mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,on ,,! ,,fir+ ,,l9e ,,9 ,,education ,,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,ladd ,pr(essor ( ,education1 ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota ,,bo/on ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,badg] ,,! ,,gorham ,,press ,,copyright1 #aiai1 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,badg] ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,! ,gorham ,press1 ,bo/on1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,( ! t5 /udies mak+ up ?is little volume only "o1 ! la/1 aside f ! ,introduction1 0 design$ prim>ily = publication4 ,ea* ( ! o!rs _h a def9ite p]sonal audi5ce 9 m9d :ile be+ prep>$4 ,/ill1 ne>ly all h lat] f\nd _! way into pr9t1 & "s h be5 repr9t$ 9 o!r p]iodicals & quot$ q ext5sively 9 /ill o!rs4 ,_m lett]s ( appreciation1 too1 f /rang]s :o h *anc$ to read ?is address or t1 h come to ! writ]4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) expressions ( appreciation ^u deliv]y & ) def9ite sugge/ions f _m = publication1 h f9ally l$ ! writ] to feel t possibly _! ga!r+ toge!r might be wor? :ile4 ,b 9 fairness to himself1 z well z to o!rs1 also 9 ! int]e/s ( accuracy1 he is prompt$ to give an additional reason = v5tur+ ^u ! haz>d\s und]tak+ ( (f]+ cold meats to p n ov]ly hungry4 ,n words ( praise alone1 no matt] h[ w>m1 w\ld ju/ify su* a decision1 = "o c nev] take su* expressions at q _! face value--'tis s easy to make pleasant rem>ks6 ,s ! matt] 0 ?r[n back to :]e x belong$ all ! "t--^u ! writ] to decide ! case on ! m]its ( ! v>i\s discussions z deal+ ) pres5t-day educational problems4 ,:ile sep>ate addresses1 ^u diff]5t topics1 giv5 at diff]5t times1 & ) no ?\ght ( connection1 !y all d be> ^u "o great matt] ( univ]sal int]e/--t ( education4 ,! title1 ,on ! ,fir+ ,l9e 9 ,education1 belongs specifically to b ! fir/ ( ! topics discu/4 ,/ill1 x is appropriate to ! entire gr\p s9ce ! v>i\s matt]s h&l$ are fundam5tal & ! positions tak5 consid]ably 9 advance ( common use4 ,b we are cle>ly mov+ 9 ! g5]al direction indicat$--'twill n be long n[ be=e ! ma9 army has caught up1 & !n ! fir+ l9e w be /ill fur!r advanc$4 ,i h a v def9ite conviction t1 at any f9ancial co/1 we %\ld provide ?ru ! s*ool = ! physical z well z = ! psy*ical & ! moral developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,?is is n to take ! place ( ! home--m]ely to supplem5t ! "w ( ! majority ( homes4 ,only ?us c we adequately educate all4 ,i believe1 too1 t 9 any sci5tific view ( ! educational process ! s5se organs are p>am\nt 9 importance1 & !re=e urge _! c>e & tra9+4 ,t ! positions tak5 9 ! v>i\s addresses ^u ^! & o!r matt]s are s\nd has be5 pretty well demon/rat$ dur+ ! la/ two ye>s :5 ! dem&s ( w> h fac$ u4 ,?is is made cle> 9 ! ,introduction t foll[s4 ,i am "u obligations to ! v>i\s p]iodicals 9 :i* ^! /udies h appe>$ = p]mission to use !m aga9 9 ?is =m4 ,i also appreciate ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,badg]1 ! publi%]1 9 all[+ me to use c]ta9 simplifi$ =ms ( spell+1 ?us dep>t+ f ! usual ov]-cons]vative practise ( publi%]s4 ,is n ?is1 too1 "o ( ! fir+-l9e activities8 ,a4 ,j4 ,,ladd ,gr& ,=ks1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,m>*1 #aiai ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction--,,h ,,! ,,s*ools ,,be5 ,,discr$it$ ,,by ,,! ,,revelations ,,( ,,! ,,w> #ac ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,fir+ ,,l9e ,,9 ,,education #cg ,social ,bett]m5t1 ! ,dom9ant ,motive 9 ,education #ch ,*ild ,/udy #dc ,physical ,education #ej ,! ,educational ,survey #ea ,vocational ,guidance #ec ,! ,educational ,psy*ologi/ #ef ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,to ,,! ,,high ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,/ate #fc ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool #fe ,! ,high ,s*ool #fg ,! ,/ate ,univ]sity #ge ,,iii4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,& ,,! ,,tea*] #hi ,! ,k9d ( ,tea*]s ! ,univ]sity ,%\ld ,employ #ia ,! ,univ]sity ,tea*] 9 8 ,classroom #id ,! ,univ]sity's ,attitude ,t[>d ! ,prep>ation ( ,tea*]s = ! ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate #aje ,,iv4 ,,! ,,eye ,,problem ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools #aae ,v4 ,,! ,,home1 ,,! ,,*ur*1 ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool #acc ,! ,home #acd ,! ,*ur* #ada ,! ,s*ool #aej ,,vi4 ,,noblesse ,,oblige #afc ,,vii4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,our ,,public ,,s*ools #ahe ,,viii4 ,,local ,,w9t] ,,sports #bjc ,,ix4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,college #bag ,x4 ,,cr$it ,,= ,,quality ,,9 ,,second>y ,,& ,,high] ,,education #bdc ,,index #bfa ,,introduction ,,h ,,! ,,s*ools ,,be5 ,,discr$it$ ,,by ,,! ,,revelations ,,( ,,! ,,w>8 ,f ,s*ool & ,society1 ,april #e1 #aiai ,kn[+ t ,i 0 ab\t to publi% a book on education 9 :i* ! ,great ,w>1 n[ happily clos$1 0 n tak5 z ! po9t ( dep>ture1 a fri5d said to me "o day1 9 sub/ance1 ,ar5't y tak+ undue risks j n[ 9 putt+ out a book on education t isn't bas$ ^u a program ( recon/ruction8 ,hav5't all our s-call$ educational pr9ciples be5 dis-cr$it$8 ,%all y get any read]s if y d n admit educational failure ?us f>1 & proce$ to discuss a *ange ( front1 made imp]ative by rec5t revelations8 ,& ! editor ( a well kn[n educational j\rnal1 9 ask+ me = an article1 rec5tly1 said1 among o!r ?+s1 ,i %\ld be glad to h an article ^u "s phase ( recon/ruction aft] ! w>1 educational1 social1 philosophical1 z y may l4 ,"h is ! next great battlefield ( ! future1 & if ! educational =ces d n r$eem !mselves "h1 x is my op9ion t we %all become a great] laugh+ /ock ?an we h ev] be5 be=e4 ,to bo? ( ^! /atem5ts ,i desire to take exception4 ,to be sure1 ! w> has taught u _m lessons be>+ ^u education2 to be sure1 x has reveal$ %ortcom+s1 limitations1 & weaknesses4 ,b x seems to me t x has also made cle> t we h be5 work+ along "r l9es4 ,our fundam5tal educational pr9ciples h n be5 dis-cr$it$4 ,!re is no f>-rea*+ educational failure to admit1 nor is !re any s]i\s %ortcom+ f :i* ! educational =ces ( ! c\ntry h to r$eem !mselves4 ,laugh+ /ock1 does ! g5tleman say8 ,oh no6 ,f> f x6 ,let u n get panicky6 ,"s weaknesses br\ght to light8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b 9 ! analysis1 lat] to be made1 let u see if1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y d n b demon/rate ! s\ndness ( our educational pr9ciples & ! f>-sight$ness ( our educational lead]s toge!r ) ! %ort-sight$ness ( ! pres5t critics1 9 t _h sugge/$ recomm5dations be5 foll[$ ^! weaknesses w\ld n h exi/$4 ,let u give "h b "o illu/ration1 & t briefly4 ,we all admit t ! m$ical exam9ations = ! w> f\nd too _m physical defects1 & too _m m5 !reby incapacitat$ = effici5t milit>y s]vice4 ,b w\ld n ! results h be5 v diff]5t if1 dur+ ! la/ g5]ation1 ! sugge/ions & /rong recomm5dations ( educators relative to physical education 9 our s*ools be5 act$ ^u by ! public8 ,ah6 ,! fault 0 n ) educational pr9ciples2 !y 7 s\nd4 ,! educational =ces ( ! c\ntry knew :at 0 ne$$1 b a p>simoni\s public w\ld n foll[ intellig5t lead]%ip4 ,we c\ld say1 all along ! l9e1 ,i told y s1 if we felt s incl9$4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! laugh+ /ock we c\ld--if ! matt] 7 n too s]i\s--?r[ ! laugh ^u ! o!r fell[4 ,! purpose ( our s*ools has nev] be5 to produce soldi]s at ! drop ( ! hat1 & s !y h nev] be5 blight$ by milit>y tra9+4 7,may x nev] come67 ,_! task has be5 to produce m5 & wom5 ( "* & purpose & ideals--m5 & wom5 ( initiative :o c\ld become any?+ call$ = by an em]g5cy4 ,& nobly h !y succe$$1 z evid5c$ by ! successful prosecution ( ! w>4 ,9 view ( all t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has done to assi/ 9 br++ ! w> to its successful close1 f ! adoption ( ! selective draft d[n ?ru ! managem5t ( ! tra9+ camps1 ! op]ation ( ! railroads1 cons]vation ( food & fuel1 to ! knitt+ ( a pair ( socks & ! sale ( a ?rift /amp1 :at %all be said ( ! success or failure ( our s*ools8 ,e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ?is gigantic "w1 f ,presid5t ,wilson d[n to ! color$ bootblack :o sav$ 8 nickels to buy a /amp1 or to ! little girl :o volunt>ily w5t )\t h] sug>1 has be5 a product ( ! s*ools4 ,?ru ! in/ruction1 ! discipl9e1 & ! tra9+ giv5 9 ^? s*ools1 !y became ! m5 & wom5 :o c\ld rise to ! em]g5cy & d ! ?+s ne$$4 ,& !y did4 ,no college or univ]sity or pr(essional s*ool ev] taught ,mr4 ,wilson h[ to be ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ^! tr\bl\s days2 nor ,mr4 ,mc,adoo h[ to manage ! railroads2 nor ,mr4 ,p]%+ all ab\t w>2 nor any local work] h[ to lead ! ,r$ ,cross "w1 any m ?an ! l[] s*ools h taught ! boys :o w5t into ! tr5*es h[ to use ! gas mask & h[ to g )\t food2 h[ to %\ld] arms & h[ to m>*4 ,b ! s*ools all along ! l9e did help to give !m ideals1 did tra9 !m 9 team-play2 did in/il into !m ! pr9ciples ( democracy & ! love ( c\ntry1 s t :5 ! ne$ came !y arose z "o man to repel ! foe4 ,& ! /udy ( ari?metic1 geography1 & gramm>2 ( *emi/ry1 physics1 & m$ic9e2 ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & hi/ory has1 9 ea* case1 made its contribution to ! prep>ation ( home work]s1 soldi]s1 sci5tific exp]ts1 f9ancial manag]s1 & /atesm5--has help$ to make ea* an individual ( initiative4 ,"u ! guidance ( our educational lead]s1 foll[+ pr9ciples t !y _h workt out1 ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry 7 mov+ quietly along1 ea* "o ( ! #gej1jjj tea*]s do+ fai?fully ! "w at h& day by day4 ,we _h nev] ?\ght ( w> z a possibility = u1 & ( c\rse prep>ation = x _h n be5 made1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 a "p ( ! "w ( ! s*ools4 ,b :5 w>1 ) all its horrors1 0 f9ally =c$ ^u u & we ne$$ /atesm5 & sci5ti/s & milit>y lead]s to guide & direct1 !y 7 at h& 9 ! graduates ( our colleges & univ]sities--broadly tra9$ m5 capable ( assimilat+1 or le>n+1 or 9 o!r ways ga9+ quickly1 ! specific =m ( effici5cy ne$$ 9 ! p>ticul> activity assign$4 ,& :5 we ne$$ soldi]s !y 7 at h& 9 ! p]son ( our boys ( ! s*ools1 bo? common & high1 f e nook & corn] ( ! l&--boys & m5 :o m]ely ne$$ direction & lead]%ip1 capable ( at once fall+ into l9e & quickly tak+ on ! pr(essional phase ( _! tra9+4 ,c\ld we h ask$ our s*ools to d m8 ,! supreme te/ _h come1 & x 0 be+ met 9 a mann] gratify+ to all4 ,! boys & ! girls1 ! m5 & ! wom51 on ! f>m1 9 ! /ore1 9 ! home1 9 ! work%op1 9 ! s*ools & colleges1 h respond$ ,"h am ,i4 ,%[ me :at y want me to d1 & ,i w d x ev5 unto dea?4 ,x 0 done1 & !y did x4 ,! s*ools _h nobly demon/rat$ _! effici5cy4 ,to be sure1 all ?is 0 n done )\t mak+ mi/akes4 ,n all ! products ( all ! s*ools 7 able to rise to ! occasion & to be dep5d$ ^u 9 our h\r ( ne$4 ,:5 ! great national se>*-light 0 tra9$ ^u ! product ( ! s*ools1 seek+ lead]s ( inf9ite v>iety & numb]1 & likewise ho/s ( foll[]s to d def9ite & difficult ?+s1 _m defici5t ones 7 discov]$--"s defici5t 9 m5tal calib]1 "s weak 9 moral fib]1 "s lack+ 9 physical /am9a4 ,& "r "h is to be se5 ! only s]i\s failure ( our s*ools4 ,n e boy1 n e girl1 _h be5 made z effici5t z c\ld h be5 desir$4 ,b1 happily1 9 our great numb]s en\gh 7 f\nd to d ev5 ! /up5d\s "w at h&1 & to d x well4 ,9 spite ( moral lapses1 n a few1 9 spite ( in/ances ( m5tal incompet5ce1 f> too _m1 & 9 spite ( physical h&icaps1 di/ress+ly l>ge--9 spite ( all ?is1 ,i say1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates surpris$ ! _w ) ! quickness ) :i* we pull$ ourselves toge!r1 & ) ! m>vel\s effici5cy ) :i* we mobiliz$ all our res\rces4 ,_m losses ( c\rse !re 7--losses ( m51 losses ( days1 losses ( doll>s4 ,b :5 all is said & done1 ! losses 7 slight :5 comp>$ ) ! accompli%m5ts4 ,cr$it to :om cr$it is due6 ,b because ( ^! losses un?9k+ m5 imm$iately began to criticise ! s*ools4 ,!y %\ld h be5 trade s*ools1 or indu/rial s*ools or milit>y s*ools--any k9d ( s*ools t !y 7 n4 ,& h[ cle>ly x 0 be+ demon/rat$1 we 7 told1 t ! "t =m]ly sp5t on music & draw+1 art & lit]ature1 algebra & geometry1 hi/ory & ,lat91 _h all be5 wa/$6 ,h[ mu* bett] x w\ld h be5 if1 in/ead ( ^! frills1 ! *ildr5 _h be5 giv5 practical subjects6 7,practical4 ,save ! m>k4 ,"o is tempt$ "h to g (f on a by-pa? & discuss ! topic1 ,:at is ,practical87 ,?us ! criticism ( ! un?9k+--( ! laym5 :o w5t (f at half-cock4 ,& ?is criticism 0 deep5$ & /r5g!n$ & ext5d$ & made m vehem5t1 aga9 by ! un?9k+1 :5 ! f9e results ( ! ,plattsburgh exp]im5t 7 reveal$1 9 :i*1 ?ru ! processes ( int5sive tra9+1 m5 7 quickly :ipt into %ape = new1 & difficult1 & responsible und]tak+s4 ,& ! equally good results t came f ! (fic]s' tra9+ s*ools1 9 :i* college boys by a simil> program 7 metamorphos$1 almo/ at ov]-night1 into capable army (fic]s1 _h ! same effect4 ,h[ signally _h ! s*ools fail$6 ,& ^! long ye>s sp5t 9 s*ool & college1 dawdl+ ov] ! frills1 _h be5 to no effect1 :]eas a few weeks "u intellig5t educational direction accompli%es m>vels4 ,& ! same has fur!r illu/ration4 ,m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel select$ = *apla9s1 physicians & surgeons *os5 = m$ical s]vice1 nurses = ! ,r$ ,cross1 eng9e]s = v>i\s =ms ( eng9e]+1 & _m o!rs h all be5 giv5 ?is %ort p]iod ( int5sive tra9+ &1 to _! cr$it & ours be x said1 all respond$ quickly4 ,b ! conclusion drawn by ! un?9k+ has be51 all along ! l9e1 t ! lat] effici5cy ( ^! m5 :i* has ga9$ = u ! plaudits & ! gratitude ( ! _w 0 due to ?is %ort p]iod ( int5sive tra9+1 "u m5 :o 7 intellig5t en\gh to "k j :at 0 ne$$ & j h[ to g ab\t to secure x--m5 n hamp]$ by any p$agogical nons5se or gr[n /ale ov] a long attempt to discrim9ate betwe5 ! inf9ity ( no?+ness & ! no?+ness ( inf9ity 7z "o might summ>ize a r common criticism71 r ?an to ! =m] ye>s ( pati5t toil1 & discipl9e1 & accompli%m5t :i* _h really laid ! f\ndation s well t all 7 able ?us to respond4 ,! common s*ool1 ! high s*ool1 ! college1 & ! pr(essional s*ool 0 dis-cr$it$1 "o & all1 9 favor ( a %ort-cut me?od analog\s to ! s-call$ ,bus9ess ,college1--a %ort-cut me?od t c\ld result only 9 disa/] if appli$ )\t ! appropriate prep>ation4 ,h[ long x does take p to realize t real education is a sl[ process6 t x takes ye>s & ye>s & ye>s ( v>i$ exp]i5ces = ! processes ( assimilation & developm5t to br+ ab\t ! f9e fruitage ( /able "*6 ,& ! ,gov]nm5t1 too 7,i suppose we c criticize ,wa%+ton j a little n[ )\t s]i\s dang] ( be+ s5t to jail71 mu/ h _h ! same po9t ( view 9 reg>d to ! g5]al managem5t ( education s9ce1 dur+ ! w>1 x did n entru/ its educational w> program into ! h&s ( ! ,national ,bureau ( ,education4 ,x did h ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t & ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t & ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t manage _! respective phases ( w> activities4 ,:y 0 n ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education call$ on to direct ! educational "w8 ,_h x be51 ! ,s4 ,a4 ,t4 ,c4 fiasco1 z well z "s o!r blund]s1 w\ld d\btless h be5 avoid$4 ,b ! ?\ght 7or 0 x ! lack ( ?\ght87 mu/ h be5 t mo/ anybody outside ( ! tea*+ pr(ession w\ld "k bett] h[ to get educational results ?an any "o f )94 ,a simil> po9t ( view is g5]ally disc]nible 9 ! election ( bo>ds ( education 9 t[ns & cities ?ru\t ! c\ntry--any "o is satisfactory save ^? :o "k def9itely :at %\ld be go+ on inside ( ! s*ool h\se4 ,p]haps all ?is 0 to be expect$4 ,i r ?9k s4 ,b ,i confess to surprise :5 ,i f9d su* criticism be+ e*o$ f )9--f m5 :o %\ld "k bett]1 z1 = example1 ! two quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article4 ,! explanation1 ,i suppose1 is t1 timid 9 nature1 !y h become panicky & lo/ _! be>+s4 ,p]haps !y 7 suff]+ f a mild =m ( bra9-/orm1 & h tempor>ily slipt back into ! ranks ( ! un?9k+4 ,let u analyze ! situation & see if we c discov] j :at ! w> did reveal z to ! %ort-99com+s ( our educational sy/em4 ,let u !n try to locate ! responsibility4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( ! educational %ortcom+s ?us reveal$ is a high p]c5tage ( illit]acy--ne>ly eight p] c5t1 ,i und]/&1 ! c\ntry ov]4 ,! s]i\sness ( su* a situation c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,x 0 s]i\s 9 "t ( w>--! inability ( a soldi] to read ord]s1 or to foll[ writt5 directions1 or to make writt5 reports1 especially :5 "o takes into consid]ation ! myriad =ms ( w> s]vice j rec5tly us$1 w\ld limit 8 possibilities ( s]vice & cripple himself & all 8 companions4 ,b illit]acy is ev5 m s]i\s 9 times ( peace1 = !n su* individuals are n imm$iately "u ! direction ( intellig5t (fic]s & ?us prev5t$ f ! disa/r\s results ( _! own ignorant actions4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( :at x means 9 a democracy & = a democracy to h "o out ( e t5 7disreg>d+ *ildr57 ( ! possible direct+ =ces ( ! gov]nm5t unable to read or write6 ,b :5 we add to ?is /atem5t ( m]e illit]acy ! fact t a l>ge p]c5tage ( ^! illit]ates are ( =eign bir? or extraction & h nev] le>n$ ei!r to speak or und]/& ! language ( _! adopt$ c\ntry1 ! situation is se5 to be ev5 m s]i\s 9 pot5tiality1 bo? 9 peace & w>4 ,our au?orities h be5 too lax1 x seems1 9 n requir+ t all *ildr5 ( =eign extraction1 :e!r =eign or ,am]ican born1 be educat$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,9 communities ?ickly settl$ by ali5 peoples !y h too (t5 all[$ ! s*ools to be conduct$ 9 ! v]nacul>s ( ! p--a ,g]man s*ool "h1 an ,au/rian s*ool !re1 & an ,italian s*ool ov] yond]1 & s on4 ,& x goes )\t say+ t 9 s*ools 9 :i* *ildr5 are in/ruct$ 9 ali5 tongues 'tis n ! ,am]ican _s t is inculcat$ nor ,am]ican ideals t take root4 ,no "o w\ld *all5ge ! /atem5t t "h is a defect 9 ! execution ( our educational program1 & "o t mu/ be rem$i$ at any co/4 ,/ill ano!r s]i\s weakness z reveal$ by ! m]ciless h& ( w> is t ( physical %ortcom+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( m5 7 reject$ = s]vice & a /ill l>g] numb] accept$ only = limit$ s]vice because ( physical disability z %[n by ! m$ical exam9ations4 ,i h n ! figures at h&1 b 'tis common k t ! situation is consid]$ grave4 ,eye defects1 e> defects1 defective tee?1 weak lungs1 flat feet1 r\nd %\ld]s1 sp9al curvature1 unsymmetrical developm5t1 & _m o!r defects 7 discov]$ 9 great numb]s4 ,p]haps no?+ b a rigid m$ical exam9ation by a milit>y (fic] w\ld ev] h op5$ our eyes to ! real situation4 ,b ?is did4 ,! revelations came z a surprise to ne>ly all except ! educational lead]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y h kn[n1 all ! "t1 :at ! situation has be5 &1 = a g5]ation1 h be5 try+ to combat x4 ,aga9 ! "q is rais$ z to :e!r ^! defects1 or weaknesses1 ( ,am]ican education1 9 bo? fields m5tion$1 z s]i\s z !y h be5 se5 to be = w>1 are n ev5 a m s]i\s m5ace :5 look$ ^u f ! po9t ( view ( peace1 & !re=e1 ev5 ?o ! w> has be5 won1 ( su* comm&+ importance z to dem& our imm$iate & cont9u$ att5tion4 ,"o might g on & "n o!r %ortcom+s 9 ! work+ out ( our educational program t h be5 m cle>ly br\ght to ! surface dur+ ! critical days ( our w>f>e4 ,b ?is article is n int5d$ to be a catalog4 ,! two m5tion$ are fundam5tal & f>-rea*+4 ,illit]acy & physical disability6 ,weakness along ^! l9es /rikes at ! v roots ( national life & ( individual well-be+4 ,& if1 z a nation & z individuals1 we are ev] go+ to ent] into our inh]itance1 ^! defects mu/ be rem$i$4 ,b be=e try+ to discuss rem$ies1 x w be well to locate responsibility4 ,are our basic educational pr9ciples uns\nd1 or m]ely our educational practises unsatisfactory8 ,are ! educational lead]s ( ! c\ntry all wrong 9 !ory8 ,h _! heads be5 s high among ! cl\ds t !y h n se5 ! real boy & 8 homely task8 ,or h !y se5 cle>ly & mapt out wisely1 :]eas ! public1 relatively un?9k+ ^u te*nical matt]s & always sl[ to act 9 new fields1 has n be5 ready to foll[8 ,is x 9 !ory or 9 practise :]e ! real %ortcom+ is to be f\nd8 ,! answ] to ! "q is vital4 ,if 9 !ory1 !n is ! situation s]i\s inde$ = t w\ld mean t our psy*ology is wrong--t our :ole philosophy ( life & ( gov]nm5t has be5 built ^u error4 ,truly1 !n1 aft] all ^! ye>s1 ! educational =ces w\ld ne$ to r$eem !mselves s z n to be a great] laugh+ /ock ?an we h ev] be5 be=e4 ,b if ! weakness lies m]ely 9 our practise1 n yet hav+ be5 able to atta9 to our ideals1 !n1 ?o s]i\s1 x w\ld be b *ild's play1 comp>atively speak+1 to put ourselves "r4 ,we %\ld ne$ to take c\rage1 r$\ble our ef=ts1 & all t1 b %\ld n ne$ to />t all ov] aga94 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! illit]acy reveal$ among bo? ali5 & native born8 ,n by faulty me?ods ( tea*+ c x be expla9$1 nor by any?+ else t tea*]s h done or h n done4 ,illit]ates h n att5d$ ! s*ools4 ,x is due ei!r to insuffici5t legislation or to non-en=cem5t ( laws1 d\btless m ! latt] save 9 ! case ( adult ali5s4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( our colonial life1 e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 univ]sal education has be5 a "p ( bo? our educational & our gov]nm5tal cre$s4 ,a program ( compulsory education 0 e>ly f\nd necess>y1 e>ly adopt$1 & nev] ab&on$4 ,beg9n+ 9 ,massa*usetts & go+ s\? & we/1 foll[+ consid]ably beh9d b !n keep+ almo/ ev5 pace ) settlem5t & developm5t aft] /atehood _h come1 legislation has decre$ t e *ild born into ! l& or com+ into x by immigration %all enjoy ! advantages ( education1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( kn[+ h[ to read & write ! ,engli% language4 ,e /ate 9 ! ,union has compulsory att5dance laws ^u its /atute books4 ,^! laws are n z ?orogo+ z !y %\ld be 9 _m cases b yet1 ev5 z !y are1 if en=c$1 !y %\ld leave almo/ no illit]acy among p ^: *ildhood has be5 sp5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= ! lea/ satisfactory laws--^? ( "s ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 ,georgia1 = example1 require s*ool att5dance = at lea/ f\r mon?s ( ea* ye> betwe5 ! ages ( eight & f\rte54 ,b illit]acy1 ev5 among our own p1 has be5 reveal$--too mu* ( x4 ,! laws h n be5 en=c$4 ,!re is ! sore spot4 ,:y h !y n be5 en=c$8 ,b ( t lat]4 ,! education ( adult ali5s is ano!r matt]1 & a v diff]5t "o4 ,z a problem x is almo/ new4 ,t is1 x has be5 only 9 relatively rec5t ye>s t x has be5 recogniz$ z su*4 ,true1 = sev]al ye>s "s ( ! /ates mo/ l>gely affect$1 su* z ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & o!rs h be5 wre/l+ ) x1 b n v mu* has yet be5 attempt$ t[>d introduc+ ! compulsory features4 ,& private ag5cies1 philan?ropic1 indu/rial1 religi\s1 political1 & o!rs h also done good "w4 ,b all t _h ?us f> be5 done _h accompli%t little m1 at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ?an to op5 our eyes to ! exi/5ce ( a problem4 ,& 9 our leisurely way we 7 go+ ab\t its solution4 ,b w> came4 ,! ,european nations 7 aflame4 ,we _h _m ,europeans 9 our mid/4 ,inve/igations 7 made4 ,! univ]sal draft 0 adopt$4 ,! revelations 7 />tl+4 ,x 0 discov]$ t 9 #aiaj !re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #b1iec1jaa :ite p]sons ( =eign bir?1 #aj ye>s ( age & ov]1 unable to speak ! ,engli% language4 ,( ^! #ef1hje 7 f t5 to fifte5 ye>s ( age1 #ccj1iid betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty-"o1 & #b1efe1bab tw5ty-"o & ov]4 ,note ! numb]1 m ?an two & a half millions1 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age & ov]--m5 gr[n1 fa!rs ( families1 _m ( !m--unable to speak ! language ( _! adopt$ c\ntry6 ,& ( ^! #ghh1fca 7 illit]ate--unable to read or write 9 any language6 ,no?+ %ort ( legal requirem5ts on a l>ge scale1 & rigidly en=c$1 absolutely free ( co/ to ! immigrant1 c ev] remove ! m5ace4 ,! law-mak+ bodies ( ! c\ntry1 bo? ,/ate & ,f$]al1 mu/ act & act quickly or ?is gr[+ m5ace w get beyond our control4 ,& ! long catalog ( physical defects--:at %all be said ( !m8 ,%all !y be *>g$ aga9/ ! educational =ces ( ! c\ntry8 ,are !y a disgrace f :i* we mu/ r$eem ourselves s t we %all n become ! great] laugh+ /ock8 ,x is p]fectly evid5t t somebody has blund]$ because ! :ole sad li/ ( defects is1 speak+ broadly1 prev5tive &1 = ! mo/ "p1 also rem$iable4 ,b :]e lies ! responsibility--^u ! home1 ! s*ool1 or society8 ,( c\rse1 prim>ily1 ^u ! home2 ! *ild comes f ! home1 goes to ! home1 is a "p ( ! home1 is "u ! imm$iate control ( ! home4 ,b yet1 _m homes1 especially homes ( ali5 peoples1 are n suffici5tly intellig5t to h entru/$ to !m matt]s ( su* f>-rea*+ importance4 ,& _m o!rs are n f9ancially able to h prop] att5tion giv54 ,b ! s*ool does "k4 ,& x1 or :at x repres5ts1 is abundantly able f9ancially to h&le ! matt]4 ,x kn[s cle>ly h[ ! *ild ) physical defects is hamp]$ 9 try+ to p]=m its s*ool "w2 x kn[s1 too1 h[ s]i\sly ! entire "w ( ! s*ool is int]f]$ ) :5 !re are _m su* 9 ! room2 & x also kn[s ! h&icap "u :i* su* un=tunate *ildr5 face life :5 s*ool days are ov]4 ,& ! s*ool kn[s1 too1 ! prev5tive & rem$iable natures ( ^! defects4 ,possess+ all ?is k1 :y has x n act$8 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 x has act$4 ,to ! ext5t ( its au?ority & ) all ! influ5ce & p[] at its comm& x has act$1 has be5 act+ = _m ye>s1 & is /ill act+4 ,= m ?an a g5]ation ! educational =ces ( ! c\ntry h be5 engag$ 9 a nation-wide educational campaign design$ to make cle> to ! homes ( ! c\ntry & to ! vot]s ( ! c\ntry ! gr[+ s]i\sness ( ! situation4 ,on ! lecture plat=m & f ! ,gospel pulpit1 9 ! educational press & 9 ! popul> magaz9e1 aye1 9 ! daily newspap]1 9 private conv]sation & 9 public discussion1 9 season & out ( season1 !y h labor$ unceas+ly to acqua9t ! public ) ! facts & to urge prev5tive & rem$ial action4 ,to ! unselfi% "w ( ^! lead]s ( educational ?\ght & action1 supplem5t$ by ! g5]\s assi/ance ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 is due ! fact ( our pres5t-day intellig5ce 9 reg>d to ! matt]4 ,educators h be5 deeply int]e/$1 ?oroly alive1 & intellig5tly at "w4 ,h[ !y h agitat$ ! matt] ( bett] v5tilation & bett] light+ ( s*oolh\ses6 ,h[ !y h plead$ = m$ical inspection & appropriate m$ical treatm5t ( s*ool *ildr56 ,h[ !y h urg$ ! employm5t ( ! s*ool nurse6 ,h[ !y h workt = ! playgr\nd & ! gymnasium & = sane me?ods ( h&l+ ! same6 ,b !y d n =m ! c\rt ( la/ appeal4 ,!y h no au?ority4 ,!y all /& 9 ab\t ! same anomal\s position z does ! man nom9ally at ! head ( ! educational activities ( ! c\ntry--! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education4 ,!y may ga!r /ati/ics1 make reports1 & sugge/ action4 ,b t is all4 ,?o possess+ full k ( ! situation1 ?o kn[+ j h[ to proce$ to u%] 9 a bett] day1 !y are n p]mitt$ to take any action4 ,responsible8 ,( c\rse !y are n responsible4 ,r$eem !mselves8 ,f :at1 pray8 ,laugh+ /ock8 ,h[ long1 oh6 h[ long1 w our great army ( tea*]s1 ?ree-f\r?s ( a million /rong1 be unappreciat$1 belittl$1 & malign$6 ,:o1 !n1 is responsible8 ,9 ! la/ analysis !re is b "o answ]--! public itself4 ,s9ce ! community at l>ge z well z ! individual afflict$ is1 9 ! f9al outcome1 a suff]] 9 e case ( physical disability1 z also 9 t ( illit]acy1 x is its duty1 z a mesure ( self-protection1 at lea/1 to assume direction4 ,adequate in=mation is at h& z to desirable me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,demon/rations a-pl5ty h be5 giv5 to prove t ! program sugge/$ is feasible1 inexp5sive1 & b5eficial4 ,?is has be5 br\ght ab\t ?ru ! action ( a few small gr\ps :o h ?us pres5t$ cle> & conv9c+ object lessons4 ,b :y mu/ we say a few8 ,:y is n su* "w nation-wide8 ,t is a long] /ory4 ,x foll[s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is a ,republic--a repres5tative democracy--a gov]nm5t 9 :i* all ! p p>ticipate4 ,& ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,x is made up ( a gr\p ( ,/ates1 ea* "o ex]cis+ sup]vision & control ov] its local matt]s4 ,& education has ?us f> be5 consid]$ a local matt]4 ,& 9 _m ways t sov]5ty has be5 /ill fur!r divid$4 ,we h z a small] unit ( s*ool organization ! c\nty1 & a small] "o yet1 ! t[n%ip1 &1 9 _m /ates1 a /ill small] "o1 ! s*ool di/rict1 conta9+1 9 _m in/ances1 only a few squ>e miles ( t]ritory &1 ( c\rse1 a v limit$ population4 ,b 9 "s respects1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ea* ( ^! small units is a law unto itself1 hav+ mu* to say z to ! l5g? ( ! s*ool t]m1 ! "* ( ! tea*+1 & _m o!r phases includ+ su* z ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,= ^! reasons x frequ5tly happ5s t side by side are s*ool di/ricts1 or t[n%ips1 or c\nties1 ) widely diff]+ educational programs4 ,"h is "o ) attractive build+s1 well v5tilat$ & well light$1 well equipt 9 e way1 9 ! h&s ( compet5t tea*]s1 ) physician & nurses subject to call4 ,b j ov] ! imag9>y l9e is ano!r ) no?+ q satisfactory4 ,!y are j liv+ up to ! /rict lett] ( ! ,/ate's requirem5t & t is all4 ,n "o doll> is be+ sp5t t repres5ts ! community's volunt>y contribution to ! welf>e ( its *ild life or to ! future well-be+ ( humanity4 ,& :y8 ,j because we are a ,democracy4 ,j because our action mu/ be ! unit$ action ( _m1 repres5t+ ! av]age intellig5ce ( ! entire gov]nm5tal unit & n t ( its mo/ intellig5t memb]s4 ,= ?is reason a democracy is always sl[ to act along new l9es4 ,! majority ( ! p h to be conv9c$ ( ! wisdom ( ! new mesure4 ,& education is itself always a sl[ process4 ,p *ange _! m9ds sl[ly4 ,sl[ness ( action is "o ( ! prices we h to pay = our democracy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an absolute mon>*y c act quickly1 = !re may be b "o individual to assimilate ! new idea or to be conv9c$ ( ! wisdom ( ! propos$ *ange4 ,^! facts are easily made cle> by hi/orical ref]5ces1 &1 happily1 9 ! v matt] "u discussion--educational proc$ure4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,prussia1 "u ! two great ,hoh5zoll]n k+s1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,i & 8 son1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! two rul+ f #agac to #aghf1 made mo/ rapid /rides 9 education4 ,bo? 7 practically absolute rul]s1 b !y 7 b5evol5t & f>-sight$1 & ! educational re=ms t !y inaugurat$ 7 basic & f>-rea*+1 su* z /ate-control & support1 compulsory att5dance1 & ! pr(essional education ( tea*]s4 ,be+ absolute 9 au?ority1 all !y ne$$ to d 0 to promulgate ! decrees & ord] _! execution4 ,! result 0 t1 educationally1 ,prussia imm$iately =g$ ahead ( all ! o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a limit$ mon>*y4 ,h] k+ c\ld n h act$ ?us ev5 if he s desir$4 ,su* mesures _h to h ! sanction ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* w\ld h to h>k back to an enlight5$ public op9ion s9ce ,p>liam5t 0 a repres5tative body4 ,& public op9ion1 especially 9 matt]s ( education1 is sl[ ( creation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 ?o ! ,engli% p 7 mu* 9 advance ( ! ,g]mans 9 civilization & 9 all ! ref9em5ts ( life1 x 0 n till #ahcc t ,engl& z a gov]nm5t took h] fir/ /ep look+ t[>d ! education ( h] *ildr5 ?ru appropriat+ money4 ,& ! grant ( t ,act 0 only a paltry #bj1jjj a ye> to be us$ by two religi\s societies = ! erection ( s*ool h\ses4 ,& x 0 an entire g5]ation lat]1 ev5 #ahgj1 be=e !y adopt$ ! necess>y pr9ciples ( compulsory att5dance & local taxation4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s beh9d ,prussia1 ,engl& 01 9 ! managem5t ( educational affairs6 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! sl[ action ( democracy is ne>] at h& bo? 9 "t & space1 ev5 9 our own c\ntry4 ,= "o reason or ano!r1 r1 = _m reasons1 education 0 at a l[-wat] m>k 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? & ! fir/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,?\ghtful m51 progressive educators1 prom95t /atesm51 se>*+ = ! cause & = ! rem$y1 f\nd ! "o 9 ! poor "* ( ! tea*+ be+ done & ! o!r 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool patt]n$ aft] ^? ( ,g]many4 ,?is 0 fir/ sugge/$ 9 #ahaf 9 ,connecticut & pretty fai?fully kept be=e ! p ( ,new ,engl& !reaft]4 ,b 9 spite ( e ef=t1 includ+ a campaign ( education & ! e/abli%m5t ( private normal s*ools = ! purposes ( demon/ration1 x 0 n till #ahch t ! ,massa*usetts legislature c\ld be induc$ to act4 ,& %e w\ld n h done s !n _h x n be5 t a v prom95t man ( ,bo/on1 a fri5d ( ! cause1 ,mr4 ,edmund ,dwight1 %[$ 8 fai? 9 ! movem5t by mak+ a g5]\s contribution out ( 8 private funds4 ,note1 too1 ?is action f ano!r po9t ( view--! am\nt ( ,democracy's initial contribution t[>d ?is new great movem5t 9 ,am]ica3 ,mr4 ,dwight's gift ( #aj1jjj 0 ev5ly mat*$ by t ( ! weal?y /ate ( ,massa*usetts6 ,& ! #bj1jjj 0 ! am\nt plann$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?ree new normal s*ools & _! ma9t5ance = ?ree ye>s6 ,t am\nt to-day w\ld sc>cely build a coal %$ = ea* ( ?ree new normal s*ools6 ,b ,i am n advocat+ mon>*ical me?ods ev5 to ha/5 s good a cause z educational improvem5t4 ,i am m]ely acc\nt+ = our sl[ness ( action 9 ne$$ re=m4 ,= sev]al reasons ,i %\ld be decid$ly oppos$ to adopt+ su* a program ( c5tralization ev5 if we c\ld4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 n e absolute mon>* w\ld act z did ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,!re are few b5evol5t despots4 ,9 ,france dur+ ! sev5te5? c5turies ! ,l\ises 7 j z absolute z 7 ! ,fr$]icks 9 ,g]many4 ,b !y 7 n int]e/$ 9 education = ! p4 ,aga91 ,g]many's sy/em ( education1 ?o objectively effici5t1 has be5 f> f satisfactory because n bas$ on sane moral pr9ciples4 ,& t fact1 by ! way1 has f9ally be5 ,g]many's undo+4 ,n[1 we c sc>cely conceive ( ,democracy erect+ an educational /ructure on an unsatisfactory moral f\ndation4 ,& /ill aga91 ! action ( an absolute mon>*1 9 all su* matt]s z education1 ?o p]haps tempor>ily rapid1 is n p]man5t4 ,remove ! guid+ _s & x slips back4 ,an illu/ration w assi/4 ,aga9 ,g]many furni%es x4 ,! little du*y ( ,go?a1 j s\? ( ,prussia1 s]ves u4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ,go?a _h suff]$ greatly4 ,ne> its close1 9 #afdj1 ,duke ,erne/ ! ,pi\s became its rul]4 ,he _h at he>t ! good ( 8 p4 ,he believ$ t education c\ld be a v important factor 9 _! upbuild+1 & at once put into effect a progressive program4 ,8 p 7 greatly bett]$ & 8 du*y became a f9e object lesson = o!r ,g]man ,/ates4 ,b ,duke ,erne/ di$4 ,& 8 educational re=ms1 n spr++ f ! p !mselves1 foll[$ him n long aft]4 ,a few ye>s ago ,presid5t ,diaz1 ,mexico's b5evol5t despot ( ne>ly half a c5tury1 di$4 ,& 8 p1 nev] hav+ be5 taught h[ to rule !mselves nor practis$ 9 ! art1 w5t to pieces4 ,democracy is sl[ b %e is apt to be sure4 ,h] action 9 educational matt]s is (t5 provok+ly dilatory1 b %e holds :at %e ga9s & ?us cont9ues to progress4 ,%e does n take a /ep =w>d until %e is sure ( h] gr\nd1 b !n %e /&s firm4 ,h] actions are ! results ( delib]ate ?\ght bas$ on adequate data ga!r$ f actual exp]im5ts & n to be %ak54 ,democracy w\ld n give up univ]sal education nor take "o /ep backw>d 9 ! matt] ( compulsory att5dance to secure x4 ,%e w\ld n "p ) h] elem5t>y normal s*ools = any?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& :5 once %e sees h] duty cle> %e w add to h] s*ool work]s1 9 e community1 ! physician1 ! nurse1 & ! playgr\nd director4 ,%e w d x &1 quickly not+ improvem5ts1 soon wond] :y %e _h n done x long be=e4 ,s9ce s mu* emphasis has be5 plac$ on ! cons]vative nature ( ,democracy & on its consequ5t sl[ness ( action1 a ^w %\ld be add$ z to its possibilities 9 em]g5cy4 ,?o we 7 sl[ 9 ent]+ ! ,great ,w>1 once our duty 0 cle> we act$ ) a promptness1 a unanimity1 & an effici5cy t surpris$ bo? fri5d & foe1 giv+ he>t to ! "o & con/]nation to ! o!r4 ,?o a democracy1 we inve/$ our *ief executive ) a p[] & an au?ority beyond t posse/ by any mon>* 9 ! _w4 ,s let u n be disc\rag$4 ,! situation is n z bad z x might be4 ,our fundam5tal pr9ciples are s\nd4 ,we are work+ along "r l9es & accompli%+ good results4 ,our %ortcom+s1 our weaknesses1 our failures1 if y wi% to call !m su*1 are se5 only :5 our record is comp>$ ) a p]fect score4 ,! s*ools h n yet atta9$ to #ajj p] c5t effici5cy2 t is1 ! c\ntry ov]4 ,"h & !re1 "u ! favorable conditions ( an intellig5t citiz5ry will+ to foll[ exp]t lead]%ip ev5 to ! ext5t ( provid+ adequate funds1 are s*ools & dep>tm5ts ( s*ools ( approximately #ajj p] c5t effici5cy4 ,& ^!1 z ,democracy's exp]im5ts1 assure u ( o!r advance /eps4 ,!y are object lessons4 ,?us ,democracy always advances4 ,f9ally1 :at %all we say8 ,:at %all we d8 ,n to r$eem ourselves1 oh1 no6 n t6 b to approximate ! #ajj p] c5t effici5cy all along ! l9e8 ,:at8 ,:y1 kn[+ t we are head$ aright1 keep /eadily =w>d ) our eyes on ! goal1 refus+ to be /amp$$ by ! un?9k+ critic ( :om ,democracy always has a pl5ty4 ,take c\rage6 ,spe$ up6 ,i ,,on ,,! ,,fir+ ,,l9e ,,9 ,,education ,presid5t's ,address deliv]$ at ! ,annual ,banquet ( ! ,=tnightly ,club1 ,gr& ,=ks1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,june #d1 #aiag ,! plan ( ! milit>y campaign is work$ out 9 ! quiet1 away back 9 ! re>1 sometimes at consid]able di/ance f ! place ( actual ho/ilities4 ,x is work$ out quietly1 usually sl[ly1 & attracts b little att5tion4 ,b :5 work$ out & ready to be put into op]ation1 ! plan is tak5 =w>d & activities beg94 ,supplies are gott5 ready1 m5 /ation$1 guns load$1 ! fir+ l9e is =m$4 ,"h is :]e ! battle is to be f\ght1 :]e an attempt is to be made to c>ry out ! plans =m$ 9 ! quiet1 back !re 9 ! re>4 ,activity *>act]izes ! sc5e4 ,advances are be+ made1 new ?+s be+ done4 ,e ef=t is put =? to realize ! plans4 ,x is n diff]5t 9 education4 ,9 ! quiet ( ! laboratories & ! /udy1 ?\ghtful m5 consid] conditions1 =m plans1 & develop !ories ( educational bett]m5t t h to be tri$ out1 out 9 ! op54 ,a fir+ l9e has to be =m$1 a place :]e new ?+s are to be done diff]5t f ! regul> conv5tional activities4 ,! humdrum1 prosaic1 traditional1 ev]yday "w goes on1 9 ! ma91 all ar\nd b at ^! po9ts :]e "s advances are be+ tri$1 a new & x is hop$ bett] program te/$4 ,all eyes are c5t]$1 all m9ds eag]4 ,! analogy is n inapt4 ,x is my purpose to discuss briefly "s ( ! ?+s t are happ5+ on our educational fir+ l9es4 ,i want to br+ to y\r att5tion fir/1 h[ev]1 ! plan ( ! great educational campaign ^u :i* we h ent]$1 ! goal be=e u at ! pres5t "t1 & !n take up a few ( ! relatively new & typical positions be+ tak5 by lead]s ( educational ?\ght1 hav+ ! realization ( t goal 9 view4 ,?is w pres5t to y "s ( ! ?+s t are actually be+ done 9 a few progressive communities & po9t out possibilities = o!rs4 ,,social ,,bett]m5t1 ,,! ,,dom9ant ,,motive ,,9 ,,education ,if ,i int]pret aright ! pres5t-day educational ?