,,! ,,ocean ,,& ,,its ,,wond]s1 ,,by ,r4,m4 ,,ballantyne4 ,,*apt] ,,"o4 ,,:at ,,! ,,ocean ,,has ,,to ,,say--,,its ,,:isp]s--,,its ,,?und]s--,,its ,,secrets4 ,!re is a voice 9 ! wat]s ( ! great sea4 ,x calls to man cont9ually4 ,sometimes x ?und]s 9 ! tempe/1 :5 ! waves leap high & /rong & ! wild w9ds %riek & ro>1 z if to =ce our att5tion4 ,sometimes x :isp]s 9 ! calm1 & comes rippl+ on ! %+ly bea* 9 a /ill1 small voice1 z if to solicit our reg>d4 ,b :e!r t voice ( ocean comes 9 cra%+ bill[s or 9 g5tle murmurs1 x has b "o tale to tell1--x speaks ( ! love1 & p[]1 & maje/y ( ,him :o rides ^u ! /orm1 & rules ! wave4 ,yes1 ! voice ( ocean tells b "o tale2 yet !re are _m *apt]s 9 t wond]ful /ory4 ,! sea has mu* to say2 f> m ?an c\ld possibly be compreh5d$ 9 "o volume1 h[ev] l>ge4 ,x tells u ( ! do+s ( man on its broad bosom1 f ! day 9 :i* he fir/ v5tur$ to paddle along %ore 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a tree1 to ! day :5 he laun*$ 8 great iron %ip ( #bj1jjj tons1 & ru%$ out to sea1 aga9/ w9d & tide1 "u an impulse equal to ! unit$ /r5g? ( #aa1ejj horses4 ,no small portion ( ! ocean's tale ?is1 compris+ _m *apt]s ( de$s ( d>+1 blood1 villa9y1 h]oism1 & ent]prise4 ,b ) ?is portion ( its /ory we h no?+ to d j n[4 ,x tells u1 also1 ( ,god's myriad & multi=m creatures1 t dwell 9 its dep?s1 f ! va/ :ale1 ^: spe$ is s great1 t x might1 if x *ose1 circle r\nd ! _w 9 a few days1 to ! languid zoophyte1 :i* cl+s to ! rock1 & be>s m resemblance to a plant ?an to a liv+ animal4 ,! sea has secrets1 too1 "s ( :i* x w n divulge until t day :5 its ,creator %all comm& x to give up its dead2 :ile o!rs x is will+ to "p ) to ^? :o "q x closely1 pati5tly1 & ) intellig5ce4 ,among ! =m] k9d ( secrets are ^? f\l de$s t h be5 p]petrat$1 9 all ages1 by ab&on$ m52 :5 no human e>s li/5$ to ! /ifl$ %riek1 or ! gurgl+ plunge2 :5 no human eyes beheld ! murd]\s acts1 ! bloody decks1 ! blaz+ vessels1 or ! f9al hiss ( ! s9k+ wrecks4 ,among ! latt] k9d ( secrets are ! lives & habits ( ! creatures ( ! deep1 & ! causes & effects ( ^? s+ul> curr5ts ( air & wat]1 :i*1 to ! eye ( ignorance1 seem to be no?+ bett] ?an irregul>ity & confusion2 b :i*1 to ! m9ds ( ^? :o se>* !m out1 & h pleasure !re91 are recognis$ z a "p ( t wond]ful1 ord]ly1 & sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ?+s t we call ,nature3 mu* ( :i* we n[ "k1 m ( :i* we %all c]ta9ly "k1 z ea* day & ye> adds its quota to ! sum ( human k2 b a great deal ( :i* w1 d\btless1 rema9 = ev] hidd5 9 ! m9d ( nature's ,god1 ^: ways are wond]ful1 & pa/ f9d+ out4 ,x is ! latt] class ( secrets to :i* we purpose direct+ ! read]s att5tion 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,on approa*+ s va/ a subject1 we feel l ! travell] :o1 f9d+ himself sudd5ly transport$ into ! mid/ ( a new & magnific5t region1 /&s undecid$ :i!r to direct 8 /eps 9 ! endlessly v>i$ sc5e4 ,or1 /ill m1 l ! visitor to our great ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahfb1 :o1--ent]+ abruptly t gigantic palace1 :]e 7 repres5t$ ! tal5t1 ! +5uity1 "t weal?1 & indu/ry ( e p & clime1--attempts1 9 va91 to sy/ematise 8 explorations1 or to fix 8 att5tion4 ,x is probable t1 9 ea* ( ^! suppos$ cases1 ! travell] & visitor1 resign+ ! desire to a*ieve :at is impossible1 w\ld give !mselves up to ! agreeable guidance ( a w&]+ & wayw>d fancy4 ,let u1 read]1 act 9 a some:at simil> mann]4 ,let u t\* "h1 & !re1 & ev]y:]e1 on ! wond]s ( ! sea1 & li/5 to su* notes ( ! ,ocean's ,voice z /rike ^u our e>s mo/ pleasantly4 ,,*apt] ,,two4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,sea--,,its ,,salts--,,p[] ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,wat]--,,advantage ,,& ,,disadvantage ,,( ,,salts--,,anecdote--,,deep-,,sea ,,s\nd+s--,,brookes ,,app>atus--,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,se>* ,,aft] ,,tru?--,,illu/rations-- ,,discov]ies ,,result+ ,,f ,,deep-,,sea ,,s\nd+s4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( ! wond]s connect$ ) & conta9$ 9 ! sea1 we %all treat ( ! composition ( ! sea itself & ( its ext5t1 dep?1 & bottom4 ,:at is ! sea made (8 ,salt wat]1 is ! ready reply t rises naturally to e lip4 ,b to ?is we add ! "q1--,:at is salt wat]8 or1 z !re are _m k9ds ( salt wat]1 ( :at sort ( salt wat] does ! sea consi/8 ,to ^! qu]ies we give ! foll[+ reply1 :i*1 we d\bt n1 w r surprise "s ( our read]s4 ,fre% wat]1 z mo/ p are aw>e1 is compos$ ( two gases--oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,sea wat] is compos$ ( ! same gases1 ) ! addition ( muriate ( soda1 magnesia1 iron1 lime1 sulphur1 copp]1 silex1 pota%1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 ammonia1 & silv]4 ,:at a dose6 ,let ba!rs ?9k ( x next "t !y swall[ a gulp ( sea wat]4 ,mo/ ( ^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 exi/ 9 comp>atively small quantity 9 ! sea1 ) ! exception ( muriate ( soda1 or common table salt2 ( :i*1 z all ba!rs "k f bitt] exp]i5ce1 !re is a v consid]able quantity4 ,! quantity ( silv] conta9$ 9 sea wat] is v small inde$4 ,nev]!less1 small ?\gh x be1 ! ocean is s imm5se1 t1 x has be5 calculat$1 if all ! silv] 9 x 7 collect$1 x w\ld =m a mass t w\ld weigh ab\t two hundr$ million tons6 ,! salt ( ! ocean v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,ne> ! equator1 ! great heat c>ries up a l>g] proportion ( wat] by evaporation ?an 9 ! m temp]ate regions2 & ?us1 z salt is n remov$ by evaporation1 ! ocean 9 ! torrid zone is salt] ?an 9 ! temp]ate or frigid zones4 ,! salts ( ! sea1 & o!r sub/ances conta9$ 9 x1 are convey$ ?i!r by ! fre%-wat] /reams t p\r into x f all ! cont95t ( ! _w4 ,maury1 9 8 delightful "w1 ,! