,m4 ,,fabi ,,quintiliani ,,institutionis ,,oratoriae ,,liber ,,decimus ,a ,,revised ,,text ,,with ,,introductory ,,essays ,,critical ,,and ,,explanatory ,,notes ,,and ,a ,,facsimile ,,of ,,the ,,harleian ,,ms4 by ,w4 ,peterson ,georg ,olms ,verlagsbuchhandlung ,hildesheim ,reprografischer ,nachdruck der ,ausgabe ,oxford #ahia ,mit ,genehmigung der ,clarendon ,press1 ,oxford ,printed in ,germany ,herstellung3 fotokop1 ,reprografischer ,betrieb ,gmb,h1 ,darmstadt ,best4-,nr4 #eajaffd ,,preface4 ,this volume has grown in my hands during the last eighteen months4 ,if ,i had contented myself with a short commentary1 it might have appeared sooner and in a slighter form4 ,but in addition to the full and careful illustration required for the matter of ,quintilian's ,tenth ,book1 the criticism of the text has become so important as to call for separate treatment4 ,it has engaged1 within recent years1 a large share of the attention of some of the foremost scholars on the ,continent4 ,even while this volume was passing through the press1 fresh evidence of their continued activity was received in the shape of two valuable papers--an article by ,moriz ,kiderlin in one of the current numbers of the ,rheinisches ,museum1 and ,becher's #8,zum zehnten ,buch des ,quintilianus' in the ,programm des ,kniglichen ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich for ,easter1 #ahia4 ,the latter ,i have found especially interesting1 as confirming many of the conclusions at which1 with the help of one of the manuscripts in the ,british ,museum 7,harl4 #diie71 ,i had arrived in regard to textual difficulties4 ,the importance ascribed to another ,english codex 7,harl4 #bffd7 will1 ,i venture to think1 be held to be justified by the account of it given in the ,introduction4 ,after ,i had examined it for myself1 a collation of it was kindly put at my disposal by ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,purser1 of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 to whom ,i take this opportunity of rendering my best thanks4 ,i am indebted also to ,m4 ,ch4 ,fierville1 ,censeur des tudes au ,lyce ,charlemagne1 for sending me his collation of four important ,paris manuscripts 7,pratensis1 ,puteanus1 #gbca and #gfif71 and also of the ,spanish ,salmantinus4 ,as to the other codices which ,i have been at the trouble of collating personally1 it will not be imagined that any mistaken estimate has been formed of their value4 ,if some of them throw little fresh light on existing difficulties1 they have each a bearing on the history of the constitution of the text2 and it seemed desirable to complete1 by some account of them1 the elaborate description of the ,manuscripts of ,quintilian given by ,m4 ,fierville in his latest volume4 ,a reference to the list of authorities consulted will show the extent of the obligations incurred to other editors and critics4 ,kruger's third edition has been especially useful4 ,and though ,professor ,mayor's commentary extends only to the fifty-sixth section of the first chapter1 ,i trust ,i have profited by the example of scholarly thoroughness which he set me in the part of the work which he was able to overtake4 ,his ,analysis has also been largely followed4 ,for convenience of reference1 a table of places has been added in which the text of this edition differs from that of ,halm and of ,meister4 ,special attention has been paid to the matter of punctuation1 in regard to which ,german methods have not been adopted4 ,one or two of my own conjectural emendations ,i have presumed to insert in the text1 and others are suggested in the ,critical ,notes4 ,perhaps the most important is sic dicere for the ,,ms4 inicere at #g #bi4 ,if my volume should strike any student as having been prepared on too elaborate a scale1 ,i trust it will be remembered that ,quintilian is a neglected author1 for whom nothing has been done in this country 7with the exception of ,professor ,mayor's incomplete edition of the ,tenth ,book7 since the beginning of the present century4 ,perhaps its publication may help to clear the way for a final issue of the whole text of the ,institutio4 ,w4 ,p4 ,dundee1 #bfth ,june1 #ahia4 ,,contents ,the ,table of ,contents shows the original arrangement of the book4 ,entries in italics were added by the transcriber4 ,,page ,preface ,introduction-- ,i4 ,life of ,quintilian i ,,ii4 ,the ,institutio ,oratoria xiii ,,iii4 ,quintilian's ,literary ,criticism xxii ,,iv4 ,style and ,language xxxix ,v4 ,manuscripts lxviii ,analysis of the ,argument #a ,text #aa ,chapter ,i #aa ,chapters ,,ii-,,vii #abb ,critical ,notes #ahe ,index of ,names #bbc ,index of ,matters #bbe ,for this e-text some changes have been made2 in all cases1 the original page numbers will be seen in the right margin4 see caption ,harleian ,,ms4 #bffd4 #adi v4 7,see ,introd4 p4 lxiv47 i ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,life of ,quintilian4 ,it would be possible to state in a very few lines all that is certainly known about ,quintilian's personal history2 but much would remain to be said in order to convey an adequate idea of the large place he must have filled in the era of which he is so typical a representative4 ,the period of his activity at ,rome is nearly co-extensive with the reign of the ,flavian emperors1--,vespasian1 ,titus1 and ,domitian4 ,for twenty years he was the recognised head of the teaching profession in the capital1 and a large proportion of those who came to maturity in the days of ,trajan and ,hadrian must have received their intellectual training in his school4 ,it is in itself a sign of the tendencies of the age that ,quintilian should have enjoyed the immediate patronage of the reigning emperor in the conduct of work which would formerly have attracted little notice4 ,in earlier days the profession of teaching had been held in low repute at ,rome#a4 ,the first attempt to open a school of rhetoric1 in ,b4,c4 #id1 was looked on with the greatest suspicion and disfavour4 ,even ,cicero adopts a tone of apology in the rhetorical text-books which he wrote for the instruction of others4 ,but now all was changed1 and education had come to be1 as it was in a still greater degree under ,nerva1 ,trajan1 and the ,antonines1 a department of the government itself4 ,vespasian was the founder of a new dynasty2 and1 though he had little culture to boast of himself1 he was shrewd enough to appreciate the advantages to be derived from systematising the education of the ,roman youth1 and maintaining friendly relations ii with those to whom it was entrusted4 ,quintilian1 for his part1 seems to have diligently seconded1 in the scholastic sphere1 his patron's efforts to efface the memory of the time of trouble and unrest which had followed the extinction of the ,julian line in the person of ,nero4 ,after his retirement from the active duties of his profession1 he received the consular insignia from ,domitian1--the promotion of a teacher of rhetoric to the highest dignity in the ,state being regarded as a most unexampled phenomenon by the conservative opinion of the day1 which had failed to recognise the significance of the alliance between prince and pedagogue4 ,the interest with which the publication of the ,institutio ,oratorio was looked forward to1 at the close of his laborious professional career1 is sufficient evidence of the authoritative position ,quintilian had gained for himself at ,rome4 ,it was a tribute not only to the successful teacher1 but also to the man of letters who1 conscious that his was an age of literary decadence1 sought to probe the causes of the national decline and to counteract its evil influences4 ,like so many of the distinguished men of his time1 ,quintilian was a ,spaniard by birth4 ,there must have been something in the ,spanish national character that rendered the inhabitants of that country peculiarly susceptible to the influences of ,roman culture3 certainly no province assimilated more rapidly than ,spain the civilisation of its conquerors4 ,the expansion of ,rome may be clearly traced in the history of her literature4 ,just as ,italy1 rather than the imperial city itself1 had supplied the court of ,augustus with its chiefest literary ornaments1 so now ,spain sends up to the centre of attraction for all things ,roman a band of authors united1 if by nothing else1 at least by the ties of a common origin4 ,pomponius ,mela is said to have come from a place called ,cingentera1 on the bay of ,algesiras2 ,columella was a native of ,gades1 ,martial of ,bilbilis2 the two ,senecas and ,lucan were born in ,corduba4 ,the emperor ,trajan came from ,italica1 near ,seville2 while ,hadrian belonged to a family which had long been settled there4 ,quintilian's birthplace was the town of ,calagurris 7,calahorra7 on the ,ebro1 memorable in previous history only for the resistance which it enabled ,sertorius to offer to ,metellus and ,pompeius3 it was the last place that submitted after the murder of the insurgent general in ,b4,c4 #gb4 ,in most of the older editions of ,quintilian an anonymous ,life appears1 the author of which 7probably either ,omnibonus ,leonicenus or ,laurentius ,valla7 prefers a conjecture of his own to the #8books of the time1' and makes out that ,quintilian was born in ,rome4 ,his main argument is that ,martial does not include his name among those of the distinguished authors to whom he refers as being of ,spanish origin 7e4g4 ,epigr4 i4 iii #fa and #di71 though he addresses him separately in complimentary terms 7,epigr4 ii4 #ij74 ,against this we may set1 however1 the line in which ,ausonius embodies what was evidently a well-known and accepted tradition 7,prof4 i4 #g73-- ,adserat usque licet ,fabium ,calagurris alumnum2 and the statement of ,hieronymus in the ,eusebian ,chronicle3--,quintilianus1 ex ,hispania ,calagurritanus1 primus ,romae publicam scholam aperuit4 ,the latter extract carries additional weight if we accept the conjecture of ,reifferscheid#b that ,jerome here follows the authority of ,suetonius 7,roth1 p4 #bgb7 in his work on the grammarians and rhetoricians4 ,the fact of ,quintilian's ,spanish origin may therefore be regarded as fully established1 though we cannot cite the authority of ,quintilian himself on the subject4 ,his removal to ,rome1 at a very early period of his life1 would naturally make him more of a ,roman than a ,spaniard2 and this is probably the reason why he nowhere refers to the accident of his birth-place4 ,indeed his work does not lend itself to autobiographical revelations4 ,most of his reminiscences1 some of which occur in the ,tenth ,book 7#a #bc and #hf1 #c #ab3 cp4 v4 #g1 #g3 vi4 #a1 #ad3 xii4 #aa1 #c7 are suggested by some detail connected with his subject4 ,apart from the famous introduction to ,book ,,vi1 where his grief for the loss of his wife and two sons is allowed to interrupt the continuity of his argument1 he speaks of his father only once 7ix4 #c1 #gc71 and then simply to quote1 not without some diffidence1 a bon mot of his in illustration of a figure of speech4 ,the father was himself a rhetorician1 and seems to have taught the subject both at ,calagurris and also after the family removed to ,rome3 whether he is identical with the ,quintilianus mentioned as a declaimer of moderate reputation by the elder ,seneca 7,controv4 x4 praef4 #b3 cp4 ib4 #cc1 #ai7 cannot now be ascertained4 ,the date of ,quintilian's birth has been variously given as ,a4,d4 #db1 ,a4,d4 #ch1 and ,a4,d4 #ce1 the last being now most commonly adopted4 ,it cannot be determined with certainty1 though a few considerations may here be adduced to show why it seems necessary to discard any theory that would put it after ,a4,d4 #ch4 ,dodwell1 in his #8,annales ,quintilianei' 7see ,burmann's edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaag71 arrived at the year ,a4,d4 #db1 after a careful examination of all the passages on which he thought it allowable to base an inference4 ,but ,quintilian tells us himself that he was a young man 7nobis adulescentibus vi4 #a1 #ad7 at the trial of ,cossutianus ,capito1 iv which we know from ,tacitus 7,ann4 xiii4 #cc7 took place in ,a4,d4 #eg3 a fact which is in itself enough to show that ,dodwell is at least two years too late4 ,another indication is derived from the references which ,quintilian makes to his teacher ,domitius ,afer1 who is known to have died at a ripe old age in ,a4,d4 #ei3 cp4 xii4 #aa1 #c vidi ego 444 ,domitium ,afrum valde senem3 v4 #g1 #g quem adulescentulus senem colui3 x4 #a1 #hf quae ex ,afro ,domitio iuvenis excepi4 ,unfortunately we do not know the date of the trial of ,volusenus ,catulus referred to in x4 #a1 #bc3 ,quintilian was a boy at the time 7nobis pueris74 ,in the preface to ,book ,,vi he writes like an old man3 this appears especially in the reference he makes to the wife whom he had lost and who was only nineteen1--aetate tam puellari praesertim meae comparata #e4 ,if we may infer that ,quintilian was nearer sixty than fifty when he wrote these words1 in ,a4,d4 #ic or #id1 we may be certain that he was born not later than ,a4,d4 #ch1 and probably two or three years earlier4 ,quintilian received his early education at ,rome1 and his father's position as a teacher of rhetoric1 as well as the whole tendency of the education of the day1 no doubt gave it a rhetorical turn from the very first4 ,even boys at school practised declamation1 as may be seen from the following passage of the ,institutio3-- #8,non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus meis morem1 qui cum pueros in classes distribuerant1 ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant2 et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu videbatur4 ,huius rei iudicia praebebantur3 ea nobis ingens palma1 ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum4 ,nec de hoc semel decretum erat3 tricesimus dies reddebat victo certaminis potestatem4 ,ita nec superior successu curam remittebat1 et dolor victum ad depellendam ignominiam concitabat4 ,id nobis acriores ad studia dicendi faces subdidisse quam exhortationem docentium1 paedagogorum custodiam1 vota parentium1 quantum animi mei coniectura colligere possum1 contenderim4'--i4 #b1 #bc-be4 ,the same style of exercise was kept up at a later stage1 when the boy passed into the hands of a professed teacher of rhetoric1 such as the notorious ,remmius ,palaemon1 who is said by the scholiast on ,juvenal 7vi4 #dea7 to have been ,quintilian's master3-- #8,solebant praeceptores mei neque inutili et nobis etiam iucundo genere exercitationis praeparare nos coniecturalibus causis1 cum quaerere atque exsequi iuberent 8cur armata apud ,lacedaemonios ,venus0 et 8quid ita crederetur ,cupido puer atque volucer et sagittis ac face armatus0 et similia1 in quibus scrutabamur voluntatem4'--ii4 #d1 #bf4 ,he now came into contact with1 and listened to the eloquence of1 the most celebrated orators of the day4 ,in his relations with the greatest of v these1 ,domitius ,afer1 ,quintilian seems to have acted on the maxim which he himself lays down for the budding advocate3 oratorem sibi aliquem1 quod apud maiores fieri solebat1 deligat1 quem sequatur1 quem imitetur x4 #e1 #ai4 ,to ,afer he attached himself 7adsectabar ,domitium ,afrum ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #ad1 #aj71 and was in all probability by him initiated in the business of the law-courts and public life generally3 cp4 v4 #g1 #g adulescentulus senem colui 7,domitium74 ,in this passage ,afer is said to have written two books on the examination of witnesses2 and from vi4 #c1 #db it would appear that his #8dicta' or witticisms were sufficiently distinguished to merit the honour of publication4 ,he had held high office under ,tiberius1 ,caligula1 and ,nero1 and his pre-eminence at the bar was undisputed3 xii4 #aa1 #c principem fuisse quondam fori non erat dubium4 ,in his review of ,latin oratory1 ,quintilian gives him high praise3 arte et toto genere dicendi praeferendus1 et quem in numero veterum habere non timeas x4 #a1 #aah4 ,the pupil was fortunate therefore in his master1 and he drew upon his reminiscences of ,afer's teaching when he himself came to instruct others 7,plin4 l4c474 ,among other notable orators of the day were ,servilius ,nonianus 7x4 #a1 #ajb71 ,iulius ,africanus 7x4 #a1 #aah3 xii4 #aj1 #aa71 ,iulius ,secundus 7x4 #a1 #abj3 #c1 #ab3 xii4 #aj1 #aa71 ,galerius ,trachalus 7x4 #a1 #aai3 xii4 #aj1 #aa71 and ,vibius ,crispus 7ibid474 ,when he was about twenty-five years of age some motive induced ,quintilian to return to ,calagurris1 his native town2 and there he spent several years in the practice of his profession as teacher and barrister4 ,we know that he came back to ,rome with ,galba in ,a4,d4 #fh3 the evidence for this is again the statement made by ,hieronymus in the ,eusebian ,chronicle1 ,m4 ,fabius ,quintilianus ,romam a ,galba perducitur4 ,galba had been governor of ,hispania ,tarraconensis under ,nero 7,a4,d4 #fa-fh71 and it is not improbable that ,quintilian1 when he returned to his native country1 was in some way attached to his official retinue2 the numerous bons mots which he records in the third chapter of the ,sixth ,book 7#fb1 #fd1 #ff1 #hj1 #ij7 seem to point to a certain amount of personal intercourse between himself and the future emperor#c4 ,at ,rome ,quintilian must soon have proved himself thoroughly qualified for the work of teaching and training the young4 ,the imperial countenance afterwards shown him by ,vespasian was in all probability only an official expression of the esteem felt in the ,roman community for one who was serving with such distinction in a sphere of which the importance was coming now to be more adequately recognised4 ,quintilian was not only a learned man and a great teacher3 he was a great vi moral power in the midst of a people which had long been demoralised by the vices of its rulers4 ,the fundamental principle of his teaching1 non posse oratorem esse nisi virum bonum 7i4 pr4 #i and xii4 #a71 shows the high ideal he cherished and the wide view he took of the opportunities of his position4 ,he felt himself strong enough to make a protest against the literary influence of ,seneca1 then the popular favourite1 and to endeavour to recall a vitiated taste to more rigorous standards3 corruptum et omnibus vitiis fractum dicendi genus revocare ad severiora iudicia contendo 7x4 #a1 #abe74 ,and when1 in the evening of his days1 he wrote his great treatise on the #8technical training' of the orator1 it was from himself and his own successful practice that he drew many of his most cogent illustrations1 e4g4 vi4 #b1 #cf1 and 7in regard to his powers of memory7 xi4 #b1 #ci and iv4 #b1 #hf4 ,in the earlier years of his career at ,rome1 before he became absorbed in the work of teaching1 ,quintilian must have had a considerable amount of practice at the bar4 ,he tells us himself of a speech which he published1 ductus iuvenali cupiditate gloriae viii4 #b1 #bd4 ,it was of a common type4 ,a certain ,naevius ,arpinianus was accused of having killed his wife1 who had fallen from a window2 and we may infer with certainty from the tone of ,quintilian's reference to the circumstances of the case that he succeeded in securing the acquittal of ,naevius--more fortunate than the wife-killer of whom we read in ,tacitus 7,ann4 iv4 #bb74 ,a more distinguished cause was that of ,berenice1 the ,jewish ,queen before whom ,st4 ,paul appeared 7,acts xxv4 #ac71 and whose subsequent visit to ,rome was connected with the ascendency she had established over the heart of the youthful ,titus 7,tac4 ,hist4 ii4 #b3 ,suet4 ,tit4 #g74 ,we can only speculate on the nature of the issue involved1 as ,quintilian confines himself to a bare statement of fact--ego pro regina ,berenice apud ipsam causam dixi iv4 #a1 #ai4 ,it was in all probability a civil suit brought or defended by ,berenice against some ,jewish countryman2 and the phenomenon of the queen herself presiding over a trial in which she was an interested party is accounted for by the hypothesis that1 at least in civil suits1 ,roman tolerance allowed the ,jews to settle their own disputes according to their national law4 ,on such occasions the person of highest rank in the community to which the disputants belonged might naturally be designated to preside over the tribunal#d4 vii ,in another case1 ,quintilian seems to have shown some of the dexterity attributed to him in the oft-quoted line of ,juvenal 7vi4 #bhj7 ,dic aliquem1 sodes1 dic1 ,quintiliane1 colorem4 ,he was counsel for a woman who had been party to an arrangement by which the provisions of the ,voconian law 7passed ,b4,c4 #afi to prevent the accumulation of property in the hands of females7 had been evaded by the not uncommon method of a fraudulent disposition to a third person#e4 ,quintilian's client was accused of having produced a forged will4 ,this charge it was easy to rebut1 though it rendered necessary the explanation that the heirs named in the will had really undertaken to hand the property over to the woman2 and if this explanation were openly given it would involve the loss of the estate4 ,there is an evident tone of satisfaction in ,quintiiian's description of what happened3 ita ergo fuit nobis agendum ut iudices illud intellegerent factum1 delatores non possent adprehendere ut dictum1 et contigit utrumque 7ix4 #b1 #gd74 ,unlike his great model ,cicero1 who was considered most effective in the peroratio of a great case1 where the work was divided among several pleaders1 ,quintilian was generally relied on to state a case 7ponere causam7 in its main lines for subsequent elaboration3 me certe1 quantacunque nostris experimentis habenda est fides1 fecisse hoc in foro1 quotiens ita desiderabat utilitas1 probantibus et eruditis et iis qui iudicabant1 scio3 et 7quod non adroganter dixerim1 quia sunt plurimi quibuscum egi qui me refellere possint si mentiar7 fere a me ponendae causae officium exigebatur iv4 #b1 #hf4 ,his methodical habit of mind would render him specially effective for this department of work4 ,other orators may have been more brilliant1 more full of fire1 and more able to work upon the feelings of an audience3 if ,quintilian had not the #8grand style'--if he represents the type of an orator that is #8made' rather than #8born'--we may at least believe that he was unsurpassed for judicious1 moderate1 and effective statement4 ,his model in this as in other matters was probably ,domitius ,afer1 of whom ,pliny says 7,ep4 ii4 #ad1 #aj7 apud decemviros dicebat graviter et lente1 hoc enim illi actionis genus erat4 ,his character and training would secure him a place apart from the common herd4 #8,among the orators of the day1 some ignorant and coarse1 having left mean occupations1 without any preliminary study1 for the bar1 where they made up in audacity for lack of talent1 and in noisy conceit for a defective knowledge viii of law--others trained in the practice of delation to every form of trickery and violence--,quintilian1 honest1 able1 and moderate stood by himself#f4' ,it was after ,quintilian had attained some distinction in the practice of his profession1 probably in the year #gb1 that his activity became invested with an official and public character4 ,we learn the facts from ,suetonius's ,life of ,vespasian 7ch4 #ah73 primus e fisco latinis graecisque rhetoribus annua centena constituit3 and the ,eusebian chronicle 7see ,roth's ,suetonius1 p4 #bgb71 ,quintilianus1 ex ,hispania ,calagurritanus1 qui primus ,romae publicam 7#8state-supported'7 scholam aperuit et salarium e fisco accepit1 claruit--the zenith of his fame being placed between the years #he and #hi ,a4,d4 ,vespasian1 in fact1 created and endowed a professorial ,chair of ,rhetoric1 and ,quintilian was its first occupant4 ,he thus became the official head of the foremost school of oratory at ,rome1 and the #8supreme controller of its restless youth'3 ,quintiliane1 vagae moderator summe iuventae1 ,gloria ,romanae1 ,quintiliane1 togae4 --,mart4 ii4 #ij1 #a-b4 ,in this capacity he must have exercised the greatest possible influence on the rising youth of ,rome4 ,the younger ,pliny was his pupil1 and evidently retained a grateful memory of the instruction which he received from him3 ,ep4 ii4 #ad1 #i and vi4 #f1 #c4 ,the same is true1 in all probability1 of ,pliny's friend ,tacitus1 who has much in common with ,quintilian3 possibly also of ,suetonius4 ,if ,juvenal was not actually his pupil1--he is believed to have practised declamation till well on in life1--we may infer from the complimentary references which occur in his ,satires that he at least appreciated ,quintilian's work and recognised its healthy influence#g4 ,after a public career at ,rome1 extending over a period of twenty years#h1 ,quintilian definitely retired from both teaching and pleading at ix the bar4 ,he seems to have profited by the example of his model1 ,domitius ,afer1 who would have done better if he had retired earlier 7xii4 #aa1 #c73 ,quintilian thought it was well to go while he would still be missed1--et praecipiendi munus iam pridem deprecati sumus et in foro quoque dicendi1 quid honestissimum finem putabamus desinere dum desideraremur1 ii4 #ab1 #ab4 ,the wealth which he had acquired by the practice of his profession 7,juv4 vii4 #ahf-ahi7 enabled him to go into retirement with a light heart4 ,the first-fruits of his leisure was a treatise in which he sought to account for that decline in eloquence for which the ,institutio ,oratoria was afterwards to provide a remedy4 ,it was entitled ,de causis corruptae eloquentiae1 and was long confounded with the ,dialogue on ,oratory1 now ascribed to ,tacitus3 he refers to this work in vi4 pr4 #c3 viii4 #f1 #gf3 possibly also in ii4 #d1 #db3 v4 #ab1 #bc3 vi4 pr4 #c3 viii4 #c1 #eh1 and #f1 #gfi4 ,this treatise is no longer extant1 and we have lost also the two books ,artis ,rhetoricae1 which were published under ,quintilian's name 7#a pr4 #g71 neque editi a me neque in hoc comparati3 namque alterum sermonem per biduum habitum pueri quibus id praestabatur exceperant1 alterum pluribus sane diebus1 quantum notando consequi potuerant1 interceptum boni iuvenes sed nimium amantes mei temerario editionis honore vulgaverant#aj4 ,in a recent edition of the #8,minor ,declamations' 7,m4 ,fabii ,quintiliani declamationes quae supersunt cxlv ,lipsiae1 #ahhd71 ,const4 ,ritter endeavours to show that this is the work referred to in the passage quoted above1 from the preface to the ,institutio3 cp4 ,die ,quintilianischen ,declamationen1 ,freiburg i4,b41 und x ,tbingen1 #ahha1 p4 #bdf sqq4#aa ,meister's view1 however1 is that1 like the #8,greater ,declamations1' which are generally admitted to have been composed at a later date1 the #8,minor ,declamations' also were written subsequently either by ,quintilian himself or 7more probably7 by imitators who had caught his style and were glad to commend their compositions by the aid of his great name4 ,even in his busy professional days ,quintilian had suffered from the zeal of pirate publishers3 he tells us 7vii4 #b1 #bd7 that several pleadings were in circulation under his name which he could by no means claim as entirely his own3 nam ceterae1 quae sub nomine meo feruntur1 neglegentia excipientium in quaestum notariorum corruptae minimam partem mei habent4 ,while living in retirement1 and engaged on the composition of his work1 ,quintilian received a fresh mark of ,imperial favour1 this time from ,domitian4 ,this prince had adopted two grand-nephews1 whom he destined to succeed him on the throne1--the children of his niece ,flavia ,domitilla1 and of ,flavius ,clemens1 a cousin whom he associated with himself about this time in the duties of the consulship4 ,they were rechristened ,vespasian and ,domitian 7,suet4 ,dom4 #ae71 and the care of their education was entrusted to ,quintilian 7,a4,d4 #ic74 ,he accepted it with fulsome expressions of gratitude and appreciation#ab2 but did not exercise it for long#ac1 as the children1 with their parents1 became the victims of the tyrant's capriciousness shortly before his murder1 and were ruined as rapidly as they had risen4 ,flavius ,clemens was put to death1 and his wife ,domitilla1 probably accompanied by her two sons1 was sent into exile4 ,they seem to have embraced the ,jewish faith2 and it is interesting to speculate on the possibility that through intercourse with them1 and with their children1 ,quintilian may have come into contact with a religion which was the forerunner of that which was destined soon afterwards to achieve so universal a triumph4 ,it was while he was acting as tutor to the two princes that ,quintilian received1 through the influence of their father ,flavius ,clemens1 the compliment of the consular insignia4 ,this we learn from ,ausonius1 himself the recipient of a similar favour from his pupil ,gratian3 ,quintilianus per ,clementem ornamenta consularia sortitus1 honestamenta nominis potius videtur quam insignia potestatis habuisse4 ,it was probably in allusion to xi this promotion1 unexampled at that time in the case of a teacher of rhetoric1 that ,juvenal wrote 7vii4 #aig-h7-- ,si ,fortuna volet1 fies de rhetore consul2 ,si volet haec eadem1 fies de consule rhetor3 while another parallel is chronicled by ,pliny1 ,ep4 iv4 #aa1 #a praetorius hic modo 444 nunc eo decidit ut exsul de senatore1 rhetor de oratore fieret4 ,itaque ipse in praefatione dixit dolenter el graviter3 #8quos tibi ,fortuna1 ludos facis8' facis enim ex professoribus senatores1 ex senatoribus professores4 ,the flattery with which ,quintilian loads the emperor for these and similar favours is the only stain on a character otherwise invariably manly1 honourable1 and straightforward4 ,it is startling for us to hear that monster of iniquity1 the last of the ,flavian line1 invoked as an #8upright guardian of morals' 7sanctissimus censor iv4 pr4 #c71 even when he was #8tearing in pieces the almost lifeless world4' ,there may have been a grain of sincerity in the compliments which ,quintilian1 like ,pliny1 pays to his literary ability4 ,domitian's poetical productions are said not to have been altogether wanting in merit2 and his attachment to literary pursuits is shown by the festivals he instituted in honour of ,minerva and ,jupiter ,capitolinus1 in which rhetorical1 musical1 and artistic contests were a prominent feature 7see on x4 #a1 #ia74 ,but this is no justification for the fulsome language employed by ,quintilian in the introduction to the ,fourth ,book1 where the emperor is spoken of as the protecting deity of literary men3 ut in omnibus ita in eloquentia eminentissimum 444 quo neque praesentius aliud nec studiis magis propitium numen est2 nor for his profession of belief that nothing but the cares of government prevented ,domitian from becoming the greatest poet of ,rome3 ,germanicum ,augustum ab institutis studiis deflexit cura terrarum1 parumque dis visum est esse eum maximum poetarum x4 #a1 #ia sq4 ,few would recognise ,domitian in the following reference3 laudandum in quibusdam quod geniti immortales1 quibusdam quod immortalitatem virtute sint consecuti3 quod pietas principis nostri praesentium quoque temporum decus fecit iii4 #g1 #i4 ,such servility can only be partially explained by ,quintilian's official relations to the ,court and by the circumstances of the time at which he wrote4 ,it was a vice of the age3 ,quintilian shares it with ,martial1 ,statius1 ,silius ,italicus1 and ,valerius ,flaccus4 ,the indignant silence which ,tacitus and ,juvenal maintained during the horrors of this reign is a better expression of the virtue of old ,rome1 which seems to have burned with steadier flame in the hearts of her genuine sons than in those of the #8new men' xii from the provinces1 with neither pride of family nor pride of nationality to save them from the corrupting influences of their surroundings#ad4 ,that ,quintilian acquired considerable wealth1 partly as a teacher and partly by work at the bar1 is evident from the pointed references made by ,juvenal in the seventh ,satire4 ,after showing how insignificant are the fees paid by ,roman parents for their children's education1 when compared with their other expenses1 the satirist suddenly breaks off1--unde igitur tot ,quintilianus habet saltus8 ,how does it come about 7if his profession is so unremunerative7 that ,quintilian owns so many estates8 ,the only answer which ,juvenal can give to this conundrum is that the great teacher was one of the fortunate3 #8he is a lucky man1 and your lucky man1 like ,horace's ,stoic1 unites every good quality in himself1 and can expect everything#ae4' ,we must remember however1 that1 while ,quintilian acquired wealth in the practice of his profession1 no charge is made against him as having placed his abilities at the disposal of an unscrupulous ruler for his own advancement4 ,under ,nero1 ,marcellus ,eprius assisted in procuring the condemnation of ,thrasea1 and received over #db1jjj for the service 7,tac4 ,ann4 xvi4 #cc73 if ,quintilian's name had ever been associated with such a trial1 ,juvenal would have been more direct in his reference4 ,but with ,quintilian1 as with so many others1 the advantages of position and fortune were counterbalanced by grave domestic losses4 ,in a less rhetorical age the memorable introduction to the ,sixth ,book of the ,institutio would perhaps have taken a rather more simple form2 but it is none the less a testimony to the warm human heart of the writer1 now a childless widower4 ,he had married1 when already well on in life1 a young girl whose death at the early age of nineteen made him feel as if in her he had lost a daughter rather than a wife3 cum omni virtute quae in feminas cadit functa insanabilem attulit marito dolorem1 tum aetate tam puellari1 praesertim meae comparata1 potest et ipsa numerari inter vulnera orbitatis vi4 pr4 #e4 ,she left him two sons1 the younger of whom did not long survive her2 he had just completed his fifth year when he died4 ,the father now concentrated all his affection xiii on the elder1 and it was with his education in view that he made all haste to complete his great work1 which he considered would be the best inheritance he could leave to him1--hanc optimum partem relicturus hereditatis videbar1 ut si me1 quod aequum et optabile fuit1 fata intercepissent1 praeceptore tamen patre uteretur ib4 #a4 ,but the blow again descended1 and his house was desolate3 at me fortuna id agentem diebus ac noctibus festinantemque metu meae mortalitatis ita subito prostravit ut laboris mei fructus ad neminem minus quam ad me pertineret4 ,illum enim1 de quo summa conceperam et in quo spem unicam senectutis reponebam1 repetito vulnere orbitatis amisi ib4 #b4 ,this would be about the year #id ,a4,d41 and the ,institutio ,oratoria is said to have seen the light in #ie4 ,after that we hear no more of ,quintilian4 ,domitian was assassinated in #if1 and under the new rgime it is possible that the favourite of the ,flavian emperors may have been under a cloud4 ,but his work was done2 even if he lived on for a few years longer in retirement1 his career had virtually closed with the publication of his great treatise4 ,it used to be believed that he lived into the reign of ,hadrian1 and died about #aah ,a4,d41 but this idea is founded on a misconception#af4 ,probably he did not even see the accession of ,nerva in #if3 if he did1 he must have died soon afterwards1 for there are two letters of ,pliny's 7one written between #ig and #ajj1 and the other about #aje7 in which ,pliny does not speak of his old teacher as of one still alive4 ,,ii4 ,the ,institutio ,oratoria4 ,though ,quintilian spent little more than two years on the composition of the ,institutio ,oratorio1 his work really embodies the experience of a xiv lifetime4 ,no doubt much of it lay ready to his hand1 even before he began to write1 and he would willingly have kept it longer2 but the solicitations of ,trypho1 the publisher1 were too much for him4 ,his letter to ,trypho shows that he fully appreciated the magnitude of his task2 and there is even the suggestion that 7like many a busy teacher since his time7 he only realised when called upon to publish that he had not covered the whole ground of his subject#ag4 ,the opening words of the introduction 7post impetratam studiis meis quietem1 quae per viginti annos erudiendis iuvenibus impenderam1 c47 show that the ,institutio was the work of his retirement3 and various indications lead us to fix the date of its composition as falling between ,a4,d4 #ic and #ie4 ,the introduction to the ,fourth ,book was evidently written when 7probably in #ic7 ,domitian had appointed ,quintilian tutor to his grand-nephews2 the ,sixth ,book1 where he refers to his family losses1 must have followed shortly afterwards2 while the harshness of his references to the philosophers in the concluding portions of the work 7cp4 xi4 #a1 #cj1 xii4 #c1 #aa1 with #a1 pr4 #ae1 which may have been written1 or at least revised1 after the rest was finished7 seems to suggest that their expulsion by ,domitian 7in #id7 was already an accomplished fact#ah4 ,the book is dedicated to ,victorius ,marcellus1 to whom ,statius also addresses the ,fourth ,book of his ,silvae1 evidently as to a person of some consideration and an orator of repute 7cp4 ,stat4 ,silv4 iv4 #d1 #h1 and #da sq474 ,marcellus had a son called ,geta 7,inst4 ,or4 i4 pr4 #f3 ,stat4 ,silv4 iv4 #d1 #ga71 and it was originally with a view to the education of this youth 7erudiendo ,getae tuo7 that ,quintilian associated the father's name with his work4 ,geta is again referred to1 along with ,quintilian's elder son1 and also the grand-nephews of ,domitian1 in the introduction to the ,fourth ,book2 but the opening words of the ,sixth ,book show that they are all gone1 and the epilogue1 at the conclusion of ,book xii1 is addressed to ,marcellus on behoof of #8studiosi iuvenes' in general4 ,the plan of the ,institutio ,oratorio cannot be better given than in its author's own words 7i4 pr4 #ba sq473 ,liber primus ea quae sunt ante officium rhetoris continebit4 ,secundo prima apud rhetorem elementa et quae de ipsa rhetorices substantia quaeruntur tractabimus1 quinque deinceps inventioni 7nam huic et dispositio subiungitur7 quattuor elocutioni1 in cuius partem memoria ac pronuntiatio veniunt1 dabuntur4 ,unus accedet in quo nobis orator ipse informandus est1 et qui mores eius1 quae in xv suscipiendis1 discendis1 agendis causis ratio1 quod eloquentiae genus1 quis agendi debeat esse finis1 quae post finem studia1 quantum nostra valebit infirmitas1 disseremus4 ,the first book deals with what the pupil must learn before he goes to the rhetorician2 it gives an account of home-training and school discipline1 and contains also a statement of ,quintilian's views of grammar4 ,the second book treats of rhetoric in general3 the choice of a proper instructor1 as well as his character and function1 and the nature1 principles1 aims1 and use of oratory4 ,it is in these early books especially that ,quintilian reveals the high tone which has made him an authority on educational morals1 as well as rhetorical training3 see especially i4 #b1 #h1 where he enlarges on ,juvenal's dictum1 maxima debetur puero reverentia2 ii4 #d1 #aj1 where he advocates gentle and conciliatory methods in teaching2 and ii4 #b1 #e1--;a picture of the ideal teacher in language which might be applied to ,quintilian himself#ai4 ,the remaining books1 except the twelfth1 are devoted to the five #8parts of rhetoric1'--invention1 arrangement1 style1 memory1 and delivery 7,cic4 de ,inv4 i4 #g1 #i74 ,in the third book we have a classification of the different kinds of oratory4 ,next he treats of the #8different divisions of a speech1 the purpose of the exordium1 the proper form of a statement of facts1 what constitutes the force of proofs1 either in confirming our own assertions or refuting those of our adversary1 and of the different powers of the peroration1 whether it be regarded as a summary of the arguments previously used1 or as a means of exciting the feelings of the judge rather than of refreshing his memory4' ,this brings us to the end of the sixth book1 which closes with remarks on the uses of humour and of altercation#bj4 ,the discussion of arrangement finishes with the seventh book1 which is extremely technical3 style 7elocutio7 is the main subject of the four books which follow4 ,of these the eighth and ninth treat of the elements of a good style1--such as perspicuity1 ornament1 c42 the tenth of the practical studies and exercises 7including a course of reading7 by which the actual command of these elements may be obtained2 while the eleventh deals with appropriateness 7i4e4 the different kinds of oratory which suit different audiences71 memory1 and delivery4 ,the twelfth book--which ,quintilian calls the most grave and important part of the whole work--treats of the high moral qualifications requisite in the perfect orator3 xvi just as the first book1 introductory to the whole1 describes the early training which should precede the technical studies of the orator1 so the last book sets forth that #8discipline of the whole man' which is their crown and conclusion#ba4 8,lastly1 the experienced teacher gives advice when the public life of an orator should begin1 and when it should end4 ,even then his activity will not come to an end4 ,he will write the history of his times1 will explain the law to those who consult him1 will write1 like ,quintilian himself1 a treatise on eloquence1 or set forth the highest principles of morality4 ,the young men will throng round and consult him as an oracle1 and he will guide them as a pilot4 ,what can be more honourable to a man than to teach that of which he has a thorough knowledge8 #8,i know not1' he concludes1 #8whether an orator ought not to be thought happiest at that period of his life when1 sequestered from the world1 devoted to retired study1 unmolested by envy1 and remote from strife1 he has placed his reputation in a harbour of safety1 experiencing while yet alive that respect which is more commonly offered after death1 and observing how his character will be regarded by posterity#bb4'0 ,the ,institutio ,oratoria differs from all other previous rhetorical treatises in the comprehensiveness of its aim and method4 ,it is a complete manual for the training of the orator1 from his cradle to the public platform4 ,founding on old ,cato's maxim1 that the orator is the vir bonus dicendi peritus1 ,quintilian considers it necessary to take him at birth in order to secure the best results1 as regards both goodness of character and skill in speaking4 ,his work has therefore for us a double value and a twofold interest3 it is a treatise on education in general1 and on rhetorical education in particular4 ,throughout the whole1 oratory is the end for the sake of which everything is undertaken1--the goal to which the entire moral and intellectual training of the student is to be directed4 ,quintilian's high conception of his subject is reflected in the language of the #8,dialogue on ,oratory'3 ,studium quo non aliud in civitate nostra vel ad utilitatem fructuosius vel ad voluptatem dulcius vel ad dignitatem amplius vel ad urbis famam pulchrius vel ad totius imperii atque omnium gentium notitiam inlustrius excogitari potest 7ch4 #e74 ,though the field for the practical display of eloquence had been greatly limited by xvii the extinction of the old freedom of political life1 rhetoric represented1 in ,quintilian's day1 the whole of education4 ,it was to the ,romans what was to the ,greeks1 and was valued all the more by them because of its eminently practical purpose4 ,the student of rhetoric must therefore be fully equipped4 8,quintilian postulates the widest culture3 there is no form of knowledge from which something may not be extracted for his purpose2 and he is fully alive to the importance of method in education4 ,he ridicules the fashion of the day1 which hurried over preliminary cultivation1 and allowed men to grow grey while declaiming in the schools1 where nature and reality were forgotten4 ,yet he develops all the technicalities of rhetoric with a fulness to which we find no parallel in ancient literature4 ,even in this portion of the work the illustrations are so apposite and the style so dignified and yet sweet1 that the modern reader1 whose initial interest in rhetoric is of necessity faint1 is carried along with much less fatigue than is necessary to master most parts of the rhetorical writings of ,aristotle and ,cicero4 ,at all times the student feels that he is in the company of a high-toned ,roman gentleman who1 so far as he could do without ceasing to be a ,roman1 has taken up into his nature the best results of ancient culture in all its forms#bc40 ,it is in connection with the general rather than with the technical training of his pupils that ,quintilian establishes a claim to rank with the highest educational authorities1--as for example in his insistence on the necessity of good example both at home#bd and in school1 and on the respect due to the young#be1 as well as his catalogue of the qualifications required in the trainer of youth 7ii4 #b1 #e3 #d1 #aj71 his protest against corporal punishment 7i4 #c1 #ad71 and his consistent advocacy of the moral as well as the intellectual aspects of education4 ,his system was conceived as a remedy for the existing state of things at ,rome1 where eloquence and the arts in general had1 as ,messalla puts it in the #8,dialogue on ,oratory1' 8declined from their ancient glory1 not from the dearth of men1 but from the indolence of the young1 the carelessness of parents1 the ignorance of teachers1 and neglect of the old discipline#bf40 ,under it parents and teachers were to be united in the effort to develop the moral and intellectual qualities of the ,roman youth3 and through education the state was to recover something of her old vigour and virtue4 ,the work was expected with the greatest interest before its publication1 and we may infer1 from the high authority assigned to ,quintilian in the xviii literature of the period1 that it long held an honoured place in ,roman schools4 ,but it is curious that the earliest known references are not to the ,institutio but to the ,declamationes4 ,in an interesting chapter of the ,introduction to a recent volume#bg1 ,m4 ,fierville has gathered together all the references that occur in the literature of the early centuries of our era4 ,trebellius ,pollio and ,lactantius 7both of the #crd century7 speak of the ,declamations1 and ,ausonius 7#dth century7 refers to ,quintilian without naming his writings3 the first definite mention of the ,institutio is made by ,hilary of ,poitiers 7died #cfg7 and afterwards by ,st4 ,jerome 7died #dbj74 ,later ,cassiodorus 7#dfh-efb7 pronounced a eulogy which may stand as proof of his high appreciation3 ,quintilianus tamen doctor egregius1 qui post fluvios ,tullianos singulariter valuit implere quae docuit1 virum bonum dicendi peritum a prima aetate suscipiens1 per cunctas artes ac disciplinas nobilium litterarum erudiendum esse monstravit1 quem merito ad defendendum totius civitatis vota requirerent 7de ,arte ,rhetor4--,rhet4 ,lat4 ,min41 ed4 ,halm1 p4 #dih74 ,the ,ars ,rhetorica of ,julius ,victor 7#fth century7 is largely borrowed from ,quintilian3 see ,halm1 praef4 p4 ix4 ,isidore1 ,bishop of ,seville 7#egj-fcj71 studied ,quintilian in conjunction with ,aristotle and ,cicero4 ,after the ,dark ,age1 ,poggio's discovery1 at ,st4 ,gall in #adaf1 of a complete manuscript of ,quintilian was ranked as one of the most important literary events in what we know now as the era of the ,renaissance#bh4 ,the great scholars of the fifteenth century worked hard at the emendation of the text4 ,the editio princeps was given to the world by ,g4 ,a4 ,campani in #adgj2 and in the concluding words of his preface the editor reflects something of the enthusiasm for his author which had already been expressed by ,petrarch1 ,poggio1 and others1--proinde de ,quintiliano sic habe1 post unam beatissimam et unicam felicitatem ,m4 ,tullii1 quae fastigii loco suspicienda est omnibus et tamquam adoranda1 hunc unum esse quem praecipuum habere possis in eloquentia ducem3 quem si assequeris1 quidquid tibi deerit ad cumulum consummationis id a natura desiderabis non ab arte deposces4 ,this edition was followed in rapid succession by various others1 so that by the end of the #afth century ,quintilian had been edited a hundred times over#bi4 ,the #agth century is not so rich in editions1 but ,quintilian still reigned in the schools as the great master of rhetoric3 students of ,english literature xix will remember how ,milton 7,sonnet xi7 uses the authority of his name when referring to the roughness of northern nomenclature3-- ,those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek ,that would have made ,quintilian stare and gasp4 ,in his #8,tractate on ,education' too ,milton strongly recommends the first two or three books of the ,institutio4 ,the #ahth century provided the notable editions of ,burmann 7#agbj71 ,capperonier 7#agbe71 ,gesner 7#agch71 and witnessed also the commencement of ,spalding's 7#agih-ahaf71 whose text1 as revised by ,zumpt and ,bonnell1 practically held the field till the publication of ,halm's critical edition 7#ahfh74 ,towards the close of last century it would appear that ,quintilian was as much studied as he had ever been1--probably by many who believed in1 as well as by some who would have rejected the application of the maxim #8orator nascitur non fit4' ,william ,pitt1 for example1 shortly after his arrival at ,cambridge 7#aggc71 and while #8still bent on his main object of oratorical excellence1' attended a course of lectures on ,quintilian1 which caused him on one occasion to interrupt his correspondence with his father#cj4 ,his lasting popularity must have been due1 not only to his own intrinsic merits1 but to the fact that his writings harmonised well with the studies of those days3 it was promoted also by the serviceable abridgments of the ,institutio1 either in whole or in part1 that were from time to time published1--notably that of ,ch4 ,rollin in #agae4 ,in our own day men whose education was moulded on the old lines--such as ,j4 ,s4 ,mill--considered ,quintilian an indispensable part of a scholar's equipment4 ,macaulay read him in ,india1 along with the rest of classical literature4 ,lord ,beaconsfield professed that he was #8very fond of ,quintilian#ca4' ,but by our classical scholars he has been almost entirely neglected1 no complete edition having appeared in this country since a revised text was issued in ,london in #ahbb4 ,german criticism1 on the other hand1 has of late paid ,quintilian special attention1 with conspicuous results for the emendation and illustration of his text3 to the great names of ,spalding1 ,zumpt1 and ,bonnell1 must be added those of ,halm1 ,meister1 ,becher1 ,wlfflin1 and ,kiderlin4 ,besides the literary criticism for which it has always attracted attention1 and which will form the subject of the next section1 the ,tenth ,book of the ,institutio contains valuable precepts in regard to various practical matters which are still of as great importance as they were in ,quintilian's day4 ,among these are the practice of writing1 the use of an amanuensis1 xx the art of revision1 the limits of imitation1 the best exercises in style1 the advantages of preparation1 and the faculty of improvisation4 ,the following list of ,loci ,memoriales 7mainly taken from ,krger's third edition1 pp4 #ajh-aaj7 will give some idea of the various points on which1 especially in the later chapters of the ,tenth ,book1 ,quintilian states his opinion weightily and often with epigrammatic terseness3 #a #aab 7p4 #aaj7 ,ille se profecisse sciat cui ,cicero valde placebit4 #b #d 7p4 #abd7 ,pigri est ingenii contentum esse iis quae sint ab aliis inventa4 #b #g 7p4 #abe7 ,turpe etiam illud est1 contentum esse id consequi quod imiteris4 #b #h 7p4 #abf7 ,nulla mansit ars qualis inventa est1 nec intra initium stetit4 #b #aj 7pp4 #abf-g7 ,eum vero nemo potest aequare cuius vestigiis sibi utique insistendum putat2 necesse est enim semper sit posterior qui sequitur4 #b #aj 7p4 #abg7 ,plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem4 #b #ab 7ibid47 ,ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt1 ingenium1 inventio1 vis1 facilitas1 et quidquid arte non traditur4 #b #ah 7p4 #aca7 ,noveram quosdam qui se pulchre expressisse genus illud caelestis huius in dicendo viri sibi viderentur1 si in clausula posuissent #8esse videatur4' #b #bj 7p4 #acb7 7,praeceptor7 rector est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator4 ,difficilius est naturam suam fingere4 #b #bb 7ibid47 ,sua cuique proposito lex1 suus decor est4 #b #bd 7p4 #acd7 ,non qui maxime imitandus1 et solus imitandus est4 #c #b 7p4 #acf7 ,scribendum ergo quam diligentissime et quam plurimum4 ,nam ut terra alte refossa generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior fit1 sic profectus non a summo petitus studiorum fructus effundit uberius et fidelius continet4 #c #b 7p4 #acg7 ,verba in labris nascentia4 #c #c 7ibid47 ,vires faciamus ante omnia1 quae sufficiant labori certaminum et usu non exhauriantur4 ,nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito1 praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem4 #c #g 7p4 #aci7 ,omnia nostra dum nascuntur placent1 alioqui nec scriberentur4 #c #i 7ibid47 ,primum hoc constituendum1 hoc obtinendum est1 ut quam optime scribamus3 celeritatem dabit consuetudo4 #c #aj 7ibid47 ,summa haec est rei3 cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur1 bene scribendo fit ut cito4 #c #ae 7p4 #adb7 ,curandum est ut quam optime dicamus1 dicendum tamen pro facultate4 #c #bb 7p4 #adf7 ,secretum in dictando perit4 xxi #c #bf 7p4 #adh7 ,cui 7acerrimo labori7 non plus inrogandum est quam quod somno supererit1 haud deerit4 #c #bg 7ibid47 ,abunde1 si vacet1 lucis spatia sufficiunt3 occupatos in noctem necessitas agit4 ,est tamen lucubratio1 quotiens ad eam integri ac refecti venimus1 optimum secreti genus4 #c #bi 7ibid47 ,non est indulgendum causis desidiae4 ,nam si non nisi refecti1 non nisi hilares1 non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus1 semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus4 #c #ca 7p4 #adi7 ,nihil in studiis parvum est4 #d #a 7p4 #aea7 ,emendatio1 pars studiorum longe utilissima2 neque enim sine causa creditum est stilum non minus agere1 cum delet4 ,huius autem operis est adicere1 detrahere1 mutare4 #d #d 7p4 #aeb7 ,sit ergo aliquando quod placeat aut certe quod sufficiat1 ut opus poliat lima1 non exterat4 #e #bc 7p4 #aff7 ,diligenter effecta 7sc4 materia7 plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae4 #f #a 7p4 #afg7 ,haec 7sc4 cogitatio7 inter medios rerum actus aliquid invenit vacui nec otium patitur4 #f #b 7p4 #afh7 ,memoriae quoque plerumque inhaeret fidelius quod nulla scribendi securitate laxatur4 #f #e 7ibid47 ,sed si forte aliqui inter dicendum effulserit extemporalis color1 non superstitiose cogitatis demum est inhaerendum4 #f #f 7p4 #afi7 ,refutare temporis munera longe stultissimum est4 #f #f 7ibid47 ,extemporalem temeritatem malo quam male cohaerentem cogitationem4 #g #a 7p4 #agj7 ,maximus vero studiorum fructus est et velut praemium quoddam amplissimum longi laboris ex tempore dicendi facultas4 #g #d 7p4 #aga7 ,perisse profecto confitendum est praeteritum laborem1 cui semper idem laborandum est4 ,neque ego hoc ago ut ex tempore dicere malit1 sed ut possit4 #g #ab 7p4 #age7 ,mihi ne dicere quidem videtur nisi qui disposite1 ornate1 copiose dicit1 sed tumultuari4 #g #ae 7p4 #agf7 ,pectus est enim1 quod disertos facit1 et vis mentis4 #g #af-ag 7p4 #agg7 ,extemporalis actio auditorum frequentia1 ut miles congestu signorum1 excitatur4 ,namque et difficiliorem cogitationem exprimit et expellit dicendi necessitas1 et secundos impetus auget placendi cupido4 #g #ah 7ibid47 ,facilitatem quoque extemporalem a parvis initiis paulatim perducemus ad summam1 quae neque perfici neque contineri nisi usu potest4 #g #bj 7p4 #agh7 ,neque vero tanta esse umquam fiducia facilitatis xxii debet ut non breve saltem tempus1 quod nusquam fere deerit1 ad ea quae dicturi sumus dispicienda sumamus4 #g #ba 7p4 #agh7 ,qui stultis videri eruditi volunt1 stulti eruditis videntur4 #g #bd 7p4 #agi7 ,rarum est ut satis se quisque vereatur4 #g #bf 7p4 #ahj7 ,studendum vero semper et ubique4 #g #bg 7p4 #ahj-a7 ,neque enim fere tan est ullus dies occupatus ut nihil lucrativae 444 operae ad scribendum aut legendum aut dicendum rapi aliquo momento temporis possit4 #g #bh 7p4 #aha7 ,quidquid loquemur ubicumque sit pro sua scilicet portione perfectum4 #g #bh 7ibid47 ,scribendum certe numquam est magis1 quam cum multa dicemus ex tempore4 #g #bi 7p4 #aha-b7 ,ac nescio an si utrumque cum cura et studio fecerimus1 invicem prosit1 ut scribendo dicamus diligentius1 dicendo scribamus facilius4 ,scribendum ergo quotiens licebit1 si id non dabitur1 cogitandum2 ab utroque exclusi debent tamen sic dicere ut neque deprehensus orator neque litigator destitutus esse videatur4 ,,iii4 ,quintilians's ,litary ,criticism4 ,it was the conviction that a cultured orator is better than an orator with no culture that induced ,quintilian to devote so considerable a part of the ,tenth ,book to a review of ,greek and ,roman literature4 ,he was aware that in order to speak with effect it is necessary for a man to know a good deal that lies outside the scope of the particular case which he may undertake to plead2 and while the #8firm facility' at which he taught the orator to aim could only be attained by a variety of exercises and qualifications1 a course of wide and careful reading must always1 he considered1 form one of the factors in the combination4 ,in judging of the merits of ,quintilian's literary criticism we must not forget the point of view from which he wrote4 ,he is not dealing with literature in and for itself4 ,his was not the cast of mind in which the faculty of literary appreciation finds artistic expression in the form in which criticism becomes a part of literature itself4 ,we cannot think of the author of the ,tenth ,book of the ,institutio as one whom a divinely implanted instinct for literature impelled1 towards the evening of his days1 to leave a record of the personal impressions he had derived from contact with those whom we now recognise as the master-minds of classical antiquity4 ,quintilian writes1 not as the literary man for a sympathetic brotherhood1 but as the professor of rhetoric for students in his school4 ,if1 in the xxiii course of his just and sober1 but often trite and obvious criticisms1 he characterises a writer in language which has stood the test of time1 it is always when that writer touches his main interest most nearly1 as one from whom the student of style may learn much4 ,in short1 his work in the department of literary criticism is done much in the same spirit as that which1 in these later days1 has moved many sober and sensible1 but on the whole average persons1 conversant with the general current of contemporary thought1 and not without the faculty of appreciative discrimination1 to draw up a list of the #8,best ,hundred ,books4' ,their aim1 however1 has been to guide and direct the work of that peculiar product of modern times1 the #8general reader'3 ,quintilian's victim was the professed student of rhetoric4 ,but this limitation1 arising partly out of the special aim which he had imposed upon himself1 partly1 also1 in all probability1 from the constitution of his own mind1 ought not to blind us to the value of the comprehensive review of ancient literature which ,quintilian has left us in this ,tenth ,book4 8,his literary sympathies are extraordinarily wide4 ,when obliged to condemn1 as in the case of ,seneca1 he bestows generous and even extravagant praise on such merit as he can find4 ,he can cordially admire even ,sallust1 the true fountain-head of the style which he combats1 while he will not suffer ,lucilius to lie under the aspersions of ,horace4444 ,the judgments which he passes may be in many instances traditional1 but1 looking to all the circumstances of the time1 it seems remarkable that there should then have lived at ,rome a single man who could make them his own and give them expression4 ,the form in which these judgments are rendered is admirable4 ,the gentle justness of the sentiments is accompanied by a curious felicity of phrase4 ,who can forget the #8immortal swiftness of ,sallust1' or the #8milky richness of ,livy1' or how #8,horace soars now and then1 and is full of sweetness and grace1 and in his varied forms and phrases is most fortunately bold'8 ,ancient literary criticism perhaps touched its highest points in the hands of ,quintilian40#cb ,the course of reading which ,quintilian recommends is selected with express reference to the aim which he had in view1 and which is put prominently forward in connection with nearly every individual criticism4 ,the young man who aspires to success in speaking must have his taste formed3 when he reads ,homer1 let him note that1 great poet as ,homer is1 and admirable in every respect1 he is also oratoria virtute eminentissimus 7#a #df74 ,alcaeus is plerumque oratori similis 7#a #fc73 ,euripides is1 on that ground1 to be preferred to ,sophocles 7#a #fg73 ,lucan is magis oratoribus quam poetis imitandus 7#a #gj73 and the old ,greek comedy is xxiv specially recommended as a form of poetry #8than which probably none is better suited to form the orator' 7#a #fe74 ,with the prose writers ,quintilian is thoroughly at home1 and he nowhere lets in so much light on his own sympathies as in the estimates he gives us of ,cicero 7#a #aje-aab7 and ,seneca 7#a #abe-aca74 ,his criticism of ,cicero is precisely what might have been expected from the general tone of the references throughout the ,institutio4 ,cicero is ,quintilian's model1 to whom he looks up with reverential admiration3 he will not hear of his faults4 ,in his own day the great orator had been attacked by ,atticists of the severer type for the richness of his style and the excessive attention which they alleged that he paid to rhythm4 ,the #8plainness' of ,lysias was their ideal1 and they failed to recognise the fact that1 with the more limited resources of the ,latin language1 such simplicity and condensation would be perilously near to baldness 7cp4 note on #a #aje74 ,cicero they regarded as an ,asianist in disguise2 in the words of his devoted follower1 they 8dared to censure him as unduly turgid and ,asiatic and redundant2 as too much given to repetition1 and sometimes insipid in his witticisms2 and as spiritless1 diffuse1 and 7save the mark67 even effeminate in his arrangement0 7,inst4 ,or4 xii4 #aj1 #ab1 quoted on #a #aje74 ,that this criticism had not been forgotten in ,quintilian's own day is obvious not only from the ,institutio but also from the discussion in the ,dialogus de ,oratoribus1 where ,aper is represented as saying 8,we know that even ,cicero was not without his disparagers1 who thought him inflated1 turgid1 not sufficiently concise1 but unduly diffuse and luxuriant1 and far from ,attic0 7ch4 #ah74 ,to such detractors of his great model ,quintilian will have nothing to say1 and in his criticism of ,cicero he gives full expression to his enthusiastic admiration for the genius of one who had brought eloquence to the highest pinnacle of perfection 7vi4 #ca ,latinae eloquentiae princeps3 cp4 x4 #a #aje-aab3 xii4 #a1 #bj stetisse ipsum in fastigio eloquentiae fateor3 #aj1 #ab sqq4 in omnibus quae in quoque laudantur eminentissimum74 ,with such an absorbing enthusiasm for ,cicero1 it was hardly to be expected that ,quintilian would show an adequate appreciation of ,seneca4 ,seneca's influence was the great obstacle in the way of a general return to the classical tradition of the ,golden ,age1 and this was the literary reform which ,quintilian had at heart--corruptum et omnibus vitiis fractum dicendi genus revocare ad severiora iudicia contendo x4 #a1 #abe4 ,it is probable that1 in spite of the appearance of candour which he assumes in dealing with him1 ,quintilian approached ,seneca with a certain degree of prejudice#cc4 ,quintilian represents the literature of erudition1 and his xxv standard is the best of what had been done in the past3 ,seneca was1 like ,lucan1 the child of a new era1 to whom it seemed perfectly natural that new thoughts should find utterance in new forms of expression4 ,seneca's motto was #8nullius nomen fero1'--he gave free rein to the play of his fancy1 and rejected all method#cd3 ,quintilian looked with horror 7in the interest of his pupils7 on a liberty that was so near to licence1 and set himself to check it by recalling men's minds to the #8good old ways1' and extolling ,cicero as the synonym for eloquence itself4 ,in such a conflict of tastes as regards things literary1 and apart from the ambiguous character of ,seneca's personal career1 it is not surprising that ,quintilian should have been unfavourably disposed towards him4 ,he had a grudge1 moreover1 against philosophers in general1 especially the ,stoics4 ,they had encroached on what his comprehensive scheme of education impelled him to believe was the province of the teacher of rhetoric1--the moral training of the future orator#ce4 ,he was morbidly anxious to show that rhetoric stood in need of no extraneous assistance3 even the #8grammatici' he teaches to know their proper place 7see esp4 i4 #i1 #f74 ,but it was mainly1 no doubt1 as representing certain literary tendencies of which he disapproved that ,seneca must have incurred ,quintilian's censure4 ,it is probable that in many passages of the ,institutio1 where he is not specially named1 it is ,seneca that is in the writer's mind3 the tone of the references corresponds in several points with the famous passage of the ,tenth ,book#cf4 ,in this passage xxvi ,quintilian is evidently putting forward the whole force of his authority in order to counteract ,seneca's influence4 ,he has kept him waiting in a marked manner1 to the very end of his literary review3 and when he comes to deal with him he does not confine his criticism to a few words or phrases1 but devotes nearly as much space to him as he did to ,cicero himself4 ,in his estimate of ,seneca nothing is more remarkable than the careful manner in which ,quintilian mingles praise and blame4 ,but the praise is reluctant and half-hearted3 it is ,seneca's faults that his critic wishes to make prominent4 ,he admits his ability 7ingenium facile et copiosum #abh71 and even goes the length of saying that it would be well if his imitators could rise to his level 7foret enim optandum pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri #abg74 ,but praise is no sooner given than it is immediately recalled4 ,it was his faults that secured imitators for ,seneca 7placebat propter sola vitia ib472 if he was distinguished for wide knowledge 7plurimum studii1 multa rerum cognitio #abh71 he was often misled by those who assisted him in his researches2 if there is much that is good in him1 #8much even to admire' 7multa 444 probanda in eo1 multa etiam admiranda sunt #aca71 still it requires picking out4 ,in short1 so dangerous a model is he1 that he should be read only by those who have come to maturity1 and then not so much1 evidently1 for improvement1 as for the reason that it is good to #8see both sides1'--quod exercere potest utrimque iudicium1 ib4 ,it has already been suggested that the secret of a great part of ,quintilian's antipathy to ,seneca may have been his dislike of the philosophers1 whom his imperial patrons found it necessary from time to time to suppress4 ,he was anxious to exalt rhetoric at the expense of philosophy4 ,but he was no doubt also honestly of opinion--and his position as an instructor of youth would make him feel bound to express his view distinctly--that ,seneca was a dangerous model for the budding orator to imitate4 ,his merits were many and great3 but his peculiarities lent themselves readily to degradation4 ,quintilian wished to put forward a counterblast to the fashionable tendency of the day1 and to recall--in their own interests--to severer models ,seneca's youthful imitators1--those of whom he writes ad ea 7i4e4 eius vitia7 se quisque dirigebat effingenda1 quae poterat2 deinde quum se iactaret eodem modo dicere1 ,senecam infamabat #abg4 ,seneca was of course not responsible for the exaggerations of his imitators1 and ,quintilian would never have encouraged in his pupils exclusive devotion to any particular model1 especially if that model were characterised by such peculiar features of style as distinguished ,sallust or ,tacitus4 ,but he could not forgive xxvii ,seneca for his share in the reaction against ,cicero#cg4 ,admirers of ,seneca think that he failed to make allowance for the influences at work on the philosopher's style1 and that he judged him too much from the standpoint of a rhetorician4 ,they admit ,seneca's faults--his tendency to declamation1 the want of balance in his style1 his excessive subtlety1 his affectation1 his want of method3 but they contend that these faults are compensated by still greater virtues#ch4 ,m4 ,rocheblave1 who possesses the appreciation of ,seneca traditional among ,frenchmen1 follows ,diderot in inclining to believe that the philosopher was the victim of envy and dislike#ci4 ,for himself he protests in the following terms against what he considers the inadequacy of ,quintilian's estimate3 #8,da mihi quemvis ,annaei librorum ignarum1 et dicito num ex istis ,quintiliani laudibus non modo perspicere1 sed suspicari etiam possit quanto sapientiae doctrinaeque gradu steterit scriptor qui in tota latina facundia optima senserit1 humanissima docuerit1 maxima et multo plurima excogitaverit1 ita ut1 multis ex antiqua morali philosophia seu graeca seu latina depromptis1 adiectis pluribus1 potuerit in unum propriumque saporem omnia illa quasi sapientiae humanae libamenta confundere8 ,credisne a tali lectore scriptorem vivo gurgite exundantem1 sensibus scatentem1 legentes in perpetuas rapientem cogitationes1 eum denique quem ob vim animi ingeniique acumen iure anteponat ,tullio ,montanius noster#dj1 protinus agnitum iri8 444facile credo pusillas ,fabii laudes multum infra viri meritum stetisse 7quod detrectationis sit tutissimum genus7 omnes mecum confessuros' 7pp4 #dd-e74 ,whether they were altogether deserved or not1 there can be no doubt xxviii that the strictures made by so great a literary leader as ,quintilian was in his own day must have greatly contributed to the overthrow of ,seneca's influence4 ,there is more than one indication1 in the literature of the next generation1 that he is no longer regarded as a safe model for imitation4 ,tacitus1 in reporting the panegyric which ,nero delivered on ,claudius after his death1 and which was the work of ,seneca1 says that it displayed much grace of style 7multum cultus71 as was to be expected from one who possessed ingenium amoenum et temporis eius auribus accommodatum 7,ann4 xiii4 #c74 ,suetonius tell us how ,caligula disparaged the lenius comtiusque scribendi genus which ,seneca represented2 and here 7,calig4 #ec7 occurs a similar reference to a fame that had passed away1--,senecam tum maxime placentem1 just as the elder ,pliny1 writing about the time of ,seneca's death1 speaks of him as princeps tum eruditorum 7,nat4 ,hist4 xiv4 #ea74 ,later writers1 such as ,fronto and ,aulus ,gellius#da were much more unreserved and even immoderate in their censure4 ,and it is a remarkable fact 7noted by ,m4 ,rocheblave7 that the name of the great ,stoic nowhere occurs in the writings of his successors1 ,epictetus and ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,he who had been the greatest literary ornament of ,nero's reign disappears almost from notice in the second century4 ,in regard to the general body of ,quintilian's literary criticism1 the question of greatest interest for modern readers is the degree of its originality4 ,how far is ,quintilian giving us his own independent judgments on the writings of authors whom he had read at first hand8 ,how far is he merely registering current criticism1 which must already have found more or less definite expression in the writings and teaching of previous rhetoricians and grammarians8 ,the circumstances of the case make it impossible for us to approach the special questions which it involves with any great prejudice in favour of ,quintilian's originality in general4 ,the extent of his indebtedness to previous writers1 as regards the main body of his work1 may be inferred from a glance at the #8,index scriptorum et artificum' in ,halm's edition4 ,in many places he is merely simplifying the rules of the ,greek rhetoricians whom he followed4 ,probably he was not equally well up in all the departments of the subject of which he treats1 and he naturally relied1 to some extent1 on the works of those who had preceded him4 ,but did he take his literary criticism from others8 ,was ,quintilian one of those reprehensible persons who do not scruple to borrow1 and to give forth as their own1 the estimate formed and expressed xxix by some one else of authors whose works they may never themselves have read8 ,in endeavouring to find an answer to this question1 it will be convenient to consider ,quintilian's criticism of the ,greek writers apart from that which he applies to his own countrymen1 with whose works he might a priori be expected to be more familiar4 ,the notes to that part of the ,tenth ,book in which he deals with ,greek literature 7#a #df-hd7 will show too many instances of parallelism for us to believe that1 in addressing himself to this portion of his subject1 ,quintilian scrupulously avoided incurring any obligations to others#db4 ,no doubt in his long career as a teacher he had come into contact with traditional opinion as to the merits and characteristics not only of the ,greek but also of the ,latin writers2 and in the two years which he tells us he devoted to the composition of the ,institutio#dc he may still further have increased his debt to extraneous sources4 ,it was in fact impossible that ,quintilian should have been unaware of the nature of the criticism current in his own day1 and of what had previously been said and written by others4 ,but he is not to be thought of as one who1 before indicating his opinion of a particular writer1 carefully refers1 not to that writer's works1 but to the opinion of others concerning them4 ,the cases in which he reproduces1 in very similar language1 the verdict of others are not always to be explained on the hypothesis of conscious borrowing#dd4 ,the coincidences which can be traced certainly do detract from the originality of his work4 xxx ,but we do not need to believe that1 in writing his individual criticisms1 ,quintilian always had recourse to the works of others3 he no doubt had them at hand1 and his career as a teacher had probably impressed on his memory many dicta which he could hardly fail to reproduce1 in one form or another1 when he came to gather together the results of his teaching4 ,literary criticism at ,rome before ,quintilian's time is associated mainly with the names of ,varro1 ,cicero1 and ,horace#de4 ,varro was the author of numerous works bearing on the history and criticism of literature3 such were his de ,poetis1 de ,poematis1 1 de ,actionibus ,scaenicis1 ,quaestiones ,plautinae4 ,our knowledge of their scope and character is however derived only by inference from a few scattered fragments1 and in regard to these it is impossible to say definitely to which of his treatises they severally belong4 ,quintilian's references to his literary activity as well as his great learning 7vir ,romanorum eruditissimus x4 #a1 #ie71 and the quotation of his estimate of ,plautus 7ib4 #ii71 are sufficient evidence that he was not unacquainted with ,varro's writings4 ,cicero he knew probably better than he knew any other author3 the extent of his indebtedness to such works as the ,brutus may be inferred from the parallelisms which occur in his treatment of the ,attic orators 7x4 #a1 #gf-hj74 ,he dissents expressly from ,horace's estimate of ,lucilius 7ib4 #id73 and the frequency of his references to other literary judgments of ,horace 7cp4 #bd1 #ef1 #fa1 #fc7 shows that he must have been in the habit of illustrating his teaching by quotations from the works of that cultured critic of literature and life4 ,but the author with whom ,quintilian's literary criticism has most in common is undoubtedly ,dionysius of ,halicarnassus4 ,it is true that in the ,tenth ,book he nowhere expressly mentions him2 but references to him by name as an authority on rhetorical matters are common enough in other parts of the ,institutio#df4 ,quintilian no doubt knew his works well1 especially that which originally consisted of three books #dg4 ,the second book of this treatise has long been known to scholars xxxi in the shape of a fragmentary epitome1 which presents so many striking resemblances to the literary judgments contained in the first chapter of ,quintilian's ,tenth ,book1 that early commentators1 such as1 for instance1 ,h4 ,stephanus1 concluded that ,quintilian had borrowed freely from the earlier writer3 multa hinc etiam mutuatum constat2 quibus modo nomine suppresso pro suis utitur1 modo addito verbo putant sua non esse declarat4 ,the parallelisms in question were fully drawn out by ,claussen in the work mentioned above1 though ,usener justly remarks that he wrongly includes a good deal that was the common property not only of ,dionysius and ,quintilian1 but of the whole learned world of the day3 they will all be found duly recorded in the notes to this edition1 #a #df-hd4 ,the general resemblances between ,quintilian and ,dionysius are apparent in their order of treatment4 ,in his introduction to the ,iudicium de ,thucydide1 the latter sets forth the plan of his second book in terms which present many points of analogy with the scheme of the ,tenth ,book of the ,institutio3 444 444 1 1 1 1 444 4 ,in like manner ,quintilian1 addressing himself throughout to young men aspiring to success as public speakers1 enumerates the various authors who seem to be fit subjects for reading and imitation4 ,while admitting that some benefit may be derived from almost every writer 7#a #eg71 he confines himself to the most distinguished in the various departments of literature 7#dd paucos enim1 qui sunt eminentissimi1 excerpere in animo est72 and even with regard to these he warns his readers1 as ,dionysius does1 that they are not to imitate all their characteristics1 but only what is good 7#a #bd3 #b #ad-ae74 ,the order of treatment is almost identical in the two writers4 ,first come the poets1 with the writers of epic poetry at their head3 these are not only named in the same order 7,homer1 ,hesiod1 ,antimachus1 ,panyasis71 but they are commended in very similar terms4 ,but if ,quintilian had been translating directly from ,dionysius1 it is very probable that he would have mentioned him by name1 instead of concealing his obligations xxxii by the use of such a phrase as putant 7in speaking of ,panyasis--see note on #ed74 ,if he goes on to add some criticisms which are not in ,dionysius1 viz4 on ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,aratus1 ,theocritus1 and to mention also ,pisander1 ,nicander1 and ,euphorion1 it is with the express intimation that they do not rank in the canon fixed by the grammatici1--the very reason for which these writers had been omitted by ,dionysius4 ,the ,greek rhetorician says nothing of the elegiac and iambic poets mentioned by ,quintilian1--the former in general terms 7princeps habetur ,callimachus1 secundas confessione plurimorum ,philetas occupavit #eh71 the latter with express reference to the judgment of ,aristarchus on the great ,archilochus 7#ei7dh4 ,in treating of the lyric poets1 ,quintilian mentions the number nine 7#fa71 which ,dionysius does not2 but as regards the substance of his criticisms1 he is again almost in exact agreement with his predecessor4 ,both refer to ,pindar1 ,stesichorus1 ,alcman1 and ,simonides1 with the trifling difference that in ,dionysius ,simonides comes second instead of fourth on the list4 ,in #fe ,quintilian proceeds to deal with the ,old ,comedy1 which finds no place in the treatise of ,dionysius1 as we now have it4 ,and there is very little that corresponds with ,dionysius in the sections on ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 and ,euripides4 ,but it is noticeable that in both ,euripides is made to form the transition to ,menander and the ,new ,comedy4 ,in regard to the poets1 then1 it seems probable that1 while ,quintilian was no doubt familiar with the work of ,dionysius1 he is rather incorporating in his criticism the traditions of the literary schools than borrowing directly from a single predecessor4 ,claussen was of opinion that the latter is the true state of the case1 and he even goes so far 7p4 #cdh7 as to suppose that the original work of ,dionysius 7of which the treatise long known as the or the ,de ,veterum ,censura is only a fragmentary epitome7 must have contained notices of the elegiac and iambic poets corresponding with those in ,quintilian1 as well as of the old comic dramatists and of additional representatives of the ,new ,comedy4 ,but a comparison of the various passages on which a judgment may be based seems to make it certain that1 while taking advantage of his knowledge of previous literary criticism 7scraps of which he may have accumulated for teaching purposes during his long career71 he is not slavishly following any single authority#di3 cp4 #eb datur palma 7,hesiodo17 xxxiii #ec grammaticorum consensus1 #ed ordinem a grammaticis datum1 #eh princeps habetur and confessione plurimorum1 #ei ex tribus receptis ,aristarchi iudicio scriptoribus iamborum1 #fd quidam 7probably including ,dionysius71 #fg inter plurimos quaeritur1 #gb consensu 444 omnium4 ,and the tone and substance of his estimate of ,homer1 of ,euripides1 and of ,menander#ej1 seem to show that he was prepared to rely1 when necessary1 on his own independent judgment 7cp4 meo quidem iudicio #fi71 especially in dealing with the poets who would be of greatest service for his professed purpose4 ,in both ,dionysius and ,quintilian the poets are followed by the historians4 ,the order in ,dionysius is ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 ,xenophon1 ,philistus1 and ,theopompus2 in ,quintilian1 ,thucydides1 ,herodotus1 ,theopompus1 ,philistus1--with short notices of ,ephorus1 ,clitarchus and ,timagenes4 ,the insertion of the three additional names1 and the precedence given to ,theopompus1 are not the only points in which ,quintilian differs here from ,dionysius1 who is known in this case to have limited himself to the five names in question 7,epist4 ad ,pomp4 #gfg ,r3 ,usener1 p4 #ej1 #aj73 ,xenophon is by ,quintilian expressly postponed for treatment among the philosophers4 ,in this he probably followed an older tradition1 which survived also elsewhere4 ,cicero speaks of ,xenophon as a philosopher 7de ,orat4 ii4 #eh73 in ,diogenes ,laertius 7ii4 #dh7 it is said of him --a remark which ,usener 7p4 #aac7 thinks was probably derived from some library list in which ,xenophon was ranked among the writers of philosophy2 and ,dio ,chrysostom 7,or4 xviii47 omits him from his list of the historians1 and includes him in that of the ,socratics4 ,these discrepancies may be relied on to disprove ,claussen's allegation that ,dionysius's treatise is ,quintilian's primus et praecipuus fons4 ,it is quite as probable that1 in dealing with the historians1 he had before him the passage in the second book of ,cicero's ,orator1 to which reference has already been made 7#ee sq474 ,there ,cicero mentions ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 ,philistus1 ,theopompus1 and ,ephorus1 with the addition of ,xenophon1 ,callisthenes and ,timaeus4 ,he may also have had at hand the great orator's lost treatise ,hortensius1 two fragments of which contain short characterisations of ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 ,philistus1 ,theopompus1 and ,ephorus#ea3 in writing it ,cicero probably followed some list similar xxxiv to those which were accessible both to ,dionysius and ,quintilian#eb4 ,again there is sufficient resemblance here between ,quintilian and ,dio ,chrysostom 7as also in regard to ,euripides and ,menander3 ,dio ,chr4 #f1 p4 #dgg sq47 to justify the supposition that they followed the same tradition4 ,dio expressly elevates ,theopompus to the second rank 7#aj1 p4 #dgi71 44 ,with this compare ,quintilian's words3 ,theopompus his proximus ut in historia praedictis minor1 ita oratori magis similis 7#gd74 ,ephorus1 on the other hand1 is expressly eliminated by ,dio4 ,it is perhaps in dealing with the orators that ,quintilian gives the surest proofs that he is not following any individual guide4 ,the parallel passages cited in the notes to #gf-hj are by no means confined to the writings of ,dionysius1 though here again words and phrases occur 7see esp4 the note on honesti studiosus1 in compositione adeo diligens1 c41 #gi7 which seem to suggest that ,quintilian must have kept a common-place book into which he #8conveyed' points which struck him as just or appropriate in the literary criticism of others#ec4 ,unlike ,dionysius1 however1 he refers to the canon of the ten orators 7#gf7 which the recent work of ,brzoska1 following ,a4 ,reifferscheid1 has shown to have originated not with the critics of ,alexandria1 but with those of ,pergamum#ed4 ,it is noticeable that the five orators whom ,quintilian selects for notice out of this canon are identical with those enumerated1 in reverse order1 by ,cicero1 de ,orat4 iii4 #bh4 ,in their treatment of the philosophers1 the chief point in common between ,dionysius and ,quintilian is that both put ,plato and ,xenophon before ,aristotle4 ,and1 though they agree generally in the terms in which they speak of ,aristotle1 there is no other noteworthy coincidence4 ,the section on ,theophrastus and the ,stoics has nothing corresponding to it in ,dionysius3 here1 as elsewhere in the account of philosophy1 ,cicero was laid under contribution4 ,we may infer1 then1 on the whole1 that in regard to his judgments of the ,greek writers ,quintilian followed the established order of the literary schools1 and incorporated with the expression of his own opinion much that was traditional in their thought and phraseology4 ,he cannot be supposed to have followed any single authority3 he must rather be considered to have gleaned in the whole field of the literature of criticism from xxxv ,theophrastus 7x4 #a1 #bg7 down to his own day4 ,he accepted from others1 with probably few modifications1 the approved lists of poets1 historians1 orators1 and philosophers1 and adopted the conventional practice of writing careful and well-considered criticisms upon them--8somewhat cut and dried criticisms10 as ,prof4 ,nettleship says of ,dionysius1 8which seldom lack sanity1 care1 and insight1 but which are rather dangerously suited for learning by heart and handing on to future generations of pupils40 ,these lists of #8classical' writers may probably be traced back1 in the main1 to the literary activity of the critics of ,alexandria4 ,they would no doubt be well known to the ,greek rhetoricians who were at work on the education of the ,roman youth as early as the beginning of the first century ,b4,c41 and may have served as the basis of their prelections to their pupils4 ,criticism 7 1 7 was an essential part of the office of the #8grammaticus#ee4' ,in speaking of his duties1 which fall under the two main heads of recte loquendi scientia and poetarum enarratio1 ,quintilian adds 7i4 #d1 #c73 et mixtum his omnibus iudicium est2 quo quidem ita severe sunt usi veteres grammatici ut non versus modo censoria quadam virgula notare et libros1 qui falso viderentur inscripti1 tamquam subditos submovere familia permiserint sibi1 sed auctores alios in ordinem redegerint1 alios omnino exemerint numero4 ,beginning with a critical examination of individual texts1 the #8grammatici' gathered up the results of their work1 on the literary side1 in short characterisations of the various writers whom they made the subject of their study1 and finally drew up lists of the best authors in each department of literature1 with a careful indication of their good points as well as of the features in which they were not to be used as models4 ,this process received a more or less final form at the hands of ,aristophanes of ,byzantium and his follower ,aristarchus 7see on x4 #a1 #ed71 the latter of whom probably introduced such modifications in the list of his predecessor as approved themselves to his own judgment 7cp4 x4 #a1 #ei tres receptos ,aristarchi iudicio scriptores iamborum74 ,the influence of this method in ,roman literature may be seen1 early in the first century1 in the so-called #8canon' of ,volcatius ,sedigitus1 preserved by ,gellius 7#ae1 #bd7ef3 he makes a list of ten ,latin comedians1 on the analogy of the canon of the ten ,attic orators4 ,the list of the ,alexandrine critics was probably in the hands of ,cicero1 as ,usener has shown 7pp4 #aad-abf71 when he wrote his #8,hortensius1'--a treatise which seems to have originally contained an introductory sketch of the great contributors to the various departments xxxvi of literature1 by way of preparation for the main purpose of the dialogue1--the praise of philosophy#eg4 ,then there is ,dio ,chrysostom1 a writer who flourished not long after ,quintilian himself1 and whose reproduction of similar judgments has already been noted4 ,such divergences as occur may probably be accounted for1 at least in part1 by the different points of view from which the various critics wrote4 ,in the preliminary sketch in the ,hortensius the object seems to have been not the education of youth but the recreation of maturity3 ,dio draws a careful distinction between the branches which serve for the student of rhetoric1 and those which may be expected to benefit and delight men who have finished their studies3 ,quintilian's aim1 again and again reiterated1 is to lay down a course of reading suited to form the taste of a young man aspiring to success as a speaker4 ,the probability that there existed such traditional lists as those referred to 7which would also be of service in the arrangement of the great public libraries71 is strikingly illustrated in ,usener's ,epilogus 7p4 #abh sq47 by the publication of one which may here be transcribed as of great interest to readers of ,quintilian4 ,it will be noticed that though the philosophers are omitted1 it contains many points of analogy with that followed by ,quintilian1 particularly the addition of the later elegiac poets1 ,philetas and ,callimachus4 ,names only are given1 without any criticism attached#eh4 ,greek numerals were printed with overlines 4 ,they are shown here in form to reduce text-display problems4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4444 xxxvii 4 4 ,in regard to the historians1 ,usener notes that this list seems to indicate the principle on which they were selected and arranged4 ,they are enumerated in pairs1 ,herodotus and ,thucydides coming first1 with their imitators ,xenophon and ,philistus immediately following them4 ,then come ,theopompus and ,ephorus1 as representing the second rank2 and next the historians of ,alexander's victories1 ,anaximenes and ,callisthenes 7cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #eh71 in place of whom ,clitarchus is mentioned by ,quintilian4 ,peculiar features about the list given above are that ,thucydides comes first of all 7just as ,demosthenes does among the orators71 and that1 perhaps to make up the number ten1 a fifth pair of historians is added1--,hellanicus from those of older date1 and ,polybius to represent more recent writers4 ,usener states the conclusion at which he arrives in the following words1 which may be accepted with the proviso that they are not to be taken as meaning that ,quintilian was altogether ignorant of what ,dionysius wrote3 ,iudicia de poetis scriptoribusque ,graecis non a ,dionysio ,quintilianus mutuatus est4 ,igitur ne ,dionysius quidem sua profert1 sed diversum uterque exemplum iudiciorum ut plerumque consonantium expressit4 ,fontis utrique communis antiquitatem ,hortensius ,tullianus cum ,dione comparatus demonstravit4 ,posteriore tempore cum eruditionis copia in angustae memoriae paupertatem sensim contraheretur1 iudiciis neglectis sola electorum auctorum nomina relicta sunt et laterculi formam induerunt4 ,quintilian did not transcribe his criticisms of ,greek literature from ,dionysius4 ,he had no need to do so3 the materials from which ,dionysius had drawn were available also to him4 ,this is sufficient to account for the resemblances in their critical judgments4 ,but on the other hand it is improbable that ,quintilian1 in the course of his reading and teaching1 had not studied the writings of ,dionysius2 and some at least of the coincidences to which prominence is given in the notes in this edition must have been the result of his acquaintance with the work of his predecessor4 ,in his review of ,latin literature1 ,quintilian is no doubt giving us the fruit of his own study and independent judgment1 though here again the notes will indicate that he was familiar with what other writers1 such as ,cicero and ,horace1 had said before in the way of literary criticism4 ,the examination of his estimate of ,seneca has already proved that he did not hesitate to formulate his own opinions1 and to press them1 when xxxviii necessary1 upon his pupils4 ,a reference to the ,analysis 7pp4 #c-e7 will show that in this part of his work ,quintilian follows the method which had been traditionally applied to the criticism of the ,greek writers4 ,the same order is preserved 7#he72 the various departments of literature are each compared with the corresponding departments in ,greek 7#ic1 #ii1 #aja1 #aje1 #abc72 and individual writers are pitted against each other1 and are sometimes characterised in similar terms4 ,in all this ,quintilian is consistent with the scheme according to which he had evidently determined to arrange his work3 he is consistent also with the general tradition of literary criticism among his countrymen4 8,as ,latin literature since ,naevius had adopted ,greek models and ,greek metres1 every ,latin writer of any pretensions took some ,greek author as his ideal of excellence in the particular style which he was adopting4 ,criticism accordingly drifted into the vicious course of comparison2 of pitting every ,latin writer against a ,greek writer1 as though borrowing from a man would constitute you his rival4 ,thus ,ennius was a ,homer1 ,afranius a ,menander1 ,plautus an ,epicharmus1 before the days of ,horace3 in ,horace's time there were three ,homers1 ,varius1 ,valgius1 and ,vergil4 ,cicero and ,demosthenes were compared by the ,greek critics in the ,augustan age1 and by the time of ,quintilian ,sallust has become the ,latin ,thucydides1 ,livy the ,latin ,herodotus#ei40 ,it is this idea of making #8canons' of ,latin writers1 to correspond as nearly as possible with those which he had accepted from former critics for the classical writers of ,greece1 that gives an air of artificiality to ,quintilian's criticism of ,latin literature1 and interferes somewhat with the general effect which his sane and sober appreciations would otherwise produce4 ,the individual estimates are in the main all that could be wished for1 notably the enthusiastic eulogy of ,cicero 7#aje-aab71 which it is interesting to compare with a similar passage in the treatise #8,on the ,sublime4' 8,the same difference10 says the writer1 8may be discerned in the grandeur of ,cicero as compared with that of his ,grecian rival4 ,the sublimity of ,demosthenes is generally sudden and abrupt3 that of ,cicero is equally diffused4 ,demosthenes is vehement1 rapid1 vigorous1 terrible2 he burns and sweeps away all before him2 and hence we may liken him to a whirlwind or a thunderbolt3 ,cicero is like a widespread conflagration1 which rolls over and feeds on all around it1 whose fire is extensive and burns long1 breaking out successively in different places1 and finding its fuel now here1 now there#fj40 ,excellent also are the shorter characterisations of such writers as ,sallust 7immortalem ,sallusti velocitatem #a #ajb71 of ,livy 7,livi lactea ubertas #a #cb3 mirae iucunditatis clarissimique xxxix candoris #aja71 of ,ovid 7nimium amator ingenii sui #hh71 and of ,horace 7et insurgit aliquando et plenus est iucunditatis et gratiae et varius figuris et verbis felicissime audax #if74 ,but the general impression we derive is that ,quintilian is producing many of his criticisms to order1 as it were3 so much is he tied down to the plan he has adopted4 ,it is to this same method of mechanical comparison--born of the artificial traditions of the literary schools--that we owe ,plutarch's #8,parallel ,lives'2 and it has not been without imitators in more recent times#fa4 ,,iv4 ,style and ,language4 ,quintilian's own style is pretty much what might be expected from the tone of his judgments on others4 ,cicero was his model1 ,seneca represented to him everything that was to be avoided3 but the interval of a hundred years which separated him from the former was a sufficient barrier to anything more than an approximation to his style1 while on the other hand he does not succeed in emancipating himself entirely from the literary tendencies of his own time1 which found so complete expression in the writings of ,seneca4 ,all the writers of what is known as the ,silver ,age possess certain marked characteristics1 which differentiate them from the best models of the republican period2 and of these ,quintilian has his share4 ,but he did not fall in with the fashionable depreciation of those models4 ,he knew that it was impossible to bring back the ,latinity of the ,golden ,age in all its characteristic features2 but he could at least lift up his voice against the affectation and artificiality of his contemporaries1 who looked upon that ,latinity as tame1 insipid1 and commonplace4 ,the point of view from which1 as we have already seen1 he regarded ,seneca may be stated with a wider application3 corruptum et omnibus vitiis fractum dicendi genus revocare ad severiora iudicia contendo1 x4 #a1 #abe4 ,the depravation of taste which had gone hand in hand with the moral and social degeneration of the ,roman people1 in the era of transition from republic to empire1 has already been touched upon in the discussion xl of ,quintilian's criticism of ,seneca4 ,the literary public had lost all appetite for the natural straightforwardness of the ,ciceronian style3 it craved for something akin to the highly seasoned dishes by which the epicures of the day sought to stimulate a jaded palate#fb4 ,it was not enough now to clothe the thought in pure1 clear1 and elegant language1 even when adorned by a wealth of expression that bordered on exuberance1 and made musical by the exquisite modulation of the period4 ,no one could win a hearing who did not countenance the fashionable craze for affectation1 abruptness1 and extravagance4 ,directness1 ease1 and intelligibility were no recommendations#fc4 ,in order to strike and stimulate1 everything must be full of point4 ,feebleness of thought was considered to be redeemed by epigram and formal antithesis4 ,the amplitude and artistic symmetry of the ,ciceronian period gave place to a broken and abrupt style1 the main object of which was to arrest attention and to challenge admiration4 ,showy passages were looked for1 expressed in new and striking phraseology1 such as could be reproduced and even handed on to others#fd4 ,the charm of style and the test of its excellence consisted in its being artificial1 inflated1 meretricious1 involved1 obscure--in a word1 depraved#fe4 ,quintilian's distaste for the prevailing fashion inclined him to return to the models of the best republican period4 ,exclusive devotion to one particular type was forbidden him1 if by nothing else1 by his own declared principles1--non qui maxime imitandus et solus imitandus est 7#b #bd72 and accordingly1 in spite of his great admiration for ,cicero1 we find several well-marked features of difference between him and his master1 not only in the use of words1 but also in the structure and composition of sentences#ff4 ,indeed1 it could not have been otherwise4 ,quintilian's mission was to restore to ,latin composition the direct and natural character of the earlier style2 but he could not extirpate that tendency to poetical expression which had taken root at ,rome as far back as the xli days of ,sallust1 and was fostered and encouraged in his own time by the wider study of ,greek4 ,he was conscious also of the need of making some concessions to the popular demand for ornament4 ,the power of the #8sententious' style proved itself even on its critic and antagonist4 ,that he was aware of the compromise he was making is clear from such a passage as the following1 in which he indicates how ,cicero may be adapted to contemporary requirements3 ad cuius 7,ciceronis7 voluptates nihil equidem quod addi possit invenio1 nisi ut sensus nos quidem dicamus plures3 nempe enim fieri potest salva tractatione causae et dicendi auctoritate1 si non crebra haec lumina et continua fuerint et invicem offecerint4 ,sed me hactenus cedentem nemo insequatur ultra1 c4 7xii4 #aj1 #df-g74 ,there was a point beyond which he refused to go3 clearness and simplicity must never be sacrificed to effect4 ,these qualities may be claimed for ,quintilian's style2 it is also sufficiently varied for his subject4 ,when it is obscure1 we must remember the defective state in which his text has come down to us#fg4 ,it is quite possible to exemplify from the ,tenth ,book alone the main features in which ,quintilian's language and style differ from those of ,cicero4 ,and first1 in regard to his vocabulary1 a list may be appended of words which1 though not peculiar to ,quintilian1 are yet not to be found in the republican period#fh4 ,amaritudo1 figuratively 7,plin4 ,s41 ,sen41 ,val4 ,max471 x4 #a1 #aag4 ,auditorium 7,tac4 ,dial41 ,plin4 ,s41 ,suet471 x4 #a1 #gi3 cp4 v4 #ab1 #bj licet hanc 7eloquentiam7 auditoria probent4 ,classis1 of a class in a school 7,suet41 ,col41 ,petr471 x4 #e1 #ba4 ,confinis1 figuratively 7,ovid1 ,sen471 x4 #e1 #ab4 xlii ,consummatus 7,sen41 ,mart41 ,plin4 ,s471 x4 #e1 #ad3 cp4 i4 #i1 #c2 ii4 #ai1 #a1 and often4 ,the ,ciceronian equivalent is perfectus4 ,decretorius 7,sen41 ,plin41 ,suet471 x4 #e1 #bj3 cp4 vi4 #d1 #f4 ,diversitas 7,tac41 ,plin41 ,suet471 x4 #a1 #ajf4 ,evalesco 7,verg41 ,hor41 ,plin41 ,tac471 x4 #b1 #aj3 cp4 ii4 #h1 #e2 viii4 #f1 #cc4 ,expavesco 7,hor41 ,liv41 ,sen41 ,plin41 ,suet471 x4 #c1 #cj3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #ce2 vi4 #b1 #ca4 ,extemporalis 7,petr41 ,tac41 ,plin4 ,s471 x4 #f1 #a1 #e and #f2 #g1 #ac1 #af1 #ah3 cp4 iv4 #a1 #ed extemporalis oratio1 for which ,cicero would have written subita et fortuita oratio4 ,exundo 7,sen41 ,plin41 ,tac471 x4 #a1 #aji ,cicero vivo gurgite exundat4 ,favorabilis 7,vell41 ,sen41 ,plin41 ,tac41 ,suet471 x4 #e1 #ba3 cp4 iv4 #a1 #ba and often4 ,formator 7,col41 ,sen41 ,plin4 ,s471 x4 #b1 #bj alienorum ingeniorum formator 7sc4 praeceptor74 ,immutesco 7,statius71 x4 #c1 #af4 ,inadfectatus 7,plin4 ,s471 x4 #a1 #hb4 ,inconcessus 7,verg41 ,ov471 x4 #b1 #bf4 ,incredulus 7,hor471 x4 #c1 #aa3 cp4 xii4 #h1 #aa4 ,indecens 7,petr41 ,sen41 ,mart471 x4 #b1 #ai4 ,the ,ciceronian equivalent is indecorus4 ,inlaboratus 7,sen471 x4 #a1 #aaa1 and often4 ,insenesco 7,hor41 ,ov41 ,tac471 x4 #c1 #aa4 ,inspiro 7,verg41 ,ov41 ,sen471 x4 #c1 #bd3 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #fb4 ,praesumo 7,verg41 ,sen41 ,plin41 ,tac471 x4 #e1 #d3 cp4 xi4 #a1 #bg4 ,profectus 7,ov41 ,sen41 ,plin4 ,s41 ,suet71 x4 #c1 #b and #ae3 cp4 i4 #b1 #bf1 and often4 ,cicero uses progressus1 processus4 ,professor 7,col41 ,tac41 ,suet471 x4 #e1 #ah3 cp4 ii4 #aa1 #a1 and often4 ,prosa 7,vell41 ,col41 ,sen41 ,plin471 x4 #g1 #ai1--;adjective3 cp4 xi4 #b1 #ci4 ,as a noun1 ix4 #d1 #eb1 and often4 ,secessus 7,verg41 ,ov41 ,plin41 ,tac471 x4 #c1 #bc and #bh2 #e1 #af4 ,cicero uses recessus4 ,substringo 7,sen41 ,tac41 ,suet471 x4 #e1 #d4 ,versificator 7,just41 ,col471 x4 #a1 #hi4 ,there is a touch of #8nationalism' about ,quintilian's use of the word ,romanus for ,latinus4 ,litterae latinae1 scriptores latini1 poetae latini1 are the usual forms with ,cicero and the writers of the best period3 ,quintilian has ,romanes auctores 7x4 #a1 #he71 sermo ,romanus 7ib4 #ajj71 litterae ,romanae 7ib4 #abc71 and often elsewhere4 ,the following words appear in ,quintilian 7,book ,x7 for the first time1 though of course it does not follow that they are his own coinage3-- xliii ,adnotatio1 x4 #b1 #g brevis adnotatio4 ,circulatorius1 x4 #a1 #h circulatoria volubilitas3 cp4 ii4 #d1 #ae4 ,the noun circulator seems to have been used first by ,asinius ,pollio3 afterwards it is found in ,seneca1 ,petronius1 ,plin4 ,s41 ,apuleius1 c4 ,destructio1 x4 #e1 #ab destructio et confirmatio sententiarum4 ,suetonius 7,galba #ab7 uses this word in its proper sense of #8pulling down' walls4 ,offensator 7 471 x4 #c1 #bj4 ,significantia1 x4 #a1 #aba4 ,several words occur which1 either in point of form or meaning1 indicate the influence of ,greek analogies3-- ,recipere1 x4 #g1 #ca1 and often elsewhere1 in the sense of probare4 ,so the ,greek 1 4 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 #g4 #h1 #bi4 ,supinus1 x4 #b1 #ag used1 like in ,dion4 ,hal41 for #8languid1' #8spiritless4' ,cp4 esp4 7of ,isocr47 7sc4 7 444 1 p4 #ech1 #f1 ,r3 also p4 #ajjf1 #ad1 ,r4 ,densus 771 for pressus3 x4 #a1 #gf4 ,pedestris 7sc4 oratio71 3 x4 #a1 #ha4 ,to these may be added the use of subripere 7for clam facere71 on the analogy of 1 iv4 #a1 #gh3 transire 7for effugere71 on the analogy of 1 ix4 #b1 #di 7cp4 ,stat4 ,theb4 ii4 #cce nil transit amantes73 finis for 3 maxime1 with numerals1 for 1 c4 ,to the same source must be attributed the frequent use in ,quintilian of propter quod1 per quod1 quae1 c4 on the analogy of 1 7see on x4 #a1 #aj73 circa 7used like 71 see on x4 #a1 #eb3 multum 7with compar47 like 7x4 #a1 #id73 sunt 444 differentes1 #b #af4 ,the influence of poetical usage may be seen in the frequent employment of simple verbs in the sense of compounds1 of abstract nouns in a concrete sense 7e4g4 facilitatem #c #g71 and also in certain changes in the meaning of words1 each of which will be noticed in its proper place3 e4g4 componere for sedare2 vacare used impersonally2 venus for venustas2 beatus for uber1 fecundus2 secretum2 olim of future time2 utrimque of opposite sides1 c4 ,such changes in meaning as will be noted in connection with words like valetudo1 ambitio1 advocatus1 auctor1 cultus1 quicumque1 ubicumque1 demum1 and all the phenomena connected with the substantivation of the adjective 7e4g4 studiosus71 are common to ,quintilian with other writers of the ,silver ,age4 ,taking now the ,parts of ,speech in their order1 we may illustrate the peculiarities of ,quintilian's vocabulary by reference to the ,tenth ,book4 xliv ,i4 ,nouns4 ,advocatus for causidicus1 patronus3 x4 #a1 #aaa 7where see note73 cp4 iii4 #h1 #ea2 xi4 #a1 #ei3 ,plin4 ,s4 #g1 #bb3 ,suet4 ,claud4 #ae4 ,for examples of the use of this word in its earlier sense cp4 v4 #f1 #f2 xi4 #c1 #acb2 xii4 #c1 #b4 ,ambitio carries with it in ,quintilian1 as generally in the ,silver ,age1 a sinister meaning1 so that ,quintilian can call it a vitium3 i4 #b1 #bb licet ipsa vitium sit ambitio frequenter tamen causa virtutum est4 ,so perversa ambitio x4 #g1 #ba3 cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 vi4 #df3 ,iuv4 #h1 #ace4 ,for the ,ciceronian use of the word 7popularis gratiae captatio ad adipiscendos honores71 see pro ,sulla #aa3 pro ,planc4 #de3 de ,orat4 i4 #a4 ,auctor1 almost identical with scriptor3 see on x4 #a1 #bd4 ,cp4 ,ep4 ad ,tryph4 #a legendis auctoribus qui sunt innumerabiles4 ,cultus ornatus3 x4 #a1 #abd2 #b1 #ag4 ,cp4 iii4 #h1 #eh in verbis cultum adfectaverunt3 xi4 #a1 #eh nitor et cultus4 ,cicero uses ornatus and nitor as applied to language3 ,orat4 #hj ornatus verborum1 #ac #d orationis4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bj1 #bc4 ,opinio is used for #8reputation' 7existimatio71 whether good or bad4 ,so x4 #e1 #ah 7where see note73 #g1 #ag3 cp4 xii4 #a1 #ab contemptu opinionis3 ii4 #ab1 #e adfert et ista res opinionem3 ix4 #b1 #gd veritus opinionem iactantiae3 iv4 #a1 #cc opinione adrogantiae laborare3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj ne opinio quidem et fama 444 aeque poetas quam oratores sequitur3 ,sen4 ,ep4 #gi1 #af4 ,in ,cicero it is found only with a genitive 7ad ,att4 #g1 #b opinio integritatis3 cp4 ,liv4 xlv4 #ch1 #f3 ,caes4 ,b4,g4 vii4 #ei1 #e3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ae71 or with an adjective 7,verr4 ii4 #c1 #bd falsam 444 malam opinionem74 ,opus frequently means #8branch1' #8department' in ,quintilian3 x4 #a1 #i 7where see note74 ,it is often identical with #8genus'3 e4g4 x4 #a1 #abc where they are used together1 quo in genere--in hoc opere4 ,cp4 iii4 #g1 #bh quamquam tres status omnes cadere in hoc opus 7laudativum genus7 possint4 ,valetudo1 always in the sense of #8bad health' in ,quintilian and contemporary writers4 ,if #8good health' is meant1 an adjective is used3 e4g4 x4 #c1 #bf bona valetudo3 vi4 #c1 #gg commodior valetudo4 ,with ,cicero it may mean either3 de ,fin4 v4 #hd bonum valetudo1 miser morbus3 de ,am4 #h quod in collegio nostro non adfuisses1 valetudinem respondeo causam3 ad ,fam4 iv4 #a1 #a3 in ,tusc4 iv4 #hj he has mala valetudo4 ,with ,quintilian's usage cp4 ,tac4 ,hist4 iii4 #b2 ,ann4 vi4 #ej3 ,suet4 ,claud4 #bf3 ,plin4 ,s4 #b1 #bj4 ,venus for venustas1 x4 #a1 #gi 7where see note72 ib4 #ajj4 ,this use of the word is poetical3 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #cbj2 ,car4 iv4 #ac1 #ag4 ,for venustas1 lepor occurs in ,cicero with the same meaning1 see de ,orat4 i4 #bdc3 ,or4 #if4 ,other points in connection with the use of substantives are referred to xlv in the notes3 e4g4 the periphrastic construction with vis or ratio and the gerund 7see on vim dicendi x4 #a1 #a73 the concrete use of certain nouns in the plural 7see on historias #ge3 cp4 lectiones #de73 the concrete use of abstract nouns 7e4g4 facilitatem #c #g3 profectus #e #ad3 cp4 silvarum amoenitas for silvae amoenae #c #bd74 ,the frequent occurrence of verbal nouns in -tor must also be noted3 in ,quint4 they have come to be used almost like adjectives or participles 7hortator x4 #c1 #bc3 offensator ib4 #bj71 and may1 like adjectives1 be compared by the aid of an adverb 7nimium amator #a #hh1 where see note7#fi4 ,,ii4 ,adjectives4 ,beatus 7abundans1 fecundus73 x4 #a1 #fa beatissima rerum verborumque copia1 where see note3 cp4 v4 #ad1 #ca beatissimi amnes4 ,cicero does not use beatus of things3 cp4 de ,rep4 ii4 #ai1 #cd abundantissimus amnis4 ,densus 7like pressus in ,cicero73 #fh1 #gc 7with notes71 densus et brevis et semper instans sibi ,thucydides3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #ei ,thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus4 ,so x4 #a1 #gf1 #ajf4 ,exactus3 x4 #b1 #ad exactissimo iudicio3 #g #cj exacti commentarii4 ,exactus bears the same relation to exigere as perfectus does to perficere1 with which exigere is1 in ,quintilian1 synonymous3 e4g4 i4 #e1 #b2 #i1 #b4 ,so ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #gb3 ,suet4 ,tib4 #ah3 ,plin4 ,ep4 #h1 #bc2 also ,m4 ,seneca1 and ,val4 ,max4 ,for exactus ,cicero used diligenter elaboratus 7,brut4 #cab7 or accuratus 7ad ,att4 xiii4 #de1 #c73 or perfectus 7de ,orat4 i4 #cd1 #ce74 ,expositus tritus1 communis3 x4 #e1 #aa voluptatem expositis dare3 ,iuv4 #g1 #ed vatem--qui nihil expositum soleat deducere1 hoc qui communi feriat carmen triviale moneta3 ,sen4 ,e4 #ee4 ,cicero has 7de ,orat4 i4 #ca1 #acg7 omnium communia et contrita praecepta4 ,incompositus3 x4 #a1 #ff rudis in plerisque et incompositus 7,aeschylus73 cp4 iv4 #e1 #aj2 ix4 #d1 #cb3 ,verg4 ,georg4 i4 #cej motus incompositos3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #a3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bf3 ,sen4 ,ep4 #dj1 #d3 ,liv4 xxiii4 #bg2 v4 #bh4 ,otiosus inutilis1 inanis4 ,see on x4 #a1 #gf tam nihil otiosum3 cp4 #b #ag4 ,so ,tac4 ,dial4 #dj3 ,plin4 ,s4 #aj1 #fb4 ,in ,cicero we have vacuus1 otio abundans1 ,brut4 #c3 ,n4,d4 iii4 #ci4 xlvi ,praecipuus1 used by itself1 see on x4 #a1 #id4 ,summus1 in sense of extremus3 x4 #a1 #ba1 where see note4 ,the usage is poetical3 cp4 ,plaut4 ,pers4 #cc2 ,asin4 #ecd3 ,verg4 ,aen4 ii4 #cbd venit summa dies3 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #a1 #a3 ,ovid ex ,pont4 iv4 #i1 #ei1 ,am4 iii4 #i1 #bg3 ,iuv4 i4 #e4 ,schmalz 7,ueber den ,sprachgebrauch des ,asinius ,pollio--,mnchen1 #ahij1 p4 #cf7 contends that this use is not ,ciceronian1 for while ,pollio writes summo ludorum die 7ad ,fam4 x4 #cb1 #c7 and ,caelius summis ,circensibus ludis 7ad ,fam4 viii4 #ab1 #c--,manutius3 extremis diebus ,circensium ludorum meorum71 ,cicero himself says 7ad ,fam4 vii4 #a1 #c7 extremus elephantorum dies fuit4 ,supinus ignavus 7as 1 p4 xliii4 above73 x4 #b1 #ag otiosi et supini3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #acg tarda et supina compositio3 ,iuv4 i4 #ff3 ,mart4 vi4 #db ,non attendis et aure supina ,iamdudum negligenter audis4 ,this word may have been used first by ,quintilian in this sense3 in ,cicero it is used of the body1 e4g4 de ,div4 i4 #ec1 #abj4 ,noticeable also1 and characteristic of his time1 is ,quintilian's use of plerique and plurimi1 the former having often the force of nonnulli1 plures1 multi 7x4 #a #bf1 #ca1 #cd1 #cg1 #ff1 #ajf3 #b #ac3 #c #af71 the latter losing its force as a superlative1 and standing generally for permulti 7x4 #a #ab1 #bb1 #bg1 #dj1 #di1 #eh1 #fj1 #fe1 #ha1 #ie1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aag1 #abh3 #b #f1 #ad1 #bd3 #f #a3 #g #ag74 ,nothing is more common in ,quintilian than the use of adjectives 7and participles7 in the place of nouns4#gj ,in some cases this arises from the actual omission of a noun1 which can readily be supplied to define the meaning of the adjective3 for example x4 #e1 #bj decretoriis 7sc4 armis7 exerceatur3 #a #ajj togatis 7sc4 fabulis7 excellit ,afranius3 #a #hh lascivus quidem in herois 7sc4 versibus7 quoque ,ovidius4 ,but in most cases there is no perceptible ellipse2 the general idea intended is contained in the adjective itself4 ,in the ,masculine and ,feminine only those adjectives can be used as nouns which express personal qualities1 as of character1 position1 reputation1 c43 the ,neuter denotes generally the properties of things1 mostly abstractions4 ,following the arrangement of ,dr4 ,hirt's paper1 we may cite examples from the ,tenth ,book as follows3-- ,the ,neuter ,adjective4 7#a7 ,the ,neuter singular used by itself3-- ,nom4 #c #bb secretum in dictando perit4 xlvii ,acc4 #c #cj faciat sibi cogitatio secretum4 ,gen4 #c #bg optimum secreti genus3 #cj amator secreti4 ,partitive genitives3 #f #a aliquid vacui3 dependent on adj4 #a #gi honesti studiosus4 ,dat43 occurs in other books3 e4g4 i4 pr4 #d proximum vero3 vi4 #c1 #ba contrarium serio4 ,abl4 #g #af cum stilus secreto gaudeat4 ,frequent instances occur in prepositional phrases1 with accusative and ablative3 these are mostly local1 and the great extension of the usage in post-,augustan times points to the influence of ,greek analogy 7 1 44474 ,examples are3 in altum #g #bh 7 in profundum73 e contrario #a #ai3 in deposito #c #cc3 in expedito #g #bd3 7vertere7 in ,latinum #e #b 7containing the idea of locality3 cp4 ex ,graeco73 ex integro #a #bj 7where see note73 in posterum #c #ad3 in publicum #g #a3 in universum #a #db3 in peius #b #af3 ex proximo #a #ac3 a summo #c #b3 ad ultimum #g #g2 ib4 #af3 ex ultimo ib4 #aj4 ,sometimes the adjective1 in addition to being used substantivally1 governs like a noun1 the genitive depending on it being always partitive3 e4g4 multum #a #hj1 #id1 #aae3 plus #a #gg1 #hf1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajf3 plurimum #a #fj1 #fe1 #ha1 #aag1 #abh2 #c #a2 #e #c1 #aj2 #f #a2 #g #ag3 minus #b #ab3 quantum #e #h4 ,and with a pronoun3 #g #bd promptum hoc et in expedito positum4 7#b7 ,the ,neuter ,plural4 ,instances need not be cited where adjectives are used substantivally in cases which can be recognised as neuter3 e4g4 #c #f scriptorum proxima4 ,quintilian gave a wide extension to the usage even where the case could not be recognised4 ,it can be detected most easily1 of course1 when the adjective is used alongside of nouns1 e4g4 #e #h sua brevitati gratia1 sua copiae1 alia translatis virtus1 alia propriis2 or when another adjective or pronoun is used in the nom4 or acc41 e4g4 #a #ce3 #c #cb novorum interpositione priora confundant3 #e #aa4 ,other instances 7of #bnd and #crd decl47 are #g #cj subitis ex tempore occurrant3 #e #a ex latinis3 #g #f ex diversis3 #a #ff in plerisque3 #e #aa varietatem similibus dare4 ,so with comparatives and superlatives3 #a #fc maioribus aptior3 #a #eh cum optimis satiati sumus1 varietas tamen nobis ex vilioribus grata sit3 #e #f certe proximis locus4 ,the ,masculine ,adjective4 7#a7 ,the ,masculine ,plural4 ,in the following places masculine adjectives are found together1 in the plural1 or else along with nouns3 #a #ga1 #abd1 #acj3 #b #ag3 #c #af3 #e #a4 xlviii ,single instances are 7,genitive7 veterum #a #ig1 #aah3 magnorum #a #be3 7,dative7 imperitis #g #ae3 antiquis #b #ag3 studiosis #a #de 7where see note3 ,cicero would have had dicendi1 or eloquentiae studiosis73 bonis #b #c3 7,accusative7 veteres #a #db3 posteros #a #aab1 #abj3 #b #f3 obvios #c #bi3 intentos #c #cc3 7,ablative7 ex nostris #a #aad3 ab antiquis #a #abf3 de novis #a #dj4 ,with the comparative #e #ai apud maiores3 #e #g priores3 superlative #a #eh confessione plurimorum4 ,in #a #abc we have one of the few instances of the addition of another adjective to an adjective doing duty for a noun--paucissimos adhuc eloquentes litterae ,romanae tulerunt4 7#b7 ,the ,masculine ,singular4 ,when the adjective can denote a class collectively1 it may be used as a noun3 this is quite frequent in ,quintilian1 as in most writers1 especially when the adjective stands near a substantive1 e4g4 perorare in adulterum1 aleatorem1 petulantem ii4 #d1 #bb4 ,the following are cases of the isolated use of the masculine singular3 7,genitive7 x4 #b1 #bf prudentis est3 7,accusative7 #b #c similem raro natura praestat3 #c #ai quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes4 ,the ,participle used as a ,noun4 7#a7 ,the ,neuter ,singular4 ,participles follow the analogy of the adjective4 ,in addition to those which have actually become nouns 7e4g4 responsum1 praeceptum1 promissum1 c471 ,quintilian uses several participles as nouns in a manner that is again an extension of classical usage4 ,so even with a pronoun1 or another adjective3 e4g4 #b #b ad propositum praescriptum3 #aa ad alienum propositum3 #e #ab decretum quoddam atque praeceptum3 #g #bd promptum hoc et in expedito positum4 7#b7 ,the ,neuter ,plural4 ,instances of the usual kind are too numerous to mention3 the participle in -us1 -a1 -um is found frequently in abl41 gen41 and dat4 ,not so common is the plural of the #crd decl43 #a #hf eminentibus vincimur3 #c #e nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus1 adhibeatur indicium inventis1 dispositio probatis4 7#c7 ,the ,perfect ,participle4 ,in regard to the masculine plural ,quintilian here follows the ,ciceronian usage1 according to which the participle is employed when a definite class of individuals is indicated1 and a qui clause when the description is more unrestricted4 ,instances of the participle are #a #aca robustis et xlix satis firmatis legendus3 #c #b #g occupatos in noctem necessitas agit3 #e #ag exercitatos2 rather more general is a conrogatis laudantur #a #ah4 ,the ,masculine ,singular is1 in classical ,latin1 generally found along with a substantive1 it being incorrect to use any such expression as1 for example1 manes occisi placare4 ,quintilian makes a very free use of this participle3 e4g4 i4 #b1 #bd reddebat victo certaminis polestatem3 v4 #ab1 #b spiculum in corpore occisi inventum est1 c4 7#d7 ,the ,future ,participle4 ,the use of this participle received a great extension in post-,augustan times4 ,the following are instances of its employment as a substantive3 i4 #d1 #ag non doceo1 sed admoneo docturos3 #ba liberum opinaturis relinquo3 and in the singular iv4 #a1 #eb hoc adicio ut dicturus intueatur quid1 apud quem dicendum sit4 7#e7 ,the ,present ,participle4 ,frequent as is the substantival use of this participle in all ,latin authors1 in none is it more frequent than in ,quintilian--generally in the ,gen4 and ,dat4 ,sing4 and ,plur41 not so common in the ,nom4 and ,acc4 ,pl41 and seldom in the ,abl4 and ,nom4 ,sing4 ,in some instances it is found alongside of a noun3 e4g4 #b #b3 #g #c4 ,the most common example of the ,gen4 ,sing41 standing alone1 is 7as might be expected from the subject-matter of the ,institutio7 discentis1 dicentis1 c41 e4g4 #a #f3 for the ,dative see #a #ag1 #bd1 #cj3 ,accusative #a #bj3 ,ablative #a #ae 7intellegere sine demonstrante73 eminentibus #a #hf3 cp4 illis 444 recipientibus #e #ab4 ,in the plural1 the ,genitive and ,dative are equally common3 for the ,nominative may be quoted #b #ae imitantes3 for the ,accusative #a #af3 #b #bf3 #c #be4 ,,iii4 ,pronouns4 ,ipse follows the usual rules4 ,for an interesting point in connection with its use1 see on #b #ae4 ,it is often used as per se1 e4g4 #a #aag3 #c #ba3 often with pronouns1 e4g4 vel hoc ipso 7 7 #a #ge1 cp4 #e #h4 ,for et ipse see note on #a #ca4 ,hic seems frequently to be used with reference to the circumstances of the writer's own times3 e4g4 #a #dc recens haec lascivia3 and probably also #g #ca hanc brevem adnotationem4 7,this is certainly the case with ille3 e4g4 illis dictandi deliciis #c #ah3 ille laudantium clamor #a #ag47 ,it has been suggested that in some cases the manuscripts may be wrong3 e4g4 #a #f ex his 7for ex iis873 but cp4 #a #be1 #cc1 #dj1 c4 ,such instances of a preference for hic over is come under ,priscian's rule 7xvi4 #eh71 ,hic l non solum de praesente verum etiam de absente possumus dicere1 ad intellectum referentes demonstrativum4 ,the conjunction of nullus and non 7 quisque1 omnis7 is common in ,quintilian and ,suetonius3 #g #be nullo non tempore et loco3 cp4 iii4 #f1 #g3 ix4 #d1 #hc3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #cb2 ,tib4 #ff2 ,nero #af1 c43 ,mart4 #h1 #bj4 ,quicunque has in ,quintilian completely acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun3 see on #a #ab2 #aje4 ,quilibet unus 7#a #a7 does not occur in ,cicero3 cp4 i4 #ab1 #g3 v4 #aj1 #aag4 ,ut qui is frequently found in place of the ,ciceronian quippe qui1 utpote qui3 see on #a #ee4 ,,iv4 ,verbs4 ,an instance of the use of simple for compound verbs 7frequent in ,quintilian and the ,silver ,age generally1 and a mark of the #8poetization' of ,latin prose7 occurs #a #ii licet ,caecilium veteres laudibus ferant3 see note ad loc41 and cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 viii4 #ah1 #c3 ,suet4 ,oth4 #ab1 ,vesp4 #f4 ,in ,cicero we have efferre laudibus1 de ,am4 #bd3 de ,off4 ii4 #cf3 de ,orat4 iii4 #eb4 ,so elsewhere in ,quintilian finire for definire1 solari for consolari1 spargere for dispergere1 c4 ,examples of a change in the meaning of verbs common to ,cicero and ,quintilian are the following3-- ,componere occurs now in the sense of sedare1 placare3 e4g4 ix4 #d1 #ab ut1 si quid fuisset turbidiorum cogitationum1 componerent3 iii4 #d1 #ae concitando componendisve adfectibus 7,cicero1 de ,orat4 i4 #bjb motum dicendo vel excitare vel sedare73 cp4 x4 #a1 #aai ,vibius ,crispus compositus et iucundus1 whereas ,cicero has 7,or4 #agf7 ,isocrates est in ipsis numeris sedatior4 ,so ,pollio1 ad ,fam4 x4 #cc1 #c has the phrase bellum componere3 cp4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #h componere litem3 ,verg4 ,aen4 iv4 #cda componere curas--both at the end of a hexameter3 ,tac4 ,hist4 iv4 #ej3 ,suet4 ,caes4 #d4 ,digerere concoquere3 see #a #ai4 ,for concoquere in ,cicero1 see de ,fin4 ii4 #fd3 de ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #bd1 #abd1 #acf4 ,praedicere antea1 supra dicere3 see on #a #gd4 ,recipere probare 773 #g #ca1 and often4 ,vacat3 used impersonally #a #eh1 #ij3 cp4 i4 #ab1 #ab4 ,this usage is not found in ,cicero4 ,v4 ,adverbs4 ,abunde is often found along with adjectives and adverbs1 to increase their force3 #a #be abunde similes 7where see note73 #ajd elatum abunde spiritum4 ,it has something of the emphasis of ,cicero's satis superque4 ,adhuc occurs very frequently with a comparative3 see on #a #ga 7plus adhuc7 and #ii4 ,it is often used also 7as in ,livy and others7 of li past time1 when it eo etiam tempore1 or etiam tum3 e4g4 scholae adhuc operatum #c #ac3 cp4 i4 #h1 #b3 #b #bg4 ,alioqui has different uses in ,quintilian1 as in ,tacitus4 7#a7 ,it occurs pretty much as in ,greek1 with very little of an antithesis3 e4g4 #a #fd ,simonides1 tenuis alioqui1 sermone proprio et iucunditate commendari potest3 #c #cb expertus iuvenem1 studiosum alioqui1 praelongos habuisse sermones1 c4 7,there is a definite antithesis in what seems to be the corresponding usage in ,tacitus1 when alioqui is opposed to an adverb of time3 e4g1 ,ann4 iii4 #h cum incallidus alioqui et facilis iuventa senilibus tum artibus uteretur3 xiii4 #bj ingreditur ,paris1 solitus alioquin id temporis luxus principis intendere1 sed tunc compositus ad maestitiam47 7#b7 ,it is equivalent to praeterea1 #8besides'3 #c #ac in eloquentia ,galliarum 444 princeps1 alioqui inter paucos disertus4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #aa ordo alioqui sceleris 444 patefactus est4 ,this sense is an easy transition from #8for the rest4' ,the instance in #a #abh 7cuius et multae alioqui et magnae virtutes fuerunt7 seems to fall also under this head1 unless it means #8apart from' the doubtful compliments they paid him 7,seneca7 by imitating him3 cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cg validus alioqui spernendis honoribus4 7#c7 ,alioqui stands for #8otherwise1' #8in the opposite case1' either with a si clause1 as #c #af immutescamus alioqui si nihil dicendum videatur3 #cj quid alioqui fiet 444 si particulas1 c43 or without1 #f #f alioqui vel extemporalem temeritatem malo quam male cohaerentem cogitationem4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #ch3 xi4 #f4 ,certe stands for quidem when the point of the sentence is reinforced by an illustration3 #f #d ,cicero certe 444 tradidit3 cp4 xii4 #a1 #dc3 vi4 #b1 #c4 ,demum1 which in classical ,latin is an adverb of time 7#8lastly'71 stands in ,quintilian1 and other writers of the ,silver ,age1 for tantum1 dumtaxat1 the idea of time having disappeared3 #a #dd pressa demum et tenuia1 where see note3 cp4 #c #ac3 #f #e4 ,with pronouns it is frequently used1 for emphasis1 like adeo3 e4g4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #aca sed hi loci ei demum oratori prodesse possunt1 qui est versatus in rebus vel usu4 ,interim often stands for interdum1 as #a #i1 where see note4 ,at #c #cc we have interim 444 interim for modo 444 modo1 as also i4 #g1 #aa3 interim 444 interdum vi4 #b1 #ab3 interim 444 non numquam 444 saepe iv4 #e1 #bj3 semper 444 interim ii4 #a1 #a4 ,longe and multum are both used with comparatives1 instead of multo3 e4g4 longe clarius #a #fg 7where see note73 multum tersior 77 #a #id 7note74 ,mox is used in enumerations in place of deinde3 #f #c primum--tum--mox3 cp4 i4 #b1 #bi primum--mox3 ib4 #i1 #b primum--mox--tum4 ,nec ne quidem3 #c #g alioqui nec scriberentur4 ,cp4 ix4 #b1 #fg quod in foro non expedit1 illic nec liceat iv4 #b1 #ic3 v4 #aj1 #hf4 lii ,non occurs with the #ast pers4 plur4 7#c #af1 cp4 #c #e7 and #crd pers4 sing4 #b #bg where see note1 7also after dum xii4 #aj1 #dh and modo iii4 #aa1 #bd7 where ,cicero would have had ne3 cp4 i4 #a1 #ai non ergo perdamus3 ib4 #e non adsuescat ergo4 ,cp4 utinam non #ajj3 and see note on #b #bg4 ,non nisi4 ,these particles 7non1 nisi7 are used together with the force of an adverb1 #a #bd 7where see note73 #c #bi4 ,cp4 ,ov4 ,tr4 iii4 #ab1 #cf4 ,olim is never used by ,cicero of future time1 as #a #id and #ajd 7where see note74 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,panegyr4 #ae4 ,plane1 though common enough in classical ,latin1 as in ,quintilian1 with verbs and adjectives1 is not found so often in conjunction with other adverbs4 ,there may be a touch of colloquialism about such a phrase as ut plane manifesto appareat #a #ec3 cp4 ,pollio1 in ,cic4 ad ,fam4 x4 #cb1 #a plane bene3 ad ,att4 xiii4 #f1 #b3 plane belle ib4 xii4 #cg1 #a4 ,protinus has its usual meaning 7statim7 in #c #e 7where it is best taken with gaudeamus1 not with offerentibus73 cp4 #g #ba4 ,its employment to denote logical consequence is noted at #a #c3 cp4 ib4 #db4 ,saltem is often used for quidem and neque saltem for ne quidem3 #b #ae nec vero saltem iis1 c41 where see note3 cp4 i4 #a1 #bd neque enim mihi illud saltem placet4 ,sicut 7ut7 444 ita4 ,this formula is especially common in ,quintilian1 either with or without a negative3 see on #a #a1 and cp4 #c1 #ad1 #gb3 ix4 #b1 #hh1 c4 ,ubicumque1 like quicumque1 has become an indefinite3 e4g4 #g #bh quidquid loquemur ubicumque4 ,the more classical use is found at #a #e and #aj4 ,utique3 see note on #a #bj4 ,utrimque is used not of place1 but of the #8opposite sides' of a question3 #e #bj causas utrimque tractet3 #a #aca3 cp4 v4 #aj1 #ha3 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #ah1 #i3 ,tac4 ,hist4 i4 #ad4 ,velut occurs more commonly than either quasi or tamquam in comparisons3 see on #a #e velut opes quaedam1 and cp4 #ah1 #fa3 #c #c3 #e #ag3 #g #a4 ,so also #g #f ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce4 ,,vi4 ,prepositions4 ,ab for #8on leaving1' as in the poets and ,livy3 #e #ag ne ab illa1 in qua consenuerunt1 umbra discrimina velut quendam solem reformident3 cp4 xi4 #c1 #bb3 i4 #f1 #be3 ,ov4 ,met4 iv4 #cbi3 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 xiv4 #g1 #i4 ,so in ,homer1 ,il4 viii4 #ec 1 4 ,circa does duty in ,quintilian for in1 de1 ad1 erga1 c43 cp4 the use of 1 with the acc4 in ,greek4 ,so #a #eb utiles circa praecepta sententiae3 see note ad loc4 liii ,citra very often stands for sine or praeter3 e4g4 citra lectionis exemplum #a #b1 where see note3 cp4 i4 #d1 #d neque citra musicen grammatice potest esse perfecta4 ,in ,cicero citra is used only of place4 ,the following prepositional expressions should also be noted3-- ,ante omnia primum #a #c3 #b #d3 #g #f4 ,in #a #c we have ante omnia1 proximum1 novissimum3 cp4 iv4 #b1 #eb ante omnia1 deinde3 iii4 #i1 #f ante omnia1 deinde1 tum1 postremo4 ,cum eo quod is used as a transition formula for the ,ciceronian accedit quod4 ,a certain case of this usage occurs xii4 #aj1 #dg3 the instance at x4 #g1 #ac has been challenged1 but see the note4 ,ex integro4 ,quintilian prefers the use of ex in such phrases to de3 e4g4 x4 #a #bj 7where see note73 ex industria ib43 and so ex abundanti1 ex professo1 ex pari1 c41 elsewhere4 ,inter paucos1 #8as few have ever been'3 #c #ac inter paucos disertus4 ,per quae 7quod7 of agency or instrument3 #a #hg in iis per quae nomen est adsecutus4 ,propter quae 7quod7 for quam ob rem1 especially in transitions3 see on #a #aj4 ,praeter id quod for praeterquam quod3 see on #a #bh4 ,sine dubio4 ,the use of this phrase at #a #ea may possibly be an instance of the peculiarity noted by ,spalding on i4 #f1 #ab1 where he points out that ,quintilian frequently makes it stand for quidem1 in clauses where the idea is by sine dubio made of less account than some other statement immediately following1 and introduced by tamen or sed 7as i4 #f1 #ab and #ad74 ,examples are v4 #g1 #bh sine dubio 444 tamen3 v4 #aj1 #ec and viii4 #c1 #fg sine dubio 444 sed4 ,applying this to x4 #a1 #ea ,verum hic omnes sine dubio et in omni genere eloquentiae procul a se reliquit1 epicos tamen praecipue1 we might bring out the construction by rendering1 #8,but while of course 7or #8to be sure'7 ,homer has out-distanced all rivals1 in every kind of eloquence1 it is the epic poets whom he leaves furthest behind4' ,cp4 on #c #ae4 ,,vii4 ,conjunctions4 ,under this head may come ,adde quod1 a phrase which occurs seven times in ,quintilian1 five times in the ,tenth ,book3 #a #c1 #af3 #b #aj1 #aa1 #ab3 xii4 #a1 #d and #aa1 #bi4 ,schmalz 7,ueber den ,sprachgebrauch des ,asinius ,pollio7 remarks that it must be ranked rather with ,pollio ad ,fam4 x4 #ca1 #d 7adde huc quod71 where quod is to be taken as a conjunction1 than with ,cic4 ad ,att4 vi4 #a1 #g1 ad ,fam4 xiii4 #da1 #a 7addo etiam illud quod71 and ad ,fam4 xvi4 #af1 #a 7adde hoc quod71 where quod is a relative referring to the foregoing demonstrative4 ,the phrase is originally liv poetical3 it is found in ,attius1 frequently in ,lucretius 7i4 #hdg3 iii4 #hbg3 iv4 #aaac71 in the ,satires and ,epistles of ,horace1 and over and over again in ,ovid3 ,vergil seems to avoid it4 ,pollio probably introduced it into prose1 and from him it passed to others3 ,schmalz refers to ,plin4 ,ep4 viii4 #ad1 #c3 iii4 #ad1 #f3 ,sen4 #dj1 #d3 ,symmach4 #b1 #g3 #d1 #ga3 ,fronto1 p4 #ib ,n4 ,cum interim #8though all the time4' ,see note on #a #ah3 cp4 ,,iii4 ,dum 444 non stands for dummodo 444 non #c #g3 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #dh4 ,the usage is poetical4 ,dummodo does not occur in ,quintilian4 ,enim occurs1 conformably to classical usage1 in the third place after a word preceded by a preposition3 e4g4 ad profectum enim #c #ae3 and so frequently after sum1--#b #aj necesse est enim3 #a #ad3 #g #ae1 #bd3 #b #ai4 ,but nihil enim est #a #gh1 where ,krger suggests nihil enim inest4 ,etsi4 ,as it is generally stated that etsi does not occur in ,quintilian it may be well to include it here4 ,instances are i4 pr4 #ai3 i4 #e1 #bh3 v4 #ac1 #c3 ix4 i1 #ai4 ,ideoque is constantly used for itaque4 ,see note on #a #ba4 ,licet etsi1 as sometimes in ,cicero3 #a #ii3 ii4 #b1 #h and passim4 ,quamlibet and quamquam4 ,quintilian uses these words 7in clauses which contain no verb7 along with adjectives1 participles1 and adverbs3 #c #ai nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato3 cp4 viii4 #f1 #d oratione quamlibet clara3 xii4 #h1 #g quamlibet verbose3 xi4 #a1 #cd quamquam plena sanguinis4 ,a similar use of quamvis is less uncommon in other writers3 cp4 #a #gd quamvis bonorum3 ib4 #id quamvis uno libra 7where see note74 ,see ,madvig on ,cic4 de ,fin4 v4 #fh4 ,quia is sometimes used where quod 7eo quod7 might have been expected3 #a #ae hoc sunt exempla potentiora 444 quia3 cp4 #e #ad ,declamationes vero 444 sunt utilissimae quia 7,halm7 inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent4 ,so i4 #f1 #ci nam et auctoritatem antiquitatis habent 7sc4 verba a vetustate repetita7 et1 quia intermissa sunt1 gratiam novitati similem parant4 ,cp4 non quia non 7with the subjunctive7 x4 #g1 #ai and #ca3 so ii4 #b1 #b3 iv4 #a1 #e1 #fe3 viii4 #c1 #db3 ix4 #a1 #bc2 #d1 #bj4 ,quoque often occurs alongside of an adjective1 to increase its force1 where older writers would have had vel or etiam3 #a #bj ex industria quoque3 #b #ad in magnis quoque auctoribus3 cp4 #a #aba ceterum interceptus quoque magnum sibi vindicat locum3 ii4 ,,ii1 ,i exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum4 ,quotiens cum3 #d #c3 #g #bi4 ,cp4 iv4 #a1 #gf3 viii4 #c1 #ee4 ,for the rest1 ,quintilian's style cannot be called artistic4 ,it is indeed generally clear and simple3 instances of obscurity are very often traceable to the #8insanabilis error' in the old text1 of which ,leonardo wrote lv to ,poggio1 and which the progress of criticism has done so much to remedy4 ,it is also free from all bombast and excessive embellishment4 ,but there is little of the graceful and ample movement of the ,ciceronian period3 the sentence often halts1 as it were1 there are frequent instances of harsh expression1 and the periods are awkwardly constructed4 ,quintilian was not an artist in style4 ,probably the technicalities of his subject kept him from thinking too much of such matters as rhythm1 cadence1 and harmony4 ,his main object was to say clearly and directly what he wanted to say1 without laying too great stress on the form in which it was cast4 ,the leading thought is generally stated at once1 and everything subordinate to it is left to take care of itself4 ,hence it is that causal clauses are allowed to come dragging in at the end of a sentence 7x4 #b #ac and #bc71 and adjectival or attributive clauses stand by themselves in a position of remarkable isolation 7vel ob hoc memoria dignum #a #hj3 rebus tamen acuti magis quam1 c4 #a #hd3 cp4 #he1 #ie1 #ajc74 ,relative sentences also are introduced in a detached sort of fashion 7#a #hj3 #b #bh74 ,the thought is sometimes hard to follow 7as notably in the opening sections of the ,tenth ,book3 cp4 #b #ac and #bj1 #ba2 #g #g71 because the composition is not framed as a harmonious whole3 the transition particles are loosely used 7see on nam #a #ab3 cp4 #ej1 #g #ca3 quidem #a #hh71 and are sometimes wanting altogether1 especially in the case of figures suddenly and abruptly introduced 7see on #a #d3 cp4 #g #a74 ,instances of a more or less artificial striving after variety of expression are often met with3 e4g4 #a #cf1 #da1 #hc1 #ajb4 ,in the order of words there is sometimes the same departure from customary usage 7#a #aji1 #b #ag71 especially in the case of proper names 7#a #hf ,afro ,domitio for ,domitio ,afro3 cp4 ,atacinus ,varro #hg3 ,bassus ,aufidius #ajc7ga4 ,constructions frequently occur3 #a #fe3 #aje3 #g #be4 ,under this head may be included the omission of the subject3 #a #g congregat3 #ff permiserunt3 #g #d malit 444 possit3 and of words to be supplied from the context1 #a #ef congerentes3 #a #g solitos3 #a #ajg quibus nihil ille3 #a #abc qui ubique3 #b #bd3 #c #be4 ,in the same way esse is frequently omitted for the sake of brevity3 #a #ag1 #ff1 #ij3 #d #a3 #e #f3 #g #g1 #bc4 ,lastly there are frequent instances of inadvertent and negligent repetition3 #a #h1 #i1 #bc1 #id1 #aca3 #b #aa-ab3 #e #f-g3 #g #bc3 cp4 on #b #bc4 ,among minor peculiarities of idiom are 7#a7 ,an almost excessive fondness for the use of the perfect subjunctive3 #a #ad dixerim3 #bf lvi maluerim3 #cg fuerit1 where see note3 so even ut non dixerim 7ne dicam7 #a #gg and ut sic dixerim #b #ae4 7#b7 ,the use of the future indicative in dependent clauses3 see on sciet #a #d1 and cp4 #b #bf1 #bh3 #c #bh3 #g #bh3 also as a mild imperative1 #a #eh revertemur3 #c #ah sequemur2 #b #a renuntiabit3 #bc aptabimus4 7#c7 ,the frequent use of the infinitive in constructions which are characteristic of the ,silver ,age3 7a7 with verbs1 as meruit credi #a #gb3 qui esse docti adfectant #ig3 optandum 444 fieri #abg3 si consequi utrumque non dabitur #g #bb3 opponere verear #a #aja3 intermittere veremur #g #bf3 cp4 expertus iuvenem 444 habuisse #c #cb3 for dubitare see on #a #gc3 7b7 with adjectives1 legi dignus #a #if3 contentum id consequi #b #g4 7#d7 ,the substantival use of the gerund1 ceteraque genera probandi ac refutandi #a #di3 lex orandi #a #gf3 inveniendi #fi3 sive acumine disserendi sive eloquendi facultate #a #ha3 cp4 loquendi #hc3 eloquendo #ajf3 nascendi #c #d3 saliendi #c #f3 ib4 iaculando3 adiciendo #c #cb3 emendandi #d #b3 cogitandi #g #be4 7#e7 ,quamquam with subjunctive #a #cc3 #b #ba3 #g #ag3 forsitan with indic4 #b #aj3 c4 ,among the figures of syntax may be mentioned 7#a7 ,anaphora1 or the repetition of the same word at the beginning of several clauses3 e4g4 nulla varietas1 nullus adfectus1 nulla persona1 nulla cuiusquam sit oratio #a #ee3 cp4 #a #ii1 #aae1 #acj3 #b #b3 #c #c 7illic radices1 illic fundamenta sunt1 illic opes1 c473 #i1 #bi3 #e #b1 #h3 #f #a2 7#b7 ,asyndeton3 e4g4 facere quam optime1 quam facillime possit #a #d3 #b #af3 #f #f3 #g #g1 #bf2 7#c7 ,chiasmus3 #e #ad 7alitur--renovatur7 and #ae 7ne carmine--reficiuntur73 #g #ae4 ,the frequent occurrence of figures taken from the gladiatorial arena or the field of battle may be made the subject of a concluding paragraph#gb4 ,it is in keeping with the martial character of the ,romans that there is no more fertile source of metaphor in their literature than the art of war1 which was indeed their favourite pursuit2 just as the ,greeks drew their images from nothing more readily than from the sea and those maritime occupations in which they were so much at home4 ,it is generally to what is most familiar both to himself and to those whom he is addressing that a speaker or writer has recourse in order to enforce his meaning4 ,both ,cicero and ,quintilian had lived through troublous times1 and it is little wonder that even in the quiet repose of their rhetorical treatises we should frequently meet with phrases and illustrations in which we seem to hear the noise of battle4 ,and under the ,flavian emperors the less serious combats in the ,coliseum had come to be looked upon as great national lvii entertainments4 ,hence it was natural to picture the orator1 whose main object is to win persuasion1 as one striving for the mastery with weapons appropriate to the warfare he is waging4 ,no greater compliment can be found to pay to ,julius ,caesar than to say that #8he spoke as he fought'3 tanta in eo vis est1 id acumen1 ea concitatio1 ut illum eodem animo dixisse quo bellavit appareat1 x4 #a1 #aad4 ,the orator must always be on the alert1--ever #8ready for battle1' in procinctu #a #b 7where see note73 if he cannot take prompt action1 he might as well remain in camp1--nullum erit1 si tam tardum fuerit1 auxilium #d #d4 ,his style must be appropriate to the matter in hand3 id quoque vitandum ne in oratione poetas nobis et historicos 444 imitandos putemus4 ,sua cuique proposito lex1 suus cuique decor est #b #ba-b4 ,victory must ever be the end in view1--victory in what is a real combat1 not a sham fight3 #a #bi-cj nos vero armatos stare in acie et summis de rebus decernere et ad victoriam niti3 #b #bg quam omnia1 etiam quae delectationi videantur data1 ad victoriam spectent3 #a #gi ,isocrates 444 palaestrae quam pugnae magis accommodatus3 #a #ca totum opus 7historia7 non ad actum rei pugnamque praesentem1 sed ad memoriam posteritatis et ingenii famam componitur4 ,the orator must have all the wiry vigour of an experienced campaigner1 and his weapons ought not to be made for show3 #a #cc dum 444 meminerimus non athletarum toris sed militum lacertis opus esse1 nec versicolorem illam1 qua ,demetrius ,phalereus dicebatur uti1 vestem bene ad forensem pulverem facere3 #a #cj ,neque ego arma squalere situ ac rubigine velim1 sed fulgorem in iis esse qui terreat1 qualis est ferri1 quo mens simul visusque praestringitur1 non qualis auri argentique1 imbellis et potius habenti periculosus3 cp4 #a #fj cum validae tum breves vibrantesque sententiae1 plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum3 #a #gg carnis tamen plus habet 7,aeschines7 minus lacertorum3 #b #ab quo fit ut minus sanguinis ac virium declamationes habeant quam orationes3 #a #aae verum sanguinem perdidisse4 ,as soon as possible he must add practice to theory3 #a #d1 cp4 #e #ai-bj 7iuvenis7 iudiciis intersit quam plurimis et sit certaminis cui destinatur frequens spectator 444 et1 quod in gladiatoribus fieri videmus1 decretoriis exerceatur3 #c #c vires faciamus ante omnia1 quae sufficiant labori certaminum et usu non exhauriantur4 ,his whole activity is that of the battle-field3 whether he is for the prosecution or the defence1 he must either overcome his adversary or succumb to him3 cp4 #a #ajf pugnat ille 7,demosthenes7 acumine semper1 hic 7,cicero7 frequenter et pondere3 #abj ut esset multo magis pugnans4 ,and he must not linger too long over preparatory exercises1 otherwise his armour will rust and his joints lose their suppleness3 #e #af nam si nobis sola materia fuerit ex litibus1 necesse est deteratur fulgor et durescat articulus et ipse ille mucro ingenii cotidiana pugna retundatur4 lviii ,v4 ,manuscripts4 ,in this final section of the ,introduction1 links have been omitted because they would have been more distracting than useful4 ,considerable interest attaches to the study of the manuscripts of ,quintilian1 the oldest of which may be grouped in three main divisions3 7#a7 the complete manuscripts1 7#b7 the incomplete1 and 7#c7 the mixed4 ,the most important representative of the first class is the ,codex ,ambrosianus1 a manuscript of the #ajth or #aath century1 now at ,milan4 ,as we have it now1 it is unfortunately in a mutilated condition1 nearly a fourth part of the folios having been lost 7from ix4 #d1 #ace argumenta acria et cit4 to xii4 #aa1 #bb antiquitas ut possit74 ,halm secured a new and trustworthy collation of this ,,ms41 distinguishing carefully between the original text and the readings of the second hand4 ,although now in the defective condition above indicated1 the ,ambrosianus must have been originally complete4 ,in this it differs from the representatives of the second family of ,,mss41 the most valuable member of which--the ,bernensis--is of even greater importance for the constitution of the text than the ,ambrosianus1 at least in those parts which it contains4 ,it is the oldest of all the known manuscripts of ,quintilian1 