\ght1 ! dom9ant motive 9 x all is social 9 "*4 ,t is to say1 9 all ( our plans = ! education ( *ildr5 we keep !m 9 m9d z future memb]s ( society1 act+ ) "o ano!r & all work+ toge!r = ! common good & = ! bett]m5t ( ! race4 ,& ar\nd ?is motive1 or back ( x1 or be+ us$ by x z a means1 c be gr\p$ all ! significant educational practises ( ! "t4 ,=m]ly ! motive 0 l>gely psy*ological4 ,t is1 ! s*ool effect$ its organization1 *ose its curriculum1 work$ out its program1 & decid$ ^u its me?ods 9 ord] t x might assi/ ! *ild 9 ! developm5t ( its in/9cts & capacities1 ?us enabl+ him to realize 8 own p]sonality4 ,! great ,fr5* educator1 ,r\sseau1 liv+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 responsible = ?is movem5t & x 0 a notable advance beyond ! haphaz>d & aimless practise ( ! "t4 ,pe/alozzi1 ! great ,swiss educational re=m]1 ,froebel1 ! ,g]man apo/le ( *ildhood1 & ,h]b>t1 ! psy*ological g5ius ( ! ,fa!rl&1 7 disciples ( ,r\sseau & work$ out f 8 po9t ( view1 try+ to put x into practise 9 ! s*ool-rooms4 ,& "h 0 ! fir+ l9e 9 education = _m a long day4 ,true1 none ( ^! lat] m5 ignor$ social relation%ips z did ,r\sseau4 ,true1 a /rong case c\ld be made out1 if "o %\ld wi% to def5d ! !sis1 t ^! di/+ui%$ foll[]s ( ,r\sseau1 ev5 ?o c>ry+ out 8 program 9 ! ma91 7 likewise inaugurat+ ! new sociological movem5t4 ,b yet x 0 n suffici5tly cle> to dom9ate ev5 9 _! own m9ds4 ,! individual /ood out beyond ! mass4 ,he fill$ ! /age4 ,nor did !y cle>ly pass x on to o!rs4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :at ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ^! m5 got f !m 0 ! !ory ( individualism 9 its bett] =m4 ,! be/ def9ition ( education t c be giv5 f ?is po9t ( view is ! developm5t ( an inn] life4 ,t is :at ,r\sseau want$ to br+ ab\t & ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 & our own ,colonel ,p>k] ( m rec5t times1 ! mod]n apo/le ( *ildhood1 _h ! same vision4 ,& s to ,froebel & ^! o!rs1 likewise1 ! s*ool 0 an in/itution 9 :i* ea* *ild %\ld discov] 8 own individuality1 "w out 8 own p]sonality1 & develop h>moni\sly all 8 p[]s4 ,true1 9 t environm5t & do+ all t1 ! *ild is go+ to le>n ! relation%ips ( society1 & ?us ! s*ool might become a means = social progress z well z ! in/rum5t ( individual developm5t4 ,b ?is 0 incid5tal4 ,! developm5t ( ! inn] life 0 ! goal4 ,fa%ion$ 9 ! quiet1 9 ! /udy1 away f ! haunts ( man1 ?is became ! program & ! rally+ cry1 & out on ! fir+ l9e x 0 /riv5 =4 ,on ! educational battlefields ( bo? ,europe & ,am]ica1 :]e r$\bts 7 be+ /orm$ & advance positions tak51 ?is 0 ! "o great end 9 view4 ,x ev5tuat$ 9 ! *ild /udy movem5t ( ! pres5t g5]ation t is n[ at its height & t has done s mu* to mitigate ! sev]ities ( ! old "t s*ool room practises & likewise greatly aid$ 9 putt+ education on a sci5tific basis4 ,! imm$iate foll[]s1 ,i say1 ( ! great ,european qu>tet ( educators _h ! above wor?y goal 9 view2 b ) _! foll[]s1 _m ( !m1 especially ! noisy ones1 ! mod]n sophi/s1 x deg5]at$ into a !ory ( pure individualism ( ! mo/ selfi% type4 ,! !ory ( gett+ on 9 ! _w1 e man = himself1 became rampant4 ,! s*ool came to be look$ ^u z an in/itution 9 :i* *ildr5 c\ld le>n h[ to get ahead ( ! re/ ( ! community1 & education z m]ely ano!r weapon to use 9 mak+ society contribute m to purse & pleasure4 ,& on ! fir+ l9e1 =m$ by ^! noisy agitators1 mi/ak5 by _m z educational lead]s1 ^! 7 ! ?+s /riv5 =4 ,b ?is ab]ration 0 only tempor>y4 ,! real educational lead]s1 9 try+ to realize ! goal ( ,r\sseau & ,pe/alozzi & to d x hav+ to combat ?is movem5t ( wildcat educational speculation1 gradually came to see a m important tru? ev5 ?an ! "o !y 7 seek+4 ,z on _m ano!r fir+ l9e1 victories by ! wayside h cl>ifi$ our vision & giv5 u new p]spectives1 & a goal1 n at fir/ recogniz$1 looms l>ge ^u ! horizon4 ,= ?ru all ?is /ruggle we h le>n$ t ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! public s*ool is to tea* ! *ild to live 9 ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 to und]/& 8 %>e 9 x & to p]=m x because1 aft] all1 unless p le>n to adapt !mselves to o!r individuals & communities1 disord] & *aos foll[4 ,9 x all we h come to see t education is ! be/ in/rum5t = reg5]at+ society4 ,n individual developm5t1 !n1 ! selfi% view ( ,r\sseau1 n ev5 ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties1 ! "o-sid$1 some:at re/rict$1 or undevelop$1 view ( ,pe/alozzi & o!rs ( 8 foll[]s1 surely n individual effici5cy = p]sonal ga91 ! selfi% view ( crass mat]ialism1 b social effici5cy is ! pres5t-day motive 9 education4 ,& ! def9ition ( education takes on a diff]5t color4 ,n m]ely ! developm5t ( inn] life b 9 conjunction ) t or 9 addition to x1 ! developm5t 9 ! individual ( ! p[] ( adju/m5t to an ev] *ang+ social environm5t4 ,& likewise ! s*ool becomes m ?an a place 9 :i* ! *ild c discov] himself4 ,aye1 x is ! in/rum5t t democracy has fa%ion$ = realiz+ its broad & humanit>ian ideal4 ,democracy is ev] /riv+ = clos] & m h>moni\s relation betwe5 its memb]s1 a great] degree ( social ju/ice1 & ! s*ool is its effici5t means4 ,^! two t5d5cies1 ! psy*ological & ! sociological1--only two s9ce ! n>r[ individuali/ic 0 nev] accept$ & is n[ be+ rapidly elim9at$--^! two are n antagoni/ic nor mutually exclusive4 ,! diff]5ce is l>gely 9 po9t ( view or emphasis4 ,"o may say t !y are b ! two sides ( ! same %ield b ! fact rema9s t !re are two sides4 ,!re is a diff]5ce & ! *ange came z sugge/$4 ,& ! *ange has modifi$ conditions on ! fir+ l9e4 ,ev] s9ce ,mr4 ,sp5c] ask$ 8 sugge/ive "q1 :at k is ( mo/ wor?1 ! "q ( educational values has be5 rais$ & ! curriculum has come "u close scrut9y4 ,! result has be5 a modification4 ,! purely l+ui/ic & lit]>y1 t :i* does n function directly = prep>ation 9 life & society1 is sl[ly giv+ way to t :i* deals ) ! facts & =ces ( nature & ( social in/itutions4 ,?us f> ,i h tri$ to make pla9 ! great educational campaign 9 :i* we are engag$1 z se5 on ! fir+ l9e1--to po9t out ! goal be=e u1 univ]sal education1 ( c\rse1 & social effici5cy = ea* memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,t sugge/s at once z a def9ition ( education1 ! "o made fam\s by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] m ?an a half c5tury ago1 ,prep>ation = complete liv+4 ,t 0 good z a />t 9 ! new direction1 b "o ( ! mo/ prom95t g5]als ( our educational =ces n[ comm&+ at ! front1 ,john ,dewey ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 has sugge/$ a modification :i* br+s x up to date & gives ! key-note ( explanation to ! tactics n[ 9 vogue out !re 9 ! front ranks4 ,he says t in/ead ( be+ ! prep>ation = life1 education is life itself4 ,"s )\t try+ to probe deeply into ! ?\ght back ( ! tr5*ant expression1 h said t ?is 0 a m]e play ^u words4 ,b ,dewey is n a man :o plays ) words4 ,:at he meant by ! /atem5t is t ! *ild is be/ prep>$ = life z an adult by liv+ ! "r k9d ( life z a *ild4 ,t is by liv+ a life t has real mean+ to him n[1 a normal natural life1 putt+ =? ^? activities t spr+ f )91 n m]ely sitt+ beh9d a n>r[ desk try+ to memorize wordy descriptions ( complicat$ facts ?\ght to be useful to him lat] on4 ,& :5 we g out & see :at !y are do+ on ! fir+ l9e we %all see j t be+ done4 ,,*ild ,,/udy ,b p]haps ,i %\ld gu>d aga9/ a possible misappreh5sion4 ,9 elim9at+ ! mat]iali/ic po9t ( view 9 individualism--n>r[ individual developm5t = p]sonal ga9--we h n ?r[n aside ! goal ( developm5t sugge/$ by ,r\sseau & ,pe/alozzi4 ,advanc$ educational ?\ght has t prom95tly 9 m9d--! discov]y ( ! *ild's lat5t p[]s--8 possibilities--8 ta/es--8 b5t & ! developm5t ( ! same4 ,b :ile ) !m t 0 ! goal1 ! end 9 view1 & a some:at selfi% "o1 ev5 ?o n crassly mat]iali/ic1 x has become1 ) u1 a means to a l>g] end1 namely1 social bett]m5t4 ,! *ild mu/ be kn[n & develop$ to enable x to be able to contribute its l>ge/ quota to ! welf>e ( society4 ,) ?is g5]al direction ( educational activity made pla91 & incid5tally ! "* ( ! activities along ! entire battle front1 let u pass to a consid]ation ( a few specific activities t w illu/rate ! g5]al movem5t4 ,let u be> 9 m9d t we h 9 view1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! individual *ild ^: ta/es & aptitudes we mu/ discov] &1 on ! basis ( discov]y1 ^: fulle/ developm5t1 consi/5t ) ! rights ( o!rs1 we mu/ seek4 ,& ! reason = ?is1 y "k1 is t only z ?is is done & he is prep>$ to d t k9d ( "w 9 ! _w = :i* 8 ta/es be/ adapt him--only ?us c he be made ! mo/ effici5t memb] ( society possible4 ,because1 z ,plato said1 c5turies ago1 ,society is b ! individual writ l>ge--a collection ( individuals4 ,! f\ndation ( all ?+s 9 social life is ! individual4 ,n[1 ,i'll admit1 at once1 t t is n ! program ( ! rank & file ( ! s*ools4 ,x %\ld be1 b x isn't4 ,:at ! s*ools are try+ to d1 9 ! ma91 is to tea* ! *ildr5 a lot ( facts t tradition says w\ld be well = !m to "k :5 !y become adults1 :olly irrespective ( ! *ild's pres5t attitude t[>d ^! facts--:e!r or n !y h mean+ = him4 ,:at ! high s*ools are try+ to d is to tea* ! relatively few :o survive ?is grade program1 9 addition to ^! elem5t>y tradition-direct$ facts ( k1 a lot m ( mean+less matt] prescrib$ by ! colleges & li/$ "u t allur+ title1 entrance requirem5ts4 ,& z a result ( ^! programs ! s*ools are s5d+ altoge!r too _m ( _! boys & girls into society unacqua9t$ ) !mselves1 & ill-fitt$ = any useful occupation1 & !re=e out ( sympa?y ) ! s]i\s "w ( ! _w4 ,!y are misfits 9 ! social & economic _w & are oblig$ to take _! places 9 ! ranks ( ! l[e/-paid ( unskill$ labor--& "w up if !y c4 ,n[1 :at is be+ done on ! fir+ l9es to rem$y ?is situation & to u%] 9 ! new day8 ,well1 fir/1 9 our normal s*ools--in/itutions e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ = ! simple purpose ( prep>+ "y p = tea*+ *ildr5--great emphasis is be+ plac$ ^u ! /udy ( ! *ild4 ,x is felt t only z ! tea*] und]/&s ! *ild m9d & ! laws ( its developm5t c %e direct t developm5t aright4 7,t's a s5sible po9t ( view1 isn't x8 ,& yet x is only on ! fir+ l9e 9 educational practise t we f9d x recogniz$4 ,)\t t factor ( equipm5t1 ! tea*] is tea*+ subjects1 n boys & girls47 ,9 _m normal s*ools *ild /udy is "o ( ! requir$ subjects--no "o may graduate or be recomm5d$ = a tea*+ position :o has n tak5 x4 ,x %\ld be requir$ 9 all--& w be a little lat] on4 ,no p]son %\ld be all[$ to occupy ! position ( tea*] ( *ildr5 :o has n made su* a /udy--& prov$ himself effici5t 9 x4 ,bo>ds ( education %\ld dem& x ev5 if "s normal s*ools d n yet require x = graduation4 ,x is f> & away ! mo/ important "p ( ! tea*]'s pr(essional equipm5t4 ,& !n 9 our s*ools ( education & tea*]s colleges--in/itutions set ap>t = prep>+ tea*]s = our high s*ools & = adm9i/rative positions--! /udy ( adolesc5ce is receiv+ increas+ att5tion4 ,! high s*ool boy & ! high s*ool girl are be+ made ! subjects ( close1 c>eful1 sci5tific /udy4 ,x is ?\ght t 9 ord] to deal effectively ) ^! "y p ! high s*ool tea*] %\ld und]/& ^? m>vel\s *anges--physical1 m5tal1 & moral--?ru :i* !y are pass+4 ,h[ else c "o "k h[ to *eck :]e *eck+ is ne$$ 7& x usually is ne$$ some:]e along ! l9e72 to guide :]e ! pa?way is obscure 7& e adolesc5t is sure to pass ?ru valleys ( d>kness dur+ ! high s*ool c\rse72 & to inspire :]e inspiration is lack+ 7& ) "s x is lack+ a good deal ( ! "t7--9 a ^w1 h[ else ?an ?ru a k ( ! situation c "o be ! philosoph]1 guide1 & fri5d t ! adolesc5t always ne$s8 ,d y "k t ab\t "o-f\r? ( all /ud5ts :o ent] ! fre%man classes ( our high s*ools1 ?ru\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 drop out be=e ! close ( ! fir/ seme/]8 ,d y "k1 too1 t ! elim9ation cont9ues "r along until t "o-f\r? is made m ?an "o-half be=e graduation day arrives8 ,n[1 ^! boys & girls ent] full ( hope & expectation1 eag] & ambiti\s = :at ! high s*ool is suppos$ to d = !m2 !y d n plan to drop out be=e complet+ ! c\rse--nor d _! p>5ts plan to h !m d s4 ,:y d !y d x8 ,:at has *ang$ _! po9t ( view & s5t !m f ! s*ool1 sad & disappo9t$1 & _! p>5ts dissatisfi$ ) bo? s*ool & *ild8 ,:at is x8 ,d y want me to tell y8 ,! situation has be5 ! subject ( inve/igation 9 _m places ?ru\t ! c\ntry1 & ! conclusion rea*$ by ?\ghtful m5 & wom51 unbias$ /ud5ts ( educational practises1 is t1 :ile _m influ5ces comb9e to br+ ab\t t un=tunate result1 ! *ief cause ( ?is high mortality is ! unsympa!tic attitude ( high s*ool tea*]s t[>d ! adolesc5t4 ,b1 y may ask1 :y unsympa!tic8 ,because !y reg>d !m z fickle1 un/able1 & irrational1 & s h b little pati5ce ) !m4 ,i'll admit t ! adolesc5t seems all t at times1 b t is only on ! surface4 ,! developm5tal *anges--physical & moral--?ru :i* he is pass+ (t5 make ! life dur+ ?is p]iod "o ( turmoil4 ,f f\rte5 to eighte5--! normal high s*ool p]iod--is frequ5tly call$ ! /orm & /ress p]iod ( life4 ,n hav+ made a /udy ( ! situation1 high s*ool tea*]s1 9 ! ma91 d n "k ! fundam5tal sci5tific facts1 & !re=e c n acc\nt = actions1 po9ts ( view1 signs ( wayw>dness1 lack ( appreciation1 poor lessons1 etc41 etc41 t sometimes *>act]ize ! y\? :ile a /ud5t 9 ! high s*ool4 ,!y (t5 lay to an unclean m9d :at spr+s f a p]fectly normal developm5t ( ! sex function2 !y are sure t moral p]v]sity is ! basis ( actions t are m correctly expla9$ by ref]5ce to a moral nature m]ely 9 ! process ( developm5t2 !y ?9k t pure laz9ess alone expla9s ! lack ( vigor\s "w1 :]eas ! boy is gr[+ s fa/ t he has no /r5g? = any?+ else2 !y scold him = be+ awkw>d & say x is due to c>elessness & a slip-%od m9d1 because !y d n "k t ! muscles sometimes gr[ fa/] ?an ! bones1 mak+ accurate co-ord9ation a physical impossibility2 9 a ^w1 to g5]al1 all r\nd cuss$ness !y *>ge behavior t %\ld be ref]r$ to high blood pressure1 a*+ bones1 ! knitt+ toge!r by fib] gr[? ( ! v>i\s bra9 c5t]s1 & f9ally1 to y\?ful en?usiasm1 all ( :i* are p]fectly normal signs ( develop+ y\?4 ,!y d x because !y d n "k any bett]4 ,!y are ignorant ( _m ?+s t t\*1 & vitally1 ! "y p ) :om !y are work+4 ,b h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,!y h nev] giv5 any reflective ?\ght to ! matt]4 ,! t]m half-bak$ t !y (t5 apply to ! adolesc5t 9 disgu/1 or 9 co>se je/1 is1 f ?is po9t ( view1 m applicable to !mselves4 ,t1 ,i say1--! unsympa!tic attitude ( ! high s*ool tea*] t[>d ! adolesc5t--is ! *ief cause ( ! high mortality ( high s*ool /ud5ts4 ,t1 c\pl$ ) ano!r1 t spr+s f ! same fundam5tal situation--ignorance ( ! ne$s & po9ts ( view ( ! adolesc5t--?o n s *>geable to ! individual class tea*] z to ! s*ool sy/em z a :ole1 local1 /ate1 & national1 pretty ne>ly cov] ! gr\nd4 ,! o!r cause to :i* ,i ref] is ! c\rse ( /udy & program ( activities t are s ill-adapt$ to ! ta/es1 & ne$s1 & capacities ( adolesc5t boys & girls--/udies & activities t h no real mean+ to !m & t fit !m = no?+ def9ite save college entrance :]e ! same old process1 mean+less to _m1 (t5 goes on = ano!r p]iod4 ,:at is be+ done on ! fir+ l9e to bett] su* conditions8 ,a good deal2 q a good deal4 ,normal s*ools & s*ools ( education "h & !re1 ! =m] m ?an ! latt]1 are n[ giv+ att5tion to ! matt]1 requir+ 9 "s cases & urg+ 9 o!rs1 prospective tea*]s to become intellig5t 9 reg>d to ! lives !y are to direct4 ,x is be+ done at our own in/itution z at o!rs4 ,?is ye> ,dr4 ,todd has giv5 in/ruction 9 *ild /udy to ne>ly "o hundr$ "y m5 & wom5 :o are look+ =w>d to tea*+ 9 ! grades1 & ,i h _h a gr\p ( "s ?irty-five or =ty prospective high s*ool tea*]s & sup]9t5d5ts :o h be5 mak+ a c>eful /udy ( adolesc5ce4 ,i gu>antee t ^! p w n make ! crude & unfeel+ blund]s t ,i h m5tion$ z too common among high s*ool tea*]s1 z !y run4 ,^! are fir+-l9e activities4 ,!y 7 ne>ly new a doz5 ye>s ago4 ,my introduction ( su* c\rses 9 our ,univ]sity 0 smil$ at indulg5tly by "s ( my colleagues & %>ply criticis$1 especially ! "w 9 adolesc5ce1 by o!rs4 ,!y are n yet requir$ ( /ud5ts prep>+ to tea*1 b h evid5tly demon/rat$ _! value s9ce1 ?o 9 no s5se snap c\rses1 !y h become v popul>4 ,z illu/rative ( ?is "w let me ref] to a notable rec5t action ( ! legislature ( ,i[a4 ,x has j pass$ an ,act appropriat+ to ! ,/ate ,univ]sity #be1jjj a ye> = ! purpose ( f9anc+ :at is call$ a *ild-welf>e campaign4 ,! plan is to make an exhau/ive sci5tific /udy ( ! *ild f bo? ! physiological & psy*ological po9ts ( view1 to ! end t x may be bett] kn[n & ?us m satisfactorily guid$ 9 its educational c>e]4 ,"o o!r ?+1 9 ?is same connection1 is be+ done on our fir+ l9es all ov] ! c\ntry--some?+ t is hop$ w set ! p at l>ge1 p>5ts & citiz5s g5]ally1 to ?9k+ sanely on educational matt]s & ere long rectify our blund]s z to subjects ( /udy & g5]al s*ool activities & ?us result 9 s5d+ ! *ildr5 out effici5t workm5 9 suitable fields4 ,i ref] to addresses & discussions su* z ?is & o!rs1 to articles 9 newspap]s & magaz9es1 & ! educational press1 & to ev5 m ext5sive & ?oro discussions put out 9 book =m f "t to "t = ! laym54 ,! old d>key says1 ,! _w d move4 ,we sometimes ?9k x moves v sl[ly1 b yet x d move4 ,?o we c't see x move1 we c1 by look+ back1 see t x has mov$4 ,,physical ,,education ,ano!r ?+ = :i* we are fight+ out on ! fir+ l9es is an adequate sy/em ( physical education4 ,?is w\ld include p]iodical m$ical inspection ( e *ild f ! k9d]g>t5 up2 x w\ld also include ! s*ool nurse & ! visit+ nurse1 &1 z well1 free public cl9ics = e>1 eye1 nose1 ?roat1 & too? difficulties4 ,x w\ld also include1 = m5tal & moral z well z physical ends1 well-equipt playgr\nd & gymnasium facilities "u ! direction ( m5 & wom5 exp]t & skilful 9 ^? fields--& ^! w\ld be 9 op]ation ! entire ye>4 ,! physical education ( ! *ild & adolesc5t %\ld be z c>efully plann$1 z sci5tifically workt out 9 a positive way1 z ! intellectual4 ,:y n8 ,because y "k--e intellig5t p]son kn[s--t ! physical is ! basis = ! m5tal & ! moral4 ,y "k--we all "k--t a s\nd1 a heal?y1 a sane life c n be developt 9 an uns\nd or a diseas$ body4 ,!n :y are ^! activities m]ely on ! fir+ l9es & n a "p ( ! regul> program8 ,because ignorance1 & prejudice1 & selfi%ness1 & /ubbornness1 & p5uri\sness are /ill keep+ _m p 9 ! tr5*es4 ,b !y w be dislodg$4 ,j z sure z fate !y w be driv5 f cov]4 ,!y are fight+ a los+ battle4 ,!y are /&+ 9 ! way ( an irresi/ible movem5t t is sure to engulf !m4 ,if !re 7 "t ,i %\ld l to describe j :at is be+ done along ?is l9e 9 "s places & give ! reflex influ5ce ( ! same on ! community4 ,x has surely meant a new heav5 & a new e>? to _m a *ild1 & glimm]+s ( ! same to _m a community4 ,b ,i pass to less spectacul> matt]s1 cont9u+ to discuss pr9ciples r ?an illu/rations4 ,,! ,,educational ,,survey ,ano!r matt] ( int]e/ ^! days is ! educational survey t has be5 tak5 up by _m progressive communities4 ,! plan is1 z _m ( y "k1 to subject ! s*ool sy/em ( a city or community to a se>*+ inve/igation 9 ord] to discov]1 if possible1 its weak po9ts1 if x has any1 to ! end ( _! bett]m5t4 ,exp]ts are br\ght 9 :o1 )\t fe> or favor1 exam9e ! sy/em f all possible po9ts ( view--location & arrangem5t ( s*ool build+s includ+ heat+1 light+1 & g5]al heal? conditions1 adequacy ( playgr\nd & a?letic facilities1 ! ext5t to :i* ! s*ools are satisfy+ community ne$s 9 ! way ( equipt workm5 & ! ne$s ( ! "y p = equipm5t = suitable "w1 ! co/ ( ! sy/em1 att5dance1 me?ods ( tea*+ & sup]vision1 c\rse ( /udy1 etc4 ,outside exp]ts are br\ght 9 = v>i\s reasons3 kn[n to h no p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! outcome1 _! reports are likely to be receiv$ ) great] respect2 &1 too1 a local committee1 ?ru ne>ness & v famili>ity1 w\ld fail to notice features1 good z well z bad1 t might at once attract ! att5tion ( /rang]s4 ,_m cities1 rang+ f #bejj to half a million p1 h already avail$ !mselves ( ! survey )1 9 ! ma91 v gratify+ results4 ,n only h cities us$ ! survey1 b o!r units ( educational adm9i/ration4 ,!re h be5 a few v significant & int]e/+ rural s*ool surveys by c\nties 9 sev]al /ates4 ,a simil> /udy has be5 made ( sev]al ,/ate univ]sities1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 ,nevada1 = example4 ,i notice t ! legislature ( ,m9nesota has j arrang$ = a survey ( !irs4 ,y all recall t su* a survey 0 made ( all ! in/itutions ( high] education ( ,nor? ,dakota only a %ort "t ago4 ,! g5]al feel+ is t x 0 well wor? :ile4 ,su* & ev5 m ext5sive surveys h already be5 made 9 five o!r /ates--,oregon1 ,i[a1 ,wa%+ton1 ,colorado1 & ,wyom+4 ,! end s\ght 9 ea* & all ( ^! surveys1 :e!r city s*ools1 high] in/itutions1 or /ate-wide sy/ems1 is great] effici5cy--l>g] s]vice to society4 ,a survey ( ?is "* is usually foll[$ by a detail$ pr9t$ report t is g5]\sly di/ribut$ result+ 9 great] int]e/ 9 ! s*ools & a m intellig5t appreciation ( _! "w & _! ne$s4 ,,vocational ,,guidance ,mu* has be5 said 9 rec5t ye>s ab\t vocational education4 ,! s*ools h be5 sev]ely criticis$ = n tea*+ trades4 ,_m h dem&$ t t be ! dom9at+ motive 9 all our s*ools1 especially 9 ! high s*ools4 ,! educational press1 = ! la/ decade1 has kept ! matt] 9 ! limelight4 ,books h be5 writt5 call+ att5tion to ! heavy dropp+ out ( s*ool ( pupils ev5 be=e rea*+ high s*ool age :olly unfitt$ to d any?+ above ! mo/ m5ial & l[e/-paid "w4 ,!y h argu$ /r5u\sly & sometimes logically = bett] ?+s4 ,to ?is program ! objection has be5 rais$ t *ildr5 9 ^! e>ly ye>s are n yet ready to *oose _! "w ( life2 t !y d n yet suffici5tly "k !mselves--_! own ta/es & capacities = su* s]i\s *oice2 x has also be5 urg$ t to place be=e *ildr5 su* attractive objective features w\ld result 9 sw]v+ _m f ! normal pa?way ( _! developm5t & *eck x midway4 ,! result has be5 :at might be call$ a compromise1 & ! fir+-l9e activities h be5 some:at modifi$4 ,n vocational education b vocational guidance is n[ m ne>ly ! ?\ght4 ,& ?is has a mu* l>g] cont5t1 a backgr\nd1 a m sci5tific basis1 & "o organically connect$ ) ! l>g] movem5t ( :i* ,i h already spok5--! social motive 9 education supplem5t$ by ! individual involv+ ! discov]y & developm5t ( ta/e & capacity4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to ! high mortality ( high s*ool /ud5ts4 ,! reasons ,i h giv5 are ! lack ( sympa?y t ! tea*] has ) ! adolesc5t & ! lack ( mean+ f\nd 9 ! "w be+ done4 ,! same facts acc\nt = ! heavy elim9ation t takes place 9 ! upp] grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b bo? are be+ rem$i$ to "s ext5t4 ,! fir/ ?ru ! *ild-/udy movem5t & ! second ?ru ! matt] ( vocational guidance4 ,& ! two are v closely connect$ z "o c see at a glance4 ,?ru ! *ild-/udy movem5t ! tea*] comes to "k *ild nature s well t direct application c be made to ! individual *ild & an intimate k ga9$ ( 8 ta/es1 capacities1 ambitions1 & dom9ant int]e/s4 ,?is w enable h] to give ! subject matt] def9ite mean+ 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 &1 lat] on1 :5 vocations beg9 to attract1 ! guid+ may be intellig5t & ! f9al *oice a suitable "o4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! adolesc5t p]iod !re %\ld be opportunities furni%$ by ! s*ool or ?ru its co-op]ative ef=t = *ildr5 to te/ !mselves 9 v>i\s l9es--academic l9es1 vocational l9es4 ,!y %\ld1 9 a ^w1 be vocationally tempt$ 9 z _m diff]5t directions z possible s z to come to "k !mselves s well t ! f9al settl+ w n be haphaz>d4 ,9 ^! ways !y %\ld be guid$ into _! vocations1 def9ite ones1 j z e>ly 9 life z !y c be adequately prep>$ = !m4 ,= example3--if 8 ta/es & capacities fit a c]ta9 boy = m]ely a me*anical pursuit t requires b little academic le>n+1 su* z c>p5try1 plumb+1 blacksmi?+1 brick lay+1 etc41 he %\ld1 relatively e>ly 9 ! adolesc5t p]iod1 be ?us guid$1 & n =c$ to attempt an academic c\rse t c h no possible mean+ to him4 ,?is w\ld s5d him out1 a productive memb] ( society1 happy 9 8 "w because suit$ to him & effici5t 9 x because fitt$ = do+ x well4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ta/es & capacities fit = academic or pr(essional c>e]s1 su* z m$ic9e1 law1 tea*+1 or eng9e]+1 ! pr9ciple w\ld rema9 ! same b ! program w\ld diff]4 ,! academic "w1 mean+less to ! prospective plumb]1 or dressmak]1 w\ld be full ( mean+ to ! embryo lawy] or tea*]1 & ! p]iod ( prep>ation mu* prolong$4 ,su* are ! po9ts ( view t tea*]s %\ld hold1 & su* ! opportunities t s*ools %\ld (f]4 ,& x is all be+ f\nd out on ! fir+ l9es4 ,?is program is be+ c>ri$ out to "s ext5t 9 _m places 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! "t is n v f> di/ant :5 some?+ ( ! k9d w be dem&$ 9 all our t[ns4 ,= out 9 ! front ranks ! high s*ool is no long] reg>d$ *iefly z a prep>atory = college4 ,out !re x is se5 to possess a mu* l>g] function--assi/+ ! *ild--e *ild--to =m its own acqua9tance & to beg9 ! plann+ ( its future4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?\ght on ! fir+ l9e is t ! high s*ool is an in/itution e/abli%$ by a community = community purposes--to take its "y p--all ( !m--& guide !m ?ru ! difficult & transitional p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 direct+1 inspir+1 %ap+1 *eck+1 develop+ = ! l>ge/ manhood & womanhood possible & provid+ ! community ) effici5t workm5 9 v>i\s l9es4 ,,! ,,educational ,,psy*ologi/ ,:ile !re are _m o!r activities1 significant & int]e/+1 t might well be consid]$ 9 su* a treatm5t z ?is1 ,i %all close ) a v brief m5tion ( "o m--! place & "w ( ! educational psy*ologi/ 9 our mod]n sy/em4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant ( ! new] movem5ts 9 educational proc$ure is t t]m$ educational mesurem5ts1 p]haps bett] call$ ! mesurem5t ( intellig5ce4 ,ab\t a g5]ation ago x began to be obs]v$ t _m *ildr5 did n pass ?ru ! grades ) ! regul>ity t 0 ?\ght normal or desirable4 ,_m 7 oblig$ to repeat grades--!y did n pass1 to use ! language ( ! s*ools4 ,! m ! matt] 0 inve/igat$1 ! m s]i\s 0 x se5 to be4 ,inve/igation has gone on until at la/ c>efully ga!r$ /ati/ics tell u t almo/1 if n q1 "o-half ( all ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools fail to progress ?ru ! grades at ! expect$ rate4 ,= "s reason1 or = "s comb9ation ( reasons1 !y are ret>d$ f "o to ?ree ye>s4 ,& ( ! #djj1jjj1jjj annually sp5t to c>ry on ! "w ( ! s*ools x is e/imat$ t f #dj1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj g e ye> 9 attempts to tea* ^! ret>d$ ones :at !y h already tri$ b fail$ to le>n4 ,"h 0 a d\ble loss1 a f9ancial "o ( l>ge proportions & a human "o ( mu* m s]i\s import4 ,:y ! ret>dation8 ,& :at c\ld be done to *eck x8 ,?\ghtful consid]ation 0 giv5 to ! matt] ) ! foll[+ revelation3 x 0 se5 t 9 educational proc$ure all matt]s ( grad+1 promotion1 ev5 *oice ( subject matt] :]e !re 0 a *oice1 7 be+ h&l$ on ! basis ( results ( te/s ( in=mation--possession ( k facts--r ?an ( ability or intellig5ce4 ,?is might n be s bad if ! k s\ght 9 ^! te/s 7 k necess>y to h 9 ord] to function adequately 9 ! new or advanc$ environm5t4 ,b usually no su* relation%ip c\ld be trac$4 ,x 0 b ano!r illu/ration ( no pres5t mean+ connect$ ) ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,a rem$y 0 s\ght1 & is be+ s\ght1 9 try+ to sub/itute = ! in=mation te/ a te/ ( intellig5ce4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t nei!r "o is an adequate mesure ( ! o!r4 ,a *ild may h a v high grade ( intellig5ce & yet make a v poor %[+ 9 ! ord9>y s*oolroom te/ = k1 n t he has be5 unable to le>n su* facts b m]ely t 8 int]e/s & att5tion h n be5 ?us focu/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is entirely possible = "o ( l[-grade intellig5ce to receive a v cr$itable m>k 9 a te/ = in=mation s9ce x is frequ5tly a te/ ( v]bal memory1 t great simulator ( intellig5ce1 z ,b9et calls x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! books be>+ ^u ?is new educational movem5t is ,! ,measurem5t ( ,intellig5ce by ,pr(essor ,t]man ( ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity4 ,9 ! ?\ghts j expre/ ,i h us$ mat]ial f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,s1 = a few ye>s n[1 educational psy*ologi/s h be5 try+ to "w out a s]ies ( te/s ( intellig5ce1 s t *ildr5 may be locat$ on ! basis ( _! g5]al intellig5ce1 or ability to accompli% results4 ,! results s f> are v promis+ z t5d+ to elim9ate mu* ( ! loss m5tion$ above4 ,& out on our fir+ l9es ! educational psy*ologi/ is be+ look$ ^u z a necessity 9 any sy/em look+ =w>d to real effici5cy4 ,x is ?\ght t ?ru ! sav+ he c\ld effect 9 ! two directions cit$ 8 regul> employm5t w\ld be a matt] ( economic =esight4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 ! s*ool physician :o 0 be+ f\ght = out 9 ! front ranks4 ,he is n[ a fixture 9 e up-to-date s*ool sy/em1 & x is ! psy*ologi/ = :om battle is n[ be+ wag$4 ,& x is only a "q ( "t :5 8 position w be secure & ! l9e pu%$ =w>d = ano!r attack4 ,i h discu/ ) y briefly "s ( ! int]e/+ po9ts ( view ( ! education ( to-day4 ,i h tri$ to place be=e y1 fir/1 :at ,i ?9k to be its dom9ant motive--social bett]m5t1 made effective ?ru discov]y & developm5t ( ! individual's ta/es & dom9ant int]e/s4 ,to %[ h[ ?is program is becom+ e/abli%$ & work$ out1 ,i h t\*$ ^u v>i\s new l9es ( activity 9 sympa?y ) & contribut+ to ! g5]al movem5t4 ,?us ,i discu/ briefly ! great *ild-/udy movem5t hav+ = its goal k ( ! individual *ild z a basis = its educational treatm5t4 ,foll[+ ?is ,i spoke ( physical education--its beg9n+ 9 _m places & ! great ne$ = ext5sion4 ,ano!r activity nam$ 0 ! educational survey by means ( :i* a community may h its own educational activity te/$ by imp>tial exp]ts t its real effici5cy may be kn[n4 ,!n foll[$ brief discussion ( ! new movem5t = vocational guidance t is do+ s mu* :]e be+ us$ to make ! y\? effici5t & happy 9 8 *os5 & appropriate field ( activity4 ,i clos$ ! discussion ) a m5tion ( a /ill new] movem5t hav+ ! same great ends 9 view--! employm5t ( ! educational psy*ologi/4 ,fir+-l9e activities all ( ^! are1 ea* vigor\s & active 9 ! great movem5t = educational bett]m5t4 ,,ii ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,to ,,! ,,high ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,an ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,annual ,conf]5ce ( ! ,nor? ,dakota ,sup]9t5d5ts & ,pr9cipals at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 ,may #ah1 #aiaf ,?is is a topic ( great int]e/ to u all--to y 9 ! field & to u "h on ! campus4 ,! "w ( ! two in/itutions is s closely relat$1 ea* dep5ds s mu* ^u ! o!r1 t p>ticipation 9 ! activities ( "o bespeaks int]e/ 9 ! o!r4 ,b be=e we c discuss at all intellig5tly ! matt] ( relation%ip x w be necess>y to look at ! two sep>ately--objectively1 z x 7--to note ! function ( ea* & its place 9 ! educational sy/em ( ! ,/ate4 ,:at is ! univ]sity8 ,:at is ! high s*ool8 ,& :at is ! "w ( ea*8 are que/ions t mu/ fir/ be answ]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ( c\rse1 ! two are b p>ts ( a /ill l>g] :ole1 nei!r be+ an indep5d5t1 self-suffic+ entity4 ,! l>g] :ole is ! educational sy/em ( ! ,/ate1 ( :i* !re is "o o!r "p equally important ) ! two nam$1 ev5 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,& all ?ree p>ts =m+ ! :ole are creations ( ! ,/ate1 devis$1 controll$1 & ma9ta9$ = a v def9ite purpose--namely1 ! welf>e & happ9ess ( our p4 ,:ile x is true t ! ?ree p>ts are correlative1 ea* supplem5t+ ! o!rs & ! sy/em incomplete )\t all ?ree1 x is also true t !y are co-ord9ate1 no "o ( ! ?ree be+1 p] se1 9 au?ority ov] any o!r1 nor any "o subord9ate to ano!r4 ,let me put be=e y1 v briefly1 t we may all be ?9k+ toge!r1 ! sy/em 9 its outl9es & !n discuss ea* ( its p>ts1 try+ to discov] its function & its node ( "w4 ,!n we %all pass to ! matt] ( relation%ip4 ,! sy/em z a :ole cov]s & tries to provide = ! entire s*ool life ( ! individual4 ,! elem5t>y p]iod1 or dep>tm5t1 includes1 9 ! ma91 z n[ organiz$1 ! "w ( ! fir/ eight ye>s ( ! *ild's s*ool life & m9i/]s to x f ! age ( six to f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! second>y1 beg9n+ :]e ! elem5t>y closes1 c>ries on ! "w = f\r ye>s & is foll[$ by ! high]1 ! colleges & ! pr(essional s*ools--! univ]sity4 ,x may cl>ify matt]s some:at & ?us give u a cle>] p]spective1 if1 be=e1 ent]+ ^u ! discussion1 ,i acc\nt = ! sy/em z we h x to-day4 ,our ,colonial =efa!rs 9 ! ,old ,bay ,/ate1 back 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 9 provid+ to meet ! situation t pre/ ^u !m1 unconsci\sly laid ! f\ndations = an educational sy/em t exp&$ ) _! expansion & develop$ ) _! developm5t4 ,b be=e tak+ ! initial /eps !y did n wait to analyze ! entire situation & ^u logical or philosophical gr\nds map x out 9 its entirety4 ,!y _h no su* ?\ght4 ,!y ne$$ m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel &1 s9ce a k ( ,lat9 0 ! "o sure gateway to t pr(ession1 !y e/abli%$ a ,lat9 s*ool almo/ z soon z !y _h set _! own dwell+ places 9 ord]4 ,?is 0 9 #afce1 & ,h>v>d ,college foll[$ ! v next ye> to complete ! prep>ation4 ,x 0 an aft]?\ght & came elev5 ye>s lat] :5 !y legislat$ = an elem5t>y s*ool4 ,& ev5 ?o we c see1 9 :at !y _h !n produc$1 ! fundam5tal factors ( our pres5t some:at complicat$ sy/em1 ! p :o 7 responsible = its organization 7 only dimly consci\s ( ! significance ( x all4 ,!y build$ bett] ?an !y knew4 ,! broad outl9es c n be improv$4 ,details1 ( c\rse1 are ev] *ang+ z local conditions *ange1 b f ! v nature ( ?+s1 ! elem5t>y1 ! second>y1 & ! high] s*ools h rema9$ ) u1 ea* = a q def9ite purpose & all work+ toge!r = a common end4 ,let u look1 !re=e1 = a mom5t1 at ea* ( ! ?ree & see = :at x /&s & :at x %\ld attempt to d4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,! fundam5tal purpose ( ! elem5t>y s*ool 9 a democracy is well /at$ 9 ! fir/ legislation on ! cont95t t\*+ elem5t>y education1 ?o n m5tion+ ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,x 0 9 ! ,massa*usetts colonies 9 #afdb4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\rt pass$ an ord9ance ( :i* ! foll[+ quotation gives ! sub/ance3 ,?is ,c\rt1 tak+ into consid]ation ! great neglect ( _m p>5ts & ma/]s 9 ! tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 9 labor & le>n+1 & o!r employm5ts :i* may be pr(itable to ! commonweal?1 d h]eupon ord] & decree t 9 e t[n ! *os5 m5 appo9t$ = manag+ ! prud5tial affairs ( ! same %all h5ce=? /& *>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! r$ress ( ?is evil 444 & = ?is end !y1 or ! great] numb] ( !m1 %all h ! p[] to take acc\nt1 f "t to "t1 ( all p>5ts & ma/]s1 & ( _! *ildr51 conc]n+ _! call+ & employm5t ( _! *ildr51 especially ( _! ability to read & und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! capital laws ( ?is c\ntry2 & !y %all h p[] 444 to put =? z appr5tices ! *ildr5 ( su* z !y %all f9d n to be able & fit to employ & to br+ !m up4 ,"h 0 compulsory elem5t>y education1 t *ildr5 might "k h[ to read1 might und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! capital laws ( ! ,/ate1 & also t !y might be taught to "w4 ,& :y8 ,= _! own pres5t & future welf>e1 & t !y might be pr(itable to ! commonweal?1 ! docum5t reads4 ,x 0 = all ! *ildr5 ( all ! p4 ,! same ?\ght is ) u to-day &1 analyz$ & /at$ 9 our pres5t-day t]m9ology1 may be put ab\t z foll[s3 ,! elem5t>y s*ool is = all ! p & aims to d = all ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 ex]cise a positive directive influ5ce ov] ! *ild's physical developm5t2 second1 c>ry on1 9 a m sy/ematic1 sci5tific mann] ! tra9+ ( ! s5se organs already begun by ! home1 ?us op5+ up ! life to ! beauties ( nature1 art1 & o!r =ms ( tru?1 & s provid+ = ! developm5t ( ! inn] life ( ea* 9 accordance ) inh]5t lean+ & capability2 &1 ?ird1 equip !m ) ! tools ( k & give su* k facts & develop su* po9ts ( view z w enable ea* to become a self-direct+1 con/ructive1 & contribut+ memb] ( 8 democratic community4 ,att5dance ^u ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld1 9 ! int]e/s ( all z individuals & ( ! ,/ate z an organization1 be compulsory4 ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,! high s*ool %\ld likewise be = all1 ?o = a some:at diff]5t purpose4 ,:ile att5dance %\ld n be compulsory1 ! aim %\ld be to make x univ]sal4 ,= a some:at diff]5t purpose1 ,i said2 ,i %\ld p]haps h said = an add$ purpose1 because ,i w\ld h ! ?ree ends ( ! elem5t>y s*ool kept con/antly 9 view z fundam5tal bases4 ,b1 assum+ t ^! ?+s h be5 well done1 ! *ief purpose ( ! high s*ool %\ld be to discov] ! *ild's lat5t p[]s1 8 dom9ant int]e/s1 & !n1 s f> z ^! are :olesome1 help him plan 8 education 9 _! g5]al direction4 ,i might put x briefly ?us3 ! *ief function ( ! high s*ool %\ld be to help ! *ild to become acqua9t$ ) himself & beg9 ! plann+ ( 8 future4 ,let u look at x c>efully & see if x is n s\nd4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 at ! age ( #ad1 ! boys & girls are /ill *ildr52 !y are develop+1 n develop$1 9 ei!r body or m9d4 ,!y h n yet rea*$1 9 ! ma91 ! p]iod ( rapid accel]ation ( physical gr[?1 intellectual expansion1 or moral developm5t2 !y are j rea*+ x2 !y are n[ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( t wond]ful p]iod ( adolesc5ce :5 ! boy is be+ trans=m$ into ! man & ! girl into ! woman4 ,!y are nei!r *ildr5 nor adults1 yet manife/+ ! *>act]i/ics ( bo?4 ,!y d n "k !mselves1 nor does any "o else "k !m intimately4 ,h[ c !y8 ,!y are n yet =m$4 ,!y are 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,:at w em]ge z a result ( ! process1 we "k only 9 broad outl9es--n at all 9 m9ute detail4 ,s _m factors are at "w & !re are possible s _m comb9ations ( factors t no "o c tell2 = x is dur+ ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce t h]$it>y *>act]i/ics %[ !mselves4 ,up to ?is "t ! *ild is a *ild ( ! race2 dur+ ?is p]iod x becomes ! (fspr+ ( its p>5ts4 ,& ! factors ( h]$ity--fa!r1 "m1 ance/ry--are m+l+ & cla%+ & comb9+ ) ! factors ( environm5t1 & :at ! outcome is go+ to be1 nobody kn[s1 9 specific cases1 9 advance4 ,?is is ! p]iod :5 ! he>t1 ! lungs1 & ! bra9 are be+ trans=m$1 modifi$1 :ipt into %ape = ! p]=mance ( ! duties ( adul?ood4 ,x is a p]iod :51 9 ! intellectual realm1 because ( :at is tak+ place 9 ! physical1 concepts are be+ cl>ifi$1 relation%ips trac$1 ideas =m$1 ?+s se5 9 ! "r p]spective1 & real reason+ begun4 ,x is ! p]iod :51 9 ! moral field1 because ( :at is be+ accompli%$ 9 ! physical & ! intellectual1 pr9ciples are be+ appreh5d$ t w f9ally enable ! individual to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 to organize on pr9ciple r ?an ^u exp$i5cy 8 relation%ips ) 8 fell[s1 & ev5tually to become a free moral ag5t1 self-controll$ & self-direct$4 ,x is ! p]iod1 !re=e1 :5 ideals are be+ =m$1 habits fixt1 "* %ap$1 life plans matur$1 & pr(essions *os54 ,& s1 ) su* an individual & dur+ su* a p]iod1 :at o!r function ( ! high s*ool c beg9 to comp>e1 ei!r 9 importance or 9 appropriat5ess1 ) ! "o /at$8 ,x may be object$ t ,i d n include 9 ?is function ( ! high s*ool t :i* has be5 dur+ a l>ge portion ( its hi/ory its =emo/ "w--prep>ation = college4 ,! seem+ omission has n be5 accid5tal4 ,i say ! seem+ omission because1 ev5 ?o n specifically /at$1 x is !re1 = all :o %\ld be enc\rag$ to prep>e = college4 ,b x has n be5 made prom95t s9ce1 9 my judgm5t1 x is ( m9or importance4 ,note aga9 ! function z sugge/$--to help ! *ild "k himself1 f9d out :at he wants to d & :at he c d be/1 & !n beg9 gett+ ready = do+ x well4 ,if ! specific =m ( future activity decid$ ^u 9 a p>ticul> in/ance %\ld call = ! contribution ( ! college1 !n ( c\rse ! plan m5tion$ w\ld include appropriate prep>ation4 ,b f :at po9t ( view %\ld ! high s*ool be reg>d$ & = :om %\ld x be plann$8 ,%\ld x be = ! relatively few :o g beyond1 or = ! great majority :o d n8 ,x is a fair "q & admits ( b "o answ]4 ,! high s*ools ( ! ,/ate mu/1 ( c\rse1 give adequate prep>ation = entrance into ! ,/ate univ]sity4 ,"s ( !m mu/--n necess>ily e "o4 ,x mu/ be ! prep>atory s*ool1 s9ce bo? are ,/ate in/itutions & ! only ones occupy+ ! field4 ,b x %\ld d va/ly m ?an t4 ,be+ ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = ! p1 x %\ld be s h&l$ z to s]ve all1 n m]ely a few1 ( ! p4 ,x is p]fectly pla91 !re=e1 :]e ! emphasis %\ld be plac$4 ,please d n misund]/& me2 ,i am n look+ ^u ?is f any n>r[ po9t ( view1 ,i am n ?9k+ m]ely ( gett+ ^! *ildr5 ready = jobs--c]ta9ly n all ( !m4 ,i am n advocat+ ! trans=m+ ( our high s*ools into trade s*ools--n at all4 ,:at ,i am urg+ prim>ily is a diff]5t po9t ( view--& s enl>g+ & modify+ our high s*ool activities & equipm5t t all our *ildr51 in/ead ( only a few1 may f9d !re a cong5ial atmosph]e & activities suit$ to _! ta/es4 ,if _! ta/es lie 9 ! direction ( c>p5t]+1 or ( plumb+1 or ( dress-mak+1 well & good2 let !m be ?us develop$ & prep>$ to g out into _! community some:at equipt = remun]ative toil & = community s]vice4 ,:y n8 ,are !y n z wor?y z ^? :o h ta/es & ambitions or a m lit]>y "* & :o1 !re=e1 look =w>d to ! *air ( ! tea*]1 ! (fice ( ! lawy]1 or ! practise ( a physician8 ,& is n ! community "u z mu* obligation to ! "o z to ! o!r8 ,"s fe> t su* a program w\ld less5 ! numb] prep>+ = college1 t "w ( ?is objective "* w\ld be s attractive t all w\ld *oose x4 ,^! fe>s are gr\ndless4 ,*ildr5 are n all built t way4 ,at any rate x w\ld n less5 ! numb] :o ought to g to college--:o are adapt$ to t k9d ( "w4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 greatly increase ! numb] att5d+ high s*ools--hold+ ^? :o n[1 because ( lack ( int]e/ 9 ! "w (f]$1 drop out ( s*ool entirely & ?us swell ! ranks ( unskill$ & un9tellig5t labor4 ,& t is greatly wor? :ile4 ,my own feel+ is1 too1 t out ( ! greatly increas$ att5dance ( ! high s*ool an ev5 l>g] numb] ?an at pres5t w\ld f9d _! way to ! univ]sity1 & t !y w\ld be bett] equipt 9 po9t ( view & purpose ?an are _m :o ent] "u pres5t conditions4 ,?is sugge/ion is made n to keep boys & girls out ( ! univ]sity1 b to s5d !m !re ) a purpose4 ,b !re is (t5times a misappreh5sion z to ^! two possible programs = ! high s*ools4 ,prep>ation = college & prep>ation = life are by no means antagoni/ic4 ,prep>ation = college is ! only k9d ( prep>ation = life = him :o goes to college4 ,& = him :o1 dur+ 8 high s*ool c\rse1 plans to g to college1 b :o at its close1 f9ds himself unable to d s1 = economic or o!r reasons1 x %\ld /ill be ! be/ possible prep>ation = life t he c\ld h made1 & x w be if1 z ,i am urg+1 x has all ! "t be5 bas$ ^u 8 own nature & seek+ 8 normal developm5t 9 ! direction ( 8 dom9ant int]e/s4 ,& prep>ation = life %\ld be ! v be/ k9d ( prep>ation = college1 = him :o lat] *anges 8 plans & goes to college z well z = him :o does n1 s9ce ! college itself %\ld be reg>d$ z m]ely complet+ prep>ation = life4 ,b a great _m1 ! majority1 no d\bt1 w n g to college1 %\ld n g to college1 or to put x bett]1 p]haps1 ne$ n g to college4 ,! activities ( life1 psy*ical z well z manual1 = :i* !y are be/ adapt$ by native end[m5t1 & 9 ! p]=mance ( :i* !y w1 !re=e1 be happie/1 & ?ru :i* !y w1 !re=e1 contribute mo/ to ! welf>e ( society1 d n ne$ = _! satisfactory p]=mance s*ool prep>ation beyond ! high s*ool p]iod4 ,9 o!r words1 a great _m boys & girls %\ld n be urg$ to g to college4 ,!y %\ld n if !y d n h )9 !m ^? *>act]i/ics ( lead]%ip :i*1 develop$1 w make !m lead]s4 ,! college graduate :o1 9 lat] life1 is a /reet c> conductor1 or a ,pullman port]1 or :at-n1 has l>gely wa/$ ! "t & money sp5t 9 college4 ,& ?is is n because ^! occupations are n honorable1 b because !y d n call = t k9d ( prep>ation4 ,& ! k9d ( an individual :o is at home z a /reet c> conductor does n usually pr(it greatly by ! "w ( ! college4 ,i w n put x z ,david ,/>r ,jordan is said to h done1 t ,x does n pay to give a fifty-c5t boy a five ?