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea1 tells u t wat] is ,nature's great c>ri]4 ,) its curr5ts x conveys heat away f ! torrid zone1 & ice f ! frigid2 or1 bottl+ ! caloric away 9 ! vesicle ( its vap\r1 x fir/ makes x impalpable1 & !n conveys x by unkn[n pa?s to ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! ,e>?4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ! coral builds ! isl&1 & ! sea-con* its %ell1 are ga!r$ by ?is re/less levell] f m\nta9s1 rocks1 & valleys1 9 all latitudes4 ,"s x wa%es d[n f ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 9 ,africa1 or out ( ! gold-fields ( ,au/ralia1 or f ! m9es ( ,potosi2 o!rs f ! battle-fields ( ,europe1 or f ! m>ble qu>ries ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,! mat]ials ?us collect$1 & c>ri$ ov] falls & d[n rapids1 are transport$ to ! sea4 ,"h1 z ^! sub/ances _c be evaporat$1 !y w\ld accumulate to su* a degree z to r5d] ! ocean un9habitable by liv+ creatures1 _h n ,god provid$ aga9/ ?is by ! mo/ beautiful comp5sation4 ,he has fill$ ! ocean ) innum]able animals & m>9e plants1 ^: special duty x is to seize & make use ( ! sub/ances ?us swept f ! l&1 & reconv]t !m into solids4 ,we _c =m an adequate conception ( ! ext5t ( ! great "w c>ri$ on cont9ually 9 ?is way2 b we see "p ( x 9 ! *alk cliffs1 ! m>l b$s ( ! sea %ore1 & ! coral isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,seas1--( :i* la/ m p>ticul> notice %all be tak5 9 a succe$+ *apt]4 ,! op]ations ( ! ocean are manifold4 ,besides =m+ a great res]voir1 into :i* :at may be t]m$ ! impurities ( ! l& are convey$1 x is1 z has be5 %[n1 ! great laboratory ( ,nature1 :]e ^! are reconv]t$1 & ! g5]al balance re/or$4 ,b we _c speak ( ^! ?+s )\t mak+ pass+ ref]5ce to ! op]ations ( wat]1 z t wond]-work+ ag5t ( :i* ! ocean con/itutes b a "p4 ,no?+ 9 ?is _w is ev] lo/ or annihilat$4 ,z ! ocean receives all ! wat] t fl[s f ! l&1 s x returns t wat]1 fre% & pure1 9 ! %ape ( vap\r1 to ! skies2 :]e1 9 ! =m ( cl\ds1 x is convey$ to ^? p>ts ( ! e>? :]e its pres5ce is mo/ ne$$1 & precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( ra9 & dew1 f]tilis+ ! soil1 repl5i%+ riv]s & lakes1 p5etrat+ ! e>?'s deep cav]ns2 :5ce x bubbles up 9 ! %ape ( spr+s1 &1 aft] hav+ gladd5$ ! he>t ( man by driv+ 8 mills & caus+ 8 food to gr[1 x f9ds its way aga9 into ! sea3 & ?us ! good "w goes on ) ceaseless regul>ity4 ,wat] beats ^u ! rocks ( ! sea-%ore until x p\nds !m into s&1 or rolls !m into pebbles & b\ld]s4 ,x also sweeps ! ri* soil f ! m\nta9s into ! valleys4 ,9 ! =m ( sn[ x clo!s ! surface ( ! temp]ate & frigid zones ) a w>m mantle1 :i* pres]ves vegetable life f ! kill+ fro/s ( w9t]4 ,9 ! =m ( ice x splits asund] ! granite hills2 & 9 ! nor!rn regions x =ms great glaci]s1 or masses ( solidifi$ sn[1 _m miles 9 ext5t1 & _m hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,^! glaci]s desc5d by sl[1 imp]ceptible degrees1 to ! sea2 _! edges break (f & fall into x1 &1 float+ s\?w>d1 sometimes 9 great m\nta9\s masses1 are se5 by man 9 ! %ape ( iceb]gs4 ,frequ5tly huge rocks1 t h fall5 ^u ^! glaci]s f cliffs 9 ! arctic regions1 are c>ri$ by !m to o!r regions1 & are deposit$ on flat bea*es1 f> f _! native cliffs4 ,! saltness ( ! sea r5d]+ x m d5se1 necess>ily r5d]s x m buoyant1 ?an fre% wat]4 ,?is is obvi\sly a great advantage to man 9 ! matt] ( comm]ce4 ,a %ip does n s9k s deep 9 ! sea z x does 9 a fre%-wat] lake2 h5ce x c c>ry m c>go ) great] facility4 ,x is easi] to swim 9 salt ?an 9 fre% wat]4 ,! only disadvantage to comm]ce 9 ! saltness ( ! sea is ! consequ5t unfitness ( its wat] = dr9k+4 ,_m & h>r[+ are ! acc\nts ( in/ances 9 :i* sailors h be5 r$uc$ to ! mo/ t]rible extremities = want ( fre% wat]2 & _m a "t1 s9ce navigation began1 h m5 be5 br\ght to feel ! dread reality ( t condition :i* is s =cibly express$ 9 ! poem ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]3-- ,wat]1 wat] ev]y:]e1 ,& n a drop to dr9k4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 at l5g? enabl$ u to ov]come ?is disadvantage ( saltness4 ,by ! process ( di/illation1 m5 soon manag$ to procure en\gh wat] at lea/ to save _! lives4 ,"o capta9 ( a %ip1 by accid5t1 lo/ all 8 fre% wat]2 &1 be=e he c\ld put into port to repl5i%1 a gale ( w9d1 :i* la/$ ?ree weeks1 drove him f> out to sea4 ,he _h no di/ill+ app>atus on bo>d1 & x seem$ z if all hope ( ! crew escap+ ! mo/ horrible ( dea?s 7 utt]ly tak5 away4 ,9 ?is extremity ! capta9's inv5tive g5ius came to 8 aid4 ,he happ5$ to h on bo>d an old iron pit*-pot1 ) a wood5 cov]4 ,us+ ?is z a boil]1 a pipe made ( a pewt] plate1 & a wood5 cask z a receiv]1 he set to "w1 fill$ ! pot ) sea wat]1 put an ounce ( soap !re9 to assi/ 9 purify+ x1 & plac$ x on ! fire4 ,:5 ! pot began to boil1 ! /eam pass$ ?r\gh ! pipe into ! cask1 :]e x 0 cond5s$ into wat]1 m9us ! sal9e p>ticles1 :i*1 n be+ evaporable1 7 left beh9d 9 ! pit*-pot4 ,9 less ?an an h\r a qu>t ( fre% wat] 0 ?us obta9$2 :i*1 ?\gh n v palatable1 0 suffici5tly good to relieve ! ?ir/ ( ! %ip's crew4 ,_m %ips are n[ regul>ly suppli$ ) app>atus = di/ill+ sea wat]2 & on ! ,african coa/s & o!r unheal?y /ations1 :]e wat] is bad1 ! m5 ( our navy dr9k no o!r wat] ?an t :i* is di/ill$ f ! sea4 ,! salts ( ! ocean h some?+ to d ) ! creat+ ( oceanic curr5ts2 :i*1 9 _! turn1 h a p[]ful influ5ce on climates4 ,!y also ret>d evaporation to "s ext5t1 & h "s effect 9 giv+ to ! sea its beautiful blue col\r4 ,! ocean cov]s ab\t two-?irds ( ! entire surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,its dep? has nev] be5 c]ta9ly asc]ta9$2 b f ! numb]less exp]im5ts & attempts t h be5 made1 we are w>rant$ 9 com+ to ! conclusion t x n[h]e exce$s five miles 9 dep?1 probably does n q equal t4 ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?ompson e/imates ! av]age dep? ( ! sea at ab\t two miles4 ,( ! ?ree great oceans into :i* ! sea is naturally divid$--! ,atlantic1 ! ,pacific1 & ! ,arctic--! ,atlantic is suppos$ to be ! deepe/4 ,!re are pr(undities 9 its bosom :i* h nev] yet be5 s\nd$1 & probably nev] w be4 ,! difficulty ( s\nd+ great dep?s arises f ! fact t1 aft] a l>ge quantity ( l9e has be5 run out1 ! %ock ( ! lead /rik+ ! bottom _c be felt4 ,moreov]1 !re is suffici5t =ce 9 ! deep-sea curr5ts to sweep out ! l9e aft] ! lead has rea*$ ! bottom s t1 ) ! ord9>y s\nd+-l9es 9 use among navigators1 x is impossible