belonging to the #ajth century4 ,the peculiarity which it shares with the other members of its family is that it contains certain great lacunae1 which must have existed also in the manuscript from which it was copied1 as they are indicated in the ,bernensis by blank spaces4 ,the size of the first lacuna varies with the fortunes of the particular codex3 in the ,bernensis it extends from the beginning to #b #e 7licet1 et nihilo minus74 ,the others are identical in all cases3 v4 #ad1 #ab--viii4 #c1 #fd3 viii4 #f1 #ag--viii4 #f1 #fg3 ix4 #c1 #b--x4 #a1 #ajg 7nulla contentio73 xi4 #a1 #ga--xi4 #b1 #cc3 and xii4 #aj1 #dc to the end4 ,to the same family as the ,bernensis belongs the ,bambergensis ,a1 which was directly copied from the ,bernensis not long after the latter had been written3 it also is of the #ajth century4 ,but inasmuch as in the ,bambergensis the great lacunae were1 at a very early date1 filled in by another hand 7,bambergensis ,g#gc71 this manuscript may now rank in the third group1 where it became the parent1 as ,i hope to show below1 of the lix ,harleianus 7#bffd71 and through the ,harleianus of the ,florentinus1 ,turicensis1 and an innumerable company of others4 ,besides reproducing ,bambergensis ,g1 these ,,mss4 follow for the most part the readings introduced by a later hand 7called by ,halm b7 into the original ,bambergensis ,a4 ,a recent examination of the ,bambergensis has suggested a doubt whether the readings known as b1 which are often of a very faulty character1 can have been derived from the same codex as ,g4 ,halm's critical edition of ,quintilian is founded1 in the main1 on the manuscripts above mentioned1 with a few examples of the #aeth century for the parts where he had only the ,ambrosianus and the ,bambergensis ,g1 or the latter exclusively1 to rely on4 ,since the date of the publication of his text 7#ahfh7 great progress has been made with the critical study of ,quintilian4 ,in #ahge ,,mm4 ,chatelain and le ,coultre published a collation of the ,nostradamensis 7see below71 the main results of which have been incorporated in ,meister's edition 7#ahhf-hg74 ,and in a critical edition of the ,first ,book of the ,institutio 7#ahij7 ,m4 ,ch4 ,fierville has given a most complete account of all the continental manuscripts1 drawing for the purpose on a previous work in which he had already shown proof of his interest in the subject 7,de ,quintilianeis ,codicibus1 #ahgd74 ,there can be little doubt that ,halm's critical instinct guided him aright in attaching supreme importance to the ,bernensis 7with ,bambergensis ,a71 the ,ambrosianus1 and ,bambergensis ,g4 ,but much has been derived from some manuscripts of which he took no account1 and there is one in particular1 which has hitherto been strangely overlooked1 and to which prominence is accordingly given in this edition4 ,before proceeding to deal with it1 ,i shall annex here a brief notice of the various ,,mss4 which figure in the ,critical ,notes1 grouped in one or other of the three divisions given above4 ,an editor of the ,tenth ,book of the ,institutio is especially bound to travel outside the rather narrow range of ,halm's critical edition1 as so much of the existing text 7down to #a #ajg7 has been based mainly on ,bambergensis ,g alone4 ,in addition to collating1 for the purposes of this edition1 such ,,mss4 as the ,ioannensis at ,cambridge1 the ,bodleianus and ,balliolensis at ,oxford1 and the very important ,harleian codex1 referred to above1 ,i have also carefully compared eight #aeth century manuscripts in the hope 7which the ,critical ,appendix will show to have been not entirely disappointed7 of gleaning something new4 ,this part of the present work may be regarded as supplementing1 for this country1 what ,m4 ,ch4 ,fierville has already so laboriously accomplished for the manuscripts of the ,continent4 ,of the first family1 the outstanding example is the ,ambrosianus4 ,the resemblances between it and ,bambergensis ,g are sufficient to show that lx the manuscript from which the latter was copied probably belonged to the same class4 ,but this manuscript1 which must have been complete 7like the ,ambrosianus originally71 has altogether disappeared3 one of the great objects for extending the study of the ,,mss4 of ,quintilian beyond the limits observed by ,halm is the hope of being able to distinguish between such examples as may seem 7like the ,dorvilianus at ,oxford7 to preserve some of the traditions of the family1 and those whose origin may be clearly traced back to ,bambergensis ,a and ,g4 ,for all the complete ,,mss4 of ,quintilian in existence must be derived either from this family or from the mixed group of which the ,bambergensis1 in its present form1 seems to be the undoubted original4 ,in the second group we must include1 not much inferior to the ,bernensis1 the ,parisinus ,nostradamensis 7,n7 ,bibl4 ,nat4 fonds latin #ahebg4 ,it is an independent transcript in all probability of the incomplete ,,ms4 from which the ,bernensis was copied1 and as such has a distinct value of its own4 ,it is ascribed to the #ajth century4 ,for the readings of this codex ,i have been able to compare a collation made by ,m4 ,fierville in #ahgb1 with that published by ,,mm4 ,chatelain and le ,coultre in #ahge4 ,then there is the ,codex ,ioannensis 7in the library of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge71 a recent examination of which has shown me that the account given of it by ,spalding 7vol4 ii4 pr4 p4 #d7 must be amended in some particulars4 ,in its present condition it begins with constaret 7i4 #b1 #c71 but a portion of the first page has been cut away for the sake of the ornamental letter3 originally the ,,ms4 must have begun at the beginning of the second chapter1 like the ,nostradamensis1 the ,vossiani #a and #b1 the ,codex ,puteanus1 and ,parisinus #ggba 7see ,fierville1 p4 #afe74 ,again1 the reading at xi4 #b1 #cc is clearly multiplici1 not ut duplici1 and in this it agrees with the ,montpellier ,,ms4 7,pithoeanus71 which is known to be a copy 7#aath century7 of the ,bernensis 7see ,m4 ,bonnet in ,revue de ,phil4 #ahhg74 ,a remarkable feature about this ,,ms4 is the number of inversions which the writer sets himself to make in the text4 ,these ,i have not included in the ,critical ,notes1 but some of them may be subjoined here1 as they may help to establish the derivation of this manuscript4 ,the codex from which it was copied must have been illegible in parts3 this is probably the explanation of such omissions 7the space being left blank7 as tum in ipsis in x4 #b1 #ad1 and virtutis ib4 #ae4 ,it is written in a very small and neat hand1 with no contemporary indication of the great lacunae1 and may be ascribed to the #acth century4 ,it agrees generally with the ,bernensis1 though there are striking resemblances also to the ,pratensis 7see p4 lxiii and note74 ,among the inversions referred to are the following3--x4 #c1 #a sic etiam utilitatis1 for sic utilitatis etiam3 ib4 #cj oratione continua1 for continua oratione3 #e #h alia propriis alia translatis virtus1 for alia lxi translatis virtus alia propriis3 #g #ba stultis eruditi1 for stulti eruditis3 ib4 #bh solum summum1 for summum solum4 ,some of these peculiarities 7e4g4 the inversion at #e #h7 it shares with the ,leyden ,,mss4--the ,vossiani i4 and iii41 a collation of which is given in ,burmann's edition3 these codices ,m4 ,fierville assigns to that division of his first group in which the ,nostradamensis heads the list 7see below1 p4 lxiv74 ,i may note also the readings viderit bona et invenit 7 #b #bj71 which ,ioan4 shares with ,voss4 iii43 potius libertas ista 7 #c #bd7 ,ioan4 and ,voss4 i42 ubertate--for libertate--7 #e #ae7 ,ioan4 ,voss4 i4 and iii4 ,to the same family belongs the ,codex ,salmantinus1 a #abth or #acth century manuscript in the library of the ,university of ,salamanca4 ,m4 ,fierville1 who kindly placed at my disposal his collation of the ,tenth ,book1 thinks it must have been indirectly derived from the ,bernensis4 ,he notes some hundred variants in which it differs from the ,nostradamensis 7most of them being the errors of a copyist71 and some thirty-seven places in which1 while differing from the ,nostradamensis1 it agrees with the ,bernensis and the ,bambergensis4 ,this ,,ms4 also gives ubertate in #e #ae 3 it agrees in showing the important reading alte refossa in #c #b 3 and resembles the ,ioannensis in certain minor omissions1 e4g4 certa before necessitate in #e #ae 3 idem before laborandum in #g #d 3 et before consuetudo in #g #h 3 cp4 subiunctura sunt for subiuncturus est #g #i 4 ,for other coincidences see the ,critical ,appendix4 ,in the same group must be included two ,,mss4 of first-class importance for the text of ,quintilian1 for a collation of which 7as of the ,codex ,salmantinus7 ,i am indebted to the kindness of ,m4 ,fierville4 ,they are the ,codex ,pralensis 7,no4 #adadf fonds latin de la ,bibliothque nationale71 of the #abth century1 and the ,codex ,puteanus 7,no4 #ggai7 of the #acth4 ,the former is the work of tienne de ,rouen1 a monk of the ,abbey of ,bec1 and it consists of extracts from the ,institutio amounting to nearly a third of the whole4 ,there are eighty sections1 of which #gf 7de figuris verborum7 includes x4 #a #ajh-aca2 #gg 7de imitatione7 consists of x4 #b1 #a-bh2 #gh 7quomodo dictandum sit7 of x4 #c1 #a-cb2 and #gi 7de laude scriptorum tam ,graecorum quam ,latinorum7 of x4 #a1 #df-ajg4 ,the importance of this codex arises from the fact that it is an undoubted transcript of the ,beccensis1 now lost4 ,the ,beccensis is supposed by ,m4 ,fierville 7,introd4 p4 lxxvii4 sq47 to have belonged to the #ith or #ajth century1 in which case it would take1 if extant1 at least equal rank with the ,bernensis4 ,that it was an independent copy of some older ,,ms4 seems to be proved1 not only by the variants in the ,pratensis1 but also by the fact that both the ,pratensis and the ,puteanus 7which is also a transcript of the ,beccensis7 show a lacuna after the word mutatis in lxii x4 #c1 #cb4 ,this lacuna must have existed in the ,beccensis1 though there is no trace of it elsewhere4 ,guided by the sense1 tienne de ,rouen added the words correctum fuisse tabellis in his copy 7the ,pratensis73 the text runs codicibus esse sublatum4 ,the general character of the readings of the ,pratensis may be gathered from a comparison of passages in the ,critical ,appendix to this volume4 ,among other variants1 the following may be mentioned1--and it will be seen that certain peculiar features in some of the ,,mss4 used by ,halm 7notably ,s7 probably arose either from the ,pratensis or from its prototype1 the ,beccensis4 ,at x4 #a4 #ej ,prat1 gives 7like ,s7 rogantis ,achillen ,priami precibus1 while most codd4 have ,priami before rogantis3 ib4 #ec eloquentie 7so ,put4 ,s #gbca1 #gfif7 for eloquendi3 ib4 superatum 7so ,put47 for superari3 #ee aequalem credidit parem 7as ,put4 ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga73 #fg idque ego 7as ,put4 ,s7 for idque ego sane3 #fh qui fuerunt and also vero1 omitted 7as in ,put4 ,s73 so also tenebras #gb1 valuerunt #hd 7as #gbca1 #gfif71 and veterum #ig3 at #ie ,prat1 gives et eruditissimos for et doctissimos1 and hence the omission of erudit4 in ,s4 ,on the whole1 the study of the text of the ,pratensis seems to give additional confidence in the readings of ,g3 for example #ih imperare 7as ,put473 #aja cesserit 7,put4 #gbca1 #gfif73 ib4 nec indignetur4 tienne de ,rouen carefully omitted all the ,greek words which he found in his original1 and this strengthens the contention that in #a #hg 7see ,crit4 ,notes1 and cp4 #db7 was originally written in ,greek4 ,at #b #bj quem superius institui for quem institueram in libra secundo is an indication of the fact that tienne de ,rouen was making a compendium of the ,institutio1 and not transcribing the whole treatise4 ,this probably detracts from the significance of those readings which seem to be peculiar to the ,pratensis1 among which may be noted #a #dh putat for creditum est 7where ,put4 has certissimum73 #ei ad exemplum maxime permanebit 7ad exitum ,put4 and ,s73 #gh propinquior for propior3 #hj mediocri for medio3 #ha assurgit for surgit3 #aji in utroque for in quoque4 ,peculiar readings which ,prat4 shares with the ,puteanus 7and which were therefore probably in the ,beccensis7 are #df in magnis for in magnis rebus3 #di innuit for nuntiat3 #ej excessit for excedit3 #ed ne virtus for ne utrius 7neutrius73 #eg ignoro ergo 7,s7 for ignoro igitur3 #fc plurimumque oratio3 #fh in affectibus communibus mirus3 #gi discernendi for dicendi3 #ajg nominis latini for latini sermonis4 ,at #a #gb ,prat4 has qui ut a pravis sui temporis ,menandro 7,put4 ut pravis71 and this became in ,s ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga qui quamvis sui temp4 ,men4 ,there are frequent inversions1 e4g4 dicendi genere #eb 7,put473 ,attici sermonis 7,put47 #fe3 plus ,attio 7,put47 #ig3 cuicumque eorum ,ciceronem 7as ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif7 #aje3 sit nobis #aab3 lxiii est autem 7as ,ioan47 #aae3 forum illustrator 7as ,ioan47 #abb3 creditus sum #abe3 dignis lectione #b #a3 possumus sperare #i3 nemo vero eum #aj3 aliquo tamen in loco aliquid #bd3 scientia movendi #bg3 ipso opere #c #h3 se res facilius #i3 desperatio etiam #ad3 vox exaudiri #be3 praecipue in hoc #bf3 possunt semper #bhgd4 ,from the list of readings given above1 it will be seen that the ,codex ,puteanus is in general agreement with the ,pratensis1 each being an independent copy of the same original4 ,the variants given by this ,,ms4 will be found in the ,critical ,appendix for the part of the ,tenth ,book collated by ,m4 ,fierville1 #a #df-ajg4 ,at times it is even more in agreement than the ,pratensis with the later family1 of which ,halm took ,s as the typical example3 e4g4 #a #fa spiritu3 ib4 merito omitted3 #gb possunt decernere 7for possis decerpere--possis decernere ,prat474 ,in the arrangement introduced by tienne de ,rouen in the ,pratensis1 the last two sections 7#gi and #hj7 consist respectively of x4 #a #df-ajg1 and xii4 #aj #aj-ae4 ,these portions of the ,institutio must have formed part of the mutilated original from which the ,beccensis was copied1 and they have been reproduced separately along with #a #ajh-aca in two ,paris ,,mss4 7#gbca and #gfif71 a collation of which has been put at my disposal by ,m4 ,fierville4 ,the first is a mixed codex of the #abth century1 containing nine separate works1 of which the extracts from ,quintilian form one4 ,the second1 also of the #abth century1 belonged to the ,abbey of ,fleury-sur-,loire1 and comprises five treatises besides the ,quintilian4 ,in both the title runs ,quintilianus1 libro ,x ,inst4 ,orator4 ,qui auctores ,graecorum maxime legendi4 ,m4 ,fierville states 7,introd4 p4 lxxxv47 that of forty-five variants which he compared 7x4 #a #df-fh7 in the ,pratensis1 ,puteanus1 #gbca1 and #gfif1 twenty-eight occur in the two former only1 eight in the two latter1 and nine in all four4 ,he adds that the ,vossiani i4 and iii4 resemble the two former more nearly than the two latter4 ,both #gbca and #gfif agree in giving the usual collocation at #ej illis ,priami rogantis ,achillen3 at #ei the former has ad exim1 the latter ad exi3 at #fa both give eum nemini credit1 omitting merito 7as ,put4 and ,s73 at #fh namque is et sermone 7as ,prat43 namque sermone ,put473 ib4 in dicendo ac respondendo 7,prat4 ,put4 in dicendo et in resp473 #gb 7apparently7 ut pravis sui temporis iudiciis3 #hb finxisse sermonem 7as ,prat4 ,put4 and most codd473 #hc ac varietate3 #hh laudandus partibus 7laudandis part4 ,prat4 ,put4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga73 #ia visum 7visum est ,prat4 ,put473 #ih senes lxiv non parum tragicum 7,prat4 ,put4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga73 #ajg ,latini nominis3 #aba leve 7,prat4 ,n74 ,in #ih ,thyestes is omitted in both 7also in ,prat4 ,put473 is this a sign that the name was written in ,greek in the original8 ,in #gbca ,i have noted two inversions which do not seem to appear in #gfif3 dedit exemplum et ortum #a #df3 proximus aemulari #fb4 ,m4 ,fierville classifies the various members of the whole family of ,,mss4 which has just been reviewed in five sub-divisions4 ,the first includes the ,bernensis1 ,bambergensis ,a1 ,ambrosianus ii41 ,pithoeanus 7these two are direct copies of the ,bernensis71 ,salmantinus1 three ,paris codices 7#ggbj1 #ggbb and ,didot71 and probably the ,ioannensis4 ,in the second he ranks the ,nostradamensis1 ,vossiani i4 and iii41 and a ,paris ,,ms4 7#ggba73 in the third the ,beccensis1 ,pratensis1 and ,puteanus3 in the fourth a codex ,vaticanus1 referred to by ,spalding3 and in the fifth the fragments just dealt with 7#gbca1 #gfif74 ,of these he rightly considers the ,bernensis1 ,bambergensis1 ,nostradamensis1 ,pratensis1 and ,puteanus to be of greatest importance for the constitution of the text4 ,at the head of the third group of the manuscripts of ,quintilian must now be placed the ,codex ,harleianus 7#bffd71 in the library of the ,british ,museum#ge4 ,this manuscript was first described by ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,purser in ,hermathena 7,no4 xii41 #ahhf72 and to his notice of it ,i am now able to add a statement of its history and a pretty certain indication of the relation it bears to other known codices4 ,as to date1 it cannot be placed later than the beginning of the #aath century4 ,there are in the margin marks which show clearly that at an early date it was used to supply the great lacunae in some ,,ms4 of the first or incomplete class2 one of these should have appeared in the margin of the annexed facsimile1 a being used at the beginning and b 7as here x4 #a1 #ajg7 at the end of the parts to be extracted4 ,the manuscript contains #ahh folios and #bd quaternions1 and is written in one column4 ,at the beginning the writing is larger than subsequently1 just as the first part of the ,bambergensis is larger than ,g1 which the ,harleianus 7,h7 closely resembles4 ,on fols4 #ij-ia the hand is more recent1 and the writing is in darker ink3 fols4 #fa-fh seem to have been supplied later4 ,there is a blank of eight lines at the end of #afav41 where ,book xi4 ch4 #a concludes2 ch4 #b begins at the top of the next page4 ,there is also a blank line 7as in ,bn and ,bg7 at iii4 #h1 #cj1 though nothing is wanting in the text4 ,the result of my investigations has been to identify this important manuscript with the ,codex ,dusseldorpianus1 which we know disappeared from the library at ,dsseldorf before ,gesner's time4 ,in the preface to lxv his edition of #agch1 #bj1 he describes it1 on the evidence of one who had seen it1 as #8,poggianis temporibus certe priorem1 necdum1 quod sciatur1 recentiori aetate a quoquam collatum'3 its remarkable freedom from variants and emendations suggests that it must have lain long unnoticed4 ,when ,gesner wanted to refer to it1 he found it was gone3 #8tandem compertum est mala fraude nescio quorum hominum et hunc et alios rarissimos codices esse subductos4' ,it had1 in fact1 been sold by the ,dsseldorf librarian1 possibly acting under orders4 ,the diary of ,humphrey ,wanley1 ,harley's librarian1 shows that he bought it 7along with several other manuscripts7 on the #fth ,august1 #agbd1 from ,sig4 ,john ,james ,zamboni1 ,resident ,charg d',affaires in ,england for the ,elector of ,hesse ,darmstadt4 ,zamboni's correspondence is in the ,bodleian at ,oxford2 and ,i have ascertained1 by examining it1 that he received the ,harleian manuscript of ,quintilian from ,m4 ,bchels1 who was librarian of the ,court library at ,dsseldorf in the beginning of last century1 and with whom ,zamboni drove a regular trade in manuscripts4 #8,the correspondence' 7to quote from what has already been written elsewhere7 #8is of a very interesting character1 and throws light on the provenance of several of the ,harleian ,,mss4 ,the transactions of the pair begin in #agba1 when ,bchels receives #abjj florins 7not without much dunning7 for a consignment of printed books4 ,zamboni1 who was something of a humourist1 is constantly endeavouring to beat down the librarian's prices3 8j'aime les beaux livres10 he says on one occasion1 when pretending that he will not entertain a certain offer1 8j'aime les beaux livres1 mais je ne hais pas l'argent40 ,the trade in ,,mss4 began in #agbd1 when ,bchels sent a list from which ,zamboni selected eleven codices1 assuring his correspondent that if he would only be reasonable they would soon come to terms4 ,early in the year he offers #ejj florins for the lot1 protesting that he had no intention of selling again3 8sachez1 ,monsieur1 que je ne vous achte pas les livres pour les revendre40 ,three weeks after it came to hand1 he made over the whole consignment to ,harley's librarian4 ,it included our ,quintilian and the great ,vitruvius--the entries in ,zamboni's letters corresponding exactly with those in ,wanley's diary4 ,in the end of the same month ,zamboni is writing to ,bchels for more1 protesting that his great ambition is to make a 8trs jolie collection0 of ,,mss4 7,bodl4 ,,mss4 ,add4 ,d1 #ff74' ,what the history of the ,harleianus may have been before it came to ,dsseldorf1 ,i have been unable to ascertain4 ,the only clue is a scrawl on the first page3 ,iste liber est maioris ecclesiae4 ,this ,mr4 ,purser has ascribed1 with great probability1 to ,strasburg4 ,the ,codex ,florentinus has an inscription showing that it was given by ,bishop ,werinharius 7the lxvi first of that name1 #ajjj-ajbi87 to the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,mary at ,strasburg2 and ,wypheling1 who made a catalogue of the library there 7circ4 #aejh71 says of this bishop3 #8multa dedit ecclesiae suae praesertim multos praestantissimos libros antiquissimis characteribus scriptos2 quorum adhuc aliqui in bibliotheca maioris ecclesiae repositi videntur4' ,this shows that there was a greater and a less church at ,strasburg1 to the latter of which the ,,ms4 may formerly have belonged4 ,and if1 as is now generally believed1 neither the ,florentinus nor the ,turicensis can be considered identical with the manuscript which roused the enthusiasm of the literary world when ,poggio discovered it in #adaf1 it is not impossible that we may have recovered that manuscript in the ,harleianus1 if we can conceive of its having migrated from ,strasburg to ,st4 ,gall4 ,the following paragraph appeared in the book as a single-sheet ,addendum labeled 8,place opposite p4 lxvi40 ,its original location was therefore at the point 8444the insertion at a wrong place in the _/_/ text4440 in the second paragraph after the ,addendum4 ,writing in the #8,neue ,heidelberger ,jahrbcher' 7#ahia1 p4 #bch sqq471 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,clark1 of ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 supplies some very interesting information in regard to ,zamboni's purchases4 ,it seems that ,zamboni was able to tell ,lord ,oxford's librarian that the ,,mss4 which he was selling to him had originally belonged to ,graevius2 and by comparing the ,zamboni correspondence in the ,bodleian ,library with the posthumous catalogue of ,graevius's library1 ,mr4 ,clark has now discovered that ,bchels was offering to ,zamboni the entire ,,mss4 collection of that great scholar1 which in this way ultimately found a home in the library of the ,british ,museum4 ,graevius died in #agjc1 and the ,elector ,johann ,wilhelm bought both his books and his manuscripts4 ,the former he presented to the library of the ,university of ,heidelberg3 the latter he retained in his own library at ,dsseldorf4 ,in regard to the ,harleian codex of ,quintilian1 ,mr4 ,clark's theory is that it belonged formerly not to ,strasburg1 but to the cathedral at ,cologne1 which is more than once referred to as #8maior ecclesia4' ,gesner must have been in error when he said that this codex had not been recently collated 7cp4 ,introd4 p4 lxv72 for ,gulielmus had seen it at ,cologne1 and in his #8,verisimilia1' iii4 xiv1 quotes some variants and #8proprii errores' from the preface to ,book vi1 all of which appear in the ,harleianus as we have it now4 ,and as ,graevius is known to have borrowed from the library of ,cologne ,cathedral1 in #afhh1 an important codex of ,cicero ad ,fam4 7,harl4 #bfhb71 ,mr4 ,clark infers that he got the ,quintilian at the same time4 ,he evidently omitted to return them2 and after his death they passed1 with many other ,,mss41 first to ,dsseldorf1 and then to ,london4 ,it was only after the ,bambergensis arrived in the ,british ,museum 7where it was sent by the authorities of the ,bamberg ,library1 in courteous compliance with a request from me7 that it was possible to form a definite opinion as to the place occupied by the ,harleianus in regard to it4 ,at first it appeared1 even to the experts1 that the latter ,,ms4 was distinctly of older date than the former3 it is written in a neater hand1 and on palaeographical grounds alone there might have been room for doubt4 ,but a fuller examination convinced me that the ,harleianus was copied directly from the ,bambergensis1 possibly at the very time when the latter was being completed by the addition of the parts known as ,bambergensis ,g1 and of some at least of the readings now generally designated b4 ,these latter1 indeed1 the ,harleianus slavishly follows1 in preference to the first hand in the original ,bambergensis3 probably the copyist of the ,harleianus was aware of the importance attached to the codex 7uncial87 from which the b readings were taken4 ,in view1 however1 of the defective state in which the ,bambergensis has come down to us1 as regards the opening part1 and considering also the mutilation of the ,ambrosianus1 we may still claim for the ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum the distinction of being the oldest complete manuscript of ,quintilian in existence4 ,the proof that the ,harleianus stands at the head of the great family of the mixed manuscripts of ,quintilian 7represented till now mainly by the ,florentinus1 ,turicensis1 ,almeloveenianus1 and ,guelferbytanus7 is derived from a consideration of its relationship to both parts of the ,bambergensis on the one hand1 and to those later ,,mss4 on the other4 ,i begin with a point which involves a testimony to the critical acumen of that great scholar ,c4 ,halm4 ,in the ,sitzungsberichte der knigl4 bayer4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften zu ,mnchen1 #ahff1 i4 pp4 #eje-f1 ,halm established the dependence of the ,turicensis and the ,florentinus on the ,bambergensis by pointing out1 among other proofs1 the insertion at a wrong place in the lxvii text of both these codices of certain words which1 having been inadvertently omitted by the copyist of the ,bambergensis from their proper context1 were written in by him in a blank space at the foot of the page in which the passage in question occurs4 ,the passage is ix4 #b1 #eb3 circa crimen ,apollonii ,drepanitani3 gaudeo etiam si quid ab eo abstulisti et abs te nihil rectius factum esse dico4 ,when the copyist of the ,bambergensis noticed his mistake1 he completed ,drepanitani in the text1 and wrote in the words gaudeo etiam 444 abs te at the foot of the page1 with a pretty clear indication of the place where they were to be taken in4 ,in the ,bambergensis the page ends with the words 7#ed7 an huius ille legis quam1 and the next page continues ,clius a se inventam gloriatur4 ,noticing that in both the ,florentinus and the ,turicensis the marginal addition 7gaudeo etiam 444 abs te7 is inserted not after legis quam but after ,clodius1 ,halm drew the inference that these codices were copied from the ,bambergensis not directly1 but through some intervening manuscript4 ,the ,harleianus is this manuscript4 ,in it the words referred to do come in between legis quam and 7,cloe7lius3 indeed1 so slavishly does the writer follow the second hand in the ,bambergensis1 in which the letters ,c l o e are subpunctuated1 that the ,harleianus actually shows et abs te lius a se inventa#gf1 exactly as the writer of b wished the ,bambergensis to stand4 ,it must be feared that the copyist of the ,harleianus did not know enough ,latin to save him from making very considerable mistakes4 ,if ,i am right in believing that this manuscript must take rank above the ,turicensis and the ,florentinus 7and all other ,,mss4 of this family71 it is he who must be credited with a great deal of the confusion that has crept into ,quintilian's text4 ,it may be well to mention one or two obvious examples4 ,in ix4 #c1 #a the text stands utinamque non peiora vincant4 ,verum schemata1 c4 ,in the ,bambergensis1 utrum nam is supplied by b above the line1 and in the margin que peiora vincant verum1 the words affected by the change being lxviii subpunctuated in the text4 ,the copyist of the ,harleianus takes the utrum nam and leaves the rest1 showing utrum nam schemata3 this appears as utrim nam schemata in the ,turicensis1 and as utinam schemata in the ,florentinus and ,almeloveenianus4 ,take again ix4 #c1 #fh-i in the ,bambergensis 7,g7 quem supplicatione dignum indicaris4 ,aliter quoque voces aut eadem aut diversa1 c4 ,the words enclosed in brackets are the last line of a particular column 7#adb v472 they were inadvertently omitted by the copyist of the ,harleianus1 and as a consequence we have supplici in ,turic4 and ,flor41 supplitia in ,guelf41 c4 ,again at x4 #g1 #bj a certain sleepiness on the part of the scribe of the ,harleianus1 which caused him to write ,neque vero tantas eum breve saltem qui foro tempus quod nusquam fere deerit ad ea quae1 c41 has given rise to the greatest confusion in ,turic41 ,flor41 ,alm41 ,bodleianus1 ,burn4 #bdc1 c4 ,in this ,h follows exactly the second hand in ,bg41 except for the remarkable insertion of the words qui foro between breve saltem and tempus3 at this point the copyist of ,h must have allowed his eyes to stray to the beginning of the previous line in ,bg1 where the words qui foro hold a conspicuous position4 ,flor4 and ,tur4 repeat the mistake1 except that the latter gives eum brevem for eum breve4 ,again at the end of ,book ix1 ,bambergensis ,g gives ut numerum spondet flexisse non arcessisse non arcessiti et coacti esse videantur3 this reading is identical with that of the ,harleianus1 except that the latter for arcessiti gives arcessisti1 a deviation promptly reproduced by the ,florentinus1 while the ,turicensis shows accersisti4 ,perhaps the most conclusive instance of all is the following3 at iv4 #b1 #abh the ,bambergensis gives 7for 7 3 this appears in ,h as the seventh and eighth letters having been inadvertently omitted by the copyist4 ,f makes this and ,t shows 7--,spalding74 ,the four forms of the ,greek word appear in the printed text as3 text image text image text image text image ,as the ,bambergensis 7,bg71 in its present state1 only commences at i4 #a4 #f4 7nec de patribus tantum71 the readings of the ,harleianus 7,h7 are for the ,prooemium and part of chapter #a of first-class importance4 ,in the pr4 #a we have pertinerent ,h1 pertinent ,t3 #b diversas ,h1 divisas ,t3 #e fieri oratorem non posse ,,hf1 fieri non posse oratorem ,t 7as ,a73 #f amore ,h1 studio ,f3 i ingenii ,h1 iter ingenii ,t1 ingenii ,f3 #ac officio quoque ,h1 quoque officio ,f3 #ai summa ,h 7also ,bg71 summam ,t3 #be demonstraturi ,,hf1 demonstrari ,t3 #bg adiumenta ,h 7a correction by same hand on adiuvante73 so ,bg ,f3 adiuvante ,t4 ,in chap4 #a #c sed plus ,,ht3 sed et plus ,f3 hoc quippe viderit ,h ,bg ,f3 hoc quippe 7om4 viderit7 ,t4 ,these instances are taken from the introductory part of the ,first ,book1 where ,bg almost entirely fails us1 only a few words being here and there decipherable4 ,wherever ,i have compared1 in other places1 the readings of lxix ,bg 7and ,g71 ,h1 ,t1 and ,f1 ,i have found ,h1 if not always in exact agreement with the ,bamberg ,,ms4 7often owing to the copyist's ignorance of ,latin7 invariably nearer the parent source than either ,t or ,f4 ,here are a few instances from the ,first ,book3 ,i #h nihil est peius ,bg ,h ,t1 nihil enim est peius ,f3 ib4 #aa defuerit ,bg ,h ,t1 defuerint ,f3 ib4 #ab perbibet ,bg ,h ,f1 perhibet ,t3 ib4 #af formandam ,bg ,h1 formandum ,f ,t3 #b #ah in media rei p4 vivendum ,bg 7b7 ,h1 in med4 rei praevivendum ,t1 reip4 videndum ,f3 ib4 #bd depellendam ,bg ,h1 repellendam ,t3 ib4 #ca concipiat quis mente ,bg ,h1 quis mente concipiat ,f3 #d #bg tereuntur ,bg ,h ,t1 intereuntur ,f3 #f #i dicet ,bg1 dicit ,h ,f1 dicitur ,t3 ib4 #ad dici ceris ,bg 7dici ceris71,a diceres ,h1 dici ,f ,t3 ib4 #cj aliaque quae consuetudini serviunt ,bg ,h1--in margin of ,h aliquando consuetudini servit 7b73 ,f and ,t adopt the latter1 and give the alternative reading in the margin3 #aj #bh haec ei et cura ,h ,f1 haec et cura ei ,t3 #aa #d pinguitudine ,bg ,h1 pinguedine ,f ,t4 ,among scattered instances elsewhere are the following3 ii4 #e1 #ac dicentur ,bg ,h1 docentur ,t3 #e #bf hanc ,bg ,h1 om4 ,t3 #ae #h testatum est ,bg ,h1 testatum ,t4 ,in ix4 #cfc ,g has parem 7for marem ,a73 ,h gives patrem and ,f ,t follow suit3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #h hoc est ,g ,h1 id est ,f3 ib4 #af quoque ,g ,h1 om4 ,t3 ib4 #cb nesciat ,g ,h1 dubitet ,f3 dignatur ,g ,h1 digne dicatur ,f3 viii4 pr4 #c dicendi ,g ,h1 discendi ,t3 ix4 #d1 #aai ignorabo ,g1 ignoraba ,h1 ignorabam ,t3 ib4 #abi et hac fluit ,g ,h1 et hac et hac fluit ,t3 xii4 #aa1 #h scierit ,g1 scieret ,h1 sciret ,t3 ib4 #b #ah autem ,bg ,h1 om4 ,t3 x4 #a1 #d numuro quae ,g ,h1 num muro quae ,t1 numeroque ,f3 ib4 #ej et philogus ,g1 et philochus ,h ,t1 et epiloghus ,f3 ib4 #gc porem ,g ,h1 priorem ,f ,t3 ib4 #ge vel hoc est ,g ,h1 hoc est vel ,t3 x4 #b1 #g posteriis 7for historiis7 ,h1 posteris ,f 7posterius ed4 ,camp473 x4 #b1 #aj discernamus ,bg1 discernantur b1 disnantur ,h ,t1 desinantur ,f4 ,noteworthy cases of the close adherence of ,t to ,h are the following3 ,empedoclena i4 #d1 #d3 vespueruginem i4 #g1 #ab3 tereuntur i4 #d1 #bg3 flex his x4 #a1 #b3 gravissimus x4 #a1 #ig3 ipsae illae quae extorque eum credas x4 #a1 #aaj1 where both also give trans usum for transversum1 and non repe for non rapi3 morare refinxit finxit recipit x4 #c1 #f3 nam quod cum isocratis x4 #d1 #d4 ,in other instances the writer of ,t has evidently tried to improve on the reading of ,h3 e4g4 in the title of ,book x1 ,h gives an abbreviation which ,t mistakes for quo enim dandum3 also extemporal facilitas which appears in ,t as extempora vel facilitas3 x4 #a1 #gi ven iudicis ,h 7in mistake for se non iud471 which is made by ,t into venit iudicis4 ,many similar instances could be cited in regard to both ,t and ,f2 the reading tantum1 for instance1 in x4 #a1 #ib1 which occurs in both1 has evidently arisen from ,h1 which here shows something that looks more like tantum than tacitum 7the reading of ,g74 ,again1 in every lxx place where ,halm uses the formula #8,f ,t soli ex notis1' ,h will be found to correspond#gg4 ,a4 7dici ceris7 text image showing inserted letters3 text images ,with such evidence as has been given above1 it is impossible to doubt that the ,harleianus must now take rank above both the manuscripts which1 before the appearance of ,halm's edition1 held so prominent a place in the criticism of ,quintilian1 the ,codex ,florentinus and the ,codex ,turicenis4 ,the former is an eleventh century ,,ms41 now in the ,laurentian library at ,florence4 ,on the first page is this inscription3 ,werinharius episcopus dedit ,sanctae ,mariae3 on the last ,liber ,petri de ,medicis1 ,cos4 fil43 and below ,liber sanctae ,mariae ecclesiae ,arg4 7 ,argentoratensis7 in dormitorio4 ,there were two bishops of ,strasburg bearing the name of ,werner3 the first #ajja-ajbi1 and the second #ajfe-ajgi4 ,m4 ,fierville 7,introd4 p4 xciv7 tells us that the first ,werner 7of ,altemburg or ,hapsburg7 laid the foundations of the cathedral at ,strasburg in #ajae1 and presented to the ,chapter a number of valuable books2 and we also know that in #ajjf he had attended the ,council at ,frankfort to promote the erection of a cathedral church at ,bamberg4 ,here then we have the elements of a solution of the problem4 ,bishop ,werner was a patron of letters2 and learning that by the addition of what is now known as ,bambergensis ,g a complete text of ,quintilian had been secured1 he had it copied4 ,the ,codex ,harleianus was in all probability the first copy1 and from it the ,codex ,florentinus was reproduced4 ,the latter was still at ,strasburg in #acgb1 a fact which 7though hitherto it seems to have been unnoticed7 is enough to dispose of its claim to be considered the manuscript of ,poggio1 which he describes as #8plenum situ' and #8pulvere squalentem' lying #8in teterrimo quodam et obscuro carcere1 fundo scilicet unius turris1 quo ne capitales quidem rei damnati retruderentur4' ,if so important a ,,ms4 had passed from ,strasburg to ,st4 ,gall within forty years of ,poggio's visit1 it is hard to believe that it would have been allowed to lie neglected and unknown4 ,after #acgb we know nothing certain of its history till it reappears in the library of the ,medicis at ,florence in the latter part of the fifteenth century4 ,it is generally supposed that some time between #acgb and #adag it must have been transported from ,strasburg to the monastery of ,st4 ,gall1 and that it passed from there to ,florence after ,poggio's departure4 ,a similar theory may quite as legitimately be maintained in reference to the ,harleianus1 which1 as ,i have lxxi already indicated1 may be the very manuscript which ,poggio discovered at ,st4 ,gall in #adafgh4 ,the ,codex ,turicensis was long considered to be of older date than the ,florentinus1 but recent investigations seem to have proved the contrary4 ,halm attributes it to the second part of the eleventh century1 and ,e4 ,wlfflin takes a similar view4 ,in the beginning of the eighteenth century it passed into the library at ,zrich4 ,spalding believed it to be the manuscript discovered by ,poggio1 and ,m4 ,fierville is of the same opinion3 ,halm rejects this theory4 ,the great point in favour of the claim of the ,turicensis is that it is known to have come from ,st4 ,gall1 while we can only conjecture the history of the ,harleianus4 ,but the ,turicensis cannot have been the ,,ms4 which ,poggio carried with him into ,italy1 according to a statement made by ,bandini1 ,regius1 and others4 ,it is true that this statement is hard to reconcile with what ,poggio himself says in his letter to ,guarini1 whom he informs that he has made hasty transcripts of his various #8finds' 7presumably including the ,quintilian7 for his friends ,leonardo of ,arezzo and ,nicolai of ,florence4 ,but ,poggio may have had his own reasons for a certain degree of mystery about his good fortune4 ,in the preface to his edition1 ,burmann speaks of the manuscript of ,st4 ,gall1 on the authority of the librarian ,kesler1 as having been #8honesto furto sublatum'3 if it was the ,harleianus there is perhaps little need to wonder that nothing has been known till now of its later fortunes#gi4 ,the affiliation of other ,,mss4 of this class 7which includes also the ,almeloveenianus7 to the codices which have just been described1 may be determined by the application of certain tests4 ,prominent among such ,,mss4 is the ,codex ,bodleianus1 which has received more attention from editors of ,quintilian than its merits seem to me to warrant4 ,it repeats word for word the remarkable error attributable to the ,harleianus at x4 #g1 #bj 7see above1 p4 lxviii73 in other places it embodies attempted emendations1 e4g4 x4 #a1 #ij nec ipsum senectus maturavit3 #b #g de metris for lxxii dimiteris 7see above1 p4 lxvii1 note74 ,it belonged to ,archbishop ,laud1 and must have been written in the fifteenth century4 ,of the same age and family are two manuscripts often cited by ,halm1 the ,lassbergensis and the ,monacensis4 ,the former was formerly at ,landsberg in ,bavaria3 it is now at ,freiburg4 ,the reading atque interrogationibus atque interrogantibus1 which ,halm gives from it alone at x4 #a1 #ce1 ,i have found also in ,g and ,h2 this seems quite enough to identify its parentage4 ,the ,monacensis was collated by ,halm for his critical edition in the parts where he had to rely on ,a ,g or on ,g alone3 with no conspicuous results1--#8nihil fere aliud effectum est quam ut docere possemus1 ubi aliquot locorum1 qui in libris melioribus leviter corrupti sunt1 emendatio primum tentata sit' 7praef4 viii1 ix74 ,alongside of these ,i would place a rather interesting ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum1 which has been collated specially for the purpose of this edition1 with no result worth speaking of1 except to establish its class4 ,it repeats the mistake of ,h at x4 #g1 #bj3 and the fact that the copyist began his work in a hand that was meant to imitate writing of the eleventh century seems1 along with the internal evidence1 to prove that it is one of the copies of ,poggio's ,,ms4 ,in x4 #b1 #g it has posterius for historiis 7a mistake in ,h--see p4 lxix73 and in the same place it shows 7like the ,bodleian codex7 de metris for dimiteris4 ,this is also the reading of the second hand in the ,turicensis4 ,such differences as exist between it and ,h ,f ,t may be ascribed to attempted emendation3 e4g4 vertere latus x4 #c1 #ba4 ,poggio's letter to ,guarini is copied at the end of the volume4 ,the other ,,mss4 of the fifteenth century1 so far as they are known to him1 ,m4 ,fierville divides carefully into two classes 7his third and fourth74 ,the principal features of difference which distinguish them among themselves1 and from those already mentioned1 are that they incorporate1 in varying degrees1 the results of the progress of scholarship1 and that they are seldom copied from any single manuscript4 ,a detailed examination would no doubt establish what is really the point of greatest moment in regard to them3 how far are they derived1 through ,poggio's manuscript1 from the ,bambergensis1 and how far from such complete manuscripts as the ,ambrosianus and the original of ,bambergensis ,g8 ,some of them 7as well as other fifteenth century ,,mss41 with a description of which ,i desire to supplement ,m4 ,fierville's ,introduction1 pp4 cii sq471 are of at least as great importance as those referred to above as having been collated in part by ,halm4 ,the ,argentoratensis 7,s71 also used by ,halm1 may be mentioned first3 it was collated by ,obrecht for his edition of #afihhj4 ,this manuscript was lxxiii destroyed in the bombardment of ,strasburg1 ,august #bd1 #ahgj4 ,then there are the ,,ms4 of ,wolfenbuttel 7,codex ,guelferbytanus71 collated for the first time by ,spalding3 the ,codex ,gothanus1 used by ,gesner for his edition of #agch3 the ,codex ,vallensis 7,parisinus #ggbc71 which purports to bear the signature of ,laurentius ,valla 7#i ,december1 #addd71 whose corrections and marginal notes it contains#ha4 ,the list of these and several others1 all carefully described by ,m4 ,fierville1 may now be extended by a short reference to various ,,mss4 in this country1 hitherto uncollated4 ,the results of my examination of them 7as well as of the ,bodleianus1 and ,burneianus #bdc1 referred to above7 appear in the ,critical ,appendix3 if few of them are of first-class importance1 it may at least be claimed that right readings1 with which ,spalding1 ,halm1 and ,meister have successively credited the early printed editions1--e4g4 the ,cologne edition of #aebg1--;have now been attributed to earlier sources4 ,and when ,m4 ,fierville had so carefully examined the ,,mss4 of ,france1 ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 it seemed of some importance that his laborious work should be supplemented by a description of the ,,mss4 belonging to the libraries of this country4 ,in the ,british ,museum there are eight manuscripts in all of ,quintilian's ,institutio3 of the most important of these1 the ,harleianus 7,h71 ,i have already given an account1 and one of two ,,mss4 in ,burney's collection 7,burn4 #bdc7 has also been mentioned4 ,of the remaining ,,mss4 two may be taken together1 as they are in complete agreement with each other1 and show conclusive proofs 7as will appear in the notes7 of relationship to such codices as the ,argentoratensis and the ,guelferbytanus4 ,the first of these two ,,mss4 7,codex ,harleianus #bffb7 has an inscription bearing that it was written by ,gaspar ,cyrrus #8nationis ,lutatiae1' and was finished on the #beth of ,january1 #adcd1--only eighteen years after ,poggio made his great discovery4 ,so great an advance is evident in the text1 as compared with the readings of ,h ,f ,t1 that it seems probable that this ,,ms4 owes little to that family4 ,the same may be said of the ,codex ,harleianus #aa1fga1 a beautiful little quarto1 dated #adfg3 it has the ,epitome of ,fr4 ,patrizi attached 7see ,classical ,review1 #ahia1 p4 #cd74 ,the following cases of remarkable errors will suffice to connect both these ,,mss4 with the ,guelferbytanus3 x4 #c1 #ab a patrono suo for a patruo suo3 #a #ig verum for veterum3 #a #ee equalem credidit parem 7as also ,prat41 ,guelf41 ,s1 and ,voss4 i4 lxxiv and iii473 #a #gb quamvis sui temporis ,menandro for ut pravis sui temporis iudiciis ,menandro3 #g #f adducet ducetur4 ,another very interesting ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum is ,harleianus #diie1 dated ,july #e1 #adgj3 it contains the notes of ,laurentius ,valla1 which were frequently reproduced at the time1 and might be classed along with the ,vallensis were it not that a marginal note at x4 #f1 #b 7where a false lacuna appears in most codices1 as ,bn4 and ,bg471 #8hic deficit antiquus codex1' makes it probable that the copyist had more than one ,,ms4 at his side#hb4 ,this ,,ms4 agrees with the ,vallensis and ,gothanus in reading cognitioni for cogitationi x4 #a1 #a3 ubertate for ubertas #a #aji3 et vis summa #aag3 eruendas for erudiendas #b #f3 nobis efficiendum ib4 #ad3 decretoriis #e #bj4 ,the other two ,harleian ,,mss4 7#diej and #dhbi7 present no features of special interest3 ,i have1 however1 included them in the critical notes for the sake of completeness4 ,the former was written by #8,franciscus de ,mediolano'3 it is often in agreement with the ,lassbergensis4 ,the latter finishes with the words and the motto 4 ,the readings of the ,burneianus #bdd are also occasionally recorded in the notes4 ,all three are in general agreement with ,l1 and also with the ,codex ,carcassonensis1 a fifteenth century ,,ms4 of which ,m4 ,fierville published a collation in #ahgd4 ,a greater degree of interest attaches to two ,oxford manuscripts1 one of which 7the ,codex ,balliolensis7 is unclassed by ,fierville1 while the other 7the ,d',orville ,,ms47 has never been examined at all4 ,the former was used by ,gibson for his edition of #afic4 ,it begins at bis vitiosa sunt i4 #e1 #ad1 but there are various lacunae1 which do not correspond with those of the incomplete family4 ,the ,,ms4 is in fact in a mutilated condition4 lxxv ,in the ,tenth ,book we miss its help after the end of the first chapter till we reach iii4 #bf1 where it begins again with the words quam quod somno supererit3 it stops abruptly at nostrorumque ,hort7ensium7 x4 #f1 #d4 ,it is in general agreement with ,harleianus #bffb4 ,i may note that in i4 #e1 #cf it has interrogatione1 a reading which ,halm says appears for the first time in the edition of ,sichardus1 #aebi3 ib4 #fi it has e rep with ,a and #ggbg1 with the latter of which it is in close correspondence 7e4g4 forte at i4 #e1 #ae1 all other codices forsan or forsitan74 ,there remains the ,d',orville ,,ms4 in the ,bodleian at ,oxford 7,codex ,dorvilianus71--a manuscript which has been entirely overlooked1 except for a single reference in ,ingram's abridged edition of the ,institutio 7#ahji74 ,yet it seems well deserving of attention4 ,in some places it shows a remarkable resemblance to the ,ambrosianus 7e4g4 ,getae #a pr4 #f3 et quantum ib4 #h73 at #a pr4 #d it has summam inde eloquentiae 7,spalding's reading1 found in no other ,,ms473 destinabamus al4 festinabimus ib4 #f 7the alternative being a reading peculiar to ,a74 ,its most important contribution to the ,tenth ,book is #g #bj1 where it gives the reading which ,herzog conjectured and which ,i have received into the text3 neque vero tanta esse unquam debet fiducia facilitatis3 in #b #ad 7see ,critical ,notes7 it has quos eligamus ad imitandum1 a reading peculiar to itself4 ,for the rest it is in general agreement with the ,balliol codex4 ,it is ,italian work1 of the early part of the fifteenth century1--earlier1 ,mr4 ,madan thinks1 than the ,codex ,bodleianus4 ,a marginal note at ix4 #c1 #b shows that the copyist must have had more than one ,,ms4 before him4 ,in some cases it would appear as if he carefully balanced rival readings3 at #a pr4 #ab4 all codices have quaestio ex his incidat except ,a1 which gives ex his incidat quaestio3 the reading in the ,dorvilianus is quaestio incidat ex his3 again at i4 #b1 #f ante palatum eorum quam os instituimus1 many codices give mores for os3 ,dorv4 shows quam vel mores vel os4 ,list of editions1 tractates1 and books of reference4 ,besides the complete editions of ,spalding1 ,zumpt1 ,bonnell1 ,halm 7#ahfh-i7 ,meister 7#ahhf-hg71 use has been made of the following editions of ,book x43-- ,m4 ,stephanus ,riccius4 ,venice1 #aegj4 ,c4 ,h4 ,frotscher4 ,leipzig1 #ahbf4 ,m4 ,c4 ,g4 ,herzog4 #bnd ed4 ,leipzig1 #ahcc4 ,g4 ,a4 ,herbst4 ,halle1 #ahcd4 ,john ,e4 ,b4 ,mayor 7incomplete74 ,cambridge1 #ahgb4 ,bonnell-,meister4 ,berlin1 #ahhb4 ,g4 ,t4 ,a4 ,krger4 #bnd ed4 ,leipzig1 #ahgb4 7,gustav ,krger7 #crd ed4 #ahhh4 ,fr4 ,zambaldi4 ,firenze1 #ahhc4 ,s4 ,dosson4 ,paris1 #ahhd4 ,d4 ,bassi4 ,torino1 #ahhd4 lxxvi ,j4 ,a4 ,hild4 ,paris1 #ahhe4 ,f4 ,meister 7text only74 ,leipzig and ,prague1 #ahhg4 ,frieze 7,books x4 and xii47 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ,among the ,translations1 reference has been made to ,lindner's 7,philologische ,klassiker1 ,wien1 #ahha71 ,alberti's 7,leipzig1 #aheh71 and ,herzog's 7,leipzig1 #ahbi72 also to ,guthrie's 7,london1 #ahje71 and ,watson's 7in ,bohn's series74 ,the following have been used as books of reference3-- ,wilkins3 ,cicero1 ,de ,oratore1 ,books i4 and ii4 7#bnd ed47 ,oxford1 #ahhh and #ahij4 ,sandys3 ,cicero1 ,orator4 ,cambridge1 #ahhi4 ,kellogg3 ,cicero1 ,brutus4 ,boston1 #ahhi4 ,wolff3 ,tacitus1 ,dialogus de ,oratoribus4 ,gotha1 #ahij4 ,andresen3 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,reiske3 ,dionysius ,halicarnassensis4 ,vols4 v-vi4 ,leipzig1 #agge-g4 ,usener3 ,dionysius ,halicarnassensis ,librorum de ,imitatione ,reliquiae1 ,epistulaeque ,criticae ,duae4 ,bonn1 #ahhi4 ,ammon3 ,de ,dionysii ,halicarnassensis ,librorum ,rhetoricorum ,fontibus3 ,dissertatio ,inauguralis4 ,munich1 #ahhi4 ,volkmann3 ,die ,rhetorik der ,griechen und ,rmer4 #bnd ed4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,causeret3 tude sur la langue de la ,rhtorique et de la ,critique ,littraire dans ,cicron4 ,paris1 #ahhf4 and ,fierville3 ,quintilian1 ,book i4 ,paris1 #ahij4 ,the references to ,ngelsbach's ,lateinische ,stylistik are to the eighth edition 7,ngelsbach-,mller74 ,the periodical literature bearing specially on the ,tenth ,book of ,quintilian has grown to very considerable dimensions within recent years4 ,the following articles and tractates have been consulted3-- ,claussen3 ,quaestiones ,quintilianeae4 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,nettleship3 ,journal of ,philology1 ,vol4 xviii1 ,no4 #cf1 p4 #bbe sqq4 ,becher ,bursian's ,jahresbericht1 #ahhg1 xv4 #b1 pp4 #a-fa4 ,quaestiones grammaticae ad librum ,x4 ,quintiliani de ,instit4 ,or4 7,jahresbericht ber die knigliche ,klosterschule zu ,ilfeld74 ,nordhausen1 #ahgi4 ,philologus ,,xlv4 ,philologische ,rundschau1 iii4 #ad3 #dbg sqq4 and #deg sqq4 ,programm des kniglicken ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich4 ,ostern1 #ahia4 ,kiderlin ,bltter fr das bayer4 ,gymn4-,wesen1 #ahhg1 p4 #ded2 #aahh1 pp4 #hc-ia4 ,jahrbcher f4 ,philologie u4 ,pdagogik1 vol4 #ace1 pp4 #hbi-hcb4 ,zeitschrift f4 d4 ,gymn4-,wesen1 vol4 #cb1 pp4 #fb-gc4 ,fleckeisen's ,jahrb4 f4 ,philologie1 #ahhh1 p4 #hbi sqq4 ,jahresb4 des philol4 ,vereins zu1 ,berlin1 xiv4 7#ahhh71 p4 #fb sqq4 ,hermes1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #afc sqq4 ,rheinisches ,museum1 xlvi4 7#ahia7 pp4 #i-bd4 ,hirt ,jahresb4 des philol4 ,vereins zu ,berlin1 viii4 7#ahhb71 p4 #fg sqq4 ix4 7#ahhc71 p4 #cab sqq4 xiv4 7#ahhh71 p4 #ea sqq4 ,ueber die ,substantivierung des ,adjectivums bei ,quintilian4 ,berlin1 #ahij4 ,meister ,philologus1 xviii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #dhg sqq43 xxxiv4 7#ahgf71 p4 #gdj sqq43 xxxv4 7#ahgg71 p4 #ecd sqq41 and p4 #fhe sqq43 xxxviii4 7#ahgi71 p4 #afj sqq43 xlii4 7#ahhd7 p4 #ada sqq4 lxxvii ,schll3 ,rheinisches ,museum1 xxxiv4 7#ahgi71 p4 #hd sqq43 xxxv4 7#ahhj71 p4 #fci4 ,wlfflin ,rheinisches ,museum1 xlii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #add and p4 #caj sqq4 ,hermes1 xxv4 7#ahij71 pp4 #cbf1 #g4 ,andresen ,rheinisches ,museum1 xxx4 7#ahge71 p4 #ejf sqq4 ,eussner ,bltter fr das bayer4 ,gymn4-,wesen1 #ahha1 p4 #cia sqq4 ,fleckeisen's ,jahrb4 f4 ,philologie1 #ahhe1 p4 #fae sqq4 ,literar4 ,centralblatt1 #ahhe1 n4 #bb1 p4 #ged4 ,gertz #8,opuscula philologica ad ,madvigium a discipulis missa' 7#ahgf71 p4 #ib sqq4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mller3 ,zeitschrift fr das ,gymn4-,wesen1 xxxi4 #ab1 p4 #gcc sqq4 ,iwan ,mller3 ,bursian's ,jahresbericht1 iv4 7#ahgf71 #b1 p4 #bfb sqq42 vii4 7#ahgi71 #b1 p4 #aeg sqq4 ,wrobel ,zeitschrift fr die sterreich4 ,gymnasien1 xxvii4 7#ahgf71 p4 #cec sqq4 ,trnebladh3 ,de usu ,particularum apud ,quintilianum ,quaestiones4 ,holmiae1 #ahfa4 ,reuter3 ,de ,quintiliani libro qui fuit de causis corruptae eloquentiae4 ,vratislaviae1 #ahhg4 ,gnther3 ,de coniunctionum causalium apud ,quintilianum usu4 ,halis ,saxonum1 #ahha4 ,morawski3 ,quaestiones ,quintilianeae4 ,posnaniae1 #ahgd4 ,marty3 ,de ,quintilianeo usu et copia verborum cum ,ciceronianis potissimum comparatis4 ,glaronae1 #ahhe4 ,peters1 ,dr4 ,heinrich3 ,beitrge zur ,heilung der ,ueberlieferung in ,quintilians ,institutio ,oratoria4 ,cassel1 #ahhi4 ,table of places where the text of this edition differs from those of ,halm 7#ahfi7 and ,meister 7#ahhg74 ,halm4 ,meister4 ,this ,edition4 ,chap4 ,i4 #a cogitationi cognitioni cognitioni4 #b quae quoque sint modo quo quaeque sint modo quae quoque sint modo4 nisi tamquam nisi tamquam nisi tamen4 #c ante omnia est ante omnia necesse est ante omnia est4 imitatio est imitatio est imitati4 #d procedente opere iam minima procedente iam opere etiam minima procedente iam opere minima4 #e ,num ergo ,non ergo ,non ergo4 #g et 444 scio solitos et 444 solitos scio et 444 solitos scio4 aliud quod aliud quo aliud quo4 #h consequimur consequemur consequemur4 #aa quare tamen quasi tamen as ,meister4 #af imagine ambitu imagine ambitu imagine et ambitu4 #ag commodata accommodata accommodata4 #ah placent 444 laudantur 444 placent placeant 444 laudentur 444 placent as ,halm4 #ai contrarium e contrario e contrario4 ut actionis impetus as ,halm actionis impetu4 retractemus retractemus tractemus4 #bc quin etiam si quin etiam si as ,halm4 lxxviii #bh genus 99 99 ostentationi poeticam ostentationi as ,meister4 #ca etenim 444 solutum est est enim 444 solutum as ,meister4 #cc ideoque adde quod adde quod4 #ce acriter et acriter ,stoici et as ,meister4 #cg qui sint legendi1 quaeque qui sint legendi1 et quae qui sint legendi1 quae4 #ch quibuscum vivebat as ,halm quibuscum vivebat4 ,graecos omnis et philosophos ,graecos omnes persequamur et philosophos as ,meister4 #db ad phrasin ad faciendam etiam phrasin ad faciendam 4 de singulis de singulis loquar de singulis loquar4 #dd tenuia et quae tenuia et quae tenuia atque quae4 summatim1 a qua summatim1 quid et a qua as ,meister4 paucos enim 7sunt autem em47 paucos 7sunt enim em47 paucos enim1 qui sunt em4 #de his simillimi his similes his simillimi4 #df omnium amnium fontiumque amnium fontiumque omnium fluminum fontiumque4 #dh non in utriusque non utriusque non utriusque4 creditur creditum est creditum est4 #ec aliud parem aliud secundum aliud secundum4 #ed ,aristophanes neminem ,arist4 poetarum iudices neminem as ,meister4 #ei dum adsequamur dum adsequamur dum adsequimur4 #fa spiritus magnificentia spiritus magnificentia spiritu magnificentia4 #fc magnificus et dicendi vi magnificus et diligens magnificus et diligens4 #fh quem ipsum quoque reprehendunt quod ipsum reprehendunt as ,meister4 #fi praecipuus est4 ,admiratus praecipuus4 eum admiratus praecipuus4 ,hunc admiratus4 #gj illa mala iudicia as ,halm illa iudicia4 #gb pravis pravis prave4 #gi honesti studiosus1 in compositione honesti studiosus in compositione as ,halm4 #hj is primus is primum is primum4 #ha orationem quam orationem quam orationem et quam4 sed tamquam ,delphico videatur oraculo instinctus sed quodam ,delphici videatur oraculo dei instinctus sed quodam ,delphici videatur oraculo dei instinctus4 #hc eloquendi vi ac suavitate eloquendi suavitate eloquendi suavitate4 #he haud dubie ei proximus as ,halm haud dubie proximus4 #hg phrasin phrasin 4 #hh propiores propriores 787 propiores4 #hi tamen ut est dictum tamen ut est dictum as ,meister4 #ij sed ut dicam et ut dicam et ut dicam4 #ia promptius propius propius4 #ib feres feras feres4 #ic elegia elegia elegea4 #id nisi labor non labor non labor4 multum eo est tersior as ,halm multum est tersior4 lxxix #if opus 99 99 quibusdam interpositus opus sed aliis quibuidam interpositus as ,meister4 #ig grandissimi clarissimi clarissimi4 #ajj linguae linguae linguae suae4 #aja commodavit commodavit commendavit4 ,t4 ,livium ,t4 ,livium ,titum ,livium4 #ajb ideoque illam immortalem ideoque immortalem ideoque immortalem4 clari vir ingenii clari vir ingenii clarus vi ingenii4 #ajc praestitit1 genere ipso probabilis1 in operibus quibusdam suis ipse viribus minor praestitit1 genere ipso probabilis1 in partibus quibusdam suis ipse viribus minor praestitit genere ipso1 probablis in omnibus sed in quibusdam suis ipse viribus minor4 #ajd et ornat et ornat et exornat4 #ajf omnia denique omnia denique omnia denique4 illic--hic illi--huic illi--huic4 #ajg vicimus vincimus vincimus4 in quibus nihil quibus nibil quibus nihil4 #aaa nihil umquam pulchrius nihil pulchrius nihil pulchrius4 #aae si quid adiecturus fuit as ,halm si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit4 #aag et fervor1 sed et sermo purus1 sed et fervor1 sed4 #abc scripserunt scripserunt scripserint4 #abf ab eo ab eo ab illo4 #abg ac saltem aut saltem ac saltem4 #acj si ille quaedam contempsisset si aliqua contempsisset si obliqua contempsisset4 si parum 99 99 si parum sana si parum recta4 #aca potest utcumque potest utrimque potest utrimque4 ,ch4 ,,ii4 #f tradiderint tradiderint tradiderunt4 #h nulla est ars nulla mansit ars nulla mansit ars4 #ac et cum cum et cum et4 accommodata est accommodata sit accommodata sit4 #ae et a doctis inter ipsos etiam as ,halm4 et a doctis1 inter ipsos etiam4 ut ita dixerim ut ita dixerim ut sic dixerim4 #ag ,attici scilicet ,atticis scilicet ,attici sunt scilicet4 obscuri obscuri sunt obscuri4 #bb cuique proposita as ,halm cuique proposito4 #bh deerant deerunt deerunt4 oportebat oporteat oporteat4 ,ch4 ,,iii4 #b alte effossa alte refossa alte refossa4 et fundit et fundit effundit #aj ut provideamus et efferentis4 ut provideamus et eff4 ut provideamus1 effer4 #ae plura celerius plura celerius plura et celerius4 #bj in legendo in intellegendo in intellegendo4 #ba femur et latus as ,halm4 frontem et latus4 lxxx #bb secretum quod dictando as ,halm secretum in dictando4 #be velut 99 rectos velut tectos velut tectos4 #cb adiciendo adicienti adiciendo4 ,ch4 ,,iv4 #c finem habeat finem habet finem habet4 ,ch4 ,v4 #d praesumunt eandem praes4 eandem praes4 eadem4 #ag inanibus se simulacris 444 adsuefacere inanibus simulacris 444 adsuescere as ,meister4 #ah etiam ,m4 ,porcio etiam ,porcio etiam ,m4 ,porcio4 #ba autem is idoneus autem idoneus4 autem idoneus4 ,ch4 ,,vi4 #b inhaerent 444 quae 444 laxantur inhaeret4444 quod 444 laxatur as ,meister4 #e regredi regredi redire4 #g retrorsus retrorsum retrorsus4 si utcumque si utrimque si utrimque4 ,ch4 ,,vii4 #a instar portus intrare portum intrare portum4 #b statimque1 si non succurratur statimque1 si non succurratur statimque si non succuratur4 #e quid quoque loco primum sit ac secundum et deinceps as ,halm quid quoque loco primum sit quid secundum ac deinceps4 #f via dicet1 ducetur via ducetur1 dicet via dicet1 ducetur4 #i observatione simul observatione una observatione una4 #ac superfluere video3 quodsi videmus superfluere3 cum eo quod si superfluere video1 cum eo quod si4 #ad ut ,cicero dictitabant ut ,cicero ait1 dictitabant ut ,cicero dictitabant4 #ag adeo praemium adeo pretium adeo pretium4 #bj tanta sit 444 fiducia facilitatus ut tantam esse 444 fiduciam facilitatis velim ut tanta esse umquam debet fiducia facilitatis ut4 non capitur non capitur non labitur4 #bd quam omnino non quam non omnino quam non omnino4 #bf est et illa est et illa est alia4 #bf quam illa quam in illa quam illa4 #bi nescio an utrumque nescio an si utrumque as ,meister4 id efficere id efficere sic dicere4 in his in his et in his4 #cb quod simus quod non simus quod non simus4 ,,footnotes #a4 7,rhetores7 quorum professio quam nullam apud maiores auctoritatem habuerit1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cj4 #b4 ,c4 ,suetoni ,tranquilli praeter ,caesarum libros reliquiae4 ,leipzig #ahfj1 p4 #cfe sq4 and #dfi sq4 #c4 ,there is however some doubt about the name1 most editors reading ,l4 ,galba4 #d4 ,so ,hild1 ,introd4 p4 xii1 where reference is made to the following authorities as establishing this custom for the ,jews of ,asia3 ,joseph1 xiv4 #aj4 #ag 444 1 --the words of ,l4 ,antonius1 governor of the province of ,asia1 ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,cp4 id4 xiv4 #g1 #b3 ,act ,apost4 ix4 #b3 xxii4 #ai3 xxvi4 #aa3 ,cor4 ii4 #aa1 #bd4 ,the privilege was maintained under the ,christian emperors3 see inter alia ,cod4 ,theod4 ii4 #a1 #aj sane si qui per compromissum1 ad similitudinem arbitrorum1 apud ,iudaeos vel patriarchas ex consensu partium in civili duntaxat negotio putaverint litigandum1 sortiri eorum iudicium iure publico non vetentur4 #e4 ,gaius ii #bgd mulier quae ab eo qui centum milia aeris census est1 per legem ,voconiam heres institui non potest1 tamen fideicommisso relictam sibi hereditatem capere potest4 #f4 ,hild1 ,introd4 pp4 xiii4-xiv1 where passages are cited from contemporary literature describing both types4 ,for the first cp4 ,martial viii4 #af ,pistor qui fueras diu1 ,cipere1 ,nunc causas agis1 and passim3 ,petronius1 ,sat4 #df destinavi illum artificii docere1 aut tonstrinum aut praeconem aut certe causidicum 444 ,philero was lately a street porter3 nunc etiam adversus ,norbanum se extendit2 litterae thesaurum est1 et artificium numquam moritur3 ,juv4 vii4 #ajf sqq43 ,plin4 v4 #ac1 #f sq43 vi4 #bi4 ,of the second class the best representative is ,aquilius ,regulus1 informer and legacy-hunter1 on whose account ,herennius ,senecio parodied ,cato's famous utterance1 vir malus dicendi imperitus ,plin4 iv4 #g1 #e and ii4 #bj4 #g4 ,hild 7p4 xv4 note7 compares ,juv4 ,sat4 xiv4 #dd sqq4 with ,quint1 i4 #b1 #h and ,tac4 ,dial4 #bi3 and especially ,sat4 vii4 #bjg with ,quint1 ii4 #b1 #d3 ,di1 maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram ,spirantesque crocos et in urna perpetuum ver1 ,qui praeceptorem sancti valuere parentis ,esse loco6 and ,sumat ante omnia parentis erga discipulos suos animum 7sc4 praeceptor7 ac succedere se in eorum locum a quibus sibi liberi tradantur existimet4 #h4 i4 pr4 #a post impetratam studiis meis quietem quae per viginti annos erudiendis iuvenibus impenderam4 ,the chronology is rather uncertain4 ,it is supposed that ,quintilian began his ,institutio in #ib or #ic and finished it in #id or #ie4 ,if the period of twenty years is to be interpreted rigorously1 we may suppose that he is referring to his official career1 as it may have been in #gb that ,vespasian took the step referred to above1 p4 viii4 ,or we may understand him to be dating the period of his educational activity as extending from ,a4,d4 #gj to ,a4,d4 #ij1 though he did not begin to write the ,institutio till #ib4 ,the latter is the more probable alternative4 #i4 ,see ,de ,quintiliani libro qui fuit ,de ,causis ,corruptae ,eloquentiae3 ,dissertatio ,inauguralis3 ,augustus ,reuter1 ,vratislaviae #ahhg4 #aj4 ,the ,declamationes may also be mentioned here1 as having long been credited to ,quintilian3 they consist of #ai longer and #ade shorter pieces4 ,that ,quintilian practised this form of rhetorical exercise1 and with success1--at least in the earlier part of his career1--is clear from such passages as xi4 #b1 #ci3 but it seems probable1 from the nature of the contents of the existing collection1 if not from the style1 that tradition has erred in attributing to the master what must have been1 in the main1 the work of pupils and imitators4 ,the popular habit of tacking on to a great name whatever seems not unworthy of it1 may account for the fact that these rhetorical efforts are credited to ,quintilian as early as the time of ,ausonius1 who says 7,prof4 #a1 #ae7 ,seu libeat fictas ludorum evolvere lites ,ancipitem palmam ,quintilianus habet4 ,st4 ,jerome1 on ,isaiah viii4 praef41 speaks of his concinnas declamationes3 ,lactantius i4 #bd quotes one which has disappeared from the collection2 and lastly1 ,trebellius ,pollio1 a historian of the age of ,diocletian1 speaking of a certain ,postumus1 of ,gaulish origin1 adds3 fuit autem 444 ita in declamationibus disertus ut eius controversiae ,quintiliano dicantur insertae 7,trig4 tyr4 #d1 #b73 cp4 ib4 ,quintiliano1 quem declamatorem ,romani generis acutissimum vel unius capitis lectio prima statim fronte demonstrat 7,hild1 ,introd4 p4 xxi4 note74 #aa4 ,see also the ,dissertatio of ,albertus ,trabandt1 ,gryphiswaldiae #ahhc1 ,de ,minoribus quae sub nomine ,quintiliani feruntur ,declamationibus4 #ab4 iv4 pr4 #b ,cum vero mihi ,domitianus ,augustus sororis suae nepotum delegaverit curam1 non satis honorem iudiciorum caelestium intellegam1 nisi ex hoc oneris quoque magnitudinem metiar4 #ac4 ,if they had still been under ,quintilian's care when he wrote the ,introduction to the ,sixth ,book 7where referring to his domestic losses he says that he will live henceforth not to himself but to the youth of ,rome71 he would almost certainly have made some reference to them4 #ad4 ,in judging ,quintilian we must not forget that similar extravagances have not been unknown in our own literature4 ,his translator1 ,guthrie--an ,aberdonian ,scot1 who is full of enthusiasm for his author--cries out in a note on this passage3 8,i will engage to point out from the works of some of the greatest and most learned men1 as well as of the best poets1 of ,england1 compliments to the abilities not only of princes1 but of noblemen1 statesmen1 nay1 private gentlemen1 who in this respect deserved them as little as ,domitian did40 #ae4 ,the expression used in vi4 pr4 #d1 meo casu cui tamen nihil obici nisi quod vivam potest1 shows that ,quintilian was quite conscious of his comfortable circumstances4--,halm 7followed by ,meister7 reads quam quod vivam3 but ,i find nisi in both the ,bamberg 7,g7 and the ,harleian codices4 #af4 ,some have supposed that ,quintilian made a second marriage 7sometime between #ic and #ie71 after losing his wife and two children4 ,this theory1 which is rejected now by ,mommsen1 ,teuffel1 and most authorities1 was invented to account for the existence of a grown-up daughter1 to whom1 on the occasion of her marriage 7about the year #aje71 ,pliny gives a present of #ej1jjj sesterces3 ,ep4 vi4 #cb4 ,but this young lady must have been the daughter of another ,quintilianus altogether4 ,what we know of our ,quintilian's affluent circumstances is inconsistent with such liberality on ,pliny's part3 the gift is offered as to a man who is comparatively poor4 ,moreover1 the letter intimating the gift contains no such reference to the services of a former teacher as might have been expected on so interesting an occasion4 ,and lastly it is almost inconceivable that ,quintilian1 after bewailing in the ,introduction to ,book vi4 7about #ic ,a4,d47 the bereavements that left him desolate 7superstes omnium meorum71 should have had twelve years afterwards a daughter of marriageable age4 #ag4 ,quibus 7libris7 componendis1 ut scis1 paulo plus quam biennium tot alioqui negotiis districtus impendi2 quod tempus non tam stilo quam inquisitioni instituti operis prope infiniti et legendis auctoribus1 qui sunt innumerabiles1 datum est4 #ah4 ,milder references1 such as those at i4 #d1 #e and x4 #a1 #ce and #abc1 may have been written before the event mentioned above 7the date of which is fixed by ,suet4 ,dom4 #aj and ,tac4 ,agric4 #b71 and may have been allowed to stand4 #ai4 ,ipse nec habeat vitia nec ferat4 ,non austeritas eius tristis1 non dissoluta sit comitas1 ne inde odium1 hinc contemptus oriatur4 ,plurimus ei de honesto ac bono sermo sit3 nam quo saepius monuerit1 hoc rarius castigabit4 ,minime iracundus1 nec tamem eorum quae emendanda erunt dissimulator3 simplex in docendo1 patiens laboris1 adsiduus potius quam immodicus ii4 #b1 #e4 #bj4 ,see ,oscar ,browning's #8,educational ,theories' p4 #bf sqq41 for a good account of ,quintilian's system4 #ba4 xii4 #a1 #c and #d ne futurum quidem oratorem nisi virum bonum3 444 ne studio quidem operis pulcherrimi vacare mens nisi omnibus vitiis libera potest4 #bb4 ,inst4 ,or4 xii4 #aa1 #d-g1 cited by ,browning pp4 #cc-d3 ac nescio an eum tum beatissimum credi oporteat fore1 cum iam secretus et consecratus1 liber invidia1 procul contentionibus1 famam in tuto collocarit et sentiet vivus eam1 quae post fata praestari magis solet1 venerationem1 et quid apud posteros futurus sit videbit4 #bc4 ,dr4 ,reid in ,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 #bd4 i4 #b4 #d-h3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bi4 #be4 i4 #b4 #h3 cp4 ,iuv4 xiv4 #dd sqq4 #bf4 ,quis enim ignorat et eloquentiam et ceteras artes descivisse ab illa vetere gloria non inopia praemiorum1 sed desidia iuventutis et neglegentia parentum et inscientia praecipientium et oblivione moris antiqui8--ch4 #bh4 #bg4 ,m4 ,f4 ,quintiliani de ,institutione ,oratoria1 ,liber ,primus3 ,paris1 ,firmin-,didot et ,cie4 #ahij1 pp4 xiv4 sqq4 #bh4 ,for the identification of this manuscript see below p4 lxx4 #bi4 ,admiration for him was carried to such a pitch that at ,leipzig the professor of eloquence was designated ,quintiliani professor4 ,luther was one of his greatest admirers1 preferring him to almost every other writer2 and ,erasmus was a diligent student of his works1 especially ,books i and x of the ,institutio4 #cj4 ,stanhope's ,life of ,pitt1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa4 #ca4 ,to ,sir ,stafford ,northcote3 8,he was very fond of ,quintilian1 and said it was strange that in the decadence of ,roman literature1 as it was called1 we had three such authors as ,tacitus1 ,juvenal1 and ,quintilian10 ,lang's #8,life of ,lord ,iddesleigh1' vol4 ii4 p4 #agh4 #cb4 ,dr4 ,reid in the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 #cc4 ,see ,m4 ,samuel ,rocheblave3 ,de ,m4 ,quintiliano ,l4 ,annaei ,senecae ,judice1 ,paris 7,hachette71 #ahij4 #cd4 ,ep4 xvi4 #e1 #f de compositione non constat3 ,ep4 xix4 #e1 #ac oratio certam regulam non habet4 #ce4 i ,prooem4 #aj sqq41 especially neque enim hoc concesserim rationem rectae honestaeque vitae1 ut quidam putaverunt1 ad philosophos relegandam4 ,cp4 x4 #a1 #ce3 and xii4 #b1 #i ,utinam 444 orator hanc artem superbo nomine et vitiis quorundam bona eius corrumpentium invisam vindicet4 ,m4 ,rocheblave sees in these and other passages evidence of a bias against the representatives of philosophy on the part of ,quintilian1 which must have worked as powerfully in the case of a teacher of youth as the more open denunciations of ,juvenal and ,martial4 ,he even finds traces of ,quintilian's influence with ,domitian in the banishment of the philosophers from ,rome in ,a4,d4 #id4 ,it is certainly noticeable that the tone of his references to them becomes more bitter in the later books3 e4g4 xi4 #a1 #cc-ce3 and xii4 #c1 #aa-ab4 ,the ,prooemium to ,book i4 may have been written last of all3 and apart from it there is nothing in ,books i to x 7see i4 #d1 #e2 x4 #a1 #ce and #abc7 so acrimonious as the extracts refered to4 ,cp4 p4 xiv4 #cf4 ,see ii4 #e1 #aj-ab ,ne id quidem inutile1 etiam corruptas aliquando et vitiosas orationes1 quas tamen plerique iudiciorum pravitate mirantar1 legi palam ostendique in his quam multa impropria1 obscura1 tumida1 humilia1 sordida1 lasciva1 effeminata sint3 quae non laudantur modo a plerisque sed1 quod est peius1 propter hoc ipsum quod sunt prava laudantur4 ,with this last cp4 x4 #a1 #abg 7of ,seneca7 placebat propter sola vitia4 ,so i4 #h1 #i quando nos in omnia deliciarum vitia dicendi quoque ratione defluximus3 ii4 #e1 #bb 7cavendum est7 ne recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti voluptate prava deleniantur ut praedulce illud genus et puerilibus ingeniis hoc gratius quo propius est adament3 with which compare x4 #a1 #abi corrupta pleraque atque eo perniciosissima1 quod abundant dulcibus vitiis3 #acj consensu potius eruditorum quam puerorum amore comprobaretur4 ,rocheblave cites also viii4 #e1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj4 #cg4 ,it is doubtful if the allusion in #abf 7potioribus praeferri non sinebam quos ille non destiterat incessere1 c47 is exclusively to ,cicero4 ,seneca's extant works contain many references to ,cicero which are the reverse of disparaging3 ,rocheblave 7p4 #dc7 cites ,ep4 vi4 #f1 #f where he speaks of him as #8locuples' in the choice of words3 xvi4 #e1 #i where he is #8maximus' in philosophy3 xviii4 #d1 #aj where he is #8disertissimus'3 see also xix4 #e1 #af1 and xvi4 #e1 #g4 #ch4 ,cp4 ,rocheblave1 p4 #df ,de ,annaeo vero ,seneca1 velut olim de ,catone defendebat lepidissimus consul1 merito nobis dici videtur posse1 quae deficiant1 si minus omnia1 pleraque saltem tempori esse attribuenda2 quae vero emineant1 ipsius scriptoris esse propria1 et in primis oculos capere3 p4 #cf ,eloquentiam non verbis1 sed rebus valere1 nec per se1 sed propter quae docere animum possit1 esse excolendam ,annaeus semper professus est4 ,eloquentiam contra delectu verborum praecipue constare1 et per se amandam et requirendam esse1 nulla aut minima rerum adhibita ratione1 docebant rhetores1 et in primis ,quintilianus3 p4 #ch ,ergo quum in eloquentia duo sint praesertim consideranda1 scilicet res verbaque1 haud dubium est ,annaeam pro rebus ,fabium pro verbis1 utrumque asperrime1 egisse4 #ci4 ,see note on p4 #eh1 where an extract is given which is quoted by ,diderot in his ,essai sur ,claude et ,nron4 ,instead of ,seneca being the #8corruptor eloquentiae' the truth is that #8il ne corrompit rien4 ,il suivit son gnie1 il s'accommoda au got de ses contemporains1 il eut l'avantage de leur plaire et de s'en faire admirer2 et l'envie lui fit un crime de ce qui passerait pour vrai talent dans un homme moins clbre4' #dj4 ,montaigne1 ,essais ii4 ch4 x4 #da4 ,fronto1 ,de ,oration4 p4 #aeg ,at enim quaedam in libris eius scite dicta1 graviter quoque nonnulla4 ,etiam laminae interdum argentiolae cloacis inveniuntur2 eane re cloacas purgandas redimemus8 ,for ,gellius see ,noct ,att4 xii4 #b4 #db4 8,in the case of the first list1 or list of ,greek authors1 he gives his readers fair warning that he is only repeating other people's criticisms1 not pronouncing his own4 ,in #bg he mentions ,theophrastus by name2 in #eb1 speaking of ,hesiod1 he says datur ei palma1 c42 in #ec the second place is given to ,antimachus by the consent of the grammatici2 ,panyasis is thought 7putant7 in eloquendo neutrius aequare virtutes1 ,callimachus 7#eh7 princeps habetur 7elegiae71 secundas confessione plurimorum ,philetas occupavit4 ,in #ei only three iambographi are mentioned1 those1 namely1 who were allowed by ,aristarchus4 ,the novem lyrici were probably a selection of ,aristarchus3 in any case they are the ,pindarus novemque lyrici 7for this need not be taken to mean strictly ten7 of ,petronius's first chapter40--,prof4 ,nettleship in ,journ4 of ,philol4 xviii4 p4 #beh4 #dc4 ,quod tempus 7i4e4 paulo plus quam biennium7 non tam stilo quam inquisitioni instituti operis prope infiniti et legendis auctoribus1 qui sunt innumerabiles datum est3 ,epist4 ad ,tryphonem4 #dd4 ,claussen1 ,quaestiones ,quintilianeae1 ,leipzig #ahgc1 p4 #cdc note3 sententia mea1 ut semel dicam1 ,quintilianus non omnia quae contuli opera in singulis iudiciis evolvit sed nonnullos locos memoria tenuit1 adeo ut inscius interdum auctorum verba referret4 ,this 7though somewhat inconsistent with the opinion quoted p4 xxxii7 is a milder verdict than that of ,professor ,nettleship1 who1 after speaking of ,quintilian's #8somewhat pretentious moral overture' 7vir bonus dicendi peritus1 c471 adds3 8one would be glad to know whether he would have thought it a necessary virtue in a bonus grammaticus to read and conscientiously study the ,greek authors on whom he passes formal critical judgments4 ,for it is1 alas6 too plain that1 whether ,quintilian had or had not read them1 he contents himself in many cases with merely repeating the traditional criticisms of the ,greek schools upon some of the principal ,greek authors40 7,journ4 of ,philol4 xviii4 p4 #beg47 #de4 ,see ,prof4 ,nettleship's paper on #8,literary ,criticism in ,latin ,antiquity' in ,journ4 of ,philol4 vol4 xviii4 p4 #bbe sqq4 #df4 ,cp4 iii4 #a1 #af1 where he is eulogised among the ,greek rhetoricians2 ix4 #c1 #hi3 #d1 #hh 7#8similia dicit ,halicarnasseus ,dionysius'74 ,cp4 the parallelism in regard to the ,panegyricus of ,isocrates1 x4 #d1 #d3 and for other instances see ,claussen1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cci-cdj4 #dg4 ,the extant remains of this treatise have recently been edited by ,usener 7,bonn4 #ahhi71 with a valuable ,epilogus4 ,the scope of the work is indicated by ,dionysius himself in the ,epist4 ad ,pompeium iii4 p4 #ggf ,r1 ,usener p4 #ej3 1 1 77 1 4 #dh4 ,the standpoint from which both critics regarded this class of poetry was probably much the same as that which ,dio ,chrysostom applies to lyric poetry generally3 7cp4 tunc et elegiam vacabit1 c41 #eh7 7,or4 xviii4 #h1 p4 #dgh ,r47 #di4 ,how diverse the tradition of the various authorities came to be in regard to the epic poets may be seen from ,usener's note p4 #acg4 #ej4 ,cp4 however ,usener's note p4 #ach ,aristophanis propria fuit ,menandri illa admiratio quam epigramma prodit ,kaibelli p4 #ajhe 7,c4,i4,gr4 #fjhc73 cuius iudicii ,kaibelius p4 #dij in ,quintiliano x4 #a1 #fi vestigia recte observavit4 #ea4 ,see ,usener1 p4 #abc3 fr4 xvii4 quid enim aut ,herodoto dulcius aut ,thucydide gravius1 fr4 xviii4 aut ,philisto brevius aut ,theopompo acrius aut ,ephoro mitius inveniri potest8 ,it has been supposed that between these two fragments the words aut ,xenophonte iucundius may have fallen out3 cp4 ,quint1 x4 #a1 #hb4 #eb4 ,see especially fr4 xi4 qua re velim dari mihi1 ,luculle1 indicem tragicorum1 ut sumam qui forte mihi desunt3 and cp4 note on #a #eg4 #ec4 ,cp4 the note on qui parcissime x4 #d1 #d4 #ed4 ,de ,canone decem ,oratorum ,atticorum ,quaestiones4 ,breslau1 #ahhc4 #ee4 ,a iudicandis poetarum carminibus olim ars grammatica initium sumpserat1 fuitque ante quam --,usener1 p4 #acb4 #ef4 ,see ,prof4 ,nettleship1 ,journ4 of ,phil4 pp4 #bcj-bca4 #eg4 ,among other traces of the use of such an abridgment by ,cicero1 ,usener reckons his judgments on the ,greek historians 7,herodotus and ,thucydides1 ,philistus1 ,theopompus and ,ephorus1 ,xenophon1 ,callisthenes and ,timaeus7 in the second book of the de ,oratore 7#ee-eh71 a work which was written ten years before the ,hortensius3 on ,herodotus and ,thucydides1 ,orat4 #ci3 cp4 ,ep4 ad ,quintum fr4 ii4 #aa 7#ac71 #d1 ad ,callisthenem et ad ,philistum redeo1 in quibus te video volutatum4 ,callisthenes quidem volgare et notum negotium1 quem ad modum aliquot ,graeci locuti sunt3 ,siculus ille capitalis1 creber1 acutus1 brevis1 paene pusillus ,thucydides4 #eh4 ,adponam laterculum quam breve tam egregium1 quod ex codice ,coisliniano n4 #chg olim ,athoo saeculi ,x ,montefalconius edidit bibl4 ,coislin4 p4 #eig1 ex codice ,bodleiano olim ,meermanni recentiore ,cramerus anecd4 ,paris t4 iv4 p #aif1 #ae sq4 ,usener1 p4 #abi4 #ei4 ,nettleship1 in ,journ4 of ,philol4 p4 #bcc4 #fj4 ,havell's translation1 p4 #bg4 #fa4 ,see the note on x4 #a1 #he1 with the quotation from ,professor ,nettleship's article in the ,journal of ,philology4 ,in the ,rheinisches ,museum 7xix4 #ahfd1 p4 #c sqq47 ,mercklin pushed the parallelism to an excessive extent1 endeavouring to find a correspondence between each individual ,greek and ,latin writer mentioned by ,quintilian4 #fb4 8,his 7,seneca's7 works are made up of mottoes4 ,there is hardly a sentence which might not be quoted2 but to read him straight forward is like dining on nothing but anchovy sauce40--,macaulay1 ,trevelyan's ,life1 i4 p4 #ddh4 #fc4 ,pervasit iam multos ista persuasio1 ut id demum eleganter atque exquisite dictum patent1 quod interpretandum sit3 viii4 #b4 #ba4 #fd4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bj ,iam vero iuvenes 444 non solum audire sed etiam referre domum aliquid inlustre et dignum memoria volunt1 traduntque invicem ac saepe in colonias ac provincias suas scribunt1 sive sensus aliquis arguta et brevi sententia effulsit1 sive locus exquisito et poetico cultu enituit4 #fe4 ii4 #e1 #aj ostendi in his quam multa impropria1 obscura1 tumida1 humilia1 sordida1 lasciva1 effeminata sint3 guae non laudantur modo a plerisque1 sed1 quod est peius1 propter hoc ipsum quod sunt prava laudantur4 #ff4 ,he resembles other writers of the decadence in the frequent use of rare or poetical words1 in neglecting the nice distinctions formerly made between synonyms1 in the numbers of adjectives used substantively1 c4 #fg4 ,in discussing ,quintilian's language and style1 it must not be forgotten that he was a ,spaniard by birth4 ,in his recent pamphlet1 #8,ueber die ,substantivierung des ,adjectivums bei ,quintilian' 7,berlin1 #ahij71 ,dr4 ,paul ,hirt quotes an interesting remark of ,filelfo 7cp4 ,g4 ,voigt1 #8,wiederbelebung des klass4 ,alt4' i4 p4 #dfg note71 which has lately received some corroboration3 sapit hispanitatem nescio quam1 hoc est barbariem plane quandam4 ,filelfo did not like ,quintilian3 nullam habet elegantiam1 nullum nitorem1 nullam suavitatem4 ,neque movet dicendo ,quintilianus1 neque satis docet1 nec delectat4 ,but this was only ,filelfo's opinion1 for which he would not have been able to furnish such scientific grounds as that lately 7,archiv4 f4 ,lat4 ,lex4 und ,gramm4 #a p4 #cef7 supplied by ,dr4 ,e4 ,wlfflin1 in regard to the adjective pandus4 ,this word was in use in the days of ,ennius1 and occurs often afterwards in poetry1 but not in prose4 ,in ,spain1 however1 it lingered1 and is used by ,seneca1 ,martial1 ,silius1 ,columella1 and especially by ,quintilian4 ,after these writers it disappears again till the fourth century4--,cp4 i4 #e1 #eg gurdos1 quos pro stolidis accipit vulgus1 ex ,hispania duxisse originem audivi1 which has been quoted 7by ,abb ,gdoyn1 and by ,hermann1 following ,gesner7 strangely enough in disproof of ,quintilian's ,spanish birth4 #fh4 ,for this section ,i am especially indebted to a ,dissertatio by ,adamus ,marty3 ,de ,quintilianeo ,usu et ,copia ,verborum cum ,ciceronianis potissimum comparatis4 ,also the ,prolegomena in ,bonnell's ,lexicon3 and ,dosson's ,remarques sur la ,langue de ,quintilien4 #fi4 ,marty 7op4 cit4 p4 #dg7 has an interesting note1 in which1 referring to the ,zeitschrift f4 ,gymnasialwesen1 xiv4 pp4 #dbg-bi1 he says it has been found that there are in ,cicero #bij 7#bif7 substantives in -tor and #dd 7#df7 in -trix4 ,of these #gc in -tor and #d in -trix are also in ,quintilian1 who has1 on the other hand1 #bh in -tor and #h in -trix which do not occur in ,cicero4 ,these are--adfectator1 admirator1 adsertor1 agnitor1 altercator1 auxiliator1 constitutor1 consultor1 contemptor1 cunctator1 delator1 derisor1 exactor1 formator1 iactator1 insectator1 latrator1 legum lator1 luctator1 plosor1 professor7871 raptor1 repertor1 rixator1 signator1 stuprator1 ventilator1 versificator1 cavillatrix1 disputatrix1 elocutrix1 enuntiatrix1 exercitatrix1 hortatrix1 iudicatrix1 7litteratrix71 sermocinatrix4 #gj4 ,this subject has been most exhaustively treated in a ,programm by ,dr4 ,paul ,hirt1 #8,ueber die ,substantivierung des ,adjectivums bei ,quintilian' 7,berlin1 #ahij71 a monument of ,german thoroughness4 ,see also ,becher's ,quaestiones ,grammaticae 7,nordhausen1 #ahgi71 pp4 #f sqq4 #ga4 ,schmalz 7,ueber den ,sprachgebrauch des ,asinius ,pollio1 p4 #eb7 says that this usage1 which is a favourite one with ,pollio ad ,fam4 x4 #cb1 #e ,gallum ,cornelium71 was first introduced by ,varro 7,l4 ,lat4 #e1 #hc ,scaevola ,quintus3 de ,re ,rust4 i4 #b1 #a ,libo ,marcius74 ,it is frequent in ,cicero's correspondence1 and became general in ,velleius ,paterculus4 #gb4 ,see a ,programm by ,david ,wollner1 #8,die von der ,beredsamkeit aus der ,krieger- und ,fechtersprache entlehnten ,bildlichen ,wendungen in der rhetorischen ,schriften des ,cicero1 ,quintilian1 und ,tacitus' 7,landau1 #ahhf74 #gc4 ,halm's account of this is more accurate than ,meister's4 ,the former 7,praef4 p4 viii7 says magnae autem lacunae ,bernensis pergamenis insertis ex alio codice suppletae sunt4 ,the alius codex which the writer of ,g had at hand is no longer extant3 it no doubt belonged to the same family as the ,ambrosianus1 and ,bambergensis ,g is consequently of first-class importance1 especially where the ,ambrosianus fails us4 ,it is incorrect to say 7with ,meister1 ,praef4 p4 vi7 lacunae pergamenis ex alieno codice insertis expletae sunt4 ,the writer of ,g did not mutilate another codex in order to complete ,bg3 in some places he begins his copy on the blank space left at the end of a folio in ,bg4 #gd4 ,the ,pratensis is the oldest authority for the reading tam laesae hercule at i4 #b1 #d3 the ,puteanus and ,ioannensis agree4 ,again all three omit the words de litteris at i4 #d1 #f1 and show praecoquum for praecox at i4 #c1 #c 7so ,voss4 iii4 and #ggfj71 and haec igitur ex verbis at i4 #e1 #b 7so ,voss4 iii474 #ge4 ,an account of this important codex has already been given in an article on ,m4 ,fierville's ,quintilian1 ,classical ,review1 ,february1 #ahia4 #gf4 ,the subpunctuation of these letters by the second hand by the ,bambergensis is a phenomenon which may1 ,i think1 be explained in this way4 ,the codex from which the readings known as b are taken must have been of considerable antiquity1 and probably abounded in contractions3 lius may have seemed to the copyist the nearest approach to what he had before him1 wherefore he subpunctuated ,cloe4 ,cloelius in the ,bambergensis is a very intelligible mistake for ,clodius4 ,another example of a similar mistake on the part of the writer of b occurs at x4 #b1 #g1 where the ,bambergensis now shows id consequi qd imiteris1 the writer of b having subpunctuated quo because he did not understand the contraction for quod which he had in the text before him4 ,the copyist of the ,harleianus at once follows suit1 and hence the remarkable reading id consequi dimiteris1 which in the ,bodleianus and other ,,mss4 becomes de metris 7see ,crit4 ,note ad loc474 ,in fact1 it seems that much of the corruption which has prevailed in the text of ,quintilian is due to the fact that b very often did not understand what he was doing1 and that through such codices as followed his guidance his errors became perpetuated4 ,cp4 totas at cures 7for vires b7 suas in the second last line of the ,facsimile 7x4 #a1 #aji47 #gg4 ,the only places in the ,tenth ,book which form any obstacle to the theory that ,h was copied directly from the ,bambergensis are the following3 x4 #c1 #cc1 where the remarkable gloss vindemoni occurs 7repeated in ,f but not in ,t73 see ,crit4 ,notes ad loc4 for an attempted explanation3 x4 #b1 #a ex his summa ,h1 a mistake evidently recognised by the copyist himself3 and x4 #a1 #bg blandita tum ,h 7so ,l ,c71 libertate ,g4 #gh4 ,the claim of the ,codex ,florentinus to be ,poggio's manuscript was definitely rejected by ,a4 ,reifferscheid in the ,rheinisches ,museum1 xxiii 7#ahfh71 pp4 #adc-adf4 ,reifferscheid refers to a ,codex ,urbinas 7#egg71 an examination of which would probably settle the question1 if it is what it professes to be1 a transcript of ,poggio's manuscript4 ,it bears the following inscription3 ,scripsit ,poggius ,florentinus hunc librum ,constantiae diebus ,,liii sede apostolica vacante4 ,reperimus vero eum in bibliotheca monasterii sancti galli quo plures litterarum studiosi perquirendorum librorum causa accessimus ex quo plurimum utilitalis eloquentiae studiis comparatum putamus1 cum antea ,quintilianum neque integrum neque nisi lacerum et truncum plurimis locis haberemus4 ,hec verba ex originali ,poggii sumpta4 #gi4 ,for the controversy as between the ,turicensis and the ,florentinus see ,halm1 ,sitzungsberichte der knigl4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften zu ,mnchen1 #ahff1 p4 #dii note3 and ,fierville1 ,introduction1 p4 xcii4 sqq4 #hj4 ,kiderlin 7,rhein4 ,mus4 xlvi4 p4 #ab1 note7 cites the following passages in ,book x1 where ,s has preserved the right reading3 ,i add those of my ,,mss4 which are in agreement--#ai digerantur 7,g ,h dirigantur1 ,l dirigerantur73 #bg blandicia1 so ,burn4 #bdc 7,g libertate1 ,h ,l blandita tum73 #ee sed 7,g ,h et1 om4 ,l73 #fe tamen quem 7,g ,h tamen quae3 ,m tamquam73 #ff correctas 7,g ,h rectas1 ,m correptas73 #fg uter 7,g ,h ,m ,t uterque73 #fh reprehendunt 7,g ,h ,m reprehendit1--et ,h 873 #fi testatur 7as ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,ball41 ,dorv471 ,g ,m praestatur 7as ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl473 #gf in eo tam 7,g inectam1 ,m in hoc tam74 #ha4 ,see note on the following page4 #hb4 ,since the above was written the readings of the ,vallensis have been given in detail for the ,tenth ,book by ,becher 7,programm des kniglichen ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich1 ,easter1 #ahia74 ,with the exception of ,harl4 #diie1 no other fifteenth century codex furnishes so correct a text2 and it is interesting to speculate whether the improvements are due to the progress of scholarship since ,poggio's discovery1 or to the fact that the ,vallensis and ,harl4 #diie derive1 not from the class of ,,mss4 to which ,poggio's belonged1 but from some other and more reliable codex4 ,if the latter was copied from the former1 it will afford a test1 such as ,becher desiderates1 for discriminating between the corrections made in the ,vallensis4 ,those not adopted in ,harl4 #diie were made1 in all probability1 after #adgj4 ,for example in #a4 #bc utile erit 7,vall4#b7 does not appear in the ,london manuscript1 which also has audatiora #e #d3 nobis ac and uno genere ib4 #g3 virtutum ib4 #ag3 recidere ib4 #bb3 diligenter effecta1 7without una enim7 ib4 #bc3 iniicere #g #bi4 ,in all these places there are corrections by a later hand in the ,vallensis4 ,but in the following passages1 among others1 the copyist of ,harl4 #diie adopts corrections which had already been made in the ,vallensis3 #a #i quae cultiore in parte3 #ai iteratione3 #ca molli3 #ch exequar3 #ajg qui duo plurimum affectus valent3 #aag et vis summa3 #abe tum3 #b #ae dicunt3 #ag quam libet3 #c #b et fundit3 #f scriptorum3 #ag contextis quae fudit levitas3 #ba simul vertere latus3 #ca crebra relatione3 #e #ab de reo3 #be utilior4 ,a comparison of the two codices might possibly reveal the fact that the writer of ,harl4 #diie is himself the author of some of the emendations in the ,vallensis4 ,was he ,j4 ,badius8 #a ,,analysis ,,of ,,the ,,argument4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,how to acquire a command of ,diction4 #a-d4 ,the question whether a ready command of speech is best acquired by writing1 or by reading1 or by speaking1 is of little practical importance1 all three being indispensable4 ,but what is theoretically most indispensable does not necessarily take first rank for the purpose of practical oratory4 ,speaking comes first3 then imitation 7#h and ch4 ii71 including reading and hearing3 lastly1 writing 7chs4 iii-v74 ,that is the order of development--not necessarily the order of importance4 ,the early training of the orator has been overtaken in the first two books4 ,we have now to deal1 not with the theory of rhetoric1 but with the best methods of applying theory to practice4 #e-ae4 ,the necessary store of things and words can be obtained only by reading and hearing4 ,we ought to read the best writings and hear the best orators4 ,and much reading and hearing will not only furnish a stock of words3 it will stimulate independent thought1 and will show the student actual examples of the theoretical principles taught in the schools4 #af-ai4 ,the comparative advantages of hearing and reading3 the former more #8catching1' the latter more independent4 #bj-bf4 ,the best writers should be read first4 ,reading ought to be slow and searching1 with careful attention 7especially in the case of speeches7 to details1 followed by a review of the whole4 ,we should also acquaint ourselves with the facts of the cases to which the speeches relate1 and read those delivered on both sides4 ,other speeches on the same side should be read1 if accessible4 ,but even in studying a masterpiece our admiration must always be tempered with judgment3 we cannot assume the perfection of every part4 ,it is safer1 however1 to err on the side of appreciation3 uncritical approbation is preferable to continual fault-finding4 #bg-cj4 ,the study of ,poetry is important for the orator1 as conferring a greater #b elevation of spirit and diction1 besides serving as a pleasurable recreation4 ,but poetry is not restrained by the practical aims of the orator1 whose stage is a battle-field where he must ever strive for the mastery4 #ca-cd4 ,history1 too1 will furnish a rich and genial aliment1 which should be used1 however1 with caution3 its very excellences are often defects in the orator4 ,it tells its story1 and recalls the past2 whereas the orator must address himself to immediate proof4 ,considered as a mine of ancient precedents1 history is very useful2 but this point of view is rather outside the scope of the present chapter4 #ce-cf4 ,philosophy will give familiarity with the principles of ethics and dialectics1 as well as skill in controversy4 ,but here also we must bear in mind that the atmosphere of the lecture-room differs from that of the law-court4 #cg-db4 ,in laying down a plan of reading it would be impossible to notice individually all the writers in both languages1 though it may be said generally that almost all1 whether old or new1 are worth reading1--at least in part4 ,there may be much that is valuable in relation to some branch of knowledge1 but outside my present object1 which is to recommend what is profitable for the formation of style4 #dc-df4 ,before proceeding to give a list of typical authors1 a word must be said about the different opinions and tastes of orators and critics regarding the various schools and styles of eloquence4 ,some are prejudiced in favour of the old writers2 others admire the affectation and refinement which characterise those of our own day4 ,and even those who desire to follow the true standard of style differ among each other4 ,the list now to be given contains only a selection of the best models3 it does not profess to be exhaustive4 #df-hd4 ,,greek ,,literature4 #df-gb4 ,greek ,poetry4 #df-fa4 ,epic1 didactic1 pastoral1 elegiac1 iambic1 and lyric poetry proper4 ,the praise of ,homer1 #df-ea3 #8it is much to understand1 impossible to rival1 his greatness4' ,hesiod is rich in moral maxims1 and a master of the #8middle style'3 ,antimachus1 ,panyasis1 ,apollonius1 ,aratus1 ,theocritus1 and others1 #eb-eg4 ,a word in passing about the elegiac poets1 represented by ,callimachus and ,philetas1 #eh4 ,of iambographi the typical writer is ,archilochus1 #ei-fj4 ,the chief lyric poets are ,pindar 7#fa71 ,stesichorus 7#fb71 ,alcaeus 7#fc71 and ,simonides 7#fd74 #fe-gb4 ,dramatic poetry4 ,the ,old ,comedy 7#fe-ff7 with its pure ,attic diction and freedom of political criticism is more akin to oratory and more fitted to form the orator than any other class of poetry1--always excepting ,homer4 ,tragedy 7#fg-fh7 is represented by ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 and ,euripides3 of the latter two ,euripides is more useful for the orator4 ,he was imitated by ,menander 7#fi-gb71 the #8mirror of life1' who might alone suffice to form the orator4 ,menander's superiority to all other comic dramatists4 #gc-ge4 ,greek ,historians4 ,the pregnant brevity of ,thucydides1 the charm and transparency of ,herodotus4 ,theopompus3 ,philistus 7#8the little ,thucydides'73 ,ephorus1 and others4 #gf-hj4 ,greek ,orators4 ,demosthenes the standard of eloquence1 in whom there is nothing either too #c much or too little4 ,aeschines more diffuse3 #8more flesh1 less muscle4' ,hyperides is pleasing1 but more at home in less important causes4 ,lysias resembles a clear spring rather than a full river4 ,isocrates belongs to the gymnasium rather than to the field of battle3 in arrangement punctilious to a fault4 ,demetrius of ,phalerum the last ,athenian worthy of the name of orator4 #ha-hd4 ,greek ,philosophers4 ,both in respect of reasoning power and for beauty of style1 ,plato holds the first place4 ,of ,xenophon's artless charm it might be said that #8,persuasion herself perched upon his lips4' ,aristotle is famous alike for knowledge1 productiveness1 grace of style1 invention1 and versatility4 ,theophrastus owed even his name to the divine splendour of his language4 ,the ,stoics were the champions of virtue1 and showed their strength in defending their tenets3 the grand style they did not affect4 #he-aca4 ,,roman ,,literature4 #he-ajj4 ,roman ,poetry4 #he-ib4 ,epic ,poets4 ,vergil must head the list1 ranking nearer to ,homer than any third poet does to him4 ,for consistent and uniform excellence he may surpass even ,homer1 however little he may rival ,homer's best passages4 ,macer and ,lucretius are worth reading1 but not for style4 ,varro ,atacinus has some merit as a translator1 but will not add to an orator's resources4 ,ennius is like some venerable grove1 whose trees have more sanctity than beauty3 there are others nearer our own day1 and more useful for our special purpose4 ,ovid is uncontrolled even in his hexameters1 and lets his fancy run away with him3 yet admirable in parts4 ,cornelius ,severus fell away from the standard of his first book4 ,the youthful works of ,serranus display great talent and a correct taste in style4 ,we lately lost much in ,valerius ,flaccus4 ,the inspiration of ,saleius ,bassus also failed to take on the mellowness of age4 ,rabirius and ,pedo are worth reading in spare moments4 ,lucan has fire and point1 and is a model for orators rather than for poets4 ,domitian ,i would name had not the care of the world prevented him from becoming our greatest poet4 ,even the compositions of his earlier days1 after he had handed over the empire1 are lofty1 learned1 and of surpassing excellence3 #8the poet's ivy is entwined with the conquering bay4' #ic-if4 ,elegy1 ,satire1 iambic and lyric poetry4 ,in ,elegy we can challenge the ,greeks4 ,the most polished and refined is1 in my opinion1 ,tibullus2 some prefer ,propertius4 ,ovid is more uncontrolled than either1 ,gallus harsher4 ,satire is all our own4 ,lucilius is by some still preferred to all poets whatsoever4 ,i deprecate such extravagant eulogy1 as ,i disagree with the censure of ,horace4 ,lucilius has learning1 boldness1 causticity1 wit4 ,horace is the prince of satirists4 ,persius earned renown by a single book4 ,others still alive will have a name hereafter4 ,terentius ,varro wrote saturae of the earlier kind4 ,a profound scholar1 antiquarian1 and historian1 he has made greater contributions to knowledge than to oratory4 ,as a separate form of composition1 iambic poetry is not much in vogue4 ,horace is our great lyric poet1--everywhere pleasing and graceful1 and very happy in his language4 ,caesius ,bassus too may be added3 but there are living authors of greater merit4 #ig-ajj4 ,dramatic ,poetry4 ,of ,tragedians1 ,attius and ,pacuvius are most renowned for weight of thought #d and style1 and for the dignity of their characters2 but they lack finish4 ,attius has more strength1 ,pacuvius more learning4 ,varius's ,thyestes may be set beside any ,greek play4 ,ovid's ,medea shows what he might have done if he could have kept within bounds4 ,pomponius ,secundus is by far the greatest of all whom ,i have myself seen4 ,comedy is not our strong point4 ,notwithstanding ,plautus1 ,caecilius1 and ,terence1 we scarcely reproduce a faint shadow of our originals3 perhaps our language is incapable of the grace and charm which1 even in ,greek1 is peculiar to the ,attic4 ,afranius is the best writer of togatae1 but his is not a pure art4 #aja-ajd4 ,roman ,historians4 ,in history we hold our own4 ,sallust may be pitted against ,thucydides1 ,livy against ,herodotus4 ,livy is remarkable for the charm and transparency of his narrative style1 as well as for the eloquence and appropriateness of his speeches2 and in the presentation of passion1 especially on its softer side1 he is unsurpassed4 ,sallust is different but not inferior4 ,servilius ,nonianus wants conciseness4 ,aufidius ,bassus did more to maintain the dignity of history4 ,there is also the glory of our own age1 the historian who is still with us1 and whom ,i do not mention by name4 ,cremutius ,cordus is appreciated for his independent spirit1 which still survives in his works in spite of the revision and expurgation they have been subjected to4 ,there are others1 but ,i am only giving samples of classes1 not ransacking libraries4 #aje-abb4 ,roman ,orators4 ,cicero can stand against ,demosthenes4 ,i do not propose1 however1 to make a detailed comparison between them1 and ,i admit that ,demosthenes is worthy of being learnt by heart4 ,in invention they resemble each other3 in style they differ1 ,demosthenes being more concise1 ,cicero more diffuse2 the one always pierces with the point of his weapon1 the other often lets you feel the weight of it2 the one has more art1 the other a greater natural gift4 ,in wit and pathos ,cicero excels4 ,demosthenes was perhaps debarred from glowing perorations2 but on the other hand the genius of the ,latin language denies to us a full measure of the peculiar #8,attic charm4' ,still ,demosthenes came first1 and ,cicero owes much to him4 ,he is however no mere imitator1--#8no cistern of rain-water1 but a living source4' ,instructive1 affecting1 pleasing1 he carries his audience away with him4 ,he wins conviction not by the zeal of a partisan1 but by the impartiality of a judge3 everything he does is natural and easy4 ,he was king of the bar in his own day1 and with us his name is a synonym for eloquence3 it is a mark of progress to have a high appreciation of ,cicero4 ,pollio1 with all his good points1 is so far behind ,cicero in charm and polish that it might be thought he lived a century earlier4 ,messalla is lucid and distinguished1 but wants force4 ,caesar might have disputed the palm with ,cicero2 his speeches breathe his warlike ardour1 and yet he is above all things #8elegans4' ,caelius has genius and wit3 he deserved a longer life4 ,calvus is by some preferred to all others2 but ,cicero thought that by too rigorous self-criticism he lost the very life-blood of style4 ,he is moral1 weighty1 chastened1 and often vigorous withal4 ,he was a strict ,atticist2 and it is a pity that he died so young1 if there was a likelihood of his enriching his style4 ,servius ,sulpicius made a name by three speeches4 ,cassius ,severus wants tone and dignity3 he has genius1 causticity1 and wit2 but his anger outruns his judgment4 ,of those whom ,i have seen1 ,afer and ,africanus rank highest3 the #e former might be classed with the orators of former days1 the latter is more vigorous1 but careless1 wordy1 and over-bold in metaphor4 ,trachalus has elevation2 he had great personal advantages as well4 ,vibius ,crispus is delightful1 but more fitted for private than for public cases4 ,iulius ,secundus did not live long enough to secure his due share of fame4 ,he is too much of an artist and too little of a fighting-man3 yet he has fluency1 lucidity1 and other good qualities4 ,our own era will furnish the future historian with many subjects of eulogy4 #abc-aca4 ,roman ,philosophers4 ,though we are not strong in philosophy1 yet here the universal ,tully is a match for ,plato4 ,brutus1 too1 is greater here than in oratory3 he speaks from the heart4 ,celsus has written a considerable number of works4 ,among the ,stoics1 ,plautus will be of service to the inquirer4 ,catius the ,epicurean has no great weight1 but is pleasant withal4 ,i might have mentioned ,seneca before1 and in every department1 but have purposely kept him waiting3 ,i am accused of disliking him4 ,the fact is that at a time when he alone was studied ,i strove to introduce a purer taste4 ,he disparaged the #8ancients1' and his imitators aggravated his defects4 ,he possessed wide learning1 though on special subjects he was sometimes misled by others4 ,his versatility is shown in oratory1 poetry1 letters1 and dialogues4 ,a stern moralist1 but a vicious1 yet seductive1 stylist4 ,his defects endear him to the young1 but rob him of the praise of those of riper years4 ,yet these too may find profit in him1 if they use their judgment4 ,would that he had had nobler aims6 ,yet he realised the aims he had4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,imitation4 #a-c4 ,while the command of words1 figures1 and arrangement is to be acquired by the study of the best authors1 as recommended in the foregoing chapter1 the mind must also be exercised in the imitation of all the good qualities which such authors exemplify4 ,the place of imitation in art3 a natural and universal instinct4 ,the very ease of imitation has its dangers4 #d-ac4 ,only a dull and sluggish spirit will be content to do nothing but imitate1 without inventing anything new4 ,with our advantages of training1 we are even more bound than our predecessors to progress4 ,we ought even to surpass our models3 if we confine ourselves to imitation alone1 shall we ever realise the ideal in oratory8 ,nature herself does not achieve exact resemblance in reproduction4 ,moreover1 there is much in oratory that is characteristic of individual speakers1 and due to natural gifts3 this cannot be made matter of imitation4 ,you may imitate the language and rhythmical arrangement of a great speech2 but the fashion of words changes1 and as for arrangement1 there must always be an adaptation of sound to sense4 #ad-ah4 ,imitation is therefore a part of study in regard to which great circumspection must be used1--first in the choice of models1 and1 secondly1 in determining #f the good points we would seek to reproduce2 for even good authors have their defects4 ,again1 we must know the difference between superficial imitation and that in which the inner spirit is represented4 ,in cases where only the outward manner is caught elevation becomes bombast1 and simplicity carelessness2 roughness of form and insipidity in substance pass for antique plainness2 want of polish and point1 for ,attic restraint2 artificial obscurity claims to rank above ,sallust and ,thucydides2 the dull and spiritless challenge comparison with ,pollio2 easy-going drawlers call their diffuse periods ,ciceronian1 delighted if they can finish off a sentence with ,esse videatur4 #ai-ba4 ,the student must consider which models his own gifts qualify him to imitate4 ,a bold rugged style1 for example1 is appropriate to the form of genius which would make shipwreck by an excessive affectation of refinement4 ,it is of course within the province of the teacher to supply the natural defects of his pupils2 but it is a far harder matter to mould and form one's own nature4 ,even the teacher will not keep up a prolonged struggle against obstacles of natural disposition4 #ba-bf4 ,in oratory we ought not to imitate the characteristic qualities of poets and historians1 and vice versa3 each kind of composition has its own appropriate laws4 ,let us imitate what is common to eloquence in all its manifestations4 ,we must adapt our style to the topic and occasion3 even different parts of one and the same speech call for different treatment4 ,and we should not blindly follow any one model exclusively4 #bg-bh4 ,imitation must not be confined to words only3 we should study also propriety1 arrangement1 exordium1 narrative1 argument1 pathos1 c4 ,the perfect orator1 whom our age may hope to see1 will be he who shall unite all the good qualities of his predecessors and reject all the bad4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,how to ,write4 #a-d4 ,introductory to the three chapters on ,writing3 chs4 iii4 and iv4 treating of the manner of writing 7quomodo71 and ch4 v4 of the matter and form of writing 7quae maxime scribi oporteat #d74 ,the pen is the best teacher3 write much and carefully4 ,writing is a fundamental part of the orator's training4 #e-ah4 ,as to the manner of writing1 it should at first be deliberate and slow1 with careful attention alike to subject-matter1 language1 and the arrangement of words and phrases4 ,and the whole must be subjected to careful revision1 especially if it is written in a glow1 as it were1 of inspiration4 #8,write quickly1 and you will never write well2 write well1 and in time you will write quickly4' ,in the case of the orator it is advisable gradually to accelerate the pace3 he will never be able to overtake his professional duties unless he gets rid of the habit of carping self-criticism4 ,story of ,iulius ,florus4 ,judgment is also necessary1 as well as practice1 if we are to write naturally and clearly in any given circumstances4 ,the #g evil results of hasty composition can seldom be undone even by much verbal correction4 ,your work should be done with so much care from the first that it may need only to be filed and chiselled1 not recast4 #ai-bg4 ,condemnation of the fashionable practice of dictating to an amanuensis4 ,he who writes for himself1 no matter how rapidly1 takes time to think2 but your scribe hurries you on1 while shame forbids you to pause4 ,such compositions reflect neither a writer's care nor a speaker's animation3 your one idea is to #8keep going4' ,besides1 an awkward scribe will check the current of your thoughts4 ,and how absurd it is to have him looking on at the gestures which often accompany and stimulate the process of cogitation6 ,on the other hand1 while silence and solitude are helpful1 rural seclusion and attractive scenery cannot be said to favour concentration3 closed doors are better4 ,night hours are the best1 but only in moderation4 #bh-cj4 ,but solitude cannot always be secured3 those who cannot command it must habituate themselves to rise superior to every distraction4 ,they who only study when in the humour will never want an excuse for idleness4 ,it is possible to think1 and to prepare for debate1 in a crowd1 on a jury1 and even amid the noise and confusion of the law-courts4 #ca-cc4 ,the proper writing materials3 wax-tablets to be preferred to parchment4 ,write on one side only1 and leave the other for additions and corrections4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,of ,revision4 #a-b4 ,the three parts of revision are addition1 excision1 and alteration4 ,it is best to lay aside for a time what has been written3 an interval after each new birth will furnish the best safeguard against excessive parental fondness4 #c-d4 ,but time is not always at command4 ,there must obviously be some limit to revision1 especially on the part of the orator1 who has to meet the needs of the moment4 ,not all changes are improvements3 let the file polish the work1 instead of rubbing it all away4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,what to ,write4 #a-h4 ,the question now1 as distinguished from the preliminary courses laid down in ,books i4 and ii41 is what form of composition we should practise in order to acquire copiousness and readiness4 ,first1 translation from the ,greek3 this exercise leaves the writer free to choose the best terms in his own language4 #h ,second1 reproduction 7or paraphrase7 of ,latin poets and orators3 here1 however1 we often have to borrow from our models4 ,prose renderings of the poets are especially useful for the formation of an elevated style4 ,and even in reproducing orations1 we are stimulated to a kind of rivalry with our author1 which may result in our surpassing him3 in any case1 the difficulty of competing with masterpieces forces us to study them minutely4 #i-aa4 ,it will be of advantage also to put our own ideas into various forms of expression1 and to cultivate the faculty of amplifying3 power is shown in making much of little4 #aa-af4 ,here the writing of theses 7or discussions of abstract questions7 forms a valuable exercise3 also judicial decisions and commonplaces4 ,the writing of declamations1 or school speeches on fictitious cases1 is also to be recommended1 even for those who are already making a name at the bar4 ,history1 dialogue1 and poetry are all valuable by way of variety and recreation3 a many-sided culture is the best safeguard against such intellectual narrowness as would otherwise result from the daily battles of the law-courts4 #ag-bj4 ,young students must not be kept too long at these preparatory exercises1 lest by indulging the fancy overmuch they unfit themselves for practice4 ,after a youth has been well schooled in inventio and elocutio1 and has had also some moderate amount of practice1 he should attach himself to some eminent public speaker1 and accompany him to the courts3 he should write speeches1 too1 at home on the causes he has heard4 ,he has no longer to fence with foils4 #ba-bc4 ,declamations should resemble real speeches3 the subject should be treated naturally and thoroughly4 ,large classes and the custom of public speech-days tend to encourage a specious showiness1 in which only the most popular and attractive parts of a subject are dealt with1 and crowded together without regard to logical connection4 ,one subject1 thoroughly handled1 is worth twenty superficially treated4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,of ,meditation4 #a-d4 ,meditation occupies the middle ground between writing and improvisation1 and is perhaps more frequently employed than either4 ,after we have formed our style by the constant practice of writing1 meditation can be cultivated by progressive exercise to such a degree that an entire discourse may be prepared and arranged without the use of the pen4 #e-g4 ,but the orator is not to adhere so scrupulously to what he has thought out as to reject new ideas which may flash upon him during the actual delivery of a speech4 ,meditation should secure us1 on the one hand1 from ever being at a loss3 on the other it ought not to prevent us from improving the opportunity afforded by some incidental occurrence4 ,if we are to hesitate1 painfully recollecting what we have formulated in thought1 it were better to trust wholly to improvisation4 #i ,while we are at a loss to recall our prepared thoughts1 we miss others suggested by the subject itself1 which always offers a wider field than can possibly be covered by previous meditation4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,of ,extempore ,speech4 #a-d4 ,the richest fruit of study is the ability to speak effectively on the spur of the moment3 this is in fact absolutely indispensable4 #8,an advocate who proffers help1 and fails at the pinch1 is a harbour accessible only in calm weather4' ,cases may take unforeseen turns3 like ship-pilots we must change our tack with each shifting breeze4 ,unless the faculty of improvisation can be attained by practice1 our years of labour will have been wasted4 ,certain ,practical ,exercises conducive to ,success in ,extempore ,speech4 #e-g4 7#a7 ,the student must arrange his matter in appropriate order1--not only the order of the regular partes or divisions 7i4e4 introduction1 narrative1 proof1 refutation1 conclusion71 and the order of the principal points1 but also the order of the matter and thought in all its detail1 under every head and in every passage 7quoque loco74 ,the sequence of events will be our guide4 ,knowing what to look for at each point of our discourse1 we shall not be found skipping from one topic to another2 and in the end we shall reach the goal4 #g-aj4 7#b7 ,reading1 writing1 and speaking must receive unremitting attention1 and be made the subjects of scientific exercise4 ,the conscientious practice of writing will give even our extemporary speeches something of the deliberate character of written compositions4 ,it is practice that makes the ready speaker4 ,a certain natural quickness of mind is necessary to look beyond what we are saying at the moment2 but neither nature nor art will enable the mind to keep before itself at one time the whole of a speech1 with all its arguments1 arrangement1 expression1 c4 ,as our tongue advances1 our thoughts must still outstrip it4 #aa-ad4 7#c7 ,hence the necessity of a mechanical and unscientific habit or #8knack1' such as that by which the hand moves in writing1 the eye in reading1 and the juggler in his legerdemain4 ,but this knack1 though mechanical1 should have a basis of scientific method3 otherwise it will be mere ranting1 such as you may hear in abundance from female scolds4 ,a sudden outburst is often1 however1 more effective than the result of study and premeditation4 #ae-ag4 7#d7 ,the extemporary speaker must cultivate a lively imagination1 that his mind may be deeply impressed by all the facts of a particular case4 ,it is the heart that makes the orator4 ,he must also have distinctly in view not only the end at which he aims but the whole pathway that leads to it3 he will derive incitement even from the presence of his audience4 #aj #ah-bc4 7#e7 ,extemporary facility can only be attained by the same gradual and patient course as has been referred to in connection with meditation4 ,the orator is often debarred from preparation2 but as a rule he should not presume so far on his ability as not to take a moment to glance mentally at the heads of his discourse1--which is generally possible in a court of law4 ,some declaimers will argue at once on any topic1 and will even ask for a word to begin with3 this is foolishness4 ,if on any occasion we are under the necessity of speaking offhand1 we should pay more attention to our subject-matter than to our language1 and we may gain time by deliberate articulation4 ,gradually we shall be able to trim our sails1 and pray for a favouring breeze4 #bd-bi4 ,continual practice is essential for improvisation4 ,we should speak daily before an audience whose good opinion we respect2 but alone1 rather than not at all4 ,if we do not speak to others1 we can always at least go over our subject-matter in silent thought4 ,this fosters exactness in composition even more than speaking aloud does2 for there we hurry onward from fear of wearying the audience4 ,on the other hand speaking exercises the voice and gives the opportunity of practising delivery4 ,our language should always be careful and correct1 but it is constant writing that will add most weight to our words1 especially if we are obliged to speak much extempore4 ,in fact1 writing gives exactness to speech1 speech readiness to writing4 ,if we cannot write1 we can meditate3 if we can do neither1 we must still contrive to make a creditable appearance4 #cj-cc4 ,a common habit with barristers in large practice is to write the exordium and most essential parts1 formulate the rest in thought1 and meet any unforeseen turns as they arise4 ,the note-books of ,cicero and ,servius ,sulpicius4 ,it is advisable to refresh one's memory by consulting notes4 ,to prepare an abstract1 arranged by heads1 of a speech which we have written out entire1 leads us to rely too little on the memory1 and makes the speech broken and awkward in delivery4 ,we ought not to write a speech out at length unless we intend to commit it to memory4 ,but of memory more in the following book 7,,xi4 ch4 ii474 #aa ,m4 ,,fabi ,,quintiliani ,,institutionis ,,oratoriae ,,liber ,,decimus ,,chapter ,i4 ,how to acquire a command of ,diction4 ,de copia verborum4 ,i3#a ,i4 ,sed haec eloquendi praecepta1 sicut cognitioni sunt necessaria1 ita non satis ad vim dicendi valent1 nisi illis firma #ab quaedam facilitas1 quae apud ,graecos nominatur2 accesserit2 ad quam scribendo plus an legendo an dicendo conferatur1 solere quaeri scio4 ,quod esset diligentius nobis examinandum1 si qualibet earum rerum possemus una esse contenti3 #a4 haec eloquendi praecepta4 ,the reference is generally to the theoretical part of the work1 which has just been completed1 but specially to the two books immediately preceding1 in which ,quintilian deals with elocutio 71 #8style'74 ,in ,books ,,iii-,,vii he has treated of inventio 7including dispositio72 and the transition to ,books ,,viii and ,,ix is marked in the words #8a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor' vii4 #ag ad fin4 ,he passes now to the exercises necessary for practice3 quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit 7sc4 orator7 7#d47 sicut 444 ita 444 4 ,so quemadmodum 444 sic #e #ag3 cp4 #ad below4 ,more commonly ut 444 ita3 #d1 #ae1 #fb1 #gb1 #gd3 #c #bh1 #ca4 ,frequent in ,livy3 e4g4 xxi4 #ce1 #aj pleraque ,alpium ab ,italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt3 cp4 #ci1 #g4 cognitioni3 so most edd4 except ,halm and ,hild 7see ,crit4 ,notes74 ,the word denotes #8theoretical knowledge1' and is set over against vis dicendi3 for a similar opposition between theory and practice 7scientia 444 exercitatio7 see ,tac4 ,dial4 #cc4 ,the reading may be supported by a reference to qui sciet #b1 qui 444 sciet 444 perceperit #d4 ,cp4 viii4 pr4 #a ,quam 7rationem inveniendi et inventa disponendi7 ut 444 penitus cognoscere ad summam scientiae necessarium est ita1 c43 ib4 #bh1 qui rationem loquendi primum cognoverit 444 deinde haec omnia exercitatione plurima roborarit4 ,in ii4 #ah1 #a cognitio is used to distinguish from and 4 ,cp4 too iii4 #a1 #c ut 444 adliceremus 444 iuventutem ad cognitionem eorum quae necessaria studiis arbitrabamur4--,the reading cogitatio would have to be understood in a wider sense than it has in ch4 #f1 or in #c #ai3 ,hild takes it of #8toute la prparation oratoire qui prcde le discours proprement dit4' vim dicendi3 #8true eloquence1' as in #h vim orandi1 #b #af vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur3 #f #b vim cogitandi3 xii4 #a1 #cc vis ac facultas dicendi expugnat ipsam veritatem4 ,cp4 viii4 pr4 #cj praeparata dicendi vis3 xii4 #aj1 #fd4 ,bonn4 ,lex41 p4 #bcc4--,the vis of a thing is its essence1 that which makes it what it is3 ,cic4 de ,am4 #ae id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae4 ,so with the genitive of a gerund it gives the idea contained in the infinitive when used as a noun3 cp4 de ,fin4 v4 #gf percipiendi vis 7i4e4 7 ita definitur a ,stoicis3 ibid4 ii4 #ag ,zenonis est 444 hoc ,stoici3 omnem vim loquendi 7 7 in duas tributam esse partes4 ,see ,ngelsbach1 ,lat4 ,stil41 7#hth ed47 p4 #de3 and cp4 ratio collocandi #c #e1 pronuntiandi ratio #a #ag3 ratio delendi #c #ca4 non satis 444 valent1 nisi1 c4 ,for the necessity of practice in addition to theory cp4 #e #ai3 also i4 pr4 #ah1 #bc1 #bg3 ii4 #ac1 #ae3 vii4 #aj1 #ad-ae3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #aji-aaj3 ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,comp4 ,verb4 #bf ad fin4 444 4 firma quaedam facilitas1 a #8sure readiness'3 cp4 #dd qui confirmare facultatem #ab dicendi volent3 #ei dum adsequimur illam firmam1 ut dixi1 facilitatem3 #b #ab3 #g #ah sq43 xii1 #i1 #ba vires facilitatis4 3 #ei and #e #a4 ,pliny1 ,ep4 ii4 #c1 #d 7of ,isaeus7 ad tantam studio et exercitatione pervenit4 ,see ,schfer on ,dion4 de ,comp4 i4 p4 #g4--;,in the sphere of morals the is the fixed tendency that results from repeated acts3 ,eth4 ,nic4 ii4 #a1 #aajc;a1 #ca4--,prof4 ,mayor compares ,cicero's use of habitus constans1 de ,inv4 i4 #cf3 ii4 #cj4 scribendo 444 legendo 444 dicendo3 i4 pr4 #bg haec ipsa 7natural gifts7 sine doctore perito1 studio pertinaci1 scribendi1 legendi1 dicendi multa et continua exercitatione per se nihil prosunt4 ,so #b eloquentia 444 stilo 444 lectionis4 ,reading is covered by chs4 i ii3 chs4 iii-v treat of writing2 and ch4 vii4 of extemporary declamation4 conferatur3 frequent in this sense in ,quint4 7cp4 73 7#a7 with ad1 as here1 i4 #h1 #g3 ii4 #ai1 #a3 vii4 #a1 #da3 xii4 #a1 #a and passim3 7#b7 with in1 #g #bf3 7#c7 with dat41 #bg1 #fc1 #ga1 #ie3 i4 #a1 #f1 c4 ,bonn4 ,lex41 p4 #aee4 solere quaeri 773 the subject is treated1 e4g41 by ,crassus in ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 chs4 #cc-cd4 ,for quaeri cp4 i4 #d1 #bf3 ib4 #ab #a 7quaeri solet73 x4 #e1 #ac4 qualibet 444 una3 v4 #aj1 #aag1 quamdiu quilibet unus superfuerit4 ,in reverse order i4 #ab1 #g una res quaelibet3 xii4 #a1 #dd unum ex iis quodlibet4 ,the collocation does not occur in ,cicero4 ,i3#b verum ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia ut1 si quid ex his defuerit1 frustra sit in ceteris laboratum4 ,nam neque solida atque robusta fuerit umquam eloquentia nisi multo stilo vires acceperit1 et citra lectionis exemplum labor ille carens rectore fluitabit2 et qui sciet quae quoque sint modo dicenda1 #ac nisi tamen in procinctu paratamque ad omnes casus habuerit eloquentiam1 velut clausis thesauris incubabit4 #b4 conexa et indiscreta4 ,et is intensive3 #8so closely1 nay1 inseparably connected4' ,so i4 #b1 #c3 iuncta ista atque indiscreta sunt4 ,indiscretus in this sense occurs ,tac4 ,hist4 iv4 #eb and often in ,pliny3 not in ,cicero4 ,for the use of the perf4 part4 pass4 instead of a verbal adj41 cp4 ,sall4 ,iug4 #dc1 #e invictus3 ib4 #b #c incorruptus3 #gf #a infectum3 ,livy ii4 #a1 #d inviolatum3 ib4 #ee #c contemptius 7#8more contemptible'74 ,so intactus1 inaccessus1 c4 neque 444 et 444 1 as #c #bc3 #d #c3 #e #bb4 solida 444 robusta 444 vires4 ,hild notes that the figure is taken from a living organism which gathers strength from the nourishment supplied to it3 cp4 #ai1 #ca1 c4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ba3 oratio autem sicut corpus hominis ea demum pulchra est in qua non eminent venae nec ossa numerantur1 sed temperatus ac bonus sanguis implet membra et exsurgit toris ipsosque nervos rubor tegit et decor commendat3 cp4 #bc4 multo stilo3 #8by much practice in writing4' ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #aej ,stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister 7where see ,wilkins' note74 ,quintilian returns to this subject below #c #a sq43 cp4 #f #a and #c3 #g #d and #g4 citra lectionis exemplum3 #8without the models which reading supplies4' ,citra is common in this sense 7for sine1 sometimes praeter7 in ,quint4 7,bonn4 ,lex4 p4 #abg7 and other post-,aug4 writers4 ,so #g #g citra divisionem3 xii4 #f1 #d plusque1 si separes1 usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valet4 ,cp4 ,ov4 ,trist4 v4 #h1 #bc peccavi citra scelus 7#8short of'73 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #d citra dolorem tamen4 labor ille1 sc4 scribendi4 fluitabit1 like a vessel drifting about without a pilot 7carens rectore74 ,the writing will want method1 and the definiteness of aim which models would impose4 ,so vii4 pr4 #b sic oratio carens hac virtute 7sc4 ordine7 tumultuetur necesse est et sine rectore fluitet nec cohaereat sibi1 multa repetat1 multa transeat1 velut nocte in ignotis locis errans1 nec initio nec fine proposito casum potius quam consilium sequatur3 cp4 xii4 #b #bj4 quae quoque sint modo4 ,this is the #ac reading of the oldest ,,mss4 7see ,crit4 ,notes71 and was adopted by ,halm3 cp4 #h quod quoque loco sit aptissimum3 #g #e quid quoque loco primum sit1 and #f quid quoque loco quaerant4 ,so iv4 #b1 #cc quid quoque loco prosit4 ,quae covers inventio3 while quoque modo may be taken of the exhaustive discussion of the various departments of elocutio which has just been concluded4--,meister has returned to ,spalding's quo quaeque sint modo1 probably from a doubt whether ,halm 7followed by ,mayor7 is right in explaining quae quoque as quae et quomodo1 #8what is to be said and how'2 #8copulae enim que in coniunctione talium membrorum relativorum inter se discretorum non aptus est locus1' ,osann1 i4 p4 #ad4 ,but quoque may very well be the abl4 of quisque1 though ,cicero seems to avoid such a collocation1 unless there is a prep4 to make the construction clear3 e4g4 pro ,sulla #gc quae ex quoque ordine multitudo3 pro ,domo #cc qui de quaque re constituti iudices sint3 ,har4 ,resp4 #bd quae de quoque deo 444 tradita sunt4 ,cp4 in ,cat4 iii4 #aj tabellas quae a quoque dicebantur datae4 ,even in the exactly parallel passage ,sall4 ,cat4 #bc1 #d quae quoque modo audierat 444 narravit 7where ,mommsen suggests quoquo71 it is possible to understand quoque of the various methods ,fulvia had employed to get information from ,curius4 ,so quid ubique1 ib4 #ba1 #a4 tamen3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 in procinctu3 #8ready for battle4' ,so xii4 #i1 #ba quem armatum semper ac velut in procinctu stantem non magis umquam in causis oratio quam in rebus cotidianis ac domesticis sermo deficiet4 ,similarly in #g #bd promptum hoc et in expedito positum4 ,examples of the proper use of the phrase occur ,tac4 ,hist4 iii4 #b3 ,ovid ,pont4 i4 #h1 #aj3 ,gell4 i4 #aa3 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 vi4 #bb4 ,quintilian expresses a similar idea by another of his military metaphors1 viii pr4 #ae3 eloqui enim hoc est omnia quae mente conceperis promere atque ad audientes perferre2 sine quo supervacua sunt priora et similia gladio condito atque intra vaginam suam haerenti3 cp4 vi4 #d1 #h4 ,for the explanation of the phrase procingo1 #8,i gird up' see ,mayor's note on ,cic4 de ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #c #i3 8in procinctu is used of an army in readiness for battle1 ,milton's #8war in procinct' 7,p4 ,l4 vi4 #ai73 cp4 ,festus1 pp4 #dc and #bbe procincta classis dicebatur cum exercitus cinctus erat ,gabino cinctu confestim pugnaturus4 ,vetustius enim fuit multitudinem hominum1 quam navium1 classem appellari1 also p4 #bdi procincta toga ,romani olim ad pugnam ire soliti4 ,the cinctus ,gabinus was a particular way of wearing the toga1 so as to use part of it as a girdle1 tying it in a knot in front4 ,servius 7,aen4 vii4 #fab7 says the ancient ,latins1 before they were acquainted with the use of defensive armour1 praecinctis togis bellabant1 unde etiam milites in procinctu esse dicuntur40 ,for the figurative use cp4 ,sen4 de ,benef4 i4 #a1 #d severitatem abditam clementiam in procinctu habeo3 ,quint4 ,decl4 #c1 #a neque in militiam gravissimo asperrimoque bello ita venit1 ut nesciret sibi mortem in procinctu habendam4 paratam3 #e #ab3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 vi4 #ba1 #a ad omnem eventum paratus sum4 velut cl4 thes4 incubabit4 ,unless he adds practice to his theoretical knowledge1 all he knows will be as useless as a miser's hoard4 ,the phrase is a reminiscence of ,verg4 ,georg4 ii4 #ejg condit opes alius1 defossoque incubat auro3 cp4 ,aen4 vi4 #faj aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis4 ,martial1 xii4 #ec1 #c-d largiris nihil incubasque gazae1 ut magnus draco4 ,mayor quotes ,ecclus4 #bj1 #cj ,wisdom that is hid1 and treasure that is hoarded up1 what profit is in them both8 ,i3#c ,non autem #ad ut quidquid praecipue necessarium est1 sic ad efficiendum oratorem maximi protinus erit momenti4 ,nam certe1 cum sit in eloquendo positum oratoris officium1 dicere ante omnia est1 atque hinc initium eius artis fuisse manifestum est3 proximum deinde imitatio1 novissimum scribendi quoque diligentia4 #c4 ,the argument here requires elucidation4 ,quint4 has said 7#a1 #b7 that for the firma facilitas or which must be superadded to theory1 writing1 reading and speaking are all essential4 ,he now goes on to state that it does not follow that what is theoretically most indispensable 7cp4 cognitioni necessaria #a above7 is for the practical training of the orator of greatest consequence4 ,the most essential element is of course that of speech 7dicere7--followed by imitation and writing4 ,but perfection of speech can only be attained1 like other forms of perfection1 by starting from first beginnings 7principia71 which become relatively unimportant 7minima7 as things progress4 ,this is not however the place for dealing with the methods of preliminary training in rhetoric3 our student has done his theory1 and we must now show him how to apply it to practice4 ,cp4 ,analysis1 p4 #a4 #ad ut quidquid4 ,properly quisquis is an indefinite relative3 in this usage it has the same force as quisque 7,roby1 #bbhc1 #bbhe74 ,it may have been an archaism which became colloquial4 ,madvig 7on de ,fin4 v4 #bd7 shows that undoubted instances occur in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,cato 7de ,r4 ,r4 #eg3 uti quidquid operis facient71 ,lucretius 7with whom it is especially common3 e4g4 ruit qua quidquid fluctibus obstat1 i4 #bhi1 where see ,munro71 ,cicero 7,tusc4 v4 #ih71 and in the ,agrarian ,law 7utei quicquid quoieique ante h4 l4 r4 licuit1 ita c4 ,mommsen ,c4,i4,l4 #a n4 #bjj v4 #bg74 ,cp4 vii4 #b1 #ce4 ,so too ,corn4 ad4 ,herenn4 ii4 #dg1 where the ,,mss4 almost without exception give quidquid 7quicquid7 for quicque4 ,for the spelling here1 cp4 i4 #g1 #f frigidiora his alia1 ut #8quidquid' c quartam haberet1 ne interrogare bis videremur4 ad efficiendum oratorem3 i4 #aj1 #b4 protinus1 of logical consequence1 as frequently continuo in ,cicero3 generally with a negative1 or a question implying a negative answer4 ,for the form of the sentence cp4 viii4 #b1 #d non tamen quidquid non erit proprium protinus et improprii vitio laborabit3 and #db below1 sed non quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet protinus ad faciendam 444 accommodatum4 ,so #c #bb 7#e and #ah are different73 ii4 #ba1 #aj3 v4 #aj1 #ajb and #aai3 vii4 #d1 #ch4 nam certe4 ,this leads up to the next sentence1 beginning sed ut4 in eloquendo3 cp4 viii4 pr4 #ae 7quoted on in procinctu1 #b above73 ,cic4 ,or4 #fa sed iam illius perfecti oratoris et summae eloquentiae species exprimenda est2 quem hoc uno 7sc4 in eloquendo7 excellere cetera in eo latere indicat nomen ipsum4 ,non enim inventor aut compositor aut actor qui haec complexus est omnia1 sed et ,graece ab eloquendo et ,latine eloquens dictus est4 ,ceterarum enim rerum quae sunt in oratore partem aliquam sibi quisque vindicat2 dicendi autem1 id est eloquendi1 maxima vis soli huic conceditur4 ,cp4 de ,orat4 ii4 #ch4 ante omnia est4 ,becher vindicates the traditional reading by comparing ii4 #ae1 #ab atqui non multum ab hoc fine abest ,apollodorus dicens iudicialis orationis primum et super omnia esse persuadere iudici et sententiam eius ducere in id quod velit4 ,so too iii4 #h1 #ef an pro ,caesare fuerit occidi ,pompeium8--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,for ante omnia cp4 ,introd4 p4 lii4 hinc 444 fuisse3 cp4 viii4 #b1 #g proprie tamen unde initium est3 vi4 pr4 #aj ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus4 proximum3 cp4 i4 #c1 #a proximum imitatio4 ,as is evident from ch4 ii1 imitatio here includes not lectio only but auditio as well3 #h optima legendo atque audiendo4 ,it was in this sense that ,dion4 ,hal4 entitled his work 3 see ,usener1 ,praef4 pp4 #a-d3 and cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #ad sq4 and #adi sq4 ,i3#d ,sed ut perveniri ad summa nisi ex principiis non potest1 ita procedente iam opere minima incipiunt esse quae prima sunt4 ,verum nos non quo modo sit instituendus orator hoc loco dicimus1 #ae 7nam id quidem aut satis aut certe uti potuimus dictum est71 sed athleta1 qui omnes iam perdidicerit a praeceptore numeros1 quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit4 ,igitur eum qui res invenire et disponere sciet1 verba quoque et eligendi et collocandi rationem perceperit1 instruamus qua ratione quod didicerit facere quam optime1 quam facillime possit4 #d4 sed ut perveniri1 c4 #g #ah4 ,cp4 i4 pr4 #d-e contemnentes tamquam parva quae prius discimus studia 444 ego cum existimem nihil arti oratoriae alienum sine quo fieri non posse oratorem fatendum est1 nec ad ullius rei summam nisi praecedentibus initiis perveniri ad minora illa 444 demittere me non recusabo4 procedente iam opere3 here of the progress of the orator's training4 minima in importance3 prima in point of time4 ,krger says that dicere alone is meant1 being the initium artis above2 but it seems better to understand ,quint4 to be indicating here that the order of importance does not correspond with the order of development as stated above1 viz4 7#a7 the faculty of speech1 7#b7 reading 7included under imitatio7 and 7#c7 writing4 ,these are to be taken first as the subsidiary beginnings 7principia7 from which we attain to the ultimate object3 but as things progress they will become relatively unimportant 7minima71 and their #ae place will be taken by systematic training in speaking or declamation1 an exercise which is always essential to success and can therefore never be left off 7#g #bd74 aut 444 aut in the sense of si minus satis1 at certe uti potuimus3 cp4 xii4 #aa1 #ba4 athleta3 a metaphor abruptly introduced3 cp4 #cc3 #c #g3 #d #d3 #g #a and #bc4 ,the orator is often compared to an athlete1 gladiator1 soldier1 c43 see on #cc non athletarum toris sed militum lacertis1 and ,introd4 p4 lvi4 ,cp4 #bi1 #ca1 #gi3 #c #c3 #e #ae1 #ag4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #gc ut qui pila ludunt 444 sic in orationibus3 iii4 #hc3 ,or4 #ad1 #db1 #bbh-i4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cd ferro non rudibus dimicantes3 cp4 end of #cg4 numeros3 here of rhythmical movements1 #8movements according to rule1 8passes0 in fencing1 8throws0 in wrestling1' c4--,mayor4 ,the use of the word in this sense is probably founded on the analogy between rhythm 7for which see ix4 #d1 #de7 and graceful motion3 ix4 #d1 #h in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur ac petitur cui non artifex motus et certi quidam pedes adsint8 ,cp4 xii4 #b1 #ab3 ut palaestrici doctores illos quos numeros vocant non idcirco discentibus tradunt1 ut iis omnibus ii qui didicerint in ipso luctandi certamine utantur 444 sed ut subsit copia illa ex qua unum aut alterum cuius se occasio dederit efficiant3 ii4 #h1 #ac sicut ille 444 exercendi corpora peritus non 444 nexus modo atque in iis certos aliquos docebit1 sed omnia quae sunt eius certaminis4 ,sen4 de ,benef4 vii4 #a #d magnus luctator est non qui omnes numeros nexusque perdidicit4 ,so ,iuv4 vi4 #bdi of the lady in the arena1 omnes implet numeros3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cb per omnes eloquentiae numeros isse4 ,that this use is based on the notion of rhythm may be seen from a comparison of these exx4 with ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #add verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae4 ,for the wider meaning of numeri1 in which it is used of that which is complete and perfect in all its parts1 v4 on #gj4 igitur4 ,as to whether the position of igitur at the beginning of a sentence is to be considered an instance of transmutatio 7like #8quoque ego1' #8enim hoc voluit'7 ,quintilian says 7i4 #e1 #ci7 there is a doubt3 #8quia maximos auctores in diversa fuisse opinione video1 cum apud alios sit etiam frequens1 apud alios numquam reperiatur4' ,numerous instances from his own work are given in ,bonn4 ,lex41 p4 #cid4 ,in ,tacitus1 igitur always stands first except in the following passages3 ,dial4 #h1 #bi3 #aj1 #cg3 #bj1 #ba3 ,agr4 #af1 #ab3 ,germ4 #de1 #bb3 ,hist4 iv4 #ae1 #ae3 ,ann4 i4 #dg1 #e 7,gerber and ,greef74 ,in ,cicero it is very rarely found first3 de ,leg4 ,agr4 ii4 #gb3 pro ,milone #dh3 ,phil4 ii4 #id3 de ,fin4 i4 #fa3 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #hj4 res invenire4 ,for the five parts of oratory 7which are quite distinct from the five parts of an oration7 cp4 #g #i3 iii4 #c1 #a and #g4 ,they are inventio 7treated of in ,books iii4-vi471 dispositio 7vii471 elocutio 7viii4-ix471 memoria1 actio or pronuntiatio 7xi474 ,cicero has substantially the same division de ,orat4 ii4 #gi1 quinque faciunt quasi membra eloquentiae1 invenire quod dicas1 inventa disponere1 deinde ornare verbis1 post memoriae mandare1 tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare3 cp4 i4 #adb3 and for inventio1 de ,inv4 i4 #i1 inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut veri similium quae causam probabilem reddant4--,for the antithesis between res and verba1 cp4 #e and #f3 also #fa3 #b #bg3 #c #e1 #i3 #f #b3 #g #i1 #bb4 sciet4 ,bonnell calls attention to the use of the fut4 in dependent relative sentences as common in manuals of instruction3 #e1 #aj1 #ac1 #ag1 #bb1 #be1 #cc1 #aab1 c4 ,instruamus is virtually future4 eligendi #f3 cp4 dilectus #c #e4 collocandi3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #cjg ordo collocatioque rerum ac locorum3 cp4 ,or4 #ej3 ,brut4 #aci4 ,for both cp4 ,brut4 #adj in verbis et eligendis 444 et collocandis3 de ,part4 ,or4 i4 #c4 ,both are parts of elocutio1 for which see viii4 #a1 #a4 ,for ratio with gerund cp4 #ag1 #ed3 #b #a3 #c #e1 #ca3 and see note on #b #c4 qua ratione4 ,the recurrence of ratione so soon after rationem need create no difficulty in ,quintilian3 for similar instances of negligence see on #b #bc4 ,for #af ,kiderlin's treatment of the whole passage1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 optime 444 facillime1 xii4 #aj1 #gg neque vero omnia ista de quibus locuti sumus orator optime tantum sed etiam facillime faciet4 #af ,i3#e ,non ergo dubium est quin ei velut opes sint quaedam parandae1 quibus uti1 ubicumque desideratum erit1 possit3 eae constant copia rerum ac verborum4 #e4 velut 444 quaedam4 ,so #ah1 #fa3 #c #c3 #e #ag3 #g #a1 and frequently elsewhere3 e4g4 xii4 #aj1 #ai velut sata quaedam3 iii4 #h1 #bi veluti quoddam templum4 ,cicero generally uses quasi or tanquam quidam4 ,indeed ,quintilian seems to have a general preference for velut over quasi or tanquam in introducing similes3 cp4 #g #f ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce3 viii4 #e1 #bi inaequalia tantum et velut confragosa3 see ,bonn4 ,lex41 s4v4 ubicumque1 so #aj below4 ,for a less classical use 7as an indefinite7 see #g #bh quidquid loquemur ubicumque4 ,i3#f ,sed res propriae sunt cuiusque causae aut paucis communes1 verba in universas paranda2 quae si rebus singulis essent singula1 minorem curam postularent1 nam cuncta sese cum ipsis protinus rebus offerrent4 ,sed cum sint aliis alia aut magis propria aut magis ornata aut plus efficientia #ag aut melius sonantia1 debent esse non solum nota omnia1 sed in promptu atque1 ut ita dicam1 in conspectu1 ut1 cum se iudicio dicentis ostenderint1 facilis ex his optimorum sit electio4 #f4 sed res 444 paranda3 an example of the construction so common in ,greek and ,latin1 by which two contrasted clauses are co-ordinated4 ,in ,english we subordinate the one to the other by using #8while1' #8whereas1' or some such word4 ,in ,greek the use of makes the antithesis plainer4--,here res 3 verba 4 paucis communes4 ,for the loci communes1 appropriate to several causae1 v4 ,cic4 de ,inv4 ii4 #dh argumenta quae transferri in multas causas possunt1 and compare the ,topica4 cum ipsis protinus rebus4 ,for the order of words cp4 #cc historico nonnumquam nitore4 ,herbst gives the following exx4 of an adv4 inserted between the adj4 and the noun3 #ch1 #da1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #abj3 #b #g1 #h3 #c #b1 #ca3 #e #g3 #g #c1 #bh4--;,for the thought1 cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #caa verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #adf ea 7sc4 res et sententiae7 vi sua verba parient3 iii4 #abe rerum enim copia verborum copiam gignit4 ,no doubt ,quintilian in his teaching also gave due prominence to ,cato's golden rule1 #8rem tene verba sequentur4' propria4 ,the general meaning under which all uses of proprius and its cognates may be included is that in which it contrasts with all departures from and innovations on ordinary language4 ,sometimes it may mean nothing more than #8suitable1' #8appropriate1' in which sense proprie occurs immediately below1 in #i3 cp4 opportune proprieque #b #ac1 and proprie et copiose 7dicere7 i4 #d1 #e4 ,this is the meaning with which it is applied to the language of ,simonides #fd below1--#8natural'2 cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #aed1 where verba propria occurs alongside of ornatissima and corresponds with idonea1 introduced shortly afterwards3 cp4 id4 iii4 #ca1 where propria is reinforced by apta1 and ib4 #di proprie demonstrantibus 7verbis7 ea quae