appointed by      
,perfect ,wisdom1 as much as the sorer  
chastisement4  ,a woman1 therefore1     
needs to cultivate the habitual feeling1

 that all the events of her nursery and 
kitchen1 are brought about by the       
permission of our ,heavenly ,father1 and
 that fretfulness or complaint1 in      
regard to these1 is1 in fact1           
complaining and disputing at the        
appointments of ,god1 and is really as  
sinful1 as unsubmissive murmurs amid the
 sorer chastisements of ,his hand4 ,and 
a woman1 who cultivates this habit of   
referring all the minor trials of life  
to the wise and benevolent agency of a  
,heavenly ,parent1 and daily seeks ,his 
sympathy and aid1 to enable her to meet 
them with a quiet and cheerful spirit1  
will soon find it the perennial spring  
of abiding peace and content4           
,,chapter ,,xiv4  ,,on ,,habits ,,of    
,,system ,,and ,,order4   ,the          
discussion of the question of the       
equality of the sexes1 in intellectual  
capacity1 seems frivolous and useless1  
both because it can never be decided1   
and because there would be no possible  
advantage in the decision4 ,but one     

topic1 which is often drawn into this   
discussion1 is of far more consequence2 
and that is1 the relative importance and
 difficulty of the duties a woman is    
called to perform4  ,it is generally    
assumed1 and almost as generally        
conceded1 that woman's business and     
cares are contracted and trivial2 and   
that the proper discharge of her duties1
 demands far less expansion of mind and 
vigor of intellect1 than the pursuits of
 the other sex4 ,this idea has          
prevailed1 because women1 as a mass1    
have never been educated with reference 
to their most important duties2 while   
that portion of their employments1 which
 is of least value1 has been regarded as
 the chief1 if not the sole1 concern of 
a woman4 ,the covering of the body1 the 
conveniences of residences1 and the     
gratification of the appetite1 have been
 too much regarded as the sole objects1 
on which her intellectual powers are to 
be exercised4  ,but1 as society         
gradually shakes off the remnants of    

barbarism1 and the intellectual and     
moral interests of man rise1 in         
estimation1 above the merely sensual1 a 
truer estimate is formed of woman's     
duties1 and of the measure of intellect 
requisite for the proper discharge of   
them4 ,let any man1 of sense and        
discernment1 become the member of a     
large household1 in which1 a            
well-educated and pious woman is        
endeavoring systematically to discharge 
her multiform duties2 let him fully     
comprehend all her cares1 difficulties1 
and perplexities2 and it is probable he 
would coincide in the opinion1 that no  
statesman1 at the head of a nation's    
affairs1 had more frequent calls for    
wisdom1 firmness1 tact1 discrimination1 
prudence1 and versatility of talent1    
than such a woman4  ,she has a husband1 
to whose peculiar tastes and habits she 
must accommodate herself2 she has       
children1 whose health she must guard1  
whose physical constitutions she must   
study and develope1 whose temper and    

habits she must regulate1 whose         
principles she must form1 whose pursuits
 she must direct4 ,she has constantly   
changing domestics1 with all varieties  
of temper and habits1 whom she must     
govern1 instruct1 and direct2 she is    
required to regulate the finances of the
 domestic state1 and constantly to adapt
 expenditures to the means and to the   
relative claims of each department4 ,she
 has the direction of the kitchen1 where
 ignorance1 forgetfulness1 and          
awkwardness1 are to be so regulated1    
that the various operations shall each  
start at the right time1 and all be in  
completeness at the same given hour4    
,she has the claims of society to meet1 
calls to receive and return1 and the    
duties of hospitality to sustain4 ,she  
has the poor to relieve2 benevolent     
societies to aid2 the schools of her    
children to inquire and decide about2   
the care of the sick2 the nursing of    
infancy2 and the endless miscellany of  
odd items1 constantly recurring in a    

large family4  ,surely1 it is a         
pernicious and mistaken idea1 that the  
duties1 which tax a woman's mind1 are   
petty1 trivial1 or unworthy of the      
highest grade of intellect and moral    
worth4 ,instead of allowing this        
feeling1 every woman should imbibe1 from
 early youth1 the impression1 that she  
is training for the discharge of the    
most important1 the most difficult1 and 
the most sacred and interesting duties  
that can possibly employ the highest    
intellect4 ,she ought to feel1 that her 
station and responsibilities1 in the    
great drama of life1 are second to none1
 either as viewed by her ,maker1 or in  
the estimation of all minds whose       
judgement is most worthy of respect4    
,she1 who is the mother and housekeeper 
in a large family1 is the sovereign of  
an empire1 demanding more varied cares1 
and involving more difficult duties1    
than are really exacted of her1 who1    
while she wears the crown1 and          
professedly regulates the interests of  

the greatest nation on earth1 finds     
abundant leisure for theatres1 balls1   
horseraces1 and every gay pursuit4      
,there is no one thing1 more necessary  
to a housekeeper1 in performing her     
varied duties1 than a habit of system   
and order2 and yet1 the peculiarly      
desultory nature of women's pursuits1   
and the embarrassments resulting from   
the state of domestic service in this   
,country1 render it very difficult to   
form such a habit4 ,but it is sometimes 
the case1 that women1 who could and     
would carry forward a systematic plan of
 domestic economy1 do not attempt it1   
simply from a want of knowledge of the  
various modes of introducing it4 ,it is 
with reference to such1 that various    
modes of securing system and order1     
which the writer has seen adopted1 will 
be pointed out4  ,a wise economy is     
nowhere more conspicuous1 than in the   
right apportionment of time to different
 pursuits4 ,there are duties of a       
religious1 intellectual1 social1 and    

domestic1 nature1 each having different 
relative claims on attention4 ,unless a 
person has some general plan of         
apportioning these claims1 some will    
intrench on others1 and some1 it is     
probable1 will be entirely excluded4    
,thus1 some find religious1 social1 and 
domestic1 duties1 so numerous1 that no  
time is given to intellectual           
improvement4 ,others1 find either       
social1 or benevolent1 or religious1    
interests1 excluded by the extent and   
variety of other engagements4  ,it is   
wise1 therefore1 for all persons to     
devise a general plan1 which they will  
at least keep in view1 and aim to       
accomplish1 and by which1 a proper      
proportion of time shall be secured1 for
 all the duties of life4  ,in forming   
such a plan1 every woman must           
accommodate herself to the peculiarities
 of her situation4 ,if she has a large  
family1 and a small income1 she must    
devote far more time to the simple duty 
of providing food and raiment1 than     

would be right were she in affluence1   
and with a small family4 ,it is         
impossible1 therefore1 to draw out any  
general plan1 which all can adopt4 ,but 
there are some general principles1 which
 ought to be the guiding rules1 when a  
woman arranges her domestic employments4
 ,these principles are to be based on   
,christianity1 which teaches us to seek 
first the kingdom of ,god1 and to deem  
food1 raiment1 and the conveniences of  
life1 as of secondary account4 ,every   
woman1 then1 ought to start with the    
assumption1 that religion is of more    
consequence than any worldly concern1   
and that1 whatever else may be          
sacrificed1 this1 shall be the leading  
object1 in all her arrangements1 in     
respect to time1 money1 and attention4  
,it is also one of the plainest         
requisitions of ,christianity1 that we  
devote some of our time and efforts1 to 
the comfort and improvement of others4  
,there is no duty1 so constantly        
enforced1 both in the ,old and ,new     

,testament1 as the duty of charity1 in  
dispensing to those1 who are destitute  
of the blessings we enjoy4 ,in selecting
 objects of charity1 the same rule      
applies to others1 as to ourselves2     
their moral and religious interests are 
of the highest moment1 and for them1 as 
well as for ourselves1 we are to seek   
first the kingdom of ,god4  ,another    
general principle1 is1 that our         
intellectual and social interests are to
 be preferred1 to the mere gratification
 of taste or appetite4 ,a portion of    
time1 therefore1 must be devoted to the 
cultivation of the intellect and the    
social affections4  ,another1 is1 that  
the mere gratification of appetite1 is  
to be placed last in our estimate2 so   
that1 when a question arises1 as to     
which shall be sacrificed1 some         
intellectual1 moral1 or social1         
advantage1 or some gratification of     
sense1 we should invariably sacrifice   
the last4  ,another1 is1 that1 as health
 is indispensable to the discharge of   

every duty1 nothing1 which sacrifices   
that blessing1 is to be allowed1 in     
order to gain any other advantage or    
enjoyment4 ,there are emergencies1 when 
it is right to risk health and life1 to 
save ourselves and others from greater  
evils2 but these are exceptions1 which  
do not militate against the general     
rule4 ,many persons imagine1 that1 if   
they violate the laws of health1 in     
performing religious or domestic duties1
 they are guiltless before ,god4 ,but   
such greatly mistake4 ,we as directly   
violate the law1 thou shalt not kill1   
when we do what tends to risk or shorten
 our own life1 as if we should          
intentionally run a dagger into a       
neighbor4 ,true1 we may escape any fatal
 or permanently injurious effects1 and  
so may a dagger or bullet miss the mark1
 or do only transient injury4 ,but this1
 in either case1 makes the sin none the 
less4 ,the life and happiness of all    
,his creatures are dear to our ,creator2
 and ,he is as much displeased1 when we 

injure our own interests1 as when we    
injure those of others4 ,the idea1      
therefore1 that we are excusable1 if we 
harm no one but ourselves1 is false and 
pernicious4 ,these1 then1 are the       
general principles1 to guide a woman in 
systematizing her duties and pursuits4  
,the ,creator of all things1 is a ,being
 of perfect system and order2 and1 to   
aid us in our duty1 in this respect1 ,he
 has divided our time1 by a regularly   
returning day of rest from worldly      
business4 ,in following this example1   
the intervening six days may be         
subdivided to secure similar benefits4  
,in doing this1 a certain portion of    
time must be given to procure the means 
of livelihood1 and for preparing food1  
raiment1 and dwellings4 ,to these       
objects1 some must devote more1 and     
others less1 attention4 ,the remainder  
of time not necessarily thus employed1  
might be divided somewhat in this       
manner3 ,the leisure of two afternoons  
and evenings1 could be devoted to       

religious and benevolent objects1 such  
as religious meetings1 charitable       
associations1 school visiting1 and      
attention to the sick and poor4 ,the    
leisure of two other days1 might be     
devoted to intellectual improvement1 and
 the pursuits of taste4 ,the leisure of 
another day1 might be devoted to social 
enjoyments1 in making or receiving      
visits2 and that of another1 to         
miscellaneous domestic pursuits1 not    
included in the other particulars4  ,it 
is probable1 that few persons could     
carry out such an arrangement1 very     
strictly2 but every one can make a      
systematic apportionment of time1 and at
 least aim at accomplishing it2 and they
 can also compare the time which they   
actually devote to these different      
objects1 with such a general outline1   
for the purpose of modifying any        
mistaken proportions4  ,without         
attempting any such systematic          
employment of time1 and carrying it out1
 so far as they can control             

circumstances1 most women are rather    
driven along1 by the daily occurrences  
of life1 so that1 instead of being the  
intelligent regulators of their own     
time1 they are the mere sport of        
circumstances4 ,there is nothing1 which 
so distinctly marks the difference      
between weak and strong minds1 as the   
fact1 whether they control              
circumstances1 or circumstances control 
them4  ,it is very much to be feared1   
that the apportionment of time1 actually
 made by most women1 exactly inverts the
 order1 required by reason and          
,christianity4 ,thus1 the furnishing a  
needless variety of food1 the           
conveniences of dwellings1 and the      
adornments of dress1 often take a larger
 portion of time1 than is given to any  
other object4 ,next after this1 comes   
intellectual improvement2 and1 last of  
all1 benevolence and religion4  ,it may 
be urged1 that it is indispensable for  
most persons to give more time to earn a
 livelihood1 and to prepare food1       

raiment1 and dwellings1 than to any     
other object4 ,but it may be asked1 how 
much of the time1 devoted to these      
objects1 is employed in preparing       
varieties of food1 not necessary1 but   
rather injurious1 and how much is spent 
for those parts of dress and furniture  
not indispensable1 and merely           
ornamental8 ,let a woman subtract from  
her domestic employments1 all the time1 
given to pursuits which are of no use1  
except as they gratify a taste for      
ornament1 or minister increased         
varieties1 to tempt the appetite1 and   
she will find1 that much1 which she     
calls domestic duties1 and which prevent
 her attention to intellectual1         
benevolent1 and religious1 objects1     
should be called by a very different    
name4 ,no woman has a right to give up  
attention to the higher interests of    
herself and others1 for the ornaments of
 taste1 or the gratification of the     
palate4 ,to a certain extent1 these     
lower objects are lawful and desirable2 

but1 when they intrude on nobler        
interests1 they become selfish and      
degrading4 ,every woman1 then1 when     
employing her hands1 in ornamenting her 
person1 her children1 or her house1     
ought to calculate1 whether she has     
devoted as much time1 to the            
intellectual and moral wants of herself 
and others4 ,if she has not1 she may    
know that she is doing wrong1 and that  
her system1 for apportioning her time   
and pursuits1 should be altered4  ,some 
persons1 endeavor to systematize their  
pursuits1 by apportioning them to       
particular hours of each day4 ,for      
example1 a certain period before        
breakfast1 is given to devotional       
duties2 after breakfast1 certain hours  
are devoted to exercise and domestic    
employments2 other hours1 to sewing1 or 
reading1 or visiting2 and others1 to    
benevolent duties4 ,but1 in most cases1 
it is more difficult to systematize the 
hours of each day1 than it is to secure 
some regular division of the week4  ,in 

regard to the minuti of domestic        
arrangements1 the writer has known the  
following methods to be adopted4        
,monday1 with some of the best          
housekeepers1 is devoted to preparing   
for the labors of the week4 ,any extra  
cooking1 the purchasing of articles to  
be used during the week1 the assorting  
of clothes for the wash1 and mending    
such as would be injured                
without2--these1 and similar items1     
belong to this day4 ,tuesday is devoted 
to washing1 and ,wednesday to ironing4  
,on ,thursday1 the ironing is finished  
off1 the clothes are folded and put     
away1 and all articles1 which need      
mending1 are put in the mending basket1 
and attended to4 ,friday is devoted to  
sweeping and housecleaning4 ,on         
,saturday1 and especially the last      
,saturday of every month1 every         
department is put in order2 the castors 
and table furniture are regulated1 the  
pantry and cellar inspected1 the trunks1
 drawers1 and closets arranged1 and     

every thing about the house1 put in     
order for ,sunday4 ,all the cooking1    
needed for ,sunday1 is also prepared4   
,by this regular recurrence of a        
particular time1 for inspecting every   
thing1 nothing is forgotten till ruined 
by neglect4  ,another mode of           
systematizing1 relates to providing     
proper supplies of conveniences1 and    
proper places in which to keep them4    
,thus1 some ladies keep a large closet1 
in which are placed the tubs1 pails1    
dippers1 soap-dishes1 starch1 bluing1   
clothes-line1 clothes-pins1 and every   
other article used in washing2 and in   
the same1 or another1 place1 are kept   
every convenience for ironing4 ,in the  
sewing department1 a trunk1 with        
suitable partitions1 is provided1 in    
which are placed1 each in its proper    
place1 white thread of all sizes1       
colored thread1 yarns for mending1      
colored and black sewing-silks and      
twist1 tapes and bobbins of all sizes1  
white and colored welting-cords1 silk   

braids and cords1 needles of all sizes1 
papers of pins1 remnants of linen and   
colored cambric1 a supply of all kinds  
of buttons used in the family1 black and
 white hooks and eyes1 a yard measure1  
and all the patterns used in cutting and
 fitting4 ,these are done up in separate
 parcels1 and labelled4 ,in another     
trunk1 are kept all pieces used in      
mending1 arranged in order1 so that any 
article can be found1 without loss of   
time4 ,a trunk1 like the first          
mentioned1 will save many steps1 and    
often much time and perplexity2 while by
 purchasing articles thus by the        
quantity1 they come much cheaper1 than  
if bought in little portions as they are
 wanted4 ,such a trunk should be kept   
locked1 and a smaller supply1 for       
current use1 retained in a workbasket4  
,a full supply of all conveniences in   
the kitchen and cellar1 and a place     
appointed for each article1 very much   
facilitates domestic labor4 ,for want of
 this1 much vexation and loss of time is

 occasioned1 while seeking vessels in   
use1 or in cleansing those employed by  
different persons1 for various purposes4
 ,it would be far better1 for a lady to 
give up some expensive article1 in the  
parlor1 and apply the money1 thus saved1
 for kitchen conveniences1 than to have 
a stinted supply1 where the most labor  
is to be performed4 ,if our             
,countrywomen would devote more to      
comfort and convenience1 and less to    
show1 it would be a great improvement4  
,expensive mirrors and pier-tables in   
the parlor1 and an unpainted1 gloomy1   
ill-furnished kitchen1 not unfrequently 
are found under the same roof4  ,another
 important item1 in systematic economy1 
is1 the apportioning of regular         
employment to the various members of a  
family4 ,if a housekeeper can secure the
 cooperation of all her family1 she will
 find1 that many hands make light work4 
,there is no greater mistake1 than in   
bringing up children to feel that they  
must be taken care of1 and waited on1 by

 others1 without any corresponding      
obligations on their part4 ,the extent1 
to which young children can be made     
useful1 in a family1 would seem         
surprising1 to those who have never seen
 a systematic and regular plan for      
securing their services4 ,the writer has
 been in a family1 where a little girl1 
of eight or nine years of age1 washed   
and dressed herself and young brother1  
and made their small beds1 before       
breakfast1 set and cleared all the      
tables1 at meals1 with a little help    
from a grown person in moving tables and
 spreading cloths1 while all the dusting
 of parlors and chambers was also neatly
 performed by her4 ,a brother1 of ten   
years old1 brought in and piled all the 
wood1 used in the kitchen and parlor1   
brushed the boots and shoes1 neatly1    
went on errands1 and took all the care  
of the poultry4 ,they were children1    
whose parents could afford to hire      
servants to do this1 but who chose to   
have their children grow up healthy and 

industrious1 while proper instruction1  
system1 and encouragement1 made these   
services rather a pleasure1 than        
otherwise1 to the children4  ,some      
parents pay their children for such     
services2 but this is hazardous1 as     
tending to make them feel that they are 
not bound to be helpful without pay1 and
 also as tending to produce a hoarding1 
money-making spirit4 ,but1 where        
children have no hoarding propensities1 
and need to acquire a sense of the value
 of property1 it may be well to let them
 earn money1 for some extra services1   
rather as a favor4 ,when this is done1  
they should be taught to spend it for   
others1 as well as for themselves2 and  
in this way1 a generous and liberal     
spirit will be cultivated4  ,there are  
some mothers1 who take pains to teach   
their boys most of the domestic arts1   
which their sisters learn4 ,the writer  
has seen boys1 mending their own        
garments1 and aiding their mother or    
sisters in the kitchen1 with great skill

 and adroitness2 and at an early age1   
they usually very much relish joining in
 such occupations4 ,the sons of such    
mothers1 in their college life1 or in   
roaming about the world1 or in nursing a
 sick wife or infant1 find occasion to  
bless the forethought and kindness1     
which prepared them for such            
emergencies4 ,few things are in worse   
taste1 than for a man needlessly to busy
 himself in women's work2 and yet a man 
never appears in a more interesting     
attitude1 than when1 by skill in such   
matters1 he can save a mother or wife   
from care and suffering4 ,the more a boy
 is taught to use his hands1 in every   
variety of domestic employment1 the more
 his faculties1 both of mind and body1  
are developed2 for mechanical pursuits  
exercise the intellect1 as well as the  
hands4 ,the early training of           
,new-,england boys1 in which they turn  
their hand to almost every thing1 is one
 great reason of the quick perceptions1 
versatility of mind1 and mechanical     

skill1 for which that portion of our    
,countrymen is distinguished4  ,the     
writer has known one mode of            
systematizing the aid of the older      
children in a family1 which1 in some    
cases of very large families1 it may be 
well to imitate4 ,in the case referred  
to1 when the oldest daughter was eight  
or nine years old1 an infant sister was 
given to her1 as her special charge4    
,she tended it1 made and mended its     
clothes1 taught it to read1 and was its 
nurse and guardian1 through all its     
childhood4 ,another infant was given to 
the next daughter1 and thus the children
 were all paired in this interesting    
relation4 ,in addition to the relief    
thus afforded to the mother1 the elder  
children were in this way qualified for 
their future domestic relations1 and    
both older and younger bound to each    
other by peculiar ties of tenderness and
 gratitude4  ,in offering these         
examples1 of various modes of           
systematizing1 one suggestion may be    

worthy of attention4 ,it is not         
unfrequently the case1 that ladies1 who 
find themselves cumbered with oppressive
 cares1 after reading remarks on the    
benefits of system1 immediately commence
 the task of arranging their pursuits1  
with great vigor and hope4 ,they divide 
the day into regular periods1 and give  
each hour its duty2 they systematize    
their work1 and endeavor to bring every 
thing into a regular routine4 ,but1 in a
 short time1 they find themselves       
baffled1 discouraged1 and disheartened1 
and finally relapse into their former   
desultory ways1 in a sort of resigned   
despair4 ,the difficulty1 in such cases1
 is1 that they attempt too much at a    
time4 ,there is nothing1 which so much  
depends upon habit1 as a systematic mode
 of performing duty2 and1 where no such 
habit has been formed1 it is impossible 
for a novice to start1 at once1 into a  
universal mode of systematizing1 which  
none but an adept could carry through4  
,the only way for such persons1 is1 to  

begin with a little at a time4 ,let them
 select some three or four things1 and  
resolutely attempt to conquer at these  
points4 ,in time1 a habit will be       
formed1 of doing a few things at regular
 periods1 and in a systematic way4 ,then
 it will be easy to add a few more2 and 
thus1 by a gradual process1 the object  
can be secured1 which it would be vain  
to attempt1 by a more summary course4   
,early rising is almost an indispensable
 condition to success1 in such an       
effort2 but1 where a woman lacks either 
the health or the energy to secure a    
period for devotional duties before     
breakfast1 let her select that hour of  
the day1 in which she will be least     
liable to interruption1 and let her then
 seek strength and wisdom from the only 
true ,source4 ,at this time1 let her    
take a pen1 and make a list of all the  
things which she considers as duties4   
,then1 let a calculation be made1       
whether there be time enough1 in the day
 or the week1 for all these duties4 ,if 

there be not1 let the least important be
 stricken from the list1 as not being   
duties1 and which must be omitted4 ,in  
doing this1 let a woman remember1 that1 
though what we shall eat1 and what we   
shall drink1 and wherewithal we shall be
 clothed1 are matters requiring due     
attention1 they are very apt to obtain a
 wrong relative importance1 while       
social1 intellectual1 and moral1        
interests1 receive too little regard4   
,in this ,country1 eating1 dressing1 and
 household furniture and ornaments1 take
 far too large a place in the estimate  
of relative importance2 and it is       
probable1 that most women could modify  
their views and practice1 so as to come 
nearer to the ,saviour's requirements4  
,no woman has a right to put a stitch of
 ornament on any article of dress or    
furniture1 or to provide one superfluity
 in food1 until she is sure she can     
secure time for all her social1         
intellectual1 benevolent1 and religious1
 duties4 ,if a woman will take the      

trouble to make such a calculation as   
this1 she will usually find that she has
 time enough1 to perform all her duties 
easily and well4  ,it is impossible1 for
 a conscientious woman to secure that   
peaceful mind1 and cheerful enjoyment of
 life1 which all should seek1 who is    
constantly finding her duties jarring   
with each other1 and much remaining     
undone1 which she feels that she ought  
to do4 ,in consequence of this1 there   
will be a secret uneasiness1 which will 
throw a shade over the whole current of 
life1 never to be removed1 till she so  
efficiently defines and regulates her   
duties1 that she can fulfil them all4   
,and here the writer would urge upon    
young ladies1 the importance of forming 
habits of system1 while unembarrassed   
with those multiplied cares1 which will 
make the task so much more difficult and
 hopeless4 ,every young lady can        
systematize her pursuits1 to a certain  
extent4 ,she can have a particular day  
for mending her wardrobe1 and for       

arranging her trunks1 closets1 and      
drawers4 ,she can keep her workbasket1  
her desk at school1 and all her other   
conveniences1 in their proper places1   
and in regular order4 ,she can have     
regular periods for reading1 walking1   
visiting1 study1 and domestic pursuits4 
,and1 by following this method1 in      
youth1 she will form a taste for        
regularity1 and a habit of system1 which
 will prove a blessing to her1 through  
life4     ,,chapter ,,xv4  ,,on ,,giving
 ,,in ,,charity4   ,it is probable1 that
 there is no point of duty1 where       
conscientious persons differ more in    
opinion1 or where they find it more     
difficult to form discriminating and    
decided views1 than on the matter of    
charity4 ,that we are bound to give some
 of our time1 money1 and efforts1 to    
relieve the destitute1 all allow4 ,but1 
as to how much we are to give1 and on   
whom our charities shall be bestowed1   
many a reflecting mind has been at a    
loss4 ,yet it seems very desirable1     

that1 in reference to a duty so         
constantly and so strenuously urged by  
the ,supreme ,ruler1 we should be able  
so to fix metes and bounds1 as to keep a
 conscience void of offence1 and to free
 the mind from disquieting fears of     
deficiency4  ,the writer has found no   
other topic of investigation so beset   
with difficulty1 and so absolutely      
without the range of definite rules1    
which can apply to all1 in all          
circumstances4 ,but on this1 as on a    
previous topic1 there seem to be general
 principles1 by the aid of which1 any   
candid mind1 sincerely desirous of      
obeying the commands of ,christ1 however
 much self-denial may be involved1 can  
arrive at definite conclusions1 as to   
its own individual obligations1 so that1
 when these are fulfilled1 the mind may 
be at peace4  ,but1 for a mind that is  
worldly1 living mainly to seek its own  
pleasures1 instead of living to please  
,god1 no principles can be so fixed1 as 
not to leave a ready escape from all    

obligation4 ,such minds1 either by      
indolence 7and consequent ignorance7 or 
by sophistry1 will convince themselves1 
that a life of engrossing               
self-indulgence1 with perhaps the gift  
of a few dollars1 and a few hours of    
time1 may suffice1 to fulfil the        
requisitions of the ,eternal ,judge4    
,for such minds1 no reasonings will     
avail1 till the heart is so changed1    
that1 to learn the will and follow the  
example of ,jesus ,christ1 become the   
leading objects of interest and effort4 
,it is to aid those1 who profess to     
possess this temper of mind1 that the   
following suggestions are offered4  ,the
 first consideration1 which gives       
definiteness to this subject1 is1 a     
correct view of the object for which we 
are placed in this world4 ,a great many 
even of professed ,christians1 seem to  
be acting on the supposition1 that the  
object of life is to secure as much as  
possible of all the various enjoyments  
placed within reach4 ,not so1 teaches   

reason or revelation4 ,from these1 we   
learn1 that1 though the happiness of    
,his creatures1 is the end for which    
,god created and sustains them1 yet1    
that this happiness depends1 not on the 
various modes of gratification put      
within our reach1 but mainly on         
character4 ,a man may possess all the   
resources for enjoyment which this world
 can afford1 and yet feel that all is   
vanity and vexation of spirit1 and that 
he is supremely wretched4 ,another1 may 
be in want of all things1 and yet       
possess that living spring of           
benevolence1 faith1 and hope1 which will
 make an ,eden of the darkest prison4   
,in order to be perfectly happy1 man    
must attain that character1 which       
,christ exhibited2 and the nearer he    
approaches it1 the more will happiness  
reign in his breast4  ,but what was the 
grand peculiarity of the character of   
,christ8 ,it was self-denying           
benevolence4 ,he came not to seek ,his  
own2 ,he went about doing good1 and this

 was ,his meat and drink2 that is1 it   
was this which sustained the health and 
life of ,his mind1 as food and drink    
sustain the health and life of the body4
 ,now1 the mind of man is so made1 that 
it can gradually be transformed into the
 same likeness4 ,a selfish being1 who1  
for a whole life1 has been nourishing   
habits of indolent self-indulgence1 can1
 by taking ,christ as his example1 by   
communion with ,him1 and by daily       
striving to imitate ,his character and  
conduct1 form such a temper of mind1    
that doing good will become the chief   
and highest source of enjoyment4 ,and   
this heavenly principle will grow       
stronger and stronger1 until self-denial
 loses the more painful part of its     
character1 and then1 living to make     
happiness1 will be so delightful and    
absorbing a pursuit1 that all exertions1
 regarded as the means to this end1 will
 be like the joyous efforts of men1 when
 they strive for a prize or a crown1    
with the full hope of success4  ,in this

 view of the subject1 efforts and       
self-denial1 for the good of others1 are
 to be regarded1 not merely as duties   
enjoined for the benefit of others1 but 
as the moral training indispensable to  
the formation of that character1 on     
which depends our own happiness4 ,this  
view1 exhibits the full meaning of the  
,saviour's declaration1 how hardly shall
 they that have riches enter into the   
kingdom of ,god6 ,he had before taught1 
that the kingdom of ,heaven consisted1  
not in such enjoyments as the worldly   
seek1 but1 in the temper of self-denying
 benevolence1 like ,his own2 and1 as the
 rich have far greater temptations to   
indolent self-indulgence1 they are far  
less likely to acquire this temper1 than
 those1 who1 by limited means1 are      
inured to some degree of self-denial4   
,but1 on this point1 one important      
distinction needs to be made2 and that  
is1 between the self-denial1 which has  
no other aim than mere                  
self-mortification1 and that1 which is  

exercised to secure greater good to     
ourselves and others4 ,the first is the 
foundation of monasticism1 penances1 and
 all other forms of asceticism2 the     
latter1 only1 is that which             
,christianity requires4  ,a second      
consideration1 which may give           
definiteness to this subject1 is1 that  
the formation of a perfect character1   
involves1 not the extermination of any  
principles of our nature1 but rather the
 regulating of them1 according to the   
rules of reason and religion2 so that   
the lower propensities shall always be  
kept subordinate to nobler principles4  
,thus1 we are not to aim at destroying  
our appetites1 or at needlessly denying 
them1 but rather so to regulate them1   
that they shall best secure the objects 
for which they were implanted4 ,we are  
not to annihilate the love of praise and
 admiration2 but so to control it1 that 
the favor of ,god shall be regarded more
 than the estimation of men4 ,we are not
 to extirpate the principle of          

curiosity1 which leads us to acquire    
knowledge2 but so to direct it1 that all
 our acquisitions shall be useful and   
not frivolous or injurious4 ,and thus1  
with all the principles of the mind1    
,god has implanted no desires in our    
constitution1 which are evil and        
pernicious4 ,on the contrary1 all our   
constitutional propensities1 either of  
mind or body1 ,he designed we should    
gratify1 whenever no evils would thence 
result1 either to ourselves or others4  
,such passions as envy1 ambition1 pride1
 revenge1 and hatred1 are to be         
exterminated2 for they are either       
excesses or excrescences3 not created by
 ,god1 but rather the result of our own 
neglect to form habits of benevolence   
and self-control4  ,in deciding the     
rules of our conduct1 therefore1 we are 
ever to bear in mind1 that the          
developement of the nobler principles1  
and the subjugation of inferior         
propensities to them1 is to be the main 
object of effort1 both for ourselves and

 for others4 ,and1 in conformity with   
this1 in all our plans1 we are to place 
religious and moral interests as first  
in estimation1 our social and           
intellectual interests1 next1 and our   
physical gratifications1 as subordinate 
to all4  ,a third consideration1 is1    
that1 though the means for sustaining   
life and health are to be regarded as   
necessaries1 without which no other     
duties can be performed1 yet1 that a    
very large portion of the time1 spent by
 most persons1 in easy circumstances1   
for food1 raiment1 and dwellings1 are   
for mere superfluities1 which are right1
 when they do not involve the sacrifice 
of higher interests1 and wrong1 when    
they do4 ,life and health can be        
sustained in the humblest dwellings1    
with the plainest dress1 and the        
simplest food2 and1 after taking from   
our means1 what is necessary for life   
and health1 the remainder is to be so   
divided1 that the larger portion shall  
be given to supply the moral and        

intellectual wants of ourselves and     
others1 and the smaller share to procure
 those additional gratifications1 of    
taste and appetite1 which are desirable1
 but not indispensable4 ,mankind1 thus  
far1 have never made this apportionment 
of their means2 yet1 just as fast as    
they have risen from a savage state1    
mere physical wants have been made1 to  
an increasing extent1 subordinate to    
higher objects4  ,another very important
 consideration1 is1 that1 in urging the 
duty of charity1 and the prior claims of
 moral and religious objects1 no rule of
 duty should be maintained1 which it    
would not be right and wise for all to  
follow4 ,and we are to test the wisdom  
of any general rule1 by inquiring what  
would be the result1 if all mankind     
should practise according to it4 ,in    
view of this1 we are enabled to judge of
 the correctness of those1 who maintain1
 that1 to be consistent1 men believing  
in the eternal destruction of all those 
of our race who are not brought under   

the influence of the ,christian system1 
should give up1 not merely the          
elegances1 but all the superfluities1 of
 life1 and devote the whole of their    
means1 not indispensable to life and    
health1 for the propagation of          
,christianity4 ,but1 if this is the duty
 of any1 it is the duty of all2 and we  
are to inquire what would be the result1
 if all conscientious persons gave up   
the use of all superfluities4 ,suppose1 
that two millions of the people in the  
,united ,states1 were conscientious     
persons1 and relinquished the use of    
every thing not absolutely necessary to 
life and health4 ,it would instantly    
throw out of employment one half of the 
whole community4 ,the manufacturers1    
mechanics1 merchants1 agriculturists1   
and all the agencies they employ1 would 
be beggared1 and one half of those not  
reduced to poverty1 would be obliged to 
spend all their extra means1 in simply  
supplying necessaries to the other half4
 ,the use of superfluities1 therefore1  

to a certain extent1 is as indispensable
 to promote industry1 virtue1 and       
religion1 as any direct giving of money 
or time2 and it is owing entirely to a  
want of reflection1 and of comprehensive
 views1 that any men ever make so great 
a mistake1 as is here exhibited4        
,instead1 then1 of urging a rule of duty
 which is at once irrational and        
impracticable1 there is another course1 
which commends itself to the            
understandings of all4 ,for whatever may
 be the practice1 of intelligent men1   
they universally concede the principle1 
that our physical gratifications should 
always be made subordinate to social1   
intellectual1 and moral1 advantages4    
,and all that is required1 for the      
advancement of our whole race to the    
most perfect state of society1 is1      
simply1 that men should act in agreement
 with this principle4 ,and1 if only a   
very small portion1 of the most         
intelligent of our race1 should act     
according to this rule1 under the       

control of ,christian benevolence1 the  
immense supplies1 furnished1 for the    
general good1 would be far beyond what  
any would imagine1 who had never made   
any calculations on the subject4 ,in    
this ,nation1 alone1 suppose the one    
million and more1 of professed followers
 of ,christ1 should give a larger       
portion of their means1 for the social1 
intellectual1 and moral1 wants of       
mankind1 than for the superfluities that
 minister to taste1 convenience1 and    
appetite2 it would be enough to furnish 
all the schools1 colleges1 ,bibles1     
ministers1 and missionaries1 that the   
whole world could demand2 or1 at least1 
it would be far more1 than properly     
qualified agents to administer it1 could
 employ4  ,but1 it may be objected1     
that1 though this view is one1 which1 in
 the abstract1 looks plausible and      
rational1 not one in a thousand1 can    
practically adopt it4 ,how few keep any 
account1 at all1 of their current       
expenses6 ,how impossible it is1 to     

determine1 exactly1 what are            
necessaries1 and what are superfluities6
 ,and in regard to women1 how few have  
the control of an income1 so as not to  
be bound by the wishes of a parent or a 
husband6  ,in reference to these        
difficulties1 the first remark is1 that 
we are never under obligations to do1   
what is entirely out of our power1 so   
that those persons1 who have no power to
 regulate their expenses or their       
charities1 are under no sort of         
obligation to attempt it4 ,the second   
remark is1 that1 when a rule of duty is 
discovered1 we are bound to aim at it1  
and to fulfil it1 just so far as we can4
 ,we have no right to throw it aside1   
because we shall find some difficult    
cases1 when we come to apply it4 ,the   
third remark is1 that no person can tell
 how much can be done1 till a faithful  
trial has been made4 ,if a woman has    
never kept any accounts1 nor attempted  
to regulate her expenditures by the     
right rule1 nor used her influence with 

those that control her plans1 to secure 
this object1 she has no right to say how
 much she can1 or cannot1 do1 till after
 a fair trial has been made4  ,in       
attempting such a trial1 the following  
method can be taken4 ,let a woman keep  
an account of all she spends1 for       
herself and her family1 for a year1     
arranging the items under three general 
heads4 ,under the first1 put all        
articles for food1 raiment1 rent1 wages1
 and all conveniences4 ,under the       
second1 place all sums paid in securing 
an education1 and books1 and other      
intellectual advantages4 ,under the     
third head1 place all that is spent for 
benevolence and religion4 ,at the end of
 the year1 the first and largest account
 will show the mixed items of           
necessaries and superfluities1 which can
 be arranged1 so as to gain some sort of
 idea how much has been spent for       
superfluities1 and how much for         
necessaries4 ,then1 by comparing what is
 spent for superfluities1 with what is  

spent for intellectual and moral        
advantages1 data will be gained1 for    
judging of the past1 and regulating the 
future4  ,does a woman say she cannot do
 this8 let her inquire1 whether the     
offer of a thousand dollars1 as a reward
 for attempting it one year1 would not  
make her undertake to do it2 and1 if so1
 let her decide1 in her own mind1 which 
is most valuable1 a clear conscience1   
and the approbation of ,god1 in this    
effort to do ,his will1 or one thousand 
dollars4 ,and let her do it1 with this  
warning of the ,saviour before her      
eyes1--,no man can serve two masters4   
,ye cannot serve ,god and ,mammon4  ,is 
it objected1 ,how can we decide between 
superfluities and necessaries1 in this  
list8 it is replied1 that we are not    
required to judge exactly1 in all cases4
 ,our duty is1 to use the means in our  
power to assist us in forming a correct 
judgement2 to seek the ,divine aid in   
freeing our minds from indolence and    
selfishness2 and then to judge as well  

as we can1 in our endeavors rightly to  
apportion and regulate our expenses4    
,many persons seem to feel that they are
 bound to do better than they know how4 
,but ,god is not so hard a ,master2 and1
 after we have used all proper means to 
learn the right way1 if we then follow  
it1 according to our ability1 we do     
wrong to feel misgivings1 or to blame   
ourselves1 if results come out          
differently from what seems desirable4  
,the results of our actions1 alone1 can 
never prove us deserving of blame4 ,for 
men are often so placed1 that1 owing to 
lack of intellect or means1 it is       
impossible for them to decide correctly4
 ,to use all the means of knowledge     
within our reach1 and then to judge1    
with a candid and conscientious spirit1 
is all that ,god requires2 and1 when we 
have done this1 and the event seems to  
come out wrong1 we should never wish    
that we had decided otherwise4 ,for it  
is the same as wishing that we had not  
followed the dictates of judgement and  

conscience4 ,as this is a world designed
 for discipline and trial1 untoward     
events are never to be construed as     
indications of the obliquity of our past
 decisions4  ,but it is probable1 that a
 great portion of the women of this     
,nation1 cannot secure any such         
systematic mode of regulating their     
expenses4 ,to such1 the writer would    
propose one inquiry2 cannot you         
calculate how much time and money you   
spend for what is merely ornamental1 and
 not necessary1 for yourself1 your      
children1 and your house8 ,cannot you   
compare this with the time and money you
 spend for intellectual and benevolent  
purposes8 and will not this show the    
need of some change8 ,in making this    
examination1 is not this brief rule1    
deducible from the principles before    
laid down1 the one which should regulate
 you8 ,every person does right1 in      
spending some portion of time and means 
in securing the conveniences and        
adornments of taste2 but the amount     

should never exceed what is spent in    
securing our own moral and intellectual 
improvement1 nor exceed what is spent in
 benevolent efforts to supply the       
physical and moral wants of our         
fellow-men4  ,in making an examination  
on this subject1 it is sometimes the    
case1 that a woman will count among the 
necessaries of life1 all the various    
modes of adorning the person or house1  
practised in the circle in which she    
moves2 and1 after enumerating the many  
duties which demand attention1 counting 
these as a part1 she will come to the   
conclusion1 that she has no time1 and   
but little money1 to devote to personal 
improvement1 or to benevolent           
enterprises4 ,this surely is not in     
agreement with the requirements of the  
,saviour1 who calls on us to seek for   
others1 as well as ourselves1 first of  
all1 the kingdom of ,god1 and ,his      
righteousness4  ,in order to act in     
accordance with the rule here presented1
 it is true1 that many would be obliged 

to give up the idea of conforming to the
 notions and customs of those1 with whom
 they associate1 and compelled to adopt 
the maxim1 be not conformed to this     
world4 ,in many cases1 it would involve 
an entire change in the style of living4
 ,and the writer has the happiness of   
knowing more cases than one1 where      
persons1 who have come to similar views1
 on this subject1 have given up large   
and expensive establishments1 disposed  
of their carriages1 dismissed a portion 
of their domestics1 and modified all    
their expenditures1 that they might keep
 a pure conscience1 and regulate their  
charities more according to the         
requirements of ,christianity4 ,and     
there are persons1 well known in the    
religious world1 who save themselves all
 labor of minute calculation1 by        
devoting so large a portion of their    
time and means to benevolent objects1   
that they find no difficulty in knowing 
that they give more for religious1      
benevolent1 and intellectual1 purposes1 

than for superfluities4  ,in deciding   
what particular objects shall receive   
our benefactions1 there are also general
 principles to guide us4 ,the first1 is 
that presented by our ,saviour1 when1   
after urging the great law of           
benevolence1 ,he was asked1 and who is  
my neighbor8 ,his reply1 in the parable 
of 'the ,good ,samaritan1' teaches us1  
that any human being1 whose wants are   
brought to our knowledge1 is our        
neighbor4 ,the wounded man was not only 
a stranger1 but he belonged to a foreign
 nation1 peculiarly hated2 and he had no
 claim1 except that his wants were      
brought to the knowledge of the         
wayfaring man4 ,from this1 we learn1    
that the destitute1 of all nations1     
become our neighbors1 as soon as their  
wants are brought to our knowledge4     
,another general principle1 is this1    
that those who are most in need1 must be
 relieved1 in preference to those who   
are less destitute4 ,on this principle1 
it is1 that we think the followers of   

,christ should give more to supply those
 who are suffering for want of the bread
 of eternal life1 than for those who are
 deprived of physical enjoyments4 ,and  
another reason for this preference1 is1 
the fact1 that many1 who give in        
charity1 have made such imperfect       
advances in civilization and            
,christianity1 that the intellectual and
 moral wants of our race make but a     
feeble impression on the mind4 ,relate a
 pitiful tale of a family1 reduced to   
live1 for weeks1 on potatoes1 only1 and 
many a mind would awake to deep         
sympathy1 and stretch forth the hand of 
charity4 ,but describe cases1 where the 
immortal mind is pining in stupidity and
 ignorance1 or racked with the fever of 
baleful passions1 and how small the     
number1 so elevated in sentiment1 and so
 enlarged in their views1 as to         
appreciate and sympathize in these far  
greater misfortunes6 ,the intellectual  
and moral wants of our fellow-men1      
therefore1 should claim the first place 

in our attention1 both because they are 
most important1 and because they are    
most neglected4  ,another consideration1
 to be borne in mind1 is1 that1 in this 
,country1 there is much less real need  
of charity1 in supplying physical       
necessities1 than is generally supposed1
 by those who have not learned the more 
excellent way4 ,this ,land is so        
abundant in supplies1 and labor is in   
such demand1 that every healthy person  
can earn a comfortable support4 ,and if 
all the poor were instantly made        
virtuous1 it is probable that there     
would be no physical wants1 which could 
not readily be supplied by the immediate
 friends of each sufferer4 ,the sick1   
the aged1 and the orphan1 would be the  
only objects of charity4 ,in this view  
of the case1 the primary effort1 in     
relieving the poor1 should be1 to       
furnish them the means of earning their 
own support1 and to supply them with    
those moral influences1 which are most  
effectual in securing virtue and        

industry4  ,another point to be attended
 to1 is1 the importance of maintaining a
 system of associated charities4 ,there 
is no point1 in which the economy of    
charity has more improved1 than in the  
present mode of combining many small    
contributions1 for sustaining enlarged  
and systematic plans of charity4 ,if all
 the half-dollars1 which are now        
contributed to aid in organized systems 
of charity1 were returned to the donors1
 to be applied by the agency and        
discretion of each1 thousands and       
thousands of the treasures1 now employed
 to promote the moral and intellectual  
wants of mankind1 would become entirely 
useless4 ,in a democracy1 like ours1    
where few are very rich1 and the        
majority are in comfortable             
circumstances1 this collecting and      
dispensing of drops and rills1 is the   
mode1 by which1 in imitation of ,nature1
 the dews and showers are to distil on  
parched and desert lands4 ,and every    
person1 while earning a pittance to     

unite with many more1 may be cheered    
with the consciousness of sustaining a  
grand system of operations1 which must  
have the most decided influence1 in     
raising all mankind to that perfect     
state of society1 which ,christianity is
 designed to secure4  ,another          
consideration1 relates to the           
indiscriminate bestowal of charity4     
,persons1 who have taken pains to inform
 themselves1 and who devote their whole 
time to dispensing charities1 unite in  
declaring1 that this is one of the most 
fruitful sources of indolence1 vice1 and
 poverty4 ,from several of these1 the   
writer has learned1 that1 by their own  
personal investigations1 they have      
ascertained1 that there are large       
establishments of idle and wicked       
persons1 in most of our cities1 who     
associate together1 to support          
themselves by every species of          
imposition4 ,they hire large houses1 and
 live in constant rioting1 on the means 
thus obtained4 ,among them1 are women   

who have1 or who hire the use of1 infant
 children2 others1 who are blind1 or    
maimed1 or deformed1 or who can adroitly
 feign such infirmities1 and1 by these  
means of exciting pity1 and by artful   
tales of wo1 they collect alms1 both in 
city and country1 to spend in all manner
 of gross and guilty indulgences4       
,meantime1 many persons1 finding        
themselves often duped by impostors1    
refuse to give at all2 and thus many    
benefactions are withdrawn1 which a wise
 economy in charity would have secured4 
,for this1 and other reasons1 it is wise
 and merciful1 to adopt the general     
rule1 never to give alms1 till we have  
had some opportunity of knowing how they
 will be spent4 ,there are exceptions to
 this1 as to every general rule1 which a
 person of discretion can determine4    
,but the practice1 so common among      
benevolent persons1 of giving1 at least 
a trifle1 to all who ask1 lest1         
perchance1 they may turn away some1 who 
are really sufferers1 is one1 which     

causes more sin and misery than it      
cures4  ,the writer has never known any 
system for dispensing charity1 so       
successful1 as the one which1 in many   
places1 has been adopted in connection  
with the distribution of tracts4 ,by    
this method1 a town or city is divided  
into districts2 and each district is    
committed to the care of two ladies1    
whose duty it is1 to call on each family
 and leave a tract1 and make that the   
occasion for entering into conversation1
 and learning the situation of all      
residents in the district4 ,by this     
method1 the ignorant1 the vicious1 and  
the poor1 are discovered1 and their     
physical1 intellectual1 and moral1      
wants1 are investigated4 ,in some       
places1 where the writer has resided or 
visited1 each person retained the same  
district1 year after year1 so that every
 poor family in the place was under the 
watch and care of some intelligent and  
benevolent lady1 who used all her       
influence to secure a proper education  

for the children1 to furnish them with  
suitable reading1 to encourage habits of
 industry and economy1 and to secure    
regular attendance on public religious  
instruction4 ,thus1 the rich and the    
poor were brought in contact1 in a way  
advantageous to both parties2 and1 if   
such a system could be universally      
adopted1 more would be done for the     
prevention of poverty and vice1 than all
 the wealth of the ,nation could avail  
for their relief4 ,but this plan cannot 
be successfully carried out1 in this    
manner1 unless there is a large         
proportion of intelligent1 benevolent1  
and self-denying1 persons2 and the mere 
distribution of tracts1 without the     
other parts of the plan1 is of very     
little avail4  ,but there is one species
 of charity1 which needs especial       
consideration4 ,it is that1 which       
induces us to refrain from judging of   
the means and the relative charities of 
other persons4 ,there have been such    
indistinct notions1 and so many         

different standards of duty1 on this    
subject1 that it is rare for two persons
 to think exactly alike1 in regard to   
the rule of duty4 ,each person is bound 
to inquire and judge for himself1 as to 
his own duty or deficiencies2 but as    
both the resources1 and the amount of   
the actual charities1 of other men are  
beyond our ken1 it is as indecorous1 as 
it is uncharitable1 to sit in judgement 
on their decisions4     ,,chapter ,,xvi4
  ,,on ,,economy ,,of ,,time ,,and      
,,expenses4   ,on ,economy of ,time4    
,the value of time1 and our obligation  
to spend every hour for some useful end1
 are what few minds properly realize4   
,and those1 who have the highest sense  
of their obligations in this respect1   
sometimes greatly misjudge in their     
estimate of what are useful and proper  
modes of employing time4 ,this arises   
from limited views of the importance of 
some pursuits1 which they would deem    
frivolous and useless1 but which are1 in
 reality1 necessary to preserve the     

health of body and mind1 and those      
social affections1 which it is very     
important to cherish4 ,christianity     
teaches1 that1 for all the time afforded
 us1 we must give account to ,god2 and  
that we have no right to waste a single 
hour4 ,but time1 which is spent in rest 
or amusement1 is often as usefully      
employed1 as if it were devoted to labor
 or devotion4 ,in employing our time1 we
 are to make suitable allowance for     
sleep1 for preparing and taking food1   
for securing the means of a livelihood1 
for intellectual improvement1 for       
exercise and amusement1 for social      
enjoyments1 and for benevolent and      
religious duties4 ,and it is the right  
apportionment of time1 to these various 
duties1 which constitutes its true      
economy4  ,in making this apportionment1
 we are bound by the same rules1 as     
relate to the use of property4 ,we are  
to employ whatever portion is necessary 
to sustain life and health1 as the first
 duty2 and the remainder we are so to   

apportion1 that our highest interests1  
shall receive the greatest allotment1   
and our physical gratifications1 the    
least4  ,the laws of the ,supreme       
,ruler1 when ,he became the civil as    
well as the religious ,head of the      
,jewish theocracy1 furnish an example1  
which it would be well for all          
attentively to consider1 when forming   
plans for the apportionment of time and 
property4 ,to properly estimate this    
example1 it must be borne in mind1 that 
the main object of ,god1 was1 to        
preserve ,his religion among the ,jewish
 nation2 and that they were not required
 to take any means to propagate it among
 other nations1 as ,christians are now  
required to extend ,christianity4 ,so   
low were they1 in the scale of          
civilization and mental developement1   
that a system1 which confined them to   
one spot1 as an agricultural people1 and
 prevented their growing very rich1 or  
having extensive commerce with other    
nations1 was indispensable to prevent   

their relapsing into the low idolatries 
and vices of the nations around them4   
,the proportion of time and property1   
which every ,jew was required to devote 
to intellectual1 benevolent1 and        
religious purposes1 was as follows3  ,in
 regard to property1 they were required 
to give one tenth of all their yearly   
income1 to support the ,levites1 the    
priests1 and the religious service4     
,next1 they were required to give the   
first fruits of all their corn1 wine1   
oil1 and fruits1 and the first-born of  
all their cattle1 for the ,lord's       
treasury1 to be employed for the        
priests1 the widow1 the fatherless1 and 
the stranger4 ,the first-born1 also1 of 
their children1 were the ,lord's1 and   
were to be redeemed by a specified sum1 
paid into the sacred treasury4 ,besides 
this1 they were required to bring a     
freewill offering to ,god1 every time   
they went up to the three great yearly  
festivals4 ,in addition to this1 regular
 yearly sacrifices1 of cattle and fowls1

 were required of each family1 and      
occasional sacrifices for certain sins  
or ceremonial impurities4 ,in reaping   
their fields1 they were required to     
leave unreaped1 for the poor1 the       
corners2 not to glean their fields1     
olive-yards1 or vineyards2 and1 if a    
sheaf was left1 by mistake1 they were   
not to return for it1 but leave it for  
the poor4 ,when a man sent away a       
servant1 he was thus charged3 ,furnish  
him liberally out of thy flock1 and out 
of thy floor1 and out of thy wine-press4
 ,when a poor man came to borrow money1 
they were forbidden to deny him1 or to  
take any interest2 and if1 at the       
sabbatical1 or seventh1 year1 he could  
not pay1 the debt was to be cancelled4  
,and to this command1 is added the      
significant caution1 ,beware that there 
be not a thought in thy wicked heart1   
saying1 the seventh year1 the year of   
release1 is at hand2 and thine eye be   
evil against thy poor brother1 and thou 
givest him nought2 and he cry unto the  

,lord against thee1 and it be sin unto  
thee4 ,thou shalt surely give him1      
because that for this thing the ,lord   
thy ,god shall bless thee in all thy    
works1 and in all that thou puttest     
thine hand unto4 ,besides this1 the     
,levites were distributed through the   
land1 with the intention that they      
should be instructors and priests in    
every part of the nation4 ,thus1 one    
twelfth of the people were set apart1   
having no landed property1 to be priests
 and teachers2 and the other tribes were
 required to support them liberally4    
,in regard to the time taken from       
secular pursuits1 for the support of    
religion1 an equally liberal amount was 
demanded4 ,in the first place1 one      
seventh part of their time was taken for
 the weekly sabbath1 when no kind of    
work was to be done4 ,then the whole    
nation were required to meet1 at the    
appointed place1 three times a year1    
which1 including their journeys1 and    
stay there1 occupied eight weeks1 or    

another seventh part of their time4     
,then the sabbatical year1 when no      
agricultural labor was to be done1 took 
another seventh of their time from their
 regular pursuits1 as they were an      
agricultural people4 ,this was the      
amount of time and property demanded by 
,god1 simply to sustain religion and    
morality within the bounds of that      
nation4 ,christianity demands the spread
 of its blessings to all mankind1 and so
 the restrictions laid on the ,jews are 
withheld1 and all our wealth and time1  
not needful for our own best interest1  
is to be employed in improving the      
condition of our fellow-men4  ,in       
deciding respecting the rectitude of our
 pursuits1 we are bound to aim at some  
practical good1 as the ultimate object4 
,with every duty of this life1 our      
benevolent ,creator has connected some  
species of enjoyment1 to draw us to     
perform it4 ,thus1 the palate is        
gratified1 by performing the duty of    
nourishing our bodies2 the principle of 

curiosity is gratified1 in pursuing     
useful knowledge2 the desire of         
approbation is gratified1 when we       
perform benevolent and social duties2   
and every other duty has an alluring    
enjoyment connected with it4 ,but the   
great mistake of mankind has consisted  
in seeking the pleasures1 connected with
 these duties1 as the sole aim1 without 
reference to the main end that should be
 held in view1 and to which the         
enjoyment should be made subservient4   
,thus1 men seek to gratify the palate1  
without reference to the question       
whether the body is properly nourished2 
and follow after knowledge1 without     
inquiring whether it ministers to good  
or evil4  ,but1 in gratifying the       
implanted desires of our nature1 we are 
bound so to restrain ourselves1 by      
reason and conscience1 as always to seek
 the main objects of existence--the     
highest good of ourselves and others2   
and never to sacrifice this1 for the    
mere gratification of our sensual       

desires4 ,we are to gratify appetite1   
just so far as is consistent with health
 and usefulness2 and the desire for     
knowledge1 just so far as will enable us
 to do most good by our influence and   
efforts2 and no farther4 ,we are to seek
 social intercourse1 to that extent1    
which will best promote domestic        
enjoyment and kindly feelings among     
neighbors and friends2 and we are to    
pursue exercise and amusement1 only so  
far as will best sustain the vigor of   
body and mind4 ,for the right           
apportionment of time1 to these and     
various other duties1 we are to give an 
account to our ,creator and final       
,judge4  ,instead of attempting to give 
any very specific rules on this subject1
 some modes of economizing time will be 
suggested4 ,the most powerful of all    
agencies1 in this matter1 is1 that habit
 of system and order1 in all our        
pursuits1 which has been already pointed
 out4 ,it is probable1 that a regular   
and systematic employment of time1 will 

enable a person to accomplish thrice the
 amount of labor1 that could otherwise  
be performed4  ,another mode of         
economizing time1 is1 by uniting several
 objects in one employment4 ,thus1      
exercise1 or charitable efforts1 can be 
united with social enjoyments1 as is    
done in associations for sewing1 or     
visiting the poor4 ,instruction and     
amusement can also be combined4         
,pursuits like music1 gardening1        
drawing1 botany1 and the like1 unite    
intellectual improvement with amusement1
 social enjoyment1 and exercise4  ,with 
housekeepers1 and others whose          
employments are various and desultory1  
much time can be saved by preparing     
employments for little intervals of     
leisure4 ,thus1 some ladies make ready1 
and keep in the parlor1 light work1 to  
take up when detained there2 some keep a
 book at hand1 in the nursery1 to read  
while holding or sitting by a sleeping  
infant4 ,one of the most popular female 
poets of our ,country very often shows  

her friends1 at their calls1 that the   
thread of the knitting1 never need      
interfere with the thread of agreeable  
discourse4  ,it would be astonishing1 to
 one who had never tried the experiment1
 how much can be accomplished1 by a     
little planning and forethought1 in thus
 finding employment for odd intervals of
 time4  ,but1 besides economizing our   
own time1 we are bound to use our       
influence and example to promote the    
discharge of the same duty by others4 ,a
 woman is under obligations so to       
arrange the hours and pursuits of her   
family1 as to promote systematic and    
habitual industry2 and if1 by late      
breakfasts1 irregular hours for meals1  
and other hinderances of this kind1 she 
interferes with1 or refrains from       
promoting regular industry in1 others1  
she is accountable to ,god for all the  
waste of time consequent on her         
negligence4 ,the mere example of system 
and industry1 in a housekeeper1 has a   
wonderful influence in promoting the    

same virtuous habit in others4   ,on    
,economy in ,expenses4  ,it is          
impossible for a woman to practise a    
wise economy in expenditures1 unless she
 is taught how to do it1 either by a    
course of experiments1 or by the        
instruction of those who have had       
experience4 ,it is amusing to notice the
 various1 and oftentimes contradictory1 
notions of economy1 among judicious and 
experienced housekeepers2 for there is  
probably no economist1 who would not be 
deemed lavish or wasteful1 in some      
respects1 by another and equally        
experienced and judicious person1 who1  
in some different points1 would herself 
be as much condemned by the other4      
,these diversities are occasioned by    
dissimilar early habits1 and by the     
different relative value assigned1 by   
each1 to the various modes of enjoyment1
 for which money is expended4  ,but1    
though there may be much disagreement in
 minor matters1 there are certain       
general principles1 which all unite in  

sanctioning4 ,the first1 is1 that care  
be taken to know the amount of income   
and of current expenses1 so that the    
proper relative proportion be preserved1
 and the expenditures never exceed the  
means4 ,few women can do this1          
thoroughly1 without keeping regular     
accounts4 ,the habits of this ,nation1  
especially among business-men1 are so   
desultory1 and the current expenses of a
 family1 in many points1 are so much    
more under the control of the man than  
of the woman1 that many women1 who are  
disposed to be systematic in this       
matter1 cannot follow their wishes4 ,but
 there are often cases1 when much is    
left undone in this particular1 simply  
because no effort is made4 ,yet every   
woman is bound to do as much as is in   
her power1 to accomplish a systematic   
mode of expenditure1 and the regulation 
of it by ,christian principles4  ,the   
following are examples of different     
methods which have been adopted1 for    
securing a proper adjustment of expenses

 to the means4  ,the first1 is that of a
 lady1 who kept a large boarding-house1 
in one of our cities4 ,every evening1   
before retiring1 she took an account of 
the expenses of the day2 and this       
usually occupied her not more than      
fifteen minutes1 at a time4 ,on each    
,saturday1 she made an inventory of the 
stores on hand1 and of the daily        
expenses1 and also of what was due to   
her2 and then made an exact estimate of 
her expenditures and profits4 ,this1    
after the first two or three weeks1     
never took more than an hour1 at the    
close of the week4 ,thus1 by a very     
little time1 regularly devoted to this  
object1 she knew1 accurately1 her       
income1 expenditures1 and profits4      
,another friend of the writer1 lives on 
a regular salary4 ,the method adopted1  
in this case1 is to calculate to what   
the salary amounts1 each week4 ,then an 
account is kept1 of what is paid out1   
each week1 for rent1 fuel1 wages1 and   
food4 ,this amount of each week is      

deducted from the weekly income4 ,the   
remainders of each week are added1 at   
the close of a month1 as the stock from 
which is to be taken1 the dress1        
furniture1 books1 travelling expenses1  
charities1 and all other expenditures4  
,another lady1 whose husband is a       
lawyer1 divides the year into four      
quarters1 and the income into four equal
 parts4 ,she then makes her plans1 so   
that the expenses of one quarter shall  
never infringe on the income of another4
 ,so resolute is she1 in carrying out   
this determination1 that if1 by any     
mischance1 she is in want of articles   
before the close of a quarter1 which she
 has not the means for providing1 she   
will subject herself to temporary       
inconvenience1 by waiting1 rather than  
violate her rule4  ,another lady1 whose 
husband is engaged in a business1 which 
he thinks makes it impossible for him to
 know what his yearly income will be1   
took this method3--,she kept an account 
of all her disbursements1 for one year4 