\s& doll> education4 ,x is n a "q ( doll>s & c5ts--r "o ( fitness & ( fitt+4 ,! s-call$ fifty-c5t boy :o may h be5 giv5 ! five ?\s& doll> education & because ( its inappropriat5ess deg5]at$ into a t5-c5t man1 might h be5 made into a ?\s& doll> man if he _h be5 giv5 ! "r k9d ( education4 ,! boy :o has ! in/9cts ( a blacksmi?1 :o likes ! %ap+ ( iron & ! %oe+ ( horses & ! smell ( ! =ge1 w be a f> happi] & m useful memb] ( society z a blacksmi? ?an1 made ov] by ! college1 z a lawy] )\t cli5ts1 a physician )\t pati5ts1 or a tea*] always hunt+ a new position4 ,i h discu/ ! high s*ool1 z y see1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! developm5tal ne$s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! community4 ,! outcome w\ld h be5 practically ! same _h ,i look$ ^u x f ! /&po9t ( ! indu/rial ne$s ( ! community4 ,i fully believe t a high s*ool %\ld be to-day j :at x 0 orig9ally plann$ to be back !re 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--a s*ool high] ?an ! elem5t>y1 controll$ by ! community1 9 co-op]ation ) ! educational lead]s ( ! ,/ate1 s]v+ ! ne$s ( ! community1 fitt+ its boys & girls = s]vice 9 ! community & discrim9at+1 if at all1 9 ! favor ( ! gr\p ( boys & girls :o are n go+ to college1 s9ce t gr\p is mu* ! l>g]4 ,s9ce boys & girls are ne>] to u ?an indu/rial ne$s1 ,i h *os5 to look at ! problem f t angle4 ,i am well aw>e t my po9t ( view 9 ?is entire matt] is n q 9 accord ) ! pres5t-day program4 ,! ,am]ican high s*ool /ill has prep>ation = college z ! "o dom9ant object4 ,its curriculum is plann$ = t end4 ,x is rat$ at fir/1 second1 or ?ird class1 dep5d+ ^u ! degree 9 :i* x meets college entrance requirem5ts--n ^u ! degree 9 :i* x s]ves ! community ne$s or develops ! community's *ildr54 ,i realize fully t ! *ange sugge/$ w\ld involve q a decid$ re>rangem5t ( ! ord9>y high s*ool program4 ,) ! "t at my disposal x w be impossible to discuss ! matt] 9 detail1 b x %\ld be t\*$ ^u briefly to get ! matt] ( relation%ip cle>ly be=e u4 ,! fir/ *ange w\ld be 9 ! matt] ( organization3 in/ead ( hav+ ! elem5t>y s*ool1 z n[1 cov]+ eight ye>s & clos+ ) ! *ild at ! age ( #ad1 x %\ld cov] b six ye>s1 s5d+ ! *ild to ! high s*ool at ab\t ! age ( #ab1 at :i* "t1 approximately1 beg9 ^? physical & psy*ological *anges e>li] spok5 (1 z belong+ to adolesc5ce4 ,& t ?\ght has tak5 root1 z we all "k1 9 ! junior high s*ool movem5t4 ,six ye>s is long en\gh to d well all t ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld be expect$ to d4 ,x c]ta9ly is z long z *ildr5 c be held int]e/$ 9 ! k9d ( "w ?\ght necess>y = ! *ild1 & z long z he c be happy 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool4 ,x is long en\gh = ! lay+ ( f\ndations4 ,x is "t some?+ else %\ld be tak5 up4 ,plann+ to meet ! ne$s ( adolesc5ts1 we mu/ take ! adolesc5ts z !y are--_m ( !m n prim>ily /ud5ts ( books1 b individuals ( ceaseless activity1 physical z well z m5tal1 va/ly m int]e/$ 9 ! do+ ( ?+s ?an 9 ! le>n+ ( lessons4 ,& we mu/ provide a means :]eby !y c le>n to d all sorts ( ?+s t h to be done 9 ! community4 ,! subject matt]1 ! me?ods ( h&l+ "y life1 ! atmosph]e1 ! activities1 & ! ends 9 view1 %\ld be s *ang$ or modifi$1 or supplem5t$ z to be appropriate to ! new & *ang+ p]sonalities to be affect$ by !m4 ,! details w\ld diff] ) diff]5t communities b ! pr9ciple is adaptable to all4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,) ! functions ( ^! two dep>tm5ts ?us cle>ly 9 m9d1 let u look at ! next 9 ord]--! ,/ate univ]sity4 ,=tunately ?is discussion ne$ n deta9 u long s9ce !re is a q well recogniz$ unanimity ( op9ion 9 reg>d to its "w4 ,:ile ! ,/ate univ]sity does _m ?+s1 & "s ( !m well1 & :ile x c be said to h _m ends 9 view1 its "o all-inclusive function is to prep>e lead]s = society4 ,x mu/ prep>e lead]s 9 law1 t ju/ice may be done2 lead]s 9 m$ic9e t heal? may be pres]v$2 lead]s 9 eng9e]+ t ! ,/ate's res\rces may be develop$2 lead]s 9 education t ! y\? ( ! ,/ate may be educat$2 lead]s 9 rese>* t ! b\nd>ies ( k may be pu%$ out--lead]s all along ! l9e t "* may be =m$1 /atesman%ip develop$1 & ! welf>e ( ! p secur$ & pres]v$4 ,& ! prep>ation ( all ^! is n1 prim>ily1 t ^? prep>$ may a*ieve fame or amass =tunes1 b t society may be bett] s]v$4 ,we are all agre$1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t elem5t>y education %\ld be univ]sal4 ,_m are n[ tak+ ! position t ,i h already advanc$ t second>y education %\ld likewise rea* & s]ve all4 ,b all /op at t po9t4 ,no "o ev5 sugge/s a college education = e boy & girl4 ,& ! reason is f\nd 9 ! above /atem5t ( ! function ( ! in/itution1 s9ce n all are suit$ to lead]%ip4 ,x takes only ! relatively few :o /& out cle>ly 9 _! high s*ool exp]i5ces z possess+ ! *>act]i/ics ( lead]%ip1 & ^! few x develops1 equips1 locates4 ,com+ a little clos] to our subject--?o ,i ?9k we h n be5 v f> f x at any "t--let u inquire z to ?is relation%ip along "s m specific l9es4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! relation%ip %\ld be v cordial4 ,! two in/itutions are creatures ( ! ,/ate1 p>tn]s 9 ! important "w ( educat+ ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,ea* has its own "w to d1 & nei!r has be5 giv5 any au?ority ov] ! o!r4 ,at ! same "t ea* dep5ds ^u ! o!r1 nei!r be+ able to d its own "w )\t ! o!r's assi/ance4 ,!y %\ld "w h& 9 h&1 ea* assi/+ ! o!r 9 e possible way to realize its l>ge/ usefulness to ! community & ! ,/ate4 ,9 g5]al1 ! high s*ool %\ld s5d its /ud5ts to ! univ]sity well equipt to d ! l9es ( "w = :i* !y respectively apply4 ,& ! univ]sity1 kn[+ 9 ea* case j :at t "w is to be1 & ! difficulties x pres5ts1 %\ld be ! judge z to ! details ( t equipm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]sity %\ld n make requirem5ts = beg9n+ its "w t are beyond ! capacity ( ! ord9>y high s*ool /ud5t4 ,nor %\ld x def9itely require or legislate aga9/ specific subjects ^u :i* !re is no g5]al agreem5t among educational lead]s4 ,some?+ is wrong some:]e1 9 ! matt] ( educational values1 :5 "s colleges absolutely prescribe = entrance c]ta9 subjects = :i* o!rs w give no cr$it at all3 = example1 at ! pres5t "t #ia colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates require at lea/ "o unit ( natural sci5ce & #h colleges w n accept a s+le unit2 aga91 #ac require #b units ( natural sci5ce & #bb w n accept ! two4 ,until we "k a little bett] ?an we d at pres5t :at we are do+ & :y we are do+ x1 x might be well to move sl[ly 9 legislat+ = or aga9/ specific subjects4 ,! univ]sity %\ld keep 9 m9d ! fact t ! high s*ool has o!r duties to p]=m--& possibly m important ones--?an prep>+ a few /ud5ts = ! univ]sity4 ,i am glad to say t 9 ?is matt] ( entrance requirem5ts ! two in/itutions are gradually com+ clos] toge!r4 ,! univ]sity is com+ to h great] respect = & m confid5ce 9 ! high s*ool & its "w4 ,:]eas 9 ! e>li] days all entrance "w 0 rigidly prescrib$1 n[1 9 ne>ly all ( our high] in/itutions1 sev]al units are op5 to free *oice f a li/ ( accept$ subjects4 ,9 a goodly numb] ^! units may be *os5 f any subjects (f]$ by an approv$ high s*ool4 ,&1 too1 !re are five in/itutions ( good /&+ t all[ ! entire #ae units to be ?us *os54 ,our own1 z y d\btless "k1 is mu* m g5]\s 9 ?is matt] ?an ! great majority4 ,x gives a m>g9 ( #e units to be ?us select$4 ,i ?9k !re are b #i in/itutions 9 ! :ole c\ntry m lib]al4 ,z y "k1 too1 9 all our colleges save ,eng9e]+ we specifically require b #d units--#c 9 ,engli% & #a 9 ma!matics4 ,f ! o!rs free election among gr\ps is all[$4 ,! movem5t "h & else:]e seems to be 9 ! direction ( requir+ ! completion ( a full f\r-ye> high s*ool c\rse1 ) increas+ flexibility z to specific subjects4 ,& t seems wise4 ,x gives me pleasure1 at ?is po9t1 to say t ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota & ! high s*ools ( ! ,/ate has ev] be5 mo/ cordial4 ,i ?9k !re has nev] be5 a "t :5 ! two1 ?o diff]+ at times 9 details1 h n co-op]at$ 9 ! mo/ frank & cordial mann] to br+ ab\t ! be/ good ( bo? & to secure ! be/ s]vice to ! ,/ate4 ,nei!r "o has be5 selfi%1 try+ to secure undue advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,:]e dom9ation ( ! univ]sity ov] ! high s*ool c be se5--z x mo/ c]ta9ly c be se5--& ev5 ?o1 z ,i h said1 ! "w ( ! high s*ool is :at x ought n to be--ma9ly a prep>ation = ! univ]sity--?is ,univ]sity & ^! high s*ools are n at fault4 ,x is n a local situation4 ,x is nation-wide1 & ev5 nation-wide z x is1 x does n include1 consci\sly & directly1 ! ,/ate univ]sities4 ,! old] colleges & univ]sities did dom9ate1 b ! relation betwe5 ! ,/ate univ]sity & ! high s*ool has ev] be5 cordial4 ,!y h always recogniz$ _! p>tn]%ip & h act$ 9 accordance ) x4 ,b yet we h all be5 caught 9 ! mael/rom1 & x w\ld be difficult = any "o in/itution or any "o ,/ate to get out ( x4 ,s no imm$iate or rapid *ange c be expect$4 ,l>ge bodies move sl[ly4 ,! *ange w come1 b x w come gradually ?ru claim+ a little "h & grant+ a little !re4 ,b be=e leav+ ?is topic ( entrance requirem5ts1 ,i desire to ref] to "o ( its broad factors & t\*1 incid5tally1 ^u ! l>ge matt] ( univ]sity att5dance 9 g5]al4 ,9 discuss+ ! high s*ool1 & aga9 ! univ]sity1 ,i h tri$ to make cle> ! fact t n all high s*ool /ud5ts %\ld be urg$ or expect$ to g on to ! univ]sity4 ,rememb] t ! high s*ools %\ld be made to s]ve all ! y\? ( ! ,/ate b t ! univ]sity's "w is to take b ! *oice ones ( ^!1 or1 bett] yet1 ! s*ol>ly output ( ! high s*ools1 & equip !m = lead]%ip 9 society1 & ! po9t is cle>4 ,x is a new problem b com+ to be a v real "o4 ,go+ to college is gett+ to be ! fa%ion--almo/ a fad 9 "s places4 ,we all "k t a goodly numb] ( /ud5ts1 boys & girls alike1 ent] ! univ]sities1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 e ye> :o h no *>act]i/ics ( lead]%ip1 :o are n fitt$ = real univ]sity "w1 ei!r 9 academic equipm5t1 maturity ( judgm5t1 po9t ( view1 or e>ne/ness ( purpose4 ,_m ( ^! "y p are :olly wor?y1 well mean+1 & ambiti\s 9 a weak way1 b !y h be5 misguid$4 ,!y h li/5$ to ! attractive prea*+ ( ! popul> b un9tellig5t gospel ( college att5dance = all &1 caught by ! glamor--! foot-ball1 ! track meet1 ! declamation conte/1 ! frat]nity p91 ! ,junior prom1 etc4--h answ]$ ! hail ( ,all abo>d = ! ,univ]sity6 )\t kn[+ :at univ]sity "w really is or :at x is =4 ,! college & ! univ]sity are also com+ to be ?\ght a conv5i5t place = ri* fa!rs to dump _! incorrigible sons & m>riageable daught]s = a few ye>s4 ,& 9 "s sections ^! ri* fa!rs are increas+ 9 numb]s at an al>m+ rate4 ,! pres5ce ( all su* p 7!y c n be call$ /ud5ts7 9 v>i\s classes is a drag1 & ! :eels ( ! in/itution are clogg$4 ,^! p !mselves are soon disillusion$ b a%am$ to quit2 ! home p are dissatisfi$ ) results2 ! univ]sity is unju/ly blam$ = n develop+ !m into lead]s--!re is tr\ble all ar\nd4 ,i am n speak+ ( our own in/itution alone2 o!rs are exp]i5c+ ! same difficulty & are seek+ a way out4 ,mi*igan ,univ]sity1 = example1 is n[ urg+ its alumni to discrim9ate c>efully 9 s5d+ /ud5ts to _! ,alma ,mat]2 x wants only ^? fitt$ by nature z well z by ! prep>atory s*ool4 ,z said above1 ?is is com+ to be a real problem & difficult ( solution4 ,:at %all be ! relation%ip ( ! univ]sity to ! high s*ool t\*+ ^! v>i\s classes ( its graduates8 ,%\ld x receive !m all8 ,if n1 :]e %all ! l9e be drawn8 ,& :o %all draw x8 ,%all "o factor ( ! entrance requirem5ts be ! recomm5dation ( ! high s*ool pr9cipal or sup]9t5d5t8 ,w\ld x be well = ! high s*ool to h two di/9ct grades3 "o = local graduation & a high] = univ]sity entrance8 ,t is done 9 "s places4 ,! entire matt] is wor?y ( c>eful ?\ght ( bo? high s*ool & univ]sity4 ,) ! discussion ( "o m po9t ( contact1 ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! high s*ools1 ,i am ?ru4 ,if1 z /at$ above1 ! great function ( ! ,/ate univ]sity is to provide lead]s = society1 !n1 9 a broad way x is easy to answ] ! "q z to :at x %\ld d = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = high s*ools--x %\ld prep>e !m4 ,= :]e else is cle>-head$1 unselfi% lead]%ip m ne$$ ?an 9 ! high s*ools f ! /ud5ts ( :i* are be+ select$1 ?ru direction & competition1 ! boys & girls :o are to pass out to ! colleges & !n into ! _w z lead]s8 ,we all "k t t is :at happ5s4 ,! man or woman1 unt\*$ by college or univ]sity1 :o yet occupies a responsible position ( lead]%ip is an exception to ! rule4 ,& :]e else ?an 9 a univ]sity c prep>ation = high s*ool tea*+ be secur$8 ,b ( :at sort %\ld be ?is prep>ation8 ,! answ] to ! "q 9 g5]al has long be5 cle>--x %\ld be pr(essional z well z academic 9 "*4 ,m]e acqua9tance ) ! subject to be taught is no long] held adequate by p at all intellig5t along educational l9es4 ,& dur+ ! progress ( ! movem5t t has demon/rat$ to u ! ne$ ( pr(essional prep>ation1 !re has be5 work$ out also1 along some:at g5]al l9es1 ! details ( ?is prep>ation4 ,we are n[1 ! c\ntry ov]1 9 approximate agreem5t t x %\ld cov] ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,philosophy ( ,education1 ,psy*ology1 includ+ ! /udy ( adolesc5ce1 & ,me?ods ( ,tea*+4 ,in/itutions diff] some:at 9 m9or matt]s )9 ^! broad fields1 b ! developm5t ( ! movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has result$ 9 approximately ! above program--pr(essional prep>ation = all tea*]s 9 ! high s*ool & t along ! f\r l9es sugge/$4 ,b ! movem5t has gone mu* f>!r ?an sugge/$ by my /atem5t4 ,! results are f\nd 9 some?+ m au?oritative & m p]man5t ?an t5tative agreem5t among educational lead]s1 or ev5 among educational in/itutions4 ,! law-mak+ bodies ( ! l& h tak5 a "p1 & by legal enactm5t h requir$ ab\t :at ,i h sugge/$4 ,! ,/ate ( ,nor? ,dakota1 = example1 requires pr(essional equipm5t ( e tea*] )9 its bord]s--no1 n q1 x does n require x ( its tea*]s 9 ! special s*ools--! re=m s*ool1 ! s*ools = ! deaf1 bl9d1 & ! feeble m9d$--nor 9 its in/itutions ( high] education1 includ+ ! normal s*ools & ! ,univ]sity4 ,& 9 ?is ,nor? ,dakota does n diff] f o!r /ates ( ! ,union4 ,b x is /range1 isn't x8 t ! /ate absolutely requires pr(essional prep>ation ( all its elem5t>y & second>y tea*]s & yet does n require x ( ^? :om x engages to equip !m8 ,"s ( !m h x1 ( c\rse1 & ! majority ( ^? :o give ! specifically pr(essional c\rses1 b ! great] numb] ( all tea*]s 9 ! high] in/itutions are lack+ 9 ?is respect4 ,t doesn't mean t all univ]sity tea*]s are poor tea*]s4 ,_m ( !m h le>n$ h[ to tea* 9 ! crude & exp5sive s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y h1 at la/1 ! pr(essional equipm5t1 b ga9$ at high co/4 ,p]haps ?is lack ( pr(essional equipm5t acc\nts1 9 a mesure1 = ! admitt$ly poor "* ( mu* ( ! tea*+ 9 our colleges1 normal s*ools1 & univ]sities4 ,b to come back to ! high s*ool & ! prep>ation ( high s*ool tea*]s4 ,:at does ,nor? ,dakota require1 & h[ does ! ,univ]sity meet ! requirem5t8 ,all tea*]s 9 classifi$ high s*ools1 save special tea*]s ( music & draw+1 are requir$ to hold c]tificates t presuppose pr(ici5cy 9 psy*ology1 hi/ory ( education1 pr9ciples ( education1 s*ool adm9i/ration1 & me?ods4 ,special tea*]s 9 music & draw+ are requir$ to h cov]$ 9 pr(essional l9es only psy*ology & p$agogy4 ,b 9 cases :]e ! c]tificate is grant$ on ! basis ( college "w in/ead ( on results ( an exam9ation1 ! law requires t ! applicant %all h cov]$ at lea/ two ye>-c\rses1 or sixte5 seme/] h\rs1 ( pr(essional "w1 & x recomm5ds t ?is be di/ribut$ among ! f\r great fields3 hi/ory ( education1 pr9ciples ( education1 me?ods ( tea*+1 & s*ool managem5t4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,education has be5 organiz$ )9 ! ,univ]sity = ! specific purpose ( prep>+ tea*]s = ! high s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 ,to graduate f ! ,s*ool ( ,education & ?us receive ! ,b4,a4 degree & ! ,ba*elor's ,diploma 9 tea*+1 :i* is accr$it$ by law z a fir/-grade pr(essional c]tificate1 & also to be recomm5d$ = tea*+ specific subjects 9 ! high-s*ool1 an applicant is requir$1 fir/1 to h specializ$1 academically1 9 ! subject to be taught4 ,! am\nt ( "w requir$ = ?is specializ+ v>ies ) ! diff]5t subjects1 b 9 mo/ cases x is f #bj to #bd seme/] h\rs4 ,recall :at is meant by ! "w ( a seme/] h\r & y w easily see h[ broad our academic requirem5t is4 ,x means t 9 addition to "o's high s*ool "w he is requir$ to c>ry ! subject 9 practically daily recitation = f #b-a_/b to #c ye>s 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,to "s t may seem too mu*1 b we feel t ! fir/ requirem5t = tea*+ 9 ! high s*ool %\ld be a ?oro gr\nd+ 9 ! subjects to be taught4 ,! academic matt] ?us dispos$ (1 let u note ! pr(essional4 ,= ?is1 9 its v>i\s phases1 we require #bj seme/] h\rs cov]+ psy*ology1 hi/ory ( education1 second>y education1 philosophy ( education1 & me?ods ( tea*+ academic subjects 9 :i* ! /ud5t has be5 specializ+ & :i* he expects to tea*4 ,! c\rse 9 me?ods includes obs]vation & practise tea*+ ( ! same subjects 9 ! ,model ,high ,s*ool "u exp]t sup]vision4 ,_m ( our /ud5ts volunt>ily take m ?an #bj h\rs1 b t is all t is requir$4 ,we h cut d[n ! pr(essional requirem5t to ! m9imum s z to leave ample opportunity )9 ! c\rse = ?oro ma/]y ( ! subjects to be taught1 & also = g5]al culture & ! developm5t ( broad-m9d$ness1 n be+ will+ to s5d tea*]s into ! high s*ools z n>r[ speciali/s4 ,7 !re "t ,i %\ld l to g m into detail 9 reg>d to ^! v>i\s requirem5ts & try to %[ ! contribution ( ea*2 b ,i mu/ pass on to speak ( ano!r way by means ( :i* ! ,univ]sity enables /ud5ts to meet ! legal requirem5ts = tea*+ 9 ! high s*ools--?ru ! ,college ( ,arts4 ,a /ud5t :o graduates f ! ,college ( ,arts & :o has _h1 dur+ ! progress ( ?is c\rse1 #af h\rs ( ,education is1 ^u application to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education & ! paym5t ( a fee ( #e1 grant$ a fir/ grade pr(essional c]tificate4 ,b ?is me?od ( prep>ation is se5 to be q unsatisfactory :5 contra/$ ) ! "o j outl9$4 ,! ,arts /ud5t is a relatively free lance1 practically :olly s 9 ! *oice & arrangem5ts ( 8 pr(essional "w4 ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,education ! program is = all ! pr(essional subjects1 save g5]al psy*ology1 to be tak5 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! junior ye> & s imm$iately prior to ! actual "w ( tea*+1 & too1 :5 ! /ud5t is relatively mature4 ,b ) ! ,arts /ud5t1 x may all be tak5 mu* e>li]1 dur+ relative immaturity & mak+ a long p]iod elapse betwe5 x & ! "w ( tea*+--q long en\gh = ! influ5ce ( ! pr(essional atmosph]e1 always valuable 9 su* matt]s1 to be :olly lo/4 ,! "q ( ! pr(essional "w ( ! ,s*ool ( ,education /ud5t is c>efully plann$ to meet ! ends 9 view4 ,ea* c\rse has its def9ite contribution4 ,! ,arts /ud5t may1 & (t5 does1 select c\rses t are n ! mo/ appropriate = high s*ool tea*+3 = example1 in/ead ( a c\rse 9 adolesc5ce he may select "o 9 *ild /udy :i* deals only ) ! *ild 9 ! grades4 ,in/ead ( a special me?ods c\rse 9 ! subjects he plans to tea* 9 high s*ool1 he may select a c\rse 9 me?ods 9 elem5t>y subjects2 & he may n take any c\rse 9 second>y education nor h any practise tea*+ 9 ! ,model ,high ,s*ool4 ,! "w may be--q (t5 is--ill-arrang$ & ( little value z a pr(essional prep>ation = high s*ool tea*]4 ,i h dwelt ^u ?is contra/ because ! ,univ]sity & its ,s*ool ( ,education has suff]$ by ! laxness ( ?is second mode ( prep>ation4 ,"s ( ! p :o ?us g out are n good repres5tative products ( ! in/itution's pr(essional activity4 ,j a clos+ ^w z to ?is phase ( ! subject4 ,y see :at we are try+ to d & h[ we are try+ to d x4 ,f ! "w ( ! "y p :om we h s5t y f "t to "t1 h[ successful h we be58 ,our "w z to "t & cont5t ( c\rses & our g5]al equipm5t are ab\t ! same z f\nd 9 simil> in/itutions 9 o!r /ates4 ,we diff] some:at1 ( c\rse1 9 p]sonalities & 9 individual po9t ( view b1 tak+ ev]y?+ toge!r1 we are do+ ! be/ we "k h[ ) ! mat]ial t y s5d u z /ud5ts4 ,h[ does our product suit y8 ,:at criticism h y to make & :at *anges to sugge/8 ,,iii ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,& ,,! ,,tea*] ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,manitoba1 ,w9nipeg1 ,canada1 ,m>* #cj1 #aiaf1 9 ! ,ex*ange ,lecture%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! ,univ]sity ( ,manitoba & ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,s*oolma/]1 ,decemb]1 #aiaf ,hav+ accept$ ! k9d invitation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,manitoba to be "o ( ! ex*ange lectur]s f ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 = ! curr5t ye>1 ,i made inquiry z to ! nature ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( p :om ,i %\ld be expect$ to address4 ,i did ?is s z to be able to select appropriate !mes = discussion4 ,= ?is ga!r+1 !re=e1 semi-popul> 9 "* & made up1 z ,i 0 told x w\ld be1 ( ! m ?\ghtful & intellig5t p ( ! community1 ,univ]sity1 & city1 ,i select$ z my topic = discussion1 ,! ,univ]sity & ! ,tea*]4 ,to a gr\p ( educat$ m5 & wom5 :o h visions--p :o are *>act]i/ically look+ beyond ! pres5t & try+ to plan = ! developm5t ( a great democratic /ate & = ! welf>e ( a free p1 ,i "k ( no l9e ( ?\ght m appropriate or sugge/ive4 ,?is is true because 9 su* a /ate & ) su* a p1 ! /ate or prov9cial univ]sity is ! recogniz$ lead] ( ?\ght & action4 ,& ?is is true s9ce ! "o great function ( su* an in/itution is to take ! *oice y\? & maid5s f ! v>i\s sections ( ! /ate &1 ?ru ! "w ( ! class room day 9 & day out1 week by week1 ye> aft] ye>1 give !m k1 %ape _! op9ions1 mold _! *>act]s1 & develop _! m9ds1 & !n s5d !m back into society z recogniz$ lead]s ( ! next g5]ation4 ,! topic is d\bly sugge/ive :5 we /op to inquire z to :at makes a univ]sity or any o!r in/itution ( le>n+--:at x is t really gives x its reputation1 its "*1 its influ5ce4 ,:at is x1 anyway8 ,its t[]+ brick walls8 ,its libr>ies & its laboratories8 ,its a?letic pr[ess8 ,its beautiful campus8 ,:y1 no1 ( c\rse n4 ,n any "o ( ^! nor all ( !m comb9$1 complete & ext5d$ & excell5t z !y may be1 or z useful z !y all are1 ev] yet made or ev] c make a great univ]sity4 ,a real univ]sity1 or any o!r in/itution ( le>n+1 is made up ( ! m5 & ! wom5 :o =m its /ud5t & its tea*+ bodies4 ,! "* ( ! in/itution1 its v life blood1 is drawn f !m4 ,_! po9ts ( view1 _! motives1 _! s*ol>%ips1 _! visions1 _! aspirations1 make x :at x is 9 e in/ance4 ,y recall t ex-,presid5t ,g>field's description ( a univ]sity includ$ only two factors z ess5tial--! tea*] & ! /ud5t4 ,! ext]nal equipm5t--build+s1 libr>ies1 laboratories--:at n--is m]ely a tool 9 _! h&s4 ,please d n misund]/& me4 ,i am n inveigh+ aga9/ ^! ?+s2 !y are necess>y4 ,:at ,i am insi/+ ^u is t n ?+s b tea*]s make a univ]sity4 ,& s my topic1 ,! ,univ]sity & ! ,tea*]1 laun*es u at once into ! mid/ ( a great big ?\ght4 ,s big1 inde$1 x is1 t x goes )\t say+ t x _c be adequately h&l$ 9 ! brief space ( a s+le address4 ,only c]ta9 phases ( ! l>ge topic c be t\*$ ^u at all1 & !y treat$ b briefly4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! function ( a speak]1 c]ta9ly ^u su* an occasion z ?is1 is n m]ely to give in=mation4 ,x is n to speak ) f9ality ^u any subject4 ,is x n1 r1 to direct ! ?\ghts ( ! li/5]s along wor?y l9es8 ,= any good t %all result f ! meet+ toge!r ( speak] & audi5ce w be ! direct outcome ( _! ?\ghts & n ( 8 words4 ,s1 aft] hav+ ?us spok5 briefly ( ! univ]sity z a :ole--( its place 9 ! /ate1 its great influ5ce & t ( its tea*+ body--,i invite y to ?9k ) me z ,i t\* ! subject "h & !re briefly discuss+ ^! ?ree sub-topics3 #a4 ,! ,k9d ( ,tea*]s ! ,univ]sity %\ld ,employ2 #b4 ,! ,univ]sity ,tea*] 9 ,8 ,classroom2 #c4 ,! ,univ]sity's ,attitude ,t[>d ! ,prep>ation ( ,tea*]s4 ,our fir/ discussion1 !n1 w be ( ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,%\ld ,,employ ,a few mom5ts ago ,i said t ! "o great function ( a ,/ate ,univ]sity 0 to provide ! ,/ate ) a compet5t lead]%ip4 ,t involves1 h[ev]1 a subsidi>y function ( su* great importance1 especially z we reg>d ! tea*+ =ce1 t an add$ ^w is ne$$ bo? to prev5t misund]/&+ & to make cle> ! l9e ( discussion ( ?is sub-topic4 ,! developm5t ( a compet5t lead]%ip is ! all-embrac+ function ( su* an in/itution1 b t c n be done save z ! in/itution is1 at ! same "t1 ?ru "s or all ( its tea*]s1 keep+ fully abrea/1 or well 9 ! lead1 ( ! discov]y ( new k & ( new applications ( k 9 ! v>i\s fields ( human endeavor4 ,& ?is is true because m5 c n be lead]s 9 any field ( action unless !y possess ! fulle/ & late/ items ( k obta9able 9 t p>ticul> field1 & aga9 because real lead]%ip c n be develop$ save ?ru ! use1 z educative mat]ial1 ( ! fulle/ & late/4 ,:at k9d ( tea*]s %\ld ! univ]sity employ8 ,cle>ly1 tea*]s :o c d ^! two ?+s3 m5 ( op5 & enquir+ m9ds1 m5 ( imag9ation1 m5 :o are hungry & ?ir/y = k1 m5 ( rese>*--m5 ( ! laboratory & ! libr>y4 ,b t is b "o side2 we mu/ also h m5 ( vision1 m5 ( great bread? ( view1 m5 ( broad human sympa?ies1 m5 :o c take ?is k1 old & new1 & ) x1 z educative mat]ial1 help to %ape op9ions1 & mold *>act]s1 & fa%ion de/9ies1 ?us trans=m+ crude1 un/able1 & immature y\? into m5 & wom5 ( virtue1 & k1 & c\rage1 & sanity1 & poise1 into ^: tru/1 !re=e1 c be plac$ ! guid+ ( a great1 free1 develop+ p--m5 ( ! classroom1 tea*]s & inspir]s ( y\?4 ,! "q may well be ask$ if ,i mean two gr\ps ( tea*]s1 a rese>* gr\p & a tea*+ gr\p1 nei!r "o act+ )9 ! field ( ! o!r4 ,n necess>ily & c]ta9ly n absolutely4 ,to q an ext5t ! two functions %\ld ov]lap s9ce ea* supplem5ts ! o!r4 ,! man ( rese>* %\ld also be a tea*] 9 ord] bo? to keep 8 human sympa?ies alive & z a spur to /ill fur!r se>*4 ,& e tea*] %\ld be1 to "s ext5t1 a man ( rese>* s t ?ru 8 own joy 9 discov]y he w be able to k9dle a l fire 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs1 ?us keep+ ! _s ( discov]y alive & active 9 ! l&1 & also t he may invite 8 /ud5ts to dr9k at a liv+ /ream in/ead ( a /agnant pool4 ,! tea*] :o is n also a /ud5t1 & cont9ually work+ at x1 is usually b a poor tea*]4 ,b :ile all ?is is true1 x is probably true also t no p]son is equally successful 9 bo? fields4 ,"s m5 are prim>ily tea*]s--are 9 _! elem5t 9 ! classroom engag$ ) ! problems ( ! /ud5t b only indiff]5tly successful 9 ! laboratory1 :ile o!rs1 at home 9 ! laboratory1 are some:at out ( place & ill-at-ease 9 ! classroom4 ,i %all n attempt to say :i* ( ! two functions is ! m important or ! m useful4 ,bo? are ne$$ &1 z said be=e1 bo? are ne$$1 to "s ext5t1 9 ea*4 ,b1 9 ! ma91 :]e *>act]i/ics are m>k$1 ! %oemak] %\ld be all[$ to /ick to 8 la/4 ,x is a v wise proc$ure t is m & m be+ foll[$ at ! pres5t "t1 9 ,am]ican univ]sities1 ( recogniz+ su* diff]5ces & mak+ provision = rese>* pr(essor%ips t include no tea*+ duties :atev]4 ,! p]c5tage ( ^! %\ld be small1 ( c\rse4 ,:at k9d ( a tea*] %\ld ! univ]sity employ1 !n8 ,! tea*] :o is eag] to pu% ! b\nd>ies ( human k a little beyond ! po9t yet rea*$ & :o also greatly desires to take k z an in/rum5t & ) x develop boys & girls & equip !m = lead]%ip 9 ! great _w ( action4 ,s f> z possible ! two k9ds ( s]vice %\ld be p]=m$ by ! same p]son1 b yet t is immat]ial--! mat]ial ?+ be+ t bo? k9ds be p]=m$4 ,:at k9d ( tea*]s %\ld ! univ]sity employ8 ,:y1 tea*]s :o n only desire to d ^! two ?+s1 b :o also "k h[ to d !m4 ,if "o is to d rese>* "w1 he %\ld "k h[ to d x1 economically & effici5tly4 ,8 prep>ation %\ld h includ$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( reflection ^u ! reasons = rese>* & ( tra9+ 9 ! mann] ( conduct+ ! same4 ,likewise1 if he is to be a tea*]1 he %\ld be well gr\nd$ 9 ! !ory & art ( tea*+4 ,if he is go+ to %ape op9ions1 mold "*1 give po9ts ( view1 develop human m9ds1 !n x goes )\t say+ t 8 prep>ation %\ld h includ$ a v ?oro /udy ( ! human m9d 9 its v>i\s relation%ips1 activities1 & /ages ( developm5t4 ,if a tea*] is expect$ to equip "y m5 & wom5 = ! duties ( life z lead]s 9 ! great social1 economic1 & political activities1 he mu/ also possess great /ores ( k1 & likewise "k h[ to imp>t t k s t x w become equally ! possession ( o!rs4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,8 ,,classroom ,! second ( my ?ree topics1 ,! ,univ]sity ,tea*] 9 ,8 ,classroom1 is an ev5 m intimate "o ?an ! "o j treat$4 ,x is s intimate t p]haps discretion w\ld be ! bett] "p ( valor1 b s9ce ,i am at a consid]able di/ance f ! p & ! in/itutions ,i am discuss+1 ,i feel t ,i c proce$ ) comp>ative safety4 ,!re is abroad at ! pres5t "t consid]able ho/ile criticism ( our high] education4 ,our graduates1 x is said1 are n able to connect up2 x takes !m two or ?ree ye>s aft] !y get out to f9d !mselves2 !y fir/ h to get rid ( a lot ( !oretical notions t h be5 giv5 !m be=e !y c le>n ! practical ?+s ( life4 ,presid5t ,fo/] ( ,re$ ,college1 ,oregon1 puts x ?us3 ,x is possible to graduate f almo/ any college )\t an idea 9 "o's head4 ,pr(essor ,w5ley1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy 9 ,mi*igan ,univ]sity1 _h ab\t ! same ?\ght :5 he gave me 8 orig9al def9ition ( an ,am]ican college z ,a s-call$ in/itution ( high] le>n+ ^: *ief accompli%m5t is ! inoculation ( innoc5t y\? aga9/ education4 ,or %all we put x 9 ! words ( our fri5d ,mr4 ,dooley3 ,n[adays :5 a lad goes to college1 ! prisid9t takes him into a ,turki% room1 gives him a cig>eet an' says3 ,me de> boy1 :at special bran* iv l>n9 wud ye l to h /udi$ f'r ye be our compit9t p]fessors8 ,su* are "s ( ! cau/ic rem>ks t we occasionally he>4 ,( c\rse ! situation is always exagg]at$ 9 su* criticisms2 b1 z ! old saw puts x1 ,:]e !re's s mu* smoke1 !re mu/ be "s fire4 ,:]e does ! tr\ble lie8 ,all sorts ( guesses h be5 made1 & "s c>eful inve/igations ent]$ into 9 an ef=t to discov] ! cause4 ,! outcome ( all su* consid]ation1 s f> z ,i am able to le>n1 ?r[s ! responsibility ^u ! tea*] r ?an ^u ! in/itution z a :ole1 & ^u 8 tea*+ ability r ?an ^u any lack ( k4 ,we _c tea*1 x is said4 ,9 spite ( ! k t we possess1 we d n "k h[ to pres5t t k s t ano!r c ga9 x4 ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ! bra9y ,presid5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 says1 ,! tea*+ ( _m v fam\s m5 9 colleges & univ]sities is di/9ctly poor2 sometimes x is ev5 worse4 ,^! are r int]e/+ /atem5ts & wor?y ( ?\ght4 ,:at is meant by tea*+1 anyway8 ,tea*+ involves a d\ble process & two p]sons1 bo? active ^u ! same matt]4 ,bo? mu/ be successful = ei!r to be4 ,tea*+ is caus+ to le>n1 & :5 !re is no le>n+1 !re c h be5 no tea*+4 ,le>n+ is n m]ely ! correlative idea ( tea*+1 b is "o ( its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,no matt] h[ mu* an in/ructor may "k1 no matt] h[ mu* he may say nor :at he may d1 if he doesn't cause ! /ud5t to put =? ^? m5tal activities t result 9 le>n+1 he doesn't tea*4 ,& x is claim$ t1 9 _m cases1 our univ]sity in/ructors d n "k h[ to d ?is4 ,he kn[s b he does n "k h[ to cause ano!r to "k1 is a common criticism4 ,i suppose x is true1 ?o loyalty makes me r dislike to admit x1 t ) u ! poore/ tea*+ 9 our entire educational sy/em is done 9 colleges & univ]sities4 ,my own obs]vation bo? z a /ud5t & z a tea*] all along ! l9e leads me to say t1 9 ! ma91 our be/ tea*+ is done 9 ! elem5t>y grades1 second be/ 9 ! high s*ools1 & poore/ 9 ! high] in/itutions4 ,ano!r puts x ?us3 ,we h excell5t tea*+ 9 ! l[] prim>y grades & 9 ! graduate s*ools1 b betwe5 ^! two extremes1 we c call x tea*+ only by c\rtesy4 ,ano!r1 ! presid5t ( a ,/ate ,univ]sity1 is report$ to h said1 ,i h resolv$ nev] aga9 to turn my und]graduates ov] to "y ,ph4 ,d4's4 ,x takes five ye>s to make a commons5se tea*] ( a raw doctor fre% f ?ree ye>s ( graduate "w4 ,if ^! /atem5ts are true1 & ,i am afraid t !re's mu* ( tru? 9 !m1 ! situation is r s]i\s4 ,/ill1 x isn't at all surpris+ :5 "o takes ! :ole matt] into consid]ation4 ,= relatively few univ]sity in/ructors h giv5 any att5tion to ! matt] ( tea*+ itself4 ,!y h /udi$ ! subject matt] ) :i* !y are to deal4 ,!y h become pr(ici5t s f> z k is conc]n$4 ,no fault c be f\nd ) !m t\*+ ! matt] ( erudition4 ,b !y h n giv5 any reflective ?\ght to ! art ( tea*+4 ,!y h n made a /udy ( ! human m9d 9 its developm5t 9 ord] to "k h[ x receives k z m5tal n\ri%m5t1 & to und]/& ! assimilative process2 !y h n giv5 !mselves to a sy/ematic & sci5tific /udy ( human life s z to "k h[ to h&le x 9 its v>i\s moods & *>act]i/ics4 ,h[ diff]5tly ^! good p w\ld h plann$ if !y _h expect$ to practise ,law1 or ,m$ic9e or to ent] ! ,m9i/ry6 ,9 e su* case !y w\ld h made pr(essional prep>ation = _! "w4 ,isn't x /range t any "o %\ld ?9k t ?is pr(ession--! mo/ important--c\ld be practis$ ) success 9 its high] realms1 by p :o h nev] giv5 its practise "o mom5t's att5tion8 ,presid5t ,butl]1 9 giv+ reasons = poor college tea*+1 says1 ,too few in/ructors are int]e/$ 9 education4 ,i am rem9d$ ( ,socrates' %rewd p>ody ( a suppos$ spee* ( ,eu?ydemus :o1 totally ignorant ( /atecraft1 desir$ election to an important position 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! city ( ,a!ns4 ,x is sugge/ive "h3 ,i1 ,o man ( ,a!ns1 h nev] le>n$ ! m$ical art f any "o1 nor h be5 desir\s t any physician %\ld be my in/ructor2 = ,i h con/antly be5 on my gu>d1 n only aga9/ le>n+ any?+ ( ! art f any "o1 b ev5 aga9/ appe>+ to h le>n$ any?+2 nev]!less conf] on me ?is m$ical appo9tm5t1 = ,i w endeavor to le>n by mak+ exp]im5ts ^u y4 ,comm5t is unnecess>y4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( k t e tea*] %\ld possess1 t e successful tea*] does possess3 fir/1 k ( ! subject matt] ) :i* he deals2 second1 k ( ! human m9d :i* he is try+ to /imulate2 & ?ird1 k ( ! way to br+ ^! two toge!r 9 a helpful mann]4 ,( ! ?ree1 ,i am afraid t univ]sity in/ructors h1 9 ! ma91 b ! fir/4 ,at any rate1 all !y "k ( ! o!r two is ( an empirical "* & :at !y h pick$ up incid5tally4 ,!re are exceptions1 to be sure4 ,e wor?y in/itution has !m1 /rik+ exceptions1 too1 "s ( !m are4 ,a few ( our old] m5 h become good tea*]s ?ru practise & exp]im5t1 & an occasional "y man n[ comes ) pr(essional prep>ation4 ,b yet1 z 9 s _m o!r matt]s1 ! exceptions m]ely prove ! rule4 ,?us equipt1 or r ) ?is s]i\s lack ( equipm5t1 ! "y univ]sity in/ructor beg9s 8 "w4 ,if he is1 to use ! words ( ! univ]sity presid5t j quot$1 a raw doctor fre% f ?ree ye>s ( graduate "w1 he probably beg9s by copy+ ! me?ods ( proc$ure ( 8 own rec5t in/ructors4 ,he tries to set ^! immature boys & girls at rese>* problems &1 9 classroom1 tries to imp>t in=mation by ! lecture me?od4 ,h[ well ,i rememb] su* an in/ance 9 my own fre%man days4 ,i fell into ! h&s ( su* an in/ructor 9 ,greek4 ,we 7 read+ t mo/ *>m+ ( ,greek /ories--,! ,odyssey4 ,textual criticism 0 ?is man's hobby1 & we 7 put to "w try+ to comp>e texts1 to delve into ! intricacies ( =m & /ructure--try+ to improve ^u ,hom]6 ,su* in=mation z we c\ld n f9d he gave u1 9 ! =mal lecture1 day aft] day4 ,b :5 we got x1 we did n want x because we did n "k :at to d ) x4 ,n[1 ,i am n qu>rel+ ) textual criticism4 ,x w\ld h be5 all "r = t "y doctor 7he 0 y\ng] ?an ,i 0 at t "t7 to deal ) ! facts ( textual criticism1 ) "s p1 at "s "t1 b x 0 all wrong = him to attempt to give ^? facts to u 9 our fre%man ye> 9 ! ,college ( ,arts4 ,!y 7 n adapt$ to our intellectual ne$s4 ,!y did n fit into our m5tal /oma*s4 ,we c\ld n keep !m d[n1 or 91 or some?+4 ,b ! pa!tic fact 0 t ! in/ructor did n "k t !y did n fit4 ,i1 be+ old] ?an _m 9 ! class & ?us appreciat+ bett] ! b>r5ness ( ! ,greek pa/ure 9 :i* we 7 try+ to graze1 f9ally manag$1 by a little skilful maneuv]1 to escape & to jo9 ano!r gr\p t happ5$ to be 9 ! c>e ( a real tea*] :o knew n only ,hom] b1 z well1 fre%man boys & girls1 ! reasons = tea*+ ,hom] to fre%m5 boys & girls1 & h[ to d x4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) bo? ! sci5ce & ! art ( tea*+4 ,oh1 h[ gre5 0 ! pa/ure "h1 & h[ abundant & h[ nutriti\s ! food6 ,9 all my univ]sity exp]i5ce ,i recall no?+ m delightful4 ,b ?is is anci5t hi/ory8 ,yes1 ,i "k x is4 ,b yet1 ,i am sorry to say1 hi/ory repeats itself4 ,^? ?ree great mi/akes t t "y doctor made 9 my ,greek class "s tw5ty or m ye>s ago are be+ made ?is v ye> by "y doctors & by old doctors & by _m :o are n doctors at all1 9 "o subject or ano!r1 9 well-nigh e college or univ]sity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our in/ructors d n "k well en\gh h[ to adapt k to human ne$s2 !y h ! errone\s notion t ! *ief function ( an educational in/itution is to imp>t in=mation2 &1 too1 _m ( !m are afflict$ ) ! lecture craze4 ,t\*+ ^! ?ree mi/akes1 let me say1 briefly3 fir/1 z to ! adaptation ( k3 ! ^w education is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 educo1 educ>e1 & means to n\ri%1 & n\ri%m5t1 physical1 m5tal1 or moral1 is nev] secur$ save z ! food is adapt$ to ! organism4 ,& j z mu* c>e z our sci5tific dietitians give to our d9+-room s]vice1 our univ]sity in/ructors %\ld give to ! m5tal & moral pabulum t !y s]ve to _! /ud5ts1 especially ! l[] classes if n ! entire body ( und]graduates4 ,!y %\ld "k ?is k z m5tal n\ri%m5t2 !y %\ld "k ! condition ( ! m9d1 & !y %\ld "k h[ to select & prep>e ?is food = dige/ion & assimilation4 ,z to ! second mi/ake1 ! undue emphasis ^u ! m]e imp>t+ ( k3 let me quote a few words f ,presid5t ,wilson1 utt]$ :5 ,presid5t ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity3 ,we %\ld rememb]1 said he1 t in=mation is n education4 ,! great] "p ( ! "w t we are do+ 9 our colleges to-day is to imp>t in=mation4 ,i am afraid t he is correct4 ,i am v mu* afraid t t is ma9ly :at we are do+4 ,b x is wrong4 ,! great] "p ( our "w %\ld n be to imp>t k4 ,x %\ld be to assi/ 9 int]pret+ ! k t ! /ud5t himself gets--to fit x to 8 own life ne$s & to help him le>n h[ to /udy & h[ to ?9k = himself4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is in=mation 9 :i* we deal %\ld n be an end 9 itself1 b a means to an end4 ,& t end %\ld be developm5t1 m5tal p[]1 po9t ( view--"*4 ,to be sure1 we mu/ deal 9 k facts 7d n1 ,i beg ( y1 misund]/& me7 b n = ! m]e possession ( ^? facts4 ,& la/ly ! lecture craze1 "u ! dom9ation ( :i* o!rwise s5sible p get into ! habit ( supply+ in=mation to /ud5ts :o already "k h[ to read in/ead ( tell+ !m :]e to f9d x & !n discuss+ x ) !m4 ,h[ common x is6 ,b :y8 ,simply because x is easy4 ,h[ mu* easi] x is ?an to conduct a real live recitation 9 :i* !re is ! give & take1 ! action & reaction1 ( eag] vigor\s "y m9ds1 :]e ! in/ructor is ! ag5cy ( int]pretation & ! inspiration6 ,to conduct su* an ex]cise ) f ?irty to fifty bright college /ud5ts & keep !m on ! al]t is no lazy man's task4 ,x requires bra9s & skill1 :]eas anybody c d ! o!r ?