to s\nd great dep?s4 ,sci5tific m5 h1 !re=e1 tax$ _! bra9s to inv5t in/rum5ts = s\nd+ ! deep sea--= t\*+ ! bottom 9 :at sailors call blue wat]4 ,"s h tri$ x ) a silk ?read z a plumb-l9e1 "s ) spun-y>n ?reads1 & v>i\s o!r mat]ials & contrivances4 ,x has ev5 be5 tri$ by explod+ pet>ds & r++ bells 9 ! deep sea1 :5 x 0 suppos$ t an e*o or rev]b]ation might be he>d1 &1 f ! kn[n rate at :i* s\nd travels ?r\gh wat]1 ! dep? might ?us be asc]ta9$4 ,deep-sea leads h be5 con/ruct$ hav+ a column ( air 9 !m1 :i*1 by compression1 w\ld %[ ! aque\s pressure to :i* !y _h be5 subject$2 b ! trial prov$ to be m ?an ! in/rum5t c\ld /&4 ,capta9 ,maury1 ( ! ,am]ican ,navy--^: int]e/+ book has be5 already ref]r$ to--inv5t$ an in/rum5t = s\nd+ ! deep sea4 ,"h is 8 own description ( x3--,to ! lead 0 atta*$1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! screw-propell]1 a small piece ( clock-"w = regi/]+ ! numb] ( revolutions made by ! little screw dur+ ! desc5t2 & x hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t 9 %oal wat] t ! app>atus1 9 desc5d+1 w\ld cause ! propell] to make "o revolution = e fa?om ( p]p5dicul> desc5t1 h&s provid$ ) ! p[] ( self-regi/]+ 7 atta*$ to a dial1 & ! in/rum5t 0 complete4 ,x work$ beautifully 9 mod]ate dep?s1 b fail$ 9 blue wat]1 f ! difficulty ( haul+ x up if ! l9e us$ 7 small1 & f ! difficulty ( gett+ x d[n if ! l9e us$ 7 l>ge en\gh to give ! requisite /r5g? = haul+ x up4 ,"o ecc5tric old sea capta9 propos$ to s\nd ! sea ) a torp$o1 or %ell1 :i* %\ld explode ! in/ant x t\*$ ! bottom4 ,ano!r g5tleman propos$ to try x by ! magnetic telegraph1 & design$ an in/rum5t :i* %\ld telegraph to ! expectant measur]s above h[ x 0 gett+ on 9 ! dep?s bel[4 ,b all ^! +5i\s devices fail$1 & x is probable t ! deepe/ p>ts ( ! ocean-b$ /ill rema9$ unt\*$ by man4 ,at la/ an extremely simple & rem>kably successful deep-sea s\nd+ app>atus 0 inv5t$ by ,mr ,brooke1 an ,am]ican (fic]4 ,x consi/$ ( no?+ m ?an ?9 tw9e = a s\nd+-l9e1 & a cannon ball = a s9k]4 ,! tw9e 0 made = ! purpose1 f9e b v /rong1 & 0 w\nd on a reel to ! ext5t ( t5 ?\s& fa?oms4 ,! cannon ball1 :i* 0 f ?irty-two to sixty-eight p\nds' weight1 _h a hole q ?r\gh x1 into :i* 0 fix$ a slid+ rod1 ! end ( :i*1 cov]$ ) grease1 project$ sev]al in*es beyond ! ball4 ,by an +5i\s & simple contrivance1 ! cannon ball 0 deta*$ :5 x rea*$ ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! light rod 0 drawn up ) specim5s ( ! bottom adh]+ to ! grease4 ,) ?is in/rum5t ! ,am]icans w5t to "w ) *>act]i/ic en]gy1 &1 by always us+ a l9e ( ! same size & make1 & a s9k] ( ! same %ape & weight1 !y at la/ asc]ta9$ ! law ( desc5t4 ,?is 0 an important a*ievem5t1 because1 hav+ become famili> ) ! precise rate ( desc5t at all dep?s1 !y 7 enabl$ to tell v ne>ly :5 ! ball ceas$ to c>ry out ! l9e1 & :5 x began to g out 9 ob$i5ce to ! influ5ce ( deep-sea curr5ts4 ,! greate/ dep? rea*$ by ,brooke's s\nd+-l9e is said to h be5 a little "u five miles 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,! value ( inve/igations ( ?is k9d does n appe> at fir/ sight1 to unsci5tific m54 ,b ^? :o h paid ev5 a little att5tion to ! me?ods & processes by :i* gr& discov]ies h be5 made1 & useful inv5tions h be5 p]fect$1 c sc>cely h fail$ to come to ! conclusion t ! se>* aft] ,,tru?1 pure & simple1 ( any k9d1 & ( e k9d1 ei!r ) or )\t ref]5ce to a p>ticul> end1 is "o ( ! mo/ useful z well z elevat+ pursuits 9 :i* man c engage4 ,all tru? is wor? kn[+ & lab\r+ aft]4 ,no "o c tell to :at useful results ! discov]y ( ev5 ! smalle/ portion ( tru? may lead4 ,"s ( ! mo/ s]viceable & rem>kable inv5tions ( mod]n times h be5 ! result ( discov]ies ( tru?s :i* at fir/ seem$ to h no be>+ :atev] on ^? inv5tions4 ,:5 ,james ,watt sat ) busy reflective m9d />+ at a boil+ kettle1 & discov]$ ! expansive p[] ( /eam1 no "o c\ld h = a mom5t imag9$ t 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s ! inv5tions f\nd$ on ! tru? !n discov]$ w\ld result 9 ! sy/ematic driv+ ( a fleet ( float+ palaces all r\nd ! _w at ! rate ( f twelve to fifte5 or tw5ty miles an h\r6 ,in/ances ( a simil> k9d might be multipli$ )\t end4 ,9 l mann]1 deep-sea s\nd+ may lead to great1 z yet unimag9$1 results4 ,al?\gh yet 9 its infancy1 x has already result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a comp>atively %all[ plateau or ridge 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 ris+ betwe5 ,irel& & ,newf\ndl&2 a discov]y :i* has be5 turn$ to practical acc\nt1 inasmu* z ! plateau has be5 *os5 to be ! b$ ( our electric telegraph betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ ,atlantic cable 0 laid on x2 & al?\gh t cable suff]$ _m vicissitudes at fir/1 z mo/ contrivances d 9 _! beg9n+s1 communication betwe5 ! two cont95ts 0 successfully e/abli%$4 ,s\nd+s tak5 else:]e %[$ t some:at simil> plateaus exi/$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,atlantic1 & n[ ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe is be+ b\nd m firmly1 by additional cables1 to ! ea/]n seabo>d ( ,am]ica4 ,?is great & glori\s a*ievem5t has be5 ! result ( ! discov]y ( two tru?s1--( a tru? 9 sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & a tru? 9 reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! b$ ( ! sea on ! o!r4 ,! /udy ( electricity & ( deep-sea s\nd+s 0 begun & c>ri$ on = ! sake ( ! discov]y ( tru? alone1 & )\t ! mo/ di/ant ref]5ce to ! ,atlantic ,telegraph1--yet t telegraph has be5 "o ( ! results ( t /udy4 ,:o c tell h[ _m m %all foll[8 ,& ev5 7 no o!r result ev] to foll[1 ?is "o may prove to be ( ! mo/ /up5d\s importance to ! human race4 ,ano!r discov]y t has be5 made by deep-sea s\nd+ is1 t ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! ocean are always 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd calm4 ,oceanic /orms d n ext5d to ! bottom4 ,:5 ! tempe/ is la%+ ! surface ( ! sea into a /ate ( ! mo/ viol5t & trem5d\s agitation1 ! cav]ns ( ! deep are wrapp$ 9 p]fect repose4 ,?is has be5 asc]ta9$ f ! fact t 9 _m places ! bottom ( ! sea1 z %[n by ! specim5s br\ght up by ,brooke's app>atus1 & m rec5tly by ,pr(essor ,?ompson's deep-sea dr$ge1 is compos$ ( exce$+ly m9ute %ells ( m>9e insects4 ,^! %ells1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 are f\nd to be unbrok5 & p]fect1 ?