,this she submitted to her husband1 and 
obtained his consent1 that the same sum 
should be under her control1 the coming 
year1 for similar purposes1 with the    
understanding1 that she might modify    
future apportionments1 in any way her   
judgement and conscience might approve4 
,a great deal of uneasiness and         
discomfort is caused1 to both husband   
and wife1 in many cases1 by an entire   
want of system and forethought1 in      
arranging expenses4 ,both keep buying   
what they think they need1 without any  
calculation as to how matters are coming
 out1 and with a sort of dread of       
running in debt1 all the time harassing 
them4 ,such never know the comfort of   
independence4 ,but1 if a man or woman   
will only calculate what their income   
is1 and then plan so as to know that    
they are all the time living within it1 
they secure one of the greatest         
comforts1 which wealth ever bestows1 and
 what many of the rich1 who live in a   
loose and careless way1 never enjoy4 ,it

 is not so much the amount of income1 as
 the regular and correct apportionment  
of expenses1 that makes a family truly  
comfortable4 ,a man1 with ten thousand a
 year1 is often more harassed1 for want 
of money1 than the systematic economist1
 who supports a family on only six      
hundred a year4 ,and the inspired       
command1 ,owe no man any thing1 can     
never be conscientiously observed1      
without a systematic adaptation of      
expenses to means4  ,as it is very      
important that young ladies should learn
 systematic economy1 in expenses1 it    
will be a great benefit1 for every young
 girl to begin1 at twelve or thirteen   
years of age1 to make her own purchases1
 and keep her accounts1 under the       
guidance of her mother1 or some other   
friend4 ,and if parents would ascertain 
the actual expense of a daughter's      
clothing1 for a year1 and give the sum  
to her1 in quarterly payments1 requiring
 a regular account1 it would be of great
 benefit in preparing her for future    

duties4 ,how else are young ladies to   
learn to make purchases properly1 and to
 be systematic and economical8 ,the art 
of system and economy can no more come  
by intuition1 than the art of           
watchmaking or bookkeeping2 and how     
strange it appears1 that so many young  
ladies take charge of a husband's       
establishment1 without having had either
 instruction or experience in one of the
 most important duties of their station6
  ,the second general principle of      
economy1 is1 that1 in apportioning an   
income1 among various objects1 the most 
important should receive the largest    
supply1 and that all retrenchments be   
made in matters of less importance4 ,in 
a previous chapter1 some general        
principles have been presented1 to guide
 in this duty4 ,some additional hints   
will here be added1 on the same topic4  
,in regard to dress and furniture1 much 
want of judgement and good taste is     
often seen1 in purchasing some expensive
 article1 which is not at all in keeping

 with the other articles connected with 
it4 ,thus1 a large sideboard1 or elegant
 mirror1 or sofa1 which would be        
suitable only for a large establishment1
 with other rich furniture1 is crowded  
into too small a room1 with coarse and  
cheap articles around it4 ,so1 also1    
sometimes a parlor1 and company-chamber1
 will be furnished in a style suitable  
only for the wealthy1 while the table   
will be supplied with shabby linen1 and 
imperfect crockery1 and every other part
 of the house will look1 in comparison  
with these fine rooms1 mean and         
niggardly4 ,it is not at all uncommon1  
to find very showy and expensive        
articles in the part of the house       
visible to strangers1 when the          
children's rooms1 kitchen1 and other    
back portions1 are on an entirely       
different scale4  ,so in regard to      
dress1 a lady will sometimes purchase an
 elegant and expensive article1 which1  
instead of attracting admiration from   
the eye of taste1 will merely serve as a

 decoy to the painful contrast of all   
other parts of the dress4 ,a woman of   
real good taste and discretion1 will    
strive to maintain a relative           
consistency between all departments1 and
 not1 in one quarter1 live on a scale   
fitted only to the rich1 and in another1
 on one appropriate only to the poor4   
,another mistake in economy1 is often   
made1 by some of the best-educated and  
most intelligent of mothers4 ,such will 
often be found spending day after day at
 needlework1 when1 with a comparatively 
small sum1 this labor could be obtained 
of those who need the money1 which such 
work would procure for them4 ,meantime1 
the daughters of the family1 whom the   
mother is qualified to educate1 or so   
nearly qualified1 that she could readily
 keep ahead of her children1 are sent to
 expensive boarding-schools1 where their
 delicate frames1 their pliant minds1   
and their moral and religious interests1
 are relinquished to the hands of       
strangers4 ,and the expense1 thus       

incurred1 would serve to pay the hire of
 every thing the mother can do in       
sewing1 four or five times over4 ,the   
same want of economy is shown in        
communities1 where1 instead of          
establishing a good female school in    
their vicinity1 the men of wealth send  
their daughters abroad1 at double the   
expense1 to be either educated or       
spoiled1 as the case may be4  ,another  
species of poor economy1 is manifested  
in neglecting to acquire and apply      
mechanical skill1 which1 in consequence1
 has to be hired from others4 ,thus1 all
 the plain sewing will be done by the   
mother and daughters1 while all that    
requires skill will be hired4 ,instead  
of this1 others take pains to have their
 daughters instructed in mantuamaking1  
and the simpler parts of millinery1 so  
that the plain work is given to the     
poor1 who need it1 and the more         
expensive and tasteful operations are   
performed in the family4 ,the writer    
knows ladies1 who not only make their   

own dresses1 but also their caps1       
bonnets1 and artificial flowers4  ,some 
persons make miscalculations in economy1
 by habitually looking up cheap         
articles1 while others go to the        
opposite extreme1 and always buy the    
best of every thing4 ,those ladies1 who 
are considered the best economists1 do  
not adopt either method4 ,in regard to  
cheap goods1 the fading colors1 the     
damages discovered in use1 the poorness 
of material1 and the extra sewing       
demanded to replace articles lost by    
such causes1 usually render them very   
dear1 in the end4 ,on the other hand1   
though some articles1 of the most       
expensive kind1 wear longest and best1  
yet1 as a general rule1 articles at     
medium prices do the best service4 ,this
 is true of table and bed linens1       
broadcloths1 shirtings1 and the like2   
though1 even in these cases1 it is often
 found1 that the coarsest and cheapest  
last the longest4  ,buying by wholesale1
 and keeping a large supply on hand1 are

 economical only in large families1     
where the mistress is careful2 but in   
other cases1 the hazards of accident1   
and the temptation to a lavish use1 will
 make the loss outrun the profits4      
,there is one mode of economizing1      
which1 it is hoped1 will every year grow
 more rare2 and that is1 making         
penurious savings1 by getting the poor  
to work as cheap as possible4 ,many     
amiable and benevolent women have done  
this1 on principle1 without reflecting  
on the want of ,christian charity thus  
displayed4 ,let every woman1 in making  
bargains with the poor1 conceive herself
 placed in the same circumstances1      
toiling hour after hour1 and day after  
day1 for a small sum1 and then deal with
 others as she would be dealt by in such
 a situation4 ,liberal prices1 and      
prompt payment1 should be an invariable 
maxim1 in dealing with the poor4  ,the  
third general principle of economy1 is1 
that all articles should be so used1 and
 taken care of1 as to secure the longest

 service1 with the least waste4 ,under  
this head1 come many particulars in     
regard to the use and preservation of   
articles1 which will be found more in   
detail in succeeding chapters4 ,it may  
be proper1 however1 here to refer to one
 very common impression1 as to the      
relative obligation of the poor and the 
rich in regard to economy4 ,many seem to
 suppose1 that those who are wealthy1   
have a right to be lavish and negligent 
in the care of expenses4 ,but this      
surely is a great mistake4 ,property is 
a talent1 given by ,god1 to spend for   
the welfare of mankind2 and the needless
 waste of it1 is as wrong in the rich1  
as it is in the poor4 ,the rich are     
under obligations to apportion their    
income1 to the various objects demanding
 attention1 by the same rule as all     
others2 and if this will allow them to  
spend more for superfluities than those 
of smaller means1 it never makes it     
right to misuse or waste any of the     
bounties of ,providence4 ,whatever is no

 longer wanted for their own enjoyment1 
should be carefully saved1 to add to the
 enjoyment of others4  ,it is not always
 that men understand the economy of     
,providence1 in that unequal            
distribution of property1 which1 even   
under the most perfect form of          
government1 will always exist4 ,many1   
looking at the present state of things1 
imagine that the rich1 if they acted in 
strict conformity to the law of         
benevolence1 would share all their      
property with their suffering           
fellow-men4 ,but such do not take into  
account1 the inspired declaration1 that 
a man's life consisteth not in the      
abundance of the things which he        
possesseth1 or1 in other words1 life is 
made valuable1 not by great possessions1
 but by such a character as prepares a  
man to enjoy what he holds4 ,god        
perceives that human character can be   
most improved1 by that kind of          
discipline1 which exists1 when there is 
something valuable to be gained by      

industrious efforts4 ,this stimulus to  
industry could never exist1 in a        
community where all are just alike1 as  
it does in a state of society where     
every man sees1 possessed by others1    
enjoyments1 which he desires1 and may   
secure by effort and industry4 ,so1 in a
 community where all are alike as to    
property1 there would be no chance to   
gain that noblest of all attainments1 a 
habit of self-denying benevolence1 which
 toils for the good of others1 and takes
 from one's own store1 to increase the  
enjoyments of another4  ,instead1 then1 
of the stagnation1 both of industry and 
of benevolence1 which would follow the  
universal and equable distribution of   
property1 one class of men1 by superior 
advantages of birth1 or intellect1 or   
patronage1 come into possession of a    
great amount of capital4 ,with these    
means1 they are enabled1 by study1      
reading1 and travel1 to secure expansion
 of mind1 and just views of the relative
 advantages of moral1 intellectual1 and 

physical enjoyments4 ,at the same time1 
,christianity imposes obligations1      
corresponding with the increase of      
advantages and means4 ,the rich are not 
at liberty to spend their treasures for 
themselves1 alone4 ,their wealth is     
given1 by ,god1 to be employed for the  
best good of mankind2 and their         
intellectual advantages are designed1   
primarily1 to enable them to judge      
correctly1 in employing their means most
 wisely for the general good4  ,now1    
suppose a man of wealth inherits ten    
thousand acres of real estate3 it is not
 his duty to divide it among his poor   
neighbors and tenants4 ,if he took this 
course1 it is probable1 that most of    
them would spend all in thriftless waste
 and indolence1 or in mere physical     
enjoyments4 ,instead1 then1 of thus     
putting his capital out of his hands1 he
 is bound to retain1 and so to employ1  
it1 as to raise his neighbors and       
tenants to such a state of virtue and   
intelligence1 that they can secure far  

more1 by their own efforts and industry1
 than he1 by dividing his capital1 could
 bestow upon them4  ,in this view of the
 subject1 it is manifest1 that the      
unequal distribution of property is no  
evil4 ,the great difficulty is1 that so 
large a portion of those who hold much  
capital1 instead of using their various 
advantages for the greatest good of     
those around them1 employ the chief of  
them for mere selfish indulgences2 thus 
inflicting as much mischief on          
themselves1 as results to others from   
their culpable neglect4 ,a great portion
 of the rich seem to be acting on the   
principle1 that the more ,god bestows on
 them1 the less are they under          
obligation to practise any self-denial1 
in fulfilling his benevolent plan of    
raising our race to intelligence and    
holiness4  ,there are not a few1 who    
seem to imagine that it is a mark of    
gentility to be careless of expenses4   
,but this notion1 is owing to a want of 
knowledge of the world4 ,as a general   

fact1 it will be found1 that persons of 
rank and wealth1 abroad1 are much more  
likely to be systematic and economical1 
than persons of inferior standing in    
these respects4 ,even the most          
frivolous1 among the rich and great1 are
 often found practising a rigid economy1
 in certain respects1 in order to secure
 gratifications in another direction4   
,and it will be found so common1 among  
persons of vulgar minds1 and little     
education1 and less sense1 to make a    
display of profusion and indifference to
 expense1 as a mark of their claims to  
gentility1 that the really genteel look 
upon it rather as a mark of low         
breeding4 ,so that the sort of feeling1 
which some persons cherish1 as if it    
were a degradation to be careful of     
small sums1 and to be attentive to      
relative prices1 in making purchases1 is
 founded on mistaken notions of         
gentility and propriety4  ,but one      
caution is needful1 in regard to another
 extreme4 ,when a lady of wealth1 is    

seen roaming about in search of cheaper 
articles1 or trying to beat down a      
shopkeeper1 or making a close bargain   
with those she employs1 the impropriety 
is glaring to all minds4 ,a person of   
wealth has no occasion to spend time in 
looking for extra cheap articles2 her   
time could be more profitably employed  
in distributing to the wants of others4 
,and the practice of beating down       
tradespeople1 is vulgar and degrading1  
in any one4 ,a woman1 after a little    
inquiry1 can ascertain what is the fair 
and common price of things2 and if she  
is charged an exorbitant sum1 she can   
decline taking the article4 ,if the     
price be a fair one1 it is not becoming 
in her to search for another article    
which is below the regular charge4 ,if a
 woman finds that she is in a store     
where they charge high prices1 expecting
 to be beat down1 she can mention1 that 
she wishes to know the lowest price1 as 
it is contrary to her principles to beat
 down charges4  ,there is one           

inconsistency1 worthy of notice1 which  
is found among that class1 who are      
ambitious of being ranked among the     
aristocracy of society4 ,it has been    
remarked1 that1 in the real aristocracy 
of other lands1 it is much more common1 
than with us1 to practise systematic    
economy4 ,and such do not hesitate to   
say so1 when they cannot afford certain 
indulgences4 ,this practice descends to 
subordinate grades2 so that foreign     
ladies1 when they come to reside among  
us1 seldom hesitate in assigning the    
true reason1 when they cannot afford any
 gratification4 ,but in this ,country1  
it will be found1 that many1 who are    
most fond of copying aristocratic       
examples1 are1 on this point1 rather    
with the vulgar4 ,not a few of those    
young persons1 who begin life with      
parlors and dresses in a style fitting  
only to established wealth1 go into     
expenses1 which they can ill afford2 and
 are ashamed even to allow1 that they   
are restrained from any expense1 by     

motives of economy4 ,such a confession  
is never extorted1 except by some call  
of benevolence2 and then1 they are very 
ready to declare that they cannot afford
 to bestow even a pittance4 ,in such    
cases1 it would seem as if the direct   
opposite of ,christianity had gained    
possession of their tastes and opinions4
 ,they are ashamed to appear to deny    
themselves2 but are very far from having
 any shame in denying the calls of      
benevolence4     ,,chapter ,,xvii4  ,,on
 ,,health ,,of ,,mind4   ,there is such 
an intimate connection between the body 
and mind1 that the health of one1 cannot
 be preserved1 without a proper care of 
the other4 ,and it is from a neglect of 
this principle1 that some of the most   
exemplary and conscientious persons in  
the world1 suffer a thousand mental     
agonies1 from a diseased state of body1 
while others ruin the health of the     
body1 by neglecting the proper care of  
the mind4 ,when the brain is excited1 by
 stimulating drinks taken into the      

stomach1 it produces a corresponding    
excitement of the mental faculties4 ,the
 reason1 the imagination1 and all the   
powers1 are stimulated to preternatural 
vigor and activity4 ,in like manner1    
when the mind is excited by earnest     
intellectual effort1 or by strong       
passions1 the brain is equally excited1 
and the blood rushes to the head4 ,sir  
,astley ,cooper records1 that1 in       
examining the brain of a young man who  
had lost a portion of his skull1        
whenever he was agitated1 by some       
opposition to his wishes1 the blood was 
sent1 with increased force1 to his      
brain1 and the pulsations became        
frequent and violent4 ,the same effect  
was produced by any intellectual effort2
 and the flushed countenance1 which     
attends earnest study or strong emotions
 of fear1 shame1 or anger1 is an        
external indication of the suffused     
state of the brain from such causes4    
,in exhibiting the causes1 which injure 
the health of the mind1 they will be    

found to be partly physical1 partly     
intellectual1 and partly moral4  ,the   
first cause of mental disease and       
suffering1 is not unfrequently found in 
the want of a proper supply of duly     
oxygenized blood4 ,it has been shown1   
that the blood1 in passing through the  
lungs1 is purified1 by the oxygen of the
 air combining with the superabundant   
hydrogen and carbon of the venous blood1
 thus forming carbonic acid and water1  
which are expired into the atmosphere4  
,every pair of lungs is constantly      
withdrawing from the surrounding        
atmosphere its healthful principle1 and 
returning one1 which is injurious to    
human life4  ,when1 by confinement1 and 
this process1 the atmosphere is deprived
 of its appropriate supply of oxygen1   
the purification of the blood is        
interrupted1 and it passes1 without     
being properly prepared1 into the brain1
 producing languor1 restlessness1 and   
inability to exercise the intellect and 
feelings4 ,whenever1 therefore1 persons 

sleep in a close apartment1 or remain1  
for a length of time1 in a crowded or   
ill-ventilated room1 a most pernicious  
influence is exerted on the brain1 and1 
through this1 on the mind4 ,a person1   
who is often exposed to such influences1
 can never enjoy that elasticity and    
vigor of mind1 which is one of the chief
 indications of its health4 ,this is the
 reason1 why all rooms for religious    
meetings1 and all schoolrooms1 and      
sleeping apartments1 should be so       
contrived1 as to secure a constant      
supply of fresh air from without4 ,the  
minister1 who preaches in a crowded and 
ill-ventilated apartment1 loses much of 
his power to feel and to speak1 while   
the audience are equally reduced1 in    
their capability of attending4 ,the     
teacher1 who confines children in a     
close apartment1 diminishes their       
ability to study1 or to attend to his   
instructions4 ,and the person1 who      
habitually sleeps in a close room1      
impairs his mental energies1 in a       

similar degree4 ,it is not unfrequently 
the case1 that depression of spirits1   
and stupor of intellect1 are occasioned 
solely by inattention to this subject4  
,another cause of mental disease1 is1   
the excessive exercise of the intellect 
or feelings4 ,if the eye is taxed1      
beyond its strength1 by protracted use1 
its blood-vessels become gorged1 and the
 bloodshot appearance warns of the      
excess and the need of rest4 ,the brain 
is affected1 in a similar manner1 by    
excessive use1 though the suffering and 
inflamed organ cannot make its appeal to
 the eye4 ,but there are some           
indications1 which ought never to be    
misunderstood or disregarded4 ,in cases 
of pupils1 at school or at college1 a   
diseased state1 from over action1 is    
often manifested by increased clearness 
of mind1 and ease and vigor of mental   
action4 ,in one instance1 known to the  
writer1 a most exemplary and industrious
 pupil1 anxious to improve every hour1  
and ignorant or unmindful of the laws of

 health1 first manifested the diseased  
state of her brain and mind1 by demands 
for more studies1 and a sudden and      
earnest activity in planning modes of   
improvement for herself and others4     
,when warned of her danger1 she         
protested that she never was better1 in 
her life2 that she took regular         
exercise1 in the open air1 went to bed  
in season1 slept soundly1 and felt      
perfectly well2 that her mind was never 
before so bright and clear1 and study   
never so easy and delightful4 ,and at   
this time1 she was on the verge of      
derangement1 from which she was saved   
only by an entire cessation of all her  
intellectual efforts4  ,a similar case  
occurred1 under the eye of the writer1  
from over-excited feelings4 ,it was     
during a time of unusual religious      
interest in the community1 and the      
mental disease was first manifested1 by 
the pupil bringing her ,hymn-book or    
,bible to the class-room1 and making it 
her constant resort1 in every interval  

of school duty4 ,it finally became      
impossible to convince her1 that it was 
her duty to attend to any thing else2   
her conscience became morbidly          
sensitive1 her perceptions indistinct1  
her deductions unreasonable1 and        
nothing1 but entire change of scene1    
exercise1 and amusement1 saved her4     
,when the health of the brain was       
restored1 she found that she could      
attend to the one thing needful1 not    
only without interruption of duty1 or   
injury of health1 but rather so as to   
promote both4 ,clergymen and teachers   
need most carefully to notice and guard 
against the danger here alluded to4     
,any such attention to religion1 as     
prevents the performance of daily duties
 and needful relaxation1 is dangerous1  
as tending to produce such a state of   
the brain1 as makes it impossible to    
feel or judge correctly4 ,and when any  
morbid and unreasonable pertinacity     
appears1 much exercise1 and engagement  
in other interesting pursuits1 should be

 urged1 as the only mode of securing the
 religious benefits aimed at4 ,and      
whenever any mind is oppressed with     
care1 anxiety1 or sorrow1 the amount of 
active exercise in the fresh air should 
be greatly increased1 that the action of
 the muscles may withdraw the blood1    
which1 in such seasons1 is constantly   
tending too much to the brain4  ,there  
has been a most appalling amount of     
suffering1 derangement1 disease1 and    
death1 occasioned by a want of attention
 to this subject1 in teachers and       
parents4 ,uncommon precocity in children
 is usually the result of an unhealthy  
state of the brain2 and1 in such cases1 
medical men would now direct1 that the  
wonderful child should be deprived of   
all books and study1 and turned to play 
or work in the fresh air4 ,instead of   
this1 parents frequently add fuel to the
 fever of the brain1 by supplying       
constant mental stimulus1 until the     
victim finds refuge in idiocy or an     
early grave4 ,where such fatal results  

do not occur1 the brain1 in many cases1 
is so weakened1 that the prodigy of     
infancy sinks below the medium of       
intellectual powers in afterlife4 ,in   
our colleges1 too1 many of the most     
promising minds sink to an early grave1 
or drag out a miserable existence1 from 
this same cause4 ,and it is an evil1 as 
yet little alleviated by the increase of
 physiological knowledge4 ,every college
 and professional school1 and every     
seminary for young ladies1 needs a      
medical man1 not only to lecture on     
physiology and the laws of health1 but  
empowered1 in his official capacity1 to 
investigate the case of every pupil1    
and1 by authority1 to restrain him to   
such a course of study1 exercise1 and   
repose1 as his physical system requires4
 ,the writer has found1 by experience1  
that1 in a large institution1 there is  
one class of pupils who need to be      
restrained1 by penalties1 from late     
hours and excessive study1 as much as   
another class need stimulus to industry4

  ,under the head of excessive mental   
action1 must be placed the indulgence of
 the imagination in novel reading and   
castle building4 ,this kind of stimulus1
 unless counterbalanced by physical     
exercise1 not only wastes time and      
energies1 but undermines the vigor of   
the nervous system4 ,the imagination was
 designed1 by our kind ,creator1 as the 
charm and stimulus to animate to        
benevolent activity2 and its perverted  
exercise seldom fails to bring the      
appropriate penalty4  ,a third cause of 
mental disease1 is1 the want of the     
appropriate exercise of the various     
faculties of the mind4 ,on this point1  
,dr4 ,combe remarks1 ,we have seen1     
that1 by disuse1 muscle becomes         
emaciated1 bone softens1 blood-vessels  
are obliterated1 and nerves lose their  
characteristic structure4 ,the brain is 
no exception to this general rule4 ,of  
it1 also1 the tone is impaired by       
permanent inactivity1 and it becomes    
less fit to manifest the mental powers  

with readiness and energy4 ,it is the   
withdrawal of the stimulus necessary for
 its healthy exercise1 which renders    
solitary confinement so severe a        
punishment1 even to the most daring     
minds4 ,it is a lower degree of the same
 cause1 which renders continuous        
seclusion from society so injurious1 to 
both mental and bodily health4          
,inactivity of intellect and of feeling 
is a very frequent predisposing cause of
 every form of nervous disease4 ,for    
demonstrative evidence of this position1
 we have only to look at the numerous   
victims to be found1 among persons who  
have no call to exertion in gaining the 
means of subsistence1 and no objects of 
interest on which to exercise their     
mental faculties and who consequently   
sink into a state of mental sloth and   
nervous weakness4 ,if we look abroad    
upon society1 we shall find innumerable 
examples of mental and nervous debility 
from this cause4 ,when a person of some 
mental capacity is confined1 for a long 

time1 to an unvarying round of          
employment1 which affords neither scope 
nor stimulus for one half of his        
faculties1 and1 from want of education  
or society1 has no external resources2  
his mental powers1 for want of exercise1
 become blunted1 and his perceptions    
slow and dull4 ,the intellect and       
feelings1 not being provided with       
interests external to themselves1 must  
either become inactive and weak1 or work
 upon themselves and become diseased4   
,the most frequent victims of this kind 
of predisposition1 are females of the   
middle and higher ranks1 especially     
those of a nervous constitution and good
 natural abilities2 but who1 from an    
ill-directed education1 possess nothing 
more solid than mere accomplishments1   
and have no materials of thought1 and no
 occupation to excite interest or demand
 attention4 ,the liability of such      
persons to melancholy1 hysteria1        
hypochondriasis1 and other varieties of 
mental distress1 really depends on a    

state of irritability of brain1 induced 
by imperfect exercise4  ,these remarks1 
of a medical man1 illustrate the        
principles before indicated2--namely1   
that the demand of ,christianity1 that  
we live to promote the general          
happiness1 and not merely for selfish   
indulgence1 has for its aim1 not only   
the general good1 but the highest       
happiness1 of the individual of whom it 
is required4  ,a person possessed of    
wealth1 who has nothing more noble to   
engage his attention1 than seeking his  
own personal enjoyment1 subjects his    
mental powers and moral feelings to a   
degree of inactivity1 utterly at war    
with health of mind4 ,and the greater   
the capacities1 the greater are the     
sufferings which result from this cause4
 ,any one1 who has read the misanthropic
 wailings of ,lord ,byron1 has seen the 
necessary result of great and noble     
powers bereft of their appropriate      
exercise1 and1 in consequence1 becoming 
sources of the keenest suffering4  ,it  

is this view of the subject1 which has  
often awakened feelings of sorrow and   
anxiety in the mind of the writer1 while
 aiding in the developement and         
education of superior female minds1 in  
the wealthier circles4 ,not because     
there are not noble objects for interest
 and effort1 abundant1 and within reach 
of such minds2 but because              
long-established custom has made it seem
 so ,quixotic1 to the majority1 even of 
the professed followers of ,christ1 for 
a woman of wealth to practise any great 
self-denial1 that few have independence 
of mind and ,christian principle        
sufficient to overcome such an          
influence4 ,the more a mind has its     
powers developed1 the more does it      
aspire and pine after some object worthy
 of its energies and affections2 and    
they are commonplace and phlegmatic     
characters1 who are most free from such 
deep-seated wants4 ,many a young woman1 
of fine genius and elevated sentiment1  
finds a charm in ,lord ,byron's         

writings1 because they present a glowing
 picture of what1 to a certain extent1  
must be felt by every well-developed    
mind1 which has no nobler object in     
life1 than the pursuit of its own       
gratification4  ,if young ladies of     
wealth could pursue their education1    
under the full conviction that the      
increase of their powers and advantages 
increased their obligations to use all  
for the good of society1 and with some  
plan of benevolent enterprise in view1  
what new motives of interest would be   
added to their daily pursuits6 ,and what
 blessed results would follow1 to our   
beloved ,country1 if all well-educated  
females carried out the principles of   
,christianity1 in the exercise of their 
developed powers6  ,it is cheering to   
know1 that there are women1 among the   
most intelligent and wealthy1 who can be
 presented as examples of what may be   
done1 when there is a heart to do4 ,a   
pupil of the writer is among this       
number1 who1 though a rich heiress1     

immediately1 on the close of her        
school-life1 commenced a course of      
self-denying benevolence1 in the cause  
of education4 ,she determined to secure 
a superior female institution1 in her   
native place1 which should extend the   
benefits of the best education to all in
 that vicinity1 at a moderate charge4   
,finding no teacher on the ground1      
prepared to take the lead1 and though   
herself a timid and retiring character1 
she began1 with the aid of the governess
 in her mother's family1 a daily school1
 superintending all1 and teaching six   
hours a day4 ,the liberal-minded and    
intelligent mother cooperated1 and the  
result is a flourishing female seminary1
 with a large and beautiful and         
well-furnished building2 the greater    
part of the means being supplied by the 
mother1 and almost all by the members of
 that family connection4 ,and both these
 ladies will testify1 that no time or   
money1 spent for any other object1 has  
ever secured to them more real and      

abiding enjoyment1 than witnessing the  
results of this successful and          
benevolent enterprise1 which1 for years 
to come1 will pour forth blessings on   
society4  ,another lady could be pointed
 out1 who1 possessing some property1    
went into a new western village1 built  
and furnished her schoolhouse1 and      
established herself there1 to aid in    
raising a community from ignorance and  
gross worldliness1 to intelligence and  
virtue4 ,and in repeated instances1     
among the friends and pupils of the     
writer1 young ladies have left wealthy  
homes1 and affectionate friends1 to find
 nobler enjoyments1 in benevolent and   
active exertions to extend intelligence 
and virtue1 where such disinterested    
laborers were needed4 ,in other cases1  
where it was not practicable to leave   
home1 well-educated young ladies have   
interested themselves in common schools 
in the vicinity1 aiding the teachers1 by
 their sympathy1 counsel1 and personal  
assistance4  ,other ladies1 of property 

and standing1 having families to        
educate1 and being well qualified for   
such duties1 have relinquished a large  
portion of domestic labor and           
superintendence1 which humbler minds    
could be hired to perform1 devoted      
themselves to the education of their    
children1 and received others1 less     
fortunate1 to share with their own these
 superior advantages4 ,but1 so long as  
the feeling widely exists1 that the     
increase of ,god's bounties diminishes  
the obligations of self-denying service 
for the good of mankind1 so long will   
well-educated women1 in easy            
circumstances1 shrink from such         
confinement and exertion4  ,it is       
believed1 however1 that there are many  
benevolent and intelligent women1 in    
this ,country1 who would gladly engage  
in such enterprises1 were there any     
appropriate way within their reach4 ,and
 it is a question1 well deserving       
consideration1 among those who guide the
 public mind in benevolent enterprises1 

whether some organization is not        
demanded1 which shall bring the whole   
community to act systematically1 in     
voluntary associations1 to extend a     
proper education to every child in this 
,nation1 and to bring into activity all 
the female enterprise and benevolence   
now lying dormant1 for want of proper   
facilities to exercise them4 ,there are 
hundreds of villages1 which need        
teachers1 and that would support them1  
if they were on the spot1 but which     
never will send for them4 ,and there are
 hundreds of females1 now unemployed1   
who would teach1 if a proper place1 and 
home1 and support1 and escort1 were     
provided for them4 ,and there needs to  
be some enlarged and systematic plan1   
conducted by wise and efficient men1 to 
secure these objects4  ,could such a    
plan1 as the one suggested1 be carried  
out1 it is believed that many female    
minds1 now suffering1 from diseases     
occasioned by want of appropriate       
objects for their energies1 would be    

relieved4 ,the duties of a teacher      
exercise every intellectual faculty1 to 
its full extent2 while1 in this         
benevolent service1 all the social1     
moral1 and benevolent1 emotions1 are    
kept in full play4 ,the happiest persons
 the writer has ever known1--those who  
could say that they were as happy as    
they wished to be1 in this world1 7and  
she has seen such17--were persons       
engaged in this employment4  ,the       
indications of a diseased mind1 owing to
 a want of the proper exercise of its   
powers1 are1 apathy1 discontent1 a      
restless longing for excitement1 a      
craving for unattainable good1 a        
diseased and morbid action of the       
imagination1 dissatisfaction with the   
world1 and factitious interest in       
trifles which the mind feels to be      
unworthy of its powers4 ,such minds     
sometimes seek alleviation in exciting  
amusements2 others resort to the grosser
 enjoyments of sense4 ,oppressed with   
the extremes of languor1 or             

over-excitement1 or apathy1 the body    
fails under the wearing process1 and    
adds new causes of suffering to the     
mind4 ,such1 the compassionate ,saviour 
calls to his service1 in these          
appropriate terms3 ,come unto ,me1 all  
ye that labor and are heavy laden1 and  
,i will give you rest4 ,take ,my yoke   
upon you1 and learn of ,me1 and ye shall
 find rest unto your souls4             
,,chapter ,,xviii4  ,,on ,,the ,,care   
,,of ,,domestics4   ,there is no point1 
where the women of this ,country need   
more wisdom1 patience1 principle1 and   
self-control1 than in relation to those 
whom they employ in domestic service4   
,the subject is attended with many      
difficulties1 which powerfully influence
 the happiness of families2 and the     
following suggestions are offered1 to   
aid in securing right opinions and      
practice4  ,one consideration1 which it 
would be well to bear in mind1 on this  
subject1 is1 that a large portion of the
 peculiar trials1 which ,american women 

suffer from this source1 are the        
necessary evils connected with our most 
valuable civil blessings4 ,every        
blessing of this life involves some     
attendant liability to evil1 from the   
same source2 and1 in this case1 while we
 rejoice at a state of society1 which so
 much raises the condition and          
advantages of our sex1 the evils        
involved should be regarded as more than
 repaid1 by the compensating benefits4  
,if we cannot secure the cringing1      
submissive1 well-trained1 servants of   
aristocratic lands1 let us be consoled  
that we thus escape from the untold     
miseries and oppression1 which always   
attend that state of society4  ,instead1
 then1 of complaining that we cannot    
have our own peculiar advantages1 and   
those of other nations1 too1 or         
imagining how much better off we should 
be1 if things were different from what  
they are1 it is much wiser and more     
,christianlike to strive cheerfully to  
conform to actual circumstances2 and1   

after remedying all that we can control1
 patiently to submit to what is beyond  
our power4 ,if domestics are found to be
 incompetent1 unstable1 and unconformed 
to their station1 it is ,perfect ,wisdom
 which appoints these trials1 to teach  
us patience1 fortitude1 and             
self-control2 and1 if the discipline is 
met1 in a proper spirit1 it will prove a
 blessing1 rather than an evil4  ,but1  
to judge correctly in regard to some of 
the evils involved in the state of      
domestic service1 in this ,country1 we  
should endeavor to conceive ourselves   
placed in the situation of those1 of    
whom complaint is made1 that we may not 
expect1 from them1 any more than it     
would seem right should be exacted from 
us1 in similar circumstances4  ,it is   
sometimes urged1 against domestics1 that
 they exact exorbitant wages4 ,but what 
is the rule of rectitude1 on this       
subject8 ,is it not the universal law of
 labor and of trade1 that an article is 
to be valued1 according to its scarcity 

and the demand8 ,when wheat is scarce1  
the farmer raises his price2 and when a 
mechanic offers services1 difficult to  
be obtained1 he makes a corresponding   
increase of price4 ,and why is it not   
right1 for domestics to act according to
 a rule1 allowed to be correct in       
reference to all other trades and       
professions8 ,it is a fact1 that really 
good domestic service must continue to  
increase in value1 just in proportion as
 this ,country waxes rich and           
prosperous2 thus making the proportion  
of those1 who wish to hire labor1       
relatively greater1 and the number of   
those1 willing to go to service1 less4  
,money enables the rich to gain many    
advantages1 which those of more limited 
circumstances cannot secure4 ,one of    
these1 is1 securing good domestics1 by  
offering high wages2 and this1 as the   
scarcity of this class increases1 will  
serve constantly to raise the price of  
service4 ,it is right for domestics to  
charge the market value1 and this value 

is always decided by the scarcity of the
 article and the amount of demand4      
,right views of this subject1 will      
sometimes serve to diminish hard        
feelings towards those1 who would       
otherwise be wrongfully regarded as     
unreasonable and exacting4  ,another    
complaint against domestics1 is1 that of
 instability and discontent1 leading to 
perpetual change4 ,but in reference to  
this1 let a mother or daughter conceive 
of their own circumstances as so        
changed1 that the daughter must go out  
to service4 ,suppose a place is engaged1
 and it is then found that she must     
sleep in a comfortless garret2 and that1
 when a new domestic comes1 perhaps a   
coarse and dirty foreigner1 she must    
share her bed with her4 ,another place  
is offered1 where she can have a        
comfortable room1 and an agreeable      
room-mate2 in such a case1 would not    
both mother and daughter think it right 
to change8  ,or1 suppose1 on trial1 it  
was found that the lady of the house was

 fretful1 or exacting1 and hard to      
please2 or1 that her children were so   
ungoverned1 as to be perpetual          
vexations2 or1 that the work was so     
heavy1 that no time was allowed for     
relaxation and the care of a            
wardrobe2--and another place offers1    
where these evils can be escaped3 would 
not mother and daughter here think it   
right to change8 ,and is it not right   
for domestics1 as well as their         
employers1 to seek places1 where they   
can be most comfortable8  ,in some      
cases1 this instability and love of     
change would be remedied1 if employers  
would take more pains to make a         
residence with them agreeable2 and to   
attach domestics to the family1 by      
feelings of gratitude and affection4    
,there are ladies1 even where           
well-qualified domestics are most rare1 
who seldom find any trouble in keeping  
good and steady ones4 ,and the reason   
is1 that their domestics know they      
cannot better their condition1 by any   

change within reach4 ,it is not merely  
by giving them comfortable rooms1 and   
good food1 and presents1 and privileges1
 that the attachment of domestics is    
secured2 it is by the manifestation of a
 friendly and benevolent interest in    
their comfort and improvement4 ,this is 
exhibited1 in bearing patiently with    
their faults2 in kindly teaching them   
how to improve2 in showing them how to  
make and take proper care of their      
clothes2 in guarding their health2 in   
teaching them to read1 if necessary1 and
 supplying them with proper books2 and1 
in short1 by endeavoring1 so far as may 
be1 to supply the place of parents4 ,it 
is seldom that such a course would fail 
to secure steady service1 and such      
affection and gratitude1 that even      
higher wages would be ineffectual to    
tempt them away4 ,there would probably  
be some cases of ungrateful returns2 but
 there is no doubt that the course      
indicated1 if generally pursued1 would  
very much lessen the evil in question4  

,another subject of complaint1 in regard
 to domestics1 is1 their pride1         
insubordination1 and spirit not         
conformed to their condition4 ,they are 
not willing to be called servants2 in   
some places1 they claim a seat1 at      
meals1 with the family2 they imitate a  
style of dress unbecoming their         
condition2 and their manners and address
 are rude and disrespectful4 ,that these
 evils are very common1 among this class
 of persons1 cannot be denied2 the only 
question is1 how can they best be met   
and remedied4  ,in regard to the common 
feeling among domestics1 which is pained
 and offended by being called servants1 
there is need of some consideration and 
allowance4 ,it should be remembered1    
that1 in this ,country1 children1 from  
their earliest years1 are trained to    
abhor slavery1 in reference to          
themselves1 as the greatest of all      
possible shame and degradation4 ,they   
are perpetually hearing orations1 songs1
 and compositions of all sorts1 which   

set forth the honor and dignity of      
freemen1 and heap scorn and contempt on 
all who would be so mean as to be       
slaves4 ,now the term servant1 and the  
duties it involves1 are1 in the minds of
 many persons1 nearly the same as those 
of slave4 ,and there are few minds1     
entirely free from associations which   
make servitude a degradation4 ,it is not
 always pride1 then1 which makes this   
term so offensive4 ,it is a consequence 
of that noble and generous spirit of    
freedom1 which every ,american draws    
from his mother's breast1 and which     
ought to be respected1 rather than      
despised4 ,in order to be respected1 by 
others1 we must respect ourselves2 and  
sometimes the ruder classes of society  
make claims1 deemed forward and         
offensive1 when1 with their views1 such 
a position seems indispensable to       
preserve a proper self-respect4  ,where 
an excessive sensibility on this subject
 exists1 and forward and disrespectful  
manners result from it1 the best remedy 

is1 a kind attempt to give correct      
views1 such as better-educated minds are
 best able to attain4 ,it should be     
shown to them1 that1 in this ,country1  
labor has ceased to be degrading1 in any
 class2 that1 in all classes1 different 
grades of subordination must exist2 and 
that it is no more degrading1 for a     
domestic to regard the heads of a family
 as superiors in station1 and treat them
 with becoming respect1 than it is for  
children to do the same1 or for men to  
treat their rulers with respect and     
deference4 ,they should be taught1 that 
domestics use a different entrance to   
the house1 and sit at a distinct table1 
not because they are inferior beings1   
but because this is the best method of  
securing neatness1 order1 and           
convenience4 ,they can be shown1 if it  
is attempted in a proper spirit and     
manner1 that these very regulations     
really tend to their own ease and       
comfort1 as well as to that of the      
family4  ,the writer has known a case1  

where the lady of the family1 for the   
sake of convincing her domestic of the  
truth of these views1 allowed her to    
follow her own notions1 for a short     
time1 and join the family at meals4 ,it 
was merely required1 as a condition1    
that she should always dress her hair as
 the other ladies did1 and appear in a  
clean dress1 and abide by all the rules 
of propriety at table1 which the rest   
were required to practise1 and which    
were duly detailed4 ,the experiment was 
tried1 two or three times2 and1 although
 the domestic was treated with studious 
politeness and kindness1 she soon felt  
that she should be much more comfortable
 in the kitchen1 where she could talk1  
eat1 and dress1 as she pleased4 ,a      
reasonable domestic can also be made to 
feel the propriety of allowing          
opportunity for the family to talk      
freely of their private affairs1 when   
they meet at meals1 as they never could 
do1 if restrained by the constant       
presence of a stranger4 ,such views1    

presented in a kind and considerate     
manner1 will often entirely change the  
views of a domestic1 who is sensitive on
 such subjects4  ,when a domestic is    
forward and bold in manners1 and        
disrespectful in address1 a similar     
course can be pursued4 ,it can be shown1
 that those1 who are among the best-bred
 and genteel1 have courteous and        
respectful manners and language to all  
they meet1 while many1 who have wealth1 
are regarded as vulgar1 because they    
exhibit rude and disrespectful manners4 
,the very term1 gentleman1 indicates the
 refinement and delicacy of address1    
which distinguishes the high-bred from  
the coarse and vulgar4  ,in regard to   
appropriate dress1 in most cases it is  
difficult for an employer to interfere1 
directly1 with comments or advice4 ,the 
most successful mode1 is1 to offer some 
service in mending or making a wardrobe1
 and when a confidence in the kindness  
of feeling is thus gained1 remarks and  
suggestions will generally be properly  

received1 and new views of propriety and
 economy can be imparted4 ,in some      
cases1 it may be well for an            
employer1--who1 from appearances1       
anticipates difficulty of this kind1--in
 making the agreement1 to state that she
 wishes to have the room1 person1 and   
dress of her domestics kept neat1 and in
 order1 and that she expects to remind  
them of their duty1 in this particular1 
if it is neglected4 ,domestics are very 
apt to neglect the care of their own    
chambers and clothing2 and such habits  
have a most pernicious influence on     
their wellbeing1 and on that of their   
children in future domestic life4 ,an   
employer1 then1 is bound to exercise a  
parental care over them1 in these       
respects4  ,in regard to the great      
deficiencies of domestics1 in           
qualifications for their duties1 much   
patience and benevolence are required4  
,multitudes have never been taught to do
 their work properly2 and1 in such      
cases1 how unreasonable it would be to  

expect it of them6 ,most persons1 of    
this class1 depend1 for their knowledge 
in domestic affairs1 not on their       
parents1 who are usually unqualified to 
instruct them1 but on their employers2  
and if they live in a family where      
nothing is done neatly and properly1    
they have no chance to learn how to     
perform their duties well4 ,when a lady 
finds that she must employ a domestic   
who is ignorant1 awkward1 and careless1 
her first effort should be1 to make all 
proper allowance for past want of       
instruction1 and the next1 to remedy the
 evil1 by kind and patient teaching4 ,in
 doing this1 it should ever be borne in 
mind1 that nothing is more difficult1   
than to change old habits1 and to learn 
to be thoughtful and considerate4 ,and a
 woman must make up her mind to tell the
 same thing over and over again1 and yet
 not lose her patience4 ,it will often  
save much vexation1 if1 on the arrival  
of a new domestic1 the mistress of the  
family1 or a daughter1 will1 for two or 

three days1 go round with the novice1   
and show the exact manner in which it is
 expected the work will be done4 ,and   
this1 also1 it may be well to specify in
 the agreement1 as some domestics would 
otherwise resent such a supervision4    
,but it is often remarked1 that1 after a
 woman has taken all this pains to      
instruct a domestic1 and make her a good
 one1 some other person will offer      
higher wages1 and she will leave4 ,this1
 doubtless1 is a sore trial2 but1 if    
such efforts were made in the true      
spirit of benevolence1 the lady will    
still have her reward1 in the           
consciousness that she has contributed  
to the welfare of society1 by making one
 more good domestic1 and one more       
comfortable family where that domestic  
is employed2 and if the latter becomes  
the mother of a family1 a whole circle  
of children will share in the benefit4  
,there is one great mistake1 not        
unfrequently made1 in the management    
both of domestics and of children2 and  

that is1 in supposing that the way to   
cure defects1 is by finding fault as    
each failing occurs4 ,but1 instead of   
this being true1 in many cases the      
directly opposite course is the best2   
while1 in all instances1 much good      
judgement is required1 in order to      
decide when to notice faults1 and when  
to let them pass unnoticed4 ,there are  
some minds1 very sensitive1 easily      
discouraged1 and infirm of purpose4     
,such persons1 when they have formed    
habits of negligence1 haste1 and        
awkwardness1 often need expressions of  
sympathy and encouragement1 rather than 
reproof4 ,they have usually been found  
fault with1 so much1 that they have     
become either hardened or desponding2   
and it is often the case1 that a few    
words of commendation will awaken fresh 
efforts and renewed hope4 ,in almost    
every case1 words of kindness1          
confidence1 and encouragement1 should be
 mingled with the needful admonitions or
 reproof4  ,it is a good rule1 in       

reference to this point1 to forewarn1   
instead of finding fault4 ,thus1 when a 
thing has been done wrong1 let it pass  
unnoticed1 till it is to be done again2 
and then1 a simple request1 to have it  
done in the right way1 will secure quite
 as much1 and probably more1 willing    
effort1 than a reproof administered for 
neglect4 ,some persons seem to take it  
for granted1 that young and             
inexperienced minds are bound to have   
all the forethought and discretion of   
mature persons2 and freely express      
wonder and disgust1 when mishaps occur  
for want of these traits4 ,but it would 
be far better to save from mistake or   
forgetfulness1 by previous caution and  
care on the part of those who have      
gained experience and forethought2 and  
thus many occasions of complaint and    
ill-humor will be avoided4  ,those1 who 
fill the places of heads of families1   
are not very apt to think how painful it
 is1 to be chided for neglect of duty1  
or for faults of character4 ,if they    

would sometimes imagine themselves in   
the place of those whom they control1   
with some person daily administering    
reproof to them1 in the same tone and   
style as they employ to those who are   
under them1 it might serve as a useful  
check to their chidings4 ,it is often   
the case1 that persons1 who are most    
strict and exacting1 and least able to  
make allowances and receive palliations1
 are themselves peculiarly sensitive to 
any thing which implies that they are in
 fault4 ,by such1 the spirit implied in 
the ,divine petition1 forgive us our    
trespasses as we forgive those who      
trespass against us1 needs especially to
 be cherished4  ,one other              
consideration1 is very important4 ,there
 is no duty1 more binding on            
,christians1 than that of patience and  
meekness under provocations and         
disappointment4 ,now1 the tendency of   
every sensitive mind1 when thwarted in  
its wishes1 is1 to complain and find    
fault1 and that often in tones of       

fretfulness or anger4 ,but there are few
 domestics1 who have not heard enough of
 the ,bible1 to know that angry or      
fretful fault-finding1 from the mistress
 of a family1 when her work is not done 
to suit her1 is not in agreement with   
the precepts of ,christ4 ,they notice   
and feel the inconsistency2 and every   
woman1 when she gives way to feelings of
 anger and impatience1 at the faults of 
those around her1 lowers herself in     
their respect1 while her own conscience1
 unless very much blinded1 cannot but   
suffer a wound4  ,there are some women1 
who1 in the main1 are amiable1 who seem 
impressed with the idea1 that it is     
their office and duty to find fault with
 their domestics1 whenever any thing is 
not exactly right1 and follow their     
fancied calling without the least       
appearance of tenderness or sympathy1 as
 if the objects of their discipline were
 stocks or stones4 ,the writer once     
heard a domestic1 describing her        
situation in a family which she had     

left1 make this remark of her past      
employer3 ,she was a very good          
housekeeper1 allowed good wages1 and    
gave us many privileges and presents2   
but if we ever did any thing wrong1 she 
always talked to us just as if she      
thought we had no feelings1 and ,i never
 was so unhappy in my life1 as while    
living with her4 ,and this was said of a
 kind-hearted and conscientious woman1  
by a very reasonable and amiable        
domestic4  ,every woman1 who has the    
care of domestics1 should cultivate a   
habit of regarding them with that       
sympathy and forbearance1 which she     
would wish for herself or her daughters1
 if deprived of parents1 fortune1 and   
home4 ,the fewer advantages they have   
enjoyed1 and the greater difficulties of
 temper or of habit they have to contend
 with1 the more claims they have on     
compassionate forbearance4 ,they ought  
ever to be looked upon1 not as the mere 
ministers to our comfort and            
convenience1 but as the humbler and more

 neglected children of our ,heavenly    
,father1 whom ,he has sent to claim our 
sympathy and aid4,n   ,,footnote3  ,n   
,the excellent little work of ,miss     
,sedgwick1 entitled ',live1 and ,let    
,live1' contains many valuable and      
useful hints1 conveyed in a most        
pleasing narrative form1 which every    
housekeeper would do well to read4 ,the 
writer also begs leave to mention a work
 of her own1 entitled1 ',letters to     
,persons engaged in ,domestic ,service4'
     ,,chapter ,,xix4  ,,on ,,the ,,care
 ,,of ,,infants4   ,every young lady    
ought to learn how to take proper care  
of an infant2 for1 even if she is never 
to become the responsible guardian of a 
nursery1 she will often be in situations
 where she can render benevolent aid to 
others1 in this most fatiguing and      
anxious duty4  ,the writer has known    
instances1 in which young ladies1 who1  
having been trained1 by their mothers1  
properly to perform this duty1 were1 in 
some cases1 the means of saving the     

lives of infants1 and in others1 of     
relieving1 by their benevolent aid1 sick
 mothers1 from intolerable care and     
anguish4  ,on this point1 ,dr4 ,combe   
remarks1 ,all women are not destined1 in
 the course of ,nature1 to become       
mothers2 but how very small is the      
number of those1 who are unconnected1 by
 family ties1 friendship1 or sympathy1  
with the children of others6 ,how very  
few are there1 who1 at some time or     
other of their lives1 would not find    
their usefulness and happiness          
increased1 by the possession of a kind  
of knowledge1 intimately allied to their
 best feelings and affections6 ,and how 
important is it1 to the mother herself1 
that her efforts should be seconded by  
intelligent1 instead of ignorant1       
assistants6  ,in order to be prepared   
for such benevolent ministries1 every   
young lady should improve the           
opportunity1 whenever it is afforded    
her1 for learning how to wash1 dress1   
and tend1 a young infant2 and whenever  

she meets with such a work as ,dr4      
,combe's1 on the management of infants1 
she ought to read it1 and remember its  
contents4  ,it was the design of the    
author1 to fill this chapter chiefly    
with extracts from various medical      
writers1 giving some of the most        
important directions on this subject2   
but finding these extracts too prolix   
for a work of this kind1 she has        
condensed them into a shorter compass4  
,some are quoted verbatim1 and some are 
abridged1 chiefly from the writings of  
,doctors ,combe1 ,bell1 and ,eberle1 who
 are among the most approved writers on 
this subject4  ,nearly one half of the  
deaths1 occurring during the first two  
years of existence1 are ascribable to   
mismanagement1 and to errors in diet4   
,at birth1 the stomach is feeble1 and as
 yet unaccustomed to food2 its cravings 
are consequently easily satisfied1 and  
frequently renewed4 ,at that early age1 
there ought to be no fixed time for     
giving nourishment4 ,the stomach cannot 

be thus satisfied4 ,the active call of  
the infant1 is a sign1 which needs never
 be mistaken4  ,but care must be taken  
to determine between the crying of pain 
or uneasiness1 and the call for food2   
and the practice of giving an infant    
food1 to stop its cries1 is often the   
means of increasing its sufferings4     
,after a child has satisfied its hunger1
 from two to four hours should          
intervene1 before another supply is     
given4  ,at birth1 the stomach and      
bowels1 never having been used1 contain 
a quantity of mucous secretion1 which   
requires to be removed4 ,to effect this1
 ,nature has rendered the first portions
 of the mother's milk purposely watery  
and laxative4 ,nurses1 however1         
distrusting ,nature1 often hasten to    
administer some active purgative2 and   
the consequence often is1 irritation in 
the stomach and bowels1 not easily      
subdued4 ,it is only where the child is 
deprived of its mother's milk1 as the   
first food1 that some gentle laxative   

should be given4  ,it is a common       
mistake1 to suppose1 that1 because a    
woman is nursing1 she ought to live very
 fully1 and to add an allowance of wine1
 porter1 or other fermented liquor1 to  
her usual diet4 ,the only result of this
 plan1 is1 to cause an unnatural fulness
 in the system1 which places the nurse  
on the brink of disease1 and retards1   
rather than increases1 the food of the  
infant4 ,more will be gained by the     
observance of the ordinary laws of      
health1 than by any foolish deviation1  
founded on ignorance4  ,there is no     
point1 on which medical men so          
emphatically lift the voice of warning1 
as in reference to administering        
medicines to infants4 ,it is so         
difficult to discover what is the matter
 with an infant1 its frame is so        
delicate and so susceptible1 and slight 
causes have such a powerful influence1  
that it requires the utmost skill and   
judgement to ascertain what would be    
proper medicines1 and the proper        

quantity to be given4  ,says ,dr4       
,combe1 ,that there are cases1 in which 
active means must be promptly used1 to  
save the child1 is perfectly true4 ,but 
it is not less certain1 that these are  
cases1 of which no mother or nurse ought
 to attempt the treatment4 ,as a general
 rule1 where the child is well managed1 
medicine1 of any kind1 is very rarely   
required2 and if disease were more      
generally regarded in its true light1   
not as something thrust into the system1
 which requires to be expelled by force1
 but as an aberration from a natural    
mode of action1 produced by some        
external cause1 we should be in less    
haste to attack it by medicine1 and more
 watchful in its prevention4            
,accordingly1 where a constant demand   
for medicine exists in a nursery1 the   
mother may rest assured1 that there is  
something essentially wrong in the      
treatment of her children4  ,much havoc 
is made among infants1 by the abuse of  
calomel and other medicines1 which      

procure momentary relief1 but end by    
producing incurable disease2 and it has 
often excited my astonishment1 to see   
how recklessly remedies of this kind are
 had recourse to1 on the most trifling  
occasions1 by mothers and nurses1 who   
would be horrified1 if they knew the    
nature of the power they are wielding1  
and the extent of injury they are       
inflicting4  ,instead1 then1 of         
depending on medicine1 for the          
preservation of the health and life of  
an infant1 the following precautions and
 preventives should be adopted4  ,take  
particular care of the food of an       
infant4 ,if it is nourished by the      
mother1 her own diet should be simple1  
nourishing1 and temperate4 ,if the child
 be brought up by hand1 the milk of a   
new-milch cow1 mixed with one third     
water1 and sweetened a little with white
 sugar1 should be the only food given1  
until the teeth come4 ,this is more     
suitable1 than any preparations of flour
 or arrow-root1 the nourishment of which

 is too highly concentrated4 ,never give
 a child bread1 cake1 or meat1 before   
the teeth appear4 ,if the food appear to
 distress the child1 after eating1 first
 ascertain if the milk be really from a 
new-milch cow1 as it may otherwise be   
too old4 ,learn1 also1 whether the cow  
lives on proper food4 ,cows that are fed
 on still-slops1 as is often the case in
 cities1 furnish milk which is very     
unhealthful4  ,be sure and keep a good  
supply of pure and fresh air1 in the    
nursery4 ,on this point1 ,dr4 ,bell     
remarks1 respecting rooms constructed   
without fireplaces1 and without doors or
 windows to let in pure air1 from       
without1 ,the sufferings of children of 
feeble constitutions1 are increased1    
beyond measure1 by such lodgings as     
these4 ,an action1 brought by the       
,commonwealth1 ought to lie against     
those persons1 who build houses for sale
 or rent1 in which rooms are so         
constructed as not to allow of free     
ventilation2 and a writ of lunacy taken 

out against those1 who1 with the        
common-sense experience which all have  
on this head1 should spend any portion  
of their time1 still more1 should sleep1
 in rooms thus nearly air-tight4  ,after
 it is a month or two old1 take an      
infant out to walk1 or ride1 in a little
 wagon1 every fair and warm day2 but be 
very careful that its feet1 and every   
part of its body1 are kept warm3 and be 
sure that its eyes are well protected   
from the light4 ,weak eyes1 and         
sometimes blindness1 are caused by      
neglecting this precaution4 ,keep the   
head of an infant cool1 never allowing  
too warm bonnets1 nor permitting it to  
sink into soft pillows1 when asleep4    
,keeping an infant's head too warm1 very
 much increases nervous irritability2   
and this is the reason why medical men  
forbid the use of caps for infants4 ,but
 the head of an infant should1          
especially while sleeping1 be protected 
from draughts of air1 and from getting  
cold4  ,be very careful of the skin of  

an infant1 as nothing tends so          
effectually to prevent disease4 ,for    
this end1 it should be washed all over1 
every morning1 and then gentle friction 
should be applied1 with the hand1 to the
 back1 stomach1 bowels1 and limbs4 ,the 
head should be thoroughly washed1 every 
day1 and then brushed with a soft       
hair-brush1 or combed with a fine comb4 
,if1 by neglect1 dirt accumulates under 
the hair1 apply1 with the finger1 the   
yolk of an egg1 and then the fine comb  
will remove it all1 without any trouble4
  ,dress the infant1 so that it will be 
always warm1 but not so as to cause     
perspiration4 ,be sure and keep its feet
 always warm2 and1 for this end1 often  
warm them at a fire1 and use long       
dresses4 ,keep the neck and arms        
covered4 ,for this purpose1 wrappers1   
open in front1 made high in the neck1   
with long sleeves1 to put on over the   
frock1 are now very fashionable4  ,it is
 better for both mother and child1 that 
it should not sleep on the mother's arm1

 at night1 unless the weather be        
extremely cold4 ,this practice keeps the
 child too warm1 and leads it to seek   
food too frequently4 ,a child should    
ordinarily take nourishment but twice in
 the night4 ,a crib beside the mother1  
with a plenty of warm and light         
covering1 is best for the child2 but the
 mother must be sure that it is always  
kept warm4 ,never cover a child's head1 
so that it will inhale the air of its   
own lungs4 ,in very warm weather1       
especially in cities1 great pains should
 be taken1 to find fresh and cool air1  
by rides and sailing4 ,walks in a public
 square1 in the cool of the morning1 and
 frequent excursions in ferry or        
steam-boats1 would often save a long    
bill for medical attendance4 ,in hot    
nights1 the windows should be kept open1
 and the infant laid on a mattress1 or  
on folded blankets4 ,a bit of straw     
matting1 laid over a featherbed1 and    
covered with the under sheet1 makes a   
very cool bed for an infant4  ,cool     