significari ac declarari volemus4 ,the use of proprietas in #df and #aba below may be compared with this3 cp4 also the first of the meanings assigned to the word in the important passage viii4 #b1 #a-aa3 also ix4 #b1 #ah and xii4 #b1 #ai4 ,the translators here render by #8suitable' or #8significant1' but the juxtaposition of ornata seems rather to point to the use in which verba propria are the antithesis of translata1--direct1 literal1 and natural1 as opposed to figurative3 i4 #e1 #ga propria sunt verba cum id significant in quod primo denominata sunt3 translata1 cum alium natura intellectum1 alium loco praebent4 ,cp4 i4 #e1 #c3 viii4 #c1 #bd3 #f1 #e1 and #dh 7where propria 444 ornata in the passage above may well be illustrated by the words species ex arcessitis verbis venit et intellectus ex propriis73 ix4 #a1 #d4 ,this is undoubtedly the meaning in which proprius is used in #bi below3 also in #e #h alia translatis virtus alia propriis4 ,the nearest equivalent in ,greek would be 1 rather than 1 which correspond to #8usitata verba' in ,quint1 7i4 #e1 #ga1 and v4 #ad1 #cc verbis quam maxime propriis et ex usu71--though he may have had in mind here1 as ,mayor suggests1 1 ,arist4 ,rhet4 iii4 #b1 p4 #adje b1 #aa4 7,for the distinction between and see ,cope on ,ar4 ,rhet4 iii4 #b #ag #b and #f1 and ,introd4 p4 #bhb note74 ,many parallels might be cited from ,cicero3 e4g4 de ,or4 iii4 #adi 7verbis eis7 quae propria sunt et certa quasi vocabula rerum1 paene una nata cum rebus ipsis3 cp4 ib4 #aej3 ,brutus #bgd3 ,or4 #hj4 ornata3 cp4 viii4 #c1 #ae quamquam enim rectissime traditum est perspicuitatem propriis1 ornatum translatis verbis magis egere1 sciamus nihil ornatum esse quod sit improprium3 ib4 pr4 #bf ut propria sint 7verba7 et dilucida et ornata et apte collocentur1 and #ca3 ii4 #e1 #i quod verbum proprium1 ornatum1 sublime3 and especially viii4 #a1 #a in singulis 7verbis7 intuendum est ut sint ,latina1 perspicua1 ornata1 ad id quod efficere volumus accommodata4 plus efficientia1 #8more significant'3 ix4 #d1 #abc membrum autem est sensus 444 per se nihil efficiens4 ,the adj4 efficax occurs only once in ,quint4 7vi4 #a1 #da74 melius sonantia4 ,so vocaliora viii4 #c1 #af sq43 cp4 i4 #e1 #d sola est quae notari possit vocalitas1 quae dicitur3 cuius in eo dilectus est ut inter duo quae idem significant ac tantundem valent quod melius sonet malis4 ,cic4 de ,or4 iii4 #aej lectis atque illustribus 7verbis7 utatur1 in quibus plenum quiddam et sonans inesse videatur3 ,or4 #afc verba 444 legenda sunt potissimum bene sonantia3 #adi1 and #hj 7verbum7 quod aut optime sonat aut rem maxime explanat 7 plus effic473 ,part4 ,or4 #ag alia 7verba7 sonantiora1 grandiora1 leviora3 and #ec gravia1 plena1 sonantia verba4 non solum 444 sed 7 444 71 a formula used where the second clause is stronger than or includes and comprehends the first4 ,cp4 #h below3 #df 7nec modo sed73 #g #h 7non modo sed73 #c #bj 7non tantum sed73 #e #e 7neque tantum sed73 #g #af 7non tantum sed74 ,of the numerous exx4 in ,cicero's speeches 7,merguet1 pp4 #cfa-b7 none are exceptions to the rule thus stated1--not even the seeming anticlimax of pro ,sest4 #de iecissem me potius in profundum ut ceteros conservarem quam illos mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mortem sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem3 here sed still introduces the stronger clause1 as the sacrifice would be greater if it were made to avert discrimen than if it were made to avert certa mors4 ,becher cps4 pro ,lege ,manil4 #ff3 ,div4 in ,caec4 #bg4--,there is nothing in the distinction which ,herbst 7followed by ,dosson7 seeks to set up 7on the strength of sed etiam in #ac73 #8pro simplici sed1 1 infertur sed etiam1 1 si utrumque orationis membrum pari vi praeditum est4' ,cp4 the following3 7a7 non solum sed1 vi4 #b1 #ac and #cf3 non solum sed 7or verum7 etiam1 vii4 #aj1 #ag3 ii4 #b1 #ad3 vii4 #e1 #c3 viii4 #c1 #fd3 i4 #aa1 #ad4 7b7 non tantum sed1 ix4 #c1 #bh1 #gh3 xi4 #a1 #g3 ii4 #ag1 #b3 non tantum sed etiam 7or et71 xi4 #b1 #e3 viii4 #c1 #c3 ix4 #b1 #ej4 7c7 non modo sed1 pr4 #i3 x4 #a1 #df3 ii4 #ag1 #c3 iv4 #e1 #f3 non modo sed etiam 7or quoque71 ix4 #c1 #ej3 xi4 #a1 #ae3 i4 #aj1 #i3 ii4 #b1 #ab3 vi4 #c1 #eg3 ix4 #c1 #dg3 i4 #a1 #cd3 i4 #d1 #f3 i4 #aa1 #ac3 ix4 #d1 #i3 x4 #a1 #aj4 in promptu--in readiness1 #8at one's fingers' ends1' as it were3 i4e4 not only must we be able to recognise them when we see or hear them1 but we must always have a stock of them on hand4 ,cp4 ii4 #d1 #bg ut quidam 444 scriptos eos 7locos7 memoriaeque diligentissime mandatos in promptu habuerint3 vii4 #aj1 #ad non respiciendum ad haec sed in promptu habenda3 viii4 pr4 #bh ut semper in promptu sint et ante oculos3 xi4 #b1 #a exemplorum 444 velut quasdam copias quibus abundare quasque in promptu habere debet orator4 ,in ix4 #a1 #ac we have simplex atque in promptu positus dicendi modus4 ,cp4 ,demetrius ,cynicus ap4 ,senec4 de ,benef4 vii4 #a #c3 plus prodesse si pauca praecepta sapientiae teneas sed illa in promptu tibi et in usu sint quam si multa quidem didiceris sed illa non habeas ad manum4--,in ,lucr4 ii4 #adi and #bdf 7in promptu manifestumque esse videmus7 the phrase rather in aperto3 as often in ,cicero1 e4g4 de ,off4 i4 #fa1 #ie1 #aje1 #abf4 ut ita dicam1 in conspectu4 ,so vii4 #a1 #d cum haec 7themata s4 proposita7 in conspectu quodammodo collocaveram4 ,cp4 viii4 #c1 #cg quod idem 7#8ut ita dicam'7 etiam in iis quae licentius translata erunt proderit4 ,i3#g ,et quae idem significarent solitos scio ediscere1 quo facilius et #ah occurreret unum ex pluribus1 et1 cum essent usi aliquo1 si breve intra spatium rursus desideraretur1 effugiendae repetitionis gratia sumerent aliud quo idem intellegi posset4 ,quod cum est puerile et cuiusdam infelicis operae1 tum etiam utile parum3 turbam tantum modo congregat1 ex qua sine discrimine occupet proximum quodque4 #g4 quae idem significarent3 #8synonyms4' ,cp4 i4 #e1 #d 7quoted above on melius sonantia73 viii4 #c1 #af4 solitos sc4 quosdam4 ,cp4 #ef audire videor congerentes4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 #ah occurreret in mentem veniret3 #ac3 #c #cc4 quo idem intellegi posset4 ,cp4 iii4 #aa1 #bg his plura intelleguntur4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 cum 444 tum etiam4 ,cp4 cum 444 tum praecipue #c #bh3 and1 for cum 444 tum1 #fj1 #fe1 #fh1 #hd1 #aja4 ,bonn4 ,lex41 s4v4 cum p4 #aie4 cuiusdam4 ,this use of quidam indicates that the word to which it is attached is being employed in some peculiar sense1 or else that it comes nearest to the idea in the writer's mind3 cp4 #gf1 #ha4 infelicis operae3 of trouble which one gives oneself unnecessarily 7cp4 #c #aj3 #g #ad71 with the further idea of unproductiveness1 as #b #h nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis3 tr4 #8a thankless task4' ,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #a1 #ij infelix operam perdas3 ,a4 ,p4 #cd infelix operis summa4 ,with viii4 pr4 #bg-h ,mayor compares ,plato ,phaedr4 #bbi;d 4 congregat4 ,the subject here is indefinite1 and must be supplied from the context--#8the man who learns by rote4' ,quintilian often omits such words as discipulus1 orator1 declamator1 lector3 cp4 #b #bd3 #g #d and #b #bd3 #be est alia exercitatio cogitandi totasque materias vel silentio 7dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum7 persequendi4 ,so ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #aja omnis autem actio vacare debet temeritate et neglegentia nec vero agere quicquam cuius non possit 7sc4 is qui agit7 causam probabilem reddere3 ib4 #aba si natura non feret ut quaedam imitari possit 7sc4 is qui imitatur73 #acd3 ii4 #ci3 iii4 #ajg3 de ,amic4 #be quae non volt3 #gb quoad 444 possit3 de ,or4 ii4 #fb audeat4--,there is thus no need for ,gemoll's conjecture congregat actor4 #h-ae4 ,the preceding sections 7#e-g7 form the transition to what he now seeks to prove1--the need for multa lectio and auditio4 #8,by reading and hearing the best models we learn to choose appropriate words1 to arrange and pronounce them rightly2 to employ the figures of speech in their proper places4'--,mayor4 ,i3#h ,nobis autem copia cum iudicio paranda est1 vim orandi non circulatoriam volubilitatem spectantibus4 ,id autem consequemur #ai optima legendo atque audiendo2 non enim solum nomina ipsa rerum cognoscemus hac cura1 sed quod quoque loco sit aptissimum4 #h4 cum iudicio1 #aaf3 #b #c4 ,mayor cites ,cic4 de ,or4 iii4 #aej sed in hoc verborum genere propriorum dilectus est habendus quidem atque is aurium quoque iudicio ponderandus est4 ,the phrase gives the antithesis of sine discrimine above4 vim orandi3 see on #a above1 vim dicendi3 cp4 #e #f3 ii4 #af1 #i3 vi4 #b1 #b4 ,the words denote #8true oratory' as opposed to the #8fluency of a mountebank' or charlatan4 ,for the absolute use of orare 7common in the ,silver ,age7 see on #af4 circulatoriam volubilitatem3 ii4 #d1 #ae circulatoriae vere iactationis est4 ,the circulator was a strolling mountebank who amused the crowd by his legerdemain3 ,sen4 de ,benef4 vi4 #aa1 #b4 ,so of quack philosophers1 ,id4 ,epist4 #bi #g circulatores qui philosophiam honestius neglexissent quam vendunt3 #dj #c sic itaque habe1 istam vim dicendi rapidam atque abundantem aptiorem esse circulanti quam agenti in rem magnam ac seriam docentique3 #eb #h eligamus non eos qui verba magna celeritate praecipitant1 et communes locos volvunt et in privato circulantur1 sed eos qui vitam docent4--,for volubilitas cp4 xi4 #c1 #eb3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 #ag est enim et scientia comprehendenda rerum plurimarum1 sine qua verborum volubilitas inanis atque inridenda est1 et ipsa oratio conformanda non solum electione sed etiam constructione verborum3 so linguae volubilitas1 pro ,planc4 #fb flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque cordi est3 pro ,flacc4 #dh homo volubilis praecipiti quadam celeritate dicendi4 ,pliny ,ep4 v4 #bj1 #d3 est plerisque ,graecorum ut illi pro copia volubilitas4 ,juvenal's sermo promptus et ,isaeo torrentior 7#c1 #gc-d7 indicates the same feature4 id1 of the idea contained in the previous sentence 7parare copiam cum iudicio73 #f #f3 #g #d4 #ai non enim4 ,herbst cites #aji and #e #h to show that in this form the negative is either attached to a single word1 or is meant to be more emphatic3 so ,cic4 ,orat4 #dg1 #aja4 ,on the other hand neque enim has less emphasis3 #aje3 #b #a3 #c #aj1 #bc3 #d #a3 #f #e3 #g #e1 #ah1 #ai1 #bg4 ,for enim 444 enim 444 nam he compares #c #b and1 in ,greek1 ,xen4 ,anab4 iii4 #b1 #cb3 v4 #f1 #d4 quod quoque4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#i ,omnibus enim fere verbis praeter pauca1 quae sunt parum verecunda1 in oratione locus est4 ,nam scriptores quidem iamborum veterisque comoediae etiam in illis saepe laudantur1 sed nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est4 ,omnia verba1 exceptis de quibus dixi1 sunt alicubi optima2 nam et humilibus interim et vulgaribus est opus1 et quae nitidiore in parte videntur #bj sordida1 ubi res poscit1 proprie dicuntur4 #i4 parum verecunda4 ,these expressions are characterised in the same indirect way i4 #b1 #g verba ne ,alexandrinis quidem permittenda deliciis4 ,cp4 viii4 #c1 #ch excepto si obscena nudis nominibus enuntientur3 ib4 #b #a obscena vitabimus4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 ix4 #bb4 nam is here slightly elliptical 7cp4 #hc71 introducing a confirmation of the statement contained in the words praeter pauca quae sunt parum verecunda3 #8,i make exceptions1 for though even these may be admired in 7,archilochus #ei1 ,hipponax1 c471 and in the old ,comedy1 we must look to our own department4' ,the sentence might have run1--nam1 etiamsi scriptores quidem1 c4 etiam in illis saepe laudantur1 nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est4 ,this seems better than1 with ,mayor1 to press in oratione3 #8in oratione ,i say1 for even these may be admired1 c4' scriptores iamborum3 #ei ,horace imitated ,archilochus in some of his ,epodes3 these are #8parum verecunda4' ,mayor refers also to the ,priapeia4 ,the vetus comoedia 7antiqua in #fe7 is often associated with 3 #ei1 #fe1 #if4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #a sq43 ii4 #c1 #ab4 in illis 444 laudantur4 ,in such expressions in with the abl4 denotes the range or scope within which the action of the verb takes place4 ,ngelsb4 p4 #dia4 ,cic4 ,qu4 fr4 ii4 #f1 #e ,pompeius noster in amicitia ,p4 ,lentuli vituperatur4 ,cp4 #ed1 #fc1 #fd3 v4 #ab1 #bb ut ad peiora iuvenes laude ducuntur ita laudari in bonis malent4 nostrum opus3 not #8our proper work1 the education of an orator' 7,hild72 but #8what we have to do with here1' our #8department' or #8branch4' ,it thus opus dicendi ,cic4 ,brut4 #bad1 or oratorium ib4 #bjj4 ,in the ,silver ,age opus 7like genus7 is often used to denote a special branch4 ,herbst cites #ca1 #ce1 #fd1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #gd1 #ic1 #if1 #abc2 #b #ba4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xliv4 intueri3 v4 #ac1 #ca dum locum praesentem non totam causam intuentur4 ,cp4 #b #b1 #bf3 #g #af4 exceptis 444 dixi3 sc4 iis 7parum verecundis74 ,cp4 #ajd circumcisis quae dixisse ei nocuerat4 humilibus 444 vulgaribus4 ,so xi4 #a1 #f humile et cotidianum sermonis genus4 ,humilia verba 7 7 are opposed to grandia1 elata verba4 ,by ,cicero abiectus is often used to indicate a still lower depth3 ,brut4 #bbg verbis non ille quidem ornatis utebatur1 sed tamen non abiectis4 ,mayor cites ,de ,orat4 iii4 #agg non enim sunt alia sermonis1 alia contentionis verba1 neque ex alio genere ad usum cotidianum1 alio ad scenam pompamque sumuntur2 sed ea nos cum iacentia sustulimus e medio sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #bbi ne 444 migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas4 interim for interdum1 as often in ,quintilian1 ,seneca1 and ,pliny3 cp4 #bd3 #c #g1 #ai1 #bj1 #cb1 #cc 7where we have interim 444 interim for modo 444 modo73 #g #ca4 ,see ,introd4 p4 li4 nitidiore 444 sordida4 ,there is the same antithesis at viii4 #c4 #di4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bch non valde nitens non plane horrida oratio4 ,see note on #gi3 and cp4 #cc1 #dd1 #hc1 #ig1 #ih1 #aac1 #abd4 ,sulp4 ,vict4 inst4 or4 #ae in ,halm rhet4 lat4 p4 #cba1 #c adhibendus est nitor 444 ut scilicet verba non sordida et vulgaria et de trivio1 quod dicitur1 sumpta sint1 sed electa de libris et hausta de liquido fonte doctrinae4-- #bj ,for sordida cp4 ,sen4 ,ep4 #ajj 7of ,fabianus7 nihil invenies sordidum 444 verba 444 splendida 444 quamvis sumantur e medio4 ,quint4 ii4 #e1 #aj3 viii4 #b1 #a4 proprie3 v4 on #f propria4 ,cp4 #e #d verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem3 viii4 #b1 #b non mediocriter errare quidam solent qui omnia quae sunt in usu1 etiam si causae necessitas postulet1 reformidant4 ,i3#aj ,haec ut sciamus atque eorum non significationem modo1 sed formas etiam mensurasque norimus1 ut ubicumque erunt posita conveniant1 nisi multa lectione atque auditione adsequi nullo modo possumus1 cum omnem sermonem auribus primum accipiamus4 ,propter quod infantes a mutis nutricibus iussu regum in solitudine educati1 etiamsi verba quaedam emisisse traduntur1 tamen loquendi facultate caruerunt4 #aj4 non 444 modo1 sed 444 etiam3 see on #f4 ,herbst notes that ,quint4 usually separates these words by others1 as here3 cp4 #ee non forum modo1 verum ipsam etiam urbem3 #b #bc non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio1 sed in singulis etiam causis partium4 ,on the other hand we have #c #ae non exercitatio modo 444 sed etiam ratio3 #g #ai non in prosa modo1 sed etiam in carmine4 formas4 ,the forma of a word1 in the widest sense1 must mean its shape as determined by the syllables and letters of which it consists3 cp4 viii4 #c1 #af1 where he notes the importance of this in regard to sound4 ,but the reference here is more particularly to the grammatical forms of inflection1 i4e4 accidence1 7,dion4 ,hal4 ,comp4 ,verbor4 #be1 p4 #djb ,schfer74 ,see i4 #f1 #ae sq4 ,mayor refers to the grammatical discussions in ,cic4 ,orat4 #aeb-afa4 ,quint4 i4 #d esp4 #bb-bi3 #e-g4 mensuras3 the #8quantities' of single syllables1 i4e4 prosody4 ,cic4 ,or4 #aei3 #afb-bcf3 ,quint4 i4 #aj #8de musice4' ,latin concrete plurals often correspond to our abstract names of sciences1 e4g4 numeri #8arithmetic1' tempora #8chronology4' ,ngelsbach #ab #b1 p4 #ga4 ut ubicumque4 ,for ut 7,l7 most ,,mss4 7,g ,h ,s7 give et4 ,krger records a conj4 by ,rowecki1 who proposes to read utque1 so as to make both ut sciamus and ut conveniant depend upon adsequi4 ,but this seems unnecessary4 auditione4 ,then1 as now1 auditio would be specially valuable in regard to prosody 7mensurae74 ,the next clause gives the reason for putting it alongside of lectio1 and also serves to introduce the reference which follows4 propter quod 7 71 often in ,quint4 where ,cicero would have used quam ob rem4 ,cp4 #ff3 #e #bc3 #g #f3 propter quae 7 7 #fa3 #c #cj3 ii4 #ac1 #ad3 xii4 #a1 #ci4 ,at #bh and #c #f we have praeter id quod for praeterquam quod4 infantes 444 caruerunt4 ,in spite of the vagueness of regum and a mutis nutricibus1 the reference is obviously to the story told by ,herodotus 7ii4 #b71 which ,quint4 may only have remembered indistinctly4 ,psammetichus1 king of ,egypt1 wishing to discover if there were any people older than the ,egyptians1 gave two infants into the charge of a shepherd1 who was to keep them out of reach of all human sounds and bring them up on the milk of goats4 ,after two years they greeted the shepherd with the cry 1 which on inquiry turned out to be the ,phrygian for bread4 ,on the strength of this experiment the sapient king allowed that the ,phrygians were more ancient than the ,egyptians4 ,claudian1 in ,eutrop4 ii4 #beb-d nec rex ,aegyptius ultra ,restitit1 humani postquam puer uberis expers ,in ,phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem4 ,a similar story is told of ,james ,,iv of ,scotland1 with the difference that in his case ,hebrew instead of ,phrygian resulted from the experiment4--,by mutis nutr4 ,quint4 probably means the goats of ,psammetichus2 mutus having its proper sense1 #8uttering inarticulate sounds'3 so mutae pecudes ,lucr4 v4 #ajei3 animalia muta ,iuv4 viii4 #ef3 mutum ac turpe pecus ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #ajj4 verba emisisse3 ,lucr4 v4 #ajhg-h ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt ,muta tamen cum sint1 varias emittere voces1 c4 caruerunt is obviously the right reading1 not caruerint 7,hild71 which would #ba introduce too great an element of uncertainty into the narrative3 caruerunt propter7ea7 quod sermonem auribus non acceperunt4 ,even though ,quint4 may have been sceptical about the story its #8moral' agreed entirely with his own conclusions4--,note etiamsi 444 traduntur1 etiamsi 444 sint #aa below4 ,i3#aa ,sunt autem alia huius naturae1 ut idem #ba pluribus vocibus declarent1 ita ut nihil significationis1 quo potius utaris1 intersit1 ut #8ensis' et #8gladius'2 alia vero1 etiamsi propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina1 quasi tamen ad eundem intellectum feruntur1 ut #8ferrum' et #8mucro'4 #aa4 alia1 sc4 verba4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 vocibus3 #8sounds1'--words in regard to their sound and form1 while verba are words in regard to their meaning4 ,the distinction is given ,cic4 ,or4 #afb rerum verborumque iudicium prudentiae est1 vocum autem et numerorum aures sunt iudices3 de ,or4 iii4 #aif itaque non solum verbis arte positis moventur omnes1 verum etiam numeris ac vocibus 7of musical sounds74 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #ajc donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent1 ,nominaque invenere--where verba are the articulate words by which men gave form and meaning to the primitive inarticulate sounds 7voces74 significationis1 for the more usual ad significationem1 #8in point of meaning'3 vii4 #b1 #bj nihil interest actionum3 ix4 #d1 #dd plurimum refert compositionis4 ,so ,plin4 ,ep4 ix4 #ac #be verane haec adfirmare non ausim3 interest tamen exempli ut vera videantur4 ,cicero has in ad ,fam4 iv4 #aj1 #e multum interesse rei familiaris tuae te quam primum venire3 and interesse reipublicae occurs 7as a sort of personal genitive7 in ,cicero1 ,caesar1 and ,livy4 ,but with such a word as that in the text ,cicero would have used ad c4 acc43 ad ,fam4 v4 #ab1 #a equidem ad nostram laudem non multum video interesse1 sed ad properationem meam quiddam interest non te exspectare dum ad locum venias4 quo1 sc4 verbo4 ensis is the poetic word for gladius1 though in ,quint4's time the difference between prose usage and poetical in regard to such words had begun to disappear4 ,mayor 7following ,gesner7 notes that #8ensis' occurs over sixty times in ,vergil1 #8gladius' only five times4 1 by a #8turn' or change of application4 ,on metaphor see viii4 #b1 #f sq43 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #aee3 ,or4 #ha1 #hb sq4 ,the meaning is that while some words are naturally synonymous1 others become synonyms 7ad eundem intellectum feruntur7 when used figuratively1 though in their literal sense they have each a distinct application 7propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina74 ,in the one case there are several words with the same meaning3 in the other the original meaning is different 7e4g4 ferrum1 mucro71 but the words come to be used synonymously4--,for the position of quasi1 after 1 cp4 ,sall4 ,iug4 #dh #c3 and see ,crit4 ,notes4 ad eundem intellectum1 viii4 #c1 #ci3 feruntur #c #f3 lit4 #8pass into the same meaning4' ferrum1 mucro1 viii4 #f1 #bj 7of synecdoche7 nam prosa ut #8mucronem' pro gladio et #8tectum' pro domo recipiet1 ita non #8puppem' pro navi nee #8abietem' pro tabellis1 et rursus ut pro gladio #8ferrum' ita non pro equo #8quadripedem4'--,mayor compares the use of #8iron' and #8steel' for #8sword' in ,shakespeare4 ,i3#ab ,nam per abusionem #bb sicarios etiam omnes vocamus qui caedem telo quocumque commiserunt4 ,alia circuitu verborum plurium ostendimus1 quale est #8et pressi copia lactis4' ,plurima vero mutatione figuramus3 scio #8non ignoro' et #8non me fugit' et #8non me praeterit' et #8quis nescit8' et #8nemini dubium est'4 #ab4 ,nam is again elliptical1 as in #i4 ,it introduces here a proof of what has just been said in the shape of a reference to something still more striking3 #8and we may go even further1 for1' c4 ,it may be translated #8and indeed1' or #8nay more1' or #8likewise4' ,cp4 #bc1 #hc3 and with quidem #ej4 ,the ellipse may be supplied by the words #8neque id mirum'3 #8and no wonder1 for4' per abusionem3 by the figure called #8catachresis1'--the use of a word of kindred signification for the proper word3 ,corn4 ad ,herenn4 #aj #de abusio est quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur4 ,cp4 viii4 #b1 #e abusio1 quae dicitur1 necessaria3 ib4 #f #cd 1 quam recte dicimus abusionem1 quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat1 quod in proximo est1 sic3 equum divina ,palladis arte ,aedificant3 iii4 #c1 #i3 ix4 #b1 #ce4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #afi3 ,or4 #id4 ,quint4 states the difference between abusio and translatio viii4 #f #ce3 discernendumque est ab hoc totum translationis genus1 quod abusio est ubi nomen deficit1 translatio ubi aliud fuit3 i4e4 abusio is used when a thing has not a name1 and the name of something similar is given to it1 translatio when one name is used instead of another4 ,mayor cites ,serv4 ,georg4 iii4 #bb #ecc donaria proprie loca sunt in quibus dona reponuntur deorum1 abusive templa4 ,cp4 ,quint4 viii4 #f1 #ce poetae solent abusive etiam in his rebus quibus nomina sua sunt vicinis potius uti4 sicarios4 ,the sica among the ,romans specially denoted the assassin's poniard3 ,cic4 de ,off4 iii4 #cf3 de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #gd3 pro ,rosc4 ,amer4 #ajc4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #d4 quocumque4 ,even before ,quint4's time quicumque had acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun 7quivis or quilibet73 ,cic4 ,cat4 #b1 #e quae sanare poterunt1 quacumque ratione 7potero7 sanabo4 ,cp4 #aje1 #g #b3 i4 #aj1 #ce3 ii4 #ba1 #a3 and frequently in ,tacitus1 ,suetonius1 and ,juvenal 7e4g4 x4 #cei74 ,mayor cites among other passages from ,martial viii4 #dh1 #e non quicumque capit saturatas murice vestes4 circuitu verborum plurium1 i4e4 periphrasis4 viii4 #f1 #ei pluribus autem verbis cum id quod uno aut paucioribus certe dici potest explicatur vocant1 circuitum quendam eloquendi3 ib4 #fa cum in vitium incidit dicitur4 ,cp4 xii4 #aj1 #af3 #da3 viii4 pr4 #bd3 #b #ag4 ostendimus declaramus1 significamus1 as #ad4 et pressi copia lactis3 ,verg4 ,ecl4 #a1 #ha4 plurima1 #8very many1' not #8most'3 a common usage in ,quint4 ,cp4 #bb1 #bg1 #dj1 #di1 #eh1 #fj1 #fe1 #ha1 #ie1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aag1 #abh3 #b #f1 #ad1 #bd3 #f #a3 #g #ag4 mutatione figuramus4 ,for this use of figurare 77 cp4 ix4 #a1 #i tam enim translatis verbis quam propriis figuratur oratio3 here however plurima is a cognate accus41--lit4 #8we very often use a figure in substituting one form of expression for another4' ,the verb is found in this sense also in ,seneca and ,pliny4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4--,figurae is ,quint4's favourite word for rendering 4 ,he uses it in more than a hundred places 7i4 #h1 #af schemata utraque1 id est figuras1 quaeque quaeque vocantur73 and it is to this use of the word by him and by the later rhetoricians that we owe the modern term #8figure4' ,cicero has no fixed equivalent for 3 he uses formae1 conformationes1 lumina1 gestus1 figurae1--often with the ,greek word added2 e4g4 ,brut4 #fi sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocant 3 cp4 ,or4 #hc1 and de ,opt4 ,gen4 #ad 7where figuris is accompanied by tanquam74 ,quint4 defines figura ix4 #a1 #d as #8conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione'3 ib4 #ad arte aliqua novata forma dicendi4 ,the idea of a divergence from what is usual and ordinary is always prominent in his treatment of figurae3 ii4 #ac1 #aa mutant enim aliquid a recto atque hanc prae se virtutem ferunt quod a consuetudine vulgari recesserut3 ix4 #a1 #aa in sensu vel sermone aliqua a vulgari et simplici specie cum ratione mutatio4--,that this idea is not involved in the original meaning of 1 but was extended to them from the 7a name which indicates changes or #8turns of expression'71 is shown by ,causeret pp4 #agj-ahj4 ,i3#ac ,sed etiam ex proximo mutuari licet4 ,nam et #8intellego' et #8sentio' et #8video' saepe idem valent quod #8scio'4 ,quorum nobis ubertatem #bc ac divitias dabit lectio1 ut non solum quo modo occurrent1 sed etiam quo modo oportet utamur4 #ac4 ex proximo mutuari3 i4e4 borrow a word that is cognate in meaning1 instead of using such negative inversions as the preceding4--,intellego1 sentio1 video1 scio1 are cognate words1--#8next door' 7in proximo7 to each other4--,for the substantival use 7in ,cicero and ,livy7 of neuter adjectives in acc4 and abl41 with prepositions1 in expressions denoting place and the like1 see ,ngelsbach #ba pp4 #ajb-aji4 ,exx4 are ex integro 7#bj71 in aperto1 ex propinquo1 in immensum1 de alieno1 ad extremum1 in praecipiti1 in praesenti1 in melius1 e contrario 7#ai74 idem valent or 1 as often in ,cicero and elsewhere in ,quintilian4 ubertatem ac divitias3 hendiadys1 #8a rich store4' ,for the use of two synonymous nouns in ,latin instead of a noun and an adjective1 see ,ngelsbach1 #gc pp4 #bhj-bha4 ,exx4 are ,cic4 de ,or4 i4 #cjj absolutionem perfectionemque 7 summa #bc perfectio1 which never occurs73 de ,off4 ii4 #e1 #af conspiratione hominum atque consensu4 ,for this metaphorical use of divitiae cp4 de ,orat4 i4 #afa in oratione ,crassi divitias atque ornamenta eius ingenii per quaedam involucra atque integumenta perspexi4 occurrent3 #g and frequently elsewhere in this sense4 ,i3#ad ,non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt1 nec sicut de intellectu animi recte dixerim #8video'1 ita de visu oculorum #8intellego'1 nec ut #8mucro' gladium1 sic mucronem #8gladius' ostendit4 #ad4 non semper enim1 etc41 #8they do not always coincide in meaning1' are not always identical and interchangeable4 ,cf4 ix4 #c1 #dg nec verba modo sed sensus quoque idem facientes acervantur3 where facere efficere1 the words being spoken of as if they were agents in producing the meaning4 ,inter se 77 #8reciprocally1' #8mutually'3 cp4 ix4 #c1 #ca3 ib4 #di4 intellego3 repeat recte dixerim4 ,for the ellipse ,herbst compares v4 #aa1 #bf3 viii4 #f1 #bj3 xii4 #aa1 #bg4 mucro3 for instance in #e #af gladius could not be substituted for mucro without the point being lost4 ,cp4 viii4 #f1 #bj3 vi4 #d1 #d3 ix4 #d1 #cj4 ostendit indicat1 significat4 ,cp4 #ab4 ,i3#ae ,sed ut copia verborum sic paratur1 ita non verborum tantum gratia legendum vel audiendum est4 ,nam omnium1 quaecumque docemus1 hoc sunt exempla potentiora etiam ipsis quae traduntur artibus 7cum eo qui discit perductus est1 ut intellegere ea sine demonstrante et sequi iam suis viribus possit71 quia quae doctor praecepit orator ostendit4 #bd #ae4 ut 444 ita3 v4 on sicut 444 ita #a4 sic1 multa lectione atque auditione #aj4 ,in reading and hearing we are not to aim merely at increasing our stock of words3 many other things may be learned by the same practical method4 ,cp4 #b #a4 hoc idcirco1 ideo1 corresponding to quia below4 ,cp4 #cd hoc potentiora quod3 #abi eo perniciosissima quod3 v4 #aa1 #cg4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 etiam ipsis3 #bd4 ,herbst cites also ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #ci ,turpia decipiunt caecum vitia aut etiam ipsa haec delectant4 ,cicero uses etiam ipse 7with rather more emphasis than ipse quoque7 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #df3 ,rab4 ,post4 #cc3 pro ,planc4 #gc3 pro ,mil4 #ba--,ngelsbach p4 #cfg4 quae traduntur artibus4 ,artes is here used1 as often in the plural1 for the rules or collections of rules taught in schools4 ,so ii4 #e1 #ad hoc diligentiae genus ausim dicere plus collaturum discentibus quam omnes omnium artes4 ,pr4 #bf nihil praecepta atque artes valere nisi adiuvante natura3 cp4 #dg below litium et consiliorum artes3 #di qui de artibus scripserunt4 ,this use is derived from that in which ars stands generally for #8system' or #8theory'3 ii4 #ad1 #e ars erit quae disciplina percipi debet 7cp4 ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #cj ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur73 and below #g #ab hic usus ita proderit si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit4 ,elsewhere in ,quint4 it is frequently used for a technical treatise3 ii4 #ac1 #a a plerisque scriptoribus artium3 #ae #d si re vera ars quae circumfertur eius 7,isocratis7 est3 cp4 ,iuv4 #g1 #agg artem scindes ,theodori4 ,this last use is found also in ,cicero3 ,brutus #df ait ,aristoteles 444 artem et praecepta ,siculos ,coracem et ,tisiam conscripsisse3 de ,fin4 iii4 #d ipsae rhetorum artes3 iv4 #e non solum praecepta in artibus sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt3 ib4 #g quamquam scripsit artem rhetoricam ,cleanthes3 de ,invent4 i4 #h3 ii4 #g4--,traduntur docentur1 just as accipere discere3 cf4 i4 #c1 #c quae tradentur non difficulter accipiet3 ii4 #i1 #c3 iii4 #f1 #ei4 sine demonstrante3 #8without a guide' or teacher4 ,for this use of the participle1 cp4 i4 #b1 #ab lectio quoque non omnis nec semper praeeuntevel interpretante eget4 iam heightens the contrast between the two stages--pupilage and independent study4 ,there is therefore no need for ,hild's conjecture viam4 ostendit #8gives a practical demonstration of4' ,we are not merely to learn the rules 7artes7 from the doctor1 but to observe #bd how they are applied by the best writers and speakers4 ,i3#af ,alia vero audientes1 alia legentes magis adiuvant4 ,excitat qui dicit spiritu ipso1 nec imagine et ambitu rerum1 sed rebus incendit4 ,vivunt omnia enim et moventur1 excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine4 ,nec fortuna modo iudicii1 sed etiam ipsorum qui orant periculo adficimur4 #af4 alia does not refer to some particular kinds of speeches1 as ,watson translates4 ,literally1 it is #8some things do more good when one hears them1 others when one reads them'3 but alia and adiuvant run into each other1 as it were1 and the meaning is #8some benefits are derived from hearing1 others from reading1' i4e4 they have each their special points4 ,in the passive it would stand #8aliter audientes adiuvantur aliter legentes4' spiritu ipso3 the #8living breath' 7vivunt omnia et moventur71 as opposed to the dead letter3 the sound of the voice 7viva vox7 instead of the #8cold medium of written symbols' 7,frieze71 ii4 #b1 #h viva illa1 ut dicitur1 vox alit plenius 7sc4 quam exempla74 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #c1 #i multo magis1 ut vulgo dicitur1 viva vox adficit4 nam liceat acriora sint quae legas1 altius tamen in animo sedent quae pronuntiatio vultus habitus gestus etiam dicentis adfigit4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #acj carent libri spiritu illo propter quem maiora eadem illa cum aguntur quam cum leguntur videri solent1 where ,sandys quotes ,isocr4 ,phil4 #bf4 ,so ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,dem4 #ed 7p4 #aab ,r7 of the speeches of ,demosthenes when ill delivered1 7sc4 7 1 1 4 ambitu rerum4 ,this phrase has been variously explained4 ,wolff thought that it was equivalent to #8rerum circumscriptio quam prima lineamenta ducentes faciunt pictores'2 and following him many render by #8bare outline1' #8rough draft or sketch1' #8outline drawing1' without however citing any apposite parallel4 ,others say it #8ambitiosa rerum expositione'3 cp4 iv4 #a1 #ah hic ambitus 444 pronuntiandi faciendique iniuste3 xii4 #aj1 #c proprio quodam intellegendi ambitu 7#8affectation of superior judgment'73 ,declam4 ,,iv1 sub fin41 novo mihi inauditoque opus est ambitu rerum3 ib4 ,i pr4 si iuvenis innocentissimus iudices uti vellet ambitu tristissimae calamitatis4 ,schll sees no difficulty if the phrase is taken in the same sense as #8ambitus parietis1' #8ambitus aedificiorum4' ,if ambitus is not a gloss1 may the meaning not be that the speaker goes straight to the heart of his subject instead of #8beating about the bush1' like the more leisurely writer8 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 vivunt omnia enim3 #8all is life and movement4' ,for the position of enim cp4 non semper enim #ad4 ,in ,lucr4 enim often comes third in the sentence1 and even later4 ,mayor cites ,cic4 ad ,att4 xiv4 #f #a odiosa illa enim fuerant3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #g1 #aje4 nova illa velut nascentia3 the #8new births' of his imagination--of the spoken word which has more of the impromptu element about it than the written4 #c #g omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent4 ,for this use of ille cp4 #ag ille laudantium clamor3 #dg3 #c #f calor quoque ille cogitationis3 #c #ah1 #bb1 #ca3 #e #d1 #ab3 ii #aj1 #g tremor ille inanis4 fortuna iudicii3 ,cic4 ,or4 #ih ancipites dicendi incertosque casus3 de ,orat4 i4 #abj dicendi difficultatem variosque eventus orationis3 pro ,marcello #ae incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli4 ,this is of the issue of the trial in itself3 ipsorum qui orant periculo is used of the issue as it affects the advocate1 who will have all the credit or discredit of success or failure4 ,for the strain which this involved cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 iv4 #ai #c4--;,for the absolute use of orare cp4 #gf3 #e #f4 ,plin4 ,ep4 vii4 #i1 #g studium orandi3 cp4 ,tac4 ,hist4 i4 #ij4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #f illa secretiora et tantum ipsis orantibus nota maiora sunt4 ,i3#ag ,praeter haec vox1 actio decora1 accommodata1 ut quisque locus #be postulabit1 pronuntiandi 7vel potentissima in dicendo7 ratio et1 ut semel dicam1 pariter omnia docent4 ,in lectione certius iudicium1 quod audienti frequenter aut suus cuique favor aut ille laudantium clamor extorquet4 #ag4 vox1 actio 444 pronuntiandi ratio4 ,here actio takes the place of gestus in #g #i1 with the same meaning 7the management of the person in speaking73 adhibita vocis pronuntiationis gestus observatione4 ,in a wider sense 7#ai7 it is used of #8delivery' generally 771 occurring more commonly in this sense in previous writers than pronuntiatio1 which ,quintilian #be gives as an alternative term in iii4 #c1 #a3 cp4 xi4 #c1 #a pronuntiatio a plerisque actio dicitur1 sed prius nomen a voce1 sequens a gestu videtur accipere4 ,namque actionem ,cicero alias 7de ,or4 iii4 #bbb7 quasi sermonem1 alias 7,or4 #ee7 eloquentiam quandam corporis dicit4 ,idem tamen duas eius partes facit quae sunt eaedem pronuntiationis1 vocem atque motum3 quapropter utraque appellatione indifferenter uti licet4 ,in xi4 #c1 #ad he goes on to divide actio into vox and gestus3 cp4 ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,dem4 #ec1 where is divided into and 3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #ada1 #bci4--,pronuntiandi 444 ratio4 ,as voice and gesture 7together making up actio or pronuntiatio in the wide sense7 have now been mentioned1 it is tempting to take this third item in the narrower meaning of #8articulation1' in which it occurs #g #bb tardior pronuntiatio3 cp4 dilucida pronuntiatio xi4 #c1 #cc3 citata 444 pressa ib4 #aaa4 ,but the prominence given to it 7see on vel potentissima below7 seems to make it necessary to understand pronunt4 ratio in the widest sense of pronuntiatio 7as probably #aai71 including voice1 gesture1 and other kindred elements2 cp4 ad ,herenn4 #c pronuntiatio est vocis vultus gestus moderatio cum venustate3 ,cic4 de ,inv4 #g pronuntiatio est vocis et corporis moderatio4 ,for accommodata ut see ,crit4 ,notes4 vel potentissima3 #ae potentiora4 ,for the supreme importance of #8delivery' cp4 the well-known story of ,demosthenes xi4 #c1 #f ,demosth4 quid esset in toto dicendi opere primum interrogatus1 pronuntiationi palmam dedit eidemque secundum ac tertium locum1 donec ab eo quaeri desineret1 ut eam videri posset non praecipuam sed solam iudicasse4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #adb3 de ,or4 iii4 #bac3 ,or4 #ef4 ,cicero's use of actio for pronuntiatio in these passages is probably the origin of the misunderstanding of this anecdote that shows itself1 e4g4 in ,bacon's ,essay #8,of ,boldnesse4' ,actio is far wider than our ,english word3 for its scope and importance cp4 de ,orat4 i4 #ah 7,actio7 quae motu corporis1 quae gestu1 quae voltu1 quae vocis conformatione ac varietate moderanda est3 quae sola per se ipsa quanta sit1 c4 semel3 #8once for all' #c #bb1 and often2 ,cic4 de ,off4 iii4 #fb ut sibi 444 semel indicaretur4 frequenter1 as often in this sense in ,quint4 ,the lexx4 give no example from ,cicero1 but cp4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #ba1 #ei ,zenonem cum ,athenis essem audiebam frequenter3 de ,fin4 i4 #e1 #af eos cum ,attico nostro frequenter audivi3 ii4 #d1 #ab hoc frequenter dici solet a vobis3 v4 #c1 #h qui fratrem eius ,aristum frequenter audieris3 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii4 #c1 #i ,philo quem nos frequenter audivimus3 ,or4 #bba non modo non frequenter verum etiam raro 7,wilkins on de ,or4 ii4 #aee1 #bnd ed474 ,cp4 ,sandys' note on ,or4 #ha1 where ,dr4 ,reid adds #8,this sense is by no means as uncommon as it is usually thought to be4 ,there are a good many exx4 in the ,letters4' ,so ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #a1 #a3 ix4 #bc1 #a4 suus cuique favor3 #8one's preference for a particular speaker4' ,instead of the dat41 we have #8est naturalis favor pro laborantibus' iv4 #a1 #i3 ,tacitus uses in and erga c4 acc4 7,hist4 i4 #ec3 ,germ4 #cc47 ille laudantium clamor4 ,ille again 7#af7 to denote something notorious3 4 ,ancient audiences were highly appreciative3 ,isocrates 7,panath4 #b7 speaks of the antitheses1 the symmetrical clauses1 and other figures which lend brilliancy to oratorical displays1 compelling the listeners to give clamorous applause 7 74 ,cp4 xi4 #c1 #abf conveniet etiam ambulatio quaedam propter immodicas laudationum moras3 #aca3 and see on #ah below4 ,the references in ,cicero are numerous3 ,brut4 #afd1 #cbf3 de ,or4 i4 #aeb haec sunt quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt3 ad ,att4 i4 #ad1 #d ,quid multa8 clamores3 ,or4 #bad1 #afh4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ci oratori autem clamore plausuque opus est et velut quodam theatro1 with which ,andresen compares ,brut4 #aia poema enim reconditum paucorum approbationem1 oratio popularis assensum vulgi debet movere4 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #aj1 #g3 iv4 #e1 #a3 ix4 #ac1 #ah4 extorquet3 iv4 #e1 #f cognoscenti iudicium conamur auferre4 ,for the figure ,mayor cps4 de ,orat4 ii4 #gd numquam #bf sententias de manibus iudicum vi quadam orationis extorsimus4 ,i3#ah ,pudet enim dissentire1 et velut #bf tacita quadam verecundia inhibemur plus nobis credere1 cum interim et vitiosa pluribus placent1 et a conrogatis laudantur etiam quae non placent4 #ah4 pudet dissentire3 of ,cicero #aaa in omnibus quae dicit tanta auctoritas inest ut dissentire pudeat4 velut tacita quadam verecundia4 ,tacitus is used frequently of #8unexpressed' thought or feeling3 ,cic4 pro ,balb4 #b opinio tacita vestrorum animorum3 ,cluent4 #fc tacita vestra expectatio4 ,cp4 ,or4 #bjc 7versuum7 modum notat ars1 sed aures ipsae tacito eum sensu sine arte definiunt1 where ,sandys renders #8by an unconscious intuition'3 de ,or4 iii4 #aie magna quaedam est vis incredibilisque naturae2 omnes enim tacito quodam sensu sine ulla arte aut ratione quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava diiudicant4 ,on these passages ,ngelsbach relies to prove that tacitus sensus 7not inscius1 insciens1 nescius1 imprudens1 c47 is the right equivalent for #8the unconscious'--#8das ,gefhl1 das durch die ,sprache nicht zum ,ausdruck1 mithin nicht zum ,bewusstsein gekommen ist1 also gleichsam stillschweigend in der ,seele ruht4' ,the correct ,latin for ,hartmann's #8philosophy of the unconscious' is therefore #8,hartmanni quae est de tacito sensu 7hominum7 philosophia4' ,in proof of this the passage in the text is cited 7p4 #cab7 and translated #8durch unbewusste ,scheu1' #8owing to a sort of unconscious shyness'3 cp4 vi4 #c1 #ag urbanitas qua quidem significari video sumptam ex conversatione doctorum tacitam eruditionem1 #8unconsciously acquired'3 xi4 #b1 #ag cum in loca aliqua post tempus reversi sumus quae in his fecerimus reminiscimur personaeque subeunt1 nonnunquam tacitae quoque cogitationes in mentem revertuntur1 #8unausgesprochene1 im ,bewusstsein zurckgedrngte1 unbewusst gewordene ,gedanken4' inhibemur 444 credere4 ,cic4 pro ,rab4 ,post4 #bd cum stultitia sua impeditus sit1 quoquo modo possit se expedire4 ,in classical ,latin the infinitive is common enough after such verbs in the passive1 and an object clause is often met with after prohibere even in the active3 after impedire ,cicero uses the infinitive only when there is a neuter subject3 e4g4 de ,or4 i4 #afc me impedit pudor haec exquirere3 de ,off4 ii4 #b1 #h3 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #hg4--;,for ,quintilian's preference for the infin4 cp4 #gb meruit credi3 #if legi dignus3 #ig esse docti affectant3 #b #g contentum esse id consequi3 #e #e qui vertere orationes ,latinas vetant4 ,see ,introd4 pp4 lv1 lvi4 cum interim3 with indic4 as #aaa below4 ,this is the more common construction in ,quintilian3 ,roby1 #agcc4 ,cp4 i4 #ab1 #c3 ii4 #ab1 #b3 xii4 #aj1 #fg4 ,so cum interea3 ,cic4 ,cluent4 #hb4 ,the subj4 occurs iv4 #b1 #eg4 ,bonnell-,meister strangely say it quin etiam here and #aaa4 ,translate #8though all the time' the taste of the majority is wrong1 while the claqueurs will applaud anything4 ,cp4 ,crit4 ,notes4 vitiosa pluribus placent3 i4 #f1 #dd unde enim tantum boni ut pluribus quae recta sunt placeant4 a conrogatis4 ,the reference is to the claqueurs who were often brought together for a fee to applaud the speakers in the courts3 iv4 #b1 #cg ad clamorem dispositae vel etiam forte circumfusae multitudinis compositi3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #ad1 #d sequuntur auditores actoribus similes1 conducti et redempti3 manceps convenitur3 in media basilica tam palam sportulae quam in triclinio dantur 444 heri duo nomenclatores mei 444 ternis denariis ad laudandum trahebantur4 tanti constat ut sis disertissimus4 hoc pretio quamlibet numerosa subsellia implentur1 hoc ingens corona colligitur1 hoc infiniti clamores commoventur1 cum dedit signum4 opus est enim signo apud non intellegentes1 ne audientes quidem3 nam plerique non audiunt1 nec ulli magis laudant4444 scito eum pessime dicere qui laudabitur maxime4 primus hunc audiendi morem induxit ,largus ,licinus1 hactenus tamen ut auditores corrogaret3 ita certe ex ,quintiliano1 praeceptore meo1 audisse memini4 ,cp4 ,iuv4 vii4 #dd with ,mayor's note4 ,i3#ai ,sed e contrario quoque accidit ut optime dictis gratiam prava iudicia non referant4 ,lectio libera #bg est nec actionis impetu transcurrit1 sed repetere saepius licet1 sive dubites sive memoriae penitus adfigere velis4 ,repetamus autem et tractemus et1 ut cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus1 quo facilius digerantur1 ita lectio non cruda1 sed multa iteratione mollita et velut confecta memoriae imitationique tradatur4 #ai4 gratiam 444 non referunt3 #8a depraved taste will fail to give proper recognition to what is more than well spoken4' ,for prava iud4 cp4 #abe severiora iudicia3 so ii4 #e1 #aj iudiciorum pravitate3 and #gb below1 e contrario3 see on ex proximo #af1 and cp4 ,crit4 ,notes4 #bg nec actionis impetu transcurrit3 #8does not hurry past us with the rapid swoop of oral delivery4' ,for the active use see #e #h non enim scripta lectione secura transcurrimus sed tractamus singula1 which gives the same antithesis as there is between this sentence and the next4 ,for the abl4 cp4 diversitate #e #aj4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 sive 444 sive3 the subj4 of the #bnd person represents the ,french on or ,germ4 man with the #crd person4 ,cp4 ix4 #b1 #fi ideoque a quibusdam tota res repudiatur1 sive intellegatur sive non intellegatur4 repetamus et tractemus3 subj4 of command #8we must go back on what we have read and revise 7think over7 it thoroughly4' ,cp4 the antithesis in #e #h quoted above4 ,cic4 ,or4 #aah habeat omnes philosophiae notos ac tractatos locos4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 cibos4 ,note the parallelism between mansos1 liquefactos1 and demittimus on the one hand1 and mollita1 confecta1 tradatur on the other4--,for mansos cp4 de ,or4 ii4 #afb3 qui omnes tenuissimas particulas atque omnia minima mansa ut nutrices infantibus pueris in os inserant4 ,the word mandere 7,eng4 mange1 manger7 means originally #8moisten1' from root mand-1 cp4 mad-1 madeo4 ,quint4 xi4 #b1 #da taedium illud et scripta et lecta saepius revolvendi et quasi eundem cibum remandendi4 digerantur1 late ,latin for concoquantur1 xi4 #b1 #ce digestum cibum4 ,introd4 p4 #a4 lectio #8what we read4' mollita4 ,herbst and ,mayor cite ,ov4 ,met4 i4 #bbh atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus ,mollit aquis2 and for confecta 7#8chewed1' #8masticated'7 ,columella vi4 #b #ad 7of oxen7 multi cibi edaces verum in eo conficiendo lenti3 nam hi melius concoquunt 444 qui ex commodo quam qui festinanter mandunt3 ,pliny1 ,n4 ,h4 xi4 #afj 7of the teeth7 qui digerunt cibum 7the incisors7 lati et acuti1 qui conficiunt 7the grinders7 duplices4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #acd3 ,livy ii4 #cb1 #aj4 ,elsewhere it is used of the action of the stomach on food3 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #acg3 ,pliny ,n4 ,h4 xi4 #ahj3 viii4 #gb4 memoriae imitationique1 #8to the memory for 7subsequent7 imitation4' ,i3#bj ,ac diu non nisi optimus quisque et qui credentem sibi minime fallat legendus est1 sed diligenter ac paene ad scribendi sollicitudinem1 nec per partes modo scrutanda omnia1 sed perlectus #bh liber utique ex integro resumendus1 praecipueque oratio1 cuius virtutes frequenter ex industria quoque occultantur4 #bj4 non nisi is here practically an adverb 7tantum71 modifying only one term of the proposition instead of1 as in ,ciceronian ,latin1 belonging to different clauses1 or at least different parts of the same clause4 ,in the latter case it is almost always separated1 the non preceding or following the nisi3 #c #cj nisi in solitudine reperire non possumus3 #e #e3 #g #a4 ,for the text cp4 #c #bi non nisi refecti1 and ,ovid1 ,tr4 iii4 #ab1 #cf4 fallat1 i4e4 as a model of style4 ,for the construction cp4 tenuia et quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedant3 #gh1 #aah1 #aai4 sed does not bear an adversative meaning1 but is equivalent to et quidem1 immo vero1 #8nay more4' ,see ,mayor on ,iuv4 iv4 #bg and v4 #adg4 ,holden on de ,off4 i4 #cc quotes ad ,att4 v4 #ba #f ,q4 ,volusium1 certum hominem1 sed mirifice etiam abstinentem1 misi in ,cyprum3 ad ,fam4 xiii4 #fd apud ipsum praeclarissime posueris sed mihi etiam gratissimum feceris4 ad 7i4e4 usque ad7 scribendi sollicitudinem1 i4e4 as thoroughly and as slowly4 ,cic4 pro ,mil4 #hj prope ad immortalitatis et religionem et memoriam consecrantur3 #8bis zur ,verehrung der ,unsterblichkeit' 7,hand71 i4e4 #8so much venerated as almost to obtain the religious worship and commemoration proper to an immortal state of being' 7,purton74 ,for scrib4 soll4 7of the careful deliberation one gives to writing7 cp4 scribentium curam #c #bj3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #e #b his tu rogo intentionem scribentis accommodes4 #bh utique1 #8by all means4' ,in #eg we have nec utique nullo modo3 without the negative it omni modo1 #8anyhow1' #8under any circumstances1' #8happen what may4' 7,cp4 ,cic4 ad ,att4 xii4 #h3 xiii4 #dh1 #b47 ,the difference may be seen in the following from ,seneca 7,ep4 #he #ca7 ,sapienti propositum est in vita agenda non utique quod temptat efficere1 sed omnino recte facere3 gubernatori propositum est utique navem in portum perducere4 ,it frequently occurs with the gerundive1 as here3 cp4 #bd1 #ajc3 #b #aj3 #e #ab3 #g #ad1 #ai1 #cj4 ,for non utique 7#8not of course1' #8not necessarily'7 cp4 xii4 #b1 #ah4 ex integro occurs four times in ,quint41 here and at #c #f1 #ah3 xi4 #c1 #aef4 ,in such adverbial expressions de or ab was formerly more common3 but cp4 ex improviso ,cic4 ,verr4 i4 #aab4 ,quintilian has de integro only once1 ii4 #d1 #ac3 cp4 ix4 #c1 #cg4 praecipue for praesertim3 cp4 #hi3 and with cum ix4 #b1 #he3 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #bfa4 ex industria 7#abe3 #e #i7 occurs ,plaut4 ,poen4 i4 #b1 #i3 ,livy i4 #ef1 #h4 ,quintilian has de industria ix4 #d1 #add4 quoque3 as often in ,quint4 for etiam4 ,cp4 on #abe3 ,introd4 p4 liv4 ,i3#ba ,saepe enim praeparat1 dissimulat1 insidiatur orator1 eaque in prima parte actionis dicit quae sunt in summa profutura4 ,itaque suo loco minus placent1 adhuc nobis quare dicta sint ignorantibus2 ideoque erunt cognitis omnibus repetenda4 #ba4 saepe enim3 cp4 xii4 #i1 #d4 praeparat3 cp4 iv4 #b1 #ee hoc faciunt et illae praeparationes1 cum reus dicitur robustus1 armatus1 sollicitus contra infirmos1 inermes1 securos3 ix4 #b1 #ag4 actionis as below #bb3 #e #bj4 ,cp4 ,prima actio in ,verrem1 c4 in summa3 i4e4 will not tell till the end is reached4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #aab cur quod in summa parte sum actionis petiturus1 non in primo statim rerum ingressu1 si fieri potest1 consequar8 ,for summus extremus1 cp4 #ig summa in excolendis operibus manus3 see ,introd4 p4 xlvi4 suo loco1 #8where they occur1' not as #e #bc4 ,to appreciate such points thoroughly1 we must know their bearing on the whole argument4 ideoque very common in ,quint4 for itaque3 #bg1 #ca1 #ajb3 #b #ag1 #bf3 #c #af1 #be1 #bh1 #cc3 #e #e1 #af3 #f #c1 #e3 #g #ae4 ,so ,tac4 ,dial4 #ca ad fin43 ,germ4 #bf4 repetenda as #ai4 ,i3#bb ,illud vero utilissimum1 nosse eas causas quarum orationes in manus sumpserimus1 et1 quotiens continget1 utrimque habitas legere actiones3 ut ,demosthenis et ,aeschinis inter se contrarias1 et ,servi ,sulpici atque ,messallae1 quorum alter pro ,aufidia1 contra dixit alter1 et ,pollionis et ,cassi reo ,asprenate aliasque plurimas4 #bb4 illud1 like to introduce what follows3 #fg3 #b #g3 #e #aa3 #g #cb4 causas quarum orationes3 ,cic4 de ,senect4 #ch causarum illustrium quascunque defendi nunc cum maxime conficio orationes4 utrimque1 #aca3 #e #bj4 ,demosthenis et ,aeschinis4 ,the reference is to the ,de ,corona of ,demosthenes and ,aeschines ,contra ,ctesiphontem1--both translated by ,cicero 7,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #ad73 also to the ,de ,falsa ,legatione and ,aeschines ,contra ,timarchum4 ,servi ,sulpici3 see on #aaf4 ,messallae3 see on #aac4 pro ,aufidia4 ,from iv4 #b1 #ajf it would appear that ,messalla was prosecutor in this case3 but in vi4 #a1 #bj that rle is assigned to ,sulpicius4 ,schll has proposed to alter the text of the latter passage as follows3 ut ,servium ,sulpicium ,messalla contra ,aufidiam ne signatorum1 ne ipsius discrimen obiciat sibi praemonet4 ,it is probable that the case concerned an inheritance4 ,pollionis3 see on #aac4 ,cassi3 see on #aaf4 reo ,asprenate4 ,c4 ,nonius ,asprenas1 a friend of ,augustus1 was prosecuted by ,cassius for poisoning1 and was defended by ,pollio1 ,suet4 ,aug4 #ef4 ,in xi4 #a1 #eg ,quint4 urges that an accuser should always #bi appear reluctant to press the charge1 and adds #8ideoque mihi illud ,cassi ,severi non mediocriter displicet3 di boni1 vivo1 et1 quo me vivere iuvet1 ,asprenatem reum video4' ,pliny 7,n4 ,h4 #ce1 #df7 tells us that #acj guests were poisoned4 ,i3#bc ,quin #bi etiam si minus pares videbuntur aliquae1 tamen ad cognoscendam litium quaestionem recte requirentur1 ut contra ,ciceronis orationes ,tuberonis in ,ligarium et ,hortensi pro ,verre4 ,quin etiam easdem causas ut quisque egerit utile erit scire4 ,nam de domo ,ciceronis dixit ,calidius et pro ,milone orationem ,brutus exercitationis gratia scripsit1 etiamsi egisse eum ,cornelius ,celsus falso existimat1 et ,pollio et ,messalla defenderunt eosdem1 et nobis pueris insignes pro ,voluseno ,catulo ,domiti ,afri1 ,crispi ,passieni1 ,decimi ,laeli orationes ferebantur4 #bc4 quin etiam3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 minus pares1 i4e4 in point of rhetorical worth4 ,for si 444 aliquae cp4 #b #bc3 #f #e4 recte requirentur1 i4e4 #8it will be well to get them up4' ,ciceronis orationes3 #8pro ,ligario1' and #8in ,verrem4' ,the former was impeached by ,q4 ,tubero 7,b4,c4 #df7 in respect of having sided with the ,pompeians in ,africa4 #8,cicero defended him successfully before ,caesar in the forum 7,plut4 ,cic4 #ci72 the speech was greatly admired at the time 7ad ,att4 xiii4 #ab #b3 #ai #b3 #bj #b3 #dd #c7 and since1 for1 short as it is1 it is often cited by ,quint4 and the other rhet4 lat4' 7,mayor74 ,hortensi pro ,verre1 ,b4,c4 #gj4 ,nothing of ,hortensius remains1 so that posterity has not had the opportunity which ,cicero hoped it would enjoy3 dicendi autem genus quod fuerit in utroque orationes utriusque etiam posteris nostris indicabunt 7,brut4 #cbd74 ,quint4 does not mention him among the ,roman orators1 #aje-abb4 ,his oratory depended greatly for its effect on his graceful delivery1 and he was not to be judged by his written speeches3 ,cic4 ,or4 #acb dicebat melius quam scripsit ,hortensius3 he #8spoke better1 i4q4 was accustomed to speak better than he has written1--than he shows himself in his written speeches which are still extant' 7,sandys73 cp4 ,quint4 xi4 #c1 #h where he extols his effective delivery and goes on #8cuius rei fides est quod eius scripta tantum intra famam sunt1 qua diu princeps oratorum aliquando aemulus ,ciceronis existimatus est1 novissime1 quoad vixit1 secundus1 ut appareat placuisse aliquid eo dicente quod legentes non invenimus4'--,for other references to the case of ,verres1 see vi4 #c1 #ih3 #e1 #d4 utile erit scire3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 de domo ,ciceronis4 ,cicero's house was destroyed at the instigation of ,clodius1 after his banishment in ,b4,c4 #eh4 ,on his return he delivered his speech pro ,domo ,sua before the ,pontiffs1 and the senate decreed that his house should be restored at the public cost4 dixit ,calidius4 ,his speech must have been something more than a mere rhetorical exercise1 as some have supposed3 it probably argued the question before a tribunal in a different form4 ,for ,calidius see ,brut4 #bgd non fuit orator unus e multis1 potius inter multos prope singularis fuit1 c4 ,cp4 xi4 #c1 #abc and #aee3 xii4 #aj1 #aa subtilitatem ,calidii 7#8finished elegance'73 ib4 #cg4 ,he was born ,b4,c4 #ig2 was praetor #eg2 and died #dg4 ,brutus1 ,m4 ,iunius 7,b4,c4 #he-db7 justified in this speech the murder of ,clodius1 not 7as ,cicero had done7 by the statement that ,clodius had plotted ,milo's death1 but on the ground that he was a bad citizen and deserved to die3 iii4 #f1 #ic4 ,other references are #abc and #e #bj4 egisse3 to have actually delivered it3 opposed to scripsit4 ,cornelius ,celsus3 see on #abd4 et ,pollio et ,messalla4 ,the first et is not correlative to the second1 but adds to the et pro ,milone clause a third example1 as the et before nobis pueris does a fourth4 ,spalding thought that et 444 et was here tam 444 quam4 defenderunt eosdem3 e4g4 ,liburnia ix4 #b1 #cd4 nobis pueris3 an autobiographical reminiscence4 ,cp4 i4 #g1 #bg3 vi4 #c1 #eg3 viii4 #c1 #bb-c3 ib4 #a1 #ca3 x4 #a1 #hf3 viii4 #c1 #gf3 #e1 #ba3 i4 #e1 #bd3 v4 #f1 #f4 ,voluseno ,catulo3 not mentioned elsewhere4 ,domiti ,afri3 see on #hf1 #aah4 ,of #cj his orations1 those on behalf of ,volusenus and ,cloatilla seem to have been the most celebrated3 cp4 viii4 #e1 #af3 ix4 #b1 #bj3 #c1 #ff4 ,for his work on ,testimony1 see v4 #g1 #g3 and for his #8libri urbane dictorum' vi4 #c1 #db4 ,crispi ,passieni4 ,he was the stepfather of ,nero1 according to ,suetonius 7,nero1 #f71 and died ,a4,d4 #di4 ,in vi4 #a1 #ej we have a reference to a speech of his on behalf of his wife ,domitia4 ,seneca1 ,nat4 ,quaest4 iv4 pr4 #f says of him #8quo ego nil novi subtilius in omnibus rebus1 maxime in distinguendis et curandis vitiis4' ,in speaking of ,caligula's obsequiousness under ,tiberius1 ,tacitus 7,ann4 vi4 #bj7 says #8unde mox scitum ,passieni oratoris dictum percrebruit neque meliorem umquam servum neque deteriorem dominum fuisse4' ,his father's oratory is highly praised by ,m4 ,seneca1 who ranks him after ,pollio and ,corvinus 7,contr4 #ac1 #ag3 ,exc4 ,contr4 #c pr4 #aj1 #ad71 and appears also to mention the grandfather 7,contr4 #aj pr4 #aa74 ,seneca the philosopher refers to the hereditary eloquence of the family in the epigram he addresses to ,crispus3 ,maxima facundo vel avo vel gloria patri 7vi4 #i74 ,pliny1 ,ep4 vii4 #f1 #aa4 ,decimi ,laeli3 probably the same as the ,laelius ,balbus who undertook an impeachment under ,tiberius3 ,tac4 ,ann4 vi4 #dg4 ,in the next chapter we are told that the punishment which overtook him 7deportation and loss of senatorian rank7 was a source of satisfaction #8quia ,balbus truci eloquentia habebatur1 promptus adversum insontes4' ferebantur3 #8were in circulation1' #8were talked of'2 cp4 #abi3 #g #cj3 vii4 #bbd3 i4 pr4 #g4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bg ante ,periclem cuius scripta quaedam feruntur3 ,suet4 ,iul4 #bj3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj ad fin4 #cj ,i3#bd ,neque id statim legenti persuasum sit1 omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique esse perfecta4 ,nam et labuntur aliquando et oneri cedunt et indulgent ingeniorum suorum voluptati1 nec semper intendunt animum2 nonnumquam fatigantur1 cum ,ciceroni dormitare interim ,demosthenes1 ,horatio vero #ca etiam ,homerus ipse videatur4 #bd4 ,neque id statim introduces a second precept1 the first having been given in #bj4 ,he passes here from orators to writers in general4 id of what follows 7omnia 444 esse perfecta73 as #cg1 #aab3 #b #ba4 ,so illud #bb4 auctores scriptores4 ,in the ,ciceronian age auctor carried with it some idea of #8authority1' #8warranty' or the like3 ,cic4 pro ,mur4 #cj and ,tusc4 iv4 #c3 cp4 #cg1 #dj1 #dh1 #ff1 #gb1 #gd1 #he1 #ic1 #abd3 #b #a1 #ae3 #e #c1 #h4 ,prof4 ,nettleship 7,lat4 ,lex47 thinks that it is never quite synonymous with scriptor1 even in ,quintilian1 and would render by #8master'3 just as in ,cic4 ,att4 xii4 #ah1 #a quos nunc lectito auctores3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #hi in evolvendis utriusque linguae auctoribus peritus3 ,sen4 ,ep4 ii4 #b lectio auctorum multorum et omnis generis voluminum3 ,tranq4 #i1 #d paucis te auctoribus tradere3 ,iuv4 vii4 #bca ut legat historias1 auctores noverit omnes4 utique3 see on #bj4 ,it is often used in stating a consequence3 v4 #aj1 #eg quod iustitia est utique virtus est1 quod non est iustitia potest esse virtus3 ib4 #gc si continentia virtus utique et abstinentia4 ,bonn4 ,lex4 p4 #icj4 labuntur3 #id3 #b #ae nam in magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt aliqua vitiosa4 oneri cedunt3 contrast #abc suffecit ponderi rerum4 indulgent 444 voluptati3 cp4 #ih3 and nimium amator ingenii sui 7of ,ovid7 #hh4 intendunt animum3 ,sall4 ,cat4 #ea1 #c ubi intenderis ingenium valet 7sc4 animus74 dormitare3 xii4 #a1 #bb quamquam neque ipsi ,ciceroni ,demosthenes videatur satis esse perfectus1 quem dormitare interim dicit4 ,cic4 ,or4 #ajd ut usque eo difficiles ac morosi simus ut nobis non satisfaciat ipse ,demosthenes4 ,it was in a letter that ,cicero made use of the expression here cited3 ,plut4 ,cic4 #bd 1 1 4 interim3 see on #i4 ,quint4 here uses aliquando1 nec semper1 nonnumquam1 and interim alongside of each other3 cp4 iv4 #e1 #bj4 ,horatio3 ,a4 ,p4 #cei et idem indignor quandoque bonus dormitat ,homerus4 ,homer was not above the criticism of the ,greek grammarians and philosophers1 who delighted to discover faults and inconsistencies #ca in his poems3 hence ,zoilus was known as 4 ,the fragments of ,horace's predecessor ,lucilius also contain some criticisms of ,homer3 e4g4 ,sat4 ix4 #ab 7,gerlach7 ,quapropter dico nemo qui culpat ,homerum ,perpetuo culpat1 c41 and xv4 where he satirizes the story of ,polyphemus4 etiam 444 ipse3 see on #ae4 ,i3#be ,summi enim sunt1 homines tamen1 acciditque his qui1 quidquid apud illos reppererunt1 dicendi legem putant1 ut deteriora imitentur 7id enim est facilius7 ac se abunde similes putent si vitia magnorum consequantur4 #be4 homines4 ,cp4 ,petronius #ge nemo nostrum non peccat3 homines sumus non dei3 ib4 #acj fateor me1 domina1 saepe peccasse2 nam et homo sum et adhuc iuvenis4 deteriora3 cp4 #abg sq4 7of the imitation of ,seneca's faults73 #b #ae1 #af4 facilius3 ,iuv4 xiv4 #dj quoniam dociles imitandis turpibus ac pravis omnes sumus4 ,so ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #ai1 #ag decipit exemplar vitiis imitabile4 abunde1 often used to heighten the force of adjs4 and advbs4 ,cp4 xi4 #a1 #cf abunde disertus3 xii4 #aa1 #ai abunde satis3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #b1 #ei3 ,sall4 ,iug4 #ad3 ,liv4 viii4 #bi4 ,see on #id3 and cp4 #ajd4 vitia magnorum3 cp4 de ,or4 ii4 #ij non ut multos imitatores saepe cognovi1 qui aut ea quae facilia sunt aut etiam illa quae insignia ac paene vitiosa consectantur imitando--in eo ipso quem delegerat imitari etiam vitia voluit4 ,i3#bf ,modesto tamen et circumspecto iudicio de tantis viris pronuntiandum est1 ne1 quod plerisque accidit1 damnent quae non intellegunt4 ,ac si necesse est in alteram errare partem1 omnia eorum legentibus placere quam multa displicere maluerim4 #bf4 circumspecto4 ,so verba non circumspecta ,ov4 ,fast4 v4 #eci3 also in ,sueton41 ,colum41 ,seneca1 and ,val4 ,max4 ,cp4 v4 #g1 #ca3 xii4 #aj1 #bc4 plerisque3 see ,introd4 p4 xlvi4 damnent4 ,strabo vii4 #c1 p4 #cjj1 in speaking of ,callimachus1 who censured ,homer1 1 4 ac si3 #b #h4 ,it almost quod si3 both relate to what has gone before4 alteram alterutram3 #8on one side or on the other4' ,cp4 ii4 #f1 #b3 v4 #aj1 #fi ex duobus quorum necesse est alterum verum 7esse73 i4 #d1 #bd3 ix4 #c1 #f4 ,so also in ,cicero3 e4g4 ad ,att4 xi4 #ah1 #a3 ,acad4 ii4 #dc4 #acb4 maluerim3 see on fuerit #cg4 ,i3#bg ,plurimum dicit oratori conferre ,theophrastus lectionem poetarum multique eius iudicium sequuntur1 neque immerito4 ,namque ab his in rebus spiritus et in verbis sublimitas et in #cb adfectibus motus omnis et in personis decor petitur1 praecipueque velut attrita cotidiano actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur2 ideoque in hac lectione ,cicero requiescendum putat4 #bg4 conferre with dat4 #fc1 #ga1 #ie4 ,cp4 on #a4 ,theoparastus3 probably in his lost work 1 or some other of the ten treatises on ,rhetoric which are ascribed to him by ,diogenes ,laertius 7v4 #df-ej74 ,see on #hc4 neque immerito3 #8and not without reason1'--an elliptical expression 7referring to both dicit and sequuntur7 used to introduce the proof of a foregoing statement4 ,so #gi nec immerito1 and ii4 #h1 #a3 neque immerito vii4 #g1 #a3 et merito vi4 #a1 #d4 ,cicero often has neque iniuria1 nam1 c41 e4g4 de ,or4 i4 #aej3 and even after est pro ,sext4 ,rosc4 #aaf in rebus minoribus socium fallere turpissimum est3 neque iniuria4 ab his 444 petitur3 #8it is to the poets that we must go for1' c4 rebus4 ,see on #d4 spiritus3 #dd1 #fa1 #ajd3 #c #bb3 #e #d3 #8inspiration4' ,so often in ,horace3 ,od4 iv4 #f1 #bi spiritum ,phoebus mihi 444 dedit poetae3 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #df quod acer spiritus ac vis ,nec verbis nec rebus inest4 ,cp4 also i4 #h1 #e interim et sublimitate heroi carminis animus adsurgat et ex magnitudine rerum spiritum ducat et optimis imbuatur4 in verbis sublimitas3 #8elevation of language4' ,cp4 viii4 #f1 #aa4 ,so the author of the treatise #8,on the ,sublime' makes sublimity attainable by the imitation and emulation of the great writers and poets of former days3 #ac #b4 in adfectibus motus omnis4 ,poetry #cb shows how to appeal to every feeling of our emotional nature4 ,for adfectus see vi4 #b1 #g1 where the two divisions are given1 and 4 ,cp4 #dh1 #ec1 #ee1 #fh1 #ajg3 #b #bg3 #g #ad1 #ae4 in personis decor3 #8the appropriate treatment of the characters1' a sense of what the fitness of things demands in adapting speech to the persons to whom it relates4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,or4 #gj-ga especially semperque in omni parte orationis ut vitae quid deceat est considerandum2 quod et in re de qua agitur positum est1 et in personis et eorum qui dicunt et eorum qui audiunt4 ,this #8propriety' was always much praised in ,lysias1 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #aef-g4 ,cp4 #fb1 #ga3 #b #bg1 #bb3 vi4 #a1 #be prosopopoeiae1 id est fictae alienarum personarum orationes quales litigatoris ore dicit patronus 7e4g4 ,cicero pro ,milone #ic74 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #hg sed tum servare illud poetas quod deceat dicimus cum id quod quaque persona dignum est et fit et dicitur1 c4 ,de ,or4 iii4 #baj-baa4 attrita cotidiano actu4 #e #ad alitur enim atque enitescit velut pabulo laetiore facundia et adsidua contentionum asperitate fatigata renovatur4 ,so i4 #h1 #aa3 videmus 444 inseri versus summa non eruditionis modo gratia1 sed etiam iucunditatis1 cum poeticis voluptatibus aures a forensi asperitate respirent4 ,petronius ch4 #e interdum subducta foro det pagina versum3 #aah forensibus ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum feliciorem refugerunt4 ,so ,tac4 ,dial4 #ac me vero dulces1 ut ,vergilius ait1 ,musae1 c43 cp4 #c and #d4 ,plin4 ,ep4 viii4 #d1 #d4--;,for attrita cp4 viii4 pr4 #b ingenia 444 asperiorum tractatu rerum atteruntur3 for the spelling cotidie see i4 #g1 #f4 ,cicero1 pro ,arch4 #ab ,quaeres a nobis1 ,grati1 cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur4 ,quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures convicio defessae conquiescant4 ,i3#bh ,meminerimus tamen non per omnia poetas esse oratori sequendos nec libertate verborum nec licentia figurarum3 poeticam ostentationi comparatam et praeter id quod solam petit voluptatem1 eamque etiam fingendo non falsa modo sed etiam quaedam incredibilia sectatur1 patrocinio quoque aliquo iuvari1 #bh4 non per omnia1 c4 #b #ba-bb4 libertate verborum1 #bi3 #e #d4 licentia figurarum see exx4 in #ab1 with note on figuramus3 cp4 #bi4 ostentationi comparatam4 ,poetry is #8epideictic' in character3 and of the ,quint4 says 7iii4 #d1 #ac7 non tam demonstrationis vim habere quam ostentationis videtur4 ,forensic oratory1 like everything else that has an immediate and practical aim1 cannot afford to set such store on #8beauty of presentation4' ,cp4 ii4 #aj1 #aj3 iv4 #c1 #b3 viii4 #c1 #aa4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #cg1 #ch1 #db4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes for poeticam4 praeter id quod for the more classical praeterquam quod 7which only occurs twice in ,quint474 ,so #b #bf3 #c #f3 cp4 #hj ob hoc quod3 #ajh in hoc quod3 #c #ah ex eo quod4 fingendo 444 falsa4 ,hild cites ,arist4 ,poet4 #i and #bd2 especially 7of ,homer7 444 4 patrocinio3 i4 #ab1 #af difficultatis patrocinia praeteximus segnitiae4 ,poetry has the benefit of a sort of #8prerogative1' as compared with history4 ,krger explains esse quae huic generi patrocinentur1 unde defensionem et excusationem petat poetarum licentia4 ,the idea of #8defence' implies #8justification'3 and much that could be justified and vindicated in the poet would be without excuse in the orator4 ,i3#bi quod adligata ad certam pedum necessitatem #cc non semper uti propriis possit1 sed depulsa recta via necessario ad eloquendi quaedam deverticula confugiat1 nec mutare quaedam modo verba1 sed extendere1 conripere1 convertere1 dividere cogatur3 nos vero armatos stare in acie et summis de rebus decernere et ad victoriam niti4 #bi4 adligata1 #c #aj4 ,for the #8restraints of metre' cp4 i4 #h1 #ad servire metro coguntur 7poetae74 ,cic4 de ,or4 i4 #gj est enim finitimus oratori poeta1 numeris astrictior paulo verborum autem licentia liberior4 ,or4 #fg cum sit versu astrictior 7poeta74 #cc propriis1 sc4 verbis3 v4 on #f4 ,direct1 natural1 and unartificial language is meant1 as opposed to metaphorical4 deverticula3 #8by-ways' of expression4 ,the word literally means a lane turning off from a highway 7ii4 #c1 #i recto itinere lassi plerumque devertunt73 and so metaphorically xii4 #c1 #aa3 ix4 #b1 #gh3 ,livy ix4 #ag1 #a4 mutare includes all changes in the use of words1 and covers both libertas verborum and licentia figurarum3 e4g4 #8mucro' for #8gladius4' extendere and conripere are used of syllables3 convertere and dividere of words4 ,an instance of #8lengthening' 7extendere7 is #8induperator' for imperator3 of #8contracting' 7conripere7 #8periclum' for periculum4 ,mayor takes it of quantity only1 and compares i4 #e1 #ah3 #f1 #cb3 ix4 #d1 #hi3 #c1 #fi3 vii4 #i1 #ac4 ,as an instance of #8transposition' 7the removal of words from their usual order7 we may take #8collo dare bracchia circum' for circumdare collum bracchiis1 or #8transtra per et remos'3 and for dividere 7separation by tmesis7 #8hyperboreo septem subiecta trioni' 7viii4 #f1 #ff7 and other instances from ,vergil 7e4g4 ,aen4 i4 #faj #8quae me cumque vocant terrae'74 nos3 #8we advocates4' ,for the figure in armatos stare see on #d athleta4 ,cp4 ,or4 #db verum haec ludorum atque pompae2 nos autem iam in aciem dimicationemque veniamus4 ,mayor cites also ii4 #aj1 #h3 vi4 #d1 #ag3 ,cic4 ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #ag3 de ,or4 i4 #adg1 #aeg3 ii4 #id3 de ,legg4 iii4 #ad3 ,brut4 #bbb3 ,introd4 p4 lvi4 decernere1 another military figure3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #bjj pro mea omni fama prope fortunisque decernere4 ,see on decretoriis #e #bj3 and cp4 xii4 #g1 #e4 ,i3#cj ,neque ego arma squalere situ ac rubigine velim1 sed fulgorem in iis esse qui terreat1 qualis est ferri1 quo mens simul visusque praestringitur1 non qualis auri argentique1 imbellis et potius habenti periculosus4 #cd #cj4 ,neque ego velim3 #8and yet ,i should not like4' ,the same adversative sense of neque but not 7elsewhere strengthened by rursus7 is found #hj3 #e #e3 #g #d4 ,for ego 7ergo87 see ,crit4 ,notes4 arma4 ,de ,orat4 i4 #cb ,quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos 7conj4 integer7 vel te ulcisci lacessitus8 ,tac4 ,dial4 #e quid est tutius quam eam exercere artem qua semper armatus praesidium amicis1 opem alienis1 salutem periclitantibus1 invidis vero inimicis metum et terrorem ultro feras8 444 sin proprium periculum increpuit1 non hercule lorica et gladius in acie firmius munimentum quam reo et periclitanti eloquentia praesidium simul ac telum1 quo propugnare pariter et incessere sive in iudicio sive in senatu sive apud principem possis4 ,so #8arma facundiae' ii4 #af1 #aj and often4 situs1 the #8rust' or #8mould' that comes from being let alone 7sino71 as often in ,vergil1 e4g4 segnem patiere situ durescere campum ,georg4 i4 #gb3 loca senta situ ,aen4 vi4 #dfb4 ,so i4 #b1 #ah quendam velut in opaco situm ducit3 xii4 #e1 #b4 fulgorem 444 qui terreat3 viii4 #c1 #c nec fortibus modo sed etiam fulgentibus armis proeliatur4 ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #a1 #ai-bj iam fulgor armorum fugaces terret equos equitumque voltus4 ,mayor cites also ,veget4 ii4 #ad3 a cavalry officer must make his men often scour their cuirasses1 helmets and pikes3 plurimum enim terroris hostibus armorum splendor importat4 quis credat militem bellicosum cuius dissimulatione situ ac rubigine arma foedantur8 ferri3 viii4 #c1 #e nam et ferrum adfert oculis terroris aliquid1 et fulmina ipsa non tam nos confunderent si vis eorum tantum non etiam ipse fulgor timeretur4 quo1 sc4 fulgore4 praestringitur #ib4 ,cic4 de ,fin4 iv4 #cg aciem animorum nostrorum virtutis splendore praestringitis3 and with ut ita dicam to soften the metaphor de ,sen4 #db mentis ut ita dicam praestringit oculos 7sc4 voluptas47 auri argentique 444 periculosus4 ,the practical speaker would only prejudice #cd his case by the use of ornament which1 as in poetry1 makes ostentatio and voluptas 7#bh7 its chief object4 ,the commentators cite ,livy ix4 #ag1 #af of ,darius3 inter purpuram atque aurum1 oneratum fortunae apparatibus suae1 praedam verius quam hostem 444 incruentus devicit 7sc4 ,alexander73 ib4 #dj #d militem 444 non caelatum auro et argento sed ferro et animis fretum3 so ,livy x4 #ci per 444 aurata scuta transire ,romanum pilum3 cp4 ,aesch4 ,septem c4 ,th4 #cig4 ,curt4 iii4 #aj #i1 #aj aciem hostium auro purpuraque fulgentem intueri iubebat1 praedam non arma gestantem1 irent et imbellibus feminis aurum viri eriperent4 potius is used pretty much as saepius 7#8oftener than not'7 below #cb4 ,krger takes it closely with habenti 7sc4 quam adversario74 ,this is better than ,hild's quam utilis4 ,i3#ca ,historia quoque alere oratorem quodam uberi iucundoque suco potest2 verum et ipsa sic est legenda ut sciamus plerasque eius virtutes oratori esse vitandas4 ,est enim proxima poetis et #ce quodam modo carmen solutum1 et scribitur ad narrandum1 non ad probandum1 totumque opus non ad actum rei pugnamque praesentem1 sed ad memoriam posteritatis et ingenii famam componitur2 ideoque et verbis remotioribus et liberioribus figuris narrandi taedium evitat4 #ca4 ,historia #gc-ge3 #aja-ajd2 ii4 #d1 #b apud rhetorem initium sit historia1 tanto robustior quanto verior3 ib4 #e #a3 #h #g3 iii4 #h1 #fg3 xii4 #d4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #bja monumenta rerum gestarum et vetustatis exempla oratori nota esse 7debent73 ii4 #ea-fd1 where ,antonius discourses on history3 ,or4 #ff huic generi historia finitima est1 in qua et narratur ornate et regio saepe aut pugna describitur2 interponuntur etiam contiones et hortationes1 sed in his tracta quaedam et fluens expetitur1 non haec contorta et acris oratio1--of the flowing smoothness of #8historical oratory' as against the compact and incisive style of actual public speaking4 ,pliny ,ep4 v4 #h #i habet quidem oratio et historia multa communia1 sed plura diversa in his ipsis quae communia videntur4 ,narrat illa1 narrat haec1 sed aliter3 huic pleraque humilia et sordida et ex medio petita1 illi omnia recondita splendida excelsa conveniunt3 hanc saepius ossa musculi nervi1 illam tori quidam et quasi iubae decent3 haec vel maxime vi amaritudine instantia1 illa tractu et suavitate atque etiam dulcedine placet4 ,postremo alia verba1 alius sonus1 alia constructio4 ,nam plurimum refert1 ut ,thucydides ait1 sit an 2 quorum alterum oratio1 alterum historia est4--,the relation of this last passage to the text is discussed by ,eussner in ,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 xvii4 vol4 #i1 pp4 #cia-cic4 ,he rightly insists 7as against de la ,beye7 that in ,pliny illa1 illi1 illam refer to historia1 haec1 huic1 hanc to oratio4 suco1 #8sap'3 ,donatus on ,ter4 ,eun4 ii4 #c1 #g 7#8corpus solidum et suci plenum'7 explains sucus as #8humor in corpore quo abundant bene valentes4' ,cicero often uses the same figure3 de ,or4 ii4 #ic 7,critias ,theramenes ,lysias7 retinebant illum ,pericli sucum1 sed erant paulo uberiore filo3 ib4 #hh3 iii4 #if3 ,brut4 #cf sucus ille et sanguis incorruptus3 and ad ,att4 iv4 #af c #aj amisimus 444 omnem non modo sucum ac sanguinem sed etiam colorem et speciem pristinae civitatis4--,for uberi see ,crit4 ,notes4 et ipsa3 like poetry in #bh3 1 #8likewise4' ,for the much debated question whether et ipse was used by ,cicero see the note in ,ngelsbach1 pp4 #cff-cfg1 from which it will appear that no conclusive instance can be cited3 ,merguet gives only pro ,rosc4 ,am4 #dh qui et ipsi incensi sunt studio1 where1 however1 the et is now generally disconnected from ipsi and referred to the following vitamque rusticam arbitrantur4 ,in all other passages et seems to have been interpolated in conformity with the later usage4--8,livy often uses et ipse meaning #8on his part' or #8as well1' in cases where it is implied that the predicate or attribute of the subject expressed is common thereto with a subject unexpressed save in the context1 e4g4 xxi4 #ag1 #g ,cornelio minus copiarum datum1 quia ,l4 ,manlius praetor et ipse cum haud invalido praesidio in ,galliam mittebatur1 #8,manlius was being sent as well 7as ,cornelius7'2 i4 pr4 #c iuvabit tamen rerum gestarum memoriae principis terrarum populi pro virili parte et ipsum consuluisse4 #8,i shall be glad to have done my part 7as well as others7 for ,roman history4' ,in each case the words in question are equivalent to a very strong etiam40--,fausset on ,cic4 pro ,cluent4 #ada4--;,for other exx4 see #e #d1 #bj3 #f #a3 #g #bf4 sic 444 ut3 #8in reading history we must bear in mind1' c4 vitandas3 cp4 #b #ba4 ,cic4 ,or4 #fh seiunctus igitur orator a philosophorum eloquentia1 a sophistarum1 ab historicorum1 #ce a poetarum1 explicandus est nobis qualis futurus sit4 poetis poetarum operibus4 ,the metonymy here is motived by ,quintilian's avoidance of poesis 7cp4 on #bh74 ,many such exx4 occur in ,cicero3 e4g4 de ,or4 ii4 #d nostrorum hominum prudentiam ,graecis 7,graecorum prudentiae7 anteferre4 ,in these and similar instances the property of one thing is compared 7by comparatio compendiaria71 not with the property of another thing but with the thing itself1 to which the property belongs4 ,so ,pliny ,ep4 i4 #af1 #c orationes eius 444 facile cuilibet veterum 444 comparabis4 ,cp4 ,holden's note on de ,off4 i4 #gf3 ,madvig #bhj1 obs4 #b4--;,cp4 the passage in ,aristotle's ,poetics 7ch4 ix47 on the relations of ,poetry to ,history4 ,dosson refers to ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,thucyd4 ,iud4 ch4 li4 ad fin41 and ,lucian's 4 4 #dd-gi4 ,for est enim1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 solutum1 sc4 necessitate pedum #bi4 opus3 the whole class of work3 see on #i4 ad actum rei ad rem agendam1 the doing or performance of a thing4 ,cp4 #bg actu forensi3 #f #a inter medios rerum actus 7where see note73 vii4 #b1 #da3 ii4 #ah1 #a actus operis4 ,so ,plin4 ,ep4 ix4 #be1 #c me rerum actus 444 distringit3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #gh residua diurni actus4 ,in ,suet4 ,aug4 #cb actus rerum is used specially of judicial proceedings3 cp4 ,claud4 #ae3 ,nero #ag4 ,so actus alone came to mean the method followed in such proceedings1 ,trajan ap4 ,plin4 ,ep4 x4 #ig 7,nettleship1 ,lat4 ,lex474--,note the chiastic construction1 actum rei corresponding with ingenii famam and pugnam praes4 with memor4 posteritatis4 pugnam praesentem #bi4 ,so ad pugnam forensem 77 v4 #ab1 #ag4 ,cp4 what ,thucydides says of his history i4 #bb1 #d 1--referred to in the passage quoted above from ,pliny ,ep4 v4 #h1 #i-aa4 ad memoriam posteritatis et ingenii famam4 ,pliny l4c4 #a mihi pulchrum in primis videtur non pati occidere quibus aeternitas debeatur aliorumque famam cum sua extendere4 ,in vii4 #ag1 #c he looks less to the last element3 non ostentationi sed fidei veritatique componitur4 ,hild quotes ,livy ,pr4 #c et si in tanta scriptorum turba mea fama in obscuro sit1 c43 and ,cic4 ,brut4 #ib where ,cicero1 speaking of some orators1 says memoriam autem in posterum ingenii sui non desiderant4--,for memoria posteritatis cp4 #da1 #ajd3 #g #cj3 i4 #aj1 #i3 vi4 #a1 #bb3 xii4 #aa1 #c3 ,plin4 ,ep4 v4 #h1 #b4 remotioribus ab usu remotis iv4 #b #cf3 viii4 #b1 #ab4 ,cp4 libertate verborum #bh4 evitat1 #8seeks to avoid1' a present of endeavour4 ,i3#cb ,itaque1 ut dixi1 neque illa ,sallustiana brevitas1 qua nihil apud aures vacuas atque eruditas potest esse perfectius1 apud occupatum variis cogitationibus iudicem et saepius ineruditum captanda nobis est1 neque illa #cf ,livi lactea ubertas satis docebit eum qui non speciem expositionis1 sed fidem quaerit4 #cb4 ut dixi4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #de vitanda est etiam illa ,sallustiana 444 brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus3 quod otiosum fortasse lectorem minus fallat1 audientem transvolat1 nec dum percipiatur expectat1 cum praesertim lector non fere sit nisi eruditus1 iudicem rura plerumque in decurias mittant1 de eo pronuntiaturum quod intellexerit4 #ajb illam immortalem ,sallusti velocitatem4--,so ,cicero1 speaking of ,thucydides1 says #8nihil ab eo transferri potest ad forensem usum et publicum1' ,or4 #cj3 cp4 ,brut4 #bhg4 vacuas is opposed to #8occupatum variis cogitationibus1' just as eruditas is to #8saepius ineruditum4' ,cp4 si vacet #ij3 #c #bg4 ,the word is frequently used in this sense1 both in poetry and prose1 e4g4 ,lucr4 i4 #ej3 the opposite occupatae aures occurs ,livy xlv4 #ai1 #i3 cp4 ,tac4 ,hist4 iv4 #ag arriperent vacui occupatos4 saepius ineruditum4 ,since ,augustus added to the three #8iudicum decuriae' a fourth to judge of minor cases 7quartam ex inferiore censu quae 444 iudicaret de levioribus summis ,suet4 ,aug4 #cb71 this office fell into disrepute4 ,caligula afterwards raised the number to five3 ,calig4 #af4 #cf ,as with us1 it was not considered necessary that the juror who was to say #8,guilty' or #8,not ,guilty' 7in the iudicia publica7 should be learned in the law1 or even that he should be an educated man4--,cp4 the quotation above from iv4 #b1 #de cum 444 iudicem rura plerumque in decurias mittant4 ,so v4 #ad1 #bi saepius apud omnino imperitos atque illarum certe ignaros litterarum loquendum est3 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #ec4 ,mayor quotes ,iuv4 vii4 #aaf-g dicturus dubia pro libertate bubulco iudice1 where see his note4 lactea ubertas3 #8pure1 clear1 fulness4' ,the expression is evidently chosen to denote the characteristic of ,livy's style mentioned in #aja 7clarissimi candoris73 ii4 #e1 #ai 7candidissimum et maxime expositum73 it signifies not rich fulness merely1 but fulness combined with clearness and simplicity3 cp4 ,hieron4 ,ep4 #ec1 #a ,t4 ,livius lacteo eloquentiae fonte manans4 ,milk is taken as the type of natural sweet and simple fare3 cp4 candens lacteus umor ,lucr4 i4 #beh4 ,it is also nourishing1 so that lactea ubertas is not the mere fulness of empty words3 ii4 #d1 #e quin ipsis quoque doctoribus hoc esse curae velim ut teneras adhuc mentes more nutricum mollius alant et satiari velut quodam iucundioris disciplinae lacte patiantur4--,becher 7,phil4 ,rundschau iii4 #ae1 p4 #dfi7 compares ,seneca ,controv4 vii4 pr4 #b1 p4 #bfh 7,mll47 sententiae1 quas optime ,pollio ,asinius albas vocabat1 simplices1 apertae1 nihil occultum1 nihil insperatum adferentes1 sed vocales et splendidae1 and explains lactea ubertas as #8eine reine lautere ,flle und keine forcierte1 knstlich aufgebauschte1 schwlstige4' satis docebit1 i4e4 in narratio #di 774 ,see note on the three genera dicendi #hj4 speciem 444 fidem4 ,it is not beauty of exposition 7species or splendor7 that the juror looks for in narratio or expositio1 but truth and credibility 7fides73 cp4 ad narrandum non ad probandum1 of history1 #ca4 ,for fides cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd ,titus ,livius eloquentiae ac fidei praeclarus in primis4 ,i3#cc ,adde quod ,m4 ,tullius ne ,thucydiden quidem aut ,xenophontem utiles oratori putat1 quamquam illum #8bellicum canere1' huius #8ore ,musas esse locutas' existimet4 ,licet tamen nobis in digressionibus uti vel historico #cg nonnumquam nitore1 dum in his de quibus erit quaestio meminerimus non athletarum toris1 sed militum lacertis opus esse1 nec versicolorem illam1 qua ,demetrius ,phalereus dicebatur uti1 #ch vestem bene ad forensem pulverem facere4 #cc4 ,adde quod #b #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 liii4 ,m4 ,tullius4 ,or4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb quis porro umquam ,graecorum rhetorum a ,thucydide quicquam duxit8 #8at laudatus est ab omnibus1' fateor2 sed ita ut rerum explicator prudens1 severus1 gravis2 non ut in iudiciis versaret causas1 sed ut in historiis bella narraret1 itaque numquam est numeratus orator 444 nactus sum etiam qui ,xenophontis similem esse se cuperet1 cuius sermo est ille quidem melle dulcior1 sed a forensi strepitu remotissimus4 ,yet ,dion4 ,hal4 tells us that ,demosthenes was especially indebted to ,thucydides 7,iud4 de ,thuc4 #eb74 ,cicero saw that #8,thucydides represents an immature stage in the development of oratory3 his speeches had been superseded by maturer models' 7,sandys74 ,cp4 ,brut4 #bhg-h4--;,cp4 #gc4 ,xenophontem #ge1 #hb4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #aab complains that while the ,cyropaedia was read the speeches and autobiography of ,scaurus were neglected3 ad ,quint4 ,fratr4 i4 #bc4 quamquam with subj4 as #b #ba3 #g #ag4 bellicum canere3 ,or4 #ci incitatior fertur et de bellicis rebus canit etiam quodam modo bellicum3 his style is a #8call to arms1' it stirs like the sound of a war-trumpet #gf4 ,cp4 pro ,mur4 #cj3 ,phil4 vii4 #c4 ,quint1 ix4 #d1 #aa non eosdem modos adhibent cum bellicum est canendum et cum posito genu supplicandum est4 huius ore1 c4 ,or4 #fb ,xenophontis voce ,musas quasi locutas ferunt4 ,diog4 ,laert4 ii4 #eg 4 ,cp4 #hb below1 with the note3 ,brut4 #acb molli et ,xenophonteo genere sermonis3 de ,or4 ii4 #eh4 in digressionibus3 opposed to in his de quibus erit quaestio below4 ,see the ch4 on ,egressio iv4 #c3 especially #ab hanc partem vocant ,graeci1 ,latini egressum vel egressionem1 defined afterwards 7#ad7 as alicuius rei1 sed ad utilitatem pertinentis1 extra ordinem excurrens tractatio4 ,cp4 ix4 #b1 #ee4 ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #cg #caa sq4 digredi tamen ab eo quod proposueris atque agas permovendorum animorum causa saepe utile est3 ib4 #hj ornandi aut augendi causa digredi3 ,brut4 #hb3 de ,inv4 i4 #ig4 historico 444 nitore3 #e #ae3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #e1 #e descriptiones locorum1 quae in hoc libro frequentiores erunt1 non historice tantum sed prope poetice prosequi fas est3 id4 vii4 #i1 #h saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum necessitas incidit4 ,for nitor see on #i nitidus3 cp4 ,cic4 ,or4 #aae quidam orationis nitor4 dum4 ,quint4 does not use dummodo3 dum is again used in this sense in #c #g3 #g #be4 ,in #c #e it occurs without a verb1 sit primo vel tardus dum diligens1 stilus3 so modo #e #bj4 toris 444 lacertis1 #8not the athlete's swelling thews1 but the sinewy arm of the soldier4' ,cp4 the antithesis carnis--lacertorum #gg4 ,the primary meaning of torus seems to be anything swelling or bulging1 e4g4 the knots of a rope or the protuberance of the muscles4 ,the point of the antithesis is clearly brought out in xi4 #c1 #bf adsueta gymnasiis et oleo corpora1 quamlibet sint in suis certaminibus speciosa atque robusta1 si militare iter fascemque et vigilias imperes1 deficiant et quaerant unctores suos nudumque sudorem1--a passage which must have been suggested by the contrast ,plato draws between the sleepy habit of athletes and the wiry vigour of the soldier3 7sc4 7 ,rep4 iii4 #djh4 ,mayor cites also xii4 #aj1 #da sicut athletarum corpora1 etiam si validiora fiant exercitatione et lege quadam ciborum 7cp4 x4 #e1 #ae7 non tamen esse naturalia 7sc4 putant7 atque ab illa specie quae sit concessa hominibus abhorrere4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ba oratio autem sicut corpus hominis1 c43 ,nepos xv4 #b #d3 ,pliny v4 #h1 #aj 7quoted on #ca above74 ,for cognate metaphors see ,ngelsbach #acf1 #d pp4 #eef-h4 ,from ,professor ,mayor's rich list of parallel passages ,i select the following3 #8,kleochares 444 compared the speeches of ,demosthenes to soldiers 1 those of ,isokrates to athletes 4 ,plut4 ,philopoem4 #c #c1 #d ,philopoemen when recommended to enter upon a course of athletic training asked whether it did not interfere with military exercises2 and when told that the frame and life1 diet and training of the two were entirely different1 the athlete needing much sleep and food1 regular intervals of exercise and rest1 and being unable to bear any change from his habits1 while the soldier was inured to hunger and thirst and sleepless nights2 he both in his private capacity wholly abstained from athletic exercises1 and tried to abolish them when a general4 ,id4 ,fab4 ,max4 #ai #b ,fabius hoped that ,hannibal1 if unopposed1 would wear himself out1 4 ,lucian ,dial4 ,mort4 x4 #e the athlete ,damasias1 1 lest he should sink ,charon's boat by his weight1 is forced to strip off his flesh and crowns4' lacertis4 ,as opposed to brachium1 lacertus is the upper part of the arm1 from the shoulder to the elbow4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #fd in ,lysia sunt saepe etiam lacerti1 sic ut fieri nihil possit valentius4 versicolorem 444 vestem1 probably a translation of some ,greek phrase used in reference to ,demetrius1 to indicate a style too ornamental for the forum3 cp4 viii4 pr4 #bj similiter illa translucida et versicolor quorundam elocutio res ipsas effeminat1 quae illo verborum habitu vestiantur4 ,for ,demetrius see on #hj4 #8,his style1 like his life1 was elegantly luxurious2 but in becoming ornate it became nerveless2 there is no longer1 says ,cicero1 8sucus ille et sanguis incorruptus10 the sap1 the fresh vigour1 which had hitherto been in oratory2 in their place there is 8fucatus nitor10 an artificial gloss1' ,jebb1 ,att4 ,or4 ii4 p4 #dda4 ,vestis is more than a mere metaphor here3 ,demetrius was as foppish in dress as he was in his style4 ,the main feature of the latter is generally indicated by floridus and similar terms3 e4g4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bhe3 dulcis de ,off4 i4 #c 7cp4 ,or4 #id71 suavis ,brut4 #ch3 it was over-coloured 7like his dress71 being intended only to please4 ,for the figure suggested #ch cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bf3 adeo melius est orationem vel hirta toga induere quam fucatis et meretriciis vestibus insignire4 dicebatur1 i4e4 by his contemporaries4 bene ad 444 facere3 #e #aa in hoc optime facient infinitae quaestiones4 ,this construction is common in ,ovid2 e4g4 ,her4 xvi4 #ahi ad talem formam non facit iste locus3 cp4 ib4 vi4 #abh3 and with dat4 ,prop4 iii4 #a1 #ai non faciet capiti dura corona meo4 8,it is also occasionally used absolutely3 so ,ovid1 complaining in his exile1 says ,trist4787 #8,nec caelum nec aquae faciunt nec terra nec imber'3 #8do not agree with me4' ,it is thus used especially in medicine4 ,cp4 ,colum4 viii4 #ag1 ,facit etiam ex pomis adaperta ficus3 #8is serviceable4'0 ,palmer on ,ov4 ,her4 ii4 #ci4 pulverem4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #cg 7quoted on #hj inclinasse73 and for a different judgment de ,legg4 iii4 #ad a ,theophrasto ,phalereus ille ,demetrius 444 mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem1 sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit4 ,i3#cd ,est et alius ex historiis usus et is quidem maximus1 sed non ad praesentem pertinens locum1 ex cognitione rerum exemplorumque1 quibus in primis instructus esse debet orator1 ne omnia testimonia exspectet a litigatore1 sed pleraque ex vetustate diligenter sibi cognita sumat1 hoc potentiora1 quod ea sola criminibus odii et gratiae vacant4 #cd4 historiis3 for the plural see on #ge4 ,cp4 note on lectionum #de4 alius usus 444 ex cognitione1 c4 ,crassus in the de ,or4 i4 #dh insists on this3 neque enim sine multa pertractatione omnium rerum publicarum1 neque sine legum1 morum1 iuris scientia 444 in his ipsis rebus satis callide versari et perite potest 7sc4 orator73 cp4 ib4 #ah tenenda praeterea est omnis antiquitas exemplorumque vis3 #aeh cognoscendae historiae3 #bef3 ,brutus #cbb3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cj nec in evolvenda antiquitate 444 satis operae insumitur4 ,in ,quint4 cp4 ii4 #d1 #bj multa inde cognitio rerum venit exemplisque1 quae sunt in omni genere causarum potentissima1 iam tum instruitur1 cum res poscet1 usurus3 iii4 #h1 #fg3 v4 #aa #8de exemplis'-- quo nomine et generaliter usi sunt in omni similium adpositione et specialiter in iis quae rerum gestarum auctoritate nituntur3 xii4 #d1 #aj3 cp4 #ag rerum cognitio cotidie crescit1 et tamen quam multorum ad eam librorum necessaria lectio est1 quibus aut rerum exempla ab historicis aut dicendi ab oratoribus petuntur4 et is quidem4 ,cic4 de ,fin4 i4 #fe ,epicurus una in domo1 et ea quidem angusta1 quam magnos 444 tenuit amicorum greges4 ,in #e #g we have et quidem with the pronoun omitted3 cp4 ,cic4 ,phil4 ii4 #dc et quidem immunia3 and often in ,pliny1 e4g4 ,ep4 i4 #f1 #a ego ille quem nosti apros tres et quidem pulcherrimos cepi4 non ad praesentem 444 locum1 because here he is speaking of the advantage of reading history only from the point of view of elocutio3 his subject is copia verborum4 ,for the material benefit to be obtained from the study of history see the passages cited above3 esp4 xii4 #d3 v4 #aa1 #cf sq4 testimonia4 ,cp4 v4 #g1 #a ea dicuntur aut per tabulas aut a praesentibus4 ,the advocate is not to confine himself to these4 litigatore1 the client1 from whom the essential facts of the case must be learned3 xii4 #h #f-h4 cognita 7with vetustate71 of the result rather than the process4 ,before sumat supply ut4 hoc quod 444 vacant #ae4 ,cp4 v4 #aa1 #cf-cg ,adhibebitur extrinsecus in causam et auctoritas 444 si quid ita visum gentibus1 populis1 sapientibus viris1 claris civibus1 inlustribus poetis referri potest4 ,ne haec quidem vulgo dicta et recepta persuasione populari sine usu fuerint4 ,testimonia sunt enim quodam modo vel potentiora etiam1 quod non causis accommodata sunt1 sed liberis odio et gratia mentibus ideo tantum dicta factaque1 quia aut honestissima aut verissima videbantur4 ,cp4 ,cic4 pro ,marcello #bi3 ,tac4 ,hist4 i4 #a3 ,ann4 i4 #a4 ,i3#ce ,a philosophorum vero lectione ut essent multa nobis petenda #ci vitio factum est oratorum1 qui quidem illis optima sui operis parte cesserunt4 ,nam et de iustis1 honestis1 utilibus iisque quae sunt istis contraria1 et de rebus divinis maxime dicunt et argumentantur acriter ,stoici1 et altercationibus atque interrogationibus oratorem futurum optime ,socratici praeparant4 #ce4 philosophorum3 #ha-hd3 #abc-aca4 ,we have the same complaint1 that the orator has #8abandoned the fairest part of his province' to the philosopher in ,book i4 pr4 #i-ah3 esp4 neque #ci enim hoc concesserim1 rationem rectae honestaeque vitae 444 ad philosophos relegandam1 cum vir ille vere civilis et publicarum privatarumque rerum administrationi accommodatus1 qui regere consiliis urbes1 fundare legibus1 emendare iudiciis possit1 non alius sit profecto quam orator4444 ,fueruntque haec1 ut ,cicero apertissime colligit1 quemadmodum iuncta natura1 sic officio quoque copulata1 ut idem sapientes atque eloquentes haberentur4 ,scidit deinde se studium atque inertia factum est ut artes esse plures viderentur4 ,nam ut primum lingua esse coepit in quaestu institutumque eloquentiae bonis male uti1 curam morum qui diserti habebantur reliquerunt4 ,cp4 xii4 #b #d-aj1 esp4 #h id quod est oratori necessarium nec a dicendi praeceptoribus traditur ab iis petere nimirum necesse est apud quos remansit3 evolvendi penitus auctores qui de virtute praecipiunt1 ut oratoris vita cum scientia divinaram rerum sit humanarumque coniuncta4 ,quintilian's frequent statement of the argument that philosophy1 especially moral philosophy1 is an essential part of the orator's equipment is a corollary to his main thesis1 #8non posse oratorem esse nisi virum bonum'3 i4 pr4 #i3 xii4 #a3 cp4 rationem dicendi a bono viro non separamus4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xxv4 ,in the ,orator #aa-ai ,cicero places a philosophical training among the first requisites of the ideal orator3 esp4 #ad nam nec latius neque copiosius de magnis variisque rebus sine philosophia potest quisquam dicere3 ib4 #aah3 cp4 de ,or4 i4 #hg3 ib4 iii4 #ef-gc hanc1 inquam1 cogitandi pronuntiandique rationem vimque dicendi veteres ,graeci sapientiam nominabant 444 #fa hinc 7from the separation of eloquence and philosophy made by ,socrates7 discidium illud exstitit quasi linguae atque cordis1 absurdum sane et inutile et reprehendendum1 ut alii nos sapere1 alii dicere docerent4 ,cicero has told us himself what he owed to philosophy3 xii4 #b1 #bc ,m4 ,tullius non tantum se debere scholis rhetorum quantum ,academiae spatiis frequenter 7e4g4 ,or4 #ab1 ,brut4 #cae7 ipse testatus est3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ca sq4 operis3 see on #i4 ,so ea iure vereque contenderim esse operis nostri4 i4 pr4 #aa4 cesserunt3 for this constr4 with dat4 and abl4 cp4 ,cic4 pro ,mil4 #ge nisi sibi hortorum possessione cessissent4 de iustis1 c43 cp4 i4 pr4 #aa1 #ab4 de rebus divinis4 ,the ,stoic definition of included this-- 1 transl4 by ,cicero1 de ,off4 ii4 #e3 cp4 ,tusc4 iv4 #eg3 ,sen4 ,ep4 xiv4 #a1 #e4 ,they made this the foundation of every virtue3 it is #8speculative wisdom' as distinguished from #8practical wisdom' 774 maxime potissimum4 ,stoici3 #hd3 xii4 #b1 #be ,stoici 444 nullos aut probare acrius aut concludere subtilius contendunt4 ,stoici was first inserted by ,meister4 ,hirt 7,berl4 ,wochenschrift v4 p4 #fbi7 objects1 on the ground that ,quintilian is only giving here the general idea that eloquence and philosophy were at first mutually inclusive3 cp4 de ,or4 iii4 #ed4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 altercationibus4 ,the essence of the altercatio is that it was conducted in the way of short answers or retorts3 it is specially used of a dispute carried on in this way between two speakers in the senate1 or in a court of law1 or in public4 ,a famous instance in the senate is the dialogue between ,cicero and ,clodius 7ad ,att4 i4 #af1 #h73 ,clodium praesentem fregi in senatu cum oratione perpetua plenissima gravitatis1 tum altercatione1 c4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cd ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset4 ,the altercatio 7actio brevis atque concisa vi4 #d1 #b7 is opp4 to perpetua or continua oratio3 e4g4 ,liv4 iv4 #f1 #a res a perpetuis orationibus in altercationem vertisset3 ,tac4 ,hist4 iv4 #g paulatim per altercationem ad continuas et infestas orationes provecti sunt4--,as to the construction1 both words are generally taken as ablatives of instrument2 not #8for debates and examinations of witnesses4' ,by interrogationibus is then meant the ,socratic 3 cp4 v4 #g1 #bh in quibus 7dialogis7 adeo scitae sunt interrogationes ut1 cum plerisque bene respondeatur1 res tamen ad id quod volunt efficere perveniat4 ,but see ,crit4 ,notes4 #dj ,socratici3 #hc4 ,the writers of the ,socratic form of dialogue are meant1 ,plato1 ,xenophon1 and ,aeschines ,socraticus3 v4 #aa1 #bg etiam in illis interrogationibus ,socraticis 444 cavendum ne incante respondeas4 ,their practice of fashioning the imagined objections of their opponents in such a manner as to make them easy of refutation would render them good models3 cp4 xii4 #a1 #aj ne more ,socraticorum nobismet ipsi responsum finxisse videamur4 ,i3#cf ,sed #dj his quoque adhibendum est simile iudicium1 ut etiam cum in rebus versemur isdem non tamen eandem esse condicionem sciamus litium ac disputationum1 fori et auditorii1 praeceptorum et periculorum4 #cf4 his quoque1 sc4 philosophis--as well as with the poets and historians #bh1 #ca4 ut 444 sciamus1 consecutive1 expressing result1 not final3 tr4 by participle #8remembering1' c43 cp4 ut sciamus after sic in #ca4 ,not all the instances of the introduction of a subordinate clause by this consecutive ut cited by ,herbst are exactly apposite3 cp4 #b #bh3 #d #d3 #e #f1 #i3 #f #c3 #g #aj4 in rebus isdem3 #8on the same topics1' viz4 questions of right and wrong1 c41 which are common to philosophy and law4 litium ac disputationum3 #8lawsuits and philosophical discussions'3 vii4 #c #ac sed de his disputatur non litigatur3 xi4 #a1 #gj inter eos non forensem contentionem1 sed studiosam disputationem crederes incidisse3 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #c illud forense dicendi et hoc quietum disputandi genus3 de ,fin4 i4 #bh neque enim disputari sine reprehensione1 nec cum iracundia aut pertinacia recte disputari potest3 ,brut4 #aah iidem 7,stoici7 traducti a disputando ad dicendum inopes reperiantur3 cp4 ,or4 #aac4 ,there is a similar antithesis in foro 444 in scholis v4 #ac1 #cf4 fori 444 periculorum3 note the chiasmus4 ,for the antithesis fori 444 auditorii cp4 #gi auditoriis 444 non iudiciis4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj nunc te ab auditoriis et theatris in forum et ad causas et ad vera proelia voco4 ,for auditorium used of the lecture-room1 or generally a place for public prelections1 literary and philosophical1 cp4 ii4 #aa1 #c3 v4 #ab1 #bj3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #he4 ,these auditoria were the scene of the recitationes of which we hear so much in this age3 #ah4 periculorum3 law-suits1 actions-at-law1 referring1 as often in ,cicero1 to the issues at stake for the defendant in such actions4 ,cp4 #g #a3 iv4 #b1 #abb capitis aut fortunarum pericula3 vi4 #a1 #cf 7where #8pericula' and #8privatae causae' are contrasted74 ,etymologically periculum is from the root ,,per-1 seen in 1 3 it denotes #8trial' and1 in view of possible failure1 #8danger4' ,cp4 ,reid on ,cic4 pro ,arch4 #ac3 the ,english #8danger' 7,low ,latin dangiarium from dominium1 ,old ,fr4 dongier1 feudal authority7 was originally a legal term3 ,shakesp4 ,merchant of ,venice iv4 #a1 #8,you stand within his danger4' ,chaucer1 ,prol4 #ffc4 ,see ,skeat's ,etym4 ,dict4 ,i3#cg ,credo exacturos plerosque1 cum tantum esse utilitatis in legendo iudicemus1 ut id quoque adiungamus operi1 qui sint legendi1 quae in auctore quoque praecipua virtus4 ,sed persequi singulos infiniti fuerit operis4 #cg4 ,this paragraph forms a transition from the general consideration of oratory 7#bj71 poetry 7#bg71 history 7#ca71 and philosophy 7#ce7 to the characterisation of individual representatives of each of these four departments4 ,quintilian now begins to discourse on the #8,choice of ,books1' or the #8,best ,hundred ,authors1' both in ,greek and ,latin4 ,his list does not however aim at completeness3 it is conditioned by the object which he has in view1 viz4 the reading of what is profitable for the formation of style 7ad faciendam #db71 and he constantly reminds the reader that he is merely giving a sample of the best authors 7#dd3 #ef-fj3 #gd3 #hj3 #ajd3 #abb74 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 vii4 #i #ae-af4 qui sint legendi3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 auctore3 see on #bd4 persequi singulos3 #8to notice all individually'3 #aah sunt alii multi diserti quos persequi longum est4 fuerit3 cp4 superaverit #df3 dixerim #ad3 maluerim #bf3 dederit #he3 cesserimus #hf3 quos viderim #ih3 cesserit #aja3 opposuerim #aje3 abstulerit #da #ajg3 ne hoc 444 suaserim #b #bd3 nemo dubitaverit #c #bb3 contulerit #e #d3 ne 444 contrarium fuerit #e #ae4 ,i3#ch ,quippe cum in ,bruto ,m4 ,tullius #da tot milibus versuum de ,romanis tantum oratoribus loquatur et tamen de omnibus aetatis suae1 quibuscum vivebat1 exceptis ,caesare atque ,marcello1 silentium egerit1 quis erit modus si et illos et qui postea fuerunt et ,graecos omnes persequamur et philosophos8 #ch4 ,quippe cum1 only here in ,quint43 cp4 #gf4 versuum3 often in ,quint4 of #8lines' of prose3 #da3 #c #cb3 #g #aa3 xi4 #b1 #cb 7but #ci opp4 to prosam orationem73 vii4 #a1 #cg multis milibus versuum scio apud quosdam esse quaesitum1 c4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #e1 #ec-d1 of a will1 quid prima secundo cera velit versu4 ,cic4 ,rab4 ,post4 vi4 #ad ut primum versum 7legis7 attenderet3 ad ,att4 ii4 #af1 #c3 ,plin4 ,ep4 iv4 #aa1 #af4 ,romanis 444 oratoribus4 ,one of ,cicero's motives in writing the ,brutus was to do justice to the earlier ,roman orators1 and to trace the development of the art down to his own time4 ,hild cites ,fronto 7de elog4 p4 #bce ed4 ,rom47 oratores quos 444 ,cicero eloquentiae civitate gregatim donavit1 as showing that the writer thought that ,cicero wished to exalt his own style by contrast with the ruder efforts of his predecessors4 aetatis suae4 ,frieze remarks that this expression1 taken by itself1 would embrace either the whole career of ,cicero as an orator1 about #ce years1 to the date of the ,brutus 7,b4,c4 #df71 or else his life from the time when he began to hear the orators of the forum as a student 7,b4,c4 #ij71 a period of over #dd years3 ,brut4 #cjc hoc 7,hortensio7 igitur florescente1 ,crassus est mortuus1 ,cotta pulsus1 iudicia intermissa bello1 nos 7,cicero7 in forum venimus4--,the rule which ,cicero imposed on himself in the ,brutus is given #bca3 in hoc sermone nostro statui neminem eorum qui viverent nominare4 quibuscum vivebat3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,caesare atque ,marcello4 ,these exceptions were made at the request of ,brutus himself #bdh4 ,brutus eulogises ,marcellus1 while the account of ,caesar is mainly put into the mouth of ,atticus3 then at #bfb ,cicero returns to the dead1--sed ad eos1 si placet1 qui vita excesserunt revertamur4--,for ,caesar see on #aad4 ,m4 ,claudius ,marcellus1 consul ,b4,c4 #ea1 was a ,pompeian who1 after ,pharsalus1 retired to ,mitylene1 where he studied under ,cratippus4 ,his friends procured the pardon which he would not himself sue for1 and ,cicero in the pro ,marcello 7,b4,c4 #df7 expresses his satisfaction at the event4 ,on his way home in the following year ,marcellus was assassinated at ,athens4 ,cp4 ,sen4 ad ,helviam ix4 #d-h4 quis 444 modus4 ,when quis is used adjectivally1 as here and in #ej1 it does not mean #8what kind of' 7as qui71 but rather #8will there be any8' c4 ,cp4 quis locus #8where is the spot8' vii4 #b1 #ed quis testis8 quis iudex8 444 quod pretium8 quis conscius8 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#ci ,fuit igitur brevitas illa tutissima quae est apud ,livium in epistula ad filium scripta1 #8legendos ,demosthenen atque ,ciceronem1 tum ita1 ut quisque esset ,demostheni et ,ciceroni simillimus4' #ci4 brevitas illa brevis illa sententia1 introducing the clause in acc4 c4 inf4 ,hirt compares ,cic4 ,tusc4 iv4 #hc et aegritudinis et reliquorum animi morborum una sanatio est1 omnes opinabiles esse et voluntarios4 ,for fuit see ,crit4 ,notes4 apud ,livium4 ,cp4 ii4 #e1 #bj ,cicero 444 et iucundus incipientibus quoque et apertus est satis1 nec prodesse tantum1 sed etiam amari potest3 tum1 quemadmodum ,livius praecipit1 ut quisque erit ,ciceroni simillimus4 ,in viii4 #b1 #ah there is a reference probably to the same source3 ,livy is made the authority for the story of a teacher #8qui discipulos obscurare quae dicerent iuberet1 ,graeco verbo utens 4' ,sen4 ,ep4 #ajj ,nomina adhuc ,t4 ,livium4 scripsit enim et dialogos1 quos non magis philosophiae adnumerare possis quam historiae1 et ex professo philosophiam continentes libros4 ,the son is mentioned again in ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 i4 #e and #f4 ,see ,teuffel1 ,rom4 ,lit4 #bea #d4 ,demostheni et ,ciceroni3 #aje-aab3 ,iuv4 x4 #aad4 ,note the pointed repetition of the names4 ,i3#dj ,non est dissimulanda nostri quoque iudicii #db summa4 ,paucos enim vel potius vix ullum ex his qui vetustatem pertulerunt existimo posse reperiri1 quin iudicium adhibentibus adlaturus sit utilitatis aliquid1 cum se ,cicero ab illis quoque vetustissimis auctoribus1 ingeniosis quidem1 sed arte carentibus1 plurimum fateatur adiutum4 #dj4 nostri iudicii summa3 #8my #db opinion in general1' as opposed to the criticism of each writer individually4 ,what the gist of this opinion is he states in the next sentence1 with enim3 see ,crit4 ,notes4--,for summa cp4 #dh3 #c #aj4 vix ullum1 c43 #eg4 ,mayor compares ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #e #aj 7of the elder ,pliny7 nihil enim legit quod non excerperet3 dicere enim solebat nullum esse librum tam malum ut non aliqua parte prodesset4 ,it would be hard to be so charitable now6 vetustatem pertulerunt3 #8have stood the test of time4' ,the phrase is properly used of wine1--wine that will #8keep1' as we should say 7aetatem ferre73 ,cic4 de ,amic4 #fg ut ea vina quae vetustatem ferunt3 ii4 #d1 #i musta 444 et annos ferent et vetustate proficiunt3 ,cat4 de ,r4 ,r4 #aad1 #b vinum in vetustatem servare4 ,so ,ovid1 of his own works1 scripta vetustatem si modo nostra ferent1 ,trist4 v4 #i1 #h4 ,for vetustas 7lapse of time7 cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #beh4--,there is a sort of antithesis between the class of authors here referred to and the vetustissimi auctores mentioned below4 ,in the former he includes ,cato and the ,gracchi1 ii4 #e1 #ba3 the latter are those who were hardly read at all in ,quintilian's day4 ,in general he uses veteres or antiqui in contradistinction to those who were to him novi1 i4e4 the writers of the post-,augustan period3 including in the former ,cicero himself as well as his predecessors4 ii4 #e1 #bc et antiquos legere et novos3 v4 #d1 #a orationes veterum ac novorum3 ix4 #c1 #a omnes veteres et ,cicero praecipue3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ix4 #bb1 #a1 of ,c4 ,passennus ,paullus1 in litteris veteres aemulatur 444 ,propertium in primis3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ag1 #ah4 iudicium adhibentibus3 #aca3 #gb4 ingeniosis 444 carentibus3 i4 #h1 #h multum autem veteres etiam ,latini conferunt1 quamquam plerique plus ingenio quam arte valuerunt4 ,ov4 ,amor4 i4 #ae1 #ad1 of ,callimachus1 quamvis ingenio non valet1 arte valet3 ,tr4 ii4 #dbd ,ennius ingenio maximus arte rudis4 ,mayor quotes also from ,munro's ,lucretius3 vol4 ii4 p4 #ah #8,at this period when the 1 as ,cicero calls them1 were striving to bring the ,alexandrine style into fashion1 there seems to have been almost a formal antithesis between the rude genius of ,ennius and the modern art4' ingeniosis quidem4 ,here again 7cp4 on #cd7 ,cicero would have used the pronoun1--ingeniosis illis quidem4 ,cp4 #hh1 #abd3 i4 #aj1 #ag4 ,cicero 444 fateatur4 ,the ,brutus contains e4g4 a eulogy of ,cato1 who is said to be rough1 but excellent1 like the early statues and paintings and poems3 #fa-ff3 ,or4 #aji4 ,mayor cites ,seneca apud ,gell4 xii4 #b 7,fragmenta #aaa7 ,apud ipsum quoque ,ciceronem invenies etiam in prosa oratione quaedam ex quibus intelligas illum non perdidisse operam quod ,ennium legit4 ,i3#da ,nec multo aliud de novis sentio2 quotus enim quisque inveniri tam demens potest1 #dc qui ne minima quidem alicuius certe fiducia partis memoriam posteritatis speraverit8 ,qui si quis est1 intra primos statim versus deprehendetur1 et citius nos dimittet quam ut eius nobis magno temporis detrimento constet experimentum4 #da4 multo aliud3 cp4 quanto aliud #ec4 ,aliud here serves for a comparative4 ,so ix4 #d1 #bf multo optimum3 #gb multo foedissimum1 and in ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 multo very often for the more usual longe4 ,spald4 novis3 the writers subsequent to ,cicero2 viii4 #e1 #ab3 ix4 #b1 #db4 quotus quisque3 #8each unit of what whole number' #8one in how many1' and so #8how small a proportion1' #8how few4' ,in the nom4 sing4 masc4 it occurs several times in ,cicero1 and frequently in ,pliny's letters4 ,ovid1 ,a4 ,a4 iii4 #ajc1 has the fem41 ,forma dei munus4 ,forma quota quaeque superbit4 ,the dat4 quoto cuique ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #bj #h3 the acc4 quotum quemque ,tac4 ,dial4 #bi4 tam demens 444 qui3 #dh nemo erit tam indoctus qui non 444 fateatur3 on the other hand #eg tam 444 ut non4 ,herbst cites ,pliny1 ,ep4 viii4 #ad1 #c quotus enim quisque tam patiens ut velit discere quod in usu non sit habiturus3 cp4 ib4 ii4 #ai1 #f3 ,panegyr4 #ae3 ,xen4 ,anab4 ii4 #e1 #ab 2 ib4 vii4 #a1 #bh 22 ,cic4 ,phil4 ii4 #cc1 where ,mayor quotes ,dem4 ,mid4 p4 #ecf1 #f #ff 444 444 2 and #8,lives there a man with soul so dead ,who never to himself has said4448' #dc alicuius fiducia partis3 #8with even the smallest confidence at least in some portion or other 7of his writings74' ,for the obj4 gen4 cp4 iv4 #b1 #aac3 ix4 #c1 #ea4 memoriam posteritatis3 see on #ca4 versus3 #ch4 detrimento3 vi4 #c1 #ce nimium enim risus pretium est si probitatis impendio constat4 ,the word occurs less commonly than some of its synonyms with the genitive3 here its etymological meaning 7detero-tempus #8terere'7 makes it very appropriate4 ,i3#db ,sed non quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet1 protinus ad faciendam 1 de qua loquimur1 accommodatum4 ,verum antequam de singulis loquar1 pauca in universum de varietate opinionum dicenda sunt4 #db4 protinus3 #8at once1' #8as a matter of course4' ,see on #c3 cp4 statim #bd4 ad faciendam 3 #8for the formation of style'3 cp4 #hg phrasin 444 faciant3 viii4 #a1 #a igitur quam ,graeci vocant1 ,latine dicimus elocutionem4 ,for the whole expression cp4 #fe ad oratores faciendos aptior3 xii4 #h1 #e cur non sit orator quando 444 oratorem facit3 x4 #c1 #c vires 444 faciamus3 ib4 #aj qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint3 ib4 #bh faciendus usus3 also i4 #aj1 #f3 ii4 #h1 #g3 xii4 #g1 #a4 ,faciendam must have belonged to the original text3 see ,crit4 ,notes4--,hild reminds us that we must always keep this point of view in mind in estimating the literary judgments pronounced by ,quintilian in this book3 he is concerned mainly with form1 in its relation to oratorical style4 ,in the same way1 #hg1 he does not insist on the study of ,macer and ,lucretius3 legendi quidem sed non ut 1 id est corpus eloquentiae1 faciant4 ,m4 ,seneca opposes to 7#a73 non magna sed 7of ,albucius7 ,contr4 vii4 pr4 #b3 elsewhere he has 7,excerpt4 ,contr4 iii4 pr4 #g7 habebat 444 phrasin non vulgarem nec sordidam1 sed lectam4 in universum3 ,tac4 ,germ4 #f in universum aestimanti3 ib4 #bg in commune opp4 to singuli4 de varietate opinionum4 ,dosson refers to ,hipp4 ,rigault1 ,histoire de la querelle des anciens et des modernes1 vol4 i4 #ahei4 ,in the third cent4 ,b4,c4 the question of the superiority of the ancients over the moderns was discussed between the supporters and the opponents of ,demetrius of ,phalerum3 in ,cicero's day it had become confused with the quarrel between the true and the false ,atticists 7cp4 ,brut4 #bhc sq473 ,horace treated it in the first ,epistle of the ,second ,book3 in ,quintilian's own time it was still discussed1 as may be seen from this passage and from the ,dialogus de ,oratoribus4 ,i3#dc ,nam quidam solos veteres legendos putant neque in ullis aliis esse naturalem eloquentiam et robur viris dignum arbitrantur1 alios recens haec lascivia #dd deliciaeque et omnia ad voluptatem multitudinis imperitae composita delectant4 #dc4 solos veteres4 ,here again 7see on #dj7 veteres includes the writers of the ,augustan age3 cp4 #aah1 #abb1 #abf3 #b #ag4 ,see also ii4 #e1 #ba sq41 where ,quintilian says that in the case of young people both extremes should be avoided3--the ancients 7such as the ,gracchi and ,cato71 fient enim horridi atque ieiuni3 the moderns1 with their depraved taste1 #8ne recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti voluptate prava deleniantur4' robur viris dignum3 ii4 #e1 #bc ex quibus 7sc4 antiquis7 si adsumatur solida ac virilis ingenii vis deterso rudis saeculi squalore1 tum noster hic cultus clarius enitescet3 i4 #h1 #i sanctitas certe et1 ut sic dicam1 virilitas ab iis 7i4e4 the veteres ,latini7 petenda est1 quando nos in omnia deliciarum vitia dicendi quoque ratione defluximus3 v4 #ab1 #ag4 recens haec lascivia deliciaeque3 #8the voluptuous and affected style of our own day' opp4 to rectum dicendi genus1 below4 ,cp4 #8recentis huius lasciviae flosculi1' quoted above1 also #8deliciarum vitia4' ,mayor cites ,sen4 ,ep4 xxxiii4 #a non fuerunt circa flosculos occupati3 totus contextus #dd illorum virilis est4 ,see on lascivus #hh4 ,seneca is probably aimed at here3 cp4 #abe sq41 and ,introd4 p4 xxv4 sqq4 ,i3#dd ,ipsorum etiam qui rectum dicendi genus sequi volunt1 alii pressa demum et tenuia atque quae minimum #de ab usu cotidiano recedant1 sana et vere ,attica putant2 quosdam #df elatior ingenii vis et magis concitata et plena spiritus capit2 sunt etiam lenis et nitidi et compositi generis non pauci amatores4 ,de qua differentia disseram diligentius1 cum de genere dicendi quaerendum erit3 interim summatim1 quid et a qua lectione petere possint qui confirmare facultatem dicendi volent1 attingam3 paucos enim1 qui sunt eminentissimi1 excerpere in animo est4 #dd4 rectum dicendi genus3 the true standard of style 7cp4 #hi71 natural and unaffected1 and imitating neither the rude archaism of the ancients nor the bad taste of the moderns4 ,in ii4 #e1 #aa it is called sermo rectus 7#8straight1' i4e4 direct and natural7 et secundum naturam enuntiatus3 and in ix4 #c1 #c1 simplex rectumque loquendi genus3 the style which aims above everything at the clear and effective expression of thought1 apart from all ornament and trickery4 ,though termed here a genus1 it is itself divided into three genera3 7#a7 the simple1 terse1 concise 71 tenue1 subtile1 pressum 444 quod minimum ab usu cotidiano recedit72 7#b7 the grand1 broad1 lofty1 stirring1 passionate 71 uber1 grande1 amplum1 elatum1 concitatum72 7#c7 the flowing1 plastic1 polished1 smooth1 melodious1 intermediate 71 lene1 nitidum1 suave1 compositum1 medium74 ,this threefold division of style1 ascribed to ,theophrastus1 was generally recognised in ,greece after the latter part of the #dth century ,b4,c4 ,gellius 7vi4 #ad1 #h7 tells us that ,varro recognised it1 employing uber1 gracile1 and mediocre to represent 1 1 and 2 and ,mr4 ,nettleship 7,j4 of ,philol4 xviii4 p4 #bcb7 thinks that his treatise bore on this subject4 ,it is adopted in ,cornif4 ad ,herenn4 iv4 #aa-af1 and is carefully explained by ,cicero in the ,orator #bj-ba 7where see ,sandys' notes73 tria sunt omnino genera dicendi quibus in singulis quidam floruerunt1 peraeque autem1 id quod volumus1 perpauci in omnibus4 ,quintilian evidently considers that ,cicero 7see #ajh7 came up to his own ideal standard in all three styles3 ,or4 #ajj is est enim eloquens qui et humilia subtiliter et magna graviter et mediocria temperate potest dicere4 ,dion4 ,hal4 7probably following ,theophrastus 7 has the same division1 distinguishing as the or the 7genus grande71 7genus tenue1 subtile71 and 7medium1 mediocre73 de ,dem4 #cc and #cd4 ,in xii4 #aj1 #eh ,quintilian repeats this3 discerni posse etiam recte dicendi genera inter se videntur4 ,namque unum subtile1 quod vocant1 alterum grande atque robustum1 quod dicunt1 constituunt2 tertium alii medium ex duobus1 alii floridum 7namque id appellant7 addiderant4 ,in the next section he goes on to connect this triple division with the three functions of the orator as laid down in iii4 #e1 #b3 tria sunt item quae praestare debeat orator1 ut doceat1 moveat1 delectet4 ,the #8plain' style is especially adapted for teaching and explaining3 the #8grand' for moving the feelings2 while of the #8middle' he says #8ea fere ratio est ut 444 delectandi sive conciliandi praestare videatur officium4' ,cp4 ,arist4 ,rhet4 i4 #b p4 #acef a #b 7those which conciliate good-will--the medium1 lene1 compositum genus71 7those which stir the passions--the grande genus71 7those which are addressed to the intellect--the genus subtile74 ,further on 7xii4 #aj #fd7 he says that the three classes are typified by the oratory of ,menelaus1 ,nestor1 and ,ulysses3 cp4 ii4 #ag1 #h and ,gellius1 vi4 #ad4 ,in anticipation of the rest of the section the main features of each of the three styles may here be resumed4 ,the #8grand' is distinguished by a careful avoidance of everything familiar and ordinary3 it seeks to rise above the common idiom by a sustained dignity both of thought and language1 and employs a profusion of ornament of every kind4 ,the #8plain' style is marked by simplicity and clearness3 it may employ the aid of art1 but it is an art that conceals itself in the avoidance of everything unfamiliar and in the artistic use of the language of ordinary life4 ,the #8middle' style has more charm than force3 while not distinguished for the excellencies of the other species it has a grace and sweetness of its own1 whence its alternative designation floridum 77 in ,quintilian1 quoted above3 see note on #hj4 pressa 444 et tenuia1 c41 i4e4 the subtile genus1 or #8plain style4' ,pressus is used in ,quintilian both of a writer and of his style3 it means #8concise' 7premo71 #8terse1' #de and the juxtaposition of tenuis here shows that #8plain straightforwardness' is the quality referred to4 ,cp4 xii4 #aj1 #ch tenuiora haec ac pressiora3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #if1 where oratio pressior is opp4 to luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est3 ,brut4 #bja attenuate presseque dicere opp4 to sublate ampleque3 ,quint4 viii4 #c1 #dj dicere abundanter an presse 444 magnifice an subtiliter3 ii4 #h1 #d presso limatoque genere dicendi3 #ae non enim satis est dicere presse tantum aut subtiliter aut aspere4 ,pressum is well defined by ,mayor on this passage3 #8pruned of all rankness1 concise1 quiet1 moderate1 self-controlled2 opposed to extravagance1 heat1 turgidity1 redundance'3 cp4 premere tumentia #d #a4 ,to writers pressus is applied #df1 #ajb3 #b #af3 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #af 7,attici7 pressi et integri 444 7,asiani7 inflati et inanes3 ,brut4 #ea parum pressi et nimis redundantes3 ib4 #bjb cavenda presso illi oratori inopia et ieiunitas3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ah inflatus et tumens nec satis pressus sed supra modum exultans4--,in ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #ef ,wilkins thinks that pressus 7verbis aptus et pressus--of ,thucydides7 means #8precise1' not #8concise'3 comparing de ,fin4 iv4 #aj1 #bd mihi placet agi subtilius et pressius3 ,tusc4 iv4 #g1 #ad definiunt pressius3 ,cic4 ,hortens4 ,fragm4 #df 7,baiter7 #8pressum1 subtile1 ,m4 ,tullius in ,hortensio1 quis te aut est aut fuit unquam in partiundis rebus1 in definiendis1 in explicandis pressior8' ,cp4 ,quint1 iv4 #b1 #aag pressus et velut adplicitus rei cultus4--,the word frequently occurs in ,pliny3 see ,mayor on iii4 #ah1 #aj4 tenuia3 #fd3 #b #ai4 ,the ,greek equivalents are 1 1 4 ,cp ,or4 #bj1 where ,sandys says 8,the primary meaning of tenuis is #8thin'2 its metaphorical use as an epithet of style is derived1 not from the notion of slimness and slenderness of form 7like and gracilis71 but from thinness and fineness of texture 7#abd #8tenuis causa1' #8tenue argumentandi filum'2 ,quint4 ix4 #d1 #ag illud in ,lysia dicendi textum tenue atque rasum1 al4 rarum74 ,cp4 subtilis and simplex40 ,the word is used in a depreciatory sense xii4 #h1 #a neque enim quisquam tam ingenio tenui reperietur qui1 cum omnia quae sunt in causa diligenter cognoverit ad docendum certe iudicem non sufficiat4 ,in this sense ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #af1 #ch is generally interpreted3 spiritum ,graiae tenuem ,camenae4--,for atque quae1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 demum1 #c #ac3 #f #e3 #8only1' for tantum1 dumtaxat1 with no indication of time1 though ,frieze says the use implies #8that some conclusion has been reached as the only thing that remains to be accepted after every alternative has been considered4' ,so i4 pr4 #c plusquam imponebatur oneris sponte suscepi1 444 simul ne vulgarem viam ingressus alienis demum vestigiis insisterem3 ii4 #ae1 #a bonis demum 7haec7 tribui volunt4 ,suet4 ,aug4 #bd3 ,traian4 ad ,plin4 ,e4 #aj1 #cc4--;,it is1 of course1 frequent in ,latin of every period with pronouns1 to give emphasis1 like adeo3 ei demum oratori1 ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #aca4 usu cotidiano3 xii4 #aj1 #dj ,adhuc quidam nullam esse naturalem putant eloquentiam nisi quae sit cotidiano sermoni simillima3 viii4 pr4 #bc sunt optima minime arcessita et simplicibus atque ab ipsa veritate profectis similia1 #be atqui satis aperte ,cicero praeceperat #8in dicendo vitium vel maximum esse a vulgari genere orationis 444 abhorrere'3 xi4 #a1 #f neque humile atque cotidianum sermonis genus 444 epilogis dabimus4 ,mayor cites ,dion4 ,hal4 ad ,cn4 ,pomp4 de ,plat4 p4 #geh ,r3 id4 de ,lys4 #c3 de ,isocr4 #b and #aa4 sana et vere ,attica4 ,those who take this view interpret the term #8,attic' too narrowly3 it comprehends the best examples of all three genera4 ,quintilian protests against this misrepresentation in xii4 #aj1 #ba sq4 quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse ,atticos credunt tenues et lucidos et significantes1 sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes3 #be quid est igitur cur in iis demum qui tenui venula per calculos fluunt ,atticum saporem putent1 ibi demum thymum redolere dicant8 ib4 #bf melius de hoc nomine sentiant credantque ,attice dicere esse optime dicere4 ,the discussion of the true and the false ,atticism holds a place also in the ,brutus of ,cicero3 see esp4 #bja sq4 and #bhc-bib1 the criticism of ,calvus and his school3 cp4 ib4 #ea illam salubritatem ,atticae dictionis et quasi sanitatem 444 ,asiatici oratores 444 parum pressi et nimis redundantes4 ,rhodii saniores et ,atticorum similiores4 ,or4 #ij3 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #h imitemur 444 eos potius qui incorrupta sanitate sunt1 quod est proprium ,atticorum3 ib4 #aa1 #ab4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #be omnes 7,calvus1 ,asinius1 ,caesar1 ,brutus1 ,cicero7 eandem sanitatem eloquentiae prae se ferunt3 cp4 #bf illam ipsam quam #df iactant sanitatem non firmitate sed ieiunio consequuntur3 ,quint4 ii4 #d1 #i macies pro sanitate3 xii4 #aj1 #ae hi sunt enim qui suae imbecillitati sanitatis appellationem1 quae est maxime contraria1 obtendunt4 ,so in ,greek3 cp4 bona valetudo1 ,brut4 #fd4 elatior ingenii vis1 as in the grave genus1 or #8grand style'3 ,cic4 ,orat4 #ig-ii4 ,cp4 nihil elatum vi4 #b1 #ai3 ib4 #bj-bd4 ,for the compar4 cp4 tersior #id4 et magis concitata4 ,frequently in ,quintilian a comparative is followed by the positive with magis3 cp4 #gd1 #gg1 #hh1 #id1 #abj4 ,for concitata cp4 #gc1 #ij1 #aad1 #aah3 #b #bc3 xii4 #aj1 #bf4 plena spiritus3 see on #bg3 cp4 #af1 #fa1 #ajd3 #c #bb4--;,in ix4 #c1 #a ,quintilian observes that in his time plenus was generally used with the abl41 while in ,cicero it usually has the gen4 ,he himself has both4 lenis et nitidi et compositi generis1 i4e4 the #8middle' style3 see above1 and on #aba 7with quotation from ,cic4 ,or4 #ba3 cp4 ib4 #ia and #ie-if74 ,cp4 xii4 #aj1 #fj3 and #fg illud lene aut ascendit ad fortiora aut ad tenuiora summittitur4 ,the constant antithesis of such words as vehemens1 acer1 c4 makes it probable that lenis is the right reading here1 not levis 7see ,crit4 ,notes73 cp4 esp4 ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #baa1 where lenis atque summissa 7oratio7 is opposed to intenta ac vehemens 7quae suscipitur ab oratore ad concitandos animos atque omni ratione flectendos73 de ,or4 i4 #bee sermonis lenitas 444 vis et contentio3 ,brut4 #cag alter remissus et lenis 444 alter acer1 verborum et actionis genere commotior3 #8lenis' opposed to #8vehemens' de ,or4 ii4 #eh1 #bjj1 #baa1 #baf and similarly to asper #fd3 ib4 iii4 #g1 #bh3 ,or4 #abg3 ,quint4 iii4 #h1 #ea3 vi4 #c1 #hg4 nitidi3 see on #i4 compositi3 see on #gi compositione4 ,it means #8harmonious1' #8rhythmical1' referring to the careful arrangement of words1 #eb1 #ff3 #b #a4 ,this is a special feature of the #8middle' style3 compositione aptus xii4 #aj1 #fj4--7;,dosson renders #8tranquille1' unimpassioned1--a common use of the word1 but perhaps not so appropriate here47 de genere dicendi3 see xii4 #aj1 #fc-gj1 where he teaches that every variety of style in oratory has its place and use4 confirmare facultatem dicendi i4e4 acquire the firma facilitas of #a4 ,i3#de ,facile est autem studiosis1 qui sint his simillimi1 iudicare1 ne quisquam queratur omissos forte aliquos quos ipse valde probet2 fateor enim plures legendos esse quam qui a me nominabuntur4 ,sed nunc genera ipsa lectionum1 quae praecipue convenire intendentibus ut oratores fiant existimem1 persequar4 #dg #de4 paucos enim explains summatim1 #8for only a few4' ,see ,mayor on ,iuv4 x4 #b3 and cp4 #c1 #h1 #bg1 #ca1 #ce1 #db1 #fg1 #hg for a similar limitation4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 studiosis1 used absolutely 7cp4 studendum #c #bi71 of students of literature1 or 7most commonly7 of students of rhetoric4 ,so i4 pr4 #bc3 ii4 #aj1 #ae3 xii4 #aj1 #fb3 and 7with iuvenis7 #c #cb3 xii4 #aa1 #ca4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #ac 7possibly with dicendi73 ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #e1 #b 7where see ,mayor's note73 ib4 iv4 #ac1 #aj3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ba4 ne quisquam queratur3 i4e4 quod commemoro propterea1 ne 444 #8,i say this1 lest1' c4--,for qui a me1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 genera ipsa3 here and in #ajd genera classes or kinds1 as represented by their characteristic or typical writers4--8,for ipsum in the sense of #8merely' cp4 de ,or4 ii4 #aji1 #bai1 #cjf3 ib4 iii4 #bbb3 pro ,balb4 #cc3 ad ,quint4 ,fratr4 i4 #c1 #f3 ,val4 ,max4 iii4 #b1 #g3 ,quint4 ix4 #b1 #dd3 x4 #a1 #ajc40--,reid1 on ,orator 7,sandys71 #aha4 lectionum3 #8what is to be read4' ,for the passive use cp4 ,sen4 ,tranq4 i4 #ab ubi lectio fortior erexit animum et aculeos #dg subdiderunt exempla nobilia4 ,the plural occurs only here in ,quintilian3 elsewhere the word is singular1 with an abstract meaning3 but cp4 #ai4--,note the accumulation of verbs at the end of the sentence4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,the ,,argument 7#df-hd7 #df-hd4 ,,greek ,,literature4 #df-gb4 ,greek ,poetry4 #df-fa4 ,epic1 didactic1 pastoral1 elegiac1 iambic1 and lyric poetry proper4 ,the praise of ,homer1 #df-ea3 #8it is much to understand1 impossible to rival1 his greatness4' ,hesiod is rich in moral maxims1 and a master of the #8middle style'3 ,antimachus1 ,panyasis1 ,apollonius1 ,aratus1 ,theocritus1 and others1 #eb-eg4 ,a word in passing about the elegiac poets1 represented by ,callimachus and ,philetas1 #eh4 ,of iambographi the typical writer is ,archilochus1 #ei-fj4 ,the chief lyric poets are ,pindar 7#fa71 ,stesichorus 7#fb71 ,alcaeus 7#fc71 and ,simonides 7#fd74 #fe-gb4 ,dramatic poetry4 ,the ,old ,comedy 7#fe-ff7 with its pure ,attic diction and freedom of political criticism is more akin to oratory and more fitted to form the orator than any other class of poetry1--always excepting ,homer4 ,tragedy 7#fg-fh7 is represented by ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 and ,euripides3 of the latter two ,euripides is more useful for the orator4 ,he was imitated by ,menander 7#fi-gb71 the #8mirror of life1' who might alone suffice to form the orator4 ,menander's superiority to all other comic dramatists4 #gc-ge4 ,greek ,historians4 ,the pregnant brevity of ,thucydides1 the charm and transparency of ,herodotus4 ,theopompus3 ,philistus 7#8the little ,thucydides'73 ,ephorus1 and others4 #gf-hj4 ,greek ,orators4 ,demosthenes the standard of eloquence1 in whom there is nothing either too #c much or too little4 ,aeschines more diffuse3 #8more flesh1 less muscle4' ,hyperides is pleasing1 but more at home in less important causes4 ,lysias resembles a clear spring rather than a full river4 ,isocrates belongs to the gymnasium rather than to the field of battle3 in arrangement punctilious to a fault4 ,demetrius of ,phalerum the last ,athenian worthy of the name of orator4 #ha-hd4 ,greek ,philosophers4 ,both in respect of reasoning power and for beauty of style1 ,plato holds the first place4 ,of ,xenophon's artless charm it might be said that #8,persuasion herself perched upon his lips4' ,aristotle is famous alike for knowledge1 productiveness1 grace of style1 invention1 and versatility4 ,theophrastus owed even his name to the divine splendour of his language4 ,the ,stoics were the champions of virtue1 and showed their strength in defending their tenets3 the grand style they did not affect4 ,i3#df ,igitur1 ut ,aratus ab ,iove incipiendum putat1 ita nos rite coepturi ab ,homero videmur4 ,hic enim1 quem ad modum ex ,oceano dicit ipse omnium fluminum fontiumque cursus initium capere1 omnibus eloquentiae partibus exemplum et ortum dedit4 #dh ,hunc nemo in magnis rebus sublimitate1 in parvis proprietate superaverit4 ,idem laetus ac pressus1 iucundus et gravis1 tum copia tum brevitate mirabilis1 nec poetica modo1 sed oratoria virtute eminentissimus4 #df4 ab ,iove incipiendum4 ,phaenom4 #a 4 ,cic4 de ,rep4 i4 #cf imitemur 7al4 mitabor ergo7 ,aratum qui magnis de rebus dicere exordiens a ,iove incipiendum putat 444 rite ab eo dicendi principium capiamus4 ,so ,theocr4 xvii4 #a --imitated by ,vergil1 ,ecl4 iii4 #fj ,ab ,iove principium musae3 cp4 ,hor4 ,od4 i4 #ab1 #ac quid prius dicam solitis parentis laudibus8--,for ,aratus see on #ee rite4 ,cp4 #he ut apud illos 7,graecos7 ,homerus sic apud nos ,vergilius auspicatissimum dederit exordium4 8,such a commencement will be a sort of consecration of the whole course2 it is the solemn and auspicious order of proceeding40--,mayor4 coepturi 444 videmur3 sc4 nobis3 cp4 #ef3 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #a1 #b3 ii4 #e4--;,for the participle instead of the fut4 inf4 cp4 v4 pr4 #e eius praecepta sic optime divisuri videmur3 ib4 #g #ac3 i4 #b1 #b3 ii4 #e1 #c3 vi4 pr4 #a hanc optimam partem relicturus hereditatis videbar3 ib4 #d1 #a3 vii4 #b1 #db4 ,becher 7,quaest4 ,gramm4 p4 #af7 explains the usage by assuming an ellipse1 so that #8rite coepturi ab ,homero videmur' #8nos ab ,homero coepturi rite coepisse videmur'2 but this is unnecessary1 and the collocation of coepturi and coepisse in fact impossible4 ab ,homero4 ,so in the schools i4 #h1 #e ideoque optime institutum est ut ab ,homero atque ,vergilio lectio inciperet3 cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #ad1 #b4 ex ,oceano4 ,il4 xxi4 #aie-aig 4--,dion4 ,hal4 uses the same image de ,comp4 ,verb4 #bd 1 4 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,amor4 iii4 #i1 #be ,aspice ,maeoniden1 a quo1 ceu fonte perenni1 ,vatum ,pieriis ora rigantur aquis4 omnium fluminum fontiumque4 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes3 cp4 #gh4 omnibus eloquentiae partibus4 ,eustathius pr4 ad ,odys4 p4 #acgi 1 3 ,manilius1 ,astr4 ii4 #h ,cuiusque ex ore profusos ,omnis posteritas latices in carmina duxit ,amnemque in tenues ausa est diducere rivos ,unius fecunda bonis4 ,cp4 the references to ,homer in the various departments of literature dealt with by ,quintilian3 #fb1 #fe1 #ha1 #he1 #hf4 ,so xii4 #aa1 #ba in quo 7sc4 ,homero7 nullius non artis aut opera perfecta aut certe non dubia vestigia reperiuntur4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #dj ornatus in dicendo et plane orator4 ,homer's influence on all later culture is a common-place in ancient writers4 ,specially in regard to oratory1 the speeches of his three heroes were taken as types of three styles of rhetoric3 xii4 #aj1 #fd3 ii4 #ag1 #h4 ,the eulogy here pronounced on him is systematically arranged with reference to the essential elements of practical oratory4 ,after alluding to 7#a7 the three kinds of oratory 7see notes on #dd7 in the terms sublimitas1 proprietas1 pressus1 laetus 7#df71 he passes 7#b7 to the two classes of practical speeches1 judicial and deliberative 7litium ac consiliorum7 7#dg73 and then refers to 7#c7 the mastery of the emotions 7adfectus7 7#dh73 7#d7 the constituent parts of a regular forensic speech--7prooemium1 genera probandi ac refutandi1 epilogus7 7#dh1 #di1 #ej73 7#e7 well-chosen terms1 well-put thoughts1 lively figures1 and everywhere clear arrangement 7dispositio7 7#ej74 8,in this notice of ,homer and in that of ,cicero 7#aje sqq47 and of ,seneca 7#abe sqq47 ,quintilian introduces more of detail than in his brief remarks on the rest of the authors in his sketch4 ,in general his plan1 as indicated above in #dd1 #de1 is to mention the typical writers of different departments of literature best adapted to the purposes of the orator or forensic advocate1 and in a few words to point out their characteristics with particular reference to their fitness as exemplars of oratorical style1 or 4 ,as this is his sole aim1 so distinctly stated1 the strictures of some critics on the brevity and meagreness of these notices show that they have failed to comprehend the purpose of the author40--,frieze4 #dh sublimitate3 #bg3 viii4 #f1 #aa4 proprietate4 ,here this word furnishes a sort of antithesis to sublimitas1 and means #8suitability1' #8simplicity1' #8naturalness'3 cp4 the definition given at viii4 #b1 #a sua cuiusque rei appellatio4 ,in the same sense #fd sermone proprio1 of an easy and unaffected style4 ,a different use of proprius will be found at #f 7where see note73 #bi3 #e #h4 superaverit4 ,for this subj4 of modified assertion cp4 on fuerit #cg4 laetus1 #8flowery1' i4e4 rich1 ornate1 exuberant4 ,cp4 #b #af3 xii4 #aj1 #hj3 xi4 #a1 #di4 ,this use is akin to that by which the word is employed as a metaphor to denote richness of vegetation3 ,verg4 ,georg4 i4 #a and #gd 7cp4 note on #e #ad73 and also of the sleek condition of well-fed cattle3 ,aen4 iii4 #bbj4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #aee4--,there is no need for ,francius's conj4 latus or ,kraffert's latior 7cp4 xii4 #aj1 #bc71 or ,gustaffson's elatus 7#d #a74 pressus1 pruned1 trimmed down1 #8chaste1' #8concise'3 see on #dd4 iucundus et gravis1 #8sprightly and serious4' ,so #aai iucundus et delectationi natus3 and iucunditas #fd1 #hb3 #b #bc4 ,mayor cites ,plin4 ,ep4 iv4 #c1 #b nam severitatem istam pari iucunditate condire summaeque gravitati tantum comitatis adiungere non minus difficile quam magnum est3 ib4 v4 #ag1 #b 7of ,calpurnius ,piso7 excelsa depressis1 exilia plenis1 severis iucunda mutabat4 tum 444 tum3 a usage 7frequent in ,cicero7 which ,quintilian sought to revive4 ,wlfflin1 ,archiv f4 ,lexikogr4 ii4 p4 #bda4 ,i3#dg ,nam ut de laudibus1 exhortationibus1 #di consolationibus taceam1 nonne vel nonus liber1 quo missa ad ,achillen legatio continetur1 vel in primo inter duces illa contentio vel dictae in secundo sententiae omnes litium ac consiliorum explicant artes8 #dg4 ,nam ut1 c4 ,this sentence contains the proof of ,homer's oratoria virtus3 he furnishes models of the three recognised styles of rhetoric1 7#a7 genus demonstrativum 77 or laudativum3 7#b7 genus deliberativum sive suasorium 773 and 7#c7 genus iudiciale 774 ,cp4 iii4 #d4 ,cope ,arist4 ,rhet4 introd4 #aah-abc1 and the notes on #ac #a3 ,cic4 de ,inv4 i4 #g1 #h1 #ab3 ii4 #ab1 #ac3 ,orat4 ,part4 #aj-ad1 #fi-ach3 de ,orat4 i4 #ada and ,wilkins' introd4 p4 #ef4 ,in the words ut 444 taceam1 ,quintilian passes lightly over the main features of the 7set speeches aiming at display--1 #8ostentatio declamatoria' iv4 #c1 #b71 in order to dwell more specially on the appropriateness of the study of ,homer with reference to forensic and legislative debates 7litium ac consiliorum74 ,in doing so1 he no doubt wishes to indicate the relative importance of the three kinds for the practical training of the orator1 just as ,cicero 7,or4 #cg-db7 restricts his portraiture of the perfect orator to the practical oratory of public life1 i4e4 the deliberative and forensic branches1 to the exclusion of the 4 laudibus4 ,these belong distinctly to the epideictic branch1 for which see iii4 #d1 #ab3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ca in laudationibus de honestate disserimus4 ,so and 3 see ,volkmann1 ,rhet4 #cc4 ,as examples of laudationes may be cited ,cicero's ,eulogy on ,cato 7,or4 #ce7 and his sister ,porcia 7ad ,att4 xiii4 #cg1 #c73 and in ,greek the ,evagoras and ,helenae ,encomium of ,isocrates4 exhortationibus might in itself 7like consolationibus3 cp4 xi4 #c1 #aec7 be used of the genus deliberativum1 which included the suasoriae 7,tac4 ,dial4 #ce7--#8;consilium dedimus ,sullae privatus ut altum dormiret'1 ,iuv4 i4 #af2 and in order to find a reference in each of the three items enumerated to the three kinds of rhetoric1 ,kraffert proposed to read consultationibus for consolationibus 7cp4 controversiae ,tac4 ,dial4 #ce71 so that laudibus should laudativum genus1 exhortationibus deliberativum1 and consultationibus iudiciale4 ,but this is a misunderstanding of ,quintilian's meaning4 ,exhortatio and consolatio may easily enter into a 1 a speech written for display and not for delivery in public1 just as suasio does in the passage of the ,orator referred to above3 laudationum et historiarum et 444 suasionum 444 reliquarumque scriptionum formam1 quae absunt a forensi contentione1 eiusque totius generis1 quod ,graece nominatur 444 non complectar hoc tempore 7#cg74 ,cp4 ,quint4 iii4 #d1 #ad an quisquam negaverit ,panegyricos esse8 atqui formam suadendi habent1 c4 #di legatio of ,odysseus1 ,aias1 and ,phoenix3 contentio between ,achilles and ,agamemnon3 dictae 444 sententiae3 the council of war 7,agamemnon1 ,ulysses1 ,nestor1 ,thersites7 ,il4 ii4 #dj-cid4--,the selection from a poet of such passages as seemed to bear most closely on the training of a student of rhetoric was a familiar process in ancient schools4 litium ac consiliorum4 ,these words contain a distinct reference to the genus iudiciale and the genus deliberativum1 respectively1--to the exclusion of the genus demonstrativum1 i4e4 the #8epideictic' or non-practical kind of speeches4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #bb ,graecos 444 video 444 seposuisse a ceteris dictionibus eam partem dicendi quae in forensibus disceptationibus iudiciorum aut deliberationum versaretur3 cp4 suasoriae et controversiae ,tac4 ,dial4 #ce4 ,the prominence given to litium ac consiliorum shows that ,professor ,mayor is wrong in seeing in exhortationibus and consolationibus above a specific reference to the #8genus deliberativum'3 that would involve a duplicate enumeration4 artes3 the #8rules of art1' or technical precepts of the rhetoricians4 ,see on #ae exempla potentiora 444 ipsis quae traduntur artibus4 ,i3#dh ,adfectus quidem vel illos mites vel hos concitatos nemo erit tam indoctus qui non in sua potestate hunc auctorem habuisse fateatur4 ,age vero1 non utriusque operis sui ingressu in paucissimis versibus legem prooemiorum non dico servavit1 sed constituit8 ,nam benevolum auditorem invocatione dearum #ej quas praesidere vatibus creditum est1 et intentum proposita rerum magnitudine1 et docilem summa celeriter comprehensa facit4 #dh4 ,adfectus quidem1 c4 ,in the passage which ,quintilian may have had in view4 ,dionysius1 after showing1 as ,quintilian has done1 that ,homer is admirable in every respect1 and not in one only1 goes on to say that he is a master in particular of the and 1 of 7rerum magnitudine #dh7 and of 7in dispositione totius operis #ej73 1 1 1 3 #b 7,usener1 p4 #ai74 ,see what ,quintilian says of adfectus in vi4 #b #h-aj3 esp4 adfectus igitur concitatos 1 mites atque compositos esse dixerunt3 and cp4 #gc and #aja below4 ,illos 444 hos indicates what was a well-known antithesis4 ,the former 77 were habitual and characteristic conditions of individual minds3 the latter 77 for the most part occasional 7temporale vi4 #b1 #aj71 and more moving 7perturbatio ib474 tam 444 qui3 see on #da4 auctorem3 #8master1' #8teacher4' ,cp1 on #bd4 ,age vero3 #8and further1' a formula of transition generally leading to something more important4 ,here it introduces the five constituent parts of an oration1 exordium 771 narratio1 probatio1 refutatio 71 or or 1 or #di71 peroratio 774 