\gh s fragile t !y mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 brok5 to pieces _h !y ev] be5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( curr5ts1 or to ! pulv]is+ viol5ce ( waves4 ,h5ce ! conclusion t ! bottom ( ! sea is 9 a /ate ( p]petual re/ & placidity4 ,inde$1 :5 we ?9k ( x1 we are l$ to conclude t ?is mu/ necess>ily be ! case4 ,!re are1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 curr5ts ( va/ size & enorm\s p[] con/antly fl[+ ?r\gh ! ocean2 & :5 we ?9k ( ! trem5d\s p[] ( runn+ wat] to cut ?r\gh ! solid rock1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,niag>a1 & _m o!r riv]s1 :at w\ld be ! result ( ! action ( curr5ts 9 ! sea1 comp>$ ) :i* ,niag>a is b a t9y rivulet8 ,ocean curr5ts1 !n1 fl[ on a b$ ( /ill wat]1 t protects ! bottom ( ! sea f =ces :i*1 by calculation1 we "k w\ld long ago h torn up ! f\ndations ( ! deep1 & w\ld probably h de/roy$ ! :ole economy ( nature1 _h n ?is beautiful arrangem5t be5 provid$ by ! all-wise ,creator4 ,,*apt] ,,?ree4 ,,waves--,,sy/em ,,9 ,,all ,,?+s--,,value ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,k--,,illu/rative ,,anecdote--,,height ,,( ,,waves--,,dr4 ,,scoresby--,,size1 ,,velocity1 ,,& ,,awful ,,p[] ,,( ,,waves--,,anecdotes ,,reg>d+ ,,!m--,,tides4 ,:5 a man /&s on ! deck ( "s tight-built %ip1 hold+ on to ! wea!r bulw>ks1 & gaz+ ) unphilosophic eye ?r\gh ! bl9d+ spray at ! fury ( ! tempe/--by :i* ! bill[s are made to roll ar\nd him l liquid m\nta9s1 & ! %ip is toss$ b5ea? him l a m]e *ip1 ! sport & play?+ ( ! rag+ wat]s--he is apt to ?9k1 %\ld 8 ?\ghts turn 9 t direction at all1 t all is unmitigat$ confusion2 t ! w9ds1 :i* blew we/ ye/]day & bl[ ea/ to-day1--%ift+1 x may be1 ) gu/y squalls1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 9 *aotic fury1--are actuat$ by no laws1 gov]n$ by no direct+ p[]4 ,yet no ?\ght c\ld be m unphilosophical ?an ?is4 ,ap>t altoge!r f div9e revelation1 by :i* we are in=m$ t all deeps1 fire1 & hail1 sn[1 & vap\r1 & /ormy w9d1 are fulfill+ ,god's ^w 7:i* in=mation we are b\nd to receive z a matt] ( fai? if we be ,*ri/ians1 & z a matt] ( necessity if we be m5 ( common s5se1 because x is m]e absurdity to suppose t ! /ormy w9ds1 etcet]a1 are n fulfill+ ,god's ^w--or w71 we n[ "k1 to a great ext5t f practical exp]i5ce & sci5tific inve/igation1 t ! w9ds bl[ & ! wat]s ( ! ocean fl[ 9 gr&1 regul>1 un9t]rupt$ curr5ts4 ,among/ ^! !re are numb]less eddies1 :i*1 p]haps1 h t5d$ to fill our m9ds ) ! idea ( irregul>ity & confusion2 b :i*1 nev]!less1 z well z ! gr& curr5ts !mselves1 are subject to law1 & are utt]ly devoid ( caprice4 ,9 reg>d to ^! matt]s !re is mu* ab\t :i* we are /ill 9 ignorance4 ,b ! inve/igations ( late ye>s--especially ^? conduct$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,capta9 ,maury ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 & ,doctors ,c>p5t] & ,?ompson ( ,engl&--h %[n t our atmosph]e & our ocean act 9 accordance ) a sy/ematic arrangem5t1 _m facts reg>d+ :i* h be5 discov]$1 & turn$1 9 "s cases1 to practical acc\nt4 ,see ,note #a4 ,a v int]e/+ in/ance ( ! practical use to :i* sci5tific inquiry c be turn$1 ev5 9 its beg9n+s1 is giv5 by ,maury4 ,aft] tell+ u ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( a curr5t 9 ! ocean call$ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 he gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^u "o occasion be made use ( 8 !oretical k4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] #ahec1 ! f9e /eam-%ip ,san ,francisco sail$ f ,new ,york ) a regim5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates troops on bo>d1 b\nd = ,cali=nia by way ( ,cape ,horn4 ,%e 0 ov]tak51 :ile cross+ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 by a gale ( w9d1 9 :i* %e 0 dreadfully crippl$4 ,h] decks 7 swept1 &1 by "o s+le bl[ ( ^? t]rible seas t ! /orms raise 9 ! ,gulf ,/ream1 m ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,atlantic1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e s\ls1 (fic]s & soldi]s1 7 wa%$ ov]bo>d & dr[n$4 ,! day aft] ?is disa/] %e 0 se5 by "o vessel1 & aga91 ! next day1 ,decemb] #bf?1 by ano!r2 b nei!r ( !m c\ld r5d] h] any assi/ance4 ,:5 ^! two vessels arriv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & report$ :at !y _h se51 ! mo/ pa9ful appreh5sions 7 ent]ta9$ by fri5ds = ! safety ( ^? on bo>d ! /eam]4 ,vessels 7 s5t out to se>* = & relieve h]4 ,b :]e %\ld ^! vessels g8 ,:]e %\ld !y look8 ,an appeal 0 made to "k :at light ! sy/em ( rese>*es c>ri$ on at ! ,national ,obs]vatory conc]n+ w9ds & curr5ts c\ld ?r[ ^u ! subject4 ,! mat]ials !y _h be5 discuss+ 7 exam9$1 & a *>t 0 prep>$ to %[ ! c\rse ( ! ,gulf ,/ream at t season ( ! ye>4 ,two rev5ue cutt]s 7 !n appo9t$ to proce$ to sea 9 se>* ( ! /eam]1 & ,maury 0 reque/$ to furni% !m ) in/ructions4 ,x w be obs]v$ "h t ! g5tleman ?us appeal$ to 0 at ! "t engag$ 9 8 /udy at ,wa%+ton1 utt]ly ignorant ( all t _h occurr$ )9 ! previ\s few weeks on ! /ormy ,atlantic1 except ?r\gh ! reports br\ght !nce by %ips4 ,^! reports furni%$ him ) meagre data to proce$ ^u--simply t a crippl$ /eam] _h be5 se5 9 a c]ta9 latitude & longitude on a p>ticul> day4 ,b ?is in=mation 0 suffici5t = ! practical man ( sci5ce4 ,proce$+ ^u ! supposition t ! /eam] _h be5 completely disabl$1 he drew two l9es on ! *>t to def9e ! limits ( h] drift4 ,?is 8 previ\s k ( ! fl[ ( ! ,gulf ,/ream at all seasons ( ! ye> enabl$ him to d4 ,betwe5 ^! two l9es1 he said1 ! /eam]1 if %e c\ld nei!r /eam nor sail aft] ! gale1 _h drift$4 ,& t %e c\ld nei!r /eam nor sail he _h good reason to suppose f ! acc\nt ( h] br\ght 9 by ! vessels above m5tion$4 ,a c]ta9 po9t 0 m>k$ on ! *>t z be+ ! spot :]e ! se>*+ vessels might expect to fall 9 ) ! wreck4 ,:ile ^! prep>ations 7 be+ made1 two %ips fell 9 ) ! wreck & reliev$ ! crew4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n kn[n at ! "t by ! anxi\s fri5ds on %ore4 ,! cutt]s sail$ on _! mission1 & rea*$ ! indicat$ spot 9 ! sea1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 _! assi/ance 0 n[ unnecess>y4 ,b :5 ! vessels t _h reliev$ ! crew ( ! wreck arriv$ 9 h>b\r & report$ :]e ! wreck _h be5 la/ se51 x 0 f\nd to be )9 a few miles ( ! spot indicat$ by ,maury6 ,?us1 ^u v slight data1 a man ( sci5ce & obs]vation 0 enabl$1 :ile seat$ 9 8 /udy1 to foll[ ! drift ( a wreck$ vessel ov] ! pa?less deep1 & to indicate to a rescue p>ty1 n only ! exact c\rse !y ought to /e]1 b ! precise spot :]e ! wreck %\ld be f\nd4 ,! waves ( ! ocean are by no means s high z p imag9e4 ,_! appe>ance 9 ! ,atlantic or ,pacific1 :5 rais$ by a viol5t /orm1 is inde$ v awful1 & m5 h come to speak ( !m z be+ m\nta9s ( wat]4 ,b _! sublime aspect & _! tumultu\s /ate ( agitation h contribut$ mu* to deceive sup]ficial obs]v]s z to _! real height4 ,sci5tific m5 h measur$ ! height ( ! waves4 ,n _m ye>s ago a vessel1 :ile cross+ ! ,atlantic1 0 ov]tak5 by a viol5t /orm4 ,! sea rose 9 its might2 ! good %ip reel$ "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( w9d & waves4 ,:ile ! majority ( ! pass5g]s s\ght refuge f ! driv+ spray 9 ! cab91 "o ecc5tric old g5tleman 0 se5 skipp+ ab\t ! deck ) unwont$ activity--n[ on ! bulw>ks1 n[ on ! qu>t]-deck1 & anon 9 ! rigg+2 utt]ly reg>dless ( ! dr5*+ sea & ! h[l+ w9d1 & seem+ z ?\gh he 7 a species ( human /ormy petrel4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ ,dr ,scoresby2 a man :o _h sp5t 8 y\? & manhood 9 ! :ale-fi%+2 :o1 late 9 life1 ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 &1 until ! day ( 8 dea?1 took a special delight 9 direct+ ! att5tion ( sailors to ,him ^: ^w /ill$ ! tempe/ & bade ! angry waves be calm4 ,be+ an en?usia/ 9 sci5tific rese>*1 ,dr ,scoresby 0 avail+ himself ( ! opportunity af=d$ by ?is /orm to measure ! waves6 ,o!rs h made simil> measurem5ts1 & ! result goes to prove t waves seldom or nev] rise mu* m ?an t5 feet above ! sea-level4 ,! correspond+ depression s9ks to ! same dep?1 ?us giv+ ! entire height ( ! l>ge/ waves an elevation ( some:]e betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t sometimes ! waves ( ! sea 7especially ^? (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope7 are s broad t only a few ( !m occupy ! space ( a mile1 & t !y travel at ! rate ( ab\t =ty miles an h\r1 we may h "s slight idea ( ! gr&eur z well z ! p[] ( ! ocean bill[s4 ,! =ms repres5t$ 9 our illu/ration are only wavelets on ! backs ( ^! mon/] waves4 ,waves travel at a rate :i* increases 9 proportion to _! size & ! dep? ( wat] 9 :i* !y are =m$4 ,e "o kn[s t on mo/ lakes !y are comp>atively small & h>mless4 ,9 "s lakes1 h[ev]1 su* z ,lake ,sup]ior 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* is upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ miles long1 ! waves are s =midable z to resemble ^? ( ! ocean1 & !y are capable ( produc+ trem5d\s effects4 ,b ! waves ( ! sea1 :5 r\s$ to _! greate/ height1 & travell+ at _! greate/ spe$1 are t]rible to behold4 ,_! =ce is absolutely irresi/ible4 ,sometimes waves ( m ?an usually gigantic proportions arise1 &1 aft] c>e]+ ov] ! broad sea 9 unimp$$ maje/y1 fall ) cru%+ viol5ce on "s doom$ %ore4 ,!y ru% onw>d1 pass ! usual b>ri]s ( ! sea-bea*1 & d n retire until horrible deva/ation has be5 c>ri$ f> into ! l&4 ,maury gives ! foll[+ anecdote f ! notes ( a ,russian (fic]1 :i* %[s ! awful p[] ( su* waves4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] #ahed1 at #i3de a4m41 ! %ocks ( an e>?quake 7 felt on bo>d ! ,russian frigate ,diana1 z %e lay at an*or 9 ! h>b\r ( ,simoda1 n f> f ,j$do 9 ,japan4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes aft]w>ds 7#aj o'clock7 a l>ge wave 0 obs]v$ roll+ into ! h>b\r1 & ! wat] on ! bea* to be rapidly ris+4 ,! t[n1 z se5 f ! frigate1 appe>$ to be s9k+4 ,?is wave 0 foll[$ by ano!r2 & :5 ! two rec$$1 :i* 0 at fifte5 m9utes pa/ t51 !re 0 n a h\se1 save an unf9i%$ temple1 left /&+4 ,^! waves cont9u$ to come & g until half-pa/ two p4m41 dur+ :i* "t ! frigate 0 ?r[n on h] beam-ends five times2 a piece ( h] keel1 eighty-"o feet long1 0 torn (f2 holes 7 knock$ 9 h] by /rik+ on ! bottom1 & %e 0 r$uc$ to a wreck4 ,9 ! c\rse ( five m9utes ! wat] 9 ! h>b\r fell1 x is said1 f tw5ty-?ree to ?ree feet1 & ! an*ors ( ! %ip 7 laid b>e4 ,!re 0 a great loss ( life2 _m h\ses 7 wa%$ into ! sea1 & _m junks c>ri$ up--"o two miles inl&--& da%$ to pieces on ! %ore4 ,! day 0 beautifully f9e1 & no w>n+ 0 giv5 ( ! approa*+ convulsion3 ! sea 0 p]fectly smoo? :5 its surface 0 brok5 by ! fir/ wave4 ,mon/] waves ( ?is k9d occur at regul> int]vals1 among ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 once & sometimes twice 9 ! ye>2 & ?is )\t any additional influ5ce ( an e>?quake1 at lea/ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! isl&s1 ?\gh x is q possible t e>?quakes 9 "s remote "p ( ! _w may h some?+ to d ) ^! waves4 ,"o su* wave is describ$ z break+ on "o ( ^! isl&s ) trem5d\s viol5ce4 ,x appe>$ at fir/ l a d>k l9e1 or l[ cl\d1 or fog-bank1 on ! sea-w>d horizon4 ,! day 0 f9e ?\gh cl\dy1 & a g5tle breeze 0 bl[+2 b ! sea 0 n r\gh]1 or ! break] on ! coral reef t encircl$ ! isl& high]1 ?an usual4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be an approa*+ ?und]-/orm2 b ! l9e gradually drew ne>] )\t spread+ ^u ! sky1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h x be5 a ?und]-cl\d4 ,/ill ne>] x came1 & soon ^? on %ore obs]v$ t x 0 mov+ swiftly t[>ds ! isl&2 b !re 0 no s\nd until x rea*$ ! small] isl&s out at sea4 ,z x pass$ ^!1 a cl\d ( :ite foam encircl$ ea* & bur/ high into ! air4 ,?is appe>ance 0 soon foll[$ by a l\d ro>1 & x became evid5t t ! object 0 an enorm\s wave4 ,:5 x approa*$ ! out] reef1 its awful magnitude became m evid5t4 ,x bur/ completely ov] ! reef at all po9ts1 ) a deep1 cont9u\s ro>2 yet1 al?