bathing1 in hot weather1 is very useful2
 but the water should be very little    
cooler than the skin of the child4 ,when
 the constitution is delicate1 the water
 should be slightly warmed4 ,simply     
sponging the body1 freely1 in a tub1    
answers the same purpose as a regular   
bath4 ,in very warm weather1 this should
 be done two or three times a day1      
always waiting two or three hours after 
food has been given4  ,when the stomach 
is peculiarly irritable1 7from          
teething17 it is of paramount necessity 
to withhold all the nostrums which have 
been so falsely lauded as 'sovereign    
cures for cholera infantum4' ,the true  
restoratives1 to a child threatened with
 disease1 are1 cool air1 cool bathing1  
and cool drinks of simple water1 in     
addition to proper food1 at stated      
intervals4 ,do not take the advice of   
mothers1 who tell of this1 that1 and the
 other thing1 which have proved         
excellent remedies in their experience4 
,children have different constitutions1 

and there are multitudes of different   
causes for their sickness2 and what     
might cure one child1 might kill        
another1 which appeared to have the same
 complaint4 ,a mother should go on the  
general rule1 of giving an infant very  
little medicine1 and then only by the   
direction of a discreet and experienced 
physician4 ,and there are cases1 when1  
according to the views of the most      
distinguished and competent             
practitioners1 physicians themselves are
 much too free in using medicines1      
instead of adopting preventive measures4
  ,do not allow a child to form such    
habits1 that it will not be quiet1      
unless tended and amused4 ,a healthy    
child should be accustomed to lie or sit
 in its cradle1 much of the time2 but it
 should occasionally be taken up1 and   
tossed1 or carried about1 for exercise  
and amusement4 ,an infant should be     
encouraged to creep1 as an exercise very
 strengthening and useful4 ,if the      
mother fears the soiling of its nice    

dresses1 she can keep a long slip or    
apron1 which will entirely cover the    
dress1 and can be removed1 when the     
child is taken in the arms4 ,a child    
should not be allowed1 when quite young1
 to bear its weight on its feet1 very   
long at a time1 as this tends to weaken 
and distort the limbs4  ,many mothers1  
with a little painstaking1 succeed in   
putting their infants1 while awake1 into
 their cradle1 at regular hours1 for    
sleep1 and induce regularity in other   
habits1 which saves much trouble4 ,in   
doing this1 a child may cry1 at first1 a
 great deal2 but for a healthy child1   
this use of the lungs does no harm1 and 
tends rather to strengthen1 than to     
injure1 them4 ,a child who is trained to
 lie or sit1 and amuse itself1 is       
happier than one who is carried and     
tended a great deal1 and thus rendered  
restless and uneasy when not so         
indulged4     ,,chapter ,,xx4  ,,on     
,,the ,,management ,,of ,,young         
,,children4   ,in regard to the physical

 education of children1 ,dr4 ,clarke1   
,physician in ,ordinary to the ,queen of
 ,england1 expresses views1 on one      
point1 in which most physicians would   
coincide4 ,he says1 ,there is no greater
 error in the management of children1   
than that of giving them animal diet    
very early4 ,by persevering in the use  
of an overstimulating diet1 the         
digestive organs become irritated1 and  
the various secretions1 immediately     
connected with1 and necessary to1       
digestion1 are diminished1 especially   
the biliary secretion4 ,children1 so    
fed1 become very liable to attacks of   
fever1 and of inflammation1 affecting1  
particularly1 the mucous membranes2 and 
measles1 and the other diseases incident
 to childhood1 are generally severe in  
their attack4  ,there are some popular  
notions on the subject of the use of    
animal food1 which need to be corrected4
  ,one mistake1 is1 in supposing that   
the formation of the human teeth and    
stomach indicate that man was designed  

to feed on flesh4 ,linnus says1 that the
 organization of man1 when compared with
 other animals1 shows1 that fruits and  
esculent vegetables constitute his most 
suitable food4 ,baron ,cuvier1 the      
highest authority on comparative        
anatomy1 says1 the natural food of man1 
judging from his structure1 appears to  
consist of fruits1 roots1 and other     
succulent parts of vegetables4  ,another
 common mistake1 is1 that the stimulus  
of animal food is necessary for the full
 developement of the physical and       
intellectual powers4 ,this notion is    
disproved by facts4 ,the inhabitants of 
,lapland and ,kamtschatka1 who live     
altogether on animal food1 are among the
 smallest1 weakest1 and most timid1 of  
races4 ,but the ,scotch ,highlanders1   
who1 in a very cold climate1 live almost
 exclusively on milk and vegetable diet1
 are among the bravest1 largest1 and    
most athletic1 of men4 ,the ,south-,sea 
,islanders1 who live almost exclusively 
on fruits and vegetables1 are said to be

 altogether superior to ,english        
sailors1 in strength and agility4 ,an   
intelligent gentleman1 who spent many   
months in ,siberia1 testifies1 that no  
exiles endure the climate better than   
those1 who have all their lives been    
accustomed to a vegetable diet4 ,the    
stoutest and largest tribes in ,africa1 
live solely on vegetable diet1 and the  
bright1 intelligent1 and active ,arabs1 
live entirely on milk and vegetables4   
,the popular notion is1 that animal food
 is more nourishing than vegetable2 but 
on this point1 scientific men hold      
different opinions4 ,experiments1       
repeatedly made by some chemists1 seem  
to prove the contrary4 ,tables have been
 prepared1 showing the amount of        
nutriment in each kind of food1 by which
 it would appear1 that1 while beef      
contains thirty-five per cent4 of       
nutritious matter1 wheat-bread and rice 
contain from eighty to ninety-five per  
cent4 ,the supposed mistake is          
attributed to the fact1 that1 on account

 of the stimulating nature of animal    
food1 it digests easier and more quickly
 than vegetables4 ,many physicians1     
however1 among them1 ,dr4 ,combe1,o are 
of opinion1 that animal food contains a 
greater quantity of nutriment in a given
 bulk1 than either herbaceous or        
farinaceous food4 ,in some diseases1    
too1 meat is better for the stomach than
 vegetables4  ,the largest proportion of
 those1 who have been remarkable for    
having lived to the greatest age1 were  
persons1 whose diet was almost          
exclusively vegetables2 and it is a     
well-known fact1 that the pulse of a    
hardy and robust man1 who lives on      
simple vegetable diet1 is from ten to   
twenty beats less in a minute1 than that
 of men who live on a mixed diet4  ,in  
regard to the intellect1 ,dr4 ,franklin 
asserted1 from experience1 that an      
exclusively vegetable diet promotes     
clearness of ideas and quickness of     
perception2 and is to be preferred1 by  
all who labor with the mind4 ,the       

mightiest efforts of ,sir ,isaac        
,newton1 were performed1 while nourished
 only by bread and water4 ,many other   
men1 distinguished by intellectual      
vigor1 give similar testimony4 ,these   
facts show that animal food is not      
needful1 to secure the perfect          
developement of mind or body4,p  ,the   
result of the treatment of the inmates  
of the ,orphan ,asylum1 at ,albany1 is  
one1 upon which all1 who have the care  
of young children1 should deeply ponder4
 ,during the first six years of the     
existence of this ,institution1 its     
average number of children was eighty4  
,for the first three years1 their diet  
was meat once a day1 fine bread1 rice1  
,indian puddings1 vegetables1 fruit1 and
 milk4 ,considerable attention was given
 to clothing1 fresh air1 and exercise2  
and they were bathed once in three      
weeks4 ,during these three years1 from  
four to six children1 and sometimes     
more1 were continually on the sick-list2
 one or two assistant nurses were       

necessary2 a physician was called1 two  
or three times a week2 and1 in this     
time1 there were between thirty and     
forty deaths4 ,at the end of this       
period1 the management was changed1 in  
these respects3--daily ablutions of the 
whole body were practised2 bread of     
unbolted flour was substituted for that 
of fine wheat2 and all animal food was  
banished4 ,more attention also was paid 
to clothing1 bedding1 fresh air1 and    
exercise4 ,the result was1 that the     
nursery was vacated2 the nurse and      
physician were no longer needed2 and1   
for two years1 not a single case of     
sickness or death occurred4 ,the third  
year1 also1 there were no deaths1 except
 those of two idiots and one other      
child1 all of whom were new inmates1 who
 had not been subjected to this         
treatment4 ,the teachers of the children
 also testified1 that there was a       
manifest increase of intellectual vigor 
and activity1 while there was much less 
irritability of temper4  ,let parents1  

nurses1 and teachers1 reflect on the    
above statement1 and bear in mind1 that 
stupidity of intellect1 and irritability
 of temper1 as well as ill health1 are  
often caused by the mismanagement of the
 nursery1 in regard to the physical     
training of children4 ,there is probably
 no practice1 more deleterious1 than    
that of allowing children to eat at     
short intervals1 through the day4 ,as   
the stomach is thus kept constantly at  
work1 with no time for repose1 its      
functions are deranged1 and a weak or   
disordered stomach is the frequent      
result4 ,children should be required to 
keep cakes1 nuts1 and other good things 
which they may have to eat1 till just   
before a meal1 and then they will form a
 part of their regular supply4 ,this is 
better1 than to wait till after their   
hunger is satisfied by food1 when they  
will eat their niceties merely to       
gratify the palate1 and thus overload   
the stomach4  ,in regard to the         
intellectual training of young children1

 some modification in the common        
practice is necessary1 with reference to
 their physical wellbeing4 ,more care is
 needful1 in providing well-ventilated  
schoolrooms1 and in securing more time  
for sports in the open air1 during      
school hours4 ,it is very important1 to 
most mothers1 that their young children 
should be removed from their care1      
during the six school hours2 and it is  
very useful1 to quite young children1 to
 be subjected to the discipline of a    
school1 and to intercourse with other   
children of their own age4 ,and1 with a 
suitable teacher1 it is no matter how   
early children are sent to school1      
provided their health is not endangered1
 by impure air1 too much confinement1   
and too great mental stimulus4  ,in     
regard to the formation of the moral    
character1 it has been too much the     
case1 that the discipline of the nursery
 has consisted of disconnected efforts  
to make children either do1 or refrain  
from doing1 certain particular acts4 ,do

 this1 and be rewarded2 do that1 and be 
punished2 is the ordinary routine of    
family government4  ,but children can be
 very early taught1 that their          
happiness1 both now and hereafter1      
depends on the formation of habits of   
submission1 self-denial1 and            
benevolence4 ,and all the discipline of 
the nursery can be conducted by the     
parents1 not only with this general aim 
in their own minds1 but also with the   
same object daily set before the minds  
of the children4 ,whenever their wishes 
are crossed1 or their wills subdued1    
they can be taught1 that all this is    
done1 not merely to please the parent1  
or to secure some good to themselves or 
to others2 but as a part of that        
merciful training1 which is designed to 
form such a character1 and such habits1 
that they can hereafter find their chief
 happiness in giving up their will to   
,god1 and in living to do good to       
others1 instead of living merely to     
please themselves4  ,it can be pointed  

out to them1 that they must always      
submit their will to the will of ,god1  
or else be continually miserable4 ,it   
can be shown1 how in the nursery1 and in
 the school1 and through all future     
days1 a child must practise the giving  
up of his will and wishes1 when they    
interfere with the rights and comfort of
 others2 and how important it is1 early 
to learn to do this1 so that it will1 by
 habit1 become easy and agreeable4 ,it  
can be shown1 how children1 who are     
indulged in all their wishes1 and who   
are never accustomed to any self-denial1
 always find it hard to refrain from    
what injures themselves and others4 ,it 
can be shown1 also1 how important it is1
 for every person1 to form such habits  
of benevolence1 towards others1 that    
self-denial1 in doing good1 will become 
easy4  ,parents have learned1 by        
experience1 that children can be        
constrained1 by authority and penalties1
 to exercise self-denial1 for their own 
good1 till a habit is formed1 which     

makes the duty comparatively easy4 ,for 
example1 well-trained children can be   
accustomed to deny themselves tempting  
articles of food1 which are injurious1  
until the practice ceases to be painful 
and difficult4 ,whereas1 an indulged    
child would be thrown into fits of anger
 or discontent1 when its wishes were    
crossed1 by restraints of this kind4    
,but it has not been so readily         
discerned1 that the same method is      
needful1 in order to form a habit of    
self-denial1 in doing good to others4   
,it has been supposed1 that1 while      
children must be forced1 by authority1  
to be self-denying and prudent1 in      
regard to their own happiness1 it may   
properly be left to their own           
discretion1 whether they will practise  
any self-denial in doing good to others4
 ,but the more difficult a duty is1 the 
greater is the need of parental         
authority1 in forming a habit1 which    
will make that duty easy4  ,in order to 
secure this1 some parents turn their    

earliest efforts to this object4 ,they  
require the young child always to offer 
to others a part of every thing which it
 receives2 always to comply with all    
reasonable requests of others for       
service2 and often to practise little   
acts of self-denial1 in order to secure 
some enjoyment for others4 ,if one child
 receives a present of some nicety1 he  
is required to share it with all his    
brothers and sisters4 ,if one asks his  
brother to help him in some sport1 and  
is met with a denial1 the parent        
requires the unwilling child to act     
benevolently1 and give up some of his   
time to increase his brother's          
enjoyment4 ,of course1 in such an effort
 as this1 discretion must be used1 as to
 the frequency and extent of the        
exercise of authority1 to induce a habit
 of benevolence4 ,but1 where parents    
deliberately aim at such an object1 and 
wisely conduct their instructions and   
discipline to secure it1 very much will 
be accomplished4  ,religious influence  

should be brought to bear directly upon 
this point4 ,in the very beginning of   
religious instruction1 ,jesus ,christ   
should be presented to the child1 as    
that great and good ,being1 who came    
into this world to teach children how to
 be happy1 both here and hereafter4 ,he1
 who made it ,his meat and drink to do  
the will of ,his ,heavenly ,father2 who1
 in the humblest station1 and most      
destitute condition1 denied ,himself1   
daily1 and went about doing good2 should
 constantly be presented as the object  
of their imitation4 ,and as nothing so  
strongly influences the minds of        
children1 as the sympathy and example of
 a present friend1 all those1 who       
believe ,him to be an ever-present      
,saviour1 should avail themselves of    
this powerful aid4 ,under such training1
 ,jesus ,christ should be constantly    
presented to them1 as their             
ever-watchful1 tender1 and sympathizing 
friend4 ,if the abstract idea of an     
unembodied ,spirit with the majestic    

attributes of ,deity1 be difficult for  
the mind of infancy to grasp1 the       
simple1 the gentle1 the lovely1         
character of ,christ1 is exactly adapted
 to the wants and comprehension of a    
child4 ,in this view1 how touching is   
the language of the ,saviour1 to ,his   
misjudging disciples1 ,suffer the little
 children to come unto me6  ,in regard  
to forming habits of obedience1 there   
have been two extremes1 both of which   
need to be shunned4 ,one is1 a stern and
 unsympathizing maintenance of parental 
authority1 demanding perfect and        
constant obedience1 without any attempt 
to convince a child of the propriety and
 benevolence of the requisitions1 and   
without any manifestation of sympathy   
and tenderness for the pain and         
difficulties which are to be met4 ,under
 such discipline1 children grow up to   
fear their parents1 rather than to love 
and trust them2 while some of the most  
valuable principles of character1 are   
chilled1 or forever blasted4  ,in       

shunning this danger1 other parents pass
 to the opposite extreme4 ,they put     
themselves too much on the footing of   
equals with their children1 as if little
 were due to superiority of relation1   
age1 and experience4 ,nothing is        
exacted1 without the implied concession 
that the child is to be a judge of the  
propriety of the requisition2 and reason
 and persuasion are employed1 where     
simple command and obedience would be   
far better4 ,this system produces a most
 pernicious influence4 ,children soon   
perceive the position1 thus allowed     
them1 and take every advantage of it4   
,they soon learn to dispute parental    
requirements1 acquire habits of         
forwardness and conceit1 assume         
disrespectful manners and address1      
maintain their views with pertinacity1  
and yield to authority with ill-humor   
and resentment1 as if their rights were 
infringed4  ,the medium course1 is1 for 
the parent to take the attitude of a    
superior1 in age1 knowledge1 and        

relation1 who has a perfect right to    
control every action of the child1 and  
that1 too1 without giving any reason for
 the requisitions4 ,obey1 because your  
parent commands1 is always a proper and 
sufficient reason4  ,but care should be 
taken1 to convince the child that the   
parent is conducting a course of        
discipline1 designed to make him happy2 
and in forming habits of implicit       
obedience1 self-denial1 and benevolence1
 the child should have the reasons for  
most requisitions kindly stated2 never1 
however1 on the demand of it1 from the  
child1 as a right1 but as an act of     
kindness from the parent4  ,it is       
impossible to govern children properly1 
especially those of strong and sensitive
 feelings1 without a constant effort to 
appreciate the value which they attach  
to their enjoyments and pursuits4 ,a    
lady1 of great strength of mind and     
sensibility1 once told the writer1 that 
one of the most acute periods of        
suffering1 in her whole life1 was       

occasioned by the burning up of some    
milkweed-silk1 by her mother4 ,the child
 had found1 for the first time1 some of 
this shining and beautiful substance2   
was filled with delight at her          
discovery2 was arranging it in parcels2 
planning its future uses1 and her       
pleasure in showing it to her           
companions1--when her mother1 finding it
 strewed over the carpet1 hastily swept 
it into the fire1 and that1 too1 with so
 indifferent an air1 that the child fled
 away1 almost distracted with grief and 
disappointment4 ,the mother little      
realized the pain she had inflicted1 but
 the child felt the unkindness1 so      
severely1 that for several days her     
mother was an object almost of aversion4
  ,while1 therefore1 the parent needs to
 carry on a steady course1 which will   
oblige the child always to give up its  
will1 whenever its own good1 or the     
greater claims of others1 require it1   
this should be constantly connected with
 the expression of a tender sympathy1   

for the trials and disappointments thus 
inflicted4 ,those1 who will join with   
children1 and help them along in their  
sports1 will learn1 by this mode1 to    
understand the feelings and interests of
 childhood2 while1 at the same time1    
they secure a degree of confidence and  
affection1 which cannot be gained so    
easily1 in any other way4 ,and it is to 
be regretted1 that parents so often     
relinquish this most powerful mode of   
influence1 to domestics and playmates1  
who often use it in the most pernicious 
manner4 ,in joining in such sports1     
older persons should never relinquish   
the attitude of superiors1 or allow     
disrespectful manners or address4 ,and  
respectful deportment is never more     
cheerfully accorded1 than in seasons1   
when young hearts are pleased1 and made 
grateful1 by having their tastes and    
enjoyments so efficiently promoted4     
,next to the want of all government1 the
 two most fruitful sources of evil to   
children1 are1 unsteadiness in          

government1 and over-government4 ,most  
of the cases1 in which the children of  
sensible and conscientious parents turn 
out badly1 result from one or the other 
of these causes4 ,in cases of unsteady  
government1 either one parent is very   
strict1 severe1 and unbending1 and the  
other excessively indulgent1 or else the
 parents are sometimes very strict and  
decided1 and at other times allow       
disobedience to go unpunished4 ,in such 
cases1 children1 never knowing exactly  
when they can escape with impunity1 are 
constantly tempted to make the trial4   
,the bad effects of this1 can be better 
appreciated1 by reference to one        
important principle of the mind4 ,it is 
found to be universally true1 that1 when
 any object of desire is put entirely   
beyond the reach of hope or expectation1
 the mind very soon ceases to long for  
it1 and turns to other objects of       
pursuit4 ,but1 so long as the mind is   
hoping for some good1 and making efforts
 to obtain it1 any opposition excites   

irritable feelings4 ,let the object be  
put entirely beyond all hope1 and this  
irritation soon ceases4 ,in consequence 
of this principle1 those children1 who  
are under the care of persons of steady 
and decided government1 know1 that      
whenever a thing is forbidden or denied1
 it is out of the reach of hope2 the    
desire1 therefore1 soon ceases1 and they
 turn to other objects4 ,but the        
children of undecided1 or of            
over-indulgent parents1 never enjoy this
 preserving aid4 ,when a thing is       
denied1 they never know but either      
coaxing may win it1 or disobedience     
secure it without any penalty1 and so   
they are kept in that state of hope and 
anxiety1 which produces irritation1 and 
tempts to insubordination4 ,the children
 of very indulgent parents1 and of those
 who are undecided and unsteady in      
government1 are very apt to become      
fretful1 irritable1 and fractious4      
,another class of persons1 in shunning  
this evil1 go to the other extreme1 and 

are very strict and pertinacious1 in    
regard to every requisition4 ,with them1
 fault-finding and penalties abound1    
until the children are either hardened  
into indifference of feeling1 and       
obtuseness of conscience1 or else become
 excessively irritable1 or misanthropic4
  ,it demands great wisdom1 patience1   
and self-control1 to escape these two   
extremes4 ,in aiming at this1 there are 
parents1 who have found the following   
maxims of very great value4 ,first1     
,avoid1 as much as possible1 the        
multiplication of rules and absolute    
commands4 ,instead of this1 take the    
attitude of advisers4 ,my child1 this is
 improper1 ,i wish you would remember   
not to do it4 ,this mode of address     
answers for all the little acts of      
heedlessness1 awkwardness1 or           
ill-manners1 so frequently occurring1   
with children4 ,there are cases1 when   
direct and distinct commands are        
needful2 and1 in such cases1 a penalty  
for disobedience should be as steady and

 sure as the laws of ,nature4 ,where    
such steadiness1 and certainty of       
penalty1 attend disobedience1 children  
no more think of disobeying1 than they  
do of putting their fingers in a burning
 candle4  ,the next maxim1 is1 ,govern  
by rewards1 more than by penalties4     
,such faults as wilful disobedience1    
lying1 dishonesty1 and indecent or      
profane language1 should be punished    
with severe penalties1 after a child has
 been fully instructed in the evil of   
such practices4 ,but all the            
constantly-recurring faults of the      
nursery1 such as ill-humor1 quarrelling1
 carelessness1 and ill-manners1 may1 in 
a great many cases1 be regulated by     
gentle and kind remonstrances1 and by   
the offer of some reward for persevering
 efforts to form a good habit4 ,it is   
very injurious and degrading to any     
mind1 to be kept under the constant fear
 of penalties4 ,love and hope are the   
principles that should be mainly relied 
on1 in forming the habits of childhood4 

,another maxim1 and perhaps the most    
difficult1 is1 ,do not govern by the aid
 of severe and angry tones4 ,a single   
example will be given to illustrate this
 maxim4 ,a child is disposed to talk and
 amuse itself1 at table4 ,the mother    
requests it to be silent1 except when   
needing to ask for food1 or when spoken 
to by its older friends4 ,it constantly 
forgets4 ,the mother1 instead of        
rebuking1 in an impatient tone1 says1   
,my child1 you must remember not to     
talk4 ,i will remind you of it four     
times more1 and after that1 whenever you
 forget1 you must leave the table1 and  
wait till we are done4 ,if the mother is
 steady in her government1 it is not    
probable that she will have to apply    
this slight penalty more than once or   
twice4 ,this method is far more         
effectual1 than the use of sharp and    
severe tones1 to secure attention and   
recollection1 and often answers the     
purpose1 as well as offering some       
reward4  ,the writer has been in some   

families1 where the most efficient and  
steady government has been sustained1   
without the use of a cross or angry     
tone2 and in others1 where a far less   
efficient discipline was kept up1 by    
frequent severe rebukes and angry       
remonstrances4 ,in the first case1 the  
children followed the example set them1 
and seldom used severe tones to each    
other2 in the latter1 the method        
employed by the parents1 was imitated by
 the children2 and cross words and angry
 tones resounded from morning till      
night1 in every portion of the          
household4  ,another important maxim1   
is1 ,try to keep children in a happy    
state of mind4 ,every one knows1 by     
experience1 that it is easier to do     
right1 and submit to rule1 when cheerful
 and happy1 than when irritated4 ,this  
is peculiarly true of children2 and a   
wise mother1 when she finds her child   
fretful and impatient1 and thus         
constantly doing wrong1 will often      
remedy the whole difficulty1 by telling 

some amusing story1 or by getting the   
child engaged in some amusing sport4    
,this strongly shows the importance of  
learning to govern children without the 
employment of angry tones1 which always 
produce irritation4  ,children of       
active1 heedless temperament1 or those  
who are odd1 awkward1 or unsuitable1 in 
their remarks and deportment1 are often 
essentially injured1 by a want of       
patience and self-control in those who  
govern them4 ,such children1 often      
possess a morbid sensibility1 which they
 strive to conceal1 or a desire of love 
and approbation1 which preys like a     
famine on the soul4 ,and yet1 they      
become objects of ridicule and rebuke1  
to almost every member of the family1   
until their sensibilities are tortured  
into obtuseness or misanthropy4 ,such   
children1 above all others1 need        
tenderness and sympathy4 ,a thousand    
instances of mistake or forgetfulness   
should be passed over1 in silence1 while
 opportunities for commendation and     

encouragement should be diligently      
sought4  ,in regard to the formation of 
habits of self-denial1 in childhood1 it 
is astonishing to see how parents1 who  
are very sensible1 often seem to regard 
this matter4 ,instead of inuring their  
children to this duty1 in early life1 so
 that by habit it may be made easy in   
after-days1 they seem to be studiously  
seeking to cut them off1 from every     
chance to secure such a preparation4    
,every wish of the child is studiously  
gratified2 and1 where a necessity       
exists1 of crossing its wishes1 some    
compensating pleasure is offered1 in    
return4 ,such parents1 often maintain   
that nothing shall be put on their      
table1 which their children may not join
 them in eating4 ,but where1 so easily  
and surely as at the daily meal1 can    
that habit of self-denial be formed1    
which is so needful in governing the    
appetites1 and which children must      
acquire1 or be ruined8 ,the food which  
is proper for grown persons1 is often   

unsuitable for children2 and this is a  
sufficient reason for accustoming them  
to see others partake of delicacies1    
which they must not share4 ,requiring   
children to wait till others are helped1
 and to refrain from conversation at    
table1 except when addressed by their   
elders1 is another mode of forming      
habits of self-denial and self-control4 
,requiring them to help others1 first1  
and to offer the best to others1 has a  
similar influence4  ,in forming the     
moral habits of children1 it is wise to 
take into account the peculiar          
temptations to which they are to be     
exposed4 ,the people of this ,nation are
 eminently a trafficking people2 and the
 present standard of honesty1 as to     
trade and debts1 is very low1 and every 
year seems sinking still lower4 ,it is1 
therefore1 pre-eminently important1 that
 children should be trained to strict   
honesty1 both in word and deed4 ,it is  
not merely teaching children to avoid   
absolute lying1 which is needed4 ,all   

kinds of deceit should be guarded       
against2 and all kinds of little        
dishonest practices be strenuously      
opposed4 ,a child should be brought up  
with the determined principle1 never to 
run in debt1 but to be content to live  
in an humbler way1 in order to secure   
that true independence1 which should be 
the noblest distinction of an ,american 
citizen4  ,there is no more important   
duty1 devolving upon a mother1 than the 
cultivation of habits of modesty and    
propriety in young children4 ,all       
indecorous words or deportment1 should  
be carefully restrained2 and delicacy   
and reserve studiously cherished4 ,it is
 a common notion1 that it is important  
to secure these virtues to one sex1 more
 than to the other2 and1 by a strange   
inconsistency1 the sex most exposed to  
danger1 is the one selected as least    
needing care4 ,but a wise mother will be
 especially careful1 that her sons are  
trained to modesty and purity of mind4  
,but few mothers are sufficiently aware 

of the dreadful penalties which often   
result from indulged impurity of        
thought4 ,if children1 in future life1  
can be preserved from licentious        
associates1 it is supposed that their   
safety is secured4 ,but the records of  
our insane retreats1 and the pages of   
medical writers1 teach1 that even in    
solitude1 and without being aware of the
 sin or the danger1 children may inflict
 evils on themselves1 which not         
unfrequently terminate in disease1      
delirium1 and death4 ,every mother and  
every teacher1 therefore1 carefully     
avoiding all explanation of the mystery1
 should teach the young1 that the       
indulgence of impure thoughts and       
actions1 is visited by the most awful   
and terrific penalties4 ,disclosing the 
details of vice1 in order to awaken     
dread of its penalties1 is a most       
dangerous experiment1 and often leads to
 the very evils feared4 ,the attempts   
made1 in late years1 to guard children  
from future dangers1 by circulating     

papers1 and books of warning and        
information1 have led to such frightful 
results1 that it is hoped the experiment
 will never again be pursued4 ,the      
safest course1 is1 to cultivate habits  
of modesty and delicacy1 and to teach1  
that all impure thoughts1 words1 and    
actions1 are forbidden by ,god1 and are 
often visited by the most dreadful      
punishment4 ,at the same time1 it is    
important for mothers to protect the    
young mind from false notions of        
delicacy4 ,it should be shown1 that     
whatever is necessary1 to save from     
suffering or danger1 must be met1       
without shame or aversion2 and that all1
 which ,god has instituted1 is wise1 and
 right1 and pure4  ,it is in reference  
to these dangers1 that mothers and      
teachers should carefully guard the     
young from those highly-wrought         
fictions1 which lead the imagination    
astray2 and especially from that class  
of licentious works1 made interesting by
 genius and taste1 which have flooded   

this ,country1 and which are often found
 on the parlor table1 even of moral and 
,christian people4 ,of this class1 the  
writings of ,bulwer stand conspicuous4  
,the only difference1 between some of   
his works and the obscene prints1 for   
vending which men suffer the penalties  
of the law1 is1 that the last are so    
gross1 as to revolt the taste and       
startle the mind to resistance1 while   
,bulwer presents the same ideas1 so     
clothed in the fascinations of taste and
 genius1 as most insidiously to seduce  
the unwary4 ,it seems to be the chief   
aim of this licentious writer1 to make  
thieves1 murderers1 and adulterers1     
appear beautiful1 refined1 and          
interesting4 ,it is time that all       
virtuous persons in the community should
 rise in indignation1 not only against  
the writers1 but the venders of such    
poison4   ,,footnotes3  ,o ,see his     
',physiology of ,digestion considered   
with relation to the ,principles of     
,dietetics1' issued by the ,publishers  

of this work4  ,p ,the writer is not an 
advocate for total abstinence from      
animal food4 ,she coincides with the    
best authorities1 in thinking that      
adults eat too much2 that children1     
while growing1 should eat very little1  
and quite young children1 none at all4  
,,chapter ,,xxi4  ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of
 ,,the ,,sick4   ,every woman who has   
the care of young children1 or of a     
large family1 is frequently called upon1
 to advise what shall be done1 for some 
one who is indisposed2 and often1 in    
circumstances where she must trust      
solely to her own judgement4 ,in such   
cases1 some err1 by neglecting to do any
 thing at all1 till the patient is quite
 sick2 but a still greater number err1  
from excessive and injurious dosing4    
,the two great causes of the ordinary   
slight attacks of illness1 in a family1 
are1 sudden chills1 which close the     
pores of the skin1 and thus affect the  
throat1 lungs1 or bowels2 and the       
excessive or improper use of food4 ,in  

most cases1 of illness from the first   
cause1 bathing the feet1 and some       
aperient drink to induce perspiration1  
are suitable remedies4 ,a slight        
cathartic1 also1 is often serviceable4  
,in case of illness from improper food1 
or excess in eating1 fasting1 for one or
 two meals1 to give the system time and 
chance to relieve itself1 is the safest 
remedy4 ,sometimes1 a gentle cathartic  
may be needful2 but it is best first to 
try fasting4  ,the following extract    
from a discourse of ,dr4 ,burne1 before 
the ,london ,medical ,society1 contains 
important information4 ,in civilized    
life1 the causes1 which are most        
generally and continually operating in  
the production of diseases1 are1        
affections of the mind1 improper diet1  
and retention of the intestinal         
excretions4 ,the undue retention of     
excrementitious matter1 allows of the   
absorption of its more liquid parts1    
which is a cause of great impurity to   
the blood1 and the excretions1 thus     

rendered hard and knotty1 act more or   
less as extraneous substances1 and1 by  
their irritation1 produce a             
determination of blood to the intestines
 and to the neighboring viscera1 which  
ultimately ends in inflammation4 ,it    
also has a great effect on the whole    
system2 causes a determination of blood 
to the head1 which oppresses the brain  
and dejects the mind2 deranges the      
functions of the stomach2 causes        
flatulency2 and produces a general state
 of discomfort4  ,dr4 ,combe remarks1 on
 this subject1 ,in the natural and      
healthy state1 under a proper system of 
diet1 and with sufficient exercise1 the 
bowels are relieved regularly1 once     
every day4 ,habit is powerful in        
modifying the result1 and in sustaining 
healthy action when once fairly         
established4 ,hence the obvious         
advantage of observing as much          
regularity1 in relieving the system1 as 
in taking our meals4 ,it is often the   
case that soliciting ,nature at a       

regular period1 once a day1 will remedy 
constipation1 without medicine1 and     
induce a regular and healthy state of   
the bowels4 ,when1 however1 as most     
frequently happens1 the constipation    
arises from the absence of all          
assistance from the abdominal and       
respiratory muscles1 the first step to  
be taken1 is1 again to solicit their    
aid2 first1 by removing all impediments 
to free respiration1 such as stays1     
waistbands and belts2 secondly1 by      
resorting to such active exercises1 as  
shall call the muscles into full and    
regular action2 and1 lastly1 by         
proportioning the quantity of food to   
the wants of the system1 and the        
condition of the digestive organs4 ,if  
we employ these means1 systematically   
and perseveringly1 we shall rarely fail 
in at last restoring the healthy action 
of the bowels1 with little aid from     
medicine4 ,but if we neglect these      
modes1 we may go on1 for years1 adding  
pill to pill1 and dose to dose1 without 

ever attaining the end at which we aim4 
,there is no point1 in which a woman    
needs more knowledge and discretion1    
than in administering remedies for what 
seem slight attacks1 which are not      
supposed to require the attention of a  
physician4 ,it is little realized1 that 
purgative drugs are unnatural modes of  
stimulating the internal organs1 tending
 to exhaust them of their secretions1   
and to debilitate and disturb the animal
 economy4 ,for this reason1 they should 
be used as little as possible2 and      
fasting1 and perspiration1 and the other
 methods pointed out1 should always be  
first resorted to4 ,when medicine must  
be given1 it should be borne in mind1   
that there are various classes of       
purgatives1 which produce very diverse  
effects4 ,some1 like salts1 operate to  
thin the blood1 and reduce the system2  
others are stimulating2 and others have 
a peculiar operation on certain organs4 
,of course1 great discrimination and    
knowledge is needed1 in order to select 

the kind1 which is suitable to the      
particular disease1 or to the particular
 constitution of the invalid4 ,this     
shows the folly of using the many kinds 
of pills1 and other quack medicines1    
where no knowledge can be had of their  
composition4 ,pills which are good for  
one kind of disease1 might operate as   
poison in another state of the system4  
,it is wise to keep always on hand some 
simple cathartic1 for family use1 in    
slight attacks2 and always to resort to 
medical advice1 whenever powerful       
remedies seem to be demanded4,q ,it is  
very common1 in cases of colds which    
affect the lungs or throat1 to continue 
to try one dose after another1 for      
relief4 ,it will be well to bear in     
mind1 at such times1 that all which goes
 into the stomach1 must be first        
absorbed into the blood1 before it can  
reach the diseased part2 and that there 
is some danger of injuring the stomach1 
or other parts of the system1 by such a 
variety of doses1 many of which1 it is  

probable1 will be directly contradictory
 in their nature1 and thus neutralize   
any supposed benefit they might         
separately impart4  ,it is very unwise1 
to tempt the appetite of a person who is
 indisposed4 ,the cessation of appetite 
is the warning of ,nature1 that the     
system is in such a state1 that food    
cannot be digested4  ,the following     
suggestions may be found useful1 in     
regard to nursing the sick4 ,as nothing 
contributes more to the restoration of  
health1 than pure air1 it should be a   
primary object1 to keep a sick-room well
 ventilated4 ,at least twice in the     
twenty-four hours1 the patient should be
 well covered1 and fresh air freely     
admitted from out of doors4 ,after this1
 if need be1 the room should be restored
 to a proper temperature1 by the aid of 
a fire4 ,bedding and clothing should    
also be well aired1 and frequently      
changed2 as the exhalations from the    
body1 in sickness1 are peculiarly       
deleterious4 ,frequent ablutions1 of the

 whole body1 if possible1 are very      
useful2 and for these1 warm water may be
 employed4  ,the following1 are useful  
directions for dressing a blister4      
,spread thinly1 on a linen cloth1 an    
ointment1 composed of one third of      
beeswax to two thirds of tallow2 lay    
this upon a linen cloth1 folded many    
times4 ,with a sharp pair of scissors1  
make an aperture in the lower part of   
the bag of water1 with a little hole1   
above1 to give it vent4 ,break the      
raised skin as little as possible4 ,lay 
on the cloth1 spread as directed4 ,the  
blister1 at first1 should be dressed as 
often as three times in a day1 and the  
dressing renewed each time4  ,a         
sick-room should always be kept very    
neat1 and in perfect order2 and all     
haste1 noise1 and bustle1 should be     
avoided4 ,in order to secure neatness1  
order1 and quiet1 in case of long       
illness1 the following arrangements     
should be made4 ,keep a large box for   
fuel1 which will need to be filled only 

twice in twenty-four hours4 ,provide1   
also1 and keep in the room1 or an       
adjacent closet1 a small teakettle1 a   
saucepan1 a pail of water1 for drinks   
and ablutions1 a pitcher1 a covered     
porringer1 two pint bowls1 two tumblers1
 two cups and saucers1 two wine glasses1
 two large and two small spoons2 also1 a
 dish in which to wash these articles2 a
 good supply of towels1 and a broom4    
,keep a slop-bucket1 near by1 to receive
 the wash of the room4 ,procuring all   
these articles at once1 will save much  
noise and confusion4  ,whenever medicine
 or food is given1 spread a clean towel 
over the person or bedclothing1 and get 
a clean handkerchief1 as nothing is more
 annoying to a weak stomach1 than the   
stickiness and soiling produced by      
medicine and food4 ,keep the fireplace  
neat1 and always wash all articles1 and 
put them in order1 as soon as they are  
out of use4  ,a sick person has nothing 
to do1 but look about the room2 and when
 every thing is neat and in order1 a    

feeling of comfort is induced1 while    
disorder1 filth1 and neglect1 are       
constant objects of annoyance1 which1 if
 not complained of1 are yet felt4       
,always prepare food for the sick1 in   
the neatest and most careful manner4 ,it
 is in sickness1 that the senses of     
smell and taste are most susceptible of 
annoyance2 and often1 little mistakes or
 negligences1 in preparing food1 will   
take away all appetite4  ,food for the  
sick1 should be cooked on coals1 that no
 smoke may have access to it2 and great 
care must be taken1 to prevent any      
adherence to the bottom1 as this always 
gives a disagreeable taste4  ,keeping   
clean handkerchiefs and towels at hand1 
cooling the pillows1 sponging the hands 
with water1 swabbing the mouth with a   
clean linen rag1 on the end of a stick1 
are modes of increasing the comfort of  
the sick4 ,always throw a shawl over a  
sick person1 when raised up4  ,be       
careful to understand a physician's     
directions1 and to obey them implicitly4

 ,if it be supposed that any other      
person knows better about the case1 than
 the physician1 dismiss the physician1  
and employ that person in his stead4    
,in nursing the sick1 always speak      
gently and cheeringly2 and1 while you   
express sympathy for their pain and     
trials1 stimulate them to bear all with 
fortitude1 and with resignation to ,him 
who has appointed the trial4 ,offer to  
read the ,bible1 or other devotional    
books1 whenever it is suitable1 and will
 not be deemed obtrusive4  ,it is always
 best to consult the physician1 as to   
where medicines shall be purchased1 and 
to show the articles to him before using
 them1 as great impositions are         
practised in selling old1 useless1 and  
adulterated drugs4 ,always put labels on
 vials of medicine1 and keep them out of
 the reach of children4  ,be careful to 
label all powders1 and particularly all 
white powders2 as many poisonous        
medicines1 in this form1 are easily     
mistaken for others which are harmless4 

,,footnote3  ,q ,the following          
electuary1 by a distinguished physician1
 is used by many friends of the writer1 
as a standing resort1 in cases of       
constipation1 or where a gentle         
cathartic is needed4 ,one recommendation
 of it1 is1 that children always love   
it1 and eat the pills as good plums4    
,two ounces of powdered ,senna2 one     
ounce of ,cream of ,tartar2 one ounce of
 ,sulphur2 mixed with sufficient        
,confection of ,senna1 to form an       
electuary4 ,make this into pills1 of the
 size of peas1 and give a young child   
two or three1 as the case may be4       
,taking three pills1 every night1 will  
generally relieve constipation in an    
adult4     ,,chapter ,,xxii4  ,,on      
,,accidents ,,and ,,antidotes4   ,when  
serious accidents occur1 medical aid    
should be immediately procured4 ,till   
that can be done1 the following         
directions may be useful4  ,when a child
 has any thing in its throat1 first try1
 with the finger1 to get the article up4

 ,if this cannot be done1 push it down  
into the stomach1 with a smooth elastic 
stick4 ,if the article be a pin1 sharp  
bone1 glass1 or other cutting substance1
 give an emetic which will immediately  
operate4  ,in the case of a common cut1 
bind the lips of the wound together1    
with a rag1 and put nothing else on4 ,if
 the cut be large1 and so situated that 
rags will not bind it together1 use     
sticking plaster1 cut in strips and laid
 obliquely across the cut4 ,sometimes it
 is needful to take a stitch1 with a    
needle and thread1 on each lip of the   
wound1 and draw the two sides together4 
,if an artery be cut1 it must be        
immediately tied up1 or the person will 
bleed to death4 ,the blood from an      
artery is of a bright red color1 and    
spirts out1 in regular jets1 at each    
beat of the heart4 ,take up the bleeding
 end of the artery1 and hold it1 or tie 
it up1 till a surgeon comes4 ,when the  
artery cannot be found1 and in all cases
 of bad cuts on any of the limbs1 apply 

compression2 when it can be done1 tie a 
very tight bandage above the wound1 if  
it be below the heart1 and below if the 
wound be above the heart4 ,put a stick  
into the band1 and twist it as tight as 
can be borne1 till surgical aid be      
obtained4  ,bathe bad bruises in hot    
water1 or hot spirits1 or a decoction of
 bitter herbs4 ,entire rest1 is the     
remedy for sprains4 ,bathing in warm    
water1 or warm whiskey is very useful4  
,a sprained leg should be kept in a     
horizontal position1 on a bed or sofa4  
,when a leg is broken1 tie it to the    
other leg1 to keep it still2 and1 if    
possible1 get a surgeon1 before the limb
 swells4 ,bind a broken arm to a piece  
of shingle1 and keep it still1 till it  
is set4  ,in case of a blow on the head1
 or a fall1 causing insensibility1 use a
 mustard paste on the back of the neck  
and pit of the stomach1 and rub the body
 with spirits4 ,after the circulation is
 restored1 bleeding is often necessary2 
but it is very dangerous to attempt it  

before4  ,in cases of bad burns1 where  
the skin is taken off1 the great aim    
should be1 to keep the injured part from
 the air4 ,for this purpose1 sprinkle on
 flour1 or apply a liniment1 made of    
linseed oil and lime-water1 in equal    
quantities4 ,sweet-oil1 on cotton1 is   
good1 and with laudanum1 alleviates     
pain3 but many skins cannot bear the    
application of raw cotton1 which is     
sometimes very good4 ,when a dressing is
 put on1 do not remove it1 as it will be
 sure to protract the cure1 by admitting
 the air4  ,in case of drowning1 lay the
 person in a warm bed1 or on blankets1  
on the right side1 with the head raised1
 and a little inclined forward4 ,clear  
the mouth with the fingers1 and         
cautiously apply hartshorn to the nose4 
,raise the heat of the body1 by bottles 
of warm water1 applied to the pit of the
 stomach1 armpits1 groins1 and soles of 
the feet4 ,apply friction to the whole  
body1 with warm hands and cloths dipped 
in warm spirits of camphor4 ,endeavor to

 produce the natural action of the      
lungs1 by introducing the nose of a     
bellows into one nostril and closing the
 other1 at the same time pressing on the
 throat1 to close the gullet4 ,when the 
lungs are thus inflated1 press gently on
 the breast and belly1 and continue the 
process1 for a long time4 ,cases have   
been known1 where efforts have been     
protracted eight or ten hours1 without  
effect1 and then have proved successful4
 ,rolling the body on a barrel1         
suspending it by the heels1 giving      
injections of tobacco1 and many other   
practices1 which have been common1 are  
highly injurious4 ,after signs of life  
appear1 give small quantities of wine1  
or spirits and water4  ,in cases of     
poisoning1 from corrosive sublimate1    
beat up the whites of twelve eggs1 mix  
them in two quarts of water1 and give a 
tumbler full every three minutes1 till  
vomiting is produced4 ,this is the      
surest remedy4 ,when this is not at     
hand1 fill the stomach1 in like manner1 

with any mucilaginous substance1 such as
 gum and water1 flaxseed1 or            
slippery-elm-bark tea4 ,flour and water1
 or sugar and water1 in great           
quantities1 are next best2 and if none  
of these be at hand1 give copious       
draughts of water alone4  ,in case of   
poisoning from arsenic1 cobalt1 or any  
such mineral1 administer1 as soon as    
possible1 large quantities of lime-water
 and sugared-water1 of warm1 or even of 
cold water1 or of flaxseed tea1 or some 
other mucilaginous drink1 to distend the
 stomach and produce immediate vomiting1
 and thereby eject the poison4  ,if     
opium1 or any of its preparations1 has  
been taken1 in dangerous quantities1    
induce vomiting1 without a moment's     
unnecessary delay1 by giving1           
immediately1 in a small quantity of     
water1 ten grains of ipecac1 and ten    
grains of sulphate of zinc1 7white      
vitriol1 which is the most prompt emetic
 known17 and repeat the dose every      
fifteen minutes1 till the stomach is    

entirely emptied4 ,where white vitriol  
is not at hand1 substitute three or four
 grains of blue vitriol1 7sulphate of   
copper47 ,when the stomach is emptied1  
but not before1 give1 every ten minutes1
 alternately1 a cup of acid drink1 and a
 cup of very strong coffee1 made by     
pouring a pint of boiling water on a    
quarter of a pound of ground burnt      
coffee1 and letting it stand ten        
minutes1 and then straining it4         
,continue these drinks1 till the danger 
is over4 ,dash cold water on the head1  
apply friction to the body1 and keep the
 person in constant motion1 to prevent  
sleep4  ,if any kind of acid be taken1  
in poisonous quantities1 give strong    
pearlash-water4 ,if ley1 or pearlash1 or
 any alkali be taken1 give sweet-oil2   
or1 if this be wanting1 lamp-oil2 or1 if
 neither be at hand1 give vinegar1      
freely4  ,in case of stupefaction1 from 
the fumes of charcoal1 or from entering 
a well1 limekiln1 or coal mine1 expose  
the person to cold air1 lying on his    

back1 dash cold water on the head and   
breast1 and rub the body with spirits of
 camphor1 vinegar1 or ,cologne water4   
,apply mustard paste to the pit of the  
stomach1 and use friction on the hands1 
feet1 and whole length of the back bone4
 ,give some acid drink1 and1 when the   
person revives1 place him in a warm bed1
 in fresh air4 ,be prompt and           
persevering4  ,in case of bleeding at   
the lungs1 or stomach1 or throat1 give a
 teaspoonful of dry salt1 and repeat it 
often4 ,for bleeding at the nose1 pour  
cold water on the back of the neck1     
keeping the head elevated4  ,if a person
 be struck with lightning1 throw        
pailfuls of cold water on the head and  
body1 and apply mustard poultices on the
 stomach1 with friction of the whole    
body1 and inflation of the lungs4 ,when 
no other emetic can be found1 pounded   
mustard seed1 taken a teaspoonful at a  
time1 will answer4 ,the ground mustard  
is not so effectual1 but will do4  ,in  
case of fire1 wrap a woollen blanket    

about you1 to protect from the fire4 ,if
 the staircases are on fire1 tie the    
corners of the sheets together1 very    
firmly1 fasten one end to the bedstead1 
draw it to the window1 and let yourself 
down4 ,never read in bed1 lest you fall 
asleep1 and the bed be set on fire4 ,if 
your clothes get on fire1 never run1 but
 lie down1 and roll about till you can  
reach a bed or carpet to wrap yourself  
in1 and thus put out the fire4 ,keep    
young children in woollen dresses1 to   
save them from the risk of fire4  ,in   
thunderstorms1 shut the doors and       
windows4 ,the safest part of a room1 is 
its centre2 and where there is a        
featherbed in the apartment1 that will  
be found the most secure resting-place4 
,a lightning rod1 if it be well pointed1
 and run deep into the earth1 is a      
certain protection to a circle around   
it1 whose diameter equals the height of 
the rod above the highest chimney4 ,but 
it protects no further than this extent4
     ,,chapter ,,xxiii4  ,,on ,,domestic

 ,,amusements ,,and ,,social ,,duties4  
,whenever the laws of body and mind are 
properly understood1 it will be allowed1
 that every person needs some kind of   
recreation2 and that1 by seeking it1 the
 body is strengthened1 the mind is      
invigorated1 and all our duties are more
 cheerfully and successfully performed4 
,children1 whose bodies are rapidly     
growing1 and whose nervous system is    
tender and excitable1 need much more    
amusement1 than persons of mature age4  
,persons1 also1 who are oppressed with  
great responsibilities and duties1 or   
who are taxed by great intellectual or  
moral excitement1 need recreations which
 secure physical exercise1 and draw off 
the mind from absorbing interests4      
,unfortunately1 such persons are those  
who least resort to amusements1 while   
the idle1 gay1 and thoughtless1 seek    
those which are needless1 and for which 
useful occupation would be a most       
beneficial substitute4  ,as the only    
legitimate object of amusements1 is1 to 

prepare mind and body for the proper    
discharge of duty1 any protracting of   
such as interfere with regular          
employments1 or induce excessive        
fatigue1 or weary the mind1 or invade   
the proper hours for repose1 must be    
sinful4  ,in deciding what should be    
selected1 and what avoided1 the         
following rules are binding4 ,in the    
first place1 no amusements1 which       
inflict needless pain1 should ever be   
allowed4 ,all tricks which cause fright1
 or vexation1 and all sports1 which     
involve suffering to animals1 should be 
utterly forbidden4 ,hunting and fishing1
 for mere sport1 can never be justified4
 ,if a man can convince his children1   
that he follows these pursuits to gain  
food or health1 and not for amusement1  
his example may not be very injurious4  
,but1 when children see grown persons   
kill and frighten animals1 for sport1   
habits of cruelty1 rather than feelings 
of tenderness and benevolence1 are      
induced4  ,in the next place1 we should 

seek no recreations1 which endanger     
life1 or interfere with important       
duties4 ,as the only legitimate object  
of amusements1 is to promote health1 and
 prepare for more serious duties1       
selecting those which have a directly   
opposite tendency1 cannot be justified4 
,of course1 if a person feel that the   
previous day's diversions have shortened
 the hours of needful repose1 or induced
 a lassitude of mind or body1 instead of
 invigorating them1 it is certain that  
an evil has been done1 which should     
never be repeated4  ,a third rule1 is1  
to avoid those amusements1 which        
experience has shown to be so exciting1 
and connected with so many temptations1 
as to be pernicious in tendency1 both to
 the individual and to the community4   
,it is on this ground1 that horse-racing
 and circus-riding are excluded4 ,not   
because there is any thing positively   
wrong1 in having men and horses run1 and
 perform feats of agility1 or in persons
 looking on for the diversion2 but      

because experience has shown so many    
evils connected with these recreations1 
that they should be relinquished4 ,so   
with theatres4 ,the enacting of         
characters1 and the amusement thus      
afforded1 in itself may be harmless2 and
 possibly1 in certain cases1 might be   
useful3 but experience has shown so many
 evils to result from this source1 that 
it is deemed wrong to patronize it4 ,so1
 also1 with those exciting games of     
chance1 which are employed in gambling4 
,under the same head1 comes dancing1 in 
the estimation of the great majority of 
the religious world4 ,still1 there are  
many intelligent1 excellent1 and        
conscientious persons1 who hold a       
contrary opinion4 ,such maintain1 that  
it is an innocent and healthful         
amusement1 tending to promote ease of   
manners1 cheerfulness1 social affection1
 and health of mind and body2 that evils
 are involved only in its excess2 that1 
like food1 study1 or religious          
excitement1 it is only wrong1 when not  

properly regulated2 and that1 if serious
 and intelligent people would strive to 
regulate1 rather than banish1 this      
amusement1 much more good would be      
secured4  ,on the other side1 it is     
objected1 not that dancing is a sin1 in 
itself considered1 for it was once a    
part of sacred worship2 not that it     
would be objectionable1 if it were      
properly regulated2 not that it does not
 tend1 when used in a proper manner1 to 
health of body and mind1 to grace of    
manners1 and to social enjoyment3 all   
these things are conceded4 ,but it is   
objected to1 on the same ground as      
horse-racing1 card-playing1 and         
theatrical entertainments2 that we are  
to look at amusements as they are1 and  
not as they might be4 ,horseraces might 
be so managed1 as not to involve        
cruelty1 gambling1 drunkenness1 and     
every other vice4 ,and so might theatres
 and cards4 ,and if serious and         
intelligent persons1 undertook to       
patronize these1 in order to regulate   

them1 perhaps they would be somewhat    
raised from the depths1 to which they   
are now sunk4 ,but such persons1 know1  
that1 with the weak sense of moral      
obligation existing in the mass of      
society1 and the imperfect ideas mankind
 have of the proper use of amusements1  
and the little self-control1 which men1 
or women1 or children1 practise1 these  
will not1 in fact1 be thus-regulated4   
,and they believe dancing to be liable  
to the same objections4  ,as this       
recreation is actually conducted1 it    
does not tend to produce health of body 
or mind1 but directly the contrary4 ,if 
young and old went out to dance         
together1 in the open air1 as the       
,french peasants do1 it would be a very 
different sort of amusement1 from that  
which is witnessed1 in a room1 furnished
 with many lights1 and filled with      
guests1 both expending the healthful    
part of the atmosphere1 where the young 
collect1 in their tightest dresses1 to  
protract1 for several hours1 a kind of  

physical exertion1 which is not habitual
 to them4 ,during this process1 the     
blood is made to circulate more swiftly 
than ordinary1 in circumstances where it
 is less perfectly oxygenized than      
health requires2 the pores of the skin  
are excited by heat and exercise2 the   
stomach is loaded with indigestible     
articles1 and the quiet1 needful to     
digestion1 withheld2 the diversion is   
protracted beyond the usual hour for    
repose2 and then1 when the skin is made 
the most highly susceptible to damps and
 miasms1 the company pass from a warm   
room to the cold night-air4 ,it is      
probable1 that no single amusement can  
be pointed out1 combining so many       
injurious particulars1 as this1 which is
 so often defended as a healthful one4  
,even if parents1 who train their       
children to dance1 can keep them from   
public balls1 7which is seldom the      
case17 dancing in private parlors is    
subject to nearly all the same          
mischievous influences4  ,as to the     

claim of social benefits1--when a       
dancing-party occupies the parlors1 and 
the music begins1 most of the           
conversation ceases2 while the young    
prepare themselves for future sickness1 
and the old look smilingly on4  ,as to  
the claim for ease and grace of         
manners1--all that is gained1 by this   
practice1 can be better secured1 by     
,calisthenics1 which1 in all its parts1 
embraces a much more perfect system1    
both of healthful exercise1 graceful    
movement1 and pleasing carriage4  ,the  
writer was once inclined to the common  
opinion1 that dancing was harmless1 and 
might be properly regulated2 and she    
allowed a fair trial to be made1 under  
her auspices1 by its advocates4 ,the    
result was1 a full conviction1 that it  
secured no good effect1 which could not 
be better gained another way2 that it   
involved the most pernicious evils to   
health1 character1 and happiness2 and   
that those parents were wise1 who       
brought up their children with the full 

understanding that they were neither to 
learn nor to practise the art4 ,in the  
fifteen years1 during which she has had 
the care of young ladies1 she has never 
known any case1 where learning this art1
 and following the amusement1 did not   
have a bad effect1 either on the habits1
 the intellect1 the feelings1 or the    
health4 ,those young ladies1 who are    
brought up with less exciting           
recreations1 are uniformly likely to be 
the most contented and most useful1     
while those1 who enter the path to which
 this diversion leads1 acquire a relish 
and desire for high excitement1 which   
make the more steady and quiet pursuits 
and enjoyments of home1 comparatively   
tasteless4 ,this1 the writer believes to
 be generally the case1 though not      
invariably so2 for there are exceptions 
to all general rules4  ,in reference to 
these exciting amusements1 so liable to 
danger and excess1 parents are bound to 
regard the principle1 which is involved 
in the petition1 ,lead us not into      

temptation4 ,would it not be            
inconsistent1 to teach this prayer1 to  
the lisping tongue of childhood1 and    
then send it to the dancing-master1 to  
acquire a love for a diversion1 which   
leads to constant temptations that so   
few find strength to resist8  ,it is    
encouraging1 to those who take this view
 of the subject1 to find how fast the   
most serious and intelligent portion of 
the community is coming to a similar    
result4 ,twenty-five years ago1 dancing 
was universally practised by the young1 
as a matter of course1 in every part of 
the ,nation4 ,now1 in those parts of the
 ,country1 where religion and           
intelligence are most extensively       
diffused1 it is almost impossible to get
 up a ball1 among the more refined      
classes of the community4 ,the amusement
 is fast leaving this rank in society1  
to remain as a resource for those1 whose
 grade of intelligence and refinement   
does not relish more elevated           
recreations4 ,still1 as there is great  

diversity of opinion1 among persons of  
equal worth and intelligence1 a spirit  
of candor and courtesy should be        
practised1 on both sides4 ,the sneer at 
bigotry and narrowness of views1 on one 
side1 and the uncharitable implication  
of want of piety1 or sense1 on the      
other1 are equally illbred and          
unchristian4 ,truth1 on this subject1 is
 best promoted1 not by ill-natured      
crimination and rebuke1 but by calm     
reason1 generous candor1 forbearance1   
and kindness4  ,there is another species
 of amusement1 which a large portion of 
the religious world have been accustomed
 to put under the same condemnation as  
the preceding4 ,this is novel-reading4  
,the confusion and difference of opinion
 on this subject1 have arisen from a    
want of clear and definite distinctions4
 ,now1 as it is impossible to define    
what are novels and what are not1 so as 
to include one class of fictitious      
writings and exclude every other1 it is 
impossible to lay down any rule         

respecting them4 ,the discussion1 in    
fact1 turns on the use of those works of
 imagination1 which belong to the class 
of narratives4 ,that this species of    
reading1 is not only lawful1 but        
necessary and useful1 is settled by     
,divine examples1 in the parables and   
allegories of ,scripture4 ,of course1   
the question must be1 what kind of      
fabulous writings must be avoided1 and  
what allowed4 ,in deciding this1 no     
specific rules can be given2 but it must
 be a matter to be regulated by the     
nature and circumstances of each case4  
,no works of fiction1 which tend to     
throw the allurements of taste and      
genius around vice and crime1 should    
ever be tolerated2 and all that tend to 
give false views of life and duty1      
should also be banished4 ,of those1     
which are written for mere amusement1   
presenting scenes and events that are   
interesting and exciting1 and having no 
bad moral influence1 much must depend on
 character and circumstances4 ,some     

minds are torpid and phlegmatic1 and    
need to have the imagination stimulated3
 such would be benefitted by this kind  
of reading4 ,others have quick and      
active imaginations1 and would be as    
much injured4 ,some persons are often so
 engaged in absorbing interests1 that   
any thing innocent1 which will for a    
short time draw off the mind1 is of the 
nature of a medicine2 and1 in such      
cases1 this kind of reading is useful4  
,there is need1 also1 that some men     
should keep a supervision of the current
 literature of the day1 as guardians1 to
 warn others of danger4 ,for this       
purpose1 it is more suitable for        
editors1 clergymen1 and teachers1 to    
read indiscriminately1 than for any     
other class of persons2 for they are the
 guardians of the public weal1 in       
matters of literature1 and should be    
prepared to advise parents and young    
persons of the evils in one direction   
and the good in another4 ,in doing this1
 however1 they are bound to go on the   