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,or4 #abb and de ,orat4 ii4 #hj with ,sandys' and ,wilkins' notes3 de ,inv4 i4 #ai3 ,cornif4 ad ,herenn4 i4 #d4 ingressu3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 non dico 444 sed4 ,so #g #b3 cp4 i4 #aj1 #ce4 legem prooemiorum 444 constituit3 iv4 #a1 #cd docilem sine dubio et haec ipsa praestat attentio1 sed et illud1 si breviter et dilucide summam rei1 de qua cognoscere debeat1 iudicaverimus3 quod ,homerus atque ,vergilius operum suorum principiis faciunt3 ib4 #db ut sit in principiis recta benevolentiae et attentionis postulatio3 ,hor4 ,ars ,poet4 #adj4 benevolum 444 intentum 444 docilem4 ,the orator's first task is to gain the good-will of his hearers1 and to secure their attention4 ,cp4 iv4 i1 #e causa principii 7i4e4 prooemii1 exordii7 nulla alia est quam ut auditorem1 quo sit nobis in ceteris partibus accommodatior1 praeparemus4 ,id fieri tribus maxime rebus inter auctores plurimos constat1 si benevolum attentum docilem fecerimus3 iii4 #e1 #b3 xi4 #a1 #f4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #aae and #ej #cbb-c3 ,brut4 #ahe4 ,mayor cites ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,lysia #ag 1 1 1 4 invocatione dearum4 1 1 and 1 4 vatibus3 #8bards1' instinctis divino spiritu vatibus xii4 #aj1 #bd3 ,verg4 ,eclog4 ix4 #cb me fecere poetam ,pierides 444 me quoque dicunt vatem pastores4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #i ,saleium nostrum1 egregium poetam1 vel si hoc honorificentius est1 praeclarissimum vatem4 ,poeta1 which is sometimes used slightingly of verse-makers 7,cic4 in ,pis4 #bi ut assentatorem1 ut poetam3 ,tusc4 i4 #b quod in provinciam poetas duxisset71 had not the same solemn associations as vates4 creditum est3 as at #d #a3 cp4 ii4 #ae1 #g4 ,the perfect is continuous 4 ,the personal construction occurs at #abe4 ,for the impersonal cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #fi4 #8,tacitus appears to prefer the personal construction when a single personal subject is spoken of1 and the impersonal in other cases1 but even this rule is by no means without exceptions' ,furneaux1 ,introd4 to ,annals1 p4 #de4 intentum 444 magnitudine4 ,cic4 de ,inv4 i4 #bc attentos autem faciemus si demonstrabimus ea quae dicturi erimus magna nova incredibilia esse4 docilem3 #8receptive'2 iv4 #a1 #cd 7cited above on legem prooemiorum71 ad ,herenn4 i4 #g dociles auditores habere poterimus1 si summam causae breviter exponemus4 comprehensa3 cp4 xi4 #a1 #ea3 ix4 #c1 #ia comprehensa breviter sententia4 ,so ,lucr4 vi4 #ajhc sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #cd4 ,so that celeriter here almost breviter4 ,i3#di ,narrare vero quis brevius quam qui mortem nuntiat ,patrocli1 quis significantius potest quam qui ,curetum ,aetolorumque proelium exponit8 ,iam similitudines1 amplificationes1 exempla1 digressus1 signa rerum et argumenta ceteraque genera probandi #ea ac refutandi sunt ita multa ut etiam qui de artibus scripserunt plurima earum rerum testimonia ab hoc poeta petant4 #di4 narrare3 iv4 #b1 #ca eam 7narrationem7 plerique scriptores 444 volunt esse lucidam1 brevem1 veri similem3 ,cic4 de ,inv4 i4 #bh brevis1 aperta1 probabilis4 qui 444 nuntiat3 ,antilochus1 ,il4 xviii4 #ah4 ,his seems to have become proverbial3 ,pliny ,ep4 iv4 #aa1 #ab4 significantius3 #8more graphically1' or #8with more force of expression4' ,cp4 significantia #aba4 qui 444 exponit1 ,phoenix1 in ,il4 ix4 #ebi sqq4 iam1 transitional particle1 as often in ,cicero3 #ih1 #aaa4 similitudines4 v4 #aa1 #a tertium genus ex iis quae extrinsecus adducuntur in causam ,graeci vocant 1 quo nomine et generaliter usi sunt in omni similium adpositione et specialiter in iis quae rerum gestarum auctoritate nituntur4 ,nostri fere similitudinem vocare maluerunt quod ab illis dicitur1 hoc alterum exemplum3 viii4 #c1 #gb praeclare ad inferendam rebus lucem repertae sunt similitudines 7i4e4 the use of simile74 amplificationes 7,cic4 ,or4 #abe74 ,the various rhetorical means of expanding and developing an idea in expression are discussed in viii4 #d1 #c under the heads of incrementum1 comparatio1 ratiocinatio1 and congeries4 ,ad ,herenn4 ii4 #dg amplificatio est res quae per locum communem instigationis auditorum causa sumitur4 exempla3 v4 #aa1 #f potentissimum autem est inter ea quae sunt huius generis exemplum1 id est rei gestae aut ut gestae utilis ad persuadendum id quod intenderis commemoratio3 ib4 #b #a3 ,cic4 de ,inv4 i4 #di4 ,the stock illustration is that given in ,aristotle's ,rhetoric3 8if a man has asked for a bodyguard1 and the speaker wishes to show that the aim is a tyranny1 he may quote the #8instances' 77 of ,dionysius and ,pisistratus40 digressus1 #8episodes'3 cp4 on #cc4 signa rerum et argumenta3 the #8evidence of material facts' and #8inferences4' ,in the former we have sensible proof of things 7e4g4 cruenta vestis1 clamor1 livor1 c4 v4 #i1 #a72 in the latter logical deductions from circumstantial facts3 v4 #aj1 #aa cum sit argumentum ratio probationem praestans1 qua colligitur aliquid per aliud1 et quae quod est dubium per id quod dubium non est confirmat4 ,to distinguish signa from argumenta ,quintilian says v4 #i1 #a nec inveniuntur ab oratore #ea sed ad eam cum ipsa cansa deferuntur3 and again1 signa sive indubitata sunt1 non sunt argumenta1 quia1 ubi illa sunt1 quaestio non est1 argumento autem nisi in re controversa locus esse non potest3 sive dubia non sunt argumenta1 sed ipsa argumentis egent3 ,cic4 de ,inv4 #dh4 ,for argumenta see v4 #aj1 #a hoc 444 nomine complectimur omnia quae ,graeci 1 1 vocant3 ib4 #aj-ab4 ceteraque genera3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 probandi4 ,after narratio comes probatio or 7as more commonly in ,cicero1 e4g4 de ,inv4 i4 #cd7 confirmatio 7see on #e #ab74 ,so ii4 #ag1 #f narrent1 probent1 refutent4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #gi aut quid inter probationem et narrationem interest1 nisi quod narratio est probationis continua propositio1 rursus probatio narrationi congruens confirmatio8 ,for the probationes artificiales 7 7 see v4 chs4 #h-ab3 for the probationes inartificiales ib4 chs4 #a-g4 refutandi4 ,for ,quintilian's definition see v4 #ac1 #a sq41 and cp4 note on destructio #e #ab4 ,cicero often uses refellere3 de ,orat4 ii4 #afc aut ad probandum aut ad refellendum4 ,for refutare cp4 ib4 #hj nostra confirmare argumentis ac rationibus1 deinde contraria refutare3 #bjc1 #cjg1 #cab4--;,in de ,prov4 ,cons4 #cb and de ,har4 ,resp4 #g 7conatum refutabo7 the word is used in the sense of repellere4 artibus1 the #8principles of rhetoric'3 #ae and #dg4 testimonia1 #8illustrations1' confirmatory examples4 ,cp4 i4 #h1 #ab4 #8,homerus' in the index to most ,greek and ,latin authors will supply evidence of the truth of ,quintilian's statement4 ,cic4 ad ,att4 i4 #af1 #a respondebo tibi 3 ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #i1 #bh praepostere 444 facit hoc ,homerus multique illius exemplo4 ,i3#ej ,nam epilogus quidem quis umquam poterit illis ,priami rogantis ,achillen precibus aequari8 ,quid8 ,in verbis1 sententiis1 figuris1 dispositione totius operis nonne humani ingenii modum excedit8 ut magni sit virtutes eius non aemulatione1 quod fieri non #eb potest1 sed intellectu sequi4 #ej4 nam4 ,see on #ab3 cp4 #i1 #ej4 epilogus peroratio3 see note on #ajg4 ,the advocate will find many pathetic and moving passages in ,homer such as will be serviceable for his closing appeal1 which is generally addressed to the feelings and hearts of his hearers2 vii4 #d1 #ai epilogi omnes in eadem fere materia versari solent3 vi4 #a1 #a eius 7perorationis7 duplex ratio est1 posita aut in rebus aut in adfectibus4 ,cicero uses conclusio as a synonym1 de ,inv4 i4 #ih1 where he says it has three parts1 enumeratio1 indignatio1 and conquestio1 defining the last 7#ajf7 as oratio auditorum misericordiam captans4 in hac primum animum auditoris mitem et misericordem conficere oportet4--,for ,priam's entreaty see ,il4 xxiv4 #dhf sqq4 ,quid8 444 nonne3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #aai4 ,so with non #ef below1 and #b #be4 verbis1 sententiis1 figuris3 xii4 #i1 #f verborum quidem dilectus1 gravitas sententiarum1 figurarum elegantia4 ,for figurae see on #ab4 ,sententiis #eb1 #fj1 #fh1 #ij1 #ajb1 #abi1 #acj3 #b #ag3 #e #d4 ,see viii4 #e1 #a sq4 consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus1 lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita sententias 444 antiquissimae sunt quae proprie1 quamvis omnibus idem nomen sit1 sententiae vocantur1 quas ,graeci appellant3 utrumque autem nomen ex eo acceperunt quod similes sunt consiliis aut decretis4 est autem haec vox universalis1 quae etiam citra complexum causae possit esse laudabilis1 c4 dispositione 3 see on adfectus #dh4 ,cp4 #e #ad4 humani ingenii modum3 #hf ut illi naturae caelesti atque immortali cesserimus4 ut magni sit4 ,there has been some controversy over this4 ,the text is best explained by supplying ingenii out of what immediately precedes4 ,others supply viri1 which is actually given in some of the later ,,mss43 while others again take magni as a gen4 of price #8of great value1' or #8worth much4' ,wrobel thinks it can stand alone1 as res magni est3 i4e4 it #8takes a good deal' even to appreciate ,homer's excellences4 ,kiderlin supposes that spiritus has fallen out1 and compares i4 #i1 #f4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 #eb intellectu sequi3 ii4 #e1 #ba neque vim eorum adhuc intellectu consequentur4 ,i3#ea ,verum hic omnes sine dubio et in omni genere eloquentiae procul a se reliquit1 epicos tamen praecipue1 videlicet quia clarissima in materia simili comparatio est4 #ea4 sine dubio3 see ,introd4 p4 liii4 clarissima comparatio3 #8the contrast is most striking4' ,i3#eb ,raro adsurgit ,hesiodus magnaque pars eius in nominibus est occupata1 tamen utiles circa praecepta sententiae levitasque verborum et compositionis probabilis1 daturque ei palma in illo medio genere dicendi4 #eb4 adsurgit3 cp4 insurgit #if3 #b #bc3 i4 #h1 #e sublimitate heroi carminis animus adsurgat4--,if ,hesiod #8seldom soars' it is because in him epic poetry has descended to the sphere of common life4 ,homer was the bard of #8warriors and noble men' in the brave days of old4 ,hesiod is the poet of the people1 earning their daily bread in the labour of the field4 pars eius3 metonymy for pars carminum eius2 cp4 on #ca poetis4--,gemoll proposes to read operis eius3 cp4 #ce and #fc4 in nominibus3 specially in the ,theogony3 e4g4 #bbf sqq41 #ccg sqq4 circa3 #8in regard to'3 #b #ad3 #e #e1 #f4 ,such uses of circa 7like 1 1 c4 acc47 are very frequent in ,quintilian and later writers3 ii4 #af1 #ad circa quae omnia multus hominibus labor3 iii4 #aa1 #e circa verba dissensio4 ,also with verbs ,pr4 #bj circa ima subsistere3 vii4 #a1 #ed circa patrem quaerimus2 and for #8in the time of' 7like 7 ii4 #d1 #da circa ,demetrium ,phalerea4 ,it is also used absolutely ix4 #b1 #de omnia circa fere recta sunt3 cp4 #g #af below4 ,for exx4 from other writers see ,hand1 ,turs4 ii4 pp4 #ff-h4 praecepta4 ,lindner translates #8,lehrvorschriften4' ,the reference is to ,hesiod's proverbial philosophy3 #8maxims of moral wisdom4' sententiae3 #ej4 ,see ,duncker's ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhe3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 vi4 #ah1 #e ,lepta suavissimus ediscat ,hesiodum et habeat in ore et cetera3 ,brut4 #ae illud ,hesiodium laudatur a doctis1 quod eadem mensura reddere iubet qua acceperis1 aut etiam cumulatiore1 si possis4 ,cp4 ,crit4 ,notes4 levitas verborum et compositionis4 ,here ,quintilian is again in exact agreement with ,dion4 ,hal4 #b 7,usener1 p4 #ai71 4 ,it is also to be noted that ,dionysius names ,hesiod1 ,antimachus1 and ,panyasis after ,homer4--,mayor cites ,demetrius #agf1 who #8calls that which has many vowels1 as 1--opp4 to as 2 ib4 #bii he defines 1 such as the school of ,isocrates cultivated1 the painful avoidance of hiatus4' ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #aga struere verba sic ut neve asper eorum concursus neve hiulcus sit1 sed quodam modo coagmentatus et levis3 cp4 #agb3 ,or4 #bj3 ,quint1 ii4 #e1 #i levis et quadrata 444 compositio3 viii4 #c1 #f4--;,for compositio 7the combination of words7 see on #gi3 and cp4 #dd1 #ff1 #aah3 #b #ac3 #c #i3 viii4 ch4 #d1 esp4 #bb in omni porro compositione tria sunt genera necessaria1 ordo1 iunctura1 numerus3 ad ,herenn4 iv4 #ah compositio est verborum constructio quae facit omnes partes orationis aequabiliter perpolitas4 medio genere4 ,see on #dd4 ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,comp4 ,verb4 #bc1 p4 #agc ,r4 7sc4 or medium ,quint1 xii4 #aj1 #eh7 4--,from the point of view of oratory1 the medium genus was the ,rhodian school 7xii4 #aj1 #ah71 which stood between the genus ,atticum and ,asianum1 #8quod velut medium esse atque ex utroque mixtum volunt3 neque enim ,attice pressi neque ,asiane sunt abundantes' 7sc4 ,rhodii74 ,i3#ec ,contra in ,antimacho vis #ec et gravitas et minime vulgare eloquendi genus habet laudem4 ,sed quamvis ei secundas fere grammaticorum consensus deferat1 et adfectibus et iucunditate et dispositione et omnino arte deficitur1 ut plane manifesto appareat quanto sit aliud proximum esse1 aliud secundum4 #ec4 ,antimachus of ,colophon 7or rather ,claros by ,colophon7 flourished about ,b4,c4 #dje4 ,he wrote a ,thebaid1 an epic narrative of the wars of the ,seven against ,thebes and of the ,epigoni3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #aia4 ,fragments of his poems have been preserved4 ,he also edited a critical text of ,homer4 ,antimachus served as a model for ,statius1 and for the emperor ,hadrian3 ,spartian #ae ,catachanas libros #ec obscurissimos ,antimachum imitando scripsit4 ,for the criticism vis 444 laudem cp4 ,dion4 ,hal4 l4c4 77 4 minime vulgare3 viii4 pr4 #be3 ,arist4 ,poet4 #bb 4 ,an uncommon elevation of style was evidently one of his characteristics4 habet laudem 4 ,xen4 ,anab4 vii4 #f1 #cc3 ,plin4 xxxvii4 #fe3 xxxvi4 #afd4 secundas3 sc4 partes1 after ,homer3 #eh4 ,so ,cic4 ,or4 #ah cui 7,pericli7 primae sine controversia deferebantur3 ,brut4 #hd3 ad ,att4 i4 #ag1 #e4 ,the phrase is probably borrowed from the theatre3 primas agere ,brut4 #cjh3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #i1 #df4 ,on the other hand primas ferre 7,brut4 #ahc7 suggests 4 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #ba eloquentiae primas nemo tulit1 sed victorem esse ,caesarem pronuntiatum4 grammaticorum consensus4 ,for this sense of grammatici 7#8literary critics1' #8professors of literature' ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #gh7 cp4 ii4 #a1 #d grammatice1 quam in ,latinum transferentes litteraturam vocaverunt 444 cum praeter rationem recte loquendi non parum alioqui copiosam prope omnium maximarum artium scientiam amplexa sit4--,the phrase is one more indication of the second-hand character of ,quintilian's criticism of ,greek authors3 cp4 #bg1 where he specially refers to ,theophrastus3 #eb datur ei palma3 #ed putant3 #eh princeps habetur and confessione plurimorum3 #ei ,aristarchi iudicio3 #gb consensu omnium3 #gc nemo dubitat4 ,no doubt ,quintilian and ,dionysius were both indebted to the lists of the ,alexandrian bibliographers4 adfectibus 444 deficitur3 #8he fails in pathos'3 #dh4 ,his lament for ,lyde 7nec tantum ,clario ,lyde dilecta poetae ,ovid1 ,tr4 i4 #f1 #a7 contained a catalogue of the misfortunes of all the mythical heroes who had lost their loves4 ,callim4 fr4 #dda4 iucunditate3 see on #df4 dispositione3 #ej4 ,catull4 #ie1 #aj ,at populus tumido gaudeat ,antimacho4 arte3 #8poetical skill4' plane3 see ,introd4 p4 lii4 proximum 444 secundum4 ,cp4 ,verg4 ,aen4 v4 #cbj proximus huic longo sed proximus intervallo insequitur ,salius4 ,secundus here means much less than proximus 7#8very near'73 it only means #8prior tertio et reliquis4' ,cp4 ,corn4 ,nep4 ,pelop4 iv4 #b haec fuit altera persona ,thebis sed tamen secunda ita ut proxima esset ,epaminondae3 #he below1 secundus 444 est ,vergilius1 propior tamen primo quam tertio1 i4e4 ,vergil is proximus to ,homer as well as secundus4--,this is the usual explanation1 motived probably by the recurrence of secundum so soon after secundas above 7cp4 #eh1 #gb1 #he74 ,the difficulty is that it is exactly the reverse of the well-known passage in ,horace1 ,car4 i4 #ab1 #ah nec viget quidquam simile 7,iovi7 aut secundum3 proximos illi tamen occupavit ,pallas honores1 where the idea is that ,pallas is what sportsmen call a #8bad second1'--proximus meaning #8next' 7however far apart71 while secundus 7sequor7 implies contiguity4 ,the two passages could be reconciled by supposing that ,quintilian has negligently omitted to note the repetition secundas 444 secundum1 and that he means #8what a difference there is between a bad 7proximum7 and a good second 7secundum7'--between being second and coming near the first4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #agc ,duobus igitur summis1 ,crasso et ,antonio1 ,l4 ,philippus proximus accedebat1 sed longo intervallo tamen proximus2 itaque eum1 etsi nemo intercedebat qui se illi anteferret1 neque secundum tamen neque tertium dixerim4 ,if ,quintilian is conscious of the recurrence of secundus1 he may mean that the ,greek critics would have been nearer the truth if they had called ,antimachus next 7proximus7 rather than second to ,homer4--,cp4 ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#ed ,panyasin1 ex utroque mixtum1 putant in #ed eloquendo neutrius aequare virtutes1 alterum tamen ab eo materia1 alterum disponendi ratione superari4 ,apollonius in ordinem a grammaticis datum non venit1 quia ,aristarchus atque ,aristophanes poetarum iudices neminem sui temporis in numerum redegerunt2 non tamen contemnendum reddidit opus aequali quadam mediocritate4 #ed4 ,panyasin4 ,panyasis of ,halicarnassus1 the uncle of ,herodotus1 wrote a ,heracleia in fourteen books1 fragments of which are quoted by ,stobaeus and #ed ,athenaeus4 ,he also composed six books of #8,ionica1'--elegiac poems on the ,ionic migration4 ,suidas describes him as 8an epic poet1 who fanned into a flame the smouldering embers of epic poetry1 4 ,among the poets he is ranked after ,homer2 according to some1 also after ,hesiod and ,antimachus0 7,mayor74 ,panyasis flourished circ4 ,b4,c4 #dhj4 ex utroque mixtum4 ,dion4 ,hal4 l4c4 7 --,usener7 7materia7 787 4 putant4 ,mr4 ,nettleship 7,journ4 ,phil4 xviii4 p4 #bei7 notes that ,quintilian #8while saying evidently much the same as ,dionysius1 says not putat ,dionysius but putant1' showing that both ,dionysius and he followed the grammatici1 i4e4 probably ,aristarchus and ,aristophanes4 ,cp4 ,usener1 p4 #aaj sq41 and see ,introd4 p4 xxxii4 alterum 444 materia3 ,hesiod1 the #8singer of ,helots4' 8,the labours of ,herakles supply a more varied and attractive theme than the pedigrees of a ,theogony or the homely ,tusser-like maxims of the #8,works and ,days4'0 ,mayor4 ,apollonius1 surnamed ,rhodius1 because he was honoured with the freedom of the city of ,rhodes1 after having retired thither from ,alexandria4 ,returning to ,alexandria he succeeded ,eratosthenes as librarian4 ,he was a pupil of ,callimachus1 and flourished circ4 #bbj ,b4,c4 ,for a sympathetic account of the ,argonautica see ,mahaffy's ,greek ,lit4 vol4 i4 ch4 ix4 ,it was rendered into ,latin by ,atacinus ,varro 7#hg7 and ,valerius ,flaccus 7#ij74 ordinem a grammaticis datum4 ,the lists of approved authors drawn up by the critics of ,alexandria constituted what they called 7indices1 here called ordo74 ,see ,usener1 p4 #acd sq4 ,cp4 venire1 redigi1 recipi in ordinem or numerum4 ,so i4 #d #c ut 444 auctores alios in ordinem redegerint alios omnino exemerint numero4 ,see ,introd4 p4 xxxv4 ,aristarchus1 of ,samothrace1 lived and taught at ,alexandria about the middle of the second cent4 ,b4,c4 ,his name is inseparably associated with the text of the ,homeric poems3 see ,wolf's ,prolegomena1 ,lehrs de ,aristarchi ,studiis ,homericis 7#crd edit4 #ahhb71 and ,pierron's ,introd4 to ,homer1 p4 xxxv4 sq4 ,it became a synonym for rigorous criticism3 ,cic4 ad ,att4 i4 #ad1 #c meis orationibus quarum tu ,aristarchus es3 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #dej fiet ,aristarchus4--,see ,mahaffy's ,grk4 ,lit4 ch4 iii4 #cb sq4 ,aristophanes1 of ,byzantium1 was librarian at ,alexandria before ,aristarchus1 having succeeded ,apollonius ,rhodius4 ,he died about #ahj ,b4,c4 ,he revised his master ,zenodotus's edition of ,homer1 and was the first to reject the end of the ,odyssey after xxiii4 #bif4 ,he also left critical and exegetical commentaries on the lyric and dramatic poets1 and compiled argumenta or prefaces to the individual plays4 poetarum iudices4 ,this looks like a gloss3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 in numerum redegerunt3 cp4 above on in ordinem a grammaticis datum4 ,the phrase represents the ,greek 4--,with the exception of the official eulogy of ,domitian 7#ia71 ,quintilian followed this rule himself4 reddidit4 ,though it would be hard to find an exact parallel1 this use of reddo seems not impossible1 especially in ,quintilian4 ,it must be explained either by the analogy of the use in which land is said to #8produce' the expected crop 7cp4 tibiae sonum reddunt xi4 #c1 #bj71 or less probably with reference to the use which describes such physical processes as dum nimis imperat voci 444 sanguinem reddidit ,plin4 v4 #ai1 #f4 ,in ,cicero such an expression could only have been explained on the analogy of #8placidum reddere' for #8placare'3 cp4 omnia enim breviora reddet ordo et ratio et modus xii4 #aa1 #ac4--;,but see ,crit4 ,notes4 aequali quadam mediocritate3 #hf aequalitate pensamus4 ,no disparagement #ee is implied3 the meaning is that ,apollonius keeps pretty uniformly to the genus medium 7see on #dd71 neither rising on the one hand to the genus grande nor on the other descending to the genus subtile4 ,so in the #cc #d he receives the epithet 4 ,for this sense of mediocritas cp4 ,gellius #g #ad of ,terence3 ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #aj1 #e4--8,this is a fair criticism of the greatest of the ,alexandrine poems2 it is learned and correct1 tells the story of the ,argonauts with a due regard to proportion1 and has many minor idyllic beauties1 but wants epic unity and inspiration40 ,mayor4 ,i3#ee ,arati materia motu caret1 ut #ee in qua nulla varietas1 nullus adfectus1 nulla persona1 nulla cuiusquam sit oratio2 sufficit tamen operi cui se parem credidit4 ,admirabilis in suo genere ,theocritus1 sed musa illa rustica et pastoralis non forum modo1 verum ipsam etiam urbem reformidat4 #ee4 ,arati4 ,aratus was born at ,soli in ,cilicia1 and lived at the court of ,antigonus ,gonatas1 king of ,macedonia1 circ4 ,b4,c4 #bgj4 ,at the request of the latter he composed 1 a didactic epic on the heavenly bodies and meteorology1 which was translated into ,latin verse by ,cicero and afterwards by ,germanicus4 ,avienus also made a rendering of it1 probably late in the fourth century4 ,see ,teuffel #bei #f and #cid #b1 and ,munro on ,lucr4 v4 #fai 7cp4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #c1 #i1 #bii3 ,j4 ,b4 ,mayor on ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #ajd74 ut in qua4 ,trnebladh 7#8de coniunctionum causalium apud ,quint4 usu'7 has collected ten additional examples of this construction in ,quint41--ut qui i4 #b1 #ai3 x4 #a1 #eg and #gd3 xi4 #c1 #ec 7sing473 v4 #ad1 #bh 7plur473 ut quae 7sing47 iii4 #e1 #i3 xii4 #b1 #bj2 ut quod viii4 #c1 #ab3 #d1 #af3 ut quorum x4 #b1 #ac4 ,for ut cum see on #gf4 ,it is incorrect to say that the usage does not occur in ,cicero3 see ,draeger1 ,hist4 ,syn4 ii4 p4 #eji4 ,theocritus lived at ,syracuse 7probably his native place7 under ,hiero1 and spent some time also at the court of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 where he wrote his #adth1 #aeth1 and #agth idylls about the year #bei ,b4,c4 ,vergil's obligations to him in the ,eclogues are well known3 cp4 ,sicelides ,musae iv4 #a3 ,arethusa x4 #a4 musa illa rustica et pastoralis4 ,theocritus is the type of real1 as opposed to artificial1 pastoral poetry4 8,he finds all things delectable in the rural life3 #8sweet are the voices of the calves1 and sweet the heifer's lowing2 sweet plays the shepherd on the shepherd's pipe1 and sweet is the echo4' ,even in courtly poems and in the artificial hymns 444 the memory of the joyful country life comes over him4 ,he praises ,hiero1 because ,hiero is to restore peace to ,syracuse1 and when peace returns1 then #8thousands of sheep fattened in the meadows will bleat along the plain1 and the kine1 as they flock in crowds to the stalls1 will make the belated traveller hasten on his way4'0 ,mr4 ,lang's ,introduction4 ,i3#ef ,audire videor undique congerentes nomina plurimorum poetarum4 ,quid8 ,herculis acta non bene ,pisandros8 ,nicandrum frustra secuti ,macer atque ,vergilius8 ,quid8 #ef ,euphorionem transibimus8 ,quem nisi probasset ,vergilius idem1 numquam certe #8conditorum ,chalcidico versu carminum' fecisset in ,bucolicis mentionem4 ,quid8 ,horatius frustra ,tyrtaeum ,homero subiungit8 #ef4 videor3 #df4 ,hor4 ,car4 iii4 #d1 #f audire magnos iam videor duces4 ,so often videre videor3 e4g4 ,cic4 in ,catil4 iv4 #aa4 congerentes3 participle without subject3 cp4 solitos #g4 non3 #b #be4 ,pisandros1 of ,cameirus in ,rhodes1 fl4 circ4 ,b4,c4 #fde4 ,he wrote a poem called ,heracleia1 an epic narrative of the deeds of ,hercules4 ,he is often cited as an authority for the various details of the legend1 and was the first to arm the hero with the club and lion's skin4 ,nicandrum1 of ,colophon1 lived in the middle of the second century ,b4,c4 at the court of ,attalus ,,iii1 king of ,pergamus4 ,his didactic poem on the bites of venomous animals 7 7 is still extant4 ,he also wrote five books of 1 on which ,ovid drew for his ,metamorphoses4 frustra temere1 #8without good reason' 7sine iusta causa73 cp4 frustra 444 subiungit below4 ,cicero1 de ,div4 ii4 #fj nec frustra ac sine causa quid facere deo dignum est4 ,so i4 #aj1 #ae non igitur frustra ,plato civili viro 444 necessariam musicen credidit3 xii4 #b1 #e ,caesar has non nequiquam in the same sense ,b4 ,g4 #ef ii4 #bg1 #e4 ,in some cases it makes little difference whether the rendering is #8without good reason' or #8without good result1' but here it is very improbable that ,quintilian is asking #8whether ,vergil can be called an unsuccessful follower of ,nicander1' as ,conington puts it4 ,macer3 #hg4 ,aemilius ,macer of ,verona1 the friend and contemporary of ,vergil and ,ovid1 wrote the #8,ornithogonia' 7#8bird-breeding'7 and the #8,theriaca1' neither of which is extant4 ,ovid1 ,trist4 iv4 #aj1 #dc-d ,saepe suos volucres legit mihi grandior aevo1 ,quaeque necet serpens1 quae iuvet herba1 ,macer4 ,vergilius4 ,see ,conington's ,vergil1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ada sqq4 ,none of the extant fragments of ,nicander's justify the supposition that ,vergil was indebted to it for the ,georgics2 but he seems to have used his work on bees 77 and also the above mentioned 7,georg4 iii4 #dae1 #dbe74 ,and ,macrobius 7,sat4 v4 #bb7 tells us that it was from ,nicander that ,vergil borrowed the legend of ,pan drawing the moon down after him to the woods by a fleece of snow-white wool 7,georg4 iii4 #cia74 ,euphorionem4 ,euphorion1 of ,chalcis in ,euboea1 was a contemporary of ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 and ,antiochus the ,great1 circ4 ,b4,c4 #bbj4 ,among other works he wrote a ,georgica1 or poem on agriculture4 in ,bucolicis4 ,verg4 ,ecl4 x4 #ej ibo et ,chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu ,carmina pastoris ,siculi modulabor avena1 where the speaker is the elegiac poet ,cornelius ,gallus 7#ic note71 who had introduced ,euphorion to general notice by translating some of his poems4 ,tyrtaeum4 ,tyrtaeus was a native either of ,athens or of ,aphidnae in ,attica1 and flourished at the time of the second ,messenian ,war 7in the seventh century ,b4,c471 in which he is said to have contributed to the success of the ,spartan arms by his inspiring battle-songs4 ,the reference to ,horace is ,a4 ,p4 #dja ,post hos 7,orpheus and ,amphion7 insignis ,homerus ,tyrtaeusque mares animos in ,martia bella ,versibus exacuit4 ,mayor cites passages from ,dio ,chrys4 where ,homer and ,tyrtaeus are coupled in the same way3 cp4 ,plato1 ,laws ix4 #heh ,e1 where ,tyrtaeus is classed with ,homer for his moral and political influence4 ,i3#eg ,nec sane quisquam est tam procul a cognitione eorum remotus ut non indicem certe ex bibliotheca sumptum transferre in libros suos possit4 ,nec ignoro igitur quos transeo nec utique damno1 ut qui dixerim esse in omnibus utilitatis aliquid4 #eg4 tam 444 ut non3 ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #e1 #aj3 cp4 #da and #dh above4 indicem1 #8a catalogue4' ,any one can at least 7if he does not know anything more about them7 make out a list of such poets in some library1 and note the titles of their works in his compilation4 ,for index cp4 ,cic4 ,hortens41 indicem tragicorum3 ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #e1 #b fungar indicis partibus3 ,seneca de ,tranq4 #i #d quo innumerabiles libros et bibliothecas1 quarum dominus vix tota vita indices perlegit8 ,ep4 #ci #b sume in manus indicem philosophorum4--,non 444 certe almost ne quidem4 nec utique1 #8nor by any means4' ,see on #bj3 cp4 #bd4 ,krger#c renders by #8unbedingt1' #8absolut1' #8jedenfalls4' ut qui dixerim3 see on #ee4 ,i3#eh ,sed ad illos iam perfectis constitutisque viribus revertemur1 quod in cenis grandibus saepe #eg facimus1 ut1 cum optimis satiati sumus1 varietas tamen nobis ex vilioribus grata sit4 ,tunc et elegiam vacabit in manus sumere1 cuius princeps habetur ,callimachus1 secundas confessione plurimorum ,philetas occupavit4 #eh4 perfectis constitutisque viribus1 i4e4 by the reading of the epic poets who are most suited to our purpose3 #ei optimis adsuescendum est1 c4 ,so #aca 7of ,seneca7 iam robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis legendus3 #e #a iam robustorum4 ,cp i4 #h1 #f 7of amatory elegy and hendecasyllabics7 amoveantur1 si fieri potest1 si minus1 certe ad firmius aetatis robur reserventur3 #ab robustiores4--,for constitutis cp4 3 xi4 #c1 #bi4 revertemur3 future used as a mild imperative4 ,cp4 #g #a4 quod 444 ut4 ,the dependent clause here gives the explanation of quod facimus #eg in the form of a result1 so that the construction is really pleonastic3 cp4 #e #ah3 #g #aa4 ,in #c #f 7where see note7 ut may have more of the idea of purpose4 tunc3 when our taste is formed4 elegiam4 ,cp4 i4 #h1 #f quoted above4 ,in ,a4 ,p4 #gg ,horace characterises the elegy as exiguus1 i4e4 it is slighter and less dignified than the epic hexameter4 vacabit4 ,this impersonal use 7cp4 #ij7 does not occur in ,cicero4 ,for the expression see ,introd4 p4 xxxii1 note4 ,callimachus1 of ,cyrene1 was the second director of the library at ,alexandria 7#ed73 he flourished in the middle of the #crd century4 ,catullus1 ,propertius1 and ,ovid all imitated his elegies4 #8,the erotic elegy of ,callimachus1 ,philetas1 and their school is chiefly interesting as having been the model of the ,roman elegy1 which is one of the glories of ,latin literature in the hands of ,ovid1 ,catullus1 ,tibullus1 and ,propertius4' ,mahaffy4 secundas1 #ec4 ,philetas of ,cos1 instructor of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 about #bij ,b4,c4 ,like ,callimachus he was a literary critic as well as a poet1 though probably less erudite than his greater contemporary4 occupavit3 ,hor4 ,car4 i4 #ab1 #ai proximos illi tamen occupavit ,pallas honores4 ,i3#ei ,sed dum adsequimur illam firmam1 ut dixi1 facilitatem1 optimis adsuescendum est et multa magis quam multorum lectione formanda mens et ducendus color4 ,itaque ex tribus receptis ,aristarchi iudicio scriptoribus #eh iamborum ad maxime pertinebit unus ,archilochus4 #ei4 adsequimur1 a present of endeavour3 cp4 #ca4 ,this gives a good contrast to iam perfectis constitutisque viribus and tunc1 so that there is no need for ,halm's conjecture adsequamur1 which is however generally adopted3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ut dixi3 see on #a4 multa 444 multorum3 ,plin4 ,ep4 vii4 #i #ae tu memineris sui cuiusque generis auctores diligenter eligere4 ,aiunt enim multum legendum esse1 non multa4 ,mayor compares also ,seneca1 ,epist4 #b #b-d4 ducendus color3 ,verg4 ,ecl4 ix4 #di 7astrum7 quo duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem4 ,ducere expresses the gradual process of #8taking on' a tinge2 the agent in this process is here lectio1 as in ,vergil it is the constellation4 ,color is here the #8appropriate tone' which will vary with the subject or the occasion3 xii4 #aj1 #ga non unus color prooemii1 narrationis1 argumentorum1 egressionis1 perorationis servabitur4 ,sen4 ,ep4 #ajh #c non novimus quosdam qui multis apud philosophum annis persederint et ne colorem quidem duxerint3 ib4 #ga #ca4 ,so ,cicero1 ,orat4 #db educata huius 7,isocratis7 nutrimentis eloquentia ipsa se postea colorat 7#8gathers strength and colour'73 de ,or4 ii4 #fj ut cum in sole ambulem 444 fieri natura 444 ut colorer1 sic1 cum istos libros 444 studiosius legerim1 sentio illorum tactu orationem meam quasi colorari4 ,cp4 on #aaf3 #f #e3 #g #g4 ex tribus receptis3 sc4 in ordinem sive numerum3 cp4 #ed4 ,the other two are ,simonides of ,amorgos 7,semonides7 and ,hipponax of ,ephesus4 ,the former is best known by his satire on women2 the latter is often mentioned along with ,archilochus3 his spirit reappears in the later comedy4 ,the treatise of ,dion4 ,hal4 as we have it now does not contain any criticism either of the elegiac or the iambic poets4 ,proclus however has3 7p4 #bdb1 ,westphal47 ,aristarchi iudicio3 #eb4 scriptoribus iamborum3 see on #i4 ,diomedes iii4 p4 #dhe #aa k 7p4 #ah1 ,reiff47 iambus est carmen maledicum plerumque trimetro versu et epodo sequente compositum 444 appellatum est autem 1 quod est maledicere4 ,cuius carminis praecipui scriptores apud ,graecos ,archilochus et ,hipponax1 apud ,romanos ,lucilius et ,catullus et ,horatius et ,bibaculus3 cp4 #if4--,the word is derived from #8,i fling' 7,curt4 ,etym4#e #ecg3 ,e4 ,t4 ii4 #aed71 and denoted originally a #8flinging1' or a verse #8flung at' a person3 hence 1 #8to lampoon4' ,cp4 ix4 #d1 #ada aspera vero et maledica 444 etiam in carmine iambis grassantur4 ,hor4 ,car4 i4 #af1 #b criminosis 444 iambis3 ib4 #eh #bb-e me quoque pectoris ,temptavit in dulci iuventa ,fervor et in celeres iambos ,misit furentem4 3 see on #a4 maxime unus4 ,unus is very commonly used in this way to strengthen a superlative3 ,cic4 in ,verr4 i4 #a quod unum ad invidiam vestri ordinis 444 sedandam maxime pertinebat3 de ,amic4 #a quem unum nostrae civitatis 444 praestantissimum audeo dicere3 ,verg4 ,aen4 ii4 #dbf cadit et ,rhipeus iustissimus unus4 ,becher thinks unus may merely be set over against tribus3 cp4 pro ,sest4 #di unus bis rempublicam servavi4 ,archilochus of ,paros 7circ4 #fhf ,b4,c47 was a master of various forms of metrical composition2 but his distinctive characteristic was that alluded to here1--the employment of the iambic trimeter as the vehicle of satire1 the sting of which1 as wielded by him1 is said to have driven people into hanging themselves4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #gi ,archilochum proprio rabies armavit iambo4 ,i3#fj ,summa in hoc vis elocutionis1 cum validae tum breves vibrantesque sententiae1 plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum1 adeo ut videatur quibusdam1 quod quoquam minor est1 materiae esse1 non ingenii vitium4 #fj4 vibrantes1 of the quivering motion of a spear 7cp4 #8shafts' of eloquence7 thrown from a stout arm4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #cbf oratio incitata et vibrans3 ,quint4 xii4 #i1 #c nec illis vibrantibus concitatisque sententiis velut missilibus utetur3 xi4 #c1 #abj sententias vibrantes digitis iaculantur3 ix4 #d1 #ee neque enim ,demosthenis fulmina tanto opere vibratura dicit nisi numeris contorta ferrentur3 cp4 note on #g #g below4 sanguinis atque nervorum4 ,the former refers to the quality of #8fulness' or #8richness' of thought and style1 the latter 7often lacerti7 to #8force'3 sanguinis et virium #b #ab4 ,cp4 tori and caro #cc 7note7 and #gg4 ,for sanguis1 cp4 #aae verum sanguinem3 #b #ab4 8,in good ,latin nervus1 like 1 always denotes sinews or tendons 7literal or metaphorical73 cp4 ,celsus viii4 #a nervi quos ,graeci appellant2 but sometimes appears to include also what we call #8nerves'3 see ,mayor on ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #ee1 #acf4 ,galen 7born #acj ,a4,d47 was the first to limit to the meaning #8nerve1' in its present sense40 ,wilkins on ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #bf4 quibusdam3 cp4 #fd ut quidam 444 eum 444 praeferant3 #ic quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores3 #aac adeo ut quibusdam etiam nimia videatur4 quod quoquam minor est4 ,this clause is the subject of videatur1 and the meaning is3 with such high qualities the fact that ,archilochus comes behind any 7if that is the case7 is to be attributed to his materia1 not to his ingenium1 which latter would give him a claim to a place alongside of the very foremost1 ,homer3 cp4 #fe post ,homerum tamen1 quem ut ,achillen semper excipi par est4 ,so #fb copiae vitium est3 #gd praedictis minor4 ,for quod without id1 cp4 #d #d4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 materia1 #8subject-matter1' which was mainly personal character and conduct in common life4 ,pind4 ,pyth4 ii4 #ee 4 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #ai1 #bc ,parios ego primus iambos ostendi ,latio1 numeros animosque secutus ,archilochi non res et agentia verba ,lycamben3 #bh ,temperat ,archilochi musam pede mascula ,sappho ,temperat ,alcaeus sed rebus et ordine dispar1 ,nec socerum quaerit quem versibus oblinat atris ,nec sponsae laqueum famoso carmine nectit4 ,val4 ,max4 vi4 #c1 ,e4 #a tells us that the ,spartans banished the poems of ,archilochus because of their corrupting influence on the morals of their youth3 ,maximum poetam aut certe summo proximum 444 carminum exilio multarunt4 ,velleius 7i4 #e1 #a7 brackets ,homer and ,archilochus4 ,i3#fa ,novem vero lyricorum longe ,pindarus #ei princeps spiritu magnificentia1 sententiis figuris1 beatissima rerum verborumque copia et velut quodam eloquentiae flumine2 propter quae ,horatius eum merito credidit nemini imitabilem4 #fa4 novem 444 lyricorum4 ,of the nine lyric poets not received into the #8canon' those not mentioned here are ,alcman1 ,sappho1 ,ibycus1 ,anacreon1 and ,bacchylides4 ,the four whom ,quintilian names are the same as those criticised by ,dionysius1 except that in the latter ,simonides comes next after ,pindar4 ,pindarus 7#eba-dda ,b4,c41 though known to us now mainly by his ,epinician ,odes1 essayed various forms of the lyric art1 most of which 7except the skolia and encomia7 are pervaded by a deeply religious tone4 ,he had the disadvantage of belonging to the ,medising city of #ei ,thebes1 but he spoke fearlessly out 7after ,salamis7 for the liberators of ,greece2 and both in the instinct for a national unity to which his poems bear witness and in his ethical and religious beliefs he is eminently representative of his age4 ,he is the crowning glory of ,greek lyric poetry1 and may be said in a sense to stand as it were midway between the ,homeric epos and the drama at ,athens4 princeps1 c4 ,here ,quintilian again coincides with ,dionysius 7l4c47 1 1 444 4 spiritu3 see on #bg3 i4 #h1 #e4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 magnificentia1 iv4 #b1 #fa4 ,this is ,pindar's distinctive quality3 he is 1 #8splendour-loving4' ,cp4 magnificus #fc3 #hd3 iii4 #h1 #fa3 vi4 #a1 #eb3 xi4 #c1 #aec4 sententiis3 see on #ej4 figuris3 see on #ab4 beatissima fecundissima1 uberrima3 #aji3 #c #bb4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #i3 ,hist4 iii4 #ff4 propter quae3 see on #aj1 propter quod4 ,horatius3 ,car4 iv4 #b1 #a ,pindarum quisquis studet aemulari 444 ,monte decurrens velut amnis imbres ,quem super notas aluere ripas1 ,fervet immensusque ruit profundo ,pindarus ore4 ,i3#fb ,stesichorum1 quam sit ingenio validus1 materiae quoque ostendunt1 maxima bella et clarissimos canentem duces et epici carminis onera lyra sustinentem4 ,reddit enim personis in agendo simul loquendoque debitam dignitatem1 ac si tenuisset modum1 videtur aemulari proximus ,homerum potuisse2 sed #fj redundat atque effunditur1 quod ut est reprehendendum1 ita copiae vitium est4 #fb4 ,stesichorus of ,himera in ,sicily 7cir4 #fcb-eec ,b4,c47 is1 like ,simonides and ,pindar1 a representative of the ,dorian or choral lyric poetry of ,greece1--distinguished from the ,aeolic 7,alcaeus and ,sappho7 by its greater complexity of structure and by the wider audience to which it was addressed4 ,his real name is said to have been ,teisias3 that by which he is known he derived from the changes in the structure of the choral ode which were introduced by him4 ,he relieved the combination of strophe and antistrophe by the epode1 composed in a different manner1 and sung by the chorus standing before the altar1--thus affording it an interval of rest after the movements to right and left4 ,by ,alexander the ,great1 ,homer and ,stesichorus were classed together as the two poets worthy to be studied by kings and conquerors4--,with ,quintilian's criticism cp4 ,dionysius l4c4 7,usener1 p4 #bj7 7,pindar and ,simonides7 1 1 4 ingenio validus3 ,cic4 in ,verr4 ii4 #ce ,stesichori qui 444 et est et fuit tota ,graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine4 materiae4 ,the titles of his poems 7 1 1 1 1 1 7 show that ,stesichorus made extensive use of the old epic legends1 which would naturally fall more or less into a narrative form4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,car4 iv4 #i1 #h ,stesichorique graves ,camenae4 ,ael4 ,hist4 ,anim xvii1 #cg calls him 3 and ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist4 ii4 #ae1 #ed has ,stesichori et ,pindari vatum sublimia ora4 si tenuisset 444 videtur potuisse potuit1 ut videtur4 ,cp4 on #ih4 ,this use of the pf4 indic4 in such clauses indicates the possibility 7or duty1 obligation1 c47 more unconditionally than the plpf4 subj4 would do3 e4g4 ,cic4 in ,vatin4 #a debuisti1 ,vatini1 etiamsi falso venisses in suspicionem ,p4 ,sestio1 tamen mihi ignoscere3 pro ,mil4 #ca quod si ita putasset1 certe optabilius ,miloni fuit4 c4 ,in the indirect there is a parallel instance1 de ,off4 i4 #d ,platonem existimo 444 si 444 voluisset 444 potuisse dicere4 aemulari1 with dat4 #abb4 ,homerum4 ,the author of the treatise #8,on the ,sublime' calls ,stesichorus 1 #ac #c3 cp4 ,dio ,chr4 ,or4 ii4 p4 #bhd #fj 1 4 redundat atque effunditur4 ,hermogenes1 de ,id4 ii4 #d p4 #cbb 1 4 ,mayor quotes also ,anth4 ,pal4 vii4 #ge1 #a-b 1 1 4 copiae vitium3 ii4 #d1 #d vitium utrumque1 peius tamen illud quod ex inopia quam quod ex copia venit3 ib4 #ab #d effusus pro copioso accipitur4 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #bj #bj-a2 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #hh4 ,i3#fc ,alcaeus in parte operis #8aureo plectro' merito donatur1 qua tyrannos insectatus multum etiam moribus confert1 in eloquendo quoque brevis et magnificus et diligens et plerumque oratori similis2 sed et lusit et in amores descendit1 maioribus tamen aptior4 #fc4 ,alcaeus of ,mitylene1 cir4 #fjj ,b4,c4 ,the criticism of ,dionysius is as follows3-- 1 1 787 4 1 7 444 ,usener74 in parte3 see on #i in illis4 aureo plectro4 #8,plectrum' is from 771 the #8striking thing4' ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #ac1 #bf ,et te sonantem plenius aureo ,alcaee plectro dura navis1 ,dura fugae mala1 dura belli4 tyrannos insectatus4 ,these were ,myrsilus and ,pittacus1 by the latter of whom ,alcaeus was driven into banishment4 ,those of his poems which relate to the ten years' civil war waged against the tyrants were called 4 ,at some time during the rule of ,pittacus1 the party of ,alcaeus attempted a forcible return3 ,alcaeus was taken prisoner1 but was at once set free by the ruler whom he had so bitterly attacked4 ,cp4 ,hor4 l4c4 sed magis ,pugnas et exactos tyrannos ,densum umeris bibit ore vulgus3 id4 i4 #cb1 #e4 moribus3 cp4 in the passage quoted from ,dionysius4 ,mayor appositely cites his saying 4--,for confert with dat4 cp4 #bg4 brevis 444 magnificus 444 oratori similis3 cp4 in regard to each of these points the criticism of ,dionysius4--,for diligens see ,crit4 ,notes4 lusit4 ,for ludere1 #8to write sportively1' to #8trifle'1 cp4 ,hor4 ,car4 iv4 #i1 #i nec si quid olim lusit ,anacreon delevit aetas3 i4 #cb1 #b3 ,verg4 ,georg4 iv4 #eff carmina qui lusi4 in amores descendit1 in his and 4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv4 #ga fortis vir in sua republica cognitus quae de iuvenum amore scribit ,alcaeus6 ,hor4 ,car4 i4 #cb1 #c sqq4 ,age1 dic ,latinum1 barbite1 carmen1 ,lesbio primum modulate civi1 ,qui ferox bello tamen inter arma1 ,sive iactatam religarat udo ,litore navim1 ,liberum et ,musas ,veneremque et illi ,semper haerentem puerum canebat1 ,et ,lycum nigris oculis nigroque ,crine decorum4 maioribus rebus maioribus1 #8loftier themes4' ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 ,cp4 i4 pr4 #e ad minora illa1 sed quae si neglegas1 non sit maioribus locus4 ,cp4 subitis #g #cj3 ,ngelsbach #bd1 #b 7pp4 #aaf-aag74 ,i3#fd ,simonides1 tenuis alioqui1 sermone #fa proprio et iucunditate quadam commendari potest2 praecipua tamen eius in commovenda miseratione virtus1 ut quidam in hac eum parte omnibus eius operis auctoribus praeferant4 #fd4 ,simonides of ,ceos 7#eef-dfh71 like ,pindar1 was fortunate in his age1 and the most considerable of his fragments that remain are full of the fire kindled in his heart by the great national struggle with ,persia4 ,he was a sort of cosmopolitan poet1 living by turns in ,athens1 at the court of the ,aleuadae and ,scopadae in ,thessaly1 ,corinth1 ,sparta1 and ,sicily4 ,he cultivated friendly relations with ,miltiades and ,themistocles1 with ,pausanias of ,sparta1 and 7like ,pindar and ,aeschylus7 with ,hiero of ,syracuse4 ,he was famed for his elegies1 epigrams1 epinician odes1 and every form of choral lyric poetry4 ,his wisdom was renowned3 1 ,plat4 ,rep4 #cca ,e1 where some of his gnomic utterances are discussed3 cp4 ib4 #cce ,e3 ,protag4 #caf ,d4--,the criticism of ,dionysius 7l4c47 corresponds3 7sermone proprio71 1 1 1 4 #fa tenuis1 #8simple1' #8natural'3 cp4 #b #ai and #bc 7tenuitas71 also quoted above4 7#8terse simplicity'7 was a quality of ,simonides' style1 especially in his epigrams3 #8when least adorned adorned the most1' ,mayor4 ,cp4 #dd1 note4 ,opposites are grandis1 copiosus1 plenus4 alioqui 1 #8for the rest'3 cp4 ceterum4 ,see on #c #ac1 and ,introd4 p4 li4 sermone proprio3 see on #df4 iucundidate3 see on iucundus #df1 and cp4 #hb1 #if1 #aja1 #aaj1 #aac3 #b #bc4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #fj non enim poeta solum suavis1 verum etiam ceteroqui doctus sapiensque traditur4 ,so ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj lyricorum iucunditatem4 miseratione4 ,he was a master of pathos1 especially in his 3 witness his #8,lament of ,danae1' truly a #8precious tender-hearted scroll of pure ,simonides4' ,generally his poems seem to have been tinged with the same melancholy resignation as inspired the earlier writers of elegy3 e4g4 fr4 #ci #8slight is the strength of men1 and vain are all their cares1 and in their brief life trouble follows upon trouble2 and death1 which none can shun1 hangs over all1--in him both good and bad share equally4' ,catull4 #ch1 #g paulum quidlibet adlocutionis maestius lacrimis ,simonidis3 ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #a1 #cg sed ne relictis ,musa procax iocis ,ceae retractes munera neniae4 quidam3 see on putant #ed4 in hac parte1 #8in this respect4' ,cp4 i4 #c1 #ag3 #g #ai3 #aj #d3 ii4 #ag1 #a3 iii4 #f1 #fd3 xii4 #a1 #af4 ,so ab 7ex7 hac parte4 operis generis1 #8class of poetry4' ,see on #i3 cp4 #bh #he4 auctoribus1 #bd4 ,i3#fe ,antiqua comoedia cum sinceram illam sermonis ,attici gratiam prope sola retinet1 tum facundissimae libertatis est et in insectandis vitiis praecipua2 plurimum tamen virium etiam in #fb ceteris partibus habet4 ,nam et grandis et elegans et venusta1 et nescio an ulla1 post ,homerum tamen1 quem ut ,achillen semper excipi par est1 aut similior sit oratoribus aut ad oratores faciendos aptior4 #fe4 ,quintilian now proceeds to deal with the ,comic and ,tragic ,drama4 ,in the of ,dionysius there is nothing about the ,old ,comedy1 and very little that corresponds with ,quintilian in the sections on ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 and ,euripides4 ,both however pass from ,euripides to ,menander4 ,the ,old ,comedy 7#fe-ff7 was closely connected with the political life of the day1 as may be seen from its plots1 and especially from the parabases4 ,when the licence of ridicule was curbed 7by the laws and 71 it passed into what is known as ,middle ,comedy 7,b4,c4 #djd-cch71 in which literary and speculative pursuits take the place of politics2 its atmosphere is not that of the agora1 but of the literary academies and schools of philosophy4 ,in the ,new ,comedy 7#fi-gb7 the ,chorus1 which has been becoming less and less important1 is altogether abandoned1 along with other features which the ,middle ,comedy had in common with the ,old4 ,its strength lies in its delineation of social life and manners1 and the materials on which it relied were handed on to ,rome1 whence1 through ,plautus and ,terence1 they were transmitted to ,modern ,comedy4 ,quintilian takes no notice of what is termed ,middle ,comedy4 ,between the ,old and the ,new1 ,tragedy is made to find a place 7#ff-fg71 the plays of ,euripides affording a transition to those of ,menander4 antiqua comoedia3 cp4 veteris comoediae #i and #hb4 ,see ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #b3 #aj1 #ag4 sinceram 444 gratiam3 #dd sana et vere ,attica3 #ajj illam solis concessam ,atticis venerem3 #ajg illa quae ,attici mirantur4 ,the same phrase occurs xii4 #aj1 #ce4 ,of ,roman ,comedy he says 7i4 #h1 #h7 in comoediis elegantia et quidam velut inveniri potest4 libertatis #id1 #ajd4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #e multa cum libertate notabant3 ,a4 ,p4 #bha-bhd successit vetus his comoedia1 non sine multa ,laude2 sed in vitium libertas excidit et vim ,dignam lege regi2 lex est accepta chorusque ,turpiter obticuit sublato iure nocendi4 ,isocr4 de ,pace #ad 444 444 4 ,marc4 ,aurel4 xi4 #f37 #fb 444 4--,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 grandis 1 #gg3 #b #af 7where it is opposed to tumidus74 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #ic-d ,interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit4 ,iratusque ,chremes tumido delitigat ore4 elegans3 #gh1 #hg1 #ic1 #ii3 #b #ai1 #8choice1' #8tasteful4' ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bgb verborum delectus elegans4 ,in the treatise ad ,herenn4 7iv4 #ab7 elegantia stands along with compositio and dignitas as a requisite of style3 it includes ,latinitas 7which avoids solecisms and barbarisms71 and explanatio1 which uses verba usitata and propria4 venusta3 vi4 #c1 #ah venustum esse quod cum venere quadam et gratia dicatur apparet4 ,krger sees in these adjj4 a reference to the main characteristics of the three different styles distinguished by rhetoricians1 #dd4 nescio an ulla3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ut ,achillen3 ,il4 ii4 #fgc-d 1 3 ib4 #gfh4 ,alcaeus fr4 #fc 1 4 similior oratoribus3 #fc plerumque oratori similis4 ,the same description of the style of the ,old ,comedy is given by one of the rhetoricians1 ,walz ,rhet4 ,gr4 v4 #dga 7cp4 vi4 #afd1 vii4 #icb7 1 4 ,students of oratory went to the comic actors for pronuntiatio and gestus3 i4 #aa1 #a-ad3 #ab1 #ad3 xi4 #c1 #aha4 ,i3#ff ,plures eius auctores1 ,aristophanes tamen et ,eupolis ,cratinusque praecipui4 ,tragoedias primus in lucem ,aeschylus protulit1 sublimis et gravis et grandiloquus #fc saepe usque ad vitium1 sed rudis in plerisque et incompositus2 propter quod correctas eius fabulas in certamen deferre posterioribus poetis ,athenienses permiserunt1 suntque eo modo multi coronati4 #ff4 ,aristophanes 444 ,eupolis 444 ,cratinus4 ,the same representatives of ,old ,comedy are named in ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #a3 cp4 ,persius i4 #abc ,audaci quicumque adflate ,cratino ,iratum ,eupolidem praegrandi cum sene palles4 ,so also ,dionysius1 ,art4 ,rhet4 viii4 #aa1 p4 #cjb ,r 7there is nothing about ,old ,comedy in the 4 473 1 1 2 ,velleius i4 #af1 #c3 ,diomed4 p4 #dhi ,k 7p4 #i ,reiff47 #8,ar4 ,eup4 et ,crat4 qui vel principum vitia sectati acerbissimas comoedias composuerunt4' ,the chronological order would be1 ,cratinus 7#eai-dbb71 ,aristophanes 7#ddh-chj71 ,eupolis 7#ddf-daj74 ,in #dbd ,b4,c4 ,cratinus with his 7#8,wine-flask'7 gained the victory over the ,clouds of ,aristophanes1 while in the previous year ,eupolis is said to have helped his greater rival in the composition of the ,knights4 ,cratinus was the real originator of political comedy3 see the grammarian quoted by ,meineke 7i4 p4 #edj73 #8he added a serious moral object to the mere amusement in comedy1 by reviling evil-doers 7 1 cp4 insectandis vitiis7 and chastising them with his comedy1 as it were with a public scourge'3 cp4 ,platon4 de ,com4 p4 #bg 444 4 primus4 ,just as in treating of ,comedy ,quintilian passes over the ,megarian farces of ,susarion1 and such earlier writers as ,chionides and ,magnes1 so now he omits all mention of ,pratinas1 ,choerilus1 ,thespis and ,phrynichus4 ,thespis introduced the actor 77 and arranged that the dithyrambic choruses should be interrupted by regular dialogue between the coryphaeus and the actor4 ,this step secured the entrance of the dramatic element1 as distinct from the lyric1 and made subsequent development easy4 ,aeschylus is however the real founder of tragedy3 he introduced a second actor and subordinated the choral song to the dialogue1 besides elaborating the machinery of the stage and the scenic decoration employed thereon4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #bge sqq4 sublimis1 c4 ,cp4 ,dionysius1 l4c41 7,usener1 p4 #ba7 #fc 1 1 _/_/ 1 4 grandiloquus4 ,cp4 ,aristoph4 ,frogs #hbc 1 #ici 444 1 #ajjd1 444 ,so too the biographer of ,aeschylus1 7see on #dd7 444 4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #bhj #8et docuit magnumque loqui nitique cothurno4' rudis et incompositus1 #8uncouth and inharmonious4' ,cp4 horride atque incomposite #b #ag3 and note on compositus #dd4 ,in the de ,comp4 ,verb4 c4 #bb ,dionysius names ,aeschylus along with ,antimachus as a representative of 7p4 #aej ,r74 ,for rudis cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #ff rudis et ,graecis intacti carminis auctor3 for incompositus see ,introd4 p4 xlv4 ,the author of the treatise #8,on the ,sublime' qualifies his eulogy of ,aeschylus by adding in the same way that his plays were frequently unpolished1 ill digested1 and rough in style4 in plerisque2 neut4 #8in general1' #8for the most part4' ,see ,intod4 p4 xlvii4 propter quod quam ob rem3 #g #f3 #e #bc4 ,see on #aj4 correctas 444 permiserunt4 ,this passage has been the subject of much controversy4 ,it seems inconsistent with our knowledge of the statute passed by the orator ,lycurgus 7#cif7 enacting that official copies of the plays of the three great tragedians should be made1 and that no new performance of them should be allowed without a comparison of the acting copy with the ,state ,,ms4 ,perhaps ,quintilian misunderstood the phrase 1 commonly applied to plays revised by the author himself with a view to a second representation4 ,madvig however 7,kl4 philol4 ,schr4 #ahge1 pp4 #dfd-e7 thinks it quite probable that revised versions of plays of ,aeschylus were allowed to be brought into competition by later poets 7say in the latter half of the #dth century71 when ,aeschylus came in for criticism on the score of the defects alluded to above 7rudis et incompositus71 but when1 on the other hand1 creative genius was not so abundant4 ,krger quotes ,rohde 7#8,scenica1' ,rhein4 ,mus4 #ahhc1 vol4 #ch1 p4 #bhi sqq471 who sees in the words of the scholiast on ,arist4 ,ach4 #aj 7 7 a compliment paid to ,aeschylus alone1 and consisting not merely in the appreciative revival of his plays after his death1 but in the fact that they were reproduced not as but as new dramas1 were provided afresh with choruses by the archon1 and were admitted to competition at the great ,dionysia 7where only new tragedies were represented7 if any one appeared1 who in the name of the dead poet asked to be provided with a chorus4 ,cp4 1 vit4 ,acschyl4 #fh1 ,dindorf#e4 ,i3#fg ,sed longe clarius inlustraverunt hoc opus ,sophocles atque ,euripides1 quorum in dispari dicendi via uter sit poeta melior inter plurimos quaeritur4 ,idque ego sane1 quoniam ad praesentem materiam nihil pertinet1 iniudicatum #fd relinquo4 ,illud quidem nemo non fateatur necesse est1 iis qui se ad agendum comparant utiliorem longe fore ,euripiden4 #fg4 longe1 with the comp4 vi4 #d1 #ba3 #c #ac4 ,cp4 ,verg4 ,aen4 ix4 #eef3 ,vell4 ii4 #gd1 #a4 ,in ,cicero longe is used only with the superl4 7and with alius3 pro ,caec4 i4 #c7 with the compar4 he generally has multo4 ,quintilian has also longe princeps #fa3 and multo with superl41 e4g4 i4 #b1 #bd4 opus3 sc4 tragoedias in lucem proferendi4 ,see on #i4 in dispari dicendi via4 ,by ,dionysius ,euripides is made the only representative of the #8smooth' style of composition 7 1 de ,comp4 ,verb4 c4 #bc71 while ,sophocles represents the middle style 7 or 1 ib4 c4 #bd74 ,this must of course be kept distinct from the three 1 or styles of diction1 which he enumerates in his essay on ,demosthenes1 c4 #a-c4 quaeritur4 ,modern criticism has taken #fd up the issue1 and ,euripides has suffered from being identified with what was practically a dramatic revolution4 ,schlegel depreciated him as contrasting with ,sophocles in many points4 ,mr4 ,jebb's utterance will stand3 #8no one is capable of feeling that ,sophocles is supreme who does not feel that ,euripides is admirable' 7,att4 ,or4 i4 p4 xcix74 utiliorem3 so magis accedit oratorio generi immediately below3 ,dionysius l4c4 xi4 7,usener1 p4 #bb7 4 ,i3#fh ,namque is et sermone 7quod ipsum reprehendunt quibus gravitas et cothurnus et sonus ,sophocli videtur esse sublimior7 magis accedit oratorio generi1 et sententiis densus et in iis quae a sapientibus tradita sunt paene ipsis par1 et dicendo ac respondendo cuilibet eorum qui fuerunt in foro diserti comparandus2 in adfectibus vero cum omnibus mirus1 tum in iis qui in miseratione constant facile praecipuus4 #fh4 quod ipsum reprehendunt3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 gravitas 444 sublimior4 ,the use of the comparative takes away from the difficulty which commentators have found in the conjunction of sublimior as a predicate with gravitas and cothurnus as well as with sonus4--,for cothurnus1 cp4 ,iuv4 vi4 #fcd ,fingimus haec1 altum ,satira sumente cothurnum ,scilicet et finem egressi legemque priorum ,grande ,sophocleo carmen bacchamur hiatu4 sententiis densus3 cp4 sent4 creber #ajb3 and for densus 7 pressus7 #gc1 #gf4 ,euripides had been a pupil of ,anaxagoras4 ,something might be said in support of ,halm's suggestion to insert est after densus4 sapientibus4 ,in ,euripides philosophy is brought on the stage1 and different theories are put forward in his plays as to such questions as the moral government of the world1 the opposition between freedom and authority1 the nature of punishment1 the question of a future life1 c4 dicendo ac respondendo4 ,in this appears the influence of his sophistic training4 ,euripides knew his audience1 and in his plays the characters indulge to the full all the tendencies that were fostered by the sophistic habit of debate1 while the chorus is as it were the jury to which they address their arguments for and against a particular proposition4 ,cp4 ,dion4 l4c4 4 adfectibus 444 miseratione4 ,arist4 ,poet4 #ac 4 facile4 ,so facile princeps ,cic4 ad ,fam4 vi4 #aj1 #b3 facile primus pro ,rosc4 ,amer4 #ae4 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#fi ,hunc admiratus maxime est1 ut saepe testatur1 et secutus1 quamquam in opere diverso1 ,menander1 qui vel unus meo quidem iudicio diligenter lectus ad cuncta quae praecipimus effingenda sufficiat3 ita omnem #fe vitae imaginem expressit1 tanta in eo inveniendi copia et eloquendi facultas1 ita est omnibus rebus1 personis1 adfectibus accommodatus4 #fi4 testatur3 not in any extant fragment1 though it is by no means improbable that in some of his numerous plays ,menander expressed an admiration for the most popular tragedian of the day4 ,menander1 #cdb-bij ,b4,c4 ,at his death the ,athenians erected his tomb near the cenotaph of ,euripides1 in token of the affectionate regard in which he had held the elder poet4 #8,euripides was the forerunner of the ,new ,comedy2 the poets of this species admired him especially1 and acknowledged him for their master4 ,nay1 so great is this affinity of tone and spirit between ,euripides and the poets of the ,new ,comedy1 that apothegms of ,euripides have been ascribed to ,menander and vice versa4 ,on the contrary1 we find among the fragments of ,menander maxims of consolation which rise1 in a striking manner1 even into the tragic tone4' ,schlegel4 ,see ,meineke ,com4 ,frag4 iv4 ,epimetrum ii41 ,menander imitator ,euripidis4 omnem vitae imaginem4 ,menander was the #8mirror of life'3 cp4 the exclamation of ,aristophanes of ,byzantium 1 2 ,manilius v4 #dgj ,menander #fe ,qui vitam ostendit vitae4 ,so ,cicero in a fragment of the ,de ,republica 7or the ,hortensius1 ,usener1 p4 #abj73 ,comoedia est imitatio vitae1 speculum consuetudinis1 et veritatis imago4--,for this use of exprimere1 a figure from the plastic art1 cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #cb-c4 tauta in eo1 c4 ,cp4 with this ,dionysius l4c4 7,usener1 p4 #bb7 1 4 4 ,i3#gj ,nec nihil profecto viderunt qui orationes1 quae ,charisi nomini addicuntur1 a ,menandro scriptas putant4 ,sed mihi longe magis orator probari in opere suo videtur1 nisi forte aut illa iudicia1 qua ,epitrepontes1 ,epicleros1 ,locroe habent1 aut meditationes in ,psophodee1 ,nomothete1 ,hypobolimaeo non omnibus oratoriis numeris sunt absolutae4 #gj4 nihil viderunt3 they have not #8lacked discrimination4' ,so1 of political insight or foresight1 ,cic4 pro4 ,leg4 ,manil4 #fd sin autem vos plus in republica vidistis3 ,phil4 ii4 #ci cum me vidisse plus fateretur1 se speravisse meliora4 ,charisius1 an ,athenian orator1 a contemporary of ,demosthenes1 who wrote speeches for others1 in which he was thought to imitate ,lysias3 he was in turn imitated by ,hegesias1 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bhf4 addicuntur3 ,aul4 ,gell4 iii4 #c4 #ac istaec comoediae nomini eius 7,plauti7 addicuntur4 in opere suo3 #8,i consider that he proves his oratorical ability far more in his own department' 7i4e4 as a writer of comedy7--than in those speeches of ,charisius1 supposing that he did compose them4 ,for opus see on #i3 cp4 #fg4 nisi forte1 ironical3 see on #e #f3 cp4 #b #h4 ,the formula introduces #8a case which is in fact inadmissible1 but is intended to suggest to another person that he cannot differ from our opinion1 without admitting as true a thing which is improbable and absurd1' ,zumpt #ebf4 iudicia 444 meditationes3 #8judicial pleadings1' speeches suitable to be made before a court--#8extra-judicial pleadings1' law-school speeches1 declamationes1 4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #bi cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio3 #e #ad4--,the names are those of some of ,menander's comedies3 ,the ,trusting1 ,the ,heiress1 ,the ,locri1 ,the ,timid ,man1 ,the ,lawyer1 ,the ,changeling4 ,the second and the last are known to have been imitated by ,caecilius4 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 numeris3 here as at #ia rather than as at #d1 where see note4 ,here it only partibus and has nothing to do with rhythmical composition4 ,in this sense it is found almost invariably with omnis3 ,varro apud ,aul4 ,gell4 xiii4 #aa1 #a ipsum deinde convivium constat ex rebus quatuor1 et tum denique omnibus suis numeris absolutum est1 c43 ,cic4 de ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #cg mundum 444 perfectum expletumque omnibus suis numeris et partibus3 de ,div4 i4 #bc quod omnes habet in se numeros3 de ,off4 iii4 #ad3 de ,fin4 iii4 #bd omnes numeros virtutis continent3 ,sen4 ,ep4 #ga #af 7veritas7 habet numeros suos3 plena est3 #ie #e3 ,iuv4 vi4 #bdi3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cb per omnes eloquentiae numeros isse4 ,so viii4 pr4 #a per omnes numeros penitus cognoscere4 ,i3#ga ,ego tamen plus adhuc quiddam collaturum eum declamatoribus puto1 quoniam his necesse est secundum #ff condicionem controversiarum plures subire personas1 patrum filiorum1 militum rusticorum1 divitum pauperum1 irascentium deprecantium1 mitium asperorum2 in quibus omnibus mire custoditur ab hoc poeta decor4 #ga4 plus adhuc quiddam 1 or 4 ,adhuc with compar4 7for etiam7 is post-,augustan3 cp4 #ii4 ,here quiddam 7like 7 is used to modify the force of the comparative4 ,so adhuc melius ii4 #d1 #ac3 adhuc difficilior i4 #e1 #bb3 liberior adhuc disputatio vii4 #b1 #ad3 and ,tac4 ,germ4 #bi3 ,suet4 ,nero #aj3 ,sen4 ,ep4 #he1 #bd3 ,spalding on i4 #e1 #bb4 declamatoribus4 ,students in the schools of rhetoric1 and even speakers of a more mature type1 practised declamation at ,rome in the shape of oratorical compositions on questions which1 though fictitious1 were yet akin to such as were argued in the law-courts4 ,the youthful aspirant learned in this way to speak in #ff public 7,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #adi3 ,quint4 ii4 #aj1 #d3 ib4 #ab71 while the orator had the opportunity of perfecting his articulation and delivery4 ,to these two aims the ,greek terms and correspond3 for the first cp4 de ,orat4 i4 #bea1 and for the second ,brut4 #caj4 ,it was in the age of the decadence of ,roman oratory that declamation came to be an end in itself4 ,at first it had been merely a preparatory exercise2 now1 under the head of suasoriae 7deliberativae materiae7 and controversiae 7iudiciales materiae71 finished oratorical compositions were produced1 graced by all the ornaments of genuine rhetoric4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ce4 controversiarum4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #ig evenit aliquando in scholasticis controversiis quod in foro an possit accidere dubito3 iii4 #h1 #ea praecipue declamatoribus considerandum est quid cuique personae conveniat1 qui parcissimas controversias ita dicunt ut advocati3 plerumque filii1 parentes1 divites1 senes1 asperi1 lenes1 avari1 denique superstitiosi1 timidi1 derisores fiunt1 ut vix comoediarum actoribus plures habitus in pronuntiando concipiendi sunt1 quam his in dicendo4 decor3 see on #bg4 ,i3#gb ,atque ille quidem omnibus eiusdem operis auctoribus abstulit nomen et fulgore quodam suae claritatis tenebras obduxit4 ,tamen habent alii quoque comici1 si cum venia leguntur1 quaedam quae possis decerpere1 et praecipue ,philemon2 qui ut prave sui temporis iudiciis ,menandro saepe praelatus est1 ita consensu tamen omnium meruit credi secundus4 #gb4 eiusdem operis1 i4e4 ,comedy1 not the ,new ,comedy only1 as is shown by alii comici below4 ,along with ,menander and ,philemon1 ,velleius 7i4 #af1 #c7 and ,diomedes 7p4 #dhi ,k1 p4 #i ,reiff47 mention ,diphilus1 on whom both ,plautus and ,terence drew for material4 nomen3 see on #hg4 fulgore 444 obduxit3 #8has put them in the shade by the brightness of his own glory4' cum venia3 cp4 i4 #e1 #aa3 ,ov4 ,tr4 i4 #a1 #df scriptaque cum venia qualiacumque leget3 ib4 iv4 #a1 #ajd cum venia facito1 quisquis es1 ista legas4 ,kiderlin rightly holds this reading to be1 not only possible1 but at least as appropriate to habent quaedam as any of the conjectures 7see ,crit4 ,notes7 by which it has been proposed to supplant it4 ,the severe critic will perhaps not find anything in the other comic poets useful for the orator3 but he who reads them with indulgence 7i4e4 making allowance for their poverty as compared with ,menander7 will find something4 ,it is different with ,menander1 in whose plays even the rigorous critic will find everything that the orator needs 7#fi74 ,philemon1 of ,soli in ,cilicia1 #cfj-bfb4 ,fragments of fifty-six of his ninety plays are extant4 ,his was used by ,plautus for the ,trinummus1 and his for the ,mercator4 prave1 #8adverbium pro sententia4' ,cp4 iii4 #g1 #ah quidam sicut ,menander iustiora posteriorum quam suae aetatis iudicia sunt consecuti3 ,aul4 ,gell4 #ag1 #a ,menander a ,philemone nequaquam pari scriptore in certaminibus comoediarum 444 saepenumero vincebatur4--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 meruit credi merito creditus est 7or creditur74 ,cp4 #gd4 ,elsewhere mereo means little more than adipisci1 consequi3 #id1 #aaf3 vi4 #d1 #e nec immerito quidam 444 meruerunt nomina patronorum4 ,for the nomin4 with inf4 cp4 #ig qui esse docti adfectant3 ,ov4 ,met4 xiii4 #cad esse reus merui4 #gc-ge4 ,greek ,historians3-- ,in his 7or #b7 ,dionysius says nothing of ,ephorus1 ,clitarchus1 or ,timagenes1 but draws a more elaborate parallel 7,usener1 p4 #bb7 between ,herodotus and ,thucydides1 as well as between ,philistus and ,xenophon3 ,theopompus he treats by himself4 ,illustrative #fg passages are found also in the ,iudicium de ,thucydide and the ,epistola ad ,cn4 ,pompeium 7de ,praecip4 ,historicis74 ,cp4 also ,cicero1 de ,orat4 ii4 #ee sq41 where the order is ,herodotus and ,thucydides1 ,philistus1 ,theopompus and ,ephorus1 ,xenophon1 ,callisthenes1 and ,timaeus4 ,for the last two ,quint4 substitutes ,clitarchus and ,timagenes4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xxxiii4 ,i3#gc ,historiam multi scripsere praeclare1 sed nemo dubitat longe #fg duos ceteris praeferendos1 quorum diversa virtus laudem paene est parem consecuta4 ,densus et brevis et semper instans sibi #fh ,thucydides1 dulcis et candidus et fusus ,herodotus3 ille concitatis hic remissis adfectibus melior1 ille contionibus hic sermonibus1 ille vi hic voluptate4 #gc4 scripsere4 ,in i4 #e1 #db ,quint4 7speaking of the forms scripsere and legere7 says #8evitandae asperitatis gratia mollitum est ut apud veteres pro male mereris1 male merere1' ib4 #dd #8quid8 non ,livius circa initia statim primi libri1 tenuere1 inquit1 arcem ,sabini8 et mox1 in adversum ,romani subiere8 sed quem potius ego quam ,m4 ,tullium sequor1 qui in ,oratore1 non reprehendo1 inquit1 scripsere2 scripserunt esse verius sentio4' ,the passage referred to is ,or4 #aeg4 ,the termination -ere for -erunt is #8found in some of the earliest inscriptions1 and is not uncommon in ,plautus and ,terence1 rare in ,cicero and ,caesar1 but frequent in dactylic poets and ,livy1' ,roby1 #egh4 ,mr4 ,sandys also quotes ,dr4 ,reid3 #8,there is hardly a sound example of -ere in the perfect in any really good ,,ms4 of ,cicero 7see ,neue1 ii4 #cij ff472 and similarly in the case of ,caesar4' ,quintilian has permiserunt1 #ff 7where the later ,,mss4 give -ere73 illustraverunt #fg3 viderunt #gj3 indulsere #hd4 ,see ,bonnell1 ,proleg4 de ,gramm4 ,quint4 p4 xxvii4 nemo dubitat 444 praeferendos4 ,the acc4 and inf4 with dubito 7for the negative expression of doubt7 is much the more common construction in ,quint4 7cp4 #ha1 #d #b71 though he also uses quin and subj4 7e4g4 #b #a3 xii4 #a1 #db ad hoc nemo dubitabit quin 444 magis e republica sit74 ,a study of the instances in ,bonn4 ,lex4 will fail to reveal any principle of difference3 cp4 vii4 #f1 #aj quis dubitaret quin ea voluntas fuisset testantis8 with ix4 #d1 #fh quis enim dubitet unum sensum in hoc et unum spiritum esse8 and i4 #aj1 #ab atqui claros nomine sapientiae viros nemo dubitaverit studiosos musices fuisse4 ,the acc4 with inf4 belongs on the whole to the usage of the ,silver ,age1 being frequent in ,livy1 ,nepos 7e4g4 his opening words #8non dubito fore plerosque1 ,attice'71 ,tacitus1 ,pliny 7e4g4 praef4 #ah nec dubitamus multa esse71 ,pliny the ,younger1 ,tacitus and ,suetonius4 ,it never occurs in ,caesar or ,sallust1 and in ,cicero only in doubtful cases3 these are his youthful transl4 of ,xenophon's ,oeconomicus1 where he has 7#f7 quis enim dubitet nihil esse pulchrius in omni ratione vitae dispositione atque ordine8 ad ,att4 vii4 #a1 #b1 where the passage may be differently construed3 de ,fin4 iii4 #aa1 #ch nihil est enim de quo minus dubitari possit quam et honesta expetenda per se et eodem modo turpia per se esse fugienda4 ,in the last instance the dependent clause #8de quo 444 possit' #8certius'3 and after #8quam' #8illud' may be supplied4 ,on the other hand cp4 for quin ,rep4 i4 #bc3 ,brut4 #ga3 de ,sen4 #ca3 in ,verr4 ii4 #a1 #dj4 ,in young ,cicero's letter to ,tiro 7ad ,fam4 xvi4 #ba1 #b7 we find the acc4 c4 inf41 though below 7#g7 he has the usual construction4 diversa virtus 444 consecuta3 as for example from ,dionysius1 ,epist4 ad ,cn4 ,pomp4 pp4 #gge-g ,r 7,usener1 p4 #eg sq474 ,densus1 #fh4 ,it is opposed to fusus here as in #ajf to copiosus4 ,cp4 ,dionysius1 p4 #hfi ,r1 1 4 brevis3 ,dion4 4 4 p4 #dbe ,r 7,usener1 pp4 #bb-c7 4 ,this is what ,dion4 calls p4 #gic ,r 7,us4 p4 #hb74 semper instans sibi1 #8ever pressing on4' ,thucydides does not #8let things drift1' but closely follows up each thought1 making every word tell1 and even hurrying on to a new idea before he has fully developed the previous one3 ,dion4 l4c4 4 ,cp4 xi4 #c1 #afd instandum quibusdam in partibus et densanda oratio4 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #b1 #ga nec praecedentibus insto3 cp4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #i est brevitate opus ut currat sententia neu se impediat verbis lassas onerantibus aures4--,cicero's references to ,thucydides are similar3 ,orat4 #dj ,thucydides praefractior nec satis ut ita dicam rotundus2 de ,orat4 ii4 #ef creber est rerum frequentia 444 porro verbis est aptus et pressus2 ibid4 #ic 7with ,pericles and ,alcibiades7 subtiles1 acuti1 breves1 sententiisque magis quam verbis abundantes2 ,brut4 #bi grandes erant verbis1 crebri #fh sententiis1 compressione rerum breves et ob eam ipsam causam interdum subobscuri4 dulcis1 #gg1 #8pleasing1' cp4 voluptate1 below4 ,so ,cic4 ,hortens4 #8quid enim aut ,herodoto dulcius aut ,thucydide gravius8' is one of the essentials of in ,dionysius 7de ,comp4 ,verb4 xi4 p4 #ec ,r74 ,in the preceding chapter he has distinguished between and 1 allowing the latter to ,thucydides and both to ,herodotus3 4 ,hermogenes 7ii4 p4 #bbf7 makes the characteristic of ,herodotus on account of the attractiveness of his digressions4 candidus3 #aac1 #aba3 ,cic4 ,orat4 #ec elaborant alii in 444 puro et quasi quodam candido genere dicendi4 ,so in ii4 #e1 #ai ,quintilian recommends young persons to read candidum quemque et maxime expositum1--,livy rather than ,sallust3 of ,livy he says elsewhere 7#aja7 in narrando mirae iucunditatis clarissimique candoris4 ,the word denotes #8clearness1' #8transparency'3 ,dion4 74 4 ,r1 ,us4 p4 #bb7 4 ,such a quality of style is the revelation of a man's inner nature4 ,it avoids all adventitious ornament 7ibid4 74 ,undue brevitas often interferes with it 7 71 so that the word gives a partial antithesis to brevis4 fusus supplies the antithesis to densus as well as to semper instans sibi4 ,cp4 #gg3 ii4 #c1 #e constricta an latius fusa oratio3 ix4 #d1 #ach fusi ac fluentes4 ,so ,cicero ,orat4 #ci alter sine ullis salebris quasi sedatus amnis fluit1 alter incitatior fertur4 concitatis 444 remissis adfectibus4 ,dionysius1 speaking of 7ad ,cn4 ,pomp4 p4 #ggf ,r1 ,us4 p4 #eh71 says 1 4 ,so 74 4 p4 #dbe ,r1 ,us4 p4 #bc7 1 4 ,cp4 p4 #gic ,r 4 ,for the distinction between 7the appeal to the moral sense7 and 7the appeal to the emotions7 see ,cic4 ,orat4 #abh3 ,quint4 vi4 #b1 #h-aj ,adfectus igitur hos concitatos illos mites atque compositos esse dixerunt1 and sq4 ,cp4 #dh and #aja of this book1 and iii4 #d1 #ae concitandis componendisve adfectibus4 contionibus 444 sermonibus3 not the same antithesis as narrando 444 contionibus #aja1 q4v4 ,the opposition here is between the set harangues of ,thucydides and the less formal conversations of ,herodotus4 ,in ,thucydides the only dialogues are that between the ,melians and the ,athenians in ,book ,v1 and that between ,archidamus and the ,plataeans in ,book ,,ii1 whereas ,herodotus #8seldom speaks where there is a fair pretext for making the characters speak4444 ,even the longer speeches have usually the conversational tone rather than the rhetorical1' ,jebb4 7,hild is wrong in referring sermonibus to in ,dionysius and contionibus to 3 4 4 p4 #dbd ,r1 ,us4 p4 #bb3 cp4 de ,admir4 ,deor4 vi4 c4 #ea1 p4 #aaab ,r sq474 ,the speeches of ,thucydides are criticised by ,dionysius 7under the head both of and 7 in his ,iudicium1 ch4 #cd1 p4 #hif ,r sq4 ,herodotus on the other hand 7ibid4 #bc ad fin471 444 1 4 ,dionysius's own opinion of the speeches in ,thucydides is seen from the last chapter of his ,iudicium 7pp4 #iej-b ,r7 to have agreed with that of ,cicero1 ,orator #cj3 ipsae illae contiones ita multas habent obscuras abditasque sententias vix ut intellegantur4 7,cp4 ,brutus #bhg47 ,on this ground he says nihil ab eo transferri potest ad forensem usum et publicum3 cp4 de ,opt4 ,gen4 #ae1 #af4 ,dionysius1 however 7ch4 #cd ad init47 indicates that some people thought differently3 4--,for the speeches see ,blass1 ,att4 ,bereds p4 #bca sq43 and ,jebb's ,essay in ,hellenica1 esp4 pp4 #bfi-bge4 vi 444 voluptate4 ,many passages may be quoted from ,dionysius to illustrate this antithesis3 4 4 p4 #dbe ,r1 ,usener p4 #bc #fi 3 444 3 ad4 ,cn4 ,pomp4 iii4 p4 #ggf ,r 7,us4 p4 #eh7 4 4 4 ,so ,iud4 de ,thucyd4 #bc1 p4 #hff ,r 4 ,so in the ,epist4 ad ,pomp4 iii4 p4 #gfg ,r he praises ,herodotus for his choice of subject 7 444 ,us4 p4 #ej71 while ,thucyd4 was conscious 7de ,comp4 ,verb4 p4 #afe ,r74 ,it is his variety 7 7 and the providing of agreeable that give ,hdt4 his charm3 p4 #ggb ,r3 while ,thucydides is by comparison p4 #ggc 7,usener pp4 #ed-e74 ,for vi cp4 also ,orat4 #ci alter incitatior fertur1 et de bellicis rebus canit etiam quodam modo bellicum3 for voluptate ,quint4 ix4 #d1 #ah in ,herodoto vero cum omnia1 ut ego quidem sentio1 leniter fluunt1 tum ipsa habet eam iucunditatem ut latentes in se numeros complexa videatur4 ,and again ,dionysius1 p4 #ggg ,r3 ,us4 p4 #ei 1 7#8impressive'7 4 ,i3#gd ,theopompus his proximus #fi ut in historia praedictis minor1 ita oratori magis similis1 ut qui1 antequam est ad hoc opus sollicitatus1 diu fuerit orator4 ,philistus quoque meretur qui turbae quamvis bonorum post eos auctorum eximatur1 imitator ,thucydidi et ut multo infirmior1 #gj ita aliquatenus lucidior4 ,ephorus1 ut ,isocrati visum1 calcaribus eget4 ,clitarchi probatur ingenium1 fides infamatur4 #gd4 ,theopompus1 of ,chios1 born about #cgh ,b4,c4 ,what ,quint4 says of him is not found in ,dion4 though the latter gives him high praise in the ,epist4 ad ,cn4 ,pomp4 p4 #ghb ,r sq4 ,cp4 4 4 p4 #dbh sq4 ,he wrote two histories1 neither of which has come down to us3--7#a7 1 containing in twelve books the sequel to the ,peloponnesian ,war1 down to the battle of ,knidos 7,b4,c4 #cid72 and 7#b7 1 a history of affairs under ,philip1 in fifty-eight books4 ,dionysius says that he was the most distinguished of all the pupils of ,isocrates1 whom he resembled in style 7l4c4 p4 #ghf74 ,his master said that he needed the bit1 as ,ephorus 7see below7 the spur3 ii4 #h1 #aa1 cp4 ,brut4 #bjd4 ,quint4 says elsewhere 7ix4 #d1 #ce7 that1 like the followers of ,isocrates in general1 he was unduly solicitous about avoiding the coalition of vowels3 ,orat4 #aea4 ,in the ,brutus 7#ff7 ,cicero1 comparing him with ,philistus and ,thucydides1 says officit ,theopompus elatione atque altitudine orationis suae4 ,his fragments are collected in ,mller's ,fragm4 ,histor4 ,graec4 i4 pp4 #bgh-ccc4 praedictis antea1 supra dictis4 ,this is the usual meaning of the word in ,quint43 cp4 tria quae praediximus iii4 #f1 #hi3 vicina praedictae sed amplior virtus viii4 #c1 #hc3 ii4 #d1 #bd3 ix4 #c1 #ff3 ,vell4 ,pat4 i4 #d1 #a3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #ij3 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 lxxii4 #af1 #ce4 ,the ,ciceronian use appears only in #8praedicta pernicies' iii4 #g1 #ai 7cp4 iv4 #b1 #ih73 vii4 #a1 #cj4 opus3 #ca1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #if1 #abc3 #b #ba4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xliv4 sollicitatus by his master ,isocrates4 ,cicero tells us this3 postea vero ex clarissima quasi rhetorum officina duo praestantes ingenio1 ,theopompus et ,ephorus1 ab ,isocrate magistro impulsi se ad historiam contulerunt 7de ,orat4 ii4 #eg74 ,philistus1 of ,syracuse1 born about ,b4,c4 #dcj4 ,he was a contemporary of both the ,dionysii1 by the elder of whom he was exiled and by the younger recalled4 ,he wrote a history of ,sicily in two parts1-- 1 1 ,dion4 ad ,pomp4 p #ghj ,r 7,us4 p4 #fa74 ,cicero says he liked the latter3 me magis de ,dionysio delectat1 ad ,q4 ,fr4 ii4 #ac1 #d4--,mller1 ,fragm4 ,hist4 ,gr4 i4 #ahe-aib4 meretur qui3 see on #gb4 quamvis bonorum4 ,for this brachyology cp4 #id1 and note3 ,livy ii4 #ed #g nec auctor quamvis audaci facinori deerat3 ibid4 #ea #g4 ,cp4 quamlibet properato #c #ai4 ,introd4 p4 liv4 eximatur3 with ex or de in classical ,latin1 as in the phrase ex reis eximi1 aliquem de reis eximere 7,cic47 ,for the dat4 cp4 i4 #d1 #c ut auctores alios omnino exemerint numero 7opp4 to in ordinem redigere73 ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #b1 #ai ,phraaten numero beatorum eximit virtus4 ,the same meaning appears in xii4 #b1 #bh quid 444 eximat nos opinionibus vulgi4 ,in ,tac4 the dat4 is common in the sense of to #8free from'3 infamiae1 morti1 ignominiae4 #gj ,what follows might be a condensation of ,dion4's criticism of ,philistus3 1 1 4 4 p4 #dbf ,r1 ,us4 p4 #bd3 cp4 ad ,pomp4 v4 7p4 #ggi ,r7 1 3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #eg hunc 7,thucydidem7 consecutus est ,syracosius ,philistus qui1 cum ,dionysii tyranni familiarissimus esset1 otium suum consumpsit in historia scribenda1 maximeque ,thucydidem est1 sicut mihi videtur1 imitatus4 infirmior3 ,cic4 ad ,q4 ,fr4 ii4 #ac1 #d ,siculus ille 7,philistus7 capitalis1 creber1 acutus1 brevis1 paene pusillus ,thucydides3 ,dionysius1 4 4 7p4 #dbg ,r1 ,us4 p4 #be7 444 3 ad ,pomp4 7p4 #gha ,r7 444 aliquatenus with comparative1 instead of the ablative aliquanto1 just as he uses longe and multum for multo4 ,so xi4 #c1 #ig aliquatenus liberius4 lucidior3 74 4 l4c474 ,yet ,dionysius blames him1 even more than ,thucyd41 for 1 and adds that1 like ,thucyd41 4 ,ephorus1 of ,cumae in ,aeolis1 was a contemporary of ,philip and ,alexander3 fl4 cir4 ,b4,c4 #cdj4 ,he wrote a ,universal ,history down to his own times4 ,like ,theopompus1 he was a pupil of ,isocrates 7de ,orat4 ii4 #eg3 iii4 #cf3 ,orator #aia72 and ,dionysius mentions him1 along with ,theopompus1 as the best example1 among historians1 of 1 just as ,isocrates was among rhetoricians 7de ,comp4 ,verb4 #bc1 p4 #agc ,r74 ,plutarch 7,dion4 #cf7 blames him for his sophistical tendencies3 ,polybius 7v4 #cc1 #b7 praises his wide knowledge4 calcaribus4 ,brutus #bjd ut ,isocratem in acerrimo ingenio ,theopompi et lenissimo ,ephori dixisse traditum est1 alteri se calcaria adhibere1 alteri frenos3 de ,orat4 iii4 #i1 #cf quod dicebat ,isocrates1 doctor singularis1 se calcaribus in ,ephoro contra autem in ,theopompo frenis uti solere3 ,hortensius3 quid 444 aut ,philisto brevius aut ,theopompo acrius aut ,ephoro mitius inveniri potest8 ,cp4 also ad ,att4 vi4 #a1 #ab3 ,quint1 ii4 #h1 #aa4 ,so ,suidas1 1 7s4v4 ,ephorus74 ,a similar story is told of ,plato1 teacher of ,aristotle and ,xenocrates2 and of ,aristotle1 who in turn taught ,theophrastus and ,callisthenes4 ,clitarchus1 of ,megara1 a contemporary of ,alexander the ,great1 whom he accompanied on his expeditions1 and whose history he wrote1 in twelve books1 down to the battle of ,ipsos4 ,he also wrote a history of the ,persians before and after ,xerxes4 ,cicero alludes 7,brutus #db sq47 to his romantic turn3 concessum est rhetoribus ementiri in historiis1 ut aliquid dicere possint argutius 7#8more racily'72 ut enim tu nunc de ,coriolano1 sic ,clitarchus1 sic ,stratocles de ,themistocle finxit3 de ,legg4 i4 #b4 ,i3#ge ,longo post intervallo temporis natus ,timagenes vel hoc est ipso probabilis1 quod intermissam historias scribendi industriam nova #ga laude reparavit4 ,xenophon non excidit mihi1 sed inter philosophos reddendus est4 #ge4 ,timagenes belongs to the ,augustan ,age4 ,he is said to have been a native of ,syria1 who came to ,rome after the capture of ,alexandria 7,b4,c4 #ee74 ,at ,rome he founded a school of rhetoric1 and wrote a history of ,alexander the ,great and his successors4 ,he was a friend of ,asinius ,pollio1 and enjoyed the patronage of ,augustus till he incurred his censure for having spoken too boldly of the members of the ,imperial family3 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #ai1 #ae4 ,quintilian might have filled the gap 7intervallo temporis7 between ,clitarchus and ,timagenes with such names as ,timaeus 7de ,orat4 ii4 #eh71 ,polybius1 and ,dionysius himself4 historias scribendi3 cp4 #cd and #b #g4 ,the plural is used of historical works1 in the concrete3 the sing4 generally of history as a mode of composition3 #ca1 #gc1 #gd1 #aja1 #ajb2 #e #ae1--seldom as #a4 #h1 #bj cum historiae cuidam tanquam vanae repugnaret4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #hi amaras porrecto iugulo historias captivus ut audit3 ,car4 ii4 #ab1 #i pedestribus dices historiis praelia ,caesaris4 ,cicero has the sing4 most frequently3 ,brutus #bhg si historiam scribere 444 cogitatis3 but the pl4 occurs ib4 #db 7quoted above74 #ga ,xenophon #cc and #hb4 ,by ,dionysius he is treated as a historian1 and compared to ,philistus4 ,the philosophic character of his work is however indicated in several places3 e4g4 4 4 7p4 #dbf ,r1 ,us4 p4 #bd7 1 3 ad ,cn4 ,pomp4 #d 7p4 #ggg7 1 4444 ,besides ,cicero 7de ,orat4 ii4 #eh denique etiam a philosophia profectus--,xenophon--scripsit historiam71 ,diogenes ,laertius and ,dio ,chrysostom speak of ,xenophon as a philosopher1 all probably following an ancient authority4 ,see ,usener1 p4 #aag1 and cp4 ,introd4 p4 xxxiii4 inter4 ,becher notes this use of the prep4 7 #8among a number of'7 as occurring first in ,livy4 ,cp4 #aaf ponendus inter praecipuos4 #gf-hj4 ,attic ,orators3-- ,i3#gf ,sequitur oratorum ingens manus1 ut cum decem simul ,athenis #gb aetas una tulerit4 ,quorum longe princeps ,demosthenes ac paene lex orandi fuit3 tanta vis in eo1 tam densa omnia1 ita quibusdam nervis intenta sunt1 tam nihil otiosum1 is dicendi modus1 ut nec quod desit in eo nec quod redundet invenias4 ut cum4 ,so utpote cum ,cic4 ad ,att4 v4 #h1 #a and ,asinius ,pollio ad ,fam4 x4 #cb1 #d3 quippe cum ad ,att4 x4 #c4 ,bonn4 ,lex4 s4v4 ut 7,b ad fin47 gives other exx4 from ,quintilian3 e4g4 v4 #aj1 #dd3 vi4 #a1 #ea3 #c1 #i3 ix4 i1 #ae4 decem4 ,this is not a round number 7,hild71 but indicates a recognised group of orators1 generally considered to have been canonised by the critics of ,alexandria1 in the course of the last two centuries before the ,christian era4 ,brzoska1 however1 in a recent paper 7,de canone decem oratorum ,atticorum quaestiones--,vratislaviae1 #ahhc7 develops with great probability the view of ,a4 ,reifferscheid1 that the canon originated1 towards the end of the second cent4 ,b4,c41 with the school of ,pergamus1 where special attention was paid to rhetoric and grammar1 which the ,alexandrian critics neglected in favour of poetry4 ,the group consisted of ,antiphon1 ,andocides1 ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 ,isaeus1 ,demosthenes1 ,aeschines1 ,lycurgus1 ,hyperides1 and ,dinarchus4 ,of these ,quintilian omits here ,antiphon1 ,andocides1 ,isaeus1 ,lycurgus1 and ,dinarchus1 though all except the last-named are mentioned in xii4 #aj1 #ba-bb4 ,demetrius of ,phalerum is thrown in at the end1 probably after ,cicero 7see on #hj74 ,the earliest reference to the ,ten ,orators as a recognised group occurs in the title of a lost work by ,caecilius of ,calacte1-- 4 ,but though ,caecilius was a contemporary of ,dionysius at ,rome in the age of ,augustus1 and is known to have been intimate with him 7p4 #ggg ,r1 ,us4 p4 #ei71 there is no reference in ,dionysius's writings to the canon thus adopted4 ,mr4 ,jebb thinks he may have deliberately disregarded it as not helpful for the purpose with which he wrote1 viz4 to establish a standard of ,greek prose by a study of the orators as representing tendencies in the historical development of the art of oratory 7,att4 ,or4 ,introd4 p4 #fg3 but see ,brzoska1 pp4 #bj-bb74 ,besides this decem in ,quintilian 7cp4 on ceteros #hj71 the number ten is again recognised in the treatise on the ,lives of the ,ten ,orators1 wrongly attributed to ,plutarch1 by ,proclus 7circ4 #dej ,a4,d471 and by ,suidas 7circ4 #aajj74 ,in selecting the five whom he treats here1 ,quintilian would seem to have followed ,dionysius4 ,in the ,de ,oratoribus ,antiquis1 #d 7p4 #dea ,r71 he gives a chronological classification 7 71 taking ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 and ,isaens to represent the first series 7 3 cp4 his aetate ,lysias maior #gd72 and ,demosthenes1 ,hyperides1 and ,aeschines for the next4 ,elsewhere 7de ,din4 ,iud4 i4 p4 #fbi ,r7 he arrives at the same result on another principle1 ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 and ,isaeus being classed as 1 while the other three 7,aeschines now taking the second place1 as emphatically at p4 #ajfc ,r7 appear as 4 ,of ,demosthenes1 ,hyperides1 and ,aeschines he says3 1 de ,isaeo ,iud4 p4 #fbi ,r4 ,the briefly characterises1 in the order in which they are named1 ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 ,lycurgus1 ,demosthenes1 ,aeschines1 and ,hyperides2 ,quintilian omits ,lycurgus1 the paragraph about whom in the 4 4 is suspected by ,claussen 7p4 #ceb74 7,brzoska notes that ,quintilian's list is identical with that given by ,cicero de ,orat4 iii4 #bh3 and from a comparison of de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #g--qui aut ,attici numerantur aut dicunt #gb ,attice--he infers that the canon was probably known also to ,cicero47 ,we have separate treatises by ,dionysius on ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 and ,isaeus 7the 71 but those in which he discussed ,demosthenes1 ,hyperides1 and ,aeschines 7the 71 are no longer extant4 ,instead we have the first part of a longer work on ,demosthenes 7 pp4 #iec-aabi ,r71 and a bibliographical account of ,dinarchus4 ,antiphon he only alludes to briefly 7de ,isaeo1 #bj71 in company with ,thrasymachus1 ,polycrates1 and ,critias3 cp4 ,quint1 iii4 #a1 #aa4 ,athenis4 ,dionysius groups the orators of whom he treats under the title 7p4 #geh ,r1 74 ,ammon 7pp4 #ha-hb7 points out that ,demetrius ,magnes used the same appellation 7,dion4 de ,din4 i4 p4 #fca ,r71 and further suggests that the ,attic canon is already indicated in ,cicero de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #ac ex quo intellegitur quoniam ,graecorum oratorum praestantissimi sint ii qui fuerunt ,athenis1 eorum autem princeps facile ,demosthenes1 hunc si qui imitetur eum et attice dicturum et optime1 ut quoniam attici propositi sunt ad imitandum bene dicere id sit attice dicere4 aetas una1 used here in a wide sense 7as is shown by aetate 444 maior1 below74 ,the period referred to extends from the latter part of the #eth to the latter part of the #dth century ,b4,c4 ,so ,cicero1 ,brut4 #cf haec enim aetas effudit hanc copiam3 where he gives a place among the others to ,demades4 longe princeps3 ,dion4 de ,thucyd4 ,iud4 #ee1 p4 #iej ,r1 3 cp4 de vi ,demosth4 #cc1 p4 #ajeh ,r sq4 vis1 4 ,dion4 de ,thucyd4 ,iud4 #ec1 p4 #idd ,r 7of ,demosthenes73 cp4 p4 #hfe 3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #bh vim ,demosthenes habuit4 ,for the place of vis in oratory cp4 ,orat4 #fi1 and de ,orat4 ii4 #abh-i4 densa3 #fh1 #gc1 #ajf4 ,so pressus3 ,introd4 p4 xliii4 ,the ,greek equivalent is 1 4 ,dionysius attributes his brevity and conciseness1 as well as his energy and power of rousing the emotions1 to the influence of ,thucydides4 quibusdam1 inserted on account of the metaphor1 as often in ,cicero1 e4g4 de ,orat4 i4 #i procreatricem quandam et quasi parentem3 ,brut4 #df eloquentia est bene constitutae civitatis quasi alumna quaedam3 and constantly in translating ,greek words and phrases 7cp4 ,reid on ,acad4 i4 #e1 #bj and #bd74 ,for nervis intenta cp4 1 4 4 p4 #dcc ,r3 also ix4 #d1 #i1 and note on #a #fj4 tam nihil otiosum1 i4e4 everything is so much to the point4 ,cp4 i4 #a1 #ce otiosas sententias1 of copy-book headings that have no point3 viii4 #c1 #hi 444 cuius propria sit virtus non esse quae dicuntur otiosa3 ibid4 #d1 #af3 ii4 #e1 #g3 ,sen4 ,epist4 #ajj1 #aa exibunt multa nec ferient et interdum otiosa praeterlabetur oratio4 ,in ,tac4 ,dial4 #ah and #bb the meaning is #8spiritless1' #8wearisome' 7cp4 lentitudo and tepor #ba74 ,in ,quintilian there is also the idea of #8superfluous1' #8unprofitable'3 i1 #ab1 #ah otiosis sermonibus1 useless gossip3 ii4 #aj1 #h3 viii4 #c1 #ee quotiens otiosum fuerit et supererit3 ix4 #d1 #eh adicere dum non otiosa et detrahere dum non necessaria4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xlv4 is dicendi modus3 ,cic4 ,orat4 #bc hoc nec gravior exstitit quisquam nec callidior nec temperatior4 quod desit3 a reminiscence of ,cic4 ,brut4 #ce nam plane quidem perfectum et cui nihil admodum desit ,demosthenem facile dixeris4 ,quintilian qualifies his eulogy in comparing him with ,cicero #ajg below3 cp4 xii4 #ab1 #bf1 and ,cic4 ,orat4 #ij and #ajd4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#gg ,plenior ,aeschines et magis fusus et grandiori similis1 quo #gc minus strictus est2 carnis tamen plus habet1 minus lacertorum4 ,dulcis in primis et acutus ,hyperides1 sed minoribus causis-- #gd ut non dixerim utilior-- magis par4 #gg4 ,plenior 444 magis fusus3 opposed to tam densa omnia1 above4 ,aeschines had not the terseness and intensity of ,demosthenes1 but was not without a certain fluent vehemence of his own4 ,cicero mentions levitas and splendor verborum as characteristics of ,aeschines1 #gc ,orat4 #aaj2 and ,dionysius1 4 4 p4 #dcd ,r1 has 1 444 444 3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #abh sonitum ,aeschines habuit4 ,for a comparison between the two great rivals v4 ,jebb's ,alt4 ,or4 ii4 #cic sq4 ,see also ,cicero's de ,optim4 ,gen4 ,orat41 which was written as a preface to his translation of ,aeschines's speech against ,ctesiphon and ,demosthenes on the ,crown4 grandiori is certainly not neuter 7sc4 generi dicendi7 as ,krger 7#bnd edition71 who compares the plural maioribus #fc 7where however we have aptior1 not similior71 and ii4 #aa1 #b1 which is quite different3 moreover ,quintilian never uses grandius by itself to designate the more sublime style1 and with such an expression as #8grandiori generi dicendi' he would have employed magis accedit 7#fh7 or propior est 7#gh7 rather than similis4 ,if the text is allowed to stand grandiori must be masc4 7just like strictus7 and be used in a good sense3 e4g4 ,cic4 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #i imitemur ,lysiam1 et eius quidem tenuitatem potissimum3 est enim multis in locis grandior3 ,brut4 #bjc fuit ,sulpicius 444 grandis et ut ita dicam tragicus orator3 ,orat4 #aai quo grandior sit et quodam modo excelsior4 ,similis gets the force of a comparative from magis preceding1 and minus following it 7cp4 #ic tersus atque elegans maxime3 xii4 #f1 #f a quam maxime facili ac favorabili causa7 so that we may render #8he has an appearance of greater elevation in proportion as his style is less compressed4' ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 minus strictus remissior1 cp4 above4 ,instead of being nervis intenta 77 his style was characterised as 7#8headlong'7 by the critics4 carnis 444 lacertorum4 ,the style of ,aeschines is deficient in compact force3 it is often overcharged and redundant 7cp4 and above74 ,so also ,dem4 ,or4 #ai 7of ,aeschines7 #acc 3 #bee 4 ,for lacerti cp4 ,brut4 #fd in ,lysia saepe sunt etiam lacerti sic ut fieri nihil possit valentius4 ,hyperides1 one of the leading orators of the patriotic party1 was put to death by order of ,antipater1 ,b4,c4 #cbb1 just seven days before the death of ,demosthenes1 with whom he had generally acted1 though differences arose between them in later life4 ,dulcis3 #gc4 ,so ,dion4 4 4 p4 #dce ,r 3 cp4 de ,din4 ,iud4 #h1 p4 #fde ,r1 where he says that the imitators of ,hyperides1 by failing to reproduce his exquisite charm1 as well as his force1 became dry and rough in style3 4 acutus4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #bh acumen ,hyperides 444 habuit3 ,orat4 #aaj nihil argutiis et acumine ,hyperidi 7cedit ,demosthenes74 ,acumen 7#ajf1 #aad7 is the quality required for the tenue genus which aims at instructing 7,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #abi3 ,quint1 xii4 #aj1 #ei73 it appeals mainly to the intellect4 ,here therefore acutus means #8pointed1' #8direct'3 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #ci1 ,orat4 #bj1 #hd1 #ih1 where it is used of style4 ,subtilis and acutus sometimes go together as characteristics of the plain style3 so in #e #b subtilitas is ascribed to ,hyperides4 ,on the other hand acutus is used 7#hd below7 expressly of power of thought as opposed to power of expression3 cp4 too #hc inventionem acumine opposed to eloquendi suavitate1 and #ha acumine disserendi 444 eloquendi facultate4 ,so it may be that ,quintilian uses acutus here to represent ,dionysius3 444 7p4 #dcd ,r74 minoribus causis4 ,cp4 with this the criticisms of ,longinus1 ,hermogenes1 and others in ,blass's preface to the ,teubner text4 ,the author of says3--8,he knows when it is proper to speak with simplicity1 and does not1 like ,demosthenes1 continue the same key throughout10 #cd1 and below3 8,nevertheless all the beauties of ,hyperides1 however numerous1 cannot make him sublime4 ,he never exhibits strong feeling1 has little energy1 rouses no emotion0 7,havell74 ,his style is 8that of a newer school than ,demosthenes--of the school of ,menander and the ,new ,comedy1 to whom long periods and elaborate structure seemed tedious1 and who affected short and terse statement1 clear and epigrammatic points1 smart raillery1 and an easy and careless tone even in serious debate4 ,hence the critics1 such as ,quintilian1 think him more suited to slight subjects40 ,mahaffy1 ii4 p4 #cgg4 ,dionysius says 3 he hits his mark neatly1 but #gd seldom lends grandeur to his theme by amplification4 ,his ,funeral ,oration is an exception3 here he has #8thoroughly caught from ,isocrates the tone of elevated panegyric' 7,jebb74 ,his reputation as a wit and an easy-going member of society may have helped to produce on casual students the impression ,quintilian wishes to convey3 #8unquestionably one great secret of his success as a speaker1' says ,mr4 ,jebb1 #8was his art of making a lively ,athenian audience feel that here was no austere student of ,thucydides1 but one who was in bright sympathy with the everyday life of the time4' ,for his wit cp4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #ij and ,sandys' note4 ,dionysius's judgment is given at length in ,jebb's ,attic ,orators1 ii4 p4 #chc sq4 ut non dixerim ne dicam4 ,cp4 #b #ae1 and note4 ,tacitus makes a similar use of the potential perfect in secondary clauses4--,for utilior ,maehly needlessly conjectures futilibus4 ,i3#gh ,his aetate ,lysias maior1 subtilis atque elegans et quo nihil1 si oratori satis sit docere1 quaeras perfectius2 nihil enim est inane1 nihil arcessitum1 puro #ge tamen fonti quam magno flumini propior4 #gh4 aetate maior4 ,the date of his birth has been variously fixed at ,b4,c4 #dei and ,b4,c4 #dcf3 see ,sandys1 ,introd4 to ,orator1 p4 xiii1 and note2 ,wilkins1 de ,orat4 i4 7#bnd ed471 p4 #cc4 ,jebb gives the approximate date of his extant work as #djc-chj ,b4,c4 subtilis atque elegans4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #cj subtilem et elegantem3 ,brut4 #ce egregie subtilis scriptor et elegans1 quem iam prope audeas oratorem perfectum dicere3 ibid4 #fd3 de ,orat4 iii4 #bh subtilitatem 444 ,lysias habuit3 ,orat4 #aaj nihil ,lysiae subtilitate 7cedit ,demosthenes74 ,it is the #8plain elegance' of ,lysias1 his artistic and graceful plainness1 that ,quintilian is commending3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #ag nam neque illud in ,lysia dicendi textum tenue atque rasum laetioribus numeris corrumpendum erat3 perdidisset enim gratiam1 quae in eo maxima est1 simplicis atque inaffectati coloris1 perdidisset fidem quoque4--,subtilitas and elegantia go together #b #ai4 subtilis4 ,originally #8suited for weaving' 799 sub-telis from tela--,wharton74 ,from this the word came to be used metaphorically3--7#a7 #8graceful1' #8refined1' #8delicate'3 subtilitas pronuntiandi1 de ,orat4 iii4 #db1 #8graceful refinement of utterance'3 7#b7 #8precise1' #8accurate1' common in ,cicero to represent 3 cp4 praeceptor acer atque subtilis1 ,quintilian i4 #d1 #be3 7#c7 #8plain1' #8unadorned'3 especially subtile genus dicendi 7xii4 #aj1 #eh7 1 the #8plain' style of rhetorical composition1 which1 with a careful concealment of art1 imitated the language of ordinary life1 unlike the #8grand' style1 which was more artificial1 seeking by the use of ornament to rise above the common idiom4 ,the sense in which the word is used here is mainly 7#c73 it represents what ,dionysius says 4 4 p4 #dcb ,r1 7,us4 p4 #bh7 4 ,but there is a reference also to 7#a71 helped out by the addition of elegans1 #8choice1' #8tasteful4' ,the style of ,lysias was plain1 but not without ,attic refinement4 docere4 ,so ,dion41 in eulogising him for 1 says 7de ,lysia #ae1 p4 #dhf ,r71 4 ,he could make the most of his case3 persuasiveness 77 is mentioned 7ibid4 #ac7 as one of his leading characteristics4 #8,his statements of facts1' says ,mr4 ,jebb 7ii4 #ahb71 #8are distinguished by conciseness1 clearness1 and charm1 and by a power of producing conviction without apparent effort to convince'3 cp4 ,dion4 de ,lysia #ah1 p4 #dib ,r 444 1 3 and below1 444 4 ,but that this is not the whole office of the orator ,quintilian himself declares iv4 #e1 #f non enim solum oratoris est docere1 sed plus eloquentia circa movendum valet4 ,cp4 iii4 #e1 #b3 ,brut4 #aje3 de ,orat4 ii4 #abh4 ,in regard to this1 ,lysias is comparatively weak3 #8he cannot heighten the force of a plea1 represent a wrong1 or invoke compassion1 with sufficient spirit and intensity1' ,jebb3 in the words of ,dion4 7#ai1 p4 #dif ,r71 3 he understands 4 ,cp4 #ac ad fin4 nihil 444 inane3 cp4 ,orator #bi dum intellegamus hoc esse ,atticum in ,lysia1 non quod tenuis sit atque inornatus sed quod nihil habeat insolens aut ineptum4 #ge nihil arcessitum3 ,cp4 ,dion4 de ,lysia #ac ad fin4 p4 #dhc ,r 1 4 ,cp4 #h1 p4 #dfh 4 ,so 4 4 --,krger#c suggests nihil enim inest inane4 ,for the order see ,introd4 p4 liii4 magno flumini3 cp4 ,cicero1 ,orator #cj nam qui ,lysiam sequuntur causidicum quemdam sequuntur1 non illum quidem amplum atque grandem1 subtilem et elegantem tamen et qui in forensibus causis possit praeclare consistere4 ,cp4 ,dion4 #ac1 p4 #dhb1 where he says that1 besides pathos1 ,lysias wants also grandeur and spirit3 1 444 4 ,cicero says he shows elevation at times1 though grandeur was seldom possible in the treatment of the subjects he chose4 ,cp4 the whole passage1 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,oratorum #i ,imitemur si potuerimus1 ,lysiam1 et eius quidem tenuitatem potissimum4 ,est enim multis locis grandior2 sed quia et privatas ille plerasque et eas ipsas aliis et parvarum rerum causulas scripsit videtur esse ieiunior1 cum se ipse consulto ad minutarum genera causarum limaverit4 ,he therefore prefers ,demosthenes as a model on account of his power3 ib4 #aj ita fit ut ,demosthenes certe possit summisse dicere1 elate ,lysias fortasse non possit4 ,lysias was the favourite model of those who at ,rome1 in ,cicero's time1 sought to bring about the revival of ,atticism4 ,the unaffected simplicity of his diction1 his purity1 lucidity1 and naturalness amply entitled him to this distinction4 ,dionysius' criticism is most appreciative3 he praises the style of ,lysias #8not only for its purity of diction1 its moderation in metaphor1 its perspicuity1 its conciseness1 its terseness1 its vividness1 its truth to character1 its perfect appropriateness1 and its winning persuasiveness2 but also for a nameless and indefinable charm1 which he compares to the bloom of a beautiful face1 to the harmony of musical tones1 or to perfect rhythm in the marking of time'--v4 de ,lysia xi1 xii43 ,sandys1 ,introd4 to ,orator1 p4 xvi4 ,i3#gi ,isocrates in diverso genere dicendi nitidus et comptus et palaestrae quam pugnae #gf magis accommodatus omnes dicendi veneres sectatus est1 nec immerito3 auditoriis enim se1 non iudiciis compararat3 in inventione facilis1 honesti studiosus1 in compositione adeo diligens #gg ut cura eius reprehendatur4 #gi4 ,isocrates1 the most celebrated of all the ancient teachers of rhetoric1 and called the father of eloquence 7ille pater eloquentiae1 de ,orat4 ii4 #aj7 from the number of orators produced by his school4 ,his home is described as being a school of eloquence and manufactory of rhetoric for the whole of ,greece1 from which1 as from the ,trojan horse1 there came forth heroes only3 ,brut4 #cb ,isocrates1 cuius domus cunctae ,graeciae quasi ludus quidam patuit atque officina dicendi3 de ,orat4 ii4 #id cuius e ludo tamquam ex equo ,troiano meri principes exierunt3 ,orat4 #dj domus eius officina habita eloquentiae est4 ,he is said to have died of voluntary starvation shortly after the battle of ,chaeronea 7#cch ,b4,c47 at the advanced age of #ig4 ,the story of his death is examined by ,jebb1 ii4 #ca4 in diverso genere dicendi4 ,the pupil of ,gorgias1 according to ,aristotle 7v4 ,quint1 iii4 #a1 #ac71 ,isocrates worked out his master's theory of elaborately ornate and rhythmical style of composition4 ,his is not the subtile genus of which ,lysias is the best representative3 suavitas 7#8smoothness'7 rather than subtilitas 7#8plainness'7 is his chief characteristic 7de ,orat4 iii4 #bh74 ,he carefully cultivated the period1 to which he gave a large and luxuriant expansion3 ,or4 #dj primus instituit dilatare verbis et mollioribus numeris explere sententias3 ,dion4 de ,isocr4 #ac1 p4 #efa ,r 1 4 ,in comparing him with ,lysias 7de ,isocr4 ii4-iii471 ,dion4 notes that his style is less terse and compact1 and characterised by a kind of opulent diffuseness 7 71 as well as by a more free use of metaphor and other tropes4 nitidus3 its opposite is sordidus 7viii4 #c1 #di73 cp4 ,brut4 #bch non valde nitens sed plane horrida oratio4 ,so nitidum et laetum 7genus verborum7 de ,orat4 i4 #ha3 where ,wilkins says the word is used #8especially of things which are bright1 because of the pains bestowed on them1' and cps4 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #d1 #ae #8nitidum bene curata cute vises4' ,there is the same opposition between niddus and horridus ,orat4 #cf3 squalidus1 ibid4 #aae3 cp4 de ,orat4 iii #ea ita de horridis rebus nitida 444 est oratio tua3 de ,legg4 i4 #b1 #f 7of ,caelius ,antipater7 habuitque vires agrestes ille quidem atque horridas1 sine nitore et #gf palaestra3 ,brut4 #bch 7of ,c4 ,macer7 non valde nitens1 non plane horrida oratio4 comptus--1 ,dion4 4 43 cp4 viii4 #c1 #db non quia comi expolirique non debeat 7oratio74 ,with nitidus et comptus cp4 ,cicero's statement that he had lavished on a ,greek version of the story of his consulship1 #8all the fragrant essences of ,isocrates and all the little perfume-boxes of his pupils'3 totum ,isocrati atque omnes eius discipulorum arculas1 ad ,att4 ii4 #a1 #a4 palaestrae quam pugnae3 ,cp4 ,orat4 #db of epideictic oratory 7dulce 444 orationis genus7 pompae quam pugnae aptius gymnasiis et palaestrae dicatum1 spretum et pulsum foro3 de ,orat4 i4 #ha nitidum quoddam genus est verborum et laetum et palaestrae magis et olei quam huius civilis turbae ac fori4 ,so of ,demetrius non tam armis institutus quam palaestrae1 ,brut4 #cg4 ,for the meaning cp4 ibid4 #cb forensi luce caruit intraque parietes aluit eam gloriam4 ,isocrates had not the vigorous compression of style necessary for real contests1 444 444 ,dion4 4 41 p4 #dcb ,r3 ,pseudo-,plut4 ,vit4 ,x ,or4 p4 #hde 77 77 1 4 ,for the figure involved in pugnae 77 cp4 #bi1 #ca3 #c1 #c3 #e1 #ag4 ,cicero says the pupils of ,isocrates were great alike on parade and in actual combat3 eorum partim in pompa partim in acie illustres esse voluerunt1 de ,orat4 #id4 ,see ,jebb1 ii4 #gj-ga4 veneres3 in this sense only in poetry and post-,augustan prose1 and generally in the singular4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,ars ,poet4 #cbj ,fabula nullius veneris sine pondere et arte4 ,cp4 #ajj illam solis concessam ,atticis venerem3 vi4 #c1 #ah venustum esse quod cum gratia quadam et venere dicatur apparet3 iv4 #b1 #aaf narrationem 444 omni qua potest gratia et venere exornandam puto3 ,seneca1 de ,benef4 ii4 #bh1 #b habuit suam venerem3 ,plin4 #ce1 #aj1 #cf #gi 7of paintings7 deesse iis unam illam suam venerem dicebat quam ,graeci charita vocant4 sectatus est3 cp4 ,dion4 de ,isocr4 #b1 p4 #ech ,r 1 4 ,there is a certain elaborate affectation about ,isocrates3 what in ,lysias is the gift of nature he attempts to gain by the aid of art1-- 1 ibid4 p4 #eda4 ,for the whole passage cp4 ,orat4 #ch ,in ,panathenaico autem 7#a1 #b7 ,isocrates ea se studiose consectatum fatetur2 non enim ad iudiciorum certamen sed ad voluptatem aurium scripserat4 nec immerito3 see on #bg4 auditoriis 444 non iudiciis3 cp4 #cf3 ,dion1 de ,isocr4 #b1 p4 #eci ,r 1 ,aristotle1 ,rhet4 i4 a #i 7p4 #acfh a7 4 ,isocrates himself tells us that it was his weakness of utterance and timidity of disposition that precluded him from public appearances3 ,panath4 #aj 1 1 4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,rep4 iii4 #cj1 #db duas sibi res quominus in volgus et in foro diceret confidentiam et vocem defuisse3 ,plin4 ,ep4 vi4 #bi1 #f infirmitate vocis1 mollitie frontis1 ne in publico diceret impediebatur4 ,moreover he laid claim to being a teacher of morality2 and looking on rhetoric as the highest and most important branch of education1 he spoke with contempt of those who wrote for the law-courts1 and with whom victory was the only object3 ,jebb1 ii4 p4 #g and p4 #dc3 ,isocr4 ,panegyr4 #aa with ,sandys' note4 inventione3 here ,dionysius says he is in no way inferior to ,lysias3 7sc4 ,lysiae7 ,iud4 de ,isocr4 #d1 p4 #deb ,r4 honesti studiosus4 ,this may refer to the diction of ,isocrates3 cp4 ,dion4 ,iud4 #b1 p4 #ech ,r1 where his is said to be 3 and again de ,dem4 p4 #ifc4 ,cp4 ix4 #d1 #adf-g1 on which ,becher mainly relies for his proposal 7supported by ,hirt4 ,berl4 ,jahr4 xiv4 #ahhh1 p4 #ei7 to take #8honesti studiosus in compositione' together3 compositio debet esse #gg honesta1 iucunda1 varia 444 cura ita magna ut sentiendi atque eloquendi prior sit3 so viii4 #c1 #af4 ,but two considerations seem to prove the correctness of the traditional interpretation and punctuation3 7#a7 the ascription of honestum 7in an ethical sense7 to ,isocrates is peculiarly appropriate1 and the word is constantly used in this sense by ,quintilian 7see ,bonn4 ,lex4 s4v4 ii 73 and 7#b7 diligens could hardly stand alone1 divorced from in compositione3 and moreover a similar expression 7in compositione adeo diligens1 c47 is used by ,dionysius1 444 7de ,isocr4 ,iud4 #aa1 p4 #eeg ,r73 cp4 p4 #ech4 ,there is a similar criticism at #aah in cura verborum nimius et compositione nonnumquam longior4 ,as to 7#a7 cp4 ,jebb1 ii4 pp4 #dd-e4 ,the high moral tone of ,isocrates is seen both in his choice of noble themes and in the care with which he ever keeps the higher aspects of his subject in view4 ,dion4 ,iud4 #d1 p4 #edc ,r 1 444 4 7#b7 ,though ,becher points to the chiasmus obtained by punctuating #8in inventione facilis1 honesti studiosus in compositione' 7cp4 #ig3 ,bonn4 ,lex4 pr4 lxviii7 the rhythm of the sentence tells the other way2 and to his objection that the ethical point of view does not belong to the history of literature 7especially when inserted between two such words as inventio and compositio7 we can only answer that ,quintilian is not an artist in style1 and that the ethical tone of ,isocrates is too characteristic to have been overlooked4 ,there is no need for ,maehly's conjecture #8disponendi studiosus'3 nor for ,eussner's proposal to invert the clauses and read 444 #8compararat1 honesti studiosus3 in inventione facilis1 in comp4 a4 d4' c43 on the ground that honesti studiosus refers to the of ,isocrates1 which is regulated by honestum1 as the is by utile1 and the by iustum4 compositione3 #dd1 #ff2 ix4 #d1 #aaf3 quem in poemate locum habet versificatio eam in oratione compositio3 ad ,her4 iv4 #ab1 #ah compositio est verborum constructio quae facit omnes partes orationis aequabiliter perpolitas3 4 4 p4 #dcc ,r1 7,us4 p4 #bh7 4 #8,isocrates was the earliest great artist in the rhythm proper to prose1' ,jebb1 ii4 pp4 #fj-a4 ,cicero1 ,brutus #cb primus intellexit etiam in soluta oratione1 dum versum effugeres1 modum tamen et numerum quendam oportere servari3 ,orat4 #agd4 cura 444 reprehendatur4 ,this refers especially to his studied avoidance of hiatus3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #ce nimiosque non immerito in hac cura putant omnes ,isocratem secutos1 praecipueque ,theopompum4 ,so ,orat4 #aea in quo quidam ,theopompum etiam reprehendunt 444 etsi idem magister eius ,isocrates--7with ,sandys' note74 ,dionysius 7de ,isocr4 #b7 contrasts in general terms his 7compositio7 with that of ,lysias1 noting especially the point here alluded to3 p4 #eeh ,r 1 and de ,dem4 #d1 pp4 #ifc-d ,r4 ,plutarch1 de gloria ,athen4 p4 #cej ,e 7,isocr47 2 ,jebb1 ii1 pp4 #ff-g4 ,with such excessive solicitude we can understand how ,isocrates should have taken ten years to write the ,panegyricus 7#d #d74 ,the judgments of ,cicero and ,dionysius will be found conveniently summarised in ,sandys' ,introd4 to ,orator1 pp4 xx-xxii4 ,i3#hj ,neque ego in his de quibus sum locutus has solas virtutes1 sed has praecipuas puto1 nec ceteros parum fuisse magnos4 ,quin etiam ,phalerea illum ,demetrium1 #gh quamquam is primum inclinasse eloquentiam dicitur1 multum ingenii habuisse et facundiae fateor1 vel ob hoc memoria dignum1 quod ultimus est fere ex ,atticis qui dici possit orator2 quem tamen in illo medio genere dicendi praefert omnibus ,cicero4 #hj4 ceteros3 cp4 on decem #gf4 ,the use of the word involves a reference to a recognised group1 from which he has omitted ,antiphon1 ,andocides1 ,isaeus1 ,lycurgus1 and ,dinarchus4 ,so ,dion4 p4 #dea ,r1 after mentioning ,lysias1 ,isocrates1 ,isaeus1 ,demosthenes1 ,hyperides1 ,aeschines1 says 4 ,demetrius is evidently an addition by ,quintilian himself1 as is shown by the use of quin etiam4 #gh ,demetrius1 of ,phalerum1 governed ,athens1 under ,cassander1 from #cag ,b4,c4 till he was overthrown by ,demetrius ,poliorcetes in #cjg4 ,he fled to ,thebes and thence to ,egypt1 where he died in #bhc1 after assisting ,ptolemy to draw up laws and found his famous library4 ,in citing him after the ,attic orators1 ,quintilian seems to follow ,cicero1 ,brut4 #cg ,phalereus 444 successit eis senibus adulescens1 c4 ,the same order 7,phalereus before ,demetrius7 occurs in ,cicero1 de ,legg4 iii4 #ad3 de ,orat4 ii4 #ie3 de ,rep4 ii4 #b3 ,brut4 #bhe4--;,for illum see on #ag4 inclinasse3 ,brut4 #ch 7where primus has been used 7,halm7 as an argument against primum in the text1 though ,quintilian is only quoting from memory1 as often1 cp4 #id73 hic primus inflexit orationem et eam mollem teneramque reddidit et suavis1 sicut fuit1 maluit esse quam gravis4 ,he impaired the strength of ,attic oratory1 depriving it of what ,cicero calls its #8sap and fresh vigour' 7sucus ille et sanguis incorruptus71 and substituting an #8artificial gloss' 7fucatus nitor73 processerat enim in solem et pulverem1 non ut e militari tabernaculo1 sed ut e ,theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis4 ibid4 #cg4 ,of all the orators who flourished after ,demosthenes 7when alia quaedam molliora ac remissiora genera viguerunt7 he was the most polished3 de ,orat4 ii4 #ie4 ,he was more florid than ,hyperides and ,lysias1 ,brut4 #bhe4 ,in the ,orator1 #ia-b1 ,cicero says that his diction has a smooth and tranquil flow1 and is also #8lit up by the stars of metaphor and metonymy'3 oratio cum sedate placideque labitur1 tum illustrant eam quasi stellae quaedam tralata verba atque immutata4 ,cp4 de ,off4 i4 #c disputator subtilis1 orator parum vehemens1 dulcis tamen1 ut ,theophrasti discipulum possis agnoscere4 multum ingenii 444 et facundiae3 ,diog4 ,laert4 v4 #hb 1 4 ultimus 444 ex ,atticis3 ,brut4 #bhe mihi quidem ex illius orationibus redolere ipsae ,athenae videntur4 medio genere dicendi3 the #8middle' style3 see on #dd4 ,in xii4 #aj1 #ei he says of this style #8ea fere est ratio ut 444 delectandi sive conciliandi praestare videatur officium'3 with which cp4 ,cicero of ,demetrius1 delectabat magis ,athenienses quam inflammabat4--,of the middle style generally ,cicero says 7,orator1 #ba7 est autem quidam interiectus inter hos medius et quasi temperatus nec acumine posteriorum nec flumine utens superiorum1 vicinus amborum1 in neutro excellens1 utriusque particeps1 vel utriusque1 si verum quaerimus1 potius expers2 isque uno tenore1 ut aiunt1 in dicendo fluit nihil adferens praeter facilitatem et aequabilitatem1 aut addit aliquos ut in corona toros 7#8raised ornaments' or #8knots'7 omnemque orationem ornamentis modicis verborum sententiarumque distinguit4 praefert omnibus ,cicero3 de ,orat4 ii4 #ie omnium istorum mea sententia politissimus3 ,orat4 #ib in qua 7sc4 media orationis forma7 multi floruerunt apud ,graecos1 sed ,phalereus ,demetrius meo iudicio praestitit ceteris4--,for quem tamen see ,crit4 ,notes4 #ha-hd4 ,greek ,philosophers3-- ,in this paragraph there is a correspondence between the criticisms of ,quintilian and those of ,cicero and ,dionysius4 ,in the 4 4 7ch4 #d1 ,us4 pp4 #bf-g7 the latter recommends the study of the ,pythagorean philosophers 7 71 holding up ,xenophon and ,plato as the best models1 and eulogising also ,aristotle and his followers3 444 444 444 4 ,quintilian's selection of ,theophrastus is probably motived by the passage in ,cicero1 ,orat4 #b 7already quoted by him in #cc73 philosophi quidam ornate locuti sunt1 siquidem et ,theophrastus divinitate loquendi nomen invenit et ,aristoteles ,isocratem ipsum lacessivit #gi et ,xenophontis voce ,musas quasi locutas ferunt et longe omnium1 quicunque scripserunt aut locuti sunt1 exstitit et gravitate et suavitate princeps ,plato4 ,i3#ha ,philosophorum1 ex quibus plurimum se traxisse eloquentiae #gi ,m4 ,tullius confitetur1 quis dubitet ,platonem esse praecipuum sive acumine disserendi sive eloquendi facultate divina quadam et ,homerica8 ,multum enim supra prosam orationem et quam pedestrem ,graeci vocant surgit1 ut mihi non hominis ingenio1 sed quodam ,delphici videatur oraculo dei instinctus4 #ha4 confitetur3 xii4 #b1 #bc nam ,m4 ,tullius non tantum se debere scholis rhetorum quantum ,academiae spatiis frequenter ipse testatus est3 neque se tanta unquam in eo fudisset ubertas si ingenium suum consaepto fori non ipsius rerum natura finibus terminasset4 ,in the ,orator1 #ab1 ,cicero tells us he had got his oratory not from the narrow schoolrooms and mechanical workshops of the rhetoricians1 but from the groves of the ,academy1 the real school for every kind of discourse3 fateor me oratorem1 si modo sim aut etiam quicunque sim1 non ex rhetorum officinis sed ex ,academiae spatiis exstitisse2 illa enim sunt curricula multiplicium variorumque sermonum in quibus ,platonis primum sunt impressa vestigia4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 de ,or4 #cb4 ,in the ,de ,div4 ii4 #d ,cicero speaks of his rhetorical works as bordering on philosophy3 quumque ,aristoteles itemque ,theophrastus1 excellentes viri cum subtilitate tum copia1 cum philosophia dicendi etiam praecepta coniunxerint1 nostri quoque oratorii libri in eundem numerum referendi videntur4 praecipuum3 cp4 ,orat4 #fb 7quoted above7 longe omnium 444 princeps ,plato4 ,so ,dionysius ad ,pomp4 p4 #geb ,r3 de ,dem4 #da1 p4 #ajhc ,r4 sive 444 sive3 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #bf quae defuisse ei sive ipsius natura seu lege civitatis videntur3 ,cic4 pro ,clu4 #gf4 ,sive is frequently used as a single disjunctive1 to give one word as an alternative for another3 i4 #d1 #bj vocabulum sive appellationem nomini subiecerunt3 xii4 #aj1 #ei delectandi sive 444 conciliandi officium4 ,cp4 too ,cic4 de ,am4 #ajj ex quo exardescit sive amor sive amicitia--a kind of brachyology3 de ,orat4 ii4 #gj in hac sive ratione sive exercitatione dicendi1--a shorter formula than ib4 #bi hoc totum1 quicquid est1 sive artificium sive studium dicendi4 divina4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #gi quem 7,platonem7 omnibus locis divinum1 quem sapientissimum1 quem sanctissimum1 quem ,homerum philosophorum appellat 7,panaetius74 ,cp4 ,dion4 de ,dem4 #bc1 p4 #ajbd ,r 444 44 ,homerica3 #hf ut illi naturae caelesit atque immortali cesserimus3 #dh1 #fe4 prosam orationem et4 ,the omission of et1 proposed by recent editors1 would make ,quintilian give a rather useless synonym for prosa oratio1 which 7like prosa by itself7 he often uses without explanation4 ,prosa oratio is used of prose as contrasted with verse 7cp4 xi4 #b1 #ci facilius versus ediscimus quam prosam orationem73 pedestris oratio includes all composition of a prosaic order1 not necessarily prose only3 so ,horace speaks of his ,satires as ,musa pedestris 7,sat4 ii4 #f1 #ag73 pedestres historiae in ,car4 ii4 #ab1 #i are prose histories3 sermo pedester in ,a4 ,p4 #ie 7tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri7 is homely language3 cp4 ib4 #bbi1 and ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #bea4 ,so ,plato1 ,soph4 #bcg ,a 3 ,aristoph4 ,fr4 #gac 4 ,palmer 7on ,hor4 ,sat4 l4c47 cites also ,luc4 de ,consecr4 ,hist4 #h of a bombastic history3 and adds #8the metaphor is from a person soberly jogging on on foot1 contrasted with the dashing pace of a mounted cavalier4'--,for prose ,cicero uses oratio soluta 7,brut4 #cb7 to which he opposes vincula numerorum 7,orat4 #fd1 #gg3 de ,orat4 iii4 #ahd74--,numerous examples of a similar use of et are cited1 ,bonn4 ,lex4 s4v4 et iii4 quodam ,delphici1 c4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,for quodam cp4 #aji dono quodam providentiae genitus3 xii4 #aa1 #e ductus amore quodam operis3 ib4 #aj #ba3 ix4 #b1 #gf3 and #hb below2 and for ,delphici 444 dei ,cic4 de ,legg4 i4 #eh cuius praecepti tanta vis 444 est ut ea non homini cuipiam sed ,delphico deo tribueretur4 #hj ,i3#hb ,quid ego #hj commemorem ,xenophontis illam iucunditatem inadfectatam1 sed quam nulla consequi adfectatio possit8 ut ipsae sermonem finxisse ,gratiae videantur1 et quod de ,pericle veteris comoediae testimonium est in hunc transferri iustissime possit1 in labris eius sedisse quandam persuadendi deam4 #hb4 ,xenophontis1 #cc1 #ge4 iucunditatem3 so ,tac4 ,dial4 #ca4 ,dionysius's criticism is fuller3 1 3 ,diog4 ,laert4 ii4 #eg 3 ,suidas 3 ,brutus1 #acb molli et ,xenophonteo genere sermonis3 cp4 ibid4 #bib3 ,orat4 #cb cuius sermo est ille quidem melle dulcior sed a forensi strepitu remotissimus3 de ,orat4 ii4 #eh leniore quodam sono est usus1 et qui illum impetum oratoris non habeat1 vehemens fortasse minus1 sed aliquanto tamen est1 ut mihi quidem videtur1 dulcior4--,for inadfectatus1 see ,introd4 p4 xlii4 ,gratiae3 for the form of expression cp4 ,orat4 #fb ,xenophontis voce ,musas quasi locutas ferunt 7x4 #a #cc74 ,so #ii below3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #ac1 #g3 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #bg4 de ,pericle4 ,so xii4 #b1 #bb3 #aj1 #fe3 ,pliny1 ,ep4 i4 #bj1 #ag nec me praeterit summum oratorem ,periclem sic a comico ,eupolide laudari 444 444 7,the line is given in ,kock's ,fragmenta #a1 p4 #bha 3 so ,meineke ii4 p4 #deh47 ,brutus #ch quemadmodum de ,pericle scripsit ,eupolis3 #ei quam vocant ,graeci1 cuius effector est orator1 hanc ,suadam appellavit ,ennius 444 ut quam deam in ,pericli labris scripsit ,eupolis sessitavisse huius hic medullam nostrum oratorem 7sc4 ,cethegum7 fuisse dixerit4 7,cp4 de ,orat4 iii4 #ach47 ,the phrase of which this is the explanation 7suadae medulla--the essence1 marrow1 of persuasiveness7 is used again de ,sen4 #ej3 cp4 ,quint1 ii4 #ae1 #d4 ,horace has ,suadela1 ,ep4 i4 #f1 #ch4 quandam1 i4e4 something which may be called persuadendi dea3 cp4 quodam below1 and quibusdam #gf3 xii4 #aj1 ii quadam eloquentiae frugalitate4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#hc ,quid reliquorum ,socraticorum elegantiam8 ,quid ,aristotelen8 ,quem dubito scientia rerum an scriptorum copia an eloquendi suavitate an inventionum acumine an varietate operum clariorem putem4 ,nam in ,theophrasto tam est loquendi nitor ille divinus ut #ha ex eo nomen quoque traxisse dicatur4 #hc4 ,socratici #ce4 elegantiam3 #aad3 #b #ai3 #8chaste simplicity1' ,frieze4 ,aristotelen4 ,it is to be noticed that in both ,dionysius and ,quintilian1 ,aristotle comes after ,plato and ,xenophon3 4 4 #d1 7,us4 p4 #bg7 3 ,brut4 #aba quis ,aristotele nervosior8 ,orat4 #agb quis omnium doctior1 quis acutior1 quis in rebus vel inveniendis vel iudicandis acrior ,aristotele fuit8 scientia 444 copia 444 suavitate3 ,orat4 #e admirabili quadam scientia et copia3 ,topica #a #c dicendi incredibili quadam quum copia tum etiam suavitate3 cp4 de ,inv4 ii4 #f4 acumine3 see on #gg4 nam has come to serve as a transition-formula3 so #i1 #ab1 #ej3 #d1 #d4 ,it generally involves an ellipse3 cp4 ,sall1 ,iug4 ch4 #ai1 #b3 #ca1 #b3 #hb1 #b3 ,cicero1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv4 #eb4 ,theophrasto4 ,brut4 #aba quis ,theophrasto dulcior8 ,theophrastus succeeded ,aristotle in the conduct of his school ,b4,c4 #cbb1 and died #bhg4 tam est loquendi nitor ille divinus ut4 ,becher takes tam closely with divinus1 making tam divinus est the pred4 and loquendi nitor ille the subj43 and so ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,for the order of words he compares #abb habebunt magnam eos qui nunc vigent materiam vere laudandi1 and adds 7,quaest4 p4 #ah7 #8omnino autem tenendum est perplexam et arcessitam verborum turbam magis quam ordinem 7,bonn4 ,proleg4 lxxviii47 aetatis argenteae scriptoribus in deliciis fuisse1 quae intellectum legentium non tam adiuvet quam #ha impediat4' ,we might also cp4 #gf tam nihil otiosum1 and #g #bg4 ,even in ,cicero a similar separation occurs3 pro ,cael4 #af nunquam enim tam ,caelius amens fuisset3 in ,verr4 v4 #aba quis tam fuit illo tempore durus et ferreus4 ,kiderlin1 however 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #aji71 challenges this explanation1 contending that the words loquendi nitor ille divinus are obviously meant to be taken together1 and that ille makes it impossible to join tam and divinus4 ,he rejects as inappropriate the analogies cited from ,brutus #eh 7cp4 #agd1 #da73 ad ,q4 ,fr4 i4 #b1 #c #i 7atque ego haec tam esse quam audio non puto--where it has been proposed to insert a word73 ad ,fam4 vi4 #g1 #a4 ,but more weight should be attached to the following passages to which ,k4 himself refers3 ,quint4 ii4 #af1 #ae 7sed ipsa ratio neque tam nos iuvaret neque tam esset in nobis manifesta1 nisi1 c47 and viii4 #c1 #e 7et fulmina ipsa non tam nos confunderent si1 c474 ,kiderlin however holds that all those passages differ from this1 inasmuch as either there is a negative with tam1 or it is joined with an adverb1 or it follows quam immediately4 ,he rejects ,spalding's tantus est1 and proposes to read tam manifestus est3 manifestus goes well with the preceding sentence1 where ,quintilian does not know which of ,aristotle's great points to praise most1 while with ,theophrastus there is no such doubt1 since his loquendi nitor is so striking that he is said1 c4 ,k4 thinks that manifestus 7which is a favourite word of ,quintilian3 see ,bonn4 ,lex47 might easily have fallen out1 as tam est and manifest are pretty much alike4--,in support of the reading loquendi 7for which ,meister gives1 by a misprint1 eloquendi71 ,kiderlin points out that ,quintilian probablv wished to translate 4 nitor3 cp4 #cc1 #i1 #gi 7where see note on nitidus73 ,cicero1 de ,fin4 iv4 #c1 #e primum enim ipsa illa1 quae subtiliter disserenda erant1 polite apteque dixerunt1 tum definientes1 tum partientes1 ut vestri etiam2 sed vos 7,stoici7 squalidius2 illorum 7sc4 ,peripateticorum et ,academicorum7 vides quam niteat oratio4 ,of the ,peripatetics generally he says 7,brutus #abj7 in doctrina atque praeceptis disserendi ratio coniungitur cum suavitate dicendi et copia4 nomen traxisse3 ,orat4 #fb siquidem et ,theophrastus divinitate loquendi nomen invenit3 ,diog4 ,laert4 v4 #ch 1 1 4 ,i3#hd ,minus indulsere eloquentiae ,stoici veteres1 sed cum honesta suaserunt tum in colligendo probandoque quae instituerant plurimum valuerunt1 rebus tamen acuti magis quam 7id quod sane non adfectaverunt7 oratione magnifici4 #hb #hd4 ,stoici veteres4 ,see xii4 #a1 #bd sq4 for a discussion of the various philosophical systems in regard to their fitness for oratorical purposes4 ,for the comparative unfitness of the ,stoic writers see esp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #ah1 #ff3 de ,fin4 iv4 #bh1 #gh sq43 de ,orat4 ii4 #ch1 #aei4 ,so too ,brutus #aad 7,stoicorum7 peracutum et artis plenum orationis genus scio tamen esse exile nec satis populari adsensioni adcommodatum3 #aah ut omnes fere ,stoici prudentissimi in disserendo sint et id arte faciant sintque architecti paene verborum1 eidem traducti a disputando ad dicendum inopes reperiantur4 quae instituerant3 #8their principles4' ,de ,off4 i4 #a1 #a praecepta institutaque philosophiae3 de ,am4 #ac3 de ,fin4 v4 #c1 #g scripta et instituta3 ,brut4 #ca and esp4 #aai4 colligendo3 #8arguing1' not necessarily here of the formal process of syllogistic reasoning4 ,cp4 xii4 #b1 #aj ambigua aperire et perplexa discernere et de falsis iudicare et colligere et resolvere quae velis oratorum est4 rebus acuti3 #8shrewd thinkers1' rather than masters of the grand style4 ,for the constr4 7where in ,greek the pr4 part4 would have been used7 cp4 #hj vel ob hoc memoria dignum4 quod sane non adfect4 ,cp4 ,sen4 ,ep4 #ajh1 #ce illud admoneo1 auditionem philosophorum lectionemque ad propositum beatae vitae trahendam1 non ut verba prisca aut ficta captemus et translationes improbas figurasque dicendi1 sed ut profutura praecepta et magnificas voces et animosas1 quae mox in rem transferantur3 sic ista ediscamus ut quae fuerint verba sint opera4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,the ,,argument 7#he-aca7 #he-aca4 ,,roman ,,literature4 #he-ajj4 ,roman ,poetry4 #he-ib4 ,epic ,poets4 ,vergil must head the list1 ranking nearer to ,homer than any third poet does to him4 ,for consistent and uniform excellence he may surpass even ,homer1 however little he may rival ,homer's best passages4 ,macer and ,lucretius are worth reading1 but not for style4 ,varro ,atacinus has some merit as a translator1 but will not add to an orator's resources4 ,ennius is like some venerable grove1 whose trees have more sanctity than beauty3 there are others nearer our own day1 and more useful for our special purpose4 ,ovid is uncontrolled even in his hexameters1 and lets his fancy run away with him3 yet admirable in parts4 ,cornelius ,severus fell away from the standard of his first book4 ,the youthful works of ,serranus display great talent and a correct taste in style4 ,we lately lost much in ,valerius ,flaccus4 ,the inspiration of ,saleius ,bassus also failed to take on the mellowness of age4 ,rabirius and ,pedo are worth reading in spare moments4 ,lucan has fire and point1 and is a model for orators rather than for poets4 ,domitian ,i would name had not the care of the world prevented him from becoming our greatest poet4 ,even the compositions of his earlier days1 after he had handed over the empire1 are lofty1 learned1 and of surpassing excellence3 #8the poet's ivy is entwined with the conquering bay4' #ic-if4 ,elegy1 ,satire1 iambic and lyric poetry4 ,in ,elegy we can challenge the ,greeks4 ,the most polished and refined is1 in my opinion1 ,tibullus2 some prefer ,propertius4 ,ovid is more uncontrolled than either1 ,gallus harsher4 ,satire is all our own4 ,lucilius is by some still preferred to all poets whatsoever4 ,i deprecate such extravagant eulogy1 as ,i disagree with the censure of ,horace4 ,lucilius has learning1 boldness1 causticity1 wit4 ,horace is the prince of satirists4 ,persius earned renown by a single book4 ,others still alive will have a name hereafter4 ,terentius ,varro wrote saturae of the earlier kind4 ,a profound scholar1 antiquarian1 and historian1 he has made greater contributions to knowledge than to oratory4 ,as a separate form of composition1 iambic poetry is not much in vogue4 ,horace is our great lyric poet1--everywhere pleasing and graceful1 and very happy in his language4 ,caesius ,bassus too may be added3 but there are living authors of greater merit4 #ig-ajj4 ,dramatic ,poetry4 ,of ,tragedians1 ,attius and ,pacuvius are most renowned for weight of thought #d and style1 and for the dignity of their characters2 but they lack finish4 ,attius has more strength1 ,pacuvius more learning4 ,varius's ,thyestes may be set beside any ,greek play4 ,ovid's ,medea shows what he might have done if he could have kept within bounds4 ,pomponius ,secundus is by far the greatest of all whom ,i have myself seen4 ,comedy is not our strong point4 ,notwithstanding ,plautus1 ,caecilius1 and ,terence1 we scarcely reproduce a faint shadow of our originals3 perhaps our language is incapable of the grace and charm which1 even in ,greek1 is peculiar to the ,attic4 ,afranius is the best writer of togatae1 but his is not a pure art4 #aja-ajd4 ,roman ,historians4 ,in history we hold our own4 ,sallust may be pitted against ,thucydides1 ,livy against ,herodotus4 ,livy is remarkable for the charm and transparency of his narrative style1 as well as for the eloquence and appropriateness of his speeches2 and in the presentation of passion1 especially on its softer side1 he is unsurpassed4 ,sallust is different but not inferior4 ,servilius ,nonianus wants conciseness4 ,aufidius ,bassus did more to maintain the dignity of history4 ,there is also the glory of our own age1 the historian who is still with us1 and whom ,i do not mention by name4 ,cremutius ,cordus is appreciated for his independent spirit1 which still survives in his works in spite of the revision and expurgation they have been subjected to4 ,there are others1 but ,i am only giving samples of classes1 not ransacking libraries4 #aje-abb4 ,roman ,orators4 ,cicero can stand against ,demosthenes4 ,i do not propose1 however1 to make a detailed comparison between them1 and ,i admit that ,demosthenes is worthy of being learnt by heart4 ,in invention they resemble each other3 in style they differ1 ,demosthenes being more concise1 ,cicero more diffuse2 the one always pierces with the point of his weapon1 the other often lets you feel the weight of it2 the one has more art1 the other a greater natural gift4 ,in wit and pathos ,cicero excels4 ,demosthenes was perhaps debarred from glowing perorations2 but on the other hand the genius of the ,latin language denies to us a full measure of the peculiar #8,attic charm4' ,still ,demosthenes came first1 and ,cicero owes much to him4 ,he is however no mere imitator1--#8no cistern of rain-water1 but a living source4' ,instructive1 affecting1 pleasing1 he carries his audience away with him4 ,he wins conviction not by the zeal of a partisan1 but by the impartiality of a judge3 everything he does is natural and easy4 ,he was king of the bar in his own day1 and with us his name is a synonym for eloquence3 it is a mark of progress to have a high appreciation of ,cicero4 ,pollio1 with all his good points1 is so far behind ,cicero in charm and polish that it might be thought he lived a century earlier4 ,messalla is lucid and distinguished1 but wants force4 ,caesar might have disputed the palm with ,cicero2 his speeches breathe his warlike ardour1 and yet he is above all things #8elegans4' ,caelius has genius and wit3 he deserved a longer life4 ,calvus is by some preferred to all others2 but ,cicero thought that by too rigorous self-criticism he lost the very life-blood of style4 ,he is moral1 weighty1 chastened1 and often vigorous withal4 ,he was a strict ,atticist2 and it is a pity that he died so young1 if there was a likelihood of his enriching his style4 ,servius ,sulpicius made a name by three speeches4 ,cassius ,severus wants tone and dignity3 he has genius1 causticity1 and wit2 but his anger outruns his judgment4 ,of those whom ,i have seen1 ,afer and ,africanus rank highest3 the #e former might be classed with the orators of former days1 the latter is more vigorous1 but careless1 wordy1 and over-bold in metaphor4 ,trachalus has elevation2 he had great personal advantages as well4 ,vibius ,crispus is delightful1 but more fitted for private than for public cases4 ,iulius ,secundus did not live long enough to secure his due share of fame4 ,he is too much of an artist and too little of a fighting-man3 yet he has fluency1 lucidity1 and other good qualities4 ,our own era will furnish the future historian with many subjects of eulogy4 #abc-aca4 ,roman ,philosophers4 ,though we are not strong in philosophy1 yet here the universal ,tully is a match for ,plato4 ,brutus1 too1 is greater here than in oratory3 he speaks from the heart4 ,celsus has written a considerable number of works4 ,among the ,stoics1 ,plautus will be of service to the inquirer4 ,catius the ,epicurean has no great weight1 but is pleasant withal4 ,i might have mentioned ,seneca before1 and in every department1 but have purposely kept him waiting3 ,i am accused of disliking him4 ,the fact is that at a time when he alone was studied ,i strove to introduce a purer taste4 ,he disparaged the #8ancients1' and his imitators aggravated his defects4 ,he possessed wide learning1 though on special subjects he was sometimes misled by others4 ,his versatility is shown in oratory1 poetry1 letters1 and dialogues4 ,a stern moralist1 but a vicious1 yet seductive1 stylist4 ,his defects endear him to the young1 but rob him of the praise of those of riper years4 ,yet these too may find profit in him1 if they use their judgment4 ,would that he had had nobler aims6 ,yet he realised the aims he had4 #hb #he-ajj4 ,roman ,poets4--,quintilian's criticisms of ,latin literature1 though naturally more independent than his judgments of ,greek authors1 are hampered1 as ,professor ,nettleship has shown 7,journ4 ,phil4 #ah p4 #bfb sq47 by #8the idea of making canons of classical ,latin authors to correspond as closely as possible with the ,greek canons4 ,vergil leads the van among the poets as the ,latin ,homer2 ,macer and ,lucretius follow as representing ,hesiod and the didactic poets4 ,the elegiac poets1 ,propertius and ,tibullus1 follow next1 answering to ,tyrtaeus2 then the satirists who of course have no ,greek counterparts2 then the writers of lampoon1 ,catullus1 ,bibaculus1 and ,horace1 to match ,archilochus2 the lyric poets1 ,horace corresponding to ,pindar2 the dramatists1 comic and tragic1 among whom ,varius is singled out as equal to any ,of the ,greeks3 the historians1 ,sallust being matched with ,thucydides1 and ,livy with ,herodotus2 the orators1 ,cicero being of course compared in detail with ,demosthenes2 and the philosophers1 among whom we are told that ,cicero is aemulus ,platonis4' ,i3#he ,idem nobis per ,romanos quoque auctores ordo ducendus est4 ,itaque ut apud illos ,homerus1 sic apud nos ,vergilius auspicatissimum dederit exordium1 omnium eius generis poetarum ,graecorum nostrorumque haud dubie proximus4 #he4 ,idem 444 ordo ducendus4 ,cp4 #e #a robustorum studiis ordinem dedimus3 xii4 #b1 #aj ut ordinem retro agamus4 ,there is a suggestion of military associations in the use of the phrase3 tr4 #8in the same way we must marshal4' ,cp4 ,brut4 #ae explicatis ordinibus temporum2 and i4 #d1 #c with ,spalding's note4--,for ordinem ducere in the sense of #8to be the leader of a company' 7sc4 as centurion7 cp4 ,cic4 ,phil4 i4 #h1 #bj3 ,caes4 ,b4 ,c4 i4 #ac1 #d3 iii4 #ajd1 #c3 ,livy ii4 #bc1 #d4 ,vergilius3 his claim to rank along with ,homer is indicated in i4 #h1 #e optime institutum est ut ab ,homero atque ,vergilio lectio inciperet4 auspicatissimum4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,germ4 #aa agendis rebus hoc anspicatissimum initium credunt3 ,plin4 ad ,traian1 xvii4 #c cum mihi contigerit1 quod erat auspicatissimum1 natalem tuum in provincia celebrare4 ,cp4 the opening words of ,pliny's ,panegyricus3 ,bene ac sapienter1 patres conscripti1 maiores instituerunt ut rerum agendarum ita dicendi initium a precationibus capere1 quod nihil rite1 nihil providenter homines sine deorum immortalium ope consilio honore auspicarentur4 ,cicero1 de ,div4 i4 #af1 #bh ,nihil fere quondam maioris rei nisi auspicato ne privatim quidem gerebatur4 dederit3 v4 on #cg4 haud dubie3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#hf ,utar enim verbis isdem quae ex ,afro ,domitio iuvenis excepi3 qui mihi #hc interroganti quem ,homero crederet maxime accedere1 #8secundus1' inquit1 #8est ,vergilius1 propior tamen primo quam tertio4' ,et hercule ut illi naturae caelesti atque immortali cesserimus1 ita curae et diligentiae vel ideo in hoc plus est1 quod ei fuit magis laborandum2 et quantum eminentibus vincimur fortasse aequalitate pensamus4 #hf4 ,afro ,domitio4 ,the order is characteristic of the silver age1 though examples are found also in ,cicero's letters 7,introd4 p4 lv473 cp4 ,atacinus ,varro1 below1 and #ajc4 ,domitius ,afer 7cp4 #bd7 was a distinguished orator who flourished under ,tiberius and his successors1 and died in the reign of ,nero1 ,a4,d4 #ei 7,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #ai74 ,he was a native of ,nemausus 7,nismes71 and first rose to fame by the prosecution of ,agrippina's cousin ,claudia ,pulchra3 ,tiberius avowed that he was a #8born orator' 7suo iure disertum1 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #eb74 ,being of an unscrupulous character 7quoquo facinore properus clarescere1 ibid47 he placed his rhetorical powers at the disposal of the government3 mox capessendis accusationibus aut reos tutando prosperiore eloquentiae quam morum fama fuit1 ibid4 ,quintilian's connection with him 7cp4 v4 #g1 #g quem adolescentulus senem colui7 comes out in the story he told to ,pliny about ,afer3 #8adsectabar ,domitium1' ,plin4 ,epist4 ii4 #ad4 ,below 7#aah7 he speaks of him1 along with ,iulius ,africanus1 7to whom he prefers him7 as the best orator he had ever heard3 though he tells us elsewhere that ,afer lost much of his reputation by continuing to speak in public after he should have retired3 vidi ego longe omnium quos mihi cognoscere contigit summum oratorem1 ,domitium ,afrum1 valde senem1 cotidie aliquid ex ea quam meruerat auctoritate perdentem1 cum agente illo quem principem fuisse quondam fori non erat dubium alii1 quod indignum videatur1 riderent1 alii erubescerent2 quae occasio fuit dicendi1 malle eum deficere quam desinere4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #eb ad fin4 aetas extrema multum etiam eloquentiae dempsit dum fessa mente retinet silentii impatientiam4 excepi4 ,as distinguished from accipere1 #hc which1 when used in this sense1 means to get some information at second-hand1 excipere always refers to what is said in one's presence1 whether one is meant to hear1 as in this passage1 or not2 as ,livy ii4 #d sermonem eorum ex servis unus excepit4 ,homero4 ,the same dative with accedere occurs #fh magis accedit oratorio generi 7,euripides74 ,with the name of a person ,cicero also uses the dative1--e4g4 ,crasso et ,antonio ,l4 ,philippus proximus accedebat1 ,brut4 #agc1 and so ad ,fam4 xi4 #ba1 #d me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere3 otherwise more commonly ad c4 acc4 ,cp4 de ,orat4 #a #bfb 7dubitare7 utrius oratio propius ad veritatem videretur accedere with ,quint4 xii4 #aj1 #i ad veritatem ,lysippum ac ,praxitelem optime accessisse4 ,so xii4 #b1 #b3 #a1 #bj3 #b1 #be4 propior tamen primo4 ,see note on #ec ut plane manifesto appareat quanto sit aliud proximum esse1 aliud secundum4 ,here the interval between first and second is less than that between second and third3 ,vergil is a #8good second4' ut illi3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 naturae ingenio1 as #aai erant clara et nuper ingenia3 cp4 #abb4 ,cic4 in ,verr4 ii4 #a #dj non enim potest ea natura quae tantum facinus commiserit hoc uno scelere esse contenta4 caelesti3 for the hyperbole cp4 caelestis huius in dicendo viri 7,ciceronis7 #b #ah4 ,so ,cic4 ,phil4 v4 #bh caelestes divinasque legiones3 ,ps4 ,cic4 