+6 ,presid5t ,fo/] is correct 9 say+1 ,!re %\ld be few] lectures 444 ! easie/ ( all me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,aga9 let me give an illu/ration drawn f my own sad exp]i5ce1 j to %[ :at at lea/ "s ( ?is lectur+ is4 ,?is1 y see1 is gett+ to be a confession z well z an exposition4 ,i 0 tak+ a c\rse 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,x 0 giv5 by a man well kn[n 9 ! educational _w1 !n & n[4 ,he 0 well ?\ght ( bo? z a tea*] & a man4 ,he read 8 lectures f manuscript4 ,we 7 suppos$ to put into our note books e gold5 ^w t dropt f 8 inspir$ lips4 ,& ! mo/ ( u tri$ to d s1 & 9 ! ef=t got d[n "s t 7 n gold54 ,i did z ! re/ did till "o day1 fre% f ! lecture1 ,i w5t into ! libr>y & *anc$ ^u a copy ( ,burt's ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy4 ,i op5$ x & %ortly f\nd ! v discussion1 & "s ( ! v s5t5ces1 ^w = ^w1 t ,i _h j copi$ ) s mu* labor into my note book4 ,& !y 7 9 pr9t1 too1 s mu* easi] to read ?an my note book writ+6 ,i at once s5t to ! publi%] = a copy ( ! book & took no m notes 9 t c\rse4 ,nor did ,i take any m c\rses "u t in/ructor4 ,& s x 0 9 a c\rse 9 hi/ory--only !re ! k9d old pr(essor 0 nave en\gh to tell u ! "n ( ! book f :i* he got 8 lectures4 ,& aga91 let me say t hi/ory repeats itself4 ,am ,i wrong 9 my criticism8 ,let me quote f "o ^: words c>ry m weight ?an d m9e--,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,presid5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity--7,ed4 ,rev4 ,apr41 #aiae1 p4 #cii73 ,to use--or r to abuse--! academic lecture by mak+ x a m$ium = ! conveyance ( m]e in=mation is to %ut "o's eyes to ! fact t ! art ( pr9t+ has be5 discov]$4 ,! prop] use ( ! lecture is ! critical int]pretation by ! old] s*ol> ( ! in=mation :i* ! y\ng] has ga9$ = himself4 ,its object is to inspire & to guide & by no means m]ely to in=m4 ,i d n mean to condemn ! lecture me?od absolutely4 ,!re are c]ta9 l9es ( "w 9 :i* x is q necess>y4 ,?is is true 9 "s advanc$ c\rses1 especially 9 ! sci5ces1 :]e an in/ructor is do+ bo? l9es ( univ]sity "w--c>ry+ on rese>* & giv+ 8 advanc$ /ud5ts ! results ( 8 f9d+s4 ,( c\rse ^! h n yet be5 embodi$ 9 a text or o!r pr9t$ =m & _c be ?us giv54 ,& ?is same ju/ification c be urg$ = "s ( ! "w 9 our pr(essional s*ools :]e bo? ! mat]ial us$ & ! end s\ght are diff]5t4 ,9 /ill ano!r l9e ( "w ! lecture is p]missible--if x deal ) a relatively new subject or ) new phases ( an old subject n yet cov]$ by a satisfactory text4 ,b "h x ne$ n cont9ue long because "s ent]pris+ in/ructor w soon satisfy ! ne$4 ,! =mal lecture has !re=e no place 9 ! e>li] & b slight place 9 ! lat] ye>s ( und]graduate "w4 ,its place %\ld be tak5 by ! text & ref]5ce book & ! class discussion4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ accompli%m5ts t we c help our /ud5ts to ga9 is ! ability to ma/] ! book4 ,!n1 9 conclusion1 t\*+ ! matt] ( tea*+1 fidelity to tru? compels me to admit1 ?o reluctantly1 t mu* ( x is v poor4 ,x satisfies ! ext]nal dem&s & t is ab\t all4 ,x is n ( a "* to k9dle en?usiasm nor to develop high ideals ( s*ol>%ip4 ,mu* ( x1 ,i said1 n all4 ,e in/itution has "s good tea*]s1 "s v excell5t ones1 b no in/itution is ov]/ockt ) species ( t g5us4 ,! great majority ( our und]graduates are poorly taught4 ,t exam9ation mortality is n great] ?an x is is due to two f9e qualities1 "o 9 ! /ud5t body & ! o!r 9 ! in/ructors4 ,x speaks eloqu5tly ( ! initiative ( ! /ud5ts1 & demon/rates t in/ructors c be fair ev5 if !y c't tea*4 ,_m times we "k t we are to blame = ! poor "w ( ! /ud5t &1 kn[+ x1 w n visit ! p5alty ^u ! un(f5d+ head4 ,! reason = ?is lam5table situation c be trac$ to two practises3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 up to ! pres5t "t1 z said be=e1 v few prospective college tea*]s h made any pr(essional prep>ation = _! "w z tea*]s4 ,9 ! second place1 x is ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om to place ! fre%m5 & sophomores1 by all means our l>ge/ classes & ! ones 9 greate/ ne$ ( skill$ tea*]s1 9 ! h&s ( "y in/ructors :o h n yet le>n$ h[ to tea*4 ,relief w come ?ru two *anges2 fir/1 :5 ei!r ! ,/ate or ! gov]n+ bo>d ( ! college %all dem& pr(essional prep>ation ( e "o all[$ to occupy a tea*+ position1 j z we d n[ = positions 9 ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools4 ,& if any "o %\ld raise a "q z to ! value ( su* prep>ation1 my only b all-suffici5t answ] is to po9t to ! univ]sally recogniz$ improvem5t 9 ! "* ( tea*+ 9 ^? p>ts ( our educational sy/em s9ce t requirem5t 0 put into effect4 ,& ! second ne$$ *ange is ?is--= ,presid5ts seek+ tea*]s to ask c&idates two que/ions in/ead ( "o z h]et(ore3 fir/1 ( c\rse1 ! "q %\ld be1 ,:at d y "k8 ,satisfi$ z to t1 let ! second come cle> & /rong1 ,c y tea*8 ,& until an affirmative answ] is demon/rat$1 let ! appo9tm5t be )held4 ,x might be salut>y1 too1 9 deal+ ) ! =ces on ! gr\nd1 to foll[ ,presid5t ,fo/]'s sugge/ion giv5 9 ^! words3 ,x w\ld be well if m tea*]s 7 dismiss$ because !y fail to /imulate ?9k+ ( any k9d4 ,i come n[ to ! la/ ( my ?ree sub-topics1 ,,! ,,univ]sity',s ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,= ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,=tunately1 its discussion ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,:at %\ld be t attitude8 ,if y w analyze ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! tea*]s ( a /ate & t /ate's progress & developm5t1 & !n recall my brief discussion ( ! function ( a ,/ate ,univ]sity--to provide lead]s--! answ] to ! "q is at once app>5t4 ,! logic ( ! situation is cle>4 ,= :at o!r body ( p 9 a /ate are s cle>ly ! /ate's lead]s z ! tea*]s8 ,always intellectually &1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ^! days1 morally & physically1 ! tea*]s 9 our s*ools mold ! com+ g5]ation & guide x into pa?s ( progress & accompli%m5t4 ,?is is true ( ! tea*]s ( a /ate m ?an ( any o!r gr\p ( p )9 its bord]s n except+ ! m9i/ry4 ,we h1 9 ! ,/ates1 a sy/em ( ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools ma9ta9$ = ! purpose ( prep>+ tea*]s = ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,ea* /ate ( ! ,union has f "o to a doz5 ( ^! in/itutions4 ,nor? ,dakota has ?ree4 ,! c\rse ( /udy cov]s f "o to two ye>s' "w 9 advance ( a f\r-ye> high s*ool c\rse4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x is usually two ye>s1 9 ! ,we/1 "o4 ,?is "w is p>tly academic & p>tly pr(essional & is always suppos$ to include a c]ta9 am\nt ( practise tea*+ "u exp]t sup]vision4 ,! elem5t>y tea*]s ?us provid$ = by ! normal s*ools1 !re are left = prep>ation at ! univ]sity tea*]s = ! second>y s*ools1 = city sup]9t5d5cies1 special tea*]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & tea*]s = college & univ]sity positions4 ,& ?is latt] is a "w1 x seems to me1 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity mu/ p]=m4 ,!y are already do+ ?is1 to q an ext5t1 = ! high s*ools2 a few are do+ x well & ! re/ are work+ 9 t direction4 ,a few1 too1 are tak+ up ! m advanc$ phases ( ! "w & are compet5t to prep>e = college tea*+4 ,! movem5t is /rongly on4 ,x may n be un9t]e/+ = me to trace ?is movem5t briefly z x has develop$ ) u4 ,= x has be5 a developm5t4 ,our sy/em ( education 0 n plann$ at ! beg9n+ f a c>eful !oretical /udy ( our pres5t or prospective educational ne$s1 b has gr[n up1 little by little1 /ep by /ep1 to meet & satisfy f "t to "t pres5t & press+ ne$s4 ,! movem5t = ! pr(essional prep>ation ( tea*]s began 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,t /ate1 ) o!rs1 0 suff]+ f an educational decl5sion t _h be5 go+ on = a long "t4 ,matt]s 7 gett+ s]i\s4 ,f9ally1 a few cle>-head$1 f>-see+ lead]s made an analysis ( ! situation hop+ to br+ ab\t a bett]m5t ( conditions4 ,!y quickly put ! f+] ^u ! sore spot--! poor quality ( tea*+ be+ done 9 ! s*ools4 ,a rem$y 0 s\ght4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,european ,normal ,s*ools1 an in/itution devot$ to ! pr(essional prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,an agitation 0 begun = its e/abli%m5t on ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,aft] _m we>y ye>s ! ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success :51 9 #ahch1 ! ,/ate ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts plann$ = ! equipm5t ( ?ree4 ,?ru _! "w ! "* ( ! tea*+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools 0 at once improv$4 ,o!r /ates foll[$ ! example & ?is new in/itution soon began its we/w>d sweep1 foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is e>ly "w1 h[ev]1 _h 9 m9d ! improvem5t ( tea*]s = only ! common s*ools1 rural & urban4 ,inde$1 at t "t no "o ev5 sugge/$ t any o!r tea*] ne$s special prep>ation4 ,b :51 aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ! high s*ools began to develop s m>k$ly1 ! problem ( tea*]s became a press+ "o4 ,s9ce tea*]s ) normal s*ool prep>ation 7 ev]y:]e be+ recogniz$ z sup]ior to all o!rs 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 x 0 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w = ^? 9 *>ge ( ! new high s*ools to dem& pr(essional prep>ation ( _! tea*]s4 ,b :]e c\ld x be obta9$8 ,n 9 ! normal s*ools1 because x %\ld be ( diff]5t "* ?an t plann$ = elem5t>y tea*]s4 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ! univ]sities & colleges took ! matt] up & provid$ ! pr(essional "w ?\ght necess>y by add+ ,dep>tm5ts ( ,education4 ,mi*igan ,univ]sity 0 ! fir/ to act :51 9 #ahgh1 ! ,reg5ts e/abli%$ a *air call$ ! ,!ory & ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,! example 0 foll[$ by o!rs1 &1 ?o limit$ 9 scope & exp]im5tal 9 "*1 x 0 at once se5 to be ju/ifi$ 9 ! improv$ "* ( high s*ool tea*+4 ,improvem5ts 7 sure to foll[4 ,! next /ep 0 ! expansion ( ! dep>tm5t ( education into ! ,tea*]s ,college1 or ,s*ool ( ,education1 z x is gett+ to be call$1 :i* is n[ recogniz$ z a pr(essional s*ool ( equal rank ) ! ,s*ool ( ,law or ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 ,an ess5tial elem5t ( its equipm5t is a high s*ool = obs]vation & practise "u exp]t sup]vision1 j z an elem5t>y practise s*ool is an ess5tial "p ( a well equipt normal s*ool4 ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 0 ! fir/ to move 9 ?is direction4 ,?is 0 9 #ahij4 ,= fifte5 ye>s progress 0 sl[ & halt+ & conf9$ to private in/itutions4 ,b x 0 ju/ify+ itself4 ,9 #aije ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota effect$ ! l>g] organization1 ! fir/ ( ! ,/ate univ]sities to d s4 ,dur+ ! la/ five or six ye>s1 h[ev]1 sev]al o!rs h fall5 into l9e includ+ su* in/itutions z ,miss\ri1 ,wiscons91 & ,m9nesota4 ,! in/itutions t h n yet effect$ ?is *ange & ?us organiz$ s*ools ( education /ill ma9ta9 _! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,education & ?us try to satisfy ! ne$4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota 0 also "o ( ! v fir/ to make use ( ! high s*ool = obs]vation & practise1 & 9 all l9es ( developm5t has be5 recogniz$ z occupy+ an advanc$ position4 ,o!r in/itutions1 old] & l>g]1 contemplat+ a *ange1 h frequ5tly advis$ ) u4 ,if ?is m5tion seems borne ( in/itutional pride1 ,i tru/ t x w also be reg>d$ z p>donable4 ,?us ! movem5t--n ! result ( a !oretical =mulation1 b a situation =c$ ^u u by ! logic ( ev5ts4 ,x is z logical1 h[ev]1 & z irrevocable1 z ?o produc$ by d$uctive reason+4 ,an explanation ( a /atem5t made e>li] 9 ! pap] z to ! relative tea*+ abilities ( elem5t>y1 second>y1 & high] tea*]s1 c n[ be se5 9 ! p]iods ( developm5t ( ! correspond+ pr(essional s*ools4 ,:at %\ld be ! attitude ( ! univ]sity t[>d ! education ( tea*]s8 ,let u foll[ ! developm5t a little f>!r4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ano!r v int]e/+ phase ( ! movem5t has begun to %[ itself4 ,y w recall t z soon z pr(essional prep>ation demon/rat$ its usefulness 9 improv+ ! "* ( elem5t>y tea*+1 x 0 dem&$ = tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,& n[ t x has prov$ effici5t 9 t field1 x is be+ dem&$ 9 ! field next high]--! colleges & univ]sities4 ,& ?is dem&1 l ! o!rs1 is no long] conf9$ to pr(essional s*ools or educational j\rnals--to ! p f ! inside4 ,x is be+ tak5 up by laym51 ev5 ! daily pap]s1 & pre/ ) "s vigor4 ,to give ! po9t ( view1 ,i give a s+le quotation f an editorial 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,m9neapolis ,j\rnal3 ,none ( our graduate s*ools require any c\rse 9 education or tea*+ me?ods1 or any previ\s exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ "w = a ,ph4 ,d4 degree1 except1 ( c\rse1 9 ! field ( education1 :]e !ory is cultivat$1 if n practis$4 ,may x n be f\nd t ! be/ me?od to increase ! tea*+ effici5cy ( ! und]graduate in/ruction 9 colleges & univ]sities w be to provide e graduate /ud5t ) def9ite & detail$ in/ruction 9 tea*+ me?ods = 8 *os5 subject8 ,?is dem&1 ?us cle>ly voic$1 & com+ f _m sides1 w cont9ue until grant$ z has be5 ! case ) ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,& z a result ! tea*+ ( our und]graduates w be improv$4 ,to d ?is add$ "w1 h[ev]1 w n require ano!r in/itution4 ,! pres5t univ]sities1 ?ru _! ,s*ools ( ,education1 amplifi$ & /r5g!n$1 w supply ! ne$4 ,j z ! ,univ]sity1 ?ru its ,m$ical ,s*ool1 provides its community ) skill$ physicians & public heal? (fic]s to secure & pres]ve public heal?1 & ?ru its ,law ,s*ool p]=ms a simil> s]vice 9 s5d+ out m5 :o become compet5t lawy]s & judges to secure ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & ?ru its ,college ( ,eng9e]+1 its eng9e]s to safegu>d prop]ty1 public welf>e & life itself1 s1 ?ru its ,s*ool ( ,education1 x mu/ provide its tea*]s = all ^! & o!r advanc$ fields4 ,& all ?is s]vice mu/ be p]=m$ n t individual citiz5s may be bett] prep>$ to make a liv+1 amass a =tune1 or a*ieve fame1 b t ! community may be s]v$4 ,s ! ,s*ool ( ,education1 n[ giv5 equal rank ) o!r pr(essional s*ools ( ! univ]sity1 mu/ ere long be recogniz$1 by virtue ( ! "w ?us =c$ ^u x1 z1 9 a v def9ite way1 sup]ior to !m all 9 opportunity & responsibility4 ,,iv ,,! ,,eye ,,problem ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools ,a ,pap] read be=e ! #aiad meet+ ( ! ,nor? ,dakota ,/ate ,association ( ,opticians4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,may1 #aiad1 issue ( ,! ,optical ,j\rnal & ,review1 also 9 ! same issue ( ,! ,key/one ,i d n "k h[ fully p appreciate ! importance ( ! eye z an ag5t1 or factor1 ( human cultivation4 ,judg+ f ! am\nt ( "w x is be+ made to d 9 our s*ools & 9 ne>ly all our processes ( education1 we might p]haps be l$ to feel t its importance is fully appreciat$1 inde$1 t x is be+ look$ ^u z ! sole factor1 or ag5t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is v excessive use1 especially 9 ! e>ly s*ool ye>s1 lead+1 z x does 9 su* a l>ge p]c5tage ( cases1 to s]i\s impairm5t ( vision1 almo/ tells u t its great value is n appreciat$4 ,if x 71 %\ld we be likely to abuse x z we d 9 ^! e>ly ye>s & ?us r5d] x incapable ( p]=m+ its l>g]1 full] use lat] on8 ,! attitude seems r to be t its cons]vation is n ?\ght to be necess>y4 ,t1 h[ev]1 spr+s f ignorance r ?an f /udi$ disreg>d4 ,b let u look = a mom5t at ! processes ( education & note :]e ! eye comes 94 ,if !re is any?+ ^u :i* lead+ educators are n[ practically agre$1 or ^u :i* !y t5d to agree1 x is t education z a process is a matt] ( developm5t r ?an ! le>n+ ( k facts4 ,n[1 t developm5t is analog\s to ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! plant1 t is1 x is br\ght ab\t ?ru n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ! plant ?is n\ri%m5t is tak5 9 ?ru ! roots1 becomes absorb$ & assimilat$ & ?us m9i/]s to gr[? & developm5t4 ,9 ! *ild1 look+ at x f ! physical po9t ( view & hav+ 9 m9d psy*ical1 n physical1 n\ri%m5t1 ! s5se organs s]ve ?is purpose4 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k t ! s5se organs =m ! only connect+ l9k betwe5 ! great outside _w1 :i* s]ves z raw mat]ial = ! n\ri%m5t1 & ! inn] life ( ! *ild1 ! developm5t ( :i* we are seek+8 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k t ^! s5se organs1 ! eye1 ! e>1 ! nose1 ! tongue1 & ! surface ( ! body z ! organ ( t\*1 =m ! only possible av5ue ( approa* to t inn] life8 ,cut (f1 or close up1 ^! av5ues & no developm5t ( ?is inn] life w\ld be possible 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,?us consid]$1 ^! same s5se organs1 simple z !y seem to be1 leap into importance t almo/ /agg]s "o's ?\ght4 ,! mo/ priceless possession ( any *ild1 ,i (t5 say to my classes 9 education1 is made up ( _! eyes1 _! e>s1 _! noses1 _! tongues1 & _! f+] tips--simply because ?ru !m is p\r$ ! n\ri%m5t t su/a9s psy*ic life & m9i/]s to ! developm5t ( ! same4 ,( ^! five s5se organs1 ! eye is1 p> excell5ce1 ! "o ( value4 ,m psy*ic n\ri%m5t is p\r$ into ! laboratory ( psy*ic life ?ru ?is "o *annel alone ?an ?ru all o!rs comb9$4 ,inde$1 "o ( our mo/ em95t sci5tific psy*ologi/s aft] mak+ mo/ c>eful inve/igation ( ! matt]1 e/imates t ! eye's contribution is ab\t #gd z aga9/ ! o!r #bf t comes ?ru all ! o!r s\rces4 ,if ?is relative value ( ! eye be ev5 approximately correct1 h[ em95tly important x is t x be /udi$ ) close sci5tific accuracy1 t x be gu>d$ ) ! utmo/ & intellig5t jeal\sy1 & t x be c>$ = ) ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity6 ,b :at is ! situation8 ,! ,optician & ! ,oculi/ h made ! mo/ c>eful1 sci5tific /udy ( ! eye4 ,!y "k x ?oroly1 bo? its possibilities ( s]vice & its limitations4 ,& !y h told ! re/ ( u all ab\t x4 ,b let u see h[ intellig5t we are 9 ! use ( ! k !y h giv5 u4 ,!y tell u t ! eye ( ! *ild is undevelop$ & t 9 ! undevelop$ /ate x %\ld n be mu* us$ on small or close "w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ild's eye is f>-sight$4 ,b at ! age ( six ye>s we place ! *ild 9 ! s*ool room1 put a book 9 its h&s1 & compel its use1 eyes or no eyes1 z long z ! *ild rema9s 9 any in/itution ( le>n+4 ,:y1 g5tlem51 we h gone mad on ?is book proposition4 ,we act z ?o we ?9k t x is only 9 ! book t k c be f\nd4 ,we act z ?o we ?9k t x is only ?ru ! pr9t$ page t psy*ic n\ri%m5t c rea* ! inn] life ( ! *ild1 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 bo? ! k & ! n\ri%m5t t are appropriate to ! *ild 9 all its e>ly ye>s are bett] obta9$ ?ru direct contact ) ! great outside _w itself & by direct communication f ! lips ( ! tea*]4 ,if ?is fact 7 fully appreciat$ & act$ ^u1 we %\ld1 9 two v def9ite ways1 cons]ve ?is v important organ2 = we %\ld use ! eyes ^u objects at a great] di/ance ?us prev5t+ unnecess>y /ra91 & all[ o!r organs ( s5se to %>e ) ! eye 9 ! "w ( ga!r+ in=mation & ( appropriat+ m5tal n\ri%m5t4 ,please d n misund]/& me4 ,i am n und]e/imat+ ! place & value ( books1 nor decry+ _! use4 ,!y are ! /oreh\se ( k & ! s\rce ( inspiration1 b n = *ildr54 ,our "y *ildr5 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool read too mu*--are too mu* ti$ to ! book4 ,?ru ?is prolong$ & close use ( ! eye ^u small & ne>by objects = :i*1 9 its undevelop$ condition1 x is n fitt$1 ! organ is p]man5tly weak5$ & r5d]$ incapable ( its legitimate use lat] 9 life :5 ! book is a necessity4 ,& aga91 ?is excessive use ( ! eye causes an atrophy ( ! o!r organs t is really s]i\s4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! ,optician & ! ,oculi/ h /udi$ ! matt] s c>efully & "k ! eye s ?oroly 9 its v>i\s /ages ( developm5t t !y "k exactly ! size ( type t *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages %\ld use4 ,& !y "k1 too1 ! k9d ( pap] t %\ld be us$ 9 books = *ildr54 ,& !y h told u all ab\t x4 ,b we sy/ematically disreg>d all ?is in=mation ga9$ ) su* pa9/ak+ c>e1 & in/ead ( us+ ! l>ge cle> type & ! unglaz$1 s(t t9t$ pap] recomm5d$1 we p]si/ 9 tol]at+ ! unsatisfactory m]ely because x is a little *eap]4 ,p5ny wise & p\nd fooli% we surely are4 ,:at we save n[ we %all h to pay lat] on ) comp\nd int]e/ besides compell+ our *ildr5 to und]go physical pa9 & m5tal h&icap4 ,& yet aga94 ,we are told by our sci5tific fri5ds ! relative am\nts ( w9d[ & floor space t ! s*oolroom %\ld h 9 ord] to be adequately light$6 ,n "o 9 t5 has z mu* w9d[ space z x %\ld h1 & a good portion ( :at has be5 provid$ is frequ5tly cov]$ up by %ades ?ru ! tea*]'s p]v]t$ notion ( relative values--seem+ to h great] appreciation = c]ta9 s-call$ arti/ic effects ?an = eye com=t & safety 9 "w4 ,& !n aga91 ^! sci5tific fri5ds ( ours h told u t !re %\ld be 9 ! s*oolroom no cross lights2 t ! light %\ld n %9e ^u ! blackbo>ds nor into ! faces ( ! *ildr51 b t x %\ld come only f ! re> & ! left & f above4 ,!y h f\nd out1 too1 & told u1 ! prop] %ades ( color = ! walls--sci5tific k1 all ( x1 & !re=e ?oroly reliable4 ,b h[ sy/ematically d we disreg>d all ?is valuable in=mation6 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a new s*ool build+ !re is no?+ t %\ld receive m c>eful & sci5tific consid]ation ?an ! matt] ( light+1 b too (t5 ! ar*itect is ei!r entirely ignorant ( ! entire matt]1 or else is selfi%ly int]e/$ 9 s-call$ ar*itectural effects4 ,i d n mean t we all disreg>d all ^! ?+s1 t we h no s*ool h\ses prop]ly con/ruct$1 no s*ool books prop]ly pr9t$1 & no tea*]s intellig5t & s5sible 9 _! h&l+ ( boys & girls4 ,n at all4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s we h made long /rides 9 advance along _m ( ^! l9es 9 _m places4 ,b ! bright spots are /ill ! exception & n ! rule4 ,! fri5ds ( *ildr5 & ( ! race ne$ to keep vigilantly at "w4 ,n[1 let u look at ! matt] f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,let u ask :at are ! results ( ?is p]si/5t & widespread disreg>d ( ! normal conditions "u :i* ! eye %\ld "w & ( ! fundam5tal laws ( eye developm5t4 ,:at d we f9d8 ,:y1 we f9d j :at y are prep>$ to expect aft] consid]+ ! above disreg>d4 ,we f9d t1 :]eas at ! beg9n+ ( s*ool life ! p]c5tage ( s*ool *ildr5 suff]+ f visual defects is relatively small1 t p]c5tage increases z we asc5d ! grades4 ,9 o!r words1 ! regul>1 sy/ematic "w ( our s*ools is all ! "t weak5+ ! eyes--all ! "t caus+ s]i\s visual defects4 ,gulick & ,ay]s came to ?is conclusion z "o ( ! results ( _! exhau/ive inve/igation1 made 9 #aijh1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! well kn[n "w on ,m$ical ,inspection ( ,s*ools1 publi%$ at t "t4 ,?is is all ! m /rik+ s9ce !y f\nd t ! preval5ce ( o!r physical defects /eadily decreases z ! ye>s pass4 ,an inve/igation c>ri$ on 9 ,jeff]son ,city1 ,miss\ri1 9 #aijg-aijh1 illu/rates ! po9t "u discussion2 #bj ( all *ildr5 9 grades "o to ?ree inclusive 7 f\nd to h defective vision1 :]eas 9 grades n9e to twelve inclusive #dj4e 7 f\nd ?us h&icapp$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many ! increase 9 defective vision z *ildr5 asc5d ! grades is se5 to be mu* m m>k$ ?an 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 "o p>ticul> /udy t comes to m9d1 a /udy ( %ort-sight$ness alone 7publi%$1 h[ev]1 "s ye>s ago7 x 0 %[n t ! increase 0 f practically none at all to approximately #ajj4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "w ( ! s*ools _h made practically e *ild ne>-sight$4 ,& ! g5]al t5d5cy seems to be 9 ?is direction4 ,inde$1 ,i "k ( b "o /udy 9 :i* a contr>y t5d5cy has be5 obs]v$4 ,& t 0 9 a rural di/rict--,/4 ,l\is ,c\nty1 ,miss\ri--:]e a /udy 0 made ab\t f\r ye>s ago4 ,"u ! conditions obs]v$ !re1 ! frequ5cy ( %ort-sight$ness seem$ to dim9i% ) increas+ age4 ,& ! reasons = ?is local t5d5cy1 be+ s directly contr>y to ! g5]al t5d5cy1 m5 h be5 try+ to und]/&4 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made su* z ! atmosph]e ( ! rural z aga9/ ! city di/ricts be+1 9 ! ma91 m favorable f hygi5ic po9ts ( view2 or ! few] pupils 9 ! classes 9 s*ool1 ?us enabl+ ! tea*]s to give m p]sonal att5tion s prev5t+ undue eye-/ra92 & ! %ort] s*ool ye> ma9ta9$ 9 ! c\ntry giv+ ! *ildr5 less prolong$ p]iods ( eye-/ra94 ,b :atev] be ! explanation ( ?is int]e/+ exception1 x yet rema9s true t ! regul> "w ( ! s*ool1 week 91 week out1 ye> aft] ye>1 causes ! eyes ( our *ildr5 to det]iorate1 or at lea/ ! two g h& 9 h& ) gr\nds = a v /rong suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h exp]t k ( ! g5]al situation t ! "o is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,) ?is po9t e/abli%$1 namely1 t ! "w ( ! s*ools is b ill-adapt$ to ! /ructure ! nature ( ! *ild's eye1 result+ 9 /eady det]ioration1 let u try to see h[ widespread is su* det]ioration & h[ s]i\s4 ,?is c be/ be done briefly ?ru ! use ( a few /ati/ics tak5 f ! results ( inve/igations t h be5 made z to ! physical conditions ( our s*ool *ildr54 ,f ^! results ,i disreg>d all figures save ^? t be> on ! matt] ( visual defects s9ce t is our "o topic ( discussion4 ,9 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 9 #aijf-aijg1 a v exhau/ive & illum9at+ inve/igation 0 made "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ,dr4 ,wall91 "o ( ! mo/ em95t au?orities on ! relation%ip ( ! physical & ! m5tal 9 ! "w ( our s*ools4 ,dr4 ,wall9 call$ to 8 assi/ance _m exp]ts1 bo? m$ical & physical1 & 8 report 0 a v notewor?y "o f _m po9ts ( view4 ,i t\* only two or ?ree po9ts "h & !re4 ,9 "o s*ool1 ! ,mayfl[]1 locat$ 9 a f9e resid5ce section ( ! city1 #igb pupils 7 exam9$1 & #bj ( !m f\nd to be suff]+ f "s r s]i\s =m ( eye defect4 ,9 an ,ea/ ,end s*ool1 ano!r ( ! s-call$ bett] class ( s*ools1 #ffh *ildr5 7 exam9$ & #cb4d f\nd ) defective vision4 ,ev5 m />tl+ ?an ^! 7 ! results f\nd 9 a s*ool ( ab\t ! same size 9 :at 0 call$ a conge/$ di/rict ( ! city4 ,six hundr$ & sixte5 7 exam9$ & #ga4a f\nd defective4 ,ano!r v significant fact 0 br\ght to light by ?is inve/igation--! disreg>d paid to ! :ole matt] by p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld n include tea*]s 9 speak+ ( ?is disreg>d s9ce !y h1 at be/1 b advisory p[]4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,end s*ool1 out ( ! #ffh *ildr5 exam9$1 #baf1 or #cb4d 7 f\nd defective1 b only #dc1 or #f4d1 7 be+ reliev$ by ! use ( glasses4 ,& 9 ! conge/$ di/rict ! disp>ity 0 ev5 m /rik+ s9ce out ( ! #dcg1 or #ga4a ( ! entire numb] :o _h visual defects1 only #aa1 or #a4h1 7 be+ reliev$4 ,9 "o inve/igation made 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 #aijh1 #a1ddb pupils 7 consid]$1 & #db f\nd suff]+ f eye defects4 ,9 ,jeff]son ,city1 ,miss\ri1 9 #aijh1 ! results ( ! exam9ation ( #a1jjj :ite *ildr5 %[$ #cf4e suff]+ f some:at s]i\s visual defects2 & _m o!rs 9 less] degrees4 ,( ^! #a1jjj *ildr51 #daj1 or #da1 7 f\nd to ne$ ! assi/ance ( glasses1 b only #ch1 or #c4h1 7 be+ ?us assi/$4 ,9 ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 9 #aiji1 #e1jjj *ildr5 7 exam9$1 & #fa f\nd to be suff]+ f ! same tr\ble4 ,aga91 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #aiji1 ! well-kn[n ,dr4 ,risley f\nd1 9 an exam9ation ( #b1dbb *ildr51 t #dd4g 7 cont9ual suff]]s f "s =m ( eye tr\ble4 ,i c\ld easily cite simil> results f _m m /udies1 b surely ^! are suffici5t4 ,^! are />tl+ facts1 & v s]i\s :5 we ?9k m]ely ( ?is "o fact alone )\t consid]+ x 9 its relation%ip to any?+ else4 ,b :5 we /op to consid] ! fact t ^! suff]]s are *ildr51 9 ! s*ools1 & are ?us h&icapp$ 9 _! "w ( education--9 _! ef=ts to fit !mselves = ! /ruggle ( life--x assumes ev5 l>g] proportions & becomes truly appall+4 ,:at does x mean8 ,:y1 x means1 9 t]ms ( ! s*ool man1 ret>dation & elim9ation4 ,to ! layman ^? words may ne$ int]pretation4 ,ret>dation means ! *eck+ ( a pupil 9 8 educational progress ?ru ! grades1 necessitat+ ! sp5d+ ( a long] p]iod ?an t :i* is consid]$ normal4 ,= example1 a normal pupil is "o :o ent]s s*ool at six ye>s ( age & is promot$ ea* ye> regul>ly2 or a pupil ^: age & grade correspond to ?is /&>d4 ,?us1 ! /&>d age = a second grade pupil1 dur+ ! ye>1 is #g ye>s2 = a f\r? grade1 #i ye>s2 & = an eigh? grade1 #ac ye>s2 or 9 e case1 five m ?an ! numb] ( 8 grade4 ,if "o is old] ?an ! numb] ( 8 grade plus five1 he is ret>d$ by ! am\nt ( ! diff]5ce2 ?us a twelve-ye>-old *ild 9 ! six? grade is ret>d$ "o ye> s9ce a six?-grade *ild %\ld be b elev5 ye>s old4 ,someh[ he has lo/ a ye>4 ,?ru failure to d satisfactory "w su* a *ild has _h to repeat ! "w ( "s "o ( 8 grades4 ,elim9ation means ! dropp+ out ( a *ild f s*ool altoge!r be=e ! regul> c\rse is complet$4 ,we f9d relatively little elim9ation 9 ! l[] grades s9ce ! compulsory att5dance laws require att5dance4 ,b j z soon z ! upp] limit ( age is rea*$ !re is mu* ( x4 ,i d n "k h[ closely y h foll[$ ?is matt] ( ret>dation 9 ! s*ools & elim9ation f !m1 b ,i ?9k suffici5tly to r5d] x unnecess>y = me to discuss ! matt] at l5g?4 ,let me ref] to b "o /udy :i* is typical z %[+ ! s]i\sness ( ! situation4 ,9 #aijg1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,heet]1 at t "t ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools 9 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 work+ "u in/ruction ( 8 ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,inspectors1 made a v c>eful inve/igation z to ! matt] ( ret>dation 9 ! s*ools ( t city4 ,y may be surpris$ to le>n "s ( ! results4 ,he f\nd m ?an "o-half1 exactly #ef1 ( all ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools at lea/ "o ye> beh9d normal grade1 & _m ( !m mu* m ?an "o ye> beh9d4 ,to be exact3 #ab1fgb *ildr5 7 bel[ grade4 ,( ^!1 #f1cbh 7 "o ye> beh9d2 #c1fej 7 two ye>s beh9d2 #a1fhi 7 ?ree ye>s beh9d2 #fea 7 f\r ye>s beh9d2 #bba 7 five ye>s beh9d1 & #acc 7 six ye>s beh9d4 ,n[1 :at is ! cause ( su* a s]i\s situation8 ,mr4 ,heet]1 9 8 report ( 8 f9d+s1 speaks z foll[s3 ,!re are evid5tly _m causes ( ?is ph5om5al ret>dation--yet x seems likely t "o ( ! l>ge/ factors 444 is physiological1 & t m att5tion giv5 9 our s*ools to ! bodily conditions ( our *ildr5 w ?r[ new light on our educational problems1 & ev5 on ! subject ( backw>d *ildr51 & ( del9qu5cy itself4 ,x appe>s1 he goes on to say1 t ! s*ools h be5 too exclusively conc]n$ ab\t ! m9ds ( *ildr5 & too little conc]n$ ab\t _! bodies4 ,mu* "t & en]gy & money h be5 wa/$ 9 try+ to make all *ildr5 equal 9 m5tal p[]1 )\t reg>d to physical inequalities1 until n[ wa/e products are clogg+ our educational ma*9]y4 ,& ,mr4 ,heet]'s conclusion is t ( all :o h /udi$ ! matt] ) any c>e4 ,let me n[ %[ ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! two1 t is1 betwe5 ret>dation & physical defects4 ,i c d x briefly by ref]r+ to ! "w ( ,dr4 ,cron9 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,?is is b "o in/ance1 b x is typical ( conditions4 ,a few ye>s ago1 z *ief ,m$ical ,inspector ( ! s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city1 ,dr4 ,cron9 read a pap] be=e ! ,s*ool ,hygi5e ,association ( ,am]ica 9 :i* he made ! /atem5t t an exam9ation ( all *ildr5 report$ z backw>d by v>i\s tea*]s reveal$ #ie ( !m z physically defective4 ,?us1 9 a ha/y way1 b ,i ?9k correctly1 ,i h ?r[n ! *ief burd5 ( backw>dness 9 s*ool1 or ret>dation1 ^u physical defects4 ,b our special topic is eye tr\ble4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is burd5 mu/ be ref]r$ to ?is specific s\rce8 ,x is difficult to say exactly4 ,b kn[+ z we d ! great preval5ce ( eye defects among s*ool *ildr51 f #bj to #ga1 y rememb]1 dep5d+ some:at ^u locality & environm5t2 & kn[+1 too1 ! close relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! eyes ( our *ildr5 & ! "w ( ! s*ools 7?is s*ool "w1 y "k1 is ne>ly all done ) ! eyes4 ,x %\ld n be1 b x is72 kn[+ all ?is1 x is n beside ! m>k to say t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ret>dation mu/ be laid at its doors4 ,& :at are we go+ to d ab\t x8 ,:at %\ld be done8 ,! re=m is easily se5 to be a _m-sid$ "o4 ,x is educational--our tea*]s %\ld come to "k t ! book is only "o1 & n ! *ief "o1 ( ! _m s\rces ( k op5 to ! *ild2 x is physiological--we %\ld all "k ! eye bett] ?an we d1 its normal use & its limitations2 ! re=m is ar*itectural--our ar*itects & bo>ds ( education %\ld realize t ! seat+ & ! light+ ( s*ool h\ses %\ld receive mo/ c>eful consid]ation2 ! re=m is economic--we %\ld come to appreciate ! unwisdom ( be+ p5ny wise & p\nd fooli%1 & recall ! old saw1 a /it* 9 "t saves n9e2 ! re=m is m$ical--we %\ld get our p to see t ?oro & regul> m$ical inspection ( all our s*ool *ildr5 is ! only s5sible me?od ( proc$ure4 ,& s ,i might g on nam+ phase aft] phase ( ! problem4 ,x is s _m-sid$ t we c n hope = its imm$iate & p]fectly satisfactory solution4 ,b !re are c]ta9 q specific ends 9 view t %\ld at once & all ! "t be kept be=e u4 ,t\*+ ! matt] ( m$ical inspection1 our /ate law1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely p]missive %\ld be m&atory1 & %\ld be made to apply to e s*ool community 9 ! /ate4 ,( c\rse1 ! cry ( exp5se w\ld be at once rais$1 b x c\ld easily be %[n1 7 !re "t at my disposal1 t x w\ld be an economic mesure r ?an "o increas+ ! co/ ( our s*ools4 ,because e "t t a *ild repeats a grade 9 s*ool1 t ye>'s s*ool "w 9 ! life ( ! *ild has co/ ! city or s*ool community twice z mu* z x %\ld4 ,:5ev]1 z 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,paul1 already cit$1 a *ild is two1 ?ree1 or six ye>s beh9d normal grade1 !re is an extra heavy burd5 ( taxation plac$ on ! city4 ,m$ical inspection1 :]ev] x has be5 made effective1 has result$ 9 l[]+1 v mat]ially1 ! am\nt ( ret>dation4 ,& x is look$ ^u z sav+ ! community v mu* m ?an x has co/1 say+ no?+ at all ab\t ! add$ effectiv5ess ( ! *ild = ! "w ( ! s*ool nor ( 8 great] happ9ess4 ,?is /atem5t c\ld easily be sub/antiat$ 7 !re "t4 ,b t is n necess>y4 ,x is s app>5t t he :o runs may read4 ,b ! "t :5 we c expect su* a law to be put 9 =ce is1 ,i am afraid1 consid]ably remov$ f ! pres5t4 ,l>ge bodies move sl[ly2 we mu/ h pati5ce4 ,we mu/ keep /eadily at x prea*+ ! good gospel ( re=m4 ,b 9 ! meantime c we n ha/5 ! glad day ( full & complete m$ical inspection1 & at ! same "t br+ relief to a v l>ge numb] ( little suff]]s1 by ?r[+ emphasis1 :5ev] ! opportunity (f]s1 ^u ! phase ( ! subject t is be=e u ?is morn+8 ,! eye tr\ble is ! *iefe/ ( all ^? ( a physical nature4 ,x has f> m to d 9 caus+ ret>dation ( our boys & girls ?an any ( ! o!r physical defects1 & !re=e %\ld receive its own prompt & vigor\s att5tion irrespective ( ev]y?+ else4 ,^u ?is "o po9t let u h imm$iate relief & keep x up z rapidly z possible4 ,let u adopt "s program ( action :i* w br+ relief z quickly z possible to *ildr5 suff]+ f visual defects4 ,= ,i h no sympa?y ) ! position tak5 by t fooli% "m 7p]haps ,i %\ld be *>itable & m]ely say ignorant "m4 ,i ?9k %e 0 bo? ignorant & fooli%71 :o said to me :5 ,i 0 urg+ h] to h glasses fitt$ = h] little girl1 ,:y1 ,mr4 ,ladd1 ,i c't be> to ?9k ( ,m>y we>+ glasses4 ,i am go+ to keep !m away f h] j z long z %e c possibly get along )\t !m4 ,i repli$1 ,my good woman1 if y h any reg>d = ! com=t & well-be+ ( y\r little girl1 or if y c>e = h] progress 9 s*ool1 in/ead ( keep+ glasses away f h] z long z possible1 y %\ld see to x t %e has ! be/ t c be procur$ j z soon z !y c be ( ! slighte/ assi/ance4 ,i w5t on to tell h] t x 0 entirely possible t ! use ( ! glasses at t "t = a ye> or two might enable h] to d )\t !m p]man5tly lat] on4 ,b %e did n get !m2 ( c\rse n4 ,!y w\ld n h add$ to ! attractiv5ess ( ! little face4 ,h[ h>d x is = ! unreflect+ to d5y !mselves a pres5t pleasure1 :e!r 9 money or pride1 = a future good6 ,v ,,! ,,home1 ,,! ,,*ur*1 ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool ,an ,ext5sion ,lecture deliv]$ 9 _m places 9 ,nor? ,dakota & ,m9nesota ,x goes )\t say+1 ,i am sure1 t ^! ?ree great in/itutions--! ,home1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,s*ool--fundam5tal z !y are 9 ! life ( ea*1 & ev5 ( civilization itself1 c n be adequately h&l$ 9 ! brief "t giv5 to a s+le address4 ,b yet ,i ?9k t 9 t "t we c acc\nt = ea*1 r\ghly trace its int]e/+ c>e]1 & locate x 9 our complex life ( to-day ) function briefly /at$4 ,& 9 x all1 or out ( x all1 directly or indirectly1 ,i ?9k we %all see ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! ?ree4 ,?is relation%ip1 s /rong & s vital1 ! appreciation ( :i* is s necess>y = con/ructive action & l>ge results 9 life1 ,i p>ticul>ly desire to make appe>4 ,& x is ?is relation%ip t gives appropriat5ess to ! h&l+ ( ! ?ree 9 a s+le address ?o ea*1 f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 might well be made ! c5t] ( an entire ev5+'s consid]ation4 ,! home1 ! *ur*1 & ! s*ool6 ,:at troops ( memories arise ar\nd ea* z we turn our gaze backw>d6 ,h[ sweet & sacr$ appe>s ! home z we recall "m & fa!r1 si/] & bro!r1 9 ! old home sett+ 9 ! e>ly days ( our pilgrimage6 ,h[ solemn & hall[$ seems ! *ur* z we g back 9 ?\ght to our fir/ connections ) x 9 ,sunday s*ool1 9 its communion s]vice1 & to our own entrance z memb]s6 ,& h[ fasc9at+ & joyful1 ev5 ! sometimes t+$ ) regret or appreh5sion1 ! s*ool z we retrace our pa?way ov] ! ye>s ( its associations6 ,! home1 ! *ur*1 & ! s*ool--b ! fir/ ( ^! is ! home4 ,,! ,,home ,let me ask y1 !re=e1 to ?9k ) me fir/ ( ! home--( t in/itution :i* 9 its v inception1 m ?an any o!r1 0 ,god-inspir$2 t in/itution :i* f its v beg9n+ up to ! pres5t h\r has1 m ?an any o!r1 reflect$ ! _s & purpose ( ,god--t in/itution ^: c5t] is ! *ild & ^: function t *ild's developm5t--! home4 ,x is ! mo/ anci5t ( all ! in/itutions ( man4 ,organiz$ & set ap>t at ! v dawn ( human life1 :5 ! morn+ />s 7 s++ toge!r1 ! div9e ,voice gave x sanction & /at$ its function3 ,be fruitful & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,& ! in/itution1 z ! ages h pass$1 has nev] once laps$ & nev] repudiat$ its orig9 or its "w4 ,/ill x has advanc$ s f> & improv$ s mu* 9 outw>d appe>ance1 at any rate1 & develop$ s greatly t1 z we "k x to-day1 we may almo/ call x a mod]n in/itution1 s mod]n inde$ & s diff]5t f all o!rs z to m]it ! "n ( ,am]ican in/itution4 ,/ud5ts ( hi/ory h s laid b>e ! conditions ( liv+ & ( home life 9 ! pa/ z to reveal to u ! fact t ! home1 z we "k x & love x1 did n exi/ prior to our own day4 ,9 all =m] p]iods1 ev5 ?o glori\s to look back ^u1 "s ( !m1 gold5 days z !y 7 ( ! _w's upw>d /ruggle1 we se>* 9 va9 = our k9d ( a home4 ,! home ( ! ,am]ican workman to-day is provid$ ) m com=ts & conv5i5ces1 has 9 x m ( ! elem5ts ( culture & ref9em5t1 is m eloqu5t ( love & ! high] life ?an 0 ! home ( ! rul] ( a few g5]ations ago4 ,& ! *ief factors 9 x all1 ^? :i* b9d all toge!r & give mean+1 are ! honor$ place giv5 ! wife & "m &1 spr++ f t1 love1 love ( p>5t = *ild & *ild = p>5t4 ,= we all "k1 :5 we come to ?9k ( x1 t our love ( home & de> ones is ev] our motive = action z we explore new fields & m>k out new pa?s1 ov]come ob/acles & surm\nt difficulties--9 a ^w1 c>ry ! bann]s ( civilization to new heights6 ,! home ( all p1 9 all ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 b especially z we "k x to-day1 is ! "o ?+ = :i* m5 live & "w4 ,/op ! fir/ man y meet on ! /reet1--ri* man1 poor man1 begg>-man1 ?ief1 doctor1 lawy]1 but*]1 prie/1--any man1 go+ along ) a preoccupi$ m9d1 ?9k+ ( ! case he is to plead1 ! trade he is to make1 ! book he is to write4 ,get into ?is man's m9d1 d[n bel[ ?is p>ticul> ?