same principles which regulate          
physicians1 when they visit infected    
districts1--using every precaution to   
prevent injury to themselves2 having as 
little to do with pernicious exposures1 
as a benevolent regard to others will   
allow2 and faithfully employing all the 
knowledge and opportunities1 thus       
gained1 for warning and preserving      
others4 ,there is much danger1 in taking
 this course1 that men will seek the    
excitement of the imagination1 for the  
mere pleasure it affords1 under the plea
 of preparing to serve the public1 when 
this is neither the aim nor the result4 
,in regard to the use of such works1 by 
the young1 as a general rule1 they ought
 not to be allowed to any1 except those 
of a dull and phlegmatic temperament1   
until the solid parts of education are  
secured1 and a taste for more elevated  
reading is acquired4 ,if these          
stimulating condiments in literature be 
freely used1 in youth1 all relish for   
more solid reading1 will1 in a majority 

of cases1 be destroyed4 ,if parents     
succeed in securing habits of cheerful  
and implicit obedience1 it will be very 
easy to regulate this matter1 by        
prohibiting the reading of any          
story-book1 until the consent of the    
parent is obtained4  ,it is not         
unfrequently the case1 that advocates   
for dancing1 and the other more exciting
 amusements1 speak as if those1 who were
 more strict in these matters1 were     
aiming to deprive the young of all      
diversions2 just as if1 when cards1     
theatres1 and dancing1 are cut off1     
nothing remains but serious and severe  
duties4 ,perhaps there has been some    
just ground of objection to the course  
often pursued by parents1 in neglecting 
to provide agreeable and suitable       
substitutes1 for the amusements denied2 
but1 there is a great abundance of safe1
 healthful1 and delightful1 recreations1
 which all parents may secure for their 
children4 ,some of these will here be   
pointed out4  ,one of the most useful   

and important1 is1 the cultivation of   
flowers and fruits4 ,this1 especially   
for the daughters of a family1 is       
greatly promotive of health and         
amusement4 ,it is with the hope1 that   
many young ladies1 whose habits are now 
so formed1 that they can never be       
induced to a course of active domestic  
exercise1 so long as their parents are  
able to hire domestics1 may yet be led  
to an employment1 which will tend to    
secure health and vigor of constitution1
 that so much space is given1 in this   
work1 to directions for the cultivation 
of fruits and flowers4 ,it would be a   
most desirable improvement1 if all      
female schools could be furnished with  
suitable grounds1 and instruments1 for  
the cultivation of fruits and flowers1  
and every inducement offered1 to engage 
the young ladies in this pursuit4 ,no   
father1 who wishes to have his daughters
 grow up to be healthful women1 can take
 a surer method to secure this end4 ,let
 him set apart a portion of his yard and

 garden1 for fruits and flowers1 and see
 that the soil is well prepared and dug 
over1 and all the rest may be committed 
to the care of the children4 ,these     
would need to be provided with a light  
hoe and rake1 a dibble1 or garden       
trowel1 a watering-pot1 and means and   
opportunities for securing seeds1 roots1
 buds1 and grafts1 all which might be   
done at a trifling expense4 ,then1 with 
proper encouragement1 and by the aid of 
such directions as are contained in this
 work1 every man1 who has even half an  
acre1 could secure a small ,eden around 
his premises4  ,in pursuing this        
amusement1 children can also be led to  
acquire many useful habits4 ,early      
rising would1 in many cases1 be thus    
secured2 and if they were required to   
keep their walks and borders free from  
weeds and rubbish1 habits of order and  
neatness would be induced4 ,benevolent  
and social feelings could also be       
cultivated1 by influencing children to  
share their fruits and flowers with     

friends and neighbors1 as well as to    
distribute roots and seeds to those1 who
 have not the means of procuring them4  
,a woman or a child1 by giving seeds1 or
 slips1 or roots1 to a washerwoman1 or a
 farmer's boy1 thus exciting them to    
love and cultivate fruits and flowers1  
awakens a new and refining source of    
enjoyment in minds1 which have few      
resources more elevated than mere       
physical enjoyments4 ,our ,saviour      
directs1 in making feasts1 to call1 not 
the rich1 who can recompense again1 but 
the poor1 who can make no returns4 ,so  
children should be taught to dispense   
their little treasures1 not alone to    
companions and friends1 who will        
probably return similar favors2 but to  
those who have no means of making any   
return4 ,if the rich1 who acquire a love
 for the enjoyments of taste1 and have  
the means to gratify it1 would aim to   
extend1 among the poor1 the cheap and   
simple enjoyment of fruits and flowers1 
our ,country would soon literally       

blossom as the rose4  ,if the ladies of 
a neighborhood would unite small        
contributions1 and send a list of       
flower-seeds and roots to some          
respectable and honest florist1 who     
would not be likely to turn them off    
with trash1 they could divide these     
among themselves1 so as to secure an    
abundant variety1 at a very small       
expense4 ,a bag of flower-seeds1 which  
can be obtained1 at wholesale1 for four 
cents1 would abundantly supply a whole  
neighborhood2 and1 by the gathering of  
seeds1 in the ,autumn1 could be         
perpetuated4  ,another very elevating   
and delightful recreation1 for the      
young1 is found in music4 ,here1 the    
writer would protest against the common 
practice1 in many families1 of having   
the daughters learn to play on the      
piano1 whether they have a taste and an 
ear for music1 or not4 ,a young lady1   
who cannot sing1 and has no great       
fondness for music1 does nothing but    
waste time1 money1 and patience1 in     

learning to play on the piano4 ,but all 
children can be taught to sing1 in early
 childhood1 if the scientific mode of   
teaching music1 in schools1 could be    
introduced1 as it is in ,prussia1       
,germany1 and ,switzerland4 ,then1 young
 children could read and sing music1 as 
easily as they can read language2 and   
might take any tune1 dividing themselves
 into bands1 and sing off1 at sight1 the
 endless variety of music which is      
prepared4 ,and if parents of wealth     
would take pains to have teachers       
qualified for the purpose1 as they may  
be at the ,boston ,academy1 and other   
similar institutions1 who should teach  
all the young children in the community1
 much would be done for the happiness   
and elevation of the rising generation4 
,this is an amusement1 which children   
relish1 in the highest degree2 and which
 they can enjoy1 at home1 in the fields1
 and in visits abroad4  ,another        
domestic amusement1 is1 the collecting  
of shells1 plants1 and specimens in     

geology and mineralogy1 for the         
formation of cabinets4 ,if intelligent  
parents would procure the simpler works 
which have been prepared for the young1 
and study them1 with their children1 a  
taste for such recreations would soon be
 developed4 ,the writer has seen young  
boys1 of eight and ten years of age1    
gathering and cleaning shells from      
rivers1 and collecting plants1 and      
mineralogical specimens1 with a delight1
 bordering on ecstasy2 and there are    
few1 if any1 who1 by proper influences1 
would not find this a source of         
ceaseless delight and improvement4      
,another resource1 for family diversion1
 is to be found in the various games    
played by children1 and in which the    
joining of older members of the family  
is always a great advantage to both     
parties4 ,all medical men unite1 in     
declaring that nothing is more          
beneficial to health1 than hearty       
laughter2 and surely our benevolent     
,creator would not have provided        

risibles1 and made it a source of health
 and enjoyment to use them1 if it were a
 sin so to do4 ,there has been a        
tendency to asceticism1 on this subject1
 which needs to be removed4 ,such       
commands1 as forbid foolish laughing and
 jesting1 which are not convenient2 and 
which forbid all idle words1 and vain   
conversation1 cannot apply to any thing1
 except what is foolish1 vain1 and      
useless4 ,but jokes1 laughter1 and      
sports1 when used in such a degree as   
tends only to promote health1 social    
feelings1 and happiness1 are neither    
vain1 foolish1 nor not convenient4 ,it  
is the excess of these things1 and not  
the moderate use of them1 which         
,scripture forbids4 ,the prevailing     
temper of the mind1 should be cheerful1 
yet serious2 but there are times1 when  
relaxation and laughter are proper for  
all4 ,there is nothing better for this  
end1 than that parents and older persons
 should join in the sports of childhood4
 ,mature minds can always make such     

diversions more entertaining to         
children1 and can exert a healthful     
moral influence over their minds2 and1  
at the same time1 can gain exercise and 
amusement for themselves4 ,how          
lamentable1 that so many fathers1 who   
could be thus useful and happy with     
their children1 throw away such         
opportunities1 and wear out soul and    
body1 in the pursuit of gain or fame6   
,another resource for children1 is in   
the exercise of mechanical skill4       
,fathers1 by providing tools for their  
boys1 and showing them how to make      
wheelbarrows1 carts1 sleds1 and various 
other articles1 contribute both to the  
physical1 moral1 and social1 improvement
 of their children4 ,and in regard to   
little daughters1 much more can be done1
 in this way1 than many would imagine4  
,the writer1 blessed with the example of
 a most ingenious and industrious       
mother1 had not only learned1 before the
 age of twelve1 to make dolls1 of       
various sorts and sizes1 but to cut and 

fit and sew every article1 that belongs 
to a doll's wardrobe4 ,this1 which was  
done for mere amusement1 secured such a 
facility in mechanical pursuits1 that1  
ever afterward1 the cutting and fitting 
of any article of dress1 for either sex1
 was accomplished with entire ease4     
,when a little girl first begins to sew1
 her mother can promise her a small bed 
and pillows1 as soon as she has sewed a 
patch quilt for them2 and then a        
bedstead1 as soon as she has sewed the  
sheets and cases for pillows2 and then a
 large doll to dress1 as soon as she has
 made the under garments2 and thus go   
on1 till the whole contents of the      
baby-house are earned by the needle and 
skill of its little owner4 ,thus1 the   
task of learning to sew1 will become a  
pleasure2 and every new toy will be     
earned by useful exertion4 ,a little    
girl can be taught1 by the aid of       
patterns prepared for the purpose1 to   
cut and fit all articles necessary for  
her doll4 ,she can also be provided with

 a little wash-tub1 and irons1 to wash  
and iron1 and thus keep in proper order 
a complete miniature domestic           
establishment4  ,besides these          
recreations1 there are the enjoyments   
secured in walking1 riding1 visiting1   
and many others which need not be       
recounted4 ,children1 if trained to be  
healthful and industrious1 will never   
fail to discover resources of amusement2
 while their guardians should lend their
 aid to guide and restrain them from    
excess4  ,there is need of a very great 
change of opinion and practice1 in this 
,nation1 in regard to the subject of    
social and domestic duties4 ,many       
sensible and conscientious men1 spend   
all their time1 abroad1 in business1    
except1 perhaps1 an hour or so at night1
 when they are so fatigued1 as to be    
unfitted for any social or intellectual 
enjoyment4 ,and some of the most        
conscientious men in the ,country1 will 
add1 to their professional business1    
public or benevolent enterprises1 which 

demand time1 effort1 and money2 and then
 excuse themselves for neglecting all   
care of their children1 and efforts for 
their own intellectual improvement1 or  
for the improvement of their families1  
by the plea1 that they have no time for 
it4 ,all this1 arises from the want of  
correct notions of the binding          
obligation of our social and domestic   
duties4 ,the main object of life1 is not
 to secure the various gratifications of
 appetite or taste1 but to form such a  
character1 for ourselves and others1 as 
will secure the greatest amount of      
present and future happiness4 ,it is of 
far more consequence1 then1 that parents
 should be intelligent1 social1         
affectionate1 and agreeable1 at home1   
and to their friends1 than that they    
should earn money enough to live in a   
large house1 and have handsome          
furniture4 ,it is far more needful1 for 
children1 that a father should attend to
 the formation of their character and   
habits1 and aid in developing their     

social1 intellectual1 and moral nature1 
than it is1 that he should earn money to
 furnish them with handsome clothes1 and
 a variety of tempting food4  ,it will  
be wise for those parents1 who find     
little time to attend to their children1
 or to seek amusement and enjoyment in  
the domestic and social circle1 because 
their time is so much occupied with     
public cares or benevolent objects1 to  
inquire1 whether their first duty is not
 to train up their own families1 to be  
useful members of society4 ,a man1 who  
neglects the mind and morals of his     
children1 to take care of the public1 is
 in great danger of coming under a      
similar condemnation1 to that of him1   
who1 neglecting to provide for his own  
household1 has denied the faith1 and is 
worse than an infidel4  ,there are      
husbands and fathers1 who               
conscientiously subtract time from their
 business1 to spend at home1 in reading 
with their wives and children1 and in   
domestic amusements which at once       

refresh and improve4 ,the children of   
such parents will grow up with a love of
 home and kindred1 which will be the    
greatest safeguard against future       
temptations1 as well as the purest      
source of earthly enjoyment4  ,there are
 families1 also1 who make it a definite 
object to keep up family attachments1   
after the children are scattered abroad2
 and1 in some cases1 secure the means   
for doing this1 by saving money1 which  
would otherwise have been spent for     
superfluities of food or dress4 ,some   
families have adopted1 for this end1 a  
practice1 which if widely imitated1     
would be productive of extensive        
benefit4 ,the method is this4 ,on the   
first day of each month1 some member of 
the family1 at each extreme point of    
dispersion1 takes a folio sheet1 and    
fills a part of a page4 ,this is sealed 
and mailed to the next family1 who read 
it1 add another contribution1 and then  
mail it to the next4 ,thus the family   
circular1 once a month1 goes from each  

extreme1 to all the members of a        
widely-dispersed family1 and each member
 becomes a sharer in the joys1 sorrows1 
plans1 and pursuits1 of all the rest4   
,at the same time1 frequent family      
meetings are sought2 and the expense1   
thus incurred1 is cheerfully met by     
retrenchments in other directions4 ,the 
sacrifice of some unnecessary physical  
indulgence1 7such1 for instance1 as the 
use of tea and coffee17 will often      
purchase many social and domestic       
enjoyments1 a thousand times more       
elevating and delightful1 than the      
retrenched luxury4  ,there is no social 
duty1 which the ,supreme ,lawgiver more 
strenuously urges1 than hospitality and 
kindness to strangers1 who are classed  
with the widow and the fatherless1 as   
the special objects of ,divine          
tenderness4 ,there are some reasons1 why
 this duty peculiarly demands attention 
from the ,american people4  ,reverses of
 fortune1 in this land1 are so frequent 
and unexpected1 and the habits of the   

people are so migratory1 that there are 
very many in every part of the ,country1
 who1 having seen all their temporal    
plans and hopes crushed1 are now pining 
among strangers1 bereft of wonted       
comforts1 without friends1 and without  
the sympathy and society1 so needful to 
wounded spirits4 ,such1 too frequently1 
sojourn long and lonely1 with no        
comforter but ,him who knoweth the heart
 of a stranger4  ,whenever1 therefore1  
new comers enter a community1 inquiry   
should immediately be made1 whether they
 have friends and associates1 to render 
sympathy and kind attentions2 and1 when 
there is any need for it1 the ministries
 of kind neighborhood should immediately
 be offered4 ,and it should be          
remembered1 that the first days of a    
stranger's sojourn1 are the most dreary1
 and that civility and kindness are     
doubled in value1 by being offered at an
 early period4  ,in social gatherings1  
the claims of the stranger are too apt  
to be forgotten2 especially1 in cases   

where there are no peculiar attractions 
of personal appearance1 or talents1 or  
high standing4 ,such a one should be    
treated with attention1 because he is a 
stranger2 and when communities learn to 
act more from principle1 and less from  
selfish impulse1 on this subject1 the   
sacred claims of the stranger will be   
less frequently forgotten4  ,the most   
agreeable hospitality1 to visiters1 who 
become inmates of a family1 is1 that    
which puts them entirely at ease4 ,this 
can never be the case1 where the guest  
perceives that the order of family      
arrangements is essentially altered1 and
 that time1 comfort1 and convenience are
 sacrificed1 for his accommodation4     
,offering the best to visiters1 showing 
a polite regard to every wish expressed1
 and giving precedence to them1 in all  
matters of comfort and convenience1 can 
be easily combined with the easy freedom
 which makes the stranger feel at home2 
and this is the perfection of hospitable
 entertainment4     ,,chapter ,,xxiv4   

,,on ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,houses4
   ,there is no point of domestic       
economy1 which more seriously involves  
the health and daily comfort of         
,american women1 than the proper        
construction of houses4 ,there are five 
particulars1 to which attention should  
be given1 in building a house2 namely1  
economy of labor1 economy of money1     
economy of health1 economy of comfort1  
and good taste4 ,some particulars will  
here be pointed out1 under each of these
 heads4  ,the first1 respects economy of
 labor4 ,in deciding upon the size and  
style of a house1 the health and        
capacity of the housekeeper1 and the    
probabilities of securing proper        
domestics1 ought to be the very first   
consideration4 ,if a man be uncertain as
 to his means for hiring service1 or if 
he have a feeble wife1 and be where     
properly-qualified domestics are scarce1
 it is very poor economy to build a     
large house1 or to live in a style which
 demands much labor4 ,every room in a   

house adds to the expense involved in   
finishing and furnishing it1 and to the 
amount of labor spent in sweeping1      
dusting1 cleaning floors1 paint1 and    
windows1 and taking care of1 and        
repairing1 its furniture4 ,double the   
size of a house1 and you double the     
labor of taking care of it1 and so1 vice
 versa4 ,there is1 in this ,country1 a  
very great want of calculation and      
economy1 in this matter4  ,the          
arrangement of rooms1 and the proper    
supply of conveniences1 are other       
points1 in which1 economy of labor and  
comfort is often disregarded4 ,for      
example1 a kitchen will be in one story1
 a sitting-room in another1 and the     
nursery in a third4 ,nothing is more    
injurious1 to a feeble woman1 than going
 up and down stairs2 and yet1 in order  
to gain two large parlors1 to show to a 
few friends1 or to strangers1 immense   
sacrifices of health1 comfort1 and      
money1 are made4 ,if it be possible1 the
 nursery1 sitting-parlor1 and kitchen1  

ought always to be on the same floor4   
,the position of wells and cisterns1 and
 the modes of raising and carrying      
water1 are other particulars1 in which1 
economy of labor and comfort is sadly   
neglected4 ,with half the expense       
usually devoted to a sideboard or sofa1 
the water used from a well or cistern   
can be so conducted1 as that1 by simply 
turning a cock1 it will flow to the     
place where it is to be used4  ,a want  
of economy1 in labor and in money1 is   
often seen in the shape and arrangement 
of houses1 and in the style of ornaments
 and furniture4 ,a perfect square1      
encloses more rooms1 at less expense1   
than any other shape2 while it has less 
surface exposed to external cold1 and   
can be most easily warmed and           
ventilated4 ,and the farther a house is 
removed from this shape1 the more the   
expense is increased4 ,wings and        
kitchens built out1 beyond a house1 very
 much increase expense1 both in building
 and warming them4  ,piazzas and        

porticoes are very expensive2 and their 
cost would secure far more comfort1 if  
devoted to additional nursery or kitchen
 conveniences4 ,many kinds of porticoes 
cost as much as one additional room in  
the house4 ,houses can be so            
constructed1 that one staircase will    
answer for both kitchen and parlour use1
 as may be seen in the engraving on page
 #bfi1 7,fig4 #bg47 ,this saves the     
expense and labor usually devoted to a  
large hall and front staircase4  ,much  
money is often worse than wasted1 by    
finical ornaments1 which are fast going 
out of fashion4 ,one of the largest1    
most beautiful1 and agreeable1 houses1  
the writer was ever in1 was finished    
with doors1 windows1 and fireplaces1 in 
even a plainer style than any given in  
the subsequent drawings4  ,the position 
of fireplaces has much to do with       
economy of expense in warming a house4  
,where the fireplace is in an outer     
wall1 one third of the heat passes out  
of doors1 which would be retained in the

 house1 if the chimney were within the  
rooms4 ,a house1 contrived like the one 
represented in the engraving on page    
#bgb1 7,fig4 #cb17 which can be heated  
by a stove or chimney at ,x1 may be     
warmed with less fuel than one of any   
other construction4,r  ,economy of      
health is often disregarded1 by placing 
wells1 cisterns1 and privies1 so that   
persons1 in the perspiration of labor1  
or the debility of disease1 are obliged 
to go out of doors in all weathers4     
,figure #ce1 on page #bgf1 shows the    
proper arrangement of such conveniences4
 ,the placing of an outside door1 for   
common use1 in a sitting-room1 as is    
frequent at the ,west and ,south1 is    
detrimental to health4 ,in such cases1  
children1 in their sports1 or persons   
who labor1 are thrown into perspiration1
 by exercise1 the door is thrown open1 a
 chill ensues1 and fever1 bowel         
complaints1 or bilious attacks1 are the 
result4 ,a long window1 extending down  
to the floor1 which can be used as a    

door1 in ,summer1 and be tightly closed1
 at the bottom1 in ,winter1 secures all 
the benefits1 without the evils1 of an  
outside door4  ,constructing houses1    
without open fireplaces in chambers1 or 
any other mode of ventilation1 is       
another sad violation of the economy of 
health4 ,feeble constitutions in        
children1 and ill health to domestics1  
are often caused by this folly4  ,the   
economy of comfort is often violated1 by
 arrangements made for domestics4 ,many 
a woman has been left to endure much    
hard labor and perplexity1 because she  
chose to have money spent on handsome   
parlors and chambers1 for company1 which
 should have been devoted to providing a
 comfortable kitchen and chambers for   
domestics4 ,cramping the conveniences   
and comfort of a family1 in order to    
secure elegant rooms1 to show to        
company1 is a weakness and folly1 which 
it is hoped will every year become less 
common4  ,the construction of houses    
with reference to good taste1 is a      

desirable1 though less important1 item4 
,the beauty of a house depends very much
 upon propriety of proportions1 color1  
and ornament4 ,and it is always as      
cheap1 and generally cheaper1 to build a
 house in agreement with the rules of   
good taste1 than to build an awkward and
 ill-proportioned one4   ,plans of      
,houses and ,domestic ,conveniences4    
,the following plans are designed       
chiefly for persons in moderate         
circumstances1 and have especial        
reference to young housekeepers4  ,every
 year1 as the prosperity of this ,nation
 increases1 good domestics will         
decrease1 and young mothers are         
hereafter to be called to superintend   
and perform all branches of domestic    
business1 to nurse children1 direct     
ignorant domestics1 attend the sick1    
entertain company1 and fulfil all other 
family duties2 and this1 too1 in a      
majority of cases1 with delicate        
constitutions1 or impaired health4      
,every man1 therefore1 in forming plans 

for a future residence1 and every woman 
who has any influence in deciding such  
matters1 ought to make these            
probabilities the chief basis of their  
calculations4,s  ,illustration3 ,fig4   
#ag4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4         
,ground-plan4  a1 ,porch4 b1 ,parlor1   
#ae by #af feet4 c1 ,dining-room1 #ae by
 #af feet4 d1 d1 ,small ,bedrooms4 e1   
,stairs4 f1 f1 f1 ,closets4 g1 ,pantry4 
h1 ,store-closet4 i1 i1 i1 ,fireplaces4 
j1 ,kitchen4 k1 ,bedpress4 z1 ,cellar   
door4  ,scale of ,feet4  ,the plan1     
exhibited in ,figures #ag1 and #ah1 is  
that of a cottage1 whose chief exterior 
beauty is its fine proportions4 ,it     
should be painted white4  ,fig4 #ag1 is 
the elevation1 or the front view of the 
exterior4 ,fig4 #ah1 is the ground-plan1
 in which1 an entire break in the wall1 
represents a door1 and a break with a   
line across it1 a window4 ,when a cross 
x is put by a door1 it indicates into   
which room the door swings1 and where   
the hinges should be put1 as the comfort

 of a fireside very much depends on the 
way in which the doors are hung4 ,a     
scale of measurement is given at the    
bottom of the drawings1 by which1 the   
size of all parts can be measured4 ,the 
ten small divisions1 are each one foot4 
,the longest divisions are ten feet     
each4  ,in the ground-plan1 7,fig4 #ah17
 a1 is the porch1 which projects enough 
to afford an entrance to the two        
adjacent rooms1 and thus avoids the evil
 of an outside door to a sitting-room4  
,if a door be wanted in these rooms1 the
 front windows can be made to extend    
down to the floor1 so as to serve as    
doors in ,summer1 and be tightly closed 
in ,winter4 ,the parlor1 b1 has the     
bedpress1 k1 and the closet1 f1         
adjoining it4 ,figure #ai is intended to
 represent this side of the room4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4  ,scale of    
,feet for the ,doors4  ,the two large   
doors1 in the centre1 open into the     
bedpress1 and one of the smaller ones   
into the closet1 f4 ,the other1 can     

either be a false door1 in order to     
secure symmetry1 or else a real one1    
opening into the kitchen1 j4  ,a room1  
thus arranged1 can be made to serve as a
 genteel parlor1 for company1 during the
 day1 when all these doors can be       
closed4 ,at night1 the doors of the     
bedpress being opened1 it is changed to 
an airy bedroom1 while the closets1 f1  
f1 serve to conceal all accommodations  
pertaining to a bedroom4 ,the bedpress  
is just large enough to receive a bed2  
and under it1 if need be1 might be      
placed a trucklebed1 for young children4
 ,the eating-room1 c1 has the small     
bedroom1 d1 adjoining it1 which1 by     
leaving the door open1 at night1 will be
 sufficiently airy for a sleeping-room4 
,the kitchen1 j1 has a smaller bedroom1 
d1 attached to it1 which will hold a    
narrow single bed for a domestic2 and1  
if need be1 a narrow trucklebed under   
it1 for a child4 ,the staircase to the  
garret1 can either be placed in the     
eating-room1 or in the small entry4 ,a  

plan for back accommodations is shown in
 ,fig4 #ce1 7page #bgf47 ,these should  
be placed in the rear of the kitchen1 so
 as not to cover the window4  ,a house  
like this1 will conveniently accommodate
 a family of six or eight persons2 but  
some economy and contrivance will be    
needed1 in storing away articles of     
dress and bedclothing4 ,for this end1 in
 the bedpress1 k1 of the parlor1 b1     
7,fig4 #ah17 a wide shelf may be placed1
 two feet from the ceiling1 where winter
 bedding1 or folded clothing1 can be    
stowed1 while a short curtain in front1 
hung from the wall1 will give a tidy    
look1 and keep out dust4 ,under this    
shelf1 if need be1 pegs can be placed1  
to hold other articles2 and a curtain be
 hung from the edge of the shelf1 to    
conceal and protect them4 ,both the     
closets1 f1 f1 should have shelves and  
drawers4 ,the garret can have a window  
inserted in the roof1 and thus be made  
serviceable for storage4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #bj4  ,figure #bj represents a   

fireplace and mantelpiece1 in a style   
corresponding with the doors4  ,such a  
cottage as this1 could be built for from
 five hundred to nine hundred dollars1  
according as the expense of labor in the
 place1 and the excellence of the       
materials and labor1 may vary4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4  ,figures #ba 
and #bb1 show the elevation and         
ground-plan of a cottage1 in which the  
rooms are rather more agreeably         
arranged1 than in the former plan4 ,the 
elevation1 7,fig4 #ba17 has a piazza1   
running across the whole front4 ,this   
would cost nearly two hundred dollars2  
and1 for this sum1 another story might  
be added4 ,an architect told the writer1
 that he could build the two-story      
house1 7,fig4 #bc and #bd17 without a   
piazza1 for the same sum1 as this       
cottage1 with one4 ,this shows the poor 
economy of these appendages4  ,the      
ground-plan1 7,fig4 #bb17 will be       
understood1 from the explanation        
appended to it4  ,illustration3 ,fig4   

#bb4  ,scale of ,feet4  a1 ,porch4 b1   
,entry4 c1 ,stairs4 d1 ,parlor1 #af by  
#bj feet4 e1 ,dining-room1 #af by #af   
feet4 f1 ,kitchen4 g1 g1 g1 ,bedpresses4
 h1 h1 h1 h1 ,closets4 i1 ,store-closet4
 j1 ,back entry and ,sink4 p1 ,cellar   
stairs4 o1 o1 o1 ,fireplaces4  ,the     
parlor1 d1 is designed to have the doors
 7shown in ,fig4 #ai7 placed at the end1
 where is the bedpress1 g4 ,this will   
make it a handsome parlor1 by day1 and  
yet allow it to be used as a bedroom1 at
 night4 ,the bedpresses1 in the other   
rooms1 can have less expensive doors4 ,a
 window is put in each bedpress1 to     
secure proper ventilation4 ,these should
 be opened1 to air the bed1 on leaving  
it4 ,these can be fitted up with        
shelves1 pegs1 and curtains1 as before  
described4 ,if the elevation of the     
first cottage be preferred to this1 as  
being less expensive1 it can be used1 by
 altering it a little2 thus1 instead of 
the projection for the entry1 make a    
slight projection1 of the width of one  

brick1 to preserve the same general     
outside appearance4 ,let the windows    
extend down to the floor1 and the beauty
 of symmetry will also be preserved4    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4  ,ground-plan4
  a1 ,entry4 b1 ,stairs4 c1 ,parlor1 #af
 by #bj feet4 d1 ,kitchen1 #ad by #ad   
feet4 e1 ,store-closet4 f1 ,pantry4 g1  
,sinkroom4 h1 ,closet4 i1 i1            
,fireplaces4 n1 ,cellar door4 o1 ,oven4 
y1 ,furnace4 z1 ,sink4  ,scale of ,feet4
  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4  ,second    
,story4  a1 ,stairs4 b1 ,passage4 c1 c1 
c1 ,bedrooms4 d1 d1 d1 d1 ,closets4 e1  
e1 ,fireplaces4 f1 ,nursery4 g1 ,room   
for young children4  ,the plans1 shown  
in ,fig4 #bc and #bd1 are designed for  
families1 where most domestic labor is  
to be done without the aid of domestics4
 ,the parlor1 c1 is for a sitting-room1 
and for company4 ,the room1 d1 is the   
eating-room2 where1 also1 the ironing   
and other nicer family work can be done4
 ,in the small room1 g1 either an oven  
and boiler1 or a cooking-stove1 can be  

placed4 ,the elevation1 shown in ,fig4  
#be1 is designed for the front of this  
house4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4  ,figures #bg 
and #bh1 are plans of a two-story house1
 on a larger scale1 with a concealed    
staircase1 for front and back use4 ,the 
elevation1 ,fig4 #bf1 is designed for   
this plan4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4   
,ground-plan4  b1 b1 ,entry4 c1 ,stairs4
 d1 ,parlor1 #af by #bj feet4 e1        
,dining-room1 #ae by #af feet4 f1       
,kitchen1 #ae by #af feet4 g1 g1 g1     
,closets4 h1 ,store-closet4 i1 ,back    
entry4 j1 ,pantry4 k1 k1 k1 ,fireplaces4
 x1 ,cellar stairs4  ,illustration3     
,fig4 #bh4  ,second ,story4  a1 a1 a1 a1
 ,bedrooms4 b1 ,stairs4 c1 c1 c1        
,closets4 d1 ,passage4 e1 e1 e1         
,fireplaces4 y1 ,garret stairs4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4               
,ground-floor4  b1 ,entry4 c1 ,parlor1  
#ag by #ag feet4 d1 ,dining-room1 #ac by
 #ae feet4 e1 ,parlor or ,bedroom1 #ag  
by #ag feet4 f1 ,kitchen1 #ai by #ag    

feet4 g1 ,stairs4 h1 ,store-closet4 i1  
i1 i1 ,closets4 n1 n1 n1 n1 ,fireplaces4
 o1 ,folding-doors4 p1 ,pegs for        
over-garments4 z1 ,cellar stairs4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4  ,second      
,story4  a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 ,bedrooms4 b1   
,stairs4 c1 ,passage4 d1 d1 d1 d1       
,closets4 e1 e1 e1 e1 ,fireplaces4      
,figures #bi and #cj1 are plans for a   
larger house1 which can have either of  
the elevations1 ,fig4 #be or #bf1       
adapted to it4 ,these also have a       
concealed staircase1 for front and back 
use4 ,if a nursery1 or bedroom1 is      
wished1 on the ground-floor1 the back   
parlor1 e1 can be taken2 in which case1 
the closets1 i1 i1 are very useful4 ,to 
prevent noise from reaching the front   
parlor1 two sets of folding-doors1 each 
side of the passage1 o1 could be placed4
 ,with this arrangement1 these rooms    
could be used1 sometimes as two parlors1
 opening into each other1 by folding    
doors1 and at other times1 as a nursery 
and parlor4 ,in this plan1 the          

storeroom1 h1 and china-closet1 i1      
between the kitchen and eating-room1 are
 a great convenience4  ,figures #ca and 
#cb1 present the plan of a ,gothic      
cottage1 which secures the most economy 
of labor and expense1 with the greatest 
amount of convenience and comfort1 which
 the writer has ever seen4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4  ,the         
elevation1 7,fig4 #ca17 exhibits the    
front view4 ,it has a recess in the     
central part1 under which1 is the door1 
with a window on each side of it4 ,this 
forms a piazza2 and into this1 and a    
similar one at the back of the house1   
the two centre parlors open4            
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4  ,in the      
centre of the house1 7see ,fig4 #cb17   
are the two parlors1 b and c2 the back  
one to be used as an eating-room4 ,at   
,x1 can be placed1 either a chimney1    
with doors on each side of the          
fireplace1 or1 7which is the most       
agreeable17 folding-doors1 which can be 
thrown open in ,summer1 thus making a   

large saloon1 through the house1 from   
one piazza to the other4 ,in this case1 
the parlors are warmed by a large stove1
 set near the folding-doors1 which would
 easily warm both parlors and one or two
 adjacent rooms4 ,in ,winter1 the       
outside doors1 opening to the piazzas1  
should be fastened and calked1 and the  
side entry1 at d1 be used4 ,at e1 is the
 nursery1 with the bedpress1 g1 which1  
being closed by day1 makes a retired    
parlor for the mother4 ,at n1 is the    
children's playroom and sleeping-room1  
adjoining the mother's room4 ,at k1 is  
the kitchen1 adjacent to the            
eating-room1 with the storeroom1 e1 and 
the closets1 m1 m1 one for the          
eating-room1 and one for the kitchen    
utensils4 ,at i1 is a parlor1 which can 
be used for a study or library1 by the  
master of the family2 while the adjacent
 bedpress1 j1 renders it a convenient   
lodging-room1 for guests4 ,another      
lodging-room1 is at h2 and in the attic1
 is space enough for several comfortable

 lodging-rooms4 ,a window in the roof1  
on the front and back1 like the one on  
,wadsworth's ,cottage1 7,fig4 #cc17     
could be placed over the front door1 to 
light the chambers in the attic4 ,a     
double roof in the attic1 with a current
 of air between1 secures cool chambers4 
,the closets are marked o1 and the      
fireplaces p4 ,the stairs to the attic  
are at q4 ,by this arrangement1 the     
housekeeper has her parlor1             
sleeping-room1 nursery1 and kitchen1 on 
the same floor1 while the rooms with    
bedpresses1 enable her to increase      
either parlors or lodging-rooms1 at     
pleasure1 without involving the care of 
a very large and expensive house4       
,figure #cc1 is the representation of a 
cottage1 built by ,daniel ,wadsworth1   
,esq41 in the vicinity of ,hartford1    
,connecticut2 and is on a plan1 which1  
though much smaller1 is very similar to 
the plan represented in ,fig4 #cb4 ,it  
serves to show the manner in which the  
roofs should be arranged1 in ,fig4 #ca1 

which1 being seen exactly in front1 does
 not give any idea of the mode of this  
arrangement4 ,the elevation of          
,wadsworth's cottage1 could be taken for
 the ground-plan shown in ,fig4 #cb1 if 
it be preferred to the other4  ,both    
this cottage1 and all the other plans1  
require a woodhouse1 and the            
conveniences connected with it1 which   
are represented in ,fig4 #ce1 7page     
#bgf47 ,for these ,gothic cottages1 an  
appendage of this sort should be in     
keeping with the rest1 having windows1  
like those in the little ,summer-house  
in the drawing1 and battlements1 as on  
the top of the wings of the barn4 ,the  
ornaments on the front of the cottage1  
and the pillars of the portico1 made    
simply of the trunks of small trees1    
give a beautiful rural finish1 and their
 expense is trifling4 ,in this picture1 
the trees could not be placed as they   
are in reality1 because they would hide 
the buildings4  ,illustration3 ,fig4    
#cc4  ,in arranging yards and grounds1  

the house should be set back1 as in the 
drawing of ,wadsworth's cottage2 and1   
instead of planting shade-trees in      
straight lines1 or scattering them      
about1 as single trees1 they should be  
arranged in clusters1 with large        
openings for turf1 flowers1 and         
shrubbery1 which never flourish well    
under the shade and dropping of trees4  
,this also secures spots of dark and    
cool shade1 even when trees are young4  
,in arranging shade-trees tastefully    
around such a place1 a large cluster    
might be placed on each side of the     
gate2 another on the circular           
grass-plot1 at the side of the house2   
another at a front corner2 and another  
at a back corner4 ,shrubbery1 along the 
walks1 and on the circular plot1 in     
front1 and flowers close to the house1  
would look well4 ,the barn1 also1 should
 have clusters of trees near it2 and    
occasional single trees1 on the lawn1   
would give the graceful ease and variety
 seen in nature4  ,figure #cd1          

represents the accommodations for       
securing water with the least labor4 ,it
 is designed for a well or cistern under
 ground4 ,the reservoir1 ,r1 may be a   
half hogshead1 or something larger1     
which may be filled once a day1 from the
 pump1 by a man1 or boy4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #cd4  ,p1 ,pump4 ,l1 ,steps to   
use when pumping4 ,r1 ,reservoir4 ,g1   
,brickwork to raise the ,reservoir4 ,b1 
,a large ,boiler4 ,f1 ,furnace1 beneath 
the ,boiler4 ,c1 ,conductor of cold     
water4 ,h1 ,conductor of hot water4 ,k1 
,cock for letting cold water into the   
,boiler4 ,s1 ,pipe to conduct cold water
 to a cock over the kitchen sink4 ,t1   
,bathing-tub1 which receives cold water 
from the ,conductor1 ,c1 and hot water  
from the ,conductor1 ,h4 ,w1 ,partition 
separating the ,bathing-room from the   
,wash-room4 ,y1 ,cock to draw off hot   
water4 ,z1 ,plug to let off the water   
from the ,bathing-tub into a drain4     
,the conductor1 ,c1 should be a lead    
pipe1 which1 instead of going over the  

boiler1 should be bent along behind it4 
,from ,s1 a branch sets off1 which      
conducts the cold water to the sink in  
the kitchen1 where it discharges with a 
cock4 ,h1 is a conductor from the lower 
part of the boiler1 made of copper1 or  
some metal not melted by great heat2 and
 at ,y1 a cock is placed1 to draw off   
hot water4 ,then the conductor passes to
 the bathing-tub1 where is another cock4
 ,at ,z1 the water is let off from the  
bathing-tub4 ,by this arrangement1 great
 quantities of hot and cold water can be
 used1 with no labor in carrying1 and   
with very little labor in raising it4   
,in case a cistern is built above       
ground1 it can be placed as the         
reservoir is1 and then all the labor of 
pumping is saved4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#ce4  ,a1 ,boiler and furnace4 ,b1      
,bathing-room4 ,c1 ,reservoir4 ,d1      
,pump4 ,e1 ,wash-form4 ,f1 ,sink4 ,g1   
,kitchen4 ,h1 ,woodpile4 ,i1 ,large     
doors4 i1i1 ,bins for coal and ashes4   
,o1 ,window4 ,p1 ,p1 ,privies4 ,t1      

,bathing-tub4 ,v1 ,door4  ,fig4 #ce1 is 
the plan of a building for back-door    
accommodations4 ,at ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 are 
accommodations shown in ,fig4 #cd4 ,the 
bathing-room is adjacent to the boiler  
and reservoir1 to receive the water4    
,the privy1 ,p1 ,p1 should have two     
apartments1 as indispensable to         
healthful habits in a family4 ,a window 
should be placed at ,o1 and a door1 with
 springs or a weight to keep it shut1   
should be at ,v4 ,keeping the window    
open1 and the door shut1 will prevent   
any disagreeable effects in the house4  
,at ,g1 is the kitchen1 and at ,f1 the  
sink1 which should have a conductor and 
cock from the reservoir4 ,h1 is the     
place for wood1 where it should in      
,summer be stored for ,winter4 ,a bin1  
for coal1 and also a brick receiver1 for
 ashes1 should be in this part4 ,every  
woman should use her influence to secure
 all these conveniences2 even if it     
involves the sacrifice of the piazza1 or
 the best parlor4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 

#cf4  ,front ,view4  ,side ,view4  ,fig4
 #cf1 is a latticed portico1 which is   
cheap1 and answers all the purposes of a
 more expensive one4 ,it should be      
solid1 overhead1 to turn off the rain1  
and creepers should be trained over it4 
,a simple latticed arch1 over a door1   
covered with creepers1 is very cheap1   
and serves instead of an expensive      
portico4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4  ,c1
 ,parlor ceiling4 ,k1 ,kitchen ceiling4 
,fig4 #cg1 represents a sliding closet1 
or dumb waiter1 a convenience which     
saves much labor1 when the kitchen is in
 the basement4 ,the two closets should  
be made wide1 and broad enough to       
receive a common waiter4 ,the chain1 or 
rope1 which passes over the wheels1     
should branch1 at ,x1 so as to keep the 
closet from rubbing in its movements1   
when the dishes are not set exactly in  
the middle1 or are of unequal weights4  
,by this method1 almost every thing     
needed to pass between the kitchen and  
parlor can be sent up and down1 without 

any steps4 ,if the kitchen is not       
directly under the eating-room1 the     
sliding closet can be placed in the     
vicinity of one or both4 ,where the     
place is not wide enough for two closets
 like these1 they can be made wider than
 they are long1 say one foot and six    
inches long1 and three feet wide4 ,a    
strip of wood1 an inch broad1 should be 
fastened on the front and back of the   
shelves1 to prevent the dishes from     
being broken when they are set on       
carelessly4  ,there is nothing1 which so
 much improves the appearance of a house
 and the premises1 as painting or       
whitewashing the tenements and fences4  
,the following receipts for             
whitewashing1 answer the same purpose   
for wood1 brick1 and stone1 as          
oil-paint1 and are much cheaper4 ,the   
first1 is the receipt used for the      
,president's house1 at ,washington1     
improved by further experiments4 ,the   
second1 is a cheaper one1 which the     
writer has known to succeed1 in a       

variety of cases1 lasting as long1 and  
looking as well1 as white oil-paint4    
,receipt4  ,take half a bushel of       
unslacked lime1 and slack it with       
boiling water1 covering it1 during the  
process4 ,strain it1 and add a peck of  
salt1 dissolved in warm water2 three    
pounds of ground rice1 boiled to a thin 
paste1 put in boiling hot2 half a pound 
of powdered ,spanish whiting2 and a     
pound of clear glue1 dissolved in warm  
water4 ,mix1 and let it stand several   
days4 ,heat it in a kettle1 on a        
portable furnace1 and apply it as hot as
 possible1 with a painter's or          
whitewash-brush4   ,another4  ,make     
whitewash1 in the usual way1 except that
 the water used should be hot1 and      
nearly saturated with salt4 ,then stir  
in four handfuls of fine sand1 to make  
it thick like cream4 ,coloring matter   
can be added to both1 making a light    
stone-color1 a cream-color1 or a light  
buff1 which are most suitable for       
buildings4   ,,footnotes3  ,r ,many     

houses are now heated1 by a furnace in  
the cellar1 which receives pure air from
 out of doors1 heats it1 and sends it   
into several rooms1 while water is      
evaporated to prevent the air from      
becoming dry4 ,the most perfect one the 
writer has seen1 is constructed by ,mr4 
,fowler1 of ,hartford4 ,this method     
secures well-ventilated rooms1 and is   
very economical1 where several rooms are
 to be warmed4  ,s ,those1 who are      
amateurs in architecture1 in judging of 
these designs1 must take into           
consideration1 that this is a work on   
domestic economy1 and that matters of   
taste1 have necessarily been made       
subordinate to points1 involving economy
 of health1 comfort1 and expense4       
,still1 it is believed1 that good taste 
has been essentially preserved1 in most 
of these designs4     ,,chapter ,,xxv4  
,,on ,,fires ,,and ,,lights4   ,a       
shallow fireplace saves wood1 and gives 
out more heat than a deeper one4 ,a     
false back1 of brick1 may be put up in a

 deep fireplace4 ,hooks1 for holding up 
the shovel and tongs1 a hearth-brush and
 bellows1 and brass knobs to hang them  
on1 should be furnished to every        
fireplace4 ,an iron bar1 across the     
andirons1 aids in keeping the fire safe1
 and in good order4 ,steel furniture is 
more genteel1 and more easily kept in   
order1 than that made of brass4  ,use   
green wood1 for logs1 and mix green and 
dry wood for the fire2 and then the     
woodpile will last much longer4 ,walnut1
 maple1 hickory1 and oak1 wood1 are     
best1 chestnut or hemlock is bad1       
because it snaps4 ,do not buy a load1 in
 which there are many crooked sticks4   
,learn how to measure and calculate the 
solid contents of a load1 so as not to  
be cheated4 ,have all your wood split1  
and piled under cover1 for ,winter4     
,have the green wood logs in one pile1  
dry wood in another1 oven-wood in       
another1 kindlings and chips in another1
 and a supply of charcoal to use for    
broiling and ironing1 in another place4 

,have a brick bin1 for ashes1 and never 
allow them to be put in wood4 ,when     
quitting fires1 at night1 never leave a 
burning stick across the andirons1 nor  
on its end1 without quenching it4 ,see  
that no fire adheres to the broom or    
brush2 remove all articles from the     
fire1 and have two pails1 filled with   
water1 in the kitchen1 where they will  
not freeze4    ,stoves and ,grates4     
,rooms1 heated by stoves1 should always 
have some opening for the admission of  
fresh air1 or they will be injurious to 
health4 ,the dryness of the air1 which  
they occasion1 should be remedied1      
either by placing a vessel1 filled with 
water1 on the stove1 or by hooking a    
long and narrow pan1 filled with water1 
in front of the grate2 otherwise1 the   
lungs or eyes may be injured4 ,a large  
number of plants in a room1 prevents    
this dryness of the air4 ,openings for  
pipes1 through floors1 partitions1 or   
fireboards1 should be surrounded by tin1
 to prevent their taking fire4          

,lengthening a pipe1 will increase its  
draught4  ,for those1 who use anthracite
 coal1 that which is broken or screened1
 is best for grates1 and the nut-coal1  
for small stoves4 ,three tons are       
sufficient1 in the ,middle ,states1 and 
four tons in the ,northern1 to keep one 
fire through the ,winter4 ,that which is
 bright1 hard1 and clean1 is best2 and  
that which is soft1 porous1 and covered 
with damp dust1 is poor4 ,it will be    
well to provide two barrels of charcoal1
 for kindling1 to every ton of          
anthracite coal4 ,grates1 for bituminous
 coal1 should have a flue nearly as deep
 as the grate2 and the bars should be   
round1 and not close together4 ,the     
better draught there is1 the less       
coal-dust is made4 ,every grate should  
be furnished with a poker1 shovel1      
tongs1 blower1 coal-scuttle1 and holder 
for the blower4 ,the latter may be made 
of woollen1 covered with old silk1 and  
hung near the fire4  ,coal-stoves should
 be carefully put up1 as cracks1 in the 

pipe1 especially in sleeping rooms1 are 
dangerous4   ,on ,lights4  ,lamps are   
better than candles1 as they give a     
steadier light1 and do not scatter      
grease1 like tallow candles4 ,the best  
oil1 is clear1 and nearly colorless4    
,winter-strained oil should be used in  
cold weather4 ,lard is a good substitute
 for oil1 for astral and other large    
lamps4 ,it is cheaper1 burns clearer1   
and has a less disagreeable smell4 ,it  
will not burn so well in small lamps1 as
 in large ones4 ,melt it every morning1 
in an old pitcher1 kept for the purpose4
 ,oil1 long kept1 grows thick1 and does 
not burn well4 ,it is therefore best not
 to buy it in large quantities4 ,it     
should never be left standing in lamps1 
for several days1 as this spoils it1 and
 often injures the lamps4 ,camphine is a
 kind of oil manufactured in ,new ,york1
 which does not smell disagreeably1 nor 
make grease-spots1 and gives a brighter 
light than the best oil4 ,cleanse the   
insides of lamps and oil-cans1 with     

pearlash-water4 ,be careful to drain    
them well1 and not to let any gilding1  
or bronze1 be injured by the            
pearlash-water coming in contact with   
it4 ,put one tablespoonful of pearlash  
to one quart of water4  ,the care of    
lamps requires so much attention and    
discretion1 that many ladies choose to  
do this work1 themselves1 rather than   
trust it with domestics4 ,to do it      
properly1 provide the following         
things3--,an old waiter1 to hold all the
 articles used2 a lamp-filler1 with a   
spout1 small at the end1 and turned up  
to prevent oil from dripping2 a ball of 
wickyarn1 and a basket to hold it2 a    
lamp-trimmer1 made for the purpose1 or a
 pair of sharp scissors2 a small        
soap-cup and soap2 some pearlash1 in a  
broad-mouthed bottle2 and several soft  
cloths1 to wash the articles1 and       
towels1 to wipe them4 ,if every thing1  
after being used1 is cleansed from oil1 
and then kept neatly1 it will not be so 
unpleasant a task1 as it usually is1 to 

take care of lamps4  ,wash the shade of 
an astral lamp1 once a week1 and the    
glass chimney oftener4 ,take the lamp to
 pieces1 and cleanse it1 once a month4  
,keep dry fingers1 in trimming lamps4   
,to raise the wick of an astral lamp1   
turn it to the right2 to lower it1 turn 
it to the left4 ,trim it1 after it has  
been once used2 and1 in lighting it1    
raise it to the proper height1 as soon  
as may be1 or it will either smoke1 or  
form a crust4 ,renew the wick1 when only
 an inch and a half long4 ,close-woven  
wicks are better than those which are   
loose4 ,dipping wicks in vinegar1 makes 
them burn clearer than they otherwise   
would4 ,plain shades do not injure the  
eyes1 like cut ones2 and prints and     
pictures appear better by them1 than by 
the others4 ,lamps should be lighted    
with a strip of folded or rolled paper1 
kept on the mantelpiece4 ,weak eyes     
should always be shaded from the lights4
 ,small screens1 made for the purpose1  
should be kept at hand4 ,a person with  

weak eyes1 can use them1 safely1 much   
longer1 when they are shaded from the   
glare of the light1 than if they are not
 so4 ,fill the entry-lamp1 every day1   
and cleanse and fill night-lanterns1    
twice a week1 if used often4 ,provide   
small1 one-wicked lamps1 to carry about2
 and broad-bottomed lamps1 for the      
kitchen1 as these are not easily upset4 
,a good night-lamp is made1 with a small
 one-wicked lamp and a roll of tin to   
set over it4 ,have some holes made in   
the bottom of this cover1 and it can    
then be used to heat articles4 ,very    
cheap floating tapers1 can be bought1 to
 burn in a teacup of oil through the    
night4  ,wickyarn1 drawn repeatedly     
through melted wax1 till stiff and      
smooth1 makes a good taper1 for use in  
sealing letters4 ,it can be twined in   
fanciful forms1 and kept on the         
writing-table4   ,to make ,candles4     
,the nicest candles1 are run in moulds4 
,for this purpose1 melt together one    
quarter of a pound of white wax1 one    

quarter of an ounce of camphor1 two     
ounces of alum1 and ten ounces of suet  
or mutton tallow4 ,soak the wicks1 in   
lime-water and saltpetre1 and1 when dry1
 fix them in the moulds1 and pour in the
 melted tallow4 ,let them remain one    
night1 to cool1 then warm them1 a       
little1 to loosen them1 draw them out1  
and1 when hard1 put them in a box1 in a 
dry and cool place4  ,to make dipped    
candles1 cut the wicks of the right     
length1 double them over rods1 and twist
 them4 ,they should first be dipped in  
lime-water1 or vinegar1 and dried4 ,melt
 the tallow in a large kettle1 filling  
it to the top with hot water1 when the  
tallow is melted4 ,put in wax1 and      
powdered alum1 to harden them4 ,keep the
 tallow hot1 over a portable furnace1   
and fill up the kettle1 with hot water1 
as fast as the tallow is used up4 ,lay  
two long strips of narrow board1 on     
which to hang the rods2 and set flat    
pans under1 on the floor1 to catch the  
grease4 ,take several rods at once1 and 

wet the wicks in the tallow2 and1 when  
cool1 straighten and smooth them4 ,then 
dip them1 as fast as they cool1 until   
they become of the proper size4 ,plunge 
them obliquely1 and not perpendicularly2
 and when the bottoms are too large1    
hold them in the hot grease1 till a part
 melts off4 ,let them remain one night1 
to cool2 then cut off the bottoms1 and  
keep them in a dry1 cool place4 ,cheap  
lights are made1 by dipping rushes in   
tallow4     ,,chapter ,,xxvi4  ,,on     
,,washing4   ,there is nothing1 which   
tends more effectually to secure good   
washing1 than a full supply of all      
conveniences2 and among these1 none is  
more important1 than an abundance of    
warm and cold water3 but1 if this be    
obtained1 and heated1 at a great expense
 of time and labor1 it will be used in  
stinted measure4 ,the accommodations    
described on page #bge1 7,fig4 #cd17 are
 very convenient in this respect4       
,articles to be provided for ,washing4  
,a plenty of soft water is a very       

important item4 ,when this cannot be    
had1 ley or soda can be put in hard     
water1 to soften it2 care being used not
 to put in so much1 as to injure the    
hands and clothes4 ,two wash-forms are  
needed2 one for the two tubs in which to
 put the suds1 and the other for blueing
 and starching-tubs4 ,four tubs1 of     
different sizes1 are necessary2 also1 a 
large wooden dipper1 7as metal is apt to
 rust27 two or three pails2 a grooved   
wash-board2 a clothes-line1 7sea-grass1 
or horse-hair is best27 a wash-stick to 
move clothes1 when boiling1 and a wooden
 fork to take them out4 ,soap-dishes1   
made to hook on the tubs1 save soap and 
time4 ,provide1 also1 a clothes-bag1 in 
which to boil clothes2 an indigo-bag1 of
 double flannel2 a starch-strainer1 of  
coarse linen2 a bottle of ox-gall for   
calicoes2 a supply of starch1 neither   
sour nor musty2 several dozens of       
clothes-pins1 which are cleft sticks1   
used to fasten clothes on the line2 a   
bottle of dissolved gum ,arabic2 two    

clothes-baskets2 and a brass or copper  
kettle1 for boiling clothes1 as iron is 
apt to rust4 ,a closet1 for keeping all 
these things1 is a great convenience4   
,it may be made six feet high1 three    
feet deep1 and four feet wide4 ,the tubs
 and pails can be set on the bottom of  
this1 on their sides1 one within        
another4 ,four feet from the bottom1    
have a shelf placed1 on which to put the
 basket of clothes-pins1 the line1      
soap-dishes1 dipper1 and clothes-fork4  
,above this1 have another shelf1 for the
 bottles1 boxes1 c4 ,the shelves should 
reach out only half way from the back1  
and nails should be put at the sides1   
for hanging the wash-stick1 clothes-bag1
 starch-bag1 and indigo-bag4 ,the       
ironing-conveniences might be kept in   
the same closet1 by having the lower    
shelf raised a little1 and putting a    
deep drawer under it1 to hold the       
ironing-sheets1 holders1 c4 ,a lock and 
key should be put on the closet4 ,if the
 mistress of the family requests the    

washerwoman to notify her1 when she is  
through1 and then ascertains if all     
these articles are put in their places1 
it will prove useful4 ,tubs1 pails1 and 
all hooped wooden ware1 should be kept  
out of the sun1 and in a cool place1 or 
they will fall to pieces4   ,common     
,mode of ,washing4  ,assort the clothes1
 and put them in soak1 the night before4
 ,never pour hot water on them1 as it   
sets the dirt4 ,in assorting clothes1   
put the flannels in one lot1 the colored
 clothes in another1 the coarse white   
ones in a third1 and the fine clothes in
 a fourth lot4 ,wash the fine clothes in
 one tub of suds2 and throw them1 when  
wrung1 into another4 ,then wash them1 in
 the second suds1 turning them wrong    
side out4 ,put them in the boiling-bag1 
and boil them in strong suds1 for half  
an hour1 and not much more4 ,move them1 
while boiling1 with the clothes-stick4  
,take them out of the boiling-bag1 and  
put them into a tub of water1 and rub   
the dirtiest places1 again1 if need be4 