ad ,brutum ii4 #g1 #b res a te gesta memorabilis et paene caelestis4 ut 444 cesserimus ita4 ,for ut 444 ita 7 444 7 cp4 #c1 #a and #ca4 ,ut is not concessive and does not affect the verb1 which is in the subjunctive of modified assertion 7for cedendum est73 cp4 dederit above #he3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #be sine ulla dubitatione confirmaverim4 ,quintilian is speaking throughout of the ,romans in the person of their great poet3 cp4 vincimur1 pensamus1 below2 also #ic provocamus1 #ii consequimur1 #ajg vincimus4 ,kiderlin's objection that1 as fully admitting the superiority of ,homer1 he would not have been likely to choose1 on patriotic grounds1 a form that seems to modify the force of the concession1 is met by the instance of the potential subj4 quoted above alongside of sine ulla dubitatione4 eminentibus3 neut4 of adj4 used substantively1--common enough in ,quintilian even with adjj4 of the third declension3 cp4 #c #e nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus4 ,see ,introduction1 p4 xlix 7#e74 ,such #8outstanding' passages as those alluded to ,horace terms the #8speciosa miracula' 7#8striking1' #8picturesque marvels'7 of the ,homeric poems1 ,a4 ,p4 #add4 aequalitate1 #8uniform excellence'3 cp4 aequali quadam mediocritate #ed4 ,in #bd ,quintilian has already referred to the quandoque dormitat1 and his words are probably an echo of the ,horatian criticism4 ,for the use of aequalitas cp4 xi4 #c1 #dc-dd4 ,in regard to style1 ,cicero has ,orat4 #aih omnis nec claudicans nec quasi fluctuans sed aequaliter constanterque ingrediens numerosa habetur oratio3 and using aequabilitas ibid4 #ec elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi4 ,i3#hg ,ceteri omnes longe sequentur4 ,nam ,macer et ,lucretius legendi quidem1 sed non ut 1 id est corpus eloquentiae faciant1 elegantes in sua quisque materia1 sed alter humilis1 alter difficilis4 ,atacinus ,varro in iis per quae nomen #hd est adsecutus interpres operis alieni1 non spernendus quidem1 verum ad augendam facultatem dicendi parum locuples4 #hg4 ,macer3 v4 on #ef4 ,lucretius4 ,the references made to ,lucretius in ,latin literature are collected by ,teuffel1 ,r4 ,l4 #bja4 ,the two are named together again xii4 #aa #bg4 elocutionem1 v1 #db4 ,so ad augendam facultatem dicendi1 below4 ,for #8corpus eloquentiae' cp4 ,petronius1 ,satyr4 ii4 7of the imitators of ,seneca7 #8effecistis ut corpus orationis enervaretur et caderet4' humilis3 #8common-place1' difficilis3 cp4 multis luminibus ingenii multae tamen artis1--,cicero's criticism1 dealt with by ,munro1 ii4 p4 #cae 7#crd ed474 ,varro1 ,p4 ,terentius 7,b4,c4 #hb-cg71 called #hd ,atacinus from the river ,atax in ,gallia ,narbonensis1 his native province4 ,quintilian's criticism here refers to the work by which he was best known--his translation of the ,argonautica of ,apollonius ,rhodius 7#8interpres operis alieni'74 ,he also wrote what is described as a metrical system of astronomy and geography under the title ,chorographia or ,cosmographia3 a heroic poem ,bellum ,sequanicum1 in the style of ,ennius and ,naevias3 and ,saturae which1 if we may trust ,horace1 were a failure3 ,satires i4 #aj1 #df ,hoc erat experto frustra ,varrone ,atacino 444 ,melius quod scribere possem4 per quae3 common in ,quintilian to designate #8means by which'3 cp4 v4 #aj1 #cb4 ,so also per quod1 per hoc3 see on #aj4 nomen3 cp4 #gb1 #abj1 #e1 #ah3 xii4 #f1 #g3 ii4 #aa1 #a3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj nomen inserere famae3 ib4 #cf plus notitiae ac nominis apud plebem parabat4 ,i3#hh ,ennium sicut sacros vetustate lucos adoremus1 in quibus grandia et antiqua robora iam non tantam habent speciem quantam religionem4 ,propiores alii1 atque ad hoc de quo loquimur magis utiles4 ,lascivus #he quidem in herois quoque ,ovidius et nimium amator ingenii sui1 laudandus tamen in partibus4 #hh4 ,ennius1 the ,chaucer of ,latin literature 7#bci-afi ,b4,c471--qui primus amoeno detulit ex ,helicone perenni fronde coronam 7,lucr4 i4 #aai74 ,lucretius in this passage calls him #8,ennius noster1' as does also ,cicero1 pro ,archia #ah1 #bb4 #8,it will be observed1' says ,professor ,nettleship1 #8that ,quintilian is a ,ciceronian1 and that both as against the younger school of his own day and as against the pre-,ciceronian literature4 ,ennius he sets aside with a few respectful words3 ,pacuvius and ,accius1 one must almost suppose1 he had never read 7#ig73 if he had read them1 then1 he did not think it worth while to pass an independent judgment upon them 7but see note ad loc47 ,the comedians1 ,plautus1 ,caecilius1 and ,terence1 he will hardly notice2 so far1 he thinks1 do they fall below their ,greek originals4 ,lucretius he totally misconceives1 even granting his point of view1 for can it be said that there are no fine passages of rhetoric in the ,de ,rerum ,natura8 ,the criticisms on the post-,ciceronian orators are for the most part 7remembering that ,quintilian is thinking of the needs of an orator7 sound and well expressed1 notably that upon ,ovid 7#hh74 ,but they are mostly too short1 and leave the impression that the writer is anxious to get to the end of them4 ,in speaking of ,cicero1 however1 ,quintilian rises to the height of real enthusiasm4' ,journ4 of ,phil4 l4c4 sacros vetustate lucos4 ,for the reverence attaching to groves cp4 ,seneca1 ,epist4 ,mor4 ,,iv1 xii4 7#da7 ,si tibi occurrerit vetustis arboribus et solitam altitudinem egressis frequens lucus et conspectum caeli ramorum aliorum alios protegentium umbra submovens3 illa proceritas silvae et secretum loci et admiratio umbrae in aperto tam densae atque continuae fidem tibi numinis facit4 speciem4 ,so ,ovid1 ,trist4 ii4 #dbd ,ennius ingenio maximus1 arte rudis3 ,am4 i4 #ae1 #ai ,ennius arte carens4 ,cp4 ,quint1 i4 #h1 #h plerique plus ingenio quam arte valuerunt 7veteres ,latini74 ,propiores1 not ,vergilio1 as ,bonnell and ,krger 7the latter1 in #bnd ed41 contrasting #hf ceteri omnes longe sequentur73 but rather1 by inference from #8vetustate' and #8antiqua' in the previous sentence propiores nostrae aetati4 ,but see ,claussen1 ,quaest4 ,quintil4 pp4 #ceh-i4 ad hoc de quo loquimur ad augendam facultatem dicendi3 4 lascivus3 so below #ic ,ovidius utroque 7,tibullo et ,propertio7 lascivior1 sicut durior ,gallus4 ,the word and its cognates are used by ,quintilian of #8running riot1' whether in thought1 language1 or manner4 ,the verb lascivire is used in regard to a certain mannerism of ,ovid1 iv4 #a1 #gg ut ,ovidius lascivire in metamorphosesi solet1--wrongly classed in ,bonnell's lexicon under mores3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #bh4 ,so ii4 #d1 #c neque 444 arcessitis descriptionibus1 in quas plerique imitatione poeticae licentiae ducuntur1 lasciviat3 xii4 #aj1 #gc genus dicendi quod puerilibus sententiolis lascivit3 ix4 #d1 #f3 iv4 #b1 #ci3 xi4 #a1 #ef4 ,see above1 recens haec lascivia #dc3 cp4 ii4 #e1 #aj and #bb3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bf lascivia verborum et levitate sententiarum et licentia compositionis4 ,the adjective occurs along with hilare v4 #c1 #bg1 and with dicaces vi4 #c1 #da3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bi parvulos assuefaciunt 444 lasciviae et dicacitati4 ,it #he means #8exuberance' of any kind1 as against severe restraint3 ix4 #d1 #adb duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem1 qualis apud multos1 et cotidie magis1 lascivissimis syntonorum modis saltat3 ,horace1 ,a4 ,p4 #ajf ludentem lasciva 7verba decent7 severum seria dictu3 i4e4 #8sportive' as opp4 to #8serious'3 ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #baf lasciva decentius aetas1 #8that may more becomingly make merry4' ,wilkins says the word occurs ten times in ,horace1 and never in a distinctly bad sense3 lascivi pueri ,sat4 i4 #c1 #acd3 lasciva puella ,verg4 ,ecl4 iii4 #fd4 in herois quoque3 sc4 versibus4 ,cp4 ix4 #d1 #hh and #hi4 ,this characteristic of his elegiac compositions reappears even in his heroic verse1 i4e4 the ,metamorphoses4 ,at ix4 #d1 #hh 7pes7 herous 4 ,so ,martial iii4 #bj1 #f lascivus elegis an severus herois8 nimium amator ingenii sui3 cp4 #ih below1 si ingenio suo imperare quam indulgere maluisset4 ,m4 ,seneca1 ,controv4 iv4 #bh1 #ag 7p4 #bha7 ,ovidius nescit quod bene cessit relinquere3 ii4 #aj1 #ab 7of a declamatio by ,ovid7 verbis minime licenter usus est nisi in carminibus1 in quibus non ignoravit vitia sua1 sed amavit 444 adparet summi ingenii viro non indicium defuisse ad compescendam licentiam carminum suorum1 sed animum4 ,cp4 ,sen4 ,nat4 ,quaest4 iii4 #bg1 #ac poetarum ingeniosissimus 444 nisi tantum impetum ingenii et materiae ad pueriles ineptias reduxisset4 ,of ,seneca the philosopher ,quintilian uses similar language below #acj si non omnia sua amasset4 ,for the use of an adv4 with verb-noun in -tor 7as if it were a participle7 cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #ab ,quis tam ,lucili fautor inepte est4 ,see ,introd4 p4 xlv4 in partibus1 opp4 to totum 7#8in einzeln ,partien'--,ngelsbach #gf p4 #bif74 ,cp4 in parte #g #be3 also #b #bf in partibus3 vii4 #b1 #bb si quando in partibus laborabimus1 universitate pugnandum est4 ,the frequency with which in parte occurs in ,quintilian 7as well as ex parte1 which is used by ,cicero and ,livy7 makes the reading probable1 though the ,,mss4 omit in1 while many give parcius for partibus4 ,cp4 ii4 #h1 #f quod 444 mihi in parte verum videtur3 iv4 #e1 #ac3 v4 #g1 #bb3 xi4 #b1 #cd4 ,i3#hi ,cornelius autem ,severus1 etiamsi sit versificator quam poeta melior1 si tamen1 ut est #hf dictum1 ad exemplar primi libri bellum ,siculum perscripsisset1 vindicaret sibi iure secundum locum4 ,serranum consummari mors immatura non passa est1 puerilia tamen eius opera et maximam indolem ostendunt et admirabilem praecipue in aetate illa recti generis voluntatem4 #hi4 ,cornelius ,severus1 contemporary and friend of ,ovid1 who addresses to him ,epist4 ex ,ponto iv4 #b 7#a ,o vates magnorum maxime regum3 #aa sq4 fertile pectus habes interque ,helicona colentes ,uberius nulli provenit ista seges73 cp4 carmen regale iv4 #af1 #i4 ,in spite of the apology in iv4 #b 7eius adhuc nomen nostros tacuisse libellos71 it is probable that ,epist4 i4 #h is also addressed to him3 v4 #b pars animae magna1 ,severe1 meae3 #be1 o iucunde sodalis4 ,m4 ,seneca 7,suas4 vi4 #bf7 quotes twenty-five hexameters of his1 with the introductory remark1 which seems well deserved1 #8nemo ex tot disertissimis viris melius ,ciceronis mortem deflevit quam ,severus ,cornelius4' etiamsi sit4 ,the use of the subj4 would seem to indicate that ,quintilian leaves the truth of the criticism an open question 7,roby #aefj74 ,osann is wrong in taking it as indicating ,quintilian's own opinion4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 versificator4 ,this word occurs also in ,justin4 vi4 #i1 #d3 versificatores meliores quam duces3 ,vopisc4 ,saturn4 i4 #g1 #d3 ,terent4 ,maur4 #ajab3 ,bede #bced ,p4 ,if taken in a depreciatory sense it seems rather inconsistent with the high praise given him in what follows3 but we gather from notices in the grammarians and from the extant fragments that ,severus was #8inclined to artificiality of expression and to the affectation of elegance1 even where the thought is quite simple1' as in the quotation in ,charisius1 p4 #hc ,huc ades ,aonia crinem circumdata serta4 ,for the antithesis versificator 444 poeta cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #ci neque enim concludere versum dixeris esse satis 444 7ut7 putes hunc esse poetam4 si tamen4 ,tamen really goes with vindicaret1 but the inversion tamen si 7,hild7 is quite unnecessary2 elsewhere in ,quintilian tamen is found attached to the subordinate and not to the principal sentence3 xi4 #c1 #ef etiam si non utique vocis sunt vitia1 quia tamen propter vocem accidunt1 potissimum huic loco subiciantur3 ii4 #ag1 #bd-be3 cp4 cum tamen xi4 #c1 #ia4 7,in ix4 #b1 #ee si tamen si modo1 si quidem3 in quo est et illa si tamen inter schemata numerari debet 444 digressio3 cp4 ii4 #ae1 #d47 ut est dictum4 ,becher agrees with ,halm in considering this to be a gloss on #hf etiam si 7sit7 melior1 and it is omitted in ,krger's #crd ed4 ,but it is obvious that 7unless he is quoting from himself7 ,quintilian is here giving a criticism at secondhand 7dictum sc4 ab aliis71 and conveying the opinion of contemporary critics3 cp4 #fj adeo ut videatur quibusdam1 of ,archilochus4 ,no great difficulty need be occasioned by the position of the words1 though they would have been at least as well placed in the main sentence4 ,kiderlin 7in ,hermes7 proposes to read #8etiamsi versificator quam poeta melior sit1 tamen1 ut est dictum1 si ad exemplar1' c4 bellum ,siculum3 i4e4 the war with ,sext4 ,pompeius ,b4,c4 #ch-cf 7,siculae classica bella fugae ,propert4 ii4 #a1 #bh74 ,scaliger suggested bellum civile1 with which ,severus's poems seem to have dealt1 either in whole or in part4 ,the primus liber is unknown4 ,bernhardy refers to the extract in ,seneca1 ,suas4 vii4 7,burm4 ,a4 ,l4 ii4 #aee7 as justifying ,quintilian's criticism1 and seems inclined to hazard the conjecture 7based on a quotation from ,valerius ,probus in the ,wiener ,analecta ,gramm4 p4 #baf--;,cornelius ,severus rerum ,romanarum l4 #a7 that the title of the whole work was ,res ,romanae1 the ,bellum ,siculum being only a section4--7,can bellum ,siculum have crept into the text as a gloss on #8primi libri1' the more general title bellum civile dropping out8 ,the whole poem cannot have dealt with the bellum ,siculum74 perscripsisset3 common enough in the sense of #8write a full account of'3 here #8from beginning to end'3 cp4 perlegere1 pervenire4 secundum locum--among epic poets1 after ,vergil4 ,serranum is the conjectural emendation generally adopted in place of the readings of the ,,mss4 ,it rests on the passage in ,juvenal vii4 #gi ,contentus fama iaceat ,lucanus in hortis ,marmoreis2 at ,serrano tenuique ,saleio ,gloria quantalibet quid erit1 si gloria tantum est8 ,some have ascribed to him the ,eclogues which have come down to us under the name of ,calpurnius ,siculus4 ,martial 7iv4 #cg1 #b7 speaks of a ,serranus who was deep in debt4 ,most old edd4 read ,sed eum1 still referring to ,severus4 consummari3 cp4 #abb3 #b #bh3 #e #ad and frequently in ,quintilian 7v4 ,bonnell's ,lex474 ,seneca1 ,ep4 #hh1 #bh1 una re consummatur animus1 scientia bonorum ac malorum immutabili1 quae soli philosophiae competit4 in aetate illa3 #8for one so young4' recti generis3 cp4 #dd rectum dicendi genus3 ix4 #c1 #c3 ii4 #e1 #aa4 ,the objective genitive after #8voluntas' is noteworthy3 cp4 libertatis novae gaudium ,flor4 i4 #i1 #c4 ,i3#ij ,multum in ,valerio ,flacco nuper amisimus4 ,vehemens et poeticum ingenium ,salei ,bassi #hg fuit1 nec ipsum senectute maturuit4 ,rabirius ac ,pedo non in digni cognitione1 si vacet4 ,lucanus ardens et concitatus et sententiis clarissimus1 et1 ut dicam quod sentio1 magis oratoribus quam poetis imitandus4 #ij4 ,valerio ,flacco4 ,martial addresses him in i4 #gg1 exhorting him1 with some irony1 to give up verse-writing as unprofitable and turn lawyer4 ,from another epigram 7i4 #fa7 we gather that he was a native of ,padua 7#8,apona tellus'74 ,he flourished in the reign of ,vespasian1 to whom he dedicated his ,argonautica1 c4 ,a4,d4 #gj1 and died about #hh4 ,juvenal may be referring to this poem i4 #h-aj3 where see ,mayor's notes4 ,there is a touch of personal sorrow about the use of amisimus4 ,for the expression cp4 ,florus iv4 #g1 #ad ,brutus cum in ,cassio suum animum perdidisset4 nuper3 ,flaccus died about #hh ,a4,d4 ,quintilian wrote his work between #ic and #ie4 ,salei ,bassi4 ,cp4 tenuique ,saleio1 ,iuv4 vii4 #hj1 quoted above4 ,his name occurs several times in the ,dial4 de ,orat43 ,saleium ,bassum1 cum optimum virum tum absolutissimum poetam #e3 egregium poetam vel si hoc honorificentius est praeclarissimum vatem #i1 where it is stated that he got a gift of #ejj sestertia from ,vespasian3 cp4 also #aj4 ,the ,bassus ridiculed by ,martial 7iii4 #dg1 #eh3 v4 #bc3 viii4 #aj3 vii4 #if7 is a different person1 though he also wrote tragedies3 v4 #ec1 #a-b ,colchida quid scribis1 quid scribis1 amice1 ,thyesten8 ,quo tibi vel ,nioben1 ,basse1 vel ,andromachen8 #hg nec ipsum senectute maturuit3 #8but it was not mellowed by age'3 nec ipsum his genius no more than that of ,serranus1 above4 ,on the other reading 7senectus maturavit7 ipsum would be accus4 masc43 but the construction is harsh1 and maturo in this transitive use is only found in ,pliny1 of the processes of nature4 ,rabirius1 a contemporary of ,ovid1 ,ep4 ex ,ponto iv4 #af1 #e magnique ,rabirius oris4 ,velleius ,paterculus mentions him along with ,vergil1 omitting ,horace3 inter quae 7ingenia7 maxime nostri aevi eminent princeps carminum ,vergilius ,rabiriusque ii4 #cf1 #c3 ,seneca de ,benef4 vi4 #c1 #a egregie mihi videtur ,m4 ,antonius apud ,rabirium poetam 444 exclamare1 hoc habeo quodcunque dedi4 ,he is generally supposed to be the author of a fragment on the battle of ,actium and the death of ,cleopatra1 discovered in the rolls of ,herculaneum4 ,pedo1 ,c4 ,albinovanus1 friend of ,ovid1 who styles him sidereus ex ,pont4 iv4 #af1 #f1 carissime iv4 #aj1 #c4 ,martial refers to him as a scholarly poet 7doctique ,pedonis ii4 #gg7 and epigrammatist 7i4 praef47--in both places along with ,domitius ,marsus3 ,paley and ,stone are wrong in identifying him with the ,celsus ,albinovanus of ,horace1 ,epist4 i4 #c1 #ae and #h1 #a4 ,seneca tells a story he had heard from him in ,ep4 #abb1 #ac1 and compliments him as being #8fabulator elegantissimus4' ,m4 ,seneca 7,suas4 i4 #ad7 gives us #bc hexameters of his which formed part of a poem celebrating the famous voyage of ,germanicus 7cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #bc74 ,the #8,consolatio ad ,liviam ,augustam de morte ,drusi ,neronis1' first attributed to him by ,scaliger1 is now believed to be a production of the fifteenth century 7,bernhardy1 pp4 #dhf-g74 ,he also wrote a ,theseis 7,ovid1 ex ,pont4 iv4 #aj1 #ga sq474 ,lucanus1 ,m4 ,annaeus1 the author of the #8,pharsalia1' ,a4,d4 #ch-fe4 ,the criticism of ,quintilian puts before us ,lucan's merits and defects1--the predominance of the declamatory element being prominent among the latter4 ,in the ,dial4 de ,orat4 #bj he is classed along with ,vergil and ,horace1 exigitur 444 ab oratore etiam poeticus decor 444 ex ,horatii et ,vergilii et ,lucani sacrario prolatus4 ,on the other hand ,serv4 ad ,aen4 i4 #chb ,lucanus ideo in numero poetarum esse non meruit quia videtur historiam composuisse non poema3 cp4 ,petron4 ,sat4 #aah4 ,so1 too1 ,martial xiv4 #aid ,lucanus1 ,sunt quidam qui me dicant non esse poetam1 ,sed qui me vendit bibliopola putat4 ,the ut dicam quod sentio seems to indicate that ,quintilian is combating the prevailing sentiment about ,lucan4--,cp4 ,heitland's ,introd4 to ,lucan's ,pharsalia 7,haskins71 p4 lxx4 sententiis--1 v4 #ej1 #fa1 #8such general utterances as have a bearing upon human life and action1' ,heitland1 pp4 lxv-lxvii4 ,i3#ia ,hos nominavimus1 quia ,germanicum ,augustum ab institutis studiis deflexit cura terrarum1 parumque #hh dis visum est esse eum maximum poetarum4 ,quid tamen his ipsis eius operibus1 in quae donato imperio iuvenis secesserat1 sublimius1 doctius1 omnibus denique numeris praestantius8 ,quis enim caneret bella melius quam qui sic gerit8 ,quem praesidentes studiis deae propius audirent8 ,cui magis suas artes aperiret familiare numen ,minervae8 #ia4 ,hos1 sub4 tantum3 as #e #g uno genere4 ,see ,ngelsbach #hd on the omission of adverbs3 p4 #cca sq4 ,germanicum4 ,domitian took this title after his expedition against the ,chatti1 ,a4,d4 #hd3 ,frontinus1 ,strateg4 ii4 #aa1 #g ,imperator ,caesar ,augustus ,germanicus eo bello quo victis hostibus cognomen ,germanici meruit4 ,of this triumph ,tacitus says 7,agric4 #ci7 that ,domitian was conscious #8derisui fuisse falsum e ,germania triumphum4' ,for the tone of adulation cp4 ,proem4 ,book ,,iv1 #b sq41 where ,domitian is spoken of as #8sanctissimus censor1' and #8principem ut in omnibus ita in eloquentia eminentissimum1' and is even invoked as a divinity1--nunc omnes in auxilium deos ipsumque in primis quo neque praesentius aliud nec studiis magis propitium numen est1 invocem4 ,hild compares the following passages as showing the spirit of the age3--,statius1 ,silvae i4 #a and #d3 iii4 #c3 iv4 #a and #b3 ,silius ,italicus iii4 #fah sq43 ,valerius ,flaccus i4 #ab3 and ,martial1 ,epist4 ,ded4 of vii43 cp4 #fe1 #hb et passim4 ,see ,introd4 p4 xi4 ab institutes studiis3 ,suet4 ,dom4 #b simulavit et ipse mire modestiam imprimisque poeticae studium1 tam insuetum antea sibi quam postea spretum et abiectum1 recitavitque etiam publice4 ,from ,val4 ,flacc4 i4 #ab it would appear that he contemplated an epic poem on the war with the ,jews4 ,tac4 ,hist4 iv4 #hf ,domitianus sperni a senioribus iuventam suam cernens1 modice quoque et usurpata antea munia imperii omittebat1 simplicitatis ac #hh modestiae imagine1 in altitudinem conditus studiumque litterarum et amorem carminum simulans1 quo velaret animum et fratris aemulationi subduceretur1 cuius disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur4 ,cp4 ,pliny1 ,introd4 to ,nat4 ,hist4 ,but ,suetonius #bj gives the reverse side3 nunquam 444 aut historiae carminibusve noscendis operam ullam1 aut stilo vel necessario dedit4 ,praeter commentarios et acta ,tiberii ,caesaris nihil lectitabat2 epistolas orationesque et edicta alieno formabat ingenio4 cura terrarum3 cp4 ,mart4 viii4 #hb ,posse deum rebus pariter ,musisque vacare ,scimus1 et haec etiam serta placere tibi4 donato imperio1 i4e4 to his father ,vespasian1 as he pretended1 and his brother ,titus3 cp4 ,suet4 ,dom4 #ac principatum adeptus neque in senatu iactare dubitavit #8et patri se et fratri imperium dedisse4' numeris3 #gj4 qui sic gerit3 cp4 #aad of ,julius ,caesar1 #8eodem animo dixisse quo bellavit4' ,statius has a similar compliment to ,domitian1 ,achil4 i4 #ae1 #af cui geminae florent vatumque ducumque certatim laurus3 olim dolet altera vinci4 praesidentes deae3 #dh invocatione dearum quas praesidere vatibus creditum est4 propius audirent3 cp4 ,aen4 i4 #ebf parce pio generi et propius res aspice nostras4 ,the phrase is used of interest as well as nearness1 and refers either to the presence and sympathy of the ,muses when the poet reads his compositions 7recitavitque etiam publice ,suet4 ,dom4 #b71 or 7less probably7 to their gracious answer to his prayer for inspiration4 ,becher cites also ,ovid1 ,trist4 i4 #b1 #g oderat ,aenean propior ,saturnia ,turno4--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 familiare numen ,minervae3 ,domitian was desirous of passing for a son of ,minerva 7,philostratus1 ,vit4 ,apoll4 vii4 #bd71 and punished with death a priest of ,tarentum who had failed to address him by this title in offering sacrifice4 ,he also instituted the ,quinquatria ,minervae 7,suet4 #d71 with contests in poetry and rhetoric4 ,at the quinquennial festival of ,jupiter ,capitolinus he himself presided1 #8capite gestans coronam auream cum effigie ,iovis ac ,iunonis ,minervaeque4' ,merivale vii4 #cia-cid4--,krger cites ,aen4 i4 #ddg 7templum7 donis opulentum et numine divae4 ,i3#ib ,dicent haec plenius futura saecula1 nunc enim ceterarum fulgore virtutum laus ista praestringitur4 ,nos tamen sacra litterarum colentes feres1 ,caesar1 si non tacitum hoc praeterimus et ,vergiliano certe versu testamur3 inter victrices hederam tibi serpere laurus4 #ib4 praestringitur3 #cj4 feres1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,the subj4 7feras7 is given in many edd4 as more appropriate to the subservient tone of the whole passage4 ,vergiliano3 ,ecl4 viii1 #ac1 addressed to ,pollio4 ,cp4 ,mart4 viii4 #hb1 #g ,non quercus te sola decet1 nec laurea ,phoebi3 fiat et ex hedera civica nostra tibi4 ,i3#ic ,elegea quoque ,graecos provocamus1 cuius mihi tersus atque #hi elegans maxime videtur auctor ,tibullus3 sunt qui ,propertium malint4 ,ovidius utroque lascivior1 sicut durior ,gallus4 ,satura quidem tota nostra est1 in qua primus insignem laudem #ij adeptus ,lucilius quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores ut eum non eiusdem modo operis auctoribus sed omnibus poetis praeferre non dubitent4 #ic4 ,elegea4 ,the form elegea is received into the text by ,halm in i4 #h1 #f1 but not by ,meister4 ,ovid has elegea1--flebilis indignos elegeia solve capillos1 ,am4 iii4 #i1 #c3 cp4 cultis aut elegia comis ,martial v4 #cj1 #d4 ,elegi is more common3 ,hor4 ,car4 i4 #cc1 #b miserabiles1 ,a4 ,p4 #gg exiguos3 ,tib4 ii4 #d1 #ac3 ,prop4 v4 #a1 #ace3 ,iuv4 i4 #d4--,the same names are enumerated in chronological order by ,ovid3 ,successor fuit hic 7,tibullus7 tibi1 ,galle1 ,propertius illi4 ,quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui1 ,trist4 iv4 #aj1 #fc3 ,teuffel #bi4 provocamus3 post-,aug4 in this figurative sense3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #g1 #d senes illos provocare virtute3 7cp4 ea pictura naturam ipsam provocavit ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 xxxv4 #aj1 #cf #id47 ,so of things immensum ,iatus circi templorom #hi pulchritudinem provocat1 ,panegyr4 #ea4--;,hild quotes ,diomed4 iii4 #fj1 p4 #dhd ,quod genus carminis praecipue scripserunt apud ,romanos ,propertius et ,tibullus et ,gallus1 imitati graecos ,callimachum et ,euphoriona4 ,catullus also had used the elegiac metre1 though1 as ,mr4 ,munro says 7,catullus1 p4 #bca71 his elegies are by no means up to the level of his lyrics4 ,in his hands the elegy retained the ease and freedom of its original form1 though often wanting in technical finish3 ,tibullus and his successors ,latinized it1 and adapted it to new conditions4 tersus1 #8smooth and finished'3 xii4 #aj1 #ej quod libris dedicatur 444 tersum ac limatum 444 esse oportere4 ,so below #id4 ,tibullus1 c4 #ed-ah ,b4,c4 ,hor4 ,epist4 i4 #d3 ,ovid1 ,am4 iii4 #i4 ,as distinguished from ,propertius 7c4 #ej-ae ,b4,c471 he is the poet of warm1 tender1 natural feeling1 which he expresses in neat and finished verse4 ,he confines himself to such themes and such scenes as suited the limitations of his genius4 ,propertius has more force and strength2 but he is more involved1 often in fact obscure2 and his indirectness and artificiality have greatly interfered with the adequate recognition of his undoubted powers4 ,cp4 ,muretus1 ,schol4 in ,propert43 illum 7,tibullum7 iudices simplicius scripsisse quae cogitaret3 hunc 7,propertium7 diligentius cogitasse quae scriberet4 ,in illo plus naturae1 in hoc plus curae atque industriae perspicias4 ,for a modern estimate cp4 ,postgate's ,select ,elegies lvii4 sqq41 esp4 lxvii3 8,no real judge of poetry will hesitate for a moment to place ,propertius high above them both 7,tibullus and ,ovid74 ,it is true that in some respects they may both claim the advantage over him2 ,tibullus for refined simplicity1 for natural grace and exquisiteness of touch2 ,ovid for the technical merits of execution1 for transparency of construction1 for smoothness and polish of expression4 ,but in all the higher qualities of a poet he is as much their superior40 lascivior3 v4 on #hh4 ,the antithesis is here given in durior 7#8more masculine'71 which seems to show that the reference is primarily to ,ovid's style3 7cp4 ix4 #d1 #adb1 quoted at #hh74 ,ovid's exuberant vivacity and sportive imagination1 as well as his indifference to deep conviction and high ideals1 might however well be included in the criticism4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem4 ,martial has of ,propertius #8,cynthia te vatem fecit1 lascive ,properti' viii4 #gc1 #e3 which1 like ,ovid's tener 7,a4 ,a4 iii4 #ccc71 ,postgate thinks refers rather to his subject than to his treatment of it4 8,with ,tibullus and ,propertius love was at any rate a passion4 ,with ,ovid it was une affaire de cur40 ,gallus1 ,cornelius1 of ,forum ,iulii 7#fi-bf71 was the first praefectus ,aegypti under ,augustus1 but on a report of some rash speeches was banished1 and committed suicide in his forty-third year4 ,vergil is said to have originally finished the ,georgics with a tribute to ,gallus1 and on being ordered to erase it1 substituted the ,aristaeus episode which now occupies the latter half of ,book ,,iv4 ,vergil's regard for him1 however1 comes out in ,eclogue vi4 #fd sqq41 and in the dedication of ,eclogue x4 7sollicitos ,galli dicamus amores71 in which he seeks to console him for the loss of his love ,lycoris 7,cytheris74 ,on it ,servius observes3 et ,euphorionem 444 transtulit in latinum sermonem 7l4 #ej7 et amorum suorum de ,cytheride scripsit libros quatuor4 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,trist4 ii4 #dde ,nec fuit opprobrio celebrasse ,lycorida ,gallo1 ,amor4 i4 #ae1 #cj3 ,trist4 iv4 #aj1 #ec3 ,remed4 #gfe ,quis potuit lecto durus discedere ,gallo8 ,satura4 ,as to the derivation1 v4 ,diomed4 iii4 p4 #dhe 7,palmer1 ,introd4 to ,hor4 ,sat4 p4 vii7 ,satira autem dicta sive a ,satyris1 quod similiter in hoc carmine ridiculae res pudendaeque dicuntur1 quae velut a ,satyris proferuntur et fiunt2 sive satura a lance1 quae referta variis multisque primitiis in sacro apud priscos dis inferebatur4442 sive a quodam genere farciminis1 quod multis rebus refertum saturam dicit ,varro vocitatum4 ,the second derivation 7lanx satura--the platter filled with first fruits of various sorts which was an annual thank-offering to ,ceres and ,bacchus3 and so a #8medley' or #8hodge-podge'7 was long preferred2 but ,mommsen holds 7cp4 ,ribbeck1 ,rm4 ,trag4 #ba7 that the word means the #8masque of the full men' 771--the song enacted at a popular carnival1 when repletion in the performers leads to #ij a certain #8fulness' about the performance4 ,cp4 ,tibullus ii4 #a1 #bc saturi 444 coloni3 #ec satur arenti primum est modulatus avena carmen 7agricola74 tota nostra4 ,this claim must be understood of satire in its ,roman form4 ,the spirit of personal invective had already found expression in the lampoons of ,greek satire1 e4g4 in the iambics of ,archilochus and ,hipponax1 to say nothing of the ,old ,comedy at ,athens2 but ,satire at ,rome grew to be a distinct art1 a serious practical aim being imposed on the literary form that was developed out of the original ,satura 7for which see below1 #ie74 8,it followed the ,old ,comedy of ,athens in its plain-speaking1 and the method of ,archilochus in its bitter hostility to those who provoked attack4 ,but it differed from the former in its non-political bias1 as well as its non-dramatic form2 and from the latter in its motive1 which is not personal enmity1 but public spirit4 ,thus the assertion of ,horace 7,s4 i4 #d1 #a-f7 that ,lucilius is indebted to the old comedians1 must be taken in a general sense only1 and not be held to invalidate the generally received opinion that1 in its final and perfective form1 ,satire was a genuine product of ,rome0 7,cruttwell1 ,r4 ,l4 p4 #gf74 ,contrast the #8hinc omnis pendet ,lucilius hosce secutus' 7est7 of the passage referred to with #8,lucilius ausus 7est7 primus in hunc operis componere carmina morem' 7ii4 #a1 #fb71 and the recognition of ,ennius as #8,graecis intacti carminis auctor' 7i4 #aj1 #ff74 ,the claim made by ,quintilian springs from the consciousness that ,satire was pre-eminently the national organ of public opinion at ,rome4 ,whatever the topic treated might be1--politics1 literature1 philosophy1 or social life and manners1--the tone was always genuinely national and popular4 ,moreover1 it was the only form of literature that enjoyed a continuous development at ,rome1 extending as it did from the most flourishing era of the ,commonwealth into the second century of the ,empire4 ,see for the whole subject ,professor ,nettleship's ,essay on the ,roman ,satura--its original form in connection with its literary development1 ,clarendon ,press1 #ahgh3 ,palmer's ,satires of ,horace1 ,intr4 p4 ix4 ,lucilius1 ,c4 7,b4,c4 #afh787-ajc71 was a member of an equestrian family of ,suessa1 and belonged to the circle of the younger ,scipio1 under whom he had served during the ,numantine ,war4 ,he left behind him thirty books of ,satires1 of which the first twenty and the thirtieth were in hexameter verse1 the others being in different metres2 and of these only some #aajj lines are now extant4 ,he gave ,satire its true popular tone at ,rome1 speaking out openly and with a courageous frankness against the iniquity and incompetence of the nobles1 the sordid1 avaricious and pleasure-seeking aims of the middle-class1 and the venality of the mob4 ,horace passes a rather mixed judgment on him1 censuring his discursiveness1 roughness1 careless rapidity1 and verbosity2 but commending him for his original force and frank outspokenness4 ,see ,sat4 i4 #d1 #f-ab1 #eg3 #aj1 #a-e1 #bj-bd1 #dh-ga3 ii4 #a1 #ag1 #bi-cd1 #fb-ge4 ,in the time of ,tacitus some preferred ,lucilius to ,horace3 ,dial4 #bc vobis utique versantur ante oculos qui ,lucilium pro ,horatio et ,lucretium pro ,vergilio legunt4 ,i3#id ,ego quantum ab illis1 tantum ab ,horatio dissentio1 qui ,lucilium fluere lutulentum et esse aliquid quod tollere possis1 putat4 ,nam eruditio in eo mira et libertas atque inde acerbitas et abunde salis4 ,multum est tersior ac #ia purus magis ,horatius et1 non labor eius amore1 praecipuus4 ,multum et verae gloriae quamvis uno libro ,persius meruit4 ,sunt clari hodieque et qui olim nominabuntur4 #id4 fluere lutulentum1 a quotation from memory of ,sat4 i4 #d1 #aa cum flueret lutulentus erat quod tollere velles4 ,cp4 i4 #aj1 #ej-a ferentem plura quidem tollenda relinquendis4 eruditio mira3 i4 #f1 #h hominis eruditissimi 7,lucili74 libertas3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #e multa cum libertate notabant4 ,trebonius in ,cic4 ,fam4 xii4 #af1 #c deinde qui magis hoc ,lucilio licuerit assumere libertatis quam nobis8 quum1 etiamsi odio pari fuerit in eos quos laesit1 tamen certe non magis dignos habuerit1 in quos tanta libertate verborum incurreret3 ,macr4 iii4 #af1 #ag ,lucilius acer et violentus poeta4 inde3 it was his personal independence 7libertas7 that gave so keen an edge to his satire 7acerbitas73 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #a1 #fb4 inde is in fact causal here4 ,becher notes pro ,mur4 #bf as the only parallel #ia instance in ,cicero1 and there it occurs in a law formula3 inde ibi ego te ex iure manu consertum voco4 abunde salis3 ,verg4 ,aen4 vii4 #eeb terrorum et fraudis abunde est3 ,suet4 ,caes4 #hf potentiae gloriaeque abunde1 but not in earlier prose4 ,according to ,hand4 ,turs4 i4 #ga abunde was originally neut4 of abundis1 used substantially 7cp4 pote and necesse7 and so becoming an adverb1 from which was formed in time1 by a false analogy1 an adj4 abundus4 ,other uses are 7#a7 like #8satis esse1' as in ,tac4 ,hist4 ii4 #ie1 #e ipse abunde ratus si praesentibus frueretur3 7#b7 as simple adv4 qualifying verbs adjectives and other adverbs 7cp4 on #be73 ,cic4 ,div4 ii4 #a1 #c erit abunde satisfactum toti huic quaestioni4 ,sall4 ,iug4 #ad1 #ah abunde magna praesidia4 ,wharton takes it from 99habundus1 #8possessing1' the gerundive of habeo4--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 multum3 for multum before a comparative1 like etc41 see ,introd4 p4 li43 cp4 ,stat4 ,theb4 ix4 #eei1 ,iuv4 x4 #aig4 ,in spite of #8multum maius' 7de ,or4 iii4 #ib71 ,cicero very rarely has multum for multo4 ,for the reading1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 purus magis gives the antithesis to lutulentus4 non labor3 cp4 vi4 #c1 #c sive amore immodico praecipui in eloquentia viri 7,ciceronis7 labor3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bdd ambitione labi4 ,in spite of the stricture passed in i4 #h1 #f 7,horatium nolim in quibusdam interpretari71 ,quint4 had a high admiration for ,horace3 see below #if4 ,many codd4 give nisi for non3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,for praecipuus used absolutely cp4 #fh1 #ha1 #aaf4 ,multum et verae multum gloriae et quidem verae gloriae4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 iv4 #f1 #a filium consularem1 claram virum et magnis rebus gestis1 amisit4 ,so the ,greek 4 ,for acc4 w4 mereo cp4 #aaf4 quamvis3 cp4 #gd4 ,even in classical ,latin quamvis is used with adjectives and adverbs1 and without any verb3 but this is a more remarkable instance than e4g4 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #a1 #a rhetorem quamvis eloquentem3 ,tusc4 iii4 #gc stultitiam accusare quamvis copiose licet4 ,persius 7#cd-fb ,a4,d47 ,the best account of his satires is that prefixed to ,conington's edition4 ,cp4 ,mart4 iv4 #bi1 #g ,saepius in libro numeratur ,persius uno ,quam levis in tota ,marsus ,amazonide4 ,sunt clari hodieque et3 #8there are brilliant satirists at the present day1--men whose names will hereafter be on the roll of fame4' ,cp4 for the general sense iii4 #a1 #ba sunt et hodie clari eiusdem operis auctores1 qui si omnia complexi forent1 consuluissent labori meo1 sed parco nominibus viventium3 veniet eorum laudi suum tempus3 ad posteros enim virtus durabit1 non perveniet invidia4 ,so too #ajd below qui olim nominabitur nunc intellegitur4--,this use of hodieque 7#8noch heutzutage'7 is quite different from such simple instances as e4g4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #ajc hoc facere coeperunt hodieque faciunt1 where -que is merely copulative4 ,the ,dictt4 quote several instances in post-,augustan prose1 though the word occurs in ,quint4 only here3 ,vell4 ,paterc4 i4 #d1 #c quae hodieque appellate ,ionia3 ii4 #h1 #c porticus quae hodieque celebres sunt3 #bg1 #c ,utcunque cecidit1 hodieque tanta patris imagine non obscuratur eius memoria3 ,seneca1 ,epist4 #ij1 #af non hodieque magna ,scytharum pars tergis vulpium induitur8 ,plin4 ii4 #eh1 #ei #aej in ,abydi gymnasio colitur hodieque3 viii4 #de1 #gj #agf et hodieque reliquiae durant3 ,tac4 ,germ4 iii4 quod in ripa ,rheni situm hodieque incolitur3 ,dial4 #cd ad fin41 quas hodieque cum admiratione legimus3 ,suet4 ,claud4 #ag3 ,tit4 #b4 ,krger 7#crd4 ed47 thinks that que is thrown in to correspond with et in what follows 7 444 1 #8sowohl als auch'73 #8posthumous renown is introduced1 as the more precious1 not simply by et olim but in a special relative clause4' ,certainly it is the same writers who are clari now and who will hereafter receive proper recognition 7nominabuntur cp4 #ajd below71 though at present he refrains from giving names4 ,the position of et1 and indeed its presence at all in the sentence1 seem to be motived by the choice of the form hodieque4 ,but see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,juvenal can hardly be referred to here1 as his first ,satire is later than the reign of ,domitian1 under whom ,quint4 composed his work4 ,the reference is more probably to some minor ,satirists1 like the authors of the #8scripta famosa1 vulgoque edita1 quibus primores viri ac feminae notabantur1'--mentioned by ,suet4 7,dom4 #h7 as current in ,domitian's reign4 ,cp4 ,nero #db3 ,tac4 ,ann4 i4 #gb4--;,for olim see on #ajd4 ,i3#ie ,alterum illud etiam #ib prius saturae genus1 sed non sola carminum varietate mixtum condidit ,terentius ,varro1 vir ,romanorum eruditissimus4 #ic ,plurimos hic libros et doctissimos composuit1 peritissimus linguae ,latinae et omnis antiquitatis et rerum ,graecarum nostrarumque1 plus tamen scientiae collaturus quam eloquentiae4 #ie4 ,alterum illud1 c4 ,this takes #ib us back to the earliest forms of the ,roman ,satura4 ,alongside of the ,fescennine verses 7,hor4 ,epist4 ii4 #aci1 sq471 which had originated in the rustic raillery and coarse mirth of vintage and harvest homes1 there grew up a sort of dramatic medley or farce1 probably containing an element of dialogue1 to give opportunity for the sportive exchange of repartees1 and soon coming to have a regular musical accompaniment and corresponding gestures4 ,these #8,saturae' differed from the ,fescennine verses in having more of a set form and not being extemporised2 while1 again1 they were distinct from the developed drama in having no connected plot4 ,they seem from the first to have contained a dramatic element1 consisting as they did of comic songs or stories recited with gesticulation and flute accompaniment4 ,in addition to the censorious freedom which they derived from the ,fescennine verses1 the ,saturae received an impulse from the mimetic dances that had been imported from ,etruria4 ,they had been acted on the stage for more than a century before ,livius ,andronicus gave his first dramatic representation 7,b4,c4 #bdj71 and after the development of the regular drama they passed into a distinct form of literature1 which retained to some extent its dramatic cast1 but was not intended now for public representation4 ,in the hands of ,ennius the ,satura became a medley of metrical pieces--a metrical miscellany--in which the poet gave utterance1 not without the element of dialogue1 to his views on things in general1 in a tone that began to be more serious than would have suited the stage and the theatre-going public1 who were now to look to ,latin ,comedy for undiluted amusement4 ,with ,lucilius1 ,satire passed from miscellaneous metrical composition to that aggressive and censorious criticism of persons1 manners1 literature1 and politics1 which the word has ever since been employed to denote4 ,it was a form of literary activity that would seem to have been called for by the social and political conditions of ,roman life in the latter part of the second century4--,the transition is indicated in the following passage from ,diomedes1 ,art4 ,gram4 iii4 p4 #dhe ,k ,satira dicitur carmen apud ,romanos nunc quidem maledicum et ad carpenda hominum vitia archaeae comoediae charactere compositum1 quale scripserunt ,lucilius et ,horatius et ,persius2 at olim carmen quod ex variis poematibus constabat satira vocabatur1 quale scripserunt ,pacuvius et ,ennius4 etiam prius1 i4e4 even before the satura of ,lucilius3 cp4 olim carmen quod1 c4 in the passage just quoted4 ,the satura of ,varro 7like that of ,menippus1 whom he imitated71 besides being composed in all sorts of metres1 admitted prose also3 hence #8non sola carminum varietate mixtum' 7for the implied antithesis cp4 #g #ai in prosa 444 in carmine74 ,it was also1 in respect of material1 a sort of pot-pourri or #8hodge-podge'3 cp4 multis rebus refertum1 ,diomedes1 l4c4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 condidit3 see #ef4 ,there is no need for ,jahn's conj4 condivit4 ,the word means #8wrote1' #8composed' 7not #8founded1' as ,mayor in his analysis73 cp4 iii4 #a1 #ai primus condidit aliqua 7in arte rhetorica7 ,m4 ,cato3 xii4 ,,ii1 #bc ,cato 444 idem historiae conditor4 ,terentius ,varro1 ,m4 7,b4,c4 #aaf-bg74 ,of his many works 7said to number about #fjj7 we have only three books of the ,de ,re ,rustica1 parts of the ,de ,lingua ,latina 7in #be books71 and fragments of the ,menippean ,satires4 ,for the last v4 esp4 ,mommsen1 iv4 pt4 #b1 p4 #eid4 ,a good account of ,varro's life and writings is given in ,cruttwell's ,rom4 ,lit4 pp4 #ada-aef4 ,in regard to the ,saturae1 v4 esp4 pp4 #add-ade3 #8,there was one class of semi-poetical composition which ,varro made peculiarly his own1 the ,satura ,menippea1 a medley of prose and verse1 treating of all kinds of subjects just as they came to hand in the plebeian style1 often with much grossness1 but with sparkling point4 ,of these ,saturae he wrote no less than #aej books1 of which fragments have been preserved amounting to near #fjj lines4 ,menippus of ,gadara1 the originator of this style of composition1 lived about #bhj ,b4,c42 he interspersed jocular and commonplace topics with moral maxims and philosophical doctrines1 and may have added contemporary pictures1 though this is uncertain4 ,varro followed him2 we find him in the ,academicae ,quaestiones of ,cicero 7i4 #b1 #h7 saying that he adopted this method in the hope of enticing the unlearned to read something that might profit them4 ,in these saturae topics were #ic handled with the greatest freedom4 ,they were not satires in the modern sense4 ,they are rather to be considered as lineal descendants of the old saturae which existed before 7cp4 etiam prius7 any regular literature4' ,romanorum eruditissimus3 cp4 ,cicero ad ,att4 xiii4 #ah where1 with some pique1 he writes homo nunquam me lacessivit 7by dedicating a work to him73 ,august4 ,c4 ,d4 vi4 #b homo omnium facile acutissimus et sine ulla dubitatione doctissimus4 ,dion4 ,hal4 ii4 #ba 444 3 and ,plut4 ,rom4 #ab 4 omnis antiquitatis4 ,he wrote ,antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum1 in forty-one books4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #ae1 #fj diligentissimus investigator antiquitatis4 ,for his general activity v4 ,acad4 ,post4 i4 #c1 #i nos in nostra urbe peregrinantes 444 tui libri quasi domum reduxerunt 444 tu aetatem patriae1 tu descriptiones temporum1 tu sacrorum iura1 tu sacerdotum1 tu domesticam1 tu bellicam disciplinam1 tu sedem regionum1 locorum1 tu omnium divinarum humanarumque rerum nomina1 genera1 officia1 causas aperuisti plurimumque idem poetis nostris omninoque latinis et litteris luminis et verbis attulisti1 atque ipse varium et elegans omni fere numero poema fecisti philosophiamque multis locis inchoasti1 ad inpellendum satis1 ad edocendum parum4 ,cp4 ,phil4 ii4 #da1 #aje1 where distinct reference is made 7as ,halm points out7 to treatises de ,iure ,civili1 in fifteen books3 de ,vita ,populi ,romani1 in four books3 ,annales in three books3 ,antiquitates in forty-one books3 de ,fama ,philosophiae3 and nine books ,disciplinarum3 ,quint4 xii4 #aa1 #bd1 ,quam multa1 paene omnia1 tradidit ,varro4--,for this use of antiquitas cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #ei cognoscendae antiquitatis3 and other exx4 in ,nettleship's ,lat4 ,lex4 s4v4 #c4 scientiae 444 eloquentiae3 cp4 ,august4 ,c4 ,d4 vi4 #b ,m4 ,varro 444 tametsi minus est suavis eloquio1 doctrina tamen atque sententiis ita refertus est ut in omni eruditione 444 studiosum rerum tantum iste doceat quantum studiosum verborum ,cicero delectat4 ,for the datives cp4 #bg1 #fc1 #ga3 conferre with in c4 acc4 occurs #g #bf1 q4v4 ,i3#if ,iambus non sane a ,romanis celebratus est ut proprium opus1 sed aliis quibusdam interpositus2 cuius acerbitas in ,catullo1 ,bibaculo1 #id ,horatio1 quamquam illi epodos intervenit1 reperietur4 ,at lyricorum idem ,horatius fere solus legi dignus2 nam et insurgit aliquando et plenus est iucunditatis et gratiae et varius figuris et verbis felicissime audax4 ,si quem adicere velis1 is erit ,caesius ,bassus1 quem nuper vidimus2 sed eum longe praecedunt ingenia viventium4 #if4 ,iambus carmina iambica3 cp4 #i1 #ei4 celebratus est3 cp4 ix4 #b1 #ib celebrata apud ,graecos schemata3 i4 #i1 #f narratiunculas a poetis celebratas4 ,cp4 frequentare4 ut proprium opus1 i4e4 as a separate form of composition1 such as it was in the hands of ,archilochus1 ,hipponax1 and ,simonides4 aliis quibusdam 7sc4 carminibus7 interpositus4 ,hild takes this as referring both to the alternation of the iambic with other metres and the substitution of other feet for the iambus itself 7as commonly in ,horace74 ,it is probable that it only includes the former1 being repeated1 as regards ,horace1 in the words quamquam illi epodos intervenit4' ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,catullo4 ,cp4 ,fragm4 i4 ,at non effugies meos iambos4 ,the most famous examples of his acerbitas are the lampoons on ,julius ,caesar1 especially that contained in the twenty-ninth poem 7where see ,munro for an appreciation of the meaning of ancient defamation and invective74 ,here ,catullus appears as the genuine successor of the early ,greek iambic writers4 7,cp4 the more offensive hendecasyllabics of lvii47 ,these are the two poems which ,suetonius 7,caesar #gc7 regarded as having attached an #8everlasting stigma' to the name of ,caesar3 cp4 liii4 ad fin4 ,irascere iterum meis iambis ,immerentibus unice imperator4 ,sellar's ,roman ,poets1 p4 #dca sq4 ,bibaculo4 ,m4 ,furius ,bibaculus 7b4 at ,cremona ,b4,c4 #ii71 like ,catullus1 the author of lampoons directed especially against the monarchists3 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd carmina ,bibaculi et ,catulli referta contumeliis ,caesarum leguntur3 sed ipse divus ,iulius1 ipse divus ,augustus et tulere ista et reliquere4 ,some apply to him the words of ,horace1 ,satires ii4 #e1 #dj1 sq4 seu pingui tentus omaso ,furius hibernas cana nive conspuet ,alpes 7where the scholiast credits him with having written an account of the ,gallic ,war73 also i4 #aj1 #cf ,turgidus #id ,alpinus iugulat dum ,memnona1--the nickname ,alpinus having been given to him on account of this ludicrous description of ,jupiter sputtering snow over the ,alps3 v4 ,quint4 viii4 #f1 #ag1 where the original line is quoted as an instance of a forced metaphor4 ,the reference in i4 #aj1 #cf is however doubtful2 and ,bernhardy 7,r4 ,l4 p4 #eff7 supposes that in both passages some unknown poet is meant1 whose name may have been ,furius ,alpinus4 ,see ,teuffel1 ,r4 ,l4 i4 #cac4 illi1 sc4 iambo iambicis versibus4 epodos3 1 sc4 a shorter 7iambic7 verse1 alternating with a longer4 ,epodi dicuntur versus quolibet modo scripti et sequentes clausulas habentes particularum quales sunt epodi ,horatii3 in quibus singulis versibus singulae clausulae adiciuntur4444 ,dicti autem epodi a partibus versuum1 quae legitimis et integris versibus 1 i4e4 accinuntur3 ,diomedes4 ,though the term epode includes all kinds of metre 7except elegiac7 in which a long and a short line are combined1 it is used especially of the alternation of the iambic trimeter and dimeter 7,hor4 ,epod4 #a-aj74 ,horace himself 7who has only one poem--,epod4 #ag--;in iambic trimeter by itself7 includes all his ,epodes under the head of iambi3 ,epod4 #ad1 #g3 ,ep4 i4 #ai1 #bc-be ,parios ego primus iambos ostendi ,latio numeros animosque secutus ,archilochi3 cp4 ,car4 i4 #af1 #c1 and esp4 #bc-be me quoque pectoris ,tentavit in dulci iuventa ,fervor et in celeres iambos ,misit furentem4 ,in ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #ei he divides his poetry into carmina--,odes3 iambi--,epodes3 and #8,bionei sermones'--,satires4 ,of course it was not ,horace who introduced the epode into the ,archilochean iambics3 the form was invented and used by ,archilochus himself4 ,see ,bernhardy1 p4 #fja4 legi dignus3 a poetical constr41 which passed into the prose of the ,silver ,age3 cp4 ,plin4 ,paneg4 vii4 #d dignus alter eligi alter eligere4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 varius figuris3 cp4 #fh sententiis densus4 verbis felicissime audax3 cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #df sq43 ,in verbis etiam tenuis cautusque serendis1 hoc amet1 hoc spernat promissi carminis auctor4 ,dixeris egregie notum si callida verbum ,reddiderit iunctura novum1--where ,orelli gives1 as instances of callida iunctura in ,horace himself1 the well-known phrases #8splendide mendax1' #8insanientis sapientiae consultus1' #8animae magnae prodigus4' ,cp4 ,petron4 ,sat4 #aah ,horatii curiosa felicitas4 ,ovid pronounces his eulogy in ,trist4 iv4 #aj1 #di ,tenuit nostras numerosus ,horatius aures1 ,dum ferit ,ausonia carmina culta lyra4 ,caesius ,bassus3 mentioned by ,ovid in the lines immediately preceding the passage just quoted1 ll4 #dg-h3 ,ponticus ,heroo1 ,bassus quoque clarus ,iambo1 ,dulcia convictus membra fuere mei4 ,he was the friend of ,persius1 who addresses his sixth ,satire to him3 and at the request of ,cornutus he edited the whole six1 after they had been prepared for publication by the latter4 ,he is said to have perished in the eruption of ,vesuvius 7,a4,d4 #gi71 which was fatal also to the elder ,pliny4 ,he is probably the ,bassus who wrote a treatise on metres1 which still exists in an interpolated epitome3 ,keil4 ,gram4 ,lat4 vi4 #cje sq4--,for vidimus1 #8amisimus' and #8perdidimus' have been needlessly suggested4 ingenia viventium3 cp4 sunt clari hodieque #id above4 ,it is only in favour of ,domitian #ia that ,quint4 breaks his rule not to mention living writers4 ,hild suspects ,quint4 of a little #8log-rolling' in these compliments4 ,i3#ig ,tragoediae scriptores veterum ,attius atque ,pacuvius clarissimi #ie gravitate sententiarum1 verborum pondere1 auctoritate personarum4 #if ,ceterum nitor et summa in excolendis operibus manus magis videri potest temporibus quam ipsis defuisse2 virium tamen ,attio plus tribuitur1 ,pacuvium videri doctiorem qui esse docti adfectant volunt4 #ig4 ,tragoediae scriptores4 ,quint4 did not consider it necessary for his purpose to take any account of the first beginnings of tragedy1 otherwise he would have mentioned ,livius ,andronicus 7#bhd-bjd71 ,naevius 7#bce71 and ,ennius himself1 who was probably almost as great in tragedy as in narrative poetry4 ,it was #ie ,ennius who first impressed on ,roman tragedy the deeply moral and highly didactic character which it bore down to the age of ,cicero4 ,he made it his endeavour to hold up patterns of heroic virtue to his audience and to inspire them with right ideas of life4 ,even his adaptations from the ,greek 7nearly half of the extant names of his tragedies suggest subjects taken from the ,trojan cycle7 are fired with the truly national spirit which he succeeded in handing on to his successors1 ,attius and ,pacuvius4 ,ennius also wrote some praetextatae 7i4e4 national tragedies on historic subjects of poetic interest1 e4g4 the ,rape of the ,sabine ,women72 and in view of this fact it may appear strange that his example was not more widely followed1 so that these national dramas should have outlived the hackneyed subjects drawn from ,greek legend4 ,the reason probably is that there was too much party life in ,rome to make the dramatic treatment of the national history equally acceptable to all4 ,few incidents could have been dramatised that would not have excited various feelings in the hearts of an audience1 say1 in the times of the ,gracchi4 ,under the ,empire the free treatment of the national history for dramatic purposes was positively discouraged1 and under the ,republic the ,senate had exercised almost as severe a political censorship as the ,emperor did in later times4 ,from many points of view it might have been expected that tragedy would have found a congenial home at ,rome4 ,there was much in the national character1 history1 and institutions that was favourable to its growth4 ,the speculative element and the deep spiritual interest which pervades ,greek tragedy must no doubt have been absent2 though ,schlegel thought that the place of ,nemesis could naturally have been taken by the idea of ,religio1 in so far as it comprehended the subordination of the individual to the ,state1 and his supreme self-surrender4 ,but tragedy flourished at ,rome only during a comparatively short period3 the populace probably failed to rise to the demands made on them by its lofty and serious purpose4 ,their tastes became more and more estranged from it1 as gladiatorial and spectacular shows grew in favour2 and appreciation of the drama came to be the proof of the culture of a small and exclusive class4 ,but the popularity which it enjoyed for a time must have been due to the fact that1 though the subjects were generally adapted from the ,greek1 ,roman tragedy came to have a character of its own4 ,it appealed to the ethical and political sympathies of the audience1 and satisfied that taste for rhetoric which led afterwards to the development of ,latin oratory4 ,there may have been about it no subtle analysis of character1 no lofty delineation of the action and passion of men entangled in the meshes of a destiny which they could neither understand nor unravel2 but it seems to have embodied all the manly feeling and moral dignity of which the nation was capable4 ,by its vigorous rhetoric it may be said at least to have helped to develop the language for use in those departments in which it achieved so great success1 i4e4 oratory1 history1 and philosophical composition4 ,and when under the ,empire literature had become altogether divorced from practical life1 the composition of tragedies was still a favourite practice with many 7e4g4 ,seneca7 who recognised in that pursuit an appropriate sphere for the rhetorical style which was then so much in vogue4 ,attius ,l41 7#agj-;about #ij ,b4,c47 should have come after ,pacuvius1 as being fifteen years younger4 ,he produced his first play in conjunction with ,pacuvius1 cir4 #adj4 ,we have the titles of about fifty of his dramas1 and the fragments extant contain some #gjj verses4 ,he seems to have had pretty much the same qualities as ,ennius and ,pacuvius1 manly seriousness of style combined with fervour of spirit4 ,cicero1 who is said to have conversed with him in his boyhood1 and others1 bear witness to his oratorical force1 his gravity1 and passionate energy3 pro ,plancio1 #ei gravis et ingeniosus poeta3 pro ,sest4 #abj summus poeta3 ,ovid1 ,am4 i4 #ae1 #ai animosi ,attius oris3 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #ee-f ,ambigitur quotiens uter utro sit prior1 aufert ,pacuvius docti famam senis1 ,accius alti4 ,sellar's ,rom4 ,poets1 pp4 #adf-g4 ,quintilian gives a shrewd answer of his 7v4 #ac1 #dc73 aiunt ,attium interrogatum cur causas non ageret1 cum apud eum in tragoediis tanta vis esset optime respondendi1 hanc reddidisse rationem3 quod illic ea dicerentur quae ipse vellet1 in foro dicturi adversarii essent quae minime vellet4 ,pacuvius1 ,m4 7#bbj-acb71 the son of ,ennius's sister4 ,of provincial birth 7his birth-place was ,brundisium71 he could #if not1 according to ,cicero1 boast the pure ,latinity which was the pride of ,naevius and ,plautus3 ,brut4 #beh ,caecilium et ,pacuvium male locutos videmus4 ,but in ,orat4 #cf an imaginary opinion is given as follows3--omnes apud hunc ornati elaboratique versus1 multa apud alterum 7,ennium7 neglegentius4 ,martial 7xi4 #ij71 addressing a wrong-headed admirer of the old poets1 jeers at him for delighting in archaisms1--,attonitusque legis terrai frugiferai ,attius et quidquid ,pacuviusque vomunt4 ,we have about #djj lines extant1 which are discussed in ,sellar's ,roman ,poets1 and also by ,ribbeck 7,rmische ,tragdie1 pp4 #baf-cci74 ,the epithet doctus1 in the use of which ,horace and ,quintilian agree1 probably refers to his wide acquaintance with ,greek literature3 see below4 clarissimi3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 nitor3 v4 on #gi3 and cp4 #cc1 #hc1 #ih1 #aac3 #abd cultus ac nitor4 summa manus3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #abf manus extrema 7the #8finishing touch'7 non accessit operibus eius3 ,cp4 i4 pr4 #d quasi perfectis omni alio genere doctrinae summam inde eloquentiae manum imponerent4 ,see on #ba4 magis 444 temporibus3 but see ,cicero1 ,brut4 l4c4 ,aetatis illius ista fuit laus1 tamquam innocentiae1 sic latine loquendi 444 omnes tum fere 444 recte loquebantur4 virium ,attio3 cp4 ,ovid's #8animosi oris1' quoted above3 ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #i adeo quidem ut in illis limae in hoc paene plus videatur fuisse sanguinis4 ,persius is less complimentary1 ,brisaei 444 venosus liber ,acci 7#a1 #gf71 the #8shrivelled volume of the old ,bacchanal ,accius4'--,quintilian is here only recording current literary opinion3 but such references as those at i4 #e1 #fg3 #g1 #ad3 #h1 #aa3 v4 #aj1 #hd3 #ac1 #dc go far to prove independent knowledge4 doctiorem3 cp4 ,horace's #8docti famam senis1' quoted above4 esse docti adfectant3 for the constr4 cp4 #gb meruit credi secundus3 ,introd4 p4 lvi4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #i1 #g noris nos1 inquit1 docti sumus1 where ,professor ,wilkins remarks3 8,the epithet of doctus was especially assumed by those who were versed in ,greek literature and mythology1 especially the products of the ,alexandrine school40 ,it aptly characterises the artificial tendencies of the literature of the ,empire4 ,iam--a formula of transition4 ,kr4#c suggests ,nam3 see on #ab4 ,i3#ih ,iam ,vari ,thyestes cuilibet ,graecarum comparari potest4 ,ovidi ,medea videtur mihi ostendere quantum ille vir praestare potuerit si ingenio suo imperare quam indulgere #ig maluisset4 ,eorum quos viderim longe princeps ,pomponius ,secundus1 quem senes quidem parum tragicum putabant1 eruditione ac nitore praestare confitebantur4 #ih4 ,l4 ,varius ,rufus 7#fd ,b4,c4-#i ,a4,d471 the friend of ,vergil and ,horace 7,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #e1 #dj3 #f1 #ee71 enjoyed a high reputation as an epic poet before he took up tragedy4 ,macrobius 7vi4 #a1 #ci sq43 i4 #b1 #ai sq47 gives twelve hexameters of his from an epic poem on ,caesar's death3 hence ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #ea forte epos acer ut nemo ,varius ducit4 ,from a ,panegyricus ,augusti ,horace is said to have borrowed the verses which occur ,ep4 i4 #af1 #bg-bi4 ,cp4 the ode addressed to ,agrippa 7i4 #f7 ,scriberis ,vario 444 ,maeonii carminis alite4 ,he is mentioned as an epic poet together with ,vergil1 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #adg3 ,a4 ,p4 #ee4 ,his tragedy ,thyestes was performed at the games after the battle of ,actium 7,b4,c4 #bi74 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ab ,nec ullus ,asinii aut ,messallae liber tam illustris est quam ,medea ,ovidii aut ,varii ,thyestes3 ,philargyr4 on ,verg4 ,ecl4 viii4 #aj ,varium cuius exstat ,thyestes tragoedia1 omnibus tragicis praeferenda4 ,a quotation from it is given iii4 #h1 #de4 ,he edited the ,aeneid after ,vergil's death1 along with ,plotius and ,tucca3 probably prefixing the biographical sketch from which ,quintilian quotes x4 #c1 #h4 ,graecarum1 sc4 fabularum4 ,medea3 a quotation from it is given viii4 #e1 #f servare potui3 perdere an possim rogas8 quantum potuerit 444 si maluisset3 cp4 #fb4 ,the use of the perf4 subj4 in such a sentence corresponds to the use of the pf4 ind4 in oratio recta with verbs implying possibility1 duty1 right1 c41 as if to express the idea more unconditionally3 e4g4 deleri totus exercitus potuit si fugientes persecuti victores essent 7,livy xxxii4 #ab71 ,so ,ventum erat eo ut si hostem similem antiquis ,macedonum regibus habuisset consul magna clades accipi potuerit 7,livy xliv4 #d74 ,roby1 #aefh4 ingenio imperare3 cp4 nimium amator ingenii sui #hh4 #ig quos viderim1 #aah4 ,the subj4 seems to be used here on the analogy of the qui of restriction and limitation 7,roby #afib73 omnium quidem oratorum1 quos quidem ego cognoverim1 acutissimum iudico ,q4 ,sertorium ,brut4 #dh3 cp4 #fe4 ,the indic4 is also used3 in iis etiam quos ipsi vidimus xii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,pomponius ,secundus underwent an imprisonment of several years' duration on account of his friendship with ,aelius ,gallus1 son of ,sejanus3 ,tac4 ,ann4 v4 #h multa morum elegantia et ingenio illustri3 ibid4 xi4 #ac3 xii4 #bh1 where we are told that he obtained a triumph under ,claudius1--modica pars famae eius apud postero1 in quis carminum gloria praecellit3 ,dial4 xiii1 ne nostris quidem temporibus ,secundus ,pomponius ,afro ,domitio vel dignitate vitae vel perpetuitate famae cesserit4 ,one of his plays was called #8,aeneas4' ,he died #fj ,a4,d4 parum tragicum3 contrast ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #aff ,nam spirat tragicum satis et feliciter audet4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#ii ,in comoedia maxime claudicamus4 ,licet ,varro ,musas1 ,aeli ,stilonis sententia1 #ih ,plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse1 si ,latine loqui vellent1 licet ,caecilium veteres laudibus ferant1 licet ,terenti scripta ad ,scipionem ,africanum referantur 7quae tamen sunt in hoc #ii genere elegantissima1 et plus adhuc habitura gratiae si intra versus trimetros stetissent71 #ii4 maxime claudicamus4 ,no doubt this dictum must be taken as implying that #8the educated taste of ,romans under the ,empire did not find much that was congenial in the works of ,plautus1 ,caecilius1 or ,terence' 7,sellar1 ,r4 ,p4 p4 #aed74 ,but ,quintilian must also have been biassed by a comparison with ,greek ,comedy1 of the superiority of which we can have only an imperfect appreciation1 owing to the scantiness of the survivals2 while in depreciating ,roman ,comedy1 as compared with ,tragedy1 he also had the advantage over us of a full acquaintance with the whole range of the latter4 ,moreover1 it was ,satire1 not ,comedy1 that represented at ,rome much of the spirit of the old ,comedy of ,athens4 ,horace1 too1 is more severe on ,plautus than on ,ennius and the tragic poets 7,ep4 ii4 #a1 #agj3 ,a4 ,p4 #bgj sq474 ,again1 in ,quintilian's day the ,mimus had so completely re-asserted its position that the production of comedies seems to have almost entirely ceased4 8,comedy was not congenial to the educated or the uneducated taste of ,romans in the last years of the ,republic1 and in the early ,empire4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the popularity enjoyed by the old comedy between the time of ,naevius and of ,terence1 and even down to the earlier half of the ,ciceronian age1 when some of the great parts in ,plautus continued to be performed by the #8accomplished ,roscius1' and the admiration expressed for its authors by grammarians and critics1 from ,aelius ,stilo down to ,varro and ,cicero1 shows its adaptation to an earlier and not less vigorous1 if less refined stage of intellectual development2 while the actual survival of many ,roman comedies can only be accounted for by a more real adaptation to human nature1 both in style and substance1 than was attained by ,roman tragedy in its straining after a higher ideal of sentiment and expression40 ,sellar1 ,roman ,poets l4c4 ,musas4 ,to this ,muretus added #8,ne illae saepe1 si ,plautino more loquerentur1 meretricio magis quam virginali more loquerentur4' ,for the epigram cp4 ,plato on ,aristophanes 4 ,aeli ,stilonis1 the first ,roman philologist 7#add-gj ,b4,c474 ,his name was ,l4 ,aelius ,praeconinus3 he received the additional cognomen ,stilo on the ground of his literary eminence4 ,suet1 de ,gramm4 #b ,aelius cognomine duplici fuit2 nam et ,praeconinus1 quod pater eius praeconium fecerat1 vocabatur1 et ,stilo1 quod orationes nobilissimo cuique scribere solebat4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bje scribebat tamen orationes quas alii dicerent3 and above1 fuit is omnino vir egregius et eques ,romanus cum primis honestus idemque eruditissimus et ,graecis litteris et ,latinis1 antiquitatisque nostrae et in inventis rebus et in actis scriptorumque veterum litterate peritus4 ,quam scientiam ,varro noster acceptam ab illo auctamque per sese 444 pluribus et illustrioribus litteris explicavit4 ,varro ap4 ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 i4 #ah1 #b ,l4 ,aelius noster1 litteris ornatissimus memoria nostra3 and ,l4 ,l4 vii4 #b homo in primis in litteris latinis exercitatus4 ,varro was his pupil2 and we are told by ,gellius 7iii4 #c1 #a7 that both master and pupil made lists of the plays of ,plautus1 ,varro distinguishing his classes according to his personal feeling and judgment as to whether a play was worthy of ,plautus or not4 ,cicero tells #ih us 7l4c47 that in his youth he was a very diligent student under ,aelius2 and as ,lucilius addressed some of his satires to him he may be looked on as a bond of connection between the two epochs4 sententia3 abl4 by itself1 after the analogy of mea1 tua1 sententia4 ,varro took the criticism from his master4 vellent3 the possibility is looked upon as still present4 ,plautino sermone4 ,plautus 7#bed-ahd7 fills a very distinct place in the development of ,latin comedy4 ,he engrafted the festive traditions of the ,italian farce on the literary form which he borrowed from ,greece1 producing a picture of ,roman life and manners which secured for his dramas a degree of popularity that caused them to be represented almost uninterruptedly down even to the fourth century of our era4 ,modern comedy is under deep obligations to him if only for his spirit of unrestrained fun4 ,see ,bernhardy1 p4 #deb sq43 ,teuffel #hd-hh3 ,cruttwell's ,rom4 ,lit4 pp4 #dc-dh3 and ,sellar's ,roman ,poets1 p4 #ahi sq4 ,caecilius1 ,statius 7#bai-aff71 an ,insubrian ,gaul by birth1 and contemporary with ,ennius4 ,fragments of his plays are preserved by ,gellius1 who tells us 7xv4 #bd7 that ,volcatius ,sedigitus 7a critic who probably belonged to the earlier part of the first century1--,ritschl1 ,parerga1 p4 #bdj sq47 placed him at the head of all the ,roman comic poets3 ,caecilio palmam statuo dandam comico1 ,plautus secundus facile exsuperat ceteros4 ,the three next are ,naevius1 ,licinius1 and ,atilius2 ,terence comes only sixth on the list4 ,cicero inclines to the same verdict3 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,orat4 #a itaque licet dicere et ,ennium summum epicum poetam1 si cui ita videtur3 et ,pacuvium tragicum3 et ,caecilium fortasse comicum4 ,but elsewhere he censures his provincial style3 ,brutus1 #beh ,caecilium et ,pacuvium male locutos videmus3 ad4 ,att4 vii4 #c1 #aj malus enim auctor ,latinitatis est4 ,for other quotations v4 de ,orat4 ii #dj3 ,lael4 #ii3 de ,sen4 #if3 de ,fin4 i4 #d4 ,nonius 7p4 #cgd7 quotes ,varro as saying ,in argumentis ,caecilius poscit palmam1 in ethesi ,terentius1 in sermonibus ,plautus4 ,horace's criticism 7,ep4 ii4 #a1 #eg7 is still more familiar3 ,dicitur ,afrani toga convenisse ,menandro1 ,plautus ad exemplar ,siculi properare ,epicharmi1 ,vincere ,caecilius gravitate1 ,terentius arte4 ,by gravitas ,horace probably means the sententious maxims for which he was distinguished 7,sellar1 p4 #bjb74 ,see ,mommsen1 ii4 #dda4 ,caecilius imitated ,menander mainly1 to whom ,gellius compares him 7ii4 #bc71 while admitting the superiority of his ,greek model4 ,he is said neither to have amused his audience1 like ,plautus1 by confounding ,greek and ,roman terms1 manners1 and customs1 c41 nor like ,terence1 on the other hand1 to have carefully excised everything that did not accord with ,roman usage4 ,he is said also to have recognised the division of tastes and interests that was now springing up at ,rome1 and to have begun to address only the higher classes1 to whom ,plautus had appealed along with #8the gallery4' laudibus ferant1 for the ,ciceronian efferant3 ,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #ac4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 l4 ,terentii scripta 444 elegantissima4 ,the gap between the classes at ,rome1 alluded to above1 had widened in the interval that separates ,plautus from ,terence 7cir4 #aid-aei ,b4,c474 ,the educated class was growing more refined and fastidious under the leavening influence of ,greek culture1 while the uneducated section of the people was gradually becoming coarser and more debased4 ,a leading member of the ,scipionic circle1 he may be said to have begun the movement by which the creations of the genius of ,rome became more perfect as works of art addressed to a smaller circle of men of rank and education1 but lost also something of directness of purpose as having less bearing on the passions and interests of the time4 ,the growing appreciation of ,greek literature had produced a sense of dissatisfaction with the uncouth efforts of a previous age2 and elegance of style1 the cultivation of refinement and taste in thought and language1 were the objects now aimed at4 ,there is distinctly less of the drollery of the tavern about ,terence than about ,plautus4 ,the #8art' with which ,horace credits him 7v4 above7 is seen in the careful finish of his style4 ,cp4 ,caesar's lines1 quoted by ,sueton4 ,vit4 ,terent41 in which he calls him puri sermonis amator1 and dimidiate ,menander4 ,see ,sellar1 p4 #bjh sq43 ,mommsen1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ddi sq4 ad ,scipionem ,africanum4 ,cp4 ,sueton4 ,vit4 ,ter4 7,roth4 p4 #bic7 non obscura fama #ii est adiutum ,terentium in scriptis a ,laelio et ,scipione1 eamque ipse auxit nunquam nisi leviter refutare conatus1 ut in prologo ,adelphorum3 ,nam quod isti dicunt malevoli1 homines nobiles ,hunc adiutare adsidueque una scribere1 c4 ,the rumour may have arisen from the fact of his ,carthaginian origin1 which renders all the more remarkable the success with which he cultivated a refined and elegant style4 plus adhuc etiam plus3 see on #ga4 habitura4 ,for this use of the fut4 part1 in a conditional sentence cp4 xi4 #a1 #gd detracturus alioqui plurimum auctoritatis sibi si eum se esse qui temere nocentes reos susciperet fateretur4 ,so too #aai below 7without a si clause73 pronuntiatio vel scaenis suffectura4 intra versus trimetros4 ,this is a curious criticism1 but it can be paralleled from ,priscian1 de ,metris ,terentii3 quosdam vel abnegare esse in ,terentii comoediis metra1 vel ea quasi arcana quaedam et ab omnibus doctis semota sibi solis esse cognita confirmare4 ,the vagaries of comic prosody were certainly not appreciated by ancient critics3 they could not excuse what to them seemed carelessness and undue freedom from constraint3 cp4 ,cicero1 ,orat4 #ahd at comicorum senarii propter similitudinem sermonis sic saepe sunt abiecti ut nonnunquam vix in eis numerus et versus intellegi possit4 ,quintilian and others would no doubt have preferred a stricter imitation of ,menander's versification4 ,horace himself took the same point of view in writing about ,plautus1 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #bgb si modo ego et vos 444 legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure4 ,cp4 ,bernhardy1 #cbe n4 and #cej n4 ,i3#ajj vix levem consequimur umbram3 adeo ut mihi sermo ipse ,romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam ,atticis venerem1 cum eam ne ,graeci quidem in alio genere linguae suae obtinuerint4 ,togatis excellit ,afranius3 utinam non inquinasset argumenta puerorum foedis amoribus mores suos fassus4 #ajj #ajj4 vix levem 444 umbram3 a proverbial expression1 from the same disparaging point of view as claudicamus1 above4 alio genere linguae suae1 i4e4 another dialect4 ,the charm referred to is the peculiar property of ,attic writers generally1--not the comic poets alone4 ,latin is too formal and rhetorical to fall into the simple naturalness and directness of ,attic ,greek4 ,for suae see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,togatis1 sc4 fabulis4 ,the ,comoediae ,togatae 7though founded on ,greek models7 aspired to be thoroughly national in dress1 manners1 and tone3 quae scriptae sunt secundum ritus et habitum togatorum1 i4e4 ,romanorum 7,diom4 iii4 p4 #dhi74 ,on the other hand1 in the ,palliatae of ,plautus1 ,caecilius and ,terence 7so called from pallium1 the ,greek actor's cloak1 xi4 #c1 #adc71 all the surroundings are meant to be ,greek1 though much of the fun of the ,plautine comedy is the result of the inconsistencies that sprang from the introduction into ,greek circumstances of ,roman names1 scenes1 manners1 and characters4 ,afranius1 fl4 cir4 #aej ,b4,c4 ,he was the chief writer of togatae1 and began to aim at getting rid altogether of ,greek surroundings3 and so comedy1 descending into the low humours of ,italian country life1 and specially the debaucheries of the ,italian towns1 rapidly degenerated into farce4 ,he borrowed freely from ,menander3 dicitur ,afrani toga convenisse ,menandro1 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #eg1--#8,menander's speeches came very well from the characters of ,afranius4' ,cic4 de ,fin4 i4 #c1 #g4 ,but he did not confine his attentions to ,menander only3 ,macrob4 ,sat4 vi4 #a1 #d ,afranius togatarum scriptor 444 non inverecunde respondens arguentibus quod plura sumpsisset a ,menandro1 #8,fateor1' inquit1 #8sumpsi non ab illo modo sed ut quisque habuit conveniret quod mihi1 quodque me non melius facere credidi1 etiam a ,latino4' ,cicero1 ,brut4 #afg ,l4 ,afranius poeta1 homo perargutus1 in fabulis quidem etiam1 ut scitis1 disertus4 utinam non1 i4 #b1 #f3 ix4 #c1 #a3 more usually utinam ne3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 #e1 #ag illud utinam ne vere scriberem3 ,catull4 #fd1 #aga4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 cites however ,cic4 ad ,att4 xi4 #i1 #c haec ad te die natali meo scripsi3 quo utinam susceptus non essem aut ne quid ex eadem matre postea natum esset4 foedis amoribus3 cp4 ,auson4 ,epigr4 #ajj #ga vitiosa libido 444 quam toga facundi scenis agitavit ,afrani4 ,i3#aja ,at non historia cesserit ,graecis4 ,nec opponere ,thucydidi ,sallustium verear1 nec indignetur sibi ,herodotus aequari ,titum ,livium1 cum in narrando mirae iucunditatis clarissimique candoris1 tum in contionibus supra quam enarrari potest eloquentem3 #aja ita quae dicuntur omnia cum rebus1 tum personis accommodata sunt3 adfectus quidem praecipueque eos qui sunt dulciores1 ut parcissime dicam1 nemo historicorum commendavit magis4 #aja4 cesserit4 ,so #he auspicatissimum dederit exordium3 cp4 cesserimus #hf4 ,there is no need for ,halm's suggestion in historia cesserimus3 or ,spalding's cesserim with historia in abl4 ,cp4 ,cicero1 de ,legg4 i4 #b1 #e ut in hoc etiam genere ,graeciae nihil cedamus1 and the whole passage4 ,sallustium4 ,this is a bold statement4 ,sallust evidently accepted ,thucydides as his literary model1 imitating his style1 and following him in his speeches and the general arrangement of his work4 7,capes' ,sallust3 ,introd4 p4 #ac sq474 ,brevity 7cp4 illa ,sallustiana brevitas #cb7 is a conspicuous feature in both3 but the brevity of ,thucydides is greatly the result of inability to keep pace with the rush of thought1 whereas that of ,sallust is often laboured and artificial1 and is attained by conscious processes of excision and compression4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #de vitanda est etiam illa ,sallustiana 7quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum7 brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus3 ,seneca1 ,ep4 #aad1 #ag ,sallustio vigente amputatae sententiae et verba ante exspectatum cadentia et obscura brevitas fuere pro cultu3 ,aul4 ,gell4 iii4 #a1 #f ,sallustium subtilissimum brevitatis artificem4 ,his ,grecisms are referred to by ,quint4 ix4 #c1 #ag ex ,graeco vero translata vel ,sallustii plurima4 ,according to ,suetonius 7,gramm4 #aj extr47 ,ateius exhorted ,asinius ,pollio 7ut7 vitet maxime obscuritatem ,sallustii et audaciam in translationibus4 ,for the high esteem in which he was held in antiquity cp4 ,velleius ii4 #cf1 #b aemulum ,thucydidi ,sallustium3 ,tacitus1 ,ann4 iii4 #cj rerum ,romanarum florentissimus auctor3 ,martial xiv4 #aia primus ,romana ,crispus in historia4 ,see ,teuffel #bjc-bje4 ,in modern times ,milton exalted him above ,tacitus1 saying of the latter that #8his highest praise consists in his having imitated ,sallust with all his might4' ,on the other hand ,scaliger spoke of ,sallust's style as #8anxium atque insiticium dicendi genus4' ,titum ,livium4 ,quintilian's estimate of ,livy is very happily expressed so far as it goes4 ,he ignores of course the defects which are obvious to modern students of ,livy1--his want of that historic sense which shows itself in ability to trace the gradual development of institutions and to take a philosophic view of general political and social conditions1 his indifference to the scrupulous collation and weighing of evidence1 and his neglect of chronological and geographical precision4 ,munro in his #8,criticisms and ,elucidations of ,catullus' speaks of ,livy's style as the greatest prose style that has ever been written in any age or language1 and certainly it has all the beauties which ,quintilian mentions here3 besides1 the happy adaptation of the language to the ever-varying phases of the subject is one of its greatest charms4 ,teuffel1 #bea sq4 ,the best proof of ,livy's popularity in ancient times may be found in the story of the man from ,gades1 ,pliny1 ,ep4 ii4 #c1 #h ,nunquamne legisti ,gaditanum quendam ,titi ,livi nomine gloriaque commotum ad visendum eum ab ultimo terrarum orbe venisse statimque ut viderat abisse8 narrando 444 contionibus4 ,this antithesis is common in ,dionysius3 444 7ad ,pomp4 p4 #ggf ,r1 ,us4 pp4 #eh-i7 444 7,iud4 de ,thucyd47 p4 #ieb ,r4 candoris1 #8transparency'3 ii4 #e1 #ai candidissimum quemque et maxime expositum velim1 ut ,livium a pueris magis quam ,sallustium3 etsi hic historiae maior est auctor1 ad quem tamen intellegendum iam profectu opus sit3 #cb lactea ubertas4 ,cp4 dulcis et candidus et fusus ,herodotus #gc1 where see note3 #aac nitidus et candidus4--,in a different sense1 ,seneca1 ,suas4 vi4 #bb1 ut est natura candidissimus omnium magnorum ingeniorum aestimator ,t4 ,livius4 contionibus4 ,the speeches are introduced in order to give a portrait of some one 7xlv4 #be1 #c71 or to indicate motives 7viii4 #g3 iii4 #dg1 #e74 ,though they make no claim to historical truth 7in hanc sententiam locutum accipio iii4 #fg1 #a71 they generally give a trustworthy picture of the circumstances and character of the speaker3 cp4 e4g4 vii4 #cd4 ,in some instances we can see how ,livy rhetorically #aja enlarges on the brief hints of a predecessor3 cp4 ,polyb4 iii4 #fd with ,liv4 xxi4 #dj sq4 ,teuffel #beb1 #ab4 supra quam3 cp4 ,sall4 ,cat4 #e1 #c supra quam cuiquam credibile est3 ,iug4 #bd1 #e3 ,cicero1 ,orator #aci saepe supra feret quam fieri posset 7cp4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #acf74 ,quintilian has inenarrabilis xi4 #c1 #agg1 which occurs also in ,livy xliv4 #e1 #a3 xli4 #ae1 #b4 eloquentem3 viii4 #a1 #c ,tito ,livio1 mirae facundiae viro3 ,tac4 ,agr4 #aj ,livius veterum ,fabius ,rusticus recentium eloquentissimi auctores3 ,ann4 iv4 #cd ,t4 ,livius eloquentiae ac fidei praeclarus in primis3 ,seneca1 de ,ira i4 #bj1 #f apud disertissimum virum ,livium4 adfectus3 #dh adfectus quidem1 vel illos mites vel hos concitatos3 #8the softer passions4' parcissime3 cp4 below1 #d #d qui parcissime3 xi4 #a1 #ff3 #c1 #ajj4 commendavit magis3 #8has set in a fairer light1' #8represented more perfectly' 7#8hat angemessen und eindringlich dargestellt4'--,bonnell-,meister74 ,spalding felt a difficulty about this word1 but rightly suggested that it means #8approbavit suis lectoribus1'--a meaning to which ut parcissime dicam is quite appropriate4 ,the nearest parallel is iv4 #a1 #ac ,nam tum dignitas eius 7litigatoris7 adlegatur1 tum commendatur infirmitas 7#8set in a strong light1' #8made much of'71--where too the verb is used absolutely1 without a dative4 ,the usual construction is found v4 #aa1 #ch misericordiam commendabo iudici4 ,in the sense of #8set off' 7ornare71 without a dat41 we have quae memoria complecteretur actio commendaret viii4 ,prooem4 #f3 quaedam 444 virtus haec sola commendat ix4 #d1 #ac3 hoc oratio recta1 illud figura declinata commendat x4 #e1 #h4--;,for the reading commodavit see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#ajb ,ideoque immortalem ,sallusti velocitatem diversis virtutibus consecutus est4 ,nam mihi egregie dixisse videtur ,servilius ,nonianus1 pares eos magis quam similes2 qui et ipse a #ajb nobis auditus est clarus vi ingenii et sententiis creber1 sed minus pressus quam historiae auctoritas postulat4 #ajb4 immortalem3 so #hf1 where it is more appropriate4 velocitatem3 #8rapid brevity4' ,it is the quality which ,dionysius denotes by p4 #hgj ,r4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat i4 #aj1 #i ,est brevitate opus ut currat sententia1--quoted on #gc brevis et semper instans sibi ,thucydides1 where see note4 ,arist4 ,rhet4 iii4 #af1 #d 4 ,so celeritas xii4 #aj1 #fe hanc vim et celeritatem in ,pericle miratur ,eupolis3 ,eupolis having said of ,pericles 1 7,schol4 ,aristoph4 ,acharn4 #ece74 consecutus est1 lit4 #8equalled in point of fame'3 the real object is not velocitatem1 so that the idea is awkwardly expressed4 ,quintilian means that by other good points 7cp4 #gc diversis virtutibus7 ,livy obtained a degree of fame not inferior to what ,sallust gained by his #8velocitas4' ,it is in fact a brachyology for #8immortalitatem illius ,sallustianae velocitatis4' ,cp4 ,cic4 ,phil4 xiv4 #ce parem virtutis gloriam consecuta est 7legio73 ,quint4 iii4 #g1 #i quod immortalitatem virtute sint consecuti4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,servilius ,nonianus4 ,in mentioning his death 7,a4,d4 #fj7 along with that of ,domitius ,afer 7#hf71 ,tacitus says that he rivalled the latter's abilities and surpassed his morals3--summis honoribus et multa eloquentia viguerant1 ille orando causas1 ,servilius diu foro1 mox tradendis rebus ,romanis celebris et elegantia vitae1 quam clariorem effecit1 ut par ingenio1 ita morum diversus4 ,cp4 ,dial4 ch4 #bc eloquentia 444 ,servilii ,noniani4 ,like most of the ,roman historians1 except ,livy1 he was a man of affairs4 ,pliny1 ,n4 ,h4 xxviii4 #b1 #e princeps civitatis4 ,he was the friend--possibly at one time the teacher--of the satirist ,persius1 who is said to have reverenced him as a father 7coluit ut patrem74 ,pliny tells us 7,ep4 i4 #ac1 #c7 how ,claudius1 on hearing the thunders of applause that greeted his recitations1 entered the building and seated himself unobserved among the audience3 memoria parentura ,claudium ,caesarem ferunt1 cum in palatio spatiaretur andissetque clamorem1 causam requisisse1 cumque dictum esset recitare ,nonianum1 subitum recitanti inopinantique venisse4 et ipse4 ,quintilian had not only read his works1 but had heard him3 he #ajb would be between twenty and twenty-five when ,servilius died4--,for et ipse see on #ca4 clarus vi ingenii3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 sententiis creber2 cp4 #fh sententiis densus4 ,for sententiis 77 cp4 #fj #fa3 #b #ag4 ,he was full of point and matter1 but not concise enongh for the dignity of history4 ,for pressus v4 #dd4 ,i3#ajc ,quam paulum aetate praecedens eum ,bassus ,aufidius egregie1 utique in libris belli ,germanici1 praestitit genere ipso1 probabilis in omnibus1 sed in quibusdam suis ipse viribus minor4 #ajc4 ,bassus ,aufidius4 ,tacitus mentions him along with ,servilius ,nonianus1 ,dial4 #bc1 where he speaks of antiquarians #8quibus eloquentia ,aufidii ,bassi aut ,servilii ,noniani ex comparatione ,sisennae aut ,varronis sordet4' ,seneca gives some account of him in his thirtieth letter3 #a ,bassum ,aufidium1 virum optimum1 vidi quassum1 aetati obluctantem3 #c ,bassus tamen noster alacer animo est4 hoc philosophia praestat4 ,cp4 #e1 #aj1 #ad4 ,his history probably ended with the reign of ,claudius1 at which point ,pliny the elder took it up3 ,n4 ,h4 praef4 #bj diximus 444 temporum nostrorum historiam1 orsi a fine ,aufidii ,bassi4 ,the #8libri ,belli ,germanici' may have been an independent work4--,the practice of placing the cognomen before the gentile name grew under the ,empire3 many instances are found even in ,cicero's letters1 but not in the ordinary prose of the ,republic2 cp4 #hf1 and ,introd4 p4 lv4 genere ipso #8gerade durch den ,stil' 7,kiderlin7--as being suitable to historiae auctoritas4 ,quintilian often uses genus in this sense 7without dicendi73 often with an adj4 like rectum1 but often also without1 e4g4 x4 #b1 #ah noveram quosdam c43 #b #bc uni alicui generi4 ,for the reading1 see ,crit4 ,notes4--,from the specimens 7on the death of ,cicero7 given by ,seneca the rhetorician 7,suas4 vi4 #ah and #bc71 we should infer that the style of ,bassus was rather affected and pretentious4 ,i3#ajd ,superest adhuc et exornat #ajc aetatis nostrae gloriam vir saeculorum memoria dignus1 qui olim nominabitur1 nunc intellegitur4 ,habet amatores nec immerito ,cremuti libertas1 quamquam circumcisis quae dixisse ei nocuerat2 sed elatum abunde spiritum et audaces sententias deprehendas etiam in his quae manent4 ,sunt et alii scriptores boni1 sed nos genera degustamus1 non bibliothecas excutimus4 #ajd4 ,superest4 ,the fact that ,cremutius put an end to his life in ,a4,d4 #be is sufficient to disprove the theory that he is referred to here3 superest when taken along with exornat aetatis nostrae gloriam cannot mean anything but superstes est 7cp4 supersunt #b #bh74--,the ,bonnell-,meister edition 7#ahhb7 understands the reference to be to ,tacitus3 but though admirers of ,tacitus would like to appropriate for him the phrase vir saeculorum memoria dignus1 this can hardly be accepted4 ,in the first place the words superest adhuc are1 in their natural sense1 inapplicable to one who had not published anything when ,quintilian wrote 7about #ic ,a4,d474 ,he has just spoken of ,servilius1 who is known to have died in ,a4,d4 #fj1 and of ,aufidius1 who was old and frail in ,seneca's life-time1 i4e4 before ,a4,d4 #fe3 and though it may be proposed to take superest adhuc as meaning simply #8,i have still to refer to 7a living writer71' 7cp4 supersunt #abc71 in which sense the words might apply to ,tacitus1 it seems extremely improbable that after speaking of a youthful contemporary1 ,quintilian would in the next sentence return to ,cremutius1 who died as far back as ,a4,d4 #be4 ,it might be argued that the point of the passage is that1 after this indirect eulogy of ,tacitus1 the writer means to imply that the spirit of ,cremutius still survives in him3 #8there is with us now one who will afterwards be famous but of whom we may not speak at present4 ,the independence of ,cremutius is still appreciated4' ,but habet amatores will hardly cover this interpretation3 it introduces a critique of ,cremutius which has no relation to what goes before4 ,and moreover it is doubtful whether ,quintilian1 who never mentions any living writer1 except ,domitian1 would have hazarded a reference to one whose anti-imperial tendencies must have been so well known in ,rome4 ,krger's supposition 7#crd ed4 p4 #ig7 that after adhuc the name ,tacitus has fallen out1 or that we should write #8superest ,tacitus et ornat1' is altogether out of the question3 it would quite destroy the point of the sentence 7nominabitur 444 intellegitur74 ,it seems safest1 therefore1 to follow those who with ,nipperdey 7,philol4 vi4 p4 #aic7 understand the historian here meant to be ,fabius ,rusticus4 ,it would have been strange if ,quintilian had omitted to mention him1 considering his eminence3 ,livius veterum1 ,fabius ,rusticus recentium eloquentissimi #ajc auctores1 ,tac4 ,agr4 #aj4 ,and what he says fits ,fabius very well2 he was an intimate friend of ,seneca 7,tac4 ,ann4 xiii4 #bj sane ,fabius inclinat ad laudes ,senecae cuius amicitia floruit71 and from the fact that he was made co-heir with ,tacitus and ,pliny in the will of ,dasumius we know that he was still alive #ajh or #aji ,a4,d4 ,mommsen thinks that to him also is addressed ,pliny1 ,ep4 ix4 #bi4 vir saeculorum memoria dignus3 ,cp4 #hj3 iii4 #g1 #ah ingeniorum monumenta1 quae saeculis probarentur3 xi4 #a1 #ac perpetua saeculorum admiratione celebrantur4 olim1 of future time1 as #id4 ,the writer referred to will come actually to enjoy the renown of which ,quint4 here declares him worthy4 nunc intellegitur4 ,for ,quint4's rule not to mention living writers cp4 iii4 #a1 #ba1 quoted at #ie2 and for the antithesis between nominabitur and intellegitur1 xi4 #a1 #aj maluit emim vir sapientissimus 7,socrates7 quod superesset ex vita sibi perire quam quod praeterisset4 ,et quando ab hominibus sui temporis parum intellegebatur1 posterorum se iudiciis reservavit brevi detrimento iam ultimae senectutis aevum saeculorum omnium consecutus4 ,cremuti libertas3 1 #fe1 #id4 ,cremutius ,cordus published a history of the ,civil ,wars and of the reign of ,augustus--unius saeculi facta1 ,sen4 ,cons4 ad ,marc4 #bf1 #e4 ,augustus is said to have read the work1 or to have heard it read1 without disapproval 7,dion4 #eg1 #bd1 #b2 ,sueton4 ,tib4 #fa74 ,he afterwards incurred the displeasure of ,sejanus by some bold remarks1 as1 for example1 when he said in regard to the statue of ,sejanus which he was told the ,senate had resolved to erect in ,pompey's theatre1 restored by ,tiberius after a fire1 #8tunc vere theatrum perire'--,sen4 ,cons4 ad ,marc4 #bb1 #d4 ,in ,a4,d4 #be he was brought to trial #8novo ac tunc primum audito crimine1 quod editis annalibus laudatoque ,m4 ,bruto ,c4 ,cassium ,romanorum ultimum dixisset' 7,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd sq474 ,finding his case prejudged1 after a spirited defence he went home and starved himself to death4 ,the ,senate ordered his books to be burned3 #8sed manserunt1' says ,tacitus1 #8occultati et editi4' ,dion4 tells us that #8afterwards 7i4e4 under ,caligula7 they were published again1 for they had been preserved by various people1 and particularly by his daughter ,marcia2 and they were esteemed much more highly on account of the fate of ,cordus' 7lvii4 #bd74 ,for ,marcia v4 ,senecae ,consolatio ad ,marciam c4 #a4 ,suet4 ,calig4 #af tells us that the suppressed writings of others also 7,titus ,labienus and ,cassius ,severus7 were allowed by ,caligula to come again into circulation1 after a process of editing similar to that referred to by ,quint4 7circumcisis1 c474 ,tacitus's reflections on the ineffectual attempt to destroy ,cremutius's works are interesting in connection with our passage3 quo magis socordiam eorum inridere licet1 qui praesenti potentia credunt extingui posse etiam sequentis aevi memoriam4 ,nam contra1 punitis ingeniis gliscit auctoritas1 neque aliud externi reges aut qui eadem saevitia usi sunt1 nisi dedecus sibi atque illis gloriam peperere1 ,ann4 iv4 #ce ad fin4 abunde3 used here to emphasise elatum3 v4 on #id4 spiritus1 #dd1 #fa2 #c #bb4 ,the excisions and emendations in regard to matters of detail had evidently not interfered with the independent tone of ,cremutius's writings4 alii scriptores1 3 the word being used specially of historians4 ,he has not mentioned ,caesar1 or ,nepos1 or ,velleius1 or ,quintus ,curtius4 degustamus3 #8dipping into'3 #e #bc inchoatae et quasi degustatae4 ,the opposite is persequi3 #de genera ipsa lectionum 444 persequar4 ,i3#aje ,oratores vero vel praecipue ,latinam eloquentiam parem facere #ajd ,graecae possunt2 nam ,ciceronem cuicumque eorum fortiter opposuerim4 ,nec ignoro quantam mihi concitem pugnam1 cum #aje praesertim non id sit propositi ut eum ,demostheni comparem hoc tempore2 neque enim attinet1 cum ,demosthenen in primis legendum vel ediscendum potius putem4 #aje4 parem facere4 ,cicero uses aequare in a passage of the ,brutus 7#ach71 in which1 speaking of ,antonius and ,crassus1 he says3 nam ego sic existimo1 #ajd hos oratores fuisse maximos et in his primum cum ,graecorum gloria ,latine dicendi copiam aequatam4 ,in the ,silver ,age1 the phrase paria facere commonly occurs for #8settling up'3 e4g4 nihil differamus4 cotidie cum vita paria faciamus ,sen4 ,ep4 #aja1 #g4 ,a near parallel to the passage in the text is ii4 #h1 #ac ea cura paria faciet iis in quibus eminebat4--,other reff4 to ,cicero's pre-eminence are vi4 #c1 #a ,latinae eloquentiae princeps3 xii4 #a1 #bj stetisse ipsum 7,ciceronem7 in fastigio eloquentiae fateor4 cuicumque1 #ab4 ,the use of quicumque 7which in classical ,latin is joined with a verb7 for quivis or quilibet 7which are used absolutely7 may be noted as a sign of the decay of the language4 ,cp4 note on #ab3 ,roby #bbhi4--;,for eorum ,andresen and ,jeep propose ,graecorum4 fortiter opposuerim4 ,the adv4 is not merely one of manner3 it conveys the expression of a judgment1 #8nicht die ,art und ,weise1 sondern ein ,urteil ber die ,handlung1' ,becher4 ,so #8inique ,castorem cum ,domitio comparo1' ,cicero1 pro ,deiot4 #ca4 ,cp4 i1 #e1 #gb fortiter diceremus3 v4 #aj1 #gh fortiter 444 iunxerim4--,roby 7#aedj7 gives numerous examples of this use of subj4 7involving a suppressed condition such as #8if occasion arose'7 with such adverbs as merito1 facile1 lubenter1 citius4 quantam 444 pugnam3 owing to the existing prejudice against the style of ,cicero4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ab ,plures hodie reperies qui ,ciceronis gloriam quam qui ,vergilii detrectent3 ibid4 #ah ,satis constat ne ,ciceroni quidem obtrectatores defuisse1 quibus inflatus et tumens nec satis pressus1 sed supra modum exsultans et superfluens et parum ,atticus videretur4 ,legistis utique et ,calvi et ,bruti ad ,ciceronem missas epistulas ex quibus facile est deprehendere ,calvum quidem ,ciceroni visum exsanguem et aridum1 ,brutum autem otiosum atque diiunctum1 rursus ,ciceronem a ,calvo quidem male audisse tamquam solutum et enervem1 a ,bruto autem1 ut ipsius verbis utar1 tamquam fractum atque elumbem4--,hortensius had been from ,b4,c4 #ie the ,latin representative of ,asianism4 ,under the influence of his teachers1 the ,rhodian eclectics1 ,cicero emancipated himself from this school without1 on the other hand1 binding himself by the most rigorous canons of ,atticism4 ,his critics1 who adhered to severer models1 considered the fulness and richness of his style turgidity and bombast1 and pointed to his elaborately periodic structure and rhythmical amplitude as proving that he was really an ,asianist in disguise4 ,besides ,brutus and ,calvus1 mentioned above 7cp4 ,quint1 xii4 #a1 #bb71 there were the ,asinii1 father and son 7etiam inimice1 ibid471 and ,caelius4 ,asinius ,gallus wrote a work de comparatione patris et ,ciceronis1 which was controverted by the emperor ,claudius3 ,plin4 ,epist4 vii4 #d #f libros ,galli 444 quibus ille parenti ausus de ,cicerone dare est palmamque decusque3 ,sueton4 ,claud4 #da4 ,cicero1 on the other hand1 thought that his ,atticising critics were too apt to forget 7what he asks ,atticus to remember7 that the #8thunders of ,demosthenes show that the ,attic style is quite consistent with the highest degree of grandeur'--si recordabere fulmina1 tum intelliges posse et gravissime dici1 ad ,att4 xv4 #a1 ad fin4 ,quintilian denounces them in strong language1 xii4 #aj1 #ab-ad ,a4 ,at ,l4 ,m4 ,tullium non illum habemus ,euphranorem circa plures artium species praestantem1 sed in omnibus quae in quoque laudantur eminentissimum4 ,quem tamen et suorum homines temporum incessere audebant ut tumidiorem et ,asianum et redundantem et in repetitionibus nimium et in salibus aliquando frigidum et in compositione fractum1 exultantem ac paene1 quod procul absit1 viro molliorem3 postea vero quam triumvirati proscriptione consumptus est1 passim qui oderant1 qui invidebant1 qui aemulabantur1 adulatores etiam praesentis potentiae non responsurum invaserunt4 ,ille tamen1 qui ieiunus a quibusdam et aridus habetur1 non aliter ab ipsis inimicis male audire quam nimiis floribus et ingenii adfluentia potuit4 ,falsum utrumque1 sed tamen illa mentiendi propior occasio4 ,praecipue vero presserunt eum qui videri ,atticorum imitatores concupierant4 ,haec manus quasi quibusdam sacris initiata ut alienigenam et parum superstitiosum devinctumque illis legibus insequebatur1 unde nunc quoque aridi et exsuci et exsangues4 ,hi sunt enim qui suae imbecillitati sanitatis appellationem1 quae est maxime contraria1 obtendant3 qui quia clariorem vim eloquentiae velut solem ferre non possunt1 umbra magni nominis 7i4e4 ,athens7 delitescunt4 ,in ,quintilian's own day 7cp4 nunc quoque above7 a certain #aje ,largius ,licinus wrote a work which he called ,ciceromastix1 repeating the criticisms of ,asinius ,gallus3 cp4 ,aul4 ,gell4 xvii4 #a1 #a nonnulli tam prodigiosi tamque vaecordes exstiterunt in quibus sunt ,gallus ,asinius et ,largius ,licinus1 cuius liber etiam fertur infando titulo #8,ciceromastix1' ut scribere ausi sint ,m4 ,ciceronem parum integre atque improprie atque inconsiderate locutum4 ,these rigid ,atticists appear to have ignored1 as ,sandys has pointed out 7,introd4 to ,orator1 p4 lxii71 the #8difference between the two languages1 between the power and breadth and compass of ,greek as compared with the more limited resources of ,latin4' ,mr4 ,sandys appends an apt quotation from ,j4 ,h4 ,newman 7in ,h4 ,thompson's ,rom4 ,lit4--,encyc4 ,metrop4 p4 #cjg1 ed4 #aheb73--#8;,greek is celebrated for copiousness in its vocabulary and perspicuity in its phrases2 and the consequent facility of expressing the most novel or abstruse ideas with precision and elegance4 ,hence the ,attic style of eloquence was plain and simple1 because simplicity and plainness were not incompatible with clearness1 energy1 and harmony4 ,but it was a singular want of judgment1 an ignorance of the very principles of composition1 which induced ,brutus1 ,calvus1 ,sallust1 and others to imitate this terse and severe beauty in their own defective language1 and even to pronounce the opposite kind of diction deficient in taste and purity4 ,in ,greek1 indeed1 the words fall1 as it were1 naturally1 into a distinct and harmonious order2 and from the exuberant richness of the materials1 less is left to the ingenuity of the artist4 ,but the ,latin language is comparatively weak1 scanty1 and unmusical2 and requires considerable skill and management to render it expressive and graceful4 ,simplicity in ,latin is scarcely separable from baldness2 and justly as ,terence is celebrated for chaste and unadorned diction1 yet even he1 compared with ,attic writers1 is flat and heavy 7,quint4 x4 #a1 #ajj74' ,cp4 for a similar contrast ,quint4 xii4 #aj1 #bg-ci4 cum praesertim3 ,krger 7#crd ed47 gives the sense as follows1 #8especially since ,i do not intend to prove my statement by a detailed comparison'3 following ,becher 7but see ,crit4 ,notes71 who thinks that ,quint4 means to say that the pugna will be all the more violent because he does not intend to go into a detailed comparison4 ,such a comparison would be out of place 7neque enim attinet71 as he is not denying the supreme excellence of ,demosthenes4 ,cum praesertim means that there is all the less reason for controversy as he does not intend to compare the two3 it gives an additional ground for what is really1 if not formally1 the main idea in the writer's mind1 viz4 the needlessness of a pugna at this point4 ,hence it comes to have the force of quamvis1 or idque cum tamen3 tr4 #8and that though1' #8though indeed1' #8which is all the less necessary because1' etc4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,fin4 ii4 #h1 #be cum praesertim in eo omne studium poneret1--where see ,madvig's note3 in ,verr4 ii4 #aac ut ex oppido ,thermis nihil ex sacro1 nihil de publico attingeres1 cum praesertim essent multa praeclara1 c41 i4e4 #8which is all the more wonderful because'--very much as in our text3 ,philipp4 viii4 #b1 #e ,c4 quidem ,caesar non expectavit vestra decreta1 praesertim cum illud aetatis erat--i4e4 as he might well have done at his age3 ibid4 ii4 #fd inventus est nemo praeter ,antonium1 praesertim cum tot essent1 c43 i4e4 which was all the more remarkable as1 c43 ,brutus1 #bfg ,m4 ,bibulus qui et scriptitavit adcurate1 cum praesertim non esset orator1 et1 c41 i4e4 #8and that too though'3 de ,off4 ii4 #ef3 ,orator #cb nec vero si historiam non scripsisset 7,thucydides7 nomen eius exstaret1 cum praesertim fuisset honoratus et nobilis4 ,roby #agcb3 ,ngelsbach#h1 pp4 #fie-f4 propositi3 for the gen4 cp4 iv4 #b1 #ba quid acti sit3 quid tui consilii sit 7,cic4 ad ,att4 xii4 #bi1 #b3 ,caes4 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #ba1 #b73 quid offici sui sit ,cic4 ,acad4 ,pr4 ii4 #be1 with ,dr4 ,reid's note4 hoc tempore3 ,demosthenes and ,cicero are eulogised together1 xii4 #a1 #ad-bb4 neque enim attinet1 i4e4 nor would there be any point in such a controversy4 ,they have no need to draw the sword against me1 for ,i too give ,demosthenes the highest place4 ,in exalting ,cicero ,i do not mean to depreciate ,demosthenes4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #be quo modo inter ,atticos primae ,demostheni tribuuntur 444 sic apud nos ,cicero quidem ceteros eorundem temporum disertos antecessit4 #ajf ,i3#ajf ,quorum ego virtutes #ajf plerasque arbitror similes1 consilium1 ordinem1 dividendi1 praeparandi1 probandi rationem1 omnia denique quae sunt inventionis4 #ajg ,in eloquendo est aliqua diversitas3 densior ille hic copiosior1 ille concludit adstrictius hic latius1 pugnat ille acumine semper hic frequenter et pondere1 illi nihil detrahi potest huic nihil adici1 curae plus in illo in hoc naturae4 #ajf4 consilium3 vi4 #e #c consilium vero ratio est quaedam alte petita et plerumque plura perpendens et comparans habensque in se et inventionem et iudicationem3 #aa illud dicere satis habeo1 nihil esse non modo in orando1 sed in omni vita prius consilio1 and the whole passage from #i to end3 ii4 #ac1 #b res in oratore praecipua consilium est1 quia varie et ad rerum momenta convertitur4 ,this #8tact' or #8judgment' would be specially shown in inventio and in dispositio1 here made a part of inventio3 elocutio is a higher gift4 ,cp4 viii1 ,pr4 #ad ,m4 ,tullius inventionem quidem ac dispositionem prudentis hominis putat1 eloquentiam oratoris3 ,cicero1 de ,orat4 ii4 #abj cum haec duo nobis quaerenda sint in causis1 primum quid inventio1 deinde quomodo elocutio dicamus1 alterum 444 prudentiae est paene mediocris quid dicendum sit videre3 alterum est1 in quo oratoris vis illa divina virtusque cernitur1 ea quae dicenda sunt ornate copiose varieque dicere2 ,orator #dd nam et invenire et iudicare quid dicas magna illa quidem sunt et tamquam animi instar in corpore1 sed propria magis prudentiae quam eloquentiae4 ordinem 773 ordo corresponds to dispositio iii4 #c1 #h4 ,in vii4 #a1 #a the two are separately defined3 ordo recta quaedam collocatio prioribus sequentia adnectens3 dispositio utilis rerum ac partium in locos distributio4 dividendi4 ,divisio is defined1 along with partitio1 in vii4 #a1 #a3 divisio rerum plurium in singulas1 partitio singularum in partes discretio4 ,here dividendi ratio is used in a more general sense1 as equivalent to partitio in iv4 #e3 i4e4 nostrarum aut adversarii propositionum aut utrarumque ordine collocata enumeratio4 ,of this useful process ,quintilian says 7iv4 #e1 #bb73 neque enim solum id efficit ut clariora fiant quae dicuntur1 rebus velut ex turba extractis et in conspectu iudicum positis1 sed reficit quoque audientem certo singularum partium fine1 non aliter quam facientibus iter multum detrahunt fatigationis notata inscriptis lapidibus spatia4--,kiderlin 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #agf7 thinks it remarkable that divisio should here be ranked alongside of praeparandi1 probandi rationem1 whereas in iii4 #c1 #a it stands independently alongside of inventio itself4 ,he sees no difference between ordinem and dividendi rationem 7iii4 #c1 #h71 and suggests that in the ,,mss4 readings 7videndi and indicendi7 there may be concealed some noun to correspond with ordinem3 e4g4 viam dicendi 7#8der ,gang der ,reden'73 cp4 iv4 #e1 #c3 x4 #g1 #e4 ,but in x4 #g1 #i we have both ordo and dispositio1 in spite of iii4 #c1 #h1 and so it is here4 praeparandi3 iii4 #i1 #g expositio enim probationum est praeparatio1 nec esse utilis potest nisi prius constiterit1 quid debeat de probatione promittere4 ,a less formal use occurs x4 #a #ba3 cp4 iv4 #b #ee4 probandi rationem confirmationem1 the establishment of the case4 ,understanding the passage to contain an enumeration of the five parts of an oration 7exordium1 narratio1 probatio1 refutatio1 and peroratio71 ,kiderlin takes probandi here as covering the third and fourth1 which were often considered one part4 ,praeparandi exordium1 and the peroratio is omitted1 because here ,demosthenes and ,cicero were unlike1 for the reason given below 7#ajg74 ,in order to include narratio1 he proposes to insert narrandi after praeparandi3 it may easily1 he thinks1 have fallen out after -arandi4 ,it is always included in similar enumerations3 ii4 #e1 #g-h3 ii4 #ac1 #a3 iv4 pr4 #f3 x4 #b1 #bg4 omnia denique quae sunt inventionis3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 #8,inventio1' the orator's first requisite1 may of course be shown in all the various parts of a speech1 e4g4 narratio1 divisio1 confirmatio1 as here4 ,but in the antithesis between inventionis and in eloquendo ,quintilian is thinking of that fundamental distinction between substance and form on which he based his treatment of his subject4 ,applying a rough division to his work1 we may say that ,books iii4 to vii4 deal with inventio including dispositio1 i4e4 and 3 while ,books viii-xi4 treat of elocutio 771 including actio or pronuntiatio1 #8delivery' 774 ,so ,cicero in the ,orator #dc introduces a description of the ideal orator in the three relations of 7#a7 inventio--quid dicat 773 7#b7 collocatio or dispositio--quo quidque loco 771 and 7#c7 actio or pronuntiatio 773 and elocutio 77--quo modo4 ,quintilian in iii4 #c gives in more detail the traditional parts of rhetoric3 inventio1 dispositio1 elocutio1 memoria1 pronuntiatio 7or actio74 ,see #a-i4 ,for the division here cp4 also xii4 #aj1 #bg ,latina mihi facundia1 ut inventione1 dispositione1 consilio1 ceteris huius generis artibus similis ,graecae ac prorsus discipula eius videtur1 ita circa #ajg rationem eloquendi vix habere imitationis locum4 aliqua diversitas3 ,morawski 7,quaest4 p4 #cc7 thinks that this passage may be founded on a tractate by ,caecilius 7contemporary with ,dion4 ,hal471 which is mentioned by ,plutarch1 ,dem4 #c 4 ,a parallel passage is found in the 7,sp4 i4 p4 #bfa71 the author of which may also have borrowed from ,caecilius3-- 77 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4444 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xxxviii4 densior3 #gf tam densa omnia3 so of ,thucydides #gc densus et brevis4 concludit1 not1 as ,bonnell ratiocinatur 7xii4 #b1 #be71 but of the #8rounding off' of a period3 ix4 #d1 #bb1 quae est vel ambitus vel circumductum vel continuatio vel conclusio4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brutus #cc verborum 444 quaedam ad numerum conclusio3 cp4 #cd below1 concluditque sententiam3 ,orator #bj conclusa oratio3 #agg concluse apteque dicere3 #bjj1 #bbj1 #bcj1 #bca3 de ,orat4 ii4 #cd quod carmen artificiosa verborum conclusione 7#8artistic period'7 aptius8 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #dj concludere versum4 ,the opposite is membratim caesimque dicere1 ,quint4 ix4 #d1 #abf3 cp4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #bab incise membratimve3 de ,orat4 iii4 #di1 #aij carpere membris minutioribus orationem4 ,for a contrast cp4 ,brutus #abj ut ,stoicorum adstrictior est oratio aliquantoque contractior quam aures populi requirunt1 sic illorum 7,peripateticorum ,academicorumque7 liberior et latior quam patitur consuetudo iudiciorum et fori3 #afb quin etiam comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum1 si sic appellari placet1 erat apud illum 7i4e4 ,crassum7 contractus et brevis1 et in membra quaedam1 quae ,graeci vocant1 dispertiebat orationem libentius4 astrictius 444 latius3 there is more compactness about the periodic structure in ,demosthenes1 greater breadth in that of ,cicero4 ,this could hardly be said of ,demosthenes's periods as a whole3 it rather refers to the care which ,cicero and ,roman orators generally bestowed on the closing syllables of a period 7,blass1 ,att4 ,ber4 iii4 #aag74 ,it was this liking for a sonorous and copious diction that seemed to ,cicero's critics to justify the epithets 7inflatus1 tumens1 c47 applied to him in ,dial4 de ,orat4 #ah 7quoted above1 #aje72 he himself tells us in the ,orator1 #ajd1 that his ears craved for something more full and sonorous even than ,demosthenes3 #8non semper implet aures meas3 ita sunt avidae et capaces et semper aliquid immensum infinitumque desiderant4' pugnat3 used figuratively for dicit3 cp4 #d4 acumine3 the word is used in #ha and #hc of #8power of thought1' #8intellectual penetration'3 viii4 #b1 #ba3 x4 #a1 #ha and #hc4 ,see on acutus #gg4 ,so ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #abh acumen dialecticorum4 ,here it includes the idea of #8point' in expression3 following up the metaphor contained in #8pugnat1' we might render1 #8,demosthenes always thrusts with the rapier1 ,cicero often uses the bludgeon too4' 7,landor1 speaking of ,shaftesbury and ,bolingbroke1 as compared with ,lord ,brougham1 said that they had #8more of the rapier than the bludgeon4'7 ,cp4 de ,orat4 ii4 #aeh ipsi se compungunt suis acuminibus4 ,the contrast is something like that implied in xii4 #aj1 #cf subtilitate vincimur 7a ,graecis73 valeamus pondere3 cp4 ibid4 #aa gravitatem ,bruti acumen ,sulpici4 nihil detrahi3 cp4 #gf is dicendi modus ut nec quod desit in eo nec quod redundet invenias4 curae 444 naturae3 v4 ,jebb's ,attic ,orators1 i4 ,introd4 p4 cvi1 where it is remarked that this paradox is true in this sense alone1 #8that ,cicero is an inferior artist1 and indulges more freely the taste of the natural man for ornament4' ,quintilian may also refer to the laborious training which ,demosthenes imposed on himself1 and in consequence of which1 says ,plutarch1 1 7,vit4 ,demosth4 viii474 ,cp4 the taunt of ,pytheas1 that his work #8smelled of the lamp'3 1 ibid42 also #ajh ,parallel4 ch4 i4 ,it was the rule with ,demosthenes never to speak without preparation3 ,cicero may have relied at times on the faculty of extemporising at need4 ,i3#ajg ,salibus certe et #ajh commiseratione1 quae duo plurimum in adfectibus valent1 vincimus4 ,et fortasse epilogos illi mos civitatis abstulerit1 sed et nobis illa1 quae ,attici mirantur1 diversa ,latini sermonis ratio #aji minus permiserit4 ,in epistulis quidem1 quamquam sunt utriusque1 dialogisve1 quibus nihil ille1 nulla contentio est4 #ajg4 salibus3 cp4 vi4 #c1 #b plerique ,demostheni facultatem defuisse huic rei credunt1 ,ciceroni modum1 nec videri potest noluisse ,demosthenes1 cuius pauca admodum dicta nec sane ceteris eius virtutibus respondentia palam ostendunt non displicuisse illi iocos sed non contigisse 444 mihi quidem 444 mira quaedam in eo 7,cicerone7 videtur fuisse urbanitas4 ,so #ba ,demosthenem urbanum fuisse dicunt1 dicacem negant3 ,cic4 ,orat4 #ij non tam dicax quam facetus3 ,dion4 ,hal4 ,dem4 c4 #ed 444 4 ,cp4 1 #cd1 where the judgment is unduly severe1 4 ,cp4 ,sandys' note on ,orat4 #ij1 8,though not obtrusively witty1 ,demosthenes nevertheless is not wanting in humour1 as is proved by the speech on the ,chersonesus #e1 #aa ff4 and esp4 #bc 7characterized by ,brougham as #8full of refined and almost playful wit'73 ,plut4 iii4 #ff3 de ,cor4 #aih1 #bcd 7,blass1 ,att4 ,ber4 iii4 #afc-f740 ,for a criticism of ,cicero's wit1 on the other hand1 v4 ,plut4 ,parallel4 #a 1 and below1 ,cato's 1 1 4 444 commiseratione1 #8pathos4' ,see ,orator #acj in quo ut viderer excellere non ingenio1 sed dolore adsequebar2 i4e4 it was real sympathy more than any special talent that enabled him to excel in this respect4 in adfectibus1 #8where the feelings are concerned4' ,under adfectus 7vi4 #b7 is included everything that makes an impression on the judges3 #a opus 444 movendi iudicum animos3 among other things laughter itself1 virtus quae risum iudicis movendo et illos tristes solvit adfectus et animum ab intentione rerum frequenter avertit et aliquando etiam reficit et a satietate vel a fatigatione renovat4 vincimus3 for the present cp4 #ic1 #aja1 #aje4 epilogos1 #8perorations4' ,the peroration was looked on as giving a great opportunity for moving the feelings3 ,arist4 ,rhet4 iii4 #ai says one of its parts is 4 ,so ,quint4 iv4 #a1 #bh quod in ingressu parcius et modestius praetemptanda sit iudicis misericordia3 in epilogo vero liceat totos effundere adfectus4 ,the word is common in this sense in ,quintilian3 vi4 #a1 #cg1 sq4 esp4 #eb at hic1 si usquam1 totos eloquentiae aperire fontes licet4 ,nam et1 si bene diximus reliqua1 possidebimus iam iudicum animos1 et e confragosis atque asperis evecti tota pandere possumus vela1 et1 cum sit maxima pars epilogi amplificatio1 verbis atque sententiis uti licet magnificis et ornatis4 ,tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad ipsum illud1 quo veteres tragoediae comoediaeque cluduntur1 plodite3 cp4 also ,cicero1 ,brutus #cc exstat eius peroratio1 qui epilogus dicitur3 de ,orat4 ii4 #bgh3 ad ,att4 iv4 #ae1 #d4 mos civitatis3 ii4 #af #d ,athenis ubi actor movere adfectus vetabatur velut recisam orandi potestatem3 vi4 #a1 #g1 where he says that with the ,attic orators the epilogus generally took the form of recapitulation 7 enumeratio7 #8quia ,athenis adfectus movere etiam per praeconem prohibebatur orator4' ,cp4 xii4 #aj1 #bf4 ,this would be especially the case in trials before the ,areopagus4 ,but it was the ,hellenic instinct for moderation that imposed its own law4 ,lord ,brougham1 in his ,dissertation on the ,eloquence of the ,ancients 7p4 #be71 remarks on the calmness of the ,greek peroration3 cp4 his ,essay on ,demosthenes 7p4 #ahd73 #8,it seems to have been a rule enjoined by the severe taste of those times1 that after being wrought up to a great pitch of emotion1 the speaker should1 in quitting his audience1 leave an impression of dignity1 which cannot be maintained without composure4' ,cp4 ,jebb1 i4 ciii-civ3 #8,cicero has now and then an ,attic peroration1 as in the ,second ,philippic and the ,pro ,milone2 more often he breaks off in a burst of eloquence--as in the ,first ,catilinarian1 the ,pro ,flacco1 and the ,pro ,cluentio4' illa quae ,attici mirantur3 cp4 #fe1 #ajj illam solis concessam ,atticis venerem3 xii4 #aj #ce illam gratiam sermonis ,attici4 #aji epistulis4 ,if it were not for the ineptitude of the comparison which follows 7in quibus nihil ille7 we might be inclined to imagine that ,quintilian knew of more letters of ,demosthenes than the six which are still extant1 and which are generally considered apocryphal4 dialogis3 comprising most of ,cicero's philosophical works1 and the ,brutus and ,de ,oratore among his rhetorical4 nihil ille1 sc4 effecit1 consecutus est3 cp4 #ef1 #abc3 #b #f1 #bd3 #c #be3 #g #g1 #bc4 ,i3#ajh ,cedendum vero in hoc1 quod et prior fuit et ex magna parte ,ciceronem quantus est fecit4 ,nam mihi videtur ,m4 ,tullius1 cum se totum ad imitationem ,graecorum contulisset1 effinxisse vim ,demosthenis1 copiam ,platonis1 iucunditatem ,isocratis4 #ajh4 effinxisse1 #8artistically reproduced4' iucunditatem4 #8,the idea which ,cicero got from ,isocrates was that of number4 ,see esp4 de ,orat4 iii4 #dd #agc4' ,jebb4 ,so #8suavitatem ,isocrates 444 vim ,demosthenes habuit' de ,orat4 iii4 #bh4 ,i3#aji ,nec vero quod in quoque optimum fuit studio consecutus est tantum1 sed plurimas vel potius omnes ex se ipso virtutes extulit immortalis ingenii beatissima ubertate4 ,non enim #8pluvias1' ut ait ,pindarus1 #8aquas colligit1 sed vivo gurgite exundat1' dono quodam providentiae genitus1 in quo totas vires suas eloquentia experiretur4 #aji4 ex se ipso 444 extulit3 cp4 ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #h1 #bc artem vivendi quae ipsa ex sese habeat constantiam1 where ,dr4 ,reid cites this passage1 along with many others1 e4g4 ,sen4 ,ep4 #eb1 #c hos quibus ex se impetus fuit3 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii4 #hh a se sumere4 beatissima3 cp4 #fa beatissima rerum verborumque copia3 #c1 #bb beatiorem spiritum4 ,cp4 the eulogy by ,caesar1 in his ,analogia 7written as he was crossing the ,alps1 and dedicated to ,cicero himself73 ac si ut cogitata praeclare eloqui possent non nulli studio et usu elaboraverunt1 cuius te paene principem copiae atque inventorem bene de nomine ac dignitate populi ,romani meritum esse existimare debemus1 c4--quoted in ,brutus #bec4 ,hild adds ,pliny ,h4 ,n4 vii4 #cj ,facundiae ,latiarumque litterarum parens atque 444 omnium triumphorum gloria maior1 quanto plus est ingenii ,romani terminos in tantum promovisse quam imperii1--where the language has a close resemblance to that of ,cicero himself in ,brutus #bee4 ut ait ,pindarus4 ,we get the pluvias aquas in the of ,olymp4 xi1 but there is nothing in ,pindar's extant works that corresponds to the quotation4 exundat3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cj ex multa eruditione et plurimis artibus et omnium rerum scientia exundat et exuberat illa admirabilis eloquentia4 providentia is used very frequently by itself in ,quintilian1 e4g4 i4 #aj1 #g oratio qua nihil praestantius homini dedit providentia 7v4 ,bonn4 ,lex472 also in xi4 i1 #bc with deorum immortalium4 eloquentia3 cp4 ,sen4 ,ep4 #dj1 #aa ,cicero quoque noster1 a quo ,romana eloquentia exsiluit4 ,i3#aaj ,nam quis docere diligentius1 movere vehementius potest8 ,cui tanta umquam iucunditas adfuit8 ut ipsa illa quae extorquet #aaj impetrare eum credas1 et cum transversum vi sua iudicem ferat1 tamen ille non rapi videatur1 sed sequi4 #aaj4 docere 444 movere4 ,cp4 iii4 #e #b tria sunt item quae praestare debeat orator1 ut doceat1 moveat1 delectet 7quoted on #hj74 ,iucunditas here expresses the third4 ,so ,cicero1 ,brutus #ahe tria sunt enim1 ut quidem ego sentio1 quae sint efficienda dicendo3 ut doceatur is apud quem dicetur1 ut delectetur1 ut moveatur vehementius4 extorquet3 cp4 v4 #g1 #ag at in eo qui invitus dicturus est prima felicitas interrogantis extorquere quod is noluerit3 ib4 #bg4 ,cic4 de ,or4 ii4 #gd qui nunquam sententias de manibus iudicum vi quadam orationis extorsimus ac potius placatis eorum animis tantum quantum ipsi patiebantur accepimus4 #aaj transversus #8turned across1' i4e4 at right angles to the original line4 ,so transversis itineribus ,sall4 ,iug4 #de1 #b4 ,for the figure contained in transversum ferat cp4 ibid4 #f1 #c opportunitas quae etiam mediocres viros 444 transversos agit3 #ad1 #bj4 ,the iudex is #8turned athwart'--away from the path of his own judgment4 ,so ,sen4 ,ep4 #h1 #c cum coepit transversos agere felicitas3 ,cic4 ,brutus #cca cuius in adulescentiam 444 transversa incurrit misera fortuna rei publicae4 ,i3#aaa ,iam in omnibus quae dicit tanta auctoritas inest ut dissentire pudeat1 nec advocati studium sed testis aut iudicis adferat fidem2 cum interim haec omnia1 quae vix singula quisquam intentissima cura consequi posset1 fluunt inlaborata et illa1 qua nihil pulchrius auditum est1 oratio prae se fert tamen felicissimam facilitatem4 #aaa4 advocati1 #8pleader1' as generally in ,quintilian1 syn4 with #8actor causae1' #8causidicus1' #8patronus4' ,in ,cicero the word is reserved for those who lent their countenance and personal support to a friend1 especially in legal matters3 e4g4 ,brutus #bhi3 pro ,clu4 #aaj quis eum unquam non modo in patroni1 sed in laudatoris aut advocati loco viderat8 ,see ,fausset's note on advocabat pro ,clu4 #ed4 fidem3 #8trustworthiness1' #8credibility4' ,so quantam afferat fidem iv4 #b1 #abe4 cum interim3 ,roby #agcb4 ,cp4 note on #ah4 posset3 the use of the imperf4 subj4 points to a suppressed protasis1 sc4 si vellet4 ,cp4 i4 #a1 #bb cur improbetur si quis ea quae domi suae recte faceret in publicum promit8 ,so too below1 #b #be qui noceret1 where see note4 tamen is a reminiscence of tamen ille non rapi videatur1 in the previous sentence1 and must be taken with cum interim3 #8for all that4' facilitatem3 cp4 #a4 ,i3#aab ,quare non immerito ab hominibus aetatis suae regnare in iudiciis dictus est1 apud posteros vero id consecutus1 ut ,cicero iam non hominis nomen sed eloquentiae habeatur4 ,hunc igitur spectemus1 hoc propositum nobis sit exemplum1 ille se profecisse sciat1 cui ,cicero valde placebit4 #aab4 regnare3 cp4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 vii4 #bd1 #a olim quum regnare existimabamur3 ad ,att4 i4 #a illud suum regnum iudiciale1--his #8sovereignty of the bar'3 in ,verr4 i4 #ab1 #ce 7of ,hortensius7 omnis dominatio regnumque iudiciorum3 ad ,fam4 ix4 #ah1 #a amisso regno forensi3 cp4 pro ,sulla #g4 non hominis 444 sed eloquentiae4 ,there is no thought here of holding the balance with ,demosthenes1 #aje4 ,cp4 what ,brutus says after ,caesar's eulogy quoted above 7#aji note73 quo enim uno vincebamur a victa ,graecia1 id aut ereptum illis est aut certe nobis cum illis communicatum3 ,brut4 #bed4 ,hild quotes from ,plutarch 7,cicero1 #d7 the story of ,molo1 one of ,cicero's teachers1 who1 on hearing him declaim1 said that he had to pity the hard fate of ,greece1 from whom the palm of eloquence1 her sole surviving glory1 was now to pass away4 exemplum1 predicative1 hoc being neuter by a common form of attraction3 cp4 #c #ag4 profecisse3 ,hild quotes ,boileau1 ,art4 ,poet4 iii4 #cjh1 speaking of ,homer3 c'est avoir profit que de savoir s'y plaire4 ,i3#aac ,multa in ,asinio ,pollione inventio1 summa #aaa diligentia1 adeo ut quibusdam etiam nimia videatur1 et consilii et animi satis3 a nitore et iucunditate ,ciceronis ita longe abest ut videri possit saeculo prior4 ,at ,messalla nitidus et candidus et quodam modo praeferens in dicendo nobilitatem suam1 viribus minor4 #aac4 ,quintilian makes no mention of orators previous to ,cicero3 for them see ,brutus #ec sqq4 ,velleius disposes of them in the following sentence 7i4 #ag1 #c73 ,at oratio ac vis forensis perfectumque prosae eloquentiae decus1 ut idem separetur ,cato1 pace ,p4 ,crassi ,scipionisque et ,laeli et ,gracchorum et ,fanni et ,servi ,galbae dixerim1 ita universa sub principe operis sui erupit ,tullio1 ut delectari ante eum paucissimis1 mirari vero neminem possis1 nisi aut ab illo visum aut qui illum viderit4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #be4 ,hild cites also ,seneca1 ,controv4 i4 praef43 quidquid ,romana facundia habet1 quod insolenti ,graeciae aut opponat aut praeferat1 circa ,ciceronem effloruit2 omnia ingenia quae lucem studiis nostris attulerunt1 tunc nata sunt4 #aaa ,asinio ,pollione4 ,c4 ,asinius ,pollio 7#ge ,b4,c4-#d ,a4,d47 was consul in #dj1 when he helped ,maecenas to arrange the ,peace of ,brundisium3 afterwards becoming estranged from ,antony he retired into private life and devoted himself to letters4 ,vergil dedicates the ,fourth ,eclogue to him1 and in the first ,ode of ,book ii ,horace recounts his various titles to distinction4 ,he was a poet as well as an orator3 ,verg4 ,ecl4 viii4 #aj ,sola ,sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno3 iii4 #hf ,pollio et ipse facit nova carmina3 ,hor4 ,s4 i4 #aj1 #db4 ,he was also distinguished as a historian1 having written a history of the ,civil ,wars from the first triumvirate 7,motum ex ,metello consule ,hor4 ,car4 ii4 #a1 #a74 ,in the same ,ode 7,,ii4 #ac1 #ad7 ,horace alludes to his fame as an orator1 both at the bar and in the senate4 ,quintilian's judgment on him in this capacity may be compared with that of ,seneca1 ,ep4 #ajj1 #g ,lege ,ciceronem3 compositio eius una est1 pedem servat lenta et sine infamia mollis4 ,at contra ,pollionis ,asinii salebrosa et exsiliens et ubi minime expectes relictura4 ,denique omnia apud ,ciceronem desinunt1 apud ,pollionem cadunt exceptis paucissimis1 quae ad certum modum et ad unum exemplar adstricta sunt4 ,cp4 #b #ag below tristes ac ieiuni ,pollionem aemulantur4 diligentia3 #b #be vim ,caesaris1 asperitatem ,caelii1 diligentiam ,pollionis4 ,the word does not refer to the historian's painstaking care 7which could hardly ever be #8nimia'71 but to the #8precision' or #8exactitude' of his language3 v4 the fragment quoted in ix4 #d1 #acb4 consilii1 #8judgment1' #ajf4 animi1 #8spirit1' #8vivacity4' nitore3 v4 on #ig4 saeculo prior4 #8,as an orator and writer he affected antique severity in opposition to ,ciceronian smoothness1'--,teuffel4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ba ,asinius quoque quamquam propioribus temporibus natus sit1 videtur mihi inter ,menenios et ,appios studuisse2 ,pacuvium certe et ,accium non solum tragoediis sed etiam orationibus suis expressit3 adeo durus et siccus est3 ,sen4 ,controv4 iv4 praef4 #c illud strictum eius et aspersum et nimis iratum in censendo iudicium adeo cessabat ut in multis illi venia opus esset quae ab ipso vix impetrabatur4 ,see ,schmalz #8,ueber den ,sprachgebrauch des ,asinius ,pollio1' p4 #bhi2 ,mnchen1 #ahij4 ,pollio's antipathy to ,cicero and his dislike of ,cicero's style may be seen from the story in ,seneca1 ,suas4 vi4 extr41 quoted by ,bernhardy 7q4v471 ,r4 ,l4 p4 #bfh 7note #ahb74 ,messalla1 ,m4 ,valerius ,corvinus 7#fd ,b4,c4-#h ,a4,d471 the friend of ,tibullus1 who dedicates to him i4 #g3 cp4 the panegyric iv4 #a4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ah ,cicerone mitior ,corvinus et dulcior et in verbis magis elaboratus1--with the latter part of which cp4 ,sen4 ,controv4 ii4 #ab1 #h ,latini utique sermonis observator diligentissimus4 ,cicero's own opinion of him may be seen in ,epist4 ad ,brutum i4 #ae1 #a cave putes probitate1 constantia1 cura1 studio reipublicae quidquam illi esse simile2 ut eloquentia1 qua mirabiliter excellit1 vix in eo locum ad laudandum habere videatur3 quamquam in hac ipsa sapientia plus apparet3 ita gravi iudicio multaque arte se exercuit in verissimo genere dicendi1 tanta autem industria est tantumque evigilat in studio ut non maxima ingenio 7quod in eo summum est7 gratia habenda videatur4 ,by verissimum genus dicendi ,cicero seems to indicate that ,messalla was neither an ,asianist like ,hortensius1 nor an extreme ,atticist like ,calvus4 ,see also ,brutus #bdf1 where the judgment is less favourable3 nullo modo inops1 sed non nimis ornatus genere verborum4 nitidus3 cp4 i4 #g1 #ce ideo minus ,messalla nitidus quia1 c4 candidus3 v4 on #gc4 quodam modo3 cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #cj 7where ,kellogg wrongly renders #8with a certain style'73 ib4 #adi3 de ,orat4 iii4 #cg3 #ahd4 praeferens prae se ferens3 cp4 vi4 #c1 #ag3 #b1 #ad4 viribus minor3 cp4 #ajc4 ,i3#aad ,c4 vero ,caesar si foro tantum vacasset1 non alius ex #aab nostris contra ,ciceronem nominaretur4 ,tanta in eo vis est1 id acumen1 ea concitatio1 ut illum eodem animo dixisse quo bellavit appareat2 exornat tamen haec omnia mira sermonis1 cuius proprie studiosus fuit1 elegantia4 #aad4 ,caesar4 ,the purity and correctness of ,caesar's style are eulogised in the ,brutus #bea-bfb3 see esp4 #bfa non video cui debeat cedere4 ,cp4 ,phil4 ii4 #de ,fuit in illo ingenium1 ratio1 memoria1 #aab litterae1 cura1 cogitatio1 diligentia3 and with special reference to his oratorical talent1 ,suet4 ,caes4 #ee1 where is cited a fragment from a letter of ,cicero3 #8,quid8 oratorum quem huic antepones eorum qui nihil aliud egerunt8 ,quis sententiis aut acutior aut crebrior8 ,quis verbis aut ornatior aut elegantior8' ,tac4 ,ann1 xiii4 #c dictator ,caesar summis oratoribus aemulus4 si foro tantum vacasset4 ,so of ,pompeius 7,brut4 #bci71 vir ad omnia summa natus1 maiorem dicendi gloriam habuisset1 nisi eum maioris gloriae cupiditas ad bellicas laudes abstraxisset3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ba concedamus sane ,c4 ,caesari1 ut propter magnitudinem cogitationum et occupationes rerum in eloquentia non effecerit quae divinum eius ingenium postulabat4 contra1 #8by the side of1' with the notion of being #8pitted against'3 cp4 proximumque ,ciceroni ,caesarem1 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #cf1 #b4 vis3 xii4 #aj1 #aa vim ,caesaris4 acumen4 ,see on #ajf3 here probably of a pointed incisive style4 eodem animo3 ,livy xxxviii4 #ej dicebantur enim ab eodem animo ingenioque a quo gesta erant4 proprie studiosus3 cp4 i4 #g1 #cd aut vim ,c4 ,caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri8 ,suet4 ,caes4 #ef3 ,gell4 xix4 #h1 #c4 ,see too ,brutus #bec1 where we learn that the work was dedicated to ,cicero3 #8qui etiam in maximis occupationibus ad te ipsum1' inquit in me intuens1 #8de ratione ,latine loquendi adcuratissime scripserit primoque in libro dixerit verborum delectum originem esse eloquentiae4'--,cp4 ,gell4 xvi4 #h ,c4 ,caesar gravis auctor linguae latinae1--,proprie in this sense is post-,augustan3 cp4 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #i1 #a4 elegantia3 ,brutus #beb ita iudico 444 illum omnium fere oratorum ,latine loqui elegantissime4 ,in the ,preface to ,b4 ,g4 viii4 ,hirtius says ,erat autem in ,caesare quum facultas atque elegantia summa scribendi tum1 etc4 ,i3#aae ,multum ingenii in ,caelio et praecipue in accusando multa urbanitas1 dignusque vir1 cui et mens melior et vita longior contigisset4 ,inveni qui ,calvum #aac praeferrent omnibus1 inveni qui ,ciceroni crederent eum nimia contra se calumnia verum sanguinem perdidisse2 sed est et sancta et gravis oratio et castigata et frequenter vehemens #aad quoque4 ,imitator autem est ,atticorum1 fecitque illi properata mors iniuriam1 si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit4 #aae4 ,caelius1 ,m4 ,rufus 7#hb-dh ,b4,c471 a man of loose morals and luxurious life1 whom ,cicero defended from some charges of sedition and attempted poisoning1 #ef ,b4,c4 ,he had not much strength of character3 during ,cicero's absence in ,cilicia he was in friendly correspondence with him1 but afterwards he joined ,caesar1 while urging ,cicero to remain neutral4 ,becoming discontented1 he intrigued with ,milo to raise an insurrection against ,caesar1 and was put to death near ,thurii by some foreign cavalry1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,cp4 ,brutus #bgc splendida et grandis et eadem in primis faceta et perurbana oratio4 ,graves eius contiones aliquot fuerunt1 acres accusationes tres 7one against ,c4 ,antonius7 444 defensiones 444 sane tolerabiles4 ,there was something bitter about him3 #b #be asperitatem ,caelii3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #be amarior ,caelius3 ,sen4 de ,ira iii4 #h1 #f oratorem 444 iracundissimum4 ,a description of one of his speeches is given iv4 #b1 #abc sq43 for witticisms on ,clodia v4 viii4 #f1 #ec4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ba and #be4 praecipue in accusando3 vi4 #c1 #fi idem 7,cicero7 per allegoriam ,m4 ,caelium1 melius obicientem crimina quam defendentem1 bonam dextram malam sinistram habere dicebat4 urbanitas is defined vi4 #c1 #ag as sermonem praeferentem in verbis et sono et usu proprium quendam gustum urbis et sumptam ex conversatione doctorum tacitam eruditionem1 denique cui contraria sit rusticitas4 ,here the idea of wit is uppermost1 as in ii4 #aa1 #b and vi4 #c1 #aje4 ,cp4 vi4 #c #da ,caelius cum omnia venustissime finxit tum illud ultimum3 i4 #f1 #bi4 mens melior3 ,brut4 #bgc quaecunque eius in exitu vel fortuna vel mens fuit3 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #fh vir eloquio animoque ,curioni simillimus1 sed in utroque perfectior nec minus ingeniose nequam4 ,calvus1 ,gaius ,licinius 7,b4,c4 #hb-dh71 was the leading spirit among the stricter ,atticists in ,cicero's day1 and is censured by him in the ,brutus 7#bhd-bia7 for taking so narrow a view of the full meaning of ,attic oratory as to have introduced the attempt to imitate certain particular models among the ,attic orators4 ,a poet himself1 he was the friend of ,catullus1 and1 like ,catullus1 an opponent of ,caesar4 ,he prosecuted ,vatinius on three separate #aac occasions1 and once showed such vehemence and energy that the defendant rose in court1 saying #8rogo vos1 iudices1 num si iste disertus est ideo me damnari oportet' 7,sen4 ,controv4 vii4 #f73 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cd ,vatinium eis orationibus insecutus est1 quas hodieque cum admiratione legimus3 cp4 ib4 #ba4 ,cp4 ,catullus #ec1 where we get a lively idea of his energetic eloquence at the trial4 ,the passage of ,cicero referred to 7,brutus #bhc quoted below7 was written after the death of ,calvus3 but already in ,dec4 #dg ,cicero1 in writing to his friend ,trebonius1 had stated his opinion that ,calvus had made an error of judgment in the choice of his style1 and that he was wanting in force3 ad ,fam4 xv4 #ba #d genus quoddam sequebatur1 in quo iudicio lapsus1 quo valebat1 tamen assequebatur quod probaret4 ,multae erant et reconditae litterae1 vis non erat 7,quint4 x4 #b1 #be #8iudicium ,calvi'74 ,in the ,dial4 de ,or4 ch4 #ah ,tacitus refers to certain letters1 now lost1 from ,calvus and ,brutus to ,cicero1 showing that the latter regarded ,calvus as exsanguis and attritus 7v4l4 aridus71 while ,calvus stigmatised ,cicero as solutus and enervis4 ,his position as leader of a school 7which took ,lysias mainly for its model and cultivated #8plainness' at the expense of other good qualities7 is indicated by ,cicero's remark that he #8not only went wrong himself1 but also led others astray' 7,brut4 #bhd74 ,ciceroni crederent1 c4 8,in writing of his oratorical style in the ,brutus1 two years after his death1 ,cicero observes that1 while he was more accomplished in literature than the younger ,curio1 he had also a more accurate and exquisite style2 and although he handled it with skill and elegance1 he was too minute and nice in his self-criticism2 losing the very life-blood of style for fear of tainting its purity1 and cultivating too scrupulous a taste to win the approval of the general public0 7,sandys1 ,orator1 ,introd4 xlvi474 ,the passage from the ,brutus 7#bhc7 is as follows3--adcuratius quoddam dicendi et exquisitius adferebat genus2 quod quanquam scienter eleganterque tractabat1 nimium tamen inquirens in se atque ipse sese observans metuensque ne vitiosum colligeret1 etiam verum sanguinem deperdebat 444 ,atticum 444 se dici oratorem volebat2 inde erat ista exilitas1 quam ille de industria consequebatur4 nimia 444 calumnia1 #8by over-rigorous self-censure1'--a morbid habit of introspective criticism3 the word being used to express nimium inquirens 444 observans 444 metuensque in the passage just quoted4 ,perhaps the nearest parallel to this use is to be found in ,caec4 ap4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 vi4 #g1 #d in hac igitur calumnia1 timoris et caecae suspicionis tormento1--of exaggerated fears inspired by the spirit of carping self-criticism1 for which cp4 #d #c3 #g #ad4 ,the verb is found in the same sense in #c #aj infelicem calumniandi se poenam3 viii4 prooem4 #ca nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi4 ,cp4 ,plin4 xxxiv4 #h1 #ai #ib calumniator sui1 of one who is over-anxious in regard to his work4 ,cicero uses the verb absolutely3 ad ,fam4 ix4 #b1 #c mihi quidem venit in mentem bellum esse aliquo exire 444 sed calumniabar ipse3 putabam qui obviam mihi venisset 444 suspicaturum aut dicturum1 c41 where the meaning is #8,i indulged groundless fears' 7,ngelsbach1 p4 #ed74 ,the word calumnia is derived from the root calv found in calvor1 to trick1 quibble1 through a participial form 99calvomenos1 calumnus 7cp4 autumnus1 aerumna1 columna74 ,its first meaning is a malicious charge or #8cavil'3 ad ,fam4 i4 #a1 #a1 religionis calumniam1 the #8trumped-up plea of a religious difficulty4' ,hence it was applied in ,roman law 7,gaius #d1 #agh7 to the vexatious abuse of legal forms1 chicanery1 legal quirks and quibbles1 and generally to the pettifogging tendency which exalts the letter above the spirit4 verum sanguinem perdidisse3 cp4 #d #c exsanguia4 sancta et gravis3 his style is #8solemn and weighty1' xii4 #aj1 #aa #8sanctitatem ,calvi4' castigata1 #8chastened1' #8severely finished'3 cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #bib carmen reprehendite quod non ,multa dies et multa litura coercuit atque ,praesectum decies non castigavit ad unguem1 i4e4 by pruning away everything that is useless and inappropriate3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #be adstrictior ,calvus1 numerosior ,asinius4 frequenter3 see on #ag4 vehemens3 cp4 ,sen4 ,controv4 viii4 #g #aad solebat praeterea excedere subsellia sua et impetu latus usque ad adversariorum partem transcurrere4 ,seneca adds that he resembled ,demosthenes inasmuch as he was all struggle and excitement1 though he sometimes employed a gentler style1 ib4 #h nihil in illa 7compositione7 placidum1 nihil lene est1 omnia excitata et fluctuantia4 properata mors3 cp4 immatura mors4 ,he died at the early age of #cd4 ,cp4 ,brutus #bgi facienda mentio est 444 duorum adulescentium 7,curio and ,calvus7 qui si diutius vixissent magnam essent eloquentiae laudem consecuti4 adiecturus1 i4e4 if it was likely that he would have added to the purity of his diction other and richer qualities4 ,the cold dry manner of the strictest ,atticists failed to hold the ear of ,roman audiences3 ,brut4 #bhi subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant1 a larger and fuller utterance than that of the ,atticists who spoke #8anguste et exiliter4' ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 detracturus3 sc4 nimia contra se calumnia4 ,he is exilis enough as it is4 ,i3#aaf ,et ,servius ,sulpicius insignem non immerito famam tribus orationibus meruit4 ,multa1 si cum iudicio legatur1 dabit imitatione digna ,cassius ,severus1 qui si ceteris virtutibus colorem et gravitatem orationis adiecisset1 ponendus inter praecipuos foret4 #aaf4 ,servius ,sulpicius ,rufus1 the most distinguished jurist of ,cicero's day1 consul ,b4,c4 #ea4 ,see reff4 in ,brutus #aej3 #aeb3 #aec 7adiunxit etiam et litterarum scientiam et loquendi elegantiam74 ,his letter of sympathy to ,cicero on the death of ,tullia is well known3 ad ,fam4 iv4 #e4 ,cp4 #e #d3 #g #cj and above #bb4 meruit consecutus est1 as #id4 ,see on #gb4 ,cassius ,severus flourished under ,augustus1 and was banished on account of his libellous attacks 7procacibus scriptis71 first to ,crete and then to ,seriphos1 where he is said to have died ,a4,d4 #cd1 in the twenty-fifth year of his exile2 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #ba3 i4 #gb4 ,he is spoken of as the introducer of the new school of declamatory eloquence1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ai ,antiquorum admiratores 444 ,cassium ,severum 444 primum affirmant flexisse ab illa vetere atque directa dicendi via1 c43 ibid4 #bf equidem non negaverim ,cassium ,severum 444 si iis comparetur qui postea fuerunt1 posse oratorem vocari1 quamquam in magna parte librorum suorum plus bilis habeat quam sanguinis3 primus enim contempto ordine rerum1 omissa modestia ac pudore verborum1 ipsis etiam quibus utitur armis incompositus et studio feriendi plerumque detectus1 non pugnat sed rixatur2 ceterum 444 et varietate eruditionis et lepore urbanitatis et ipsaram virium robore multum ceteros superat4 colorem3 cp4 on #ei4 ,the word is not here used in the technical sense which it bears in rhetoric1 i4e4 the particular aspect given to a case by a skilful representation of the facts1--the #8gloss' or #8varnish' put on them by either the accused or the accuser4 ,for this sense see iv4 #b1 #hh3 ,inv4 vi4 #bgi ,dic aliquem1 sodes1 dic ,quintiliane colorem3 vii4 #aee with ,mayor's note4 ,here it has a more general sense4 ,quintilian is charging ,cassius with a want of proper #8tone'3 cp4 omissa modestia ac pudore verborum1 above3 ,cic4 de ,or4 iii4 #if ornatur oratio genere primum et quasi colore quodam et suco suo4 gravitatem3 ,cassius was wanting in dignity1 and his wit was apt to carry him too far4 ,quintilian gives an instance of this xi4 #a1 #eg2 ,seneca1 ,controv4 iii4 praef4 #b says however #8gravitas1 quae deerat vitae1 actioni supererat4' ,i3#aag ,nam et ingenii plurimum est in eo et acerbitas mira et urbanitas et fervor1 sed plus stomacho quam consilio dedit4 ,praeterea #aae ut amari sales1 ita frequenter amaritudo ipsa ridicula est4 #aag4 ingenii plurimum3 ,tacitus 7,ann4 iv4 #ba7 allows that he was #8orandi validus'3 and ,seneca 7l4c47 says oratio eius erat valens culta ingentibus plena sententiis 444 non est quod illum ex his quae edidit aestimetis 444 eloquentia eius longe maior erat quam lectio4 acerbitas mira3 cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 i4 #gb commotus ,cassii ,severi libidine qua viros feminasque inlustres procacibus scriptis diffamaverat4 urbanitas1 v4 on #aae4 ,for examples see vi4 #a1 #dc3 viii4 #c1 #hi3 xi4 #c1 #acc4 et fervor3 see ,crit4 ,notes1 and cp4 #aae ,seneca l4c4 habebat 444 genus dicendi 444 ardens et concitatum4 stomacho3 he was full of passionate impulse3 cp4 the passage quoted from ,dial4 #bf above4 praeterea 444 ridicula est4 ,spalding's interpretation of this passage is followed by ,krger 7#bnd ed47 and ,hild3 the other editors do not seem to have felt any difficulty4 ,the sentence is taken in continuation of the praise of ,cassius1 attaching closely to #8urbanitas'3 the words from sed plus to dedit being then interjected as the only note of disparagement4 ,the literal translation would then be #8while his wit is bitter1 the bitterness itself is often enough to make you laugh4' #8,he has a caustic wit1 but his causticity by itself will often make you laugh4' ,for this sense of ridicula 7,sp4 #8risum movet auditorum'7 cp4 vi4 #c1 #bb ridiculum 444 haec tota disputatio a ,graecis inscribitur3 #c #f ridiculum 7#8funny1' #8droll'7 dictum plerumque falsum est 7ad hoc semper humile74 ,frieze compares vi4 #c1 #g3 and adds #8success in exciting the mirth of the court and the audience is not always a proof of the orator's wit2 but is often due to mere bitterness of invective1 and coarse and rough or droll terms of abuse4' ,one objection to this interpretation is the arrangement of the sentences3 praeterea 444 ridicula est connects even more naturally with sed plus 444 dedit than with the eulogy contained in urbanitas et fervor4 ,and it may be doubted if ,quintilian or any other writer who had just been censuring ,cassius for stomachus would immediately go on 7using ridiculus in a good sense7 to say that #8often when he is merely bitter without being witty 7this is the force of amaritudo ipsa1 cp4 note on #de7 he makes you laugh4' ,drollery can hardly be claimed for unrelieved acrimoniousness4 ,a better sense can be obtained by taking amaritudo ipsa ridicula est as part not of the praise but of the censure of ,cassius1 and interpreting ridicula as #8silly1' #8absurd1' #8ridiculous4' ,cicero uses the word in this sense1 and there is abundant authority in ,quintilian himself3 cp4 sint grandia et tumida1 non stulta etiam et acrioribus oculis intuenti ridicula ii4 #aj1 #f2 ridiculum est v4 #ac1 #g2 fecit enim risum sed ridiculus fuit vi4 #a1 #dh2 quibus