+ t is on ! surface ( x1 & d[n !re !re is "o picture t y wilt always f9d1 ! picture ( a cozy corn] some:]e1 ( a woman sitt+ by ! table or be=e ! fire1 ( two or ?ree gr[+ girls1 & a boy or two t look l him4 ,meet him :]ev] y w1 f9d him 9 :atev] occupation1 or 9 :atev] /age ( spiritual or intellectual developm5t2 :5ev] y get "u 8 jacket1 :e!r x be a bl\se or a tux$o1 y'll f9d ?is picture hang+ on ! wall ( 8 he>t4 ,n9ety-n9e m5 out ( e hundr$ say1 ) ,rob]t ,burns3 ,to make a happy fire-side clime ,= weans & wife1 ,t's ! true pa?os & sublime ,( human life4 ,& ! "y man ( to-day1 look+ =? into ! ye>s t are to come1 pictur+ himself z & :]e he w\ld l to be1 :o sees himself alone1 )\t ! joys & companion%ip ( wife & *ild1 ! "y man :o doesn't plan to h a home ( 8 own to :i* he c lead ! *oice ( 8 he>t & 9 :i* he may multiply1 ?ru ! developm5t ( 8 own (fspr+1 8 p[]s ( usefulness1--su* a "y man is a selfi% mon/rosity4 ,& ! "y woman :o isn't long+ = a home ( h] own--= a little k+dom 9 :i* z ,que51 %e may rule jo9tly ) a *os5 ,k+ 9 lov+ m9i/ration to _! natural subjects--su* a "y woman is an abnormal specim54 ,! desire ( e little girl = a doll1 ! crav+ ( e boy = an animal pet1 is b ! manife/ation ( ! deep-seat$ in/9ct ( p>5?ood4 ,d no?+ to /ifle x4 ,m9i/] to its gr[? & developm5t4 ,& "y man--"y woman1 y :o h left beh9d ! days ( knee tr\s]s & %ort dresses1 & ) !m h laid aside ! doll & ! pet1 ?9k x n weakness :5 y f9d y\rself irresi/ibly drawn by ! sweet smile ( an innoc5t babe or by ! *ildi% prattle ( "o a little f>!r on4 ,be n a%am$ :51 "u su* influ5ce1 y picture y\rself ! c5t] ( a home1 & 9 ?is connection ?9k ( him or h] :om y w\ld l to h %>e x ) y4 ,x is ! sweete/ influ5ce t c ev] come into y\r life4 ,rightly reg>d$ & us$1 x w d m = y\r happ9ess & usefulness ?an any or all o!rs t w ev] come to y4 ,b :5 ! crucial mom5t comes--:5 ! die is to be ca/ & ! promise ask$ & giv5 t w b9d ! two lives toge!r1 halt = a mom5t until "o asks & ! o!r answ]s ?is ,woman's ,"q4 ,,! ,,woman',s ,,"q ,d y "k y h ask$ = ! co/lie/ ?+ ,ev] made by ! ,h& above-- ,a woman's he>t & a woman's life ,& a woman's wond]ful love8 ,y h writt5 my lesson ( duty out2 ,manlike y h que/ion$ me2 ,n[ /& at ! b> ( my woman's s\l ,until ,i "q !e4 ,y require y\r mutton %all always be hot1 ,y\r /ock+s & %irts %all be :ole4 ,i require y\r he>t to be true z ,god's />s ,& z pure z ,heav5 y\r s\l4 ,y require a cook = y\r mutton & beef4 ,i require a f> bett] ?+4 ,a seam/ress y're want+ = /ock+s & %irts1 ,i look = a man & a k+4 ,a k+ = a beautiful realm call$ home1 ,& a man t ! ,mak]1 ,god1 ,%all look ^u z ,he did ! fir/ ,& say1 ',x is v good4' ,i am fair & "y1 b ! rose w fade ,f my s(t fair *eek "s day2 ,w y love me !n 'mid ! fall+ leaves ,z y did 9 ! bloom ( ,may8 ,is y\r he>t an ocean s /rong & deep ,i may laun* my all on its tide8 ,a lov+ woman f9ds ,heav5 or hell ,on ! day %e is made a bride4 ,i require all ?+s t are gr& & true1 ,all ?+s t a man %\ld be1 ,if y promise me ?is1 ,i w\ld /ake my life ,to be all y dem& ( me4 ,if y c n d ?is1 a seam/ress & cook ,y c hire ) little to pay4 ,b a woman's he>t & a woman's life ,are n to be won t way4 ,yes1 ,bobby ,burns 0 "r :5 he said1 ,to make a happy fire-side clime1 ,= weans & wife1 ,t's ! true pa?os & sublime ,( human life4 ,exactly :at is ,god's ultimate purpose = ! human race1 ,i ?9k no "o kn[s4 ,& ,i am n sure t we ne$ to "k4 ,:]e cle> vision is n grant$ we walk by fai?4 ,b ev5 if ! ultimate end is n cle>ly portray$1 ev5 if we are kept 9 ! d>k z to ! great outcome1 we d "k pretty well ,8 me?od ( proc$ure4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! pa/ & a critical analysis ( ! data n[ at h& look+ to ! future enable u to grasp ) "s cle>ness ! lead+ outl9es ( ! program4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation1 f c5tury to c5tury1 f age to age1 z "t has roll$ on1 !re has be5 a gradual mov+ onw>d & upw>d1 a /eady improvem5t bo? 9 ! ref9+ & civiliz+ ( man's own be+ & 9 br++ t be+ into sympa!tic relations ) ! ext]nal _w1 t is1 a gradual developm5t ( man's own p[]s1 & an ev] increas+ control ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ?is progress has be51 at times1 pa9fully sl[1 x has nev] once ceas$1 & dur+ ! la/ c5tury x has mov$ on ) con/antly accel]at+ spe$ until to-day ! human race /&s ^u ! highe/ po9t ev] rea*$4 ,i h absolutely no sympa?y ) t n>r[ pessimism :i* is always talk+ ab\t ! good old times4 ,all 9 all1 !re nev] 0 a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 man knew s mu* z to-day2 !re nev] 0 a "t :5 8 life 0 s m9i/]$ to by ! =ces ( nature2 nev] a "t :5 8 he>t 0 s t5d]1 :5 x respond$ s quickly to human suff]+1 nev] a "t :5 all =ms ( evil 7 s quickly condemn$ nor :5 s mu* good 0 be+ done4 ,! long program seems to h be5 = ea* age & ea* g5]ation to h& on to its successors ! legacy receiv$1 b increas$ & /r5g!n$ & bett]$4 ,h[ mu* long] ?is upw>d movem5t is to cont9ue1 h[ mu* m ! race is to "k & d1 h[ mu* bett] x is to be1 no "o kn[s4 ,god's ultimate purpose1 ,8 great object 9 view--we may n be able to grasp1 b c]ta9ly x is n difficult = u to note ! g5]al direction ( ! movem5t4 ,x is upw>d4 ,9 all ?is1 :]e9 does ! home come1 & :at is its function8 ,is x n1 has x n be5 f ! v beg9n+ ! ,div9e ag5cy us$ = do+ ?is great "w8 ,0 n ! home in/itut$1 end[$ ) ! div9e p[] ( love1 & consecrat$ = ! p]petuation ( ! race8 ,be fruitful & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,true1 z _m times po9t$ out1 our toils & our /ruggles1 our e>n+s & our productions1 incid5tally give u pleasure & satisfaction & p[]1 b yet ev5 ^! are b a means to an end1--t p>5ts may beget1 re>1 & educate _! *ildr5 9 su* a way t !y c c>ry ! bann] ( civilization a little high]--lift society to a high] level & draw mank9d ne>] to ,god4 ,s x is t ! c5t] & circumf]5ce ( ! home is ! *ild4 ,9 ! *ild ! home f9ds its mean+1 its excuse1 & its ju/ification4 ,x exi/s1 !n1 t ! *ild may be adequately prep>$ = do+ its great "w 9 ! _w4 ,:atev] else x may d1 on ! side1 x has "o great problem4 ,! *ild6 ,! *ild6 ,! be/ crop ! f>m] raises1 ! be/ article ! manufactur] puts on ! m>ket1 ! be/ w>e ! m]*ant h&les1 ! be/ case ! lawy] pleads1 ! be/ s]mon ! m9i/] prea*es--or at lea/ t :i* gives mean+ to all ( ^!--! *ild6 ,! fruit ( all ! pa/ & ! se$ ( all ! future4 ,god bless ! home & ,god bless its be/ fruitage--! *ild6 ,,! ,,*ur* ,?us ! home--,god's simple yet mighty ag5t 9 ,8 great "w ( develop+ ! human race4 ,its "w 0 accept$ & = a "t all w5t well4 ,su* prep>ation1 mo/ly physical1 z ! *ild ne$$ = its future "w ! home gave )\t difficulty4 ,b ?is simple life c\ld n cont9ue indef9itely4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( life absolutely =bade man's /&+ /ill4 ,! laws ( gr[? & developm5t pu%$ him on4 ,:e!r he w\ld or n1 he 0 compell$ to move =w>d1 j z ! acorn1 obey+ ! law ( its be+1 *anges its =m1 its size1 & adds to its complexity4 ,little by little man1 obey+ ^! inexorable laws1 began to develop4 ,8 m5tal1 8 moral1 & 8 physical natures gradually assum$ new =ms--new ne$s & desires 7 born4 ,m & m 8 vision became exp&$ until he c\ld see into & mesurably appreciate ! =ces ( nature4 ,8 life 0 becom+ m complex4 ,n[1 ?is l>g] life1 ?is great] complexity ( life1 9 addition to its own complexity1 add$ mat]ially to ! "w ( prep>+ ! *ild = play+ its "p 9 ?is great onw>d movem5t4 ,su* prep>ation z 0 ne$$ by ! *ild ( ! primitive home to equip x = play+ its "p z an adult w\ld no long] suffice4 ,! home mu/ n[ d some?+ m ?an satisfy ! ne$s ( ! body--provide food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 & incid5tally give opportunity to le>n1 mo/ly by imitation1 h[ to d ?is = ano!r g5]ation ( *ildr54 ,! spiritual life ne$$ att5tion &1 z well1 ! intellectual4 ,competition 0 gr[+ ke51 & ea* felt ! ne$ ( a bett] equipm5t t he might play 8 "p well 9 ! l>g] life t 0 surely be=e him4 ,& ?is l>g] outlook ^u life 0 itself gr[+ by :at x 0 fe$+ ^u & mak+ its own dem&s = bett] ?+s4 ,b ! home 0 h&icapp$4 ,x felt ! ne$1 b ) all o!r ?+s t x _h to d1 _h no "t to take up ^! new duties4 ,& aga91 ! mo/ ( ! homes1 ev5 if "t _h be5 abundant1 did n "k h[ to d ! new "w4 ,s x set ab\t f9d+ a solution to its problem4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( labor4 ,x 0 se5 t "t w\ld be sav$ & results mu* m satisfactorily rea*$ by delegat+ to p]sons def9itely prep>$ & set aside = t purpose c]ta9 phases ( ?is "w4 ,s ! *ur* 0 in/itut$ &1 a little lat]1 ! s*ool4 ,to ! *ur* 0 delegat$1 speak+ broadly1 ! religi\s & moral developm5t ( ! *ild & to ! s*ool1 ! intellectual developm5t4 ,x 0 exactly ! same pr9ciple t1 lat] on1 took f ! home ! weav+ ( clo? & ! mak+ ( %oes & o!r indu/rial pursuits4 ,) ?is add$ complexity ( life1 ! homes c\ld n pr(itably c>ry on all ^! v>i$ activities--be1 9 addition to a home1 also a tailor %op & a %oe factory1 a *ur* & a s*ool4 ,& s ! homes ( a community comb9$1 select+ "o man p>ticul>ly adapt$ to t "w to make all ! %oes = ! community1 ano!r ! clo?1 etc4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 e>li] 9 hi/ory1 "o 0 set aside to m9i/] to ! spiritual life1 & "o to tea* ! *ildr54 ,bo? 7 (f%oots ( ! home1 delegat$ by ! home to d a c]ta9 v def9ite portion ( its "w4 ,ea* took directions f ! collective home & look$ to x z ! s\rce ( its au?ority4 ,& su* x 04 ,! po9t is ?is3 ! home 0 ! orig9al educational in/itution &1 z well1 ! orig9al religi\s in/itution4 ,at fir/ x alone p]=m$ ! "w ( all ?ree3 x 0 our home1 our *ur*1 & s*ool all 9 "o4 ,x f9ally e/abli%$ ! o!rs & m]ely delegat$ "w to ^! supplem5tal ag5cies1 s1 at any "t1 x may )draw t "w f !m4 ,x is ma/] ( ! situation4 ,?is )drawal may be done ei!r by ! collective home or by any individual home4 ,if any home repres5t$ "h ?is ev5+1 = any reason :atev]1 wi%es to resume ! religi\s function & alone direct ! religi\s developm5t ( ! *ildr51 no "o c say x nay4 ,& x is ! same 9 reg>d to ! s*ool4 ,if any p>5t "h wi%es to )draw 8 *ildr5 f ! s*ool & himself1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 provide = _! intellectual developm5t1 he has a p]fect "r to d s4 ,our compulsory att5dance laws are satisfi$ :5 evid5ce is furni%$ ( ! *ild's advancem5t4 ,( c\rse ! *ur* & ! s*ool1 9 ?is primitive /age1 7 bo? exce$+ly crude--correspond+ to ! crude notions ( religi\s & intellectual developm5t !n held by man1 yet play+ ! same great "p z n[ 9 ! drama ( life4 ,i suppose x is true t ^! diff]5tiations 7 at fir/ only semi-consci\s1 b nev]!less !y 7 real diff]5tiations & _h l>ge influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( man4 ,to trace ! developm5t ( ! *ur* ?ru its e>ly /ages is n necess>y = ! purpose ( ?is address1 s ,i pass at once to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* :i* is 9 reality our repres5tative ( ! same fundam5tal in/itution4 ,l ! home & ! s*ool1 ! *ur* began 9 a v humble way1 & dur+ ! progress ( ! c5turies pass$ ?ru _m vicissitudes & und]w5t _m *anges4 ,let me speak v briefly ( f\r /ages1 or p]iods1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*3 fir/1 ! primitive /age1 t p]iod ( ab\t #cej ye>s foll[+ its bir? :51 9 ! ma91 motives 7 pure1 ambitions unselfi%1 & ideals high4 ,b1 ?o x 0 f\nd$ to provide ! means ( secur+ ! religi\s developm5t ( ! *ild & ! race ?ru ! p]petuation & ext5sion ( ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 & ?o x 0 laun*$ =? into its great c>e] 9 ! _s ( love & meekness & fell[%ip t *>act]iz$ ,8 life1 x 0 n long1 z hi/ory c\nts "t1 be=e t wor?y function 0 entirely lo/ sight (1 t _s :olly ca/ aside1 & ! new in/itution ent]$ ^u its second p]iod1 becom+ a m]e political ma*9e :i*1 9 its utt] disreg>d ( rights & ju/ice1 9 ! %rewdness & d>+ ( its s*emes1 & 9 ! blackness ( its me?ods1 almo/ surpass$ ev5 our own mo/ skilful ef=ts 9 ^? directions4 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w1 ,*ri/ _h said1 & yet ! *ur*1 f\nd$ ^u ,8 tea*+s & l$ by m5 pret5d+ to be ,8 true repres5tatives1 _h become1 9 v de$1 a k+dom ( ?is _w4 ,! possession & use ( worldly p[] by ! *ur* _h s blunt$ its moral s5se t ,dante1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 felt =c$ to exclaim1 & exclaim$ ) tru?3 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,mix+ two gov]nm5ts t ill assort1 ,ha? miss$ h] foot+1 fall'n into ! mire1 ,& !re h]self & burd5 mu* defil$4 ,b ,dante's criticism & o!r =ces br\ght to be> drew back ! err+ lead]s to "s slight conception ( _! function & to "s slight ef=t t[>d ! p]=mance ( duty1 ?o nei!r conception nor p]=mance took !m back to _! pri/9e m]it4 ,& ! *ur* ent]$ ano!r hi/orical /age1 ! ?ird1 & "o ^: dom9ant ?\ght & purpose prevails ev5 up to mod]n times4 ,inde$1 s rec5tly has x pass$ t its d>k outl9es are ev5 yet discov]able z we glance backw>d4 ,9 ?is new conception ( ! *ur* & its "w we f9d ! function ( ! in/itution to be n religi\s developm5t ( ! individual & ( ! race1 z x _h be5 at fir/1 b m]ely te*nical salvation4 ,& ! in/itution may be pictur$ z a great lifeboat ?ru/ out into ! /orm to save f de/ruction ^? :o c be drawn )9--:ile all o!rs p]i%4 ,y rememb] ! pa9t+ ( ! picture1 =egr\nd & backgr\nd1 h[ ! emphasis 0 ?r[n ^u ! _w to come6 ,?is _w 0 n man's home4 ,he 0 a soj\rn] "h1 a w&]]4 ,8 citiz5%ip 0 9 ,heav54 ,he 0 a pilgrim pass+ ?ru a /range & we>y l&1 & ! only purpose ( ! pilgrimage 0 a prep>ation = ! life to come4 ,! nature ( man himself 0 corrupt4 ,! _w ar\nd him 0 evil4 ,alone & unaid$ he 0 p[]less4 ,he 0 lo/ bo? = ?is _w & ! next4 ,! /orms ( life 7 ab\t him1 ! great waves 7 ready to engulf him4 ,b ! *ur*1 z a lifeboat1 0 ?ru/ out into ! break]s1 & ^u c]ta9 /ipulat$ conditions 0 ready to take him 94 ,! *ur* 0 repres5t$ z hav+ receiv$ direct f ! h&s ( ,god ! keys ( heav5 & hell1 & z be+ able to op5 ! gates ( a bett] _w to all true believ]s4 ,b true believ]s1 y "k1 7 no long] ! pure foll[]s ( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/1 simply ^? :o w\ld accept ! man-made dogmas ( ! *ur*4 ,no matt] h[ full ( error ! *ur* 01 no matt] h[ corrupt h] lead]s1 !re c\ld be no safety outside ( h] fold4 ,accept ! dogma1 salvation 0 sure2 once )91 all 0 well4 ,religi\s developm5t 0 n s\ght4 ,! "* ( ! life1 previ\s or prospective1 matt]$ n4 ,acceptance ( ! dogma 0 ! only requirem5t4 ,s %e taught--hav+ dep>t$ ,oh6 s f> f h] "* & program :5 giv5 exi/5ce by ! home & />t$ out on h] b5efic5t "w4 ,& s tight _h h] grip become t none d>$ dispute h] claims4 ,! *ild _h outgr[n h] "m1 t is1 ! *ur* _h1 9 its own conception1 outgr[n ! home1 & x repudiat$ h] control4 ,inde$1 %e held ! keys--%e 0 ! ark ( safety4 ,i h dwelt ^u ?is because1 ) v>y+ degrees ( emphasis1 t has be5 ! conception ( ! *ur* f m$ieval times almo/ to our own day4 ,inde$1 ,i am n sure t x has entirely pass$ ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re are d\btless "s p :o cont9ue ?us to reg>d ! *ur*1 & !re is m ?an "o bran* ( ! in/itution ^: def9itely =mulat$ /atem5ts ( belief c be int]pret$ 9 no o!r way h[ev] mu*1 z a practical fact1 ! memb]s h dep>t$ f !m4 ,!re are "s bran*es ( ! *ur* t /ill tea* t ! *ild1 newly born into ! _w1 fre% f ! h& ( ,god1 is already corrupt1 prone to evil1 ( its own volition *oos+ evil 9 pref]5ce to good4 ,&1 believ+ t1 !y require ! p>5ts :5 pres5t+ ! babe at ! alt> = holy baptism1 to affirm t t pure & innoc5t babe has inh]it$ an evil & corrupt nature1 & t x 0 conceiv$ & born 9 s94 ,a mon/r\s doctr9e1 violat+ n only e p>5tal in/9ct1 b z well all ! pr9ciples ( psy*ology & e?ics4 ,yea1 v]ily1 ! ,d>k ,ages are n yet :olly pa/6 ,yes1 !re are d\btless "s :o /ill look ^u ! *ur* z a lifeboat1 & :o ?9k t t lifeboat %\ld (f] safety & protection to ^? alone :o already h on ! life pres]v]4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are /ill "s :o seem to ?9k t *ur* memb]%ip %\ld be grant$ only to ^? ^: "* & belief already assure !m ( abundant entrance into ! heav5ly k+dom & :o1 !re=e1 d n really ne$ *ur* memb]%ip4 ,b yet1 on ! :ole1 z a work+ conception1 we h disc>d$ ! lifeboat idea & are n[ reg>d+ ! *ur* r z a great s*ool1 s to speak1 9 :i* all ! *ildr5 ( m51 ?ru ! grace ( ,god & mutual helpfulness1 may gradually develop ! ,*ri/ian "* & ev5tually come to be ! v elect ( ,god4 ,no long] is x be+ reg>d$ z m]ely an ark ( safety1 a lifeboat1 m9i/]+ to ! few1 b z a great social b5efic5t in/itution %$d+ abroad ^u all p its life-giv+ light & lift+ all m5 ne>] to ,god2 true1 giv+ h] *oice/ bless+s to ^? :o come close/ & p>take mo/ fully ( h] nature1 b yet l ! sun :i* %9es ^u all & bo? by direct & indirect rays w>ms & light5s all4 ,betwe5 ! two views1 :at a contra/6 ,& t *ange c n be bett] se5 ?an by a contra/ ( ! me?ods ( "w--! me?ods us$ to repl5i% ! ranks1 to (f] ! boon ( memb]%ip to ^? deem$ wor?y or to ^? :om su* boon c\ld help4 ,! old evangelism--y rememb] its key-note1 ! old revival meet+1 9 :i* skilful ^w pa9t+ pres5t$ ! two extremes1 heav5 & hell4 ,& :5 ! emotional nature 0 wr\ght up to ! desir$ pit* & fe> to ! "r degree1 a *oice 0 dem&$1--conv]sion1 x 0 call$4 ,! new] evangelism--,*ri/ian nurture 9 ! home & s*ool1 & ! v>i\s ag5cies ( ! *ur*--is n z spectacul> z ! old4 ,x doesn't make z mu* noise nor draw to itself s mu* att5tion4 ,nor d results s readily l5d !mselves to figures & tabulation4 ,x does n br+ ab\t c]ta9 times :5 l>ge accessions are made to ! *ur* memb]%ip1 feel+ r t a cont9u\s /ream1 ?o small]1 indicates a m heal?y gr[?4 ,b x recognizes ! fact t human nature is n necess>ily deprav$1 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ian life is ! natural life & t ! *ild "u ! sweet influ5ces ( ! home & s*ool & *ur* passes naturally f "o /age to ano!r (t5 n kn[+ :5 ! transitions take place4 ,*ri/ian nurture--a cont9u\s process--9 :i* developm5t is ! key-note1 n conv]sion1 a sudd5 trans=mation1 a t]rible wr5*+ ( ! :ole be+1 is ! *ur*'s pres5t me?od ( gr[?4 ,oh6 ! old has n entirely gone--"h & !re we occasionally see evid5ces ( its pres5ce4 ,pr(essional evangelism we call x to-day4 ,i ran across x 9 a rec5t trip ,ea/4 ,a big1 b>nlike /ructure _h be5 erect$ :i* 0 call$ ! tab]nacle4 ,its floor 0 ( sawdu/ spr9kl$ on ! gr\nd4 ,"h = ab\t a mon? a pr(essional evangeli/ _h h>angu$ ! curi\s cr[ds 9 immod]ate1 & (t5times immode/ language4 ,wit & s>casm & slang & emotion _h be5 freely us$ 9 8 ef=ts to make s9n]s hit ! sawdu/ trail1 to use 8 own spectacul> language1 z well z to extort money f ! pockets ( ! att5dants4 ,he left ! t[n #e1jjj ri*] ?an :5 he ent]$ & also c>ri$ ) him1 z adv]tis+ mat]ial1 a long li/ ( s-call$ conv]ts4 ,a trave/y on ! sacr$ "w ( ! *ur*6 ,b su* me?ods are to-day ! exception & n ! rule1 & ! exceptions m]ely prove ! rule4 ,& to-day *ur* memb]%ip is graci\sly held out to all :o ne$ help 9 ! "w ( p]fect+ "*--to all :o ne$ assi/ance 9 lead+ ! ,*ri/ian life1 z well z to ^? ^: battles h already be5 f\ght & won4 ,! "q ask$ is no long]1 ,h y atta9$8 b r1 ,d y wi% to atta98 ,:5 an individual1 *ild or adult1 seeks entrance at ! doors ( an educational in/itution1 ! only condition impos$ is assurance ( 8 desire to be a le>n]4 ,! doors sw+ op54 ,& ?ank ,god ! *ur* is at la/ com+ to ! same position4 ,& s we see h] to-day well />t$ ^u ! f\r? /age ( h] developm5t1 accept+ z h] "o great "w t giv5 h] at bir? s long ago--! religi\s developm5t ( ! *ild & ! race4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,! ,am]ican s*ool is a wond]ful in/itution4 ,9 its absolute univ]sality & imp>tiality1 9 its f9e _s ( democracy bo? ( tea*]s & pupils1 !re is no?+ l x else:]e 9 ! _w4 ,x is a product ( ! g5ius ( our p4 ,product8 ,yes1 b1 also1 successively1 ! mo/ influ5tial cause ( ! g5ius ( our p4 ,f ! fir/1 9 a some:at rem>kable degree1 we h be5 a p kn[+ no social classes or di/9ctions4 ,! ca/e idea1 s preval5t 9 ,european c\ntries1 has ev] be5 repugnant to u4 ,& our s*ools1 emanat+ f su* a p1 h _h a p[]ful reflex influ5ce 9 %ap+ ! p & keep+ ^? f9e ideals ev] be=e u4 ,b let u g back & see :5ce x came--trace ! connection betwe5 ! complex1 highly influ5tial in/itution ( to-day & ! simple (f%oot ( ! home ( primitive times4 ,j :5 x 0 fir/ in/itut$1 nobody kn[s2 b 9 ess5tial features x is v anci5t4 ,long be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 z a supplem5t>y ag5t ( ! home hav+ 9 *>ge t "o portion ( its "w1 x 0 a well-recogniz$ & highly e/eem$ in/itution4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to ! great *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! home & 9 ! *ur* z ! c5turies h pass$4 ,! s*ool likewise has *ang$1 & is to-day z f> remov$ f its orig9al prototype z ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,x has *ang$ because ! home has *ang$1 & 9 its *anges has kept pace ) ! *ang+ ideals & add$ complexities ( home life4 ,at ! v fir/1 only ! ess5tials--tea*] & boy--7 pres5t3 no build+1 ! great out-(-doors furni%$ ! room & ! fri5dly tree ! only protection f sun & /orm2 no c\rse ( /udy1 no book--! tea*] 0 all 9 all4 ,b ?is /age pass$ & ! next1 t cont9u$ s long & is m *>act]i/ic1 foll[$4 ,"h we f9d ! build+ & ! book z well z ! tea*] & ! boy4 ,! boy's "o task is to transf] ! cont5ts ( ! book to 8 own m5tal /oreh\se & ! tea*]'s function to see t ! transf] is made4 ,k 0 ! ma9 elem5t ( ! *ild's prep>ation1 t ! home dem&$ ( its s*ool4 ,& ?is (t5 b ill-fitt$ him = ! p]=mance ( ! duties ( life4 ,?is p]iod cont9u$ = _m c5turies1 d[n almo/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,b ano!r & a great] foll[$--a p]iod 9 :i* n m]ely k 0 dem&$ z an outcome ( ! s*ool's activities1 b some?+ else v diff]5t1 includ+ t1 x is true1 b f9] & great] ?an t--some?+ t[>d :i* !y are ! contribut+ ag5ts--a some:at h>moni\s developm5t ( ! entire life--physical1 m5tal1 & moral4 ,little by little1 z "t has pass$1 ! home seems to h be5 ?r[+ add$ burd5s ^u ! s*ool until n[ x sometimes looks z if ! s*ool is expect$ to give ! entire prep>ation ( ! *ild--moral1 physical1 & manual1 z well z m5tal4 ,x sometimes seems z if ! home _h gone (f on a vacation & left ! s*ool to d its "w4 ,n[1 t /atem5t implies a criticism ( ! home4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is frequ5tly said by unfri5dly critics ( our public s*ools t ! s*ools are all ! "t rea*+ out &1 9 a grasp+ way1 m & m tak+ unto !mselves ! sacr$ rights & privileges ( ! home1 ev5 sett+ !mselves up 9 au?ority ov] ! home1 aye1 ev5 ali5at+ ! affections ( ! *ildr51 mak+ ! home ( none effect4 ,:]e does ! tru? lie8 ,has ! home be5 s neglig5t ( its duty1 or has ! s*ool =gott5 t x is ! creature ( ! home8 ,:i* is ! usurp]8 ,t is an int]e/+ "q4 ,we c n g into x 9 detail1 b let me sugge/ t x has all come ab\t n s mu* f ! unw>rant$ assumption ( ! s*ool1 nor ! consci\s & wilful neglect ( ! home z f ! unconsci\s work+ out ( a great pr9ciple fundam5tal 9 human developm5t--namely1 t ! ?ree phases ( a *ild's life--! physical1 ! moral1 & ! intellectual1--c n be sep>ately develop$4 ,at fir/ ! home _h ! ?ree l9es ( "w4 ,soon x delegat$ two ( !m to o!r ag5cies & !n1 ?ru inexp]i5ce or ?\ghtlessness1 made ! fatal mi/ake ( )draw+ sup]vision1 assum+ t no ov]sight 0 necess>y4 ,unwise & %ort-sight$6 ,no individual w\ld ?us deal ) any o!r int]e/4 ,! f>m1 ! /ore1 ! f9ancial int]e/ ( any k9d1 ev5 ! ?+ t m9i/]s to ! pleasure ( life1 (t5 receives m p]sonal att5tion f ! p>5t ?an does ! s*ool4 ,& ?is situation is n peculi> to our own day4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 9 ano!r & di/ant /ate1 we us$ to s+ a song call$ ,! ,p>5t & ! ,s*ool4 ,! v>i\s v]ses %[$ t p>5ts 7 9 ! habit ( visit+ e o!r kn[n place--! !at]1 ! conc]t1 ! fair1 ! sea1 ! neighbors1 & ea* v]se clos$ ) ! refra91 ,& :y don't !y visit ! s*ool8 ,!y %\ld1 b !y did n !n1 nor d !y to-day4 ,someh[1 all along ! l9e1 ! home has seem$ to ?9k t if x %\ld satisfy ! physical ne$s ( ! *ild 9 provid+ food & clo?+ & %elt]1 ! s*ool %\ld develop ! intellectual & ! *ur* ! moral natures 9 diff]5t places & at diff]5t times1 & "u diff]5t conditions1 & t 9 "s my/]i\s mann] ! ?ree c\ld become satisfactorily bl5d$ into a h>moni\s life4 ,impossible6 ,! ?ree natures are s cle>ly int]relat$1 ea* dep5ds s mu* ^u ! o!rs1 t ! sep>ate & indep5d5t developm5t ( any "o is impossible4 ,! spiritual dep5ds ^u ! intellectual z ! h\se re/s ^u ! f\ndation4 ,its m5tal pictures1 its concepts1 its beliefs1 come out ( x1 & are m>r$1 mis%ap51 untrue1 j to ! ext5t to :i* t is faulty4 ,intellig5ce is necess>y to religi\s belief & religi\s life4 ,& ! intellectual1 9 its f\ndation lay+1 c n /op %ort at t po9t any m ?an a plant c /op gr[+ :5 its roots are well develop$4 ,! process once well begun is pu%$ on by ! =ce f beh9d & mu/ ent] ! high] realm4 ,s ,i am n surpris$ t ! s*ool at times seems to be 9 *>ge ( ! entire "w4 ,& physical conditions h s mu* to d ) success 9 bo? fields t !y mu/ be consid]$ by bo?4 ,! ?ree processes are n only int]relat$1 !y are int]lac$1 int]tw9$1 z ! /r&s ( a braid$ cord4 ,& j z ! cord w\ld be incomplete1 j z x w\ld lack /r5g?1 if any ( ! /r&s 7 to be omitt$1 or if ! braid+ 7 to be haphaz>d1 s ! life w\ld be incomplete1 "o-sid$1 weak1 %\ld ^! ?ree processes n g on side by side "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( an intellig5t unify+ ag5cy4 ,inde$1 if !re is any "o ?+ t has be5 demon/rat$ beyond ! p]adv5ture ( a d\bt by mod]n rese>* 9 ! physical & psy*ical realms1 x is ! significant fact t life is a unity4 ,! physical1 ! intellectual1 & ! moral are l ! ?ree leaves ( ! clov]4 ,& j z ) ! clov] we mu/ apply ! n\ri%m5t to ! root & n to ! sep>at$ bran*es1 s ) ! *ild we mu/ s select & use our educative mat]ial t ! ?ree-fold developm5t %all result f ! s+le application4 ,a simple illu/ration or two w help to make ! po9t cle>4 ,all *ildr5 /udy ari?metic 9 s*ool4 ,x is an intellectual activity & s cle>ly belongs to ! s*ool4 ,:y d all /udy x8 ,because = ! practical duties ( life !y ne$ to "k h[ to h&le numb]s4 ,x is a practical /udy4 ,yes1 b !re is some?+ else t ! subject is suppos$ to yield or ! ext5d$ "t giv5 to x c\ld n be ju/ifi$4 ,x yields l>ge fruitage 9 ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( conc5tration & intellectual ke5ness4 ,yes1 b bett] ?an t4 ,all ma!matical subjects1 9 t !y require absolute accuracy & def9it5ess 9 _! op]ations1 are p>ticul>ly helpful 9 develop+ ^? f9e moral qualities ( hone/y1 integrity1 & upright deal+4 ,aga91 hi/ory is taught 9 ! s*ools z an intellectual subject4 ,9 intellectual developm5t alone x is wor? all x co/s4 ,b ov] & above ! value z a m5tal quick5] x is to be plac$ z a build] ( "*1 & m9i/]+ to ! developm5t ( ! moral & ev5 ! spiritual life4 ,n[h]e else c ! "y s well le>n t righte\sness exalte? a nation & t s9 is a reproa* to any p4 ,9 no o!r way s well z by ! /udy ( hi/ory c desir$ examples ( noble "* be plac$ be=e ! "y = imitation4 ,take b "o o!r illu/ration1 t ( gymna/ics & a?letics--! entire program ( play4 ,= physical developm5t8 ,yes1 b 9 addition to t & f9] ?an t1 intellectual developm5t ( a high ord] ?ru ! ke5] activity ( ! s5ses1 ! quick] & m accurate vision1 ! develop$ judgm5t1 & f9] discrim9ations4 ,yes1 b bett] ev5 ?an m]e intellectual ke5ness !re result f su* activities ! r>e moral qualities ( tol]ance1 respect = o!rs1 & self-control4 ,& s ,i might g on & give illu/ration aft] illu/ration4 ,x is n necess>y4 ,y cat* my po9t4 ,i am m]ely try+ to demon/rate two facts3 fir/1 t ! great bread? ( ! "w ( ! s*ool--embrac+ z x does1 ! developm5t ( ! entire nature ( ! *ild1 m5tal1 moral1 & physical1 in/ead ( m]ely ! m5tal1 t :i* 0 giv5 h] at fir/1 is h]s n[ n because ( ! home's neglect nor because ! s*ool has be5 unduly ambiti\s & grasp+1 b because we h come to see t life is a unity & c n be cut up into p>ts ea* sep>ately develop$4 ,& secondly1 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! s*ool does int]e/ itself 9 ! moral life ( ! pupil4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! s*ool does m to develop morality & to lead t[>d a sane religi\s life ?an all o!r ag5cies comb9$4 ,our mod]n ,am]ican s*ool is a wond]ful in/itution4 ,b 9 spite ( ! fact t ! s*ool is broad 9 its m9i/rations1 x c n /& alone4 ,all ?ree in/itutions are ne$$4 ,b ! ?ree mu/ "w toge!r & 9 h>mony & intellig5tly1 ea* assi/+ ! o!rs4 ,& "o ( ! ?ree mu/ act z ! c5traliz+1 ! unify+1 ! comb9+ ag5cy & br+ ord] out ( t :i* w\ld o!rwise be *aos by recogniz+ ! value ( ea* contribution ( ea* ( ! o!rs1 assign+ x to its prop] place & ?us aptly bl5d+ ! "w ( ! ?ree4 ,n[1 :i* %all be ! c5traliz+ =ce8 ,really1 is !re any "q8 ,mu/ x n be ! orig9al in/itution--! home--! "o :i* saw ! ne$ ( ! o!rs & call$ !m into be+--! "o ^u :i* ! responsibility f9ally re/s8 ,& ev5 ?o _m individual homes are weak1 :olly incapable ( do+ !mselves all ! v>i$ k9ds ( "w ne$$1 yet ! collective in/itution c & mu/ act4 ,& ev5 ! individual home1 effici5t or ineffici5t1 %\ld1 mu* m ?an x does1 ?us act )9 ! limits ( its own jurisdiction & up to ! limits ( its own p[]4 ,& to :om does ! s*ool belong1 anyway8 ,to ! ,bo>d ( ,education8 ,is x ! private possession ( ! tea*]s8 ,does x exi/ to give tea*]s positions8 ,:y1 no1 ( c\rse n4 ,x is y\rs1 & y\rs1 & y\rs4 ,!y1 bo? ,bo>d & tea*]s1 are y\r s]vants1 hir$ m5 & wom51 if y & !y please--hir$ = pay to d y\r "w1 j z mu* z are ! cl]ks 9 y\r /ores1 ! h>ve/ h&s on ! f>ms1 or ! maids 9 ! kit*54 ,a diff]5t k9d ( "w to be sure b1 nev]!less1 we are workm5 = pay4 ,& we ne$ wat*+ j z mu* z d ! o!r work]s4 ,b let u put x 9 ?is way--we ne$ intellig5t1 sympa!tic co-op]ation1 z an opportunity & z a spur = our be/ "w & z a joy 9 x all--y\r con/ant k9dly int]e/ & y\r intellig5t co-op]ation4 ,i suppose t ! situation is q diff]5t 9 a city ( ?is size f :at x is 9 ! l>ge c5t]s4 ,i rememb] ( talk+1 at "o "t1 to an audi5ce ( tea*]s 9 a l>ge city4 ,i 0 a/\nd$ to le>n t ^? tea*]s did n "k1 by sight ev51 ! p>5ts ( "o-half ( _! pupils1 & _m ( !m _h be5 9 ! s*ools = a p]iod ( f ?ree to f\r ye>s4 ,^: fault 0 x8 ,! tea*]'s or ! p>5ts8 ,:y1 :at is ! s*ool8 ,& ^: is x8 ,& :at is x =8 ,^: fault 0 x8 ,! "q does n ne$ an answ]4 ,x answ]s itself4 ,b ,i urg$ ^? tea*]s to visit ! homes--to become acqua9t$ ) ! p>5ts ( _! pupils s t !y c\ld "k ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ !m & ?us be bett] able to guide _! developm5t & m9i/] to _! v>i$ ne$s4 ,b ,i did n ?us urge !m because !y _h1 up to t "t1 neglect$ _! duty1 r because !re seem$ no prospect t ! homes w\ld embrace _! opportunity & take ! initiative4 ,i fancy t "h 9 ! small] place :]e ev]ybody kn[s ev]ybody x is v diff]5t4 ,d\btless !re is n a tea*] "h ^: acqua9tance has n be5 made by bo? p>5ts ( e *ild 9 h] or 8 room4 ,probably !re is n "o :o has n be5 ent]ta9$ 9 e home repres5t$ 9 ! room4 ,?is %\ld be ! situation n prim>ily because p>5ts owe tea*]s su* att5tion1 n because any su* social responsibility re/s ^u !m1 b r because ! relation%ip ?us creat$ gives p>5ts ! be/ possible opportunity to co-op]ate ) ! s*ool 9 do+ t portion ( ! home's great "w4 ,no1 p>5ts d n owe x to ! tea*]s1 r d !y owe x to _! *ildr5 & ! next g5]ation4 ,i am urg+ ?is program because x is ! only way by :i* y c get ! mo/ & be/ s]vice f ! s*ools4 ,x is true t p>5ts may n und]/& all ! subjects t are taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,p>5ts may n be acqua9t$ ) ! me?ods ( tea*+ s t !y c be intellig5t critics ( s*oolroom proc$ure4 ,nev] m9d4 ,t is n necess>y4 ,y d "k boys & girls4 ,_m ( y c\ld give u tea*]s valuable sugge/ions on ! be/ ways ( deal+ ) boys & girls4 ,& !re isn't "o ( y :o c\ld n assi/ ! tea*] 9 ! "w ) y\r own *ildr54 ,& !n !re is ano!r way to look ^u x4 ,x is altoge!r possible t ?is clos] acqua9tance ) ! s*ool & ) ! tea*]s--) m5 & wom5 :o h made a c>eful1 sci5tific /udy ( boys & girls & ( ! art ( tea*+--x is altoge!r possible1 ,i say1 t ?is contact might react helpfully ^u y & ! home4 ,y might possibly get sugge/ions f u t w\ld help y 9 ! home4 ,! clos] contact might be mutually helpful4 ,& s1 9 ?is necess>ily hurri$ mann] we h pass$ 9 review ^! ?ree great age-old yet v mod]n in/itutions--! home1 ! *ur*1 & ! s*ool4 ,we h se5 :5ce ea* has aris51 h not$ ! pa?way trod1 & caught a glimpse ( its pres5t-day function4 ,& ! close relation%ip1 too1 mu/ h become pla9 z we pass$ along4 ,no "o ( ! ?ree1 we h se51 c\ld /& alone4 ,ea* dep5ds ^u bo? ! o!rs & likewise l5ds !m bo? assi/ance4 ,= sane1 all-r\nd1 con/ructive "w 9 any "o field1 ! contributions ( all are se5 to be ne$$4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take an acc\nt ( /ock1 z ! bus9ess man says1 & note our individual attitude & responsibility4 ,z repres5t+ ! home1 let u look ^u ! o!r two z creatures ( our own build+ /ill requir+ direction & fo/]+ c>e4 ,let our attitude t[>d !m be nei!r patroniz+ nor coldly critical4 ,z repres5t+ ! *ur* & ! s*ool1 let u n =get ! s\rce ( our be+4 ,we %\ld n ignore ! home nor attempt to dom9ate x4 ,let u1 r1 seek to c>ry out its program1 r5d]+ a good acc\nt ( our /ew>d%ip4 ,?us & ?us only c ! great "w orig9ally entru/$ to ! home be accompli%$4 ,,vi ,,noblesse ,,oblige ,a ,convocation ,address deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aiaf ,!re is no audi5ce be=e :i* a speak] %\ld h great] reason = appreh5sion ?an an audi5ce made up l>gely ( univ]sity /ud5ts4 ,!re is no audi5ce = :i* a speak] %\ld m c>efully *oose 8 ?\ghts & ! words = _! expression ?an a univ]sity audi5ce1 nor "o m wor?y ( e>ne/ treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no audi5ce t a speak] c address m inspir+ ?an an audi5ce made up ( "y m5 & wom5 9 ! heyday ( "y life prep>+ = bett] & l>g] usefulness4 ,all ?is is true because !re is no o!r audi5ce t c be ga!r$ toge!r ^: future "w c beg9 to comp>e1 9 f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 9 possibilities = usefulness1 ) t ( su* an audi5ce4 ,!re is no o!r company ( p ( equal numb] )9 ^: keep+ !re is m ( pot5tial weal or woe = com+ g5]ations4 ,& ^! ?+s are true because univ]sity /ud5ts ( to-day are ! _w's lead]s ( to-morr[4 ,?is is n s trite a say+ z ! "o t decl>es t ! boys & girls ( "o g5]ation are to be ! m5 & wom5 ( ! next1 b x is j z true & j z significant4 ,inde$1 ,i suppose x c n be call$ a trite say+ 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x has n be5 utt]$ s _m times1 is n n[ be+ us$ s commonly1 z to indicate its univ]sal acceptance4 ,x is n s obvi\sly true z to preclude *all5ge & argum5t4 ,x is my purpose v briefly to exam9e ! /atem5t & f ! conclusion rea*$ connect ! same ) ! ?\ght ( a beautiful prov]b t has come d[n to u ?ru a long lapse ( ye>s--,noblesse ,oblige--our privileges compel u4 ,s f> z ,i "k !re is no way ( see+ ! future save ?ru a /udy ( ! facts ( ! pa/ & ! indications ( ! pres5t4 ,! univ]sity /ud5ts ( a g5]ation ago--:]e are !y to-day8 ,positions ( lead]%ip to-day--fill$ by :om8 ,exhau/ive & ?oroly satisfactory /ati/ics are n at h&1 b su* z we h speak eloqu5tly 9 favor ( ! /atem5t 9 "q4 ,practically our only reliable /ati/ics t\*+ ! matt] are ga!r$ f our biographical cyclop$ias4 ,a few ye>s ago a v int]e/+ /udy 0 made ( ! data f\nd 9 ! curr5t issue ( ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is book1 y "k1 is made up ( %ort biographies ( su* p]sons liv+ at ! "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z h become real factors 9 ! progress & a*ievem5t ( ! age1 9 o!r words1 ( m5 recogniz$ z lead]s 9 ?\ght & action 9 ! educational1 political1 milit>y1 & bus9ess realms4 ,( ! :ole numb] m5tion$ 9 ! issue /udi$ educational data 7 giv5 ( #aa1jai4 ,( t numb] #a1aaa _h enjoy$ only elem5t>y s*ool advantages2 #a1iff _h add$ to ^! only ! advantages ( second>y education1 b #g1idb _h come f ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,9 o!r words1 m ?an #gb ( ^! lead]s are %[n to h receiv$ _! f9al prep>ations = lead]%ip )9 college walls4 ,figures z int]e/+ h be5 ga!r$ ?ru a use ( ,appleton's ,cyclop$ia ( ,biography4 ,a few ye>s ago c>eful /udy 0 made ( an edition j !n out & x 0 f\nd t ( ! college graduates ( ,am]ica "o out ( e =ty _h ga9$ suffici5t di/9ction to m]it recognition 9 t cyclop$ia1 :]eas only "o out ( #aj1jjj non-graduates1 ! public at l>ge1 _h receiv$ su* di/9ction4 ,9 o!r words1 ! college graduate _h #bej *ances to ! o!r man's "o = a*iev+ lead]%ip4 ,moreov]1 ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ h furni%$ e "o ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ices ( our ,supreme ,c\rt1 #ge ( our ,presid5ts1 #gj ( ! memb]%ip ( our two highe/ c\rts1 & m ?an #ej ( all our ,congressm54 ,! la/ /ate-m5 is v significant :5 "o recalls our me?od ( select+ ,congressm5--our political ma*9]y & its devi\s modes ( work+4 ,i h no au!ntic data ( o!r fields1 b all t "o ne$s to d to satisfy himself practically z to o!r details is to call to 8 s]vice 8 own k ( ! g5]al situation4 ,9 ! communities ) :i* y are acqua9t$1 among ! p :om y "k ei!r p]sonally or by reputation1 :at are ! facts8 ,:o are ! lead]s8 ,:]e college p are f\nd1 are !y lead]s or foll[]s8 ,!re are exceptions1 ( c\rse4 ,!re come to y at once ! names ( m51 a few ( !m1 :o1 ?ru ! ex]cise ( _! own inh]5t /r5g?1 unaid$ by college or univ]sity1 h ris5 to des]v$ greatness4 ,i h only to m5tion ! names ( our immortal ,l9coln1 or ,engl&'s pres5t ,david ,lloyd ,george1 9 ! field ( /atesman%ip1 or ( ,"l ,/ra?cona or ,sir ,william ,van ,horne1 or ,james ,j4 ,hill1 railroad k+s & empire build]s1 9 ! bus9ess _w1 or ( ,lu!r ,burbank1 9 ! realm ( sci5ce1 to make ! fact ( exceptions p]fectly cle>4 ,b !y are exceptions--t's ! po9t--& exceptions m]ely prove ! rule4 ,& ev5 z to ! few x is sc>cely necess>y to say t _! positions1 ?o ( lead]%ip1 are1 g5]ally speak+1 subord9ate ones1 !y !mselves ev5 :ile lead+ 9 c]ta9 limit$ fields1 are foll[+ ! lead]%ip ( o!rs 9 broad] fields :i* include _! own--& ! ones foll[$ are !y ( ! broad] tra9+4 ,?is is especially true ( m5 :o h a*iev$ success 9 ! bus9ess _w or 9 ! political field4 ,_! success1 _! lead]%ip1 is (t5 m seem+ ?an real1--dep5d+ z x does ^u _! advis]s--broadly educat$ m54 ,take ,"l ,/ra?cona1 = example1 or ,mr4 ,hill1 z typical illu/rations2 ) all _! f>-sight$ness & _! recogniz$ ability1 :at c\ld !y h done1 ev5 9 _! own field ( activity1 _h x n be5 = ! tra9$ physici/1 ! skill$ *emi/1 & ! eng9e]--products ( ! univ]sity--:o gave !m _! rails1 built _! bridges1 design$ _! eng9es1 & 9 _m ways made x possible = !m to realize _! dreams8 ,!y w\ld h be5 p[]less4 ,?o lead]s1 !y foll[$1 & _! k9d always w foll[1 ! univ]sity /ud5t4 ,!y may hire ?is /ud5t & pay him 8 wage1 b !y are /ill indebt$ to him = lead+ !m onw>d & upw>d4 ,f a ha/y survey1 !re=e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i am satisfi$ w\ld yield ! same fruitage no matt] to :at ext5t pu%$1 our /atem5t seems to be ju/ifi$4 ,b let u look at x f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,h[ is ! matt] reg>d$ by ^? ( ! pres5t "t mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 ! future well-be+ ( man & ( ! nations ( ! _w8 ,by ^? p & ^? =ces :o feel ! responsibility ( provid+ lead]%ip = ! next g5]ation8 ,:at /eps are be+ tak5 to rea* ! end--to provide ! lead]s8 ,on any hypo!sis o!r ?an ! "o assum$ 9 my initial /atem5t c y acc\nt = ! lavi% exp5diture = ! end[m5t & ma9t5ance ( high] in/itutions ( le>n+ t s *>act]ize our g5]ation8 ,f "o side to ! o!r ( our broad l&1 aye1 f di/ant l&s & f ! isles ( ! sea comes ! same te/imony3 b5evol5t individuals seem to vie ) "o ano!r 9 ! munific5ce ( _! gifts = high] education4 ,ev5 sov]5 /ates & great nations1 "u ! guidance ( f>-see+ lead]s1 are plant+ ^! in/itutions &1 9 a truly g5]\s mann]1 provid+ = _! pres5t & future ne$s4 ,t ! college is ! only s\rce f :5ce c come our supply ( lead]s is a real conviction 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ! _w ov]1 is %[n by a rec5t incid5t 9 w>-/rick5 ,europe4 ,x 0 only a few mon?s ago & dur+ ! t]rible campaign 9 ,ea/]n ,pol&1 ev5 :ile %ells 7 bur/+ & m5 7 dy+1 t ! ,c5tral ,p[]s /opt1 z x 71 9 ! mad ru% ( wanton de/ruction1 to re-e/abli% & reorganize ! old ,univ]sity ( ,w>saw4 ,m ?an t1 !y add$ to ! old in/itution two new faculties1 or colleges1 z we w\ld call !m4 ,/range1 isn't x8 ,9 ! incid5t ,i c see b ?is logic3 a recognition ( ! fact t1 ) ! =ces ( de/ruction reap+ su* an awful h>ve/1 _! civilization 0 doom$ unless "s /ep c\ld be tak51 n1 prim>ily1 to *eck ! pres5t w> b r to provide1 at its close1 an adequate supply ( lead]s4 ,t seem$ to !m ! only way to prev5t a p]man5t impov]i%m5t & a dropp+ back into a /ate (1 at lea/1 tempor>y semi-b>b>ism z 0 s common dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages "u analog\s circum/ances4 ,& ! /ep tak5 by ^? %rewd1 coldly-calculat+ w> lords 0 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! =ces ( high] education4 ,"o reason :y1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 0 ?is frequ5t dropp+ back is ! fact t ?is relation%ip betwe5 lead]%ip & education 0 n recogniz$4 ,"u ! p[]ful impulse ( ?is conviction1 namely1 t ! well-equipt college z a "p ( ! broad univ]sity community is ! only s\rce ( lead]%ip1 m5 & /ates & prov9ces & nations are sacrific+ = high] education z nev] be=e4 ,new in/itutions are be+ f\nd$ & old ones /r5g!n$4 ,magnific5t build+s are be+ erect$ ) seem+ly little ?