,throw them into the rinsing-water1 and 
then wring them out1 and put them into  
the blueing-water4 ,put the articles to 
be stiffened1 into a clothes-basket1 by 
themselves1 and1 just before hanging    
out1 dip them in starch1 clapping it in1
 so as to have them equally stiff1 in   
all parts4 ,hang white clothes in the   
sun1 and colored ones1 7wrong side out17
 in the shade4 ,fasten them with        
clothes-pins4 ,then wash the coarser    
white articles1 in the same manner4     
,then wash the colored clothes4 ,these  
must not be soaked1 nor have ley or soda
 put in the water1 and they ought not to
 lie wet long before hanging out1 as it 
injures their colors4 ,beef's-gall1 one 
spoonful to two pailfuls of suds1       
improves calicoes4 ,lastly1 wash the    
flannels1 in suds as hot as the hand can
 bear4 ,never rub on soap1 as this      
shrinks them in spots4 ,wring them out  
of the first suds1 and throw them into  
another tub of hot suds1 turning them   
wrong side out4 ,then throw them into   

hot blueing-water4 ,do not put blueing  
into suds1 as it makes specks in the    
flannel4 ,never leave flannels long in  
water1 nor put them in cold or lukewarm 
water4 ,before hanging them out1 shake  
and stretch them4 ,some housekeepers    
have a close closet1 made with slats    
across the top4 ,on these slats1 they   
put their flannels1 when ready to hang  
out1 and then burn brimstone under them1
 for ten minutes4 ,it is but little     
trouble1 and keeps the flannels as white
 as new4 ,wash the colored flannels1 and
 hose1 after the white1 adding more hot 
water4 ,some persons dry woollen hose on
 stocking-boards1 shaped like a foot and
 leg1 with strings to tie them on the   
line4 ,this keeps them from shrinking1  
and makes them look better than if      
ironed4 ,it is also less work1 than to  
iron them properly4  ,bedding should be 
washed in long days1 and in hot weather4
 ,pound blankets in two different tubs  
or barrels of hot suds1 first well      
mixing the soap and water4 ,rinse in hot

 suds2 and1 after wringing1 let two     
persons shake them thoroughly1 and then 
hang them out4 ,if not dry1 at night1   
fold them1 and hang them out the next   
morning4 ,bedquilts should be pounded in
 warm suds2 and1 after rinsing1 be wrung
 as dry as possible4 ,bolsters and      
pillows can be pounded in hot suds1     
without taking out the feathers1 rinsing
 them in fair water4 ,it is usually     
best1 however1 for nice feathers1 to    
take them out1 wash them1 and dry them  
on a garret floor4 ,cotton comforters   
should have the cases taken off and     
washed4 ,wash bedticks1 after the       
feathers are removed1 like other things4
 ,empty straw beds once a year4  ,the   
following cautions1 in regard to        
calicoes1 are useful4 ,never wash them  
in very warm water2 and change the      
water1 when it appears dingy1 or the    
light parts will look dirty4 ,never rub 
on soap2 but remove grease with ,french 
chalk1 starch1 magnesia1 or ,wilmington 
clay4 ,make starch for them1 with       

coffee-water1 to prevent any whitish    
appearance4 ,glue is good for stiffening
 calicoes4 ,when laid aside1 not to be  
used1 all stiffening should be washed   
out1 or they will often be injured4     
,never let calicoes freeze1 in drying4  
,some persons use bran-water1 7four     
quarts of wheat-bran to two pails of    
water17 and no soap1 for calicoes2      
washing and rinsing in the bran-water4  
,potato-water is equally good4 ,take    
eight peeled and grated potatoes to one 
gallon of water4   ,soda-,washing4  ,a  
very great saving in labor is secured1  
by soda-washing4 ,there have been       
mistakes made in receipts1 and in modes 
of doing it1 which have caused a        
prejudice against it2 but if the soap be
 rightly made1 and rightly used1 it     
certainly saves one half the labor and  
time of ordinary washing4   ,receipt for
 ,soda-,soap4  ,take eight pounds of    
bar-soap1 eight pounds of coarse soda1  
7the sub-carbonate17 ten gallons of soft
 water1 boiled two hours1 stirring it   

often4 ,this is to be cooled1 and set   
away for use4 ,in washing1 take a pound 
of this soap1 to the largest pail of    
water1 and heat till it boils4 ,having  
previously soaked the white clothes1 in 
warm1 not hot1 water1 put them in this  
boiling mixture1 and let them boil one  
hour and no more4 ,take them out1       
draining them well1 and put them in a   
tub1 half full of soft water4 ,turn them
 wrong side out2 rub the soiled places1 
till they look clean2 then put them into
 blue rinsing-water1 and wring them out4
 ,they are then ready to hang out4 ,some
 persons use another rinsing-water4 ,the
 colored clothes and flannels must not  
be washed in this way4 ,the fine clothes
 may be first boiled in this water2 it  
may then be used for coarser clothes2   
and afterward1 the brown towels1 and    
other articles of that nature1 may be   
boiled in the same water4 ,after this1  
the water which remains1 is still       
useful1 for washing floors2 and then1   
the suds is a good manure to put around 

plants4  ,it is best to prepare1 at     
once1 the whole quantity of water to be 
used4 ,take out about one third1 and set
 it by2 and every time a fresh supply of
 clothes is put in1 use a portion of    
this1 to supply the waste of a former   
boiling4   ,modes of ,washing ,various  
,articles4  ,brown ,linens1 or ,muslins1
 of tea1 drab1 or olive1 colors1 look   
best1 washed in hay-water4 ,put in hay  
enough1 to color the water like new     
brown linen4 ,wash them first in        
lukewarm1 fair water1 without soap1     
7removing grease with ,french chalk17   
then wash and rinse them in the         
hay-water4  ,nankeens look best1 washed 
in suds1 with a teacup of ley added for 
each pailful4 ,iron on the wrong side4  
,soak new nankeens in ley1 for one      
night1 and it sets the color perfectly4 
,woollen ,table-,covers and ,woollen    
,shawls1 may be washed thus3 ,remove    
grease as before directed4 ,if there be 
stains in the articles1 take them out   
with spirits of hartshorn4 ,wash the    

things in two portions of hot suds1 made
 of white soap4 ,do not wring them1 but 
fold them and press the water out1      
catching it in a tub1 under a table4    
,shake1 stretch1 and dry1 neither by the
 sun nor a fire1 and do not let them    
freeze1 in drying4 ,sprinkle them three 
hours before ironing1 and fold and roll 
them tight4 ,iron them heavily on the   
wrong side4 ,woollen yarn1 should be    
washed in very hot water1 putting in a  
teacupful of ley1 and no soap1 to half a
 pailful of water4 ,rinse till the water
 comes off clear4  ,new ,black ,worsted 
and ,woollen ,hose1 should be soaked all
 night1 and washed in hot suds1 with    
beef's-gall1 a tablespoonful to half a  
pail of water4 ,rinse till no color     
comes out4 ,iron on the wrong side4  ,to
 ,cleanse ,gentlemen's ,broadcloths4    
,the common mode1 is1 to shake1 and     
brush the articles1 and rip out linings 
and pockets2 then to wash them in strong
 suds1 adding a teacupful of ley1 using 
white soap for light cloth2 rolling and 

then pressing1 instead of wringing1     
them2 when dry1 sprinkling them1 and    
letting them lie all night2 and ironing 
on the wrong side1 or with a thin dark  
cloth over the article1 until perfectly 
dry4 ,but a far better way1 which the   
writer has repeatedly tried1 with       
unfailing success1 is the following3    
,take one beef's-gall1 half a pound of  
salratus1 and four gallons of warm      
water4 ,lay the article on a table1 and 
scour it thoroughly1 in every part1 with
 a clothes-brush1 dipped in this        
mixture4 ,the collar of a coat1 and the 
grease-spots1 7previously marked by     
stitches of white thread17 must be      
repeatedly brushed4 ,then1 take the     
article1 and rinse it up and down in the
 mixture4 ,then1 rinse it up and down in
 a tub of soft cold water4 ,then1       
without wringing or pressing1 hang it to
 drain and dry4 ,fasten a coat up by the
 collar4 ,when perfectly dry1 it is     
sometimes the case1 with coats1 that    
nothing more is needed4 ,in other cases1

 it is necessary to dampen the parts1   
which look wrinkled1 with a sponge1 and 
either pull them smooth1 with the       
fingers1 or press them with an iron1    
having a piece of bombazine1 or thin    
woollen cloth1 between the iron and the 
article4   ,to manufacture ,ley1 ,soap1 
,starch1 and other ,articles used in    
,washing4  ,to make ,ley4 ,provide a    
large tub1 made of pine or ash1 and set 
it on a form1 so high1 that a tub can   
stand under it4 ,make a hole1 an inch in
 diameter1 near the bottom1 on one side4
 ,lay bricks1 inside1 about this hole1  
and straw over them4 ,to every seven    
bushels of ashes1 add two gallons of    
unslacked lime1 and throw in the ashes  
and lime in alternate layers4 ,while    
putting in the ashes and lime1 pour on  
boiling water1 using three or four      
pailfuls4 ,after this1 add a pailful of 
cold soft water1 once an hour1 till all 
the ashes appear to be well soaked4     
,catch the drippings1 in a tub1 and try 
its strength with an egg4 ,if the egg   

rise so as to show a circle as large as 
a ten cent piece1 the strength is right2
 if it rise higher1 the ley must be     
weakened by water2 if not so high1 the  
ashes are not good1 and the whole       
process must be repeated1 putting in    
fresh ashes1 and running the weak ley   
through the new ashes1 with some        
additional water4 ,quick-ley is made by 
pouring one gallon of boiling soft water
 on three quarts of ashes1 and straining
 it4 ,oak ashes are best4  ,to make     
,soft-,soap4 ,save all drippings and    
fat1 melt them1 and set them away1 in   
cakes4 ,some persons keep1 for          
soap-grease1 a half barrel1 with weak   
ley in it1 and a cover over it4 ,to make
 soft-soap1 take the proportion of one  
pailful of ley to three pounds of fat4  
,melt the fat1 and pour in the ley1 by  
degrees4 ,boil it steadily1 through the 
day1 till it is ropy4 ,if not boiled    
enough1 on cooling1 it will turn to ley 
and sediment4 ,while boiling1 there     
should always be a little oil on the    

surface4 ,if this does not appear1 add  
more grease4 ,if there is too much      
grease1 on cooling1 it will rise1 and   
can be skimmed off4 ,try it1 by cooling 
a small quantity4 ,when it appears like 
gelly1 on becoming cold1 it is done4 ,it
 must then be put in a cool place and   
often stirred4  ,to make cold           
,soft-,soap1 melt thirty pounds of      
grease1 put it in a barrel1 add four    
pailfuls of strong ley1 and stir it up  
thoroughly4 ,then gradually add more    
ley1 till the barrel is nearly full1 and
 the soap looks about right4  ,to make  
,potash-,soap1 melt thirty-nine pounds  
of grease1 and put it in a barrel4 ,take
 twenty-nine pounds of light ash-colored
 potash1 7the reddish-colored will spoil
 the soap17 and pour hot water on it2   
then pour it off into the grease1       
stirring it well4 ,continue thus1 till  
all the potash is melted4 ,add one      
pailful of cold water1 stirring it a    
great deal1 every day1 till the barrel  
be full1 and then it is done4 ,this is  

the cheapest and best kind of soap4 ,it 
is best to sell ashes and buy potash4   
,the soap is better1 if it stand a year 
before it is used2 therefore make two   
barrels at once4  ,to make ,hard ,white 
,soap1 take fifteen pounds of lard1 or  
suet2 and1 when boiling1 add1 slowly1   
five gallons of ley1 mixed with one     
gallon of water4 ,cool a small portion2 
and1 if no grease rise1 it is done3 if  
grease do rise1 add ley1 and boil till  
no grease rises4 ,then add three quarts 
of fine salt1 and boil it2 if this do   
not harden well1 on cooling1 add more   
salt4 ,cool it1 and if it is to be      
perfumed1 melt it next day1 put in the  
perfume1 and then run it in moulds1 or  
cut it in cakes4 ,common ,hard ,soap1 is
 made in the same way1 by using common  
fat4  ,to manufacture ,starch1 cleanse a
 peck of unground wheat1 and soak it1   
for several days1 in soft water4 ,when  
quite soft1 remove the husks1 with the  
hand1 and the soft parts will settle4   
,pour off the water1 and replace it1    

every day1 with that which is fresh1    
stirring it well4 ,when1 after stirring 
and settling1 the water is clear1 it is 
done4 ,then strain off the water1 and   
dry the starch1 for several days1 in the
 sun4 ,if the water be permitted to     
remain too long1 it sours1 and the      
starch is poor4 ,if the starch be not   
well dried1 it grows musty4             
,,chapter ,,xxvii4  ,,on ,,starching1   
,,ironing1 ,,and ,,cleansing4   ,to     
prepare ,starch4 ,take four             
tablespoonfuls of starch2 put in as much
 water2 and rub it1 till all lumps are  
removed4 ,then1 add half a cup of cold  
water4 ,pour this into a quart of       
boiling water1 and boil it for half an  
hour1 adding a piece of spermaceti1 or a
 lump of salt1 or sugar1 as large as a  
hazelnut4 ,strain it1 and put in a very 
little blueing4 ,thin it with hot water4
  ,glue and ,gum-,starch4 ,put a piece  
of glue1 four inches square1 into three 
quarts of water1 boil it1 and keep it in
 a bottle1 corked up4 ,dissolve four    

ounces of gum ,arabic1 in a quart of hot
 water1 and set it away1 in a bottle1   
corked4 ,use the glue for calicoes1 and 
the gum for silks and muslins1 both to  
be mixed with water1 at discretion4     
,beef's-,gall4 ,send a junk-bottle to   
the butcher1 and have several           
gall-bladders emptied into it4 ,keep it 
salted1 and in a cool place4 ,some      
persons perfume it2 but fresh air       
removes the unpleasant smell which it   
gives1 when used for clothes4           
,directions for ,starching ,muslins and 
,laces4  ,many ladies clap muslins1 then
 dry them1 and afterwards sprinkle them4
 ,this saves time4 ,others clap them1   
till nearly dry1 then fold and cover1   
and then iron them4 ,iron wrought       
muslins on soft flannel1 and on the     
wrong side4  ,to do up ,laces1 nicely1  
sew a clean piece of muslin around a    
long bottle1 and roll the lace on it2   
pulling out the edge1 and rolling it so 
that the edge will turn in1 and be      
covered1 as you roll4 ,fill the bottle  

with water1 and then boil it1 for an    
hour1 in a suds made with white soap4   
,rinse it in fair water1 a little blued2
 dry it in the sun2 and1 if any         
stiffening is wished1 use thin starch1  
or gum ,arabic4 ,when dry1 fold and     
press it1 between white papers1 in a    
large book4 ,it improves the lace1 to   
wet it with sweet-oil1 after it is      
rolled on the bottle1 and before boiling
 in the suds4 ,blond laces can be       
whitened1 by rolling them on a bottle1  
in this way1 and then setting the bottle
 in the sun1 in a dish of cold suds made
 with white soap1 wetting it thoroughly1
 and changing the suds1 every day4 ,do  
this1 for a week or more2 then rinse1 in
 fair water2 dry it on the bottle1 in   
the sun2 and stiffen it with white gum  
,arabic4 ,lay it away in loose folds4   
,lace veils can be whitened1 by laying  
them in flat dishes1 in suds made with  
white soap2 then rinsing1 and stiffening
 them with gum ,arabic1 stretching them1
 and pinning them on a sheet1 to dry4   

,,on ,,ironing4   ,articles to be       
provided for ,ironing4  ,a settee1 or   
settle1 made so that it can be used for 
an ironing-table1 is a great            
convenience4 ,it may be made of pine1   
and of the following dimensions3 length1
 five feet and six inches2 width of the 
seat1 one foot and nine inches2 height  
of the seat1 one foot and three inches2 
height of the sides1 7or arms of the    
seat17 two feet and four inches2 height 
of the back1 five feet and three inches4
 ,the back should be made with hinges1  
of the height of the sides or arms1 so  
that it can be turned down1 and rest on 
them1 and thus become an ironing-table4 
,the back is to be fastened up1 behind1 
with long iron hooks and staples4 ,the  
seat should be made with two lids1      
opening into two boxes1 or partitions1  
in one of which1 can be kept the        
ironing-sheets and holders1 and in the  
other1 the other articles used in       
ironing4 ,it can be stained of a        
cherry-color2 put on casters1 so as to  

move easily2 and be provided with two   
cushions1 stuffed with hay and covered  
with dark woollen4 ,it thus serves as a 
comfortable seat1 for ,winter1          
protecting the back from cold4  ,where a
 settee1 of this description1 is not    
provided1 a large ironing-board1 made so
 as not to warp1 should be kept1 and    
used only for this purpose1 to be laid1 
when used1 on a table4 ,provide1 also1  
the following articles3 ,a woollen      
ironing-blanket1 and a linen or cotton  
sheet1 to spread over it2 a large fire1 
of charcoal and hard wood1 7unless      
furnaces or stoves are used27 a hearth1 
free from cinders and ashes1 a piece of 
sheet-iron1 in front of the fire1 on    
which to set the irons1 while heating2  
7this last saves many black spots from  
careless ironers27 three or four        
holders1 made of woollen1 and covered   
with old silk1 as these do not easily   
take fire2 two iron rings1 or           
iron-stands1 on which to set the irons1 
and small pieces of board to put under  

them1 to prevent scorching the sheet2   
linen or cotton wipers2 and a piece of  
beeswax1 to rub on the irons when they  
are smoked4 ,there should be1 at least1 
three irons for each person ironing1 and
 a small and large clothes-frame1 on    
which to air the fine and coarse        
clothes4  ,a bosom-board1 on which to   
iron shirt-bosoms1 should be made1 one  
foot and a half long1 and nine inches   
wide1 and covered with white flannel4 ,a
 skirt-board on which to iron           
frock-skirts1 should be made1 five feet 
long1 and two feet wide at one end1     
tapering to one foot and three inches   
wide1 at the other end4 ,this should be 
covered with flannel2 and will save much
 trouble1 in ironing nice dresses4 ,the 
large end may be put on the table1 and  
the other1 on the back of a chair4 ,both
 these boards should have cotton covers1
 made to fit them2 and these should be  
changed and washed1 when dirty4 ,these  
boards are often useful1 when articles  
are to be ironed or pressed1 in a       

chamber or parlor4 ,provide1 also1 a    
press-board1 for broadcloth1 two feet   
long1 and four inches wide at one end1  
tapering to three inches wide1 at the   
other4  ,a fluting-iron1 called1 also1 a
 patent ,italian iron1 saves much labor1
 in ironing ruffles neatly4 ,a          
crimping-iron1 will crimp ruffles       
beautifully1 with very little time or   
trouble4 ,care must be used1 with the   
latter1 or it will cut the ruffles4 ,a  
trial should be made1 with old muslins2 
and1 when the iron is screwed in the    
right place1 it must be so kept1 and not
 altered without leave from the         
housekeeper4 ,if the lady of the house  
will provide all these articles1 see    
that the fires are properly made1 the   
ironing-sheets evenly put on and        
properly pinned1 the clothes-frames     
dusted1 and all articles kept in their  
places1 she will do much towards        
securing good ironing4   ,on            
,sprinkling1 ,folding1 and ,ironing4    
,wipe the dust from the ironing-board1  

and lay it down1 to receive the clothes1
 which should be sprinkled with clear   
water1 and laid in separate piles1 one  
of colored1 one of common1 and one of   
fine articles1 and one of flannels4     
,fold the fine things1 and roll them in 
a towel1 and then fold the rest1 turning
 them all right side outward4 ,the      
colored clothes should be laid separate 
from the rest1 and ought not to lie long
 damp1 as it injures the colors4 ,the   
sheets and table linen should be shaken1
 stretched1 and folded1 by two persons4 
,iron lace and needlework on the wrong  
side1 and carry them away1 as soon as   
dry4 ,iron calicoes with irons which are
 not very hot1 and generally on the     
right side1 as they thus keep clean for 
a longer time4 ,in ironing a frock1     
first do the waist1 then the sleeves1   
then the skirt4 ,keep the skirt rolled1 
while ironing the other parts1 and set a
 chair1 to hold the sleeves1 while      
ironing the skirt1 unless a skirt-board 
be used4 ,in ironing a shirt1 first do  

the back1 then the sleeves1 then the    
collar and bosom1 and then the front4   
,iron silk on the wrong side1 when quite
 damp1 with an iron which is not very   
hot4 ,light colors are apt to change and
 fade4 ,iron velvet1 by turning up the  
face of the iron1 and after dampening   
the wrong side of the velvet1 draw it   
over the face of the iron1 holding it   
straight1 and not biased4     ,,chapter 
,,xxviii4  ,,on ,,whitening1            
,,cleansing1 ,,and ,,dyeing4   ,to      
,whiten ,articles1 and ,remove ,stains  
from them4  ,wet white clothes in suds1 
and lay them on the grass1 in the sun4  
,lay muslins in suds made with white    
soap1 in a flat dish2 set this in the   
sun1 changing the suds1 every day4      
,whiten tow-cloth1 or brown linen1 by   
keeping it in ley1 through the night1   
laying it out in the sun1 and wetting it
 with fair water1 as fast as it dries4  
,scorched articles can often be whitened
 again1 by laying them in the sun1 wet  
with suds4 ,where this does not answer1 

put a pound of white soap in a gallon of
 milk1 and boil the article in it4      
,another method1 is1 to chop and extract
 the juice from two onions1 and boil    
this with half a pint of vinegar1 an    
ounce of white soap1 and two ounces of  
fuller's earth4 ,spread this1 when cool1
 on the scorched part1 and1 when dry1   
wash it off1 in fair water4 ,mildew may 
be removed1 by dipping the article in   
sour buttermilk1 laying it in the sun1  
and1 after it is white1 rinsing it in   
fair water4 ,soap and chalk are also    
good2 also1 soap and starch1 adding half
 as much salt as there is starch1       
together with the juice of a lemon4     
,stains in linen can often be removed1  
by rubbing on soft soap1 then putting on
 a starch paste1 and drying in the sun1 
renewing it several times4 ,wash off all
 the soap and starch1 in cold1 fair     
water4   ,mixtures for ,removing ,stains
 and ,grease4  ,stain-,mixture4 ,half an
 ounce of oxalic acid1 in a pint of soft
 water4 ,this can be kept in a corked   

bottle1 and is infallible in removing   
iron-rust1 and ink-stains4 ,it is very  
poisonous4 ,the article must be spread  
with this mixture over the steam of hot 
water1 and wet several times4 ,this will
 also remove indelible ink4 ,the article
 must be washed1 or the mixture will    
injure it4  ,another ,stain-,mixture is 
made1 by mixing one ounce of sal        
ammoniac1 one ounce of salt of tartar1  
and one pint of soft water4  ,to remove 
,grease4 ,mix four ounces of fuller's   
earth1 half an ounce of pearlash1 and   
lemon-juice enough to make a stiff      
paste1 which can be dried in balls1 and 
kept for use4 ,wet the greased spot with
 cold water1 rub it with the ball1 dry  
it1 and then rinse it with fair cold    
water4 ,this is for white articles4 ,for
 silks1 and worsteds1 use ,french chalk1
 which can be procured of the           
apothecaries4 ,that which is soft and   
white1 is best4 ,scrape it on the       
greased spot1 and let it lie for a day  
and night4 ,then renew it1 till the spot

 disappears4 ,wilmington clay-balls1 are
 equally good4 ,ink-spots can often be  
removed from white clothes1 by rubbing  
on common tallow1 leaving it for a day  
or two1 and then washing1 as usual4     
,grease can be taken out of wall-paper1 
by making a paste of potter's clay1     
water and ox-gall1 and spreading it on  
the paper4 ,when dry1 renew it1 till the
 spot disappears4  ,stains on floors1   
from soot1 or stove-pipes1 can be       
removed1 by washing the spot in         
sulphuric acid and water4 ,stains1 in   
colored silk dresses1 can often be      
removed1 by pure water4 ,those made by  
acids1 tea1 wine1 and fruits1 can often 
be removed1 by spirits of hartshorn1    
diluted with an equal quantity of water4
 ,sometimes1 it must be repeated1       
several times4  ,tar1 ,pitch1 and       
,turpentine1 can be removed1 by putting 
the spot in sweet-oil1 or by spreading  
tallow on it1 and letting it remain for 
twenty-four hours4 ,then1 if the article
 be linen or cotton1 wash it1 as usual2 

if it be silk or worsted1 rub it with   
ether1 or spirits of wine4  ,lamp-,oil  
can be removed1 from floors1 carpets1   
and other articles1 by spreading upon   
the stain a paste1 made of fuller's     
earth or potter's clay1 and renewing it1
 when dry1 till the stain is removed4   
,if gall be put into the paste1 it will 
preserve the colors from injury4 ,when  
the stain has been removed1 carefully   
brush off the paste1 with a soft brush4 
,oil-,paint can be removed1 by rubbing  
it with very pure spirits of turpentine4
 ,the impure spirit leaves a            
grease-spot4 ,wax can be removed1 by    
scraping it off1 and then holding a     
red-hot poker near the spot4 ,spermaceti
 may be removed by scraping it off1 then
 putting a paper over the spot1 and     
applying a warm iron4 ,if this does not 
answer1 rub on spirits of wine4         
,ink-,stains1 in carpets and woollen    
table-covers1 can be removed1 by washing
 the spot in a liquid1 composed of one  
teaspoonful of oxalic acid dissolved in 

a teacupful of warm 7not hot7 water1 and
 then rinsing in cold water4  ,stains on
 ,varnished ,articles1 which are caused 
by cups of hot water1 can be removed1 by
 rubbing them with lamp-oil1 and then   
with alcohol4 ,ink-stains can be taken  
out of mahogany1 by one teaspoonful of  
oil of vitriol mixed with one           
tablespoonful of water1 or by oxalic    
acid and water4 ,these must be brushed  
over quickly1 and then washed off with  
milk4   ,modes of ,cleansing ,various   
,articles4  ,silk ,handkerchiefs and    
,ribands can be cleansed1 by using      
,french chalk to take out the grease1   
and then sponging them1 on both sides1  
with lukewarm fair water4 ,stiffen them 
with gum ,arabic1 and press them between
 white paper1 with an iron not very hot4
 ,a tablespoonful of spirits of wine to 
three quarts of water1 improves it4     
,silk ,hose1 or ,silk ,gloves1 should be
 washed in warm suds made with white    
soap1 and rinsed in cold water2 they    
should then be stretched and rubbed1    

with a hard-rolled flannel1 till they   
are quite dry4 ,ironing them1 very much 
injures their looks4 ,washleather       
articles should have the grease removed 
from them1 by ,french chalk1 or         
magnesia2 they should then be washed in 
warm suds1 and rinsed in cold water4    
,white ,kid ,gloves should have the     
grease removed from them1 as above      
directed4 ,they should then be brushed1 
with a soft brush1 and a mixture of     
fuller's earth and magnesia4 ,in an hour
 after1 rub them with flannel1 dipped in
 bran and powdered whiting4 ,colored or 
,hoskin's gloves can be cleansed1 very  
nicely1 by pure spirits of turpentine1  
put on with a woollen cloth1 and rubbed 
from wrist to fingers4 ,hang them for   
several days in the air1 and all the    
unpleasant smell will be removed4       
,gentlemen's white gloves should be     
washed with a sponge1 in white-soapsuds2
 then wiped1 and dried on the hands4    
,swan's-down tippets1 and capes1 should 
be washed in white-soapsuds1 squeezing1 

and not rubbing them2 then rinse them in
 two waters1 and shake and stretch them 
while drying4 ,ostrich feathers can also
 be thus washed4 ,stiffen them1 with    
starch1 wet in cold water and not       
boiled4 ,shake them in the air1 till    
nearly dry1 then hold them before the   
fire1 and curl them with dull scissors1 
giving each fibre a twitch1 turning it  
inward1 and holding it so for a moment4 
,straw and ,leghorn ,hats1 can be       
cleansed1 by simply washing them in     
white-soapsuds4 ,remove grease1 by      
,french chalk1 and stains1 by diluted   
oxalic acid1 or cream of tartar4 ,the   
oxalic acid is best1 but must be        
instantly washed off4 ,to whiten them1  
drive nails in a barrel1 near its       
bottom1 so that cords can be stretched  
across4 ,on these cords1 tie the bonnet1
 wet with suds1 7having first removed   
the grease1 stains1 and dirt47 ,then    
invert the barrel1 over a dish of coals1
 on which roll brimstone is slowly      
burning4 ,put a chip under one side of  

the barrel1 to admit the air4 ,continue 
this1 till the bonnet is white2 then    
hang it in the air1 7when the weather is
 not damp17 till the smell is removed4  
,then stiffen it with a solution of     
isinglass or gum ,arabic1 put on the    
inside1 with a sponge4 ,press the crown1
 on a block1 and the rest on a board1 on
 the right side1 putting muslin between 
the iron and straw1 and pressing hard4  
,be careful not to make it too stiff4   
,first1 stiffen a small piece1 for      
trial4   ,,on ,,coloring4  ,precautions 
and ,preparations4  ,all the articles   
must be entirely free from grease or    
oil1 and also1 in most cases1 from      
soapsuds4 ,make light dyes in brass1 and
 dark ones in iron1 vessels4 ,always wet
 the articles1 in fair water1 before    
dyeing4 ,always carefully strain the    
dye4 ,if the color be too light1 dry and
 then dip the article again4 ,stir the  
article well in the dye1 lifting it up  
often4 ,remove any previous color1 by   
boiling in suds1 or1 what is better1 in 

the soda mixture used for washing4      
,pink ,dye4 ,buy a saucer of carmine1 at
 an apothecary's4 ,with it1 you will    
find directions for its use4 ,this is   
cheap1 easy to use1 and beautiful4 ,balm
 blossoms and ,bergamot blossoms1 with a
 little cream of tartar in the water1   
make a pretty pink4  ,red ,dye4 ,take   
half a pound of wheat bran1 three ounces
 of powdered alum1 and two gallons of   
soft water4 ,boil these in a brass      
vessel1 and add an ounce of cream of    
tartar1 and an ounce of cochineal1 tied 
up together in a bag4 ,boil the mixture 
for fifteen minutes1 then strain it1 and
 dip the articles4 ,brazil wood1 set    
with alum1 makes another red dye4       
,yellow ,dye4 ,fustic1 turmeric powder1 
saffron1 barberry-bush1 peach-leaves1 or
 marigold flowers1 make a yellow dye4   
,set the dye with alum1 putting a piece 
the size of a large hazelnut to each    
quart of water4  ,light ,blue ,dye1 for 
silks and woollens1 is made with the    
'blue composition1' to be procured of   

the hat-makers2 fifteen drops to a quart
 of water4 ,articles dipped in this1    
must be thoroughly rinsed4 ,for a dark  
blue1 boil four ounces of copperas in   
two gallons of water4 ,dip the articles 
in this1 and then in a strong decoction 
of logwood1 boiled and strained4 ,then  
wash them thoroughly in soapsuds4       
,green ,dye4 ,first color the article   
yellow2 and then1 if it be silk or      
woollen1 dip it in 'blue composition4'  
,instead of ironing1 rub it with        
flannel1 while drying4  ,salmon ,color  
is made by boiling arnotto or anotta in 
soapsuds4  ,buff ,color is made by      
putting one teacupful of potash1 tied in
 a bag1 in two gallons of hot 7not      
boiling7 water1 and adding an ounce of  
arnotto1 also in a bag1 keeping it in   
for half an hour4 ,first1 wet the       
article in strong potash-water4 ,dry and
 then rinse in soapsuds4 ,birch bark and
 alum also make a buff4 ,black alder1   
set with ley1 makes an orange color4    
,dove and ,slate ,colors1 of all shades1

 are made by boiling1 in an iron vessel1
 a teacupful of black tea1 with a       
teaspoonful of copperas4 ,dilute this1  
till you get the shade wanted4 ,purple  
sugar-paper1 boiled1 and set with alum1 
makes a similar color4  ,brown ,dye4    
,boil half a pound of camwood 7in a bag7
 in two gallons of water1 for fifteen   
minutes4 ,wet the articles1 and boil    
them for a few minutes in the dye4      
,white-walnut bark1 the bark of sour    
sumach1 or of white maple1 set with     
alum1 make a brown color4  ,black ,dye4 
,let one pound of chopped logwood remain
 all night in one gallon of vinegar4    
,then boil them1 and put in a piece of  
copperas1 as large as a hen's egg4 ,wet 
the articles in warm water1 and put them
 in the dye1 boiling and stirring them  
for fifteen minutes4 ,dry them1 then wet
 them in warm water1 and dip them again4
 ,repeat the process1 till the articles 
are black enough4 ,wash them in suds1   
and rinse them till the water comes off 
clear4 ,iron nails1 boiled in vinegar1  

make a black dye1 which is good for     
restoring rusty black silks4  ,olive    
,color4 ,boil fustic and yellow-oak bark
 together4 ,the more fustic1 the        
brighter the olive2 the more oak bark1  
the darker the shade4 ,set the light    
shade with a few drops of oil of        
vitriol1 and the dark shade with        
copperas4     ,,chapter ,,xxix4  ,,on   
,,the ,,care ,,of ,,parlors4   ,in      
selecting the furniture of parlors1 some
 reference should be had to             
correspondence of shades and colors4    
,curtains should be darker than the     
walls2 and1 if the walls and carpets be 
light1 the chairs should be dark1 and   
vice versa4 ,pictures always look best  
on light walls4  ,in selecting carpets1 
for rooms much used1 it is poor economy 
to buy cheap ones4 ,ingrain carpets1 of 
close texture1 and the three-ply        
carpets1 are best for common use4       
,brussels carpets do not wear so long as
 the three-ply ones1 because they cannot
 be turned4 ,wilton carpets wear badly1 

and ,venetians are good only for halls  
and stairs4  ,in selecting colors1 avoid
 those in which there are any black     
threads2 as they are always rotten4 ,the
 most tasteful carpets1 are those1 which
 are made of various shades of the same 
color1 or of all shades of only two     
colors2 such as brown and yellow1 or    
blue and buff1 or salmon and green1 or  
all shades of green1 or of brown4 ,all  
very dark shades should be brown or     
green1 but not black4  ,in laying down  
carpets1 it is a bad practice to put    
straw under them1 as this makes them    
wear out in spots4 ,straw matting1 laid 
under carpets1 makes them last much     
longer1 as it is smooth and even1 and   
the dust sifts through it4 ,in buying   
carpets1 always get a few yards over1 to
 allow for waste in matching figures4   
,in cutting carpets1 make them three or 
four inches shorter than the room1 to   
allow for stretching4 ,begin to cut in  
the middle of a figure1 and it will     
usually match better4 ,many carpets     

match in two different ways1 and care   
must be taken to get the right one4 ,sew
 a carpet on the wrong side1 with double
 waxed thread1 and with the ball-stitch4
 ,this is done by taking a stitch on the
 breadth next you1 pointing the needle  
towards you2 and then taking a stitch on
 the other breadth1 pointing the needle 
from you4 ,draw the thread tightly1 but 
not so as to pucker4 ,in fitting a      
breadth to the hearth1 cut slits in the 
right place1 and turn the piece under4  
,bind the whole of the carpet1 with     
carpet-binding1 nail it with tacks1     
having bits of leather under the heads4 
,to stretch the carpet1 use a           
carpet-fork1 which is a long stick1     
ending with notched tin1 like saw-teeth4
 ,this is put in the edge of the carpet1
 and pushed by one person1 while the    
nail is driven by another4 ,cover       
blocks1 or bricks1 with carpeting1 like 
that of the room1 and put them behind   
tables1 doors1 sofas1 c41 to preserve   
the walls from injury1 by knocking1 or  

by the dusting-cloth4  ,cheap           
footstools1 made of a square plank1     
covered with tow-cloth1 stuffed1 and    
then covered with carpeting1 with       
worsted handles1 look very well4 ,sweep 
carpets as seldom as possible1 as it    
wears them out4 ,to shake them often1 is
 good economy4 ,in cleaning carpets1 use
 damp tea leaves1 or wet ,indian meal1  
throwing it about1 and rubbing it over  
with the broom4 ,the latter1 is very    
good for cleansing carpets made dingy by
 coal-dust4 ,in brushing carpets in     
ordinary use1 it will be found very     
convenient to use a large flat dust-pan1
 with a perpendicular handle a yard     
high1 put on so that the pan will stand 
alone4 ,this can be carried about1 and  
used without stooping1 brushing dust    
into it with a common broom4 ,the pan   
must be very large1 or it will be upset4
  ,when carpets are taken up1 they      
should be hung on a line1 or laid on    
long grass1 and whipped1 first on one   
side1 and then on the other1 with pliant

 whips4 ,if laid aside1 they should be  
sewed up tight1 in linen1 having snuff  
or tobacco put along all the crevices   
where moths could enter4 ,shaking       
pepper1 from a pepper-box1 round the    
edge of the floor1 under a carpet1      
prevents the access of moths4  ,carpets 
can be best washed on the floor1 thus3  
,first shake them2 and then1 after      
cleaning the floor1 stretch and nail    
them upon it4 ,then scrub them in cold  
soapsuds1 having half a teacupful of    
ox-gall to a bucket of water4 ,then wash
 off the suds1 with a cloth1 in fair    
water4 ,set open the doors and windows1 
for two days or more4 ,imperial         
,brussels1 ,venetian1 ingrain1 and      
three-ply1 carpets1 can be washed thus2 
but ,wilton1 and other plush-carpets1   
cannot4 ,before washing them1 take out  
grease1 with a paste1 made of potter's  
clay1 ox-gall1 and water4  ,straw       
matting is best for chambers and ,summer
 parlors4 ,the checked1 of two colors1  
is not so good to wear4 ,the best1 is   

the cheapest in the end4 ,when washed1  
it should be done with salt water1      
wiping it dry2 but frequent washing     
injures it4 ,bind matting with cotton   
binding4 ,sew breadths together like    
carpeting4 ,in joining the ends of      
pieces1 ravel out a part1 and tie the   
threads together1 turning under a little
 of each piece1 and then1 laying the    
ends close1 nail them down1 with nails  
having kid under their heads4  ,in      
hanging pictures1 put them so that the  
lower part shall be opposite the eye4   
,cleanse the glass of pictures with     
whiting1 as water endangers the         
pictures4 ,gilt frames can be much      
better preserved by putting on a coat of
 copal varnish1 which1 with proper      
brushes1 can be bought of carriage or   
cabinet-makers4 ,when dry1 it can be    
washed with fair water4 ,wash the brush 
in spirits of turpentine4  ,curtains1   
ottomans1 and sofas covered with        
worsted1 can be cleansed1 by wheat-bran1
 rubbed on with flannel4 ,dust ,venetian

 blinds with feather brushes4 ,buy      
light-colored ones1 as the green are    
going out of fashion4 ,strips of linen  
or cotton1 on rollers and pulleys1 are  
much in use1 to shut out the sun from   
curtains and carpets4 ,paper curtains1  
pasted on old cotton1 are good for      
chambers4 ,put them on rollers1 having  
cords nailed to them1 so that when the  
curtain falls1 the cord will be wound   
up4 ,then1 by pulling the cord1 the     
curtain will be rolled up4  ,mahogany   
furniture should be made in the ,spring1
 and stand some months before it is     
used1 or it will shrink and warp4       
,varnished furniture should be rubbed   
only with silk1 except occasionally1    
when a little sweet-oil should be rubbed
 over1 and wiped off carefully4 ,for    
unvarnished furniture1 use beeswax1 a   
little softened with sweet-oil2 rub it  
in with a hard brush1 and polish with   
woollen and silk rags4 ,some persons rub
 in linseed-oil2 others mix beeswax with
 a little spirits of turpentine and     

rosin1 making it so that it can be put  
on with a sponge1 and wiped off with a  
soft rag4 ,others1 keep in a bottle the 
following mixture2 two ounces of spirits
 of turpentine1 four tablespoonfuls of  
sweet-oil1 and one quart of milk4 ,this 
is applied with a sponge1 and wiped off 
with a linen rag4  ,hearths and jambs1  
of brick1 look best painted over with   
blacklead1 mixed with soft-soap4 ,wash  
the bricks which are nearest the fire   
with redding and milk1 using a painter's
 brush4 ,a sheet of zinc1 covering the  
whole hearth1 is cheap1 saves work1 and 
looks very well4 ,a tinman can fit it   
properly4  ,stone hearths should be     
rubbed with a paste of powdered stone1  
7to be procured of the stonecutters17   
and then brushed with a stiff brush4    
,kitchen-hearths1 of stone1 are improved
 by rubbing in lamp-oil4  ,stains can be
 removed from marble1 by oxalic acid and
 water1 or oil of vitriol and water1    
left on fifteen minutes1 and then rubbed
 dry4 ,gray marble is improved by       

linseed-oil4 ,grease can be taken from  
marble1 by ox-gall and potter's clay wet
 with soapsuds1 7a gill of each47 ,it is
 better to add1 also1 a gill of spirits 
of turpentine4 ,it improves the looks of
 marble1 to cover it with this mixture1 
leaving it two days1 and then rubbing it
 off4  ,unless a parlor is in constant  
use1 it is best to sweep it only once a 
week1 and at other times use a          
whisk-broom and dust-pan4 ,when a parlor
 with handsome furniture is to be swept1
 cover the sofas1 centre table1 piano1  
books1 and mantelpiece1 with old        
cottons1 kept for the purpose4 ,remove  
the rugs1 and shake them1 and clean the 
jambs1 hearth1 and fire-furniture4 ,then
 sweep the room1 moving every article4  
,dust the furniture1 with a dust-brush  
and a piece of old silk4 ,a painter's   
brush should be kept1 to remove dust    
from ledges and crevices4 ,the          
dust-cloths should be often shaken and  
washed1 or else they will soil the walls
 and furniture when they are used4 ,dust

 ornaments1 and fine books1 with feather
 brushes1 kept for the purpose4         
,,chapter ,,xxx4  ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of
 ,,breakfast ,,and ,,dining-,,rooms4    
,an eating-room should have in it a     
large closet1 with drawers and shelves1 
in which should be kept all the articles
 used at meals4 ,this1 if possible1     
should communicate with the kitchen1 by 
a sliding window1 or by a door1 and have
 in it a window1 and also a small sink1 
made of marble or lined with zinc1 which
 will be a great convenience for washing
 nice articles4 ,if there be a          
dumb-waiter1 it is best to have it      
connected with such a closet4 ,it may be
 so contrived1 that1 when it is down1 it
 shall form part of the closet floor4   
,a table-rug1 or crumb-cloth1 is useful 
to save carpets from injury4 ,bocking1  
or baize1 is best4 ,always spread the   
same side up1 or the carpet will be     
soiled by the rug4 ,table-mats are      
needful1 to prevent injury to the table 
from the warm dishes4 ,teacup-mats1 or  

small plates1 are useful to save the    
table-cloths from dripping tea or       
coffee4 ,butter-knives1 for the         
butter-plate1 and salt-spoons1 for      
salt-dishes1 are designed to prevent    
those disgusting marks which are made1  
when persons use their own knives1 to   
take salt or butter4 ,a sugar-spoon     
should be kept in or by the sugar-dish1 
for the same purpose4 ,table-napkins1 of
 diaper1 are often laid by each person's
 plate1 for use during the meal1 to save
 the tablecloth and pocket-handkerchief4
 ,to preserve the same napkin for the   
same person1 each member of the family  
has a given number1 and the napkins are 
numbered to correspond1 or else are     
slipped into ivory rings1 which are     
numbered4 ,a stranger has a clean one1  
at each meal4 ,tablecloths should be    
well starched1 and ironed on the right  
side1 and always1 when taken off1 folded
 in the ironed creases4 ,doilies are    
colored napkins1 which1 when fruit is   
offered1 should always be furnished1 to 

prevent a person from staining a nice   
handkerchief1 or permitting the         
fruit-juice to dry on the fingers4      
,casters and salt-stands should be put  
in order1 every morning1 when washing   
the breakfast things4 ,always1 if       
possible1 provide fine and dry          
table-salt1 as many persons are much    
disgusted with that which is dark1 damp1
 and coarse4 ,be careful to keep        
salad-oil closely corked1 or it will    
grow rancid4 ,never leave the           
salt-spoons in the salt1 nor the        
mustard-spoon in the mustard1 as they   
are thereby injured4 ,wipe them1        
immediately after the meal4  ,for       
table-furniture1 ,french china is deemed
 the nicest1 but it is liable to the    
objection of having plates1 so made1    
that salt1 butter1 and similar articles1
 will not lodge on the edge1 but slip   
into the centre4 ,select knives and     
forks1 which have weights in the        
handles1 so that1 when laid down1 they  
will not touch the table4 ,those with   

rivetted handles last longer than any   
others4 ,horn handles 7except buckhorn7 
are very poor4 ,the best are cheapest in
 the end4 ,knives should be sharpened   
once a month1 unless they are kept sharp
 by the mode of scouring4   ,on ,setting
 ,tables4  ,neat housekeepers observe   
the manner in which a table is set more 
than any thing else2 and to a person of 
good taste1 few things are more         
annoying1 than to see the table placed  
askew2 the tablecloth soiled1 rumpled1  
and put on awry2 the plates1 knives1 and
 dishes thrown about1 without any order2
 the pitchers soiled on the outside1 and
 sometimes within2 the tumblers dim2 the
 caster out of order2 the butter pitched
 on the plate1 without any symmetry2 the
 salt coarse1 damp1 and dark2 the bread 
cut in a mixture of junks and slices2   
the dishes of food set on at random1 and
 without mats2 the knives dark or rusty1
 and their handles greasy2 the          
tea-furniture all out of order1 and     
every thing in similar style4 ,and yet1 

many of these negligences will be met   
with1 at the tables of persons who call 
themselves well bred1 and who have      
wealth enough to make much outside show4
 ,one reason for this1 is1 the great    
difficulty of finding domestics1 who    
will attend to these things in a proper 
manner1 and who1 after they have been   
repeatedly instructed1 will not neglect 
nor forget what has been said to them4  
,the writer has known cases1 where much 
has been gained by placing the following
 rules in plain sight1 in the place     
where the articles for setting tables   
are kept4   ,rules for setting a ,table4
  #a4 ,lay the rug square with the room1
 and also smooth and even2 then set the 
table also square with the room1 and see
 that the legs are in the right position
 to support the leaves4  #b4 ,lay the   
tablecloth square with the table1 right 
side up1 smooth1 and even4  #c4 ,put on 
the teatray 7for breakfast or tea7      
square with the table2 set the cups and 
saucers at the front side of the        

teatray1 and the sugar1 slop-bowls1 and 
cream-cup1 at the back side4 ,lay the   
sugar-spoon or tongs on the sugar-bowl4 
#d4 ,lay the plates around the table1 at
 equal intervals1 and the knives and    
forks at regular distances1 each in the 
same particular manner1 with a cup-mat1 
or cup-plate1 to each1 and a napkin at  
the right side of each person4  #e4 ,if 
meat be used1 set the caster and        
salt-cellars in the centre of the table2
 then lay mats for the dishes1 and place
 the carving-knife and fork and steel by
 the master of the house4 ,set the      
butter on two plates1 one on either     
side1 with a butter-knife by each4  #f4 
,set the tea or coffee-pot on a mat1 at 
the right hand of the teatray1 7if there
 be not room upon it47 ,then place the  
chairs around the table1 and call the   
family4   ,for ,dinner4  #a4 ,place the 
rug1 table1 tablecloth1 plates1 knives  
and forks1 and napkins1 as before       
directed1 with a tumbler by each plate4 
,in cold weather1 set the plates where  

they will be warmed4  #b4 ,put the      
caster in the centre1 and the           
salt-stands at two oblique corners1 of  
the table1 the latter between two large 
spoons crossed4 ,if more spoons be      
needed1 lay them on each side of the    
caster1 crossed4 ,set the pitcher on a  
mat1 either at a side-table1 or1 when   
there is no waiter1 on the dining-table4
 ,water looks best in glass decanters4  
#c4 ,set the bread on the table1 when   
there is no waiter4 ,some take a fork1  
and lay a piece on the napkin or tumbler
 by each plate4 ,others keep it in a    
tray1 covered with a white napkin to    
keep off flies4 ,bread for dinner is    
often cut in small junks1 and not in    
slices4  #d4 ,set the principal dish    
before the master of the house1 and the 
other dishes in a regular manner4 ,put  
the carving-knife1 fork1 and steel1 by  
the principal dish1 and also a          
knife-rest1 if one be used4  #e4 ,put a 
small knife and fork by the pickles1 and
 also by any other dishes which need    

them4 ,then place the chairs4   ,on     
,waiting at ,table4  ,a domestic1 who   
waits on the table1 should be required  
to keep the hair and hands in neat      
order1 and have on a clean apron4 ,a    
small teatray should be used to carry   
cups and plates4 ,the waiter should     
announce the meal 7when ready7 to the   
mistress of the family1 then stand by   
the eating-room door1 till all are in1  
then close the door1 and step to the    
left side of the lady of the house4     
,when all are seated1 the waiter should 
remove the covers1 taking care first to 
invert them1 so as not to drop the steam
 on the tablecloth or guests4 ,in       
presenting articles1 go to the left side
 of the person4 ,in pouring water never 
entirely fill the tumbler4 ,the waiter  
should notice when bread or water is    
wanting1 and hand it without being      
called4 ,when plates are changed1 be    
careful not to drop knives or forks4    
,brush off crumbs1 with a crumb-brush1  
into a small waiter4  ,when there is no 

domestic waiter1 a light table should be
 set at the left side of the mistress of
 the house1 on which the bread1 water1  
and other articles not in immediate use1
 can be placed4   ,on ,carving and      
,helping at ,table4  ,it is considered  
an accomplishment for a lady to know how
 to carve well1 at her own table4 ,it is
 not proper to stand in carving4 ,the   
carving-knife should be sharp and thin4 
,to carve fowls1 7which should always be
 laid with the breast uppermost17 place 
the fork in the breast1 and take off the
 wings and legs without turning the     
fowl2 then cut out the merry thought1   
cut slices from the breast1 take out the
 collar bone1 cut off the side pieces1  
and then cut the carcass in two4 ,divide
 the joints in the leg of a turkey4  ,in
 helping the guests1 when no choice is  
expressed1 give a piece of both the     
white and dark meat1 with some of the   
stuffing4 ,inquire whether the guest    
will be helped to each kind of          
vegetable1 and put the gravy on the     

plate1 and not on any article of food4  
,in carving a sirloin1 cut thin slices  
from the side next to you1 7it must be  
put on the dish with the tenderloin     
underneath27 then turn it1 and cut from 
the tenderloin ,help the guest to both  
kinds4  ,in carving a leg of mutton1 or 
a ham1 begin by cutting across the      
middle1 to the bone4 ,cut a tongue      
across1 and not lengthwise1 and help    
from the middle part4  ,carve a         
forequarter of lamb1 by separating the  
shoulder from the ribs1 and then        
dividing the ribs4 ,to carve a loin of  
veal1 begin at the smaller end and      
separate the ribs4 ,help each one to a  
piece of the kidney and its fat4 ,carve 
pork and mutton in the same way4  ,to   
carve a fillet of veal1 begin at the    
top1 and help to the stuffing with each 
slice4 ,in a breast of veal1 separate   
the breast and brisket1 and then cut    
them up1 asking which part is preferred4
 ,in carving a pig1 it is customary to  
divide it1 and take off the head1 before

 it comes to the table2 as1 to many     
persons1 the head is very revolting4    
,cut off the limbs1 and divide the ribs4
 ,in carving venison1 make a deep       
incision down to the bone1 to let out   
the juices2 then turn the broad end of  
the haunch towards you1 cutting deep1 in
 thin slices4 ,for a saddle of venison1 
cut from the tail towards the other end1
 on each side1 in thin slices4 ,warm    
plates are very necessary1 with venison 
and mutton1 and in ,winter1 are         
desirable for all meats4     ,,chapter  
,,xxxi4  ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of         
,,chambers ,,and ,,bedrooms4   ,every   
mistress of a family should see1 not    
only that all sleeping-rooms in her     
house can be well ventilated at night1  
but that they actually are so4 ,where   
there is no open fireplace to admit the 
pure air from the exterior1 a door      
should be left open into an entry1 or   
room where fresh air is admitted2 or    
else a small opening should be made in a
 window1 taking care not to allow a     

draught of air to cross the bed4 ,the   
debility of childhood1 the lassitude of 
domestics1 and the ill-health of        
families1 are often caused by neglecting
 to provide a supply of pure air4 ,straw
 matting is best for a chamber carpet1  
and strips of woollen carpeting may be  
laid by the side of the bed4 ,where     
chambers have no closets1 a wardrobe is 
indispensable4 ,this is a moveable      
closet1 with doors1 divided1 by a       
perpendicular partition1 into two       
apartments4 ,in one division1 rows of   
hooks are placed1 on which to hang      
dresses4 ,the other division is fitted  
up with shelves1 for other uses4 ,some  
are made with drawers at the bottom for 
shoes1 and such like articles4 ,a low   
square box1 set on casters1 with a      
cushion on the top1 and a drawer on one 
side to put shoes in1 is a great        
convenience in dressing the feet4 ,an   
old champaigne basket1 fitted up with a 
cushion on the lid1 and a valance       
fastened to it to cover the sides1 can  

be used for the same purpose4  ,a       
comfortable couch1 for chambers and     
sitting-rooms1 can be made by a common  
carpenter1 at a small expense4 ,have a  
frame made 7like the annexed engraving1 
,fig4 #ch17 of common stuff1 six feet   
long1 twenty-eight inches wide1 and     
twelve inches high4 ,it must be made    
thus low1 because the casters and       
cushions will raise it several inches4  
,have the sloping side-piece1 a1 and    
head-piece1 b1 sawed out of a board2    
nail brown linen on them1 and stuff them
 with soft hay or hair4 ,let these be   
screwed to the frame1 and covered with  
furniture patch4 ,then let slats be     
nailed across the bottom1 as at c1 c1   
four inches apart4 ,this will cost two  
or three dollars4 ,then make a thick    
cushion1 of hay or straw1 with side     
strips1 like a mattress1 and lay this   
for the under-cushion4 ,to put over     
this1 make a thinner cushion1 of hair1  
cover it with furniture-calico1 and     
fasten to it a valance reaching to the  

floor4 ,then make two square pillows1   
and cover them with calico1 like the    
rest4 ,both the cushions should be      
stitched through like mattresses4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4  ,the writer  
has seen a couch of this kind1 in a     
common parlor1 which cost less than     
eight dollars1 was much admired1 and was
 a constant comfort to the feeble       
mother1 as well as many other members of
 the family4  ,another convenience1 for 
a room where sewing is done in ,summer1 
is a fancy-jar1 set in one corner1 to   
receive clippings1 and any other        
rubbish4 ,it can be covered with prints1
 or paintings1 and varnished2 and then  
looks very prettily4  ,the trunks in a  
chamber can be improved in looks and    
comfort1 by making cushions of the same 
size and shape1 stuffed with hay and    
covered with chintz1 with a frill       
reaching nearly to the floor4  ,every   
bedchamber should have a washstand1     
bowl1 pitcher1 and tumbler1 with a      
washbucket under the stand1 to receive  

slops4 ,a light screen1 made like a     
clothes-frame1 and covered with paper or
 chintz1 should be furnished for        
bedrooms occupied by two persons1 so    
that ablutions can be performed in      
privacy4 ,it can be ornamented1 so as to
 look well anywhere4 ,a little frame1 or
 towel-horse1 by the washstand1 on which
 to dry towels1 is a convenience4 ,a    
washstand should be furnished with a    
sponge or washcloth1 and a small towel1 
for wiping the basin after using it4    
,this should be hung on the washstand or
 towel-horse1 for constant use4 ,a      
soap-dish1 and a dish for toothbrushes1 
are neat and convenient1 and each person
 should be furnished with two towels2   
one for the feet1 and one for other     
purposes4  ,it is in good taste to have 
the curtains1 bedquilt1 valance1 and    
window-curtains1 of similar materials4  
,in making featherbeds1 side-pieces     
should be put in1 like those of         
mattresses1 and the bed should be well  
filled1 so that a person will not be    

buried in a hollow1 which is not        
healthful1 save in extremely cold       
weather4 ,featherbeds should never be   
used1 except in cold weather4 ,at other 
times1 a thin mattress of hair1 cotton  
and moss1 or straw1 should be put over  
them4 ,a simple strip of broad straw    
matting1 spread over a featherbed1      
answers the same purpose4 ,nothing is   
more debilitating1 than1 in warm        
weather1 to sleep with a featherbed     
pressing round the greater part of the  
body4 ,pillows stuffed with papers an   
inch square1 are good for ,summer1      
especially for young children1 whose    
heads should be kept cool4 ,the cheapest
 and best covering of a bed1 for        
,winter1 is a cotton comforter1 made to 
contain three or four pounds of cotton1 
laid in batts or sheets1 between covers 
tacked together at regular intervals4   
,they should be three yards square1 and 
less cotton should be put at the sides  
that are tucked in4 ,it is better to    
have two thin comforters1 to each bed1  

than one thick one2 as then the covering
 can be regulated according to the      
weather4  ,few domestics will make a bed
 properly1 without much attention from  
the mistress of the family4 ,the        
following directions should be given to 
those who do this work4  ,open the      
windows1 and lay off the bed-covering1  
on two chairs1 at the foot of the bed4  
,after the bed is well aired1 shake the 
feathers1 from each corner to the       
middle2 then take up the middle1 and    
shake it well1 and turn the bed over4   
,then push the feathers in place1 making
 the head higher than the foot1 and the 
sides even1 and as high as the middle   
part4 ,then put on the bolster and the  
under sheet1 so that the wrong side of  
the sheet shall go next the bed1 and the
 marking come at the head1 tucking in   
all around4 ,then put on the pillows1   
even1 so that the open ends shall come  
to the sides of the bed1 and then spread
 on the upper sheet1 so that the wrong  
side shall be next the blankets1 and the

 marked end at the head4 ,this          
arrangement of sheets is to prevent the 
part where the feet lie from being      
reversed1 so as to come to the face1 and
 also to prevent the parts soiled by the
 body from coming to the bedtick and    
blankets4 ,then put on the other        
covering1 except the outer one1 tucking 
in all around1 and then turn over the   
upper sheet1 at the head1 so as to show 
a part of the pillows4 ,when the        
pillow-cases are clean and smooth1 they 
look best outside of the cover1 but not 
otherwise4 ,then draw the hand along the
 side of the pillows1 to make an even   
indentation1 and then smooth and shape  
the whole outside4 ,a nice housekeeper  
always notices the manner in which a bed
 is made2 and in some parts of the      
,country1 it is rare to see this work   
properly performed4  ,the writer would  
here urge every mistress of a family1   
who keeps more than one domestic1 to    
provide them with single beds1 that they
 may not be obliged to sleep with all   

the changing domestics1 who come and go 
so often4 ,where the room is too small  
for two beds1 a narrow trucklebed under 
another1 will answer4 ,domestics should 
be furnished with washing conveniences  
in their chambers1 and be encouraged to 
keep their persons and rooms neat and in
 order4   ,on ,packing and ,storing     
,articles4  ,fold a gentleman's coat1   
thus3--,lay it on a table or bed1 the   
inside downward1 and unroll the collar4 
,double each sleeve once1 making the    
crease at the elbow1 and laying them so 
as to make the fewest wrinkles1 and     
parallel with the skirts4 ,turn the     
fronts over the back and sleeves1 and   
then turn up the skirts1 making all as  
smooth as possible4  ,fold a shirt1     
thus3--,one that has a bosom-piece      
inserted1 lay on a bed1 bosom downward4 
,fold each sleeve twice1 and lay it     
parallel with the sides of the shirt4   
,turn the two sides1 with the sleeves1  
over the middle part1 and then turn up  
the bottom1 with two folds4 ,this makes 

the collar and bosom lie1 unpressed1 on 
the outside4  ,fold a frock thus3--,lay 
its front downward1 so as to make the   
first creases in folding come in the    
side breadths4 ,to do this1 find the    
middle of the side breadths by first    
putting the middle of the front and back
 breadths together4 ,next1 fold over the
 side creases so as just to meet the    
slit behind4 ,then fold the skirt again1
 so as to make the backs lie together   
within and the fronts without4 ,then    
arrange the waist and sleeves1 and fold 
the skirt around them4  ,in packing     
trunks1 for travelling1 put all heavy   
articles at the bottom1 covered with    
paper1 which should not be printed1 as  
the ink rubs off4 ,put coats and        
pantaloons into linen cases1 made for   
the purpose1 and furnished with strings4
 ,fill all crevices with small articles2
 as1 if a trunk is not full1 nor tightly
 packed1 its contents will be shaken    
about1 and get injured4 ,a thin box1 the
 exact size of the trunk1 with a lid1   

and covered with brown linen1 is a great
 convenience1 to set inside1 on the top 
of the trunk1 to contain light articles 
which would be injured by tight packing4
 ,have straps1 with buckles1 fastened to
 the inside1 near the bottom1 long      
enough to come up and buckle over this  
box4 ,by this means1 when a trunk is not
 quite full1 this box can be strapped   
over so tight1 as to keep the articles  
from rubbing4 ,under-clothing packs     
closer1 by being rolled tightly1 instead
 of being folded4  ,bonnet-boxes1 made  
of light wood1 with a lock and key1 are 
better than the paper bandboxes so      
annoying to travellers4 ,carpet bags are
 very useful1 to carry the articles to  
be used on a journey4 ,the best ones    
have sides inserted1 iron rims1 and a   
lock and key4 ,a large silk             
travelling-bag1 with a double linen     
lining1 in which are stitched           
receptacles for toothbrush1 combs1 and  
other small articles1 is a very         
convenient article for use when         

travelling4  ,a bonnet-cover1 made of   
some thin material1 like a large hood   
with a cape1 is useful to draw over the 
bonnet and neck1 to keep off dust1 sun1 
and sparks from a steam engine4 ,green  
veils are very apt to stain bonnets1    
when damp4  ,in packing household       
furniture1 for moving1 have each box    
numbered1 and then have a book1 in      
which1 as each box is packed1 note down 
the number of the box1 and the order in 
which its contents are packed1 as this  
will save much labor and perplexity when
 unpacking4 ,in packing china and glass1
 wrap each article1 separately1 in      
paper1 and put soft hay or straw at     
bottom and all around each4 ,put the    
heaviest articles at the bottom2 and on 
the top of the box1 write1 ,this side   
up4     ,,chapter ,,xxxii4  ,,on ,,the  
,,care ,,of ,,the ,,kitchen1 ,,cellar1  
,,and ,,storeroom4   ,if parents wish   
their daughters to grow up with good    
domestic habits1 they should have1 as   
one means of securing this result1 a    

neat and cheerful kitchen4 ,a kitchen   
should always1 if possible1 be entirely 
above ground1 and well lighted4 ,it     
should have a large sink1 with a drain  
running under ground1 so that all the   
premises may be kept sweet and clean4   
,if flowers and shrubs be cultivated1   
around the doors and windows1 and the   
yard near them be kept well turfed1 it  
will add very much to their agreeable   
appearance4 ,the walls should often be  
cleaned and whitewashed1 to promote a   
neat look and pure air4 ,the floor of a 
kitchen should be painted1 or1 which is 
better1 covered with an oilcloth4 ,to   
procure a kitchen oilcloth as cheaply as
 possible1 buy cheap tow cloth1 and fit 
it to the size and shape of the kitchen4
 ,then have it stretched1 and nailed to 
the south side of the barn1 and1 with a 
brush1 cover it with a coat of thin rye 
paste4 ,when this is dry1 put on a coat 
of yellow paint1 and let it dry for a   
fortnight4 ,it is safest to first try   
the paint1 and see if it dries well1 as 

some paint never will dry4 ,then put on 
a second coat1 and at the end of another
 fortnight1 a third coat4 ,then let it  
hang two months1 and it will last1      
uninjured1 for many years4 ,the longer  
the paint is left to dry1 the better4   
,if varnished1 it will last much longer4
  ,a sink should be scalded out every   
day1 and occasionally with hot ley4 ,on 
nails1 over the sink1 should be hung    
three good dish-cloths1 hemmed1 and     
furnished with loops2 one for dishes not
 greasy1 one for greasy dishes1 and one 
for washing pots and kettles4 ,these    
should be put in the wash every week4   
,the lady who insists upon this1 will   
not be annoyed by having her dishes     
washed with dark1 musty1 and greasy1    
rags1 as is too frequently the case4    
,under the sink should be kept a        
slop-pail2 and1 on a shelf by it1 a     
soap-dish and two water-pails4 ,a large 
boiler1 of warm soft water1 should      
always be kept over the fire1 well      
covered1 and a hearth-broom and bellows 

be hung near the fire4 ,a clock is a    
very important article in the kitchen1  
in order to secure regularity at meals4 
,on ,washing ,dishes4  ,no item of      
domestic labor is so frequently done in 
a negligent manner1 by domestics1 as    
this4 ,a full supply of conveniences1   
will do much toward a remedy of this    
evil4 ,a swab1 made of strips of linen1 
tied to a stick1 is useful to wash nice 
dishes1 especially small1 deep articles4
 ,two or three towels1 and three        
dish-cloths1 should be used4 ,two large 
tin tubs1 painted on the outside1 should
 be provided2 one for washing1 and one  
for rinsing2 also1 a large old waiter1  
on which to drain the dishes4 ,a        
soap-dish1 with hard soap1 and a fork1  
with which to use it1 a slop-pail1 and  
two pails for water1 should also be     
furnished4 ,then1 if there be danger of 
neglect1 the following rules for washing
 dishes1 legibly written1 may be hung up
 by the sink1 and it will aid in        
promoting the desired care and neatness4