\gh "p ( its =ce 0 ?us brok51 on x came1 z if ) r5ew$ might1 & f9ally fell ^u ! bea* ) a cra% t seem$ to %ake ! solid e>?2 !n1 ru%+ impetu\sly up into ! woods1 x levell$ ! small] trees & bu%es 9 its headlong c\rse2 &1 on retir+1 left a sc5e ( wreck & desolation t is q indescribable4 ,/orm-waves1 z ^? unusually gigantic bill[s are call$1 are said to be ! result ( ! removal ( atmosph]ic pressure 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ocean ov] :i* a /orm is rag+4 ,?is removal ( pressure all[s ! portion ?us reliev$ to be =c$ up high above ! ord9>y sea-level by ^? o!r p>ts t are n s reliev$4 ,! deva/at+ effects ( ^! /orm-waves is /ill fur!r illu/rat$ by ! total de/ruction ( ,cor+a1 on ! ,corom&el ,coa/1 9 #aghi4 ,dur+ a hurricane1 9 ,decemb] ( t ye>1 at ! mom5t :5 a high tide 0 at its highe/ po9t1 & ! nor?-we/ w9d 0 bl[+ ) fury1 accumulat+ ! wat]s at ! head ( ! bay1 ?ree mon/r\s waves came roll+ 9 f ! sea ^u ! devot$ t[n1 foll[+ ea* o!r at a %ort di/ance4 ,! horror-/rick5 inhabitants _h sc>cely "t to note ! fact ( _! approa*1 :5 ! fir/ wave1 sweep+ ev]y?+ 9 its passage1 c>ri$ sev]al feet ( wat] into ! t[n4 ,! second swept /ill fur!r 9 its de/ructive c\rse1 inundat+ all ! l[ c\ntry4 ,! ?ird1 ru%+ onw>d 9 irresi/ible fury1 ov]:elm$ ev]y?+1 subm]g+ ! t[n & tw5ty ?\s& ( its inhabitants4 ,vessels at an*or at ! m\? ( ! riv] 7 c>ri$ inl&2 & ! sea on retir+ left heaps ( s& & mud1 :i* r5d]$ x a hopeless task ei!r to se>* = ! dead or = buri$ prop]ty4 ,we h spok5 ( waves travell+ at su* & su* a rate1 b !y d n 9 reality travel at all4 ,x is ! undulation1 or1 s to speak1 ! motion ( a wave1 t travels2 9 ! same mann] t a wave passes f "o end ( a c>pet to ! o!r end :5 x is %ak54 ,! wat] rema9s /ation>y1 except+ ! spray & foam on ! surface1 & is only possess$ ( a ris+ & s9k+ motion4 ,?is undulatory motion1 or impulse1 is transmitt$ f ea* p>ticle ( wat] to its neighb\r+ p>ticle1 until x rea*es ! la/ drop ( wat] on ! %ore4 ,b :5 a wave rea*es %all[ wat] x has no long] room to s9k to its prop] dep?2 h5ce ! wat] compos+ x acquires actual motion1 & ru%es to ! l& ) m or less ( ! trem5d\s viol5ce t has be5 already describ$4 ,waves are caus$ by w9d1 :i* fir/ ruffles ! surface ( ! sea into ripples1 & !n1 act+ ) ev]-increas+ p[] on ! little surfaces ?us rais$1 bl[s !m up into waves1 & f9ally into great bill[s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 w9ds bur/ ^u ! calm ocean ) su* sudd5 viol5ce t = a "t ! waves _c lift _! heads4 ,! in/ant !y d s1 !y are ca/ d[n & scatt]$ 9 foam1 & ! ocean 9 a few m9utes pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a cauldron ( boil+ milk6 ,su* squalls are extremely dang]\s to m>9]s1 & vessels expos$ to !m are (t5 ?r[n on _! beam-ends1 ev5 ?\gh all sail has be5 previ\sly tak5 94 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! imm$iate effect ( w9d pass+ ei!r lightly or furi\sly ov] ! sea is to raise its surface into waves4 ,b ^! waves1 h[ev] l>ge !y may be1 d n affect ! wat]s ( ! ocean m ?an a few y>ds bel[ its surface4 ,! wat] bel[ _! influ5ce is comp>atively calm1 be+ affect$ only by ocean curr5ts4 ,! tides ( ! sea--z ! two great fl[+s & ebb+s ( ! wat] e tw5ty-f\r h\rs are call$--are caus$ pr9cipally by ! attractive influ5ce ( ! moon1 :i*1 to a small ext5t1 lifts ! wat]s ( ! ocean t[>ds x1 z x passes ov] !m1 & ?us causes a high wave4 ,?is wave1 or curr5t1 :5 x swells up on ! l&1 =ms high tide4 ,:5 ! moon's influ5ce has completely pass$ away1 x is l[ tide4 ,! moon raises ?is wave :]ev] x passes2 n only 9 ! ocean directly "u x1 b1 /range to say1 x causes a simil> wave on ! opposite side ( ! globe4 ,?us !re are two waves always foll[+ ! moon1 & h5ce ! two high tides 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is second wave has be5 acc\nt$ = 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! cohesion ( p>ticles ( wat] is easily ov]come4 ,! moon1 9 pass+ ov] ! sea1 sep>ates ! p>ticles by h] attractive p[]1 & draws ! surface ( ! sea away f ! solid globe4 ,b ! moon also attracts ! e>? itself1 & draws x away f ! wat] on its opposite side ?us caus+ ! high wave !re1 z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 figure #a4 ,! sun has also a slight influ5ce on ! tides1 b n to su* an ext5t z ! moon4 ,:5 ! two lum9>ies ex]t _! comb9$ influ5ce 9 ! same direction1 !y produce ! ph5om5on ( a v high or spr+-tide1 z 9 figure #b1 :]e ! tide at a & b has ris5 extremely high1 :ile at c & d x has fall5 correspond+ly l[4 ,:5 !y act 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 z at ! moon's qu>t]1 !re occurs a v l[ or neap-tide4 ,9 figure #c ! moon has rais$ high tide at a & b1 b ! sun has c\nt]act$ its influ5ce to "s ext5t at c & d1 ?us produc+ neap-tides1 :i* nei!r rise s high nor fall s l[ z d o!r tides4 ,tides atta9 v>i\s elevations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 p>tly ow+ to local influ5ces4 ,9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel ! tide rises to ne>ly sixty feet1 :ile 9 ! ,m$it]ranean x is extremely small1 ow+ to ! l&lock$ nature ( t sea prev5t+ ! tidal wave f hav+ its full effect4 ,up "s gulfs & e/u>ies ! tides sweep ) ! viol5ce ( a torr5t1 & any "o caught by !m on ! %ore w\ld be ov]tak5 & dr[n$ be=e he c\ld ga9 ! dry l&4 ,9 ! op5 sea !y rise & fall to an elevation ( little m ?an ?ree or f\r feet4 ,! value ( ! tides is unspeakable4 ,!y sweep f our %ores pollution ( e k9d1 purify our riv]s & e/u>ies1 & are productive ( fre%ness & heal? all r\nd ! _w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! g5tlem5 "h ref]r$ to are agre$ z to ! fact ( sy/ematic arrangem5t ( curr5ts1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 reg>d to "s ( ! causes !re( & o!r matt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,f\r4 ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ream--,,its ,,nature--,,cause--,,illu/ration--,,effe ct ,,( ,,small ,,p[]s ,,unit$--,,adv5tures ,,( ,a ,,p>ticle ,,( ,,wat]--,,effect ,,( ,,gulf ,,/ream ,,on ,,climate--,,its ,,c\rse--,,influ5ce ,,on ,,navigation--,,s>gasso ,,sea--,,sci5tific ,,ef=ts ,,( ,,pres5t ,,day--,,w9d ,,& ,,curr5t ,,*>ts--,,effects ,,on ,,comm]ce-- ,,cause ,,( ,,/orms--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,gulf ,,/ream ,,on ,,m>9e ,,animals4 ,( ! v>i$ motions ( ! sea1 ! mo/ important1 p]haps1 z well z ! mo/ wond]ful1 is ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,?is mighty curr5t has be5 lik5$ by ,maury to a riv] 9 ! ocean4 ,9 ! sev]e/ dr\ghts x nev] fails1 & 9 ! mightie/ floods x nev] ov]fl[s4 ,its banks & its bottom are ( cold wat]1 :ile its curr5t is ( w>m4 ,x takes its rise 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 7h5ce its "n71 & empties into ! arctic seas4 ,its curr5t is m rapid ?an ! ,mississippi or ! ,amazon1 & its volume m ?an a ?