nos 444 ridiculi videmur vii4 #a1 #dc3 ix4 #c1 #ajj2 x4 #c1 #ba2 xi4 #c1 #abh4 ,the meaning then is #8while his wit is bitter1 yet bitterness by itself is silly1' i4e4 his wit has a bitter turn1 but where he is 7as often7 bitter without being witty1 the result is poor4 ,there is undoubtedly something unsatisfactory about ut amari sales 7sc4 sunt71 which might well have a general reference4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,i3#aah ,sunt alii multi diserti1 quos persequi longum est4 ,eorum quos viderim ,domitius ,afer et ,iulius ,africanus longe praestantissimi4 #aaf ,verborum arte ille et toto genere dicendi praeferendus et quem in numero veterum habere non timeas3 hic concitatior1 sed in cura verborum nimius et compositione nonnumquam longior et translationibus parum modicus4 ,erant clara et nuper ingenia4 #aah4 diserti here1 as in #fh and #c #ac1 almost synonymous with eloquentes4 ,in viii4 pr4 #ac1 however1 ,quintilian quotes a saying of ,m4 ,antonius1 which was meant to establish a difference3 nam et ,m4 ,antonius 444 cum a se disertos visos esse multos ait1 eloquentem neminem1 diserto satis putat dicere quae oporteat1 ornate autem dicere proprium esse eloquentis4 ,cp4 i4 #aj1 #h #8,fuit aliquis sine his disertus'3 #8at ego oratorem volo4' ,cicero gives the same quotation3 ,orat4 #ah3 de ,orat4 i4 #id1 where the reason for the distinction between the #8accomplished speaker' and #8the eloquent orator' is given by ,antonius himself1--quod ego eum statuebam disertum1 qui posset satis acute atque dilucide apud mediocres homines ex communi quadam opinione hominum dicere1 eloquentem vero1 qui mirabilius et magnificentius augere posset atque ornare quae vellet1 omnesque omnium rerum1 quae ad dicendum pertinerent1 fontes animo ac memoria contineret4 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 v4 #bj #e4 ,for the derivation of disertus v4 ,sandys on ,orat4 #ah4 longum est3 the action is spoken of as still possible4 ,roby #agce4 ,so ,cic4 pro ,sest4 #e3 ,longum est ea dicere3 sed hoc breve dicam4 ,cp4 #b #d1 #g3 #e #g3 #f #b4 quos viderim3 see on #ih4 ,in xii4 #aj1 #aa he has #8in iis etiam quos ipsi vidimus1' mentioning both ,afer and ,africanus4 ,quintilian's fondness for the perfect subjunctive is marked3 cp4 xii4 #e1 #e4 ,domitius ,afer3 see on #hf3 cp4 v4 #g1 #g quem adolescentulus senem colui4 ,iulius ,africanus3 a native of ,gaul1 who flourished under ,nero4 ,in xii4 #aj1 #aa he is again named alongside of ,afer1--vires ,africani1 maturitatem ,afri4 ,he is quoted as speaking to ,nero in the name of ,gaul viii4 #e1 #ae ,insigniter ,africanus apud ,neronem de morte matris3 rogant #aaf te1 ,caesar1 ,galliae tuae1 ut felicitatem tuam fortiter feras4 ,he divided the palm of eloquence with ,afer3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ae1 ,he was a son of the ,iulius ,africanus of whom ,tacitus speaks 7,ann4 vi4 #g7 as e ,santonis ,gallica civitate 7,saintonge1 to the ,n4 of the lower ,garonne73 a grandson of his1 also an orator1 is mentioned by ,pliny vii4 #f1 #aa4 in numero veterum3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ae1 ad fin4 compositione3 v4 on #gi4 ,if it has the same meaning here1 it must the euphonious collocation of words3 see ,cicero ,orat4 #adg de verbis enim componendis1 c41 and #adi sq4 ,quintilian treats of compositio ix4 #d1 #a3 ,tr4 #8tedious in his phraseology'3 viii4 #c1 #eb3 ix4 #d1 #add neque longioribus quam oportet hyperbolis compositioni serviamus4 longior3 i4e4 he used #8padding' in the effort to round off his periods4 translationibus3 viii4 #f1 #d sq43 esp4 #af sed copia quoque modum egressa vitiosa est1 praecipue in eadem specie4 ,i3#aai ,nam et ,trachalus plerumque sublimis et satis apertus fuit et quem velle optima crederes1 auditus tamen maior2 nam et vocis1 quantam in nullo cognovi1 felicitas et pronuntiatio vel scaenis suffectura et decor1 omnia denique ei1 quae sunt extra1 superfuerunt3 et ,vibius ,crispus compositus et iucundus et delectationi #aag natus1 privatis tamen causis quam publicis melior4 #aai4 ,trachalus1 ,m4 ,galerius3 consul ,a4,d4 #fh along with ,silius ,italicus4 ,tacitus 7,hist4 i4 #ij7 tells us he was supposed to have written the speech delivered by ,otho to an assembly of the people3 in rebus urbanis ,galerii ,trachali ingenio ,othonem uti credebatur4 ,et erant qui genus ipsum orandi noscerent1 crebro fori usu celebre et ad inplendas populi aures latum et sonans4 ,after ,otho's death he was fortunate in securing the protection of ,galeria1 wife of ,vitellius 7ibid4 ii4 #fj71 who may have been a relation of his4 ,from viii4 #e1 #ai we learn that he had published an oration ,contra ,spatalem1 in a case where ,vibius ,crispus appeared for the accused4 ,cp4 vi4 #c1 #gh4 velle optima1 not #8well-meaning1' in a moral sense1 but with reference to qualities of style3 cp4 below #abb ad optima tendentium3 #aca meliora vellet4 auditus maior4 ,in the passage often quoted already 7xii4 #aj1 #aa7 ,quintilian singles out his sonus for special mention1--#8sonum ,trachali4'--,gertz suggested melior for maior4 vocis 444 felicitas3 cp4 xii4 #e1 #e1 where1 after enumerating vox1 latus1 and decor as the #8naturalia instrumenta' of the orator1 he refers specially to the #8external advantages' 7cp4 omnia 444 quae sunt extra1 below7 of ,trachalus3 ,habuit oratores aetas nostra copiosiores1 sed cum diceret eminere inter aequales ,trachalus videbatur1 ,ea corporis sublimitas erat1 is ardor oculorum1 frontis auctoritas1 gestus praestantia1 vox quidem non1 ut ,cicero desiderat1 paene tragoedorum sed super omnes1 quos ego quidem audierim1 tragoedos4 ,certe cum in basilica ,iulia diceret primo tribunali1 quattuor autem iudicia1 ut moris est1 cogerentur1 atque omnia clamoribus fremerent1 et auditum eum et intellectum et1 quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit1 laudatum quoque ex quattuor tribunalibus memini4 ,sed hoc votum est et rara felicitas4 suffectura1 conditional1 for quae suffectura fuisset1 without the protasis si voluisset4 ,cp4 note on habitura #ii4 ,so taciturus xi4 #b1 #af4 ,hor4 ,car4 iv4 #c1 #bj donatura1 si libeat3 and ii4 #f1 #a 7where there is no protasis71 ,septimi ,gades aditure mecum--,for pronuntiatio see on #ag4 superfuerunt1 he had an abundant share of such advantages4 ,vibius ,crispus1 a delator of the age of ,nero1 who amassed great wealth by the practice of his profession down to about ,a4,d4 #ij4 ,tac4 ,hist4 ii4 #aj ,vibius ,crispus1 pecunia potentia ingenio inter claros magis quam inter bonos 444 ,crispum easdem accusationes cum praemio exercuisse meminerant3 ibid4 iv4 #da1 #dc4 ,in the ,dialogue ,tacitus speaks of the fame of his eloquence1 ch4 #h ausim contendere ,marcellum ,eprium et ,crispum ,vibium #aag non minores esse in extremis partibus terrarum quam ,capuae aut ,vercellis1 ubi nati dicuntur2 hoc 444 illis praestat 444 ipsa eloquentia4442 per multos iam annos potentissimi sunt civitatis ac1 donec libuit1 principes fori1 nunc principes in ,caesaris 7i4e4 ,vespasiani7 amicitia agunt feruntque cuncta1 c4 ,and yet 7ibid4 #ac7 ,adligati canum adulatione nec imperantibus unquam satis servi videntur nec nobis satis liberi4 ,that he was still in favour with ,domitian appears from ,suet4 #c inter initia principatus quotidie secretum sibi horarium sumere solebat2 nec quidquam amplius quam muscas captare ac stylo praeacuto configere3 ut cuidam interroganti esset ne quis intus cum ,caesare non absurde responsum sit a ,vibio ,crispo #8,ne musca quidem4' ,his wealth was proverbial3 divitior ,crispo ,mart4 iv4 #ed1 #g3 he was worth #bjj1jjj1jjj sesterces1 or even #cjj1jjj1jjj according to ,dial4 #h4 ,by its means he was enabled to shelter his brother ,vibius ,secundus1 when accused of #8repetundae' in ,mauretania3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #bh4 ,juvenal gives a sketch of his character iv4 #ha-ic ,venit et ,crispi iucunda senectus ,cuius erant mores qualis facundia mite ,ingenium 444 nec civis erat qui libera posset ,verba animi proferre et vitam impendere vero 444 ,sic multas hiemes atque octogesima vidit ,solstitia his armis illa 7of ,domitian7 quoque tutus in aula4 compositus3 generally applied to style1 #8well-balanced1' e4g4 #dd lenis et nitidi et compositi generis3 cp4 ,cicero ,orat4 #bjh composita oratio4 ,here the epithet is transferred to the orator in the sense of #8orderly1' #8finished' in the choice and combination of words4 ,cp4 ,orat4 #bcb compositi oratoris bene structam collocationem dissolvere permutatione verborum3 #b #af below fiunt 444 pro 444 compositis exultantes3 #ff incompositus4 iucundus1 #8lively1 agreeable1 entertaining'3 cp4 ,crispi iucunda senectus1 ,iuv41 quoted above4 ,in xii4 #aj1 #aa ,quintilian places iucunditatem ,crispi alongside of the distinguishing characteristics of other orators3 cp4 v4 #ac1 #dh ,vibius ,crispus vir ingenii iucundi et elegantis4 ,i3#abj ,iulio ,secundo1 si longior contigisset aetas1 clarissimum profecto nomen oratoris apud posteros foret2 adiecisset enim atque adiciebat ceteris virtutibus suis quod desiderari potest1 id est autem ut esset multo magis pugnax et saepius ad curam rerum ab elocutione respiceret4 #abj4 ,iulius ,secundus is highly spoken of #c #ab below3 aequalem meum atque a me1 ut notum est1 familiariter amatum1 mirae facundiae virum1 infinitae tamen curae3 and in xii4 #aj1 #aa he is named as conspicuous for #8elegantia4' ,he is one of the interlocutors in the ,dialogue of ,tacitus1 where he is made to pose as umpire between the representatives of ,imperial and ,republican eloquence3 cp4 esp4 ch4 #b ,aper et ,iulius ,secundus1 celeberrima tum 7under ,vespasian7 ingenia fori nostri 444 ,secundo purus et pressus et in quantum satis erat profluens sermo non defuit3 chs4 #d and #ad4 adiciebat3 he had begun the improvement when death overtook him4 ,he died about #hh ,a4,d41 not long before ,quintilian began his ,institutio4 curam rerum3 he is to care for substance as well as form4 ,fabianus in ,seneca 7,epist4 #ajj7 had the opposite fault3 visne illum assidere pusillae rei1 verbis8 ,i3#aba ,ceterum interceptus quoque magnum sibi vindicat locum3 ea est facundia1 tanta in explicando quod velit gratia1 tam candidum et lene et speciosum dicendi genus1 tanta verborum etiam quae adsumpta sunt proprietas1 tanta in #aah quibusdam ex periculo petitis significantia4 #aba4 interceptus3 so vi4 pr4 #a si me 444 fata intercepissent4 candidum3 #8lucid1' v4 on #gc 7,herodotus71 and cp4 #aac ,messalla 444 candidus3 #aja clarissimi candoris1 of ,livy4 lene opp4 to forte et vehemens dicendi genus3 #dd4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 adsumpta translata1 #8used figuratively4' ,cp4 viii4 #c1 #dc adsumere ea1 quibus inlustrem fieri orationem putat1 delecta1 translata1 superlata1 ad nomen adiuncta1 duplicata et idem significantia atque ab ipsa actione atque imitatione rerum non abhorrentia4 ,when the process is carried too far the verba adsumpta1 become arcessita viii4 #c4 #ef4 proprietas1 v4 on #df4 #aah ex periculo3 ii4 #ab1 #e quod est in elocutione ipsa periculum3 viii4 #f1 #aa 7verba7 quae audaci et proxime periculum translatione tolluntur 444 qualis est3 pontem indignatus ,araxes4 ,cp4 paene periclitantia xi4 #a1 #cb4 ,for the phrase ex periculo petere cp4 ii4 #aa1 #c sententiis grandibus1 quarum optima quaeque a periculo petarur4 ,gr4 4 significantia3 #di4 ,i3#abb ,habebunt qui post nos de oratoribus scribent magnam eos qui nunc vigent materiam vere laudandi2 sunt enim summa hodie1 quibus inlustratur forum1 ingenia4 ,namque et consummati iam patroni veteribus aemulantur et eos iuvenum ad optima tendentium imitatur ac sequitur industria4 #abb4 eos qui nunc vigent4 ,who these were we can infer from the ,dialogue of ,tacitus and from ,pliny's ,letters1 e4g4 ,aper1 ,marcellus1 ,maternus1 ,aquilius ,regulus1 and others4 ,quintilian must of course have meant to include ,tacitus and ,pliny themselves4 consummati3 often equivalent to perfectus in ,quintilian3 #e #ad4 ,cp4 above #hi4 ,it is combined with perfectus v4 #aj1 #aai ne se 444 perfectos protinus atque consummates putent4 veteribus4 ,aemulari occurs elsewhere with the accusative1 #fb2 #b #ag4 ,so of envious emulation ,cic4 ,tusc4 i4 #dd3 cp4 iv4 #ag with the dative of the person4 iuvenum ad optima tendentium4 ,hild refers to the speeches of ,messalla and ,maternus in the ,dial4 7#bh-cj1 #cd-cf7 as indicating the oratorical aspirations of the youth of ,rome when ,quintilian wrote4 ,i3#abc ,supersunt qui de philosophia scripserint1 quo in genere paucissimos adhuc eloquentes litterae ,romanae tulerunt4 ,idem igitur ,m4 ,tullius1 qui ubique1 etiam in hoc opere ,platonis aemulus #aai extitit4 ,egregius vero multoque quam in orationibus praestantior ,brutus suffecit ponderi rerum3 scias eum sentire quae dicit4 #abc4 philosophia4 ,for the attitude of the ,romans to philosophy see ,teuffel1 #dj sq4 ,abstract speculation1 leading to no practical end1 was not held in honour by them3 like ,neoptolemus1 in the play of ,ennius1 they said #8philosophari est mihi necesse1 at paucis 7i4e4 #8only a little'3 ,roby1 #abcg7 nam omnino haud placet1'--,cicero de ,orat4 ii4 #aef3 de ,repub4 i4 #ah1 #cj3 ,pacuvius too 7in ,gell4 xiii4 #h7 had made one of his characters exclaim3 ego odi homines ignava opera et philosopha sententia4 ,the ,romans disliked the unsettling tendencies which seemed to accompany the study of philosophy3 hence e4g4 their treatment of the ,athenian ambassadors in the middle of the second century ,b4,c4 ,the prejudice against such studies had by no means entirely disappeared even in the time of ,cicero1 who constantly apologises for and seeks to justify his leanings to philosophy3 de ,off4 ii4 #a1 #b sqq43 de ,fin4 i4 #a1 #a4 ,tacitus1 ,agricola #d1 tells us that ,agricola used to say #8se prima in iuventa studium philosophiae acrius1 ultra quam concessum ,romano ac senatori1 hausisse1 ni prudentia matris incensum ac flagrantem animum coercuisset4' ,about the time when ,quintilian was writing1 ,domitian banished the philosophers from ,rome3 ibid4 ch4 #b4 ,for the help which philosophy can give to oratory see xii4 #aa1 which contains 7#g7 an expression of the ,roman ideal3 atqui ego illum quem instituo ,romanum quendam velim esse sapientem1 qui non secretis disputationibus1 sed rerum experimentis atque operibus vere civilem virum exhibeat4 ,cp4 ,cicero's boast in regard to himself and ,cato of ,utica3 nos philosophiam veram illam et antiquam1 quae quibusdam otii esse ac desidiae videtur1 in forum atque in rempublicam atque in ipsam aciem paene deduximus4 ,see on #hd4 paucissimos 444 eloquentes4 ,the addition of an adj4 to another adj4 used as a subst4 is rare in ,quintilian4 ,hirt 7,subst4 des ,adj4 p4 #ag7 cites only five exx4 besides this one3 e4g4 iii4 #h1 #ca antiquis nobilibus ortos4 qui ubique4 ,the sense is clear3 it is a repetition of the claim made in #ajh mihi videtur ,m4 ,tullius 444 effinxisse vim ,demosthenis1 copiam ,platonis1 iucunditatem ,isocratis4 ,but it was not ubique that ,cicero rivalled ,plato3 it was only in ,plato's own domain 7sc4 in hoc opere74 ,the expression #aai was adopted for brevity's sake3 ,spalding says it is equivalent to #8ut ubique ,graecorum praestantissimi cuiusque1 ita in hoc opere ,platonis4' ,for ,cicero's philosophical writings cp4 ,teuffel1 #agc sq4 ,brutus3 cp4 #bc4 ,he is not included in ,quintilian's list of orators2 and though ,cicero uses towards him the language of extravagant eulogy 7v4 esp4 ,brut4 #bb7 in many of his works1 yet we know from a passage in the ,dialogue already quoted that he sometimes found him #8otiosum atque disiunctum' ch4 #ah4 ,cp4 ch4 #ba ,brutum philosophiae suae relinquamus4 ,nam in orationibus minorem esse1 fama sua etiam admiratores eius fatentur4 ,a reference follows to his speech #8,pro rege ,deiotaro1' which the speaker 7,aper7 considers #8dull and tedious'--lentitudo and tepor being the words used4 ,a fragment of a declamation by him is quoted ix4 #c #ie-4 ,on his philosophical works see ,cic4 ,acad4 i4 #c1 #ab 7with ,reid's note74 ,he was an adherent of the ,stoico-academic school1 whose tenets he had studied under ,aristus and ,antiochus3 cp4 ,tusc4 v4 #ba3 ,brut4 #abj1 #adi1 #ccb3 de ,fin4 v4 #h4 ,there was a treatise de ,virtute addressed to ,cicero1 one 1 and one de ,patientia3 ,teuffel1 #bji #b and #c4 suffecit ponderi rerum3 ,quint4 xii4 #aj1 #aa names gravitas as his distinguishing quality3 cp4 gravior ,brutus1 ,tac4 ,dial4 ch4 #be4 sentire quae dicit4 ,the intensity and sincerity of his nature can be inferred from ad ,att4 xiv4 #a1 #b1 where ,caesar is quoted as saying of him magni refert hic quid velit1 sed quicquid vult valde vult4 ,for his devotion to study see #g #bg below4 ,i3#abd ,scripsit non parum multa ,cornelius ,celsus1 ,sextios secutus1 non sine cultu ac nitore4 ,plautus in ,stoicis rerum cognitioni utilis4 ,in ,epicureis levis quidem1 sed non iniucundus tamen #abj auctor est ,catius4 #abd4 non parum multa3 litotes1 as at vi4 #b1 #c semper fuerunt non parum multi4--,becher compares also non parum multi ,cic4 in ,verr4 iii4 #i1 #bb3 ,phil4 vii4 #f1 #ah3 pro ,quinctio #c1 #aa3 in ,verr4 iv4 #ab1 #bi3 parum saepe de ,fin4 ii4 #d1 #ab4 ,the opposite of non parum is non nimis3 cp4 ,liv4 xxii4 #bf1 #d haud parum callide with ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #be1 #gj nihil horum nimis callide4 ,cornelius ,celsus3 a celebrated encyclopaedist under ,augustus and ,tiberius1 who wrote on rhetoric1 jurisprudence1 farming1 medicine1 military art1 and practical philosophy4 ,only eight books on medicine have come down to us4 ,he survived into the reign of ,nero4 ,cp4 #bc above4 ,of his philosophy ,augustine writes as follows 7de ,haeres4 ,prol473 opiniones omnium philosophorum qui sectas varias condiderunt usque ad tempora sua 444 sex non parvis voluminibus 444 absolvit2 nec redarguit aliquem1 sed tantum quid sentirent aperuit1 ea brevitate sermonis ut tantum adhiberet eloquii quantum 444 aperiendae iudicandaeque sententiae sufficeret4 ,in xii4 #aa1 #bd ,quintilian refers to the universality of his knowledge1 though he speaks of him as mediocri vir ingenio4 8,in other passages also ,quintilian often expresses his disagreement from this predecessor of his1 e4g4 ii4 #ae1 #bb1 #cb3 iii4 #f1 #ac sq43 viii4 #c1 #dg3 ix4 #a1 #ah 444 ,even when he agrees with him he does so with reserve1 e4g4 vii4 #a1 #aj4--;,it may be that ,quintilian was vexed that a subject to which he had devoted an entire life was merely cursorily treated by ,celsus1 and besides an encyclopaedia might easily be open to technical objections4 ,at all events1 ,celsus' rhetorical manual was obscured by that of ,quintilian4 ,it is mentioned only by ,fortunat4 iii4 #b 7p4 #aba1 #aj ,h70--,teuffel1 #bge4 ,sextios4 ,the ,sextii1 father and son1 were contemporary with ,caesar and ,augustus1 and belonged to the ,pythagorean school1 though not without a leaning to the ,stoics 7,seneca1 ,ep4 #fd #b-74 ,seneca speaks frequently of the elder ,sextius in his letters3 e4g4 #ei #g- #8virum acrem1 ,graecis verbis1 ,romanis moribus philosophantem4' ,in the ,nat4 ,quaest4 vii4 #cb1 #b we are told how their following--#8,sextiorum nova et ,romani roboris secta'--soon fell away3 #8inter initia sua extincta est1' v4 ,teuffel #bfa4 cultu ac nitore3 v4 #gi and #hc1 with notes4 ,plautus4 ,the text is not certain 7see ,crit4 ,notes71 but as ,quintilian elsewhere 7ii4 #ad1 #b and iii4 #f1 #bc7 refers to a philosopher #abj of this name as employing the unusual words queentia and essentia1 it may as well be retained4 7,in ii4 #ad1 #b however ,meister reads ,flavi3 cp4 ,teuffel1 #bfa1 #i47 levis3 #8of no weight4' ,catius1 an ,insubrian by birth1 contemporary with ,cicero1 who speaks of his recent death ad ,fam4 xv4 #af1 #a2 cp4 #ai1 #b ,epicurus1 a quo omnes ,catii et ,amafinii1 mali verborum interpretes 7referring to their faithful transcripts of ,greek terminology7 proficiscuntur4 ,the scholiast on ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #d tells us that he wrote #8quattuor libros de rerum natura et de summo bono4' ,i3#abe ,ex industria ,senecam in omni genere eloquentiae distuli propter vulgatam falso de me opinionem1 qua damnare eum et invisum quoque habere sum creditus4 ,quod accidit mihi dum corruptum et omnibus vitiis fractum dicendi genus revocare ad severiora iudicia contendo2 tum autem solus hic fere in manibus adulescentium fuit4 #abe4 ,seneca3 ,a4,d4 #b-fe4 ,for his life and works see ,teuffel #bhb sqq41 ,bernhardy p4 #hga sq4 ,martha gives an estimate of the moral teaching of his well-known ,letters in #8,moralistes sous l',empire ,romain4' ,quintilian's criticism of ,seneca is subjected to a searching examination by ,m4 ,samuel ,rocheblave in a pamphlet ,de ,m4 ,fabio ,quintiliano ,l4 ,annaei ,senecae ,judice 7,paris1 #ahij73 see esp4 chs4 iii4 and iv4 ,introduction1 pp4 xxiv4 sqq4 opinionem4 ,quintilian worked hard to recall the ,romans to a more temperate and classical style4 ,he aimed too at a partial #8return to ,cicero1' and considered ,seneca a dangerous model for the youth of the day4 ,see ,introduction1 pp4 xxxix4 sqq4 ,fronto and others used stronger language3 e4g4 p4 #aee ,n eloquentiam 444 ,senecae mollibus et febriculosis prunuleis insitam subvertendam censeo radicitus 444 neque ignoro copiosum sententiis et redundantem hominem esse1 verum sententias eius tolutares video1 quatere campum quadripedo concita cursu1 tenere nusquam1 pugnare nusquam 444 dicteria potius eum quam dicta continere4 ,cp4 ,aul4 ,gell4 xii4 #b1 #a de ,annaeo ,seneca partim existimant ut de scriptore minime utili1 cuius libros attingere nullum pretium operae sit1 quod oratio eius vulgaris videatur et protrita1 res atque sententiae aut inepto inanique impetu sint aut levi et quasi dicaci argutia1 eruditio autem vernacula et plebeia nihilque ex veterum scriptis habens neque gratiae neque dignitatis4 ,alii vero elegantiae in verbis parum esse non infitias eunt1 sed et rerum quas dicat scientiam doctrinamque ei non deesse dicunt et in vitiis morum obiurgandis severitatem gravitatemque non invenustam4 ,so too ,caligula 7,suet4 #ec7 had called ,seneca's productions arena sine calce1 commissiones merae4 damnare 444 invisum habere4 ,there is nothing in this of a moral judgment1 though some of ,quintilian's contemporaries1 notably ,tacitus1 disliked ,seneca1 probably because they could not acquit him from blame in regard to his pupil ,nero's excesses1 and other matters4 ,the only parallel to et invisum quoque in classical ,latin is said by ,becher to be ,cic4 pro ,domo #dg quoniam iam dialecticus es et haec quoque liguris4 ,it does not occur in ,caesar1 seldom in ,livy1 but frequently in ,quintilian4 ,cp4 on #bj4 corruption 444 genus4 ,he is not speaking of the false taste of ,seneca's style exclusively1 but of the general deterioration that prevailed3 cp4 #dc recens haec lascivia4 dum contendo3 #8through the efforts ,i made'3 the tum which follows shows that it refers to past time4 solus hic fere in manibus4 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiii4 #c fuit illi viro ingenium amoenum et temporis eius auribus adcommodatum4 ,in his endeavours to introduce a purer taste ,quintilian naturally made so popular an author as ,seneca the peg on which to hang his discourse4 ,i3#abf ,quem non equidem omnino conabar excutere1 sed potioribus praeferri non sinebam1 quos ille non destiterat incessere1 cum diversi sibi conscius #aba generis placere se in dicendo posse iis quibus illi placerent diffideret4 ,amabant autem eum magis quam imitabantur1 tantumque ab illo defluebant quantum ille ab antiquis descenderat4 #abf4 excutere3 sc4 e manibus adulescentium4 incessere4 ,at the close of the passage quoted above1 ,gellius goes on to quote1 with much indignation1 ,seneca's disparaging criticism of ,ennius1 ,cicero1 and ,vergil1 from ,book xxii of the ,letters to ,lucilius 7no longer extant74 ,in ,ep4 #aad we find #aba him censoring ,sallust and those who imitated him4 ,sueton4 ,ner4 #eb a cognitione veterum oratorum ,seneca praeceptor1 quo diutius in admiratione sui detineret 7,neronem avertit74 ,for iis1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 defluebant degenerabant1 i4 #h1 #i quando nos in omnia deliciarum vitia dicendi quoque ratione defluximus4 ,i3#abg ,foret enim optandum pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri4 ,sed placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda1 quae poterat2 deinde cum se iactaret eodem modo dicere1 ,senecam infamabat4 #abg4 ,foret 444 optandum1 of a wish that is considered impossible1--which shows how high was ,quintilian's opinion of ,seneca3 cp4 ac saltem proximus4 ,so velles #acj4 ,for the infin4 see ,introd4 p4 lvi4 ad ea 444 effingenda3 cp4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #i ad illius similitudinem artem et manum dirigebat4 ,for effingenda cp4 #ajh4 quae poterat1 sc4 effingere3 cp4 ,caesar1 ,b4,c4 #cg quam celerrime potuit 7comparare74 infamabat1 #8brought reproach on4' ,i3#abh ,cuius et multae alioqui et magnae virtutes fuerunt1 ingenium facile et copiosum1 plurimum studii1 multa rerum cognitio1 in qua tamen aliquando ab his quibus inquirenda quaedam mandabat deceptus est4 #abh4 alioqui3 see ,introd4 p4 li4 quibus 444 mandabat4 ,especially for physical science he must have been greatly indebted to external aid4 ,his ,,vii ,books #8,naturalium ,quaestionum1' with the addition of moral meditations1 were used as a text-book in the ,middle ,ages4 ,i3#abi ,tractavit etiam omnem fere studiorum materiam2 nam et orationes eius et poemata et epistulae et dialogi feruntur4 ,in philosophia parum diligens1 egregius tamen vitiorum insectator #abb fuit4 ,multae in eo claraeque sententiae1 multa etiam morum gratia legenda1 sed in eloquendo corrupta pleraque atque eo perniciosissima1 quod abundant dulcibus vitiis4 #abi4 orationes4 ,none survive4 ,quintilian refers 7viii4 #e1 #ah7 to the speech he made for ,nero on the occasion of his mother's funeral3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiii4 #c1 cp4 #aa4 ,it is probable also that ,seneca wrote the speeches mentioned by ,suet4 ,ner4 #g1 the #8gratiarum actio' in the ,senate1 #8pro ,bononiensibus latine1 pro ,rhodiis atque ,iliensibus graece4' ,he also pleaded with success in the law-courts 7,dion ,cass4 #ei1 #ai1 #g474 poemata4 ,that ,seneca wrote poetry is evident from ,tacitus ,ann4 xiv4 #eb1 where his accusers1 in order to prejudice him in the eyes of ,nero 7who was jealous of his reputation as a poet and an orator71--obiiciebant etiam eloquentiae laudem uni sibi adsciscere et carmina crebrius factitare postquam ,neroni amor eorum venisset3 cp4 ,suet4 ,ner4 #eb4 ,he is said also to have written epigrams1 and other forms of verse4--,his tragedies are not referred to here1 though ,quintilian quotes from the ,medea ix4 #b1 #h3 see for them ,teuffel #bhe2 ,bernhardy1 note #cbb4 epistulae4 ,the ,epistulae ,morales ad ,lucilium1 as we have them now 7see #crd vol4 of ,teubner edition71 are #abd in number1 arranged in twenty books4 ,there were more however originally1 and ,priscian speaks of ,book x of the letters to ,novatus 7in decimo epistularum ad ,novatum71 while ,martial 7vii4 #de1 #c7 refers to letters to ,caesonius ,maximus1 of which we know nothing more4 dialogi1 i4e4 the works called by this name in the ,milan ,,ms41 not his tragedies1 though these were written to be read rather than to be acted4 ,there are twelve of them 7v4 ,teuffel #bhd #d-71 and each is dedicated to some particular individual4 ,there is besides the ,de ,clementia ad ,neronem1 and a ,dialogus de ,superstitione 7no longer extant except in the fragment given in ,augustine's ,c4,d4 vi4 #aj7 directed against the anthropomorphism of popular superstition4 feruntur3 #bc4 parum diligens3 #8not very critical4' ,he was a student of life rather than a student of thought4 vitiorum insectator3 cp4 ,lactantius1 #abb ,inst4 ,div4 v4 #i morum vitiorumqne publicorum et descriptor verissimus et accusator acerrimus4 eo for ideo3 cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #f1 #hi eoque non 444 ,quod non ingenuos habeat 444 parentes4 ,i3#acj ,velles eum suo ingenio dixisse1 alieno iudicio2 nam si obliqua contempsisset1 si parum recta non concupisset1 si non omnia sua amasset1 si rerum pondera minutissimis sententiis non fregisset1 consensu potius eruditorum quam puerorum amore comprobaretur4 #acj4 iudicio1 #8taste1' as #abg above3 cp4 ,m4 ,seneca 7of ,capito7 #8habebat in sua potestate ingenium1 in aliena modum4' obliqua4 ,for this apt conjecture 7in place of the traditional aliqua71 see ,crit4 ,notes4 si parum recta4 ,on the assumption that a word has fallen out of the ,,mss4 after parum1 recta is preferable to ,halm and ,meister's sana4 ,for rectum as abstr4 cp4 ii4 #ac1 #aa3 xii4 #a1 #ab4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 omnia sua amasset1 #hh of ,ovid1 nimium amator ingenii sui4 ,cp4 below #c #ab utros peccare validius putem1 quibus omnia sua placent444 rerum pondera 444 fregisset3 contrast #abc suffecit ponderi rerum4 ,seneca #8weakened the force of his matter by striving after epigrammatic brevity4' amore1 of an ill-considered attachment 7#id3 #b #ai71 whereas studio would have indicated mature taste1 vi4 #b1 #ab amor 1 caritas 4 ,i3#aca ,verum sic quoque iam robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis legendus vel ideo quod exercere potest utrimque iudicium4 ,multa enim1 ut dixi1 probanda in eo1 multa etiam admiranda sunt2 eligere modo curae sit1 quod utinam ipse fecisset4 ,digna enim fuit illa natura1 quae meliora vellet3 quod voluit effecit4 #aca4 sic quoque 4 robustis1 opp4 to pueris3 cp4 #e #a below4 ,cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ce #8controversiae robustioribus adsignantur1' while #8suasoriae pueris delegantur4' firmatis4 ,so occupatos #c #bg3 exercitatos #e #ag4 ,introd4 pp4 xlviii-ix4 vel ideo quod3 #hf3 #e #af4 utrimque1 i4e4 laudantium et vituperantium1 #8for and against him4' ,so #e1 #bj3 #f1 #g3 and cp4 #a1 #bb4 ,introd4 p4 lii4 ,multa enim 444 digna enim1 another instance of the want of care that has been already noted1 #b #bc4 natura3 cp4 #hf4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,of ,imitation4 ,de ,imitatione4 ,,ii3#a ,,ii4 ,ex his ceterisque lectione dignis auctoribus et verborum sumenda copia est et varietas figurarum et componendi ratio1 tum ad exemplum virtutum omnium mens derigenda4 ,neque #abc enim dubitari potest1 quin artis pars magna contineatur imitatione4 ,nam ut invenire primum fuit estque praecipuum1 sic ea quae bene inventa sunt utile sequi4 #a4 verborum 444 copia3 cp4 #a #e and #h4 varietas figurarum3 see note on plurima vero mutatione figuramus #a #ab4 componendi ratio1 the #8theory of rhythmical arrangement'3 see on compositione #a #gi3 and cp4 #dd1 #eb1 and #ff4 tum 444 virtutum omnium3 i4e4 in reading the best authors we are not only to acquire facility and dexterity in regard to the points enumerated1 but to imitate also all the good qualities exemplified in their works4 ad exemplum1 #8after the model of1' as ii4 #c1 #ab ad ,phoenicis ,homerici exemplum #abc dicere ac facere3 not like in exemplum #b below1 #8as a model4' ,the same use of ad occurs below ad propositum sibi praescriptum3 and #g #c ad incursus tempestatum 444 ratio mutanda est4 mens derigenda3 so vi4 #e1 #b ideoque nos quid in quaque re sequendum cavendumque sit docemus ac deinceps docebimus1 ut ad ea iudicium derigatur4 ,for the form derigo see ,munro on ,lucr4 vi4 #hbc3 #8this was probably the only genuine ancient form4' ,so ,cic4 pro ,mur4 #c vitam ad certam rationis normam derigenti3 ,orator #i ad illius similitudinem artem et manum derigebat 7where1 however1 ,sandys reads dirigebat73 ,tac4 ,dial4 #e ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia 444 derigenda sunt3 ,ann4 iv4 #dj ad famam praecipua rerum derigere4 ,cp4 note on #c #bh4 dubitari3 see on #a #gc1 #ha4 imitatione3 a reference to ,aristotle's general theory of art1 made to introduce the subject of imitation 71 7 in the sphere of oratory4 ,this is defined by ,cornif4 ad ,herenn4 i4 #b1 #c imitatio est qua impellimur cum diligenti ratione ut aliquorum similes in dicendo velimus esse3 cp4 de ,orat4 ii4 #ij sq4 ,,ii3#b ,atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat1 ut quae probamus in aliis facere ipsi velimus4 ,sic litterarum ductus1 ut scribendi fiat usus1 pueri sequuntur2 sic musici vocem docentium1 pictores opera priorum1 rustici probatam experimento culturam in exemplum intuentur2 omnis denique disciplinae initia ad propositum sibi praescriptum formari videmus4 #abd #b4 ratio sic constat3 #8it is a universal rule of life that1' c4 ,more usual would have been #8ita ratio comparata est vitae ut1' c4 7,cic4 de ,amicit4 #aja74 ,the phrase ratio constat 7cp4 rationem reddere7 was originally a figure taken from commerce 7ratio--reor1 #8calculate1' #8count'71 as ,tac4 ,ann4 i4 #f eam condicionem esse imperandi ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur3 i4e4 if you are an absolute ruler the only way to #8get your accounts square' is to audit them yourself4 ,so ,nettleship 7,lat4 ,lex47 would explain here #8there is this balance in ordinary life'3 i4e4 the account of life only comes out right on the supposition that1 c1--civilised life would come to an end unless1 c4 ,more probably ,quintilian is employing here a loose combination of two modes of expression1 ratio constat ut1 c41 and such a phrase as that quoted from ,cic4 de ,amicit4 #aja3 cp4 ,acad4 ii4 #acb omnis ratio vitae definitione summi boni continetur4 ,in ,pliny's letters the same expression is constantly used 7like ratio est in ,cicero7 for #8it is right or reasonable'3 iii4 #ah1 #aj confido in hoc genere materiae laetioris stili constare rationem3 i4 #e1 #af mihi et temptandi aliquid et quiescendi 444 ratio constabit3 ii4 #d1 #d in te vero ratio constabit3 cp4 vii4 #f1 #d4--;,for the thought cp4 ,arist4 ,poet4 #a1 #d 444 ductus1 #8tracings1'--writing-copies made on wax-tablets3 cp4 i4 #a4 #be sq41 esp4 #bg cum vero iam ductus sequi coeperit1 non inutile erit eas tabellae quam optime insculpi1 ut per illos velut sulcos ducatur stilus4 usus3 cp4 ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #b ,ingenii magnitudo non desideravit indocilem usus disciplinam3 de ,orat4 i4 #ae ut ad eam doctrinam quam suo quisque studio adsecutus esset adiungeretur usus frequens3 pro ,balbo #de4 experimento3 cp4 vi4 #b1 #be experimento meo ac natura ipsa duce4 ,the phrase experimento probare occurs in the ,vulgate1 ,esth4 iii4 #e4 in exemplum3 cp4 #aa in exemplum adsumimus4 initia1 abstract for concrete3 cp4 #c #h hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis 7i4e4 incipientibus7 impero4 ,so in ii4 #d1 #ac #8studia' is put for #8studiosi4' ad 444 praescriptum3 subst4 as frequently in ,cicero1 e4g4 ,orat4 #cf4 ,so ,quint4 ii4 #ac1 #b3 iv4 #b1 #hd3 ix4 #d1 #aag4 ,cp4 ,seneca ,ep4 #id #ea pueri ad praescriptum discunt4 ,on the other hand propositum is even more frequently used as a noun by ,quintilian3 e4g4 #aa omnis imitatio 444 ad alienum propositum accommodatur3 ii4 #aj1 #ae omne propositum operis #abd a nobis destinati3 v4 #aa1 #ca ad praesens propositum4 ,,ii3#c ,et hercule necesse est aut similes aut dissimiles bonis simus4 ,similem raro natura praestat1 frequenter imitatio4 ,sed hoc ipsum quod tanto faciliorem nobis rationem rerum omnium facit quam fuit iis qui nihil quod sequerentur habuerunt1 nisi caute et cum iudicio adprehenditur1 nocet4 #c4 hoc ipsum quod must go together1 #8the fact that'3 cp4 ix4 #b1 #fi aperta figura perdit hoc ipsum quod figura est4 ,the commentators wrongly take quod as the conjunction and explain hoc ipsum as imitatio 7or perhaps the advantage of having examples to follow74 tanto without a correlative3 cp4 tanto plena #bh3 ,cic4 pro ,rosc4 ,amer4 i4 #a1 #b at tanto officiosior quam ceteri8 ,in all three instances the quam depends on the comparative4 rationem rerum omnium3 the general course1 method1 or procedure of everything1 #8every process'3 cp4 #c #ca ratio delendi4 ,ratio is often used with the genitive of a subst4 as a periphrasis for the subst4 itself1 ,zumpt4 #fgh3 the various instances are well classified by ,nettleship1 ,lat4 ,lex4 p4 #eff1 #i and #aa4 adprehenditur1 frequent in ,quintilian of taking hold of a fact1 idea1 or argument3 cp4 v4 #ad1 #bc quae 7leges oratorias7 ,graeci adprehensa magis in catenas ligant3 vi4 #d1 #ah quod adprehendens maius aliquid cogatur dimittere3 vii4 #a1 #ef in hoc de quo loquimur patre quid adprehendi potest8 ,,ii3#d ,ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit1 vel quia pigri est ingenii contentum esse iis quae sint ab aliis inventa4 ,quid enim futurum erat temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt1 si homines nihil1 nisi quod iam cognovissent1 faciendum sibi aut cogitandum putassent8 ,nempe nihil fuisset inventum4 #d4 ,ante omnia3 cp4 the formula ac primum quidem1 introducing the first argument1 viz4 that imitation is not sufficient in itself3 others follow in #g3 #aj3 and #ab adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt1 c4 vel quia3 #8just because1' i4e4 because 7if for no other reason7 it is the mark of1 c4 ,the use of vel implies that there are other reasons which could be adduced1 if the reader cared to have them 7vel--si velis74 ,cp4 #a #ge vel hoc est ipso probabilis3 #hj1 #hf3 #e #h3 ,roby #bbbb4 ,quid futurum erat3 #g below4 ,contrast the use of the plpf4 subj4 in the definite apodosis supplied in #8nihil fuisset inventum4' ,for the indic4 cp4 longum est #a #aah3 oportebat #b #bh3 fas erat #e #g3 satis erat #f #b4 ,nempe1 #8why6' ,for a similar use of nempe1 apart from all irony1 in answer to a question1 cp4 ,livy vi4 #da penes quos igitur sunt auspicia more maiorum8 nempe penes patres4 ,in such cases the assent of the imaginary interlocutor is taken for granted4--,frotscher compares ,libanius1 ,declam4 xviii4 p4 #dhg 4 ,,ii3#e ,cur igitur nefas est reperiri aliquid a nobis1 quod ante non fuerit8 ,an illi rudes sola mentis natura ducti sunt in hoc1 ut tam multa generarent3 nos ad quaerendum non eo ipso concitemur1 quod certe scimus invenisse eos qui quaesierunt8 #e4 illi rudes is explained by #d temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt4 ,an is the mark of a double question1 being used to introduce the second alternative as opposed to the first1 even when the first is understood rather than expressed4 ,here it almost num1 and implies the needlessness of the preceding remark 7,roby #bbee71 and introduces an fortiori argument2 cp4 ,cicero1 ,tusc4 v4 #ij ,cur pecuniam 444 curet omnino8 ,an ,scythes ,anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere1 nostrates philosophi facere non potuerunt8 ,cic4 ,cat4 i4 #a1 #c4 ,so #c #bi below an vero 444 hoc cogitatio praestat3 #e #g4 certe scimus4 ,certe is less absolute #abe than certo4 ,acc4 to ,klotz ad ,cic4 de ,sen4 i4 #b certe scio certum est me scire 7#8,i am sure that ,i know'73 certo scio certum est quod scio 7#8,i have certain or sure knowledge1' #8my knowledge is accurate'74 ,cp4 ,ter4 ,andr4 #ejc with #ibi4 ,,ii3#f ,et #abe cum illi1 qui nullum cuiusquam rei habuerunt magistrum1 plurima in posteros tradiderunt1 nobis usus aliarum rerum ad eruendas alias non proderit1 sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni8 quem ad modum quidam pictores in id solum student1 ut describere tabulas mensuris ac lineis sciant4 #f4 cuiusquam rei4 ,quisquam 7generally subst47 is1 when employed adjectivally1 more usually found along with names of persons or words implying personality3 cp4 iv4 #a1 #aj ne contumeliosi in quenquam hominem ordinemve videamur3 #g #c below quisquam 444 orator3 iii4 #a1 #bb cuiusquam sectae4 in posteros3 so i4 #a1 #f3 ad posteros xii4 #aa1 #bh4--;,for tradiderunt1 see ,crit4 ,notes4 eruendas3 ix4 #b1 #fd latens aliquid eruitur3 xii4 #h1 #ac multa 444 patronus eruet3 iv4 #b1 #fj hoc quoque tamquam occultum et a se prudenter erutum tradunt4 ,quintilian follows ,cicero in the figurative use of this word2 e4g4 de ,orat4 ii4 #adf scrutari locos ex quibus argumenta eruamus3 ibid4 #cfj hac exercitatione non eruenda memoria est1 si est nulla naturalis1 sed certe1 si latet1 evocanda est4 beneficii4 ,this gen4 occurs in the phrase #8sui beneficii facere1' not uncommon in the ,latin of the ,silver ,age1 #8to make dependent on one's own bounty or favour4' ,suet4 ,claud4 #bc commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit3 ,iust4 xiii4 #d1 #i ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret3 ,sen4 ,ben4 iii4 #ah1 #d4 ,the phrase is equivalent to nihil habebimus nisi quod sit or quod non sit ben4 al4 nisi quod debeamus aliis 7#8due to the favour of others'74 ,becher cites the analogous expression #8tui muneris habeo' in ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #ee3 cp4 ib4 xv4 #eb1 #d ne 444 sui muneris rem publicam faceret1 and tui muneris est ,hor4 ,car4 iv4 #c1 #ba4 ,so #8ducere aliquid offici sui4' ,the genitive must not therefore be explained as a gen4 of quality1 dependent on nihil 7as ,meister74 in id solum student4 ,the construction 7which occurs again xii4 #f1 #f in quam rem studendum sit7 seems to be modelled on that of niti4 ,here1 however1 ei soli could not have stood4--,the process of #8copying by measures and lines' is not unknown even now4 ,the picture to be reproduced1 and the surface on which the copy was to be made1 were divided into equal numbers of squares 7mensurae7 by lines drawn across at right angles4 ,,ii3#g ,turpe etiam illud est1 contentum esse id consequi quod imiteris4 ,nam rursus quid erat futurum1 si nemo plus effecisset eo quem sequebatur8 ,nihil in poetis supra ,livium ,andronicum1 nihil in historiis supra #abf pontificum annales haberemus2 ratibus adhuc navigaremus2 non esset pictura1 nisi quae lineas modo extremas umbrae1 quam corpora in sole fecissent1 circumscriberet4 #g4 turpe etiam4 ,for the argument see ,crit4 ,notes4 contentum 444 consequi4 ,the constr4 c4 infin4 is very common in ,quintilian3 over a dozen instances are given in ,bonn4 ,lex4 7q4v474 ,it passed from the usage of poetry 7e4g4 ,ovid1 ,metam4 i4 #dfa7 into the prose of the ,silver ,age4 ,cicero would have used satis habere4 ,cp4 solus legi dignus #a #if4 rursus resumes quid futurum erat #d4 in poetis 444 in historiis3 see on #a #bh3 #a #ge4 ,livius ,andronicus4 ,cicero 7,brutus #ga7 compares his translation of the ,odyssey to the first rude attempts at sculpture1 which passed under the name of ,daedalus3 nam et ,odyssia ,latina est sic tamquam opus aliquod ,daedali et ,livianae fabulae non satis dignae quae iterum legantur4 ,cp4 ,liv4 xxvii4 #cg forsitan laudabile rudibus ingeniis1 nunc abhorrens et inconditum4--,livius was a native of ,tarentum1 who came to ,rome as a slave after the capture of his native city 7#bgb ,b4,c47 and set up as a schoolmaster3 his ,odyssey survived for scholastic purposes down to the days of ,orbilius and ,horace 7,ep4 ii4 #a1 #fi74 ,his production in ,b4,c4 #bdj--the year after the end of the ,first ,punic ,war--of a tragedy and comedy in ,latin 7in which he discarded the old ,saturnian metre71 may be said to mark the beginning of ,roman literature4 ,for thirty years he continued to produce plays at the ,roman games1 adapting the indigenous ,italian drama1 #abf such as it was1 to the laws which regulated dramatic composition among the ,greeks2 and when he died at a ripe old age1 a compliment was paid to his memory by the assignment of the ,temple of ,minerva on the ,aventine to the #8guild of poets' 7collegium poetarum7 as a place for their meetings4 pontificum annales3 also called ,annales ,maximi1 probably because they were kept by the ,pontifex ,maximus4 ,in them was preserved the list of consuls and other magistrates1 and they recorded in the baldest fashion the most noteworthy events of each magistracy4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #eb erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio1 c4 ,p4 ,mucius ,scaevola1 the consul of #acc ,b4,c41 edited them in thirty books4 ,teuffel #ff3 ,mommsen1 i4 #dgg sq4 lineas extremas1 i4e4 the tracing of outlines3 this was said to have been the origin of painting4 ,pliny ,n4 ,h4 xxxv4 #e ,graeci 7picturam affirmant7 444 repertam 444 umbra hominis lineis circumducta4 ,cp4 the distinction between free imitation and servile copying in the following from ,aulus ,gellius 7xvii4 #bj1 #h73 ea quae in ,platonis oratione demiramur1 non aemulari quidem1 sed lineas umbrasque facere ausi sumus4 ,,ii3#h ,ac si omnia percenseas1 nulla mansit ars qualis inventa est1 nec intra initium stetit3 nisi forte nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis1 ut nunc demum nihil crescat3 nihil autem crescit sola imitatione4 #h4 nisi forte3 cp4 #a #gj3 #c #ca3 #e #f4 infelicitatis3 cp4 on #a #g infelicis operae4 ,so viii4 prooem4 #bg abominanda 444 haec infelicitas 444 quae et cursum dicendi refrenat et calorem cogitationis extinguit mora et diffidentia4 xi4 #b1 #di haec rara infelicitas erit4 ,pliny ,n4 ,h4 praef4 #bc has #8infelix' ingenium for #8sterile4' ,the opposite would be beatissima ubertas #a #aji4 ,for the constr4 c4 genit4 cp4 ii4 #e1 #bd neque enim nos tarditatis natura damnavit3 ix4 #b1 #ha tyrannidis affectatae damnatus3 vii4 #h1 #c incesti damnata4 demum3 v4 on #a #dd4 ,,ii3#i ,quod si prioribus adicere fas non est1 quo modo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum8 cum in his1 quos maximos adhuc novimus1 nemo sit inventus in quo nihil aut desideretur aut reprehendatur4 ,sed etiam qui summa non adpetent1 contendere potius quam sequi debent4 #i4 oratorem perfectum3 #bh below1 with which cp4 the preface to ,book i1 #i ,oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest4 ,so ,cicero1 ,orat4 #g3 de ,orat4 i4 #aag4 nemo sit inventus3 cp4 ,pr4 i4 #ah qualis fortasse nemo adhuc fuerit4 ,so too i4 #aj1 #d where referring to ,cicero's ,orator he says3 quibus ego primum hoc respondeo1 quod ,m4 ,cicero scripto ad ,brutum libro frequentius testatur3 non eum a nobis institui oratorem qui sit aut fuerit1 sed imaginem quandam concepisse nos animo perfecti illius et nulla parte cessantis4 ,orat4 #g non saepe atque haud scio an nunquam4 summa3 ,pr4 i4 #ai-bj nobis ad summa tendendum est 444 altius tamen ibunt qui ad summa nitentur4 xii4 #aa #bf contendere certare ut priores sunt1 #8compete1' #8rival4' ,,ii3#aj ,nam qui hoc agit ut prior sit1 forsitan etiamsi non transierit aequabit4 ,eum vero nemo potest aequare cuius vestigiis sibi utique insistendum putat2 necesse est enim semper sit posterior qui #abg sequitur4 ,adde quod plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem2 tantam enim difficultatem habet similitudo ut ne ipsa quidem natura in hoc ita evaluerit ut non res quae simillimae quaeque pares maxime videantur utique discrimine aliquo discernantur4 #aj4 forsitan3 c4 ind4 as in ,quint4 ,curt4 iv4 xiv4 #bj4 utique4 ,see on #a #bj4 ,tr4 #8in whose footsteps he thinks he must by all means follow4' #abg adde quod1 used thrice within three paragraphs #aj1 #aa1 #ab3 another proof of a certain want of finish in ,quintilian's style4 ,cp4 on #b #bc3 and discrimine 444 discernantur1 below4--,see ,introd4 p4 liii4 in hoc1 i4e4 in the endeavour to reproduce4 utique 444 aliquo3 iv4 #e1 #h in omni partitione est utique aliquid potentissimum3 iv4 #a1 #gg aliquam utique sententiam3 xii4 #aj1 #fg utique aliquo momento4 ,,ii3#aa ,adde quod quidquid alteri simile est1 necesse est minus sit eo quod imitatur1 ut umbra corpore et imago facie et actus histrionum veris adfectibus4 ,quod in orationibus quoque evenit4 ,namque iis quae in exemplum adsumimus subest natura et vera vis2 contra omnis imitatio facta est et ad alienum propositum accommodatur4 #aa4 veris adfectibus4 ,cp4 vi4 #b1 #ce ,vidi ego saepe histriones atque comoedos1 cum ex aliquo graviore actu personam deposuissent1 flentes adhuc egredi4 quod si in alienis scriptis sola pronuntiatio ita falsis accendit adfectibus1 quid nos faciemus qui illa cogitare debemus ut moveri periclitantium vice possimus8 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #dca-dcc4 alienum proposition1 i4e4 the purpose of the imitator1 not that of the original writer or speaker4 ,,ii3#ab ,quo fit ut minus sanguinis ac virium declamationes habeant quam orationes1 quod in illis vera1 in his adsimilata materia est4 ,adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt1 ingenium1 inventio1 vis1 facilitas et quidquid arte non traditur4 #ab4 sanguinis3 #a #fj 7of ,archilochus7 plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum3 #aae eum 7,calvum7 444 verum sanguinem perdidisse3 viii4 #c1 #f 7hic ornatus7 sanguine et viribus niteat4 illis 444 his4 ,this is only an apparent inversion of the usual arrangement3 declamationes is the nearer subject in thought1 as being the subject of the sentence1 in which it comes before orationes4 ,the use of hic may also serve to indicate the prevalence of declamation in ,quintilian's day3 #e #ad4--,see ,zumpt #gjj4 ,,ii3#ac ,ideoque plerique1 cum verba quaedam ex orationibus excerpserunt aut aliquos compositionis certos pedes1 mire a se quae legerunt effingi arbitrantur1 cum et verba intercidant invalescantque temporibus1 7ut quorum certissima #abh sit regula in consuetudine17 eaque non sua natura sint bona aut mala-- nam per se soni tantum sunt-- sed prout opportune proprieque aut secus collocata sunt1 et compositio cum rebus accommodata sit1 tum ipsa varietate gratissima4 #ac4 compositionis3 see #a componendi ratio4 ,tr4 #8particular cadences in the arrangement' #a #eb4 ,cp4 especially ix4 #d1 #aaf quem in poemate locum habet versificatio1 eum in oratione compositio4 cum et1 c41 #8though1 as for the words1 they drop out or come into use in course of time 444 while the arrangement1' c4 ,verba is opp4 to compositio below3 cp4 verba and comp4 pedes above4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 verba intercidant 444 consuetudine4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #gj1 ,multa renascentur quae iam cecidere1 cadentque ,quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula1 si volet usus1 ,quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi4 ,ibid4 #fj-fb ,ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos1 ,prima cadunt1 ita verborum vetus interit aetas1 ,et iuvenum ritu florent modo nata vigentque4 viii4 #f1 #cb cum multa 77 cotidie ab antiquis ficta moriantur4 ut quorum quippe4 ,cp4 #a #ee ut in qua 444 sit3 #a #eg1 #gd4 ,i have put this clause in brackets to show that it stands by itself3 consuetudine explains temporibus1 while non sua natura 444 sed prout 444 collocata introduce a new idea4 ,see following note4 #abh eaque is a continuation of the clause cum et verba4 ,the use and disuse of words is a matter of fashion3 and moreover their value depends on their proper employment4--,the commentators1 except ,krger 7#crd ed471 explain this as part of the clause ut quorum1 c41 the demonstr4 taking the place of the relative1 as not infrequently with double relative clauses in ,cicero3 ,orat4 #i quam intuens in eaque defixus3 de ,fin4 i4 #ab1 #db quod ipsum nullam ad aliam rem1 ad id autem res referuntur omnes 7where see ,madvig73 ad ,att4 x4 #af1 #c3 ,brutus #beh4 ,cp4 ,lucr4 i4 #gah-ba1 and ,munro's note4 ,but the context is against this4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 proprie3 v4 on #a #i4 collocata here not much more than adhibita4 ,in themselves words are nothing3 their effect depends entirely on their appropriate use4 et compositio3 i4e4 and though1 as to the arrangement 7et compositio corresponds to et verba above71 it may owe its effect in the original to the manner in which it has been adapted to the sense 7rebus accommodata71 while moreover 7cum 444 tum7 its charm lies in its very variety4 ,the art by which the compositio is saved from monotony in the original is lost by the servile copyists of particular extracts3 they take no account of the fact that the style ought to reflect the sense1 and they forget that the motive for a particular compositio in their original was the desire to produce an agreeable effect by diversity of form4--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,,ii3#ad ,quapropter exactissimo iudicio circa hanc partem studiorum examinanda sunt omnia4 ,primum1 quos imitemur3 nam sunt plurimi qui similitudinem pessimi cuiusque et corruptissimi concupierint3 tum in ipsis quos elegerimus1 quid sit ad quod nos efficiendum comparemus4 #ad4 exactissimo3 so #g #cj commentarii ita exacti perfecti4 ,in the sense of #8perfectly finished' it is found ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #gb3 ,ovid1 ,met4 i4 #dje4 circa3 v4 on #a #eb4 corruptissimi3 cp4 #af declinant in peius1 c4 ,the word is used of a vicious style1 #a #abe4 efficiendum effingendum1 as #ac above4 ,,ii3#ae ,nam in magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt aliqua vitiosa et a doctis inter ipsos etiam mutuo reprehensa2 #abi atque utinam tam bona imitantes dicerent melius quam mala peius dicunt4 ,nec vero saltem iis quibus ad evitanda vitia iudicii satis fuit sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere et solam1 ut sic dixerim1 cutem vel potius illas ,epicuri figuras1 quas e summis corporibus dicit effluere4 #ae4 in 444 auctoribus4 ,in is used for apud in speaking of an author's whole works or general characteristics1 not of a particular passage or a particular composition4 ,so ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #eb3 ,tu nihil in magno doctus reprendis ,homero8 #a #gf tanta vis in eo 7,demosthene74 ,for apud cp4 #a #ci brevitas illa 444 quae est apud ,livium in epistula ad filium scripta4--,the same warning is given #a #bd ,neque id statim legenti persuasum sit1 omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique esse perfecta4 a doctis1 #8by competent critics'3 cp4 #a #ig qui esse docti adfectant3 viii4 #c1 #b in ceteris iudicium doctorum1 in hoc vero etiam popularem laudem petit3 xii4 #aj1 #gb tum laudem quoque1 nec doctorum modo sed etiam vulgi consequatur3 ib4 #a #bj3 #i #d3 #aj #ej4 inter ipsos is to be referred to in magnis auctoribus1 not to a doctis3 hence the comma4--,inter ipsos would have been inter se if the word to which the pronoun refers had been nom4 or acc4 ,cp4 #a1 #ad non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt3 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #ej conciliat inter se homines4 ,but societas hominum inter ipsos1 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #bj3 quam sancta est societas civium inter ipsos1 ,leg4 ii4 #g3 latissime patens hominibus inter ipsos 444 societas haec est1 de ,off4 i4 #ea4 ,cp4 #bc below4 ,on the other hand we have multa sunt civibus inter se communia1 de ,off4 i4 #ec3 communia esse amicorum inter se omnia1 ,ter4 ,ad4 v4 #c1 #ah4 mutuo1 only here in ,quintilian3 he frequently uses invicem4 ,liv4 viii4 #bd1 #f cum interclusissent trifariam a mutuo inter se auxilio4 #abi mutuo reprehensa4 ,cp4 the reference to the letters of ,calvus and ,brutus to ,cicero1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ah ex quibus facile est deprehendere ,calvum quidem ,ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum1 ,brutum autem otiosum atque diiunctum2 rursusque ,ciceronem a ,calvo quidem male audisse tanquam solutum et enervem1 a ,bruto autem1 ut ipsius verbis utar1 tanquam fractum atque elumbem4--,for the position of tam1 cp4 on #g #bg4 mala 7sc4 imitantes7 peius1 as in the case of ,seneca's imitators3 placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda quae poterat3 #a #abg4 nec 444 saltem4 ,saltem with a negative is used by ,quintilian in the sense of ne 444 quidem1 standing sometimes before1 sometimes after the word to which it applies3 here with sufficiat4 ,cp4 i4 #a1 #bd ,neque enim mihi illud saltem placet quod fieri in plurimis video3 #g #bj below ut non breve saltem tempus sumamus1 c43 v4 #a1 #d neque enim de omnibus causis dicere quisquam potest saltem praeteritis1 ut taceam de futuris3 xii4 #aa1 #aa ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum putent4 ut sic dixerim1 for the more classical #8ut ita dicam'3 cp4 #a #f1 #gg4 ,so ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #ec1 #ad3 ,dial4 #cd1 #h3 #dj1 #ai3 ut ita dixerim ,agr4 #c1 #ac4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,epicuri figuras4 ,the reference is to the theory of first adopted to explain sensation by ,democritus1 and afterwards developed by ,epicurus4 ,cp4 ,plut4 de ,pl4 ,phil4 iv4 #h 4 ,see ,ritter and ,preller #aee sq4 ,cp4 ,lucret4 iv4 #db sq4 ,dico igitur rerum effigias tenuesque figuras ,mittier ab rebus summo de corpore rerum1 ,quoi quasi membranae1 vel cortex nominitandast1 ,quod speciem ac formam similem gerit eius imago ,cuiuscumque cluet de corpore fusa vagari3 cp4 #aeg-h ,perpetuo fluere ut noscas e corpore summo ,texturas rerum tenues tenuesque figuras4 ,,ii3#af ,hoc autem his accidit qui non introspectis penitus virtutibus ad primum se velut adspectum orationis aptarunt2 et cum iis felicissime cessit imitatio1 verbis atque numeris sunt non multum differentes1 vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur1 sed plerumque declinant in peius et proxima virtutibus vitia comprehendunt fiuntque pro grandibus tumidi1 pressis exiles1 fortibus temerarii1 laetis corrupti1 compositis #acj exultantes1 simplicibus neglegentes4 #af4 numeris1 #8rhythm'3 cp4 compositio #ac1 and #a #gi4 ,numeros accipi volo ix4 #d1 #de4 sunt 444 differentes3 a ,greek construction4 vim dicendi #a #a3 viii4 pr4 #cj4 ,neither in force of expression nor in power of thought do they come up to their models4 in peius4 ,cp4 i4 #a1 #e bona facile mutantur in peius1 i4 #c1 #a3 ii4 #af1 #b3 ,verg4 ,georg4 i4 #bjj in peius ruere4 ,see ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 proxima virtutibus vitia4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #be-bh ,decipimur specie recti3 brevis esse laboro1 ,obscurus fio2 sectantem levia nervi ,deficiunt animique2 professus grandia turget2 ,serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae4 ,below 7#cb-cg7 ,quintilian draws the moral that knowledge is necessary in order to avoid a fault1 otherwise the opposite fault may be committed4 ,with #8specie recti' in ,horace cp4 ,quint4 viii4 #c1 #ef 1 id est mala adfectatio1 per omne dicendi genus peccat3 nam et tumida et pusilla et praedulcia et abundantia et arcessita et exultantia sub idem nomen cadunt4 ,denique cacozelon vocatur quidquid est ultra virtutem1 quotiens ingenium iudicio caret et specie boni fallitur1 omnium in eloquentia vitiorum pessimum4 comprehendunt3 a rare use4 ,see on #c adprehenditur4 ,cp4 ,cic4 pro ,balb4 #c omnes animo virtutes penitus comprehendere4 pro grandibus tumidi3 so grandia non tumida xii4 #aj1 #hj3 professus grandia turget ,hor4 l4c4 pressis1 #8concise1' #8chaste1' #a #dd1 #df4 exiles1 #8bald4' ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bjb ,sed cavenda est presso illi oratori inopia #acj et ieiunitas1 amplo autem inflatum et corruptum orationis genus4 fortibus temerarii3 strength of style ought not to become rashness4 ,cp4 iii4 #g1 #be pro temerario fortem 444 vocemus3 ii4 #ab1 #d est praeterea quaedam virtutum vitiorumque vicinia qua maledicus pro libero1 temerarius pro forti1 effusus pro copioso accipitur3 ii4 #ab1 #aa vim appellant quae est potius violentia4 laetis corrupti3 xii4 #aj1 #hj laeta non luxuriosa4 ,wealth of style ought not to degenerate into extravagance4 ,for laetus cp4 #a #df4 compositis exultantes3 lit4 #8bounding instead of measured'3 cp4 exultantia coercere #d #a1 where see note4 ,for compositis v4 #a #dd3 for exultantes cp4 ix4 #d1 #bh quaedam transgressiones 444 sunt etiam compositione vitiosae quae in hoc ipsum petuntur ut exultent atque lasciviant quales illae ,maecenatis3 ,sole et aurora rubent plurima1 c41 ibid4 #adb1 where saltare is used of this style1 in which the excessive care bestowed on the arrangement 7compositio7 degenerates into affectation4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 simplicibus neglegentes3 ,cicero1 de ,inv4 i4 #ba1 #cj opposes dilucide et ornate 444 to obscure et neglegenter4 ,neglegentes implies contempt for as well as absence of ornament1 almost #8slovenliness4' ,,ii3#ag ,ideoque qui horride atque incomposite quidlibet illud frigidum et inane extulerunt1 antiquis se pares credunt2 qui carent cultu atque sententiis1 ,attici sunt scilicet2 qui praecisis conclusionibus obscuri1 ,sallustium #aca atque ,thucydiden superant2 tristes ac ieiuni ,pollionem aemulantur2 otiosi et supini1 si quid modo longius circumduxerunt1 iurant ita ,ciceronem locuturum fuisse4 #ag4 horride atque incomposite3 horride inculteque ,cic4 ,orat4 #bh3 cp4 #a #ff rudis in plerisque et incompositus 7,aeschylus73 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ah sunt enim horridi et impoliti et rudes et informes4 ,horridus is the opposite of nitidus3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #ea3 de ,legg4 i4 #b1 #f3 ,brutus #fh1 #hc1 #aag1 #bch1 #bfh4 quidlibet illud frigidum et inane4 ,as the expression horride atque incomposite denotes the unpleasing form1 so this phrase 7cp4 frigida et inanis adfectatio ix4 #c1 #gd7 stigmatises the tasteless and vapid substance of the incompetent imitators 7,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #ai1 #ai ,o imitatores1 servum pecus73 tr4 #8writers who have come out with their favourite platitudes and inanities4' ,there is something deictic about illud4 ,becher compares ix4 #b1 #id postulandum est ut nescio quid illud quod adversarii obliquis sententiis significare voluerint obiciant palam3 i4 #c1 #d hi sunt qui 444 quicquid illud possunt statim ostendunt3 ,liv4 ix4 #c1 #ac vivet semper in pectoribus illorum quidquid istud praesens necessitas inusserit4 ,cp4 xii4 #f1 #b3 vi4 pr4 #c 7quidquid hoc est in me71 and often ipsum illud1 hoc illud 7e4g4 ,liv4 praef4 #aj73 ,liv4 i4 #bi1 #c domos suas ultimum illud visuri4 extulerunt4 ,the commentators explain as dicendo extulerunt3 cp4 i4 #e1 #af3 viii4 #c1 #dj3 and ,cicero1 ,orat4 #aej4 ,but it is more probably the same use as we have in #a #aji1 viz4 a metaphor from a productive soil3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,natur4 ,deor4 ii4 #hf1 and ,brut4 #af4 antiquis3 #a #dc quidam solos veteres legendos putant3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bj tristem et impexam antiquitatem3 #ba sordes autem illae verborum et hians compositio et inconditi sensus redolent antiquitatem3 ,quint4 v4 #ad1 #cb se antiquis per hoc similes vocant4 ,in the ,dialogue1 ,aper 7#ae-bc7 criticises excessive devotion to antique models1--holding #8vitio malignitatis humanae vetera semper in laude1 praesentia in fastidio esse4' cultu ornatu3 #a #abd3 ,see ,introd4 p4 xliv4 sententiis3 #a #fa1 #ij1 #abi4 ,attici3 #a #dd4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,cp4 xii4 #aj1 #af ,et antiqua quidem illa divisio inter ,atticos atque ,asianos fuit1 cum hi pressi et integri1 contra inflati illi et inanes haberentur1 in his nihil superflueret1 illis iudicium maxime ac modus deesset3 ibid4 #ba quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse ,atticos credunt tenues et lucidos et significantes1 sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,orat4 #aa3 ,brutus #bhd sq43 ,orator #bh putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat1 modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat1 eum solum ,attice dicere4 scilicet1 ironical4 praecisis4 iv4 #b1 #dg neque mihi umquam tanta fuerit cura brevitatis ut non ea quae credibilem faciunt expositionem inseri velim4 ,simplex enim et undique praecisa non tam narratio vocari potest quam confessio4 conclusionibus1 the clauses that #8round off' the period3 cp4 on concludit #a #ajf4 ,anacoluths result in such a style from the omission of something essential to the complete period4 obscuri4 ,a similar cause of obscurity #aca is noted viii4 #b1 #ai alii brevitatem aemulati necessaria quoque orationi subtrahunt verba et1 velut satis sit scire ipsos1 quid dicere velint1 quantum ad alios pertineant1 nihil putant referre4 ,for the omission of sunt1 see ,introd4 p4 lv4 ,sallustium3 cp4 #a #cb1 #ajb3 iv4 #b1 #de quare vitanda est etiam illa ,sallustiana 7quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum7 brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus4 ,thucydiden3 #a #gc4 tristes ac ieiuni4 ,the opposite would be hilares et copiosi3 viii4 #c1 #di proinde quaedam hebes1 sordida1 ieiuna1 tristis 7#8dreary'71 ingrata1 vilis oratio est4 ,quae vitia facillime fient manifesta contrariis virtutibus4 ,nam primum acuto1 secundum nitido1 tertium copioso1 deinceps hilari1 iucundo1 accurato diversum est4 ,pollionem1 #a #aac4 ,cp4 vi4 #c1 #aaj de ,pollione ,asinio seriis iocisque pariter accommodato dictum est1 esse eum omnium horarum4 otiosi et supini3 #8your easy-going drawler4' ,for supinus cp4 in ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,isocr4 #ae3 de ,dein4 #h1 c4 ,so supini securique xi4 #c4 #c3 ,iuv4 #a1 #ff multum referens de ,maecenate supino3 ,martial ii4 #f1 #ac nunquam deliciae supiniores3 vi4 #db1 #bb ,non attendis1 et aure me supina ,iamdudum quasi negligenter audis4 ,see ,introd4 p4 xliii4 and xlvi4--,for otiosus1 see on #a #gf4 circumduxerunt3 ix4 #d1 #abd cum sensus unus longiore ambitu circumducitur4 ,ciceronem3 cp4 lentus est in principiis1 c4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bb4 ,,ii3#ah ,noveram quosdam qui se pulchre expressisse genus illud caelestis huius in dicendo viri sibi viderentur1 si in clausula posuissent #8esse videatur4' ,ergo primum est ut quod imitaturus est quisque intellegat1 et quare bonum sit sciat4 #ah4 se expressisse4 ,this unusual construction 7after sibi viderentur persuasum haberent7 may express intensity of conviction3 these imitators are thoroughly convinced of their own excellence1 whatever the opinion of others may be 7sibi1 sc4 non aliis74 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,off4 iii4 #ga ea malitia quae volt 444 videri se esse prudentiam4 ,the same construction occurs sometimes after mihi videtur in the sense of mihi placet3 #a #ia3 ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #e1 #ab ,non mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem3 ,sall4 ,iug4 #he1 #b3 ,livy xxxvi4 #ac1 #i quia videbatur et ,limnaeum eodem tempore oppugnari posse4 caelestis3 #a #hf4 clausula4 ,cicero gives minute directions for ending a period1 ,orator4 #bae3 cp4 ,quint4 ix4 #c1 #de and #gg3 iv4 #fb1 #ge1 #if1 c4 esse videatur3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bc illud tertio quoque sensu in omnibus orationibus pro sententia positum #8esse videatur'3 ,quint1 ix4 #d1 #gc esse videatur iam nimis frequens1 octonarium inchoat4 ,an instance occurs below #g #bi4 primum est ut3 cp4 rarum est ut #g1 #bd4 ,zumpt #fbc4 ,,ii3#ai ,tum in suscipiendo onere consulat suas vires4 ,nam quaedam sunt imitabilia1 quibus aut infirmitas naturae non sufficiat aut diversitas repugnet4 ,ne1 cui tenue ingenium erit1 sola velit fortia et abrupta1 cui forte quidem1 sed indomitum1 amore subtilitatis #acb et vim suam perdat et elegantiam quam cupit non persequatur2 nihil est enim tam indecens quam cum mollia dure fiunt4 #ai4 consulat suas vires4 ,so ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #ch ,sumite materiam vestris1 qui scribitis1 aequam ,viribus1 et versate diu quid ferre recusent1 ,quid valeant umeri4 ,cui lecta potenter erit res ,nec facundia deseret hunc nec lucidus ordo4 imitabilia3 i4e4 there are some things which are 7in themselves7 fit patterns for imitation1 but--then follows the limitation 7quibus c4 subj474 tenue ingenium ability for the tenue genus dicendi1 for which see on #a #dd4 ,cp4 xii4 #aj1 #ce nec rerum nimiam tenuitatem 444 fortioribus 444 verbis miscebimus4 fortia et abrupta3 a #8bold and rugged style1' the latter quality being often associated with excessive brevity3 iv4 #b1 #de vitanda est illa ,sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus4 forte 7sc4 ingenium73 a talent for vigorous and energetic diction4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de #acb ,orat4 ii4 #ahc non enim semper fortis oratio quaeritur1 sed saepe placida1 summissa1 lenis4 ,so below #bc #8lene ac remissum genus causarum' is that which calls for #8lene ac remissum genus dicendi4' indomitum3 #8violent1' unbridled1 unrestrained4 ,in such a case the genus dicendi grande atque robustum will be more appropriate than the genus subtile3 cp4 #a #dd4 ,for the union of subtilitas and elegantia cp4 #a1 #gh ,lysias subtilis atque elegans4 et 444 et3 not for aut 444 aut as ,bonnell-,meister1 on the ground that et is inconsistent with the negative4 ,he loses vis and fails to secure elegantia at one and the same time4 ,the construction occurs when the writer wishes to indicate that the coincidence of the two should be guarded against3 cp4 ,cic4 ad ,att4 iii4 #g1 #b ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem3 id4 xii4 #dj1 #b3 ad ,fam4 xi4 #g1 #b3 de ,off4 i4 #ad1 #db4 mollia lenia1 dulcia4 ,he might have added1 having regard to what has gone before1 aut cum dura molliter4 ,cp4 ,arist4 ,rhet4 iii4 #g 4 ,,ii3#bj ,atque ego illi praeceptori quem institueram in libro secundo credidi non ea sola docenda esse1 ad quae quemque discipulorum natura compositum videret2 nam is et adiuvare debet quae in quoque eorum invenit bona1 et1 quantum fieri potest1 adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare2 rector enim est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator4 ,difficilius est naturam suam fingere4 #bj4 atque has in transitions often the force of atqui4 ,tr4 #8,to be sure 444 ,i expressed the belief that' 7credidi47 in libro secundo3 ch4 #h1 where he discusses the question1 ,an secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit4 ,the conclusion arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying1 so this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction4--,the sequence of thought is as follows3 the teacher must not confine himself to what his pupils have a natural bent for4 ,besides developing latent talent1 he must #8adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare'3 for his office is to mould the minds of others1 and that is not so hard4 ,it is more difficult to form one's own character4 ,but he ought not to waste his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils4 compositum3 cp4 ii4 #h1 #g4 naturam suam fingere3 i4e4 without the help and supervision of a praeceptor to assist in applying such principles as are laid down in #ai4 ,,ii3#ba ,sed ne ille quidem doctor1 quamquam omnia quae recta sunt velit esse in suis auditoribus quam plenissima1 in eo tamen cui naturam obstare viderit laborabit4 ,id quoque vitandum1 in quo magna pars errat1 ne in oratione poetas nobis et historicos1 in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus4 #ba4 quamquam3 v4 #a #cc and #if3 #g #ag below4 in illis operibus1 sc4 in poesi et historia3 cp4 #a #ca4 declamatores3 #a #ga4 ,,ii3#bb ,sua cuique proposito lex1 suus decor est3 nec comoedia in cothurnos adsurgit1 nec contra #acc tragoedia socco ingreditur4 ,habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid commune3 id imitemur quod commune est4 #bb4 proposito1 i4e4 officio poetarum1 historicorum1 oratorum3 cp4 ix4 #d1 #ai3 xi4 #a1 #cc4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 decor1 #8appropriate character'3 v4 on #a #bg4 ,quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in ,ars ,poetica 7#hf-aah7 where ,horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style4 ,cp4 esp4 #hf ,descriptas servare vices operumque colores1 and #ib ,singula quaeque #acc locum teneant sortita decentem4 ,cp4 also ,cicero1 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,oratorum #a #a ,itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est1 et in comoedia turpe tragicum3 et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox4 cothurnos 444 socco4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #hi-ia ,versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult2 ,indignatur item privatis ac prope socco ,dignis carminibus narrari cena ,thyestae4 ,in line #hj he contrasts the soccus 77 or #8slipper' of comedy with the grandes cothurni 7#8buskins'7 of tragedy4 ,cp4 ,milton's #8the buskin'd stage1' and #8,if ,jonson's learned sock be on4' ,bombast must be avoided in comedy1 though ,interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit1 ,iratusque ,chremes tumido delitigat ore 7,a4 ,p4 #ic73 and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life 7cp4 #ie sq474--,for adsurgit cp4 #a #eb4 nec 444 nec contra3 iv4 #a1 #fj ,nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio1 neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita1 c4 habet tamen1 i4e4 notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department 7lex cuique proposita74 omnis eloquentia4 ,for this wide use of the word cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 x4 ,ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto3 nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum1 sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat1 anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo4 ,for oratoria eloquentia on the other hand see cap4 vi4 and passim4 ,,ii3#bc ,etiam hoc solet incommodi accidere iis qui se uni alicui generi dediderunt1 ut1 si asperitas iis placuit alicuius1 hanc etiam in leni ac remisso causarum genere non exuant2 si tenuitas aut iucunditas1 in asperis gravibusque causis ponderi rerum parum respondeant3 #acd cum sit diversa non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio1 sed in singulis etiam causis partium1 sintque alia leniter alia aspere1 alia concitate alia remisse1 alia docendi alia movendi gratia dicenda2 quorum omnium dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est4 #bc4 uni alicui3 cp4 #bd below1 also in reverse order #g #af aliquam rem unam4 ,it is used as the singular of singuli4 asperitas1 #8passion1' opp4 to lenitas and aequabilitas4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #fd genus orationis fusum atque tractum 7#8easy and flowing'7 et cum lenitate quadam aequabili profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis3 ,quint4 i4 #h1 #aa forensi asperitate3 cp4 #e #ad below4 ,the same antithesis is given in other words ,orat4 #ec ,elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi2 ecce aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur4 ,cp4 de ,orat4 iii4 #g1 #bh ,gravitatem ,africanus1 lenitatem ,laelius1 asperitatem ,galba1 profluens quiddam habuit ,carbo et canorum4 alicuius1 #8some particular author'3 for the use of the full form in a conditional clause1 whereby the pronoun receives emphasis1 cp4 #a #bb1 #acj3 #f #e3 #g #b1 #ae1 #af4 leni ac remisso1 cp4 on forte 7sc4 ingenium7 #ai1 above4 ,so ,brutus #cag ,cotta et ,hortensius1 quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute et facile sententiam1 alter ornatus1 acer1 444 verborum et actionis genere commotior3 de ,orat4 ii4 #ie dicendi molliora ac remissiora genera4 tenuitas3 like subtilitas in #ai above1 amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat3 cp4 #ab1 #b1 #ac sectas ad tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet4 ,in conjunction with iucunditas 7cp4 #a #df1 #fd1 #hb1 #if1 #aja1 #aac7 it is certainly not used in a depreciatory sense1 though it always implies the absence of all attempt at embellishment4 ,ernesti 7,clav4 ,cic47 says3 corporis est tenuitas1 cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest1 cum sit sanum3 unde ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur1 quod sine vitiis est1 sed et sine ornamentis4 ,tr4 #8simplicity1' #8naturalness'3 cp4 #a #dd4 ,perhaps tenuitas and iucunditas together might be rendered #8artless grace1' which does not suffice where gravitas or even asperitas orationis is called for4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 asperis3 #8exciting' causes1 i4e4 such as arouse passion1 so that the speaker cannot be lenis ac remissus1 #8smooth and unimpassioned4' #acd cum sit3 cp4 #ac4 diversa 444 diversa3 an instance of negligent repetition1 of which we have another in uni alicui immediately following4 ,cp4 #a #h1 #i1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #db1 #hj1 #id1 #aaf1 #abf1 #aca3 #b #aa-ac1 #bd3 #c #g1 #ba3 #e #f1 #g3 #f #g3 #g #g1 #cj4 inter ipsas1 #ae4 docendi 444 movendi1 cp4 xii4 #aj1 #eh quoted on #a #dd4 ,,ii3#bd ,itaque ne hoc quidem suaserim1 uni se alicui proprie1 quem per omnia sequatur1 addicere4 ,longe perfectissimus ,graecorum ,demosthenes1 aliquid tamen aliquo in loco melius alii1 plurima ille4 ,sed non qui maxime imitandus1 et solus imitandus est4 #bd4 suaserim 444 se addicere3 for the infinitive cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #bea2 ,zumpt #faf4 sequatur3 the subj4 is to be supplied from the indefinite pronoun 7sc4 aliquem7 understood before addicere4 ,cp4 #a #g3 ii4 #ae1 #ab primum esse 444 ducere in id quod velit3 #af1 #ai in quae velit ducere4 ,for this use of sequi cp4 #a #bh3 #b #g4 longe perfectissimus3 #a #ci1 #aje4 melius4 ,the same ellipse of the verb is repeated below #c #be4 ,,ii3#be ,quid ergo8 non est satis omnia sic dicere quo modo ,m4 ,tullius dixit8 ,mihi quidem satis esset1 si omnia consequi possem3 quid tamen noceret vim ,caesaris1 asperitatem ,caeli1 diligentiam ,pollionis1 iudicium ,calvi quibusdam in locis adsumere8 #be4 non est3 cp4 #a #ef4 ,m4 ,tullius2 for ,quintilian's reverence for ,cicero see #a #ci and #aje sq4 quid tamen noceret should be taken in connection with the foregoing4 ,the meaning is1 #8yet even if ,i could rival ,cicero in every respect1 what harm would it do8' etc4 ,the impf4 is motived by the preceding si possem1--an unrealisable supposition4 vim ,caesaris3 #a #aad4 ,cp4 i4 #g1 #cd vim ,caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri8 asperitatem ,caeli3 #a #aae4 ,for an example see iv4 #b1 #abc4 ,for #8asperitatem' ,eussner proposes acerbitatem4 ,pollionis3 #a #aac4 ,calvi3 #a #aae4 ,a similar enumeration is given1 xii4 #aj1 #aa1 vim ,caesaris1 indolem ,caeli1 subtilitatem ,calidi1 diligentiam ,pollionis1 dignitatem ,messallae1 sanctitatem ,calvi1 gravitatem ,bruti1 acumen ,sulpici1 acerbitatem ,cassi4 adsumere3 as #bg utilitatis gratia adsumpta2 not as #a #aba4 ,,ii3#bf ,nam praeter id quod prudentis est quod in quoque optimum est1 si possit1 suum facere1 tum in tanta rei difficultate unum intuentes vix aliqua pars sequitur4 ,ideoque cum totum exprimere quem elegeris paene sit homini inconcessum1 plurium bona ponamus ante oculos1 ut aliud ex alio haereat1 et quo quidque loco conveniat aptemus4 #ace #bf4 praeter id quod3 see on #a #bh3 cp4 #c #f4 tum1 as if the sentence had opened with ,nam primum4 vix 444 sequitur3 #8some element1 or quality1 is realised with difficulty1 if we look only at one model4' ,vix aliqui gives prominence to the affirmative1 and so differs from vix quisquam3 it is achieved but with difficulty4 ,for aliqua cp4 #g #af4 ,sequitur here contingit4 ,see on #bg3 and cp4 xi4 #b1 #ci1 quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur4 aliud ex alio3 sc4 scriptore4 haereat3 sc4 in animo legentis4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #aie quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte4 #ace ,,ii3#bg ,imitatio autem 7nam saepius idem dicam7 non sit tantum in verbis4 ,illuc intendenda mens1 quantum fuerit illis viris decoris in rebus atque personis1 quod consilium1 quae dispositio1 quam omnia1 etiam quae delectationi videantur data1 ad victoriam spectent2 quid agatur prooemio1 quae ratio et quam varia narrandi1 quae vis probandi ac refellendi1 quanta in adfectibus omnis generis movendis scientia1 quamque laus ipsa popularis utilitatis gratia adsumpta1 quae tum est pulcherrima1 cum sequitur1 non cum arcessitur4 ,haec si perviderimus1 tum vere imitabimur4 #bg4 saepius3 #ab-ac3 #af4 non sit3 cp4 non putemus #c #af3 ibid4 #e4 7,cp4 also utinam non inquinasset #a #ajj47 ,cic4 pro ,cluent4 #aee a legibus non recedamus3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #e1 #ia non etiam sileas4 ,draeger1 ,hist4 ,synt4 #a1 #cab speaks of the usage as a stronger negation than ne4 ,nettleship on ,aen4 #ab1 #gh says that non is used #8if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized4' ,kr4#c suggests that non should be taken with tantum4--,see ,introd4 p4 lii4 delectationi 444 data3 xii4 #aj1 #de atque id fecisse ,m4 ,tullium video1 ut cum plurimum utilitati1 turn partem quandam delectationi daret4 ad victoriam3 #a #bi ad victoriam niti3 ii4 #d1 #cb3 v4 #ab1 #bb3 xii4 #aj1 #dh4 prooemio1 narrandi1 probandi1 refellendi1 adfectibus movendis give the five essential parts of a judicial speech 7iii4 #i1 #a72 the introduction1 the narrative1 the proof1 the refutation1 and the closing appeal 7epilogus1 peroratio74 laus popularis3 cp4 #a #ag laudantium clamor3 referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal4 ,tac4 ,dial4 vi4 coire populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator induerit4 ,in viii4 #c1 #b ,quintilian opposes to laus popularis1 iudicium doctorum4 adsumpta 7sit73 #8how popular applause itself has been worked in1' made useful for winning the case4 cum sequitur1 #8when it is given spontaneously1 not courted4' ,so viii4 prooem4 #ah decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia pulcherrimus1 sed cum sequitur1 non cum adfectatur4 ,cp4 ,sall4 ,cat4 #ed ad fin43 quo minus petebat gloriam1 eo magis illum sequebatur3 ibid4 #c4 ,plin4 ,epist4 i4 #h1 #ad sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet1 nec si casu aliquo non sequatur1 idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus pulchrum est4 ,,ii3#bh ,qui vero etiam propria his bona adiecerit1 ut suppleat quae deerunt1 circumcidat si quid redundabit1 is erit1 quem quaerimus1 perfectus orator2 quem nunc consummari potissimum oporteat1 cum tanto plura exempla bene dicendi supersunt quam illis qui adhuc summi sunt contigerunt4 ,nam erit haec quoque laus eorum1 ut priores superasse1 posteros docuisse dicantur4 #bh4 perfectus orator3 see on #i quomodo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum8 quem 444 consummari4 ,if quem can be referred only to orator in what immediately precedes 7and not to perfectus orator7 the inf4 need not mean anything more than #8perfectum fieri4' ,this is ,becher's view 7,quaest4 ,quint4 p4 #ai7 adopted by ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,but #8perfectus orator' forms so much a single idea here that it seems more probable that quem covers both the noun and the adj4 ,in so loose a writer as ,quintilian no difficulty need be felt about consummari1 though the editors think it necessary to assume that1 with the infin41 perfectus is proleptic oratorem consummari ita ut perfectus fiat1 comparing 7with ,krger1 #bnd ed47 ,demosth4 4 ,see #a #abb on consummatus4 oporteat3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 eorum3 sc4 qui adhuc summi sunt1--those who have hitherto been 7and are7 pre-eminent4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,how to ,write4 #acf #acf ,quo modo scribendum sit4 ,,iii3#a ,,iii4 ,et haec quidem auxilia extrinsecus adhibentur2 in iis autem quae nobis ipsis paranda sunt1 ut laboris1 sic utilitatis etiam longe plurimum adfert stilus4 ,nec immerito ,m4 ,tullius hunc #8optimum effectorem ac magistrum dicendi' vocat1 cui sententiae personam ,l4 ,crassi in disputationibus quae sunt de oratore adsignando1 iudicium suum cum illius auctoritate coniunxit4 #a4 nobis ipsis opp4 to extrinsecus3 what we must provide for ourselves1 by our own gifts and industry4 ,there is1 however1 much to be said for ,gertz's conjecture e nobis ipsis1 which gives a better antithesis to extrinsecus3 cp4 #e #aj plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia4 stilus3 see on #a #b4 ,m4 ,tullius3 de ,orat4 i4 #aej caput autem est quod1 ut vere dicam1 minime facimus2 est enim magni laboris1 quem plerique fugimus3 quam plurimum scribere4 stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister2 neque iniuria3 nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit1 hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit3 ibid4 #beg stilus ille tuus1 quem tu vere dixisti perfectorem dicendi esse ac magistrum1 multi sudoris est4 ,cp4 iii4 #aij3 ,brutus #if artifex1 ut ita dicam1 stilus3 ad ,fam4 vii4 #be1 #b is 7stilus7 est dicendi opifex4 ,l4 ,crassi4 ,l4 ,licinius ,crassus1 ,b4,c4 #adj-ia1 was the most illustrious of ,roman orators before ,cicero1 who in the ,de ,oratore seems to make him the mouthpiece of his own opinions4 ,the other leading character in the dialogue is ,m4 ,antonius 7,b4,c4 #adc-hg71 grandfather of the triumvir4 ,for a parallel estimate of the two see ,brutus #adc sq4 personam 444 adsignando3 cp4 #a #ga plures subire personas4 ,,iii3#b ,scribendum ergo quam diligentissime et quam plurimum4 ,nam ut terra alte refossa generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior fit1 sic profectus non a summo petitus studiorum fructus effundit uberius et fidelius continet4 ,nam sine hac quidem conscientia ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas inanem #acg modo loquacitatem dabit et verba in labris nascentia4 #b4 alte refossa3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,the meaning is that just as deep ploughing produces heavy crops1 so progress that is not superficial 7non a summo petitus7 brings forth fruit more abundantly and secures its permanence4 ,for the figure cp4 i4 #c1 #e non multum praestant1 sed cito4 ,non subest vera vis nec penitus immissis radicibus nititur1 ut quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina celerius se effundunt et imitatae spicas herbulae inanibus aristis ante messem flavescunt4 ,for refodere cp4 ,lucan1 iv4 #bdb tellure refossa3 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 xix4 #hh solo quam altissime refosso4 profectus3 cp4 #ae below1 ad profectum opus est studio3 i4 #c1 #e stat profectus 7#8growth'74 ,the word does not occur in ,cicero1 though it is often used in the same sense by ,seneca3 e4g4 ,ep4 #ga1 #ce-cf1 nemo profectum ibi invenit ubi reliquerat 444 magna pars est profectus velle proficere3 #ajj1 #aa ad profectum omnia tendunt4 ,quintilian frequently insists that it requires diligent and constant practice3 e4g4 ii4 #g1 #a cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet4 a summo1 i4e4 from the surface1 #8superficial1' as i4 #c1 #e quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina4 ,the opposite is #8verus ille profectus et alte radicibus nixus1' i4 #a1 #bh4 ,cp4 #b #ae4 ,other instances of such expressions are #a #ac ex proximo3 #g #g ad ultimum3 #aj ex ultimo3 #b #af in peius4 ,see ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 sine hac conscientia sine huius rei conscientia1 i4e4 without the consciousness of diligent application in composition4 ,in such expressions 7frequent with words like cura1 metus1 spes1 timor7 the pronoun #acg takes the place of a complementary genitive1 suggested by what goes before3 cp4 i4 #aj1 #bh haec ei cura1 c43 and below #g #ai4 verba in labris nascentia4 ,cp4 ,sen4 ,ep4 #aj1 #c non a summis labris ista venerunt2 habent hae voces fundamentum4 ,,iii3#c ,illic radices1 illic fundamenta sunt1 illic opes velut sanctiore quodam aerario conditae1 unde ad subitos quoque casus1 cum res exiget1 proferantur4 ,vires faciamus ante omnia1 quae sufficiant labori certaminum et usu non exhauriantur4 #c4 illic stilo sive exercitatione scribendi4 sanctiore 444 aerario4 ,the reference is to the reserve treasure 7aerarium sanctius7 that was never touched except in great emergencies4 ,it was kept in a vault in the ,temple of ,saturn4 ,caes4 ,b4 ,c4 i4 #ad1 #a3 ,livy xxvii41 #aj1 #aa3 ,macrob4 i4 #h1 #c3 ,lucan4 ,phars4 iii4 #aec sq4 certaminum3 so #a #d quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit4 ,certamen 4 ,cp4 #a #ca1 #ajf1 c4 proferantur3 for the subj4 7consecutive7 cp4 #a #cj3 #c #cc3 #e #aj4 et 444 non3 not neque1 as the negative really connects only with the verb1 while et serves simply to introduce usu4 ,cp4 #g #cc4 ,,iii3#d ,nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito1 praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem2 quae nascendi quoque hanc fecerit legem1 ut maiora animalia diutius visceribus parentis continerentur4 ,sed cum sit duplex quaestio1 quo modo et quae maxime scribi oporteat1 iam hinc ordinem sequar4 #d4 rerum ipsa natura3 here of #8nature' as a creative agency3 cp4 #bf below3 ,munro on ,lucretius i4 #be4 praeposuitque4 ,when it is clear from the context that there is an opposition1 sentences and words of opposite meanings are often coupled 7after a negative7 not by a disjunctive but by a conjunctive particle1 as here3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #bb non nobis solum nati sumus ortusque nostri partem patria vindicat partem amici3 ibid4 #hf neque opes aut potentiam consectabitur totamque eam 7rempublicam7 sic tuebitur ut omnibus consulat3 ,hor4 ,car4 iii4 #cj1 #f ,non omnis moriar1 multaque pars mei ,vitabit ,libitinam4 ,in each instance1 however1 the positive clause 7que1 et1 atque7 is an explanation of1 rather than an antithesis to1 the negative3 the opposition is formal rather than real4 difficultatem4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #i1 #ei ,nil sine magno ,vita labore dedit mortalibus3 ,hesiod 4 #bhi 3 ,soph4 ,el4 #ide 1 c4 ,frag4 #cfd 3 ,epicharmus in ,xenoph4 ,mem4 ii4 #a1 #bj 4 quae maxime1 v4 ch4 #e4 iam hinc ordinem sequar1 i4e4 #8,i shall now proceed to deal with these questions in their order4' ,and so follows quomodo in chs4 iii-iv1 and quae maxime scribi oporteat in ch4 v4 ,the phrase is parallel to iii4 #f1 #ajd nunc1 quia in tria genera causas divisi1 ordinem sequar3 cp4 ut ordinem sequar ix4 #d1 #cc4 ,in support of ,obrecht's reading hunc ordinem ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4 d4 ,bayer1 ,gymn4 #ahhh1 pp4 #hd-e7 urges that in the instances quoted for iam hinc 7ii4 #aa1 #a1 and iii4 #a1 #a3 add viii4 #c1 #dj iam hinc igitur ad rationem sermonis coniuncti transeamus1 and hinc iam viii4 pr4 #ad3 ii4 #d1 #a7 there is always a marked transition to a new subject1 whereas here the preceding subordinate clause 7cum sit 444 oporteat7 lays down the order that is afterwards followed4--,but all that iam hinc means here is simply that the writer will now take the two questions he has proposed in the order stated4 ,,iii3#e ,sit primo vel tardus dum #ach diligens stilus1 quaeramus optima nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus1 adhibeatur iudicium inventis1 dispositio probatis2 dilectus enim rerum verborumque agendus est et pondera singulorum examinanda4 ,post subeat ratio collocandi versenturque omni modo numeri1 non ut quodque se proferet verbum occupet locum4 #e4 dum diligens1 without a verb3 cp4 #a #id quamvis uno libro3 ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #ajd sequentes tantum modo quod ita visum sit1 dum sine adsensu3 cp4 ,hirtius in ,cic4 ad ,att4 xv4 #f1 #c dummodo diligentibus4 #ach optima1 i4e4 both in thought and word4 protinus goes with gaudeamus1 not with offerentibus1 which can stand by itself3 cp4 #a #b and #db4 ,for offerentibus cp4 on eminentibus #a #hf4 dilectus 444 agendus4 ,this may possibly be one of ,quintilian's military figures3 xii4 #c1 #e dilectus agere 7of an imperator72 ,tac4 ,hist4 ii4 #af1 #hb1 ,agric4 #g4 ,but cp4 also ii4 #h1 #g studiorum facere dilectum3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #bb verbis delectum adhibuit3 ,cic4 de ,or4 iii4 #aej in hoc verborum genere propriorum delectus est habendus quidam atque in aurium quodam iudicio ponderandus est3 de ,off4 i4 #adi habere dilectum civis et peregrini3 ib4 #di3 de ,fin4 v4 #ij3 ,brut4 #bec verborum dilectum originem esse eloquentiae4 ratio collocandi4 ,for this periphrastic constr4 see ,ngelsbach #bg ad fin4 7p4 #acj7 and note on vim dicendi #a #a4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ad ,quint4 ,fr4 i4 #a1 #f1 #ah sed nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio mea3 pro ,rosc4 ,amer4 #a #c ignoscendi ratio 444 de civitate sublata est4--,dion4 ,hal4 unites with 4 numeri3 ix4 #d1 #de numeros accipi volo4 ,cp4 note on #b #af4 ,,iii3#f ,quae quidem ut diligentius exsequamur1 repetenda saepius erunt scriptorum proxima4 ,nam praeter id quod sic melius iunguntur prioribus sequentia1 calor quoque ille cogitationis1 qui scribendi mora refrixit1 recipit ex integro vires et velut repetito spatio sumit impetum2 quod in certamine saliendi fieri videmus1 ut conatum longius petant et ad illud quo contenditur spatium cursu ferantur1 utque in iaculando brachia reducimus et expulsuri tela nervos retro tendimus4 #f4 repetenda3 we must go back on what we have just written4 praeter id quod3 cp4 #b #bf1 and see note on #a #bh4 repetito spatio1 i4e4 #8going back to take a spring1' as is shown by what follows4 ,he passes from the figure involved in calor 444 refrixit1 and anticipates the idea contained in the next clause3 calor 444 sumit impetum calor 444 denuo exardescit4 ,hild compares de ,orat4 i4 #aec for a similar figure3 ut concitato navigio1 cum remiges inhibuerunt1 retinet tamen ipsa navis motum et cursum suum intermisso impetu pulsuque remorum1 sic in oratione perpetua1 cum scripta deficiunt1 parem tamen obtinet oratio reliqua cursum scriptorum similitudine et vi concitata4 quod 444 videmus1 ut4 ,for a similar instance of the use of the pronoun to anticipate a dependent clause cp4 #g #aa4 ,the other two examples commonly given are rather cases of pleonasm1 viz4 #a #eh and #e #ah4 conatum longius petant3 #8take a longer run4' ,cp4 repetito spatio above4 ad illud quo contenditur spatium1 i4e4 jump the distance they aim at covering4 ,quo contenditur lit4 to which their efforts are directed4 retro tendimus4 ,cp4 ,verg4 ,aen4 v4 #ejj ,validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus4 ,,iii3#g ,interim tamen1 si feret flatus1 danda sunt vela1 dum nos indulgentia illa non #aci fallat2 omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent1 alioqui nec scriberentur4 ,sed redeamus ad iudicium et retractemus suspectam facilitatem4 #g4 interim interdum1 v4 on #a #i4 danda sunt vela3 #8we must spread our sails before a favouring breeze' 7cp4 quo ventus ferebat ,caes4 ,b4 ,g4 iii4 #ae1 #c74 ,so ,ep4 ad ,tryph4 #c permittamus vela ventis et oram solventibus bene precemur4 ,the figure is frequent in ,cicero3 quocunque feremur danda nimirum vela sunt ,orat4 #ge3 ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur vela do 7i4e4 set my sails to catch the breeze from a particular quarter7 de ,orat4 ii4 #ahg4 ,so ,martial 7of ,nerva's modesty7 ,pieriam tenui frontem redimire corona ,contentus1 famae nec dare vela suae viii4 #gj4 dum 444 non1 instead of ne1 as sometimes #aci in poetry4 ,here the negative attaches closely to the verb3 cp4 #c4 ,so xii4 #aj1 #dh dum rem contineant et copia non redundent4 ,quintilian never uses dummodo3 only dum1 or modo4 ,si modo 7si quidem71 which ,meister cites1 is different3 it expresses the limitation of a hypothesis4 dum nascuntur3 cp4 #a #af excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine4 nec for ne 444 quidem3 ii4 #ac1 #g alioqui nec scriberem3 v4 #aj1 #aai alioqui nec dixissem3 ix4 #b1 #fg quod in foro non expedit1 illic nec liceat 7not in ,cicero74 ,for other instances see ,bonn4 ,lex4 nec and neque 3 ,roby #bbcj;b3 ,madvig de ,finibus pp4 #haf-hbb4 facilitatem3 abstract for concrete quae facilius scripta sunt4 ,cp4 initiis below1 and #b #b4 ,,iii3#h ,sic scripsisse ,sallustium accepimus1 et sane manifestus est etiam ex opere ipso labor4 ,vergilium quoque paucissimos die composuisse versus auctor est ,varius4 #h4 ,sallustium3 see on #a #aja4 ,vergilium3 ,aul4 ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 #ag1 #aj ,dicere solitum ferunt parere se versus more atque ritu ursino4 ,namque ut illa bestia fetum ederet ineffigiatum informemque1 lambendoque id postea1 quod ita edidisset1 conformaret et fingeret2 proinde ingenii quoque sui partes recentes rudi esse facie et imperfecta1 sed deinceps tractando colendoque reddere iis se oris et vultus lineamenta4 ,so too in the ,donatus ,life of ,vergil ix3 ,cum ,georgica scriberet traditur cotidie meditatos mane plurimos versus dictare solitus1 ac per totum diem retractando ad paucissimos redigere1 non absurde carmen se ursae more parere dicens et lambendo demum effingere4 die1 for in die4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #a1 #c putat 444 mille die versus deduci posse3 i4 #d1 #i in hora saepe ducentos 444 dictabat versus4 ,so bisque die ,verg4 ,ecl4 iii4 #cd3 ,cic4 pro ,rosc4 ,am4 #df #acb in anno3 ad ,fam4 xv4 #af1 #a in hora4 ,varius1 see on #a #ih4 ,his biographical sketch of his lifelong friend was entitled ,de ingenio moribusque ,vergilii4 ,aul4 ,gell4 7xvii4 #aj7 speaks of the ,amici familiaresque ,p4 ,vergilii in eis quae de ingenio moribusque eius memoriae tradiderunt4 ,,iii3#i ,oratoris quidem alia condicio est2 itaque hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero4 ,nam primum hoc constituendum1 hoc obtinendum est1 ut quam optime scribamus3 celeritatem dabit consuetudo4 ,paulatim res facilius se ostendent1 verba respondebunt1 compositio sequetur1 cuncta denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt4 #i4 sollicitudinem3 #a #bj scribendi sollicitudinem3 and #bj1 below1 scribentium curam4 initiis incipientibus3 cp4 #b #b4 ,so also ii4 #d1 #ac quatenus nullo magis studia 7 studiosi7 quam spe gaudent4 compositio3 #a #gi3 cp4 #dd1 #df4 ,the three essentials are here enumerated3 thought 7res71 language 7verba71 arrangement 7compositio74 in officio3 cp4 viii4 pr4 #cj erunt in officio4 ,as in a well-ordered establishment1 he says1 everything will be found fulfilling its proper function4 ,,iii3#aj ,summa haec est rei3 cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur1 bene scribendo fit ut cito4 ,sed tum maxime1 cum facultas illa contigerit1 resistamus ut provideamus1 efferentes #adj se equos frenis quibusdam coerceamus2 quod non tam moram faciet quam novos impetus dabit4 ,neque enim rursus eos qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint ad infelicem calumniandi se poenam adligandos puto4 #aj4 summa haec4 #8,write quickly and you will never write well3 write well and in time you will write quickly4' ,the ,greek rhetoricians are said to have had a saying 1 on which ,cicero seems to make ,crassus found a similar utterance de ,orat4 i4 #aej dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere1 444 perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi4 facultas illa1 sc4 cito scribendi4 resistamus3 #8let us pause1' #8call a halt4' ,cp4 #ai3 #g #ad3 xi4 #b1 #df3 #c1 #aba3 ix4 #c1 #ee4 ,cp4 the use of intersistere ix4 #d1 #cc4 ut provideamus3 #f #f non sollicitos #adj et respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere3 #g #aj ut donec perveniamus ad finem non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu3 i4 #ab1 #d nonne alia dicimus1 alia providemus4 ,so far from being a gloss1 the words seem to be necessary to define the meaning and motive of resistamus3 it is in order to #8look ahead' that we ought to pause from time to time4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 efferentes se3 #8running away1' or rather1 #8trying to make off1' a praesens conatus1 as is shown by non tam moram faciet1 c4 ,cp4 ,hom4 ,il4 #bc1 #cgf 3 ,xen4 de ,re ,equestr41 #c #d4 ,in ,livy xxx4 #bj1 #c1 the figure is taken rather from the #8prancing and curveting' of a horse1 ,neque 444 tam ,p4 ,scipio exultabit atque efferet sese quam ,hanno4 7,hild's parallel 1 sc4 from ,soph4 ,electr4 #gbe1 cp4 ,eurip4 ,hippol4 #abbd1 is more appropriate to the reading ferentes equos47 ,for the omission of et before efferentes 7found in no ,,ms47 cp4 #g #a where a figure is added without any conjunction 7auxilium in publicum polliceri 444 intrare portum74 neque enim3 the ellipse may be supplied as follows1--si moram faceret non suaderem4 ,the meaning is1 it is only in cases where it will not cause injurious delay that ,i recommend this curbing and self-restraint2 for neither1 again1 c4 robur fecerint3 #c vires faciamus4 infelicem3 see on #a #g cuiusdam infelicis operae4 calumniandi se3 #8the wretched task of pedantic self-criticism4' ,see on #a #aae nimia contra se calumnia3 viii4 pr4 #ca quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi1 qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta1 quaerunt aliquid quod sit magis antiquum3 #aa remotum1 inopinatum4 ,,iii3#aa ,nam quo modo sufficere officiis civilibus possit qui singulis actionum partibus insenescat8 ,sunt autem quibus nihil sit satis3 omnia mutare1 omnia aliter dicere quam occurrit velint1-- increduli quidam et de ingenio suo pessime meriti1 qui diligentiam putant facere sibi scribendi difficultatem4 #aa4 officiis civilibus3 #8the duties of a citizen1' here with special reference to legal practice and the advocacy of cases in courts of law3 #g #a3 cp4 ,suet4 ,tib4 #h civilium officiorum rudimentis4 ,the phrase in its widest application includes all the #8civilities' and attentions which one citizen may be expected to show to another1 especially in the relation of patron and client3 e4g4 officio togae virilis interfui1 ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #i #b4 ,casaubon defines officium #8cum honoris causa praesentiam nostram alicui commodamus'3 for instances of its use in this sense cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #e1 #aa3 i4 #ac1 #g3 ii4 #a1 #h3 ,hor4 ,epist4 i4 #g1 #h officiosaque sedulitas et opella forensis3 ,sat4 ii4 #f1 #bd officio respondeat 7#8answer duty's call1' ,palmer74 velint3 potential1 as often4 ,the clause stands by itself1 and there is no need for supposing the omission of the relative4 increduli quidam3 #8a diffident sort of people1' #8somehow afraid of themselves4' ,for quidam cp4 #a #gf4 ,it is employed1 as often by ,cicero1 to show that the word used is as near the author's meaning as possible1 though sometimes it is joined with an expression that is merely a makeshift3 cp4 4 ,it indicates an undefined degree of the adjective with which it is connected1 and has sometimes a modifying1 sometimes an intensifying effect3 here the former is not so probable considering the strength of the phrase that follows1 #8sinning grievously against their natural gifts4' diligentiam is pred43 supply esse4 ,the subject is facere 444 difficultatem4 ,,iii3#ab ,nec promptum est dicere utros peccare validius #ada putem1 quibus omnia sua placent an quibus nihil4 ,accidit enim etiam ingeniosis adulescentibus frequenter1 ut labore consumantur et in silentium usque descendant nimia bene dicendi cupiditate4 ,qua de re memini narrasse mihi ,iulium ,secundum illum1 aequalem meum atque a me1 ut notum est1 familiariter amatum1 mirae facundiae virum1 infinitae tamen curae1 quid esset sibi a patruo suo dictum4 #ab4 validius4 ,common in ,quintilian3 iii4 #h1 #fa verborum autem magnificentia non validius est adfectanda suasorias declamantibus1 sed contingit magis3 vi4 ,prooem4 #h quo me validius cruciaret3 ix4 #b1 #gf quanto validius bonos inhibet pudor quam metus4 ,the superlative is frequent in ,pliny3 e4g4 validissime placere ,ep4 i4 #bj1 #bb3 te validissime diligo iii4 #ae1 #b3 vi4 #h1 #i validissime vereor3 ix4 #ce1 #a #ada validissime cupere4 ,cp4 ,caelias in ,cic4 ad ,fam4 viii4 #b1 #a ego quum pro amicitia validissime facerem ei4 ,horace has valdius oblectat populam ,a4 ,p4 #cba3 cp4 ,ep4 i4 #i1 #f4 omnia sua3 cp4 #a #acj 7of ,seneca7 si non omnia sua amasset3 ibid4 #hh 7of ,ovid7 nimium amator ingenii sui4 narrasse3 ,quintilian always uses the perfect infin4 after memini1 even where the person who recalls the event was a witness of it4 ,the rule is thus stated by ,roby #acgb #8,memini is used with the present 7and sometimes the perfect7 infinitive of events of which the subject himself was witness1 with the perfect infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness4' ,on this ,dr4 ,reid has a valuable note de ,amic4 #b3 #8,the rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus3 ,if the person who recalls an event was a witness of it1 he may either 7a7 vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind's eye for the moment1 in which case he uses the present infinitive1 or 7b7 he may simply recall the fact that the event did take place in past time1 in which case the perfect infinitive is used4 ,if he was not a witness1 he evidently can conceive the event only in the latter of these two ways4 ,as regards 7a7 cp4 ,verg4 ,ecl4 ix4 #eb longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles with ,georg4 iv4 #abe memini me ,corycium vidisse senem4 ,examples like the latter of these two are more numerous than is commonly supposed4' ,iulius ,secundus1 #a #abj4 ,,iii3#ac ,is fuit ,iulius ,florus1 in eloquentia ,galliarum1 quoniam ibi demum exercuit eam1 princeps1 alioqui inter #adb paucos disertus et dignus illa propinquitate4 ,is cum ,secundum1 scholae adhuc operatum1 tristem forte vidisset1 interrogavit quae causa frontis tam adductae8 #ac4 ,iulius ,florus is generally supposed to be identical with the individual to whom1 as one of the comites of ,tiberius ,claudius in his mission to the ,east1 ,horace addresses 7,b4,c4 #bj7 the ,third ,epistle of the ,first ,book3 cp4 also ii4 #b4 ,horace indicates his young friend's ability in the following lines 7i4 #c1 #ba7 ,non tibi parvum ,ingenium1 non incultum est et turpiter hirtum3 ,seu linguam causis acuis1 seu civica iura ,respondere paras1 seu condis amabile carmen1 ,prima feres hederae victricis praemia4 ,the scholiast ,porphyrio tells us that he wrote satires3 ,hic ,florus fuit satirarum scriptor1 cuius sunt electae ex ,ennio1 ,lucilio1 ,varrone satirae1 #8by which is meant1 doubtless1' says ,prof4 ,wilkins1 #8that he re-wrote some of the poems of these earlier authors1 adapting them to the taste of his own day1 much as ,dryden and ,pope re-wrote ,chaucer's tales4' ,there is1 however1 a chronological difficulty in the identification of the ,florus who was a young man in ,b4,c4 #bj with the ,florus who was the patruus of ,iulius ,secundus1 a contemporary of ,quintilian 7aequalem meum71 who died towards the end of ,domitian's reign before he had completed the natural term of life 7si longius contigisset aetas #a #abj74 ,seneca 7,controv4 ix4 #be1 #beh7 mentions a ,iulius ,florus who was a pupil of ,porcius ,latro 7fl4 cir4 ,b4,c4 #ag74 ,there is also the ,gaulish nobleman who headed a rebellion among the ,treveri1 and afterwards committed suicide1 ,a4,d4 #ba 7,tac4 ,ann4 iii4 #dj-db74 ,hild identifies this ,florus with the one in the text3 but it is absolutely impossible that the ,florus who died in ,a4,d4 #ba can have seen ,secundus 7scholae adhuc operatum71 who cannot have been born till about twenty years later4 in eloquentia4 ,the genitive is more common with princeps3 #a #eh3 viii4 #f1 #cj ,romanae eloquentiae principem3 vi4 #c1 #a4 ,galliarum4 ,eloquence flourished in ,gaul under the ,empire4 ,at ,lugdunum ,caligula instituted 7,a4,d4 #ci-dj7 a contest in ,greek and ,latin oratory 7certamen ,graecae ,latinaeque facundiae1 ,suet4 ,calig4 #bj74 ,cp4 ,iuv4 i4 #dd ,aut ,lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram4 quoniam introduces what is virtually a parenthesis1 referring not to the whole sentence but only to ,galliarum4 ibi demum3 #a #dd3 #b #h3 #f #e4 #adb ,here it leads up to alioqui 7apart from this fact3 moreover7 7#a #fd73 it was in ,gaul that he practised1 but he would have shone anywhere4 alioqui3 #a #fd4 ,here it apart from this fact1 even if compared with orators of other countries4 ,transl4 #8besides1' and cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cg validus alioqui spernendis honoribus3 ,hist4 ii4 #bg3 iii4 #cb4 ,other instances in ,quintilian are ii4 #a1 #d3 #ae1 #i3 iv4 pr4 #f3 v4 #i1 #aa1 c4 inter paucos1 #8as few have ever been'3 ,livy xxii4 #g1 #a inter paucas memorata populi ,romani clades3 cp4 xxiii4 #dd1 #d3 xxxviii4 #ae1 #i2 ,q4 ,curtius iv4 #h1 #g in paucis ,alexandro carus3 cp4 vi4 #h1 #b4 illa propinquitate1 i4e4 his relationship to ,secundus1 of whom ,quintilian speaks with pride as a friend and contemporary #a #abj4 ,is fuit 444 ,is cum3 one of ,quintilian's negligences3 cp4 #b #bc4 adhuc etiam tum1 as ,livy xxi4 #dh ,scipio quamquam gravis adhuc vulnere erat4 ,strictly adhuc is applicable to what continues up to the time of speaking3 here of continuance in past time4 ,introd4 p4 l4 operatum3 cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iii4 #db nobilissima ,galliarum subole liberalibus studiis ibi operata 7v4 #b73 reipublicae ,livy iv4 #fj1 #b3 conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus ,verg4 ,aen4 iii4 #acf4 adductae4 ,so adducere frontem ,sen4 ,ben4 i4 #a3 cp4 attrahere frontem #f1 #g3 cp4 contrahere frontem ,cic4 pro ,cluent4 #gb4 ,the opposite is frontem remittere3 ,pliny1 ,ep4 ii4 #e1 #e4 ,cp4 sollicitam explicuere frontem ,hor4 ,car4 iii4 #bi1 #af4 ,obductus is used in a similar sense3 cp4 ,hor4 ,epod4 xiii4 #e obducta solvatur fronte senectus3 ,iuv4 ,sat4 ix4 #b quare 444 tristis occurras fronte obducta4 ,,iii3#ad ,nec dissimulavit adulescens1 tertium iam diem esse quod omni labore materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium2 quo sibi non praesens tantum dolor1 sed etiam desperatio in posterum fieret4 ,tum ,florus adridens1 #8numquid tu1' inquit1 #8melius dicere vis quam potes8' #ad4 ,tertium diem 444 quod4 ,quod does not here ex quo1 as it denotes not point of time1 but duration3 in the direct it would be quod non invenio1 not quod 7ex quo7 non inveni4 ,an exact analogy is ,plaut4 ,amphit4 i4 #a1 #adh 7#cjb7 iam diu 'st quod ventri victum non datis 7where1 however1 ,fleckeisen reads quom1 and is followed by ,palmer74 ,the commentators quote ,pliny1 ,ep4 iv4 #bg1 #a ,tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem ,sentium3 but there quod ex quo1 just as ut is used for ex quo ,stich4 #bi ,nam viri nostri domo ut abierunt hic tertiust annus4 ,ngelsbach 7note on p4 #afg7 says this construction of ,quintilian's was imitated not only by ,pliny 7l4c471 but by others3 ,schmalz1 ,antibarbarus1 s4v4 e1 ex4 ,it might1 however1 be argued that we ought to read quum 7quomomni73 ,c4 ad ,fam4 xv4 #ad ,multi anni sunt cum ,m4 ,attius in meo aere est1 and often elsewhere1 e4g4 de ,off4 ii4 #ge 7,roby #agbc74 ,if quod stands it must #8as regards the fact that he could find no exordium1 it was now the third day'3 cp4 the ,german #8es ist schon der dritte ,tag dass1' c4 omni labore3 a modal ablative1 #8in spite of every effort4' ,there are two instances in ,cicero of a similar use of the ablative1 with the gerundive3 pro ,mur4 #ag qui non modo ,curiis1 ,catonibus1 ,pompeiis1 antiquis illis fortissimis viris1 sed his recentibus1 ,mariis et ,didiis et ,caeliis1 commemorandis iacebant3 quamvis ,curios1 c41 commemorarent3 de ,off4 i4 #b #e quis est enim qui nullis officii praeceptis tradendis philosophum se audeat dicere8 quamvis non tradat4 materiae3 cp4 v4 #aj1 #i quo apparet omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari 7sc4 argumentum73 #8a theme on which he had to write4' ,there seems no reason why materiae should not #adc be taken as genitive1 though ,hild and others make it dative of the remote object of inveniret4 ,,iii3#ae ,ita se res habet3 curandum est ut quam optime dicamus1 dicendum tamen pro facultate2 ad profectum enim opus est studio1 non indignatione4 ,ut possimus autem scribere etiam plura et celerius1 #adc non exercitatio modo praestabit1 in qua sine dubio multum est1 sed etiam ratio3 si non resupini spectantesque tectum et cogitationem murmure agitantes expectaverimus quid obveniat1 sed quid res poscat1 quid personam deceat1 quod sit tempus1 qui iudicis animus intuiti1 humano quodam modo ad scribendum accesserimus4 ,sic nobis et initia et quae sequuntur natura ipsa praescribit4 #ae4 sine dubio4 ,this substantival use of the neuter adj4 with prep4 is frequent in ,cicero1 but does not occur in ,caesar or ,sallust4 ,ngelsb4 ,stil4 #ba3 cp4 ,introd4 p4 liii4 ratio1 #8judgment' 771 such as rational human beings may be expected to show 7cp4 humano quodam modo1 below74 ,in this sense ratio and consilium are often found together4 ,a parallel passage is ii4 #aa1 #d ,quin etiam in cogitando nulla ratione adhibita aut tectum intuentes magnum aliquid1 quod ultro se offerat1 pluribus saepe diebus expectant1 aut murmure incerto velut classico instincti concitatissimum corporis motum non enuntiandis sed quaerendis verbis accommodant4 resupini 7#8with upturned face'7 goes closely with spectantes tectum3 cp4 ,martial ix4 #dc1 #c ,quaeque tulit spectat resupino sidera vultu4 quod sit tempus4 xi4 #a1 #df ,tempus quoque ac locus egent observatione propria2 nam et tempus tum triste tum laetum1 tum liberum tum angustum est1 atque ad haec omnia componendus orator4 humano quodam modo1 #8in true human or rational fashion1' i4e4 without looking for inspiration to--the ceiling6 ,cp4 instincti1 quoted above1 and #g #ad deum tunc affuisse1 c4 ,for quidam see #aa4 ,,iii3#af ,certa sunt enim pleraque et1 nisi coniveamus1 in oculos incurrunt2 ideoque nec indocti nec rustici diu quaerunt1 unde incipiant2 quo pudendum est magis1 si difficultatem facit doctrina4 ,non ergo semper putemus optimum esse quod latet3 immutescamus alioqui1 si nihil dicendum videatur nisi quod non invenimus4 #af4 certa1 fixed and definite1 as belonging necessarily to the subject1 and suggested at once by the thought of it4 ,pleraque is not limited to initia1 though the next sentence is 7unde incipiant74 non 444 putemus3 v4 on #b #bg4 ,emphasis is secured both by the use of non for ne1 and by its place in the sentence4 immutescamus1 very rare for obmutescamus1 ,stat4 ,theb4 v4 #edb ruptis immutuit ore querelis3 vi4 #ahd4 alioqui4 ,the condition implied in the word is here expressed in the clause which follows3 cp4 #cj below4 ,introd4 p4 li4 ,,iii3#ag ,diversum est huic eorum vitium qui primo decurrere per materiam stilo quam velocissimo volunt1 et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore scribunt2 hanc silvam vocant4 ,repetunt #add deinde et componunt quae effuderant2 sed verba emendantur et numeri1 manet in rebus temere congestis quae fuit levitas4 #ag4 diversum with the dat4 7like contrarium7 is common in ,quintilian and later writers3 ,cicero has ab c4 abl4 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #ah1 #e ,est huic diversum vitio vitium prope maius3 ,caesar ,b4,c4 iii4 #cj1 #b diversa sibi consilia4 silvam4 ,this word is here used as a translation of 1 properly timber for building1 then1 metaphorically1 raw material1 or as here #8rough draft4' ,cic4 ,orat4 #ab omnis enim ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis 7philosophis7 est1 nec satis tamen instructa ad forenses causas3 #aci quasi silvam vides3 de ,or4 ii4 #fe infinita silva3 iii4 #ic rerum est silva magna3 #ajc primum silva rerum 7ac sententiarum7 comparanda est3 #aah qui loco omnis virtutum et vitiorum est silva subiecta3 #ed ea est ei 7oratori7 subiecta materies 7 73 de ,inv4 i4 #cd quandam silvam atque materiam 444 omnium argumentationum3 ,suet4 ,gram4 #bd ,reliquit non mediocrem silvam observationum sermonis antiqui 7,probus74 ,the philosophical definition of 2 is given in ,isidorus1 ,orig4 xiii4 #c1 #a hylen 77 #add ,graeci rerum quamdam primam materiam dicunt1 nullo prorsus modo formatam1 sed omnium corporalium formarum capacem1 ex qua visibilia haec elementa formata sunt4 componunt1 of #8arrangement'3 cp4 #a1 #dd1 #ff1 #gi4 levitas1 #8superficiality1' want of thoroughness and solidity3 opp4 to gravitas4 ,cp4 #g1 #d manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas4--,the improvement extends only to the verba and numeri1 not to the substance4 ,,iii3#ah ,protinus ergo adhibere curam rectius erit atque ab initio sic opus ducere1 ut caelandum1 non ex integro fabricandum sit4 ,aliquando tamen adfectus sequemur1 in quibus fere plus calor quam diligentia valet4 #ah4 protinus statim ab initio4 opus ducere3 #e #i velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent3 ii4 #d1 #g si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus et quam caelatura altior rumpat4 ,the same figure is used ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #dc-dd forte epos acer ut nemo ,varius ducit4 ,so carmen ducere ,ov4 ,trist4 i4 #aa1 #ah3 iii4 #ad1 #cb3 ex ,pont4 i4 #e1 #g3 ducere versus1 ,trist4 v4 #ab1 #fc4 ,in all these the metaphor is originally from drawing out the threads in spinning3 cp4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #bbe tenui deducta poemata filo3 ,sat4 ii4 #a1 #c putat 444 mille die versus deduci posse4 ,in reference to statuary we have ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #bdj ducent aera fortis ,alexandri vultum simulantia3 ,verg4 ,aen4 vi4 #hd1 #g vivos ducent de marmore vultus4 caelandum1 #8chiselled1' #8filed'3 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #ib caelatumque novem ,musis opus4 sequemur3 so #a #eh revertemur3 #g1 #a renuntiabit3 a common use of the future in rules4 ,warmth of feeling1 he says1 will often compensate for want of finish4 ,,iii3#ai ,satis apparet ex eo quod hanc scribentium neglegentiam damno1 quid de illis dictandi deliciis sentiam4 ,nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato dat aliquam cogitationi moram non consequens celeritatem eius manus3 ille cui dictamus urget1 #ade atque interim pudet etiam dubitare aut resistere aut mutare quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes4 #ai4 illis dictandi deliciis3 i4e4 the practice which is so much in fashion1 so much #8affected'3 for deliciae 7#8affectation'7 cp4 #a #dc recens haec lascivia deliciaeque3 xii4 #h1 #d ne illas quidem tulerim delicias eorum qui1 c4 ,the phrase in deliciis esse alicui is common in ,cicero3 cp4 also ,orat4 #ci longissime tamen ipsi a talibus deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt4 ,the practice of dictation became so common that dictare came to have the same sense as scribere 7#8compose'73 ,pers4 i4 #eb non si qua eligidia crudi dictarunt proceres8 ,literary men had of course always their librarii2 and we get a glimpse of a great advocate at work in ,brutus #hg illum 444 omnibus exclusis commentatum in quadam testudine cum servis litteratis fuisse1 quorum alii aliud dictare eodem tempore solitus esset4 ,pliny1 the elder1 used to redeem the time by dictating to a notarius even when on his travels3 so too his nephew 7who tells of his uncle's habits iii4 #e1 #ae71 notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram dicto ix4 #cf1 #b3 illa quae dictavi identidem retractantur ibid4 #dj1 #b4 ,gesner has an interesting note3 8scilicet iam tum notabilis erat ea mollities1 ut circa scribendi artem negligentiores essent homines in aliquo fastigio constituti3 7vid4 i4 #a1 #bh7 quae postea ita invaluit ut dictare iam esset eruditorum hominum opus1 quem admodum antea scribere4 ,itaque vario dictandi genere supergressum se alios dicit ,sidonius ,apollin4 #h1 #f et ab initio eiusdem epistolae coniungit studia certandi1 dictandi1 lectitandique40 ,he quotes authorities to show that1 owing to the growth of the practice of dictation1 the leading men in ,charlemagne's time1 as well as the bishops1 and ,charlemagne himself1 were ignorant of the art of writing4 in stilo3 i4e4 when the author himself uses it4 ,the quidem introduces an antithesis in ille cui dictamus4 urget3 he #8presses1' whereas even #ade those authors who can write fast take time to stop and think4 ,no doubt the most practised amanuensis would fail to write as fast as a man can think1 but this is not asserted4 ,all that is said in the antithesis is that the amanuensis is always ready for more1 as it were3 his whole interest is in the writing1 not in the thought4 ,one even 7etiam7 feels ashamed at times 7in addition to being merely conscious of the fact that the scribe's pen is not busy7 of one's hesitancy1 c4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 resistere3 v4 on #aj4 ,,iii3#bj ,quo fit ut non rudia tantum et fortuita1 sed impropria interim1 dum sola est conectendi sermonis cupiditas1 effluant1 quae nec scribentium curam nec dicentium impetum consequantur4 ,at idem ille qui excipit1 si tardior in scribendo aut incertior in intellegendo velut offensator fuit1 inhibetur cursus1 atque omnis quae erat concepta mentis intentio mora et interdum iracundia excutitur4 #bj4 impropria quae significatione deerrant4 ,cp4 i4 #e1 #df dubito an id improprium potius appellem2 significatione enim deerrat4 ,on verba propria see #a #f4 consequantur3 i4e4 such utterances do not come up either to the care with which one writes or the animation with which one speaks4 at idem ille introduces the second objection to dictation3 #ba supplies a third and #bb a fourth4 incertior in intellegendo1 i4e4 not to be depended upon to understand what is dictated to him4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,against legendo it must be urged that the reference to reading is not very appropriate3 the author would not be likely to call on the scribe to read what he had written1 except at an appropriate pause1 otherwise he would himself be to blame for the interruption to the #8swing' 7cursus7 of his thoughts4 offensator1 a 1 whence the use of velut4 ,it is employed here of one whose slowness or muddle-headedness is always bringing the author to a standstill4 ,cp4 offensantes #g #aj4 quae erat3 cp4 #ag quae fuit levitas4 concepta mentis intentio1 i4e4 the thread of ideas4 ,concipere is of frequent occurrence in ,quintilian3 #g #ad3 xi4 #c1 #be3 ix4 i1 #af3 ii4 #bj1 #d3 vi4 #b1 #cc1 c4 ,for the gen4 cp4 animi intentio i4 #a1 #cd4 ,the reading conceptae mentis 7see ,crit4 ,notes7 is supported by i4 #b1 #bi praeceptores ipsos non idem mentis ac spiritus in dicendo posse concipere3 the genitive would then be objective1 as #bc below3 perhaps #8attention to the conceived thought4' excutitur3 ,aristoph4 ,clouds #ach 4 ,,iii3#ba ,tum illa1 quae altiorem animi motum sequuntur quaeque ipsa animum quodam modo concitant1 quorum est iactare manum1 torquere vultum1 frontem et latus interim obiurgare1 quaeque ,persius #adf notat1 cum leviter dicendi genus significat1 #8nec pluteum1' inquit1 #8caedit nec demorsos sapit ungues1' etiam ridicula sunt1 nisi cum soli sumus4 #ba4 quaeque ipsa3 i4e4 per se3 so #bc below1 quae ipsa delectant4 frontem et latus 444 obiurgare4 ,i venture to insert this conjecture in the text1 as justified both by the ,,mss4 tradition 7see ,crit4 ,notes7 and by the context4 ,quintilian is speaking not of the gestures by which animation is imparted to an actual effort of oratory1 but of such little mannerisms as the men of his day indulged in when in the throes of solitary composition1--just as they bite quill pens to pieces or scratch their heads now4 ,for frontem obiurgare cp4 ,brut4 #bgh nulla perturbatio animi nulla corporis1 frons non percussa1 non femur1 quoted xi4 #c1 #abc3 femur pectus frontem caedere ii4 #ab1 #aj3 ut frontem ferias ,cic4 ad ,att4 i4 #a1 #a1 though this last passage implies a more vexatious state of distraction4 obiurgare1 i4e4 caedere1 ferire1 plectere4 ,gertz objected to latus obiurgare on the ground that obiurgare by itself could not mean to #8strike4' ,we have ablatives in ,pers4v4 #afi solea puer obiurgabere rubra3 ,sen4 de ,ira iii4 #ab1 #f servulum istum verberibus obiurga3 ,suet4 ,calig4 #bj ferulis obiurgari3 id4 ,otho #b flagris3 ,petronius #cd colaphis4 ,but in all these #adf the abl4 is needed to define the meaning of obiurgare1 while no one could mistake latus obiurgare4 leviter dicendi genus3 cp4 #ag levitas4 ,the reference is to listlessness and carelessness of style1 #8not the kind that beats the desk or savours of the bitten nail1'--without earnestness or feeling4 nec pluteum caedit4 ,the pluteus or pluteum is the back board of the #8lecticula lucubratoria' in which writing was done in a recumbent position4 ,the quotation is from ,sat4 i4 #ajf1 where ,persius pictures a drivelling versifier1 listlessly pouring forth his verses without any physical exertion or trace of feeling4 demorsos sapit ungues3 imitated from ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #gj1 speaking of what ,lucilius would do if he lived now3 in versu faciendo ,saepe caput scaberet1 vivos et roderet ungues4 nisi cum soli sumus4 ,this refers to practice only4 ,a different point of view is stated in i4 ii4 #ca1 where ,quintilian sums up in these words1 ,non esset in rebus humanis eloquentia1 si tantum cum singulis loqueremur4 ,,iii3#bb ,denique ut semel quod est potentissimum dicam1 secretum in dictando perit4 ,atque liberum arbitris locum et quam altissimum silentium scribentibus maxime convenire nemo dubitaverit3 non tamen protinus audiendi qui credunt aptissima in hoc nemora silvasque1 quod illa caeli libertas locorumque amoenitas sublimem animum et beatiorem spiritum parent4 #bb4 ut semel 444 dicam3 #a #ag4 secretum in dictando4 ,this is the fourth objection4 ,cp4 #g #af cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet4 ,hirt 7,substantivierung des ,adj4 bei ,quint4--,berlin1 #ahij7 notes that this use of the nom4 neut4 standing by itself is not so common as other cases3 he cites about a dozen instances1 e4g4 iv4 #a1 #da honestum satis per se valet3 v4 #aa1 #ac dissimile plures casus habet3 vi4 #c1 #hd inopinatum et a lacessente poni solet4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 protinus3 see on #a #c1 #db4 aptissima in hoc4 ,a poetical constr43 only here in ,quintilian1 instead of dat4 or ad4 ,livy xxviii4 #ca genere pugnae in quod minime apti sunt3 ,ovid ,metam4 xiv4 #gfe formas deus aptus in omnes4 nemora silvasque4 ,quintilian is speaking of oratory3 poetry on the other hand may fitly seek its inspiration in solitude4 ,tac4 ,dial4 ix4 poetis 444 in nemora et lucos id est in solitudinem recedendum est3 cp4 xii nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum1 c4 ,the poet's love of retirement and the necessity for his being exempted from the fears and anxieties of the vulgar is in fact a commonplace in ,latin literature3 ,horace1 ,car4 i4 #a1 #cj3 #cb1 #a3 iv4 #c1 #aj sq43 ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #gg3 ,a4 ,p4 #bih3 ,ovid1 ,tristia i4 #a1 #da ,carmina secessum scribentis et otia quaerunt1 cp4 v4 #ab1 #c3 ,iuv4 vii4 #eh3 ,pliny ix4 #aj #b 7to ,tacitus7 poemata quiescunt1 quae tu inter nemora et lucos commodissime perfici putas3 so for study of all kinds i4 #f1 #b2 cp4 ix4 #cf1 #f4 beatiorem spiritum3 i4 #bg1 #dd 7spiritus3 cp4 #e #d sublimis spiritus73 and i4 #fa1 #aji 7beatus74 ,cp4 dives vena in ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #dji4 ,,iii3#bc ,mihi certe iucundus hic magis quam studiorum hortator videtur esse secessus4 ,namque illa1 quae ipsa delectant1 necesse est avocent ab intentione operis destinati4 ,neque enim se bona fide #adg in multa simul intendere animus totum potest1 et quocumque respexit1 desinit intueri quod propositum erat4 #bc4 hortator3 cp4 ,liv4 xxvii4 #ah1 #ad foederum ruptor dux et populus3 ,cic4 pro ,mil4 #ej ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus4 ,introd4 p4 xlv4 quae ipsa3 #ba above4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 v4 #ba1 #fb iam ipsae defluebant coronae4 bona fide1 #8earnestly and conscientiously'3 ut non fallat 7sc4 animus7 sed officiis suis probe sufficiat 7,wolff74 ,the phrase is borrowed from the language of the law-courts1 where it was applied to judicial awards made not according to any positive enactment but in equity4 ,cicero1 de ,off4 iii4 #fa et sine lege iudiciis1 #adg in quibus additur ex fide bona4 ,see ,holden's note ad loc4 ,,iii3#bd ,quare silvarum amoenitas et praeterlabentia flumina et inspirantes ramis arborum aurae volucrumque cantus et ipsa late circumspiciendi libertas ad se trahunt1 ut mihi remittere potius voluptas ista videatur cogitationem quam intendere4 #bd4 late circumspiciendi4 ,wlfflin thinks that ,quintilian designedly avoided such alliterations as #8longe lateque circumspicere'3 cp4 ,sall4 ,iug4 #e1 ,tac4 ,hist4 iv4 #ej4 ,in viii4 #c1 #fe he has #8vultum et oculos' instead of #8ora et oculos'3 and #8satis' by itself1 or #8satis abunde1' instead of #8satis superque4' remittere 444 intendere3 the figure is derived from the use of the bow4 ,,iii3#be ,demosthenes melius1 qui se in locum ex quo nulla exaudiri vox et ex quo nihil prospici posset recondebat1 ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi4 ,ideoque lucubrantes silentium noctis et clausum cubiculum et lumen unum velut tectos maxime teneat4 #be4 ,demosthenes3 ,plut4 ,dem4 #g 4 cogerent3 for a similar modified use of cogere cp4 ,corn4 ,nep4 ,milt4 #g1 #a3 ,suet4 ,domit4 #aa4 lumen for lucerna3 ,cic4 de ,divin4 #a #cf lumine adposito4 velut tectos1 #8as if under cover'3 sc4 ad omnia quae oculis vel auribus incursant4 ,this is said to be one of ,quintilian's military metaphors1 whence the use of velut4 ,becher 7,philol4 xliii4 #bjc sq47 compares de ,orat4 i4 #h1 #cb quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos vel te ulcisci lacessitus8 and ,orelli on pro ,deiot4 #f1 #af3 7quis consideratior illo8 quis tectior8 quis prudentior87 #8est metaphora petita a gladiatoribus qui1 uti debent1 contra ictus adversariorum se tegunt4' ,here the #8weapons of defence' are three3 #8silentium noctis1' #8clausum cubiculum1' and #8lumen unum' 7i4e4 nobis solum appositum74 ,the opposite of tectus in this sense is apertus3 e4g4 latus apertum ,tac4 ,hist4 ii4 #ba aperti incautique muros subiere1 #8of a force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for conducting a siege' 7,spooner74 ,for the thought ,krger 7#crd ed47 compares ,plin4 ,ep4 x4 #cf clausae fenestrae manent4 ,mire enim silentio et tenebris animus alitur4 ,ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor1 qui eadem quae mens vident1 quoties non adsunt alia4--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 maxime potissimum1 and leads up to #bh ut sunt maxime optanda4 ,cp4 3 ,plat4 ,rep4 #cbf ,a 1 4 teneat1 potential3 #8if we work at night1 the silence1 c4 will secure us from interruption4' ,but ,krger 7#bnd ed471 looking to lucubrantes 7which is emphatic71 explains ita lucubremus ut 444 teneat1 and ,wrobel makes it an imperative1 #8let us work by night1 and under such conditions1 with such precautions that1' c4 ,,iii3#bf ,sed cum in omni studiorum genere1 tum in hoc praecipue bona valetudo1 quaeque eam maxime praestat1 frugalitas necessaria est1 cum tempora ab ipsa #adh rerum natura ad quietem refectionemque nobis data in acerrimum laborem convertimus4 ,cui tamen non plus inrogandum est quam quod somno supererit1 haud deerit2 #bf4 in hoc1 i4e4 for night work 7 in hoc studiorum genere2 viz4 cum lucubramus74 frugalitas3 regularity of life1 in a wide sense 7as moderatio1 temperantia1 73 cp4 xii4 #a1 #h ,age non ad perferendos studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas8 quid ergo ex libidine ac luxuria spei8 ,cic4 pro ,deiot4 ix4 #bf4 cum 444 convertimus3 the temporal signification of cum c4 ind4 passes here into the causal4 ,cp4 i4 #f1 #b auctoritas ab oratoribus vel historicis peti solet 444 cum summorum in eloquentia virorum iudicium pro ratione1 et vel error honestus est magnos duces sequentibus4--,becher on the other hand 7followed by ,krger #crd ed47 insists that the use is here exclusively temporal1 and that the clause is merely a development of #8cum lucubramus1'-- #adh the idea contained in the foregoing in hoc 7sc4 stud4 genere74 cui3 sc4 labori scribendi4 inrogandum impendendum1 tribuendum4 supererit 444 deerit4 ,tr4 #8only so much as would be superfluous for sleep1 not insufficient4' ,the meaning is clear3 we must not encroach on the time necessary for the repose of mind and body1--#8not more than what is not needed for sleep1 and what will not be missed4' ,for what may seem a superfluous addition cp4 #a #aae si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit3 ,verg4 ,aen4 ix4 #bhb #8tantum fortuna secunda ,haud adversa cadat4' ,the juxtaposition of compounds of esse is very common3 esp4 superesse1 deesse4 ,asin4 ,pollio1 ad ,fam4 x4 #cc1 #e3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 xiii4 #fc1 #b3 ,cic4 in ,gellius i4 #bb1 #g3 ,val4 ,max4 viii4 #g1 #b3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #ef 7,schmalz74 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,,iii3#bg obstat enim diligentiae scribendi etiam fatigatio1 et abunde1 si vacet1 lucis spatia sufficiunt2 occupatos in noctem necessitas agit4 ,est tamen lucubratio1 quotiens ad eam integri ac refecti venimus1 optimum secreti genus4 #bg4 si vacet 444 occupatos4 ,the antithesis should be noted3 the days are long enough when one has nothing else to do3 it is the busy man who is driven to encroach on the night4 ,,iii3#bh ,sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda1 ita non semper possunt contingere2 ideoque non statim1 si quid obstrepet1 abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies1 verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus1 ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio2 quam si tota mente in opus ipsum derexeris1 nihil eorum quae oculis vel auribus incursant ad animum perveniet4 #bh4 codices3 writing-books or tablets1 as #cb4 faciendus usus4 ,cp4 ut scribendi fiat usus in #b #b3 and #c below vires faciamus3 #f #c facienda multo stilo forma est4 derexeris3 see on #b #a4 ,so xii4 #c1 #h3 ii4 #ac1 #e3 ii4 #a1 #aa4 ,on the other hand in x4 #a #abg and v4 #g1 #f ,halm and ,meister print dirigere4 incursant3 stronger than #af in oculos incurrunt4 ,the constr4 with the dative is poetical 7,ovid1 ,metam4 i4 #cjc1 xiv4 #aij74 ,,iii3#bi ,an vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat1 ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus3 non consequemur idem1 si et voluerimus8 ,non est indulgendum causis desidiae4 ,nam si non nisi refecti1 non nisi hilares1 non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus1 semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus4 #bi4 ,an vero 444 non consequemur4 ,for this form of the argumentum a minore ad maius cp4 #b #e4 ,cic4 pro ,rab4 #e ,an vero servos nostros 444 dominorum benignitas 444 liberabit hos a verberibus 444 nostri honores 7non7 vindicabunt8 deerremus with simple abl4 is post-classical4 idem1 i4e4 the same abstraction4 si et voluerimus3 #8by an effort of will1' opp4 to fortuita cogitatio4 non nisi3 see on #a #bj4 ,,iii3#cj ,quare in turba1 itinere1 conviviis etiam faciat sibi cogitatio ipsa #adi secretum4 ,quid alioqui fiet1 cum in medio foro1 tot circumstantibus iudiciis1 iurgiis1 fortuitis etiam clamoribus1 erit subito continua oratione dicendum1 si particulas quas ceris mandamus nisi in solitudine reperire non possumus8 ,propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti ,demosthenes in litore1 in quo se maximo cum sono fluctus inlideret1 meditans consuescebat contionum fremitus non expavescere4 #cj4 itinere3 ,sen4 ,ep4 #gb #b quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in cisio scribere3 ,plin4 ,ep4 iv4 #ad #b accipies cum hac epistula hendecasyllabos nostros1 quibus nos in vehiculo1 in balineo1 inter #adi cenam oblectamus otium temporis4 ,pliny even took with him to the chase his pugillares1 that he might note down any passing thought3 i4 #f1 #a3 ix4 #aj1 #b4 ,he had learnt the lesson from his uncle1 who made use of his time at dinner1 in the bath1 on a journey3 see the description his nephew gives of his habits ,ep4 iii4 #e #aj1 #aa1 #ad-af4 ,cato the ,younger used to read while the ,senate was assembling3 ,cic4 de ,fin4 iii4 #b #g4 alioqui3 see on #af4 ,cp4 #g and ,introd4 p4 li4 tot circumstantibus iudiciis4 ,four courts were commonly held in one and the same basilica4 ,cp4 xii4 #e1 #f cum in basilica ,iulia diceret primo tribunali 7,trachalus #a #aai7 quatuor autem iudicia1 ut moris est1 cogerentur1 atque omnia clamoribus fremerent1 et auditum eum et intellectum et1 quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit1 laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini3 ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #ah1 #c eram acturus 444 in quadruplici iudicio3 iv4 #bd1 #a3 vi4 #cc1 #b4 particulas3 the #8jottings' which we ought to be able to make even in spite of surrounding confusion1 if we are to be effective when called on to speak ex tempore4 ceris3 used especially for rough notes4 ,iuv4 i4 #fc3 xiv4 #aia4 ,these tablets were 8made of thin slabs or leaves of wood1 coated with wax1 and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from friction4 ,they were made of different sizes and varied in the number of their leaves1 whence the word1 in this sense1 is applied in the plural0 7,rich74 in litore3 ,frotscher quotes ,lib4 ,vit4 ,demosth4 1 1 1 3 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,x ,orat4 #h1 p4 #hdd ,e 1 1 3 ,cic4 de ,fin4 v4 #b1 #e ,noli inquit1 ex me quaerere1 qui in ,phalericum etiam descenderim1 quo in loco ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum ,demosthenem1 ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere3 ,val4 ,max4 viii4 #g1 ext4 #a4 meditans1 #8practising'3 cp4 de ,orat4 i4 #bfj 7,demosthenes7 perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur3 #acf3 ,brutus #cjb nullum patiebatur esse diem 7,hortensius7 quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum3 ,quint4 ii4 #aj1 #b3 iv4 #b1 #bi4 expavescere4 ,this corresponds with the motive attributed to ,demosthenes by ,plutarch and ,libanius1 as quoted above2 ,cicero's explanation 7ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere7 is perhaps the more credible4 ,,iii3#ca ,illa quoque minora 7sed nihil in studiis parvum est7 non sunt transeunda3 scribi optime ceris1 in quibus facillima est ratio delendi1 nisi forte visus infirmior membranarum potius usum #aej exiget1 quae ut iuvant aciem1 ita crebra relatione1 quoad intinguntur calami1 morantur manum et cogitationis impetum frangunt4 #ca4 optime3 #cc3 #a #gb 7prave73 #a #aje 7fortiter71 where see note3 #e #ac 7rectene and honestene74 ,becher says #8optime giebt ein ,urteil ber die ,handlung an1 drckt nicht die ,art und ,weise aus'3 hence it optimum esse4 scribi ceris3 for the omission of in cp4 xi4 #b1 #cb illud neminem non iuvabit iisdem quibus scripserit ceris ediscere4 ,in viii4 #f1 #fd ,meister reads in ceris4 ratio delendi3 see on #b #c3 #8erasure1' the #8art of blotting4' ,a similar periphrasis is ratio collocandi #e4 ,for the purpose of erasure the reverse end of the stilus was flat4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #gb saepe stilum vertas 7cp4 #d #a73 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #if luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est4 ,with parchment the method of erasure was of course different3 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #ddf incomptis adlinet atrum transverso calamo signum4 nisi forte is not ironical here1 as in #a #gj3 #b #h3 #e #f-g4 #aej membranarum4 ,parchment was more expensive than the tablets 7cerae71 though probably cheaper now than it had been previously4 ,it could be used for rough notes1 the writing being erased to make room for fresh matter1--#8palimpsest4' ,even when a published book consisted of papyrus paper 7charta71 parchment was often used for the wrapper4 ,it was called membrana pergamena because the industry received its development under the kings of ,pergamum4 exiget3 for the indic4 cp4 v4 #b1 #b refelluntur autem 7praeiudicia7 raro per contumeliam iudicum1 nisi forte manifesta in iis culpa erit4 ,the commentators quote ,sall4 ,iug4 xiv4 #aj1 but there the subj4 is really consecutive4 relatione is here used in the etymological sense of #8carrying the pen back1' or #8to and fro' in supplying it with ink4 ,no other example can be quoted in which this sense 7 reductio7 occurs4 ,kiderlin 7l4c47 thinks that the idea of #8raising' the hand would be more appropriate to the context than that of #8drawing it back'3 he proposes therefore to read #8crebriore elatione4' ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 intinguntur1 i4e4 in the ink 7atramentum71 which was generally an artificial compound1 sometimes the natural juice of the cuttle-fish4 ,,iii3#cb ,relinquendae autem in utrolibet genere contra erunt vacuae tabellae1 in quibus libera adiciendo sit excursio4 ,nam interim pigritiam emendandi angustiae faciunt1 aut certe novorum interpositione priora confundant4 ,ne latas quidem ultra modum esse ceras velim1 expertus iuvenem studiosum alioqui praelongos habuisse sermones1 quia illos numero versuum metiebatur1 idque vitium1 quod frequenti admonitione corrigi non potuerat1 mutatis codicibus esse sublatum4 #cb4 contra ex adverso4 ,space must be left for corrections and additions opposite to what has been written3 there must be blank pages4 ,cp4 contra #a #aad4 adiciendo1 #8for making additions1' comes under the head of the #8dative for work contemplated' ,roby #aaef and #achc4 ,so ,tacitus constantly uses the dative of gerund or gerundive in a final sense after verbs and adjectives4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 aut certe1 with no previous aut3 cp4 ix4 #b1 #id3 #c1 #fj4 ,for novorum cp4 subitis #g #cj1 and see ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 confundant3 potential4 ,it states a possibility3 faciunt a fact4 expertus with acc4 and inf4 is rare4 studiosum3 #a #de4 alioqui3 see ,introd4 p4 li4 versuum3 #a #ch4 ,,iii3#cc ,debet vacare etiam locus in quo notentur quae scribentibus solent extra ordinem1 id est ex aliis quam qui sunt in manibus loci1 occurrere4 ,inrumpunt enim optimi nonnumquam sensus1 quos neque inserere oportet neque differre tutum est1 quia interim elabuntur1 interim memoriae sui #aea intentos ab alia inventione declinant ideoque optime sunt in deposito4 #cc4 locus 444 loci4 ,there is something of ,quintilian's not infrequent negligence of style in the repetition of the word1 especially as by locus he means only #8room1' while loci are the different parts of the composition4 notentur1 #8jot down4' inrumpunt1 #8break in upon us1' with a force that is hard to resist 7cp4 memoriam sui intentos below74 sensus3 #8ideas'3 viii4 #e1 #b sententiam veteres quod animo sensissent vocaverunt 444 sed consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus1 lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita sententias3 #e #e3 #g #f4 interim 444 interim3 frequent in ,quintilian 7see ,introduction p4 li47 for nunc 444 nunc1 modo 444 modo4 optime sunt3 #ca optimum est eos esse4 #aea inventione3 #8line of thought4' in deposito3 #8in store1' #8in a place of safety1' i4e4 noted down3 see ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 ,the phrase is borrowed from law3 vii4 #b1 #ea depositi quaestiones1 ,pandects1 xxxvi4 #c1 #e4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,of ,revision4 ,de ,emendatione4 ,,iv3#a ,,iv4 ,sequitur emendatio1 pars studiorum longe utilissima2 neque enim sine causa creditum est stilum non minus agere1 cum delet4 ,huius autem operis est adicere1 detrahere1 mutare4 ,sed facilius in iis simpliciusque iudicium quae replenda vel deicienda sunt2 premere vero tumentia1 humilia extollere1 luxuriantia adstringere1 inordinata digerere1 soluta componere1 exultantia coercere duplicis operae2 nam et damnanda sunt quae placuerant et invenienda quae fugerant4 #a4 creditum est3 #a #dh4 ,the perfect indicates that the opinion was adopted and is still maintained4 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #b1 #e cur ita crediderim 7 credam73 cp4 credidi #b #bj above4 non minus1 sc4 quam cum scribit4 ,hild sees a similar ellipse in #a #cj potius habenti periculosus1 sc4 quam utilis4 ,but see note ad loc4 replenda 444 deicienda correspond to adicere 444 detrahere4 ,this use is suggested by the idea of levelling4 ,cp4 ,digest xlii4 #a1 #d lege repletur quod sententiae deest3 ,ovid1 ,her4 x4 #cg quod voci deerat plangore replebam4 premere1 #8prune'3 v4 on pressus #a #dd1 #df3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #fi ,detereret sibi multa1 recideret omne quod ultra ,perfectum traheretur4 luxuriantia1 #8exuberance'3 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #abb luxuriantia compescet1 where ,wilkins cites this passage1 also de ,orat4 ii4 #if luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est1 i4e4 must be kept down by the practice of writing4 inordinata3 of expression1 viii4 #b1 #bc nam si 444 neque plura neque inordinata aut indistincta dixerimus1 erunt dilucida et neglegenter quoque audientibus aperta3 ix4 #d1 #bg felicissimus tamen sermo est cui et rectos ordo et apta iunctura et cum his numerus opportune cadens contigit4 soluta componere numeris adstringere verba3 #8reducing to metre what is unrhythmical4' ,cp4 carmen solutum #a #ca4 ,for componere1 see on #a #dd4 exultantia3 cp4 #b #ae1 where the opposition of compositi and exultantes shows that the latter denotes the extreme1--the excess of that of which solutus is the defect4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,orat4 #aie4 ,the three terms might be arranged in a series3 soluta1 composita1 exultantia1--the last denoting #8combinations of words producing an undignified1 skipping1 or dancing movement' 7,frieze74 ,,iv3#b ,nec dubium est optimum esse emendandi genus1 si scripta in aliquod tempus reponantur1 ut ad ea post intervallum velut nova atque aliena redeamus1 ne nobis scripta nostra tamquam recentes fetus blandiantur4 #b4 emendandi genus4 ,like vis and ratio 7see on #a #a71 genus is used with the gerund to supply the place of a noun 7here emendatio73 cp4 ix4 #c1 #ce