   ,rules for ,washing ,dishes4  #a4    
,scrape the dishes1 putting away any    
food which may remain on them1 and which
 it may be proper to save for future    
use4 ,put grease into the grease-pot1   
and whatever else may be on the plates1 
into the slop-pail4 ,save tea-leaves1   
for sweeping4 ,set all the dishes1 when 
scraped1 in regular piles2 the smallest 
at the top4  #b4 ,put the nicest        
articles in the wash-dish1 and wash them
 in hot suds1 with the swab or nicest   
dish-cloth4 ,wipe all metal articles1 as
 soon as they are washed4 ,put all the  
rest into the rinsing-dish1 which should
 be filled with hot water4 ,when they   
are taken out1 lay them to drain on the 
waiter4 ,then rinse the dish-cloth1 and 
hang it up1 wipe the articles washed1   
and put them in their places4  #c4 ,pour
 in more hot water1 wash the greasy     
dishes with the dish-cloth made for     
them2 rinse them1 and set them to drain4
 ,wipe them1 and set them away4 ,wash   
the knives and forks1 being careful that

 the handles are never put in water2    
wipe them1 and then lay them in a       
knife-dish1 to be scoured4  #d4 ,take a 
fresh supply of clean suds1 in which1   
wash the milk-pans1 buckets1 and tins4  
,then rinse and hang up this dish-cloth1
 and take the other2 with which1 wash   
the roaster1 gridiron1 pots1 and        
kettles4 ,then wash and rinse the       
dish-cloth1 and hang it up4 ,empty the  
slop-bucket and scald it4 ,dry metal    
teapots and tins before the fire4 ,then 
put the fireplace in order1 and sweep   
and dust the kitchen4  ,some persons    
keep a deep and narrow vessel1 in which 
to wash knives with a swab1 so that a   
careless domestic cannot lay them in the
 water while washing them4 ,this article
 can be carried into the eating-room1 to
 receive the knives and forks1 when they
 are taken from the table4   ,kitchen   
,furniture4  ,crockery4 ,brown earthen  
pans are said to be best1 for milk and  
for cooking4 ,tin pans are lighter1 and 
more convenient1 but are too cold for   

many purposes4 ,tall earthen jars1 with 
covers1 are good to hold butter1 salt1  
lard1 c4 ,acids should never be put into
 the red earthen ware1 as there is a    
poisonous ingredient in the glazing1    
which the acid takes off4 ,stone ware is
 better1 and stronger1 and safer1 every 
way1 than any other kind4  ,iron ,ware4 
,many kitchens are very imperfectly     
supplied with the requisite conveniences
 for cooking4 ,when a person has        
sufficient means1 the following articles
 are all desirable4 ,a nest of iron     
pots1 of different sizes1 7they should  
be slowly heated1 when new27 a long iron
 fork1 to take out articles from boiling
 water2 an iron hook1 with a handle1 to 
lift pots from the crane2 a large and   
small gridiron1 with grooved bars1 and a
 trench to catch the grease2 a ,dutch   
oven1 called1 also1 a bakepan2 two      
skillets1 of different sizes1 and a     
spider1 or flat skillet1 for frying2 a  
griddle1 a waffle-iron1 tin and iron    
bake and bread-pans2 two ladles1 of     

different sizes2 a skimmer2 iron        
skewers2 a toasting-iron2 two           
teakettles1 one small and one large one2
 two brass kettles1 of different sizes1 
for soap-boiling1 c4 ,iron kettles1     
lined with porcelain1 are better for    
preserves4 ,the ,german are the best4   
,too hot a fire will crack them1 but    
with care in this respect1 they will    
last for many years4  ,portable         
furnaces1 of iron or clay1 are very     
useful1 in ,summer1 in washing1 ironing1
 and stewing1 or making preserves4 ,if  
used in the house1 a strong draught must
 be made1 to prevent the deleterious    
effects of the charcoal4 ,a box and     
mill1 for spice1 pepper1 and coffee1 are
 needful to those who use these         
articles4 ,strong knives and forks1 a   
sharp carving-knife1 an iron cleaver and
 board1 a fine saw1 steelyards1         
chopping-tray and knife1 an apple-parer1
 steel for sharpening knives1           
sugar-nippers1 a dozen iron spoons1 also
 a large iron one with a long handle1   

six or eight flatirons1 one of them very
 small1 two iron-stands1 a ruffle-iron1 
a crimping-iron1 are also desirable4    
,tin ,ware4 ,bread-pans1 large and small
 pattypans1 cake-pans1 with a centre    
tube to insure their baking well1       
pie-dishes1 7of block-tin17 a covered   
butter-kettle1 covered kettles to hold  
berries1 two sauce-pans1 a large        
oil-can1 7with a cock17 a lamp-filler1 a
 lantern1 broad-bottomed candlesticks   
for the kitchen1 a candle-box1 a funnel 
or tunnel1 a reflector1 for baking warm 
cakes1 an oven or tin-kitchen1 an       
apple-corer1 an apple-roaster1 an       
egg-boiler1 two sugar-scoops1 and flour 
and meal-scoop1 a set of mugs1 three    
dippers1 a pint1 quart1 and gallon      
measure1 a set of scales and weights1   
three or four pails1 painted on the     
outside1 a slop-bucket1 with a tight    
cover1 painted on the outside1 a        
milk-strainer1 a gravy-strainer1 a      
colander1 a dredging-box1 a pepper-box1 
a large and small grater1 a box1 in     

which to keep cheese1 also a large one  
for cake1 and a still larger one for    
bread1 with tight covers4 ,bread1 cake1 
and cheese1 shut up in this way1 will   
not grow dry as in the open air4        
,wooden ,ware4 ,a nest of tubs1 a set of
 pails and bowls1 a large and small     
sieve1 a beetle for mashing potatoes1 a 
spad or stick for stirring butter and   
sugar1 a bread-board1 for moulding bread
 and making pie-crust1 a coffee-stick1 a
 clothes-stick1 a mush-stick1 a         
meat-beetle to pound tough meat1 an     
egg-beater1 a ladle for working butter1 
a bread-trough1 7for a large family17   
flour-buckets1 with lids to hold sifted 
flour and ,indian meal1 salt-boxes1     
sugar-boxes1 starch and indigo-boxes1   
spice-boxes1 a bosom-board1 a           
skirt-board1 a large ironing-board1 two 
or three clothes-frames1 and six dozen  
clothes-pins4  ,basket ,ware4 ,baskets1 
of all sizes1 for eggs1 fruit1          
marketing1 clothes1 c42 also            
chip-baskets4 ,when often used1 they    

should be washed in hot suds4  ,other   
,articles4 ,every kitchen needs a box   
containing balls of brown thread and    
twine1 a large and small darning needle1
 rolls of waste-paper and old linen and 
cotton1 and a supply of common holders4 
,there should also be another box1      
containing a hammer1 carpet-tacks1 and  
nails of all sizes1 a carpet-claw1      
screws and a screw-driver1 pincers1     
gimlets of several sizes1 a bed-screw1 a
 small saw1 two chisels1 7one to use for
 buttonholes in broadcloth17 two awls1  
and two files4  ,in a drawer1 or        
cupboard1 should be placed1 cotton      
table-cloths1 for kitchen use1 nice     
crash towels1 for tumblers1 marked1 ,t  
,t2 coarser towels1 for dishes1 marked1 
,t2 six large roller-towels2 a dozen    
hand-towels1 marked1 ,h ,t2 and a dozen 
hemmed dish-cloths1 with loops4 ,also1  
two thick linen pudding or              
dumpling-cloths1 a gelly-bag1 made of   
white flannel1 to strain gelly1 a       
starch-strainer1 and a bag for boiling  

clothes4  ,in a closet1 should be kept1 
arranged in order1 the following        
articles3 the dust-pan1 dust-brush1 and 
dusting-cloths1 old flannel and cotton  
for scouring and rubbing1 sponges for   
washing windows and looking-glasses1 a  
long brush for cobwebs1 and another for 
washing the outside of windows1         
whisk-brooms1 common brooms1 a          
coat-broom or brush1 a whitewash-brush1 
a stove-brush1 shoebrushes and blacking1
 articles for cleaning tin and silver1  
leather for cleaning metals1 bottles    
containing stain-mixtures1 and other    
articles used in cleansing4   ,,on ,,the
 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,cellar4  ,a cellar 
should often be whitewashed1 to keep it 
sweet4 ,it should have a drain1 to keep 
it perfectly dry1 as standing water1 in 
a cellar1 is a sure cause of disease in 
a family4 ,it is very dangerous to leave
 decayed vegetables in a cellar4 ,many a
 fever has been caused1 by the poisonous
 miasm thus generated4 ,the following   
articles are desirable in a cellar3 a   

safe1 or moveable closet1 with sides of 
wire or perforated tin1 in which cold   
meats1 cream1 and other articles should 
be kept2 7if ants be troublesome1 set   
the legs in tin cups of water27 a       
refrigerator1 or large wooden box1 on   
feet1 with a lining of tin or zinc1 and 
a space between the tin and wood filled 
with powdered charcoal1 having at the   
bottom1 a place for ice1 a drain to     
carry off the water1 and also moveable  
shelves and partitions4 ,in this1       
articles are kept cool4 ,it should be   
cleaned1 once a week4 ,filtering jars1  
to purify water1 should also be kept in 
the cellar4 ,fish and cabbages1 in a    
cellar1 are apt to scent a house1 and   
give a bad taste to other articles4     
,,storeroom4  ,every house needs a      
storeroom1 in which to keep tea1 coffee1
 sugar1 rice1 candles1 c4 ,it should be 
furnished with jars1 having labels1 a   
large spoon1 a fork1 sugar and          
flour-scoops1 a towel1 and a dish-cloth4
   ,modes of destroying ,insects and    

,vermin4  ,bed-bugs should be kept away1
 by filling every chink in the bedstead 
with putty1 and1 if it be old1 painting 
it over4 ,of all the mixtures for       
killing them1 corrosive sublimate and   
alcohol is the surest4 ,this is a strong
 poison4  ,cockroaches may be destroyed1
 by pouring boiling water into their    
haunts1 or setting a mixture of arsenic1
 mixed with ,indian meal and molasses1  
where they are found4 ,chloride of lime 
and sweetened water will also poison    
them4  ,fleas4 ,if a dog be infested    
with these insects1 put him in a tub of 
warm soapsuds1 and they will rise to the
 surface4 ,take them off1 and burn them4
 ,strong perfumes1 about the person1    
diminish their attacks4 ,when caught    
between the fingers1 plunge them in     
water1 or they will escape4  ,crickets4 
,scalding1 and sprinkling ,scotch snuff 
about the haunts of these insects1 are  
remedies for the annoyance caused by    
them4  ,flies can be killed1 in great   
quantities1 by placing about the house  

vessels1 filled with sweetened water and
 cobalt4 ,six cents worth of cobalt is  
enough for a pint of water4 ,it is very 
poisonous4  ,musquitoes4 ,close nets    
around a bed1 are the only sure         
protection at night1 against these      
insects4 ,spirit of hartshorn is the    
best antidote for their bite4 ,salt and 
water is good4  ,red or ,black ,ants may
 be driven away1 by scalding their      
haunts1 and putting ,scotch snuff       
wherever they go for food4 ,set the legs
 of closets and safes in pans of water1 
and they cannot get at them4  ,moths4   
,airing clothes does not destroy moths1 
but laying them in a hot sun does4 ,if  
articles be tightly sewed up in linen1  
and fine tobacco be put about them1 it  
is a sure protection4 ,this should be   
done in ,april4  ,rats and ,mice4 ,a    
good cat is the best remedy for these   
annoyances4 ,equal quantities of        
hemlock1 7or cicuta17 and old cheese1   
will poison them1 but this renders the  
house liable to the inconvenience of a  

bad smell4 ,this evil1 however1 may be  
lessened1 by placing a dish1 containing 
oil of vitriol poured on saltpetre1     
where the smell is most annoying4       
,chloride of lime and water is also     
good4     ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4  ,,on     
,,sewing1 ,,cutting1 ,,and ,,mending4   
,every young girl should be taught to do
 the following kinds of stitch1 with    
propriety4 ,over-stitch1 hemming1       
running1 felling1 stitching1 back-stitch
 and run1 buttonhole-stitch1            
chain-stitch1 whipping1 darning1        
gathering1 and cross-stitch4  ,in doing 
over-stitch1 the edges should always be 
first fitted1 either with pins or       
basting1 to prevent puckering4 ,in      
turning wide hems1 a paper measure      
should be used1 to make them even4      
,tucks1 also1 should be regulated by a  
paper measure4 ,a fell should be turned1
 before the edges are put together1 and 
the seam should be over-sewed1 before   
felling4 ,all biased or goring seams    
should be felled4 ,for stitching1 draw a

 thread1 and take up two or three       
threads at a stitch4  ,in making        
buttonholes1 it is best to have a pair  
of scissors1 made for the purpose1 which
 cut very neatly4 ,for broadcloth1 a    
chisel and board are better4 ,the best  
stitch is made by putting in the needle1
 and then turning the thread around it1 
near the eye4 ,this is better than to   
draw the needle through1 and then take  
up a loop4 ,a thread should first be put
 across each side of the buttonhole1 and
 also a stay-thread1 or bar1 at each    
end1 before working it4 ,in working the 
buttonhole1 keep the stay-thread as far 
from the edge as possible4 ,a small bar 
should be worked at each end4 ,whipping 
is done better by sewing over1 and not  
under4 ,the roll should be as fine as   
possible1 the stitches short1 the thread
 strong1 and in sewing1 every gather    
should be taken up4  ,the rule for      
gathering1 in shirts1 is1 to draw a     
thread1 and then take up two threads and
 skip four4 ,in darning1 after the      

perpendicular threads are run1 the      
crossing threads should interlace1      
exactly1 taking one thread and leaving  
one1 like woven threads4  ,the neatest  
sewers always fit and baste their work1 
before sewing2 and they say they always 
save time in the end1 by so doing1 as   
they never have to pick out work1 on    
account of mistakes4  ,it is wise to sew
 closely and tightly all new garments1  
which will never be altered in shape2   
but some are more nice than wise1 in    
sewing frocks1 and old garments1 in the 
same style4 ,however1 this is the least 
common extreme4 ,it is much more        
frequently the case1 that articles1     
which ought to be strongly and neatly   
made1 are sewed so that a nice sewer    
would rather pick out the threads and   
sew over again1 than to be annoyed with 
the sight of grinning stitches1 and     
vexed with constant rips4  ,workbaskets4
 ,it is very important to neatness1     
comfort1 and success in sewing1 that a  
lady's workbasket should be properly    

fitted up4 ,the following articles are  
needful to the mistress of a family3 a  
large basket1 to hold work2 having in   
it1 fastened1 a smaller basket1 or box1 
containing a needle-book1 in which are  
needles of every size1 both blunts and  
sharps1 with a larger number of those   
sizes most used2 also1 small and large  
darning-needles1 for woollen1 cotton1   
and silk2 two tape-needles1 large and   
small2 nice scissors1 for fine work2    
buttonhole scissors2 an emery-bag2 two  
balls of white and yellow wax2 and two  
thimbles1 in case one should be mislaid4
 ,when a person is troubled with damp   
fingers1 a lump of soft chalk1 in a     
paper1 is useful1 to rub on the ends of 
the fingers4  ,besides this box1 keep in
 the basket1 common scissors2 small     
shears2 a bag containing tapes1 of all  
colors and sizes1 done up in rolls2     
bags1 one1 containing spools of white1  
and another of colored1 cotton thread1  
and another for silks1 wound on spools  
or papers2 a box or bag for nice        

buttons1 and another for more common    
ones2 a bag containing silk braid1      
welting cords1 and galloon binding4     
,small rolls of pieces of white and     
brown linen and cotton1 are also often  
needed4 ,a brick pincushion is a great  
convenience1 in sewing1 and better than 
screw-cushions4 ,it is made by covering 
half a brick with cloth1 putting a      
cushion on the top1 and covering it     
tastefully4 ,it is very useful to hold  
pins and needles1 while sewing1 and to  
fasten long seams when basting and      
sewing4  ,to make a ,frock4 ,the best   
way for a novice1 is1 to get a dress    
fitted 7not sewed7 at the best          
mantuamaker's4 ,then take out a sleeve1 
rip it to pieces1 and cut out a pattern4
 ,then take out half of the waist1 7it  
must have a seam in front17 and cut out 
a pattern of the back and fore-body1    
both lining and outer part4 ,in cutting 
the patterns1 iron the pieces1 smooth1  
let the paper be stiff1 and1 with a pin1
 prick holes in the paper1 to show the  

gore in front1 and the depth of the     
seams4 ,with a pen and ink1 draw lines  
from each pinhole1 to preserve this     
mark4 ,then baste the parts together    
again1 in doing which1 the unbasted half
 will serve as a pattern4 ,when this is 
done1 a lady of common ingenuity can cut
 and fit a dress1 by these patterns4 ,if
 the waist of a dress be too tight1 the 
seam under the arm must be let out2 and 
in cutting a dress1 an allowance should 
be made1 for letting it out1 if needful1
 at this seam4 ,the lining of the       
fore-body must be biased4  ,the linings 
for the waists of dresses should be     
stiffened cotton or linen4 ,in cutting  
bias-pieces1 for trimming1 they will not
 set well1 unless they are exact4 ,in   
cutting them1 use a long rule1 and a    
lead pencil or piece of chalk4          
,welting-cords should be covered with   
bias-pieces2 and it saves time1 in many 
cases1 to baste on the welting-cord1 at 
the same time that you cover it4 ,the   
best way to put on hooks and eyes1 is to

 sew them on double broad tape1 and then
 sew this on the frock-lining4 ,they can
 then be moved easily1 and do not show  
where they are sewed on4  ,in cutting a 
sleeve1 double it biased4 ,the skirts of
 dresses look badly1 if not full2 and in
 putting on lining1 at the bottom1 be   
careful to have it a very little fuller 
than the dress1 or it will shrink1 and  
look badly4 ,all thin silks look much   
better with lining1 and last much       
longer1 as do aprons1 also4 ,in putting 
a lining to a dress1 baste it on each   
separate breadth1 and sew it in at the  
seams1 and it looks much better than to 
have it fastened only at the bottom4    
,make notches in selvedge1 to prevent it
 from drawing up the breadth4 ,dresses1 
which are to be washed1 should not be   
lined4  ,figured silks do not generally 
wear well1 if the figure be large and   
satin-like4 ,black and plain-colored    
silks can be tested1 by procuring       
samples1 and making creases in them2    
fold the creases in a bunch1 and rub    

them against a rough surface1 of moreen 
or carpeting4 ,those which are poor1    
will soon wear off1 at the creases4     
,plaids look becoming1 for tall women1  
as they shorten the appearance of the   
figure4 ,stripes look becoming1 on a    
large person1 as they reduce the        
apparent size4 ,pale persons should not 
wear blue or green1 and brunettes should
 not wear light delicate colors1 except 
shades of buff1 fawn1 or straw color4   
,pearl white is not good for any        
complexion4 ,dead white and black look  
becoming on almost all persons4 ,it is  
best to try colors1 by candle-light1 for
 evening dresses2 as some colors1 which 
look very handsome in the daylight1 are 
very homely when seen by candle-light4  
,never cut a dress low in the neck1 as  
this shows that a woman is not properly 
instructed in the rules of modesty and  
decorum1 or that she has not sense      
enough to regard them4 ,never be in     
haste to be first in a fashion1 and     
never go to the extremes4  ,in buying   

linen1 seek for that which has a round  
close thread1 and is perfectly white2   
for1 if it be not white1 at first1 it   
will never afterwards become so4 ,much  
that is called linen1 at the shops1 is  
half cotton1 and does not wear so well  
as cotton alone4 ,cheap linens are      
usually of this kind4 ,it is difficult  
to discover which are all linen2 but the
 best way1 is1 to find a lot1 presumed  
to be good1 take a sample1 wash it1 and 
ravel it4 ,if this be good1 the rest of 
the same lot will probably be so4 ,if   
you cannot do this1 draw a thread1 each 
way1 and if both appear equally strong1 
it is probably all linen4 ,linen and    
cotton must be put in clean water1 and  
boiled1 to get out the starch1 and then 
ironed4 ,a long piece of linen1 a yard  
wide1 will1 with care and calculation1  
make eight shirts4 ,in cutting it1 take 
a shirt of the right size1 as a guide1  
in fitting and basting4 ,bosom-pieces1  
false collars1 c4 must be cut and       
fitted1 by a pattern which suits the    

person for whom the articles are        
designed4 ,gentlemen's night-shirts are 
made like other shirts1 except that they
 are longer4 ,in cutting chemises1 if   
the cotton or linen is a yard wide1 cut 
off small half gores1 at the top of the 
breadths1 and set them on the bottom4   
,use a long rule and a pencil1 in       
cutting gores4 ,in cutting cotton1 which
 is quite wide1 a seam can be saved1 by 
cutting out two at once1 in this        
manner3--cut off three breadths1 and1   
with a long rule and a pencil1 mark and 
cut off the gores1 thus3 from one       
breadth1 cut off two gores1 the whole   
length1 each gore one fourth of the     
breadth1 at the bottom1 and tapering off
 to a point1 at the top4 ,the other two 
breadths are to have a gore cut off from
 each1 which is one fourth wide at top1 
and two fourths at bottom4 ,arrange     
these pieces right1 and they will make  
two chemises1 one having four seams1 and
 the other three4 ,this is a much easier
 way of cutting1 than sewing the three  

breadths together1 in bag-fashion1 as is
 often done4 ,the biased1 or goring     
seams1 must always be felled4 ,the      
sleeves and neck can be cut according to
 the taste of the wearer1 by another    
chemise for a pattern4 ,there should be 
a lining around the armholes1 and stays 
at all corners4 ,six yards1 of yard     
width1 will make two chemises4  ,old    
silk dresses1 quilted for skirts1 are   
very serviceable4 ,white flannel is     
soiled so easily1 and shrinks so much in
 washing1 that it is a good plan to     
color it a light dove-color1 according  
to the receipt given on page #cja4      
,cotton flannel1 dyed thus1 is also good
 for common skirts4 ,in making up       
flannel1 back-stitch and run the seams1 
and then cross-stitch them open4 ,nice  
flannel1 for infants1 can be ornamented1
 with very little expense of time1 by   
turning up the hem1 on the right side1  
and making a little vine at the edge1   
with saddler's silk4 ,the stitch of the 
vine is a modification of               

buttonhole-stitch4  ,long night gowns   
are best1 cut a little goring4 ,it      
requires five yards1 for a long         
nightgown1 and two and a half for a     
short one4 ,linen nightcaps wear longer 
than cotton ones1 and do not1 like them1
 turn yellow4 ,they should be ruffled   
with linen1 as cotton borders will not  
last so long as the cap4 ,a             
double-quilted wrapper is a great       
comfort1 in case of sickness4 ,it may be
 made of two old dresses4 ,it should not
 be cut full1 but rather like a         
gentleman's study-gown1 having no       
gathers or plaits1 but large enough to  
slip off and on with ease4 ,a double    
gown1 of calico1 is also very useful4   
,most articles of dress1 for grown      
persons or children1 require patterns4  
,bedding4 ,the best beds1 are thick hair
 mattresses1 which1 for persons in      
health1 are good for ,winter as well as 
,summer use4 ,mattresses may also be    
made of husks1 dried and drawn into     
shreds2 also1 of alternate layers of    

cotton and moss4 ,the most profitable   
sheeting1 is the ,russian1 which will   
last three times as long as any other4  
,it is never perfectly white4           
,unbleached cotton is good for ,winter4 
,it is poor economy to make narrow and  
short sheets1 as children and domestics 
will always slip them off1 and soil the 
bedtick and bolster4 ,they should be    
three yards long1 and two and a half    
wide1 so that they can be tucked in all 
around4 ,all bed-linen should be marked 
and numbered1 so that a bed can always  
be made properly1 and all missing       
articles be known4  ,mending4 ,silk     
dresses will last much longer1 by       
ripping out the sleeves1 when thin1 and 
changing the arms1 and also the breadths
 of the skirt4 ,tumbled black silk1     
which is old and rusty1 should be dipped
 in water1 then be drained for a few    
minutes1 without squeezing or pressing1 
and then ironed4 ,cold tea is better    
than water4 ,sheets1 when worn thin in  
the middle1 should be ripped1 and the   

other edges sewed together4             
,window-curtains last much longer1 if   
lined1 as the sun fades and rots them4  
,broadcloth should be cut with reference
 to the way the nap runs4 ,when         
pantaloons are thin1 it is best to newly
 seat them1 cutting the piece inserted  
in a curve1 as corners are difficult to 
fit4 ,when the knees are thin1 it is a  
case of domestic surgery1 which demands 
amputation4 ,this is performed1 by      
cutting off both legs1 some distance    
above the knees1 and then changing the  
legs4 ,take care to cut them off exactly
 of the same length1 or in the exchange 
they will not fit4 ,this method brings  
the worn spot under the knees1 and the  
seam looks much better than a patch and 
darn4 ,hose can be cut down1 when the   
feet are worn4 ,take an old stocking1   
and cut it up for a pattern4 ,make the  
heel short4 ,in sewing1 turn each edge1 
and run it down1 and then sew over the  
edges4 ,this is better than to stitch   
and then cross-stitch4 ,run thin places 

in stockings1 and it will save darning a
 hole4 ,if shoes are worn through on the
 sides1 in the upper-leather1 slip      
pieces of broadcloth under1 and sew them
 around the holes4 ,if1 in sewing1 the  
thread kinks1 break it off and begin at 
the other end4 ,in using spool-cotton1  
thread the needle with the end which    
comes off first1 and not the end where  
you break it off4 ,this often prevents  
kinks4     ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4  ,,on     
,,the ,,care ,,of ,,yards ,,and         
,,gardens4   ,the authorities consulted 
in the preparation of this and kindred  
chapters1 are1 ,loudon's ,encyclopdia of
 ,gardening1 ,bridgeman's ,young        
,gardener1 ,hovey's ,magazine of        
,horticulture1 the writings of ,judge   
,buel1,t and ,downing's ,landscape      
,gardening4   ,on the ,preparation of   
,soil4  ,if the garden soil be clayey1  
and adhesive1 put on a covering of sand1
 three inches thick1 and the same depth 
of well-rotted manure4 ,spade it in1 as 
deep as possible1 and mix it well4 ,if  

the soil be sandy and loose1 spade in   
clay and ashes4 ,ashes are good for all 
kinds of soil1 as they loosen those     
which are close1 hold moisture in those 
which are sandy1 and destroy insects4   
,the best kind of soil1 is that1 which  
will hold water the longest1 without    
becoming hard1 when dry4  ,to prepare   
,soil for ,pot-plants1 take one fourth  
part of common soil1 one fourth part of 
well-decayed manure1 and one half of    
vegetable mould1 from the woods1 or from
 a chip-yard4 ,break up the manure1     
fine1 and sift it through a lime-screen1
 7or coarse wire sieve47 ,these         
materials must be thoroughly mixed4     
,when the common soil which is used1 is 
adhesive1 and1 indeed1 in most other    
cases1 it is necessary to add sand1 the 
proportion of which1 must depend on the 
nature of the soil4  ,on the            
,preparation of a ,hot ,bed4 ,dig a pit1
 six feet long1 five feet wide1 and     
thirty inches deep4 ,make a frame1 of   
the same size1 with the back two feet   

high1 the front fifteen inches1 and the 
sides sloped from the back to the front4
 ,make two sashes1 each three feet by   
five1 with the panes of glass lapping   
like shingles1 instead of having cross  
bars4 ,set the frame over the pit1 which
 should then be filled with fresh       
horse-dung1 which has not lain long1 nor
 been sodden by water4 ,tread it down1  
hard1 then put into the frame1 light1   
and very rich soil1 ten or twelve inches
 deep1 and cover it with the sashes1 for
 two or three days4 ,then stir the soil1
 and sow the seeds in shallow drills1   
placing sticks by them1 to mark the     
different kinds4 ,keep the frame covered
 with the glass1 whenever it is cold    
enough to chill the plants2 but at all  
other times1 admit fresh air1 which is  
indispensable to their health4 ,when the
 sun is quite warm1 raise the glasses1  
enough to admit air1 and cover them with
 matting or blankets1 or else the sun   
may kill the young plants4 ,water the   
bed at evening1 with water which has    

stood all day1 or1 if it be fresh drawn1
 add a little warm water4 ,if there be  
too much heat in the bed1 so as to      
scorch or wither the plants1 make deep  
holes1 with stakes1 and fill them up    
when the heat is reduced4 ,in very cold 
nights1 cover the box with straw4   ,on 
,planting ,flower ,seeds4  ,break up the
 soil1 till it is very soft1 and free   
from lumps4 ,rub that nearest the       
surface1 between the hands1 to make it  
fine4 ,make a circular drill1 a foot in 
diameter4 ,for seeds as large as sweet  
peas1 it should be half an inch deep4   
,the smallest seeds must be planted very
 near the surface1 and a very little    
fine earth be sifted over them4 ,seeds  
are to be planted either deeper or      
nearer the surface1 according to their  
size4 ,after covering them with soil1   
beat them down with a trowel1 so as to  
make the earth as compact as it is after
 a heavy shower4 ,set up a stick1 in the
 middle of the circle1 with the name of 
the plant heavily written upon it1 with 

a dark lead pencil4 ,this remains more  
permanent1 if white lead be first rubbed
 over the surface4 ,never plant1 when   
the soil is very wet4 ,in very dry      
times1 water the seeds at night4 ,never 
use very cold water4 ,when the seeds are
 small1 many should be planted together1
 that they may assist each other in     
breaking the soil4 ,when the plants are 
an inch high1 thin them out1 leaving    
only one or two1 if the plant be a large
 one1 like the ,balsam2 five or six1    
when it is of a medium size2 and        
eighteen or twenty of the smaller size4 
,transplanting1 retards the growth of a 
plant about a fortnight4 ,it is best to 
plant at two different times1 lest the  
first planting should fail1 owing to wet
 or cold weather4   ,to ,plant ,garden  
,seeds4  ,make the beds a yard wide2 lay
 across them a board1 a yard long and a 
foot wide1 and1 with a stick1 make a    
furrow1 on each side of it1 one inch    
deep4 ,scatter the seeds in this furrow1
 and cover them4 ,then lay the board    

over them and step on it1 to press down 
the earth4 ,when the plants are an inch 
high1 thin them out1 leaving spaces     
proportioned to their sizes4 ,seeds of a
 similar species1 such as melons and    
squashes1 should not be planted very    
near to each other1 as this causes them 
to degenerate4 ,the same kinds of       
vegetables should not be planted in the 
same place1 for two years in succession4
   ,on ,transplanting4  ,transplant at  
evening1 or1 which is better1 just      
before a shower4 ,take a round stick1   
sharpened at the point1 and make        
openings to receive the plants4 ,set    
them a very little deeper than they were
 before1 and press the soil firmly round
 them4 ,then water them1 and cover them 
for three or four days1 taking care that
 sufficient air be admitted4 ,if the    
plant can be removed1 without disturbing
 the soil around the root1 it will not  
be at all retarded1 by transplanting4   
,never remove leaves and branches1      
unless a part of the roots be lost4     

,to ,re-pot ,house-,plants4  ,renew the 
soil1 every year1 soon after the time of
 blossoming4 ,prepare soil1 as          
previously directed4 ,loosen the earth  
from the pot1 by passing a knife around 
the sides4 ,turn the plant upside down1 
and remove the pot4 ,then remove all the
 matted fibres at the bottom1 and all   
the earth1 except that which adheres to 
the roots4 ,from woody plants1 like     
roses1 shake off all the earth4 ,take   
the new pot1 and put a piece of broken  
earthen-ware over the hole at the       
bottom2 and then1 holding the plant in  
the proper position1 shake in the earth1
 around it4 ,then pour in water1 to     
settle the earth1 and heap on fresh     
soil1 till the pot is even full4 ,small 
pots are considered better than large   
ones1 as the roots are not so likely to 
rot1 from excess of moisture4   ,on the 
,laying out of ,yards and ,gardens4  ,in
 planting trees1 in a yard1 they should 
be arranged in groups1 and never planted
 in straight lines1 nor sprinkled about1

 as solitary trees4 ,the object of this 
arrangement1 is1 to imitate ,nature1 and
 secure some spots of dense shade and   
some of cleared turf4 ,in yards which   
are covered with turf1 beds can be cut  
out of it1 and raised for flowers4 ,a   
trench should be made around1 to prevent
 the grass from running on them4 ,these 
beds can be made in the shape of        
crescents1 ovals1 or other fanciful     
forms1 of which1 the figure below is one
 specimen4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4   
,in laying out beds1 in gardens and     
yards1 a very pretty bordering can be   
made1 by planting them with common flax 
seed1 in a line about three inches from 
the edge4 ,this can be trimmed1 with    
shears1 when it grows too high4   ,on   
the ,cultivation of ,bulbs1 and         
,tuberous ,roots4  ,for planting the    
,amaryllis1 take one third part of leaf 
mould1 half as much sand1 and the       
remainder1 earth from under fresh grass 
sods4 ,plant them in ,may4 ,the bulb    
should not be set more than half its    

depth in the ground4  ,the ,anemone and 
,ranunculus are medium1 or half-hardy1  
roots4 ,they should be planted in soil  
which is enriched with cowdung1 and the 
beds should be raised only an inch from 
the walk4 ,they must be planted in      
,october1 in drills1 two inches deep1   
the claws of the roots downward1 and be 
shaded when they begin to bud4  ,the    
,crocus must be planted in ,october1 two
 inches deep1 and four inches apart4 ,in
 measuring the depth1 always calculate  
from the top of the bulb4  ,crown       
,imperial4 ,this must be planted in     
,september1 three or four inches deep2  
and need not be taken up but once in    
three years4  ,gladiolus4 ,those who    
have greenhouses1 or pits1 plant the    
,gladiolus in ,october1 and preserve it 
in pots through the ,winter4 ,those who 
have not these conveniences1 may plant  
these bulbs late in ,april4 ,the earth  
must be composed of one half common     
soil1 one fourth leaf mould1 and one    
fourth sand4 ,plant them about an inch  

deep4  ,hyacinths should be planted in  
,october1 eight inches apart1 and three 
or four inches deep1 in a rich soil4    
,jonquilles should be planted in        
,october1 two inches deep1 in a rich    
soil1 and should not be taken up oftener
 than once in three years4  ,narcissus4 
,this should be planted in ,october1    
four inches deep2 covered1 through the  
,winter1 with straw and leaves1 six     
inches thick2 and uncovered in the      
middle of ,march4  ,oxalis4 ,plant this 
in ,september1 in a soil1 composed of   
two thirds common earth1 and one third  
leaf mould4 ,the old bulb dies after    
blossoming1 and is succeeded by a new   
one4  ,plant ,tulips1 in rich soil1 in  
,october1 three inches deep4  ,plant    
,tuberoses late in ,april1 in a rich1   
sandy soil4 ,they are delicate plants1  
and should be covered1 in case of       
frosts4  ,daffodils should be planted   
two inches deep4  ,when bulbs have done 
flowering1 and their leaves begin to    
decay1 they should be taken up and      

dried1 and kept in a dry place1 till    
,october1 when they are to be replanted1
 taking off the offsets1 and putting    
them in a bed by themselves4  ,bulbs    
which blossom in water1 or are in any   
other way forced to bloom out of season1
 are so much exhausted by it1 that it   
takes them two or three years to recover
 their beauty4  ,dahlias4 ,dig a hole1 a
 foot and a half deep2 fill it with very
 light1 loose1 and rich1 soil2 and drive
 in a stake1 a yard and a half high1 to 
which1 to tie the future plants4 ,then  
set in the root1 so that it shall be an 
inch below the soil1 where the sprout   
starts4 ,when the plants are two feet   
high1 tie them to the stakes1 and take  
off some of the lower side-shoots4      
,continue to tie them1 as their growth  
advances4 ,if the roots are planted in  
the open borders1 without any previous  
growth1 it should be done as early as   
the first of ,may1 and they should be   
covered from the frosts4 ,when they are 
brought forward1 in pots or hot-beds1   

they should be put out1 in the middle of
 ,june4 ,it is said1 by gardeners1 that 
late planting1 is better than early1 for
 producing perfect flowers4 ,in the     
,autumn1 after the frosts have destroyed
 the tops1 let the roots remain awhile  
in the ground1 to ripen2 then dig them  
up1 and pack them away1 in some place   
where they will neither mould1 from     
dampness1 nor freeze4 ,in the ,spring1  
these roots will throw out sprouts1 and 
must then be divided1 so as to leave a  
good shoot1 attached to a piece of the  
tuber or old stem1 and each shoot will  
make a new plant4 ,it is stated1 that if
 the shoots themselves1 without any     
root1 be planted in light soil1 covered 
with a bell-glass1 or large tumbler1 and
 carefully watered1 they will produce   
plants superior to those with roots4    
,annuals  ,these are flowers which last 
only one season4 ,they should be so     
planted1 that the tallest may be in the 
middle of a bed1 and the shortest at the
 edges2 and flowers of a similar color  

should not be planted adjacent to each  
other4  ,the following is a list of some
 of the handsomest ,annuals1 arranged   
with reference to their color and       
height4 ,those with a star before them1 
do best when sowed in the ,autumn4      
,those with tr4 after them1 are trailing
 plants4   ,,six ,,inches ,,to ,,one    
,,foot ,,high4  ,white4 ,ice ,plant1    
,sweet ,alyssum1 ,white ,leptosiphon1   
,walker's ,schizopetalon1 ,blumenbachia 
insignis1 99,candytuft4  ,yellow4       
99,yellow ,chryseis or ,eschscholtzia1  
,sanvitalia procumbens1 tr41            
,musk-flowered ,mimulus4  ,rose4        
,many-flowered ,catchfly1 ,rose-colored 
,verbena1 tr4  ,red4 99,chinese ,annual 
,pink1 ,virginian ,stock1 ,calandrinia  
,speciosa4  ,blue4 ,graceful ,lobelia1  
,nemophila insignis1 ,clintonia         
pulchella1 ,clintonia elegans1 ,nolana  
atriplicifolia1 tr41 ,anagallis indica1 
,commelina coelestis1 ,grove ,love1     
,pimpernel 7blue47  ,varying ,colors4   
99,heart's ,ease1 or ,pansy1 ,dwarf     

,love in a ,mist1 99,rose ,campion4     
,,one ,,foot ,,to ,,eighteen ,,inches   
,,high4  ,white4 ,venus's ,looking      
,glass1 ,priest's ,schizanthus1         
,sweet-scented ,stevia1 ,white ,evening 
,primrose4  ,yellow4 ,drummond's        
,coreopsis1 99,new ,dark ,coreopsis1    
,golden ,hawkweed1 ,dracopis            
amplexicaulis1 ,drummond's ,primrose1   
,cladanthus arabicus1 ,peroffsky's      
,erysimum4  ,rose4 ,drummond's ,phlox1  
,rodanthe1 ,rose-colored ,nonea1        
,clarkia rosea1 ,silene ,tenorei1       
,silene armeria4  ,red4 ,crimson        
,coxcomb1 ,silene pendula1 ,crimson ,dew
 ,plant1 tr4  ,scarlet4 ,cacalia        
coccinea1 ,flos ,adonis1 ,scarlet       
,zinnia1 ,mexican ,cuphea4  ,lilac and  
,purple4 ,clarkia elegans1 ,clarkia     
pulchella1 99,purple ,candytuft1        
99,purple ,petunia1 tr41 99,crimson     
,candytuft1 ,double ,purple ,jacoba1    
,leptosiphon androsaceus1 all the       
varieties of ,schizanthus1 ,veined      
,verbena1 tr41 99,purple eternal        

,flower4  ,blue4 ,ageratum ,mexicanum1  
99,gilia capitata1 ,spanish ,nigella1   
,blue ,eutoca1 ,dwarf ,convolvulus1     
,didiscus coeruleus4  ,lilac1 ,purple1  
or ,blue and ,white4 ,collinsia bicolor1
 ,gilia tricolor4  ,very ,dark4 ,lotus  
,jacobus1 ,salpiglossis1 ,scabious4     
,colors varying4 ,german ,aster1        
,balsam1 ,rocket ,larkspur1 ,ten-week   
,stock1 ,poppy4   ,,eighteen ,,inches   
,,to ,,two ,,feet4  ,white4 99,white    
,petunia1 tr41 ,white ,clarkia1 ,double 
,white ,jacoba1 ,love in a ,mist4  ,red4
 99,lavatera trimestris1 ,red ,zinnia1  
,malva miniata4  ,lilac and ,purple4    
,globe ,amaranthus1 ,purple ,sweet      
,sultan1 ,sweet ,scabious1 ,purple      
,zinnia1 ,prince's ,feather1 ,large     
,blue ,lupine1 99,catchfly4   ,,two     
,,feet ,,and ,,upwards4  ,white4 ,winged
 ,ammobium1 99,white ,lavatera1 ,white  
,sweet ,sultan1 99,new ,white ,eternal  
,flower1 ,white ,helicrysum1 99,white   
,larkspur4  ,yellow4 ,golden ,bartonia1 
99,golden ,coreopsis1 ,yellow ,sweet    

,sultan1 ,african ,marigold1 ,yellow    
,argemone1 ,french ,marigold1 ,yellow   
,coxcomb1 ,yellow ,hibiscus4  ,the      
,malope grandiflora and the ,cleome are 
fine tall annuals4   ,climbing ,plants4 
,the following are the most beautiful   
annual climbers3 ,crimson1 and ,white1  
,cypress ,vine2 ,white1 and ,buff1      
,thunbergia2 ,scarlet ,flowering ,bean2 
,hyacinth ,bean ,loasa2 ,morning ,glory2
 ,crimson1 and ,spotted1 ,nasturtium2   
,balloon ,vine2 ,sweet ,pea2 ,tangier   
,pea2 ,lord ,anson's ,pea2 ,climbing    
,coba2 ,pink1 and ,white1 ,maurandia4   
,the following are the most valuable    
perennial climbers3 ,sweet-scented      
,monthly ,honeysuckle2 ,yellow1 ,white1 
and ,coral1 ,honeysuckles2 ,purple      
,glycine2 ,clematis2 ,bitter ,sweet2    
,trumpet ,creeper4  ,the ,everlasting   
,pea is a beautiful perennial climber4  
,the ,climbing ,coba1 and ,passion      
,flower1 are also beautiful perennials1 
but must be protected in ,winter4       
,perennials4  ,those who cannot afford  

every year to devote the time necessary 
to the raising of annuals1 will do well 
to supply their borders with perennials4
 ,the following is a list of some of    
those generally preferred4  ,adonis1    
yellow2 ,columbine1 all colors2         
,alyssum1 yellow2 ,asclepias1 orange and
 purple2 ,bee ,larkspur1 blue2          
,perennial ,larkspur1 all colors2       
,cardinal ,flower1 scarlet2 ,chinese    
,pink1 various colors2 ,clove ,pink2    
,foxglove1 purple and white2 ,gentian1  
purple and yellow2 ,hollyhock1 various  
colors2 99,lily of the ,valley2         
,american ,phlox1 various colors2       
,scarlet ,lychnis2 ,monkshood1 white and
 blue2 99,spirea1 white1 and pink2      
99,ragged ,robin1 pink2 ,rudbeckia1     
yellow1 and purple2 ,sweet ,william1 in 
variety4 ,those marked with a star      
cannot be obtained from seed1 but must  
be propagated by roots1 layers1 c4      
,herbaceous ,roots4  ,these are such as 
die to the root1 in the ,fall1 and come 
up again in the ,spring1 such as        

,ponies1 crimson1 white1 sweet-scented1 
and straw-colored2 ,artemisia1 of many  
colors2 ,white and ,purple              
,fleur-de-lis2 ,white1 ,tiger1 ,fire1   
and other ,lilies2 ,little ,blue ,iris2 
,chrysanthemums1 c4 ,these are          
propagated by dividing the roots4       
,shrubs4  ,the following are the finest 
,shrubs for yards3 ,lilacs1 7which1 by  
budding1 can have white and purple on   
the same tree17 ,double ,syringas1      
,double ,althas1 ,corchorus ,japonicus1 
,snow-berry1 ,double-flowering ,almond1 
,pyrus ,japonica1 ,common ,barberry1    
,burning ,bush1 ,rose ,acacia1 ,yellow  
,laburnum4 ,the following are the finest
 ,roses3 ,moss ,rose1 ,white1 and ,red2 
,double and ,single ,yellow ,rose1 7the 
last needs a gravelly soil and northern 
exposure27 ,yellow ,multiflora2 ,la     
,belle ,africana2 ,small ,eglantine1 for
 borders2 ,champney's ,blush ,rose2     
,noisette2 ,greville1 7very fine27      
,damask2 ,blush1 ,white1 and ,cabbage   
,roses4 ,moss ,roses1 when budded on    

other rose bushes1 last only three      
years4  ,shade ,trees4 ,the following   
are among the finest3 ,mountain ,ash2   
,ailanthus1 or ,tree of ,heaven1 7grows 
very fast27 ,tulip ,tree2 ,linden2 ,elm2
 ,locust2 ,maple2 ,dog ,wood2 ,horse    
,chestnut2 ,catalpa2 ,hemlock2 ,silver  
,fir2 and ,cedar4 ,these should be      
grouped1 in such a manner that trees of 
different shades of green1 and of       
different heights1 should stand in the  
same group4  ,the ,autumn is the best   
time for transplanting trees4 ,take as  
much of the root1 as possible1          
especially the little fibres1 which     
should never become dry4 ,if kept long1 
before they are set out1 put wet moss   
around them1 and water them4 ,dig holes1
 larger than the extent of the roots2   
let one person hold the tree in its     
former position1 and another place the  
roots1 carefully1 as they were before1  
cutting off any broken or wounded root4 
,be careful not to let the tree be more 
than an inch deeper than it was before4 

,let the soil be soft1 and well manured2
 shake the tree1 as the soil is shaken  
in1 that it may mix well among the small
 fibres4 ,do not tread the earth down1  
while filling the hole2 but1 when it is 
full1 raise a slight mound1 of1 say1    
four inches1 and then tread it down4    
,make a little basin1 two inches deep1  
around the stem1 to hold water1 and fill
 it4 ,never cut off leaves nor branches1
 unless some of the roots are lost4 ,tie
 the trees to a stake1 and they will be 
more likely to live4 ,water them often4 
,on the ,care of ,house-,plants4  ,the  
soil of house-plants should be renewed  
every year1 as previously directed4 ,in 
,winter1 they should be kept as dry as  
they can be without wilting4 ,many      
house-plants are injured by giving them 
too much water1 when they have little   
light and fresh air4 ,this makes them   
grow spindling4 ,the more fresh air1    
warmth1 and light1 they have1 the more  
water is needed4 ,they ought not to be  
kept very warm in ,winter1 nor exposed  

to great changes of atmosphere4 ,forty  
degrees is a proper temperature for     
plants in ,winter1 when they have little
 sun and air4 ,when plants have become  
spindling1 cut off their heads1         
entirely1 and cover the pot in the      
earth1 where it has the morning sun1    
only4 ,a new and flourishing head will  
spring out4 ,few house-plants can bear  
the sun at noon4 ,when insects infest   
plants1 set them in a closet1 or under a
 barrel1 and burn tobacco4 ,the smoke   
kills any insect enveloped in it4 ,when 
plants are frozen1 cold water1 and a    
gradual restoration of warmth1 are the  
best remedies4 ,never use very cold     
water for plants1 at any season4        
,,footnote3  ,t ,his ',farmers'         
,companion' was written expressly for   
the larger series of ',,the ,,school    
,,library1' issued by the publishers of 
this volume4     ,,chapter ,,xxxv4  ,,on
 ,,the ,,propagation ,,of ,,plants4     
,bulbous roots are propagated by        
offsets2 some growing on the top1 others

 around the sides4 ,many plants are     
propagated by cutting off twigs1 and    
setting them in earth1 so that two or   
three eyes are covered4 ,to do this1    
select a side shoot1 ten inches long1   
two inches of it1 being of the preceding
 year's growth1 and the rest1 the growth
 of the season when it is set out4 ,do  
this1 when the sap is running1 and put a
 piece of crockery at the bottom of the 
shoot1 when it is buried4 ,one eye1 at  
least1 must be under the soil4 ,water   
it1 and shade it in hot weather4 ,plants
 are also propagated by layers4 ,to do  
this1 take a shoot1 which comes up near 
the root1 bend it down1 so as to bring  
several eyes under the soil1 leaving the
 top above ground4 ,if the shoot be cut 
half through1 in a slanting direction1  
at one of these eyes1 before burying it1
 the result is more certain4 ,roses1    
honeysuckles1 and many other shrubs1 are
 readily propagated thus4 ,they will    
generally take root1 by being simply    
buried2 but cutting them1 as here       

directed1 is the best method4 ,layers   
are more certain than cuttings4 ,for all
 woody plants1 budding and grafting are 
favorite methods of propagation4 ,in all
 such plants1 there is an outer and     
inner bark2 the latter containing the   
sap vessels1 in which the nourishment of
 the tree ascends4  ,the success of     
grafting1 or inoculating1 consists in so
 placing the bud or graft1 that the sap 
vessels of the inner bark shall exactly 
join those of the plant into which they 
are grafted1 so that the sap may pass   
from one into the other4  ,the following
 are directions for budding1 which may  
be performed at any time from ,july to  
,september4  ,select a smooth place1 on 
the stock into which you are to insert  
the bud4 ,make a horizontal cut1 across 
the rind1 through to the firm wood2 and 
from the middle of this1 make a slit    
downward1 perpendicularly1 an inch or   
more long1 through to the wood4 ,raise  
the bark of the stock1 on each side of  
the perpendicular cut1 for the admission

 of the bud1 as is shown in the annexed 
engraving1 7,fig4 #dj47 ,then take a    
shoot of this year's growth1 and slice  
from it a bud1 taking an inch below and 
an inch above it1 and some portion of   
the wood under it4 ,then carefully slip 
off the woody part1 under the bud4      
,examine whether the eye or gem of the  
bud be perfect4 ,if a little hole       
appears in that part1 the bud has lost  
its root1 and another must be selected4 
,insert the bud1 so that a1 of the bud1 
shall pass to a1 of the stock2 then b1  
of the bud1 must be cut off1 to match   
the cut1 b1 in the stock1 and fitted    
exactly to it1 as it is this alone which
 insures success4 ,bind the parts1 with 
fresh bass1 or woollen yarn1 beginning a
 little below the bottom of the         
perpendicular slit1 and winding it      
closely round every part1 except just   
over the eye of the bud1 until you      
arrive above the horizontal cut4 ,do not
 bind it too tightly1 but just          
sufficient to exclude air1 sun1 and wet4

 ,this is to be removed1 after the bud  
is firmly fixed1 and begins to grow4    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4  ,seed-fruit  
can be budded into any other seed-fruit1
 and stone-fruit into any other         
stone-fruit2 but stone and seed-fruits1 
cannot be thus mingled4  ,rose bushes   
can have a variety of kinds budded into 
the same stock4 ,hardy roots are the    
best stocks4 ,the branch above the bud1 
must be cut off1 the next ,march or     
,april after the bud is put in4 ,apples 
and pears1 are more easily propagated by
 ingrafting1 than by budding4           
,ingrafting is a similar process to     
budding1 with this advantage2 that it   
can be performed on large trees1 whereas
 budding can be applied only on small   
ones4 ,the two common kinds of          
ingrafting1 are whip-grafting1 and      
split-grafting4 ,the first kind is for  
young trees1 and the other for large    
ones4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4  ,the  
time for ingrafting1 is from ,may to    
,october4 ,the cuttings must be taken   

from horizontal shoots1 between         
,christmas and ,march1 and kept in a    
damp cellar4 ,in performing the         
operation1 cut off1 in a sloping        
direction1 7as seen in ,fig4 #da17 the  
tree or limb to be grafted4 ,then cut   
off1 in a corresponding slant1 the slip 
to be grafted on4 ,then put them        
together1 so that the inner bark of each
 shall match1 exactly1 on one side1 and 
tie them firmly together1 with woollen  
yarn4 ,it is not essential that both be 
of equal size2 if the bark of each meet 
together exactly on one side1 it answers
 the purpose4 ,but the two must not     
differ much1 in size4 ,the slope should 
be an inch and a half1 or more1 in      
length4 ,after they are tied together1  
the place should be covered with a salve
 or composition of beeswax and rosin4 ,a
 mixture of clay and cowdung will answer
 the same purpose4 ,this last must be   
tied on with a cloth4 ,grafting is more 
convenient than budding1 as grafts can  
be sent from a great distance2 whereas  

buds must be taken in ,july or ,august1 
from a shoot of the present year's      
growth1 and cannot be sent to any great 
distance4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4    
,this engraving1 7,fig4 #db17 exhibits  
the mode called stock-grafting2 a1 being
 the limb of a large tree which is sawed
 off and split1 and is to be held open  
by a small wedge1 till the grafts are   
put in4 ,a graft1 inserted in the limb1 
is shown at b1 and at c1 is one not     
inserted1 but designed to be put in at  
d1 as two grafts can be put into a large
 stock4 ,in inserting the graft1 be     
careful to make the edge of the inner   
bark of the graft meet exactly the edge 
of the inner bark of the stock2 for on  
this1 success depends4 ,after the grafts
 are put in1 the wedge must be          
withdrawn1 and the whole of the stock be
 covered with the thick salve or        
composition before mentioned1 reaching  
from where the grafts are inserted1 to  
the bottom of the slit4 ,be careful not 
to knock or move the grafts1 after they 

are put in4   ,pruning4  ,the following 
rules for pruning1 are from a           
distinguished horticulturist4 ,prune off
 all dead wood1 and all the little twigs
 on the main limbs4 ,retrench branches1 
so as to give light and ventilation to  
the interior of the tree4 ,select the   
straight and perpendicular shoots1 which
 give little or no fruit1 while those   
which are most nearly horizontal1 and   
somewhat curving1 give fruit abundantly1
 and of good quality4 ,superfluous and  
ill-placed buds may be rubbed off1 at   
any time2 and no buds1 pushing out after
 ,midsummer1 should be spared4 ,in      
choosing between shoots to be retained1 
preserve the lowest placed2 and1 on     
lateral shoots1 those which are nearest 
the origin4 ,when branches cross each   
other1 so as to rub1 remove one or the  
other4 ,remove all suckers from the     
roots of trees or shrubs4 ,prune after  
the sap is in full circulation1 7except 
in the case of grapes17 as the wounds   
then heal best4 ,some think it best to  

prune before the sap begins to run4     
,pruning-shears1 and a pruning-pole1    
with a chisel at the end1 can be        
procured of those who deal in           
agricultural utensils4   ,thinning4  ,as
 it is the office of the leaves to      
absorb nourishment from the atmosphere1 
they should never be removed1 except to 
mature the wood or fruit4 ,in doing     
this1 remove such leaves as shade the   
fruit1 as soon as it is ready to ripen4 
,to do it earlier1 impairs the growth4  
,do it gradually1 at two different      
times4 ,thinning the fruit is important1
 as tending to increase its size and    
flavor1 and also to promote the         
longevity of the tree4 ,if the fruit be 
thickly set1 take off one half1 at the  
time of setting4 ,revise in ,june1 and  
then in ,july1 taking off all that may  
be spared4 ,one very large apple to     
every square foot1 is a rule that may be
 a sort of guide1 in other cases4       
,according to this1 two hundred large   
apples would be allowed to a tree1 whose

 extent is fifteen feet by twelve4 ,if  
any person think this thinning          
excessive1 let him try two similar      
trees1 and thin one as directed1 and    
leave the other unthinned4 ,it will be  
found that the thinned tree will produce
 an equal weight1 and fruit of much     
finer flavor4     ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4    
,,on ,,the ,,cultivation ,,of ,,fruit4  
,by a little attention to this matter1 a
 lady1 with the help of her children1   
can obtain a rich abundance of all kinds
 of fruit4 ,the writer has resided in   
families1 where little boys1 of eight1  
ten1 and twelve years old1 amused       
themselves1 under the direction of their
 mother1 in planting walnuts1 chestnuts1
 and hazelnuts1 for future time2 as well
 as in planting and inoculating young   
fruit-trees1 of all descriptions4 ,a    
mother1 who will take pains to inspire a
 love for such pursuits1 in her         
children1 and who will aid and          
superintend them1 will save them from   
many temptations2 and1 at a trifling    

expense1 secure to them and herself a   
rich reward1 in the choicest fruits4    
,the information given in this work1 on 
this subject1 may be relied on1 as      
sanctioned by the most experienced      
nursery-men4  ,the soil1 for a nursery1 
should be rich1 well dug1 dressed with  
well-decayed manure1 free from weeds1   
and protected from cold winds4 ,fruit   
seeds should be planted in the ,autumn1 
an inch and a half or two inches deep1  
in ridges four or five feet apart1      
pressing the earth firmly over the      
seeds4 ,while growing1 they should be   
thinned out1 leaving the best ones a    
foot and a half apart4 ,the soil should 
be kept loose1 soft1 and free from      
weeds4 ,they should be inoculated or    
ingrafted1 when of the size of a pipe   
stem2 and in a year after this1 may be  
transplanted to their permanent stand4  
,peach trees sometimes bear in two years
 from budding1 and in four years from   
planting1 if well kept4  ,in a year     
after transplanting1 take pains to train

 the head aright4 ,straight1 upright    
branches1 produce gourmands1 or twigs   
bearing only leaves4 ,the side branches1
 which are angular or curved1 yield the 
most fruit4 ,for this reason1 the limbs 
should be trained in curves1 and        
perpendicular twigs should be cut off1  
if there be need of pruning4 ,the last  
of ,june is the time for this4 ,grass   
should never be allowed to grow within  
four feet of a large tree1 and the soil 
should be kept loose1 to admit air to   
the roots4 ,trees in orchards should be 
twenty-five feet apart4 ,the soil under 
the top soil1 has much to do with the   
health of trees4 ,if it be what is      
called hard-pan1 the trees will         
deteriorate4 ,trees need to be manured1 
and to have the soil kept open and free 
from weeds4  ,filberts can be raised in 
any part of this ,country4 ,figs can be 
raised in the ,middle ,states4 ,for this
 purpose1 in the ,autumn1 loosen the    
roots1 on one side1 and bend the tree   
down to the earth1 on the other2 then   

cover it with a mound of straw1 earth1  
and boards2 and early in the ,spring    
raise it up1 and cover the roots4       
,currants grow well in any but a wet    
soil4 ,they are propagated by cuttings4 
,the old wood should be thinned in the  
,fall1 and manure be put on4 ,they can  
be trained into small trees4            
,gooseberries are propagated by layers  
and cuttings4 ,they are best1 when kept 
from suckers and trained like trees4    
,one third of the old wood should be    
removed every ,autumn4 ,raspberries do  
best1 when shaded during a part of the  
day4 ,they are propagated by layers1    
slips1 and suckers4 ,there is one kind1 
which bears monthly4 ,strawberries      
require a light soil and vegetable      
manure4 ,they should be transplanted in 
,april or ,september1 and be set eight  
inches apart1 in rows nine inches       
asunder1 and in beds which are two feet 
wide1 with narrow alleys between them4  
,a part of these plants are non-bearers4
 ,these have large flowers1 with showy  

stamens and high black anthers4 ,the    
bearers have short stamens1 a great     
number of pistils1 and the flowers are  
every way less showy4 ,in blossom-time1 
pull out all the non-bearers4 ,some     
think it best to leave one non-bearer to
 every twelve bearers2 but others pull  
them all out4 ,many beds never produce  
any fruit1 because all the plants in    
them are non-bearers4 ,weeds should be  
kept from the vines4 ,when the vines are
 matted with young plants1 the best way 
is to dig over the beds1 in cross lines1
 so as to leave some of the plants      
standing in little squares1 while the   
rest are turned under the soil4 ,this   
should be done over a second time in the
 same year4  ,grapes4 ,to raise this    
fruit1 manure the soil1 and keep it     
soft1 and free from weeds4 ,a gravelly  
or sandy soil1 and a south exposure1 are
 best4 ,transplant the vines in the     
early ,spring1 or1 better1 in the ,fall4
 ,prune them1 the first year1 so as to  
have only two main branches1 taking off 

all other shoots1 as fast as they come4 
,in ,november1 cut off all of these two 
branches1 except four eyes4 ,the second 
year1 in the ,spring1 loosen the earth  
around the roots1 and allow only two    
branches to grow1 and every month1 take 
off all side shoots4 ,when they are very
 strong1 preserve only a part1 and cut  
off the rest in the ,fall4 ,in          
,november1 cut off all the two main     
stems1 except eight eyes4 ,after the    
second year no more pruning is needed1  
except to reduce the side shoots1 for   
the purpose of increasing the fruit4    
,all the pruning of grapes1 7except     
nipping side shoots17 must be done when 
the sap is not running1 or they will    
bleed to death4 ,train them on poles1 or
 lattices1 to expose them to the air and
 sun4 ,cover tender vines in the        
,autumn4 ,grapes are propagated by      
cuttings1 layers1 and seeds4 ,for       
cuttings1 select1 in the ,autumn1       
well-ripened wood1 of the former year1  
and take five joints for each4 ,bury    

them1 till ,april2 then soak them1 for  
some hours1 and set them out1 aslant1 so
 that all the eyes but one shall be     
covered4   ,to ,preserve ,fruit4        
,raspberries and ,strawberries can be   
preserved1 in perfect flavor1 in the    
following manner4 ,take a pound of nice 
sifted sugar for each pound of fruit4   
,put them in alternate layers1 of fruit 
and sugar1 till the jar is entirely     
full1 then cork it1 and seal it air     
tight4  ,currants and ,gooseberries may 
be perfectly preserved thus4 ,gather    
them1 when dry1 selecting only the solid
 ones4 ,take off the stalks1 and put    
them in dry junk-bottles4 ,set them1    
uncorked1 in a kettle of water1 and     
slowly raise it to boiling heat1 in     
order to drive the air out of the       
bottles4 ,then take out the bottles1    
cork them1 and seal them air tight4     
,keep them in a dry place1 where they   
will not freeze4 ,the success of this   
method depends on excluding air and     
water4  ,apples1 ,grapes1 and such like 

fruit can be preserved1 by packing them1
 when dry and solid1 in dry sand or     
sawdust1 putting alternate layers of    
fruit and sawdust or sand4 ,some sawdust
 gives a bad flavor to the fruit4       
,modes of ,preserving ,fruit ,trees4    
,heaps of ashes1 or tanner's bark1      
around peach trees1 prevent the attack  
of the worm4 ,the yellows1 is a disease 
of peach trees1 which is spread by the  
pollen of the blossom4 ,when a tree     
begins to turn yellow1 take it away1    
with all its roots1 before it blossoms  
again1 or it will infect other trees4   
,planting tansy around the roots of     
fruit trees1 is a sure protection       
against worms1 as it prevents the moth  
from depositing her egg4 ,equal         
quantities of salt and saltpetre1 put   
around the trunk of a peach tree1 half a
 pound to a tree1 improves the size and 
flavor of the fruit4 ,apply this about  
the first of ,april1 and if any trees   
have worms already in them1 put on half 
the quantity1 in addition1 in ,june4 ,to

 young trees1 just set out1 apply one   
ounce1 in ,april1 and another in ,june1 
close to the stem4 ,sandy soil is best  
for peaches4  ,apple trees are preserved
 from insects1 by a wash of strong ley  
to the body and limbs1 which1 if old1   
should be first scraped4 ,caterpillars  
should be removed1 by cutting down their
 nests in a damp day4 ,boring a hole1 in
 a tree infested with worms1 and filling
 it with sulphur1 will often drive them 
off immediately4  ,the fire-blight1 or  
brlure1 in pear trees1 can be stopped1  
by cutting off all the blighted         
branches4 ,it is supposed1 by some1 to  
be owing to an excess of sap1 which is  
remedied by diminishing the roots4  ,the
 curculio1 which destroys plums1 and    
other stone fruit1 can be checked only  
by gathering up all the fruit that      
falls1 7which contains their eggs17 and 
destroying it4 ,the canker-worm can be  
checked1 by applying a bandage around   
the body of the tree1 and every evening 
smearing it with fresh tar4             