\ght ( co/ provid$ only t !y s]ve _! purpose4 ,libr>ies s ?oroly equipt z to leave no?+ desir$1 laboratories unsurpa/ 9 complet5ess1 va/ gymnasiums conta9+ e possible app>atus = bodily developm5t1 & o!r facilities ( e k9d & description1 all irrespective ( co/1 are daily be+ add$4 ,& bett] ?an build+s & gr\nds1 m vital ?an equipm5t & end[m5t1 are ! tra9$ m9ds & pure he>ts t1 9 ev] increas+ numb]s1 are be+ freely (f]$ on ! same %r9e4 ,abilities1 & tra9+1 & atta9m5ts t 9 ! _w ( bus9ess w\ld yield _! possessors indep5d5t =tunes1 or 9 ! fields ( au?or%ip or politics result 9 honor & fame1 are "h freely (f]$4 ,! mat]ial return r5d]$ = su* s]vice is ! m]e/ pittance absolutely ne$$ = family support1 & ! immat]ial1 b "o's en%r9em5t 9 ! he>t ( an occasional grateful /ud5t plus ! consci\sness ( hav+ done "o's duty4 ,c su* a g5]\s outp\r+ ( mat]ial & spiritual treasures be acc\nt$ = on any hypo!sis o!r ?an a recognition ( ! great _w's ne$s & a firm belief t ^? ne$s c be be/ satisfi$ ?ru an educat$ lead]%ip8 ,nay1 v]ily1 all ^! ?+s are be+ done because ! be/ ?\ght ( ! day feels1 bo? in/9ctively & ) reason1 t only ?us c ! k+dom ( ,god come among m54 ,:at unique1 important1 & responsible position ! ,/ate or ,prov9cial ,univ]sity occupies among civic in/itutions6 ,:at spl5did opportunities = usefulness are 8 :o is ! executive head ( su* an in/itution6 ,aye1 & :at weighty responsibilities re/ ^u him6 ,fell[ tea*]s1 :at manifold opportunities = usefulness are y\rs1 & :at weighty responsibilities re/ ^u y by virtue ( ! fact t y are tea*]s 9 su* an in/itution6 ,& my message to y is ! same z to ! /ud5t body--,noblesse ,oblige6 ,freely h y receiv$1 freely mu/ y give4 ,?o ! /ate does n1 nor ev] c1 adequately pay y = y\r be/ s]vices1 /ill y mu/ n falt]4 ,y mu/ cont9ue to live up to y\r own high ideals ( y\r noble pr(ession4 ,! v acceptance ( su* positions 9 su* an in/itution c>ries ) x ! obligation ( p]=mance--,noblesse ,oblige6 ,b :o are ^! college & univ]sity /ud5ts :o h su* a l>ge & important future be=e !m & = ^: tra9+ & developm5t1 because ( t future1 su* elaborate prep>ations are be+ made8 ,! univ]sity man--:o & :at is he8 ,likewise ! univ]sity woman8 ,let u answ] ! "q simply & briefly by m]ely say+ t1 ?o sometimes rude & crude because immature & undevelop$1 !y are yet ! ke5e/1 ! brighte/1 ! mo/ f>-see+1 ! mo/ promis+ "y m5 & wom5 ( ! l&4 ,!y are ! *oice s\ls f\nd1 "o "h1 ano!r !re1 "o 9 ! hamlet & ano!r on ! f>m1 "o 9 ! city & ano!r on ! prairie1 "o 9 a palace1 ano!r 9 a sod h\se4 ,!y are a pick$ lot select$ n only f ! s-call$ upp] ranks ( ?\ght & action1 b z well f ! highways & by-ways ( our broad l&1 *os5 because ( intellectual /r5g? & moral fib]1 because ( high ideals & l(ty purposes2 *os5 by !mselves1 x may be true1 b *os5 nev]!less1 ?ru _! equipm5t ( m9d & he>t4 ,! v fact t y are "h & o!rs are n is te/imony suffici5t to y\r great] wor?4 ,exceptions1 to be true1 !re are1 b none too _m prove ! rule4 ,i am n say+ ^! ?+s 9 a _s ( flatt]y1 n at all4 ,i am m]ely /at+ facts1 & ?ru ^! facts try+ to help y cat* ! vision--to see y\r opportunity & accept ! responsibilities4 ,b note ! significance--^? already be/ equipt by ! sup]ior quality ( _! bra9 matt] & ( _! m5tal fib] & ( _! moral nature & :o !re=e )\t fur!r prep>ation w\ld easily di/ance ! o!rs1 are "h giv+ !mselves ev5 bett] equipm5t4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! relative position ( ! two classes 9 ! ye>s to come--! "o class is to furni% ! lead]s1 ! o!r ! foll[]s4 ,! "o is to =m ! ideals1 to set ! /&>ds1 to decide ^u policies1 to m>k out c\rses1 ! o!r to try to rea* ! goals set4 ,! two classes may be equally good morally1 equally wor?y ( respect & honor because equally fai?ful 9 ! p]=mance ( duties suit$ to _! ta/es & abilities1 b yet1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 ! "o go+ ahead1 ! o!r foll[+ beh9d4 ,& 9 ! ye>s to come y\r competitors w be n f among ! non-college m5 & wom5--y h already put y\rself out ( _! rea*--b f among ^? :o1 l y\rselves1 ambiti\s = bett] & great] ?+s1 are to-day1 9 ?is & o!r simil> in/itutions1 us+ e means1 /ra9+ e n]ve1 to atta9 ! highe/ possible degree ( effici5cy = future s]vice4 ,y are n only to be lead]s1 b 9 "s way y seem to "k x in/9ctively & to be putt+ y\rselves 9 a /ate ( read9ess4 ,b does "s "o raise ! objection t ?is !ory ( lead]%ip does n seem to be 9 h>mony ) ! _s & g5ius ( our ,am]ican in/itutions2 t "u a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t all are equal2 t all m51 irrespective ( intellectual atta9m5t1 %>e equally1 n only be=e ! law b 9 ! v mak+ ( law2 t 9 ,am]ica all m5 are rul]s8 ,all ?is is true !oretically &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 practically1 b x does n less5 ! ne$ ( effici5t lead]%ip2 x increases t ne$1 or1 at any rate1 x makes x necess>y t ! numb] capable ( effici5t lead]%ip be greatly increas$4 ,! v fact t all h a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t1 t all d %>e1 consci\sly & pot5tly1 9 its ex]cise & 9 its responsibilities1 speaks m l\dly ?an any?+ else c ( ! ne$ ( wise lead]%ip4 ,if ! great mass ( p 7 n factors1 !y w\ld n h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!y might ne$ driv]s b n lead]s4 ,b be+ factors & yet1 9 ! ma91 n be+ capable ( adequate analysis ( our mo/ complex & highly intricate problems1 !y mu/ be provid$ ) safe & effici5t lead]s4 ,i believe 9 ! hone/y1 9 ! good int5tions1 & 9 ! good s5se ( ! common p4 ,b ,i d n believe 9 _! ability to detect relations1 to draw wise conclusions1 & to =mulate policies t\*+ ! complicat$ political1 social1 & economic conditions ( our times4 ,x is a well-recogniz$ fact t1 z "s "o has said1 speak+ broadly1 ! /rik+ disadvantage "u :i* a democracy labors1 z contra/$1 let u say1 ) c]ta9 types ( autocracy1 lies 9 its inability to plan effectively ) ref]5ce to remote goals4444 ,:at we call 'f> ahead' ?9k+ is difficult = ! individual1 b x is va/ly m difficult = ! gr\p1 & its difficulty is int5sifi$ 9 bo? cases if x dem&s l>ge measures ( pres5t sacrifice4 ,no1 democracy mu/ be l$4 ,lead]s !y mu/ h4 ,if hone/ & dis9t]e/$ ones are n at h&1 selfi% & di%one/ ones w be accept$4 ,i grant t lead]%ip is n ! greate/ ne$ ( democracy1 t1 ( c\rse1 is a high] level ( k & intellig5ce1 b ,i d claim t lead]%ip is1 & always w be1 ! greate/ pres5t ne$ ( democracy1 s9ce x is only ?ru t lead]%ip t ! high] intellig5ce c be rea*$1 )\t loss1 & 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,b aga91 d y po9t out c]ta9 great victories ( ! common p1 s-call$1 :5 !y h ris5 9 ! p[] ( _! might &1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! "r1 h put d[n m5 :o _h assum$ ! "r to lead !m & 7 lead+ !m a/ray8 ,d y po9t to ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri ( a decade ago1 & to ,new ,york ,city aga9 & aga91 & to ,engl& a g5]ation ago1 z illu/rations8 ,true1 9 all ^! cases & 9 _m o!rs1 notable victories _h be5 ga9$ by & = ! p4 ,b is x n also true t 9 e su* case ! p won victories because wisely l$8 ,?9k y t corruption & violation ( law w\ld h be5 s *eck$ 9 ,miss\ri a decade ago & ! break]s ( law be5 s ?oroly puni%$1 _h x n be5 = ! cle>-head$ "w ( t fe>less1 public-spirit$ ,joseph ,w4 ,folk8 ,does n ,*>les ,s4 ,:itman come to y\r m9d :5 ! great /ruggle 9 ,new ,york ,city is m5tion$8 ,& ,hiram ,w4 ,johnson 9 ,cali=nia8 ,& :5 we recall ! victories ( ! p 9 our own ,mo!rl& across ! sea1 d we n h at once a m5tal picture ( ! ,gr& ,old ,man1 ,william ,ew>t ,glad/one8 ,_h x n be5 = ^! lead]s or o!rs :o might else h tak5 _! places1 half ( ! p ^: votes help$ w9 ! victories w\ld nev] h kn[n t !re 7 su* victories to w94 ,!y w\ld nev] h realiz$ ! ext5t to :i* !y 7 be+ wrong$ & mis-rul$4 ,c]ta9 conditions 7 n q satisfactory4 ,all p felt1 half unconsci\sly1 t rights 7 n be+ respect$1 t ju/ice 0 n be+ done--t some?+ 0 wrong some:]e--b t 0 ab\t all1 ab\t z f> z !y w5t or c\ld g4 ,b ^! lead]s1 :o1 9 ye>s gone by1 9 ! colleges & ! univ]sities1 _h be5 tra9$ to se>* = causes1 to see relations1 & to draw conclusions1 _h sc5t$ dang] f af>4 ,& to ! task ( f]ret+ out ! evil & ( f9d+ rem$ies !y devot$ ! /r5g? ( _! spl5didly equipt m9ds & ! purity ( _! /rong he>ts4 ,foll[+ up ! lead ( surface manife/ations !y f9ally une>!d corporate gre$1 political dom9ation1 & ,satanic selfi%ness 9 su* k9ds & am\nts z to be really appall+4 ,b !y did n /op !re--!y se>*$ = rem$ies & !n w5t be=e ! p & told !m a pla9 simple tale ( :at !y _h f\nd--( h[ grossly ! p 7 be+ wrong$--& !y outl9$ programs ( re=m4 ,! p believ$ !m2 !y ralli$ to _! /&>ds1 accept$ _! lead]%ip1 & won ! victories4 ,& su* victories1 9 great] or less degree1 are be+ won all ov] ! l&1 ?ank ,god6 ,& back ( e "o ( !m y c f9d1 if y se>*1 a small] or l>g] edition ( ,folk1 ,:itman1 or ,glad/one4 ,& h[ ab\t ! future8 ,are all ! victories won8 ,no m su* "w to d8 ,ah6 ! "q does n ne$ an answ]4 ,!n :o are to be ! lead]s8 ,:y n y8 & y8 & y8 ,dep5d ^u x1 !y are go+ to be college m5 & college wom51 & :o m capable or wor?y ?an y\rselves8 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ,i want y "y p to look ^u ?is matt]2 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! po9t ( view ( y\r own p]sonal int]e/s4 ,"h are opportunities = advancem5t1 op5+s ! fill+ ( :i* w br+ to y worldly success1 & honor & fame4 ,bo? by natural end[m5t & by special tra9+ y are fitt$ = ! "w4 ,seize1 !n1 ! opportunities & make ! mo/ ( !m1 because ! _w & !y t dwell !re9 belong to him :o kn[s h[ to use !m4 ,f "o po9t ( view ?is is p]fectly legitimate1 & ,i urge x4 ,x is n only "o's "r b "o's duty to make ! mo/ ( himself--to advance 8 own int]e/s4 ,! program becomes c5surable only :5 x absorbs all else--:5 "o's own int]e/ is s\ght at ! exp5se ( ! int]e/ ( o!r p in/ead ( 9 connection ) x or z a /ep 9 its realization4 ,n[1 ! o!r way 9 :i* ,i want y to reg>d ! matt] is f ! po9t ( view ( ! int]e/s ( ! p at l>ge4 ,let me put x l ?is3 "h is y\r body politic1 ! p ( ,nor? ,dakota1 #fjj1jjj /rong1 or1 bett] yet1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "s hundr$ million 9 numb]1 p>tn]s 9 own]%ip ( our magnific5t c\ntry1 co-labor]s 9 its adm9i/ration1 & %>]s 9 ! "w ( _! own gov]nm5t & 9 ! work+ out ( _! de/9ies--ea* ) a %>e & an influ5ce & ea* expect$ to p>ticipate4 ,b s complicat$ are ! matt]s ne$+ consid]ation1 s difficult ( solution _m ( ! problems aris+1 & s inf9itely va/ ! :ole und]tak+ t ! great majority ( ! p1 ?ru ei!r immaturity or lack ( tra9+1 (t5 d n "k :at is be/ to d4 ,& aga91 skilful manipulators1 di%one/ self-seek]s1 are ev] at h& ) plausible !ories calculat$ to befog ! untra9$1 deceive ! unsuspect+1 & to lead !m all a/ray4 ,tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 ! situation is extremely difficult4 ,9 a pla9 ^w1 ^! untra9$ p1 ! product ( ! elem5t>y s*ools1 c n see f> en\gh ahead to "k t (t5times ! policy t seems mo/ attractive is full ( dang] = ! future4 ,!y are n qualifi$ to weigh1 & e/imate1 & decide4 ,b !re is a class among !m1 college-br$ m5 & wom51 a small class1 relatively1 t is qualifi$4 ,?ru long ye>s ( /udy1 & inve/igation1 & reflection1 9 in/itutions freely provid$ & g5]\sly ma9ta9$ by ! p n[ 9 ne$1 !y h atta9$ su* a k ( affairs & su* an ability to cope ) intricate problems z to make !m effici5t lead]s--lead]s capable ( guid+ aright ! noble %ip ( /ate ?ru difficult & tortu\s *annels beset1 on e side1 by dang]\s rocks & calamit\s :irlpools4 ,& among t class ( effici5t lead]s y1 "y m5 & "y wom5 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 w soon be numb]$4 ,h[ %all y respond to ! call ( duty8 ,y\r ,/ate1 by virtue ( :at %e has done & is n[ do+ = y1 has a "r to expect unselfi%ness & un/9t$ s]vice 9 h] own int]e/s & 9 ^? ( mank9d4 ,%all %e get x8 ,w y rise to ! occasion &1 ev5 at a sacrifice ( p]sonal com=t1 ease1 e/hetic enjoym5t1 money1 give to h] :at is h] due8 ,w y rememb] ,noblesse ,oblige8 ,( c\rse y w4 ,= !re is a well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 cle>ly /at$ 9 ,holy ,writ & sanction$ by ! ages1 t ( ^? to :om mu* ha? be5 giv51 mu* w also be requir$4 ,noblesse ,oblige--y\r privileges compel y4 ,because ! !ory ( ! old motto1 ,paucis vivat humanum g5us1 = ! few live ! _m1 is no long] ma9ta9$4 ,! _m d n live = ! few4 ,! rev]se is true4 ,! few live = ! _m4 ,b yet1 ! s]vice is n unrew>d$--only a portion ( ! rew>d has come fir/4 ,9 y\r equipm5t y are be+ paid 9 advance4 ,david ,/>r ,jordan has happily clo!d ! ?\ght 9 ^! words3 ,x is 9 ! sav+ ( ! few :o s]ve ! _m t ! progress ( civilization lies4 ,9 ! m>* ( ! common man1 & 9 ! influ5ce ( ! man uncommon :o rises freely f ! ranks1 we h all ( hi/ory t c\nts4 ,& "h ,i might /op4 ,b a g5]al /atem5t1 m or less ab/ract1 ne$s practical illu/ration3 ! h[1 ! :51 & ! :]e are p]fectly legitimate que/ions = y to ask4 ,let u !n ?r[ a ha/y glance ^u "s ( ! great activities t claim m5's att5tion1 & discov] "s ( ! op5+s await+ y4 ,! tea*+ pr(ession w draw heavily ^u y\r ranks--t pr(ession1 full & ri* 9 opportunities = usefulness beyond any & all o!rs1 is m & m look+ = y1 & wait+ impati5tly = y\r full equipm5t & ?oro read9ess4 ,all ( ! high] positions mu/ come to y & o!rs l y4 ,no o!rs are1 or w be1 adequately prep>$4 ,9 ne>ly all ( our /ates ! legal requirem5t = a high s*ool tea*] &1 ( c\rse1 = ! high s*ool pr9cipal & city sup]9t5d5t is ! completion ( a full f\r-ye> college c\rse includ+ a c]ta9 specifi$ am\nt ( pr(essional "w4 ,9 "s ( ! /ates1 inde$1 ! requirem5t is ( a full ye> beyond ! und]graduate c\rse1 or ! possession ( a ,ma/]'s degree1 ) ! emphasis ( ?is add$ ye> ?r[n ^u ! subjects to be taught & ! mann] ( h&l+ ! same4 ,s ! facts are borne ^u u t ! desk ( ! high s*ool pr9cipal1 ! (fice ( ! city sup]9t5d5t1 ! *air ( ! college pr(essor1 ! position ( college & univ]sity presid5t1 is soon to be (f]$ y4 ,are y ready = x8 ready 9 academic equipm5t8 ready 9 pr(essional atta9m5t8 ,& are y equally well prep>$ 9 t ev5 f9] elem5t--! possession ( y\r s\l by ! _s ( ,noblesse ,oblige8 ,i c n say1 ( c\rse1 to :i* ( y "h to-day a college presid5cy is to be (f]$1 nor ! pr(essor's *air1 nor any o!r specific position4 ,nor c ,i say j :5 ! (f] w come4 ,b ,i c say1 & ) assurance1 t all ^! positions & all o!rs ( lead]%ip 9 ! educational field w be (f]$ to college m5 & college wom51 & 9 all probability z soon z !y are well ready = !m4 ,moreov]1 x c d\btless be said t !y w be apportion$ fairly on ! basis ( m]it & fitness4 ,& !n y w h 9 y\r h&s ! %ap+ ( ! de/9ies ( a great free p ) all ! emolum5ts1 ! opportunities1 & ! responsibilities t %\ld accompany a "w ( su* mom5t4 ,& ! ,gospel m9i/ry c no long] look else:]e4 ,if x is to cont9ue to wield its mighty influ5ce = good1 & to play its magnific5t rle ( lead]%ip 9 our develop+ civilization1 especially among our rapidly increas+ educat$ classes1 x mu/ m & m come into its rightful inh]itance1 s long )held1 ( t broad] conception ( bro!rhood & ,*ri/ianity t =gets ! lett] ( ! law 9 magnify+ its _s--t puts life be=e dogma & "* be=e cre$4 ,& ?is1 fell[ /ud5ts1 c nev] be )\t ! broad univ]sity equipm5t4 ,we h travel$ f> dur+ ^! latt] ye>s4 ,& no long] d we consid] x suffici5t t ! m9i/] ( ! ,gospel "k m]ely 8 ,bible & 8 !ology4 ,9 addition to ^!1 aye1 z a basis = ^!1 x is n[ dem&$ 7t is1 if he be accord$ a position ( real lead]%ip among ?9k+ p7 t he "k z well 8 hi/ory & 8 sociology1 8 psy*ology & 8 biology1 & inde$ t he be acqua9t$ ) all ! fields ( human k4 ,n only t1 he mu/ "k life z x is liv$ to-day1 & ! ?\ghts & emotions ( m5 z !y are manife/$ 9 ! give & take ( actual life4 ,& none ( ^! c be obta9$ )9 ! n>r[ conf9es ( ! old !ological sem9>y4 ,! mod]n univ]sity is ! only in/itution 9 :i* ! m9i/] ( ! future c get x all & get x 9 ! "r ord] & 9 ! correct admixture4 ,9 ! laboratories1 ! libr>ies1 & ! classrooms he w delve deeply into ! realms ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art1 & !re & on ! campus1 9 its v>i$ activities1 t\* h&s & ex*ange ?\ghts ) ! future lawy]1 tea*]1 physician1 eng9e]1 bus9ess man1 :at-n1 & ?us ga9 tol]ance1 humility1 ca?olicity ( _s1 & ! _s ( true democracy4 ,?us circum/anc$ dur+ 8 prep>atory ye>s1 he w g out capable ( see+ ?+s 9 _! prop] p]spective4 ,t's ! k9d ( man t ! m9i/ry is call+ to-day1 & ! call w be l\d] & m incessant z ! ye>s pass & ! education ( ! p progresses4 ,t's ! k9d ( man we already h 9 "s ( our lead+ pulpits1 & !y are ex]t+ a trem5d\s influ5ce 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,b ! supply is limit$4 ,!re's n en\gh to g ar\nd4 ,_m m are ne$$4 ,our univ]sities mu/ furni% !m4 ,w ?is in/itution d its %>e8 ,w "s ( y "y m51 ) y\r well-tra9$ bodies1 ) y\r f9ely-discipl9$ m9ds1 ) y\r highly-cultur$ natures1 ) t f9e balance ( p[]s t means s mu* & t c accompli% s mu* = ! _w if ?us us$--w y turn aside f ! beat5 pa? t w\ld be sure to lead to fame & p[] & worldly success & ent] ! m difficult b m useful field ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry = ! simple purpose ( s]v+ mank9d8 ,y are ! k9d ( m5 we want1 & ,i am sure t y w n disappo9t u4 ,& s ,i might g on1 did "t p]mit1 & po9t out attractive & responsible op5+s 9 _m diff]5t activities--! fields ( eng9e]+ & j\rnalism1 ! pr(essions ( m$ic9e & law1 ! great _w ( bus9ess1 ev5 politics 7%\ld ,i n say1 r1 & especially politics874 ,x is n necess>y to g f>!r into detail4 ,y cat* my ?\ght4 ,9 "o & all ( ^!1 positions ( lead]%ip are call+ l\dly = m5 & wom5 ( l>ge k1 ( tra9$ m9ds1 ( broad outlook1 & ( spl5did visions2 & ^! *>act]i/ics are ! fruitage ( no?+ less ?an ! broad & compreh5sive f\ndations laid 9 ! college & ! univ]sity4 ,& y :o h !m are1 by ! v fact ( possession1 "u obligation to use !m = ! public weal4 ,h[ is x1 "y man1 "y woman8 ,are y go+ to mesure up to ! tw5tie? c5tury /&>d8 ,w y c>ry ) y f ?is hall :5 y leave to-day1 & f ?is in/itution :5 %e honors y ) h] diploma1 & out into ! great activities ( life1--w y c>ry ) y1 ,i ask1 & make ! basis ( y\r actions 9 life1 ! ?\ght ( ^! two little words t h be5 engag+ our att5tion ?is morn+--,noblesse ,oblige8 ,,vii ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,our ,,public ,,s*ools ,a ,pap] read be=e ! ,comm]cial ,club ( ,gr& ,=ks1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,janu>y #bd1 #aiaa1 & pr9t$ 9 ! ,gr& ,=ks ,daily ,h]ald1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aiaa ,9 accept+ an invitation to speak ^u ! topic assign$1 ,improvem5ts 9 ,our ,public ,s*ools1 ,i come n z a ho/ile critic1 n ev5 z an imp>tial obs]v] view+ & comm5t+ ^u some?+ belong+ to ano!r4 ,r1 ,i come z a sympa!tic fri5d to talk ab\t an in/itution 9 :i* ,i am vitally int]e/$ & ( ^: good "w ,i am pr\d4 ,inde$1 ,i am to discuss a great bus9ess indu/ry1 if y please1 9 :i* y & ,i are jo9t /ockhold]s & = ^: success we are alike responsible4 ,&1 too1 ,i h be5 = s _m ye>s a tea*] & s closely connect$ ) educational "w t ,i feel ak9 to e o!r man & woman engag$ 9 t occupation4 ,kn[+ h[ easy x is to make mi/akes & ?us fall %ort ( atta9+ our high ideals 9 ?is mo/ try+ & mo/ difficult "w1 ,i am temp]am5tally incl9$ to magnify ! difficulties & to ov]look ! %ortcom+s ( educational work]s4 ,to be sure1 9 speak+ ^u ,improvem5ts1 ,i am admitt+ t improvem5ts are possible4 ,b ! be/ fri5d ( a p]son or an in/itution is "o :o talks frankly & hone/ly1 admitt+ weaknesses1 if su* !re be1 & sugge/+ assi/ance4 ,su* an attitude c n well be int]pret$ z a criticism ei!r ( m5 or mesures4 ,a g5tleman met me on ! /reet a day or two ago & said1 ,i und]/& t y are go+ to f9d fault ) our s*ools next ,tuesday night4 ,:at =8 ,i want y to und]/& t our s*ools are all "r4 ,let well en\gh alone4 ,a few days ago "o ( ! local pap]s said ( ! s*ools1 ,! public s*ools ( ,gr& ,=ks are recogniz$ z ! f9e/ 9 ! ,nor?we/ & ! s*ool sy/em is up-to-date 9 e respect4 ,& t idea seems to be *ronic4 ,su* expressions are common 9 our pap]s & f _m ( our p4 ,! impression s\ght to be giv5 is d\btless t ( ,let well en\gh alone1 or ,h&s (f4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,*airman1 :ile ?is feel+ cle>ly betok5s a g5]al confid5ce 9 ! managem5t ( ! s*ools ( :i* ^? directly 9 *>ge may well take pride1 nev]!less1 x is n an altoge!r heal?y condition ( affairs4 ,:ile ,i believe 9 a wise cons]vatism z aga9/ an un?9k+ radicalism1 ,i am 9 no s5se ( ! t]m a /&-patt]4 ,! individual :o has e>n$ ?is picturesque title1 ,i c>e n :e!r 9 ! halls ( ,congress or 9 ! ranks ( ! educators1 is a foe to progress4 ,a /&-patt] is su* because he is 9 a rut & ei!r too lazy or too corrupt to get out4 ,?+s ought n to rema9 long z !y are 9 any bus9ess1 9 any ent]prise1 9 any in/itution4 ,civilization nev] /&s /ill4 ,! mo/ dang]\s attitude ( m9d t a man c hold is t ( complac5cy1 t ( p]fect satisfaction ) ?+s z !y are4 ,! good is always a foe to ! be/4 ,no1 g5tlem51 our s*ools are n up-to-date 9 e respect1 n altoge!r ! f9e/ 9 ! great ,nor?we/4 ,! ,nor?we/1 y "k1 is a pretty big place & has "s pretty ent]pris+ t[ns4 ,b no individual t[n has1 9 all respects1 ! f9e/ s*ools 9 ! ,nor?we/1 or 9 any o!r place4 ,our s*ools are1 l ^? ( o!r cities1 j a good /rong av]age4 ,l e o!r sy/em1 x conta9s "s good tea*]s & "s n s good2 "s up-to-date me?ods ( in/ruction are be+ us$ & "s :i* %\ld be improv$2 "s features !re are to be /rongly comm5d$ & "s1 d\btless1 t %\ld be discont9u$4 ,& m ?an ?is1 g5tlem51 y h no "r to dem&1 or expect1 f y\r ,sup]9t5d5t & y\r ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,!y w be ! v fir/ to endorse all t ,i h admitt$ above4 ,inde$1 t !y d n hold t exagg]at$ op9ion is cle>ly app>5t f ! fact t !y are ev5 n[ consid]+ improvem5ts4 ,& may ! day nev] dawn :5 we %all see no ne$$ improvem5ts = our public s*ools6 ,%\ld su* a "t come1 x w\ld simply mean t 9 matt]s educational our eyes h become dimm$ & t we are rapidly fall+ beh9d4 ,_h ! m5 ( ?is city be5 /&-patt]s t\*+ ! city1 ,gr& ,=ks w\ld n be to-day :at x is--! surprise & ! admiration ( e intellig5t visitor4 ,7 y m5 "h to-night1 9 y\r civic relation%ip1 /&-patt]s1 ! promise ( ! future w\ld be less bright ?an x is4 ,dur+ my e>ly connection ) ,gr& ,=ks ,i (t5 wond]$ z to ! secret ( its ent]prise4 ,i 0 n long 9 discov]+1 h[ev]1 t x 0 f\nd 9 ! _s ( ?is ,comm]cial ,club2 a _s1 x is1 ( hope1 ( civic pride1 ( optimism1 yet a _s ( almo/ div9e discont5t4 ,y h all ! "t be5 pr\d ( y\r city1 b yet n satisfi$ ) x2 n satisfi$1 because y saw visions ( a f9] city into :i* y\rs might gr[4 ,y\r city 0 n up-to-date--to help make x s y ne$$ a /reet railway sy/em2 :at did y d8 ,work$ = x &--got x4 ,n yet up-to-date8 ,a great auditorium 0 ne$$2 y put y\r h& into y\r hip-pocket & lo6 x arises 91 :at 0 x1 ?irty days8 ,! goal n ev5 yet 9 sight8 ,no1 because bett] pavem5t 0 imp]ative--& x came4 ,/ill some?+ lack+8 ,an up-to-date /reet light+ sy/em--y put "s ( y\r m5 to "w on x & x is n[ our pride & our neighbors' despair4 ,& s ,i might g on1 ,i d n ne$ to4 ,only let me say t x w be a sad day = ,gr& ,=ks :5 we %all ?9k t we h really rea*$ ! goal--:5 !re is n some?+ t[>d :i* we are /riv+4 ,i am glad t1 9 ?is same _s1 y h n[ turn$ y\r gaze to ! s*ool h\se4 ,let u apply !re ! same pr9ciple ( free1 intellig5t discussion & he>ty1 g5]\s co-op]ation1 ea* try+ to outdo ! o!r 9 loyalty & g5]\s support1 hop+1 ev5tually1 to make our s*ools ! f9e/ 9 ! ,nor?we/1 & up-to-date 9 e respect4 ,b ?is is a pretty big subject = treatm5t 9 an aft]-d9n] talk ( f #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,x involves s mu*1 embrac+ )9 its scope1 z x may1 ev]y?+ f f9ance to !ology4 ,! v function ( ! s*ool1 9 ! l>ge1 might well be consid]$ "u su* a topic1 & scores ( details4 ,i might well talk ^u ! education ( tea*]s z ,i d be=e my classes1 or ^u educational psy*ology--vital subjects all1 b sc>cely appropriate "h4 ,x is1 inde$1 a l>ge & int]e/+ subject1 lots ( places to cat* hold4 ,manife/ly1 ,i c treat x only sup]ficially4 ,all t ,i c d is m]ely 9 ! l9e ( sugge/ion1 try+ to direct y\r att5tion to "s ( ! g5]al features1 some:at objective 9 "*4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion ,i h to make is along ?is v l9e--! greatness1 ! _m-sid$ness ( ! educational problem & ! ne$ ( g5]al community intellig5ce 9 reg>d to x4 ,inde$1 !re are _m aspects ( ! s*ool "w1 c\ntless numb] ( details t\*+ books1 c\rses ( /udy1 imm$iate & remote ends1 z well z ! l>g] philosophical bases1 9 :i* ! public is deeply int]e/$ b imp]fectly in=m$4 ,_m a p>5t is ignorant z to :at ! s*ools are try+ to d1 & :y8 ,n compreh5d+ ! end 9 view1 un9tellig5t z to ! means be+ us$1 & ) little "t or ability to inve/igate1 friction (t5 arises4 ,! public & its educational sy/em1 ! homes & ! s*ools1 ! tea*]s & ! p>5ts1 %\ld 9 "s way be br\ght clos] toge!r & an opportunity giv5 = _! mutual und]/&+4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* ?is opportunity is giv5 9 diff]5t places3 ?ru mo!rs' meet+s1 9 "s2 ?ru home & s*ool societies1 9 o!rs2 ?ru ! e/abli%m5t ( :at "s call visit+ days1 9 o!rs1 etc4 ,great good is sure to result f a sy/ematic use ( any "o ( !m4 ,b we 9 ,gr& ,=ks are a v busy p2 clubs & societies )\t numb] claim our att5tion & secure our memb]%ip2 public meet+s = ! discussion ( *>ities1 heal?1 morals1 foods1 etc41 say+ no?+ ab\t *ur* & social dem&s1 are already tak+ u too (t5 f homes 9 ! ev5+1 s t ,i hesitate to sugge/ ano!r su* activity ev5 9 ! int]e/s ( s important a matt] z ! public s*ools4 ,b believ+ v firmly z ,i d t ! l>ge/ success ( our s*ools c be secur$ only ?ru a cordial co-op]ation ( ! homes & ! s*ools1 & believ+ also t ?is co-op]ation re/s ^u intellig5ce z to ! aims ( ! s*ools & ! means t are be+ us$1 ,i am go+ to sugge/ a way ( meet+ ! difficulty--namely1 ! utilization ( ano!r educational ag5cy ( l>ge influ5ce & philan?ropic _s--,i ref] to ! ,press4 ,x is n my purpose to pres5t "h an ext5d$ eulogy ( ! ,press4 ,t is n necess>y4 ,y all "k :at a mighty factor x is 9 %ap+ public op9ion4 ,i m]ely call att5tion to ! fact t x is an educational in/itution2 t x appeals n1 z d ! s*ools1 to ! *ildr51 b to ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr53 & !n t 9 ,gr& ,=ks x goes into almo/ e home 9 ! city4 ,i sugge/ t ?is ag5cy be us$ to br+ ab\t a frank1 op5 discussion1 & !re=e a bett] und]/&+1 ( ! function & ! "w ( our public s*ools--local1 /ate1 & national4 ,= our p1 9 addition to be+ busy1 are bo? intellig5t & ent]pris+4 ,!y "k ! value ( ! ,press4 ,!y are great read]s4 ,i h be5 surpris$1 aga9 & aga91 at ! l>ge circulation enjoy$ by bo? our ent]pris+ dailies4 ,i h also be5 surpris$ to "k h[ closely all our p keep 9 t\* ) local happ5+s *ronicl$ !re4 ,an educational column 9 "o or bo? ( ! local pap]s 9 :i* ! "w ( ! s*ools1 f taxation to lead p5cils1 c\ld be discu/1 w\ld be an innovation ( great value4 ,an op5 =um1 s to speak1 x might be1 9 :i* que/ions c\ld be ask$ & answ]$1 & also contributions made f ! l>g] field ( educational ef=t4 ,( c\rse ,i d n sugge/ ?is z a place = ! air+ ( p]sonal feel+s1 ( petty details1 ( m9or matt]s1 r1 an opportunity = discuss+ ) & = an intellig5t & enquir+ p great educational que/ions1 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & broad1 humanit>ian policies4 ,all su* matt]s1 because fundam5tal 9 ! developm5t ( civilization & because ( univ]sal int]e/1 %\ld & c\ld be h&l$ ) frank simplicity4 ,su* a discussion1 con/ructive 9 "*1 c\ld n fail ( do+ great good--( be+ v helpful to tea*]s & p>5ts alike4 ,ano!r sugge/ion t ,i want to make & an improvem5t t ,i am go+ to urge t\*es v closely ! matt] ( effici5cy ( sy/ems ( education4 ,n[1 ! effici5cy ( an educational in/itution or ( a sy/em ( s*ools is (t5 mesur$ by ! success ( ^? complet+ its c\rse ( /udy--( ^? pr(it+1 to ! full1 by all t x (f]s4 ,t is ! po9t ( view tak5 by ^? p :o s greatly praise ! "w ( ! old di/rict s*ool ( our boyhood days1 back ,ea/4 ,!y po9t to ?is man & t "o1 m5 :o h a*iev$ em95t success1 ^: only s*ool+1 p]haps1 0 receiv$ 9 ! little r$ s*ool h\se & !re=e claim t x 0 a great in/itution = ! mak+ ( m54 ,b !re9 lurks a fallacy4 ,great m5 h issu$ f ! little r$ s*ool h\se1 x is true1 b !y became great n because (1 b 9 spite (1 ! fact t ! s*ool h\se 0 little & 0 r$4 ,9 po9t+ to su* m5 z ^!1 z products1 !y =get ! great sil5t multitude ( boys & girls :o 7 9 ! same little r$ s*ool h\se b :o 7 nev] he>d ( aft] !y em]g$4 ,! pa!tic feature ( ! old di/rict s*ool 0 ! great numb] ( *ildr5 :o fell by ! wayside4 ,& s1 to-day1 no educational in/itution %\ld be rat$ z to effici5cy by consid]+ ! success m]ely ( ^? complet+ its c\rses4 ,to =m a correct e/imate we mu/ consid] z well all ^? :o ent]$ & dropt out be=e completion4 ,no sy/em ( s*ools is really effici5t 9 :i* any consid]able p]c5tage ( ! *ildr5 drop out be=e complet+ ! elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy4 ,no sy/em ( s*ools is satisfactorily effici5t :i* is s manag$ z to require1 or ev5 all[1 any consid]able p]c5tage ( ! *ildr5 to repeat grades1 t is1 to fail ( promotion1 mak+ x necess>y to g ov] ! "w ! second "t4 ,or1 to put x 9 o!r words1 9 :i* any consid]able p]c5tage ( ! *ildr5 are do+ "w 9 grades l[] ?an _! ages w\ld sugge/4 ,?is is ! matt] ( ret>dation ( :i* we are he>+ s mu* 9 ^! days1 & 9 reg>d to :i* ,gr& ,=ks1 z well z o!r cities1 suff]s4 ,9 my judgm5t1 !re are two ma9 causes ( ret>dation3 poor tea*+ & physical defects ( ! *ildr54 ,!re are two ways by :i* satisfactory tea*+ c be secur$3 9 ! fir/ place1 by secur+ ! be/ tea*]s available1 & ?is1 ,i am v sure1 our ,bo>d ( ,education & our sup]9t5d5t always try to d4 ,9 ! second place1 by improv+ ! quality ( "w ?us secur$ ?ru exp]t sup]vision on ! "p ( ! sup]9t5d5t & ! pr9cipals ( ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,& ?is ,i am sure is n done to ! ext5t t x might be 7 matt]s diff]5tly arrang$4 ,if ano!r sugge/ion t ,i %all make lat] on is adopt$1 h[ev]1 provision w be made = ?is improvem5t4 ,physical defects on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 ,i nam$ z ! second cause ( ret>dation4 ,& ! rem$y = ! major portion ( ?is cause is f\nd 9 my next sugge/ion--m$ical inspection ( our s*ool *ildr54 ,e/imat+ ! conditions 9 ,gr& ,=ks on ! basis ( :at has be5 discov]$ 9 _m o!r places 9 :i* m$ical inspection is 9 op]ation1 f #be to #hj ( ! *ildr5 9 our s*ools are suff]+ f physical defects ( "s sort t int]f]e1 to a great] or less degree1 ) ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( well-in=m$ p t "h is f\nd a v fruitful cause ( ret>dation1 z se5 bo? 9 grade-failure & 9 e>ly dropp+ out ( s*ool4 ,& v _m ( ^! defects are removable &1 !re=e1 ! ret>dation prev5table4 ,n[1 ! only seem+ly valid reason t ,i h ev] he>d urg$ aga9/ ! employm5t ( ! s*ool physician is t ( exp5se4 ,x does co/ some?+1 ,i'll admit4 ,all good ?+s d4 ,! necess>y exp5se1 h[ev]1 is (t5 ov]e/imat$4 ,b let u see if we are n1 ev5 9 hesitat+ at ! exp5se1 :atev] x may be1 :olly illogical4 ,! city assumes ! duty ( educat+ ! "y1 b if _m ( ! "y are n 9 a condition to receive t education1 %\ld we n logically see t ! h9drances are remov$8 ,we enact compulsory att5dance laws2 %\ld we n1 :]e necess>y1 make x possible = ! physically defective z well z o!rs1 to pr(it by su* att5dance8 ,o!rwise1 are we n wa/+ money8 ,i h m5tion$ ! exp5se1 b !re are two ways ( look+ at t4 ,i am n[ go+ to advocate m$ical inspection z an economic mesure--z a money sav]4 ,e *ild :o repeats a grade is co/+ ! city m ?an x %\ld = its education4 ,t is cle>ly app>5t4 ,h[ mu* t am\nts to1 9 ! aggregate1 9 ,gr& ,=ks1 ,i d n "k4 ,b x is probably no small item4 ,i h no d\bt t1 9 ! long run1 ! sav+ w\ld pay ! s*ool physician4 ,& !n we %\ld be cle>ly ahead 9 all ! ye>s sav$ by ! v>i\s *ildr51 z well z ! great] happ9ess & usefulness directly result+ f ! improv$ situation4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems to me & to _m o!rs ) :om ,i h talk$ t ! next /ep =w>d t we %\ld ask our ,bo>d ( ,education to take is ! adoption ( m$ical inspection4 ,ano!r phase ( ! subject to :i* ,i desire to call y\r att5tion is t ( ! sup]9t5d5cy4 ,& x isn't exactly l ! old maid si/] tell+ ! "m ( half a doz5 lu/y boys h[ to br+ !m up because1 9 addition to sp5d+ ye>s 9 ! /udy & tea*+ ( educational matt]s1 ,i h occupi$ ! sup]9t5d5t's (fice & tri$ to d 8 "w4 ,hi/orically1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools repres5ts a developm5t f ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 n f ! tea*+ body4 ,orig9ally1 he 0 look$ ^u z ! bus9ess manag] ( ! ,bo>d1 r ?an an educator by pr(ession4 ,q specifically1 he 01 at fir/1 (t5 "o ( ! regul>ly elect$ memb]s ( ! ,bo>d1 designat$ by ! ,bo>d to att5d to ! details ( ! "w1 to keep ! educational ma*9e prop]ly oil$1 8 selection seldom be+ dictat$ by any p>ticul> qualification ( a pr(essional "*4 ,b 9 ?is matt] ( education z 9 o!r matt]s1 great *anges h aris54 ,9 ^? days tea*+ 0 n look$ ^u z a pr(ession4 ,x 0 m]ely a call+1 a trade1 a tempor>y activity requir+ no special prep>ation4 ,anybody c\ld tea* & c\ld tea* any subject4 ,education 0 n recogniz$ z a sci5ce4 ,! function ( ! s*ool 0 m]ely to give k & x 0 n look$ ^u1 z to-day1 z a great social in/itution1 l>gely responsible = ! welf>e ( society & ev5 = ! /ability ( gov]nm5t4 ,& z t\*+ ! *ild1 n int]e/+ itself ) ! =mation ( "r habits ( action1 ) ! developm5t ( "*1 9 a ^w1 s h&l+ ! *ild & 8 environm5t z to br+ ab\t bo? ! normal developm5t ( 8 inn] life & ! adequate %ap+ & prep>+ ( t life to satisfy ! dem&s t w lat] be met4 ,n at all4 ,b great *anges h aris54 ,education has become a sci5ce1 & its activities1 its processes1 are be+ bas$ ^u def9ite sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,we are to-day dem&+ a pr(essional prep>ation ( all our tea*]s4 ,we require !m to "k some?+ ab\t ! *ild m9d & ! laws ( its developm5t4 ,we expect !m to "k :y !y tea* ?is subject & t1 t is1 ! educational values ( ! v>i\s subjects1 & ! be/ mann] ( adm9i/]+ ?is educational food4 ,education1 ,i say1 is n[ look$ ^u z a sci5ce1 closely alli$ to & cont9ually assi/$ by its si/] sci5ce ( sociology1 def9itely bas$ ^u & spr++ out ( ! sci5ces ( psy*ology & physiology1 & ev5 hav+ its roots deep d[n 9 ! sub-soil ( biology4 ,toge!r ) ?is *ange ( ?\ght z to ! function & "w ( ! s*ool1 !re has be5 a correspond+ *ange z to ! sup]9t5d5t & 8 "w4 ,:ile we are n completely emancipat$ f ! old rule ( cut & try1 f ! old me*anical r\t9e1 ! c\ntry z a :ole has tak5 "s long /rides 9 advance4 ,:ile "s bo>ds ( education /ill look ^u _! sup]9t5d5t z a *ore boy1 t idea has1 on ! :ole1 long s9ce be5 ab&on$4 ,& ! be/ educational ?\ght ( ! c\ntry to-day reg>ds ! sup]9t5d5t prim>ily z an educator1 hav+ to d ) ! inn]1 r ?an ! out]1 phases ( ! s*ool's activities4 ,& our mo/ progressive c5t]s are look+ ^u him z a speciali/1 an educational exp]t1 & dem&+ 9 him an educational & a pr(essional equipm5t comm5surate ) ! l>g]1 m difficult1 & mo/ important "w4 ,he mu/ be intimately acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ces mo/ closely relat$ to 8 own & capable ( draw+ ^u all ! o!rs = contributory assi/ance4 ,& !n1 9 c>ry+ out ! ?\ght ( ?is l>g] view & s %ap+ matt]s ( detail z to pr(it by ! sup]b equipm5t provid$ 9 ! new sup]9t5d5t1 he has be5 fre$ f ! r\t9e "w =m]ly done by him1 ?us giv+ ! opportunity ( /udy+ ! local problems & plann+ _! solution4 ,n[ = my def9ite sugge/ion4 ,x has tak5 me a long "t to get to x1 b ,i believe x is wor? ! "t4 ,i want y to look ^u ! sup]9t5d5cy ( y\r s*ools z ! l>ge/1 ! mo/ difficult1 & mo/ important position )9 ! be/[al ( ! city4 ,! mayor's job doesn't beg9 to comp>e ) x4 ,& !n aft] y h s rat$ ! position1 ,i want y to free ! man :o holds x f all hack-"w1 f ! details ( bus9ess managem5t1 f any?+ & ev]y?+ t n[ prev5ts him f mak+ a c>eful1 sci5tific1 inve/igative /udy ( fundam5tal educational problems t confront him "r "h 9 ,gr& ,=ks4 ,& :at are "s ( ^? problems1 d y ask8 ,sup]9t5d5t ,kelly c\ld d\btless "n a score ( !m t he is wait+ to get at b c n = want ( "t4 ,let me sugge/ a few t are confront+ our sup]9t5d5ts all ov] ! l&4 ,nor c ,i d m ?an m5tion !m4 ,i "n fir/ ?is matt] ( ret>dation ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,:y is x t s _m *ildr5 fail ( promotion & s h to repeat grades1 ?us add+ to ! exp5se ( ! s*ools8 ,x no long] satisfies to say1 ,because !y d n /udy--! "q is1 ,:y d !y n /udy8 ,is x ! fault ( ! *ild1 ! home1 or ! s*ool8 ,&1 :osoev] x is1 h[ c ! difficulty be remov$8 ,y w\ld n 9 y\r bus9ess suff] a daily loss ?ru unnecess>y friction--?ru ! unsatisfactory work+ ( y\r ma*9]y4 ,y dem& ! l>ge/ & be/ output possible = ! money exp5d$4 ,:y n ! same 9 ! bigge/ bus9ess ent]prise ( ! city--y\r s*ools8 ,b to prev5t ! friction1 y mu/ "k ! cause4 ,i want ! sup]9t5d5t to h "t to inve/igate ^! matt]s4 ,all ?is applies z well to ^? :o drop out be=e complet+ ! c\rse z to ^? m]ely repeat+ a grade4 ,an analog\s "q3 ,:y d s few1 relatively1 ( ! graduates ( ! eigh? grade ent] ! high s*ool8 ,& :y d s few ( ^? :o ent] complete ! c\rse8 ,aga91 is x because !y c see no real connection betwe5 ! "w ( ! high s*ool & ! "w ( life--because x doesn't seem to fit !m = any?+8 ,^! ?