est et illud repetendi genus 7#8this too is repetition'73 ,cic4 pro ,rab4 ,post4 neque solum hoc genus pecuniae capiendae turpe sed etiam nefarium esse arbitrabatur3 and even with the perf4 part4 pass4 in ,verr4 ii4 #ada non mihi praetermittendum videtur ne illud quidem genus pecuniae conciliatae3 ,ngelsbach1 p4 #acj4 in aliquod tempus4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #chh nonumque prematur in annum3 advice to which ,quintilian alludes in his dedicatory letter to ,tryphon1 dabam iis otium ut refrigerato inventionis amore diligenter repetitos tamquam lector perpenderem4 recentes fetus3 #a #af nova illa velut #aeb nascentia3 #c #g omnia nostra dum nascuntur placent4 ,,iv3#c ,sed #aeb neque hoc contingere semper potest praesertim oratori1 cui saepius scribere ad praesentes usus necesse est1 et ipsa emendatio finem habet4 ,sunt enim qui ad omnia scripta tamquam vitiosa redeant et1 quasi nihil fas sit rectum esse quod primum est1 melius existiment quidquid est aliud1 idque faciant quotiens librum in manus resumpserunt1 similes medicis etiam integra secantibus4 ,accidit itaque ut cicatricosa sint et exsanguia et cura peiora4 #c4 finem habet3 there must be a limit4 ,cp4 #d4 sunt enim3 the increduli of #c #aa3 quibus nihil sit satis1 c4 medicis4 ,this is not flattering to the profession in ,quintilian's day3 he may have owed the doctors a grudge4 ,dion4 ,hal4 ad ,cn4 ,pomp4 vi4 7p4 #ghe ,r47 has a similar figure4 accidit itaque4 ,livy sometimes has itaque in the second place1 ,cicero never4 cicatricosa1 #8covered with sutures'3 #8patchwork4' exsanguia3 cp4 #a #aae1 where he says of ,calvus #8nimia contra se calumnia verum sanguinem perdidisse4' cura peiora3 cp4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 xxxv4 #aj nocere saepe nimiam diligentiam3 ,plin4 ,ep4 ix4 #ce1 #b nimia cura deterit magis quam emendat4 ,,iv3#d ,sit ergo aliquando quod placeat aut certe quod sufficiat1 ut opus poliat lima1 non exterat4 ,temporis quoque esse debet modus4 ,nam quod ,cinnae ,smyrnam novem annis accepimus scriptam1 et ,panegyricum ,isocratis1 qui parcissime1 decem annis dicunt elaboratum1 ad oratorem nihil pertinet1 cuius nullum erit1 si tam tardum fuerit1 auxilium4 #d4 lima3 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #bia limae labor et mora3 ,plin4 ,ep4 v4 #aj1 #c perfectum opus absolutumque est1 nec iam splendescit lima sed atteritur4 nam3 cp4 #a #i1 #ej4 quod3 see on #a #fj4 ,cinnae ,smyrnam4 ,c4 ,helvius ,cinna1 a friend of ,catullus1 was the author of a poem entitled ,smyrna 7,zmyrna71 in which he described the incestuous love of ,myrrha for her father ,cinyras1 the subject being treated in the fashion of the ,alexandrian poets4 7,cp4 ,teuffel1 ,rom4 ,lit4 #baj #b-c47 ,vergil seems to have admired him 7,ecl4 ix4 #ce73 but the elaborate care he spent over his poem1 which was after all not a long one1 resulted in obscurity3 fuit autem liber obscurus adeo ut et nonnulli eius aetatis grammatici in eum scripserint magnamque ex eius enarratione sint gloriam consecuti4 ,quod obscurus fuerit etiam ,martialis ostendit in illo versu 7x4 #ba1 #d73 iudice te melior ,cinna ,marone fuit1--,philargyrius1 quoted by ,teuffel4 ,cp4 ,catullus xcv ,zmyrna mei ,cinnae nonam post denique messem ,quam coeptast nonamque edita post hiememst4 ,horace's nonum 444 prematur in annum is believed to contain a direct reference to the ,smyrna4 ,panegyricum ,isocratis4 ,this speech received its name from the fact that it was written for recitation at one of the great or festal assemblies1 such as the ,panhellenic festival at ,olympia4 ,it was probably published in the latter part of the summer of ,b4,c4 #chj1 and consisted of an appeal to the ,greeks to join in an expedition against ,persia1 under the joint command of ,athens and ,sparta4 parcissime1 sc4 dicunt3 cp4 #a #aja ut parcissime dicam4 ,quintilian seems here to be following ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,comp4 ,verb4 c4 #be 7,reiske v4 p4 #bjh7 1 1 4 ,plutarch says that some mentioned #ae years3 1 ,dec4 ,orat4 p4 #hcg ,f3 cp4 ,mor4 #cej ,e1 where he speaks of #8almost three ,olympiads4' ,the writer of the treatise #8,on the ,sublime' 7ch4 #d7 gives ten years as the period4 elaboratum3 #g #cb4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brutus #cab deinceps inde multae 7causae7 quas nos diligenter elaboratas et tamquam elucubratas adferebamus4 nullum erit1 #8will be of no avail' non dignum erit cuius ulla ratio habeatur4 #aec ,cp4 ,cic4 in ,vatin4 xii4 #cj ,dices supplicationes te illas non probasse4 ,optime4 ,nullae fuerint supplicationes4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,what to ,write4 #aec ,quae scribenda sint praecipue4 ,v3#a ,v4 ,proximum est ut dicamus quae praecipue scribenda sint parantibus4 ,non est huius quidem operis ut explicemus quae sint materiae1 quae prima aut secunda aut deinceps tractanda sint 7nam id factum est iam primo libro1 quo puerorum1 et secundo1 quo iam robustorum studiis ordinem dedimus71 sed1 de quo nunc agitur1 unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat4 #a4 3 v4 #a #a and note4 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 operis3 #8this part of my work1' viz4 the present chapter4 materiae4 ,the plural is especially frequent in ,quintilian #a #fb3 #e #bb3 #g #be3 cp4 ii4 #d1 #ab and #da3 #f1 #a3 #aj1 #a and #d3 iii4 #e1 #b3 iv4 #a1 #dc3 vi4 #b1 #aj3 #c1 #ae3 vii4 pro4 #d3 #d1 #bd and #dj4 ,he is not treating here of the kinds of subjects for a general course of rhetorical training1 but limits himself to the point #8de quo agitur1 unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat4' primo libro3 see ch4 #i1 where he adds to the office of the grammarian1 after ratio loquendi and enarratio auctorum1 quaedam dicendi primordia quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant4 secundo3 ch4 #d de primis apud rhetorem exercitationibus1 and ch4 #aj de utilitate et ratione declamandi4 puerorum 444 robustorum3 cp4 i4 #h1 #ab priora illa ad pueros magis1 haec sequentia ad robustiores pertinebunt3 ii4 #b1 #ad infirmitas a robustioribus separanda est3 x4 #a #acj robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis3 ii4 #e1 #b robusti iuvenes3 i4 #a1 #i robustum quoque et iam maximum regem ab institutione illa puerili sunt prosecuta3 i4 #e1 #i3 #ab1 #a4 sed3 supply ut explicemus1 or 7for an independent clause7 explicandum est4 de quo nunc agitur3 i4e4 the avowed object of the tenth book3 cp4 #a #a4 copia3 #a #e opes quaedam parandae 444 eae constant copia rerum ac verborum4 ,it is the copia verborum that is specially meant here4 ,v3#b ,vertere ,graeca in ,latinum veteres nostri oratores optimum iudicabant4 ,id se ,l4 ,crassus in illis ,ciceronis de ,oratore libris dicit factitasse2 id ,cicero sua ipse persona frequentissime praecipit1 quin etiam libros ,platonis atque ,xenophontis edidit hoc #aed genere translatos2 id ,messallae placuit1 multaeque sunt ab eo scriptae ad hunc modum orationes1 adeo ut etiam cum illa ,hyperidis pro ,phryne difficillima ,romanis subtilitate contenderet4 ,et manifesta est exercitationis huiusce ratio4 #b4 ,latinum3 to be taken substantively1 cp4 i4 #f1 #c and #ai3 ii4 #a1 #d3 #d below1 ,latinis3 cp4 ,cicero ,tusc4 iii4 #bi licet1 ut saepe facimus1 in ,latinum illa convertere4 de ,oratore i4 #aee postea mihi placuit1 eoque sum usus adulescens1 ut summorum oratorum ,graecas orationes explicarem1 quibus lectis hoc adsequebar1 ut cum ea quae legeram ,graece1 ,latine redderem1 non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis1 sed etiam exprimerem quaedam verba imitando1 quae nova nostris essent1 dummodo essent idonea4 ,prof4 ,wilkins there refers1 for the value to be attached to translation at sight1 as giving a command over appropriate diction1 to ,stanhope's ,life of ,pitt1 vol4 i4 pp4 #h and #ah4 ,cp4 ,stanley's ,arnold1 i4 #abj4 sua ipse persona3 in his own name1 and not merely by the mouth of one of the persons of a dialogue1 like ,crassus in the ,de ,oratore4 ,there are no passages in ,cicero's extant writings that account for the words frequentissime praecipit3 cp41 however1 ,brutus #caj ,commentabar declamitans 444 idque faciebam multum etiam ,latine sed ,graece saepius3 ad ,fam4 xvi4 #ba1 #e declamitare ,graece apud ,cassium institui4 ,the introductions to the ,de ,officiis and ,de ,finibus contain ,cicero's advocacy of the study of ,greek4 ,suet4 de ,rhet4 #a-b ,cicero ad praeturam usque ,graece declamavit1 ,latine vero senior quoque4 libros ,platonis atque ,xenophontis4 ,cicero translated1 at about the age of #bj #aed years 7de ,off4 ii4 #hg7 the ,oeconomicus of ,xenophon3 in early life also the ,protagoras of ,plato1 and later the ,timaeus4 ,quintilian might have included a reference to ,cicero's translation of ,aeschines in ,ctesiphontem and ,demosthenes de ,corona1 his preface to which survives in the ,de ,optimo ,genere ,oratorum3 #ad ,converti enim ex ,atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes inter se contrarias1 ,aeschinis ,demosthenisque3 nec converti ut interpres sed ut orator1 c4 ,his motive was to lay down a standard of #8,atticism1' as well as to free himself from the charge of #8,asianism'3 #bc erit regula ad quam eorum dirigantur orationes qui ,attice volent dicere4 ,cp4 ,quint1 xii4 #aj4 hoc genere3 #c #bf3 and below #g4 ,messallae3 v4 #a #bb and #aac with the notes4 ,hyperidis pro ,phryne3 ,quintilian refers to the well-known story ii4 #ae1 #i et ,phrynen non ,hyperidis actione quamquam admirabili1 sed conspectu corporis1 quod illa speciosissimum alioqui diducta nudaverit tunica1 putant periculo liberatam4 ,phryne was accused of 4 ,for ,hyperides v4 #a #gg1 and note4 cum illa 444 pro ,phryne 444 subtilitate4 ,the commentators quote a similar brachyology in ,cic4 ,orator #ajh ipsa enim illa pro ,roscio iuvenilis redundantia1 though the text is not certain4 difficillima ,romanis subtilitat4 ,cp4 #a #ajj cum sermo ipse ,romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam ,atticis venerem4 ,for subtilitas cp4 #a #gh1 #b #ai1 ,brutus #fg sed ea in nostris inscitia est1 quod hi ipsi1 qui in ,graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque subtilitate quam ,atticam appellant1 hanc in ,catone ne noverunt quidem4 ,hyperidae volunt esse et ,lysiae4 ,laudo2 sed cur nolunt ,catones8 ,v3#c ,nam et rerum copia ,graeci auctores abundant et plurimum artis in eloquentiam intulerunt1 et hos transferentibus verbis uti optimis licet2 omnibus enim utimur nostris4 ,figuras vero1 quibus maxime ornatur oratio1 multas ac varias excogitandi etiam necessitas quaedam est1 quia plerumque a ,graecis ,romana dissentiunt4 #c4 auctores3 see on #a #bd4 transferentibus3 personal dat4 after licet4 verbis uti optimis3 cp4 hoc adsequebar ut 4444 non solum optimis verbis uterer de ,oratore i4 #aee1 quoted above4 nostris is predicative omnia enim quibus utimur nostra sunt4 ,translation from the ,greek leaves us free to choose the best expressions3 it is not like translation from ,latin 7i4e4 reproduction or paraphrase71 where we must often borrow from our models 7optimis occupatis #e474 figuras4 ,cp4 #a #ab1 note on figuramus4 ,in ix4 #a1 ,quintilian discusses the meaning of figura1 which he defines broadly in #d as #8conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione4' ,here he refers both to rhetorical and to grammatical figures2 the latter require idiomatic rendering1 while a rhetorical figure which may be appropriate in the one language may not be allowable in the other4 ,in i4 #a1 #ac he gives a warning against the exclusive use of ,greek in early training3 hinc enim accidunt et oris plurima vitia in peregrinum sonum corrupti et sermonis1 cui cum ,graecae figurae adsidua consuetudine haeserunt1 in diversa quoque loquendi ratione pertinacissime durant4 ,v3#d ,sed et illa ex ,latinis conversio multum et ipsa contulerit4 #aee ,ac de carminibus quidem neminem credo dubitare1 quo solo genere exercitationis dicitur usus esse ,sulpicius4 ,nam et sublimis spiritus attollere orationem potest1 et verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem2 sed et ipsis sententiis adicere licet oratorium robur et omissa supplere et effusa substringere4 #d4 ex ,latinis conversio4 ,verbal nouns are often joined with the case governed by the verb from which they are derived3 vii4 #b1 #ce ex causis probatio4 ,in ,plautus there are several instances even of the accusative1 but the dative is more frequent4 multum et ipsa ipsa quoque 444 multum contulerit1 #8even paraphrase of #aee itself1' i4e4 apart from translation4 ,see on #a #ca and cp4 #bj below1 #f #a3 #g #bf4 contulerit3 v4 on #a #cg4 7,cicero uses ipse by itself1 or ipse etiam3 ,livy1 ipse quoque47 de carminibus3 ,hild wrongly takes this of ,greek poetry4 ,quintilian is commending those exercises in #8reproduction' or #8paraphrase1' which are substituted in many schools now for ,english #8parsing4' ,sulpicius1 #a #aaf4 sublimis spiritus3 cp4 #a #bg in rebus spiritus et in verbis sublimitas3 #fa spiritu1 magnificentia3 #ajd elatum abunde spiritum3 #c #bb beatiorem spiritum4 orationem3 #8prose style4' ,the fire of the poetry gives elevation to the paraphrase4 ,oratio is used 7without prosa7 in ,cicero for #8prose'3 ,orator #gj saepissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur3 ibid4 #aff1 #agd1 #agh1 #aih1 c4 poetica libertate4 ,cp4 ,quintilian's remarks on the study of poetry1 #a #bg-cj1 esp4 #bh libertate verborum 444 licentia figurarum4 praesumunt4 ,the use of this verb1 with such a nominative as verba 7which seems here to be in a way personified71 would be hard to parallel either from ,quintilian or from any other writer4 ,elsewhere it is generally used with a personal reference in the sense of to #8take beforehand' 7771--with derived meanings2 e4g4 i4 #aj1 #bg3 i4 #a1 #ai3 ii4 #d1 #g2 #ag1 #bh3 viii4 #f1 #bc3 xii4 #i1 #i4 ,the passage xi4 #a1 #bg inviti iudices audiunt praesumentem partes suas is quoted as showing that the meaning is #8encroach upon1' but that is secondary3 there it simply means #8anticipating them in the discharge of their functions1' cp4 sumere sibi imperatorias partes ,caesar ,b4,c4 iii4 #ea4 #8,forestall' is the nearest ,english equivalent3 praeripere 7,becher71 praecidere 7,hild71 praecipere 7sumere aliquid ante tempus7 ,dosson4 ,cp4 ,aen4 xi4 #ah3 ,ovid ,ar4 ,amat4 iii4 #geg3 and praeclusam #g below4--,in what follows eadem is the only reading that will make sense of a very difficult passage3 if it is the nom4 pl4 7agreeing with verba71 tr4 #8do not at the same time 7i4e4 in consequence of their being poet4 libert4 audac47 exhaust beforehand the power of using the language of ordinary prose3 no 7sed 71 we may add to the thought 7of the poem7 the strength of rhetoric1' c4 ,even if the words are #8poetica libertate audaciora' the #8facultas proprie dicendi' can secure strength1 completeness1 and compactness for the reproduction4 ,but eadem is usually taken as the acc4 pl4 neut43 #8do not use up beforehand the ability to say the same things in ordinary prose4' ,the reading eandem 7,halm and ,meister7 would seem to require a different meaning for praesumunt4--,see ,crit4 ,notes4 effusa substringere3 cp4 #d #a luxuriantia adstringere4 ,substringere means to #8gather up' as one does with dishevelled 7effusus7 hair1 from which the figure may be taken3 ,tac4 ,germ4 #ch substringere crinem nodo4 ,burmann quotes from ,tertullian de ,oration1 ch4 i4 de brevitate orationis dominicae quantum substringitur verbis tantum diffunditur sensibus4 ,v3#e ,neque ego paraphrasin esse interpretationem tantum volo1 sed circa eosdem sensus certamen atque aemulationem4 ,ideoque ab illis dissentio qui vertere #aef orationes ,latinas vetant1 quia optimis occupatis1 quidquid aliter dixerimus1 necesse sit esse deterius4 ,nam neque semper est desperandum aliquid illis quae dicta sunt melius posse reperiri1 neque adeo ieiunam ac pauperem natura eloquentiam fecit ut una de re bene dici nisi semel non possit3 #e4 paraphrasin1 subject3 cp4 conversio #d above4 ,the paraphrase is not to be a mere word-for-word translation3 for interpretatio cp4 iii4 #e1 #ag4 ,among the #8dicendi primordia' proper for the training of #8aetates nondum rhetorem capientes' ,quintilian lays down the practice of paraphrase3 tum paraphrasi audacius vertere 7,aesopi ,fabellas71 qua et breviare quaedam et exornare salvo modo poetae sensu permittitur4 circa eosdem sensus4 ,the writer is to endeavour to rival his original in expressing the same idea4 ,for sensus cp4 #c #cc3 circa again below #f circa voces easdem4 ,see on #a #eb4 vertere orationes4 ,till now he has #aef been speaking of conversio ex carminibus4 ,it was probably the custom in schools of rhetoric to make pupils give a free rendering 7vertere7 of passages also from some great oration4 ,quintilian is defending such practices against the criticism which ,cicero1 for example1 puts in the mouth of ,crassus1 de ,orat4 i4 #aed equidem mihi adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime 444 ut aut versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad eum finem1 quem memoria possem comprehendere1 eam rem ipsam quam legissem verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis pronuntiarem3 sed post animadverti hoc esse in hoc vitii1 quod ea verba quae maxime cuiusque rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima occupasset aut ,ennius1 si ad eius versus me exercerem1 aut ,gracchus1 si eius orationem mihi forte proposuissem3 ita1 si eisdem verbis uterer1 nihil prodesse1 si aliis1 etiam obesse1 cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem4 ,so he took to translating from the ,greek1 as shown in what follows1 quoted on #b above4 una de re4 ,along with in eadem materia below1 this shows what freedom ,quintilian would allow in such reproductions3 cp4 non interpretationem tantum1 c4 above4 ,hild refers to a quotation1 on the other hand1 from ,la ,bruyre 7,ouvrages de l',esprit #ag71 which has more of the spirit of the true artist3 ,entre toutes les diffrentes expressions qui peuvent rendre une seule de nos penses1 il n'y en a qu'une qui soit la bonne4 ,on ne la rencontre pas toujours en parlant ou en crivant2 il est vrai nanmoins qu'elle existe1 que tout ce qui ne l'est pas est faible1 et ne satisfait point un homme d'esprit qui veut se faire entendre4 ,v3#f nisi forte histrionum multa circa voces easdem variare gestus potest1 orandi minor vis1 ut dicatur aliquid post quod in eadem materia nihil dicendum sit4 ,sed esto neque melius quod invenimus esse neque par1 est certe proximis locus4 #f4 nisi forte3 a formula generally used1 as in ,cicero1 to introduce an ironical argument1 e4g4 i4 #gj3 #b #h4 ,for a similar constr4 cp4 i4 #aj1 #f3 nisi forte quidem atque alia1 quae oculis aut vulneribus medentur1 ex multis atque interim contrariis quoque inter se effectibus componi videmus 444 et muta animalia mellisillum inimitabilem humanae rationis saporem vario florum ac sucorum genere perficiunt3 nos mirabamur si oratio1 qua nihil praestantius homini dedit providentia1 pluribus artibus egeat4 ,and1 with autem in the second clause1 ii4 #c1 #f ,nisi forte ,iovem quidem ,phidias optime fecit1 illa autem alius melius elaborasset4 ,cp4 the use of an1 an vero with antithetical clauses4--,the reasoning is by no means conclusive1 the analogy on which it rests having nothing to recommend it except to a teacher of rhetoric4 ,quintilian may have had in his mind what went on between ,cicero and ,roscius3 ,satis constat contendere eum cum ipso histrione solitum1 utrum ille saepius eandem sententiam variis gestibus efficeret1 an ipse per eloquentiae copiam sermone diverso pronuntiaret1--,macrobius1 ,saturn4 ii4 #dj4 esto3 with acc4 and infin4 as in ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #a1 #ha ,verum esto aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri3 ,idem eadem possunt horam durare probantes4 ,the subj4 is more common3 ,cic4 pro ,sest4 #ig esto 7est7 444 ut sint4 ,or else esto may be used independently3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #b1 #cj4 ,quint4 ix4 #b1 #hd sed esto1 voluerit3 ,verg4 ,aen4 iv4 #ce esto1 nulli flexere mariti4 par 444 proximis3 cp4 #a #abg pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri4 ,with proximis understand #8illis quae dicta sunt4' ,v3#g ,an vero ipsi non bis ac saepius de eadem re dicimus et quidem continuas nonnumquam sententias8 ,nisi #aeg forte contendere nobiscum possumus1 cum aliis non possumus4 ,nam si uno genere bene diceretur1 fas erat existimari praeclusam nobis a prioribus viam2 nunc vero innumerabiles sunt modi plurimaeque eodem viae ducunt4 #g4 ,an vero3 see on #c #bi4 et quidem3 see on #a #cd1 and cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #ab1 #a decessit ,corellius ,rufus1 et quidem sponte4 #aeg nisi forte3 v4 on #f above4 ,for such repetitions see #b #bc1 and note4 uno3 supply tantum1 as in #a #ia hos nominavimus4 ,for genere 7 ratione1 modo7 cp4 #c #bf4 fas erat4 ,with verbs expressing possibility1 duty1 necessity1 convenience1 intention1 c4 the indicative is often used in the apodosis when the verb in the protasis is subjunctive4 ,cp4 ,livy v4 #f ,si mediusfidius ad hoc bellum nihil pertineret1 ad disciplinam certe militiae plurimum intererat1 c43 ,sallust4 ,iug4 #he ad fin4 ,quae si dubia aut procul essent1 tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat4 plurimae 444 ducunt4 ,the expression seems proverbial3 cp4 #8,all roads lead to ,rome4' ,v3#h ,sua brevitati gratia1 sua copiae1 alia translatis virtus1 alia propriis1 hoc oratio recta1 illud figura declinata commendat4 ,ipsa denique utilissima est exercitationi difficultas4 ,quid quod auctores maximi sic diligentius cognoscuntur8 ,non enim scripta lectione secura transcurrimus1 sed tractamus singula et necessario introspicimus et1 quantum virtutis habeant1 vel hoc ipso cognoscimus1 quod imitari non possumus4 #h4 oratio recta4 ,see on #a #dd rectum dicendi genus3 the opposite is oratio figurata1 or figura declinata 7#a #ab74 ,cp4 ix4 #a1 #c ,utraque res 7figures and tropes7 de recta et simplici ratione cum aliqua dicendi virtute deflectitur4 figura is ablative1 the phrase being equivalent to figurata3 #a #ab4 commendat3 v4 #a #aja4 tractamus3 cp4 repetamus autem et tractemus #a #ai4 ,v3#i ,nec aliena tantum transferre1 sed etiam nostra pluribus modis tractare proderit1 ut ex industria sumamus sententias quasdam easque versemus quam numerosissime1 velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent4 #i4 numerosissime3 not merely #8as often as possible' 7saepissime71 but #8in every possible variety'3 cp4 aliae aliaeque formae1 below4 ,cp4 ii4 #ab1 #c sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur3 viii4 pr4 #b difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri3 xi4 #b1 #bg ni forte tam numerosus 7locus7 ut ipse quoque dividi debeat3 vi4 #c1 #cf neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta 444 ducuntur4 ,but ,quintilian also uses it in the ,ciceronian sense 7#8rhythmically1' #8harmoniously'7 viii4 #f1 #fd sermonem facere numerosum3 ix4 #d1 #ef3 xi4 #a1 #cc4 eadem cera3 ,cic4 de ,orat iii4 #agg sed ea nos 444 sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus3 ,pliny ,ep4 vii4 #i1 #aa ,ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur ,si doctos digitos iussaque fiat opus1 c4 aliae aliaeque1 #8first one and then another'3 of a continuous succession3 cp4 quam numerosissime1 above4 ,cp4 ,cels4 iii4 #c extr4 febres 444 aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur4 ,with this exception1 ,quintilian consistently prefers the ,ciceronian atque in such expressions1 instead of the enclitic4 ,krger cites ,tibull4 iv4 #a1 #af1 sq4 ut tibi possim ,inde alios aliosque memor componere versus4 duci3 #c #ah3 ii4 #d1 #g si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus4 ,v3#aj ,plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia4 ,nam illa multiplici #aeh personarum1 causarum1 temporum1 locorum1 dictorum1 factorum diversitate facile delitescet infirmitas1 tot se undique rebus1 ex quibus aliquam adprehendas1 offerentibus4 #aj4 illa 444 diversitate3 xii4 #aj1 #ae umbra magni nominis delitescunt4 ,the less complicated the subject1 the more will the orator have to depend on his own resources3 with the diversitas that characterises actual pleading1 where the speaker must have regard to every feature #aeh of the case1 want of original talent or poverty of invention 7infirmitas7 can easily shelter itself behind a crowd of details4 causarum1 #8circumstances'3 opp4 to personarum1 as loca1 to tempora1 and facta to dicta4 ,so personis causisque iii4 #e1 #aa3 rerum is used in a similar enumeration iii4 #e1 #g4 ,so ,krger1 of the #8points of law' involved in particular cases3 for causa in the wider sense cp4 iii4 #e1 #ah with ,cic4 ,top4 #hj4 ,v3#aa ,illud virtutis indicium est1 fundere quae natura contracta sunt1 augere parva1 varietatem similibus1 voluptatem expositis dare et bene dicere multa de paucis4 ,in hoc optime facient infinitae quaestiones1 quas vocari theses #aei diximus1 quibus ,cicero iam princeps in re publica exerceri solebat4 #aa4 fundere 444 contracta3 cp4 ii4 #ac1 #e constricta an latius fusa narratio3 fusus #a #gc4 ,the word dilatare 7cp4 ,cic4 de ,fin4 iii4 #ae71 copiosius et latius efferre4 ,so latum atque fusum is opp4 to contractum atque submissum xi4 #c1 #ej4 ,cp4 ,cicero ,orat4 #abe tum se latius fundet orator1--a phrase which ,quintilian reproduces in many places4 augere parva4 ,cp4 ,plato1 ,phaedrus #bfg ,a 7of ,tisias and ,gorgias7 4 ,isocrates is said to have defined rhetoric as that which 1 --,pseudo-,plutarch #hch ,f4 ,see too the ,exordium of the ,panegyricus of ,isocrates #h 7varietatem similibus7 444 expositis3 #8commonplace1' #8trite4' ,iuv4 vii4 #ec ,sed vatem egregium1 cui non sit publica vena1 ,qui nil expositum soleat deducere1 nec qui ,communi feriat carmen triviale moneta4 ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 ,in hoc3 cp4 #b #e4 ,it denotes the end or aim1 like ad hoc4 ,for this use of facere cp4 #a #cc bene ad forensem pulverem facere3 #g #d quid porro multus stilus 444 facit8 infinitae quaestiones quas vocari theses diximus3 iii4 #e1 #e sq4 ,item convenit quaestiones esse aut infinitas aut finitas4 ,infinitae sunt quae remotis personis et temporibus et locis ceterisque similibus in utramque partem 7i4e4 affirmatively and negatively7 tractantur1 quod ,graeci dicunt1 ,cicero propositum1 alii quaestiones universales civiles1 alii quaestiones philosopho convenientes1 ,athenaeus partem caussae appellat4 ,hoc genus ,cicero scientia et actione distinguit 7speculative and practical71 ut sit scientia #8an providentia mundus regatur1' actionis #8an accedendum ad rempublicam administrandam4' 444 ,finitae autem sunt ex complexu rerum1 personarum1 temporum1 ceterorumque quae a ,graecis dicuntur1 causae a nostris4 ,in his omnis quaestio videtur circa res personasque consistere4 ,amplior est semper infinita1 inde enim finita descendit4 ,quod ut exemplo pateat1 infinita est #8an uxor ducenda1' finita #8an ,catoni ducenda4'--,the division of the subject-matter of oratory into questions of the universal kind1 #8general problems1' and questions of a special kind1 #8particular problems1' is familiar in ancient rhetoric4 ,the former were abstract1 and had no specified relation to individual persons or circumstances3 the latter were concrete1 involving a reference to actual persons and circumstances4 ,in the ad ,herenn4 the quaestiones infinitae 771 proposita 7,top4 #gi7 or consultationes 7,part4 ,or4 #fa7 are subdivided1 as above1 into quaestiones scientiae or cognitionis1 #8theoretical questions' 7e4g4 ecquid bonum sit praeter honestatem71 and quaestiones actionis #8questions of practical life1' 7e4g4 an uxor ducenda74 ,the quaestiones finitae1 on the other hand1 1 causae1 controversiae 7de ,orat4 iii4 #aji71 are those concerning individuals3 cum personarum certarum interpositione1 de ,inv4 i4 #f1 #h4 ,the is thus defined in ,hermogenes1 ,sp4 ii4 #ag3 1 3 cp4 res posita in infinita dubitatione1 de ,orat4 ii4 #gh4 ,the quaestio finita on the other hand is res posita in disceptatione reorum et controversia 7ibid473 #aei 7,nicolaus ,soph4 ,progym4 ,sp4 iii4 #dic74 ,the passages to compare in ,cicero are the following3--de ,orat4 i4 #ach3 ii4 #da1 #gh1 and #acc3 iii4 #aji-aaa3 ,orat4 #de3 ,top4 #gi3 de ,invent4 i4 #f1 #h3 ,part4 ,orat4 #fa1 #ajf4 ,cicero4 ,it was considered one of his strong points that he could rise from the special instance to the higher ground of the general principle3 ,brutus #cbb dicam de ceteris quorum nemo erat qui 444 dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere4 ,he writes to ,atticus in #di ,b4,c4 7ix4 #d1 #a7 ,ne me totum aegritudini dedam1 sumpsi mihi quasdam tanquam 3 cp4 ib4 #i1 #a meas commentari non desino4 ,aristotle recognised the importance of the practice of the 3 in hac ,a4 adulescentes1 non ad philosophorum morem tenuiter disserendi1 sed ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem ut ornatius et uberius dici posset1 exercuit4 ,cp4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii4 #c #i3 de ,orat4 iii4 #ajg3 ,quint4 xii4 #b1 #be4 ,among his we may probably reckon the ,paradoxa4 ,v3#ab ,his confinis est destructio et confirmatio sententiarum4 ,nam cum sit sententia decretum quoddam atque praeceptum1 quod de re1 idem de iudicio rei quaeri potest4 ,tum loci communes1 #afj quos etiam scriptos ab oratoribus scimus4 ,nam qui haec recta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentia copiose tractaverit1 utique in illis plures excursus recipientibus magis abundabit eritque in omnes causas paratus2 omnes enim generalibus quaestionibus constant4 #ab4 confinis3 frequent in this figurative sense in ,quintilian3 not in ,cicero4 destructio 444 confirmatio correspond respectively to 7refutatio7 and 7probatio74 ,cp4 ii4 #d1 #ah ,narrationibus non inutiliter subiungitur opus destruendi confirmandique eas1 quod et vocatur4 ,hermog4 ,sp4 ii4 #h 1 4 ,for confirmatio v4 ,cic4 de ,invent4 i4 #bd3 de ,orat4 ii4 #cca3 ,part4 ,or4 #a1 #d3 #h1 #bg3 ,cornif4 ad ,her4 i4 #c3 ,quint4 iv4 #c1 #a3 v4 #ac1 #a4 ,quintilian here transfers to judicial findings the language applicable to narratio1 as above3 sententia a judicial sentence1 and is synonymous with iudicium4 8,in sententia1 quae est de re iudicium1 fieri potest idem quod in facto narrato1 quod est res ipsa40--,spalding4 ,that is to say1 sententia and iudicium 8pertain to individual cases 7res73 but the particular sentence or judgment is also a kind of 7general7 decree and prescription1 or general rule of law2 because1 to be sustained or refuted1 it must be put into a general form or statement like such a general decree4 ,thus the special sentence is argued 7quaeritur7 on the same grounds as the case itself 7res7 on which it has been pronounced4 ,see the case of ,milo1 quoted below1 ii #ac4 ,of course no specific question of fact will come into such a discussion2 only a general one of right or wrong1 of legal precedent1 or of law in general40 ,frieze4 loci communes3 #8general arguments1' #8commonplaces1' i4e4 topics for argument on all sorts of matters4 ,cicero defines them de ,invent4 ii4 #dh sq4 haec argumenta1 quae transferri in multas causas possunt1 locos communes nominamus 444 distinguitur autem oratio atque illustratur maxime raro inducendis locis communibus et aliquo loco iam certioribus illis argumentis confirmato 444 omnia autem ornamenta elocutionis1 in quibus et suavitatis et gravitatis plurimum consistit1 in communes locos conferuntur3 de ,or4 iii4 #ajf consequentur etiam illi loci1 qui quamquam proprii causarum et inhaerentes in earum nervis esse debent1 tamen quia de universa re tractare solent1 communes a veteribus nominati sunt1 quorum partim habent vitiorum et peccatorum acrem quandam cum amplificatione incusationem aut querelam 444 quibus uti confirmatis criminibus oportet4442 alii autem habent deprecationem aut miserationem2 alii vero ancipites disputationes1 in quibus de universo genere in utramque partem disseri copiose licet3 ,orat4 #df-g3 #abf3 ,part4 ,orat4 #aae4 ,quint4 ii4 #d1 #bb communes loci 444 quibus citra personas in ipsa vitia moris est perorare1 ut in adulterum1 aleatorem1 petulantem3 ii4 #a1 #i-aa4 8,any subject or topic of a general character that is capable of being variously applied and constantly introduced on any appropriate occasion is a locus communis2 any common current maxim or alternative proposition1 such as suspitionibus credi oportere non oportere et contra suspitionibus credi oportere1 testibus credi oportere et non oportere4 ,again invidia1 avaritia1 testes inimici1 potentes amici 7,quint4 v4 #ab #ae1 #af7 may furnish loci communes2 or they may be constructed de virtute1 de officio1 de #afj aequo et bono1 de dignitate1 utilitate1 honore1 ignominia1 and on other moral topics0 7,cope's ,intr4 to ,ar4 ,rhet4 p4 #acj74 ab oratoribus3 e4g4 ,cicero and ,hortensius4 ii4 #a1 #aa ,communes loci1 sive qui sunt in vitia directi1 quales legimus a ,cicerone compositos1 seu quibus quaestiones generaliter tractantur1 quales sunt editi a ,q4 quoque ,hortensio1 ut3 #8,sitne parvis augmentis credendum8' et pro testibus et in testes4 ,aristotle made loci communes the subject of his 1 in eight books1 and it was the substance of this treatise that ,cicero reproduced in his #8,topica4' haec recta 444 in illis1 c4 ,the opposition here is between the simple themes 7cp4 ex simplicissima quaque materia1 #aj7 which deal with the general and abstract and do not diverge into the special 7ii4 #a1 #i citra complexum rerum personarumque71 and the digressions involved in the #8multiplex personarum causarum temporum locorum dictorum factorum diversitas1' referred to in #aj4 ,with the former cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #fg vaga et libera et late patens quaestio3 iii4 #abj orationes eae quae latissime vagantur et a privata ac singulari controversia se ad universi generis vim explicandam conferunt3 ,brutus #cbb nemo qui dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere4 ,the two form the duo genera causarum of de ,orat4 ii4 #acc unum 444 in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere quaeratur2 alterum1 quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur4 ,for recta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentia cp4 v4 #ac1 #b inde recta fere 444 est actio1 hinc mille flexus et artes desiderantur3 #h above1 oratio recta 444 figura declinata4 utique1 #8without fail'3 common in this sense in ,cicero's letters4 ,in ,quintilian it is very frequent1 especially in stating a consequence3 cp4 #a #bd and note4 in illis1 i4e4 the great majority of causes4 plures excursus recipientibus1 i4e4 that admit of various digressions1 and are susceptible of various applications according to circumstances1 persons1 place1 time1 c4 in omnes causas paratus3 for the constr4 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 xli4 inter bonos mores et in obsequium regentis paratos4 ,a similar expression occurs ibid4 xxxiv4 solus statim et unus cuicunque causae par erat4 ,so too x4 #a1 #b1 above1 paratam ad omnes casus 444 eloquentiam4 generalibus quaestionibus4 ,cp4 iii4 #e1 #i ,hae autem1 quas infinitas voco1 et generales appellantur3 quod si est verum1 finitae speciales erunt4 ,in omni autem speciali utique inest generalis1 ut quae sit prior3 xii4 #b1 #ah omnis generalis quaestio speciali potentior1 quia universo pars continetur1 non utique accedit parti quod universum est3 ii4 #d1 #bb ab illo generali tractatu ad quasdam deduci species4 ,cp4 v4 #g1 #ce4 ,v3#ac ,nam quid interest #8,cornelius tribunus plebis1 #afa quod codicem legerit1 reus sit1' an quaeramus #8violeturne maiestas1 si magistratus rogationem suam populo ipse recitarit'3 #8,milo ,clodium rectene occiderit' veniat in iudicium1 an #8oporteatne insidiatorem interfici vel perniciosum rei publicae civem1 etiamsi non insidietur'3 #8,cato ,marciam honestene tradiderit ,hortensio1' an #8conveniatne res talis bono viro'8 ,de personis iudicatur1 sed de rebus contenditur4 #ac4 ,c4 ,cornelius was tribune in ,b4,c4 #fg1 when he tried to do some useful work4 ,in order to check the bribery and corruption that were rife at the time1 he proposed a law to make all loans that should be lent to foreign ambassadors non-actionable4 ,the rejection of this proposal prompted the tribune to bring forward the rogation here referred to1--ne quis nisi per populum legibus solveretur4 ,the senate had usurped the power of giving dispensations in particular cases1 without any reference whatever to the people1 though constitutionally such dispensations lay with the people and not the senate4 ,when the bill was to be read1 a colleague1 ,p4 ,servilius ,globulus1 acting in the interests of the senate1 interposed his veto1 and forbade the herald to make the proclamation which he would otherwise have done in the form dictated by the clerk4 ,thereupon ,cornelius himself read the draft of the proposed law 7codicem74 ,a riot ensued1 and the meeting was broken up4 ,cornelius was afterwards successful in securing the enactment of a law which provided that #bjj senators should be present when any dispensation was granted4 ,on the expiry of his term of office ,cornelius was impeached by ,p4 ,cominius #afa for having disregarded the veto of his colleague1 and though the case was suppressed it came on again in the following year 7#fe74 ,cornelius was defended by ,cicero 7,brutus #bga71 who delivered the two speeches of which we have a few important fragments1 along with the interesting ,argumentum of ,asconius4 ,cornelius was evidently a fighting character3 ,asconius calls him #8pertinacior1' and says #8per 444 contentiones totus prope tribunatus eius peractus est4' ,another of his laws was #8ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis ius dicerent'3 8what had hitherto been understood as matter of course was now expressly laid down as a law1 that the praetors were bound to administer justice in conformity with the rules set forth by them1 as was the ,roman use and wont1 at their entering on office40 ,mommsen4--,for the reference in the text cp4 iv4 #d1 #h3 v4 #ac1 #bf3 vi4 #e1 #aj3 vii4 #c1 #ce 7maiestas est in imperii atque in nominis populi ,romani dignitate73 vii4 #c1 #c4 reus sit4 ,the subjunctive is motived only by the double interrogation1 so there is no need for ,halm's conjectural emendation 7see ,crit4 ,notes74 ,in the direct speech the finita1 or specialis causa would run3 ,c4 ,cornelius 444 reus est3 cp4 vii4 #a1 #cd accusatur ,milo1 quod ,clodium occiderit3 iii4 #e1 #aj4 ,it is put in the form of a positive statement4 ,the infinita causa on the other hand is stated in the form of a question1 and this form is maintained in both the finitae and the infinitae quaestiones that follow4 violeturne maiestas4 ,asconius3 ,cicero quia non poterat negare id factum esse1 eo confugit ut diceret non ideo quod lectus sit codex a tribuno imminutam esse tribunitiam potestatem4 ,cicero in ,vatin4 ii4 #e ,codicem legisse dicebatur3 defendebatur1 testibus collegis suis1 non recitandi causa legisse1 sed recognoscendi4 ,constabat tamen ,cornelium concilium illo die dimisisse1 intercessioni paruisse4 oporteatne 444 interfici4 ,this is the line taken in the ,pro ,milone1 for which cp4 #a #bc4 ,also iii4 #f1 #ic3 iv4 #c1 #ag3 vii4 #a1 #cd4 ,cato ,marciam1 c4 ,this remarkable episode is referred to also iii4 #e1 #aa4 ,marcia lived with ,hortensius from #ef to #ej with the consent both of her husband and her father1 and then went back on the death of ,hortensius to ,cato4 ,lucan says of ,cato ii4 #chh ,urbi pater est urbique maritus4 ,cp4 ,meyer's ,orat4 ,rom4 ,fragm4 p4 #cgg3 ,strab4 xi4 p4 #eae3 ,hild also cites ,tertullian 7,apol4 #ci71 ,st4 ,augustine 7de ,bono ,conj4 #ah71 as protesting against such an instance of pagan corruption4 rebus rebus generalibus1 i4e4 general questions1 principles4 ,oporteatne and conveniatne above give the special questions treated as quaestiones infinitae4 ,v3#ad ,declamationes vero1 quales in scholis rhetorum dicuntur1 si modo sunt ad veritatem accommodatae #afb et orationibus similes1 non tantum dum adulescit profectus sunt utilissimae1 quia inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent1 sed etiam cum est consummatus ac iam in foro clarus2 alitur enim atque enitescit velut pabulo laetiore facundia et adsidua contentionum asperitate fatigata renovatur4 #ad4 ,declamationes1 #b #ab4 ,quintilian defines them ii4 #d1 #da fictas ad imitationem fori consiliorumque materias apud ,graecos dicere circa ,demetrium ,phalerea institutum fere constat4 ,cp4 iv4 #b1 #bh-i4 ,this sense of the word came in about the end of ,augustus's reign1 though the thing was known to ,cicero1 de ,orat4 i4 #adi4 ,cp4 ,m4 ,seneca ,controv4 praef4 xi4 sqq43 and see note on declamatoribus #a #ga4 ad veritatem accommodatae4 ,that they were by no means always so may be seen from ,tac4 ,dial4 #ce ,quales per fidem et quam incredibiliter compositae6 ,sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur4 ,cp4 ,quint4 ii4 #bj1 #d qui in declamationibus1 quas esse veritati dissimillimas volunt1 aetatem multo studio ac labore consumunt4 ,see the whole of ch4 #aj1 ibid4 esp4 #d declamatio imitetur eas actiones1 in quarum exercitationem reperta est1 and #ab declamatio iudiciorum consiliorumque imago3 iv4 #b1 #bi cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio4 #afb orationibus1 real speeches made in court4 profectus3 abstract for concrete3 cp4 facilitatem #c #g3 initiis #b #b4 ,so too i4 #b1 #bf firmiores in litteris profectus alit aemulatio4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 pariter3 i4e4 simul cum elocutione1 this last being the most important element in such rhetorical exercises4 ,dispositio is defined ,cic4 de ,invent4 i4 #i rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio4 consummatus3 sc4 adulescens1 or rather iuvenis3 as though adulescit profectus above had been adulescens proficit4 ,for consummatus see on #a #hi4 velut pabulo laetiore4 ,livy has in the ordinary language of prose #8ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves' i4 #g1 #d3 for the figure cp4 ,quint4 viii4 ,prooem4 #bc velut laeto gramine sata4 ,laetus is frequently used in ,vergil of rich vegetation3 e4g4 ,georg4 iii4 #che fuge pabula laeta1 where1 however1 as also in #did1 the word means #8luxuriant1' in the sense of rankness rather than richness4 ,in ,lucretius #8pabula laeta' occurs six or seven times with armenta1 arbusta1 vineta3 e4g4 i4 #ad4--;,hortensius is a case in point3 nullum enim patiebatur esse diem quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum2 saepissime autem eodem die utrumque faciebat ,brut4 #cjb4 ,v3#ae ,quapropter historiae nonnumquam ubertas in aliqua exercendi stili parte ponenda et dialogorum libertate gestiendum4 ,ne carmine quidem ludere contrarium fuerit1 sicut athletae1 remissa quibusdam temporibus ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate1 #afc otio et iucundioribus epulis reficiuntur4 #ae4 historiae ubertas4 ,cp4 #a #ca4 ,pliny1 ,epist4 vii4 #i1 #h ,volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas 444 nam saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum necessitas incidit4 in aliqua 444 ponenda3 #8should be introduced in some part of our written exercises4' ,becher 7,quaest4 gramm47 compares ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv4 #db aegritudines susceptae continuo in magna pestis parte versantur1 i4e4 magnam partem continent4 ,he renders #8,es mache einen ,theil der ,stilbung aus1 die ,flle der geschichtlichen ,darstellung in ,anwendung zu bringen4' dialogorum libertate gestiendum3 #8we should indulge 7#8let ourselves out'7 in the easy freedom of dialogue4' ,the same abl4 occurs in ,livy vi4 #cf1 #a gestire otio3 secundis rebus xlv4 #ai1 #g3 in ,cicero it is generally voluptate or laetitia4 ,for gestio c4 inf4 see ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #age3 ,a4 ,p4 #aei4 ,ne carmine quidem c4 ,cp4 ,pliny l4c4 ,fas est et carmine remitti 444 ,lusus vocantur4 ,ludere is used of poetry in all the ,latin poets1 especially of love poetry3 e4g4 ,ovid4 ,tr4 i4 #i1 #fa scis vetus hoc iuveni lusum mihi carmen3 ,catullus l4 #b multum lusimus in meis tabellis3 ,hor4 ,car4 i4 #cb ,poscimur3 si quid vacui sub umbra ,lusimus tecum4 ,even in prose it is used of light writings thrown off in sport3 ,cic4 ,parad4 pr4 illa ipsa ludens conieci in communes locos3 especially1 as here1 where a contrast is implied between sport and serious business1 e4g4 videant 444 ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi 7of military exercises7 de ,orat4 ii4 #hd4 ,so too #8ludicra'3 pueri etiam cum cessant exercitatione aliqua ludicra 7#8in sport'7 delectantur de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #ajb3 exercitatione quasi ludicra praediscere ac meditari de ,orat4 i4 #adg4 #8,res ludicra1' the drama 7,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #ahj71 introduces another set of associations4 contrarium alienum1 inconsistent with one's aim1 #8inapposite4' ,so ,tacitus1 speaking of the unpractical character of the rhetorical theses in the schools of declamation1 says #8ipsae vero exercitationes magna ex parte contrariae' ,dial4 #ce3 cp4 #8ubi nemo impune stulte aliquid aut contrarie dicit' ibid4 #cd4 sicut athletae3 for this frequently recurring comparison see on #a #d4 ciborum 444 certa necessitate4 ,epictetus uses and #afc for eating by regimen like athletes in training4--,the chiasmus may be noted4 ,v3#af ,ideoque mihi videtur ,m4 ,tullius tantum intulisse eloquentiae lumen1 quod in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit4 ,nam si nobis sola materia fuerit ex litibus1 necesse est deteratur fulgor et durescat articulus et ipse ille mucro ingenii cotidiana pugna retundatur4 #af4 studiorum secessus3 the #8by-ways' of study1 remote from the adsidua contentionum asperitas referred to above4 ,cp4 #c #bc and #bh4 ,so ,tacitus contrasts the #8securum et quietum ,vergilii secessum' with the #8inquieta et anxia oratorum vita' ,dial4 #ac3 cp4 secedit animus in loca pura atque innocentia #ab4 durescat articulus keeps up the figure of athletic contests4 ,articulus is properly a little limb3 then esp4 the finger4 ,cp4 ii4 #ab1 #b excipit adversarii mollis articulus 7of the gladiator handling his sword with flexible fingers1 which like xi4 #a1 #gj 7quam molli articulo tractavit ,catonem7 points to a proverbial expression4 cotidiana pugna retundatur3 cp4 #a #bg velut attrita cotidiano actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur with the passage from pro ,archia #ab quoted there4 ,pliny1 ,epist4 vii4 #i1 #g ,scio nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi3 sed non ideo semper pugnacem et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim4 ,ut enim terrae variis mutatisque seminibus1 ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione recoluntur4 quem ad modum 444 sic4 ,cp4 iii4 #f1 #cc3 v4 #aj1 #abe3 ix4 #b1 #df1 and 7with ita7 ii4 #e1 #a4 ,in the instance in the text1 however1 there is no comparison between two different subjects3 the two clauses are parallel4 ,ut 444 ita would have been more usual3 #c #bh3 sicut 444 ita #a #a4 ,v3#ag ,sed quem ad modum forensibus certaminibus exercitatos et quasi militantes reficit ac reparat haec velut sagina dicendi1 sic adulescentes non debent nimium in falsa rerum imagine detineri1 et inanibus simulacris usque adeo ut difficilis ab his digressus sit adsuescere1 ne ab illa1 in qua prope consenuerunt1 umbra vera #afd discrimina velut quendam solem reformident4 #ag4 forensibus certaminibus exercitatos3 ,petron4 #aah forensibus ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum feliciorem refugerunt4 quasi militantes3 #a #bi1 #ca1 #gi4 haec velut sagina dicendi3 #8this rich food of eloquence4' ,cp4 iucundioribus epulis #ae above3 gladiatoria sagina ,tac4 ,hist4 ii4 #hh4 falsa rerum imagine1 i4e4 the declamations1 which in contrast with the reality of #8forenses actiones' are mere shams3 cp4 note on ad veritatem accommodatae #ad3 xii4 #aa1 #ae quid attinet tam multis annis 444 declamitare in schola et tantum laboris in rebus falsis consumere1 cum satis sit modico tempore imaginem veri discriminis et dicendi leges comperisse4 ,cp4 ii4 #aj1 #d3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ce quidquid in scholis cotidie agitur1 in foro vel raro vel nunquam3 #cd nec praeceptor deerat 444 qui faciem eloquentiae non imaginem praestaret4 ,cp4 #b #ab above4 inanibus simulacris3 ii4 #aj #h quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque iustam consuescimus4 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 ab illa 444 umbra3 i4e4 in coming out of it4 ,juvenal vii4 #agc ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra4 ,for ab in sense of post cp4 ,livy xliv4 #cd ab his praeceptis contionem dimisit3 ,introd4 p4 lii4 in qua prope consenuerunt3 xii4 #f1 #e non nulli senes in schola facti stupent novitate cum in iudicia venerunt4 umbra 444 solem4 ,the shady retreat of the school is constantly compared with the dust and sun of real life4 ,cicero1 de ,leg4 iii4 #f1 #ad a ,theophrasto ,phalereus ille ,demetrius 444 mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem1 sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit3 ,brut4 #cg processerat in solem et pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo sed ut e ,theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis3 de #fd 7umbratilis--#8cloistral'74 ,so #8umbraticavita' ,quint4 i4 #b1 #ah3 #8studia in umbra educata' #afd ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #ec3 #8umbraticas litteras' ,pliny1 ,epist4 ix4 #b1 #c-d1 opp4 to #8arma castra cornua tubas sudorem pulverem soles'3 ,m4 ,seneca ,contr4 ix4 pr4 #d itaque velut ex umbroso et obscuro prodeuntes loco clarae lucis fulgor obcaecat1 sic istos a scholis in forum transeuntes omnia tanquam nova et inusitata perturbant4 ,for analogies in ,greek cp4 ,plat4 ,phaedrus #bci c4 1 with ,thompson's note4 ,v3#ah ,quod accidisse etiam ,m4 ,porcio ,latroni1 qui primus clari nominis professor fuit1 traditur1 ut1 cum ei summam in scholis opinionem obtinenti causa in foro esset oranda1 impense petierit uti subsellia in basilicam transferrentur4 ,ita illi caelum novum fuit ut omnis #afe eius eloquentia contineri tecto ac parietibus videretur4 #ah4 ,quod 444 ut4 ,the pronoun is here used pleonastically1 to lead up to the dependent clause4 ,cp4 #a #eh4 ,m4 ,porcius ,latro1 a celebrated rhetorician in the reign of ,augustus1 the friend and compatriot of the elder ,seneca1 who praises him greatly 7,controv4 i4 pr4 #ac sq474 ,of his pupils ,ovid was the most distinguished4 #8,in his school he was accustomed to declaim himself1 and seldom set his pupils to declaim1 whence they received the name of auditores1 which word came gradually into use as synonymous with discipuli4' 7,smith1 ,dict47 professor is post-,augustan3 it was used of a public teacher of rhetoric1 and then acquired a more extended sense3 ,quint4 xii4 #aa1 #bj geometrae et musici et grammatici ceterarumque artium professores3 ii4 #aa1 #a exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum4 ,profiteri with acc4 is quite ,ciceronian3 ,tusc4 ii4 #ab quod in eo ipso peccet cuius profitetur scientiam3 ibid41 artemque vitae professus delinquit in vita4 ,the introduction of professor was helped by the fact that the verb came to be used absolutely 773 ,plin4 ,ep4 iv4 #aa1 #a audistine ,valerium ,licinianum in ,sicilia profiteri8 ibid4 #ad translatus est in ,siciliam ubi nunc profitetur3 cp4 ,plin4 ii4 #ah1 #c4 opinionem existimationem1 famam1 with which it is often joined4 ,for this absolute use cp4 #g #ag below3 fructu laudis opinionisque3 i4 #b1 #d exempla 444 conservatae opinionis3 ii4 #ab1 #e adfert et ista res opinionem3 xii4 #i1 #d cupidissimis opinionis4 ,so too ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj ne opinio quidem et fama1 cui soli serviunt4 ,in ,cicero and ,caesar1 who also use the word absolutely1 there is always an implied reference to those who have the opinio3 a man's #8esteem' and #8reputation' depend on the #8estimate' and #8opinion' formed of him by others4 ,cp4 ,videor enim non solum studium ad defendendas causas1 verum opinionis aliquid et auctoritatis afferre1 pro ,sulla iii4 #aj1 with opinione fortasse non nulla quam de meis moribus habebat1 de ,amic4 #cj3 detracta opinione probitatis 7#8character for' high principle7 de ,off4 ii4 #cd1 and opinio iustitiae 7character for justice71 ibid4 #ci1 with quorum de iustitia magna esset opinio multitudinis ibid4 #db4 ,so too de ,orat4 ii4 #aef opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos qui res iudicent oratori adversariam esse arbitror4 ,the passages in ,caesar are all reducible to this #8passive' sense1--the estimate entertained by others3 ,b4,g4 ii4 #h propter eximiam opinionem virtutis3 ii4 #bd ,treviri quorum inter ,gallos virtutis opinio est singularis3 iv4 #af uti opinione et amicitia populi ,romani tuti esse possint3 vi4 #bd quae gens 444 summam habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem3 cp4 vii4 #ei and #hc4 ,cp4 ,introd4 p4 xliv4 subsellia 444 transferrentur1 #8that the court should remove4' ,for this general sense of subsellia cp4 ,cic4 ,brutus #bhi subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant3 de ,orat4 i4 #cb and #bfd 7habitare in subselliis1 to #8haunt the law-courts'74 ,the word sometimes means the bench of judges1 sometimes the seats of the lawyers1 suitors1 witnesses1 c41 and sometimes both3 ,cic4 in ,vatin4 #cd1 pro ,rosc4 ,amer4 #ag 7accusatorum subsellia71 ad ,fam4 xiii4 #aj1 #b 7versatus in utrisque subselliis74 ,in ,quintilian the word is never used except of the law-courts4 basilicam4 ,the basilicae erected in or near the forum served as courts of justice as well as places for merchants and business people to meet in4 ,see ,rich4 ,dict4 ,antiq4--,for the incident cp4 ,sen4 ,controv4 iv4 pr4 ,narratur 444 declamatoriae virtutis ,latronem ,porcium unicum exemplum1 cum pro reo in ,hispania ,rustico ,porcio propinquo suo #afe diceret1 usque eo esse confusum ut a soloecismo inciperet nec ante potuisse confirmari1 tectum ac parietes desiderantem1 quam impetravit ut iudicium ex foro in basilicam transferretur4 ,usque eo ingenia in scholasticis exercitationibus delicate nutriuntur ut clamorem silentium risum caelum denique pati nesciant4 ,v3#ai ,quare iuvenis qui rationem inveniendi eloquendique a praeceptoribus diligenter acceperit 7quod non est infiniti operis1 si docere sciant et velint71 exercitationem quoque modicam fuerit consecutus1 oratorem sibi aliquem1 quod apud maiores fieri solebat1 deligat1 quem sequatur1 quem imitetur3 iudiciis intersit quam plurimis1 et sit certaminis cui destinatur frequens spectator4 #ai4 inveniendi eloquendique covers briefly the whole field of theoretical rhetoric4 apud maiores3 xii4 #aa1 #e frequentabunt vero eius domum optimi iuvenes more veterum et vere dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cd ,ergo apud maiores nostros iuvenis ille qui foro et eloquentiae parabatur1 imbutus iam domestica disciplina1 refertus honestis studiis1 deducebatur a patre vel a propinquis ad eum oratorem qui principem in civitate locum obtinebat4 ,hunc sectari1 hunc prosequi1 huius omnibus dictionibus interesse1 sive in iudiciis sive in contionibus1 adsuescebat1 ita ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset utque sic dixerim pugnare in proelio disceret4 ,so ,cicero tells us in ,brut4 ch4 #hi how he sought every opportunity of hearing the distinguished speakers of his day3 #cje reliquos frequenter audiens acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens et commentans oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram4 iudiciis intersit3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #cjd cui 7iudicio7 frequens aderam4 ,v3#bj ,tum causas1 vel easdem quas agi audierit1 stilo et ipse componat1 vel etiam alias1 veras modo1 et utrimque tractet et1 quod in gladiatoribus fieri videmus1 decretoriis exerceatur1 ut fecisse ,brutum diximus pro ,milone4 ,melius hoc quam rescribere veteribus orationibus1 ut fecit ,cestius contra ,ciceronis actionem habitam pro eodem1 cum alteram partem satis nosse non posset ex sola defensione4 #aff #bj4 et ipse3 frequent in ,livy1 like ipse quoque 4 ,cicero uses ipse1 ipse etiam 7etiam ipse74 ,cp4 on #d3 #g #bf4 utrimque3 #a #bb4 in gladiatoribus3 xi4 #c1 #ff nutus 444 in mutis pro sermone sunt4 ,cp4 ,caes4 ,b4,c4 i4 #fa ,caesaris erat in barbaris nomen obscurius4 decretoriis1 sc4 armis1 #8decisive' or #8real weapons'3 ,seneca1 ,ep4 #aag1 #be ,renove ista lusoria arma1 decretoriis opus est4 ,cp4 vi4 #d1 #f pugnamque illam decretoriam imperitis ac saepe pullatae turbae relinquunt4 ,suet4 ,calig4 #ed has #8pugnatoria1' sc4 arma3 opp4 to #8rudes1' as ,tac4 ,dial4 #cd adversarii et aemuli ferro1 non rudibus dimicantes1 and ,cic4 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,orat4 vi4 #ag non enim in acie versatur et ferro1 sed quasi rudibus eius eludit oratio4 ,quint4 v4 #ab1 #ag declamationes quibus ad pugnam forensem velut praepilatis exerceri solebamus4 diximus3 #a #bc1 where see note4 rescribere3 4 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #cd1 of ,caesar's #8,anticato1' ,ciceronis libro 444 dictator ,caesar 444 rescripta oratione velut apud iudices respondit4 ,the word is common in this sense in ,suetonius3 ,caes4 #gc1 ,calig4 #ec1 ,gram4 #ai2 cp4 ,aug4 #he4 ,cestius3 ,sen4 ,contr4 iii4 pr4 #ac 7,ciceronis7 orationes non legunt nisi eas quibus ,cestius rescripsit4 ,l4 ,cestius ,pius taught rhetoric at ,rome towards the end of the ,republic and in the beginning of the ,empire4 ,seneca has preserved several passages of his declamations4 ,his hostile criticisms of ,cicero were avenged on him by ,cicero's son3 ,sen4 ,suas4 #g1 #ac4 ,see ,teuffel1 #bfc #f4 #aff ,v3#ba ,citius autem idoneus erit iuvenis1 quem praeceptor coegerit in declamando quam simillimum esse veritati et per totas ire materias1 quarum nunc facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt4 ,obstant huic1 quod secundo loco posui1 fere turba discipulorum et consuetudo classium certis diebus audiendarum1 nonnihil etiam persuasio patrum numerantium potius declamationes quam aestimantium4 #ba4 per totas ire materias4 ,this use of the prep4 after ire with an acc4 of extent over which speech1 thought1 or feeling travels1 is poetical 7,aen4 i4 #cge7 and post-classical4 ,cp4 vii4 #a1 #fd3 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cb4 favorabilia1 #8popular'2 frequent in ,quintilian1 who also has favorabiliter4 ,the word is first found in ,velleius1 also in ,tacitus and ,pliny4 quod secundo loco posui1 i4e4 the practice of treating a subject thoroughly3 per totas ire materias4 ,what he recommends primo loco is given in #ai-bj4 ,for the formula cp4 vii4 #b1 #i3 ix4 #b1 #f4 classium3 not used in this sense before the ,silver ,age2 i4 #b1 #bc ,non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus morem1 qui cum pueros in classes distribuerant1 ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant1 et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu videbatur4 ,huius rei iudicia praebebantur3 ea nobis ingens palma1 ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum4 persuasio3 frequent in this sense in ,quintilian2 for exx4 see ,bonnell's ,lex4 ,tac4 ,agric4 #aa4 superstitionum persuasione4 ,the interference of parents is commented on also in ii4 #g1 #a ,illud ex consuetudine mutandum prorsus existimo in iis1 de quibus nunc disserimus1 aetatibus1 ne omnia quae scripserint ediscant et certa1 ut moris est1 die dicant3 quod quidem maxime patres exigunt atque ita demum studere liberos suos1 si quam frequentissime declamaverint1 credunt1 cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet4 ,v3#bb ,sed1 quod dixi primo1 ut arbitror1 libro1 nec ille se bonus praeceptor maiore numero quam sustinere possit onerabit et nimiam loquacitatem recidet1 ut omnia quae sunt in controversia1 non1 ut quidam volunt1 quae in rerum natura1 dicantur2 et vel longiore potius dierum spatio laxabit dicendi necessitatem vel materias dividere permittet4 #bb4 primo 444 libro3 i4 #b1 #ae neque praeceptor bonus maiore se turba quam ut sustinere eam possit oneraverit4 recidet4 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #ddg ambitiosa recidet ornamenta3 ,sat4 ,i4 #aj1 #fi recideret omne quod ultra ,perfectum traheretur4 laxabit c43 #8he will either extend the period within which speaking is compulsory1 or allow the pupil to distribute his matter over several days4' dicendi necessitatem3 cp4 remissa 444 ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate #ae1 above4 ,this would break in on the #8consuetudo classium certis diebus andiendarum' referred to in #ba4 materias dividere1 i4e4 he will allow the subject to be treated of in parts on successive declamation days4 ,v3#bc ,diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae4 ,propter quod accidit #afg ut nec suo loco quidque ponatur1 nec illa quae prima sunt servent suam legem1 iuvenibus flosculos omnium partium in ea quae sunt dicturi congerentibus2 quo fit ut timentes ne sequentia perdant priora confundant4 #bc4 effecta4 ,there is the same antithesis v4 #ac1 #cd ut 444 pro effectis relinquant vixdum inchoata4 inchoatae3 ,cic4 de ,off4 i4 #aec cognitio manca atqne inchoata 7#8imperfect'73 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #cc a primis inchoatisque naturis ad ultimas perfectasque procedere3 de ,orat4 i4 #e inchoata ac rudia4 degustatae3 cp4 genera degustamus #a #ajd2 the word means #8dip into1' #8skim over4' ,propter quod3 see on #a #ff1 ,the idea contained in the relative is the superficial methods alluded to in degustatae3 cp4 facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt #ba4 ,when such methods are adopted1 says ,quintilian1 everything is sure to go wrong4 #afg servent suam legem3 the commencement 7illa quae prima sunt3 cp4 priora below7 is not what it should be3 it goes beyond reasonable limits1 as the young men crowd together in the part each is to deliver the embellishments that would naturally be distributed throughout the whole 7omnium partium71 if the production were diligenter effecta and not merely inchoata et quasi degustata4 flosculos3 ii4 #e1 #bb recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti4 ,the word is always used in a depreciatory sense3 xii4 #aj1 #gc3 vi4 pr4 #i3 7opp4 to certos fructus74 ,cp4 ,seneca1 ,ep4 #cc #a and #g viro captare flosculos turpe est4 timentes3 the fear that they will not be able to finish makes them introduce into the earlier parts inapposite and confusing embellishments4 priora confundant permisceant ea rebus alienis1 i4e4 with the ornamentation that would have been more appropriate later on4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,of ,meditation4 ,de ,cogitatione4 ,,vi3#a ,,vi4 ,proxima stilo cogitatio est1 quae et ipsa vires ab hoc accipit et est inter scribendi laborem extemporalemque fortunam media quaedam et nescio an usus frequentissimi4 ,nam scribere non ubique nec semper possumus1 cogitationi temporis ac loci plurimum est4 ,haec paucis admodum horis magnas etiam causas complectitur2 haec1 quotiens intermissus est somnus1 ipsis noctis tenebris adiuvatur2 haec inter medios rerum actus aliquid invenit vacui nec otium patitur4 #a4 stilo3 see on #a #b4 cogitatio1 #8premeditation'3 cp4 commentatio 7#8preparation'7 and meditatio4 ,so ii4 #f1 #c3 and below1 #g #h4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #ajc ita adsequor ut alio tempore cogitem quid dicam et alio dicam 444 sed certe eidem illi melius aliquanto dicerent si aliud sumendum sibi tempus ad cogitandum aliud ad dicendum putarent3 cp4 id4 i4 #aej etsi utile est etiam subito saepe dicere1 tamen illud utilius sumpto spatio ad cogitandum paratius atque adcuratius dicere 444 nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit1 hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit4 ,cp4 ,brutus #bec4 et ipsa3 #8likewise1' i4e4 as well as the facultas ex tempore dicendi1 which1 as stated in #c #a-d1 derives its strength mainly from the pen4 ,see on #a #ca4 extemporalemque fortunam3 #8the chances of improvisation1' which depends so much on the inspiration of the moment 7fortunam opp4 to laborem73 #8fortunam quam ex tempore dicentes experimur' 7,krger74 ,cp4 #e1 #f3 and #g #ac successum extemporalem4 media quaedam3 cp4 xi4 #b1 #c memoria 444 quasi media quaedam manus4 nescio an3 see on #a #fe4 somnus3 cp4 #c #be4 rerum actus1 as inter ipsas actiones xii4 #c1 #b1 #8in the midst of legal proceedings1' and so rather more special than actum rei #a #ca1 where see note4 ,cp4 esp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 ix4 #be1 #c ,nunc me rerum actus modice sed tamen distringit3 and ,suet4 ,aug4 #cb triginta amplius dies 444 actis rerum accommodavit4 ,in xi4 #a1 #dg actus is again quite general3 in ceteris actibus vitae4 otium3 #8inactivity4' ,a good advocate will be able to think out a speech even while a trial is going on4 ,,vi3#b ,neque vero rerum ordinem modo1 quod ipsum satis erat1 intra se ipsa disponit1 sed verba etiam #afh copulat totamque ita contexit orationem ut ei nihil praeter manum desit2 nam memoriae quoque plerumque inhaeret fidelius quod nulla scribendi securitate laxatur4 ,sed ne ad hanc quidem vim cogitandi perveniri potest aut subito aut cito4 #b4 satis erat3 see on #e #g fas erat4 intra se ipsa1 #8by itself'3 there is no need for any recourse to writing4 ,this is #afh quite parallel to such expressions as #8virtus per se ipsa placet1' and #8medici ipsi se curare non possunt1' where the tendency is to keep ipse in the nominative so as to emphasise the subject4 ,cp4 #e #b3 #c #cj4 scribendi securitate4 ,cp4 the story of ,theuth and ,thamus1 ,phaedrus #bgd sq41 esp4 #bge ,a 1 1 4443 xi4 #b1 #i quamquam invenio apud ,platonem obstare memoriae usum litterarum3 videlicet quod illa quae scriptis reposuimus velut custodire desinimus1 et ipsa securitate dimittimus4 ,reliance on written memoranda1 he says1 may in the end make the mind incapable of retaining by a special effort what can be at any time recalled by a glance at the paper4 vim cogitandi3 see on vim dicendi #a #a4 ,for the thought cp4 #c #i4 ,,vi3#c ,nam primum facienda multo stilo forma est1 quae nos etiam cogitantes sequatur3 tum adsumendus usus paulatim1 ut pauca primum complectamur animo1 quae reddi fideliter possint3 mox per incrementa tam modica ut onerari se labor ille non sentiat augenda vis et exercitatione multa continenda est1 quae quidem maxima ex parte memoria constat4 ,ideoque aliqua mihi in illum locum differenda sunt4 #c4 forma1 a pattern1 model1 or ideal3 we must #8form our style' by constant writing1 and attain to the ease described in #c #i verba respondebunt1 compositio sequetur1 cuncta denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt4 ,for facere formam cp4 #c #bh faciendus usus4 onerari3 the labour is not perceptibly increased4 ,so xi4 #b1 #da1 of exercising the memory1 turn cotidie adicere 7decet7 singulos versus1 quorum accessio labori sensum incrementi non adferat4 in illum locum3 memory is treated in xi4 #b4 ,,vi3#d ,eo tandem pervenit ut is cui non refragetur ingenium acri studio adiutus tantum consequatur ut ei tam quae cogitarit quam quae scripserit atque edidicerit in dicendo fidem servent4 ,cicero certe ,graecorum ,metrodorum ,scepsium et ,empylum ,rhodium nostrorumque ,hortensium tradidit quae cogitaverant ad verbum in agendo rettulisse4 #d4 pervenit1 sc4 vis1 just as in #g #ai facilitas extemporalis is generally supplied4 ei 444 fidem servent3 #8keep their faith with him1' i4e4 are as much at his command when he comes to speak as1 c4 certe3 see ,introd4 p4 li4 ,metrodorus of ,scepsis in ,mysia1 a philosopher of the ,academic school1 and a pupil of ,carneades4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #cfj vidi enim ego summos homines et divina prope memoria1 ,athenis ,charmadam1 in ,asia1 quem vivere hodie aiunt1 ,scepsium ,metrodorum1 quorum uterque tamquam litteris in cera1 sic se aiebat imaginibus in eis locis quos haberet quae meminisse vellet perscribere4 ,cp4 ,tusc4 i4 #ei4 ,empylus is nowhere else mentioned4 ,hortensium3 ,brut4 #cja memoria 7erat7 tanta quantam in nullo cognovisse me arbitror1 ut quae secum commentatus esset ea sine scripto verbis eisdem redderet quibus cogitavisset3 hoc adiumento ille tanto sic utebatur ut sua et commentata et scripta et nullo referente omnia adversariorum dicta meminisset4 ,cp4 xi4 #b1 #bd4 ad verbum4 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 ix4 #cf1 #a cogito ad verbum scribenti emendantique similis4 ,,vi3#e ,sed si forte aliqui inter dicendum offulserit extemporalis color1 #afi non superstitiose cogitatis demum est inhaerendum4 ,neque enim tantum habent curae ut non sit dandus et fortunae locus1 cum saepe etiam scriptis ea quae subito nata sunt inserantur4 ,ideoque totum hoc exercitationis genus ita instituendum est ut et digredi ex eo et redire in id facile possimus4 #e4 si 444 aliqui3 see on #b #bc4 extemporalis color1 a sudden inspiration1 #afi or #8happy thought'3 the notion of suddenness being contained in offulserit4 ,color must carry the idea here of something that #8sets off' the subject1--an unpremeditated turn of expression1 embodying a thought which suddenly flashes on the speaker's mind4 ,in the ,bonnell-,meister edition it is said to denote the particular complexion given to the style by happy improvisation3 but this seems too wide for what may be only an occasional divergence from the written word4 ,krger takes it as the abstract for #8id quod habet colorem extemporalem' 7dictorum ex tempore73 a thought or expression which suddenly occurs1 and which has on it the mark of improvisation4 ,cp4 #8extemporalem fortunam' #a1 and #8scriptorum color' #g #g1 which presents a sort of antithesis to #8extemporalis color'3 also #a #ei1 #aaf with the notes4 superstitiose3 i4 #a1 #ac non tamen hoc adeo superstitiose fieri velim4 demum3 see on #a #dd3 ,introd4 p4 li4 ,traian4 ad ,plin4 ,ep4 #aj1 #cc ,nobis autem utilitas demum spectanda est4 habent1 sc4 cogitata4 ,what we premeditate is not so accurately thought out as to leave no room for extemporary chance 7fortuna1 cp4 on #a74 scriptis3 even in written speeches1 on which a greater degree of cura has been bestowed1 sudden inspirations 7subito nata7 are often introduced during delivery4 ,,vi3#f ,nam ut primum est domo adferre paratam dicendi copiam et certam1 ita refutare temporis munera longe stultissimum est4 ,quare cogitatio in hoc praeparetur1 ut nos fortuna decipere non possit1 adiuvare possit4 ,id autem fiet memoriae viribus1 ut illa quae complexi animo sumus fluant secura1 non sollicitos et respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere3 alioqui vel extemporalem temeritatem malo quam male cohaerentem cogitationem4 #f4 domo adferre3 #8bring from the study'2 cp4 #g #cj quae domo adferunt3 ,cicero1 ,orat4 #hi domo adlata quae plerumque sunt frigida4 refutare repudiare1 #8reject1' #8despise1' the inspirations of the moment 7temporis munera74 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ii4 #ee inprimisque refutetur ac reiciatur ,philocteteus ille clamor3 pro ,rab4 ,post4 #dd quam 444 bonitatem 444 non modo non aspernari ac refutare sed complecti etiam et augere debetis4 in hoc3 see on #e #aa4 decipere3 #8nonplus' or embarrass us3 make us to stumble4 ,the chance opening must not find us unequipped with well-shaped thoughts3 we must be ready to improve our opportunity4 non 444 non sinant4 ,the double negative hampers the clause1 though it is simplified by making non sinant prohibeant4 ,krger compares ix4 #c1 #gb4 ,after the first non the words fiet ut illa must be repeated1 or simply ut4 ,tr4 #8,it is by our powers of memory that we must secure the easy flow of what we have formulated in thought1 instead of letting it keep us from looking ahead by anxious backward glances and the consciousness of being absolutely dependent on what we can recall to mind4' ,the last phrase describes a familiar style of oratory1 referring as it does to those speakers #8qui apprennent par cur et sont paralyss par la crainte de rester court4'--,fnelon1 quoted by ,hild4 extemporalem temeritatem1 #8the rashness of improvisation'3 cp4 #a above4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #f ,sed extemporalis audaciae atque ipsius temeritatis vel praecipua iucunditas est4--,for alioqui1 see ,introd4 p4 li4 ,,vi3#g ,peius enim quaeritur retrorsus1 quia1 dum illa desideramus1 ab aliis #agj avertimur1 et ex memoria potius res petimus quam ex materia4 ,plura sunt autem1 si utrimque quaerendum est1 quae inveniri possunt quam quae inventa sunt4 #g4 ,peius enim quaeritur retrorsus3 #8we are at a disadvantage in looking back4' ,it would be better to throw over our premeditated ideas altogether3 while we are at a loss for them 7illa7 we miss others4 #agj utrimque1 i4e4 ex memoria and ex materia3 cp4 #a #aca and #e #bj4 ,to the former corresponds chiastically quae inventa sunt1 to the latter quae inveniri possunt4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,of ,extempore ,speech4 ,quem ad modum extemporalis facilitas paretur et contineatur4 ,,vii3#a ,,vii4 ,maximus vero studiorum fructus est et velut praemium quoddam amplissimum longi laboris ex tempore dicendi facultas2 quam qui non erit consecutus mea quidem sententia civilibus officiis renuntiabit et solam scribendi facultatem potius ad alia opera convertet4 ,vix enim bonae fidei viro convenit auxilium in publicum polliceri quod praesentissimis quibusque periculis desit1 intrare portum ad quem navis accedere nisi lenibus ventis vecta non possit1-- #a4 civilibus officiis3 see note on #c #aa4 renuntiabit 444 convertet3 the future as a mild imperative4 ,cp4 #a #da1 #eh3 #c #ah4 ,for this use of renuntiare cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #h4 in publicum1 #8for general use1' #8for the common good1' #8for the benefit of all and sundry4' ,the phrase is formed on the analogy of such expressions as #8in publicum1' #8in commune consulere1'--for the benefit of the state and the citizen4 ,cp4 vi4 #a1 #g in commune profutura4 ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 intrare portum4 ,the infin4 depends on convenit4 ,for a similarly abrupt introduction of a figure in connection with1 or to illustrate1 the preceding thought cp4 #a #d3 #c #aj 7omitting ,burmann's et before efferentes74 ,the meaning is generally understood to be that the advocate who undertakes legal business1 though he has no power of extempore speaking1 is as unconscionable as the pilot 7cp4 the simile in #c7 who engages to steer a ship into a harbour that can only be approached in mild weather4 ,the one forgets that sudden emergencies may arise1 calling for a power which he does not possess2 the other does not take into consideration the sudden storms which may render his poor skill of no avail4--,hirt however 7,jahr4 des philol4 ,vereins zu ,berlin #ahhh1 p4 #ed7 points out that this is to strain intrare3 ,quintilian cannot have meant to say that it #8shows bad faith to enter a harbour which can only be approached in good weather1'--for once you are in the harbour all is well4 ,intrare may be corrupt3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,,vii3#b siquidem innumerabiles accidunt subitae necessitates vel apud magistratus vel repraesentatis iudiciis continuo agendi4 ,quarum si qua1 non dico cuicumque innocentium civium1 sed amicorum ac propinquorum alicui evenerit1 stabitne mutus et salutarem petentibus vocem1 statimque si non succurratur perituris1 #aga moras et secessum et silentium quaeret1 dum illa verba fabricentur et memoriae insidant et vox ac latus praeparetur8 #b4 siquidem1 1 1 #bg below1 and often in ,quintilian3 #8iam apud ,cicero nem perinde atque quoniam invenitur causam omnibus notam significans' 7,gnther74 apud magistratus3 #8in virtue of some extraordinary procedure1 and without the day having been appointed for the parties to the suit1' ,hild4 repraesentatis3 #8when a trial is suddenly brought on4' ,cp4 pecuniam repraesentare ante diem solvere4 ,caes4 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #dj1 #ad se1 quod in longiorem diem collaturus esset1 repraesentaturum3 ,sen4 ,ep4 #ie petis a me ut id quod in diem suam dixeram debere differri repraesentem4 cuicumque4 ,see on #a #ab quocunque4 petentibus 444 perituris3 dat4 of interest1 after quaeret4 ,for the sense cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #bea ,hoc nos si facere velimus ante condemnentur ei quorum causas receperimus quam totiens quotiens praescribitur ,paeanem aut hymnum recitarimus4 #aga statimque4 ,statim goes with succurratur1 rather than with perituris3 its position gives it emphasis4 ,cp4 continuo agendi4 secessum et silentium3 #c #bh4 illa verba1 ironical3 illa tam egregia verba4 vox ac latus 7#8lungs'73 often conjoined4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,verr4 iv4 #cj1 #fg quae vox1 quae latera3 ,brut4 #caf4 ,so xii4 #aa1 #b neque enim scientia modo constat orator1 444 sed voce1 latere1 firmitate4 ,for latus cp4 ,hor4 ,ep4 i4 #g1 #bf3 xii4 #e3 ,sat4 i4 #i1 #cb4 ,,vii3#c ,quae vero patitur hoc ratio1 ut quisquam possit orator aliquando omittere casus8 ,quid1 cum adversario respondendum erit1 fiet8 ,nam saepe ea quae opinati sumus et contra quae scripsimus fallunt1 ac tota subito causa mutatur2 atque ut gubernatori ad incursus tempestatium1 sic agenti ad varietatem causarum ratio mutanda est4 #c4 ratio3 #8theory' of eloquence4 ,cp4 #c #ae1 where it is opposed to exercitatio4--,others explain as ratio non patitur1 like ratio non est1 nulla ratio est1 there is no reason or sense in doing1 c43 ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #gd ironiam enim alterius perpetuam praesertim1 nulla fuit ratio persequi3 ib4 #ag3 in ,verr4 ,act4 i4 #bd3 ,caec4 #ae3 ,tac4 ,hist4 i4 #cb3 iii4 #bb3 and ad ,herenn4 iv4 #ah ei rationi ratio non est fidem habere4 quisquam 444 orator3 see on #b #f4 omittere casus3 #8to leave sudden issues out of consideration1' i4e4 to conduct his case strictly according to the lines of a written or premeditated speech1 without allowing for the emergence of some unexpected fact in the evidence1 or some difficulty suddenly raised by the other side4 ,for casus cp4 #a #b paratam ad omnes casus eloquentiam3 #c #c unde ad subitos quoque casus 444 proferantur 7opes71 and below #cj3 vi4 #a1 #db at qui a stilo non recedunt aut conticescunt ad hos casus aut frequentissime falsa dicunt3 xii4 #i1 #bj licet tamen praecogitare plura et animum ad omnes casus componere4 fallunt3 when the opposing counsel does not pursue the line of argument we had anticipated1 and against which we had prepared a written speech4 ad incursus3 see on #b #a ad exemplum4 ,,vii3#d ,quid porro multus stilus et adsidua lectio et longa studiorum aetas facit1 si manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas8 ,perisse profecto confitendum est praeteritum laborem1 cui semper idem laborandum est4 ,neque ego hoc ago ut ex tempore dicere malit1 sed ut possit4 ,id autem maxime hoc modo consequemur4 #d4 longa studiorum aetas3 i4e4 longum tempus in studiis consumptum4 ,cp4 i4 #h1 #h3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #acb4 malit 444 possit3 sc4 orator4 ,for such omissions see note on congregat #a #g3 and cp4 quaerant #f and dicat #be below4 ,,vii3#e ,nota sit primum dicendi via2 neque enim prius contingere cursus potest quam scierimus quo sit et qua perveniendum4 ,nec satis est non ignorare quae sint causarum iudicialium partes1 aut quaestionum ordinem recte disponere1 quamquam ista sunt praecipua1 sed quid quoque loco primum sit1 quid secundum ac #agb deinceps3 quae ita sunt natura copulata ut mutari aut intervelli sine confusione non possint4 #e4 dicendi via3 the method1 pathway1 or track of the argument4 neque enim c4 ,the reason is given in the form of a simile3 we cannot run a race without knowing the goal and the track1 and it is the same with eloquence4 ,for a similar figure cp4 #c #aj4 partes3 i4e4 prooemium1 narratio1 probatio1 refutatio1 epilogus4 ,cp4 iii4 #i1 #a4 disponere3 vii4 #aj1 #e quaestio omnis ac locus habet suam dispositionem4 primum 444 secundum3 vii4 #aj1 #e ,non enim causa tantum universa in quaestiones ac locos diducenda est1 sed hae #agb ipsae partes habent rursus ordinem suum4 ,nam et in prooemio primum est aliquid et secundum ac deinceps1 c4 intervelli3 cp4 xii4 #i1 #ag4 ,,vii3#f ,quisquis autem via dicet1 ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce1 propter quod homines etiam modice exercitati facillime tenorem in narrationibus servant4 ,deinde quid quoque loco quaerant scient1 nec circumspectabunt nec offerentibus se aliunde sensibus turbabuntur nec confundent ex diversis orationem velut salientes huc illuc nec usquam insistentes4 #f4 via dicet3 #8methodically'1 #8systematically1' cp4 dicendi via #e4 ,so ii4 #ag1 #da via id est ordine4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #df 7ait ,aristoteles7 antea nominem solitum via nec arte1 sed adcurate tamen et de scripto plerosque dicere3 ,orat4 #aj1 #aaf ratione et via disputare1 docere3 de ,fin4 ii4 #c 7oratio7 quae via quadam et ratione habetur4 ,roby #abcf4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 velut3 see on #a #e4 ,it softens the expression serie 444 duce1 being equivalent to #8ut ita dicam4' ,the collocation ducetur 444 duce is to be classed among the rather negligent repetitions of which a list is given on #b #bc4 ,becher compares ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #ace depulsum et quasi detrusum cibum accepit depellit 7where ,j4 ,b4 ,mayor however reads delapsum73 cp4 ib4 #ade4 ,for #8serie ducere' cp4 xi4 #b1 #ci etiam quae bene composita erunt memoriam serie sua ducent4 propter quod3 see on #a #ff3 #e #bc4 quaerant1 #8look for as matter of discourse1' as #f #g4 ,the occurrence of homines in the interval leads up from the singular quisquis to the plural4 sensibus3 see on #c #cc4 confundent ex diversis3 #8make it a jumble of incongruities4' huc illuc3 ,cic4 ad ,att4 ix4 #i1 #b ne 444 cursem huc illuc via deterrima4 ,,vii3#g ,postremo habebunt modum et finem1 qui esse citra divisionem nullus potest4 ,expletis pro facultate omnibus quae proposuerint1 pervenisse se ad ultimum sentient4 ,et haec quidem ex arte1 illa vero ex studio3 ut copiam sermonis optimi1 quem ad modum praeceptum est1 comparemus1 multo ac fideli stilo sic formetur oratio ut scriptorum colorem etiam quae subito effusa sint reddant1 ut cum multa scripserimus #agc etiam multa dicamus4 #g4 citra3 see on #a #b4 divisionem3 #8here the distribution of the matter of the speech both into the general divisions and subordinate heads1 and also into the minuter passages and sentences2 their order constituting the via dicendi4' ,frieze4 ,expletis 444 quae proposuerint3 #8when they have overtaken all the points advanced1' exhausted the various heads of their discourse1 v4 #aj1 #aji nec minus in hoc curae debet adhiberi quid proponendum quam quomodo sit quod proposueris probandum4 haec quidem c4 ,the meaning is that while the observance of the foregoing precepts 7haec7 depends on knowledge of theory 7ars71 as embodied in specific rules and directions1 what is now to come 7illa7 demands studium1 i4e4 scientific exercise1 applied to reading1 imitation1 writing1 and the practice of speaking 7cp4 #a #a74 ,the sentence is an awkward one3 it is best explained by making the ut before copiam co-ordinate with the ut before cum multa scripserimus1 and supplying a corresponding ut with formetur4 ,illa then introduces all three clauses1 the first referring mainly to legere1 the second to scribere1 and the third to dicere4 ,the precepts in regard to reading and imitation 7quemadmodum praeceptum est7 are found in chs4 i and ii3 writing is covered by chs4 iii1 iv and v3 while speech is dealt with in the present chapter4 fideli stilo1 the #8conscientious practice of composition4' scriptorum colorem3 see #f #e4 effusa sint3 cp4 #c #ag componunt quae effuderant4 cum multa scripserimus4 ,the practice #agc of speaking 7including extempore utterance7 is to come after writing3 cp4 #a #c sq4 ,,vii3#h ,nam consuetudo et exercitatio facilitatem maxime parit3 quae si paulum intermissa fuerit1 non velocitas illa modo tardatur1 sed ipsum os coit atque concurrit4 ,quamquam enim opus est naturali quadam mobilitate animi1 ut1 dum proxima dicimus1 struere ulteriora possimus semperque nostram vocem provisa et formata cogitatio excipiat2 #h4 consuetudo et exercitatio1 referring only to the last-mentioned precept1 ut multa dicamus4 velocitas illa4 ,the demonstr4 is vivid1--#8the requisite rapidity1' that which we either have acquired or hope to acquire4 os coit atque concurrit4 ,cp4 xi4 #c1 #ef est aliis concursus oris et cum verbis suis colluctatio3 viii4 #c1 #de littera quae exprimi nisi labris coeuntibus non potest3 xi4 #c1 #aba his accedunt vitia non naturae1 sed trepidationis1 cum ore concurrente rixari4 8,os concurrit cum prae anxietate dicentis musculi oris invitis etiam trahuntur et convelluntur ut labia et lingua quasi trepident40 ,wolff4 mobilitate animi3 cp4 #bb4 ,his mind must be quick of movement in order to express properly what is to be said on the instant 7proxima corresponding to nostram vocem71 and at the same time be shaping 7struere7 what is further on 7ulteriora corresponding to provisa et formata cogitatio74 ,tr4 proxima1 #8what we are about to say'3 nostram vocem1 #8what has just been said4' ,for provisa cp4 on #c #aj4 ,,vii3#i vix tamen aut natura aut ratio in tam multiplex officium diducere animum queat ut inventioni1 dispositioni1 elocutioni1 ordini rerum verborumque1 tum iis quae dicit1 quae subiuncturus est1 quae ultra spectanda sunt1 adhibita vocis1 pronuntiationis1 gestus observatione1 una sufficiat4 #i4 ratio1 cp4 note on #c4 quae dicit1 sc4 #8orator1' as with sufficiat #8animus' must be supplied4 ,cp4 on #d4 vocis 444 gestus4 ,see #a #ag for a similar enumeration1 and cp4 the note4 una simul1 which indeed ,halm substitutes for it in his text4 ,,vii3#aj ,longe enim praecedat oportet intentio ac prae se res agat1 quantumque dicendo consumitur1 tantum ex ultimo prorogetur1 ut1 donec perveniamus ad finem1 non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu1 si non intersistentes offensantesque brevia illa atque concisa singultantium modo eiecturi sumus4 #agd #aj4 intentio3 cp4 intendunt animum #a #bd4 prae se res agat4 ,the mind must pursue or chase1 as it were1 the ideas that are still in front of it1 and have them available in advance4 consumitur 444 prorogetur3 expressions derived from banking transactions4 #8,in proportion as the speaker pays out1 must he make advances to himself out of what is to come later4' ,for this use of prorogare see the ,lexx4 ,ex ultimo was understood by ,wolff to mean ex eo quod modo dictum est3 but ,becher 7,quaest4 ,quint4 p4 #i7 pointed out that it #8vom ,ende aus1' and correctly rendered the whole sentence #8so viel im ,reden drauf geht1 so viel muss er sich im ,voraus vom ,ende aus flssig machen und so gewissermassen seine ,zahlungsfhigkeit lnger hinausschieben1'--ut ne in inopiam redactus bonam copiam eiuret4 ,the speaker is to be continually drawing from his reserve funds 7ex ultimo1 i4e4 from the part of his subject-matter that remains7 just so much as he is expending in delivery4 prospectu procedamus3 cp4 xi4 #b1 #c nam dum alia dicimus1 quae dicturi sumus intuenda sunt3 ita cum semper cogitatio ultra eat1 id quod est longius quaerit1 quidquid autem repperit quodam modo apud memoriam deponit1 quod illa quas media quaedam manus acceptum ab inventione tradit elocutioni4 si non 444 eiecturi sumus3 #8if we #agd want to avoid coming to a standstill1 stuttering1 and giving forth our short1 broken phrases1 like persons gasping out what they have to say4'--,for offensantes cp4 offensator #c #aj3 and for brevia illa #b #ag illud frigidum et inane4 ,,vii3#aa ,est igitur usus quidam inrationalis1 quam ,graeci vocant1 qua manus in scribendo decurrit1 qua oculi totos simul in lectione versus flexusque eorum et transitus intuentur et ante sequentia vident quam priora dixerunt4 ,quo constant miracula illa in scaenis pilariorum ac ventilatorum1 ut ea quae emiserint ultro venire in manus credas et qua iubentur decurrere4 #aa4 inrationalis3 #8mechanical1' #8unscientific4' ,cp4 ii4 #ae1 #bc quidam eam neque vim neque scientiam neque artem putaverunt1 sed ,critolaus usum dicendi 7nam hoc significat74444 ,for the opposition between and 7#8knack'7 see ,plato1 ,phaedrus #bfj ,e 3 ,gorgias #eja ,a 444 444 1 444 3 ib4 #dfc ,b4 manus 444 decurrit4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #acj neque enim quotiens verbum aliquod est scribendum nobis1 totiens eius verbi litterae sunt cogitatione conquirendae2 nec quotiens causa dicenda est1 totiens ad eius causae seposita argumenta revolvi nos oportet1 sed habere certos locos1 qui ut litterae ad verbum scribendum1 sic illi ad causam explicandam statim occurrant4 versus3 see on #a #ch4 flexus 444 et transitus4 ,these words are generally taken in their literal sense2 but the rendering #8turns and transitions' 7#8,wendungen and ,uebergnge'7 seems not sufficiently to explain the passage4 ,may flexus not refer here to the modulation of the voice1 as frequently in ,quintilian 7v4 ,bonn4 ,lex471 and transitus to the punctuation which marks the passage from one clause to another8 ,in reading the eye takes in all this in advance4 ,tr4 #8observe the intonations and the stops4' ,on the other hand ,frieze 7who alone of the commentators seems to have felt any difficulty73 #8the action of the eye itself in reading is ascribed to the lines of the manuscript4 ,flexus seems to refer to the turning of the eye from the end of a line to the beginning of the next1 and transitus the passing from one column of the manuscript to the next4' ,but this explanation of transitus can hardly be right4 dixerunt1 sc4 lectores1--before the reader has articulated 7to himself7 what comes first1 the eye runs on to what follows4 ,for the change of subject cp4 #i4 miracula 1 #8conjuring-tricks4' pilariorum ac ventilatorum3 #8jugglers and professors of legerdemain4' ,for the former 7who resembled the ,indian juggler7 see ,rich's ,dict4 ,ant4 s4v41 where a figure is shown from a ,diptych in the ,museum at ,verona exhibiting dexterous feats with a number of balls1 #8throwing them up with both hands1 catching them on1 and making them rebound from1 the inner joint of the elbow1 leg1 forehead1 and instep1 so that they kept playing in a continuous circle round his person without falling to the ground1 as minutely described by ,manilius 7,astron4 #afi-aga74' ,the ventilator was one who winnowed grain with the ventilabrum 7see ,rich4 s4v471 and so is generally taken here of a juggler #8tossing his balls into the air as the winnower does his corn'2 but looking to the use of ventilare for to #8conjure away' 7magicis artibus vitas insontium et manibus accitis ventilare1 ,imp4 ,constant4 cod4 #i1 #ah1 #f and cod4 ,th4 #i1 #af1 #e71 ,i prefer ,professor ,key's explanation of the word1 #8a juggler1 as affecting to toss things away with an 1 or with a puff of breath'3 cp4 ,prudent4 ,peristeph4 x4 #gh tu ventilator urbis et vulgi levis procella4--,the genitives are to be referred to scaenis1 not miracula4 ut ea3 for this constr4 see on #a #eh4 in manus3 ,krger and ,dosson are wrong in taking this of the hands of the spectators4 ,the balls return to the hands of the performers themselves4 ,for qua 7sc4 via7 cp4 ii4 #bj1 #b multos video qua vel impudentia vel fames duxit ruentes3 ix4 #a1 #ai3 xii4 #aj1 #fa4 ,,vii3#ab ,sed hic usus ita proderit1 si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit1 ut #age ipsum illud quod in se rationem non habet in ratione versetur4 ,nam mihi ne dicere quidem videtur nisi qui disposite1 ornate1 copiose dicit1 sed tumultuari4 #ab4 ita 444 si1 in a limiting sense 7 ita demum si71 #8only so far as4' ,cp4 xi4 #c1 #acj ambulantem loqui ita demum oportet si in causis publicis1 c4 ,in ,brut4 #age #aie ,cicero has cum ita heres institutus esset si pupillus ante mortuus esset4 ,in this restrictive sense ita is more commonly followed by ut 7,verr4 iv4 #aej73 sometimes by cum 7,brut4 #bbb74 ,in ,top4 #dd we have agens de eo qui testamento sic heredem instituisset ut si filius natus esset1 c4 locuti sumus1 i4e4 in #e-g4 quod 444 non habet3 cp4 #aa usus inrationalis1 where there is no consciousness of method4 in ratione versetur arte1 artis et rationis praeceptis contineatur4 ,though mechanical1 through habit it should be based on method and rational principle4 nisi qui c4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #dh ,sin oratoris nihil vis esse nisi composite ornate copiose loqui1 c4 ,the first refers to collocatio1 the second to elocutio1 and the third to inventio4 tumultuari1 to #8rant4' ,cp4 vii4 pr4 #c oratio carens hac virtute 7sc4 ordine7 tumultuetur necesse est3 ii4 #ab1 #aa cum interim non actores modo aliquos invenias1 sed1 quod est turpius1 praeceptores etiam qui brevem dicendi exercitationem consecuti omissa ratione1 ut tulit impetus1 passim tumultuentur1 eosque qui plus honoris litteris tribuerunt ineptos et ieiunos et tepidos et infirmos1 ut quodque verbum contumeliosissimum occurrit1 appellent4 ,,vii3#ac ,nec fortuiti sermonis contextum mirabor umquam1 quem iurgantibus etiam mulierculis superfluere video1 cum eo quod1 si calor ac spiritus tulit1 frequenter accidit ut successum extemporalem consequi cura non possit4 #ac4 fortuiti sermonis1 #8random talk4' contextum continuam orationem1 cp4 #bf4 ,the word denotes mere continuity of speech1 a mere train of words4 superfluere video3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 cum eo quod1 #8with this consideration that1' connects in a loose manner with what goes before3 #8and this ,i say with the addition that1' c4 ,the usual explanation is #8with the exception or limitation that1' c43 so ,gnther #8postquam sese mirari nunquam fortuiti sermonis contextum dixit1 hoc enuntiato a 8cum eo quod0 pendente orationi moderatur et concedit frequenter1 si calor ac spiritus tulerit1 curam consequi non posse successum extemporalem'3 cp4 ,cic4 ad ,att4 vi4 #a1 #d sit sane1 quoniam ita tu vis1 sed tamen cum eo1 credo1 quod sine peccato meo fiat4 ,but ,quintilian is not #8taking back' what he has said in #8nec mirabor'3 he is going on to add what is really an independent statement4 ,other uses of cum eo quod occur ii4 #d1 #cj cum eo quidem1 quod vix ullus est tam communis locus1 qui possit cohaerere cum causa nisi aliquo propriae quaestionis circulo copulatus3 xii4 #aj1 #dg cum eo quod1 si non ad luxuriam ac libidinem referas1 eadem speciosiora quoque sint quae honestiora4 ,see ,introd4 p4 liii4 spiritus3 see on #a #bg4 tulit4 ,for ferre used absolutely3 cp4 #c #g si feret flatus1 and such phrases as #8si occasio tulerit4' ,krger supplies aliquem1 comparing #a #aaj4--;,for the perfect1 used like the ,greek aorist to denote repeated occurrence1 cp4 refrixit #c #f1 and accessit 444 restitit #ad below4 ut 444 possit--that the success of such impromptu speaking is not attained by study and premeditation 7cura74 ,,vii3#ad ,deum tunc adfuisse1 cum id evenisset1 veteres oratores1 ut ,cicero1 dictitabant4 ,sed ratio manifesta est4 ,nam bene concepti adfectus et recentes rerum imagines continuo impetu feruntur1 quae nonnumquam mora stili refrigescunt et dilatae non revertuntur4 ,utique vero1 #agf cum infelix illa verborum cavillatio accessit et cursus ad singula vestigia restitit1 non potest ferri contorta vis2 sed1 ut optime vocum singularum cedat electio1 non continua sed composita est4 #ad4 ut ,cicero4 ,no such saying can be found in ,cicero's extant works3 cp4 however de ,orat4 i4 #bjb4 ,for the reading see ,crit4 ,notes4 ratio manifesta est3 cp4 #e #c4 bene concepti adfectus1 #8emotion profoundly felt'3 v4 on #ae and cp4 vi4 #b1 #cj has 7imagines rerum7 quisquis bene conceperit is erit in adfectibus potentissimus4 recentes rerum imagines3 #8fresh1' #8vivid' conceptions1 or ideas3 a lively imagination4 continuo impetu feruntur3 #8sweep along in uninterrupted course4' refrigescunt1 cp4 #c #f1 and #cc4 utique3 see on #a #bj4 #agf infelix 444 verborum cavillatio3 of the morbid carping self-criticism spoken of in #c #aj3 #a #aae4 ,for infelix see on #a #g4 non potest ferri contorta vis3 #8there can be no energy in the swing1' a figure taken from the discharge of missile weapons1 such as the sling and the javelin4 ,vis contorta fertur the vis 7of the speech7 is #8whirled and sped onward'3 for ferri cp4 ix4 #d1 #aab oratio quae ferri debet et fluere4 ,for the whole expression cp4 ,cic4 ,orator #bcd ,demosthenes6 cuius non tam vibrarent fulmina illa1 nisi numeris contorta ferrentur1 7,quint4 ix4 #d1 #ee17 where contorquere describes the whirling action which imparts to the missile that rotating movement by which 7as with our rifled guns7 it is made more certain to hit the mark3 see ,sandys ad loc4 ,quintilian has a similar figure in ix4 #d1 #i mihi compositione velut amentis quibusdam nervisve intendi et concitari sententiae videntur4 ut though4 continua 444 composita1 #8the style is not all of one pattern1 but rather a patchwork1'--it does not flow on spontaneously1 but is elaborately put together4 ,the subject oratio must be supplied out of the context3 cp4 #bf1 and #a #g and #bi4 ,becher renders #8nicht aus ganzem ,holze 7geschnitten7 sondern geleimt1'--not all of one piece but glued together3 and compares #8corpora continua' and #8composita' in ,sen4 ,epist4 xvii4 #b1 #f 7#ajb71--#8organisms' and mechanical fabrics4 ,,vii3#ae ,quare capiendae sunt illae1 de quibus dixi1 rerum imagines1 quas vocari indicavimus1 omniaque1 de quibus dicturi erimus1 personae1 quaestiones1 spes1 metus1 habenda in oculis1 in adfectus recipienda2 pectus est enim1 quod disertos facit1 et vis mentis4 ,ideoque imperitis quoque1 si modo sunt aliquo adfectu concitati1 verba non desunt4 #ae4 de quibus dixi4 ,cp4 vi4 #b1 #bi ,quas ,graeci vocant 7nos sane visiones appellemus7 per quas imagines rerum absentium ita repraesentantur animo ut eas cernere oculis ac praesentes habere videamur1 has quisquis bene conceperit is erit in adfectibus potentissimus4 ,so of the creations of the painter's fancy1 xii4 #aj1 #f concipiendis visionibus1 quas vocant1 praestantissimus ,theon ,samius4 dicturi erimus4 ,the careful selection of the tense is to be noted3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #bbc eorum apud quos aliquid aget aut erit acturus mentes sensusque degustet1 where agit is contemporaneous with degustet1 while erit acturus is regarded as still future4--,there is negligence in the juxtaposition of dixi and dicturi erimus4 in adfectus recipienda1 sc4 that emotions may thereby be excited which shall find expression in what we say4 ,the intensity of these emotions will depend on the vividness of the images in the mind4 pectus3 #8feeling4' ,the sentence is carefully arranged3 besides the chiasmus above 7habenda in oculis1 in adfectus recipienda7 pectus now takes up in adfectus recipienda1 while vis mentis refers to habenda in oculis1 and denotes accordingly force or clearness of conception4 ,,vii3#af ,tum intendendus animus1 non in aliquam rem unam1 sed in plures simul continuas1 ut si per aliquam rectam viam mittamus oculos simul omnia quae sunt in ea circaque intuemur1 non ultimum tantum videmus1 sed usque #agg ad ultimum4 ,addit ad dicendum etiam pudor stimulos1 mirumque videri potest quod1 cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet1 extemporalis actio auditorum frequentia1 ut miles congestu signorum1 excitatur4 #af4 ,tum1 if allowed to stand 7see ,crit4 ,notes71 does not introduce a help to oratory1 like pectus above 7cp4 si modo sunt aliquo adfectu concitati71 and addit ad dicendum etiam pudor stimulos in the following sentence4 ,the words from pectus est enim to verba non desunt form a parenthesis1 and tum intendendus resumes the previous recommendation1 omniaque de quibus dicturi erimus 444 recipienda4 ,this is clear from the correspondence of participles1 capiendae 444 habenda 444 recipienda 444 intendendus4 continuas1 here of things that #8hang together'3 tr4 #8in an orderly sequence4' circa1 #8on either side4' #agg pudor #8amour-propre1' sense of honour as 7possibly7 to be compromised by failure4 stilus secreto3 #c #bc sq4 congestu signorum3 the #8crowded standards1'--of the moment when the legion is about to advance1 and the standard of every company is set in motion at the same time4 ,this is better than to take it of the assembling of the standard-bearers with their ensigns round the general's tribunal1 while he addresses the army on the eve of battle4 ,,vii3#ag ,namque et difficiliorem cogitationem exprimit et expellit dicendi necessitas1 et secundos impetus auget placendi cupido4 ,adeo pretium omnia spectant ut eloquentia quoque1 quamquam plurimum habeat in se voluptatis1 maxime tamen praesenti fructu laudis opinionisque ducatur4 #ag4 difficiliorem3 thought that labours1 is slow to find utterance4 expellit1 stronger than exprimit3 cp4 #c #f4 secundos impetus1 #8the favourable glow1'--the #8lan' so helpful for the expression of thought4 pretium1 like praemium in a parallel passage1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cf3 ita ad summa eloquentiae praemia magna etiam necessitas accedebat1 et quo modo disertum haberi pulchrum et gloriosum sic contra mutum et elinguem videri deforme habebatur4 quamquam1 with subj4 #a #cc4 opinionis1 #8reputation1' the favourable estimate which others form of us3 see on #e #ah and cp4 #bd below3 ,cic4 pro ,arch4 #bf4 ,introd4 p4 xliv4 ,,vii3#ah ,nec quisquam tantum fidat ingenio ut id sibi speret incipienti statim posse contingere1 sed1 sicut in cogitatione praecepimus1 ita facilitatem quoque extemporalem a parvis initiis paulatim perducemus ad summam1 quae neque perfici neque contineri nisi usu potest4 #ah4 id1 i4e4 ut ex tempore dicere possit3 the faculty of improvisation4 praecepimus3 #f #c4 contineri1 #f #c augenda vis et exercitatione multa continenda est4 ,,vii3#ai ,ceterum pervenire eo debet ut cogitatio non utique melior sit ea1 sed tutior1 cum hanc facilitatem non in prosa modo multi sint consecuti1 sed etiam in carmine1 ut ,antipater ,sidonius et ,licinius ,archias 7credendum enim ,ciceroni est7-- non quia #agh nostris quoque temporibus non et fecerint quidam hoc et faciant4 ,quod tamen non ipsum tam probabile puto 7neque enim habet aut usum res aut necessitatem7 quam exhortandis in hanc spem1 qui foro praeparantur1 utile exemplum4 #ai4 debet4 ,the subject which the editors generally say is to be supplied is #8facilitas extemporalis'3 cp4 #f #d4 ,but ,becher is probably right in supplying a personal subject 7as #a #g3 #b #bd3 #g #d1 #be71--#8the orator1' #8the budding rhetorician1' or even 3 cp4 nec quisquam499 ,if extemporalis facilitas were the subject of the sentence1 ipsa would have been expected instead of ea4 ,see ,critical ,notes499 recte3 nec quisquam fidat1 above4 non utique3 #8not of course1' #8not necessarily4' ,see on #a #bj3 cp4 xii4 #b1 #ah4 in prosa3 see on #a #ha4 ,antipater of ,sidon1 an ,alexandrine poet1 cir4 ,b4,c4 #ace4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #aid quod si ,antipater ille ,sidonius 444 solitus est versus hexametros aliosque variis modis atque numeris fundere ex tempore1 tantumque hominis ingeniosi ac memoris valuit exercitatio ut1 cum se mente ac voluntate coniecisset in versum1 verba sequerentur1 quanto id facilius in oratione1 exercitatione et consuetudine adhibita1 consequemur6 ,archias4 ,cic4 pro ,arch4 #h #ah quotiens ego hunc vidi1 cum litteram scripsisset nullam1 magnum numerum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis rebus quae tum agerentur dicere ex tempore4 non quia 444 non4 ,for the subjunctive1 see ,introd4 p4 liv3 cp4 #ca1 below4 #agh ,becher rightly explains 7,bursian's ,jahresb47 that credendum enim ,ciceroni est is to be bracketed as a parenthesis of the writer's to ,antipater ,sidonius and ,licinias ,archias1--examples which give the motive for the half apology non quia1 c4 ,tr4 #8though ,i do not wish to be understood to mean that1' c4 ,others explain the sentence as elliptical3 #8,i do not quote ,cicero's authority because we have not abundant examples in our own times1 but because his authority1 at any rate1 will be unquestioned1' ,frieze4 quidam4 ,hild thinks the reference must be particularly to ,statius3 ,silv4 #a pr4 hos libellos qui mihi subito calore et quadam festinandi voluptate fluxerunt3 and iii4 pr4 libellos 444 subito natos4 ,possibly also to ,remmius ,palaemon1 the teacher of ,quintilian3 ,suet4 ,gram4 #bc poemata faciebat ex tempore4 quod 444 ipsum4 #8,this accomplishment in itself1' viz4 facilitas ex tempore carmina fingendi4 in hanc spem huius in rei spem4 ,cp4 #c #b sine hac conscientia4 ,,vii3#bj ,neque vero tanta esse umquam debet fiducia facilitatis ut non breve saltem tempus1 quod nusquam fere deerit1 ad ea quae dicturi sumus dispicienda sumamus1 quod quidem in iudiciis ac foro datur semper2 neque enim quisquam est qui causam quam non didicerit agat4 #bj4 non 444 saltem3 see on #b #ae4 didicerit4 ,in acquainting himself with the facts of a case1 and considering 7however briefly7 the principles applicable to it1 the judicial pleader has always some little time to think over his speech4 ,,vii3#ba ,declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio ut exposita controversia protinus dicere velint1 quin etiam1 quod est in primis frivolum ac scaenicum1 verbum petant quo incipiant4 ,sed tam contumeliosos in se ridet invicem eloquentia1 et qui stultis videri eruditi volunt1 stulti eruditis videntur4 #ba4 ,declamatores3 see on #a #ga4 ambitio3 see ,introd4 p4 xliv4 exposita controversia1 #8as soon as the question is stated4' frivolum1 #8in bad taste1' a word characteristic of the ,silver ,age4 scaenicum1 #8theatrical4' ,on the stage1 actors often start off with such a #8cue4' ,cp4 i4 #aa1 #c plurimum 444 aberit a scaenico3 xi4 #c1 #eg modulatio scaenica3 ib4 #abc nam et complodere manus scaenicum est et pectus caedere4 ,we may also recall #8nedum ille scaenicus 7,nero7'3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xv4 #ei4 ,,vii3#bb ,si qua tamen fortuna tam subitam fecerit agendi necessitatem1 mobiliore quodam opus erit ingenio1 et vis omnis intendenda rebus et in praesentia remittendum aliquid ex cura verborum1 si consequi utrumque non dabitur4 ,tum et tardior pronuntiatio moras habet et suspensa ac velut dubitans oratio1 ut tamen deliberare1 non #agi haesitare videamur4 #bb4 vis omnis intendenda rebus4 ,cp4 ,cato's golden rule for the speaker1 rem tene verba sequentur3 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #adf3 iii4 #abe3 ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #caa4 non dabitur1 cp4 #bi3 ,verg4 ,aen4 i4 #djh cur dextrae iungere dextram non datur8 tardior pronuntiatio4 ,the opposite is citata xi4 #c1 #aaa aliis locis citata aliis pressa conveniet pronuntiatio4 habet1 #8secures4' ,krger 7#crd ed47 would prefer to read habebit4 suspensa 444 dubitans3 a #8slow and undecided style of speaking1' in which one is1 as it were1 feeling one's way4 ,tac4 ,ann4 i4 #aa of ,tiberius1 suspensa semper et obscura verba4 #agi ,,vii3#bc ,hoc1 dum egredimur e portu1 si nos nondum aptatis satis armamentis aget ventus2 deinde paulatim simul euntes aptabimus vela et disponemus rudentes et impleri sinus optabimus4 ,id potius quam se inani verborum torrenti dare quasi tempestatibus quo volent auferendum4 #bc4 hoc1 sc4 fieri potest4 ,for the ellipse cp4 vi4 #d1 #aj hoc1 dum ordo est et pudor3 xi4 #a1 #gf hoc et apud eos4 dum egredimur1 c4 ,as in #a the simile takes the place of the main thought without any word of introduction3 cp4 athleta #a #d4 simul4 ,the juxtaposition of simul and euntes reminds us of the ,greek constr4 of with a participle 4 aptabimus 444 optabimus4 ,the assonance is surely an example of ,quintilian's negligent style1 rather than 7as ,krger thinks7 an intentional pun4 ,so aptatis 444 aptabimus1 in this passage4 ,,vii3#bd ,sed non minore studio continetur haec facultas quam paratur4 ,ars enim semel percepta non labitur1 stilus quoque intermissione paulum admodum de celeritate deperdit3 promptum hoc et in expedito positum exercitatione sola continetur4 ,hac uti sic optimum est ut cotidie dicamus audientibus pluribus1 maxime de quorum simus iudicio atque opinione solliciti2 rarum est enim ut satis se quisque vereatur4 ,vel soli tamen dicamus potius quam non omnino dicamus4 #bd4 ars3 cp4 on #g4 non labitur4 ,the sense is clear1 though the reading is very uncertain3 #8la connaissance thorique une fois acquise ne se perd pas1' ,hild1 who suspects that animo or mente has fallen out4 ,cp4 de ,orat4 ii4 #aji ante enim praeterlabitur 7sc4 definitio7 quam percepta est4 ,labi by itself well expresses the gradual #8oozing away' of anything from the mind4 ,verg4 ,ecl4 i4 #fc quam nostro illius labatur pectore vultus4 ,it might however be preferable to read nunquam instead of non4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 deperdit4 ,cic4 ,verr4 ii4 #b1 #cj ut ne quid de libertate deperderit4 promptum hoc et in expedito positum3 #8this promptitude and readiness for action4' ,the neuter of the adj4 and the part4 are used along with the demonstrative in place of abstract nouns1 in which ,latin is not strong4 ,cp4 ,livy vii4 #h1 #e diu non perlitatum tenuerat dictatorem3 ,tac4 ,ann4 iii4 #hj ,capito insignitior infamia fuit quod 444 egregium publicum et bonas domi artes dehonestavisset2 v4 ,ngelsbach1 ,lat4 ,stil4 p4 #ih sq4 and #adj sq43 ,introd4 p4 xlviii4 rarum est ut raro fit ut4 ,cp4 primum est ut #b #ah4 non omnino4 ,the adverb strengthens the negative 7cp4 71 instead of the negative being employed for the negation of the adverb4 ,so often prorsus and sane4 ,,vii3#be ,est alia exercitatio cogitandi #ahj totasque materias vel silentio 7dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum7 persequendi1 quae nullo non et tempore et loco1 quando non aliud agimus1 explicari potest1 et est in parte utilior quam haec proxima2 #be4 est alia exercitatio cogitandi 444 persequendi4 ,there is a similar transition at ix4 #b1 #eg est alia non quidem reticentia4 ,the sequence of thought is as follows3 the best method of acquiring and maintaining the facultas ex tempore dicendi is to discourse daily before competent hearers3 if that is not possible soli tamen dicamus2 this is better than not speaking at all4 ,there is another exercitatio 7i4e4 as a help to keeping up the facultas ex tempore dicendi71 viz4 the going over our subject-matter in silent thought1 as we can do always and everywhere4 ,cogitandi and persequendi are genitives of definition1 or epexegetic genitives standing in the place of appositional infinitives73 cp4 exitus mortis1 1 and 7cited by ,krger7 ,cic4 de ,fin4 iii4 #ad1 #de denique ipsum bonum quod in eo positum est ut naturae consentiat1 crescendi accessionem 7 accessionem quae fit crescendo7 nullam habet3 de ,orat4 #a #ij quod consuetudo exercitatioque et intellegendi prudentiam 7 prudentiam quae cernitur in intellegendo1 or prudentiam ad intellegendum7 acueret et eloquendi celeritatem incitaret4 ,with #ahj exercitatio1 supply #8continendi facultatem ex tempore dicendi4' totasque materias 444 persequendi3 cp4 #e #ba per totas ire materias4 tamen3 i4e4 even though it be silentio4 dicat4 ,again the subject 7sc4 orator7 is to be supplied out of the context4 ,cp4 #a #g4 explicari potest3 #8can have full scope given to it1' an exercise in which we can indulge freely4 in parte1 often in ,quintilian4 ,see on #a #hh4 haec proxima3 viz4 that recommended in #bd ut cotidie dicamus audientibus pluribus3 to which illa and prior in #bf refer4 ,,vii3#bf diligentius enim componitur quam illa1 in qua contextum dicendi intermittere veremur4 ,rursus in alia plus prior confert1 vocis firmitatem1 oris facilitatem1 motum corporis1 qui et ipse1 ut dixi1 excitat oratorem et iactatione manus1 pedis supplosione1 sicut cauda leones facere dicuntur1 hortatur4 #bf4 diligentius enim componitur quam illa3 #8it 7i4e4 discourse thus premeditated7 is more accurately put together4' ,the grammatical subject of componitur is exercitatio cogitandi1 c41 but the verb is chosen with reference to the train of thought which the mind is exercised in pursuing4 ,the virtual subject is thus rather oratio quam cogitando persequimur1 or tacita oratio 7as shown by dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum74 ,illa 7like proxima7 refers to the practice of extempore speaking1 either alone or in the presence of others4 ,grammatically the exercitatio of #bd must be understood along with it3 logically the oratio which is the result of that exercitatio4--,krger 7#crd ed47 takes componitur as used impersonally1 but that would seem to be impossible without some reference to exercitatio cogitandi4 ,the sentence1 though grammatically awkward1 is quite consistent with ,quintilian's loose style of writing1 so that there seems no necessity for such a device about componitur1 or for ,gertz's conjecture in illa3 see ,crit4 ,notes4 contextum dicendi3 cp4 #ac4 veremur1 with infin4 as #a #aja1 and even in ,cicero3 cp4 the striking instance de ,fin4 ii4 #ci quos non est veritum in 444 voluptate 444 summum bonum ponere4 ,rursus1 #8on the other hand4' in alia 444 confert4 ,see on #a #a for the constr4 of conferre 773 cp4 #e #aa in hoc facient4 prior1 viz4 speaking4 firmitatem4 ,in such enumerations ,quintilian does not repeat the prep43 cp4 #b #af4 oris facilitatem #8ease of utterance4' ut dixi1 #c #ba4 pedis supplosione4 ,cp4 xi4 #c1 #abh pedis supplosio ut loco est opportuna1 ut ait ,cicero1 in contentionibus aut incipiendis aut finiendis1 ita crebra et inepti est hominis et desinit iudicem in se convertere3 ,sen4 ,epist4 #ge #b3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #ada4 sicut cauda leones4 ,hom4 ,il4 xx4 #agj 1 3 ,hesiod1 ,shield of ,herc4 #dcj 4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 viii4 #af1 #ai leonum animi index cauda 444 immota ergo placido1 clemens blandienti1 quod rarum est3 crebrior enim iracundia1 eius in principio terra verberatur1 incremento terga ceu quodam incitamento flagellantur4 studendum1 #c #bi4 ,cp4 note on studiosis #a #de4 ,,vii3#bg ,studendum vero semper et ubique4 ,neque enim fere tam est ullus dies occupatus1 ut nihil lucrativae1 ut ,cicero ,brutum facere tradit1 #aha operae ad scribendum aut legendum aut dicendum rapi aliquo momento temporis possit3 siquidem ,c4 ,carbo etiam in tabernaculo solebat hac uti exercitatione dicendi4 #bg4 tam est 444 occupatus4 ,the order supports the traditional reading at #a #hc1 where see note4 lucrativae operae4 ,cic4 ad ,att4 vii4 #aa1 #a unam mehercule tecum apricationem in illo lucrativo tuo sole malim quam omnia istius modi regna3 ,fronto1 ad ,anton4 imp4 #b1 #b lucrativa tua in tantis negotiis tempora4 ,tr4 #8a few precious moments'3 #aha lucrativa opera means an occupation which profitably occupies our spare time4 ,the adjective is properly a legal term1 applied to things acquired by gift or bequest3 e4g4 species possessionis ,gai4 #b1 #ef3 usucapio #b1 #fj3 adquisitio ,ulp4 ,dig4 xliv4 #d1 #d1 #ca4 ,krger refers to the special meaning of lucrum1 #8an unexpected gain'3 ,hor4 ,car4 i4 #i1 #ad quem fors dierum cumque dabit1 lucro adpone4 ,spalding says3 8operam lucrativam a ,qu4 dici potuisse censeo quidquid operae iniunctis et necessariis laboribus negotiisque velut surriperetur et dilectis studiis accederet40 ,cp4 i4 #ab1 #ac quibus potius studiis haec temporum velut subsiciva donabimus8 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #cfd quae cursim adripui1 quae subsicivis operis1 ut aiunt4 ,cicero4 ,the reference seems to be to the remark addressed to ,brutus in the ,orator #cd iam quantum illud est quod in maximis occupationibus numquam intermittis studia doctrinae1 semper aut ipse scribis aliquid aut me vocas ad scribendum4 ,so in the ,brutus #ccb he praises his perennia studia1 and #bb his singularis industria4 ,cp4 ,plutarch1 ,brutus1 #d and #cf4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 siquidem1 see on #b1 above4 ,c4 ,carbo4 ,in the ,brutus #ajc-aje ,cicero eulogises his eloquence and industry3 industrium etiam et diligentem et in exercitationibus commentationibusque multum operae solitum esse ponere3 cp4 de ,orat4 i4 #aed4--;,carbo1 who had originally been a supporter of ,ti4 ,gracchus1 but had afterwards gone over to the optimates1 became consul in ,b4,c4 #abj2 and it was in connection with his prosecution in the year following1 on some charge not distinctly specified1 that ,crassus made his first public appearance4 ,carbo was driven to commit suicide4 ,,vii3#bh ,ne id quidem tacendum est1 quod eidem ,ciceroni placet1 nullum nostrum usquam neglegentem esse sermonem3 quidquid loquemur ubicumque1 sit pro sua scilicet portione perfectum4 ,scribendum certe numquam est magis quam cum multa dicemus ex tempore4 ,ita enim servabitur pondus et innatans illa verborum facilitas in altum reducetur1 sicut rustici proximas vitis radices amputant1 quae illam in summum solum ducunt1 ut inferiores penitus descendendo firmentur4 #bh4 ,ciceroni4 ,the reference cannot be traced4 ubicumque3 see on #a #e4 pondus1 #8solidity4' innatans1 sc4 in superficie3 #8floating' and so #8superficial4' ,cp4 vii4 #a1 #dd haec velut innatantia videbunt3 ,persius i4 #ajd-e summa delumbe saliva ,hoc natat in labris1 where ,conington cites ,gell4 i4 #ae qui nullo rerum pondere innixi verbis humidis et lapsantibus diffluunt1 eorum orationem bene existimatum est in ore nasci non in pectore3 so #c #b verba in labris nascentia1 where see note4 in altum reducetur in profundum1 giving the antithesis to the figure 7#8the shallows'7 involved in innatans4 ,tr4 #8will gain in depth4' ,for such combinations of the prep4 with the acc4 or abl4 neuter of adj4 see ,introd4 p4 xlvii4 proximas1 the uppermost roots1 which protrude from the surface of the ground4 ,by paring these away1 the taproots 7inferiores7 are forced to strike deeper4 ,,vii3#bi ,ac nescio an si utrumque cum cura et studio fecerimus1 invicem prosit1 ut scribendo dicamus diligentius1 dicendo scribamus facilius4 ,scribendum ergo quotiens licebit2 #ahb si id non dabitur1 cogitandum2 ab utroque exclusi debent tamen sic dicere ut neque deprehensus orator neque litigator destitutus esse videatur4 #bi4 nescio an fortasse1 as at #f #a2 see on #a #fe4 ,tr4 #8and ,i rather think that there is this reciprocal advantage1 viz4 that1' c4 utrumque1 i4e4 dicere and scribere1 both in the way of exercitatio4 ,scribendum ergo1 c4 ,this is ,quintilian's summing up4 ,if the advocate has time to elaborate his speech in writing1 that is best 7as a rule72 if writing is impossible1 he must have recourse to cogitatio 7ch4 vi74 ,if there is time for neither the one nor the other1 the discipline which #ahb is being recommended ought nevertheless 7tamen1 i4e4 in spite of the fact that there has been no opportunity for either writing or reflection7 to enable him to 8speak in such a way that no one will think either that the pleader has been taken aback or that the client has been left in the lurch40 ,the emendation sic dicere1 which ,i venture to introduce in the text 7see ,crit4 ,notes71 seems in harmony not only with the tradition of the ,,mss4 but also with the whole context4 ,there is the same sequence immediately below 7#cj7 scribant 444 cogitatione complectantur 444 subitis extempore occurrant4 ,the busy advocate will make use of all three methods3 but in most cases writing1 according to ,quintilian1 is to be recommended1 and1 failing it1 meditation1--not that the latter is better than off-hand speech1 but safer 7tutior #ai74 ,lastly1 even such subitae necessitates as are referred to in #b ought to find the advocate prepared to make a creditable extempore appearance3 cp4 #d neque ego hoc ago ut extempore dicere malit sed ut possit4 deprehensus3 cp4 xii4 #i1 #bj3 ,seneca ,ep4 xi4 #a non enim ex praeparato locutus est1 sed subito deprehensus4 ,,vii3#cj ,plerumque autem multa agentibus accidit ut maxime necessaria et utique initia scribant1 cetera1 quae domo adferunt1 cogitatione complectantur1 subitis ex tempore occurrant2 quod fecisse ,m4 ,tullium commentariis ipsius apparet4 ,sed feruntur aliorum quoque et inventi forte1 ut eos dicturus quisque composuerat1 et in libros digesti1 ut causarum1 quae sunt actae a ,servio ,sulpicio1 cuius tres orationes extant2 sed hi de quibus loquor commentarii ita sunt exacti ut ab ipso mihi in memoriam posteritatis videantur esse compositi4 #cj4 utique1 #8especially1' or #8at all events'3 see on #a #bj4 domo adferunt3 cp4 #f #f4 subitis3 #8emergencies1' unforeseen developments1 e4g4 questions and objections by the other side4 ,cp4 ,plin4 ,ep4 iii4 #i1 #af vir exercitatus et quamlibet subitis paratus4 commentariis3 #8note-books1' memoranda containing jottings1 outlines1 c4 ,cp4 iv4 #a1 #fi4 feruntur3 see note on ferebantur #a #bc4 et 444 et #8some 444 others4' ,in the one case the actual jottings have been found1 just as they were originally set down for the guidance of the speaker3 in the other they have been put together in book form1 for the benefit of later readers4 causarum3 sc4 commentarii3 outlines of cases4 ,servio ,sulpicio3 see on #a #aaf4 ,he left only three written speeches1 but his friends had edited his notes of the numerous cases in which he had appeared4 hi4 ,the memoranda1 as opposed to the finished speeches 7orationes74 exacti3 see on #b #ad4 in memoriam posteritatis3 see on #a #ca4 ,,vii3#ca ,nam ,ciceronis ad praesens modo tempus aptatos libertus ,tiro contraxit3 quos non ideo excuso quia non #ahc probem1 sed ut sint magis admirabiles4 ,in hoc genere prorsus recipio hanc brevem adnotationem libellosque1 qui vel manu teneantur et ad quos interim respicere fas sit4 #ca4 ,nam3 see on #a #ab4 ,the meaning is as follows3 ,i make special mention of the finished character of ,sulpicius's outline speeches1 as written out by himself3 for in ,cicero's case it is different3 his commentarii #8non sunt ab ipso compositi in memoriam posteritatis4' ,moreover they are not now in their original form3 by ,cicero they were prepared only for the occasion 7ad praesens tempus aptati71 and were afterwards abridged 7contraxit7 by ,tiro4 ,but even in this shorter form they are of great value4 contraxit1 #8abbreviated4' ,the context shows1 on the whole1 that this is the proper sense to attach to this word4 ,sulpicius's memoranda had been put together 7in libros digesti7 by his friends1 but so finished are they that one might think he had intended them to survive4 ,this gives #ahc two points of contrast with ,cicero4 ,the first 7cp4 exacti with ad praesens modo tempus aptatos7 would hardly be enough by itself1 as ,quintilian rather insinuates than asserts that ,sulpicius intended his jottings to go down to posterity3 the second is that in ,cicero's case we have his sketches in a still briefer form than that in which they were originally composed4 ,the contrast would not be so striking if contraxit were practically synonymous with in libros digesti4 ,becher is strongly1 however1 in favour of contraxit collected3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #cg4--;,for ,tiro see esp4 ,teuffel's ,rom4 ,lit4 #agh4 quos 444 probem4 ,the meaning is this3 ,i do not make this apology or explanation 7excuso7 as to the character of ,tiro's abridgment of ,cicero's memoranda1 compared with the studied elaboration of ,sulpicius1 with any idea of implying inferiority1 but in order that--even in their present form--they may excite even greater admiration of ,cicero's genius4--,quintilian is conscious that in giving prominence to the two points of contrast in regard to ,cicero's remains1 as compared with those of ,sulpicius1 he may be in danger of being misunderstood4--,for non quia with subj4 cp4 #ai above3 ,introd4 p4 liv4 ,in hoc genere1 i4e4 in this extemporalis actio4 ,the opposite is #8in his quae scripserimus' #cb4 recipio3 #8,i allow1 admit1' 3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,off4 iii4 #aai non recipit istam coniunctionem honestas1 aspernatur repellit3 ,introd4 p4 xliii4 hanc seems to indicate what was a common practice in ,quintilian's time4 ,,vii3#cb ,illud quod ,laenas praecipit displicet mihi1 et in his quae scripserimus velut summas in commentarium et capita conferre4 ,facit enim ediscendi neglegentiam haec ipsa fiducia et lacerat ac deformat orationem4 ,ego autem ne scribendum quidem puto quod non simus memoria persecuturi2 nam hic quoque accidit ut revocet #ahd nos cogitatio ad illa elaborata nec sinat praesentem fortunam experiri4 #cb4 ,laenas1 ,popilius1 a rhetorician who flourished under ,tiberius4 ,he is mentioned as a contemporary of ,cornelius ,celsus1 iii4 #a1 #ba and xi4 #c1 #ahc4 et in his quae scripserimus4 ,see ,crit4 ,notes4 ,the reference obviously is to speeches carefully written out before delivery1 7contrast in hoc genere above1 of the extempore kind74 ,quintilian says that he cannot approve of ,laenas's recommendation that1 after we have written out a speech in this way1 we should proceed to prepare an abstract4 ,dependence on this abstract will make us careless about learning off what we have written1 and this will check the flow of our eloquence1 and mar and disfigure our discourse4 ,iwan ,mller points out that in the sentence in his quae scripserimus 444 conferre1 ,quintilian is probably quoting from some rhetorical treatise of ,laenas4 velut summas in 444 conferre4 ,the reading is very uncertain3 see ,crit4 ,notes for ,kiderlin's proposed emendation4 ,the text may be rendered #8to enter in a notebook arranged according to heads the essence1 as it were1' of what we have written1 the genitive required by summas being supplied out of in his quae scripserimus4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #afd non est oratio sed quasi capita rerum et orationis commentarium paulo plenius4 haec 444 fiducia4 ,see on #c #b hac conscientia4 ne 444 quidem3 #8neither should we4' ,there is no climax here3 like the particles ne 444 quidem are often used1 as ,madvig pointed out1 #8ubi sine ullo orationis descensu aut gradatione negativi aliquid adiungitur superioribus simile' 7see #crd excursus to de ,fin4 pp4 #hjb-c #bnd ed474 quod non simus4 ,the context makes the reading certain1 and also gives the key to the interpretation4 ,we ought not to write out1 says ,quintilian1 what we do not intend to commit perfectly to memory2 it would be better to trust to #8extemporalis facilitas4' ,if we do so1 he goes on to say1 our imperfect recollection of what we have written 7illa elaborata7 will interfere with the free play of thought4--,for memoria persequi cp4 ,cic4 pro ,sulla #db4 hic quoque3 cp4 #f #e-g1 where it is #ahd said of imperfect premeditation 7cogitatio7 that if it is to make the speaker hesitate between what he has written1 but can hardly recall1 and the new ideas which the subject might inspire1 he would do better to trust wholly to improvisation4 praesentem fortunam3 cp4 #f #a extemporalem fortunam4 ,,vii3#cc ,sic anceps inter utrumque animus aestuat1 cum et scripta perdidit et non quaerit nova4 ,sed de memoria destinatus est libro proximo locus nec huic parti subiungendus1 quia sunt alia prius nobis dicenda4 #aa #cc4 scripta perdidit1 i4e4 because he is suffering the consequences of ediscendi neglegentia4 non quaerit nova--being too much occupied with the attempt to remember what he had written4 de memoria disputationi de memoria4 ,see xi4 #b4 #ahe ,,critical ,,notes4 ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations4 ,bn codex ,bernensis s4 x4 ,bg codex ,bambergensis s4 x4 ,b conspirantes lectiones ,bernensis et ,bambergensis4 ,g codicis ,bambergensis eae partes quae alia manu suppletae sunt4 ,introd4 p4 lviii4 b manus secunda codicis ,bambergensis4 ,h codex ,harleianus 7#bffd7 s4 x-xi4 ,introd4 p4 lxiv1 sqq4 ,f codex ,florentinus4 ,t codex ,turicensis4 ,n codex ,parisinus ,nostradamensis s4 x-xi4 ,ioan4 codex ,ioannensis s4 xiii4 ,for the above 7with the exception of ,h and ,ioan4 and a fresh collation of ,bg and ,g7 ,i have depended on ,spalding1 ,halm1 and ,meister4 ,in the same way ,i quote references occasionally to ,m 7codex ,monacensis s4 xv71 ,s 7codex ,argentoratensis s4 xv71 and ,l 7codex ,lassbergensis s4 xv71 the ,gothanus1 ,guelferbytanus1 ,vossiani1 c4 ,a collation of the following has kindly been put at my disposal by ,m4 ,ch4 ,fierville1 ,censeur des tudes au ,lyce ,charlemagne 7,introd4 p4 lxi1 sqq473-- ,codex ,pratensis 7,prat47 s4 xii4 ,codex ,puteanus 7,put47 s4 xiii4 ,codex ,parisinus 7#gbca7 s4 xii4 ,codex ,parisinus 7#gfif7 s4 xii4 ,codex ,salmantinus 7,sal47 s4 xii-xiii4 ,the readings of the ,codex ,vallensis 7,vall47 are given from ,becher's ,programm des kniglichen ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich1 ,ostern1 #ahia4 ,other #aeth cent4 ,,mss41 which ,i have specially collated for this edition1 are the following 7,introd4 p4 lxxiii1 sqq473-- ,codex ,harleianus #bffb 7,harl4 #bffb74 ,the inscription on this codex bears that it was finished #beth ,jan41 #adcd4 ,codex ,harleianus #aafga 7,harl4 #aafga71 bearing date #adfg4 ,codex ,harleianus #diie 7,harl4 #diie71 dated #eth ,july1 #adgj4 ,codex ,harleianus #diej 7,harl4 #diej74 ,codex ,harleianus #dhbi 7,harl4 #dhbi74 ,codex ,burneianus #bdc 7,burn4 #bdc74 ,codex ,burneianus #bdd 7,burn4 #bdd74 ,codex ,balliolensis 7,ball474 ,this ,,ms4 is mutilated1 and contains nothing after x4 #f1 #d3 there is moreover a lacuna from ch4 ii to iii #bf4 ,codex ,dorvilianus 7,dorv471 in the ,bodleian at ,oxford 7codd4 man4 x4 #a1 #a1 #ac74 ,codex ,bodleianus 7,bodl474 ,the readings of the ,codex ,carcassonensis 7,c--#aeth cent47 are given from ,m4 ,fierville's collation 7,de ,quintilianeis ,codicibus1 ,paris1 #ahgd74 #ahf ,,chapter ,i4 #a4 cognitioni1 ,harl4 #diie3 ,burn4 #bdc 7and so ,gothanus1 ,spald474 ,cogitationi ,g and most codd41 probably mistaking a contraction in the ancient text4 #b4 sciet ,g4 ,the reading scierit 7,harl4 #diie and many codd47 is probably due to ,h1 which gives sciuit 7so ,,ft74 quae quoque sint modo dicenda4 ,so ,,ghftl1 and ,halm4 ,the alternative reading is quo quaeque s4 m4 d41 ,s and all my #aeth cent4 ,,mss3 ,spalding and ,meister1 with the approval of ,becher4 ,see note ad loc4 ,in the parallel passages i4 #h4 #a ,halm adopts ,spalding's reading 7ut sciat7 quo quidque flexu 444 dicendum for quid quoque ,,abms1 and i4 #f4 #af 7notatum7 quo quidque modo caderet for quid quoque ,,bms1 and so ,meister3 ,fierville returns to the reading of the ,,mss4 ,in support of quo quaeque other exx4 might be cited3 v4 #aj4 #ag quo quaeque modo res vitari vel appeti soleat1 and vi4 #d4 #bb quo quaeque ordine probatio sit proferenda4 ,but the parallel instances in the ,tenth ,book quoted in the notes 7#a #h3 #g #e and #f7 seem to guarantee the correctness of the reading of the oldest ,,mss43 though it is better to take quoque as the ablative of quisque than 7as ,halm7 as the relative with que4 tamen3 ,,ghft ,harl4 #diej3 tanquam ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga1 #diie1 #dhbi1 ,l ,s ,bodl4 ,ball4 ,burn4 #bdc ,dorv4 ,in ,burn4 #bdd tanquam is corrected to tamen4 ,paratam explains in procinctu3 so that tanquam is not so necessary as velut in xii4 #i4 #ba4 #c4 ante omnia est3 so all codd41 and ,halm4 ,hirt 7,jahresb4 des philol4 ,vereins zu ,berlin viii4 p4 #fi sq4 #ahhb3 ix4 p4 #cab sq4 #ahhc7 conjectured ante omnia necessarium est1 and this is approved by ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #ahhg1 p4 #ded73 cp4 necessarium just above1 and necessaria in #a4 ,schll 7,rh4 ,mus4 #cd1 p4 #hd7 first challenged the ,,ms4 reading1 and suggested that the original may have been ante omnia stat atque1 corrupted into ante omniast at atque3 for which use of sto1 see ,bonn4 ,lex4 s4v4 ii4 4 ,as an alternative suggestion he put forward ante omnia necesse est1 and this was adopted by ,meister4 ,becher 7,phil4 ,rundsch4 iii4 #ad4 #dbh7 proposed ante omnia sciet1 though more recently he has signified his adherence to the tradition of the ,,mss4 ,maehly suggested ante omnia opus esse4 ,perhaps the true reading may be ante omnia prodest4 ,the question depends to some extent on the treatment of the following passage4 ,,gh agree in giving proximam deinde inimitationem novissimam scribendi quoque diligentia4 ,this ,halm converted into proximum deinde imitatio est1 novissimum 444 diligentia1--where the est is certainly superfluous 7cp4 i4 #c4 #a71 while it may be doubted 7comparing ii4 #ac4 #a and iii4 #f4 #ha--,kiderlin l4c47 whether proxima deinde imitatio1 novissima c4 would not be a sufficient change3 ,kiderlin compares #8proxima huic narratio1' ii4 #ac4 #a1 and #8novissima qualitas superest1' and objects to the citation of #8proximum imitatio1' in #a4 #c1 in support of the neuter1 on the ground that there #8signum ingenii' is to be supplied4 ,kiderlin's proposed modification of ,gemoll's conjecture 7l4c4 p4 #ded note1 cp4 ,rhein4 ,mus4 #df p4 #aj note7 proximum deinde multa lectio is adopted by ,krger 7#crd ed471 who thinks that the sequence of thought makes the special mention of legere 7alongside of dicere and scribere7 a necessity3 multa corresponds to diligentia in what follows3 cp4 multa lectione #aj4 ,but legere has already been touched on in #b1 and moreover is included under imitatio 7sc4 exemplorum ex lectione et auditione repetitorum74 #d4 iam opere4 ,so ,harl4 #diie and ,regius3 all other codd4 iam opere iam4 ,becher reports iam opere also from the ,vallensis4 qua ratione4 ,for qua in oratione1 the reading of all ,,mss41 ,hirt conjectured #ahg qua exercitatione4 ,schll proposed to reject in oratione as a gloss3 but qua by itself 7sc4 via7 is only used by ,quint4 with verbs of motion3 see on #g #aa4 ,in his latest paper 7,rheinisches ,museum1 #df1 pp4 #aj-ac1 #ahia71 ,kiderlin subjects the whole of #d to a searching and destructive analysis4 ,he translates3 #8doch nicht darber1 wie der ,redner heranzubilden ist1 sprechen wir in diesem ,abschnitte 7denn dies ist gengend oder wenigstens so gut1 als wir konnten1 besprochen worden7 sondern darber1 durch welche ,art von ,uebung der ,athlet1 welcher alle ,bewegungen von seinem ,lehrer bereits genau erlernt hat1 fr die ,kmpfe vorzubereiten ist4' ,he doubts whether such passages as #cc and #g #a can be cited to justify the abrupt transition from orator to athlete1 on the ground of the formal antithesis in which the two stand to each other1--#8orator' coming in at the end of one clause1 and #8athleta' standing at the head of another1 in front of #8quo genere exercitationis4' ,and yet it is just the #8orator' who is to be understood in the #8athleta4' ,as to the sentence introduced by #8,igitur eum1' if by #8athleta qui omnes iam perdidicerit a praeceptore numeros' we are to understand one who has mastered the whole theory of rhetoric1 then it adds nothing to what has been said already1 and is therefore altogether superfluous4 ,kiderlin proposes to read3 sed ut 7so ,l and ,s1--also ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie7 athleta1 qui omnes iam perdidicerit a praeceptore numeros1 multo 7nonnullo87 varioque 7numuro quae ,g1--also ,h3 num muro quae ,t3 numeroque ,f ,l2 nimirum quo ,s7 genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus erit 7sit1 the codd47 ita 7so ,s1--also ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie and ,bodl47 eum1 qui 444 perceperit1 instruamus1 qua in praeparatione 7qua in oratione1 the codd47 quod didicerit facere quam optime1 quam facillime possit4 ,ut may easily1 he contends1 have fallen out before at3 and the running of three words into one 7numeros multo vario--numero7 is paralleled by such a case as #bc1 where it will be found that ,kiderlin sees ut duo tresque in utrisque4 ,for #8multo varioque' he compares viii4 #e4 #bh multis ac variis3 x4 #e4 #c multas ac varias3 xi4 #c4 #afc varia et multiplex3 xii4 #a4 #g totae tam variis2 and1 for #8varioque1' vii4 #c4 #af latiore varioque1 and xii4 #aj4 #cf sublimes variique4 #8,vario genere' actually occurs i4 #aj4 #g1 and multo may easily have been written in the singular1 like nonnullus vi4 #c4 #aa 7hoc nonnullam observationem habet7 and elsewhere4 ,the motive for changing que1 quae1 into quo and erit 7est87 into sit may have been the analogy of the foregoing quomodo sit4 ,as for ut 7sicut7 ita 7sic71 it is so favourite a form with ,quintilian that he uses it seven times in the first nineteen paragraphs of this chapter4 ,qua in oratione1 the reading of all ,,mss41 may have resulted from qua in praeparatione more probably than from qua ratione1 which appears first in the ed4 ,col4 #aebg1 and is not so appropriate to the context as qua in praeparatione 7cp4 praeparandus above1 and parandae below74 ,quintilian is detailing in this ,book on what preparation 7cp4 praeparant #ce1 comparant #fg1 praeparetur #f #f1 praeparantur #g #ai7 the orator may best and most easily carry out in practice what he has learnt theoretically4 ,for the preposition 7in praeparatione7 cp4 viii4 pr4 #bb3 ut in hac diligentia deterior etiam fiat oratio4 ,the text of ,quintilian1 especially of this part of the ,tenth ,book1 is admittedly very defective1 and invites emendation3 there is a great deal to be said for the theory that in many places several words must have dropped out4 ,kiderlin's attempts to remedy existing defects are always marked by the greatest ingenuity3 they are all well worth recording as evidences of critical ability and insight1 even though it may be that not all of them will be received into the ultimate text4 ,here there seems no reason why ,quintilian1 who was notoriously a loose writer1 should not have said in the concluding sentence of the paragraph what he had already said1 in the form of a metaphor1 in the clause immediately preceding4 ,indeed the word igitur seems to suggest that after indulging in his favourite metaphor 7sed athleta1 c47 he wishes to resume1 as it were1 and is now going on to say what he means in more ordinary language4 ,it may not be artistic3 but it is ,quintilian4 ,if he had had some of his modern critics at #ahh his side when preparing a second edition of the ,institutio some of his angularities might have been smoothed away4 #e4 ,non ergo4 ,meister and #8edd4 vett4'3 ,i find this reading in ,harl4 #diie1 and ,burn4 #bdc4 ,so ,vall4 ,halm4 has ,num ergo1 and so most codd4 7including ,,hft ,bodl4 and ,ball474 #f4 ex his4 ,qy4 ex iis8 so #abh3 cp4 ,introd4 p4 xlix4 #g4 quo idem1 ,meister and #8edd4 vett4'3 quod idem ,halm1 supported by ,becher and ,hirt1 perhaps rightly4 ,nearly all my ,,mss4 agree with ,,gls in quod3 quo occurs in ,harl4 #diie only4 #h4 quod quoque ,,gh ,halm1 ,meister3 quid quoque 7as #g #e7 occurs in ,l ,s1 also in ,bodl41 ,ball4 ,for quid ,zumpt cites also ,par4 #a and #b3 i4e4 #ggbc and #ggbd 7,fierville74 ,aptissimum 7strangely mangled in most codd4--e4g4 locis ita petissimum ,g7 is given rightly in ,dorv4 #i4 omnibus enim fere verbis4 ,this reading1 ascribed by ,meister to ,badius1 and by ,halm to ed4 ,colon4 7#aebg71 ,i have found in ,harl4 #diie 7,a4,d4 #adgj73 ferebis vel ,g ,h3 fere rebus vel ,l ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej1 #dhbi4 ,from the ,vallensis ,becher reports fere verbis vel4 intueri1 ed4 ,col4 #aebg4 ,in ,harl4 #aafga ,i find interim intueri3 ,harl4 #bffb ,l ,s ,ball41 ,dorv41 ,bodl41 interim tueri4 quae nitidiore in parte occurs first in ed4 ,col4 #aebg3 ,vall4#b ,harl4 #diie ,goth4 ,voss4 ii4 shows quae cultiore in p43 ,,gh quaetidiorem in p43 ,,ls ,harl4 #bffb ,guelf4 ,bodl4 quae utiliore in p4 #aj4 cum omnem1 c4 cum omnem misermonem a4 pr4 accipiamus ,,gh3 cum omnem enim1 most codd4 ,osann1 followed by ,gemoll and ,krger 7#crd ed471 suggested omnem enim sermonem a4 pr4 accipimus4 #aa4 alia vero1 ,frotscher3 aliave ,,gh3 aliaque ,harl4 #diie4 ,this last ,becher now prefers 7alia que ,vall43 alia quae ,regius71 comparing ix4 #c4 #hi and ix4 #d4 #hg4 quasi tamen1 ,spalding1 ,zumpt1 ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed473 tropicos quare tam ,,gh1 quare tamen1 later ,,mss4 ,halm obelized quare tamen3 ,mayor only quare4 ,becher recommends tamen by itself4 ,gensler 7,anal4 p4 #be7 reads tamen quasi1 and is followed by ,hild1 who takes quasi with feruntur in the sense of referuntur 773 ,zumpt took it with eundem intellectum4 ,gemoll approves of the exclusion of quare1 which he thinks must have arisen from a gloss figurate 7either marginal or interlinear7 on 4 ,kiderlin adopts this and thinks the quare tam of ,,ghl a mutilation of the gloss figurate3 gurate and quare t are not far apart4 #ab4 figurarum ,g 7per compendium73 figuranus ,h4 ,kiderlin suggests mutuatione figurarum1 sc4 ostendimus3 after which ,quintilian continues #8sed etiam ex proximo mutuari licet4' ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,or4 iii4 #aef translationes quasi mutuationes sunt4 ,kiderlin adds 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #df1 p4 #ad note7 that in iii4 #d4 #ad all ,,mss4 wrongly give mutantes for mutuantes1 and in i4 #d4 #g ,a#a has mutamur for mutuamur4 #ae4 hoc sunt exempla potentiora4 ,hoc is a conj4 of ,regius 7also ,vall4#b71 all the ,,mss4 giving haec 7hec74 ,hoc appears in the ,basle ed4 of #aeee and in that of ,leyden #affe4 ,it is challenged by ,schll 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #dd1 p4 #he71 who says quia stands too far away from hoc to allow of such a construction1 and thinks the context has been misunderstood4 ,according to him haec exempla 7those derived from lectio and auditio7 are set over against those which one gets in theoretical books and lectures3 they are more telling1 because they act directly on the mind1 and are not served up as dry theory in the form of extracts 7#8quia quae doctor praecepit orator ostendit'74 ,he therefore understands #8ipsis 7exemplis7 quae traduntur artibus1' but admits that #8etiam' is thus otiose1 and would therefore read quam ipsis quae traduntur artibus4 ,schll is supported by ,hirt 7,jahresb4 des philol4 ,vereins zu ,berlin1 #ahhb1 p4 #gj71 who thus gives the sense of the passage3 #8,der ,wortschatz wird durch ,lektre und vieles #ahi ,hren erworben4 ,aber nicht nur seinetwegen soll man lesen und hren2 man soll es auch noch aus einem anderen ,grunde4 ,in allem nmlich1 was wir lehren1 sind diese ,beispiele1 d4h4 diejenigen1 welche uns die ,lektre und der ,vortrag bieten1 wichtiger selbst als die ,beispiele welche die ,handbcher und ,vorlesungen darbieten1 weil1 was der ,lehrer nur als ,forderung aufstellt1 bei dem ,redner ,that geworden ist und sich durch den ,erfolg bewhrt hat4' ,iwan ,mller 7,bursian's ,jahresb4 vii4 #ahgi1 #b1 p4 #afh7 objects that if ,quintilian had wished to convey this meaning he would have said1 not haec exempla1 but hinc ducta 7petita7 or quae hinc ducuntur 7petuntur7 exempla2 and he rightly desiderates also quam quae 7in7 ipsis traduntur artibus4 ,meister also opposes ,schll 7,philol4 xlii4 p4 #adi73 the order quam ipsis quae traduntur artibus is in fact impossible4 ,on the whole it seems much better to keep hoc1 and to understand3 #8in all instruction1 example is better than precept3 the doctor relies only on precept1 the orator on example4' ,gertz conjectures nam omnium quaecunque docemus hinc 7cp4 v4 #aj4 #e3 xii4 #b4 #ca7 sunt exempla1 potentiora 7i4e4 quae potentiora sunt7 etiam ipsis quae traduntur artibus4 ,but with hinc1 as ,kiderlin observes1 some other verb than sunt would be expected3 v4 #aj4 #ae is an uncertain conjecture1 the ,,mss4 giving nihil1 and in xii4 #b4 #ca hinc belongs to bibat and sumptam4 ,kiderlin himself at first proposed haec praestant exempla1 potentiora3 this he now withdraws1 however1 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #df1 p4 #ae7 in favour of haec suggerunt exempla1 potentiora1 c4 ,by haec he understands legere and audire1 and gives the sequence of thought as follows3--#8,aber wenn auch auf diese ,weise eine ,flle von ,ausdrcken erworben wird1 so ist das doch nicht der einzige ,zweck des ,lesens und ,hrens4 ,denn von allem was wir lehren 7nicht nur von den ,ausdrcken7 liefert dieses 7das ,lesen und ,hren7 ,beispiele1 welche noch wirksamer sind als die vorgetragenen ,theorieen selbst 7wenn der ,lernende so weit gefrdert ist1 dass er die ,beispiele ohne ,beihilfe verstehen und sie bereits aus eigener ,kraft befolgen kann71 weil der ,redner das zeigt1 was der ,lehrer nur vorgeschrieben hat4' ,for suggerere ,kiderlin compares i4 #aj4 #g artibus1 quae 444 vim occultam suggerunt1 and v4 #g4 #h ea res suggeret materiam interrogationi3 cp4 also #ac quorum nobis ubertatem ac divitias dabit lectio1 and ii4 #b4 #h licet satis exemplorum ad imitandum ex lectione suppeditet4 #af4 imagine et ambitu rerum3 so ,harl4 #bffb ,l ,s ,ball4 ,burn4 #bdc and ,bodl43 followed by ,spalding1 ,frotscher1 ,herbst1 and ,bonnell4 ,,gh give imagine ambitu rerum4 ,halm 7after ,bursian7 bracketed ambitu3 but it is more probable that imagine is a gloss on ambitu than vice versa 7so ,hirt and ,kiderlin71 and ,meister accordingly 7followed by ,krger #crd ed47 reads imagine ambitu rerum4 ,it seems just as likely1 however1 that et has fallen out4 ,hertz suggested imagine ambituve rerum3 ,maehly thinks that ambitu was originally tantum4 nec fortune modo4 ,gertz proposed nec forma modo3 pro ,mil4 #a movet nos forma ipsa et species veri iudicii4 #ag4 accommodata ut3 ed4 ,col4 #aebg1 and so ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed473 commodata ut ,halm 7after ,bursian73 commoda ut ,spald41 ,frotsch41 ,herbst1 and ,bonnell4 ,,ghs give commoda aut3 ,l and all my ,,mss commoda ut 7except ,burn4 #bdc which shows comendat ut74 et1 ut semel dicam4 ,kiderlin would delete et1 rendering #8,stimme1 ,aktion1 ,vortrag ist1 um es kurz zu sagen1 alles in gleicher ,weise belehrend4' #ah4 placent--laudantur--placent3 so ,halm and most edd41 following ,s1 with which all my ,,mss4 agree4 ,the emphasis gained by the opposition of placent and non placent makes this reading probable4 ,but ,,gh give laudetur3 and so ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed47 prefer to follow ,regius in reading placeant--laudentur--placent4 #ai4 e contrario4 ,this reading1 which ,meister adopts from #8edd4 vett41' occurs in #aij ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdc1 #bdd1 ,bodl4 and ,dorv4 ,becher reports it also from the ,vallensis4 ,halm wrote contrarium4 actionis impetu1 ,spald4 and ,krger 7#crd ed473 actionis impetus ,,gh and all ,,mss4 7except ,vall41 in which the s in impetus has been deleted73 ut actionis impetus ,halm and ,meister4 tractemus ,,ghl3 tractamus all my ,,mss43 retractemus ,spald41 ,halm1 ,meister4 ,becher 7,phil4 ,rundsch4 iii4 #ad4 #dbi7 supports tractemus1 arguing that the phrase is a sort of hendiadys repetendo tractemus 7cp4 ,frotscher1 and ,bonn4 ,proleg4 to ,lex4 p4 xxxviii71 or that the re of repetamus is to be supplied in thought with tractemus3 cp4 ,cic4 de ,div4 #a #a #8praesensionem et scientiam rerum futurarum4' ,tractamus in #e #h also supports this reading4 iteratione1 ,harl4 #diie and ,vall4#b3 most ,,mss4 altercatione 7as ,g7 or alteratione 7as ,harl4 #bffb74 #bb4 illud vero4 ,the ,,mss4 vary between illa 7,,gh7 and illud 7,harl4 #diie ,vall4#b74 ,kiderlin suggests illa 444 utilissima4 #bc4 ,quin etiam si 444 tamen3 so all ,,mss4 ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed47 accept ,eussner's proposal to exclude quin4 ,becher on the other hand objects 7,bursian's ,jahresb4 #ahhg4 xv4 #b1 p4 #i74 ,from some points of view the deletion would be an improvement3 it would bring out better the chiastic arrangement1 utilissimum 444 utrimque habitas legere actiones and easdem causas 444 utile erit scire4 ,but 7#a7 such careless repetition 7quin etiam--quin etiam7 is not unusual in ,quint43 and 7#b7 si when followed by tamen often etiamsi3 ,cic4 pro ,leg4 ,man4 #ej3 pro ,deiot4 #be3 ,sall4 ,bell4 ,iug4 #he1 #dh c41 so that it is not necessary to connect etiam with it like etiamsi 444 tamen xi4 #c4 #dh4 ,the sentence 7as recommending the reading of the #8minus pares actiones'7 forms an exception to the rule otherwise consistently followed1 #8non nisi optimus quisque legendus1' c4 ,again ,spalding1 ,bonnell1 and ,hild put the comma before1 not after aliquae1 which they take with requirentur 7#8yet in some cases'74 ,but this does not square with #8quoties continget utrimque habitas legere actiones1'--words which are distinctly against any idea of selecting from the #8minus pares4' causas ut quisque egerit utile erit scire1 ,halm and ,meister following ed4 ,ald41 and ed4 ,colon4 #aebg3 causas utile erit scire ,vall43 all other codd4 causas utrisque erit scire4 ,meister thinks non inutile would be more in accordance with ,quintilian's usage4 ,gemoll suggests causas ut plures egerint intererit scire1 ,kaibel ut quisque egerit e re erit scire4 ,perhaps 7with ,becher7 causas ut quisque egerit intererit scire4 ,kiderlin's treatment of the passage merits a separate notice4 ,he accepts the first quin etiam1 as the reading of the ,,mss41 and also as quite appropriate to the context 7#8in cases even where the combatants are not equally matched--as were ,demosthenes and ,aeschines'74 ,but he doubts whether ,quintilian could have written two sentences running1 each beginning with quin etiam1 and relies greatly on the undoubted fact that in the second all the ,,mss4 have quis etiam1--quin being an emendation by ,regius4 ,the ,,ms4 reading is quis etiam easdem causas utrisque erit scire3 this ,kiderlin would at once convert into #8quis etiam illud utile neget 7or1 negat esse utile7 easdem causas ut quisque egerit1 scire'8--comparing xii4 #aj4 #dh ceterum hoc quod vulgo sententias vocamus 444 quis utile neget8 ,but ut quisque does not quite satisfy him4 ,in the sequel reference is made to cases in which two and even three orators have handled the same theme3 ,kiderlin therefore proposes ut duo tresque for the ,,ms4 utrisque4 ,the passage would then run3 #8quis etiam illud utile neget 7negat esse utile87 easdem causas ut duo tresque 7tresve87 egerint1 scire8' ,the position of easdem causas is due to a desire for emphasis3 and for the isolated position of scire cp4 v4 #g4 #b quo minus et amicus pro amico et inimicus contra inimicum possit verum1 si integra sit ei fides1 dicere4 #aia #bh4 poeticam ostentationi comparatam4 ,this is ,schll's conj4 for the ,,mss4 genus ostent4 comparatum1 which is however defended by ,becher in ,bursian's ,jahresb4 7#ahhg71 p4 #dj3 he contends that the feminine participles below 7adligata1 depulsa7 refer to poesis1 present in the mind of the writer1 and that the text of the ,,mss4 is simply a case of constr4 3 cp4 ix4 #b4 #gi3 ib4 #c #c1 and such passages as ,cic4 ,or4 #fh ego autem etiamsi quorundam grandis et ornata vox est poetarum1 tamen in ea 7sc4 poesi71 c4 ,this would support also the traditional reading nescio an ulla #fe below1 where see note4 ,becher explains the ,,ms4 reading as genus 7sc4 poeticum or hoc genus7 ostent4 comp4 7esse7--,halm prints genus 99 99 99 ostent41 and supposes that poeseos has fallen out4--,for genus cp4 #fh3 de ,or4 ii4 #ee1 where genus hoc history4 ,schll's argument 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #cd1 p4 #hf7 is that ,quintilian cannot have passed from genus to adligata3 ,halm's genus poeseos is not probable1 in the light of ,quintilian's avoidance of the word poesis 7cp4 xii4 #aa4 #bf1 where it occurs once1 and there only in ,a in rasura--,,gm giving poetas1 which was probably at first the reading also of ,a3 there ,halm and ,meister now read poetica74 ,the text may have been altered by interpolation from viii4 #c4 #aa3 namque illud genus 7sc4 demonstrativum7 ostentationi compositum solam petit audientium voluptatem1--from which passage genus may have been written in where the ,greek had fallen out1 giving rise to comparatum4 ,meister1 who adopts poeticam1 thinks it probable that the ,greek word started the corruption4 ,other suggestions are praeter id quod1 genus ost4 comp41 sol4 petit vol4 7,hild71--a transposition which does no good1 especially as it leaves no subject to #8iuvari'3 figurarum sed esse hoc eloquentiae genus ost4 comp4 et 444 iuvari 7,binde72 fig41 ingenuam ost4 comparatam artem 7,gemoll72 ,kiderlin 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #afd7 thinks we ought to assume a lacuna1 and would read poeticam 7or poesin87 ut illud demonstrativum genus1 ostentationi comparatam3 cp4 ii4 #aj4 #aa3 v4 #aj4 #dc3 iii4 #g4 #bh3 viii4 #c4 #aa4 #cj4 neque ego3 ,spald41 ,frotscher1 ,herbst1 ,halm1 ,meister4 ,neque ergo all ,,mss4 ,bonnell and ,frieze retain the reading of the ,,mss41 the latter explaining ergo #8viz4 because ,i have given this caution to the orator about too close imitation of the poetic manner4' #ca4 quodam uberi3 ,spald4 for quodam moveri of ,,gh and all ,,mss4 except ,harl4 #diie1 ,vail4#b and ,burn4 #bdc1 which give quodam molli4 ,kiderlin suggests quodammodo uberi1 thinking that uberi became ueri1 while the letters mo 7in moveri7 point to modo3 cp4 ix4 #a4 #g where ,a has quomo for quomodo1 and xi4 #c4 #ig where b has homo for hoc modo4 ,in the margin of ,bodl4 and ,dorv4 7both which have moveri7 ,i find quodammodo vero4 est enim1 ,h1 which 7like ,g7 has est also after solutum4 ,halm adopts ,osann's conjecture etenim3 ,kiderlin suggests ea enim or ista enim1 which may be right4 ,becher defends the double est 7,,gh71 comparing ix4 #c4 #g quod minus mirum est1 quia in natura verborum est1 and i4 #c4 #ad 7reading servile est et 444 iniuria est74 poetis1 ,h1 following b3 poesi ,spald4 #8recte ut videtur1' ,halm4 #cc4 adde quod1 ,regius followed by ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed474 audeo quia ,,gh2 audio quia ,l ,s ,bodl4 ,ball4 ,harl4 #bffb1 c4 ,halm adopted ,geel's conj4 ideoque3 and the ,bonn4 ,meister ed4 reads adeo4 ,becher proposes quid8 quod3 ,kiderlin id eo magis 7fortius7 dicere audeo4 ,the last conj4 revives what ,i find is the reading of some old edd4 7e4g4 ed4 ,col4 #aebg and ,riccius #aegj7 quod dicere fortius audeo quia1 except that from id eo the eye might pass more easily to audeo4 opus1 accepted from ,spalding 7who conjectured it independently7 by ,halm and ,meister1 already appears in ed4 ,col4 #aebg and in that of ,riccius #aegj4 #cd4 rerum exemplorumque4 ,kiderlin suspects a lacuna after rerum and suggests ex cognitione rerum enim venit copia exemplorum4 ,his argument is that #aib while #8ex cognitione rerum' might serve as a sort of explanation of #8ex historiis1' #8exemplorumque' must also be accounted for1 and that after #8locum' we expect to hear what advantage is derived from historical literature1 not from what that advantage arises4 ,the omission by a copyist of enim venit copia explains how exemplorum comes to be joined with rerum3 cp4 xii4 #d4 #a in primis vero abundare debet orator exemplorum copia cum veterum tum etiam novorum1 and esp4 ii4 #d4 #bj et multa inde cognitio rerum venit exemplisque1 quae sunt in omni genere potentissima1 iam tum instruit1 cum res poscet1 usurum4 ,for ne omnia 7,badius and ,vall4#b7 the codd4 give nec omnia1 which ,becher prefers4 #ce4 vitio factum est oratorum4 ,g gives est orum with al4 oratorum written in above by the hand which ,halm calls b4 ,h 7with ,,ftls ,bodl47 gives est alia oratorum1--one of many strong indications that it was copied from ,g3 for alia some ,,mss4 give alias4 ,halm 7ii4 p4 #cfi7 thinks that orum in ,g may have stood for rhetorum4 quae sunt istis4 ,,ghls and ,vall4 all give sint4 ,but iniusta1 inhonesta1 inutilia are as definite as their contraries4 ,stoici supplied by ,meister1 whom ,krger follows4 ,kiderlin would place it after maxime1 just as ,socratici stands after optime4 ,perhaps ,stoici and ,socratici are both glosses4 ,quint4 may simply be saying that philosophical reading improves the matter of oratory 7de iustis1 c47 and also the form 7by altercationes and interrogationes74 ,stoici looks appropriate to de rebus divinis 7see note73 and argumentantur acriter is quite in place as referring to the ,stoic logic1 renowned for its acuteness 7,zeller1 ,epic4 ,stoics1 p4 #aah73 but on the other hand interrogationibus would be as apt in regard to them as to the ,socratics4 ,cp4 de ,or4 i4 #dc ,stoici vero nostri disputationum suarum atque interrogationum laqueis te inretitum tenerent4 ,on the alternative explanation of the passage mentioned in the note1 altercationibus and interrogationibus are taken as datives 7as often in ,quint4 after praeparo71 referring to two well-understood parts of the duty of a counsel in an action-at-law4 ,as regards the altercatio indeed1 previous writers on rhetoric had not stated any special rules for its conduct1 probably 7as ,quint41 in his treatment of the subject1 suggests vi4 #d4 #a7 because it was sufficiently covered by precepts of a more general kind4 ,in a court-of-law1 the altercatio was a discussion carried on between opposing advocates in the way of short answers or retorts3 it followed 7when resorted to7 the examination of the witnesses1 which was in ,roman usage preceded by the main speeches for the prosecution and defence1 embracing all the facts of the case 7,cic4 in ,verr4 i4 #a #ee74 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #aei iam in altercando 7,crassus7 invenit parem neminem4--,see ,poiret1 ,l'loquence judiciaire ,rome pp4 #bab-baf4 #cg4 qui sint legendi4 ,halm1 ,meister3 ,,ghl and all ,,mss4 qui sint4 ,legendi appears in ed4 ,col4 #aebg1 and ,i have found it also inserted by a later hand above the line in the ,bodleian codex4 ,it may have fallen out because of legendo above1 and ,spalding is probably right in regarding it as indispensable4 ,there seems however no reason for eliminating the asyndeton by reading et quae 7with ,meister7 or quaeque 7,halm74 ,kiderlin 7,hermes1 #bc1 #ahhh p1 #afj7 suggests that the original may have run qui sint qui prosint3 cp4 #b #ad tum in ipsis quos elegerimus quid sit ad quod nos efficiendum comparemus3 xii4 #b4 #d quid sit quod memoriam faciat4 ,this suits the context1 cum tantum utilitatis in legendo iudicemus1 and #dj paucos enim 444 utilitatis aliquid4 ,cp4 ii4 #e4 #bj nec prodesse tantum sed etiam amari potest 7,cicero74 #ch4 quibuscum vivebat is bracketed by ,krger 7#crd ed471 as it had already been by ,frotscher and ,herbst4 ,this reading first appears in the ,aldine edition3 the only ,,ms4 in which ,i have been able to find any trace of it is ,burn4 #bdc1 where quibuscum convivebat is inserted as a correction4 ,some have refused to recognise it as a gloss1 in spite of the uncertainty of the ,,mss41 and have sought to interpret it #8with whom he lived in close1 familiar intercourse' 7opp4 to quos viderim #ih1 #aah73 cp4 ,cic4 de #aic ,off4 i4 #adc quibuscum vivimus1 ib4 #df4 ,but in ,brut4 #bca ,cicero distinctly says in hoc sermone nostro statui neminem eorum qui viverent nominare1 whence ,jeep was led to conj4 qui quidem viverent3 ,hortensius1 for example1 was #8aetatis suae1' but had died four years before the date of the ,brutus4 ,so ,geel conjectured qui tum vivebant 7a reading which however ,i find in the ed4 ,col4 #aebg and ,riccius #aegj73 ,trnebladh qui quidem tum vivebant1 ,wrobel qui tunc vigebant 7cp4 #abb71 ,zambaldi ut quisque tum vivebat1 and ,kiderlin qui quidem nondum e vita excesserant2 see ,rhein4 ,mus4 #df1 p4 #bc4 ,andresen proposed to read qui quidem sescenti erant4 ,g 7and practically ,h7 gives quidqui convivebit4 ,,ft part company with ,h1 the former reading quod quid convivabit1 the latter quidque contuuebit 7man4 sec4 quod quisque contuebat74 ,many ,,mss4 7e4g4 ,bodl4 ,ball4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie ,,ls7 have quid quisque convivebat 7convivabit ,l74 ,the ,carcassonensis gives quid quod convivabit4 persequamur et philosophos4 ,persequamur is a conj4 of ,regius adopted by ,meister3 all ,,mss4 give et ,graecos omnes et philosophos 7philosophis ,,hft74 ,in ,harl4 #diie 7which is dated ,a4,d4 #adgj7 ,i have however found et philosophos exequar3 and so 7,becher7 a later hand in ,vall4 ,the reading of the ed4 ,col4 #aebg is ,graecos omnes et philosophos et poetas persequi velim4 ,schmidt1 followed by ,halm1 rejected et philosophos as a gloss1 as both here and in the next sentence ,quint4 is evidently speaking of orators only4 ,certainly1 if it stood1 we should expect the poets and historians to come in also4 ,accordingly ,claussen 7,quaest4 ,quint4 p4 #cce7 suspected a lacuna consisting both of the finite verb and the poets and historians3 ,krger 7#crd ed47 adopts his conjecture and reads si et illos et qui postea fuerunt et ,graecos omnes persequamur et poetas et historicos et philosophos8 ,he cps4 #a #be nam si1 quantum de quaque re dici potest1 persequamur1 finis operis non reperietur3 v4 #aj4 #ia3 viii4 #e4 #be4 ,so ,andresen 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #cj1 p4 #ebj71 except that he omits #8persequamur1' and proposes to read above de ,romanis tantum et oratoribus for et in sense of #8and that'3 cp4 #ea1 #id4 ,gertz suggests et ,graecos omnes persequi velis nec oratores tantum1 sed etiam poetas et historicos et philosophos4 ,kiderlin 7,berl4 ,jahr4 xiv4 #ahhh1 p4 #fb sq47 prefers persequamur because of iudicemus and adiungamus above4 ,if the verb could be dispensed with1 he would propose #8et praeter hos oratores etiam omnes poetas et historicos et philosophos1'--arguing that et praeter hos and philosophos may have run together in the eye of the copyist and so caused the lacuna4 ,for et philosophos ,jeep suggested explico novos4 #ci4 fuit igitur1 all codd43 fuerit1 ,regius4 ,that the difficulty of the passage was felt by the early editors is obvious from this emendation1 and also from the fact that in #dj the traditional reading has been non est tamen 7for non est73 sed non est1 ,spalding3 at non est ,osann4 ,taking #cg-de as they stand the sequence of thought seems to be this3 #8,if ,i am asked to recommend individual writers ,i shall have to take refuge in some such utterance as that of ,livy4 ,his dictum was 8read ,demosthenes and ,cicero first1 and let others follow in the order of their resemblance to ,demosthenes and ,cicero40 ,mine is that there is some good to be got out of almost every author1--except of course the utterly worthless4 ,but 7sed non quidquid1 c4 #db7 the particular object ,i have in view itself supplies a limitation for what would otherwise be an endless task 7infiniti operis #cg74 ,my business is the formation of style4 ,in regard to this matter there is a difference of opinion--a cleavage between the old school and the new 7see esp4 #dc74 ,this opens up the whole question of the various genera dicendi1 a detailed examination of which ,i must postpone3 for the present ,i shall take the various departments of literature 7genera lectionum #de7 and mention in connection therewith certain representative writers who may serve as models for the students of style 77iis7 qui confirmare facultatem dicendi volent74' ,this seems satisfactory enough1 especially in the case of so loose a writer as ,quintilian4 #aid #ci and #dj are parallel1 instead of being antithetical3 #ci says #8,livy's prescription was the safest1' while #dj gives a general utterance on the part of ,quintilian4 ,in each deliverance brevitas is meant to be the distinguishing characteristic of individual representatives of poetry1 history1 oratory1 and philosophy4 ,in his ,beitrge zur ,heilung der ,ueberlieferung in ,quintilians ,institutio ,oratoria 7,cassel1 #ahhi71 ,dr4 ,heinrich ,peters makes some very drastic proposals in regard to the sections under discussion4 ,he fails to see any satisfactory connection between the purport of #dj-db and that of #cg-ci4 ,and he thinks the statement of a summa iudicii in #dj is inconsistent with the special treatment of individual authors which begins at #df4 ,on these and other grounds he proposes to transfer #dj-db 7down to accommodatum7 to #dd and read3 interim non est dissimulanda nostri quoque iudicii summa4 ,summa iudicii then furnishes the antithesis to disseram diligentius3 nostri quoque iudicii receives additional point from the reference to conflicting views which immediately precede it3 an explanation is gained of the emphasis laid in #dj-da on the distinction between the veteres and the novi1--the later sections #dc-dd explain the preceding 7#dj-db73 and the transition from ,livy's dictum in #ci to verum antequam de singulis in #db is natural and easy4 ,then ,dr4 ,peters would propose to continue3 quid sumat 7for summatim1 see below7 et a qua lectione petere possit qui confirmare facultatem dicendi volet attingam4 ,this gives a very satisfactory and even a necessary sequel1 he thinks1 to non quidquid 444 accommodatum4 ,sections #dj-db are then addressed1 not to the student of rhetoric1 but to the disputants who quarrel over the comparative merits of the veteres and the novi3 ,quintilian says #8something may be learned from everybody4' ,then he continues #8for the formation of style a selection is necessary1 and that ,i now proceed to make under the two heads of what the student is to appropriate and to whom he is to go for it4' quae est apud ,livium1 c4 ,schll unnecessarily conjectured qua praecipit ,livius 7cp4 ii4 #e4 #bj7 or qua apud ,livium in ep4 ad fil4 praescribitur1--doubting if brevitas could have an acc4 and infin4 depending on it4 ,but see note4 ,g gives quae apud ,livium epistula1 in being inserted by the second hand1 which ,h as usual follows4 #db4 ad faciendam 4 ,this is the reading now proposed by ,kiderlin 7in ,hermes1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #afa71 though appeared as early as the edition of ,riccius 7#aegj74 ,the following are the ,,mss4 readings ad farisin ,g3 ad faciendam etiam ad farisin ,h 7affaresim ,s4 ,harl4 #bffb ,bodl4 ,ball4 apharesim ,harl4 #dbie7 ad faciendam affarisin ,l4 ,meister adopts the vulgate1 ad faciendam etiam phrasin3 ,halm reads ad phrasin4 ,the parallel passage in #hg clearly makes for faciendam4 ,the probability is that #8phrasin' was originally written in ,greek1 as at viii4 #a #a3 cp4 in #a3 #ei3 #e #a1 where the ,,mss4 vary between ex his1 lexis1 exitum1 c43 #aa4 ,cp4 on #hg4 ,two ,paris ,,mss4 7acc4 to ,zumpt7 show 4 ,etiam ,kiderlin rejects3 perhaps however the true reading may be protinus et ad faciendam 4 de singulis loquar1 ,g man4 #b ,h ,l and ,vall4 ,halm omits loquar1 with ,g4 #dd4 tenuia atque quae4 ,in a very interesting note 7,programm des kniglichen ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich1 #ahia1 p4 #h7 ,becher establishes the correctness of this reading1 instead of the traditional tenuia et quae4 ,the ,vallensis has tenuia atque que 7i4e4 atque quae73 for what may appear a cacophony1 ,becher compares i4 #c4 #h atque ea quoque quae1 ,cic4 de ,leg4 ,agr4 ii4 #cc4 #ij atque qui4 #8,that ,v 7,vall47 has preserved the true reading is confirmed by the other codices3 not only ,s1 which gives tenia atque que1 but also ,,gl and ,h1 tenui atque1 which is nothing else than tenui ,at,q,u,e1 i4e4 tenuia atque quae4' ,in the ,rh4 ,mus4 xi4 7#8zur ,kritik der ciceronischen ,briefe' pp4 #eab-ac7 ,buecheler says1 #8,one of the commonest sources of corruption in the ,florentine codex is that when two 8consonant syllables0 follow each other1 one is omitted4 ,the #aie reason of this phenomenon is probably the fact that in the archetype of which this ,,ms4 is an indirect copy the sounds which were to be repeated were distinguished by letters of a larger size4' ,becher finds the same phenomenon in the manuscripts of ,quintilian1 and gives the following examples1 selected at random from many others3 #de aliquos ,g7,h7,,lsv1 i4e4 ali,q,u,o,s aliquos quos3 #ed reddit ,g7,h7,v1 i4e4 red,d,it reddidit 7so cod4 ,almen473 #gi auditoris ,s 7audituris ,g1 also ,h71 i4e4 auditor,is auditoriis 7as ,vall4 ,m3 also ,ball4 ,dorv4 ,burn4 #bdd ,harl4 #dhbi1 #diie73 ibid4 comparat ,,gms 7and all my codd47 i4e4 comp,a,rat compararat3 #hd probandoque ,g 7and ,h7 probando,q,u,e3 #hi etiam sit ,g 7see ,crit4 ,note ad loc47 etiam ,s,it4 ,especially significant is ix4 #d4 #da o fortunatam me consule ,romam ,,agm1 i4e4 o fortu,n,a,t,a,m me consule ,romam4--,becher finds a further ground for atque1 as connecting #8quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedunt' more closely than et1 in the fact that already in ,cicero tenuis is used of a person of the commoner sort1 #8unus de multis1' de ,leg4 iii4 #aj4 #bd4 lenis 444 generis4 ,for lenis ,krger 7#crd ed47 reads levis1 adopting a conj4 of ,meyer 7,halm ii4 p4 #cfi7 for which cp4 #eb 7levitas verborum7 and v4 #ab4 #ah 7levia ac nitida73 supported by ,becher ,phil4 ,runds4 iii4 #ad4 #dcj4 ,in this sense levis 77 is opp4 to asper3 cp4 de ,orat4 iii4 #aga struere verba sic ut neve asper eorum concursus neve hiulcus sit1 sed quodam modo coagmentatus et levis3 cp4 #agb3 ,orat4 #bj3 ,quint4 ii4 #e4 #i levis et quadrata compositio3 de ,orat4 iii4 #bja levitas coniunctionis3 ,brut4 #if3 de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,or4 #b3 ,quint4 viii4 #c4 #f4 interim4 ,h4 ,peters would prefer nunc 7if the text stands as it is71 comparing v4 #aa4 #e2 #ad4 #cc3 ix4 #d4 #ai4 summatim quid et a qua4 ,kiderlin approves of ,meister's retention of the vulgate3 petere must have an object4 ,so ,krger1 #crd ed4 ,the original reading in ,g is sumat et a qua1 corrected to sumat quia et a qua1 which occurs in ,,hftl4 ,bodl4 ,ball1 and my other ,,mss4 agree with ,s in reading summa for sumat4 ,even if the text stands 7without his proposed inversion7 ,h4 ,peters would prefer quid sumat et a qua1 as nearer the ,,mss4 #de4 paucos enim qui sunt eminentissimi4 ,meister and ,krger #crd ed4 have paucos 7sunt enim em47 #8nur wenige'3 cp4 hos 7sc4 tantum7 #ia4 ,halm reads paucos enim 7sunt autem em47 ,,gh give paucos enim sunt em4 ,l and the ,british ,museum ,,mss4 all read paucos sunt enim4 ,the text is that of ed4 ,col4 #aebg adopted by ,zambaldi1 and approved by ,kiderlin3 cp4 #aja qui sunt dulciores3 ix #d4 #cg quae sunt asperiores4 ,osann proposed paucos enim1 sunt enim4 his simillimi1 ,halm1 supported by ,becher1 who compares #ci3 his similes ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,g has hi similibus1 corrected by the same hand to simillimis3 ,h gives his simillimis3 all the other ,,mss4 his simillimi4 plures is the common reading1 and occurs in ,harl4 #diie1 and also ,vall4 7,becher74 ,,ghft give plurimis3 ,,ls and the later ,,mss4 generally plurimos4 ,kiderlin proposes pluris iis as being nearer plurimis4 ,the pronoun1 he argues1 is not superfluous1 because ,quintilian is distinguishing between #8qui confirmare fac4 dic4 volent' 7i4e4 those who have finished their rhetorical studies and want practice7 and the #8studiosi' 7young men busy with theory74 ,the latter will read more authors than those for whom this book is intended1 its aim being 7#d7 to instruct the young orator 7after the stage of theory7 how best and most readily to use what he has acquired4--,for aliquos quos see on tenuia atque quae #dd above4 qui a me nominabuntur1 ed4 ,col4 #aebg2 ,,gh have quia nom43 ,vall4 ,,ls qui nom4 ,hertz rejects a me1 and he may be right4 #df4 omnium fluminum4 ,,ghl ,bodl4 annium3 ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej1 ,ball4 amnium vim4 ,halm1 following ,osann1 read omnium amnium3 but though omnium is necessary 7cp4 ,il4 #ba4 #aif71 ,quintilian would surely have avoided such #aif a cacophony as omnium amnium4 ,wlfflin conjectured omnium fluminum 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #db1 ,pt4 #a1 #ahhg1 p4 #add71 and this is now accepted by ,meister 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cfb and ,pref4 to ,book x1 p4 xiii74 ,wlfflin supposes that the archetype had omnium fontiumque1 fluminum having fallen out3 omnium was then corrected into amnium4 ,amnis however is rare1 and fluminum not only secures an apt alliteration1 but is constantly found3 cp4 #gh puro fonti quam magno flumini propior3 viii4 #c4 #gf magnorum fluminum navigabiles fontes3 ,lucr4 iv4 #ajbd3 v4 #bfa1 #ide 7#8fluvii fontesque'73 ,ovid ,met4 i4 #ccd4 #dg4 ac consiliorum ,l3 hac con4 ,g3 et con4 ,prat4 ,put4 atque con4 #gbca1 #gfif4 #dh4 operis sui ingressu3 operis si ingressus ,,gh3 operis sui ,bodl43 operis ,prat4 ,put4 ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 ,dorv4 ,ball4 ,badius conj4 ingressu1 and ,halm added in1 which is however unnecessary3 cp4 iv4 #a4 #cd operum suorum principiis3 iv4 pr4 #d initiis operum suorum4 ,becher keeps ingressus1 but makes it a genitive dependent on versibus4 ,two ,oxford ,,mss 7,bodl4 and ,dorvilianus7 give nam for non1 and in the former case the nam looks very like viam4 ,it is possible that viam may be the true reading3 cp4 ii4 #aj4 #a quarum 7materiarum7 antequam viam ingredior 444 pauca dicenda sunt1--though there the phrase refers to entering on the regular treatment of a subject4 ,age vero is not always found with questions1 ,hand ,turs4 i4 p4 #baa4 ,without non1 the reading may possibly be age vero viam utriusque operis ingressus1 in paucissimis1 c4 ,the si after operis may have arisen from operi s ingressus4 ,the ,,mss4 are unanimous for ingressus1 and the awkwardness of operis sui ingressu in pauc4 vers4 makes it very probable that something is wrong4 ,utrumque opus ingressus would have been more natural3 viam utriusque operis ingressus is not far off it4 ,perhaps however it would be preferable to keep the question and read nonne viam ut4 op4 ingressus4 nam benevolum4 nam et ben1 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif3 so too the ,carcassonensis4 #di4 ceteraque genera4 ,,ghl and the ,brit4 ,mus4 ,,mss4 give ceteraque quae3 so too ,bodl4 and ,ball4 ,genera was conjectured by ,caesar 7,philol4 xiii4 p4 #geg74 ,schll 7in ,krger #crd ed47 proposes ceteraeque viae 444 multae3 ,kiderlin ceteraque1 quae probandi ac refutandi sunt1 nonne sunt ita multa ut 444 petant8 ,for quae 444 sunt he compares #ajf omnia denique quae sunt inventionis4 #ej4 ut magni sit4 ,g ,burn4 #bdc3 ,ball43 ,bodl43 sint ,h3 ut magni sit viri ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,s1 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,dorv41 ,burn4 #bdd 7sint ,l73 ut magnum sit1 ,gensler3 ut magni sit spiritus1 ,kiderlin 7cp4 i4 #i4 #f74 #ea4 et in omni3 et om4 ,prat4 and ,put4 clarissima ,,ls and most codd43 durissima ,,ght ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,dorv4 #eb4 utiles circa praecepta1 c4 ,kraffert proposed utilis circa praecepta sententiasque levitas verborum 444 ,with praecepta may there not have been a genitive in the original text3 utilis circa praecepta sapientiae 7pr4 #ai3 i4 #d4 #d3 xii4 #a4 #bh71 or perhaps utiles circa morum praecepta sententiae 7xii4 ii4 #i78 #ec4 secundum ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,vall4 ,,ls ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie ,dorv4 ,ball43 om4 ,,ghft ,bodl4 ,halm1 following ,hertz1 gives parem 7cp4 #abg pares ac saltem proximo73 aequalem would be as probable1 and is given by some ,,mss4 in #ee4 ,schll now thinks secundum an old interpolation1 and conjectures quam sit aliud atque aliud proximum esse1 cp4 i4 #g4 #b3 ix4 #d4 #ij4 #ed4 poetarum iudices ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,,ls ,ball4 iudicium ,g1 iuditium ,h4 ,halm suspected it to be a gloss introduced from the margin 7cp4 laus ,ciceronis #aji7 and ,mayor removed it from the text4 reddidit cod4 ,almen43 reddit ,,ghft ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc4 ,edidit is given in ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej1 #dhbi ,dorv4 and ,ball41 besides ,l and ,s4 sufficit ,,mss43 ,halm would prefer suffecit 7cp4 #abc74 ,for parem many ,,mss4 #aig give equalem1 which must have been a gloss3 ,s has equalem credidit parem1 and so ,prat4 7,fierville ,introd4 p4 lxxix7 ,harl4 #bffb 7,a4,d4 #adcd7 and #aafga 7,a4,d4 #adfg74 #ef4 ,macer atque ,vergilius4 ,unger suggested ,valgius for ,vergilius4 ,this is however unnecessary1 though it has been proposed to insert the comma after ,vergilius instead of after idem below4 #ei4 adsequimur ,,ghs ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,bodl4 ,ball4 ,dorv4 and ,british ,mus4 ,,mss4 7except #diej which gives ,c and ,l's assequatur and #dhbi which has assecuntur74 ,halm reads adsequamur1 and is followed by ,meister4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 proposes ut adsequamur4 #fj4 quibusdam quod quoquam minor est4 ,,gh give quibus for quibusdam3 ,prat4 ,put4 ,s and all my ,,mss4 have quibusdam quod quidem minor est3 7minoris ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc73 quod quodam #gfif4 ,wlfflin 7,rhein4 ,mus4 xlii4 ,pt4 #b1 p4 #caj7 proposes quod idem amarior est3 amarus 7#aag7 indicates the excess of acerbitas 7#if7 which might be alleged against ,archilochus for his lampoons on ,lycambes4 ,cp4 iamborum amaritudinem ,tac4 ,dial4 #aj4 ,but quoquam 7,madv4 #did b7 does not necessarily imply that there is any one superior to the great ,archilochus1 though1 outside the range of iambographi1 ,homer is always present 7#fe7 to the writer's mind4 ,quoquam is not to be restricted to the narrow circle of iambic writers1 otherwise materiae would have no point4 ,quintilian means that ,archilochus must be ranked immediately after ,homer1 if indeed the disadvantage of his subject-matter forbids us to place him alongside of ,homer4 ,that he had a schoolmaster's liking for an #8order of merit' is shown by #ec1 #fb1 #he1 #hf4 #fa4 spiritu1 magnificentia1 ,put4 #gfif ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #aafga1 ,dorv43 spiritus ,h 7sps47 ,prat4 #gbca ,harl4 #diej ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl4 ,ball41 and so ,halm and ,meister4 ,the strongest argument for the abl4 is that the nouns go together in pairs1--spiritu magnificentia1 sententiis figuris1 copia 444 flumine4 ,so ,claussen 7,quaest4 ,quint4 p4 #ccd71 who compares ,dion4 ,hal4 4 4 #b4 #e1 p4 #dbj ,r 1 1 4444 4 #fb4 ,stesichorum ,badius3 iste sichorus ,,gh3 ,stesichorus ,bodl4 #gfif3 ,stesicorus ,harl4 #diie3 other ,,mss4 ,terpsichorus or ,terpsicorus4 #fc4 magnificus et diligens et plerumque oratori similis3 ,,gh magnificus et dicendi et plerumque orationis similis2 so ,burn4 #bdc and ,bodl4 7orationi72 most other ,,mss4 et diligens plurimusque 7plurimum or plurimumque7 ,homero similis3 plurimumque oratio1 ,prat4 ,put43 plerumque orationis #gbca1 #gfif4 ,halm gives dicendi vi1 which1 after in eloquendo1 would be strange4 ,wlfflin proposes elegans et 7for dicendi et1 diligens et73 cp4 #gh1 #hc1 #hg1 #ic1 #aad1 and ,dion4 ,hal4 l4c4 444 4 ,halm's dicendi vi rested on 1 but we need not suppose that ,quintilian translated word for word from ,dionysius4 ,with in eloquendo1 diligens seems quite appropriate3 i4 #c cum sit in eloquendo positum oratoris officium4 ,sed et lusit1 ,prat4 ,put4 ,voss4 #a and #c3 sed et eius sit ,,gh3 sed in lusus ,,ms ,ball4 ,dorv43 sed editus sit ,bodl4 #fd4 eius operis3 ei ,,gh3 eius ,m ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc3 eiusdem ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,s1 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv41 ,ball4 ,in ,prat4 and ,put4 the order is in hac parte omnibus eum eiusdem operis4 #fe4 est et in4 ,the ,,mss4 give etsi est3 ,wlfflin conjectured est et1 and ,halm1 7following some old edd47 inserted in1 comparing #fd and #fh4 ,so too ,meister4 ,etsi may have crept into the text to anticipate tamen 7ii4 #e4 #ai73 or the true reading may be est et etsi in4 ,schll suggests 7,krger1 #crd ed4 p4 #ib7 that the passage ought to run as follows3--ant4 com4 cum sincera illa sermonis ,attici gratia prope sola retinet #aih vim 7dum ,g1 tum vulg47 fac4 libertatis1 et si est in insect4 vitiis praecip41 plur4 tamen1 c4 nescio an ulla4 ,this is the reading of ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,m1 ,s1 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 #aafga1 ,dorv4 ,ball41 and if it can be sustained1 the sense it gives is quite satisfactory4 ,we must suppose that poesis 7probably the only fem4 noun that would suit7 was present in the writer's mind3 see on poeticam #bh above4 ,but in ,quint4 poesis occurs only once 7cp4 on #bh71--;at xii4 #aa4 #bf1 where it is not used of a special branch of poetry1 as here2 and even there a doubt has been expressed about the reading4 ,kiderlin therefore urges 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #afc7 that it is incredible that ,quintilian would have left his readers to supply for themselves a word which he uses only once1 if at all3 ullum genus would surely have occurred to him1 as both genus and opus are constantly used to denote departments of literature4 ,again the text gives post not praeter ,homerum4 ,founding on the reading an illa 7,,ghft ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl47 ,kiderlin therefore suggests an illa poeta ullo post c43 #8und ich weiss nicht1 ob nicht jene mehr als irgend ein ,dichter 7nach ,homer jedoch1 c474' ,the copyist would easily wander from poet4 to post1 and it is not unusual to compare old comedy c4 with the poets and not their works 7cp4 similior oratoribus3 historia proxima poetis est #ca3 at non historia cesserit ,graecis #aja72 especially as here post ,homerum follows at once4 ,for ullo cp4 #fj quod quoquam minor est4 ,an alternative emendation would be poesi ulla4 ,the aut 444 aut immediately below is very much against this conjecture1 which however ,krger 7#crd ed47 has received into the text3 we should expect rather nescio an illa quisquam1 or nullus poeta1 or keeping illa as nominative nescio an illa poeta ullo4 ,quintilian's use of nescio an 7like that of post-,augustan writers generally7 is vague3 it is usually an expression of doubt1 the an meaning either #8whether1' or #8whether not' indifferently4 ,cp4 ix4 #d4 #a3 vi4 #c4 #f3 viii4 #f4 #bb3 xii4 #aj4 #b3 i4 #g4 #bd4 7,mayor cites also ,plin4 ,ep4 i4 #ad4 #i3 iii4 #a4 #a3 iv4 #b4 #a3 v4 #c4 #g3 vi4 #ba4 #c3 vii4 #aj4 #c3 #ai4 #d3 viii4 #af4 #c3 ix4 #b4 #e2 and adds #8,in all these instances nescio an 7dubito an7 is #8,i doubt whether'2 in ,cicero the meaning is always #8,i rather think4''7 ,andresen proposed nescio an ulla poeseos pars4 ,the passage closely resembles #bh1 and must be emended on the same lines4 #ff4 tragoedias4 ,thurot 7,revue de ,phil4 #ahhj1 iv4 #a1 p4 #bd7 conjectured tragoediam3 cp4 #fg hoc opus4 ,he is followed by ,dosson1 against all ,,ms4 authority4 ,becher points out that we must supply with hoc opus in #fg the words #8tragoedias in lucem proferendi1' so that opus and tragoedias square well enough with each other4 #fh4 quod ipsum reprehendunt1 ,meister1 ,krger 7#crd ed47 and ,becher4 ,this reading also occurs in the ,codex ,dorvilianus4 ,other readings are quod ipsum quod ,,ght ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl43 quo ipsum ,,ms ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 ,ball4 ,halm conjectured quem ipsum quoque1 and was followed by ,mayor and ,hild4 ,but as no fault has been found with ,euripides in the foregoing1 quoque seems out of place4 ,founding on the reading of ,,ght1 c41 also on that of ,f 7which gives quod ipsum qui7 ,kiderlin 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #afe7 proposes to read quod ipsum quidam1 comparing #ih1 where for quem senes quem 7,,gt7 ,spalding rightly conjectured quem senes quidem1 and #g1 #ba1 where ,bn1 ,bg give quod for quosdam4 ,he then goes on1 in an interesting paper1 to reconstruct the whole passage1 which is open to suspicion1 especially in respect that sublimior stands as predicate with gravitas and cothurnus1 as well as with sonus4 ,the admirers of ,sophocles consider his elevation of tone more appropriate than the strain of ,euripides4 ,sublimior is therefore perhaps not the predicate of the sentence1 however suitable it may be as the attribute of sonus4 ,the predicate may have dropped out1 and sublimior may have been transferred from its real place to supply it4 ,it is striking that ,,gftm 7also ,h and ,bodl47 all give sublimior erit4 ,kiderlin imagines that a copyist who missed the predicate wrote in the margin #8sublimior erit ponendum #aii post esse'3 and then another inserted sublimior erit after esse in the text4 ,for the predicate1 magis accommodatus might stand3 in copying1 the eye may have wandered from magis accommodatus to magis accedit3 for magis accomm4 cp4 ii4 #e4 #ah and x4 #a4 #gi4 ,kiderlin therefore boldly proposes to make the parenthesis run1 #8quod ipsum quidam reprehendunt quibus gravitas et cothurnus et sublimior sonus ,sophocli videtur esse magis accommodatus'3 #8was gerade manche tadeln1 welchen das ,wrdevolle1 der ,kothurnus1 und der erhabenere ,ton des ,sophokles angemessener zu sein scheint4' et dicendo ac respondendo #gbca1 #gfif3 dicendo ac respondo ,,gh3 in dicendo et in respondendo ,prat4 ,put4 ,s 7et respondendo ,m74 praecipuus4 ,hunc admiratus maxime est4 ,this is ,meister's reading1 except that for eum ,i give 7with ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb and #diie7 hunc1 which is commoner in ,quint4 at the beginning of a sentence 7#df1 #gh1 #ia1 #aab74 ,the following are the readings of the ,,mss43 ,,gh praecipuus et admiratus miratus3 ,m ,bodl4 ,harl4 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,c1 ,burn4 #bdc ,ball4 ,dorv4 praecipuus et admirandus3 ,s praecipuum4 ,nunc admiratus et3 ,prat4 ,put4 ,harl4 #bbfb and #aafga praecipuus hunc admiratus et maxime est ut saepe test4 et sec4 quamvis3 ,harl4 #diie1 hunc admiratus max4 ut s4 test4 et eum secutus quamquam4 ,halm gives praecipuus est4 ,admiratus maxime est3 ,kiderlin insists on the est after praecipuus1 to correspond with accedit1 though it seems better to take all that comes after accedit as an explanation of the statement magis accedit oratorio generi3 he also retains the et of most ,,mss4 and reads praecipuus est4 hunc et admiratus 7,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #bd1 p4 #hd74 ,wlfflin 7partly followed by ,krger #crd ed47 proposed a more radical change 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #ahhg1 #b ,h4 p4 #cac7 praecipuus4 ,hunc imitatus1 quoting in support of the conjunction imitatus 444 secutus #abb1 eos iuvenum imitatur et sequitur industria3 #e #ai1 deligat quem sequatur1 quem imitetur3 ,ovid1 ,fasti v4 #aeg1 ne non imitata maritum esset et ex omni parte secuta virum4 ,but ,kiderlin 7l4c47 aptly remarks that if ,quintilian had written imitatus1 he would not have said ut saepe testatur but ut ex multis locis patet 7apparet1 videmus73 while vii4 #d4 #ag 7on which ,wlfflin relies7 is not really to the point4 ,moreover ,quintilian1 would never have separated such synonyms as imitatus and secutus by ut saepe testatur4 ,charisi nomini addicuntur1 ,frotscher3 ,charis in homine adductura ,,gh3 ,charisii nomine eduntur ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb ,dorv4 #gj4 aut illa iudicia ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #diie4 ,,gh ,harl4 #diej give aut illa mala iudicia3 ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc aut alia mala iud4 ,s ,harl4 #bffb ,dorv4 and ,ball4 aut alia iudicia4 ,the edd41 following ,gesner1 have generally given 7with ,harl4 #diej7 aut illa mala iudicia 7so ,halm and ,meister71 and have taken mala as predicate1 though the order of the words makes that impossible4 ,becher approves of ,andresen's deletion of mala4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 prints mala illa iudicia1 thinking that illa arose by dittography1 and that then the order was changed in the codd4 to illa mala iudicia4 ,kiderlin 7in ,hermes #bc7 gives as an alternative to deleting mala the conjecture illa simulata iudicia 7#8jene erdichteten nachgemachten ,gerichtsverhandlungen'2 cp4 xi4 #a4 #ef3 cum etiam hoc genus simulari litium soleat74 ,a similar mutilation occurs1 e4g41 xi4 #a4 #bj1 where b gives secum ,m secus instead of consecutum4 #ga4 filiorum militum1 most codd43 filiorum maritorum militum ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,s4 #gb4 si cum venia leguntur4 ,the reading of the ,,mss4 is upheld by ,iwan ,mller1 ,meister1 and ,kiderlin4 ,spalding suggested cum verecundia3 ,schll cum iudicio3 ,becher cum ingenio4 ,becher points out 7,bursians ,jahresb4 #ahhg7 that the expression is meant to cover decerpere as well as legere1 and decerpere indicates careful and intelligent reading 7cp4 #fi1 diligenter lectus73 cum ingenio #8mit ,verstand'3 cp4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 xiii4 #aj4 #b quod versabatur in hoc studio nostro 44 et cum ingenio 44 nec sine industria3 ,ulp4 ,dig4 #a4 #af4 #i patientem esse proconsulem oportet1 sed cum #bjj ingenio1 ne contemptibilis videatur4 ,finally1 ,krger 7#crd ed47 proposes cum acumine or cum vigilantia 7cp4 v4 #g4 #aj74--,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,s ,harl4 #bffb all give ,osann's conjecture legantur4 prave ,,gh ,harl4 #diie1 #diej ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl43 pravis ,regius1 ,halm1 ,meister1 ,becher draws attention to the parallelism between the clauses3 ut prave praelatus est sui temporis iudiciis1 ita merito creditur 7 meruit credi7 secundus consensu omnium4 #gf4 nec quod desit 444 nec quod redundet3 ,h ,burn4 #bdc and ,bodl4 give quod 44 quod3 ,prat4 ,put4 ,,ms ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv4 ,c1 and ,ball1 quid 44 quid4 ,the latter reading is supported by ,becher 7,phil4 ,rund4 iii4 #dcd74 ,for quod cp4 xii4 #aj4 #df3 7xii4 #a4 #bj where for quod adhuc ,,bm give quid adhuc73 on the other hand1 in vi4 #c4 #e the ,,mss4 are in favour of quid1 though ,halm reads quod 7followed by ,meister74 ,for quid cp4 ,cic4 pro ,quint4 #da1 neque praeterea quid possis dicere invenio4 #gg4 grandiori similis4 ,so all ,,mss43 ,halm and ,meister4 ,several conjectural emendations have been put forward4 ,comparing #b #af 7fiunt pro grandibus tumidi71 ,becher suggests grandi oratori1--an easy change1 if the copyist used contractions1 but without point3 above in #gd1 #8oratori magis similis' is appropriate enough in speaking of historians1 but #8oratori' would be inappropriate here4 ,this is accepted1 however1 by ,hirt 7,berl4 ,jahr4 ix41 #ahhc1 p4 #cab2 cp4 ,p4 ,hirt1 ,subst4 des ,adjectivums1 p4 #ab74 ,schll proposes to read gladiatori similis1 in view of the close connection with what follows1 strictus 444 carnis 444 lacertorum3 but plenior and magis fusus are a bad introduction to gladiatori1 and if ,aeschines had plus carnis and minus lacertorum1 he cannot really have resembled a gladiator4 ,this reading is1 however1 adopted by ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,finally1 ,kiderlin 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #aff sq47 has conjectured et grandi 7or grandiori7 organo similis1 and applies the figure throughout3 #8voller und breiter lsst ,aeschines den ,ton hervorstrmen1 einem grossen ,musikinstrumente gleich'3 #8einer ,orgel gleich1'--he is grandisonus4 ,the translation appears to limit unnecessarily the meaning of plenus and fusus3 though the former is used of tone i4 #aa4 #f 7cp4 xi4 #c4 #ae of the voice3 ib4 #db1 #fb3 and #ee of the breath73 while fusus is used of the voice xi4 #c4 #fd4 ,for such a use of grandis cp4 #eh 7cenae73 #hh 7robora73 xi4 #b4 #ab 7convivium73 #c4 #ae 7vox73 #fh 7speculum73 and for organum1 i4 #aj4 #be3 ix4 #d4 #aj3 xi4 #c4 #bj 7where there is a comparison between the throat and a musical instrument73 probably also i4 #b4 #cj4 ,there is an antithesis in the two parts of the sentence between fulness and breadth1 on the one hand1 and real strength on the other2 and for the transition to the second figure ,kiderlin compares #cc4 #gh4 nihil enim est inane3 perhaps #8nihil enim est in eo inane' 7,becher71 or nihil enim inest4 #gi4 honesti studiosus4 ,becher's proposal to alter the punctuation of this passage is discussed in the note ad loc4--,for auditoriis and compararat1 see on tenuia atque quae #dd1 above4 #hj4 quem tamen4 ,kiderlin1 in ,hermes 7#bc1 p4 #afh71 raises a difficulty here4 ,tamen shows that the clause cannot go with the main statement 7fateor71 and its position forbids us to take it with the quamquam is primum clause3 it can only go with quod ultimus est1 c41 #8though ,demosthenes is ultimus fere1 c41 yet ,cicero1 c4' ,to prevent so awkward a joining of the clauses1 ,kiderlin proposes to read eumque tamen3 pointing out that the quae of the ,,mss4 7,,gh7 may have arisen out of que1 and that ,quintilian may have written eumque2 cp4 vi4 #b4 #ac1 where ,halm makes utque out of quae 7,g71 and xi4 #b4 #cb1 where ,meister reads estque4 ,the meaning will then be3 ,demetrius is worthy of record as being about the last1 c41 and yet ,cicero gives him the first place in the medium genus4--,it seems better1 however1 to give tamen a general reference3 #8yet1 in spite of all that can be said on the other side' 7e4g41 inclinasse eloquentiam dicitur74 ,cp4 #ii quae tamen sunt in hoc genere elegantissima4 #bja #ha4 prosam 7prorsam7 orationem et all ,,mss42 ,halm1 ,meister1 ,krger 7#crd ed47 omit et4 ,i find that ,becher supports the view stated in the note ad loc43 he would however write prorsam1 which the best ,,mss4 give also in ,plin4 v4 #ca1 #aab ,d4 quodam ,delphici videatur oraculo dei instinctus3 so ,frotscher1 followed by ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,on the other hand ,claussen 7,quaest4 ,quint41 p4 #cef7 and ,wlfflin 7followed now by ,meister1 pref4 to ed4 of ,book x41 p4 #ac7 propose to delete ,delphici1 of which ,becher also approves4 ,but the ,,ms4 evidence cannot be disregarded4 ,the following are the various readings3 ,,gh quaedam ,delphico videatur oraculo de instrictus1 and so ,,ft1 the former giving also 7by a later hand7 de instinctus1 the latter dei instructus4 ,bodl4 gives quodam delphico videatur oraculo dei instructus4 ,the most frequent reading is that of ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,ball4 and most edd41 quodam delphico videatur oraculo instinctus3 ,s agrees1 but is reported to have delphico after oraculo3 ,harl4 #diej and ,burn4 #bdd have the same reading1 with institutus corr4 to instinctus3 ,burn4 #bdc gives instructus4 ,delphico was originally deleted by ,caesar3 ,phil xiii1 p4 #geh4 ,halm read tamquam ,delphico videatur oraculo instinctus3 but ,quintilian would take no trouble to avoid the repetition of quidam 7cp4 divina quadam1 above74--,for the arrangement of words1 ,krger 7#crd ed47 compares #da qui ne minima quidem alicuius certe fiducia partis memoriam posteritatis speraverit4 #hb4 quandam persuadendi deam4 ,nettleship 7,journ4 of ,philol41 xxix1 p4 #bb7 conjectures ,suadam persuadendi deam1 comparing ,brutus1 #ei1 quoted ad loc4 ,persuadendi deam would thus become a gloss on ,suadam3 but the expression in the text is quite in ,quintilian's style4 #hc4 eloquendi suavitate3 eloquendi usus 7or usu7 suav4 ,,gh and all codd4 except ,harl4 #diej1 and ,dorv41 both of which give simply eloq4 suav4 ,halm admitted into his text ,geel's conj4 for usus1 #8eloquendi vi ac suavitate1' and this has met with some acceptance 7,iwan ,mller and ,becher74 ,but the parallel from ,dion4 ,hal41 4 4 #d is hardly conclusive3 444 4 ,hirt properly remarks that the agreement between the two is not so great as to allow of correcting the one by the other4 ,kiderlin conjectures eloquendi vi1 suavitate1 perspicuitate4 tam est loquendi4 ,see note ad loc4 for ,kiderlin's conj4 tam manifestus est4 ,though ,meister's tam est eloquendi is probably a misprint1 it is found in some ,,mss4--,harl4 #diej3 ,burn4 #bdd4 #hd4 sane non affectaverunt4 ,bodl4 and ,vall4 7veru subpunctuated in the latter3 affectant ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca ,,ms ,ball4 ,dorv4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga3 sene non adfectitacuerunt ,,gh ,burn4 #bdc3 adfectarunt #gfif3 adfectitant ,harl4 #diej1 and so ,burn4 #bdd 7corrected from affectant74 #he4 haud dubie proximus4 ,halm inserted ei after dubie1 though it is not found in any ,,ms43 ,regius had suggested illi4 ,kiderlin 7,hermes #bc1 p4 #agj7 points out that if propiores alii in #hh is allowed to stand without a dative1 ei is not necessary here4 ,he suggests1 however1 illi before alii in #hh3 both passages must be dealt with in the same way4--,for haud 7,vall471 ,,ghs have aut3 ,m haut4 ,cp4 on #c #bf4 #hf4 ut illi 444 cesserimus3 cum illi ,,ghft ,harl4 #diie ,burn4 #bdc3 ut illi ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif3 and so ,s ,harl4 #diej 7with caelesti atque divinae73 ut ille ,m ,harl4 #bffb4 ,kiderlin 7,hermes1 p4 #agj7 proposes to go back to the reading of the older ,,mss4 cum illi1 and instead of cesserimus to read cesserit1 so as to make ,vergil the subject throughout4 ,cum cannot1 he contends1 be a copyist's error1 motived by ita2 and it is probable1 therefore1 that at first cesserit a was inadvertently written for cesserit2 then 7in ,g or some older ,,ms47 cesserimus ita was made out of that1 to correspond with vincimur below3 and then in the later ,,mss4 cum was changed to ut1 because of ita4 ,for the transition1 with this reading1 from cesserit to the plural 7vincimur1 pensamus71 he #bjb compares #ajg1 where1 after speaking of ,demosthenes and ,cicero1 ,quintilian passes to vincimus4 #hg4 sequentur ,,ms ,halm and ,meister3 sequenter ,g seqnt' ,h3 sequuntur ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif4 id est4 ,these words are omitted in the ,pratensis1 which is tienne de ,rouen's abridgement of the ,beccensis1 now lost4 ,this is an additional proof that was originally written in ,greek3 cp4 on #db4 #hh4 propiores ,h ,prat4 ,put4 ,vall4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #ddie1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdc4 ,bodl41 ,halm3 propriores ,,gms #gbca1 #gfif1 ,harl4 #diej1 ,c1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv41 ,meister4 ,in ,cicero and ,quintilian magis proprii would be more usual for the latter4 #hi4 etiam si sit4 ,this conjecture of ,spalding's 7for etiam sit ,,gh ,bodl4 c43 etiam si ,m ,harl4 #diej ,dorv43 etiam sic ,prat4 ,put4 ,s ,harl4 #bffb7 ,i have found in the ,balliol codex4 #gbca and #gfif give etiam si est4 ,cp4 note on tenuia atque quae #dd1 above4 ut est dictum4 ,these words were bracketed as a gloss by ,halm1 and are now omitted altogether by ,krger 7#crd ed473 see however note ad loc4 ,dderlein proposed to place them after poeta melior1 ,fleckeisen after etiam si4 ,serranum is ,lange's conjecture for ferrenum ,,ghm3 farrenum #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga3 ,pharrenum ,prat4 ,put4 ,some ,,mss4 7e4g4 ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 ,burn4 #bdc and #bdd7 give sed eum1 but it is obvious that the criticism of ,severus stopped with the word locum4 #ij4 senectute maturuit ed4 ,col4 #aebg and so #gbca1 #gfif 7,fierville73 senectutem maturbit ,,gh3 senectute maturum ,prat4 ,put4 ,,ms ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv4 and ,ball43 senectus maturavit ,bodl41 ,burn4 #bdc4 et1 ut dicam4 ,halm's sed instead of et has been rejected by later critics4 ,cp4 ,claussen 7,quaest4 ,quint41 p4 #ceg note73 sed #8sententiam efficit ab hac operis parte alienam4 ,nam cum oratori futuro exempla quaerantur oratoria virtus in quovis scriptore laudi vertitur 7#df1 #fc1 #fe1 #fg1 #gd1 c474 ,itaque propter huius censurae consilium ,quintilianus ,lucani elocutionem oratoriam laudat1 sed ingenium poeticum una reprehendit4' #ia4 propius ,h ,prat4 ,put4 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,harl4 #bffb and other codd43 ,bodl4 ,ball4 ,harl4 #diej proprius4 ,reisig conjectured propitius1 which also is apt2 but in spite of industrius1 necessarius1 cited in its support 7cp4 iv4 #b4 #bg3 vii4 #a4 #ab71 it is too uncertain a form to be received into the text4 ,iwan ,mller thinks it would have to be magis propitiae4 ,halm gives promptius3 ,wlfflin pronius3 while ,schll now suggests propitiae potius 7cp4 iv4 pr4 #e3 #b #bg3 vii4 #a4 #ab74 #ib4 feres ,g ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 ,dorv41 ,ball41 ,halm43 feras ,h1 ,harl4 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 ,c and ,m1 ,meister and ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,harl4 #diie has fere3 from ,vall4 ,becher reports feras1 #8probably at first feres4' elegea ,,gh #gfif1 and so ,a#b ,,bn ,put4 ,s at i4 #h4 #f4 #id4 abunde salis ,g ,prat4 ,put4 ,m and all my ,,mss4 except ,h1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 which have abundantia salis4 multum est tersior4 ,the variety of ,,ms4 readings seems to point to an et wrongly inserted after multum1 perhaps from a confusion with #8multum et ver gloriae' below4 ,,gh give multum et est tersior3 ,m ,harl4 #diej1 ,bodl4 ,ball4 ,c ,dorv4 ,burn4 #bdc and also ,harl4 #dhbi multum etiam est t43 ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga multum est tersior3 while ,harl4 #diie 7and ,vall47 has multo et est tersior4 ,osann proposed multo eo est tersior3 ,wlfflin multo est tersior3 ,halm and ,meister print multum eo est tersior4 ,for multum1 cp4 multum ante xii4 #f4 #a3 and see ,introd4 p4 li4 non labor ,,gh ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl4 and ,meister3 nisi labor #gbca1 #gfif ,s ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv4 ,ball4 ,c1 and ,halm4 ,prat4 and ,put4 have mihi labor4 #bjc hodieque et qui3 ,h1 ,prat41 ,put41 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 ,bodl4 ,dorv43 hodie et qui ,burn4 #bdc3 hodie quoque et qui ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej3 hodie quod et qui ,s4--,becher is of opinion that the text will not bear the explanation given in the note1 and would read hodie quoque et qui3 #8es giebt auch heute noch berhmte ,satirendichter1 die einst c4' ,et qui he takes with clari1 not with hodie quoque1 the et being omitted in translation3 clari 7hodie quoque7 qui 7olim7 nominabuntur4 #ie4 etiam prius4 ,founding on the classification given in ,diomedes 7see note ad loc471 according to which the satura of ,pacuvius and ,ennius preceded and was distinct from that of ,lucilius1 ,horace1 and ,persius1 ,claussen 7,quaest4 ,quint41 p4 #ccg7 thinks that the true reading here may be ,alterum illud et iam prius ,ennio temptatum saturae genus1 c4 ,for the satura of ,ennius1 cp4 ix4 #b4 #cf4 ,iwan ,mller points out that ,ennius is not mentioned below 7#ig71 beside ,attius and ,pacuvius1 probably because neither in tragedy nor in satire did ,quintilian consider him to have produced anything helpful for the formation of an oratorical style4 ,other unnecessary conjectures are etiam posterius1 ,gesner3 etiam proprium1 ,spald43 etiam amplius1 ,l4 ,mller3 etiam verius1 ,riese3 alterum illud ,lucilio prius sat4 genus1 ,krger 7#crd ed474 sola3 solum ,prat4 and ,put4 collaturus quam eloquentiae4 ,these words1 omitted in ,,ghs ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc1 occur in all my other codd4 #if4 sed aliis quibusdam interpositus3 sc4 carminibus1 ,christ4 ,in ,h the reading is quibusdam interpositus3 so #gbca1 #gfif ,bodl4 and ,burn4 #bdc3 but ,m ,harl4 #diej1 #dhbi ,burn4 #bdd ,dorv4 and ,ball1 give a quibusdam interpositus3 ,s cuiusdam3 ,prat4 and ,put4 opus interpositus4 ,osann conjectures sed quibusdam1 and so ,hild4 ,in the margin of ,harl4 #diie is the variant aliquibus interpositis4 ,in ,hermes1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #agb1 ,kiderlin makes a fresh conjecture4 ,recognising that something must have fallen out before quibusdam1 but dissatisfied with ,osann's sed and ,christ's sed aliis1 he proposes to read ut proprium opus1 quibusdam aliis tamen carminibus 7or versibus7 a quibusdam interpositus4 ,the eye of a copyist may easily1 ,kiderlin thinks1 have wandered from the first to the second quibusdam3 cp4 v4 #aj4 #fd1 ut quaedam a quibusdam utique non sunt1 c41 and for quibusdam aliis xi4 #c4 #ff1 et quibusdam aliis corporis signis4 intervenit1 which is a conjecture of ,osann1 ,i have found in ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif4 lyricorum4 ,kiderlin thinks there may be something wrong in the text here4 ,the last sentence 7sed eum longe1 c47 shows clearly that ,quintilian had a high opinion of the lyrists of his day3 if ,bassus was legi dignus1 they were even more so4 ,would he then have said #8of the ,roman lyrists ,horace is almost the only one worth reading'8 ,perhaps we should read lyricorum priorum3 after -ricorum1 priorum might easily fall out1 and it gives a good antithesis to viventium4 ,bassus 7quem nuper vidimus7 forms the transition3 and the next paragraph begins ,tragoediae scriptores veterum1 c4 #ig4 clarissimi4 ,this reading is stated by ,halm to be #8incerta auctoritate1' and is referred by ,meister to the ,aldine edition4 ,it occurs in ,prat4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb 7,a4,d4 #adcd7 ,vall4 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,dorv4 and ,ball43 ,put4 gives clarissime3 ,g has gravissima3 ,,hfts gravissimus1 and so also ,harl4 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 and ,c4 ,halm prints grandissimi3 ,ribbeck 7,rm4 ,trag4 p4 #ccg1 #c7 inclines to accept the sing4 grandissimus1 ,m1 of ,pacuvius alone4 ,kiderlin 7in ,hermes #bc1 p4 #agc7 rejects all the above readings4 ,gravissimus and gravissima are obviously due1 he says1 to gravitate following3 but the word before gravitate must have begun with the same letter1 and so clarissimi cannot stand1 especially as it is inappropriate to the context4 ,for ceterum shows that the sentence before it must have contained some slight censure3 some defect1 or quality excluding others equally good1 must have been mentioned4 ,he therefore conjectures grandes nimis1 in preference to #bjd grandissimi1 which in tragedy would hardly be a fault4 ,attius and ,pacuvius1 ,quintilian says1 are #8zu grossartig1 sie kmmern sich zu wenig um ,zierlichkeit 7,eleganz7 und die letzte ,feile 7d4h4 ,sauberkeit im ,kleinen72 doch daran ist mehr ihre ,zeit schuld als sie selbst4' ,he evidently thinks more of the #8,thyestes' of ,varius and ,ovid's ,medea3 cp4 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ab4 ,with this judgment ,kiderlin compares #ff1 #fg tragoedias primus in lucem ,aeschylus protulit1 sublimis et gravis et grandiloquus saepe usque ad vitium1 sed rudis in plerisque et incompositus 444 sed longe clarius inlustraverunt hoc opus ,sophocles atque ,euripides1 and is of opinion that the parallelism cannot be mistaken4 ,for the position of nimis he compares ix4 #d4 #bh longae sunt nimis3 v4 #i4 #ad longe nimium3 xii4 #aa4 #i magna nimium4 #ih4 quem senes quidem parum tragicum4 ,so ,spalding1 ,bonnell1 ,halm1 ,meister1 and ,krger4 ,quidem occurs in no ,,ms43 ,,gh have quem1 ,m ,vall41 ,harl4 #diie1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,ball1 omit it3 ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc and ,dorv4 show the corruption ,pindarum4 ,becher would exclude quidem1 regarding quem in ,g as an instance of the tendency of copyists inadvertently to repeat1 after a particular word that by which it has been immediately preceded1 e4g4 #fh quod ipsum quod 7,g73 ix4 #d4 #eg ut cum ut 7,g73 iv4 #a4 #g ipsis litigatoribus ipsis 7b73 iv4 #b4 #e aut ante aut 7b,t73 x4 i4 #d iam opere iam 7,g74--,but here the authority of the ,pratensis and its cognates may be invoked4 ,in the archetype from which they are derived something must have stood before parum1 as ,prat4 ,put4 #gfif1 #gbca all give quem senes non parum tragicum3 so ,harl41 #bffb 7,a4,d4 #adcd71 and #aafga4 ,above in #if1 ,g ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif have si quidem for si quem4 #ajj4 linguae suae4 ,so ,khler 7v4 ,meister pref4 to ,book x4 p4 #ac73 suae supplies an antithesis to #8sermo ipse ,romanus'3 ,,gh give linguae quae3 so ,harl4 #diej3 ,s ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 linguae3 while ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,dorv4 and ,ball4 omit it altogether3 ,m has ligweque4 #aja4 ,titum3 ,,gh ,prat4 ,put4 ,m4 #gbca1 #gfif4 commendavit3 ,halm and ,meister give commodavit1 which is approved also by ,hirt4 ,halm compares #fi where ,menander is said to be #8omnibus rebus personis adfectibus accommodatus4' ,but this would require the meaning #8appropriately treated1' and there is no instance in ,quintilian of the verb used absolutely in this sense4 ,nor is there any example to support ,hild's interpretation praestitit1 which would be moreover extremely weak4 ,the recurrence of the word so soon after accommodata tells against ,halm's reading1 though ,quintilian is negligent on this head4--,on the other hand1 in vi4 #c4 #ad the reading #8ad hanc consuetudinem commodata' is rightly accepted against #8commendata' most edd4 #ajb4 immortalem ,,gs ,meister3 illam immortalem ,prat4 ,put4 ,m ,halm3 immortalem illam ,vall4 velocitatem4 ,so all ,,mss1 except ,s1 ,burn4 #bdc1 and ,bodl41 which have civilitatem4 ,kiderlin 7in ,hermes #bc1 p4 #agd7 thinks that we might have expected ideoque immortalem gloriam quam velocitate ,sallustius consecutus est3 #8und darum hat er die velocitas durch 7von der velocitas7 verschiedene ,vorzge erreicht4' ,consequi cannot mean #8to supply the place of'3 and immortalis is inappropriate as an attribute of velocitas3 besides1 ,quintilian has not spoken of ,sallust's velocitas1 even indirectly4 ,schlenger conjectured claritatem3 ,andresen auctoritatem 7#8klassisches ,ansehen1' cp4 iv4 #b4 #abe3 xii4 #aa4 #c73 ,kiderlin now proposes divinitatem1 which in ,cicero ,vortrefflichkeit1 ,meisterschaft3 cp4 xi4 #b4 #g4 ,judged by the previous sentences the expression is not too strong4 ,for immortalem divinitatem cp4 #hf illi 444 caelesti atque immortali3 and for consecutus est iii4 #g4 #i quod immortalitatem virtute sint consecuti4 clarus vi ingenii4 ,this is a conjecture of ,kiderlin's1 which ,i find has been adopted also by ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,,ghft give clarius ingenii3 ,prat4 ,put4 clari ingenii vir3 #gbca1 #gfif clari vir ingenii3 ,,ms ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdc and #bdd1 ,dorv4 #bje ,c and ,ball1 clarus ingenio2 ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga clarus 787 or claret vir ingenii4 ,spalding had already pointed out that clarus is not found with ingenium1 except where ingenium is used of a person3 e4g4 #aai erant clara et nuper ingenia3 he therefore wrote elati vir ingenii 7following ,goth4 elatus ingenio and ,bodl4 elatus ingeniis74 ,kiderlin compares #gj sententiis clarissimus1 and for vis ingenii i4 pr4 #ab3 ii4 #e4 #bc3 x4 #a4 #dd3 xii4 #aj4 #aj4 ,the reading clarus vi ingenii points the contrast to what follows in #8sed minus pressus1' c43 it was his style that did not altogether suit the dignity of history4 #ajc4 genere ipso1 probabilis in omnibus1 sed in quibusdam4 ,till ,kiderlin made this happy conjecture 7see ,hermes #bc1 p4 #age7 genere had always been joined with probabilis1 and the text was twisted in various directions4 ,,ghs1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 give in omnibus quibusdam3 ,m ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv4 in omnibus sed in quibusdam1 and so apparently ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif4 ,out of omnibus ,halm gives on ,roth's suggestion1 operibus3 afterwards he decided for partibus1 and this 7though omnibus to partibus is not an easy transition7 is adopted by ,meister4 ,kiderlin's punctuation makes everything easy3 #8,anerkennung verdienen seine ,leistungen alle1 manche stehen hinter seiner ,kraft zurck4' ,even these last1 ,quint4 means1 are probabiles 7cp4 viii4 #c4 #db probabile ,cicero id genus dicit quod non plus minusve est quam decet72 but they do not show the great powers that distinguish his other writings4 ,it is uncertain whether ,quintilian wrote in quibusdam or sed in quibusdam 7,m74 ,the easiest explanation of the omission in the other ,,mss4 is to suppose that he wrote in omnibus in quibusdam3 perhaps the copyist of ,m saw that omnibus and quibusdam were antithetical1 and inserted sed4 ,kiderlin notes ,quintilian's liking for chiasmus1 without any conjunction3 cp4 #ajf in illo1 in hoc 7where in hoc is wanting in ,m74 suis ipse viribus3 ed4 ,col4 #aebg 7,halm71 and so 7,fierville7 #gbca1 #gfif4 ,in ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga 7,a4,d4 #adcd and #adfg7 suis already appears1 corrected from vis ,,gh4 ,the ,juntine ed4 7#aeae7 has suis viribus minor3 so ,prat4 and ,put4 #ajd4 et exornat4 ,vall4 and 7apparently7 ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 and most edd43 et ornat ,m ,halm1 ,meister1 ,krger3 exornat ,,ghs4 ,becher remarks that et exornat might easily pass into exornat4 nominabitur3 ,weber and ,osann proposed nominabatur 7which appears in ,harl4 #bffb1 but corrected to -itur74 ,krger at first accepted this in support of his theory that the whole passage refers to ,cremutius1 who #8in former days 7olim71 while his works were under a ban1 was only named 7i4e4 was a mere name1 but now is known and appreciated74' ,the parallel passage 7#id7 is sufficient to dispose of any such interpretation3 sunt clari hodieque et qui olim nominabuntur4 ,cremuti4 ,nipperdey1 ,philol4 vi1 p4 #aic1 ,halm1 and ,meister3 remuti ,h ,prat4 ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif remremuti ,g1 rem utili ,burn4 #bdc3 remitti ,s4 ,bodl43 nec imitatores uti ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 #aafga4 ,a review of the various explanations of the whole passage 7,superest--quae manent7 will be found in ,holub's ,programm #8,warum hielt sich ,tacitus von #hi-if n4 ,chr4 nicht in ,rom auf8'--,weidenau1 #ahhc3 but his conjecture remoti 7i4e4 relegati7 for remuti is not to be thought of4 dividendi3 first in the ,aldine edition3 all ,,mss4 have videndi1 except ,m 7indicendi7 and ,prat4 ,put4 ,harl4 #diie 7vivendi74 ,cp4 i4 #aj4 #di1 where the case is the same4 #aje4 ,in the ,aurich ,programm1 ,becher gives a more recent statement of his views3 #8wie zu cum causale1 so tritt praesertim auch zu cum concessivum1 in diesem ,falle wiedenzugeben mit1 8was um so auffallender ist1 als40 ,der ,sinn ist also3 8,ich weiss sehr wohl1 welchen ,sturm des ,unwillens ich gegen mich errege1 und dies 7dieser ,sturm7 ist um so auffallender1 als ich jetzt gar nicht die ,absicht hege1 meine 7in ,potentialis gesprochene7 ,behauptung 7fortiter opposuerim7 wahr zu machen1 resp4 comparando durchzufhren4 ,ich lasse ja dem ,demosthenes seinen ,ruhm--in primis legendum vel ediscendum potius40' #bjf #ajf4 praeparandi4 ,for ,kiderlin's conj4 praeparandi1 narrandi1 probandi see ad loc4 omnia denique1 ,,gh1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 omit omnia 7which is in all my other ,,mss471 and ,meister now approves 7following ,spalding1 ,osann1 and ,wlfflin71 on the ground that ,demosthenes and ,cicero were not alike in everything that belongs to inventio4 ,halm thinks that omnia is to be found in racioni of the older ,,mss43 but ,kiderlin points out that this error may have arisen from the carelessness of a copyist who1 after thrice writing the termination i1 gave it also to the fourth word4 illi--huic ,prat4 ,m1 ,s ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 #bffb ,bodl4 c43 illic--hic ,,gh ,put4 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,halm4 #ajg4 vincimus1 ,h1 ,g#b1 and most ,,mss43 7cp4 #hf73 vicimus ,g4 #aji4 ubertate ,harl4 #diie4 ,this is also the reading of codd4 ,vall4 and ,goth43 all the other ,,mss4 give ubertas4 totas virtutes ,bn ,bg ,n ,prat4 ,ioan4 #gbca1 #gfif3 totas vires ,m b4 #aab4 ab hominibus ,halm and ,meister3 ab omnibus ,bn ,bg ,,hft ,ioan4 ,prat4 #gbca1 ,sal4 and most codd43 hominibus ,s ,harl4 #diie ,bodl4 #aae4 urbanitas4 ,kiderlin proposes to read et praecipua in accusando asperitas et multa urbanitas3 cp4 #aag3 #fd3 #b #be3 ii4 #e4 #h4 ,ciceroni1 for ,ciceronem of the ,,mss4 ,in the ,rev4 de ,phil4 7,janv4-,mars1 #ahhg7 ,bonnet quotes from the ,montpellier ,,ms4 a note of the sixteenth century deleting the name as a gloss 7on inveni74 ,certainly all codd4 give ,ciceronem1 not ,ciceroni4 ,bonnet thinks that the insertion does not accord with ,quintilian's habitual deference towards ,cicero3 #8,quintilien se trouvant dans le cas de contredire ,cicron ne le nomme pas4'--,becher reports ,ciceroni1 a correction in the ,vallensis4 castigata1 ,b 7i4e4 ,bn and ,bg7 ,ioan4 ,prat4 #gbca1 #gfif ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #aafga3 custodita ,h ,m b ,f ,t ,alm4 ,harl4 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdc1 #bdd1 ,bodl4 ,dorv4 and ,ball4 ,for gravis 7b,h ,m ,vall4 and seemingly ,prat47 ,b ,sal4 #gbca1 #gfif and ,ioan4 give brevis4 si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit1 ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie4 ,for the repetition1 see on haud deerit #c #bf4 ,halm and ,meister print si quid adiecturus fuit--7sc4 virtutibus suis1 cp4 #aaf1 #abj7--the reading of ,b 7i4e4 ,bn and ,bg71 which is also that of ,ioan4 ,prat4 ,n #gbca ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga3 while ,m ,harl4 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdd have si quid adiecturus fuit1 non si quid detracturus4 ,the reading of ,h is si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus ,sulpicius insignus fuit ut servius sulpicius insignem c43 so also ,t1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 ,the brackets in ,h are by a later hand1 indicating a gloss which arose from a mistake made by the copyist of ,h4 ,in ,bg the passage stands3-- sibi non si quid detracturus si quid adiecturus3 fuit et servius sulpicius ,the words added above the line are by the hand known as b4 ,in copying ,h wrote3 si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus 7then omitting fuit continues7 et ,serv4 ,sulp4 7then goes back and resumes7 fuit et servius c4 ,this is the origin of the confusion which exists in all the ,,mss4 of this family4 #aag4 et fervor4 ,this is ,bursian's conjecture1 adopted by ,halm and ,krger 7#crd ed471 and now approved by ,becher4 ,,bm have et sermo1 which is also the reading of ,n ,prat4 ,sal4 #gbca1 #gfif ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej and ,ball43 ,hb et summo3 ,harl4 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd et smo3 while ,bodl41 ,dorv41 and ,burn4 #bdc give the correction in ,t eius summa1 out of which the second hand in the ,vallensis 7,laurentius ,valla7 made et vis summa1 a reading which occurs also in ,harl4 #diie4 ,meister reads et sermo purus2 while ,kiderlin proposes et simplex sermo 7cp4 iv4 #a4 #ed3 viii4 #c4 #hg3 ix4 #c4 #c3 #d4 #ag3 viii4 pr4 #bc3 x4 #b4 #af74 ut amari sales4 ,francius conjectured ut amantur sales1 but this loses the antithesis between amari and amaritudo ipsa4 ,kiderlin's ut amantur amari sales 7viii4 #c4 #bjg #hg3 vi4 #a4 #dh7 is an improvement2 but if ridicula is taken in a good sense it seems impossible that after censuring ,cassius for giving way unduly to stomachus1 ,quintilian should go on to say1 #8moreover1 though bitter wit gives pleasure1 bitterness by itself is often laughable4' ,is it possible that we ought to read ut amari sales risum movent ita amaritudo ipsa ridicula est8 ,such an antithesis might have been written #8per compendium1' and the words risum movent may then have dropped out4 ,see the note ad loc43 and cp4 especially vi4 #a4 #dh fecit enim risum sed ridiculus fuit1 and 1 quoted in the note on #a #ajg4--,krger 7#crd ed47 adopts frequentior for frequenter1 which gives a good sense1 except that freq4 amar ipsa is awkward4 #aba4 lene ,halm and ,meister3 leve ,b ,prat4 ,n #gbca ,m #gfif ,c4 ,here again ,becher prefers leve1 comparing ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii4 #aga1 quoted on #dd above3 levitasque verborum #a4 #eb3 and levia 444 ac nitida1 v4 #ab4 #ah4 #abc4 scripserint4 ,so ,bn ,bg ,h ,ioan4 ,prat4 #gbca1 #gfif ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 #bffb1 #aafga1 ,bodl41 ,dorv41 ,spalding1 and ,bonnell4 ,becher compares among other passages #b #ad 7concupierint71 and points out that ,quintilian is not thinking of individual writers on philosophy1 but of the class1 as opposed to the class of orators1 historians1 c4--,halm1 ,meister1 and ,krger have supersunt 7,put4 ,m1 ,ball4 ,burn4 #bdc ,harl4 #diej74 #abd4 ,plautus1 ,prat4 ,n1 #gbca ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga3 plantus ,m ,harl4 #diej3 ,plantatus ,sal43 plaustus ,hb3 ,plancus edd4 vett4 and ,harl4 #diie4 ,catius4 ,the name is rightly given in ,harl4 #diie4 #abf4 iis quibus illi4 ,iis is the conjecture of ,regius1 followed by ,halm1 ,meister1 and ,krger4 ,becher would retain in quibus illi1--the reading of ,,bn ,prat4 ,ioan4 ,vall4 ,m ,harl4 #diie1 #bffb1 #diej1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd ,dorv4 ,ball4 ,the difficulty of construing probably led to the omission of in in b,h ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc1 #gbca1 #gfif1 ,spalding and ,bonnell4 ab illo ,b ,ioan4 #gbca1 #gfif ,sal4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej1 #dhbi3 ab eo b,h,m ,burn4 #bdc4 #abg4 foret enim optandum3 fore enim aliquid optandum b,h,f,t4 ,spalding conjectured alioqui optandum1 which ,kiderlin approves4 ac saltem all ,,mss43 ,meister has aut saltem1 probably relying on a wrong account of the ,bambergensis3 see ,halm vol4 ii1 p4 #cfi4 illi viro ,b3 illi virus b,h,m3 illi virtutibus ,halm3 illi viro eos 7or viro plurimos7 ,kiderlin4 #abh4 multa rerum cognitio3 so all codd4 except ,ioannensis and ,harl4 #diie1 which have multarum rerum cognitio4 b omits cognitio and is followed by ,,hft4 #acj4 si obliqua contempsisset1 si parum recta non concupisset4 ,i adopt the reading recently proposed for this vexed passage by ,ed4 ,wlfflin in ,hermes1 vol4 xxv 7#ahij71 pp4 #cbf-g1 though it is right to note that he was partly 7as will be seen below7 anticipated by ,kiderlin4 ,obliqua seems thoroughly appropriate in reference to ,seneca's unnatural1 stilted1 affected style1--#8jene unnatrliche1 durch unmssigen ,gebrauch von ,tropen und ,figuren auf ,schrauben gestellte ,ausdrucksweise1 welche statt der ,klarheit ein ,schillern zur ,folge hat4' ,wlfflin compares ix4 #b4 #gh rectum genus adprobari nisi maximis viribus non potest3 haec diverticula et anfractus suffugia sunt infirmitatis1 ut qui cursu parum valent flexu eludunt1 cum haec quae adfectatur ratio sententiarum non procul a ratione iocandi abhorreat4 ,adiuvat etiam1 quod auditor gaudet intellegere et favet ingenio suo et alio dicente se laudat4 ,itaque non solum si persona obstaret rectae orationi 7quo in genere saepius modo quam figuris opus est7 decurrebant ad schemata 444 ut si pater 444 iacularetur in uxorem obliquis sententiis4 ,this passage supplies 7what is indeed suggested by obliqua itself7 the antithesis parum recta3 cp4 ii4 #ac4 #aj si quis ut parum rectum improbet opus4 #bjh ,in the ,jahrbcher f4 ,philologie 7vol4 #ace1 #ahhg3 p4 #hbh7 ,kiderlin had previously dealt with the passage on similar lines4 ,the traditional reading si aliqua contempsisset 7b7 he considers too indefinite1 though not impossible3 in point of authority1 though preferable to the si nil aequalium cont4 of the later ,,mss41 it cannot rank so high as the reading of ,bn and ,bg1 which give simile quam without any attempt at emendation4 ,this ,kiderlin thinks must be nearest the original3 he therefore rejects such conjectures as ,jeep's si antiqua non1 on the ground that it is improbable that simile quam arose out of antiqua4 ,he introduces his own conjecture by referring to ix4 #b4 #ff and #gh 7see above71 and to the contrast between schemata and rectum genus1 recta oratio2 the former are called lumina or lumina orationis 7xii4 #aj4 #fb74 ,cp4 viii4 #e4 #cd4 ,he would read3 nam si mille ille schemata 7or illas figuras7 similiaque lumina contempsisset1 si parum rectum genus 7or sermonem7 non concupisset1 c4 ,similiaque occurs ix4 #d4 #dc3 mille 7for sescenti7 is used v4 #ad4 #cb3 for contempsisset cp4 ix4 #d4 #aac4 ,si mille illa and similiaque may easily have run together1 when schemata 7or figuras7 would fall out3 quam in the older ,,mss4 may represent que lumina1 which again reappears in the qualium of the later codd4 7si nil aequalium74 ,as an alternative for parum rectum genns 7or sermonem7 ,kiderlin suggests ,wlfflin's reading parum recta3 and compares ix4 #b3 ii4 #e4 #aa3 v4 #ac4 #b3 ix4 #a4 #c2 #c4 #c3 x4 #a4 #dd2 #hi3 ii4 #ac4 #aj4 ,of the ,,mss4 ,prat4 #gbca ,sal4 #gfif ,n ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga agree with ,bn and ,bg in giving simile quam3 b has si aliqua3 ,,hft1 ,burn #bdc1 ,bodl4 aliqua3 ,m ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv4 ,c si nil aequalium4 ,among previous conjectures are si multa aequalium1 ,trnebladh3 si ille quaedam1 ,halm 7where ille is surely superfluous73 si antiqua non1 ,jeep4 ,meister accepts the reading si aliqua non3 ,becher thinks that si nil aequalium may be right4 ,it is generally admitted that a word must have fallen out after parum3 the codd4 all give si parum non concupisset4 ,jeep proposed si pravum 7 corruptum3 cp4 ii4 #e4 #aj7 non conc43 on which ,halm1 comparing omnia sua1 remarks1 #8debebat saltem prava4' ,but prava seems too strong a word for ,quintilian to have used in a criticism where he is so studiously mixing praise and censure4 ,halm suggested si parum sana1 and is followed by ,meister3 cp4 ,fronto's #8febriculosa' of ,seneca1 p4 #aee n4 ,sarpe proposed si prava or parva or plura3 ,buttmann si parum concupiscenda 7or convenientia73 ,herzog si parvum3 ,madvig si partim or partem 7i4e4 paulo plus quam aliqua1 and in opp4 to omnia sua1 below73 ,hoffmann si opiparum3 ,seyffert si garum3 ,kraffert si non parum excussisset 7cp4 #aja1 #abf3 v4 #g4 #f2 #g4 #cg2 #ac4 #ai3 xii4 #h4 #ac1 c473 ,gustaffson si parva 7cp4 i4 #f4 #bj frivolae in parvis iactantiae73 ,andresen si similem ei quem contempsit se esse 7sc4 concupisset2 cp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiii4 #ef3 xii4 #fd3 ,hist4 i4 #h3 ,livy xlv4 #bj4 #i7 si parem non concupisset 7i4e4 si ,ciceronianum genus dicendi imitari quam diverso genere gloriam eius aemulari maluisset73 or1 nam si similem ei quem contempsit se esse1 non parem concupisset3 ,krger 7#crd ed47 si parum arguta3 ,hertz 7who argues that the word which has fallen out must1 with parum1 correspond to corrupta above7 si parum pura4 utrimque ,meister and ,becher1 following old edd41 ,spalding1 and ,bonnell3 utrumque ,b ,n #gbca1 #gfif3 virumque ,m3 utcumque ,halm1 #8in every way1' #8one way or another1'--proposed by ,gesner at #f #g4 #bji ,,chapter ,,ii4 #b4 atque omnis4 ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #ahhg1 p4 #ded7 proposes to put commas at sequi and velimus1 and make this clause also subordinate4 #c4 aut similes aut dissimiles4 ,andresen suggests aut similes aut non dissimiles or aut similes aut certe haud dissimiles4 #f4 tradiderunt 7,,bnm ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdc1 and ,dorv47 is powerfully supported by ,becher in his latest tractate 7,programm des kniglichen ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich1 p4 #ac7 against tradiderint1 the reading of b ,prat4 ,bodl4 and ,vall4 7corrected in the last from tradiderunt71 ,burmann1 ,spalding1 ,bonnell1 ,halm1 ,meister1 and ,krger4 ,becher holds that in ,quintilian1 as frequently in ,cicero1 cum with the indicative is often used in such a way 7quoting from ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mller7 #8ut non prorsus idem sit1 sed simillimum ei1 quod barbare dicere solemus identitatis4 ,nam ut 8cum tacent clamant0 non est 8si tacent10 multo minus 8quo tempore0 aut 8propterea quod0 aut 8quamquam10--sed 8tacent idque idem est ac si clament10 sic 8cum hoc facis qui potes facere illud80 et sim41 ,german1 item 8wenn du dies thust0 valet3 8hoc facis ex eoque per se efficitur1 non ratione1 sed ipsa natura1 ut illud non possis facere40 ,ut pro ,q4 ,roscio #c4 #i quam ob rem1 cum cetera nomina in ordinem referebas1 hoc nomen in adversariis relinquebas8 non significat nec 8quamquam0 nec 8quando10 sed 8wenn40' ,becher adds the following parallel passages3 ,cic4 pro ,cluent4 #dg4 #aca id ipsum quantae divinationis est scire innocentem fuisse reum1 cum iudices sibi dixerunt non liquere1 and ,verg4 ,ecl4 #c4 #af quid domini facient1 audent cum talia fures8 7,cp4 ,madvig de ,fin4 p4 #be47 ,in the same way he treats cum 444 sunt consecuti #g #ai below1 which seems1 however1 to be somewhat different4 ,here there is an antithesis1 and in such cases cum 7#8whereas'7 may very well take the indicative3 there the clause #8cum sint consecuti' is added to show the reasonableness 7cum #8since'7 of the demand that extemporary facility shall be made fully equal to cogitatio--see ad loc4 ,neither instance can be explained on the analogy of cum with the indic4 used of #8identity' 7as #8cum tacent1 clamant1' quoted above73 in such cases the subject is generally the same in both clauses4 ,and in such a passage as pro ,cluent4 #aca cum is usually explained as quo tamen tempore4 eruendas ,m ,harl4 #diie3 all other codd4 erudiendas4 mensuris ac lineis4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 quotes with approval the conjecture of ,friedlnder 7,darst4 aus der ,sittengesch4 ,roms iii4 #d4 p4 #aid4 #d7 eisdem mensuris ac lineis1 and recommends the insertion of eisdem in the text1--after lineis1 where it is more likely to have fallen out4 ,but this is unnecessary4 #g4 turpe etiam illud est4 ,hild puts a comma after sciant1 and by supplying before turpe est an ita to correspond with quemadmodum1 makes out a comparison of which quemadmodum1 c41 is the first clause and turpe etiam illud est the second4 ,this is certainly to misunderstand the passage4 ,the quemadmodum clause goes with what is before1 not with what follows1 so that a comma after alieni would be enough1 were it not for the necessity of having the mark of interrogation 7cp4 #i below74 ,then turpe etiam illud est comes in1 resuming pigri est ingenii in #d1 just as immediately afterwards rursus quid erat futurum #g resumes quid enim futurum erat #d4 ,the whole passage is an elaboration of the dictum with which #d opens1 #8imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit4' ,quintilian first says that we1 as well as those who have gone before us1 may make discoveries 7cur igitur nefas est reperiri aliquid a nobis quod ante non fuerit874 ,surely we are not to confine ourselves to hard and fast lines like servile copyists4 #baj ,then he goes on to add in #g that we must surpass our models 7plus efficere eo quem sequimur71 instead of resting content with mere reproduction 7id consequi quod imitamur73 otherwise ,livius ,andronicus would still be the prince of poets1 we should still be sailing on rafts1 and painting would still be nothing more than the tracing of outlines4 ,the necessity for progress is first shown 7#d-f7 by an appeal to the example of the past1 and by the unfruitful work of such painters as are mere copyists3 then in #g poetry1 history1 navigation1 as well as painting are put in evidence for the argument ex contrario4 #h4 mansit1 ,meister3 sit codd43 est ,fleckeisen 7and ,halm73 fuit ,gensler4 #i4 adpetent ,bg ,,hft3 appetent ,prat4 ,ioan4 ,harl4 #diie ,bodl4 c43 appetunt ,n ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdc4 hoc agit ,halm1 followed by ,meister 7cp4 #g #d73 hoc ait b ,h1 om4 ,bn ,bg ,n ,ioan4 ,prat4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga3 agit 7sine hoc7 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej ,m1 and most codd4 #aj4 quaeque pares maxime may be a gloss3 it is found only in those ,,mss4 which give simplicissimae for simillimae3 b ,h ,harl4 #diej ,m ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl4 utique 7b ,m ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl4 ,dorv47 may also be suspected3 it does not occur in ,bn ,bg ,n ,ioan4 ,prat4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga4 #aa4 orationibus1 ,bg3 ,ioan1 gives oratione3 so also ,voss4 #a and #c 7,zumpt74 accommodatur b ,h ,ioan4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,bodl4 ,dorv4 and ,meister3 commodatur ,bn ,n ,prat4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga1 and ,halm4 #ab4 inventio vis ,b ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga3 inventionis b ,h ,harl4 #ddie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,c1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl41 ,dorv4 #ac4 cum et1 ed4 ,colon4 #aebg3 et cum ,b ,h ,ioan4 ,prat4 ,n 7et quum7 ,m3 cum ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie4 ,on the usual interpretation of this difficult passage ut quorum 444 collocata sunt forms one parenthesis3 but this is an unnecessary extension of the explanation of intercidant invalescantque temporibus4 ,see ad loc4 accommodata sit1 codd4 except ,harl4 #diie1 which omits sit3 acc4 est ,halm1 followed by ,hild 7depending on prout1 not cum3 see note ad loc474 ,madvig's conjecture accommodanda sit is approved by ,kiderlin 7cp4 ix4 #d4 #abf adeoque rebus accommodanda compositio74 ,but the correctness of the reading in the text 7and also of the explanation given in the note ad loc47 will be evident to any one who considers the whole sentence carefully4 ,to cum et verba intercidant corresponds exactly the double clause et compositio 444 rebus accommodata sit on the one hand1 and et compositio 444 ipsa varietate gratissima 7sc4 sit--repeated from accommodata sit7 on the other4 ,this double clause is rather awkwardly joined by cum 444 tum4 ,to take accommodata sit as depending on the cum which follows compositio is to destroy the balance of the sentence4 ,in this case an independent sit would have to be supplied with gratissima 7to make et compositio 444 gratissima sit correspond to et verba intercidant above73 and the translation would then be3 #8it is just when 7cum 444 tum71 or exactly in proportion as1 it is adapted to the sense 7rebus accommodata7 that the very variety 7thereby secured7 gives the arrangement its greatest charm4' ,but if this had been ,quintilian's meaning he would surely have written cum rebus accommodatur 7or--ata est7 tum ipsa varietate sit gratissima4 #ad4 quos imitemur4 ,the ,d',orville ,,ms4 gives quos eligamus ad imitandum1--probably an emendation by the copyist1 though it may explain the origin of the reading of b and ,h quos at imitandum4 quid sit ad quod nos4 ,the ad is due to ,regius3 most codd4 have quid sit quod nos1 except ,harl4 #diie1 which is again in agreement with ,goth4 ,vall4 ,voss4 #b and the second hand in ,par4 #b3 quid sit quod nobis4 #ae4 et a doctis1 inter ipsos etiam4 ,the explanation given in the notes is due to ,andresen 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #cj1 p4 #eba71 who1 however1 wished to insert et before inter #baa ipsos4 ,the comma makes that unnecessary4 ,so ,kiderlin 7,berl4 ,jahrb4 ,,xiv1 #ahhh1 p4 #ga sq474 dicunt1 ,harl4 #diie3 dicant all codd43 #8emend4 ,badius' 7,halm74 ut sic dixerim ,vall4 7,becher73 cp4 pr4 #bc3 i4 #f4 #a3 ii4 #ac4 #i3 v4 #ac4 #b4 ,,bm ,prat4 have ut dixerim4 ,halm wrote ut ita dixerim1 comparing i4 #ab4 #b3 ix4 #d4 #fa3 but ut sic is more common in the ,latinity of the ,silver ,age4 #af4 compositis exultantes4 ,kiderlin 7,berl4 ,jahrb4 ,,xiv1 #ahhh1 p4 #gb7 would prefer compositis rigidi 7cp4 xi4 #c4 #cb3 xii4 #aj4 #g3 ix4 #c4 #aja3 xii4 #aj4 #cc71 comptis 7cp4 i4 #gi3 viii4 #c4 #db7 exultantes #8statt wohlgeordnet steif1 statt schmuckliebend putzschtig4' ,another unnecessary emendation is laetis exultantes1 compositis corrupti 7,lindau73 or compositis exiles 7,dntzner74 #ag4 quidlibet1 most codd43 quamlibet ,m1 ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej3 qui licet b,h4 ,iwan ,mller 7,bursian's ,jahresb4 #ahgi1 p4 #afb7 condemns illud1 and would read either quamlibet frigidum 7cp4 #c #ai and ix4 #b4 #fg3 quamlibet apertum71 or quidlibet frigidum1 which latter is approved by ,p4 ,hirt4 ,eussner suggests the deletion of illud frigidum et inane1 thinking that these words may be the remains of a gloss on #af4 ,attici sunt scilicet4 ,spalding's reading seems on the whole to be preferred4 ,the retention of sunt 7represented in some ,,mss4 by a simple s1--hence the reading ,atticis scilicet7 makes it less necessary to follow ,meister in inserting a sunt after qui praec4 concl4 obscuri3 in so loose a writer as ,quintilian the first sunt would do duty for both4 ,halm follows ,bn and ,bg1 which apparently 7as also ,n ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 and #aafga7 have ,attici scilicet3 ,meister 7with b,h,m and ,harl4 #diej7 gives ,atticis scilicet4 ,in the ,ioannensis ,i find ,attici s 7for sunt73 ,dorv4 and ,burn4 #bdd give ,atticis s4 ,scilicet 7om4 ,prat47 may be a gloss1 and the true reading may be ,attici sunt4 ,some codd4 7,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc7 give ,atticos scilicet 7,athicos ,harl4 #diie73 qy4 ,atticorum similes8 7cp4 ,cic4 ,brut4 #bhg74--;,becher now prefers ,atticis 7sc4 se pares credunt74 #bb4 proposito4 ,this conjecture by ,gertz 7,opuscula philol4 c41 p4 #acd7 ,i have found in the ,ioannensis 799ppo7 and in ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga4 ,it is approved also by ,kiderlin4 ,b,n,hb ,prat4 ,sal4 give propositio3 all other codd4 proposita4 ,perhaps we should read 7with ,ioan47 sua cuique proposito est lex1 suus decor est4 ,prat4 omits the second est4 #bc4 tenuitas aut iucunditas1 ,halm and ,meister3 tenuitas ac iucunditas b ,h1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl43 tenuitas aut nuditas ,n ,ioan4 ,m ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga3 tenuitas ac nuditas ,prat4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,c1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv43 aut iuditas ,bg4 #be4 quid ergo8 non est satis1 c4 ,gertz proposes to read1 shortly afterwards1 mihi quidem satis esset2 set si omnia consequi possem1 quid tamen noceret vim ,caesaris 444 adsumere8 7 sed etiam si satis mihi esset1 tamen nihil noceret vim ,caesaris 444 adsumere1 si omnia haec consequi possem74 #bh4 deerunt1 ,francius3 deerant 7derant7 all codd4 ,becher defends deerant3 #8der ,rhetor meint dass qui propria bona adiecerit fter ,veranlassung gehabt haben wird1 ,fehlendes zu ergnzen als zu beschneiden si quid redundabit4' oporteat b,h,f,t ,bodl4 ,m ,harl4 #diej ,burn4 #bdc3 oportebat ,b ,prat4 ,n ,sal4 ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga ,burn4 #bdd ,dorv4 ,the latter 7which is adopted by ,halm7 would indicate 7cp4 viii4 #d4 #bb7 a condition which ought to have been and may still be realised3 the former 7adopted by ,meister and approved by ,becher7 is the conjunctive potential1 and is quite in ,quintilian's manner 7cp4 xi4 #b4 #bj73 it conveys the expression of a present duty and obligation1 the realisation of which may now be expected1 and it connects also more intimately with erit in the following sentence4 #bab ,,chapter ,,iii4 #a4 nobis ipsis1 codd43 e nobis ipsis ,gertz4 utilitatis etiam4 ,ioan4 gives etiam utilitatis1 which ,spalding quotes also from ,goth4 #b4 alte refossa4 ,this 7the reading of ,n7 ,i have found also in ,ioan4 and ,prat43 alter effossa ,,bh3 altius effossa ,harl4 #diie ,m ,harl4 #diej1 #dhbi ,burn4 #bdd ,bodl4 ,dorv43 alte effossa ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga4 fecundior fit4 ,fit appears as a correction in ,t and ,vall43 it does not occur in ,b ,m ,prat4 ,h ,t ,ioan4 ,s ,harl4 #diie or #bffb4 ,perhaps fecundior is the true reading1 and est is to be supplied in thought3 ,introd4 p4 lv4 effundit ,b ,prat4 ,ioan4 ,n and most codd43 effunditur b ,h4 et fundit ,vall4#b ,m1 ,harl4 #diie1 ,halm and ,meister4 parentis3 parentium ,ioan43 parentum ,dorv4 ,harl4 #diej ,burn4 #bdd ,c3 parentibus b,h ,bodl4 #d4 iam hinc4 ,obrecht iam hunc3 see note ad loc4 ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga agree in iam hic4 #f4 scriptorum4 ,this reading1 attributed to ,badius by ,halm and ,meister1 is found in ,ioan4 ,harl4 #diie ,burn4 #bdc ,harl4 #bffb 7the last corr4 from -em74 ,it is also in the editio princeps 7,campanus71 and the ed4 ,andr4 ,becher reports it as a correction in ,vall4 #i4 sequetur ,bn and ,bg ,n ,sal4 ,dorv4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej1 #dhbi1 #aafga3 persequetur b ,harl4 #diie ,burn4 #bdc3 prosequetur ,,hm ,bodl4 and ,prat4 ,prosequetur 7,spald4 and ,bonnell7 may be right3 there is a graphic touch about the compound4 #aj4 ut provideamus obelized by ,halm 7after ,bursian73 but see note4 ,becher proposed provideamus ut resistamus et 444 coerceamus3 ,krger suggests rather resistamus et provideamus ut 444 coerceamus3 ,jeep1 ut provide eamus1 also1 for efferentes se1 efferventes4 ,the passage is discussed by ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4d4 bayer ,gymn4 #ahhh1 p4 #he71 who recommends the excision of et before efferentes1 as it is found in no ,,ms4 ,he translates3 #8,aber gerade dann1 wenn wir uns jene ,fhigkeit 7schnell zu schreiben7 angeeignet haben 7bei solchen1 welche noch nicht schnell schreiben knnen1 fehlt es an ,ruhepausen obnehin nicht71 wollen wir innehalten1 um vorwrts zu blicken1 die durchgehenden ,rosse wollen wir gleichsam mit den ,zgeln zurckhalten4' ,he considers ut provideamus a necessary addition1 in order to make the meaning of resistamus clear4 #8,was jeder ,besonnene beim ,schreiben thut1 dass er manchmal innehlt1 um vorwrts zu blicken1 d4h4 um sich zu besinnen1 welche ,gedanken nun am besten folgen und wie sie am besten ausgedrckt werden1 rt hier ,quint4 seinen ,lesern4' ,the best ,,mss4 read resist4 ut provid4 efferentes equos frenis3 ,hb ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc give ut for et3 ,harl4 #diie has resist4 ut prohibeamus ferentes equos fr4 quib4 coerc43 #diej and ,burn4 #bdd resist4 ut prohibeamus efferentes equos quos fr4 quib4 coerc4 ,the reading et efferentes se is due to ,burmann4 ,something might be said for et ferentes se3 #8ferre se' is often used by ,vergil of #8moving with conscious pride1' e4g4 ,aen4 i4 #ejc3 v4 #cgb3 viii4 #aih3 ix4 #eig3 xi4 #ggi4 #ab4 patruo4 ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga both give patrono3 which1 with other coincidences1 establishes their relationship to the ,guelferbytanus 7,spald474 #ad4 quod omni1 see note ad loc43 edd4 vett ex quo4 #ae4 plura et celerius ,prat4 ,n3 and so now ,becher reports from ,b and ,ambrosianus ii4 ,et had escaped ,halm's notice1 and ,meister follows1 plura celerius4 #bac sed quid3 sed is supplied by the old edd41 but does not appear in any ,,ms4 ,halm 7ii4 p4 #cfi7 conjectures at1 which may easily have slipped out after obveniat4 #ag4 quae fuit3 7manent7 quae fudit ,harl4 #diie 7as also ,goth4 ,voss4 #b and ,vall47 #ai4 urget4 ,kiderlin supports 7in ,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #ahhh1 p4 #hf7 his proposal to read urgetur1 which would however give a different antithesis4 #8,when we write ourselves1 our thoughts outstrip our pen1 but when we dictate we forget that the scribe is writing under similar conditions1 and give him too much to do4' #bj4 in intellegendo4 ,this conj41 which is due to ,h4 ,j4 ,mller and ,iwan ,mller1 has been adopted by ,becher and ,meister3 legendo ,,bm ,ioan1 and most codd4 7,halm74 ,see note ad loc4 ,the true reading may be si tardior in scribendo aut incertior1 et in intellegendo velut offensator fuit4 ,this is supported by et diligendo 7b,h ,burn4 #bdc ,bodl471 for which ,spalding conjectured et delendo1 ,gertz in tenendo 7#8significatur notarium imperitum et oscitantem verba quae dictantur non statim intellegere aut fideliter tenere1 ut saepius eadem dictanda sint'74 ,a number of codd4 7,ioan4 ,vall4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdc and #bdd1 ,dorv47 have inertior for incertior3 but this gives no antithesis to tardior3 it appears1 however1 in ed4 ,colon4 #aebg4 ,the same codd4 7and also ,m7 have fuerit1 for fuit1 which may be right4 concepta ,regius3 conceptae codd4 ,becher points out that concipere and excutere are #8termini technici'3 cp4 ,scrib4 ep4 ad ,c4 ,jul4 ,callist4 p4 #c ,r ne praegnanti medicamentum quo conceptum excutitur detur3 and ,ovid1 excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammas4 #ba4 altiorem4 ,this reading1 ascribed by ,halm and ,meister to ed4 ,colon4 7#aecf7 ,i have found in ,harl4 #bffb 7,a4,d4 #adcd7 and #aafga 7,a4,d4 #adfg74 ,b ,n ,ioan1 and other codd4 aptiorem3 ,prat4 apertiorem1 and so a later hand in ,vall4 frontem et latus interim obiurgare4 ,b1 ,prat4 ,m1 ,ioan41 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd and ,dorv4 all give simul et interim3 ,harl4 #diie 7again in agreement with the #bnd hand in ,vall47 and ,burn4 #bdc have simul vertere latus et interim 7the reading of many old edd473 so ,bodl4 except that it omits et4 ,it is to b that we must apply for what must be at least a trace of the true reading2 and b gives sintieletus1 which ,h shows as sintielatus4 ,considering how liable s 77 and f are to be confused1 ,i venture to think that inti may conceal fronte4 ,bursian's femur et latus 7,halm and ,meister7 is not so near the ,,mss43 it is based on ii4 #ab4 #aj and xi4 #c4 #abc 7quoted ad loc471 but the latter passage would warrant frontem quite as much as femur1 and frontem ferire seems to have been considered by ,quintilian a more extravagant action than femur ferire1 of which he says #8et usitatum est et indignantes decet et excitat auditorem4' ,in any case the man who is in the agony of composition is as likely1 if alone1 to #8rap his forehead' and #8smite his chest1' as to #8slap his thigh4' ,frotscher and ,bonnell's sinum et latus cannot be supported by any parallel for such an expression as sinum caedere1 ferire1 obiurgare4 ,becher approves ,gertz's conjecture semet interim obiurgare1 which is adopted also by ,krger 7#crd ed47 as increpare3 #8obiurgat semet ipse scribens et convicium sibi facit ut stulto1 si quando tardior in inveniendo est4' ,another interesting conjecture is put forward by ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #ahhh1 p4 #hg74 ,he proposes to read 7on the lines of b7 singultire1 latus int4 ob4 ,this would need to be taken of those more or less inarticulate sounds which the solitary writer addresses 1 when there is no one there to listen4 ,kiderlin refers to singultantium in #g #bj1 of broken utterance3 but we cannot take the reference here of #8sobs' or #8gasps'3 the writer is not practising with a view to theatrical effect1 he is supposed to be indulging in little peculiarities that become ridiculous in another's presence4 ,as an alternative ,kiderlin suggests singultu latus interim obiurgare1 comparing for the ablative #ae cogitationem murmure agitantes4 ,singultus is common #bad enough3 and ,kiderlin thinks that as singultire is nearer the ,,mss4 than singultare1 it may possibly have been used here by ,quintilian4 #bb4 secretum in dictando4 ,so b,h ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl41 ,m1 ,dorv43 quod dictando ,,bn ,prat4 ,ioan41 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd 7corr4 to in74 ,with the reading quod dictando perit1 atque liberum 444 nemo dubitaverit 7,halm and ,meister7 it is senseless to quote #b #bj 7,bonn41 ,meister1 and ,dosson7 as parallel4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 reads secretum dictando perit4 ,atque liberum arbitris1 c4 #bc4 mihi certe iucundus4 ,after these words ,h has videmoni 7and so the cod4 ,alm473 ,flor4 vindemoni4 ,this word greatly puzzled ,spalding1 and has been allowed to disappear from the critical editions of ,halm and ,meister4 ,jeep transformed it into mihi certe vitae inani iucundus1 c4 ,an ingenious suggestion is made by ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,purser 7in the ,classical ,review1 ii1 p4 #bbb b74 ,he thinks that it may be 8the gloss of a monk1 on a somewhat ornate passage about poetry1 who recollected how 7as ,bacon says in his #8,essay on ,truth'7 one of the ,fathers had in great severity called ,poesie vinum daemonum40 ,cp4 ,advancement of ,learning ii4 #bb4 #ac1 where ,mr4 ,wright tells us that ,augustine calls poetry vinum erroris ab ebriis doctoribus propinatum1 ,confess4 i4 #af2 and that ,jerome1 in one of his letters to ,damasus1 says ,daemonum cibus est carmina poetarum1 while both these quotations are combined in one passage by ,cornelius ,agrippa1 de ,incert4 c4 c4 #d4 ,hence the phrase vinum daemonum may have been compounded4--,if the gloss is to be credited to the copyist of ,h 7as seems probable71 it perhaps arose from something that caught his eye in the ,bambergensis four lines further down1 where tendere ani7mum7 is shown in a form that could easily be mistaken by a sleepy scribe4 #bd4 ramis1 referred by ,halm and ,meister to ed4 ,camp41 appears in ,harl4 #diie3 it is reported by ,becher also from the ,vallensis4 ,all other codd4 rami4 voluptas ista videatur most codd43 videatur ista voluptas ,n4 #be4 oculi4 ,kiderlin thinks it allowable to infer from the words ex quo nulla exaudiri vox that aures aut has fallen out before oculi4 ,cp4 #bh nihil eorum quae oculis vel auribus incursant4 velut tectos3 velut rectos all codd4 ,there is the same confusion at ix4 #a4 #bj where ,m has recteque for tecteque 7i4e4 tectaeque74 ,for ,becher's explanation of the vulgate tectos 7first in ed4 ,leid47 see ad loc4 ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #ahhh1 p4 #hh7 is not satisfied1 and objects that for tectos teneat we should have expected tegat4 ,the figure also seems to him out of place1 as the context speaks not of the attack of an enemy1 but of the distractions which draw the mind of the student away from his task3 #bc avocent1 respexit3 #bd ad se trahunt3 #be aliud agere4 ,he proposes1 therefore1 velut recto itinere1 comparing iv4 #b4 #ajd ut vi quadam videamur adfectus velut recto itinere depulsi1 and ii4 #c4 #i et recto itinere lassi plerumque devertunt4 ,itinere may first have fallen out1 and then recto may have been changed to rectos4--,halm conjectured velut secretos1 or coercitos2 ,wrobel1 velut relictos4 #bf4 haud deerit3 aut deerit ,,bn ,ioan1 and all codd4 except a later hand in ,vall4 ,kiderlin 7,bltter l4c47 comments on the infrequent use of haud in ,quintilian1 though haud dubie #a #he 7where however ,,gh have aut7 must have escaped him 7cp4 i4 #a4 #d72 and founding on the consensus of the ,,mss4 for aut he proposes to read aut non deerit or aut certe non deerit4 ,but haud goes closely with deerit1 and does not 7like non1 ac non7 introduce an antithesis to supererit4 ,aut deerit might be made to mean that the sleepless man is to work3 but this would be too cruel6 #bi4 et itinere deerremus3 et ita ne ,,bn ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,dorv4 and ,ball43 ita erremus ,h,mb ,bodl4 7erramus74 ,the reading in the text is given by ,halm and ,meister as from the old editions3 it occurs in ,vall4 and ,harl4 #diie4 #ca4 crebra relatione appears in ,harl4 #diie 7and ,vall47 corrected from crebro relationi which is the reading of ,b ,ioan4 and all codd4 ,jeep suggested crebra dilatione1 #bae ,kiderlin crebriore elatione4 ,other proposals are crebra relictionis1 q4 i4 c41 repetitione1 ,gottfried ,hermann 7in ,frotscher71 crebra relictione1 q4 i4 c41 et repetitione1 ,zumpt 7in ,spald4 v1 p4 #dbc74 ,becher thinks crebro may be right1 adverbs being often used in ,latin where we should use adjectives3 crebro would then go closely with morantur and frangunt4 #cb4 adiciendo #8for making additions'3 so ,bursian1 ,halm1 and ,becher4 ,,bn ,prat4 ,ioan1 and most codd4 have adicienda3 b adiciendi sint3 ,harl4 adjiciendi sit4 ,meister adopts adicienti from ed4 ,col4 #aeee3 so ,spalding3 cp4 iv4 #e4 #f quo cognoscenti iudicium conamur auferre 7where ,b has cognoscendi74 ultra modum esse ceras velim3 ,ioan1 omits esse1 and is thus in agreement with ,n4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 #c4 habet3 habeat1 ,halm quoting from ed4 ,camp4 ,habeat occurs in ,burn4 #bdc3 most codd4 have habet1 but some 7,h and ,bodl47 give habent4 ,,chapter ,v4 #a4 parantibus3 for the ex imparantibus of ,bn ,n and ,ioan4 ,bursian added non est huius4 ,so ,halm4 ,harl4 #diie gives nec exuberantis id quidem est operis ut explicemus4 factum est iam1 ,halm and ,meister3 est etiam all codd4 except ,ioan1 which has factum etiam4 iam robustorum3 so all codd4 except b,h,f,t which omit iam3 and ,harl4 #diie1 ,burn4 #bdd which give iam robustiorum4 #b4 id ,messallae3 ,b ,ioan4 ,m and most codd4 ,ball4 and ,dorv4 however give ,m4 id ,messalae3 and ,harl4 #diie ,marco id ,messalae4 ,the spelling ,messallae is adopted in the text as more correct4 #d4 eadem3 so most edd4 and ,spalding1 followed by ,mayor and ,krger 7#crd ed473 eandem all codd41 with the single exception of ,m1 and so ,halm and ,meister1 though without giving any indication of the meaning4 ,the only way to explain eandem seems to be to continue the sentence in thought sc4 quae non proprie1 or quae apud poetas3 cp4 eandem i4 #i4 #a4 ,the sense will then be3 #8the poet's inspiration has an elevating influence1 while his licences of style do not carry with them in advance1 or involve1 the corresponding ability to use the language of ordinary prose3 something is left for the reproducer4' ,this suggests that there may be something in the reading of ,b 7also ,vall4 and ,harl4 #diie71 which have no non with praesumunt1 at least if we may read eadem3 #8poetical licence implies that the orator can say the same things propriis verbis4' ,bursian suggested nec 7for et7 verba 444 praesumunt4 #e4 post quod4 ,harl4 #diie again agrees with ,goth4 and ,voss4 #b1 praeter quod3 so ,vall4 #ac4 reus sit4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 revives ,halm's conj4 rectene reus sit1 to correspond with rectene occiderit and honestene tradiderit in what follows3 along with ,gertz's quaeramus1 an to correspond with veniat in iudicium an1 ,becher1 however 7,philol4 xiv1 p4 #gbd71 has pointed out that if the object of such a change is to secure complete symmetry1 we should need to read1 #8,cornelius rectene codicem legerit' quaeramus1 an #8liceatne magistratui 444 recitare'3 otherwise1 in the other two cases the text ought to run1 #8,milo quod ,clodium occidit' veniat in iudicium1 an4441 and #8,cato quod #baf ,marciam tradidit ,hortensio' an4 ,qnintilian has avoided this excess of parallelism without coming into conflict with logic4 ,just as at iii4 #e4 #aj we have ,milo ,clodium occidit1 iure occidit insidiatorem3 nonne hoc quaeritur1 an sit ius insidiatorem occidendi81 so here the finita or specialis causa shows the form of a positive statement 7,cornelius reus est71 as frequently in ,seneca4 ,reus sit and legerit are motived only by the disjunctive interrog43 it might have run #8utrum dicamus1 ,cornelius reus est1' or only #8,corn4 quod legit 444 reus est4' ,the infinita quaestio1 on the other hand1 appears as in the above example in the form of a question1 and this form the writer adheres to in the two following finitae and infinitae quaestiones4 ,the finita quaestio rests on the generalis quaestio3 acquittal of the charge 7here laesa maiestas7 depends on the answer to violeturne1 c4 ,in a word1 it is as if ,quintilian had written 7as at iii4 #e4 #aj7 ,cornelius quod codicem legit1 reus est3 nonne hoc quaeritur3 violeturne1 c4 #ad4 dum adulescit profectus1 ,b ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,ball43 inventus ,hb ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc3 ,bonnell's conj4 invenis appears in ,dorv4 ,bursian and ,jeep conj4 dum adul4 profectui sunt util4 quia inventionem1 ,halm3 quae inventionem all codd4 ,qy4 quod8 #af4 materia fuerit4 ,meister suggests erit3 perhaps rather fuerit--necesse erit4 #ag4 assuescere ,zumpt3 assuefieri ,philander4 ,all ,,mss4 have assuefacere4 ,frotscher wrote inanibus se simulacris 444 assuefacere1 and was followed by ,halm4 ,most ,,mss4 also 7,b ,ioan4 ,ball4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 #aafga7 give difficilis digressus3 but in view of the consensus for assuefacere the alternation difficilius digressos 7,h ,bodl4 ,dorv4 ,harl4 #diej ,burn4 #bdc7 is worth considering3 inanibus simulacris would then go 7though awkwardly7 with detineri 7for the rhythm cp4 x4 #b4 #a71 and the rest of the sentence makes excellent sense4 #ah4 transferrentur ,n ,dorv4 ,ball4 ,harl4 #bffb4 #bj4 decretoriis ,harl4 #diie1 probably from a correction in ,vall43 ,voss4 #b and ,goth4 7,spald47 derectoriis ,,bj ,ball4 ,dorv4 ,burn4 #bdd3 detectoris b3 delectoris ,h3 delectoriis ,bodl43 de rhetoriis ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga3 vel rhetoricis ,m4 satis so most codd4 ,but ,bodl4 ,dorv4 ,burn4 #bdc litis3 ,hb sitis4 #ba4 idoneus b,h,m3 si idoneus ,bn ,bg ,sal43 sudoneus ,n3 is idoneus ,halm4 #bb4 sustinere ,halm and ,meister3 sustineri ,bn ,bg ,,hn ,sal4 recidet occurs in ,dorv41 and is reported by ,becher as a correction in ,vall43 all other codd4 recidere4 #bc4 diligenter effecta all codd4 ,regius proposed una diligenter effecta1 ,badius una enim diligenter effecta1 and so many edd4 ,una would come in well before quam2 but ,becher rightly holds that it is unnecessary1 the opposition being not quantitative alone1 but qualitative as well4 ,he reports una enim as a correction in the ,vallensis4 quidque4 ,fleckeisen proposed quicquid2 see ,madvig on de ,fin4 v4 #bd4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 #a4 vacui nec otium patitur4 ,the reading in the text1 which is quite satisfactory1 occurs in ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 and ,dorv4 ,bn and ,bg give vacuum otium pat41 and are followed by ,n ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga4 ,for otium patitur b 7followed by ,,hft7 gives the remarkable reading experientium 7experientiam ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl471 which reminds one of the confusion at the opening of ch4 v3 may the true reading perhaps be nec parantibus otium patitur8 ,jeep suggested expetit otium3 nec perire otium patitur has also been suggested4 #bag #b4 desit4 ,after this word there is a considerable space left blank in ,bn and ,bg1 as well as in some later ,,mss41 e4g4 ,harl4 #bffb and #aafga4 ,in ,harl4 #diie there is no blank1 but in the margin the words #8hic deficit antiquus codex4' inhaeret 444 quod laxatur3 a later hand in ,vall41 ,meister1 and ,krger4 ,,bmn give inhaeret 444 quae laxatur1 which appears in ed4 ,camp4 7and ,halm7 as inhaerent 444 quae laxantur4 #d4 tandem ,madvig1 ,emend4 ,liv4 p4 #fa1 tamen libri4 #e4 redire4 ,i find this reading in ,bg ,ioan4 ,c ,harl4 #bffb1 #diie1 #dhbi1 and restore it to the text1 in place of regredi 7,halm and ,meister71 which seems to have arisen out of redi ,,hf1 and occurs in ,harl4 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdc1 #bdd1 and ,dorv4 #f4 domo ,harl4 #diie3 dom ,b ,ioan4 ,,mn ,sal4 #g4 utrimque ,bonnell and ,meister4 ,the codd4 give utrumque4 ,gesner 7followed by ,halm3 cp4 i4 #aca7 proposed utcumque3 ,spalding utique3 ,jeep si tutius utcumque quaerendum est 7cp4 iv4 #a4 #ba71 founding on the reading of b strict 99 99 99 7margine adcisa71 which reappears in ,,hft 7strictius--strutius74 ,,chapter ,,vii4 #a4 praemium quoddam ,harl4 #diie1 probably following a correction in the ,vallensis3 primus quid amplius ,bn ,bg ,ioan4 ,sal4 ,,hftm ,harl4 #bffb1 #diej4 ,amplissimum ,stoer4 intrare portum ,bn ,bg ,h ,ioan4 ,n ,sal4 and most ,,mss4 ,halm adopts ,meiser's conj4 instar portus4 ,on this reading the advocate who has nothing but 7solam7 the scribendi facultas1 and who therefore is found wanting at a crisis1 is compared to a harbour which seems to promise a refuge to every ship at sea1 but which really 7owing to rocks and sand-banks7 can afford protection only when the sea is calm1 and so not praesentissimis quibusque periculis4 ,neither of the two justifies the expectations formed4 ,but it must be admitted that the comparison of a man to a harbour is awkward4 ,other suggestions are monstrare portum3 instaurare p43 and in terra portum 787 ,jeep4 #b4 statimque4 ,i follow ,krger 7#crd ed47 in the punctuation3 see ad loc4 ,the editors print statimque1 si non succ4 #c4 quae vero patitur1 c4 ,in the text possit 7for sit of ,,mss47 is due to ,frotscher1 omittere 7for mittere7 to ,bonnell4 ,ratio 7for oratio ,bn ,bg ,h ,ioan4 ,m7 occurs in ,harl4 #diie4 ,krger 7#crd ed471 following ,gertz1 reads quae vero patitur hoc ratio ut quisquam sit orator aliquando8 mitto casus3 quid1 c4 ,aliquando he takes as #8only sometimes1' #8not always' 7i4e4 tum demum cum se praeparare potuerit74 ,for mitto casus 7#8praeteritio'7 he compares v4 #aj4 #ib3 xi4 #b4 #be4 #e4 quid secundum ac deinceps3 so ,harl4 #diie4 ,the ,,mss4 clearly point to this reading1 though ,halm and ,meister print ac sec4 et deinc4 ,bn and ,bg 7as also ,n ,ioan4 and ,sal47 have ac sec4 ac dein43 but in ,bg above the first ac the letter d appears 7evidently for quid1 not ad as ,h71 and over the second ac1 et is written1 and is adopted by ,,hftm4 ,in place of the first ac ,harl4 #bffb gives atque1 and so ,spalding reports ,guelf4 7with which #bffb is frequently in agreement74 ,the ,carcassonensis also has quid secundum4 #f4 via dicet ducetur1 b,h,f,m ,harl4 #diej ,burn4 #bdd3 ducet ducetur ,bn ,bg ,ioan4 ,sal4 ,dorv4 ,harl4 #diie shows the variant viam discet 7as ,goth4 ,voss4 #b ,vall47 ,meister1 following ,eussner1 inverts the words1 reading ducetur1 dicet to avoid a #8tautology'3 cp4 iii4 #g4 #ae3 ix4 #d4 #abj4 ,bonnet changed ducetur into utetur4 ,kiderlin cannot believe that ,quintilian wrote ducetur 444 velut duce1 and suggests that certa may have fallen #bah out after serie 7,rhein4 ,mus4 #df1 p4 #bd74 ,this gives1 he thinks1 additional point to the clause introduced by propter quod3 men who have had but little practice do not always speak methodically 7via71 but in telling stories they have no difficulty in keeping to the thread of their discourse1 because the sequence of events is #8a trusty guide4' #h4 paulum1 ,,bm ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,dorv43 paululum b,h,n ,ioan4 ,harl4 #diie1 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl4 sed ipsum os coit atque concurrit1 ,halm1 by adding os to the reading of ,b 7,harl4 #bffb1 #diie74 sed ipsum os quoque concurrit1 ,spalding after ,gesner4 ,in ,ioan4 ,i find sed id ipsum coit atque conc41 which may show that we ought to read os ipsum4 elocutioni1 b3 om4 ,b 7also ,n ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb ,sal47 #8haud scio an recte1' ,halm4 #i4 observatione una1 ,harl4 #diie ,m ,dorv4 and ,meister3 observationen 7-n ,bg7 in luna ,bn ,bg ,ioan4 ,n ,sal4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga3 observatione 7-um ,h7 in una b,h3 observatione simul ,halm4 #ac4 superfluere video1 cum eo quod1 ,harl4 #diie1 ,voss4 #b ,goth4 ,spald4 and most edd43 superfluere video3 quodsi ,halm1 and a later hand in ,vall4 7,becher73 videmus superfluere3 cum eo quodsi ,meister1 followed by ,hild and ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,the commonest ,,ms4 reading is superfluere cum eo quod 7,,bhftn ,sal4 ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdc1 ,bodl41 ,dorv471 from which video seems to have disappeared3 the later hand in ,bg gives videantur4 ,meister seems to be right in retaining cum eo quod1 though his adoption of videmus for video is unnecessary1 considering mirabor in the same sentence4 ,cum eo quod 7see ad loc47 is defended by ,gnther 7de ,conj4 ,caus4 apud ,quint4 usu3 ,halle1 #ahha1 p4 #bd73 he holds that it is more probable that video dropped out of the text than that it #8in illo corrupto cumeo latet' 7,halm74 ,becher 7,phil4 ,runds4 ,i1 n4 #ea3 #afch7 denied that #8cum eo quod' could mean #8mit der ,einschrnkung dass1' either in ,cic4 ad ,att4 vi4 #a4 #g or anywhere in ,quintilian4 ,he found the necessary limitation in quodsi 7#8wenn dagegen'3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 xii4 #bj7 and supported ,halm's reading 7which is also that of ,par4 #b4 sec4 m471 explaining the whole passage as follows3 #8,ich bin kein ,freund des extemporierten ,vortrages3 wenn aber ,geist und ,wrme belebend wirkt1 trifft es sich oft1 dass der grsste ,fleiss nicht den ,erfolg eines extemporierten ,vortrages erreichen kann4' ,but in his latest paper 7,programm des ,gymnasiums zu ,aurich7 he advocates the reading and explanation adopted in the text4 #ad4 ut ,cicero dictitabant4 ,the reading is far from certain1 but it seems best to adhere 7with ,halm7 to the oldest ,,ms41 ,bn1 which is in agreement with ,n ,sal4 ,ioan41 ,harl4 #bffb1 #aafga1 and ,dorv4 ,the best alternative is ut ,cicero dicit aiebant 7,c1 ,par4 #a1 also in margin of ,harl4 #diej3 ,bonnell-,meister73 b ,h ,bodl4 and ,burn4 #bdc give dicit agebant1 which shows that the older codex from which b is derived probably had this reading1 if indeed it is not a mistake for dictitabant4 ,bg gives dictabant3 ,harl4 #diie ,goth4 ,voss4 #b1 ,par4 #b1 sec4 m4 aiebant3 ,regius conjectured ut ,cicero ait dictitabant3 so ed4 ,camp1 and ,meister1 cp4 xii4 #c4 #aa4 ,for the inclusion of ,cicero among the veteres cp4 ix4 #c4 #a #8ut omnes veteres et ,cicero praecipue4' #af4 tum intendendus4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 brackets tum 7which is omitted in b,h,m7 on the ground that this sentence does not contain1 like the next 7addit ad dicendum 4447 a new thought1 but rather 7after the parentheses pectus est enim 444 mentis1 and ideoque imperitis 444 non desunt7 forms only a further development of what went before 7omniaque de quibus dicturi erimus1 personae 444 recipienda73 hence also the repetition of participles1 habenda 444 recipienda 444 intendendus4 ,h4 #bffb gives tamen 7and is here again in agreement with ,guelf474 addit ad dicendum1 ,b3 addiscendum 7om4 addit7 b,h,f,t4 ,the loss of addit seems to have given rise to interpolation3 ,m shows addit ad discendum stimulos habet et dicendorum expectata laus4 ,bonnell prints ,ad dic4 etiam pudor stim4 habet et dic4 exp4 aus3 so ,vall4 ,for the gerund used as subst4 cp4 pudenda xi4 #a4 #hd3 i4 #h4 #ba3 praefanda #bai viii4 #c4 #de3 desuescendis iii4 #h4 #gj and xii4 #i4 #ag num ex tempore dicendis inseri possit4 #ag4 pretium1 all codd43 praemium ,halm1 following ,regius4 #ah4 praecepimus1 edd4 vett1 occurs in ,harl4 #diie and ,vall4#b3 other codd4 praecipimus4 #ai4 cum 444 sint consecuti b,h,m3 cum 444 sunt consecuti ,bn ,bg ,n4 ,i cannot follow ,becher in adopting the indicative here1 as at #b #f 7tradiderunt71 where see note4 ,here cum is more or less causal3 there it is antithetical4 ,in point of form the two sentences are no doubt very much alike4 ,here the meaning seems to be #8he who wishes to acquire extemporalis facilitas must consider it his duty to arrive at the point where4441 seeing that many1' c4 ,gertz put a full stop at tutior1 and for cum read quin1 holding that1 on the traditional reading 7i4e4 with extemporalis facilitas as subject71 potest would be expected instead of debet4 ,this suggestion is adopted in ,krger's third edition4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mller suggested ,nam 444 sunt consecuti4 #bj4 tanta esse umquam debet4 ,this conj4 of ,herzog ,i find in the cod4 ,dorv41 and receive it into the text2 ,halm and ,krger adopt ,jeep's tanta sit umquam4 ,bn ,bg ,n ,ioan4 ,harl4 #bffb give tanta esse umquam fiducia3 ,m has tantam esse umquam fiduciam3 ,vall4 esse unquam tantam fid43 ,harl4 #diie esse tantam unquam4 ,regius made the addition of velim after facilitatis3 ,becher thinks it may have dropped out before ut non4 ,meister follows3 perhaps rather tantam velim 7tm7 esse unquam4 #bb4 consequi1 ,spald43 non sequi b,h3 sequi ,,mc ,harl4 #diie1 #diej3 om4 ,bn1 ,bg1 ,n ,sal4 ,ioan4 ,harl4 #dhbi4 ,becher would omit it1 explaining utrumque non dabitur as #8vim omnem et rebus et verbis intendere4' #bc4 satis ,krger 7#crd ed47 brackets1 considering it to be the result of a dittography1 and comparing what follows deinde 444 aptabimus vela et disponemus rudentes4 ,it seems however quite genuine4 #bd4 non labitur4 ,perhaps the most that can be said for this reading 7which is that of ,spalding1 following earlier edd47 is that it is undoubtedly better than non capitur1 which occurs in ,bn ,bg ,h ,ioan4 ,m and most codd41 and is adopted by ,halm and ,meister4 ,capitur is explained in the ,bonnell-,meister ed4 by reference to such phrases as #8altero oculo capi' and #8mens capta' alongside of #8mente captus' in ,livy3 it is not #8lamed' or #8weakened4' ,this can hardly stand4 ,another reading is rapitur1 which ,halm thought might be right3 but the notion of #8snatching away' seems too violent for the context1 though appropriate enough in the passages quoted in support1 vi4 pr4 #d a certissimis rapta fatis1 and ,hor4 ,car4 iv4 #g4 #h quae rapit hora diem4 ,hild suggests animo 7or mente7 non labitur3 ,jeep non carpitur 7cp4 ,sen4 ,nat4 ,quaest4 #b4 #ac totum potest excidere quod potest carpi73 ,becher non abit 7cp4 ix4 #d4 #ad abierit omnis vis1 iucunditas1 decor74 ,the passage invites emendation3 non cadit might stand alongside of ,becher's non abit1 or such a future as servabitur or retinebitur could take the place of the negation1 though we should then look for deperdet instead of deperdit4 non omnino ,b and codd43 omnino non ,gesner1 followed by ,halm4 #be4 est alia exercitatio1 ,harl4 #bffb 7,guelf471 #diie1 #diej1 #dhbi1 #aafga1 ,burn4 #bdd1 ,m1 ,c1 and so ,krger 7#crd ed473 est illa ,,bh ,bodl4 ,burn4 #bdc ,dorv43 est et illa ,spalding ,halm and ,meister 7cp4 ix4 #c4 #ce est et illud repetendi genus1 quod44474 utilior 7,halm and ,meister1 following ,spalding and #8edd4 vett4'7 ,vall4#b1 ,harl4 #diie3 all other codd4 utilitatis 7,halm3 #8ex utilis magis874 ,in support of his proposal to read maioris utilitatis1 ,kiderlin 7,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 #bd1 p4 #ij7 compares ii4 #d4 #bj quod non simplicis utilitatis opus est3 and xi4 #a4 #fj quod est sane summae difficultatis4 #bf4 quam illa3 so all codd4 ,gertz quam in illa 7sc4 exercitatione71 and so ,meister4 ,this is opposed by ,becher 7,bursian's ,jahresb4 #ahhg1 p4 #di71 #8,zu componitur #bbj ist ,subjekt exercitatio cogitandi totasque m4 vel silentio 7dum tamen 444 ipsum7 persequendi1 d4h4 dem ,sinne nach tacita oratio1 wie dum t4 q4 dicat i4 s4 i4 zeigt1 zu illa ist ,subjekt vera oratio2 componitur oratio aber ist nicht aufflliger als explicatur exercitatio4' #bg4 ut ,cicero 444 tradit4 ,krger 7#crd ed47 follows ,gertz in transferring this parenthesis to the end of the previous sentence1 after ubique4 ,becher rejects it as a gloss4 aut legendum b ,m3 om4 ,,bn ,sal43 vel ad legendum ,vall4 ,becher would omit it1 on the ground that the whole chapter is concerned only with writing and speech1 and even with writing only so far as it promotes the #8facultas ex tempore dicendi4' #bh4 innatans ,stoer3 unatrans ,,bn ,ioan4 ,sal43 inatrans b,h3 iura trans ,harl4 #bffb3 intrans ,,fm ,vall4#b4 #bi4 an si1 ,meister 7following ed4 ,camp473 ac si b,h,f,t ,burn4 #bdc3 an ,bn ,bg ,m4 debent1 all codd43 debemus ,krger 7#crd ed47 after ,gertz4 ,either seems quite appropriate to the conditional use of the participle3 #8when men are debarred from both1 they ought all the same1' c4 sic dicere4 ,the grounds on which ,i base this emendation are stated in the note ad loc4 ,bn ,bg ,,hn and most codd4 have inicere1 which looks as if some copyist had stumbled over the repetition of the letters -ic in what ,i take to be the original text1 whereupon the preceding tamen 7or tam7 would assist the transition to inicere4 ,cp4 the omission of sic in most codd4 in ut sic dixerim #b #ae4 ,halm 7after ,bursian7 wrote id efficere1 and so ,meister4 ,other attempted emendations are vincere ,m1 ,harl4 #diej1 ,burn4 #bdd ,vall4#b3 tantum iniicere ,harl4 #diie3 inniti or adniti edd43 id agere ,badius3 evincere ,trnebladh4 #cb4 et in his3 in his ,halm and ,meister3 ne in his ,,bn ,ioan4 ,,hmc ,dorv4 ,bodl43 ne in iis ,harl4 #bffb3 vel in iis ,spald43 vel in his ,bonnell and ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,i venture on et1 which seems to help the antithesis with in hoc genere above3 v4 ad loc4 velut summas 444 conferre4 ,so ,bonnell 7,lex4 p4 #aci7 ,halm1 ,meister1 ,krger 7#crd ed474 ,the ,,mss4 vary greatly3 vel in summas in 7sine b,h3 sive ,harl4 #diie7 commentarium ,bn ,bg ,dorv4 ,bodl4 ,harl #bffb3 velin summas et 7suprascr4 in7 commentarium ,n3 vel insinuamus sine commendarios ,m3 commentarioram et capita ,harl4 #diej4 ,other conjectural emendations are velut in summas commentarium ,spald43 mihi quae scr4 velut in commentarium summas et c4 conf4 ,zumpt3 nec in his quae scrips4 velim summas in commentarium et capita conferri ,frotscher2 vel in his quae scrips4 rerum summas 7cp4 ,liv4 xl4 #bi4 #aa lectis rerum summis7 in commentarios conferre ,jeep3 ex iis quae scrips4 res summas in commentarium et capita conferre1 ,zambaldi1--7on the ground that with conferre1 ex his gives a better sense than in his74 ,to these may perhaps be added et in his quae scrips4 velut summas in commentariorum capita conferre4 ,in the ,bltter f4 d4 bayer4 ,gymn4 7#ahhh7 #bd1 pp4 #ij-ia ,kiderlin discusses the whole passage4 ,keeping to the reading of the oldest ,,mss4 7ne in his7 he proposes ne in his quae scripserimus erremus3 #8damit wir nich bei dem ,vortrage dessen1 was wir geschrieben haben1 den ,faden verlieren'3 cp4 the use of errare xi4 #b4 #bj and #cf4 ,he rejects the various conjectures suggested above for vel in summas on the ground that it is impossible to explain #8summas in commentarium et capita conferre4' ,what is the meaning of #8entering the chief points in a note-book and heads' 7#8den ,hauptinhalt in ein ,gedenkbuch und einzelne ,hauptabschnitte einzutragen'--,bonnell-,meister78 ,can the note-book and the #8heads' be conjoined in this way8 ,you can make an entry in your notes1 but not in #8capita'3 #8in ein ,gedenkbuch kann man eintragen1 in ,hauptabschnitte aber nicht4' ,baur's version is excluded by the order of words3 #8den ,hauptinhalt und die einzelnen ,punkte in ein ,gedenkbuch eintragen4' ,lindner's is even less satisfactory3 #bba #8welcher zufolge man auch von dem1 was man geschrieben hat1 den ,hauptinhalt nach gewissen ,hauptabschnitten eintragen soll4' ,kiderlin thinks the context shows that the essence of ,laenas's advice was to enter the chief points in a memorandum4 ,this demands the elimination of the unmeaning et which wrongly conjoins commentarium and capita4 ,again as summa and caput are synonyms for #8,hauptpunkt' 7cp4 iii4 #aa4 #bg and vi4 #a4 #b7 one of the two may very well be a gloss3 and the vel in vel in summas seems to show that these words were originally a marginal gloss to explain 7in7 capita4 ,kiderlin therefore proposes to transform the text as follows3 ne in his quae scripserimus erremus vel in summas in commentarium capita conferre4 quod non simus1 ,regius1 ,frotscher1 ,becher1 ,meister1 ,krger 7#crd ed473 quod simus ,bn ,bg ,ioan4 ,m ,dorv43 and so ,halm3 non simus b,h,t ,bodl4 ,in explanation of quod simus ,spalding says #8ubi satis fidere possumus memoriae ne scribendum quidem esse censeo'2 and so ,prof4 ,mayor 7,analysis1 p4 #ef71 #8,we are even hampered by writing out at all what we intend to commit to memory3 bound down to the written words1 we are closed against sudden inspirations4' hic quoque1 ,bn ,bg and most codd43 hoc quoque ,harl4 #diie3 id quoque b,h,m4 #bbc ,,index ,,of ,,names4 7,the references are to chapters and sections47 ,achilles1 i4 #dg1 #ej1 #fe4 ,aelius 7,lucius7 ,stilo1 i4 #ii4 ,aeschines1 i4 #bb1 #gg4 ,aeschylus1 i4 #ff4 ,afranius1 i4 #ajj4 ,alcaeus1 i4 #fc4 ,antimachus1 i4 #ec4 ,antipater ,sidonius1 vii4 #ai4 ,apollonius1 i4 #ed4 ,aratus1 i4 #ee4 ,archias1 ,aul4 ,licinius1 vii4 #ai4 ,archilochus1 i4 #ei4 ,aristarchus1 i4 #ed1 #ei4 ,aristophanes1 i4 #ff4 ,aristophanes of ,byzantium1 i4 #ed4 ,aristotle1 i4 #hc4 ,asinius ,pollio1 i4 #bb1 #bd1 #aac3 ii4 #ag1 #be4 ,asprenas1 ,c4 ,nonius1 i4 #bb4 ,attici--,attic ,orators1 i4 #gf-hj3 cp4 ii4 #ag2 i4 #aae4 ,attius 7,accius71 i4 #ig4 ,aufidia1 i4 #bb4 ,aufidius ,bassus1 i4 #ajc4 ,bibaculus1 ,m4 ,furius1 i4 #if4 ,brutus1 ,m4 ,iunius1 i4 #abc1 #bc3 v4 #bj3 vii4 #bg4 ,caecilius ,statius1 i4 #ii4 ,caelius1 ,m4 ,rufus1 i4 #aae3 ii4 #be4 ,caesar1 ,c4 ,iulius1 i4 #aad3 ii4 #be4 ,caesius ,bassus1 i4 #if4 ,calidius ,m41 i4 #bc4 ,callimachus1 i4 #eh4 ,calvus1 i1 #aae3 ii4 #be4 ,carbo1 vii4 #bg4 ,cassius ,severus1 i4 #bb1 #aaf4 ,catius1 i4 #abd4 ,cato1 v4 #ac4 ,catullus1 i4 #if4 ,cestius1 v4 #bj4 ,charisius1 i4 #gj4 ,cicero1 i4 #cc1 #dj1 #hj1 #ha1 #aje-aab1 #abc3 ii4 #ah3 iii4 #a3 v4 #b1 #aa1 #af3 vii4 #ai1 #bg1 #cj4 ,cinna1 ,c4 ,helvius1 iv4 #d4 ,clitarchus1 i4 #ge4 ,clodius1 v4 #ac4 ,cornelius1 ,c41 v4 #ac4 ,cornelius ,celsus1 i4 #bc1 #abd4 ,cornelius ,gallus1 i4 #ic4 ,cornelius ,severus1 i4 #hi4 ,crassus1 iii4 #a3 v4 #b4 ,cratinus1 i4 #fc4 ,cremutius1 i4 #ajd4 ,crispus1 i4 #bc4 ,demetrius of ,phalerum1 i4 #cc1 #hj4 ,demosthenes1 i4 #bb1 #bd1 #ci1 #gf1 #aje3 ii4 #bd3 iii4 #be1 #cj4 ,domitian1 i4 #ia4 ,domitius ,afer1 i4 #bc1 #hf1 #aah4 ,empylus ,rhodius1 vi4 #d4 ,ennius1 i4 #hh4 ,ephorus1 i4 #ge4 ,epicurus1 ii4 #ae3 cp4 i4 #abd4 ,euphorion1 i4 #ef4 ,eupolis1 i4 #fe4 ,euripides1 i4 #fg4 ,gallus 7,cornelius71 i4 #ic4 ,helvius 7,c4 ,cinna71 iv4 #d4 ,hercules1 i4 #ef4 ,herodotus1 i4 #gc1 #aja4 ,hesiod1 i4 #eb4 ,hipponax1 see on i4 #ei4 ,homer1 i4 #bd1 #dh sqq41 #eg1 #fb1 #ha1 #he4 ,horace1 i4 #bd1 #ef1 #fa1 #id1 #if4 ,hortensius1 v4 #ac3 vi4 #d3 cp4 i4 #bc4 ,hyperides1 i4 #gg3 v4 #b4 ,isocrates1 i4 #gi1 #ajh3 iv4 #d4 ,iulius ,africanus1 i4 #aah4 ,iulius ,florus1 iii4 #ac4 ,iulius ,secundus1 i4 #abj3 iii4 #ab4 ,laelius1 ,decimus1 i4 #bc4 ,laenas ,popilius1 vii4 #cb4 ,ligarius1 i4 #bc4 ,livius ,andronicus1 ii4 #g4 ,livy1 i4 #cb1 #ci1 #aja4 ,lucan1 i4 #ij4 ,lucilius1 i4 #ic sqq4 ,lucretius1 i4 #hg4 ,lysias1 i4 #gh4 ,macer1 i4 #ef1 #hg4 ,marcellus1 i4 #ch4 ,marcia1 v4 #ac4 ,menander1 i4 #fi sqq4 ,messalla1 i4 #bb1 #bd1 #aac3 v4 #b4 ,metrodorus ,scepsius1 vi4 #d4 ,milo1 i4 #bc3 vii4 #ac1 #bj4 ,minerva1 i4 #ia4 ,nicander1 i4 #ef4 ,ovid1 i4 #hh1 #ic1 #ih4 ,pacuvius1 i4 #ig4 ,panyasis1 i4 #ed4 ,patroclus1 i4 #di4 ,pedo ,albinovanus1 i4 #ij4 ,pericles1 i4 #hb4 ,persius1 i4 #id3 iii4 #ba4 ,philemon1 i4 #gb4 ,philetas1 i4 #ej4 #bbd ,philistus1 i4 #gd4 ,phryne1 v4 #b4 ,pindar1 i4 #aji4 ,pisandros1 i4 #ef4 ,plato1 i4 #ha4 ,plautus1 i4 #ii4 ,plautus 7,stoicus71 i4 #abd4 ,pomponius ,secundus1 i4 #ih4 ,porcius ,latro1 v4 #ah4 ,priam1 i4 #ej4 ,propertius1 i4 #ic4 ,quintilian3 ,life1 ,introd4 pp4 i-xiii4 ,the ,institutio ,oratorio1 pp4 xiii-xxii4 ,literary ,criticism1 pp4 xxii-xxxix4 ,style and ,language1 pp4 xxxix-lvii4 ,manuscripts1 pp4 lviii-lxxv4 ,rabirius1 i4 #ij4 ,saleius ,bassus1 i4 #ij4 ,sallust1 i4 #ca1 #aja1 #ajb3 ii4 #ag3 iii4 #h4 ,scipio1 i4 #ii4 ,seneca1 i4 #abe-aca4 ,introd4 p4 xxiv4 sqq4 ,serranus1 i4 #hi4 ,servilius ,nonianus1 i4 #aja4 ,sextii 7father and son71 i4 #abd4 ,simonides1 i4 #fd4 ,simonides of ,amorgos1 see on i4 #ei4 ,sophocles1 i4 #fg sqq4 ,stesichorus1 i4 #fb4 ,sulpicius1 i4 #bb1 #aaf3 v4 #d3 vii4 #cj4 ,terence1 i4 #ii4 ,theocritus1 i4 #ee4 ,theophrastus1 i4 #bg1 #hc4 ,theopompus1 i4 #gd4 ,thucydides1 i4 #cc1 #gc1 #aja3 ii4 #ag4 ,thyestes1 i4 #ih4 ,tibullus1 i4 #ic4 ,timagenes1 i4 #ge4 ,tiro1 vii4 #ca4 ,trachalus1 i4 #aai4 ,tubero1 i4 #bc4 ,tyrtaeus1 i4 #ef4 ,valerius ,flaccus1 i4 #ij4 ,varius1 i4 #ih3 iii4 #h4 ,varro 7,m4 ,terentius71 i4 #ie4 ,varro ,atacinus1 i4 #hg4 ,vergil1 i4 #ef1 #he3 iii4 #h4 ,verres1 i4 #bc4 ,vibius ,crispus1 i4 #aai4 ,volusenus ,catulus1 i4 #bc4 ,xenophon1 i4 #cc1 #hb3 v4 #b4 #bbe ,,index ,,of ,,matters4 7,the first reference is to the chapter and section of the text2 the second to the page and column of the explanatory notes4 ,references to the ,introduction are given separately47 ,the above paragraph was in the original text4 ,for this e-text1 only the section numbers are linked2 sections are generally very short1 and notes adjoin the text4 abruptus1 ii4 #ai3 #aca;b4 abunde1 i4 #id3 #ia;a4 abusio1 i4 #ab3 #ba;b4 accedere1 i4 #hf3 #hc;a4 actio1 i4 #ag3 #bd;b4 actus rei1 i4 #ca3 #ce;a4 acutus1 i4 #gg3 #gc;b4 acumen1 i4 #ajf3 #ajg;b4 adde quod1 ,introd4 p4 liii4 adducere frontem1 iii4 #ac3 #adb;a4 adfectus1 i4 #bg3 #ca;b43 and i4 #dh3 #di;a4 adhuc1 ,introd4 pp4 l-li4 ,adjectives1 use of3 ,introd4 p4 xlvi4 sqq4 advocatus1 i4 #aaa3 #aaj;a4 alioqui1 ,introd4 p4 li4 1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;a4 altercatio1 i4 #ce3 #ci;b4 ambitio1 ,introd4 p4 xliv4 ambitus rerum1 i4 #af3 #bd;a4 amplificationes1 i4 #di3 #ej;b4 ,annales ,pontificum1 ii4 #g3 #abf;a4 ante omnia1 ,introd4 p4 liii4 antiqui1 ii4 #ag3 #acj;b4 argumenta et signa rerum1 i4 #di3 #ej;b4 artes1 i4 #ae3 #bc;b4 atticus1 i4 #dd3 #de;b4 auctor1 i4 #bd3 #cj;a4 auditorium1 i4 #cf3 #dj;a4 aureum plectrum1 i4 #fc3 #fj;a4 auspicatus1 i4 #he3 #hb;a4 basilica1 v4 #ah3 #afd;b4 beatus1 i4 #fa3 #ei;a4 bellicum canere1 i4 #cc3 #cf;b4 bona fide1 iii4 #bc3 #adf;b4 calumnia1 i4 #aae3 #aac;b4 calcaribus egere1 i4 #gd3 #gj;a4 candidus1 i4 #gc3 #fh;a4 candor1 i4 #aja3 #ajj;b4 caro1 i4 #gg3 #gc;a4 cerae1 iii4 #cj3 #adi;a4 certe scio1 ii4 #e3 #abd;b4 circa1 i4 #eb3 #eb;a4 circulatorius1 i4 #h3 #ah;b4 citra1 i4 #b3 #ab;b4 civilia officia1 iii4 #aa3 #adj;a4 classis1 v4 #ah3 #aff;a4 claudicare1 i4 #ii3 #ig;a4 cogitatio1 vi4 #a3 #afg;a4 color1 i4 #aaf3 #aad;b4 ,comedy1 ,greek1 i4 #fe3 #fa;a4 ,latin1 i4 #ii3 #ig;a4 commendare1 i4 #aja3 #aja;a4 communes loci1 v4 #ab3 #aei;b4 compositio1 i4 #eb3 #eb;b4 and i4 #gi3 #gg;b4 compositus1 i4 #aai3 #aag;a4 concludere1 i4 #ajf3 #ajg;a4 conferre1 i4 #a3 #ab;a4 confirmatio sententiarum1 v4 #ab3 #aei;a4 contorta vis1 vii4 #ad3 #agf;a4 conrogati1 i4 #ah3 #bf;b4 cothurnus 7,sophocli71 i4 #fh3 #fd;a3 and ii4 #bb3 #acc;a4 cultus1 ,introd4 p4 xliv4 cum interim1 i4 #ah3 #bf;b4 cum praesertim1 i4 #aje3 #aje;a4 cum eo quod1 vii4 #ac3 #age;a4 declinata figura oratio1 v4 #h3 #aeg;a4 decor1 i4 #bg3 #cb;a4 decretoria 7arma71 v4 #bj3 #afe;b4 demum1 ,introd4 p4 li4 densus1 i4 #fh;and #gc4 destructio sententiarum1 v4 #ab3 #aei;a4 dicendi veneres1 i4 #gi3 #gf;a4 dicendi ex tempore facultas1 iii4 #b3 vii4 #a1 #e1 #bd4 declamatores1 i4 #ga3 #fe;b4 dictare1 iii4 #ai3 #add;a4 digerere cibum1 i4 #ai3 inordinata1 iv4 #a3 commentarios1 vii4 #cj4 digressiones1 i4 #cc3 #cf;b4 dilectus1 iii4 #e3 #ach;a4 disertus1 i4 #aah3 #aae;b4 ,dramatic ,poetry1 ,greek1 i4 #fe3 ,latin1 i4 #ig4 dubitare1 i4 #gc3 #fg;a4 ducere 7colorem71 i4 #ei3 #eg;a4 ducere opus1 iii4 #ah3 #add;a4 dulcis1 i4 #gc3 #fh;a4 dum non1 iii4 #g3 #ach;b4 #bbf efferre se1 iii4 #aj3 #adj;a4 elegans1 i4 #fe3 #fb;a4 ,elegy1 ,greek1 i4 #eh3 ,latin1 i4 #ic4 ,epic ,poetry1 ,greek1 i4 #df sqq43 ,latin1 i4 #he sqq4 epilogus1 i4 #ej3 #ea;b3 and i4 #ajg3 #ajh;b4 epodos1 i4 #if3 #id;a4 exactus1 ii4 #ad3 #abh;a4 exempla1 i4 #di3 #ej;b4 exilis1 ii4 #af3 #abi;b4 expositus1 ,introd4 p4 xlv4 extemporalis color1 vi4 #e3 #afh;b4 extemporalis actio1 vii4 #ah3 temeritas1 vi4 #f4 exultare1 ii4 #af3 #acj;a4 facere 7bene7 ad aliquid1 i4 #cc3 #ch;a4 facilitas1 i4 #a3 ii4 #ab3 iii4 #g3 vii4 #ai4 fas erat1 v4 #g3 #aeg;a4 favorabilis1 v4 #ba3 #aff;a4 figurae1 i4 #ab3 #bb;a4 ,figures 7military1 c471 ,introd4 pp4 lvi-vii4 forsitan1 ii4 #aj3 #abf;b4 frequenter1 i4 #ag3 #be;b4 frugalitas1 iii4 #bf3 #adg;b4 genera dicendi1 i4 #dd3 #dd-e4 genera lectionum1 i4 #de3 #df;b4 grammatici1 i4 #ec3 #ec;a4 grandis1 i4 #fe3 #fb;a4 habere laudem1 i4 #ec3 #ec;a4 1 i4 #a3 #ab;a4 ,history1 i4 #ca3 #cd;a2 ,greek1 i4 #gc3 #ff;a2 ,latin1 i4 #aja3 #ajj;a4 hodieque1 i4 #id3 #ia;b4 horride1 ii4 #ag3 #acj;a4 ,iambic ,poetry1 ,greek1 i4 #ei3 #eg;b2 ,latin1 i4 #if4 ideoque1 i4 #ba3 #bh;b4 igitur1 i4 #d3 #ae;a4 index1 i4 #eg3 #ef;b4 indiscretus1 i4 #b3 #ab;a4 infelicitas1 ii4 #h3 #abf;a4 infinitae questiones1 iii4 #aa3 #aeh;a4 interim1 i4 #i3 #ai;b4 inventio1 i4 #ajf3 #ajf;b4 ipse1 ,introd4 p4 xlix4 iucundus1 i4 #df3 #dh;a4 lacerti1 i4 #cc3 #cg;a4 lactea 7ubertas71 i4 #cb3 #cf;a4 laetus1 i4 #df3 #dh;a4 lascivia 7recens haec71 i4 #dc3 #dc;b4 lascivus1 i4 #hh3 #hd;b4 lene dicendi genus1 i4 #aba3 #aag;b4 lima1 iv4 #d3 #aeb;a4 loci communes1 v4 #ab3 #aei;b4 lucrativa opera1 vii4 #bg3 #ahj;b4 ,lyric ,poetry1 ,greek1 i4 #fa3 #eh;b2 ,latin1 i4 #if4 medium dicendi genus1 i4 #eb3 #eb;b2 i4 #hj3 #gh;b4 membranae1 iii4 #ca3 #aej;a4 memoria posteritatis1 i4 #ca3 #ce;b4 mensurae verborum1 i4 #aj3 #bj;a4 merere1 i4 #gb3 #ff;b4 nam 7elliptical71 i4 #i3 #ai;a4 nescio an ulla1 i4 #fe4 nisi forte1 i4 #gj3 #fe;a4 nitidus1 i4 #i3 #ai;b2 i4 #gi3 #ge;b4 non sit1 ii4 #bg3 #ace;a4 numeri1 i4 #d3 #ae;a2 i4 #gj3 #fe;b4 obiurgare1 iii4 #bj3 #ade;a4 offensator1 iii4 #bj3 #ade;a4 olim1 i4 #ajd3 #ajc;a4 opinio1 v4 #ah3 #afd;a4 opus1 i4 #i3 #ai;b4 ,oratory1 ,greek1 i4 #gf3 ,latin1 i4 #aje4 ,orators1 ,canon of the ,ten1 i4 #gf3 #ga;a4 ostentatio1 i4 #bh3 #cb;b4 otiosus1 i4 #gf3 #gb;b4 palaestra1 i4 #gi3 #gf;a4 paraphrasis1 v4 #e3 #aee;b4 parem facere1 i4 #aje3 #ajc;b4 parum 7non71 i4 #abd3 #aai;a4 pedestris oratio1 i4 #ha3 #gi;b4 periculum1 i4 #cf3 #db;b4 ,philosophy1 i4 #ce3 #ch;b3 ,greek1 i4 #ha3 #gh;b2 ,latin1 i4 #abc3 #aah;a4 1 i4 #db3 #dc;a4 pilarii1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;b4 ,poetry1 the study of1 i4 #bg sqq4 pontificum annales1 ii4 #g3 #abf;a4 praescriptum1 ii4 #b3 #abc;b4 praesertim 7cum71 i4 #aje3 #aje;a4 praestringere1 i4 #cj3 #cc;b4 praesumere1 v4 #d3 #aee;a4 pressus1 i4 #dd3 #dd;b4 procinctu 7in71 i4 #b3 #ac;a4 profectus1 iii4 #b3 #acf;b4 professor1 v4 #ah3 #afd;a4 propria1 i4 #f3 #af;a4 proprietas1 i4 #df3 #dh;a4 prosa 7oratio71 i4 #ha3 #gi;b4 protinus1 i4 #c3 #ad;a4 proximus--secundus1 i4 #ec3 #ec;b4 quia1 ,introd4 p4 liv4 quicunque1 i4 #ab3 #bb;a4 quisque1 i4 #b3 #ab;b4 quoque 7etiam71 i4 #bj3 #bh;a2 i4 #abe3 #abj;b4 quotas quisque1 i4 #da3 #db;b4 rarum est ut1 vii4 #bd3 #agi;b4 ratio c4 gerund1 iii4 #ca3 #adi;b4 ratio constat1 ii4 #a3 #abc;a4 ratio 7in scribendo71 iii4 #ae3 #adc;a4 rectum 7dicendi genus71 i4 #dd3 #dd;a4 repraesentare1 vii4 #b3 #agj;b4 ridiculus1 i4 #aag3 #aae;a4 sales1 i4 #ajg3 #ajh;a4 sanguis1 i4 #fj3 #eh;a4 ,satire1 i4 #ic3 #hi;b4 sententiae1 i4 #ej1 #eb1 #fh1 #ij1 #ajb1 #abi1 #acj3 ii4 #ag3 v4 #d4 signa rerum et argumenta1 i4 #di3 #ej;b4 silva1 iii4 #ag3 #adc;b4 similitudines1 i4 #di3 #ej;b4 sine dubio1 ,introd4 p4 liii4 ,socratici1 i4 #ce3 #ci;b4 solum 7non1 sed71 i4 #f3 #ag;a4 sordidus1 i4 #i3 #ai;b4 spiritus1 i4 #bg3 #ca;b4 stilus1 i4 #b3 #ab;b2 iii4 #a1 #cb2 vii4 #af4 ,stoici1 i4 #hd3 #ha;b4 subtilis1 i4 #gh3 #gd;a4 summus1 ,introd4 p4 xlvi4 supinus1 ii4 #ag3 #aca;a4 supplosio pedis1 vii4 #bf3 #ahj;b4 tacitus1 i4 #ai3 #bf;a4 tenuis1 i4 #dd3 #de;a4 tenuitas1 ii4 #bc3 #acc;b4 theses1 v4 #aa3 #aeh;a4 togatae1 i4 #ajj3 #ii;b4 tori athletarum1 i4 #cc3 #cg;a4 #bbg ,tragedy1 ,latin1 i4 #ig3 #id;b2 ,greek1 i4 #ff4 transversus1 i4 #aaj3 #aaj;a4 1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;a4 1 i4 #aa3 #ba;a4 ubicumque1 ,introd4 p4 liii4 urbanitas1 i4 #aae3 #aab;b4 utinam non1 i4 #ajj3 #ii;b4 utique3 i4 #bj3 #bh;a4 utrimque1 i4 #aca3 #abb;b4 valetudo1 ,introd4 p4 liv4 validius1 iii4 #ab3 #adj;b4 velocitatem 7,sallusti71 i4 #ajb3 #aja;a4 veneres dicendi1 i4 #gi3 #gf;a4 ventilator1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;b4 verbum--vox1 i4 #aa3 #ba;a4 versificator1 i4 #hi3 #he;b4 vibrantes sententiae1 i4 #fj3 #eh;a4 vis dicendi1 i4 #a3 #aa;b4 voluntas recti generis1 i4 #hi3 #hf;b4 vox--verbum1 i4 #aa3 #ba;a4 #bbc ,,index ,,of ,,names4 7,the references are to chapters and sections47 ,antipater ,sidonius1 vii4 #ai4 ,archias1 ,aul4 ,licinius1 vii4 #ai4 ,asinius ,pollio1 ii4 #ag1 #be4 ,attici--,attic ,orators1 ii4 #ag4 ,brutus1 ,m4 ,iunius1 v4 #bj3 vii4 #bg4 ,caelius1 ,m4 ,rufus1 ii4 #be4 ,caesar1 ,c4 ,iulius1 ii4 #be4 ,calvus1 i1 #aae3 ii4 #be4 ,carbo1 vii4 #bg4 ,cato1 v4 #ac4 ,cestius1 v4 #bj4 ,cicero1 ii4 #ah3 iii4 #a3 v4 #b1 #aa1 #af3 vii4 #ai1 #bg1 #cj4 ,cinna1 ,c4 ,helvius1 iv4 #d4 ,clodius1 v4 #ac4 ,cornelius1 ,c41 v4 #ac4 ,crassus1 iii4 #a3 v4 #b4 ,demosthenes1 ii4 #bd3 iii4 #be1 #cj4 ,empylus ,rhodius1 vi4 #d4 ,epicurus1 ii4 #aed4 ,helvius 7,c4 ,cinna71 iv4 #d4 ,hortensius1 v4 #ac3 vi4 #d4 ,hyperides1 v4 #b4 ,isocrates1 iv4 #d4 ,iulius ,florus1 iii4 #ac4 ,iulius ,secundus1 iii4 #ab4 ,laenas ,popilius1 vii4 #cb4 ,livius ,andronicus1 ii4 #g4 ,marcia1 v4 #ac4 ,messalla1 v4 #b4 ,metrodorus ,scepsius1 vi4 #d4 ,milo1 vii4 #ac1 #bj4 ,persius1 iii4 #ba4 #bbd ,phryne1 v4 #b4 ,porcius ,latro1 v4 #ah4 ,sallust1 ii4 #ag3 iii4 #h4 ,sulpicius1 v4 #d3 vii4 #cj4 ,thucydides1 ii4 #ag4 ,tiro1 vii4 #ca4 ,varius1 iii4 #h4 ,vergil1 iii4 #h4 ,xenophon1 v4 #b4 #bbe ,,index ,,of ,,matters4 7,the first reference is to the chapter and section of the text2 the second to the page and column of the explanatory notes4 ,references to the ,introduction are given separately47 ,the above paragraph was in the original text4 ,for this e-text1 only the section numbers are linked2 sections are generally very short1 and notes adjoin the text4 abruptus1 ii4 #ai3 #aca;b4 adducere frontem1 iii4 #ac3 #adb;a4 1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;a4 ,annales ,pontificum1 ii4 #g3 #abf;a4 antiqui1 ii4 #ag3 #acj;b4 basilica1 v4 #ah3 #afd;b4 bona fide1 iii4 #bc3 #adf;b4 cerae1 iii4 #cj3 #adi;a4 certe scio1 ii4 #e3 #abd;b4 civilia officia1 iii4 #aa3 #adj;a4 classis1 v4 #ah3 #aff;a4 cogitatio1 vi4 #a3 #afg;a4 communes loci1 v4 #ab3 #aei;b4 confirmatio sententiarum1 v4 #ab3 #aei;a4 contorta vis1 vii4 #ad3 #agf;a4 cothurnus 7,sophocli71 ii4 #bb3 #acc;a4 cum eo quod1 vii4 #ac3 #age;a4 declinata figura oratio1 v4 #h3 #aeg;a4 decretoria 7arma71 v4 #bj3 #afe;b4 destructio sententiarum1 v4 #ab3 #aei;a4 dicendi ex tempore facultas1 iii4 #b3 vii4 #a1 #e1 #bd4 dictare1 iii4 #ai3 #add;a4 digerere inordinata1 iv4 #a3 commentarios1 vii4 #cj4 dilectus1 iii4 #e3 #ach;a4 ducere opus1 iii4 #ah3 #add;a4 dum non1 iii4 #g3 #ach;b4 #bbf efferre se1 iii4 #aj3 #adj;a4 exactus1 ii4 #ad3 #abh;a4 exilis1 ii4 #af3 #abi;b4 extemporalis color1 vi4 #e3 #afh;b4 extemporalis actio1 vii4 #ah3 temeritas1 vi4 #f4 exultare1 ii4 #af3 #acj;a4 facilitas1 ii4 #ab3 iii4 #g3 vii4 #ai4 fas erat1 v4 #g3 #aeg;a4 favorabilis1 v4 #ba3 #aff;a4 forsitan1 ii4 #aj3 #abf;b4 frugalitas1 iii4 #bf3 #adg;b4 horride1 ii4 #ag3 #acj;a4 infelicitas1 ii4 #h3 #abf;a4 infinitae questiones1 iii4 #aa3 #aeh;a4 lima1 iv4 #d3 #aeb;a4 loci communes1 v4 #ab3 #aei;b4 lucrativa opera1 vii4 #bg3 #ahj;b4 membranae1 iii4 #ca3 #aej;a4 non sit1 ii4 #bg3 #ace;a4 obiurgare1 iii4 #bj3 #ade;a4 offensator1 iii4 #bj3 #ade;a4 opinio1 v4 #ah3 #afd;a4 paraphrasis1 v4 #e3 #aee;b4 pilarii1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;b4 pontificum annales1 ii4 #g3 #abf;a4 praescriptum1 ii4 #b3 #abc;b4 praesumere1 v4 #d3 #aee;a4 profectus1 iii4 #b3 #acf;b4 professor1 v4 #ah3 #afd;a4 rarum est ut1 vii4 #bd3 #agi;b4 ratio c4 gerund1 iii4 #ca3 #adi;b4 ratio constat1 ii4 #a3 #abc;a4 ratio 7in scribendo71 iii4 #ae3 #adc;a4 repraesentare1 vii4 #b3 #agj;b4 sententiae1 ii4 #ag3 v4 #d4 silva1 iii4 #ag3 #adc;b4 stilus1 iii4 #a1 #cb2 vii4 #af4 supinus1 ii4 #ag3 #aca;a4 supplosio pedis1 vii4 #bf3 #ahj;b4 tenuitas1 ii4 #bc3 #acc;b4 theses1 v4 #aa3 #aeh;a4 #bbg 1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;a4 validius1 iii4 #ab3 #adj;b4 ventilator1 vii4 #aa3 #agd;b4