,,chapter ,,xxxvii4  ,,miscellaneous    
,,directions4   ,every woman should know
 how to direct in regard to the proper  
care of domestic animals1 as they often 
suffer from the negligence of domestics4
  ,the following information1 in        
reference to the care of a horse and    
cow1 may be useful4 ,a stable should not
 be very light nor very dark2 its floor 
should be either plank or soil1 as brick
 or stone pavements injure the feet4 ,it
 should be well cleaned1 every morning4 
,a horse1 kept in a stable1 should be   
rubbed and brushed every day4 ,a        
stable-horse needs as much daily        
exercise as trotting three miles will   
give him4 ,food or drink should never be
 given1 when a horse is very warm with  
exercise1 as it causes disease4 ,a horse
 should be fed1 three times a day4 ,hay1
 sheaf-oats1 shorts1 corn-meal1 and     
bran1 are the best food for horses4     
,when a horse is travelling1 order six  
quarts of oats in the morning1 four at  
noon1 and six at night1 and direct that 

neither food nor water be given till he 
is cool4  ,keep a horse's legs free from
 mud1 or disease will often result from 
the neglect4 ,a horse1 much used1 should
 be shod as often as once in two months4
 ,fish-oil and strong perfumes1 on the  
skin1 keep flies from annoying a horse4 
,some horses are made fractious by      
having the check-rein so tight as to    
weary the muscles4  ,a cow should be    
watered three times a day1 and fed with 
hay1 potatoes1 carrots1 and boiled corn4
 ,turnips and cabbages give a bad taste 
to the milk4 ,give a handful of salt to 
a cow1 twice a week1 and occasionally   
give the same quantity to a horse4 ,let 
them drink pure water4 ,a well-fed cow  
gives double the milk that she will if  
not fed well4 ,a cow should go unmilked1
 for two months before calving1 and her 
milk should not be used till four days  
after4 ,the calf must run with the cow  
for four days1 and then be shut from    
her1 except thrice a day1 when it should
 take as much food as it wants1 and then

 the cow should be milked clean4  ,hens 
sit twenty days1 and should be well fed 
and watered1 during this time4 ,the     
first food for chickens should be coarse
 dry meal4 ,cold and damp weather is bad
 for all young fowls1 and they should be
 well protected from it4 ,pepper-berries
 are good for fowls which have diseases 
caused by damp and cold weather4  ,in   
,winter1 much fuel may be saved1 and    
comfort secured1 by stuffing cotton into
 all cracks about the windows and the   
surbases of rooms1 and by listing the   
doors4 ,cover strips of wood with baize1
 and nail them tight against a door1 on 
the casing4  ,the following are the     
causes of smoky chimneys4 ,short and    
broad flues1 running up straight1 as a  
narrow flue1 with a bend in it1 draws   
best4 ,large openings1 at the top1 draw 
the wind down1 and should be remedied1  
by having the summits made tapering4 ,a 
house higher than a chimney near it1    
sometimes makes the chimney smoke1 and  
the evil should be remedied1 by raising 

the chimney4 ,too large a throat to the 
fireplace1 sometimes causes a chimney to
 smoke1 and can be remedied1 by a false 
back1 or by lowering the front1 with    
sheet iron4 ,shallow fireplaces give out
 more heat1 and draw as well1 as deep   
ones4  ,house-cleaning should be done in
 dry warm weather4 ,several friends of  
the writer maintain1 that cleaning      
paint1 and windows1 and floors1 in hard1
 cold water1 without any soap1 using a  
flannel washcloth1 is much better than  
using warm suds4 ,it is worth trying4   
,in cleaning in the common way1 sponges 
are best for windows1 and clean water   
only should be used4 ,they should be    
first wiped with linen1 and then with   
old silk4 ,the outside of windows should
 be washed with a long brush1 made for  
the purpose2 and they should be rinsed1 
by throwing upon them water1 containing 
a little saltpetre4  ,when inviting     
company1 mention1 in the note1 the day  
of the month and week1 and the hour for 
coming4 ,provide a place for ladies to  

dress their hair1 with a glass1 pins1   
and combs4 ,a pitcher of cold water1 and
 a tumbler1 should be added4 ,when the  
company is small1 it is becoming a      
common method for the table to be set at
 one end of the room1 the lady of the   
house to pour out tea1 and the gentlemen
 of the party to wait on the ladies and 
themselves4 ,when tea is sent round1    
always send a teapot of hot water to    
weaken it1 and a slop-bowl1 or else many
 persons will drink their tea much      
stronger than they wish4  ,let it ever  
be remembered1 that the burning of      
lights and the breath of guests1 are    
constantly exhausting the air of its    
healthful principle2 therefore avoid    
crowding many guests into one room4 ,do 
not tempt the palate by a great variety 
of unhealthful dainties4 ,have a warm   
room for departing guests1 that they may
 not become chilled before they go out4 
,a parlor should be furnished with      
candle and fire screens1 for those who  
have weak eyes2 and if1 at table1 a     

person sits with the back near the fire1
 a screen should be hung on the back of 
the chair1 as it is very injurious to   
the whole system to have the back       
heated4  ,pretty baskets1 for flowers or
 fruits1 on centre tables1 can be made  
thus4 ,knit1 with coarse needles1 all   
the various shades of green and brown1  
into a square piece4 ,press it with a   
hot iron1 and then ravel it out4 ,buy a 
pretty shaped wicker basket1 or make one
 of stiff millinet1 or thin pasteboard1 
cut the worsted into bunches1 and sew   
them on1 to resemble moss4 ,then line   
the basket1 and set a cup or dish of    
water in it1 to hold flowers1 or use it 
for a fruit-basket4 ,handsome fireboards
 are made1 by nailing black             
foundation-muslin to a frame the size of
 the fireplace2 and then cutting out    
flowers1 from wall-paper1 and pasting   
them on the muslin1 according to the    
fancy4  ,india rubber1 melted in        
lamp-oil1 and brushed over common shoes1
 keeps water out1 perfectly4 ,keep small

 whisk brooms1 wherever gentlemen hang  
their clothes1 both up stairs and down1 
and get them to use them if you can4    
,boil new earthen in bran-water1 putting
 the articles in1 when cold4 ,do the    
same with porcelain kettles4 ,never     
leave wooden vessels out of doors1 as   
they fall to pieces4 ,in ,winter1 lift  
the handle of a pump1 and cover it with 
blankets1 to keep it from freezing4     
,broken earthen and china1 can often be 
mended1 by tying it up1 and boiling it  
in milk4 ,diamond cement1 when genuine1 
is very effectual for the same purpose4 
,old putty can be softened by muriatic  
acid4 ,nail slats across nursery        
windows4 ,scatter ashes on slippery ice1
 at the door2 or rather1 remove it4     
,clarify impure water with powdered     
alum1 a teaspoonful to a barrel4        
,,note4   ,a volume1 entitled the       
,american ,housekeeper's ,receipt ,book1
 prepared by the author of this work1   
under the supervision of several        
experienced housekeepers1 is designed as

 a ,supplement to this treatise on      
,domestic ,economy4 ,the following      
,preface and ,analysis of the ,contents 
will indicate its design more fully3    
,preface 7for the ,american             
,housekeeper's ,receipt ,book47  ,the   
following objects are aimed at in this  
work3  ,first1 to furnish an original   
collection of receipts1 which shall     
embrace a great variety of simple and   
well-cooked dishes1 designed for        
every-day comfort and enjoyment4        
,second1 to include in the collection   
only such receipts as have been tested  
by superior housekeepers1 and warranted 
to be the best4 ,it is not a book made  
up in any department by copying from    
other books1 but entirely from the      
experience of the best practical        
housekeepers4  ,third1 to express every 
receipt in language which is short1     
simple1 and perspicuous1 and yet to give
 all directions so minutely as that the 
book can be kept in the kitchen1 and be 
used by any domestic who can read1 as a 

guide in every one of her employments in
 the kitchen4  ,fourth1 to furnish such 
directions in regard to small           
dinner-parties and evening company as   
will enable any young housekeeper to    
perform her part1 on such occasions1    
with ease1 comfort1 and success4        
,fifth1 to present a good supply of the 
rich and elegant dishes demanded at such
 entertainments1 and yet to set forth so
 large and tempting a variety of what is
 safe1 healthful1 and good1 in connexion
 with such warnings and suggestions as  
it is hoped may avail to promote a more 
healthful fashion in regard both to     
entertainments and to daily table       
supplies4 ,no book of this kind will    
sell without an adequate supply of the  
rich articles which custom requires1 and
 in furnishing them1 the writer has     
aimed to follow the example of          
,providence1 which scatters profusely   
both good and ill1 and combines         
therewith the caution alike of          
experience1 revelation1 and conscience1 

choose ye that which is good1 that ye   
and your seed may live4  ,sixth1 in the 
work on ,domestic ,economy1 together    
with this1 to which it is a ,supplement1
 the writer has attempted to secure1 in 
a cheap and popular form1 for ,american 
housekeepers1 a work similar to an      
,english work which she has examined1   
entitled the ,encyclopdia of ,domestic  
,economy1 by ,thomas ,webster and ,mrs4 
,parkes1 containing over twelve hundred 
octavo pages of closely-printed matter1 
treating on every department of         
,domestic ,economy2 a work which will be
 found much more useful to ,english     
women1 who have a plenty of money and   
well-trained servants1 than to ,american
 housekeepers4 ,it is believed that most
 in that work which would be of any     
practical use to ,american housekeepers1
 will be found in this work and the     
,domestic ,economy4  ,lastly1 the writer
 has aimed to avoid the defects         
complained of by most housekeepers in   
regard to works of this description     

issued in this country1 or sent from    
,england1 such as that1 in some cases1  
the receipts are so rich as to be both  
expensive and unhealthful2 in others1   
that they are so vaguely expressed as to
 be very imperfect guides2 in others1   
that the processes are so elaborate and 
fussing as to make double the work that 
is needful2 and in others1 that the     
topics are so limited that some         
departments are entirely omitted1 and   
all are incomplete4  ,in accomplishing  
these objects1 the writer has received  
contributions of the pen1 and verbal    
communications from some of the most    
judicious and practical housekeepers1 in
 almost every section of this country1  
so that the work is fairly entitled to  
the name it bears of the ,american      
,housekeeper's ,receipt ,book4  ,the    
following embraces most of the topics   
contained in this work4  ,suggestions to
 young housekeepers in regard to style1 
furniture1 and domestic arrangements4   
,suggestions in regard to different     

modes to be pursued both with foreign   
and ,american domestics4  ,on providing 
a proper supply of family stores1 on the
 economical care and use of them1 and on
 the furniture and arrangement of a     
store-closet4  ,on providing a proper   
supply of utensils to be used in        
cooking1 with drawings to illustrate4   
,on the proper construction of ovens1   
and directions for heating and managing 
them4  ,directions for securing good    
yeast and good bread4  ,advice in regard
 to marketing1 the purchase of wood1 c4 
,receipts for breakfast dishes1         
biscuits1 warm cakes1 tea cakes1 c4     
,receipts for puddings1 cakes1 pies1    
preserves1 pickles1 sauces1 catsups1 and
 also for cooking all the various kinds 
of meats1 soups1 and vegetables4  ,the  
above receipts are arranged so that the 
more healthful and simple ones are put  
in one portion1 and the richer ones in  
another4  ,healthful and favourite      
articles of food for young children4    
,receipts for a variety of temperance   

drinks4  ,directions for making tea1    
coffee1 chocolate1 and other warm       
drinks4  ,directions for cutting up     
meats1 and for salting down1 corning1   
curing1 and smoking4  ,directions for   
making butter and cheese1 as furnished  
by a practical and scientific           
manufacturer of the same1 of ,goshen1   
,conn41 that land of rich butter and    
cheese4  ,a guide to a selection of a   
regular course of family dishes1 which  
will embrace a successive variety1 and  
unite convenience with good taste and   
comfortable living4  ,receipts for      
articles for the sick1 and drawings of  
conveniences for their comfort and      
relief4  ,receipts for articles for     
evening parties and dinner parties1 with
 drawings to show the proper manner of  
setting tables1 and of supplying and    
arranging dishes1 both on these1 and on 
ordinary occasions4  ,an outline of     
arrangements for a family in moderate   
circumstances1 embracing the systematic 
details of work for each domestic1 and  

the proper mode of doing it1 as         
furnished by an accomplished            
housekeeper4  ,remarks on the different 
nature of food and drinks1 and their    
relation to the laws of health4         
,suggestions to the domestics of a      
family1 designed to promote a proper    
appreciation of the dignity and         
importance of their station1 and a      
cheerful and faithful performance of    
their duties4  ,miscellaneous           
suggestions and receipts4     ,a        
,,glossary  ,,of ,,such ,,words ,,and   
,,phrases ,,as ,,may ,,not ,,easily ,,be
 ,,understood ,,by ,,the ,,young        
,,reader4   ,many words1 not contained  
in this ,,glossary1 will be found       
explained in the body of the ,work1 in  
the places where they first occur4 ,for 
these1 see ,,index4  ,academy1 the      
,boston1 an association in ,boston1     
established for the purpose of promoting
 the study and culture of the art of    
music4  ,action brought by the          
,commonwealth1 a prosecution conducted  

in the name of the public1 or by the    
authority of the ,state4  ,alcoholic1   
made of1 or containing1 alcohol1 an     
inflammable liquid1 which is the basis  
of ardent spirits4  ,alkali1 7plural    
alkalies17 a chemical substance1 which  
has the property of combining with1 and 
neutralizing the properties of1 acids1  
producing salts by the combination4     
,alkalies change most of the vegetable  
blues and purples to green1 red to      
purple1 and yellow to brown4 ,caustic   
alkali1 an alkali deprived of all       
impurities1 being thereby rendered more 
caustic and violent in its operation4   
,this term is usually applied to pure   
potash4 ,fixed alkali1 an alkali that   
emits no characteristic smell1 and      
cannot be volatilized or evaporated     
without great difficulty4 ,potash and   
soda are called the fixed alkalies4     
,soda is also called a fossil1 or       
mineral1 alkali1 and potash1 the        
vegetable alkali4 ,volatile alkali1 an  
elastic1 transparent1 colorless1 and    

consequently invisible gas1 known by the
 name of ammonia1 or ammoniacal gas4    
,the odor of spirits of hartshorn is    
caused by this gas4  ,anglo-,american1  
,english-,american1 relating to         
,americans descended from ,english      
ancestors4  ,anne1 ,queen1 a ,queen of  
,england1 who reigned from ,a4 ,d4      
#agjb1 to #agad4 ,she was the daughter  
of ,james ,,ii41 and succeeded to the   
throne on the death of ,william ,,iii4  
,she died1 ,august #a1 #agad1 in the    
fiftieth year of her age4 ,she was not a
 woman of very great intellect2 but was 
deservedly popular1 throughout her      
reign1 being a model of conjugal and    
maternal duty1 and always intending to  
do good4 ,she was honored with the title
 of ',good ,queen ,anne'1 which showed  
the opinion entertained of her virtues  
by the people4  ,anotta1 ,annotto1      
,arnotta1 or ,rocou1 a soft1            
brownish-red substance1 prepared from   
the reddish pulp surrounding the seeds  
of a tree1 which grows in the ,west     

,indies1 ,guiana1 and other parts of    
,south ,america1 called the ,bixa       
orellana4 ,it is used as a dye4         
,anther1 that part of the stamen of a   
flower which contains the pollen or     
farina1 a sort of mealy powder or dust1 
which is necessary to the production of 
the flower4  ,anthracite1 one of the    
most valuable kinds of mineral coal1    
containing no bitumen4 ,it is very      
abundant in the ,united ,states4        
,aperient1 opening4  ,apple-corer1 an   
instrument lately invented for the      
purpose of divesting apples of their    
cores4  ,arabic1 gum1 see ,gum ,arabic4 
,archology1 a discourse or treatise on  
antiquities4  ,arnotto1 see ,anotta4    
,arrow-root1 a white powder1 obtained   
from the fecula or starch of several    
species of tuberous plants in the ,east 
and ,west ,indies1 ,bermuda1 and other  
places4 ,that from ,bermuda is most     
highly esteemed4 ,it is used as an      
article for the table1 in the form of   
puddings2 and also as a                 

highly-nutritive1 easily-digested1 and  
agreeable1 food1 for invalids4 ,it      
derives its name from having been       
originally used by the ,indians1 as a   
remedy for the poison of their arrows1  
by mashing and applying it to the wound4
  ,articulating process1 the            
protuberance1 or projecting part of a   
bone1 by which it is so joined to       
another bone1 as to enable the two to   
move upon each other4  ,asceticism1 the 
state of an ascetic1 or hermit1 who     
flies from society and lives in         
retirement1 or who practises a greater  
degree of mortification and austerity   
than others do1 or who inflicts         
extraordinary severities upon himself4  
,astral lamp1 a lamp1 the principle of  
which was invented by ,benjamin         
,thompson1 7a native of ,massachusetts1 
and afterwards ,count ,rumford17 in     
which the oil is contained in a large   
horizontal ring1 having1 at the centre1 
a burner1 which communicates with the   
ring by tubes4 ,the ring is placed a    

little below the level of the flame1    
and1 from its large surface1 affords a  
supply of oil for many hours4  ,astute1 
shrewd4  ,auld ,robin ,gray1 a          
celebrated ,scotch song1 in which a     
young woman laments her having married  
an old rich man1 whom she did not love1 
for the sake of providing for her poor  
parents4  ,auricles1 7from a ,latin     
word1 signifying the ear17 the name     
given to two appendages of the heart1   
from their fancied resemblance to the   
ear4  ,baglivi1 7,george17 an eminent   
physician1 who was born at ,ragusa1 in  
#affh1 and was educated at ,naples and  
,paris4 ,pope ,clement ,,xiv41 on the   
ground of his great merit1 appointed    
him1 while a very young man1 ,professor 
of ,anatomy and ,surgery in the ,college
 of ,sapienza1 at ,rome4 ,he wrote      
several works1 and did much to promote  
the cause of medical science4 ,he died1 
,a4 ,d4 #agjf4  ,bass1 or bass wood1 a  
large forest tree of ,america1 sometimes
 called the lime-tree4 ,the wood is     

white and soft1 and the bark is         
sometimes used for bandages1 as         
mentioned in page #cdc4  ,beau ,nash1   
see ,nash4  ,bell1 ,sir ,charles1 a     
celebrated surgeon1 who was born in     
,edinburgh1 in the year #aggh4 ,he      
commenced his career in ,london1 in     
#ahjf1 as a lecturer on ,anatomy and    
,surgery4 ,in #ahcj1 he received the    
honors of knighthood1 and in #ahcf was  
appointed ,professor of ,surgery in the 
,college of ,edinburgh4 ,he died near   
,worcester1 in ,england1 ,april #bi1    
#ahdb4 ,his writings are very numerous1 
and have been much celebrated4 ,among   
the most important of these1 to general 
readers1 are1 his ,illustrations of     
,paley's ,natural ,theology1 7which work
 forms the second and third volumes of  
the larger series of ',,the ,,school    
,,library1' issued by the ,publishers of
 this volume17 and his treatise on ',the
 ,hand1 its ,mechanism1 and ,vital      
,endowments1 as evincing ,design4'      
,bergamot1 a fruit1 which was originally

 produced by ingrafting a branch of a   
citron or lemon tree1 upon the stock of 
a peculiar kind of pear1 called the     
bergamot pear4  ,biased1 cut diagonally 
from one corner to another of a square  
or rectangular piece of cloth4 ,bias    
pieces1 triangular pieces cut as above  
mentioned4  ,bituminous1 containing     
bitumen1 which is an inflammable mineral
 substance1 resembling tar or pitch in  
its properties and uses4 ,among         
different bituminous substances1 the    
names naphtha and petroleum have been   
given to those which are fluid2 maltha1 
to that which has the consistence of    
pitch2 and asphaltum1 to that which is  
solid4  ,blight1 a disease in plants1 by
 which they are blasted1 or prevented   
from producing fruit4  ,blond lace1 lace
 made of silk4  ,blood heat1 the        
temperature which the blood is always   
found to maintain1 or ninety-eight      
degrees of ,fahrenheit's thermometer4   
,blue vitriol1 sulphate of copper4 ,see 
,sulphate4  ,blunts1 needles of a short 

and thick shape1 distinguished from     
,sharps1 which are long and slender4    
,bocking1 a kind of thin carpeting1 or  
coarse baize4  ,boston ,academy1 see    
,academy4  ,botany1 7from a ,greek word1
 signifying an herb17 a knowledge of    
plants2 the science which treats of     
plants4  ,brazil wood1 the central part1
 or heart1 of a large tree which grows  
in ,brazil1 called the ,csalpinia       
echinata4 ,it produces very lively and  
beautiful red tints1 but they are not   
permanent4  ,bronze1 a metallic         
composition1 consisting of copper and   
tin4  ,brlure1 a ,french term1 denoting 
a burning or scalding2 a blasting of    
plants4  ,brussels1 7carpet17 a kind of 
carpeting1 so called from the city of   
,brussels1 in ,europe4 ,its basis is    
composed of a warp and woof of strong   
linen threads1 with the warp of which   
are intermixed about five times the     
quantity of woollen threads1 of         
different colors4  ,bulb1 a root with a 
round body1 like the onion1 turnip1 or  

hyacinth4 ,bulbous1 having a bulb4      
,byron1 7,george ,gordon17 ,lord1 a     
celebrated ,poet1 who was born in       
,london1 ,january #bb1 #aghh1 and died  
in ,missolonghi1 in ,greece1 ,april #ah1
 #ahbd4  ,calisthenics1 see page #ef1   
note4  ,camwood1 a dyewood1 procured    
from a leguminous 7or pod-bearing7 tree1
 growing on the ,western ,coast of      
,africa1 and called ,baphia nitida4     
,cankerworm1 a worm which is very       
destructive to trees and plants4 ,it    
springs from an egg deposited by a      
miller that issues from the ground1 and 
in some years destroys the leaves and   
fruit of apple and other trees4         
,carbon1 a simple inflammable body1     
forming the principal part of wood and  
coal1 and the whole of the diamond4     
,carbonic acid1 a compound gas1         
consisting of carbon and oxygen4 ,it has
 lately been obtained in a solid form4  
,carmine1 a crimson color1 the most     
beautiful of all the reds4 ,it is       
prepared from a decoction of the        

powdered cochineal insect1 to which alum
 and other substances are added4        
,caster1 a small phial or vessel for the
 table1 in which to put vinegar1        
mustard1 pepper1 c4  ,chancellor of the 
,exchequer1 the highest judge of the    
law2 the principal financial minister of
 a government1 and the one who manages  
its revenue4  ,chateau1 a castle1 a     
mansion4  ,chemistry1 the science which 
treats of the elementary constituents of
 bodies4  ,chinese belle1 deformities   
of4 ,in ,china1 it is the fashion to    
compress the feet of female infants1 to 
prevent their growth2 in consequence of 
which1 the feet of all the females of   
,china are distorted1 and so small1 that
 the individuals cannot walk with ease4 
,chloride1 a compound of chlorine and   
some other substance4 ,chlorine is a    
simple substance1 formerly called       
oxymuriatic acid4 ,in its pure state1 it
 is a gas1 of green color1 7hence its   
name1 from a ,greek word1 signifying    
green47 ,like oxygen1 it supports the   

combustion of some inflammable          
substances4 ,chloride of lime is a      
compound of chlorine and lime4  ,cholera
 infantum1 a bowel complaint1 to which  
infants are subject4  ,chyle1 a white   
juice1 formed from the chyme1 and       
consisting of the finer and more        
nutritious parts of the food4 ,it is    
afterwards converted into blood4        
,chyme1 the result of the first process 
which food undergoes in the stomach1    
previously to its being converted into  
chyle4  ,cicuta1 the common ,american   
,hemlock1 an annual plant of four or    
five feet in height1 and found commonly 
along walls and fences1 and about old   
ruins and buildings4 ,it is a virulent  
poison1 as well as one of the most      
important and valuable medicinal        
vegetables4 ,it is a very different     
plant from the ,hemlock tree1 or ,pinus 
,canadensis4  ,clarke1 7,sir ,charles   
,mansfield17 ,dr41 a distinguished      
,english physician and surgeon1 who was 
born in ,london1 ,may #bh1 #aghb4 ,he   

was appointed ,physician to ,queen      
,adelaide1 wife of ,king ,william ,,iv41
 in #ahcj1 and in #ahca1 he was created 
a baronet4 ,he is the author of several 
valuable medical works4  ,cobalt1 a     
brittle metal1 of a reddish-gray color  
and weak metallic lustre1 used in       
coloring glass4 ,it is not easily melted
 nor oxidized in the air4  ,cochineal1 a
 color procured from the cochineal      
insect1 7or ,coccus cacti17 which feeds 
upon the leaves of several species of   
the plant called cactus1 and which is   
supposed to derive its coloring matter  
from its food4 ,its natural color is    
crimson2 but by the addition of a       
preparation of potash1 it yields a rich 
scarlet dye4  ,cologne water1 a fragrant
 perfume1 which derives its name from   
having been originally made in the city 
of ,cologne1 which is situated on the   
,river ,rhine1 in ,germany4 ,the best   
kind is still procured from that city4  
,comparative anatomy1 the science which 
has for its object a comparison of the  

anatomy1 structure1 and functions1 of   
the various organs of animals1 plants1  
c41 with those of the human body4       
,confection1 a sweetmeat2 a preparation 
of fruit with sugar2 also a preparation 
of medicine with honey1 sirup1 or       
similar saccharine substance1 for the   
purpose of disguising the unpleasant    
taste of the medicine4  ,cooper1 ,sir   
,astley ,paston1 a celebrated ,english  
surgeon1 who was born at ,brooke1 in    
,norfolk county1 ,england1 ,august #bc1 
#agfh1 and commenced the practice of    
,surgery in ,london1 in #agib4 ,he was  
appointed ,surgeon to ,king ,george     
,,iv41 in #ahbg1 was created a baronet  
in #ahba1 and died ,february #ab1 #ahda4
 ,he was the author of many valuable    
works4  ,copal1 a hard1 shining1        
transparent resin1 of a light citron    
color1 brought1 originally1 from        
,spanish ,america1 and now almost wholly
 from the ,east ,indies4 ,it is         
principally employed in the preparation 
of copal varnish4  ,copper1 sulphate of1

 see ,sulphate of copper4  ,copperas1   
7sulphate of iron1 or green vitriol17 a 
bright green mineral substance1 formed  
by the decomposition of a peculiar ore  
of iron1 called pyrites1 which is a     
sulphuret of iron4 ,it is first in the  
form of a greenish-white powder1 or     
crust1 which is dissolved in water1 and 
beautiful green crystals of copperas are
 obtained by evaporation4 ,it is        
principally used in dyeing1 and in      
making black ink4 ,its solution1 mixed  
with a decoction of oak bark1 produces a
 black color4  ,coronary1 relating to a 
crown or garland4 ,in anatomy1 it is    
applied to arteries which encompass the 
heart1 in the manner1 as it is fancied1 
of a garland4  ,corrosive sublimate1 a  
poisonous substance1 composed of        
chlorine and quicksilver4  ,cosmetics1  
preparations which some people foolishly
 think will preserve and beautify the   
skin4  ,cream of tartar1 see ,tartar4   
,crimping-iron1 an instrument for       
crimping or curling ruffles1 c4         

,curculio1 a weevil or worm1 which      
affects the fruit of the plum tree1 and 
sometimes that of the apple tree1       
causing the unripe fruit to fall to the 
ground4  ,curvature of the spine1 see   
pages #hj1 #ha4  ,cuvier1 ,baron1 the   
most eminent naturalist of the present  
age1 was born1 ,a4 ,d4 #agfi1 and died1 
,a4 ,d4 #ahcb4 ,he was ,professor of    
,natural ,history in the ,college of    
,france1 and held various important     
posts under the ,french ,government1 at 
different times4 ,his works on ,natural 
,history are of the greatest value4     
,cynosure1 the star near the ,north     
,pole1 by which sailors steer4 ,it is   
used1 in a figurative sense1 as         
synonymous with pole-star1 or guide4    
,de ,tocqueville1 see ,tocqueville4     
,diamond cement1 a cement sold in the   
shops1 and used for mending broken      
glass1 and similar articles4  ,drab1 a  
thick woollen cloth1 of a light brown or
 dun color4 ,the name is sometimes used 
for the color itself4  ,dredging-box1 a 

box with holes in the top1 used to sift 
or scatter flour on meat1 when roasting4
  ,drill1 7in husbandry17 to sow grain  
in rows1 drills1 or channels2 the row of
 grain so sowed4  ,duchess of ,orleans1 
see ,orleans4  ,the ,east1 and the      
,eastern ,states1 those of the ,united  
,states situated in the north-east part 
of the ,country1 including ,maine1 ,new 
,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode      
,island1 ,connecticut1 and ,vermont4    
,electuary1 a mixture1 consisting of    
medicinal substances1 especially dry    
powders1 combined with honey or sirup1  
in order to render them less unpleasant 
to the taste1 and more convenient for   
internal use4  ,elevation1 7of a house17
 a plan1 representing the upright view  
of a house1 as a ground-plan shows its  
appearance on the ground4  ,euclid1 a   
celebrated mathematician1 who was born  
in ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 about two    
hundred and eighty years before ,christ4
 ,he distinguished himself by his       
writings on music and geometry4 ,the    

most celebrated of his works1 is his    
',elements of ,geometry1' which is in   
use at the present day4 ,he established 
a school at ,alexandria1 which became so
 famous1 that1 from his time to the     
conquest of ,alexandria by the          
,saracens1 7,a4 ,d4 #fdf17 no           
mathematician was found1 who had not    
studied at ,alexandria4 ,ptolemy1 ,king 
of ,egypt1 was one of his pupils2 and it
 was to a question of this ,king1       
whether there were not a shorter way of 
coming at ,geometry1 than by the study  
of his ,elements1 that ,euclid made the 
celebrated answer1 ,there is no royal   
way1 or path1 to ,geometry4  ,equator1  
or equinoctial line1 an imaginary line  
passing round the earth1 from east to   
west1 and directly under the sun1 which 
always shines nearly perpendicularly    
down upon all countries situated near   
the equator4  ,evolve1 to throw off1 to 
discharge4  ,exchequer1 a court in      
,england1 in which the ,chancellor      
presides1 and where the revenues of1 and

 debts due to1 the ,king are recovered4 
,this court was originally established  
by ,king ,william1 7called 'the         
,conqueror1'7 who died ,a4 ,d4 #ajhg2   
and its name is derived from a checkered
 cloth1 7,french echiquier1 a           
chess-board1 checker-work17 on the      
table4  ,excretion1 something discharged
 from the body1 a separation of animal  
matters4  ,excrementitious1 consisting  
of matter excreted from the body2       
containing excrements4  ,fahrenheit1    
7,gabriel ,daniel17 a celebrated natural
 philosopher1 who was born at ,dantzic1 
,a4 ,d4 #afhf4 ,he made great           
improvements in the thermometer2 and his
 name is sometimes used for that        
instrument4  ,farinaceous1 mealy1       
tasting like meal4  ,to ,fell1 to turn  
down1 on the wrong side1 the raw edges  
of a seam1 after it has been stitched1  
run1 or sewed1 and then to hem or sew it
 to the cloth4  ,festivals1 of the      
,jews1 the three great annual4 ,these   
were1 the ,feast of the ,passover1 that 

of ,pentecost1 and that of ,tabernacles2
 on occasion of which1 all the males of 
the ,nation were required to visit the  
,temple at ,jerusalem1 in whatever part 
of the ,country they might reside4 ,see 
,exodus xxiii4 #ad1 #ag1 xxxiv4 #bc1    
,leviticus xxiii4 #d1 ,deuteronomy xvi4 
#af4 ,the ,passover was kept in         
commemoration of the deliverance of the 
,israelites from ,egypt1 and was so     
named1 because1 the night before their  
departure1 the destroying angel1 who    
slew all the first-born of the          
,egyptians1 passed over the houses of   
the ,israelites1 without entering them4 
,see ,exodus xii4 ,the ,feast of        
,pentecost was so called1 from a word   
meaning the fiftieth1 because it was    
celebrated on the fiftieth day after the
 ,passover1 and was instituted in       
commemoration of the giving of the ,law 
from ,mount ,sinai1 on the fiftieth day 
from the departure out of ,egypt4 ,it is
 also called the ,feast of ,weeks1      
because it was kept seven weeks after   

the ,passover4 ,see ,exodus xxxiv4 #bb1 
,leviticus xxiii4 #ae-ba1 ,deuteronomy  
xvi4 #i1 #aj4 ,the ,feast of            
,tabernacles1 or ,feast of ,tents1 was  
so called1 because it was celebrated    
under tents or tabernacles of green     
boughs2 and was designed to commemorate 
their dwelling in tents1 during their   
passage through the wilderness4 ,at this
 ,feast1 they also returned thanks to   
,god1 for the fruits of the earth1 after
 they had been gathered4 ,see ,exodus   
xxiii4 #af1 ,leviticus xxiii4 #cd-dd1   
,deuteronomy xvi4 #ac1 and also ,st4    
,john vii4 #b4  ,fire blight1 a disease 
in the pear1 and some other fruit trees1
 in which they appear burnt1 as if by   
fire4 ,it is supposed1 by some1 to be   
caused by an insect1 others suppose it  
to be caused by an overabundance of sap4
  ,fluting-iron1 an instrument for      
making flutes1 channels1 furrows1 or    
hollows1 in ruffles1 c4  ,foundation    
muslin1 a nice kind of buckram1 stiff   
and white1 used for the foundation or   

basis of bonnets1 c4  ,free ,states1    
those ,states in which slavery is not   
allowed1 as distinguished from ,slave   
,states1 in which slavery does exist4   
,french chalk1 a variety of the mineral 
called talc1 unctuous to the touch1 of a
 greenish color1 glossy1 soft1 and      
easily scratched1 and leaving a silvery 
line1 when drawn on paper4 ,it is used  
for marking on cloth1 and extracting    
grease-spots4  ,fuller's earth1 a       
species of clay1 remarkable for its     
property of absorbing oil2 for which    
reason it is valuable for extracting    
grease from cloth1 c4 ,it is used by    
fullers1 in scouring and cleansing      
cloth1 whence its name4  ,fustic1 the   
wood of a tree which grows in the ,west 
,indies1 called ,morus tinctoria4 ,it   
affords a durable1 but not very         
brilliant1 yellow dye1 and is also used 
in producing some greens and drab       
colors4  ,gastric1 7from the ,greek     
,greek3 gastir1 gaster1 the belly17     
belonging or relating to the belly1 or  

stomach4 ,gastric juice1 the fluid which
 dissolves the food in the stomach4 ,it 
is limpid1 like water1 of a saltish     
taste1 and without odor4  ,geology1 the 
science which treats of the earth1 as   
composed of rocks and stones4  ,gore1 a 
triangular piece of cloth4 ,goring1 cut 
in a triangular shape4  ,gothic1 a      
peculiar and strongly-marked style of   
architecture1 sometimes called the      
ecclesiastical style1 because it is most
 frequently used in cathedrals1         
churches1 abbeys1 and other religious   
edifices4 ,its principle seems to have  
originated in the imitation of groves   
and bowers1 under which the ancients    
performed their sacred rites2 its       
clustered pillars and pointed arches    
very well representing the trunks of    
trees and their interlocking branches4  
,gourmand1 or ,gormand1 a glutton1 a    
greedy eater4 ,in agriculture1 it is    
applied to twigs which take up the sap1 
but bear only leaves4  ,green vitriol1  
see ,copperas4  ,griddle1 an iron pan1  

of a peculiarly broad and shallow       
construction1 used for baking cakes4    
,ground-plan1 the map or plan of the    
lower floor of any building1 in which   
the various apartments1 windows1 doors1 
fireplaces1 and other things1 are       
represented1 like the rivers1 towns1    
mountains1 roads1 c41 on a map4  ,gum   
,arabic1 a vegetable juice which exudes 
through the bark of the ,acacia1 ,mimosa
 nilotica1 and some other similar trees1
 growing in ,arabia1 ,egypt1 ,senegal1  
and ,central ,africa4 ,it is the purest 
of all gums4  ,hardpan1 the hard1       
unbroken layer of earth1 below the mould
 or cultivated soil4  ,hartshorn1       
7spirits of17 a volatile alkali1        
originally prepared from the horns of   
the stag or hart1 but now procured from 
various other substances4 ,it is known  
by the name of ammonia1 or spirits of   
ammonia4  ,hemlock1 see ,cicuta4        
,horticulturist1 one skilled in         
horticulture1 or the art of cultivating 
gardens2 horticulture being to the      

garden1 what agriculture is to the farm1
 the application of labor and science to
 a limited spot1 for convenience1 for   
profit1 or for ornament1--though        
implying a higher state of cultivation1 
than is common in agriculture4 ,it      
includes the cultivation of culinary    
vegetables and of fruits1 and forcing or
 exotic gardening1 as far as respects   
useful products4  ,hoskin's gloves1     
gloves made by a person named ,hoskin1  
whose manufacture was formerly much     
celebrated4  ,hydrogen1 a very light1   
inflammable gas1 of which water is1 in  
part1 composed4 ,it is used to inflate  
balloons4  ,hypochondriasis1 melancholy1
 dejection1 a disorder of the           
imagination1 in which the person        
supposes he is afflicted with various   
diseases4  ,hysteria1 or hysterics1 a   
spasmodic1 convulsive affection of the  
nerves1 to which women are subject4 ,it 
is somewhat similar to hypochondriasis  
in men4  ,ingrain1 a kind of carpeting1 
in which the threads are dyed in the    

grain1 or raw material1 before          
manufacture4  ,ipecac1 7an abbreviation 
of ipecacuanha17 an ,indian medicinal   
plant1 acting as an emetic4  ,isinglass1
 a fine kind of gelatin1 or glue1       
prepared from the swimming-bladders of  
fishes1 used as a cement1 and also as an
 ingredient in food and medicine4 ,the  
name is sometimes applied to a          
transparent mineral substance called    
mica4  ,kamtschadales1 inhabitants of   
,kamtschatka1 a large peninsula situated
 on the northeastern coast of ,asia1    
having the ,north ,pacific ,ocean on the
 east4 ,it is remarkable for its extreme
 cold1 which is heightened by a range of
 very lofty mountains1 extending the    
whole length of the peninsula1 several  
of which are volcanic4 ,it is very      
deficient in vegetable productions1 but 
produces a great variety of animals1    
from which the richest and most valuable
 furs are procured4 ,the inhabitants are
 in general below the common height1 but
 have broad shoulders and large heads4  

,it is under the dominion of ,russia4   
,kink1 a knotty twist in a thread or    
rope4  ,lapland1 a country at the       
extreme north part of ,europe1 where it 
is very cold4 ,it contains lofty        
mountains1 some of which are covered    
with perpetual snow and ice4  ,latin1   
the language of the ,latins1 or         
inhabitants of ,latium1 the principal   
country of ancient ,italy4 ,after the   
building of ,rome1 that city became the 
capital of the whole country4           
,leguminous1 pod-bearing4  ,lent1 a fast
 of the ,christian ,church1 7lasting    
forty days1 from ,ash ,wednesday to     
,easter17 in commemoration of our       
,saviour's miraculous fast of forty days
 and forty nights1 in the wilderness4   
,the word ,lent means spring2 this fast 
always occurring at that season of the  
year4  ,levite1 one of the tribe of     
,levi1 the son of ,jacob1 which tribe   
was set apart from the others1 to       
minister in the services of the         
,tabernacle1 and the ,temple at         

,jerusalem4 ,the ,priests were taken    
from this tribe4 ,see ,numbers i4       
#dg-ec4  ,ley1 water which has          
percolated through ashes1 earth1 or     
other substances1 dissolving and        
imbibing a part of their contents4 ,it  
is generally spelled lie1 or lye4       
,linnus1 7,charles17 a native of        
,sweden1 and the most celebrated        
naturalist of his age4 ,he was born ,may
 #ac1 #agjg1 and died ,january #aa1     
#aggh4 ,his life was devoted to the     
study of natural history4 ,the science  
of botany1 in particular1 is greatly    
indebted to his labors4 ,his            
',amoenitates ,academic' 7,academical   
,recreations7 is a collection of the    
dissertations of his pupils1 edited by  
himself2 a work rich in matters relating
 to the history and habits of plants4   
,he was the first who arranged ,natural 
,history into a regular system1 which   
has been generally called by his name4  
,his proper name was ,linn4  ,lobe1 a   
division1 a distinct part2 generally    

applied to the two divisions of the     
lungs4  ,log ,cabin1 a cabin or house   
built of logs1 as is generally the case 
in newly-settled countries4  ,loire1 the
 largest river of ,france1 being about  
five hundred and fifty miles in length4 
,it rises in the mountains of ,cevennes1
 and empties into the ,atlantic ,ocean1 
about forty miles below the city of     
,nantes4 ,it divides ,france into two   
almost equal parts4  ,london ,medical   
,society1 a distinguished association1  
formed in #aggc4 ,it has published some 
valuable volumes of its ,transactions4  
,it has a library1 of about #dj1jjj     
volumes1 which is kept in a house       
presented to the ,society1 in #aghh1 by 
the celebrated ,dr4 ,lettsom1 who was   
one of its first members4  ,louis       
,,xiv41 a celebrated ,king of ,france   
and ,navarre1 who was born ,sept4 #e1   
#afch1 and died ,sept4 #a1 #agae4 ,his  
mother having before had no children1   
though she had been married twenty-two  
years1 his birth was considered as a    

particular favor from heaven1 and he was
 called the ',gift of ,god4' ,he is     
sometimes styled ',louis the ,great1'   
and his reign is celebrated as an era of
 magnificence and learning1 and is      
notorious as a period of licentiousness4
 ,he left behind him monuments of       
unprecedented splendor and expense1     
consisting of palaces1 gardens1 and     
other like works4  ,lumbar1 7from the   
,latin lumbus1 the loin17 relating or   
pertaining to the loins4  ,lunacy1 writ 
of1 a judicial proceeding1 to ascertain 
whether a person be a lunatic4          
,mademoiselle1 the ,french word for     
,miss1 a young girl4  ,magnesia1 a light
 and white alkaline earth1 which enters 
into the composition of many rocks1     
communicating to them a greasy or soapy 
feeling1 and a striped texture1 with    
sometimes a greenish color4  ,malaria1  
7,italian1 mal'aria1 bad air17 a noxious
 vapor or exhalation2 a state of the    
atmosphere or soil1 or both1 which1 in  
certain regions1 and in warm weather1   

produces fever1 sometimes of great      
violence4  ,mammon1 riches1 the ,syrian 
god of riches4 ,see ,st4 ,luke1 xvi4    
#aa1 #ac1 ,st4 ,matthew1 vi4 #bd4       
,martineau1 7,harriet17 a woman who has 
become somewhat celebrated by her book  
of travels in the ,united ,states1 and  
by other works4  ,mexico1 a country     
situated southwest of the ,united       
,states1 and extending to the ,pacific  
,ocean4  ,miasms1 such particles or     
atoms1 as are supposed to arise from    
distempered1 putrefying1 or poisonous   
bodies4  ,michilimackinac1 or ,mackinac1
 7now frequently corrupted into         
,mackinaw1 which is the usual           
pronunciation of the name17 a military  
post in the ,state of ,michigan1        
situated upon an island about nine miles
 in circuit1 in the strait which        
connects ,lakes ,michigan and ,huron4   
,it is much resorted to by ,indians and 
fur traders4 ,the highest summit of the 
island is about three hundred feet above
 the lakes1 and commands an extensive   

view of them4  ,midsummer1 with us1 the 
time when the sun arrives at his        
greatest distance from the equator1 or  
about the twenty-first of ,june1 called1
 also1 the summer solstice1 7from the   
,latin sol1 the sun1 and sto1 to stop or
 stand still17 because1 when the sun    
reaches this point1 he seems to stand   
still for some time1 and then appears to
 retrace his steps4 ,the days are then  
longer than at any other time4          
,migrate1 to remove from one place to   
another2 to change residence4  ,mildew1 
a disease of plants2 a mould1 spot1 or  
stain1 in paper1 cloths1 c41 caused by  
moisture4  ,militate1 to oppose1 to     
operate against4  ,millinet1 a coarse   
kind of stiff muslin1 formerly used for 
the foundation or basis of bonnets1 c4  
,mineralogy1 a science which treats of  
the inorganic natural substances found  
upon or in the earth1 such as earths1   
salts1 metals1 c41 and which are called 
by the general name of minerals4        
,minuti1 the smallest particulars4      

,monasticism1 monastic life2 religiously
 recluse life1 in a monastery1 or house 
of religious retirement4  ,montagu1     
,lady ,mary ,wortley1 one of the most   
celebrated among the female literary    
characters of ,england4 ,she was        
daughter of ,evelyn1 ,duke of ,kingston1
 and was born about #afij1 at ,thoresby1
 in ,england4 ,she displayed uncommon   
abilities1 at a very early age1 and was 
educated by the best masters in the     
,english1 ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,french1  
languages4 ,she accompanied her husband 
7,edward ,wortley ,montagu7 on an       
embassy to ,constantinople1 and her     
correspondence with her friends was     
published and much admired4 ,she        
introduced the practice of inoculation  
for the smallpox into ,england1 which   
proved of great benefit to millions4    
,she died at the age of seventy-two1 ,a4
 ,d4 #agfb4  ,moral ,philosophy1 the    
science which treats of the motives and 
rules of human actions1 and of the ends 
to which they ought to be directed4     

,moreen1 a kind of woollen stuff used   
for curtains1 covers of cushions1 bed   
hangings1 c4  ,mucous1 having the nature
 of mucus1 a glutinous1 sticky1 thready1
 transparent fluid1 of a salt savor1    
produced by different membranes of the  
body1 and serving to protect the        
membranes and other internal parts      
against the action of the air1 food1 c4 
,the fluid of the mouth and nose is     
mucus4  ,mucous membrane1 that membrane 
which lines the mouth1 nose1 intestines1
 and other open cavities of the body4   
,muriatic acid1 an acid1 composed of    
chlorine and hydrogen1 called1 also1    
hydrochloric acid1 and spirit of salt4  
,mush-stick1 a stick to use in stirring 
mush1 which is corn meal boiled in      
water4  ,nankeen1 or ,nankin1 a light   
cotton cloth1 originally brought from   
,nankin1 in ,china1 whence its name4    
,nash1 7,richard17 commonly called ,beau
 ,nash1 or ,king of ,bath1 a celebrated 
leader of the fashions in ,england4 ,he 
was born at ,swansea1 in ,south ,wales1 

,october #h1 #afgd1 and died in the city
 of ,bath1 7,england17 ,february #c1    
#agfa4  ,natural ,history1 the history  
of animals1 plants1 and minerals4       
,natural ,philosophy1 the science which 
treats of the powers of ,nature1 the    
properties of natural bodies1 and their 
action one upon another4 ,it is         
sometimes called physics4  ,new-milch   
cow1 a cow which has recently calved4   
,newton1 7,sir ,isaac17 an eminent      
,english philosopher and mathematician1 
who was born on ,christmas day1 #afdb1  
and died ,march #bj1 #agbg4 ,he was much
 distinguished for his very important   
discoveries in ,optics and other        
branches of ,natural ,philosophy4 ,see  
the first volume of ',pursuit of        
,knowledge under ,difficulties1' forming
 the fourteenth volume of ',,the        
,,school ,,library1' ,larger ,series4   
,non-bearers1 plants which bear no      
flowers nor fruit4  ,northern ,states1  
those of the ,united ,states situated in
 the ,northern and ,eastern part of the 

,country4  ,ordinary1 see ,physician in 
,ordinary4  ,oil of ,vitriol1 7sulphuric
 acid1 or vitriolic acid17 an acid      
composed of oxygen and sulphur4         
,orleans1 7,elizabeth ,charlotte de     
,bavire17 ,duchess of1 second wife of   
,philippe1 the brother of ,louis ,,xiv41
 was born at ,heidelberg1 ,may #bf1     
#afeb1 and died at the palace of ,st4   
,cloud1 in ,paris1 ,december #h1 #agbb4 
,she was author of several works2 among 
which were1 ,memoirs1 and ,anecdotes1 of
 the ,court of ,louis ,,xiv4  ,ottoman1 
a kind of hassock1 or thick mat1 for    
kneeling upon2 so called1 from being    
used by the ,ottomans or ,turks4        
,oxalic acid1 a vegetable acid1 which   
exists in sorrel4  ,oxide1 a compound   
7which is not acid7 of a substance with 
oxygen2 for example1 oxide of iron1 or  
rust of metals4  ,oxidize1 to combine   
oxygen with a body without producing    
acidity4  ,oxygen1 vital air1 a simple  
and very important substance1 which     
exists in the atmosphere1 and supports  

the breathing of animals and the burning
 of combustibles4 ,it was called oxygen1
 from two ,greek words1 signifying to   
produce acid1 from its power of giving  
acidity to many compounds in which it   
predominates4  ,oxygenized1 combined    
with oxygen4  ,pancreas1 a gland within 
the abdomen1 just below and behind the  
stomach1 and providing a fluid to assist
 digestion4 ,in animals1 it is called   
the sweet-bread4 ,pancreatic1 belonging 
to the pancreas4  ,parterre1 a level    
division of ground1 a flower garden4    
,pearlash1 the common name for impure   
carbonate of potash1 which1 in a purer  
form1 is called ,sal ratus4             
,peristaltic1 worm-like4  ,philosophy1  
see ,intellectual1 ,moral1 and ,natural4
  ,physician in ,ordinary to the ,queen1
 the ,physician who attends the ,queen  
in ordinary cases of illness4  ,pistil1 
that part of a flower1 generally in the 
centre1 composed of the germ1 style1 and
 stigma1 which receives the pollen or   
fertilizing dust of the stamens4  ,pitt1

 ,william1 a celebrated ,english        
statesman1 son of the ,earl of ,chatham4
 ,he was born1 ,may #bh1 #agei1 and at  
the age of twenty-three1 was made       
,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 and soon 
afterward1 ,prime ,minister4 ,he died1  
,january #bc1 #ahjf4  ,political        
,economy1 the science which treats of   
the general causes affecting the        
production1 distribution1 and           
consumption1 of articles of exchangeable
 value1 in reference to their effects   
upon national wealth and welfare4       
,pollen1 the fertilizing dust of        
flowers1 produced by the stamens1 and   
falling upon the pistils1 in order to   
render a flower capable of producing    
fruit or seed4  ,potter's clay1 the clay
 used in making articles of pottery4    
,prairie1 a ,french word1 signifying    
meadow4 ,in the ,united ,states1 it is  
applied to the remarkable natural       
meadows1 or plains1 which are found in  
the ,western ,states4 ,in some of these 
vast and nearly level plains1 the       

traveller may wander for days1 without  
meeting with wood or water1 and see no  
object rising above the plane of the    
horizon4 ,they are very fertile4  ,prime
 ,minister1 the person appointed by the 
ruler of a nation to have the chief     
direction and management of the public  
affairs4  ,process1 a protuberance1 or  
projecting part of a bone4  ,pulmonary1 
belonging to1 or affecting1 the lungs4  
,pulmonary artery1 an artery which      
passes through the lungs1 being divided 
into several branches1 which form a     
beautiful network over the air-vessels1 
and finally empty themselves into the   
left auricle of the heart4  ,puritans1 a
 sect1 which professed to follow the    
pure word of ,god1 in opposition to     
traditions1 human constitutions1 and    
other authorities4 ,in the reign of     
,queen ,elizabeth1 part of the          
,protestants were desirous of           
introducing a simpler1 and1 as they     
considered it1 a purer1 form of church  
government and worship1 than that       

established by law2 from which          
circumstance1 they were called          
,puritans4 ,in process of time1 this    
party increased in numbers1 and openly  
broke off from the ,church1 laying aside
 the ,english liturgy1 and adopting a   
service-book published at ,geneva1 by   
the disciples of ,calvin4 ,they were    
treated with great rigor by the         
,government1 and many of them left the  
kingdom and settled in ,holland4        
,finding themselves not so eligibly     
situated in that ,country1 as they had  
expected to be1 a portion of them       
embarked for ,america1 and were the     
first settlers of ,new ,england4        
,quixotic1 absurd1 romantic1 ridiculous2
 from ,don ,quixote1 the hero of a      
celebrated fictitious work1 written by  
,cervantes1 a distinguished ,spanish    
writer1 and intended to reform the      
tastes and opinions of his countrymen4  
,reeking1 smoking1 emitting vapor4      
,residuum1 the remainder1 or part which 
remains4  ,routine1 a round1 or course  

of engagements1 business1 pleasure1 c4  
,to ,run a seam1 to lay the two edges of
 a seam together1 and pass the threaded 
needle out and in1 with small stitches1 
a few threads below the edge1 and on a  
line with it4  ,to ,run a stocking1 to  
pass a thread of yarn1 with a needle1   
straight along each row of the stocking1
 as far as is desired1 taking up one    
loop and missing two or three1 until the
 row is completed1 so as to double the  
thickness at the part which is run4     
,sabbatical year1 every seventh year1   
among the ,jews1 which was a year of    
rest for the land1 when it was to be    
left without culture4 ,in this year1 all
 debts were to be remitted1 and slaves  
set at liberty4 ,see ,exodus xxi4 #b1   
xxiii4 #aj1 ,leviticus xxv4 #b1 #c1 c41 
,deuteronomy xv4 #ab1 and other similar 
passages4  ,sal ratus1 see ,pearlash4   
,sal ammoniac1 a salt1 called also      
muriate of ammonia1 which derives its   
name from a district in ,libya1 ,egypt1 
where there was a temple of ,jupiter    

,ammon1 and where this salt was found4  
,scotch ,highlanders1 inhabitants of the
 ,highlands of ,scotland4  ,selvedge1   
the edge of cloth1 a border4 ,improperly
 written selvage4  ,service-book1 a book
 prescribing the order of public        
services in a church or congregation4   
,sharps1 see ,blunts4  ,shorts1 the     
coarser part of wheat bran4  ,shrubbery1
 a plantation of shrubs4  ,siberia1 a   
large country in the extreme northern   
part of ,asia1 having the ,frozen ,ocean
 on the north1 and the ,pacific ,ocean  
on the east1 and forming a part of the  
,russian empire4 ,the northern part is  
extremely cold1 almost uncultivated1 and
 contains but few inhabitants4 ,it      
furnishes fine skins1 and some of the   
most valuable furs in the world4 ,it    
also contains rich mines of iron and    
copper1 and several kinds of precious   
stones4  ,sinclair1 ,sir ,john1 of whom 
it was said1 ,there is no greater name  
in the annals of agriculture1 than his1 
was born in ,caithness1 ,scotland1 ,may 

#aj1 #aged1 and became a member of the  
,british ,parliament in #aghj4 ,he was  
strongly opposed to the measures of the 
,british ,government towards ,america1  
which produced the ,american            
,revolution4 ,he was author of many     
valuable publications1 on various       
subjects4 ,he died ,december #ba1 #ahce4
  ,sirloin1 the loin of beef4 ,the      
appellation ',sir' is the title of a    
knight1 or baronet2 and has been added  
to the word 'loin1' when applied to     
beef1 because a ,king of ,england1 in a 
freak of good humor1 once conferred the 
honor of knighthood upon a loin of beef4
  ,slack1 to loosen1 to relax1 to       
deprive of cohesion4  ,soda1 an alkali1 
usually obtained from the ashes of      
marine plants4  ,to ,spade1 to throw out
 earth with a spade4  ,spermaceti1 an   
oily substance1 found in the head of a  
species of whale1 called the spermaceti 
whale4  ,spindling1 see page #abd4      
,spinous process1 a process or bony     
protuberance1 resembling a spine or     

thorn1 whence it derives its name4      
,spool1 a piece of cane or reed1 or a   
hollow cylinder of wood1 with a ridge at
 each end1 used to wind yarn and thread 
upon4  ,stamen1 7plural stamens and     
stamina17 in weaving1 the warp1 the     
thread1 any thing made of threads4 ,in  
botany1 that part of a flower1 on which 
the artificial classification is        
founded1 consisting of the filament or  
stalk1 and the anther1 which contains   
the pollen1 or fructifying powder4      
,stigma1 7plural stigmas and stigmata17 
the summit or top of the pistil of a    
flower4  ,style1 or ,stile1 the part of 
the pistil between the germ and the     
stigma4  ,sub-carbonate1 an imperfect   
carbonate4  ,sulphates1 ,sulphats1      
,sulphites1 salts formed by the         
combination of some base with sulphuric 
acid1 as ,sulphate of copper1 7blue     
vitriol1 or blue stone17 a combination  
of sulphuric acid with copper4 ,sulphate
 of iron1 copperas1 or green vitriol4   
,sulphate of lime1 gypsum1 or plaster of