+s %\ld be inve/igat$ &1 :5 reasons are f\nd1 ! rem$y appli$4 ,we %\ld "k ! facts4 ,b all ^! matt]s take "t1 & ! days are only s long & a man's /r5g? always limit$4 ,exhau/$ by hack-"w1 no man c d con/ructive ?9k+4 ,& s we g on 9 our wa/e ( money & en]gy & life4 ,! wa/e ( soil1 ! wa/e ( tools1 9 our f>m+ communities1 doesn't comp>e ) ?is wa/e 9 s]i\sness4 ,let u adopt ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific cons]vation4 ,& n[1 9 keep+ ) ! topic giv5 me to discuss1 ,improvem5t 9 ,our ,public ,s*ools1 ,i h giv5 ?ree q def9ite sugge/ions3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h recomm5d$ ! utilization ( ! ,press z an ag5t ( improvem5t4 ,t is1 ,i h ask$ t !re be e/abli%$ 9 "o or bo? ( y\r daily pap]s an educational column 9 *>ge ( "s compet5t p]son ?ru :i* ! public c\ld become bett] in=m$ on s*ool matt]s & ?us able to co-op]ate m intellig5tly 9 ! upbuild+ ( ! s*ools4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i h urg$ t mesures be tak5 look+ t[>d ! adoption ( regul> & sy/ematic m$ical inspection ( all s*ool *ildr54 ,& la/ly1 ,i h urg$ y to look ^u y\r sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools z an educational exp]t r ?an a bus9ess man4 ,&1 reg>d+ him z su*1 ,i h ask$ y to free him f ! petty details ( (fice "w & all me*anical drudg]y s t 8 tra9+ & 8 abilities c\ld be us$ = educational bett]m5t4 ,,viii ,,local ,,w9t] ,,sports ,a ,pap] read be=e ! ,frankl9 ,club ( ,gr& ,=ks1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,decemb] #a1 #aiaj1 & pr9t$ 9 ! ,gr& ,=ks ,daily ,h]ald1 ,decemb] #d1 #aiaj ,x is no long] necess>y to (f] an ext5d$ plea = a recognition ( ! value ( physical tra9+4 ,! human race1 9 its upw>d climb+1 long ago pass$ ! /age :]e ! body 0 look$ ^u z a h9drance to ! s\l 9 its aspirations4 ,we h likewise gone beyond t high] /age 9 :i* ! attitude t[>d ! physical be+ 0 m]ely negative1 & h cle>ly rea*$ an altitude ^u :i* we recognize a well-def9$ relation%ip betwe5 ! physical man & ! m5tal & spiritual man4 ,we "k n[ t only z ea* is heal?y & ?us 9 a condition to d its own "w well1 is ! o!r able to act normally4 ,z ! great ,engli% philosoph]1 ,locke1 said1 ,a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body is a brief b full description ( a happy /ate 9 ?is _w4 ,?is is a well-recogniz$ article ( our educational cre$1 n only1 b ev5 ! cons]vative religi\s work]s h accept$ ! pr9ciple1 & we f9d inscrib$ ov] ! entrances to our ,*ri/ian ,association build+s ! ^w body z well z ! ^w m commonly f\nd 9 su* connection1 _s4 ,b to g back j a mom5t3 let u consid] x f ! /&po9t ( m]e physical bett]m5t4 ,we "k t a muscle unus$ means a muscle undevelop$1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 intellig5t1 sy/ematic use1 ) a def9ite purpose 9 view1 w accompli% wond]s 9 physical developm5t4 ,we "k some?+ z to :at a physical tra9] c d ) a bun* ( raw foot-ball mat]ial4 ,we "k h[ ! gymnasium c metamorphose a loose-jo9t$1 lop-sid$1 /oop-%\ld]$1 %amble-gait$ "y fell[4 ,we "k :at ! brisk recruit+ (fic] c d ) ! awkw>d squad4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! physical tra9+ /&s him ^u 8 feet2 x takes ! k9ks out ( 8 back2 x ?r[s 8 head up2 x unties ! knots 9 8 legs2 x puts fire into 8 eye4 ,! good r$ blood c\rses ?ru 8 ve9s1 & ev5 %[s itself 9 8 *eeks4 ,he walks ) an ela/ic /ep4 ,e organ ( 8 body is do+ its duty4 ,he no long] ne$s liv] pills1 dige/ive tablets or wiz>d oil4 ,i said m]e physical bett]m5t1 didn't ,i8 ,well1 y c n h m]e physical bett]m5t4 ,9 e case sugge/$ above1 !re is some?+ bett] ?an physical improvem5t4 ,)\t kn[+ :y1 or h[1 ! "y fell[1 aft] ! tra9+ sugge/$1 9 addition to be+ a m p]fectly function+ animal1 a bett] work+ fle%-&-blood ma*9e1 is sev]al r\nds high] up on ! ladd] ( manhood4 ,he looks y 9 ! eye4 ,he gives y\r h& a regul> ,/e>ns grip4 ,he d>es to say t 8 s\l is 8 own4 ,& :y8 ,because ! life-giv+ oxyg5 is gett+ d[n into ! long-neglect$ corn]s ( 8 lungs4 ,because 8 he>t is =c+ ?is purifi$ blood ?ru 8 ve9s build+ up 8 sy/em & incid5tally ?r[+ (f ! wa/e & poison\s matt]1 s t1 reliev$ ( ! dregs1 ! bodily organs c really function4 ,& if t is true ( ! gizz>d x is likewise true ( ! bra94 ,he c feel m ke5ly1 ?9k m wisely4 ,b all ?is c be done by physical ex]cise alone4 ,"s ( ! be/ ( ^! results c be obta9$ by ! use ( ! m]e pun*+ bag2 by runn+ ar\nd ! h\se1 if y run (t5 en\gh & fa/ en\gh2 all alone ) ! dumb bells or ,indian clubs1 if y keep at x long en\gh1 or ev5 by walk+ out to ! ,univ]sity on ! railroad tracks & sav+ y\r /reet c> nickels4 ,b tak5 ?us1 ^! ex]cises con/itute a m]e m$ic9e4 ,& p don't take m$ic9e until !y h to4 ,& = "s /range reason !y won't take ?is k9d ev5 !n unless "s doctor prescribes x 9 consid]ation ( ! paym5t ( a good siz$ fee4 ,:y is x8 ,simply because we prize ?+s 9 proportion to _! co/8 ,n[1 we want ^! results & ev5 bett] ones4 ,& we don't want to pay ! doctor's fees = ?is or any o!r k9d ( m$ic9e 9 ord] to get !m4 ,:at are we go+ to d ab\t x8 ,isn't !re "s sug> coat+ t we c put on to ^! physical ex]cise pills to make !m a little m palatable8 ,c't we 9 "s way make ourselves believe t we are eat+ c&y in/ead ( tak+ qu99e8 ,= y "k t we gr[n-ups h n lo/ all our p[]s ( imag9ation4 ,h[ (t5 we play make believe1 ev5 yet6 ,i'll tell y :at we c d4 ,let's h ?is same physical ex]cise idea b introduce into x ! elem5t ( sport :i* ,web/] def9es z t :i* div]ts & makes mir?4 ,let's d ^! /unts = ! fun ( x in/ead ( z a m$ic9e4 ,we'll get ! results1 j ! same1 & ?us get d\ble pay = our pa9s4 ,i fancy t ! ski+ & ! skat+1 ! sn[-%oe+ & ! curl+ ( :i* we are to he>1 all h t elem5t tuck$ away some:]e 9 _! anatomy4 ,b y may ask me :at m !re is ?an ! results already m5tion$ to be gott5 f ^! physical ex]cises1 if we succe$ 9 cov]+ up ! qu99e ) ,mr4 ,web/]'s molasses4 ,i've us$ ,indian clubs & dumb bells by ! h\r2 ,i've walk$ to ! ,univ]sity 9 season & out ( season2 ,i've ev5 run ar\nd ! h\se--& z a result h exp]i5c$ ! exhil>ation t comes f su* vigor\s discipl9e4 ,i've be5 bett] = x1 physically1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 m5tally4 ,m oxyg51 bett] blood1 firm] bodily tissue includ+ bett] n\ri%$ bra9 cells1 h done _! b5efic5t "w4 ,b yet1 z ,i look back & see myself go+ ?ru ^! v>i\s maneuv]s1 ,i am fully confid5t ( ! fact t all ?is "t ,i 0 also do+ some?+ else--t my poor bra9 cells1 :i* really ne$$ recup]ation m ?an any o!r "p ( my body1 t ^! bra9 cells 7 /ill at "w1 t ,i 0 all ! "t c>ry+ on a m or less /r5u\s tra9 ( ?\ght z exhau/ive z ?o ,i 7 seat$ 9 my /udy *air1 or /&+ be=e my class 9 ! recitation room4 ,m ?an "o lecture1 or address1 h ,i work$ out :ile walk+ to & f ! ,univ]sity4 ,n[1 "o ( ! mo/ important ?+s = u to d is occasionally to /op ?9k+1 or at lea/ to /op ?9k+ along our accu/om$ l9es4 ,we %\ld give ^? few bra9 cells t are be+ made to "w ov]-"t a *ance to re/ once 9 a :ile4 ,we are liv+ too fa/4 ,our lives are too int5se4 ,we are runn+ our ma*9es "u high pressure1 & "s ( !m are already %[+ ! results al?o !y are almo/ new4 ,unless !re is a *ange1 new ones w h to take _! places ere long4 ,! rate ( spe$ ( ! life ( ! mod]n ,am]ican bus9ess & pr(essional man1 ! rate ( spe$ ( ! life ( ! mod]n ,am]ican society woman1 is some?+ t]rific4 ,we are we>+ ourselves out be=e our "t4 ,mod]n life is s complex1 s exact+1 s we>+1 t we are los+ all ! joy ( liv+4 ,we are at our own firesides s seldom & = su* %ort p]iods t we sc>cely "k our own little ones4 ,longfell['s ,*ildr5's ,h\r t came z a pause 9 ! day's occupation1 is almo/ :olly unkn[n 9 mo/ ,am]ican homes4 ,!re is no pause 9 ! day's occupation4 ,! occupation goes "r on till aft] ^! *ildr5 are s\ndly asleep 9 _! b$s & beg9s aga9 be=e !y are awake 9 ! morn+4 ,& all ?is is true ev5 ( u1 "r "h 9 ?is select circle1 ! favor$ ones1 _m w\ld call u4 ,b ,i am n giv+ a diatribe on ,am]ican life1 s w n pursue ! matt] f>!r4 ,all t ,i am try+ to d is simply ?is3 to call att5tion to ! fact t we are liv+ fa/--fa/] ?an our physical & m5tal make-up c long /&2 t we h already rea*$ ! dang] po9t4 ,& :at are we go+ to d ab\t x8 ,well1 we %all h to d _m ?+s be=e ! problems are all solv$1 ! difficulties all met4 ,z a slight relief1 & to answ] a "q rais$ a little e>li] 9 ! pap]1 ,i am sugge/+ ! sports--^? activities t bo? rejuv5ate ! physical man & also div]t & make mir?4 ,into ^! we c n c>ry our tea*+ & our prea*+ & our mak+ ( social calls4 ,! goods ( ! m]*ant1 ! notes ( ! bank]1 ! briefs ( ! lawy]1 ! annoyances ( ! tea*]1 & ! c>es ( ! h\sewife1 alike1 w\ld all h to be left beh9d4 ,! m9d c\ld re/ :ile ! body & ! _s are be+ recreat$4 ,an h\r a day1 9 ! op5 air1 ) fe>s & anxieties & s*emes all ca/ aside1 9 companion%ip ) k9dr$ spirits simil>ly dive/$ ( t :i* tr\bles & makes afraid1 all engag$ 9 recreative sports1 w\ld d m to make u physically well1 morally /rong1 & civilly dec5t ?an all ! pills ( ! doctors1 all ! texts ( ! prea*]s1 & all ! keys ( ! jail]s6 ,9 keep+ ) ! _w-wide movem5t 9 ?is direction our own p1 9 _! civic capacity1 h already act$ & h ?us become ! possessor ( spl5did p>k facilities :i* (f] ample opportunities1 :5 fully develop$1 = a sane out-(-door life ( a population _m times z l>ge z ours at ! pres5t "t4 ,& z we all "k1 ! ,p>k ,bo>d has ent]$ intellig5tly & sy/ematically ^u ?is matt] ( developm5t & improvem5t4 ,mu* has already be5 done4 ,v mu* m is fully outl9$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,p>k ,bo>d4 ,i ?9k x is _! purpose--& ,i fully believe t !y w c>ry x out--to proce$ 9 ?is matt] ( developm5t j z rapidly z ! p %[1 by _! use ( ! facilities progressively (f]$1 an appreciation4 ,ne>ly all ! "w done ?us f>1 su* z cle>+ away ! rubbi%1 mak+ ! %ady retreats usable1 fitt+ up picnic gr\nds1 c>+ = ! t5nis c\rts1 golf l9ks1 & o!r game res]ves1 z well z erect+ pavilions & o!r conv5i5ces1 has look$ t[>d putt+ ! gr\nds into condition = summ] use4 ,& ! response on ! "p ( ! p has be5 gratify+4 ,z rapidly z ! p>ks h be5 put into %ape1 !y h be5 g5]\sly us$ by an appreciative p4 ,x has done my he>t good1 _m times1 especially on ,sundays 9 ! hot summ] mon?s1 to see ! numb]s ( p1 & ! p1 :o 7 really us+ ! p>ks4 ,!y h be5 ! p1 9 a l>ge mesure1 :o c n easily get else:]e ! be/ ?+s t ! p>ks give4 ,?us f>1 z said1 ! plans = developm5t h look$ ma9ly t[>d summ] use1 ,b ,i am especially glad to note a rec5t improvem5t t %[s t ! ,p>k ,bo>d has ! w9t] use ( ! p>ks also def9itely 9 m9d4 ,i ref] to ! new skat+ r9k 9 ,riv]side ,p>k4 ,x is a mo/ comm5dable in/itution4 ,i v mu* hope t x w be ext5sively us$1 n only by ! p liv+ 9 t "p ( ! city1 b by ^? ( all sections4 ,x belongs to all ( u4 ,"h is an opportunity = a mo/ delightful w9t] sport freely (f]$4 ,if appreciat$1 z %[n by its use1 ,i h no d\bt t x w be duplicat$ next w9t]1 & on a l>g] scale1 9 ,l9coln ,p>k4 ,& if we %[ t we appreciate ?is1 o!r features w be add$4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld /op "h1 b ,i c n lose ! opportunity ( say+ j a ^w to connect ?is topic ) ! great playgr\nd movem5t1 & !re=e 9 behalf ( provid+ facilities = w9t] & summ] sports alike1 = our boys & girls--our "y p4 ,d y realize fully t ! boys & girls ( to-day--y\rs & m9e1 yes1 & j z truly ^? less favor$--^? into ^: lives !re comes b little *e]1 into ^: /oma*s !re goes b little n\ri%+ food1 & into ^: lungs1 b little oxyg5--d y realize1 ,i ask1 t ^! boys & girls are to be ! m5 & wom5 ( to-morr[1 ) all ! responsibilities ( ! _w re/+ ^u _! %\ld]s8 ,d we want !m to ent] ^u ! duties ( life /oop-%\ld]$1 flat-*e/$1 spectacle-ey$8 ,d we want !m to be anmic1 pessimi/ic1 n]v\s wrecks8 ,d we want !m to be m5tal weakl+s & moral c[>ds8 ,d we want !m ev5 to approximate ^! conditions8 ,no8 ,!n1 ) all our provisions = _! wants & _! ne$s1 let u be sure to develop ^? ?+s :i* m9i/] s l>gely to ! developm5t ( ! opposite *>act]i/ics4 ,prev5tion is n only *eap] ?an cure1 x is also bett]4 ,let u see t our p>ks are develop$ ) provisions = our boys & girls z well z = ! adults4 ,let u see t playgr\nds are scatt]$ ov] our city & provision made = bo? w9t] & summ] sports4 ,9 addition to ! ,riv]side ,p>k skat+ r9k1 ,i wi% ! ,city ,c\ncil or ! ,bo>d ( ,education w\ld e/abli% "o on ! gr\nds ( ! ,w9%ip s*ool1 ano!r at ! ,c5tral build+1 & /ill a ?ird on ! ,belmont gr\nds4 ,?is c\ld be done at nom9al co/4 ,:at a spl5did opportunity x w\ld give to all ! *ildr5 ( ! city to engage 9 ?is mo/ heal?ful & invigorat+ sport6 ,x w\ld give !m _! ne$$ ent]ta9m5t & relaxation 9 ! pure1 invigorat+1 out-(-door air4 ,x w\ld surr\nd !m ) an emotional atmosph]e t is at once normal1 natural1 & spiritually heal?-giv+4 ,in/ead ( ^! conditions1 :at d we f9d8 ,_m ( our "y boys & girls & v _m ( ^? a little old]--^? j ent]+ ^u manhood & womanhood1 :5 bo? emotional & physical atmosph]e c\nt = s mu* 9 ! =m+ ( habits & ! *oos+ ( ideals--_m ( ^! future m5 & wom5 are f9d+ _! ent]ta9m5t & _! relaxation 7& m9d y1 at ! close ( a day 9 s*ool or 9 ! ev5+ aft] a day sp5t 9 ! poorly v5tilat$ (fice or /ore7 9 ! mov+-picture %[ or at ! vaudeville4 ,& 9 ^! places ! air is apt to be bo? hot & impure1 & all ! physical conditions en]vat+4 ,! emotional atmosph]e1 too1 is sure to be abnormal1 unnatural1 & spiritually dead5+4 ,we f9d "h1 & 9 too l>ge quantity to be a negligible factor1 ! atmosph]e1 ! conditions1 ! associations1 t help greatly to bre$ incorrigibles1 truants1 & lagg>ds 9 our s*ools2 t develop juv5ile del9qu5ts1 ha/y m>riages1 & e>ly divorces2 t s5d into ! _w paup]s1 graft]s1 & crim9als4 ,n all ! conditions are su* 9 all su* places1 x is true1 b z affect+ "y life ^! are usually ! dom9at+ ones4 ,i am n condemn+ ! !at]4 ,x has its legitimate place1 & a l>ge place x is1 9 normal1 heal?y1 ,am]ican life4 ,i am m]ely declaim+ aga9/ ^! l[] =ms z usually conduct$ = comm]cial ga9--^! p]v]sions ( ! true !at] idea--^! in/itutions t deal s l>gely 9 ! s5sational elem5ts & appeal s /rongly to ! passions4 ,i am told t ! *eap !at] is ! poor man's club4 ,i v mu* d\bt if t is its *ief function or1 r1 t its *ief result is a :olesome quick5+ ( ! bett] nature ( ?is poor man--t its *ief accompli%m5t is to s5d him back to 8 home k9d]1 tru]1 & /rong]1 ?ru ei!r ! relaxation or ! in/ruction1 to grapple ) ! difficulties ( life4 ,i greatly fe> t1 z usually conduct$1 its influ5ce ^u ! adult is at be/ b ! tempor>y slak+ ( an unheal?y & nev]-satisfi$ ?ir/1 & t ^u ! *ild & ! adolesc5t x is a di/9ct blunt+ ( all ! f9] s5sibilities & elem5ts ( "*4 ,b ev5 ^! l[] =ms are n all bad4 ,!re is en\gh ( good 9 !m to w>rant an attempt at improvem5t r ?an elim9ation4 ,!y c be improv$1 made clean1 & :olesome1 & ?us become a positive factor 9 ! developm5t ( "r "*4 ,i d\bt if x w be done1 h[ev]1 until "s o!r motive ?an p]sonal ga9 %all be responsible = _! managem5t4 ,/ill1 z !y are1 !y might be v greatly bett]$ if 9 "s way ^? mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 ! outcome c\ld h a *oice 9 ! selection ( ! mat]ial to be us$4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to c\nt]act ! h>mful influ5ce ( ! poorly conduct$ mov+ picture %[ & ! vaudeville is to develop some?+ bett] to take _! places4 ,let x be some?+ t conta9s ! life-giv+ pr9ciples1 some?+ t w appeal ) equal =ce to ! impressionable y\?1 & yet be clean & :olesome & natural4 ,%all we n look ^u ! public playgr\nd = ! *ildr51 & ! p>k sy/em1 = all1 z a promis+ hope8 ,&1 prop]ly develop$1 w\ld !y n soon come to act on ! "y1 bo? physically & psy*ically1 z a prev5tion1 ?us mak+ a lat] cure unnecess>y8 ,& ^u adults1 might we n reasonably expect _! use to t5d t[>d mak+ less attractive1 & s to ! ev5tual ab&onm5t (1 _m ( ^! practises & =ms ( ent]ta9m5t & recreation t are n[ s sapp+ ( bo? physical & psy*ical life8 ,,ix ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,college ,an ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,nor? ,dakota ,/ate ,tea*]s ,association on ,decemb] #bg1 #aijf4 ,x lat] appe>$ 9 ! ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 issues ( ,education ,among ! v>i\s educational in/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 ! "o :i*1 z x seems to me1 is attract+ ! mo/ intellig5t att5tion on ! "p ( our educational ?9k]s1 & ! "o ^u ! "r solution ( ^: problems dep5ds1 9 a high degree1 ! success ( our entire educational sy/em1 is ! in/itution = ! education ( tea*]s4 ,= we all h come1 f9ally1 to accept z true ! /atem5t ( ! old ,g]man writ]1 ,s*ool re=m means s*oolma/] re=m1 also t o!r1 us$ s effectively 9 ! days ( our own e>ly educational revival1 ,z is ! tea*] s is ! s*ool4 ,& we are ready to-day to admit t ^? /atem5ts are true :e!r appli$ to ! ungrad$ rural s*ool ) its noticeable lack ( ne$$ equipm5t1 to ! p]fectly grad$ s*ool ( ! city ) e facility t human +5uity c devise & money procure1 or to ! college & univ]sity :]e s*ol>%ip & culture are suppos$ to make _! abode & contribute ( _! fullness4 ,= ,i c>e n1 & y c>e n1 :at be ! physical & mat]ial equipm5t ( ! s*ool2 ,i c>e n1 nor d y1 :at be ! s*ola/ic atta9m5ts ( ! "o call$ tea*]2 if he isn't able to tea*1 t is1 to cause to le>n1 we all "k t ! s*ool1 9 j ! mesure ( 8 inability1 is a failure4 ,"o ?+ fur!r we all "k1 & t is ?is3 "o plank 9 our great educational plat=m is belief 9 ! necessity ( an in/itution set ap>t = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s4 ,we are irrevocably committ$ to ! idea4 ,x is a "p ( our educational cre$4 ,=tunately1 9 our educational evolution we h left f> beh9d u ! /age :5 ! wisdom ( t in/itution 0 s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,our p$agogical =efa!rs1 valiant explor]s1 discov]]s1 h]oes1 educational /atesm5--,c>t]1 ,mann1 ,page1 ,%eldon & o!rs--h left u ?is priceless h]itage4 ,x rema9s = u to-day m]ely to analyze ! in/itution1 agree ^u ! respective functions ( its v>i\s types1 & !n apply ourselves ) intellig5t vigor ea* to ! solution ( 8 own problems4 ,z we look ar\nd u1 we cle>ly di/+ui% ?ree di/9ct types ( ! in/itution "u discussion4 ,! olde/1 be/ kn[n1 & mo/ num]\s is call$ ! /ate normal s*ool4 ,x dates f ! "t ( ,horace ,mann & ,edmund ,dwight1 ! =m] ( :om recogniz$ ! ne$ & knew h[ to inaugurate ! movem5t1 ! latt]1 hav+ unb\nd$ fai? 9 ,mr4 ,mann1 provid$ ! funds4 ,ne>ly e /ate 9 ! union has n[ "o or m intellig5tly at "w4 ,all t h n1 h practically ! same ?+ "u ano!r "n--normal dep>tm5ts 9 connection ) ! /ate univ]sities4 ,! next type1 9 ord] ( "t & numb]s1 z well1 is f\nd 9 connection ) ! high] educational in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has v>i\s names1 z ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,division ( ,education1 ,p$agogical ,dep>tm5t1 ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy & ,tea*]s ,college4 ,probably ! "n mo/ common 9 ! pa/ has be5 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 or ,p$agogical ,dep>tm5t1 ?o 9 ! develop$ =m x is *ang+ to ,s*ool ( ,education or ,tea*]s ,college4 ,( ^!1 !re are at "w1 accord+ to ! #aiji report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education1 #aga4 ,t is1 !re are #aga colleges & univ]sities ma9ta9+ at lea/ a dep>tm5t1 or *air1 ( education1 & giv+ pr(essional in/ruction ( college grade4 ,! ?ird type1 late/ 9 appe>ance & z yet fewe/ 9 numb]1 b ) fair promise ( rapid increase & great usefulness1 is ! c\nty s*ool1 call$ ,c\nty ,normal ,tra9+ ,class 9 ,mi*igan & ,c\nty ,tra9+ ,s*ool 9 ,wiscons91 9 :i* two /ates ! movem5t is at its be/4 ,inde$1 ,i d n "k ( any o!r /ate 9 :i* ! "w has be5 ?us def9itely organiz$4 ,( ^!1 ,mi*igan _h1 a ye> ago1 =ty-"o1 & ,wiscons91 tw5ty4 ,possibly 9 ?is connection "o ought to m5tion ! good "w be+ done 9 high s*ools 9 sev]al /ates1 b se5 at its be/ 9 ,nebraska & ,new ,york4 ,yet ?is "w is b an adjunct to ! high s*ool1 & does n s cle>ly approa* a sep>ate in/itution4 ,( ^! ?ree types x is ! second :i* is ! subject ( ! pres5t discussion--^: function ,i seek4 ,x is really immat]ial :e!r we use1 9 ! discussion1 ! appellation ( ,m9nesota & say ,college ( ,education1 or t ( ,h>v>d & call x ,division ( ,education1 or t ( ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 & ,nor? ,dakota1 & say ,tea*]s ,college4 ,= !y are all "o & ! same in/itution ) b slightly diff]5t sy/ems ( organization4 ,i use ! latt] t]m because m famili> & m likely1 ,i ?9k1 z "t passes1 to prevail4 ,b ^! ?ree types are s closely connect$ t ! function ( "o _c be cle>ly se5 alone4 ,!re=e ,i propose v briefly to exam9e ! e/abli%m5t ( ea* s z to le>n :y x 0 call$ into exi/5ce--:at function x 0 orig9ally expect$ to p]=m4 ,i %all !n briefly exam9e pres5t conditions1 try+ to discov] if any *anges h tak5 place 9 ! g5]al educational situation ( suffici5t mom5t to make necess>y a re>rangem5t or readju/m5t4 ,f9ally1 ,i %all draw my conclusions z to pres5t functions1 & ) a m c>eful analysis ( c]ta9 factors /ate ! reasons = ^? conclusions z briefly z possible4 ,fir/1 z to /ate normal s*ools3 x is1 ( c\rse1 entirely unnecess>y to g into details z to organization or e>ly "w ( ?is in/itution 9 our c\ntry4 ,i am /at+ :at is kn[n to all :5 ,i say t ,horace ,mann 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,h5ry ,b>n>d 9 ,connecticut1 ,david ,page 9 ,new ,york1 & ,william ,phelps 9 ,new ,j]sey _h "o & only "o ?\ght 9 view 9 work+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( normal s*ools & = ! developm5t ( _! "w4 ,!y1 "o & all1 7 seek+ "s means = provid+ bett] tea*]s = ! common s*ools4 ,no "o1 s f> z ,i am able to discov]1 at ?is "t ev5 sugge/$ t any o!r tea*]s ne$$ a special prep>ation = _! "w4 ,to be sure1 ! ,am]ican high s*ool 0 h>dly "u way :5 ! normal s*ool movem5t 0 inaugurat$1 9 #ahci1 !re be+ !n b half a doz5 9 ! entire c\ntry4 ,t5 ye>s lat] !re 7 b eighte54 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 9 ^? days a l>ge numb] ( academies giv+ second>y in/ruction4 ,b !re 0 no ?\ght ( look+ to ! normal s*ools = academy tea*]s1 !y came f ! colleges4 ,inde$1 g5]ally speak+1 ! academies & high s*ools z !n be+ develop$1 7 (f]+ a high] grade ( academic "w ?an ! normal s*ools1 & !y 7 r assi/+ ! latt] 9 ! production ( tea*]s4 ,?is 0 especially true 9 ,new ,york1 a movem5t hav+ !re be5 inaugurat$ by :i*1 ?ru f9ancial aid f ! ,/ate1 _m ( ! academies 7 (f]+ normal s*ool in/ruction & s5d+ out into ! rural s*ools & city grades a v cr$itable product4 ,& ! "* ( ! movem5t 9 ! ,ea/ has cont9u$ to be ! "* ( ! movem5t z x has swept ,we/w>d4 ,i ?9k !re has n be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a s+le /ate normal s*ool ^: function has n be5 und]/ood to be ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! common s*ools4 ,& by common s*ools ,i mean ! fir/ eight grades ( ! public s*ool1 includ+ bo? rural & urban communities1 = x has be5 only 9 rec5t ye>s t we h c>efully discrim9at$ betwe5 ! two4 ,next1 let u look at ! tea*]s college4 ,be> 9 m9d t ,i use ! t]m z ref]r+ to ! in/itution1 or dep>tm5t1 "u :atev] "n x may be kn[n1 t is do+ pr(essional "w 9 ! prep>ation ( tea*]s 9 connection ) colleges & univ]sities4 ,9 tak+ up ! topic1 att5tion ne$s fir/ to be call$ to two facts3 ! rapid developm5t ( our high s*ool sy/em & ! high degree ( success already atta9$ by our normal s*ools4 ,aft] ! close ( ! ,civil ,w> our high s*ools began to multiply--rapidly f #ahgj to #ahhj1 by leaps & b\nds f t "t to ! pres5t4 ,9 #ahgj !re 7 #agj2 #ahhj1 #hjj2 #ahij1 #b1ebf2 #aijj1 #f1jje2 & 9 #aijh1 #h1ifj4 7,annual reports ( ! ,commission] ( ,education47 ,b no soon] _h ! high s*ool movem5t obta9$ good headway ?an ! s]i\s problem arose z to ! supply ( tea*]s4 ,& s well1 on ! :ole1 _h ! normal s*ool done its "w t x _h m ?an ju/ifi$ its exi/5ce4 ,?ru its "w ! "* ( ! tea*+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools _h be5 greatly improv$4 ,tea*]s1 ) normal s*ool equipm5t1 7 ev]y:]e recogniz$ z sup]ior to ^? o!rwise tra9$ or n tra9$ at all4 ,v naturally1 !n1 :5 ! problem ( high s*ool tea*]s arose1 pr(essional prep>ation 0 dem&$4 ,b :]e c\ld x be obta9$ & h[8 ,! /ate normal s*ools1 true to _! function ( prep>+ tea*]s1 tri$ to satisfy ! additional dem&s plac$ ^u !m4 ,!y add$ to _! equipm5t1 modifi$ & ext5d$ _! c\rses1 & 9 e way did all !y c\ld4 ,inde$1 !y did all t 0 done 9 a pr(essional way = ne>ly a g5]ation4 ,b ! high s*ools 7 increas+1 bo? 9 numb]s & 9 academic requirem5ts ( /ud5ts & tea*]s4 ,city s*ool sy/ems 7 be+ develop$ & ext5d$ 9 a mo/ unprec$5t$ mann]1 call+ = skill$ sup]9t5d5ts1 sup]visors1 grade pr9cipals1 special tea*]s1 etc41 until1 f9ally1 ?\ghtful m5 began to see t ! impossible 0 be+ ask$ ( ! /ate normal s*ools4 ,= two reasons1 x 0 se51 !y c\ld n d ! d\ble "w2 9 ! fir/ place1 !y _h m ?an !y c\ld d 9 _! orig9al sph]e ( provid+ tea*]s = ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & secondly1 _! academic possibilities1 ev5 increas$ z !y _h be5 9 attempt+ ! "w1 7 cle>ly se5 to be :olly inadequate4 ,x 0 discov]$1 also1 t1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts be+ put =? by ! normal s*ools1 ! high] tea*+ positions--sup]9t5d5cies1 high s*ool pr9cipal%ips1 etc4--7 go+ to m5 ( collegiate atta9m5t1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( pr(essional tra9+ :i* 0 !n be+ recogniz$ z v desirable4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ! univ]sities & colleges1 ) _! m ext5d$ c\rses1 bett] equipm5t1 & /rong] faculties1 took ! matt] up & add$ educational dep>tm5ts 9 :i* c\ld be giv51 ) b slight additional outlay1 bo? ! academic & pr(essional equipm5t ?\ght to be ne$$ by ! high s*ool tea*]4 ,?is "w 0 fir/ cle>ly sugge/$ & outl9$ at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association 9 #ahgj4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,payne1 !n city sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools at ,adrian1 ,mi*igan1 read a notable address ^u ! subject1 ,! ,relation ,betwe5 ! ,univ]sity & ,our ,high ,s*ools4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 ! ,reg5ts ( ,mi*igan ,univ]sity e/abli%$ a *air ( ,!ory & ,art ( ,tea*+1 & to x call$ ! man :o _h1 by ! address j m5tion$1 (f]$ a practical z well z a logical solution ( ! difficult problem4 ,! example ?us set by ,mi*igan ,univ]sity 0 soon foll[$ by o!rs--,cornell1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,h>v>d1 ,*icago & o!rs1 until n[ ?is new dep>tm5t is f\nd 9 ne>ly e prom95t college & univ]sity 9 ! l&4 ,^! are our tea*]s colleges or1 r1 ! s\rces f :i* !y are spr++4 ,=1 to be sure1 n e p$agogical dep>tm5t f\nd 9 a high] in/itution ( le>n+1 ?o do+ 9 a g5]al way ! same grade ( "w1 %\ld be call$ a tea*]s college4 ,?o hav+ its roots 9 ^!1 ! tea*]s college prop] diff]s f ! mo/ ( !m 9 sev]al ways4 ,! p$agogical dep>tm5t ( a college1 & too1 a ?oroly reputable college1 may be1 & usually is1 m]ely "o ( ! _m dep>tm5ts ( ! in/itution1 repres5t$ on its faculty by a s+le pr(essor & (f]+ b a limit$ range ( pr(essional "w--a few c\rses 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 pr9ciples ( education1 & p$agogy1 usually4 ,a tea*]s college1 on ! o!r h&1 has an organization &1 sometimes1 a f9ancial /atus ( its own4 ,its relation%ip to ! in/itution z a :ole is gett+ to be ! same z t ( ! o!r pr(essional s*ools4 ,! movem5t is t[>d a sep>ate faculty1 head$ by a dean1 & repres5t+ all ! diff]5t phases ( bo? academic & pr(essional "w4 ,:ile _m ( ! memb]s ( ! faculty d1 & may cont9ue to1 give c\rses 9 ! o!r colleges1 !y h a di/9ct1 organic connection ) ! tea*]s college4 ,! tea*]s college is also gett+ to h1 z a vital "p ( its equipm5t1 a model high s*ool be>+ to x ! same relation%ip t ! model1 or practise1 s*ool be>s to our normal s*ools4 ,:ile ?is fulness ( organization & equipm5t has n yet be5 rea*$ by a l>ge numb]1 x has by sev]al1 among :i* are ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 ,*icago1 &1 approximately1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ) _m o!rs mov+ rapidly 9 ! same direction4 ,j a few words1 n[1 z to ! ?ird type m5tion$1 ! c\nty normal s*ool3 ,z already sugge/$1 ! l9e ( dem>cation 0 n e>ly drawn betwe5 ! urban & ! rural s*ool4 ,b cities grew2 city s*ool sy/ems 7 develop$2 ! normal s*ools1 9 spite ( rapid increase1 7 n able to keep up ) ! rapidly increas+ dem&s4 ,&1 s9ce ! field = normal s*ool graduates has ev] be5 an op5 "o1 !y h locat$ :]e ! remun]ation has be5 ! mo/ g5]\s4 ,n[1 cities & villages are1 g5]ally speak+1 ! c5t]s ( intellig5ce z well z ( population & weal?4 ,! p ( ^! communities h appreciat$ ! sup]iority ( pr(essionally prep>$ tea*]s1 & !y h be5 able to pay ! add$ price4 ,! result has be5 t !y h appropriat$ practically ! entire output ( ! normal s*ools4 ,none h be5 left = ! rural s*ools4 ,& aga91 ) ^! economic *anges !re came to be m & m cle>ly se51 z ! ye>s w5t by1 a diff]5ce1 int]nal & some:at vital1 betwe5 ! s*ools ( ! rural & ! urban communities1 mak+ 9 "s ways a diff]5t sort ( prep>ation desirable4 ,n[1 ! /ate normal s*ool1 gr[+ ) ! movem5t1 & ev] ke5ly alive to its opportunities = usefulness1 not+ cle>ly ! location ( its product1 v wisely began to modify its "w s z to make x bett] suit$ to ! ne$s ( its ma9 cu/om]s--! well-grad$ s*ools ( ! city & village4 ,& s x has result$ t1 ev5 if ! normal s*ools c\ld supply ! dem&s = bo? c\ntry & city tea*]s1 s f> z numb]s are conc]n$1 ! prep>ation giv5 is n ! mo/ ideal = ! =m]4 ,& j z :5 pr(essionally tra9$ second>y tea*]s 7 ne$$ a new in/itution 0 creat$ = _! prep>ation1 9 v rec5t ye>s an in/itution has appe>$ to satisfy ?is new ne$1 "o ^: function is z cle>ly ann\nc$1 & "o :i* seems to fit into ! situation z well1 & we h ! c\nty normal s*ool ( ,mi*igan & ,wiscons91 z m5tion$ above4 ,:e!r we %all see a rapid ext5sion ( ?is new movem5t1 mak+ ! c\nty normal s*ool z fixt an in/itution z ! /ate normal s*ool has become1 & z ! tea*]s college bids fair to become1 or :e!r1 ?ru consolidation1 ! di/9ctive type ( our rural s*ool %all disappe> & our /ate normal s*ools be increas$ 9 numb] to meet ! l>g] dem&s1 only ! future c tell4 ,?is latt]1 h[ev]1 w n be 9 our g5]ation1 & ,i confid5tly look = ! =m]4 ,i believe ! g5]al adoption & adaptation ( ! c\nty normal s*ool idea w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ economical & spe$y means ( solv+ "s ( our mo/ s]i\s rural s*ool problems4 ,& ,i also believe t x %\ld be our next /ep1 if we c take b "o /ep at a "t1 t[>d pr(essional education ( tea*]s4 ,if ,i h analyz$ aright ! pres5t situation1 & h be5 fair 9 my all too brief acc\nt ( ! rise & developm5t ( ^! in/itutions1 we see t we h 9 our mid/ to-day1 z a result ( ! developm5t ( our educational sy/em1 & to keep pace ) x1 ! developm5t ( ! idea s long ago adopt$--! value ( ! pr(essional prep>ation ( ! tea*]--?ree q di/9ct types ( an in/itution = su* purpose4 ,enum]at+ n[ 9 ord] ( grade ( "w r ?an ( hi/orical developm5t1 we h 7#a7 ! c\nty normal s*ool1 ^: function is solely ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! rural s*ools--sixty-"o ( !m f\nd only 9 ,mi*igan & ,wiscons91 s5d+ into ! rural s*ools ( ^? /ates ab\t #hjj fairly well equipt tea*]s ea* ye>2 7#b7 ! old /ate normal s*ool ( hi/oric fame1 ^: function is ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! elem5t>y grades ( our city & village s*ools--#aie !re 7 two ye>s ago--& !y s5t out into ! s*ools approximately #aj1jjj tea*]s1 mo/ly graduates2 7#c7 ! tea*]s college1 f\nd always 9 connection ) a college ( high rank or ( a full-fl$g$ univ]sity1 (f]+ "w1 bo? academic & pr(essional1 ( full univ]sity grade & cov]+ ! full univ]sity p]iod ( f\r ye>s4 ,! numb] _c be /at$ def9itely1 because ! process t is trans=m+ ! old p$agogical dep>tm5ts into tea*]s colleges is at su* v>y+ /ages ( developm5t4 ,its function is be/ /at$ 9 ! words ( ! in/itution 9 :i* x 0 f\nd$ 7,cal5d> ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan = #aijd-aije1 p4 #abf73-- #a4 ,to fit univ]sity /ud5ts = ! high] positions 9 ! public s*ool s]vice4 #b4 ,to promote ! /udy ( educational sci5ce4 #c4 ,to tea* ! hi/ory ( education & ( educational sy/ems & doctr9es4 #d4 ,to secure to tea*+ ! rights1 pr]ogatives & advantages ( a pr(ession4 #e4 ,to give a m p]fect unity to our /ate educational sy/em1 by br++ ! second>y s*ools into clos] relations ) ! univ]sity4 ,high] position 9 ! public s*ool s]vice meant1 9 ! ma91 9 ! e>ly days1 city sup]9t5d5cies & high s*ool pr9cipal%ips4 ,to ^!1 o!rs h be5 add$1 "o by "o1 ow+ v l>gely to ! great success ( ! movem5t & ! gr[+ appreciation ( ! value ( pr(essional prep>ation = occupants ( su* positions1 until n[ !y include city sup]9t5d5cies1 high s*ool & grade pr9cipal%ips1 subject sup]visor%ips1 high s*ool1 normal s*ool1 & college in/ructor%ips4 ,already ! lead+ tea*]s colleges1 ! ones at ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 & ,*icago univ]sities1 are be+ def9itely look$ to = ^! lat] add$ & m responsible workm54 ,?us f> ,i h b /at$ hi/orical facts kn[n to all :o are reasonably well in=m$ t\*+ ! hi/ory ( education & curr5t educational practise 9 our c\ntry4 ,i h done ?is all too briefly1 ,i am well aw>e4 ,b ! reason t ,i c\ld d x briefly is ! fact t ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal are well in=m$ ^u ! hi/orical phases ( ! subject4 ,all t ,i ne$$ to d 0 to cull out & br+ to ! =e ! p]t95t facts4 ,b ! "q n[ arises1 is ?is diff]5tiation logical8 ,are !re any reasons1 psy*ological1 economic1 or o!rwise1 = su* diff]5tiation8 ,if !re are1 x is go+ to cont9ue1 & ^! types ( ! in/itution :i* n[ seem to h be5 giv5 ea* su* a def9ite & sep>ate "w to d are go+ to be relatively p]man5t4 ,if n1 we %all cont9ue to cut & try1 undo+ to-morr[ :at 0 done to-day1 & *aos w result4 ,?is in/itution1 ) its v>i\s types1 is n "o t has evolv$ f a c>eful !oretical /udy ( our pres5t or prospective educational ne$s1 b "o t has gr[n up1 little by little1 /ep by /ep1 to meet & satisfy f "t to "t ! pres5t & press+ ne$s ( ! l>g] sy/em ( :i* x =ms a "p1 & = ! s]vice ( :i* x 0 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,b is x n true t (t5times ! logic ( ev5ts--! movem5ts ( hi/ory--reveal to u our fundam5tal pr9ciples1 outl9e = u our policy ( action1 & ev5 write out = u our program ( proc$ure z correctly & ev5 m irrevocably ?an philosophical =mulation c\ld d8 ,is n t especially likely to occur "u su* a =m ( gov]nm5t z ours8 ,i ?9k x has occurr$ 9 ! pres5t case4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection ! fact t ! logic ( ev5ts has l$ u1 9 our ef=ts to solve ! difficult problem ( ! education ( our tea*]s1 to practically ! same solution z t already rea*$ by ,france & ,g]many1 :i* c\ntries proce$$ m ne>ly along ! pa?way ( !oretical philosophical =mulation4 ,i believe t at lea/ two ( ^! in/itutions1 ! /ate normal s*ool & ! tea*]s college1 h come to /ay1 & ) practically ! functions outl9$ above4 ,( ! c\nty normal s*ool1 z said be=e1 ,i d n feel q s sure4 ,i am l$ to ! belief 9 ! relative p]man5cy ( ^! types ( pr(essional s*ool1 n only by a k ( ! hi/ory ( _! developm5t1 b also by ! conviction1 =m$ by a some:at c>eful /udy ( ! entire problem1 t !re are fundam5tal reasons1 psy*ological z well z economical1 = ! diff]5tiation4 ,9 o!r words1 my own some:at c>eful /udy ( ! entire situation br+s me to ! same position t ! logic ( ev5ts has br\ght u all4 ,z to ! c\nty normal s*ool3 x is s app>5t z sc>cely to ne$ m5tion t ! tea*] ( ! rural s*ool ne$s a prep>ation diff]+ 9 _m ways f t ne$$ by ! tea*] ( ! city grades4 ,! environm5t1 physical1 psy*ical1 & social1 is s diff]5t t a tea*] equipt to d ?oroly good "w 9 ei!r "o place might signally fail 9 ! o!r4 ,& ! pres5t economic situation speaks ) ne>ly ! same insi/5ce4 ,ev5 if our /ate normal s*ools 7 s5d+ out tea*]s ideally equipt = s]vice 9 ! rural communities1 ! remun]ation !re (f]$ is1 & = an indef9ite "t w rema91 s l[ z practically to keep !m out ( ! s*ools4 ,ei!r we mu/ h special in/itutions = ! prep>ation ( ! tea*]s ( ! rural s*ools1 or else ^? s*ools mu/1 9 ! ma91 cont9ue to d )\t pr(essionally prep>$ tea*]s4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r type1 x is equally cle> to me t ! v "* ( ! "w 9 ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools %\ld be diff]5t "o f ! o!r1 diff]5t z to discipl9e1 ends 9 view1 subjects ( /udy1 & me?ods ( h&l+ ! same4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ool ! pupil is a *ild1 ) ! m9d1 ! ta/es1 ! ambitions ( a *ild1 & he %\ld be all[$ to rema9 a *ild4 ,! ends 9 view are "r habits1 "r ideals1 & k facts4 ,9 ! second>y s*ool ! /ud5t is an adolesc5t1 ) ! m9d ( an adolesc5t1 hav+ peculi> & erratic ta/es1 *ang+ ambitions1 & conflict+ emotions4 ,he is nei!r *ild nor adult1 b pass+ ?ru ! mo/ dang]\s & critical p]iod ( 8 entire life4 ,! ends 9 view are no long] m]ely habits1 ideals1 & k facts1 b1 add$ to ^!1 & n[ m important = emphasis because presumably "r pr9ciples h already be5 e/abli%$1 bread? & fixity ( "*1 self-acqua9tance1 s*ol>%ip1 & culture4 ,tell me t ! atmosph]e1 psy*ical & spiritual1 & ! tra9+1 academic & pr(essional1 t w produce ! ideal tea*] ( ! *ild w also produce ! ideal tea*] ( ! adolesc5t8 ,nay1 v]ily6 ,y might z well tell ! flori/ t ! ,am]ican ,beauty rose & ! ,sn[ ,fl[] ( ! ,nor!rn =e/ w bo? rea* p]fection if gr[n side by side4 ,!n surely we ne$ diff]5t k9ds ( in/itutions4 ,i _c bett] conclude ?is ?\ght ?an by us+ ! words ( ,dr4 ,wm4 ,t4 ,h>ris f\nd 9 ! introductory p>agraph ( an article on ,! ,future ( ! ,normal ,s*ool4 7,ed4 ,rev41 ,janu>y1 #ahii1 p4 #a47 ,dr4 ,h>ris says3 ,i h tri$ to set d[n 9 ?is pap] ! gr\nds = comm5d+ ! normal s*ool z x exi/s = its *os5 "w ( prep>+ tea*]s = ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & at ! same "t urg+ ! ne$ ( tra9+ s*ools ) diff]5t me?ods ( prep>ation = ! k9d]g>t51 bel[1 & = ! second>y s*ool1 ! college & ! po/-graduate s*ool1 above ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! reason j giv51 ! psy*ological "o1 is alone suffici5t = believ+ t ! diff]5tiation is logical4 ,b let me add ano!r1 almo/ equally effective--an academic reason1 directly academic & at ! same "t indirectly economic4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ words1 tak5 f ,dr4 ,payne's ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 7,am4 ,book ,co41 #ahhf1 p4 #ech47 ,if !re is any well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( s*ool economy x is ?is3 ,! s*ol>%ip ( ! tea*] %\ld be consid]ably broad] ?an ! s*ol>%ip ( 8 mo/ advanc$ pupil4 ,nobody n[ que/ions ! /atem5t4 ,^u ! basis ( t pr9ciple !re is little criticism to be (f]$ ( ! academic equipm5t ( our normal s*ool graduates z tea*]s 9 ! grades4 ,no normal s*ool n[ completes its "w ) less ?an "o full ye> beyond ! completion ( a f\r-ye> high s*ool c\rse1 & two ye>s beyond is rapidly gett+ to be ! /&>d4 ,s t normal s*ool graduation gives ! prospective tea*] ( ! grades at lea/ f\r ye>s ( academic1 & f "o to two ye>s ( pr(essional & academic "w beyond ! po9t to be rea*$ by 8 mo/ advanc$ pupil4 ,to be sure1 m w\ld be bett]--a long] exp]i5ce & a clos] acqua9tance ) ! great "* =m+ subjects1 su* z lit]ature1 hi/ory1 philosophy1 etc4 ,?is w\ld give bread? ( view1 cle>ness ( p]ception1 & a "r p]spective--elem5ts ( incomp>able value 9 ! equipm5t ( ! tea*]4 ,b yet1 9 view ( our economic conditions & ( a g5]al lack ( und]/&+ & !re=e ( appreciation 9 ! lay m9d ( ! mo/ vital & fundam5tal "w ( ! tea*]1 we _c yet hope = tea*]s ideally equipt4 ,& our pres5t /&>ds1 if insi/$ ^u & ! "w ?us f> be ?oro & cle> & fai?ful1 w give u increas+ly bett] results & ev5tually lead to conditions m ne>ly ideal4 ,b ?is judgm5t z to criticism mu/ be v diff]5t :5 we look ^u ^! graduates z possible tea*]s 9 ! high s*ool4 ,! s*ol>%ip ( su* a tea*] !re w\ld be b little1 if any1 broad] ?an ! s*ol>%ip ( 8 mo/ advanc$ pupil4 ,:ile !re is to-day no uni=m legislation t\*+ ! requirem5ts z to qualifications ( high s*ool tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ea* /ate1 & ev5 ea* s*ool1 be+ l>gely a law unto itself1 !re is gett+ to be a v decid$ uni=mity ! c\ntry ov] z to practise1 & 9 _m ways ?is is mu* m significant ?an =mal legislation w\ld be4 ,= )\t compulsion1 ! :ole p1 ea* section & ea* /ate1 indep5d5t ( all o!rs1 seem+ly by ! v necessity ( ! case1 h fixt ^u ! same m9imum /&>d ( qualification = high s*ool tea*]s4 ,& t m9imum is ! completion ( a full f\r-ye> collegiate c\rse ( in/ruction1 includ+--inde$1 9 _m cases1 plus--a c]ta9 emphasis to be plac$ ^u ! subjects to be h&l$1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t devot$ to /rictly pr(essional subjects4 ,to be sure1 9 "s /ates legislation has spok51 z 9 ,m9nesota1 requir+ completion ( collegiate "w1 & practically s 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 requir+ completion ( su* "w = sup]9t5d5cies & high s*ool pr9cipal%ips1 & /rongly recomm5d+ ! same = all tea*+ positions 9 ! high s*ool4 ,9 ,cali=nia a /ep f>!r has be5 tak5 9 requir+1 9 addition to t1 a full ye> ( graduate /udy4 ,! t5d5cy1 9 sev]al /ates1 seems to be 9 ! direction ( ! position tak5 by ,cali=nia4 ,& ) t t5d5cy ,i am 9 sympa?y4 ,?is movem5t upw>d1 h[ev]1 ,i d n want to see g any f>!r4 ,i deprecate ! t5d5cy1 se5 9 "s qu>t]s1 ( sett+ up z ! symbol ( ! /&>d ( qualification = ! high s*ool tea*]1 ! doctor's degree4 ,i d n want ! boys & girls ( our high s*ools taught1 or r direct$ 9 _! upw>d developm5t1 by m]e speciali/s--doctors ( philosophy1 :o "k ev]y?