 ,paris4 ,sulphate of magnesia1 ,epsom  
salts4 ,sulphate of potash1 a chemical  
salt1 composed of sulphuric acid and    
potash4 ,sulphate of soda1 ,glauber's   
salts4 ,sulphate of zinc1 white vitriol4
  ,sulphuret1 a combination of an       
alkaline earth or metal with sulphur as1
 ,sulphuret of iron1 a combination of   
iron and sulphur4  ,sulphuric acid1 oil 
of vitriol1 vitriolic acid4  ,suture1 a 
sewing2 the uniting of parts by         
stitching2 the seam or joint which      
unites the flat bones of the skull1     
which are notched like the teeth of a   
saw1 and the notches1 being united      
together1 present the appearance of a   
seam4  ,tartar1 a substance1 deposited  
on the inside of wine casks1 consisting 
chiefly of tartaric acid and potash4    
,cream of tartar1 the crude tartar      
separated from all its impurities1 by   
being dissolved in water and then       
crystallized1 when it becomes a         
perfectly white powder4  ,tartaric acid1
 a vegetable acid which exists in the   

grape4  ,technology1 a description of   
the arts1 considered generally1 in their
 theory and practice1 as connected with 
moral1 political1 and physical science4 
,three great ,jewish yearly festivals1  
see ,festivals4  ,three-ply1 or triple  
ingrain1 a kind of carpeting1 in which  
the threads are woven in such a manner  
as to make three thicknesses of the     
cloth4  ,tic douloureux1 a painful      
affection of the nerves1 mostly those of
 the face4  ,tocqueville1 7,alexis de17 
a celebrated living statesman and writer
 of ,france1 and author of volumes on   
the ,political ,condition1 and the      
,penitentiaries1 of the ,united ,states1
 and other works4  ,trachea1 the        
windpipe1 so named 7from a ,greek word  
signifying rough7 from the roughness1 or
 inequalities1 of the cartilages of     
which it is formed4  ,truckle-bed1 or   
trundle-bed1 a bed that runs on wheels4 
,tuber1 a solid1 fleshy1 roundish root1 
like the potato4 ,tuberous1 thick and   
fleshy2 composed of1 or having1 tubers4 

,tucks1 7improperly tacks17 folds in    
garments4  ,turmeric1 the root of a     
plant called ,curcuma longa1 a native of
 the ,east ,indies1 used as a yellow    
dye4  ,twaddle1 idle1 foolish talk1 or  
conversation4  ,unbolted1 unsifted4     
,unslacked1 not loosened1 or deprived of
 cohesion4 ,lime1 when it has been      
slacked1 crumbles to powder1 from being 
deprived of cohesion4  ,valance1 the    
drapery or fringe hanging round the     
cover of a bed1 couch1 or other similar 
article4  ,vascular1 relating to1 or    
full of1 vessels4  ,venetian1 a kind of 
carpeting1 composed of a striped woollen
 warp on a thick woof of linen thread4  
,verisimilitude1 probability1           
resemblance to truth4  ,verbatim1 word  
for word4  ,vice versa1 the side being  
changed1 or the question reversed1 or   
the terms being exchanged4  ,viscera1   
7plural of viscus17 organs contained in 
the abdomen and in the chest4  ,vitriol1
 a compound mineral salt1 of a very     
caustic taste4 ,blue vitriol1 sulphate  

of copper4 ,green vitriol1 see          
,copperas4 ,oil of vitriol1 sulphuric   
acid4 ,white vitriol1 sulphate of zinc4 
,waffle-iron1 an iron utensil for the   
purpose of baking waffles1 which are    
thin and soft cakes indented by the iron
 in which they are baked4  ,washleather1
 a soft1 pliable leather1 dressed with  
oil1 and in such a way1 that it may be  
washed1 without shrinking4 ,it is used  
for various articles of dress1 as       
under-shirts1 drawers1 c41 and also for 
rubbing silver1 and other articles      
having a high polish4 ,the article      
known1 in commerce1 as chamois1 or      
shammy1 leather1 is also called         
wash-leather4  ,welting cord1 a cord    
sewed into the welt or border of a      
garment4  ,the ,west1 or ,western       
,world4 ,when used in ,europe1 or in    
distinction from the ,eastern ,world1 it
 means ,america4 ,when used in this     
,country1 the ,west refers to the       
,western ,states of the ,union4 ,western
 ,wilds1 the wild1 thinly-settled lands 

of the ,western ,states4  ,white        
vitriol1 see ,zinc4  ,wilton carpet1 a  
kind of carpets1 made in ,england1 and  
so called from the place which is the   
chief seat of their manufacture4 ,they  
are woollen velvets1 with variegated    
colors4  ,writ of lunacy1 see ,lunacy4  
,xantippe1 the wife of ,socrates1 noted 
for her violent temper and scolding     
propensities4 ,the name is frequently   
applied to a shrew1 or peevish1         
turbulent1 scolding woman4  ,zinc1 a    
blueish-white metal1 which is used as a 
constituent of brass1 and some other    
alloys4 ,sulphate of zinc1 or ,white    
vitriol1 a combination of zinc with     
sulphuric acid4     ,,index4   ,a4      
,absorbents of the skin1 #ic1 #aai4     
,accidents and antidotes1 #bdj4         
,accounts1 #agd1 #ahf4   ,by girls1     
#ahh4  ,acids1 #cai4  ,africans1 diet   
of1 #bba4  ,air1 evils of the want of   
pure1 #ia1 #abi1 #aif1 #caa4   ,exercise
 in the1 #abi1 #acc4   ,for infants1    
#bag1 #bah4   ,of sick-rooms1 #bcg4     

,dancing in the1 #bdf4   ,see           
,ventilation4  ,albany ,orphan ,asylum1 
#bbb4  ,alcoholic drinks1 #ajg4   ,see  
,stimulating4  ,alton1 account of the   
,monticello ,female ,seminary at1 #ed4  
,amaryllis1 #cce4  ,america1            
anticipations as to1 #cf4   ,conspicuous
 station of1 #cf4   ,changeableness in  
the conditions in1 #dj1 #df1 #dh1 #beg4 
,labor in1 #adg4  ,american women1      
peculiar responsibilities of1 #be4      
,rights and privileges of1 #bg4   ,their
 distinct line of duty1 #bh1 #cb1 #cc4  
,influence of1 on ,america1 #cb1 #cc4   
,their equality1 #cc4   ,fancied wrongs 
of1 #cc4   ,part to be acted by1 #cf4   
,influence of1 in the world1 #cg1 #ch4  
,difficulties peculiar to1 #ch2     as  
housekeepers1 #ci1 #aea1 #bjd2     from 
delicacy of constitution1 #da1 #de1 #dg1
 #abh4   ,few perfectly healthy1 #dc4   
,causes of unhealthy1 #dc1 #abh2        
mental excitement1 #dc2     their sense 
of their responsibilities1 #dd2     too 
little outdoor exercise1 #dd4   ,bad    

early training of1 #de4   ,exposures of1
 in newly-settled countries1 #df4   ,de 
,tocqueville describes1 in the ,west1   
#df4   ,in the ,east and in the ,west1  
compared1 #dg4   ,should oppose the     
feeling that labor is degrading1 #fa4   
,precedence given to1 by the other sex1 
#ada4   ,housekeeping by1 #aea4   ,time 
and money spent by1 for the ornamental1 
#age4   ,see ,daughters1 ,females1      
,mothers1 and ,women4  ,amusements1     
#bdd1 #bej4  ,anemone1 #cce4  ,anger1 on
 silence in1 #aeb4   ,see ,temper1 and  
,tones4  ,animal food1 #ii1 #ajj4   ,for
 young children1 #bbj4   ,nourishment   
of1 #bba4   ,see ,food4  ,animals1      
cruelty to1 in sport1 #bdd1 #bdf4       
,annual flowers1 #ccg4  ,anthracite     
coal1 #bha4  ,ants1 red and black1 #cbc4
  ,anxiety1 a countenance of1 #adi4     
,appetites1 gratification of the1 #aei1 
#aga1 #agb4   ,rule as to1 #ahd4  ,apple
 trees1 preserving from insects1 #cej4  
,apportionment of time1 #aeg1 #afj1     
#aha4   ,by regular division of work1   

#afb4   ,jewish1 #aha4  ,aristocracy1   
,english1 #bg1 #abc4   ,the prejudice   
of1 as to labor1 #fa1 #abc4             
,distinguishing mark of1 #abc4   ,on    
aping the1 #abd4   ,courtesy of1        
limited1 #aci4   ,manners of democracy  
and1 #adf4   ,on economy among the1     
#aid4   ,domestics of1 #bje4  ,arm1     
muscles of the1 #gd1 #ge4  ,arsenic1    
poisoning from1 #bdb4  ,arteries1 tying 
up1 #bdj4  ,associated charities1 #agh4 
,association1 in ,illinois1 for         
educating poor females1 #ei4   ,for     
education at large1 #bjc4  ,astral      
lamps1 #bhb4   ,b4  ,back-door          
accommodations1 #bgf4  ,baglivi1 on     
health during ,lent1 #ajj4  ,balls1     
#bdg1 #bdh4  ,bargains1 on making1 #aij1
 #aid4  ,baskets1 #cba4   ,for centre   
tables1 #ced4  ,bath1 on using the1     
#abj4  ,bathing infants1 #bag4   ,see   
,washing4  ,bathing-rooms1 #bgf4        
,beating down prices1 #aij1 #aid4       
,beaumont1 ,dr41 experiments by1 on the 
digestibility of food1 #ajd1 note4      

,beauty1 effect of exercise on1 #acb4   
,bed-bugs1 #cbc4  ,bedrooms1 care of1   
#caa4  ,beds and bedding1 #aad1 #cac1   
#cbi4   ,washing1 #bhg4   ,on making1   
#cad4  ,beef's-gall1 uses of1 #bhf1     
#bhi4   ,to prepare1 #bib4  ,bell1 ,sir 
,charles1 on nerves1 #abi4              
,benevolence1 happiness of1 #aca4   ,see
 ,charity4  ,bile1 #hi4  ,bituminous    
coal1 #bha4  ,black ants1 #cbc4  ,black 
tea1 #aaj4  ,bleeding at the lungs1     
#bdc4  ,blindness1 guarding against1    
#bag1 #bhc4  ,blisters1 on dressing1    
#bch4  ,blood1 details as to the        
circulation of the1 #hc4   ,effect of   
daylight on the1 #abd2     of exercise1 
#acb4   ,crowded to the brain1 when one 
is excited1 #aie4   ,when a cause of    
mental disease1 #aif4   ,stopping1 #bdj1
 #bdc4   ,when dancing1 #bdf4   ,see    
,circulation4  ,blood-vessels1 #ha4     
,blows on the head1 #bda4               
,boarding-houses1 plan as to expenses   
of1 #ahf4  ,boarding schools1 curvature 
of the spine common at1 #da4   ,see     

,female seminaries4  ,boards for        
ironing1 #bid4  ,body1 change and       
renovation of the1 #ia4   ,connection of
 mind and1 #aie4   ,see ,mind4          
,boldness in domestics1 #bji4  ,bones1  
described1 #fi4  ,books1 on teaching    
domestic economy from1 #fe4             
,bosom-boards1 #bid4  ,boston1          
scientific and literary advantages in1  
#adg4  ,bowels1 #bce1 #bcg1 note4       
,boys1 small1 made useful1 #afd4        
,domestic arts taught to1 #afd4   ,see  
,children4  ,brain1 excitement of the1  
#aie4   ,over-action of the1 #aig4      
,breakfast1 #ajc4   ,on late1 #abg4     
,on the care of1 and of dining-rooms1   
#cjf4  ,broadcloths1 cleansing1 #bhi4   
,broken limbs1 #bdj4  ,brown linens1    
washing1 #bhh4  ,bruises1 #bdj4         
,budding1 hints on1 #cdb4  ,bulbs1 #cce4
  ,bulwer's novels1 #bcd4  ,burne1 ,dr41
 cited1 #bce4  ,burns1 treatment of1    
#bda4  ,buttonholes1 #cbd4  ,byron1     
,lord1 #bjj1 #bja4   ,c4  ,cakes1       
keeping till meal time1 #bbc4           

,calicoes1 washing1 #bhf1 #bhg4         
,ironing1 #bie4  ,calisthenics1 #ef1    
#bdg4  ,candles1 #bha4   ,to make1 #bhc4
  ,caps for infants1 #bag4  ,carpets1   
hints as to1 #cjb4  ,carving1 #caj4     
,castle building1 #aii4  ,cathartics1   
#bce1 #bcg4  ,catholics1 health of1     
during ,lent1 #ajj4  ,cellars1          
vegetables in dark1 #abd4   ,on the care
 of1 #cbb4  ,chambers1 care of1 #caa4   
,couches for1 #cab4   ,furniture for1   
#cac4  ,character1 attention to1 at     
school1 #eh4   ,dependence of happiness 
on1 #afi4   ,self-denying benevolence of
 ,christ's1 #afi4  ,charcoal1 #bdb1     
#bha4  ,charity1 #aca4   ,on giving in1 
#aeh4   ,difficulty respecting1 #afg4   
,general principles respecting1 #afh4   
,objects for receiving1 #agf4   ,for    
souls of men1 #agg4   ,by furnishing the
 poor with means of earning support1    
#agh4   ,associations for1 #agh4        
,indiscriminate bestowal of1 #agh4      
,benefit of tracts in distributing1     
#agi4   ,on judging of other people's1  

#ahj4   ,union of1 with social          
enjoyments1 #ahd4  ,cheap articles1     
hints on1 #aij1 #aid4  ,children1       
washing1 #aba1 #abb4   ,living in the   
dark1 #abd4   ,early retiring and rising
 of1 #abf4   ,cultivation of good       
manners in1 #ada1 #adb4   ,too great    
familiarity with1 #adc1 #bbf4   ,should 
acknowledge acts of kindness1 #adc2     
ask leave to use others' articles1 #adc2
     avoid wounding others' feelings1   
#adc4   ,to be taught to keep silence1  
#ade1 #bcj4   ,do not surround with too 
many rules1 #ade4   ,on making          
allowances for1 #aed4   ,waiting on1    
#afc4   ,on making useful1 #afc1 #beb4  
,on paying1 for services1 #afd1 #bcj4   
,on giving younger1 to older1 #afe4     
,precocity in1 #aih4   ,eating too      
often1 #bbc4   ,to be guarded as to     
honesty1 deceit1 and running in debt1   
#bcb4   ,sharing fruits and flowers1    
#bea4   ,see ,boys1 ,female1 ,girls1 and
 ,young children4  ,chimneys1 smoky1    
#ceb4  ,christ's character1 #afi4       

,christianity1 principles of1 identical 
with democratic1 #be1 #cd4  ,churches1  
ill-ventilated1 #aif4  ,chyle1 #hi4     
,converted into arterial blood1 #ij4    
,from animal and other food1 #ii4       
,cincinnati1 education in1 #adh4        
,circulation1 in the skin of infants1   
#aac4   ,effect of cold on1 #aac1 #aah1 
#aai4   ,see ,blood4  ,clark1 ,dr41 on  
animal diet for very young children1    
#bbj4  ,cleaning carpets1 #cjc4         
,cleanliness1 on realizing the          
importance of1 #aah4   ,of the sick1    
#bch4  ,cleansing articles1 #bih4       
,climbing plants1 #cci4  ,closets1 of   
conveniences1 #afb4   ,sliding1 #bgh4   
,for washing utensils1 #bhe4   ,in      
eating-rooms1 #cjf4   ,in kitchens1     
#cbb4  ,clothing and clothes1 #aab4     
,deficiency of1 #aac1 #abi4   ,excess   
of1 #aad4   ,rule as to1 #aad4          
,flannel1 #aad1 #aae4   ,of men and     
women1 compared1 #aae4   ,example of    
,english women as to1 #aag4   ,on       
changing1 next to the body1 #abj4       

,girls buying their own1 #ahh4   ,on    
inconsistent1 #ahi4   ,on washing1 #bhe4
   ,ironing1 #bie4   ,whitening1 #bif4  
,cleansing1 #bih4   ,coloring1 #cjj4    
,see ,dress1 and ,tight dressing4       
,coal1 #bha4  ,coats1 on folding1 #cae4 
,cobalt1 poisoning from1 #bdb4          
,cockroaches1 #cbc4  ,coffee1 see ,tea4 
,cold1 on exposure to1 #aac1 #aah4      
,effect of1 on infants1 #aad4  ,cold and
 hot1 food1 #ajc4   ,drinks1 #aaj4      
,collecting of specimens1 #bec4         
,colleges1 on the endowment of1 #ea4    
,on physicians in1 #aih4  ,colors1      
coloring and1 #cjj4   ,for different    
complexions1 #cbg4  ,combe1 ,andrew1 on 
drinks1 #aaa4   ,on exercising the      
brain1 #aii4   ,on infants1 #bad4   ,on 
animal food1 #bba4  ,complexions1 colors
 for the different1 #cbg4  ,condiments  
in food1 #ii4  ,constipation1 #bce1     
#bcg1 note4  ,constitution1 delicacy of1
 in ,american females1 #da1 #de1 #dg2   
causes of it1 #de1 #abh4   ,on early    
attention to the1 #di4   ,duties of     

wealthy mothers1 respecting their       
children's1 #ej4   ,effect of           
stimulating drinks on the1 #ajg4        
,conveniences1 on providing1 #afb4      
,for cooking1 #cai4   ,see ,closets4    
,convivial meetings1 on exposures after1
 #aai1 #bdg4  ,cooking1 food made       
unhealthy by1 #ii1 #aja4   ,conveniences
 wanted for1 #cai4  ,cooper1 ,sir       
,astley1 cited1 #aie4  ,corrosive       
sublimate1 poisoning from1 #bda4        
,corsets1 #aaf4  ,couches1 cheap1 #cab4 
,courtesy1 want of1 #acg1 #ada2   causes
 of it1 #ach1 #adh4   ,see ,democracy4  
,cows1 to take care of1 #ceb4  ,creeping
 of infants1 #bai4  ,cribs for infants1 
#bah4  ,crickets1 #cbc4  ,crockery1     
#cai4  ,crocus1 #cce4  ,crown ,imperial1
 #cce4  ,cruelty in amusements1 #bdd1   
#bdf4  ,crying of infants1 #bai4        
,curculios1 #cea4  ,currants1 #cdh1     
#cej4  ,curtains1 #cjb1 #cjd4           
,curvature1 see ,spine4  ,cuts1 remedies
 for1 #bdj4  ,cutting and sewing1 #cbd1 
#cbh4  ,cuvier1 cited1 #bbj4   ,d4      

,daffodils1 #ccf4  ,dahlias1 #ccf4      
,dancing1 #bde1 #bdf4  ,daughters1 on   
schooling1 #dh4   ,on keeping1 as       
domestic assistants1 #fj4   ,educated to
 domestic work1 #fg4   ,see ,female1 and
 ,girls4  ,day1 on converting into      
night1 #abc4   ,influence of1 on        
vegetables and blood1 #abd4  ,debt1 on  
running into1 #bcb4  ,democracy1        
principles of1 identical with           
,christian1 #be1 #cd4   ,tendencies of1 
as to the female sex1 #bg4   ,on        
progress towards1 #cd4   ,on what the   
success of1 depends1 #cf4   ,of early   
rising1 #abc4   ,courtesy of manners    
and1 #ach1 #adj1 #adf4  ,derangement1   
from over-excitement1 #aig4  ,diet1 see 
,food4  ,difficulties1 peculiar to      
,american women1 #ch4   ,on estimating  
them justly1 #ci1 #aea4   ,remedies for1
 #dh1 #aea4  ,digestion1 organs of      
respiration and1 #hg4   ,details        
respecting1 #id4   ,articles easiest    
for1 #aja1 #ajd4   ,experiments         
respecting1 #ajd4   ,bulk of food       

necessary to1 #aje4   ,impeded by       
bathing1 #aba4  ,dining-rooms1 care of1 
#cjf4  ,dinner1 setting table for1 #cji4
  ,dirt not healthy1 #aah4              
,dish-cloths1 #cag4  ,dishes1 on        
washing1 #cah4  ,dolls1 benefits from1  
#bed4  ,domestic amusements1 #bdd4      
,domestic exercise1 #abh4  ,domestic    
,economy1 on raising1 as a science1 #ej1
 #fg4   ,reasons for introducing1 into  
school1 #fc4   ,on teaching1 from books1
 #fe4   ,indispensable part of          
education1 #acd4  ,domestic education1  
importance of1 in childhood1 #dh4   ,on 
early training in1 #di1 #fj1 #fg4   ,on 
giving mornings to1 #di4   ,in the      
,monticello ,female ,seminary1 #ed4     
,should alternate with studies1 #fj4    
,sufferings for want of1 #fc4   ,many   
mothers unqualified to teach1 #fe4      
,dignity of1 #fg1 #ace4  ,domestics1    
peculiar difficulties as to1 in         
,america1 #dj1 #bjd4   ,duties to be    
done by daughters1 and not by1 #ej4     
,blessing of a dearth of1 #ej4          

,without1 #fd4   ,on making allowances  
for1 #aed1 #baj1 #bab4   ,care of1 #bjd4
   ,of aristocratic lands1 #bje4        
,placing ourselves in their situation1  
#bje1 #bjf4   ,exorbitant wages of1     
#bje4   ,instability and discontent of1 
and the remedy1 #bjf4   ,pride and      
insubordination of1 and the remedy1     
#bjg1 #bjh4   ,on calling them servants1
 #bjg4   ,admitted to the table1 #bji4  
,bold and forward1 #bji4   ,dress and   
rooms of1 #bji1 #baj4   ,deficiencies   
of1 and the remedies1 #baj4   ,getting  
away1 #baa4   ,finding fault with1 #baa4
   ,patience with1 #bab4   ,regard to1  
in construction of houses1 #bfa4   ,beds
 for1 #cae4  ,doors1 outside1 #bfj1     
#bfc4  ,dress1 too much attention to1   
#aff4   ,inconsistency in1 #ahi4   ,of  
domestics1 #bji4   ,see ,clothing4      
,dresses1 for the domestic duties of    
school girls1 #ee4   ,colors for1 #cbg4 
,see ,clothing4  ,drink1 during         
meal-time1 #ajc4  ,drinks1 on healthful1
 #ajf4  ,drowning1 #bda4  ,dumb-waiters1

 #bgh1 #cjf4  ,dusting1 #cjd1 #cjf4     
,duties1 enjoyments connected with1     
#ahc4   ,e4  ,early rising1 #abb4       
,democratic1 #abc4   ,reasons for1 #abd4
   ,time for1 #abf4   ,longevity and1   
#abf4   ,effects of1 on a family1 #abf2 
on the community1 #abg2     on          
systematic duty1 #aff4  ,earthen ware1  
#cai4  ,eating1 intemperance in1 #id1   
#ie4   ,at any time1 #if4   ,too fast1  
#aja4   ,should not be followed by      
exercise1 #ajb2     nor bathing1 #aba4  
,see ,food4  ,eating-rooms1 care of1    
#cjf4  ,economy1 on domestic1 #aeb4     
,extravagance changed for1 #agf4        
,contradictory ideas as to1 #ahe4       
,general principles as to1 #ahf4        
,relative obligations of rich and poor  
as to1 #aia4   ,neglect as to1 #aic4    
,of the aristocracy1 #aid4  ,education  
in ,america1 #adg4   ,associations for1 
#bjc4   ,see ,female1 and ,monticello4  
,employment1 for the different divisions
 of a week1 #afb4   ,on regular1 for all
 the family1 #afc4  ,enjoyments1 see    

,amusements1 and ,happiness4  ,equality1
 on democratic1 #be4   ,see ,democracy1 
,sexes1 and ,women4  ,establishments1   
expensive1 given up1 #agf4  ,exercise1  
comparative1 of ,american women and     
others1 #dd4   ,neglect of1 #ej1 #bdd4  
,method for securing1 at the ,monticello
 ,female ,seminary1 #ed4                
,indispensable to the health of the     
several parts of the      human frame1  
#gc1 #ig4   ,of the muscles1 #gf1 #gh1  
#ig1 #aaf1 #abh1 #abi4   ,effect of want
 of1 on the spine1 #gh1 #hj4   ,food to 
be graduated by1 #ig4   ,after eating1  
bad1 #ajb4   ,evils of want of1 #abi4   
,on furnishing interesting1 #aca4       
,walking for1 #aca4   ,in useful        
employments1 #aca4   ,excessive1 #acb4  
,rule as to1 #acc4   ,on excessive1 of  
the mind and feelings1 #aig4   ,of the  
brain1 #aii4  ,exhalations from the     
skin1 #ib4  ,expenses1 on keeping       
account of1 #agc1 #agd4   ,economy in1  
#ahe1 #aic4   ,on graduating1 by the    
income1 #ahf4   ,on gentility in being  

careless of1 #aic4   ,on extravagance   
in1 #aid4   ,see ,economy4  ,eyes1      
screening1 from light1 #bag1 #bhc4   ,f4
  ,family1 on early rising in the1 #abf4
   ,fathers neglecting the1 #bee4   ,on 
attachments of1 #bef4  ,fasting in      
sickness1 #bce4  ,fathers neglecting    
home1 #bee4  ,fault-finding1 #baa4      
,featherbeds1 #aad1 #cac4  ,feelings1   
inactivity of the1 #aii4  ,feet1 on     
protecting the1 #aae1 #aag1 #abi4       
,keeping those of infants1 warm1 #bag4  
,bathing1 for a cold1 #bce4  ,female    
association for educating poor females1 
#ei4  ,female education1 advantages for1
 in ,america1 #dc4   ,objects to be     
attended to1 in1 #dh1 #di4   ,importance
 of mathematics in1 #ef4   ,should be   
conducted by females1 #eh4   ,present   
waste in conducting1 #fj4   ,see        
,school4  ,female seminaries1 on the    
endowment of1 #ea4   ,importance of1    
#eb4   ,defects of1 #ec4   ,suitable1   
#ec4   ,monticello ,female ,seminary1   
described1 #ed4   ,division of labor and

 responsibility in1 #eh4   ,requirement 
for admission to the ,monticello1 #ei4  
,on providing1 #fa1 #fh4   ,reasons for 
introducing the study of domestic       
economy into1 #fc4   ,establishment of1 
by a wealthy female1 #bjb4   ,should    
have gardens1 #bea4  ,females1 influence
 of1 on the character of the young1 #cg4
   ,building schoolhouses1 #bjb4   ,see 
,american women1 ,girls1 and ,women4    
,filberts1 #cdh4  ,finding fault1 #baa4 
,finger nails1 #abb1 #add4  ,fire1      
escaping from1 #bdc4  ,fireplaces and   
fires1 #bfj1 #bfe1 #bhj1 #caa4          
,fishing1 #bdd4  ,flannel1 #aad4        
,utility of1 #aae4   ,on washing1 #bhe1 
#bhf4  ,fleas1 #cbc4  ,flies1 on        
destroying1 #cbc4  ,flower baskets1     
#ced4  ,flower seeds1 on planting1 #ccb4
  ,flowers1 #bea1 #cce4   ,arranging1   
#ccg4  ,fluids1 on taking1 #ajc1 #ajd4  
,folding articles1 #cae4  ,follicles of 
the skin1 #ic4  ,food1 on the conversion
 of1 into nourishment1 #hg4             
,responsibility as to1 in a family1 #id4

   ,on taking too much1 #id1 #ie1 #abh4 
,on one kind of1 for each meal1 #ie4    
,should be taken at proper times1 #if4  
,strong laboring men need most1 #if4    
,quantity of1 to be graduated by        
exercise1 #ig4   ,on the quality of1    
#ih4   ,stimulating1 #ii4   ,animal and 
vegetable1 #ii1 #ajj1 #bbj1 #bba4       
,kinds of1 most easily digested1 #aja1  
#ajd1 #aje4   ,injurious1 from bad      
cooking1 #aja4   ,on eating1 too fast1  
#aja1 #abh4   ,on exercise after taking1
 #ajb4   ,on hot and cold1 #ajc4        
,highly concentrated1 #ajd4   ,certain  
bulk of1 necessary to digestion1 #aje4  
,for infants1 #bad1 #baf4   ,for nurses1
 #bae4   ,sickness from improper1 #bce4 
,preparing1 for the sick1 #bci4         
,footstools1 #cjc4  ,foreigners1        
employed as domestics1 #dj4             
,forewarning domestics1 #baa4           
,forwardness of domestics1 #bji4        
,franklin1 ,benjamin1 diet of1 #bbb4    
,frocks1 to make1 #cbf4  ,fruit1 on the 
cultivation of1 #bea1 #cdg4   ,to       

preserve1 #cej4  ,fuel1 hints as to1    
#bhj4  ,furnaces1 #bfj1 note4           
,furniture1 on costly1 #afc1 #afg4   ,on
 inconsistent1 #ahh4   ,on selecting1   
#cjb4   ,packing of1 for moving1 #caf4  
,kitchen1 #cai4   ,g4  ,games of        
children1 #bec4  ,garden seeds1 to      
plant1 #ccc4  ,gardening1 #cca4         
,gardens1 at female institutions1 #bea4 
,on laying out1 #ccd4  ,gas1 antidote   
for1 #bdb4  ,gastric juice1 #hh1 #id4   
,gathering1 in shirts1 #cbe4  ,girls1 on
 sending1 to school1 #dh1 #fj4   ,should
 assist their mothers early1 #di4       
,education of1 at the ,monticello       
,female ,seminary1 #ed4   ,confinement  
of1 in school1 #acc4   ,small1 made     
useful1 #afd4   ,forming habits of      
system1 #afg2     of making purchases   
and keeping accounts1 #ahh4   ,effects  
of excitement on1 #aig4   ,taking care  
of infants by1 #bad4   ,see ,daughters1 
and ,females4  ,gladiolus1 #cce4        
,gloves1 cleansing1 #bih4  ,godfrey1    
,benjamin1 ,female ,seminary endowed by1

 #ed4  ,gooseberries1 #cdh1 #cej4       
,gothic cottage1 #bga4  ,government of  
children1 #bbf4   ,unsteadiness in1 and 
over-government1 #bbh4   ,maxims on1    
#bbi4   ,see ,children1 ,subordination1 
and ,young children4  ,grafting1 #cdd4  
,grapes1 #cdi1 #cej4  ,grates1 #bha4    
,gratifications1 on physical1 #aei1     
#aga1 #agb4  ,grease-spots1 #bhi1 #big1 
#bih4   ,in carpets1 #cjd4  ,greeks and 
,romans1 bathing by1 #abj4   ,h4        
,habit1 in a system of duty1 #aff4      
,handkerchiefs1 cleansing1 #bih4        
,happiness1 dependence of1 on character1
 #afi4   ,on living to make1 #afi1 #bjj4
   ,connected with duties1 #ahc4        
,hard-soap1 to make1 #bia4  ,head1 blows
 on the1 #bda4  ,headache1 #gh1 #ie4    
,health1 delicacy and infrequency of1 in
 ,american women1 #da1 #de4   ,effect of
 mental excitement on #dc2     of a high
 sense of responsibility1 c41 #dd2      
of want of outdoor exercise1 #dd2     of
 bad early training1 #de2     of        
exposures in newly-settled countries1   

#df4   ,on preparation for a rational   
care of1 in a family1 #fh1 #fi4         
,connection of exercise and1 #gc1 #gf1  
#gh1 #ig1 #acc2     of the quantity of  
food and1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj2     of the    
quality1 #ih4   ,of ,catholics during   
,lent1 #ajj4   ,not from dirt1 #aah4    
,effect of early rising on1 #abe4   ,on 
the duty of sacrificing1 #aei4   ,causes
 which injure the mind's1 #aif4         
,amusements and1 #bde4   ,laughter and1 
#bec4   ,regard to1 in constructing     
houses1 #bfj4   ,ventilation and1 #caa4 
,connection of1 with cellars1 #cbb4     
,see ,air1 ,exercise1 and ,sickness4    
,hearths1 #cje4  ,hearts1 different1    
#hd4   ,cause of their throbbing1 #ij4  
,heat of the body1 regulated by the     
skin1 #ib4  ,heating houses1 #bfj4      
,help1 see ,domestics4  ,helping at     
table1 #caj4  ,herbaceous roots1 #cci4  
,horse-racing1 #bde1 #bdf4  ,horses1    
care of1 #cea4  ,hose1 on washing1 #bhf1
 #bhi4  ,hospitality1 on manifesting1   
#add4   ,to strangers1 #beg4  ,hot and  

cold food and drinks1 #ajc1 #aaj4       
,hot-beds1 #cca4  ,house-cleaning1 #cec4
  ,housekeepers1 difficulties peculiar  
to ,american women as1 #cj4             
,preservation of good temper in1 #adh1  
#aej4   ,allowances to be made for1     
#aej4   ,necessity of a habit of system 
and order in1 #aeg4   ,general          
principles for1 #aeh4   ,plans by1 for  
saving time1 #ahd4   ,see ,american     
women4  ,housekeeping1 on a knowledge   
of1 #acd4   ,dignity and difficulty of1 
#aej1 #aeg4   ,see ,labor4              
,house-plants1 to repot1 #ccc4   ,care  
of1 #cda4  ,houses1 on the construction 
of1 #beh4   ,regard to economy of labor 
in1 #beh2     to water1 #bei1 #bge2     
to heating1 #bfj2     to economy of     
health1 #bfj2     to domestics1 #bfa2   
to good taste1 #bfa4   ,plans of1 and of
 domestic conveniences1 #bfa4           
,shade-trees around1 #bge4   ,back-door 
accommodations to1 #bgf4  ,hunger1 #id1 
#acb4   ,as a guide for taking food1    
#ig4  ,hunting1 #bdd4  ,hyacinths1 #cce4

   ,i4  ,illinois1 female association   
in1 for educating poor females1 #ei4    
,see ,alton4  ,imagination1 #aii4       
,works of1 #bdi4   ,see ,novel reading4 
,impostors1 soliciting charity1 #agh4   
,impurity of thought1 #bcc4  ,income1   
see ,expenses4  ,indigestion1 #aja4     
,see ,health4  ,infants1 mortality      
among1 #aab1 #aad1 #bad4   ,too cold1   
#aac4   ,plunging1 in cold water1 #aac4 
,registrations of1 #aac4   ,on giving1  
to the older children1 #afe4   ,use of1 
to elicit charity1 #agi4   ,importance  
of knowing how to take care of1 #bac4   
,combe1 ,bell1 and ,eberle on1 cited1   
#bad4   ,food for1 #bad1 #baf1 #bah4    
,medicines for1 #bae1 #baf1 #bah1 #bai4 
,pure air for1 #bag1 #bah4   ,keeping   
warm1 #bag1 #bah4   ,keeping their heads
 cool1 #bag4   ,bathing1 #bag1 #bah4    
,nostrums for1 #bai4   ,unquiet1 #bai4  
,to creep1 #bai4   ,standing1 #bai4     
,crying1 #bai4   ,see ,children1 and    
,mortality4  ,ingrafting1 #cdd4         
,ink-stains1 #bih4  ,insects1 on        

destroying1 #cbc4   ,preserving apple   
trees from1 #cej4  ,institutions1 see   
,female seminaries1 and ,school4        
,intelligence1 dependence of democracy  
on1 #cf4  ,intemperance1 ,h4 ,martineau 
on1 criticized1 #cj1 note4   ,in eating1
 #id1 #ie4   ,in drinking1 #ajf4        
,female responsibility as to1 #ajf4     
,invitations1 #cec4  ,ironing1 articles 
to be provided for1 #bic4   ,settee for1
 #bic4   ,boards for1 #bid4   ,hints on1
 #bie4  ,iron-ware1 #cai4   ,j4  ,jewish
 use of time1 #ahb4  ,jokes1 #bec4      
,jonquilles1 #cce4   ,k4  ,kitchens1    
#afc1 #bei4   ,on taking care of1 #cag4 
,floors of1 #cag4   ,oilcloths for1     
#cag4   ,furniture for1 #cai4           
,knitting1 to employ time1 #ahe4        
,knives and forks1 #cjg4   ,l4          
,labelling powders1 #bci4  ,labor1      
nobility of1 #ee1 #adg4   ,on opposing  
the idea of the degradation of1 #fa1    
#abc1 #abd4   ,not inconsistent with    
delicacy1 #fb4   ,on economy of1 in     
houses1 #beh4  ,laces1 doing up of1     

#bib4  ,lamps1 #bha4   ,care of1 #bhb4  
,laplanders and their food1 #bbj4       
,lard1 used for oil1 #bha4  ,latticed   
portico1 #bgg4  ,laughter1 #bec4  ,laws1
 necessity of a system of1 #be4         
,leghorn hats1 #bii4  ,lent1 health     
during1 #ajj4  ,ley1 to make1 #bij4     
,life1 object of1 #afh4  ,light1 effects
 of1 #abd4   ,screening eyes from1 #bag1
 #bhc4  ,lightning1 #bdc4  ,lightning   
rods1 #bdc4  ,lights1 #bha4  ,limbs of  
trees1 on training1 #cdh4  ,linens1     
#bhh1 #cbh4  ,linnus1 cited1 #bbj4      
,liquids1 on taking1 #ajc1 #ajd4        
,literature1 guarding1 #bdi4            
,longevity1 ,sinclair on1 #abf4   ,from 
vegetable diet1 #bba4  ,louis ,,xiv41   
manners of his age1 #adh4  ,lungs1 #hi4 
,effects of tight-dressing on the1 #ij1 
#aag4   ,bleeding at the1 #bdc4         
,luxuries1 see ,superfluities4   ,m4    
,mahogany furniture1 #cje4  ,manners1   
good1 #acf4   ,american defect in1 and  
cause of it1 #acg4   ,of the ,puritans  
and their posterity1 #acg4   ,principles

 respecting1 #adj4   ,proprieties in1   
#ada4   ,on cultivation of1 #ada4   ,at 
home1 #adb4   ,leading points as to1    
claiming attention1 #adb4   ,children to
 be taught1 #adc4   ,on conventional1   
#add4   ,at table1 #add4   ,charity for 
bad1 #ade4   ,of the age of ,louis      
,,xiv41 #adh4   ,see ,children4         
,marble1 stains on1 #cje4  ,martineau1  
,harriet1 criticized1 #cj1 note1 #ada1  
note4  ,mathematics1 importance of1 in a
 female education1 #ef4  ,mattresses1   
#cab1 #cbi4  ,meals1 should be five     
hours apart1 #if4   ,on the nature of   
the1 #ajc4   ,time of ,english1 #abc4   
,meat1 on eating1 #ii1 #ajj4   ,see     
,animal food1 and ,food4  ,mechanical   
amusements1 #bed4  ,medical men needed  
in literary institutions1 #aih4         
,medicines1 on giving1 to infants1 #bae4
   ,on administering1 #bcf1 #bch4       
,different effects of different1 #bcf4  
,on purchasing1 #bci4   ,labelling1     
#bci4  ,men1 engaged in women's work1   
#afd1 #afe4  ,mending1 #ccj4  ,mental   

excitement1 effect of1 on health1 #dc4  
,on reducing youthful1 #dh1 #di4   ,on  
invigorating1 #ef4   ,effect of1 on the 
mind1 #aig4   ,see ,mind4  ,mexicans1   
teeth of1 #aaj4  ,mice1 #cbc4  ,mildew1 
removing1 #bif4  ,milk1 for infants1    
#baf1 #bag4  ,milkweed-silk1 #bbg4      
,mind1 connection of body and1 #aie4    
,causes which injure the health of the1 
#aif4   ,on inactivity of1 #aii4        
,indications of diseased1 #bjd4   ,see  
,health1 and ,mental excitement4        
,mineralogical collections1 #bec4       
,modesty in children1 #bcc4  ,money1    
children's earning1 #afd4  ,montagu1    
,lady ,mary ,wortley1 cited1 #ace4      
,monticello ,female ,seminary1 account  
of1 #ed4   ,system of studies there1    
#eg4   ,effort made there to cure       
defects of character and habits1 #eh4   
,morals1 ,american1 #bi4   ,dependence  
of democracy on1 #cf4   ,attention to1  
in the ,monticello ,female ,seminary1   
#eh4   ,in children1 #bcc4   ,see       
,children1 and ,young children4         

,mortality1 among infants1 #aab1 #aad4  
,causes of it1 #bad4   ,at the ,albany  
,orphan ,asylum1 #bbb4   ,see ,infants4 
,mothers1 sufferings of ,american1 #db4 
,the great objects for1 in educating    
their daughters1 #dh4   ,influence of   
wealthy1 #ej4   ,should raise the       
science of domestic economy1 #ea4       
,few1 qualified to teach domestic       
economy1 #fe4   ,influence of1 #adi1    
#aea4   ,teaching boys domestic arts1   
#afd4   ,see ,american women1 and       
,women4  ,moths1 #cbc4  ,muscles1 #gd4  
,exercise of the1 #gf1 #gh1 #ig1 #aaf1  
#abi4   ,excessive exercise of1 #acb4   
,music1 #eh1 #beb4  ,muslins1 on        
washing1 #bhh4   ,starching1 #bib4      
,musquitoes1 #cbc4   ,n4  ,nails1       
cleaning1 #abb1 #add4  ,nankeens1 on    
washing1 #bhh4  ,napkins1 table1 #cjg4  
,narcissus1 #cce4  ,nash1 ,beau1        
biography of1 #adh4  ,neatness1 in      
housekeeping1 #aeb4   ,of sick-rooms1   
#bch4   ,see ,cleanliness4              
,needle-work1 bad economy in1 #ahi4     

,nerves1 #gf4   ,ramifications of the1  
#gh4   ,health of1 dependent on muscular
 exercise1 #gh1 #acj4   ,function of1 in
 the stomach1 #hg4   ,excited by        
stimulating drinks1 #ajf1 #aaa4   ,two  
kinds of1 #abi4   ,on cutting off1 #acj4
   ,exercise and inactivity of1 #acj4   
,debility of1 #acj1 #aii4  ,new         
,englanders1 one cause of their tact1   
#afe4  ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 diet of1   
#bbb4  ,night1 converting1 into day1    
#abc4  ,nightgowns1 #aad1 #cbi4         
,night-lamps1 #bhc4  ,novel reading1    
#aii1 #bcd1 #bdi4  ,nursery1 discipline 
of the1 #bbd1 #bcj4  ,nursery1 soil for 
a1 #cdg4  ,nursing1 on food while1 #bae4
   ,of the sick1 #bcg4   ,o4  ,obedience
 of children1 #bbf4   ,see ,children1   
and ,government4  ,objects of charity1  
#agf4  ,oil1 #bha4   ,taking out1 #big4 
,oilcloths1 for kitchens1 #cag4  ,opium1
 absorbed by the skin1 #ic4   ,antidote 
for1 #bdb4  ,order1 on a habit of1 #aeg4
  ,ornaments1 #aff4   ,time and money   
spent for1 #age1 #bei4  ,orphan ,asylum 

at ,albany1 #bbb4  ,ostrich feathers1   
washing1 #bii4  ,outhouses1 #bgf4       
,over-government1 #bbh1 #bbi4   ,see    
,children1 and ,government4   ,p4       
,packing1 of trunks1 #caf4   ,of        
furniture for moving1 #caf4  ,pain1     
amusements causing1 #bdd4  ,paint-spots1
 #bih4  ,pantaloons1 on mending1 #ccj4  
,parents1 exercising of authority by1   
#bbf4   ,should provide amusements1     
#bej4   ,joining in children's sports1  
#bed4  ,parlors1 kitchens and1 #afc1    
#bei4   ,light work in1 to save time1   
#ahd4   ,inconsistently furnished1 #ahi4
   ,on the care of1 #cjb4   ,on         
selecting furniture for1 #cjb4          
,sweeping1 #cje4   ,screens in1 #cec4   
,parties1 invitations to1 #cec4         
,passions1 the1 #agj4   ,see ,temper4   
,peach trees1 #cej4  ,perennial plants1 
#cci4  ,peristaltic motion1 #hg1 #if1   
#ajb4  ,perspiration1 #ib1 #ic4         
,demands supply of food1 #if4   ,from   
exercise1 healthful1 #aad4   ,during    
sleep1 #abf4   ,on inducing1 #bce1 #bcf4

  ,physical education1 see ,exercise1   
and ,health4  ,physicians1 obeying1     
#bci4  ,piano1 playing on the1 #beb4    
,pictures1 #cjb1 #cjd4  ,pills1 #bcf1   
#bcg1 note4  ,pitch1 on removing1 #big4 
,plans1 for apportioning time1 #aeh1    
#afj4   ,for duties1 #afb1 #aff1 #afg4  
,for saving time1 #ahd4   ,for expenses1
 #ahf4   ,of houses1 #bfa4  ,planting   
flower seeds1 #ccb4  ,plants1           
collecting1 #bec4   ,in rooms with      
stoves1 #bha4   ,soil for1 #cca4        
,propagation of1 #cda4   ,see ,flowers1 
and ,seeds4  ,poisoning1 #bda4          
,politeness1 see ,courtesy1 and         
,manners4  ,poor1 ,mosaic laws as to    
the1 #ahb4   ,on work for the1 #ahi1    
#aij4   ,liberal prices and prompt      
payment to the1 #aia4   ,see ,charity4  
,pores1 closing the1 #aai4   ,see ,skin4
  ,portico1 latticed1 #bgg4  ,positions1
 effects of1 #gc1 #hj4  ,potash-soap1   
#bia4  ,pot-plants1 soil for1 #cca4     
,pots1 transplanting from1 #ccc4        
,powders1 labelling1 #bci4  ,precocity  

in children1 #aih4  ,privies1 #bgf4     
,propagation of plants1 #cda4           
,propensities1 #agj4  ,property1 ,jews' 
use of1 #ahb4   ,unequal distribution   
of1 #aia4   ,on sharing1 #aia4   ,on    
using1 properly1 #aic4  ,pruning1 #cdf4 
,pumps1 #bge4  ,punctuality1 and want of
 it1 #abh4   ,in paying the poor1 #aia4 
,purchases1 on making1 #aic1 #aid4      
,puritans1 manners of the1 #acg4   ,q4  
,quality of food1 #ih4  ,quantity of    
food1 see ,food4   ,r4  ,ranunculus1    
#cce4  ,rats1 #cbc  ,red ants1 #cbc4    
,registrations of births1 #aac4         
,religion1 perversion of1 #aih4         
,religious excitement1 #aig4  ,respect1 
,american want of1 #aci1 #ada4   ,should
 be required at home1 #adb4   ,see      
,courtesy4  ,respiration1 organs of1    
#hg4  ,rewards1 governing by1 #bcj4     
,roman ,catholics1 health of1 during    
,lent1 #ajj4  ,romans1 see ,greeks4     
,rooms1 arrangement of1 #bei4  ,running 
into debt1 #bcb4   ,s4  ,st4 ,martin1   
,alexis1 experiments on1 respecting     

food1 #ajd4  ,salary1 plan as to using1 
#ahf4  ,salt1 for bleeding1 #bdc4       
,salts1 #bcf4  ,school1 hints on1 #dh1  
#bbc4   ,too much required in1 #di4     
,on keeping1 only in the afternoon1 #di4
   ,on sending young children to1 #bbc4 
,schoolrooms and schoolhouses1 #acc4    
,not ventilated1 #aif1 #bbc4   ,built by
 a lady in the ,west1 #bjb4   ,see      
,female4  ,scolds1 #adi1 #aed4  ,scotch 
,highlanders1 #bba4  ,screens1 in       
parlors1 #cec4   ,see ,eyes4  ,secret   
vice1 #bcc4  ,sedgwick1 ,miss1 her ,live
 and ,let ,live1 #bac1 note4  ,seeds1 on
 planting1 #ccb1 #ccc4   ,of fruit1 on  
planting1 #cdg4  ,self-denial1 happiness
 of1 #afi4   ,distinction as to1 #agj4  
,of wealthy women1 #bja1 #bjb4   ,in    
children1 #bbd1 #bcb4  ,servants1 on    
calling domestics1 #bjg4   ,see         
,domestics4  ,services1 paying children 
for1 #afd4  ,settees for ironing1 #bic4 
,setting tables1 #cjg4   ,rules for1    
#cjh4  ,sewing1 by girls1 #bed4   ,hints
 on4 #cbd4  ,sewing-trunks1 #afb4       

,sexes1 ,m4 ,de ,tocqueville on the1    
#bh4   ,distinct lines of action for    
the1 #bh1 #cb1 #cc4   ,american equality
 of1 #cc4  ,shade-trees1 #bge1 #cdj4    
,shells1 collecting1 #bec4  ,shirts1    
folding1 #cae4   ,making1 #cbh4         
,shrubs1 for yards1 #cdj4  ,sickness1 on
 ignorance and inexperience in time of1 
#fh4   ,on nursing in1 #bcg4   ,from    
chills and food1 #bci4   ,remedies for  
slight1 #bdj4   ,see ,health4           
,sick-rooms1 hints on1 #bcg4            
,furniture for1 #bch4  ,silence1        
children to keep1 #ade1 #bcj4   ,when in
 anger1 #aeb4  ,silks1 on cleansing1    
#bih4  ,sinclair1 ,sir ,john1 on        
longevity and early rising1 #abf4       
,sinks1 #bgg1 #cag4  ,six ,weeks on the 
,loire1 cited1 #ace4  ,skeleton1 cut of 
the1 #gj4  ,skin1 described1 #ia4       
,function of the1 #ia4   ,waste matter  
from the1 #ib1 #aah4   ,regulates the   
heat of the body1 #ib4   ,absorbent     
vessels of the1 #ic1 #aai4   ,follicles 
of the1 #ic4   ,the organ of touch1 #ic4

   ,circulation in the1 in infants1     
#aac4   ,effect of cold on the          
circulation in the1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai4   
,bathing infants'1 #bag4  ,sleep1 amount
 of1 required1 #abe4   ,on protracting1 
#abf4   ,in close apartments1 #aif1     
#bag1 #caa4   ,see ,ventilation4        
,sliding closets1 #bgh4  ,smoky         
chimneys1 #ceb4  ,snow1 bathing in1     
#aba4  ,soap1 soda1 #bhh4   ,soft1 #bij4
   ,potash1 #bia4   ,hard1 #bia4        
,social intercourse1 #ahd4  ,soda-soap1 
#bhh4  ,soda-washing1 #bhg4  ,soil1 on  
the preparation of1 #cca4   ,for a      
nursery1 #cdg4  ,soups1 #ajd1 #aje4     
,south-,sea ,islanders1 #bba4           
,specimens1 collecting1 #bec4  ,spine1  
frequency of the disease of the1 #da2   
causes1 #gc1 #acc4   ,cut of the1 #gg4  
,curvature of the1 #hj4   ,difference   
between a natural and distorted1 #hj4   
,spitting on carpets1 #add4  ,spots1    
removing1 #bhi1 #big1 #bih4  ,sprains1  
#bdj4  ,stain-mixture1 #bif4  ,stains1  
removing1 from clothes1 #bif2     from  

marble1 #cje4  ,starch1 to make1 #bia4  
,to prepare1 #bib4  ,starching1 hints   
on1 #bib4  ,stimulating drinks1 no need 
of1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaa4   ,excite the     
nervous system1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaa4       
,debilitate the constitution1 #ajg4     
,temptation from using1 #ajg4   ,five   
forms of using1 #ajg4   ,reasons for    
using1 considered1 #ajg4   ,dr4 ,combe  
on1 #aaa4   ,if good for parents1 may   
not be for children1 #aaa4   ,compared  
with animal food1 #aab4  ,stimulating   
food1 #ii4   ,see ,animal food1 and     
,food4  ,stock-grafting1 #cde4          
,stockings1 on washing1 #bhf1 #bhi4     
,stomach1 #hg4   ,peristaltic motion of 
the1 #hg1 #if1 #ajb4   ,effects on1 of  
too much food1 #id1 #ie4   ,rule for the
 labor and repose of the1 #if4   ,power 
of accommodation in the1 #ajb4   ,wants 
rest1 #bbc4  ,storerooms1 #bga1 #cbb4   
,stoves1 #bha4  ,strangers1 hospitality 
to1 #beg4  ,strawberries1 #cdh4  ,straw 
hats1 #bii4  ,straw matting1 #cjd1 #caa4
  ,studies1 at the ,monticello ,female  

,seminary1 #eg4   ,pursued at random1   
#fj1 #fh4  ,subordination1 social1 #bf4 
,female1 in ,america1 #bg1 #bi1 #cb4    
,of children and others1 #adj1 #bbd4    
,see ,government4  ,superfluities1 #afc4
   ,duty as to1 #aga-agc4   ,on         
determining respecting1 #agc4           
,sweeping1 #acd4   ,of carpets1 #cjc4   
,of parlors1 #cje4  ,sympathy1 on silent
 social1 #adi4  ,system1 continual      
change and renovation of the human1 #ia4
   ,in housekeeping1 #aeb4   ,on habits 
of1 #aee4   ,by dividing the week1 #afb4
   ,in proper conveniences1 #afb4   ,on 
attempting too much1 at once1 #aff4     
,on commencing1 while young1 #afg4   ,in
 time1 #ahd4   ,t4  ,table1 furniture   
for a1 #cjf4   ,on setting1 #cjg2       
rules for1 #cjh4   ,carving and helping 
at1 #caj4  ,table manners1 #add4        
,table-mats1 #cjf4  ,tapers1 #bhc4      
,tar1 on removing1 #big4  ,tea1 coffee  
and1 on the use of1 #ajg1 #ajh4   ,cause
 nervous debility1 #aji4   ,love of1 not
 natural1 #aji4   ,if good for adults1  

may not be for children1 #aji4   ,black1
 least injurious1 #aaj4   ,no           
nourishment in1 #aab4   ,see            
,stimulating4  ,teachers1 #bjb1 #bjc4   
,teeth1 effects of hot drink on1 #aaj4  
,care of1 #abb1 #add4  ,teething of     
infants1 #bai4  ,temper1 on the         
preservation of good1 in a housekeeper1 
#adh2     hints for it1 #aej4   ,making 
allowances for1 in others1 #aed4   ,see 
,passions4  ,temptations1 amusements    
with1 #bde1 #bdh4  ,tendons1 #ge4       
,theatres1 #bde4  ,thinning plants1     
#cdf4  ,thoughts1 on pure1 #bcc4        
,throat1 things in the1 #bdj4           
,thunderstorms1 #bdc4  ,tic douloureux1 
#gh4  ,tight dressing1 #hj1 #ij1 #abi4  
,evils of1 #aaf4   ,rule as to1 #aag4   
,time1 on apportioning1 #aeg1 #afj1     
#aha1 #ahd4   ,on saving1 #afa1 #ahd4   
,errors as to employing1 #ahj4          
,devoted by ,jews to religion1 #ahc4    
,tin ware1 #cbj4  ,tocqueville1 ,m4 ,de1
 on the sexes in ,america1 #bh4   ,on   
progress in nations towards democracy1  

#cd4   ,on female hardships in the      
,west1 #df4   ,on aristocratic and      
democratic manners1 #adf4  ,tones of    
voice1 #adh4   ,on governing the1 #aeb4 
,governing by angry1 #bcj4   ,effects of
 angry1 on children1 #bca4  ,towels1    
#cba4  ,tracts and charity1 #agi4       
,transplanting1 #ccc1 #cdj4             
,travelling-bags1 #caf4  ,trees1 about  
houses1 #bge4   ,on planting1 #ccd4     
,shade1 #cdj4   ,on transplanting1 #cdj4
   ,pruning and thinning1 #cdf4         
,trials1 see ,difficulties4  ,trunks1   
sewing1 #afb4   ,in chambers1 #cac4     
,packing of1 #caf4  ,tuberous roots1    
#cce4  ,tulips1 #ccf4  ,turpentine1 on  
removing1 #big4   ,u4  ,unbolted flour1 
#aje4   ,v4  ,vegetable food1 #ii1 #ajj1
 #bbj1 #bba4   ,see ,animal food1 and   
,food4  ,vegetables1 effect of light and
 darkness on1 #abd4  ,veils1 whitening1 
#bic4  ,ventilation1 importance of1 #di1
 #aif1 #bag1 #caa4   ,of sleeping-rooms1
 #abi1 #aif1 #caa4   ,of schoolrooms1   
#bbc4   ,of sick-rooms1 #bcg4   ,in     

construction of houses1 #bfa1 #bfd4     
,where stoves are used1 #bha4   ,see    
,air4  ,vermin1 on destroying1 #cbc4    
,vertebr1 #gb4  ,virtue1 see ,morals4   
,vulgar habits1 #add4   ,w4             
,wadsworth's cottage1 #bgc1 #bgd4       
,wages1 exorbitant1 of domestics1 #bje4 
,offering higher1 #baa4  ,waiting at    
table1 #cji4  ,walking for exercise1    
#aca4  ,wardrobes1 #cab4  ,washing1 of  
clothes done by pupils1 #ee4   ,of the  
body1 #ib1 #ic1 #aai1 #aba4   ,of       
children1 #aba1 #abb4   ,water for1     
#bhd4   ,articles to be provided for1   
#bhd4   ,common mode of1 #bhe4   ,of    
calicoes1 #bhg4   ,soda-washing1 #bhg4  
,of various articles1 #bhh4   ,of       
carpets1 #cjd4   ,of dishes1 #cah4      
,see ,bathing4  ,wash-pans for children1
 #aba4  ,waste matter1 from the skin    
#ib1 #aah4  ,water1 protection against1 
in the skin1 #ic4   ,on drinking1 #aaa4 
,drinking too much1 #aab4   ,plunging   
infants in cold1 #aac4   ,see ,drinks1  
and ,stimulating4  ,wealthy mothers1    

influence of their example1 #di4        
,wells1 remedy for air in1 #bdb4        
,remarks on1 #bei1 #bge4  ,west1 on     
female hardships in the1 #df4  ,wheat1  
unbolted1 #aje4  ,whitening1 of lace    
veils1 #bic4   ,of other articles1 #bif4
  ,whitewashing1 #bgi4  ,wicks1 #bhb4   
,winter1 air and sleep in1 #abe4        
,women1 ,european contempt for1 #cj4    
,american esteem for1 #cj4   ,influence 
of1 on individuals and nations1 #cg4    
,exercise taken by ,english1 #de4       
,responsibleness of1 #eb4   ,eating     
without being hungry1 #ih4              
,responsibility of1 as to intemperance1 
#ajf4   ,precedence given to1 in        
,america1 #ada4   ,importance and       
difficulty of their duties1 #aee4       
,general principles for1 #aeh2          
frequent inversion of them1 #afj4   ,men
 engaged in their work1 #afd1 #afe4     
,on their keeping accounts of           
expenditures1 #agc1 #agd4   ,imagining  
themselves domestics1 #bje4   ,see      
,american women4  ,wood1 for fuel1 #bhj4

  ,wooden ware1 #cba4  ,woodhouses1     
#bgc1 #bgf1 #bgg4  ,woollens1 on        
washing1 #bhi4  ,workbaskets1 #cbe4     
,y4  ,yellows1 the1 #cej4  ,young       
children1 female influence on their     
character1 #cg4   ,mismanagement of1    
#dc4   ,management of1 #db1 #bbj4       
,animal food for1 #bbj4   ,at the       
,albany ,orphan ,asylum1 #bbb4          
,intellectual and moral training of1    
#bbc4   ,three habits for1 #bbd4   ,on  
distancing1 #bbf4   ,on appreciating    
their enjoyments and pursuits1 #bbg4    
,keeping them happy1 #bca4   ,on        
ridiculing1 #bca4   ,modesty and        
propriety in1 #bcc4   ,impurity of      
thought in1 #bcc4  ,young ,ladies'      
,friend1 cited1 #acd4