+ ab\t no?+1 & no?+ ab\t ev]y?+4 ,nor d ,i want !m direct$ by m5 & wom5 :o are oblig$ to ciph] on page tw5ty :ile ! class is work+ on page n9ete54 ,b ,i d want !m direct$ by m5 & wom5 :o are ?oroly acqua9t$ ) ! subjects :i* !y tea*1 & :o "k h[ to h&le ! same2 b especially by m5 & wom5 ( broad1 lib]al culture1 m5 & wom5 ^: lives h be5 enri*$ by ! be/ !re is 9 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 art1 sci5ce1 & philosophy1 & :o "k life1 & are 9 w>m sympa?y ) "y life4 ,tea*]s ?us equipt are able1 f _! high vantage po9t1 to rea* out "h & !re & take z educative mat]ial t :i* w contribute to ! beautiful & /rong developm5t ( ea* case at h&4 ,& su* an equipm5t1 on its academic side1 comes n %ort ( ! ma/]'s degree1 or its equival5t4 ,my au?ority = ! /atem5t made above z to ! gr[+ uni=mity ( practise 9 requir+ z m9imum qualification = high s*ool tea*]s a full collegiate c\rse1 & z to ! t5d5cy 9 sev]al /ates t[>d requir+1 9 addition1 a full ye> ( graduate /udy1 is f\nd 9 an ext5d$ correspond5ce ) normal s*ool pr9cipals & city & /ate sup]9t5d5ts repres5t+ ! entire c\ntry4 ,^! facts z to pres5t-day requirem5ts seem to me to fix some:at def9itely ! matt]s "u discussion4 ,our normal s*ools1 ) possibly two or ?ree exceptions1 are n equipt to give ! ext5d$ qualification n[ dem&$ = ! high s*ool tea*]4 ,b>r+ ! two or ?ree1 ! be/ ( !m d n pret5d to c>ry ! /ud5t m ?an two ye>s beyond high s*ool graduation4 ,& :e!r x be "o or two ye>s1 ! "w is1 z x ought to be1 ma9ly pr(essional--n academic4 ,inde$1 ! presid5ts ( _m ( our /ronge/ normal s*ools insi/ t !y d n d any /rictly academic "w4 ,& if ! lack is s great t\*+ high s*ool tea*]s1 h[ mu* great] t\*+ positions /ill high]4 ,to be sure1 ! "w ( ! normal s*ools might be suffici5tly ext5d$ to enable !m to d ?is additional & advanc$ "w4 ,new build+s might be erect$1 laboratory facilities increas$1 libr>ies enl>g$1 additional & /rong] tea*]s provid$1 etc4 ,b is x necess>y8 ,is x wise8 ,is x likely to happ5 ) our legislators hold+ ! purse /r+s s tightly ti$8 ,to all su* que/ions ! answ] mu/ inevitably be negative4 ,x is n necess>y because n really ne$$ = ! prep>ation ( elem5t>y tea*]s1 :ile = ! prep>ation ( second>y tea*]s o!r ag5cies are at h&4 ,& if n ne$$ ! unwisdom ( su* an ext5sion c sc>cely be que/ion$4 ,c]ta9ly n1 if1 z urg$ above1 diff]5t k9ds ( in/itutions are ne$$ = ! prep>ation ( ! two grades ( tea*]s4 ,!n1 if bo? n ne$$ & unwise1 x is n likely to happ5 9 any case :]e legislators are intellig5tly in=m$ z to ! situation4 ,to indicate ! feel+ among _m ( our lead+ educators t\*+ ?is po9t1 x might be int]e/+1 9 clos+1 to give a brief summ>y ( ! correspond5ce m5tion$ above4 ,?is inquiry1 0 direct$ to all our /ate sup]9t5d5ts1 to =ty ( ! lead+ normal s*ool pr9cipals repres5t+ all sections ( ! c\ntry1 & to fifty-two lead+ & repres5tative city sup]9t5d5ts4 ,! foll[+ que/ions 7 ask$3-- 7#a7 ,are y\r normal s*ools at ! pres5t "t equipt to give adequate prep>ation to prospective high s*ool tea*]s8 7#b7 ,if y ?9k !y are n1 w\ld x be wise to add to _! pres5t equipm5t su* facilities z w\ld enable !m to give su* prep>ation1 or c t "w be bett] done 9 "s o!r way8 ,,replies ,,f ,,/ate ,,sup]9t5d5ts ,to "q 7#a74 ,?irty-eight replies 7 receiv$1 ( :i* tw5ty-n9e 7 negative & n9e affirmative4 ,( ! n9e1 h[ev]1 only "o came f a /ate 9 :i* normal s*ool facilities are at all sup]ior to :at may be t]m$ a fair av]age1 & 9 t /ate ^! facilities are f\nd 9 only "o ( ! five normal s*ools1 :]eas1 9 five ( ! n9e1 ^! facilities are inf]ior to :at may be t]m$ a fair av]age4 ,9 two ( ! n9e1 ?o ! /ate sup]9t5d5ts gave affirmative answ]s1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( ! normal s*ool pr9cipals 0 negative4 ,9 a ^w1 ! n9e affirmative replies indicate individual op9ions1 & result f a limit$ p]spective4 ,to "q 7#b74 ,tw5ty-n9e replies 7 receiv$1 ( :i* fifte5 7 specifically negative1 five specifically affirmative1 & n9e impli$ a misund]/&+ ( ! "q4 ,b ne>ly all ( ! n9e1 z well z ! fifte51 /at$ def9itely or cle>ly impli$ t su* "w %\ld be done 9 ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,,replies ,,f ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,pr9cipals ,to "q 7#a74 ,tw5ty-eight replies 7 receiv$1 ( :i* tw5ty 7 negative1 & eight affirmative4 ,( ! eight1 ?ree 7 f /ates hav+ b "o normal s*ool ea*1 & p]haps1 !re=e1 admitt$ly /rong2 two f /ates hav+ ea* "o s*ool mu* sup]ior to ! o!rs ( ! same /ate1 & ref]r+ specifically to t s*ool4 ,( ! rema9+ ?ree1 "o 0 f a new /ate 9 ! ,nor?we/1 "o f a ,s\!rn /ate1 & "o /at$ t only 9 "s bran*es 0 ! equipm5t suffici5t4 ,to "q 7#b74 ,tw5ty replies 7 receiv$1 ( :i* sixte5 7 negative1 & f\r affirmative4 ,( ! f\r1 n "o said t all %\ld be s equipt4 ,ea* sugge/$ t p]haps x w\ld be well ?us to ext5d ! equipm5t ( "o s*ool 9 a /ate4 ,,replies ,,f ,,city ,,sup]9t5d5ts ,to "q 7#a74 ,?irty replies 7 receiv$1 ( :i* tw5ty-eight 7 negative1 & two affirmative4 ,! two 7 f a /ate 9 :i* is to be f\nd a s+le normal s*ool1 & t1 "o ( ! be/4 ,to "q 7#b74 ,tw5ty-eight replies 7 receiv$1 ( :i* tw5ty-six 7 negative1 & two affirmative4 ,to be sure1 correspond5ce ^u ?is po9t 0 n suffici5tly ext5d$ to be conclusive1 b yet my correspond5ts 71 9 ! ma91 lead]s 9 _! respective l9es1 & !re=e repres5t ! be/ educational ?\ght & practise ( ! times4 ,! summ>y speaks cle>ly & to ! po9t1 & to ! same po9t1 note1 t ! logic ( ev5ts has already br\ght u4 ,! "w ( ! normal s*ool %\ld cont9ue to be1 z x has be5 f ! beg9n+1 devot$ to prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! grades1 :ile prospective tea*]s 9 ! high s*ools %\ld seek _! prep>ation 9 ! tea*]s colleges1 "u :atev] specific names kn[n1 :]e ! pr(essional phases ( ! "w w be z mu* emphasiz$1 b be diff]5t1 & be diff]5tly h&l$ z befitt+ ! diff]5t "* ( ! "w to be done1 & :]e !y c receive ! broad] academic outlook & equipm5t absolutely ess5tial to an adequate h&l+ ( ! l>g] & m difficult situation4 ,,note4--,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! ,janu>y numb] ( ,education1 my att5tion has be5 call$ to ! fact t 9 nam+ in/itutions giv+ e>ly att5tion to ! prep>ation ( second>y tea*]s ,i omitt$ "s t %\ld h f\nd a place 9 su* an enum]ation4 ,x is true t sev]al o!rs might well h be5 m5tion$4 ,on page #bhf1 l9e #e 7page #bbd1 l9e #c ( ?is "w71 ,i might well h add$ ! ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy ( ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 also ,cl>k1 ,/an=d1 ,cali=nia1 & ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia1 & aga91 & o!rs4 ,& on page #bhi1 l9e #ah 7page #bbh1 l9e #ah ( ?is "w71 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld h add$ ! ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy ( ,new ,york ,univ]sity & ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 possibly o!rs1 = ! "w is progress+ rapidly4 ,b x 0 ! movem5t ,i _h 9 m9d r ?an ! specific contributions ( v>i\s in/itutions4 ,! omissions 7 n born ( any desire to )hold f any in/itution ! cr$it t x des]ves4 ,s9ce ?is matt] is aga9 op51 let me add an int]e/+ fact 9 reg>d to ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy1 j m5tion$4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 we h "h ! fir/ real tea*]s college1 t is1 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* we see a ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 hav+ m]ely equal /&+ ) o!r dep>tm5ts 9 a univ]sity1 become1 ?ru def9ite action ( t univ]sity's gov]n+ body1 a pr(essional s*ool ( equal rank ) ! o!r pr(essional s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,?is *ange 0 made on ,m>* #c1 #ahij4 ,judg+ by results1 x has be5 amply ju/ifi$4 ,! in/itution is do+ a l>ge & spl5did "w4--,,! ,,au?or4 ,x ,,cr$it ,,= ,,quality ,,9 ,,second>y ,,& ,,high] ,,education ,f ! ,educational ,review1 ,m>*1 #aiji1 & ! ,we/]n ,j\rnal ( ,education 7n[ ! ,am]ican ,s*oolma/]71 ,may1 #aiji ,9 ! ,educational ,review = ,may1 #aijh1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,secor _h an article "u ! caption1 ,cr$it = ,quality 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool4 ,mr4 ,secor says1 9 8 op5+ p>agraph1 ,! pres5t sy/em ( giv+ cr$it t[>ds graduation 9 use 9 ! second>y s*ool1 takes acc\nt ma9ly ( ! am\nt ( "w done4444 ,! /ud5t :o b>ely passes 8 "w gets j ! same am\nt ( cr$it t[>ds graduation z ! "o :o passes high 9 ! n9eties4 ,x is to be expect$1 !n1 t ! /ud5t 444 w reason some?+ l ?is3 ,i w be graduat$ if ,i pass my "w 9 ! sev5ties j ! same z if ,i pass x 9 ! n9eties4 ,:at is ! use ( wa/+ "t & ef=t 9 secur+ a high av]age8 ,he !n sugge/s a sy/em ( m>k+ :i* w\ld n only fix a m9imum ( quality1 b w\ld also recognize diff]5t degrees ( quality by giv+ m cr$it t[>d graduation = high quality ?an = l[1 :i* sy/em1 he ?9ks1 w\ld also t5d to a /r5g!n+ ( ! intellectual life ( ! second>y s*ool4 ,mr4 ,secor does n claim to be ! orig9ator ( ! idea1 giv+ to ,presid5t ,hyde ( ,b[do9 t d\btful honor4 ,he also ref]s to two articles 9 ! ,educational ,review1 "o 9 ! issue ( ,april1 #aije1 writt5 by ,pr(essor ,?omas1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 speak+ ( ! sy/em z j introduc$ into t in/itution1 & ! o!r 9 ! issue ( ,decemb]1 #aijf1 by ,pr(essor ,k5n$y1 describ+ ! sy/em z !n 9 use 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota4 ,aft] ^! ref]5ces h be5 cit$1 ! sy/em is discu/ f v>i\s po9ts ( view & its ext5sion into ! second>y field favor$1 ?o1 9 8 clos+ p>agraph1 ,mr4 ,secor says1 ,n[ ! plan "h propos$ does n claim p]fection4 ,x may n ev5 be a workable s*eme :5 put to ! te/4 ,mr4 ,secor's article is b "o ( _m evid5ces t ! exp]im5t n[ be+ tri$ 9 a few ( our high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 ( attempt+ to e/imate & adequately rew>d quality z well z quantity ( "w done by /ud5ts1 is attract+ consid]able att5tion4 ,x is n at all /range t ^! exp]im5ts are attract+ att5tion1 = ! idea is tak+ & its ju/ice seem+ly s app>5t4 ,because ( ?is int]e/ ,i desire to exam9e "s p>ts ( ,mr4 ,secor's article & 9 ! process ( t exam9ation briefly discuss ! s-call$ ,cr$it-=-quality idea4 ,i %all be mat]ially aid$ 9 su* discussion by my exp]i5ce ) ! practical work+s ( ! sy/em 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 & %all take ! opportunity ( lett+ ! educational _w "k h[ ! sy/em is work+ & h[ x is be+ reg>d$ 9 ! in/itution 9 :i* x has be5 receiv+ its mo/ ext5sive & ?oro trial4 ,= :ile ! sy/em did n orig9ate "h1 x 0 "h fir/ put into op]ation1 & = ye>s an e>ne/1 hone/1 h]oic ef=t has be5 put =? 9 its behalf4 ,i might say1 p>5!tically1 t ! details ( ! sy/em ,mr4 ,secor sugge/s are almo/ id5tically ! ones t h be5 9 use 9 ?is in/itution4 ,!y 7 f\nd to be faulty1 h[ev]1 & h be5 mat]ially *ang$4 ,i h read & re-read ,mr4 ,secor's article ) bo? int]e/ & appreh5sion2 ) int]e/1 because ! ,cr$it-=-quality idea has be5 engag+ my ?\ghtful att5tion on bo? its practical & its !oretical sides = a consid]able "t2 ) appreh5sion1 s9ce ! article seems to recomm5d ! sy/em = use 9 our second>y s*ools4 ,i am sorry ! recomm5dation has be5 made = ! conclusions ,i h rea*$ f my d\ble /udy are v diff]5t f ^? be+ held by ,mr4 ,secor4 ,i s]i\sly "q ! wisdom ( ext5d+ ! sy/em at all1 ev5 :5 deal+ ) /ud5ts ( college rank1 mu* m s]i\sly1 !n1 :5 appli$ to ^? ( ! second>y s*ool :o are f\r ye>s y\ng]1 mu* less mature1 & !re=e less able to pr(it by ! m]itori\s features & at ! same "t )/& ! weak5+ influ5ces att5dant ^u ! sy/em4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k its adoption 9 ! second>y s*ools w\ld be no?+ %ort ( a calamity4 ,ano!r reason :y ,i feel impell$ to speak is t ref]5ce is made 9 ,mr4 ,secor's article to ! work+ ( ! sy/em 9 ! in/itution ) :i* ,i am connect$ z highly satisfactory4 ,9 ju/ice to ! sy/em itself & c]ta9ly 9 view ( its sugge/$ ext5sion1 t impression %\ld n be all[$ to g =? )\t modification or correction4 ,i %all attempt1 !re=e1 9 ?is discussion1 to d ?ree ?+s1 ?o ,i %all n try to sep>ate ! ?ree spatially3 7#a7 to discuss ?is m>k+ sy/em on its m]its2 7#b7 to report to ! educational _w our f9d+s aft] an exp]i5ce ) x ( five ye>s1 & 7#c7 to urge aga9/ its ext5sion into ! second>y field4 ,let me say1 at ! outset1 t ,i h be5 connect$ ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota = ?ree ye>s--! la/ ?ree ( ! five dur+ :i* ! sy/em has be5 9 use4 ,i h _h all ! "t f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ tw5ty-five /ud5ts4 ,! grad+ has _h to be done ?ree times a ye>1 s9ce our s*ool ye>1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 sep>at$ into ?ree t]ms4 ,let me also make pla9 ! fact t 9 all ,i say ,i speak ^u my own responsibility1 n = ! in/itution nor = its faculty1 ?o x is true t ne>ly1 if n q1 half ! faculty hold practically ! same views reg>d+ ! sy/em4 ,x is true1 z ,mr4 ,secor says1 t ! pres5t sy/em ( giv+ cr$it t[>ds graduation us$ 9 our second>y s*ools takes acc\nt ma9ly ( ! am\nt ( "w done4 ,x passes ^u quality1 z he says1 only :5 x fixes a pass+ m>k4 ,x may also be true1 z he takes = grant$1 t x w\ld be desirable to give cr$it t[>ds graduation = quality z well z = quantity1 b ( ?is ,i am v mu* 9 d\bt1 especially 9 deal+ ) second>y /ud5ts4 ,x does n suffici5tly take into consid]ation ! value ( cont5t1 & t1 x seems to me1 is a factor t %\ld n be disreg>d$4 ,i ?9k ,i value z highly z mo/ m5 ! discipl9e1 or m5tal p[]1 ga9$ by close application2 likewise1 ! habit ( ?oroness ga9$ ?ru do+ "w well2 b yet1 9 addition to ^? acquisitions1 ,i confess t ,i also place high value ^u k z a possession4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i want ! /ud5t1 bo? high s*ool & college1 to "k some?+4 ,i w gladly admit1 h[ev]1 t x is v desirable to secure f ! /ud5t quality z well z quantity4 ,t1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 is ! ma9 ?+ t ,mr4 ,secor is really aft]4 ,he ?9ks ! be/ way1 or1 at any rate1 a v good way1 to get x is ?ru ! device ( giv+ extra cr$it t[>d graduation = ! high] grades ( "w4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ! sy/em does n lead me to t conclusion4 ,int]e/ 9 ! subject matt] itself is always ess5tial to ! do+ ( a high quality ( "w4 ,& su* int]e/ 9 ! subject matt] ( s*ool /udies is sc>cely secur$ by any?+ s artificial z rew>ds smack+ ( ! m>ket4 ,s f> z x c n be secur$ directly1 & resort mu/ be made to artificial inc5tives to secure x1 ,i ?9k t inc5tives c be f\nd mu* m 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al _s & purpose ( education ?an ! con/ant appeal to ! comm]cial value ( ! grades be+ obta9$4 ,! ord9>y mon?ly report c>d s5t to ! home1 on :i* ! quality ( "w be+ done 9 ! v>i\s subjects is indicat$ by excell5t1 good1 poor1 etc41 & ev5 by ! too common p] c5t1 is artificial /imulus en\gh4 ,e tea*] kn[s :at an inc5tive ! report c>d c be made4 ,to be sure1 tea*]s diff] greatly 9 _! ability to use ?is c>d skilfully1 b s us$ x c ex]t great p[]4 ,n long ago ,i discu/ ?is ,cr$it-=-quality matt] ) a class ( ab\t ?irty univ]sity /ud5ts1 mo/ly fre%m51 &1 some:at to my surprise1 ,i discov]$ t ) ! majority ( !m ! *ief reason = desir+ ! ,a & ,b 7our m>ks = extra cr$it t[>d graduation7 0 n t !y bore ! extra cr$it1 b t ! descriptive t]ms excell5t & good secure extra appreciation f ! home :5 t]m /&+s are report$4 ,?is might n be true ( any l>ge p]c5tage ( univ]sity /ud5ts1 c]ta9ly w\ld n be ( ! upp] classes4 ,add$ ye>s h made !m %rewd]4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( our sy/em !y h become ke5] to appreciate a b>ga94 ,b x c]ta9ly w\ld be true ( a v l>ge p]c5tage ( second>y /ud5ts4 ,consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! second>y s*ools leads me to d\bt v mu* t ! typical high s*ool /ud5t reasons z ,mr4 ,secor sugge/s 9 8 fir/ p>agraph4 ,"s d1 ( c\rse1 & s d "s univ]sity /ud5ts1 b n ! great body ( ei!r4 ,b>r+ a small p]c5tage1 /ud5ts z !y run1 9 bo? high s*ool & college1 are an e>ne/ lot ( "y p4 ,!y are 9 ^! in/itutions = a purpose4 ,!y are seek+1 s f> z _! vision ext5ds1 well-develop$ manhood & womanhood4 ,_! *ief desire is n to slide ?ru4 ,! two imm$iate ends normally 9 view are consci\sness ( progressive gr[? & appreciation f p>5t & tea*]4 ,h[ eag] ! majority are = ?is appreciation is well kn[n to all4 ,all ! /imulus ne$$1 9 addition to :at ! subjects & ! /ud5t's own desire furni%1 ! res\rceful tea*] has at h& wrapt up 9 8 own p]sonality4 ,if any o!r /imulus is ne$$ x c be giv5 by a grad+ ( diplomas z is n[ be+ done 9 _m high s*ools & colleges4 ,i hold t to add to ! m>ks n[ 9 common use :at may be call$ a monet>y fr+e is bo? unnecess>y & really subv]sive ( ! true ends ( ! s*ool "w4 ,z tea*]s we %\ld seek to elevate ideals1 n to l[] !m2 to furni% "r motives1 n wrong ones2 to place be=e ! develop+ y\? high inc5tives1 n l[ ones4 ,mr4 ,secor says1 ! propos$ plan is sup]ior to ! pres5t sy/em 9 t x gives a natural & n an artificial inc5tive to high s*ol>%ip4 ,by :at process ( reason+ he rea*es ! conclusion t m]e m>ks & honors are m unnatural & artificial ?an ! same m>ks & honors ) a comm]cial tag app5d$1 ,i fail to see4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is1 bo? are artificial4 ,z inc5tives1 bo? are l[1 b x /&s to reason t ! latt] is mu* l[] ?an ! =m]4 ,! be/ fri5ds ( ! sy/em "h1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 admit t1 z an inc5tive1 x is bo? artificial & l[4 ,mr4 ,secor goes on to say1 ! sy/em 7t is1 ! ,cr$it-=-quality7 puts a premium on ?or\gh-go+ s*ol>%ip by enabl+ ! /ud5t to come up = graduation )\t be+ =c$ to /udy s _m subjects t he is n able to d any ( !m well4 ,if our second>y s*ool c\rses are s arrang$ z to =ce ! /ud5t to /udy s _m subjects t he is n able to d any ( !m well1 !n some?+ is radically wrong ) ! c\rses ( /udy4 ,b no evil c be rem$i$ by introduc+ a great]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! application ( ! sy/em does n lead to ?or\gh-go+ s*ol>%ip1 at lea/ n 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota :]e1 = five ye>s1 an hone/ & fai?ful ef=t has be5 made to secure t result4 ,9 all our discussions ,i h nev] he>d "o ( its fri5ds make t claim = x1 al?o ! *>ge has be5 repeat$ly made t x is de/ructive ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! writ] goes on to say1 he 7! /ud5t7 may sub/itute dep? = bread?1 if he s desires1 & is enc\rag$ to d s4 ,%all we1 9 ! second>y s*ools1 enc\rage dep?8 ,yes1 to be sure1 relative dep?1 b n too mu* ( x1 & n !n at ! exp5se ( bread?4 ,= is n ! high s*ool /ud5t 9 t /age ( 8 developm5t :5 he responds to ! s5se ( bread? r ?an t ( dep?8 ,we c\ld n make ( him a /ud5t ( rese>* if we %\ld try4 ,let u n try4 ,9 ! la/ p>agraph ( ! article ref]r$ to we f9d a h9t ( a lack ( ?oro conviction on ! "p ( ! writ] himself4 ,x may n ev5 be a workable s*eme :5 put to ! te/1 he says4 ,let me say t "h1 aft] five ye>s' use1 x is n prov+ to be satisfactorily workable ev5 ) /ud5ts ( college grade1 & by a rec5t faculty action x has be5 entirely elim9at$ f our prep>atory dep>tm5t4 ,?is lack ( conviction on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,secor calls to m9d an int]e/+ bit ( hi/ory connect$ ) ! movem5t4 ,z said be=e1 x did n orig9ate 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota4 ,dr4 ,william ,de,witt ,hyde1 ,presid5t ( ,b[do9 ,college1 is responsible = ! sugge/ion4 ,he sket*$ ! plan 9 an ,outlook article ( ,augu/ #bnd1 #aijb1 b evid5tly lack+ ! c\rage ( 8 conviction did n introduce x into 8 own in/itution1 pref]r+1 seem+ly1 t ! exp]im5t be made else:]e4 ,?is has be51 f ! />t1 v sugge/ive to me4 ,i h "s admiration = ,presid5t ,hyde's %rewdness4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota fell into ! trap ?us skilfully set4 ,& x is easi] to fall into a trap ?an to get out ( x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! sy/em is m on trial n[1 aft] five ye>s' use1 ?an ev] be=e4 ,o!r in/itutions w\ld d well to await fur!r developm5ts4 ,9 attempt+ to analyze ! situation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 let me aga9 ref] to ,mr4 ,secor's article4 ,he says1 ,! plan1 ) "s modifications1 is at pres5t be+ us$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota & 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ) results t are report$ to be highly satisfactory4 ,to sub/antiate 8 /atem5t he ref]s1 9 a foot-note1 to ! articles 9 ! ,educational ,review f :i* he got 8 in=mation4 ,n[1 ! conclusion t ,mr4 ,secor rea*es f read+ ^! articles is h>dly w>rant$ by ! articles !mselves4 ,i fe> he read too mu* betwe5 ! l9es4 ,let u see3 ,pr(essor ,?omas wrote ( ! ,columbia sy/em m ?an ?ree ye>s ago1 & only a c\ple ( mon?s aft] its adoption2 nor does he say any?+ z to its success1--9 fact1 he c\ld n1 = !re 0 no?+ to say4 ,he m]ely expla9$ ! new sy/em & gave voice to 8 expectations4 ,! ,columbia sy/em may be prov+ highly satisfactory1 b surely t article does n say t x is4 ,& :5 ! o!r article is analyz$1 ! case is f\nd to be some:at simil>4 ,pr(essor ,k5n$y wrote on ! sy/em 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota ne>ly two ye>s ago1 fully two academic ye>s1 = ! article appe>$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aijf1 be=e ! close ( ! fir/ t]m ( ! ye> #aijf-'jg4 ,n[ two ye>s 9 ! life ( an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d is a long "t4 ,& ,pr(essor ,k5n$y 9 writ+ 8 article1 did n put ! case z /rongly z does ,mr4 ,secor f read+ x4 ,all t he said ( its successful work+ 03 ,we 444 ?us f> c tru?fully say x is work+ itself out 9 desirable results--9 m & bett] "w ?an "u ! old plan4 ,f ^! data1 giv5 :5 !y 71 ,mr4 ,secor is c]ta9ly n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! plan 444 is at pres5t be+ us$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota ) results t are report$ to be highly satisfactory4 ,pr(essor ,k5n$y's /atem5t 0 8 individual judgm5t at ! "t he wrote 8 article4 ,a consid]able numb] ( 8 co-labor]s w\ld n !n h agre$ ) him4 ,he probably w\ld n write ev5 z /rongly z t to-day4 ,if he %\ld1 a /ill l>g] numb] w\ld disagree4 ,he might write z /rongly ( 8 own belief 9 ! !oretical s\ndness ( ! sy/em1 b t is q ano!r matt]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ! weaknesses ( ! sy/em h become s mu* m app>5t t _m memb]s ( ! faculty !n favorable1 or at lea/ hopeful1 h at la/ come to despair ( ev] be+ able to elim9ate ! objectionable features & /r5g!n ! weak po9ts suffici5tly to w>rant its ret5tion4 ,pr(essor ,k5n$y's article goes into detail z to ! adoption ( ! plan1 & cle>ly /ates its v>i\s *anges up to ! date ( 8 writ+4 ,9 our ef=ts1 s9ce !n1 to improve & /r5g!n x1 v>i\s o!r *anges h be5 made s t1 z a matt] ( fact1 "o :o knew x 9 its e>ly hi/ory only w\ld h>dly recognise x z plann$ = use next ye> 7q diff]5t 9 detail f t n[ 9 use7 save 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,t rema9s ! same2 ! in/itution desires to secure a bett] quality ( "w f its /ud5ts2 x also desires to enable ! /ud5t ( exceptional ability or unusual indu/ry to cut %ort 8 p]iod ( und]graduate /udy4 ,to accompli% ^! ends x cont9ues to use its s-call$ ,cr$it-=-quality sy/em ( m>k+4 ,?is is done1 al?o a l>ge & /eadily increas+ numb] ( ! faculty memb]s feel t x does n d ! fir/ & t x ov]does ! second4 ,z to ^! ends3 ,i ?9k t no "o on ! faculty really feels t1 on ! :ole1 we are gett+ a bett] grade ( "w ?an %\ld reasonably be expect$ )\t ! sy/em2 or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 no "o w\ld be bold en\gh to say t our /ud5ts are do+ bett] "w ?an ! /ud5ts ( simil> in/itutions t d n use ! sy/em4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is true t "s :o h come among u s9ce ! adoption ( ! sy/em give ! comp>ison ! less favorable turn4 ,?ru ! op]ation ( ! sy/em _m c & d %ort5 _! c\rse2 too _m1 ,i feel4 ,too _m :o h nei!r exceptional ability nor unusual indu/ry1 unless x be ability to "w ! ,pr(4 & indu/ry 9 t laudable ent]prise4 ,! c\rse t normally takes f\r full ye>s c be %ort5$ f a portion ( a t]m to a full ye>4 ,prior to ,june1 #aijh1 ! "t sav$ c\ld rea* to a full ye> & a half4 ,true1 no "o _h actually complet$ a c\rse 9 two & a half ye>s1 b "o "y lady's "t 0 only slightly 9 excess ( t & ! excess 0 fully ov]balanc$ by ! "t %e gave to outside "w--to libr>y assi/ance = remun]ation1 & to j\rnalism4 ,& t gait 0 be+ /ruck by o!rs4 ,x only rema9$ to be se5 h[ long ! w9d w\ld hold out4 ,x 0 cle>ly possible4 ,b ! faculty became al>m$4 ,cle>ly recogniz+ ! above /at$ possibility & be+ :olly unwill+ ?us to l[] its high /&>d1 x pass$ a resolution t arbitr>ily limits ! numb] ( cr$its a /ud5t may receive 9 a giv5 "t to su* an ext5t z to prev5t graduation 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,b sev]al h ga9$1 & o!rs are ga9+1 suffici5t surplus to enable !m to complete _! "w 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,f fifte5 to tw5ty p] c5t1 x is e/imat$1 are enabl$ to %ort5 _! c\rse to t ext5t4 ,n[ "s ( ^! are ?oroly good /ud5ts1 &1 assum+ t ! sy/em is s\nd 9 pr9ciple1 well des]ve to pr(it !reby4 ,b o!rs are j ord9>ily good /ud5ts1 sc>cely above ! rank & file4 ,9 addition to ^? :o complete _! "w 9 ?ree ye>s1 "s ?irty or =ty p] c5t m %ort5 x by less] am\nts1 rang+ all ! way d[n to an inappreciable p]iod4 ,b aside f ! sy/em's failure 9 rea*+ "o ( its ends & its too great success 9 rea*+ ! o!r1 x has develop$ num]\s & un=tunate evils t _m reg>d z exce$+ly s]i\s1 & reveal$ weaknesses t seem well nigh impossible to elim9ate4 ,space all[s sc>cely m ?an an enum]ation ( ^!1 b a m]e enum]ation is bett] ?an to deal :olly 9 g5]al t]ms4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %\ld say t ! ,cr$it-=-quality sy/em ( m>k+ z us$ by u places be=e ! /ud5ts unwor?y ideals4 ,/ud5ts ( univ]sity rank c be l$ to seek k = k's sake1 tru? = tru?'s sake4 ,!y c be taught to see f>!r ahead ?an ! close ( ! t]m1 & some?+ m preci\s ?an an extra ?ree-t5?s ( a cr$it4 ,b ?is ?\ght has already be5 suffici5tly treat$ e>li] 9 ! article4 7#b7 ,x leads to faulty me?ods ( /udy & unsatisfactory f9al results4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! lessons1 a good recitation1 r ?an ?oro und]/&+ ( ! subject matt]1 is too apt to be ! objective po9t4 ,_m good /ud5ts h told me t !y f9d x difficult to resi/ ! t5d5cy to subord9ate und]/&+ to memory4 7#c7 ,x may lead1 (t5 does1 to unwise election ( c\rses4 ,"s tea*]s m>k high] ?an o!rs4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( our sy/em /ud5ts are v quick to le>n ^! individual *>act]i/ics1 & ^? :o h develop$ ! it*+ palm "k h[ to pr(it by t k4 7#d7 ,x places /ud5ts :o receive extra cr$it = quality at a disadvantage 9 seek+ to ent] o!r in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,! cr$its ?us ga9$ w n be recogniz$4 ,?is w\ld op]ate only 9 mak+ ! transf] dur+ ! und]graduate p]iod1 b x does !re4#a 7#e7 #a ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ,i 0 9 error 9 ! /atem5t ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,x has be5 f\nd to op]ate to ! disadvantage ( our /ud5ts ent]+ o!r in/itutions 9 graduate z well z und]graduate dep>tm5ts4 ,graduate s*ools h become v p>ticul>1 "s ( !m n be+ satisfi$ )\t pass+ 9 review well nigh ! entire =m] s*ool life ( an applicant1 app>5tly to assure !mselves t no %ort-cuts h be5 made4 ,?is fact is an int]e/+ confirmation ( ! position ( ?is article relative to ! importance ( cont5t--:5 x pleads = quantity1 z well z quality4 ,?is entire matt] is made cle> by ref]r+ to "o in/ance4 ,o!rs c\ld be cit$4 ,"o ( our graduates1 ,miss ,e!l ,j4 ,may1 a v /rong /ud5t1 pr(it$ by ! s-call$ cr$it-=-quality sy/em to su* an ext5t t %e %ort5$ h] und]graduate p]iod ( /udy by an entire ye>1 receiv+ h] degree ) honor4 ,!n %e taught = a few ye>s ) signal success1 lat] return+ = graduate "w4 ,= h] ,ma/]'s degree %e sp5t an entire ye> 9 /udy1 s9ce ! sy/em did n op]ate 9 ! graduate dep>tm5t4 ,aga9 %e taught ) success1 lat] ent]+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois z an applicant = ! doctorate4 ,"h x 0 t h] tr\bles began1 & all because %e _h ?us pr(it$ way back 9 h] und]graduate days4 ,%e 0 told t ! ye> sav$ w\ld n[ h to be made up--t ! p]iod ( /udy = h] doctorate w\ld h to be at lea/ ?ree ye>s1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t %e held ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts f a /ate univ]sity ( ! fir/ class1 & 0 plann+ to cont9ue along ! same l9es ( "w4 ,aft] consid]able discussion & in/itutional negotiation1 ?is mu* ( a concession 0 made3 ,if y\r "w proves to be excell5t1 y\r %ortage w be disreg>d$4 ,s %e w5t to "w ) t incubus1 or /imulus--:i*ev] y wi% to reg>d x--ov] h]4 ,nei!r %e nor h] committee knew h[ to plan h] "w1 n kn[+ :e!r x 0 to be = two ye>s or = ?ree4 ,& n until ! v close ( h] ye>'s "w 0 h] /atus det]m9$--full cr$it !n be+ grant$ = h] =m] degrees4 ,miss ,may's sane comm5t n[ is1 ,i w\ld n advise any "o to try to %ort5 ! regul> f\r-ye> und]graduate p]iod ( /udy4 7,au?or #aiah7 ,x is demoraliz+ to bo? /ud5ts & tea*]s4 ,i ref] to ! inevitable outcome ( su* a sy/em2 "s /ud5ts 7sometimes few & sometimes _m7 develop consid]able skill 9 work+ ! ,pr(4 ,tea*]s (f]+ elective c\rses are con/antly "u great temptation & /ud5ts are %rewd en\gh to "k x4 ,& aga91 "u ! same c\nt3 x is freely claim$ by bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts t ! *eat+ 9 exam9ations1 ( :i* we d\btless h our %>e 7"s claim mu* m ?an our %>e1 ?o p]sonally ,i d\bt x71 is v greatly increas$ if n l>gely caus$ by our sy/em ( m>k+4 ,9 hopes ( rem$y+ ?is "s ( ! /ud5ts are n[ urg+ ! adoption ( ! honor sy/em ( conduct+ exam9ations4 7#f7 ,x is impossible to create uni=m /&>ds correspond+ to our v>i\s grades4 ,!re are z _m /&>ds = ea* grade z !re are in/ructors4 ,a grade ( "w = :i* "o in/ructor w\ld give an ,a 7#a4c71 ano!r w\ld give a ,b 7#a4b7 & /ill ano!r a ,c 7#a4j74 ,/&>ds c n be fixt4 ,to %[ h[ greatly !y diff]1 9 m>k+ ! "w = ! fir/ t]m ( ?is ye> "o in/ructor gave only sev5 p] c5t ( 8 /ud5ts extra cr$it1 :ile ano!r ?us rew>d$ m ?an sev5ty p] c5t ( 84 ,?is range1 h[ev]1 is abnormal4 ,b a range ( tw5ty-five p] c5t to sixty-five p] c5t is n1 ev5 ?o ! two in/ructors h approximately ! same /ud5ts & d approximately ! same grade ( "w4 ,o!r evils & weaknesses might be m5tion$1 b ^! are suffici5t to %[ ! t5d5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at /rong pa9ts c be urg$ z an (fset8 ,! only ones ,i h ev] he>d (f]$ are3 7#a7 x is an inc5tive1 & 7#b7 x does enable /ud5ts to %ort5 ! p]iod ( und]graduate "w4 ,i grant !m bo?1 b ,i hold t ! inc5tive is a l[ "o--mu* l[] ?an we ne$ to use--& t ! %ort5+ ( ! c\rse is f> f be+ an unmixt bless+4 ,let me aga9 ref] to ! matt] ( cont5t1 ^u our value ( :i*1 to q an ext5t1 our e/imate ( ! m]it ( ! ,cr$it-=-quality sy/em mu/ re/4 ,! "y p 9 our colleges & univ]sities1 9 plann+ = lives ( usefulness & success1 place !mselves 9 our h&s = direction & guidance4 ,kn[+ t we are old]1 wis]1 m le>n$1 & m exp]i5c$ ?an !y1 !y ask our advice &1 9 ! ma91 foll[ x4 ,to ! inc5tives we use 9 deal+ ) !m1 !y respond2 ! motives we supply urge !m on2 ! /&>ds ( value we erect = !m1 !y use2 & ! ideals we place be=e !m1 !y try to rea*4 ,all ?is places l>ge responsibilities ^u u4 ,are we wise 9 tell+ f fifte5 to tw5ty p] c5t ( ^! "y p t ?ree ye>s is all ! "t t x is wise = !m to sp5d 9 college "w8 ,!y w all rema9 ! full f\r ye>s unless we plan diff]5tly = !m4 ,to be sure1 !re is no magic 9 ! numb] f\r z numb]+ ! ye>s ( "o's college c\rse1 nor 9 ?ree1 nor 9 two1 nor 9 any o!r numb]4 ,b w\ld n any normal /ud5t :o sp5ds f\r ye>s 9 ! college atmosph]e1 m+l+ ) college p1 bo? /ud5ts & tea*]s1 do+ college "w1 dr9k+ f ! pure f\nta9s ( lit]ature1 ( hi/ory1 ( philosophy1 ( sci5ce1 ( art1 et cet]a1 be broad] 9 range & m fully equipt = ! v>i$ & complicat$ duties ( life & = life's enjoym5t1 ?an he w\ld be ) only ?ree ye>s ?us sp5t8 ,& is n ! f\r? ye> by f> ! be/ ( ! f\r8 ,:y %all y & ,i disc\rage him f do+ t :i* we "k to be well = him & :i* he is will+ to d8 ,:y d5y him ! r>e fruitage ( t f\r? ye>8 ,:y say to him :5 he is j ready to ent] into ! enjoym5ts ( 8 /ud5t life1 y w\ld bett] g8 ,aft] all1 is x n ?is v ?ree-ye> /ud5t ) 8 f9] ability1 8 ke5] insight1 & 8 great] indu/ry :o c mo/ greatly pr(it by ! extra ye>8 ,%all we n r enc\rage him to /ay long] & delve deep] & rea* to ! v he>t ( ?+s8 ,:e!r look$ at f ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t's own advantage1 or f t ( ! _w at l>ge1 :i* is to pr(it by 8 equipm5t1 is x n really ! f\r-ye> or ev5 ! five-ye> /ud5t :o w\ld bett] be excus$ at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>8 ,in/ead ( be+ 9 a hurry to s5d our *oice /ud5ts away1 let u get !m to d _! high quality ( "w j ! same1 b to d x dur+ f\r ye>s in/ead ( ?ree4 ,!y are ! v ones :o w mo/ readily respond to su* appeals & !y w s respond unless we put o!r notions into _! heads4 ,x is sometimes urg$1 9 ju/ification ( ! ,cr$it-=-quality idea1 t "o /ud5t 9 ?ree ye>s c accompli% m1 9 ga9+ bo? k & m5tal p[]1 ?an ano!r 9 f\r4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t x4 ,"s c d m 9 two ye>s ?an o!rs 9 f\r2 "s 9 "o1 & "s ) no college "w c easily out/rip o!rs ) ! be/ advantages4 ,%all we say to su* an "o1 y d n ne$ to g to college--x w\ld be "t wa/$8 ,by no means4 ,above all o!rs we want him because he c mo/ l>gely pr(it by :at he gets1 & we %all reap ! rew>d lat] on4 ,b suppos+ "o /ud5t at ! close ( 8 ?ird college ye> is bett] able to make 8 way 9 ! _w ?an ano!r at ! end ( 8 f\r? ye>1 t is n ! "q at all4 ,! function ( ! college is n to br+ /ud5ts to a level1 b to develop ea* "o to ! utmo/4 ,ea* %\ld be consid]$ sep>ately & ! "q ask$1 ! long] or ! %ort] t]m--:i* w d ! m = him8 ,"s o!r developm5ts "h c h>dly fail to be ( int]e/4 ,orig9ally plann$ to op]ate 9 our entire in/itution1 exclusive ( ! ,college ( ,law into :i* x 0 n all[$ to ent]1 ?is sy/em has gradually be5 elim9at$ f all ! colleges save ! ,college ( ,lib]al ,arts & ,tea*]s ,college4 ,true1 9 ^! colleges ( exclusion ! matt] ( cont5t figures m prom95tly ?an 9 ! o!rs--! curricula are m fixt--b t is f> f be+ ! only reason = ! exclusion4 ,& ev5 m sugge/ive z t\*+ ! second>y s*ool ext5sion recomm5d$ by ! article "u discussion1 is our rec5t action exclud+ ! sy/em f our prep>atory dep>tm5t1 n[ be+ trans=m$ into a model high s*ool = ,tea*]s ,college4 ,?is elim9ation1 likewise1 0 9 "p due to ! fixt numb] ( c\rses dem&$ ( all second>y s*ools1 b yet1 n l>gely s4 ,:5 ?is matt] came up = decision x ne$$ no emphasis ^u t po9t to c>ry ! recomm5dation4 ,x w\ld h c>ri$ )\t ^? conditions4 ,! /ronge/ advocates ( ! sy/em did n1 by a s+le ^w1 urge its ret5tion 9 ! ,model ,high ,s*ool4 ,all felt1 seem+ly1 t x 0 n well suit$ to /ud5ts ( t grade4 ,,note4--,! reason = repeat+ ?is article "h is l>gely hi/orical1 ?o int]e/ 9 ! matt] discu/ occasionally crops out ev5 yet4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to "s :o h n o!rwise he>d ( x to le>n t ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota long s9ce disc>d$ ! sy/em4 ,x 0 vot$ out completely e>ly 9 ! ye> #aiaj4 ,& ?us 0 realiz$ ,pr(essor ,k5n$y's appreh5sion expre/ 9 8 ,educational ,review discussion ( #aijf3 ,we h1 ,i grant1 _h our d\bts & fe>s1 kn[+ well t _m a promis+ !ory lies high & dry on ! %oals ( ! pa/4 ,,index ,academies1 #bba ,adolesc5t1 #df-di1 #ed-ef1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #ha1 #he1 #bai1 #bca ,adults1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac ,ali5s1 education (1 #be ,ali5 p1 #ba ,appleton's ,cyclop$ia1 #afe ,ari?metic1 #aed ,ay]s1 #abj ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry1 #bbj ,bay ,/ate1 ,old1 #fd ,b9et1 #eg ,bo>ds ( ,education1 #de1 #aef1 #aie ,b[do9 ,college1 #bdc1 #bej ,burbank1 ,lu!r1 #aff ,burns1 ,rob]t1 #acf1 #ach ,bureau ( ,education1 #ai ,butl]1 ,ni*olas ,murray1 #if1 #ig1 #ajc ,cali=nia1 #bcc1 #bcd ,c>t]1 #bah ,*ild1 !1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #fh1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aba1 #adj1 #ada1 #adg1 #aea1 #aed1 #aie ,*ild ,/udy1 #dc1 #de1 #di1 #ed1 #eh1 #he ,*ild-,welf>e1 #di ,*ur*1 #acc1 #ada-aei ,civil ,w>1 #ajg1 #bbb ,college1 #fi-hb1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #afe1 #afg1 #bag-bcg ,law1 #bfj ,lib]al ,arts1 #hd1 #ii1 #bfj ,college1 ,prep>ation =1 #ga1 #gc ,tea*]s1 #de1 #bai-bch ,commission] ( ,education1 #bg ,community ,s]vice1 #gc ,connecticut1 #ca1 #bbj ,c\nty ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #bai ,cr$it-=-,quality ,sy/em1 #bdc-bfj ,cron91 ,dr41 #abe ,dante1 #add1 #ade ,democracy1 #bi1 #ca-cd1 #da1 #fe1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #ahj ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 #bj ,dewey1 ,john1 #db1 #dc ,diaz1 ,presid5t1 #ca ,dooley1 ,mr41 #ie ,dwight1 ,edmund1 #ca1 #bah ,education ,bo>ds (1 #de1 #hd1 #aef1 #aie ,bureau (1 #ai ,dep>tm5t (1 #ajh1 #aji1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbc ,elem5t>y1 #fe1 #ge ,hi/ory (1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #bbg1 #bbh ,motive 91 #ch ,philosophy (1 #ha1 #hd ,physical1 #ej1 #ff1 #aee1 #bjc ,pr9ciples (1 #hb1 #hc1 #bbd ,pr(essional1 #ha ,s*ool ( 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 #hb-he ,s*ool (1 #hc-he1 #ajh-aaa1 #bah ,second>y1 #ge1 #hd1 #he1 #afd ,univ]sal1 #bd ,educational mesurem5ts1 #ef ,educational psy*ologi/1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei ,educational ,review1 #bdc1 #bea1 #bfj ,educational ,survey1 #ea1 #eb1 #ei ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #gc1 #gd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #bcj1 #bca ,engl&1 #cj1 #agc ,entrance requirem5ts1 #dd1 #dh1 #gf1 #hj ,erne/1 ,duke1 #cb ,eu?ydemus1 #ih ,eye1 #aae-aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abi ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 #bh ,folk1 ,joseph ,w41 #agc1 #agd ,fo/]1 ,presid5t1 #ie1 #ajb1 #aje ,france1 #cb1 #bbi ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #cj1 #cb ,fr$]ick ,william ,i1 #cj ,froebel1 #ci ,g>field1 ex-,presid5t1 #ij ,georgia1 #bd ,g]mans1 #cj1 #ca ,g]many1 #cb1 #abj1 #bbi ,glad/one1 ,william ,ew>t1 #agc1 #agd ,go?a1 #cb ,gov]nm5t1 !1 #ai ,gr& ,=ks1 ,nor? ,dakota1 #ahf-aii ,greek1 #ii1 #ajj ,gulick1 #abj ,h>ris1 ,dr4 ,william ,t41 #bca ,h>v>d ,college1 #fe1 #bai1 #bbd ,heet]1 ,s4 ,l41 #abd1 #abe ,h]b>t1 #ci ,high ,s*ools1 #dd-dg1 #ec1 #ee1 #fc-hf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdg1 #bdh ,high ,s*ool ,tea*]1 #df-di1 #hj-he1 #agh1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bcc-bch ,hill1 ,james ,j41 #aff ,hi/ory1 #aed1 #aee ,hi/ory ( ,education1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #bbd ,home1 #bf1 #ff1 #acc-aei ,hom]1 #ii1 #ajj ,hyde1 ,presid5t1 #bdc1 #bej ,illit]acy1 #bj-bd ,individualism1 ,!ory (1 #ci1 #dc ,i[a1 ,legislature (1 #di ,jeff]son ,city1 #abj1 #abc ,johnson1 ,hiram ,w41 #agc ,jordan1 ,david ,/>r1 #gb1 #agg ,k5n$y1 ,pr(essor1 #bdd1 #bea1 #beb1 #bfj ,law1 ,s*ool (1 #ajh1 #aaj ,lead]%ip1 #ge-ha1 #afc-aha ,lecture me?od1 #ii-ajc ,l9coln1 #aff ,lit]ature1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #beh ,lloyd-,george1 ,david1 #aff ,locke1 #bjc ,longfell[1 #bjg ,los ,angeles1 #abc ,l\ises1 !1 ( ,france1 #cb ,mc,adoo1 ,mr41 #bah1 #bbj ,mann1 ,horace1 #bah1 #bbj ,massa*usetts1 #bd1 #be1 #ca1 #fe1 #ajg1 #bbj ,m$ical ,inspection1 #bb1 #bg1 #aic1 #aid ,m$ic9e1 ,s*ool (1 #ajh1 #aaj ,me?ods ( ,tea*+1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he