\s& times great]4 ,?is great curr5t is ( ! mo/ beautiful indigo-blue col\r z f> out z ! ,c>ol9a coa/s2 & its wat]s are s di/9ctly sep>at$ f ^? ( ! sea1 t ! l9e ( dem>cation may be trac$ by ! eye4 ,its influ5ces on ! curr5ts ( ! sea1 & on ! climates & ! navigation ( ! _w1 are s great & important1 t we ?9k a some:at p>ticul> acc\nt ( x _c fail to int]e/ ! read]4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream are salt] ?an ^? ( ! sea2 :i* fact acc\nts = its deep] blue col\r1 x be+ well kn[n t salt has ! effect ( int5sify+ ! blue ( deep wat]4 ,! cause ( ! ,gulf ,/ream has long be5 a subject ( conjecture & dispute among philosoph]s4 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! ,mississippi riv] caus$ x2 b ?is !ory is upset by ! fact t ! /ream is salt--salt] ev5 ?an ! sea--:ile ! riv] is fre%4 ,besides1 ! volume ( wat] empti$ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico by t riv] is n equal to ! ?ree ?\s&? "p ( t :i* issues f x 9 ! =m ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,sci5tific m5 are /ill disagre$ on ?is po9t4 ,!y all1 inde$1 seem to hold ! op9ion t diff]5ce ( temp]ature has to d ) ! orig9ation ( ! /ream2 b :ile "s1 su* z ,capta9 ,maury1 hold t ?is is ! *ief cause1 o!rs1 su* z ,pr(essor ,?ompson1 believe ! trade-w9ds to be ! mo/ important ag5t 9 ! matt]4 ,we v5ture to incl9e to ! op9ion t n only ! ,gulf ,/ream1 b all ! con/ant curr5ts ( ! sea are due *iefly to diff]5ce ( temp]ature & saltness4 ,^! conditions alt] ! specific gravity ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean 9 "s places m ?an 9 o!rs2 h5ce ! equilibrium is de/roy$1 & curr5ts comm5ce to fl[ z a natural result1 seek+ to re/ore t equilibrium4 ,b z ! di/urb+ ag5ts are always at "w1 s ! curr5ts are ( necessity con/ant4 ,o!r curr5ts !re are 9 ! sea1 b !y are ! result ( w9ds & v>i\s local causes2 !y are !re=e tempor>y & p>tial1 :ile ! great curr5ts ( ! ocean are p]man5t1 & are1 comp>atively1 little affect$ by ! w9ds4 ,e "o kn[s t :5 a pot is put on ! fire to boil1 ! wat] conta9$ 9 x1 z soon z x beg9s to get heat$1 comm5ces to circulate4 ,! heat$ wat] rises to ! top1 ! cold desc5ds4 ,:5 heat$ m ?an t :i* has asc5d$1 x 9 turn rises to ! surface2 & s !re is a regul> curr5t e/abli%$ 9 ! pot1 :i* cont9ues to fl[ z long z ! heat+ process goes on4 ,?is same pr9ciple ( temp]ature1 !n1 is "o ( ! causes ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,! torrid zone is ! furnace :]e ! wat]s ( ! ocean are heat$4 ,b 9 ?is process ( heat+1 evaporation goes on to a l>ge ext5t2 h5ce ! wat]s become salt] ?an ^? else:]e4 ,"h is ano!r ag5t call$ into action4 ,! hot salt wat]s ( ! torrid zone at once ru% (f to di/ribute _! sup]abundant caloric & salt to ! seas ( ! frigid zones2 :]e ! ice ar\nd ! poles has kept ! wat]s cold1 & ! abs5ce ( great heat1 &1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ( evaporation1 has kept !m comp>atively fre%4 ,9 fact1 ! wat]s ( ! sea require to be /irr$1 because num]\s ag5ts are at "w day & night1 f pole to pole1 alt]+ _! specific gravity & d]ang+1 s to speak1 ! mixture4 ,?is /irr+ is secur$ by ! unalt]able laws :i* ! ,creator has fix$ = ! c>ry+ on ( ! processes ( nature4 ,! curr5ts ( ! sea may be said to be ! result ( ?is process ( /irr+ its wat]s4 ,x is curi\s & int]e/+ to note ! app>5tly insignificant in/rum5ts :i* ,god has se5 fit to use 9 ! c>ry+ out ( 8 plans4 ,! smalle/ coral insect t builds its little cell 9 ! s\!rn seas ex]cises an influ5ce 9 ! production ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,x has be5 said1 ) "s degree ( tru?1 t "o su* insect is capable ( sett+ 9 motion ! entire ocean6 ,! coral insect has1 9 common ) _m o!r m>9e creatures1 be5 gift$ ) ! p[] ( extract+ f sea wat] ! lime :i* x conta9s1 9 ord] to build its cell4 ,! lime ?us extract$ leaves a m9ute p>ticle ( wat] necess>ily de/itute ( t sub/ance4 ,be=e t p>ticle c be re/or$ to its orig9al condition ( equality1 e o!r p>ticle ( wat] 9 ! ocean mu/ "p ) a %>e ( its sup]abundant lime6 ,! ?+ mu/ be done4 ,t b]eav$ p>ticle _c re/ )\t its lime4 ,x =?) comm5ces to travel = ! purpose ( lay+ its bro!r-p>ticles "u contribution2 & x travels f> & wide--r\nd & r\nd ! _w4 ,myriads ^u myriads ( coral insects are p]petually engag$ 9 ?us robb+ ! sea wat] ( its lime2 %ells are =m$ 9 a simil> mann]3 s t our p>ticle soon f9ds itself 9 company ) innum]able o!r p>ticles ( wat] 9 a l de/itute condition4 ,x rises to ! surface4 ,"h ! sun1 z if to comp5sate x = ! loss ( its lime1 be/[s ^u x an unusual am\nt ( heat2 & ! surr\nd+ p>ticles1 n to be outdone1 make x almo/ unlimit$ pres5ts ( salt4 ,full to ov]fl[ ) ! gifts ( its new companions1 x ha/5s to be/[ ( its sup]abundance on less fav\r$ p>ticles2 jo9s ! great army ( ! ocean's curr5ts2 ent]s1 p]*ance1 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e x is turn$ back1 & ha/5s along ) ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ) all its natural w>m? ( "*1 to ameliorate ! climate ( ,great ,brita9 & ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe4 ,hav+ accompli%$ ?is b5evol5t "w1 x passes on1 ) "s ( its heat & vig\r /ill rema9+1 to ! arctic seas--:]e x is f9ally robb$ ( all its heat & ne>ly all its salt1 & froz5 into an icicle--!re = _m a long day to ex]t a *ill+ influ5ce on ! wat]s & ! atmosph]e ar\nd x4 ,be+ melt$ at la/ by ! hot sun ( ! %ort arctic summ]1 x hurries back ) ! cold curr5ts ( ! nor? to ! g5ial regions ( ! equator1 9 se>* ( its lo/ caloric & salt1 tak+ 9 a full c>go ( lime1 etcet]a1 z x passes ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,arriv$ at its old />t+-po9t1 our w&]] receives once m heat & salt to ! full1 p>ts ) its lime1 & at once ha/5s (f on a new voyage ( usefulness--to give out ( its sup]abundance 9 ex*ange = ! sup]abundance ( o!rs3 ?us quietly tea*+ man ! lesson t ! true pr9ciples ( comm]ce 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea ages be=e he discov]$ !m & c>ri$ !m into practice on its surface4 ,p]*ance ano!r fate awaits ?is adv5tur\s p>ticle ( wat]4 ,mayhap1 be=e x rea*es ! cold regions ( ! nor?1 x is evaporat$ into ! cl\ds1 & desc5ds ^u ! e>? 9 fre% & refre%+ ra9 or dew4 ,hav+ f]tilis$ ! fields1 x fl[s back to its p>5t ocean1 lad5 ) a sup]abundant c>go ( e>?y sub/ances1 :i* x soon p>ts ) 9 ex*ange = salt4 ,& ?us on x goes1 r\nd & r\nd ! _w2 d[n 9 ! ocean's dep?s1 up 9 ! cl\dy sky1 deep 9 ! spr+s ( e>?2 ev] mov+1 ev] active1 nev] lo/1 & always fulfill+ ! end = :i* x 0 creat$4 ,all ocean curr5ts are compos$ ( wat] 9 "o or o!r ( ! conditions j describ$2--! hot & salt wat]s ( ! equator1 fl[+ nor? to be cool$ & fre%5$2 ! cold & fre% wat]s ( ! nor?1 fl[+ s\? to be heat$ & salt$4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream is simply ! /ream ( equatorial hot wat] t fl[s t[>ds ! pole ?r\gh ! ,atlantic4 ,its f\nta9-head is ! region ( ! equator1 n ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 b x is c>ri$1 by ! con=mation ( ! l&1 into t gulf & deflect$ by x1 & f x out into ! ocean 9 ! direction ( ,europe4 ,?is /ream 9 ! ,atlantic is well def9$1 ow+ to ! comp>ative n>r[ness ( t sea4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 !n1 is l a riv] ( oil 9 ! ocean1--x pres]ves its di/9ctive "* = m ?an ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,x fl[s t[>ds ! pol> regions1 & ! wat]s ( ^? regions fl[ 9 c\nt]-curr5ts t[>ds ! equator1 because ( ! fix$ law t wat] mu/ seek its equilibrium z well z its level1 ?us keep+ up a cont9u\s circulation ( ! hot wat]s t[>ds ! nor? & ! cold t[>ds ! s\?4 ,!re are simil> curr5ts 9 ! ,pacific1 b !y are nei!r s l>ge nor s regul> z ^? ( ! ,atlantic1 ow+ to ! wide =mation ( ! bas9 ( ! =m] sea4 ,! effect ( ! ,gulf ,/ream on climate is v great4 ,! dre>y fur-trad+ e/abli%m5t ( ,york ,factory1 on ! %ores ( ,hudson's ,bay1 is surr\nd$ by a climate ( ! mo/ rigor\s "*--! !rmomet] seldom ris+ up s high z z]o dur+ _m mon?s1 & (t5 rang+ d[n s l[ z #ej degrees bel[ z]o1 sometimes ev5 l[]1 :ile ! w9t] is sev5 or eight mon?s long3 ! lakes & riv]s are cov]$ ) ice upw>ds ( six feet ?ick1 & ! salt sea itself is froz54 ,yet ?is region lies 9 ! same latitude ) ,scotl&1 ,york ,factory be+ on ! p>allel ( #eg degrees nor?1 :i* passes close to ,ab]de56 ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! two places is ow+ v mu*1 if n entirely1 to ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,/>t+ f its caldron 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 x c>ries a freight ( caloric t[>ds ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,ow+ p>tly to ! diurnal motion ( ! ,e>? on its axis1 its fl[ tr5ds t[>ds ! ea/2 h5ce its w>m wat]s embrace our fav\r$ coa/s1 & ameliorate our climate1 :ile ! ea/]n sea-bo>d ( ,nor? ,am]ica is left1 9 w9t]1 to ! rig\r ( unmitigat$ fro/4 ,b besides ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ?is curr5t on climate1 x ex]ts a v consid]able influ5ce on navigation4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 m5 reg>d$ ! ocean z a great wat]y wa/e--utt]ly ignorant ( ! exquisite ord] & h>moni\s action ( all ! v>i$ sub/ances & conditions :i* prevail 9 ! sea1 j z mu* z on ! l&--!y committ$ !mselves to ! deep z to a bl9d *ance1 & took ! /orms & calms !y enc\nt]$ z _! inevitable fate1 :i* !y _h no means ( evad+4 ,asc]ta9+1 z well z !y c\ld f ! imp]fect *>ts ( ^? days1 ! position ( _! desir$ hav51 !y /e]$ /raight = x ?r\gh fair wea!r & f\l1 reg>d+ int]ruptions & delays z m]e unavoidable matt]s ( c\rse4 ,b :5 m5 began to /udy ! causes & effects ( ! op]ation ( ^? elem5ts 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y dwelt1 !y soon p]ceiv$ t ord] reign$ :]e be=e !y _h imag9$ t confusion revell$2 & t1 by adapt+ _! op]ations to ! asc]ta9$ laws ( ,provid5ce1 !y c\ld1 ev5 ^u ! seem+ly un/able sea1 avoid dang]s & delays ( _m k9ds1 & (t5times place !mselves 9 highly fav\rable circum/ances4 ,navigators no long] da% recklessly into ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & try to /em its tide1 z !y did ( yore2 b1 z circum/ances require1 !y ei!r take advantage ( ! c\nt]-curr5ts :i* skirt along x1 or avail !mselves ( ! w>m climate :i* x creates ev5 9 ! mid/ ( w9t]4 ,!re is a c]ta9 spot 9 ! ,atlantic kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,s>gasso ,sea1 :i* is nei!r m nor less ?an a huge ocean-eddy1 9 :i* imm5se quantities ( sea-we$ collect4 ,! we$ floats s ?ickly on ! surface z to give to ! sea ! appe>ance ( solid l&2 & %ips f9d extreme difficulty 9 gett+ ?r\gh ?is region1 :i* is r5d]$ /ill fur!r unnavigable by ! preval5ce ( long-cont9u$ calms4 ,?is ,s>gasso ,sea is ( consid]able ext5t1 & lies (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 a little to ! nor? ( ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s4 ,9 =m] ye>s1 %ips us$ to get entangl$ 9 ?is we$y region = weeks toge!r1 unable to proce$ on _! voyage4 ,! great ,columbus fell 9 ) x on 8 voyage to ,am]ica1 & 8 foll[]s1 ?9k+ !y _h rea*$ ! end ( ! _w1 7 fill$ ) con/]nation4 ,?is ,s>gasso ,sea lies 9 ! same spot at ! pres5t day1 b m5 n[ "k its ext5t & position4 ,in/ead ( /e]+ /raight = port1 !y proce$ a consid]able di/ance out ( _! way1 &1 by avoid+ ?is calm region1 accompli% _! voyages ) mu* great] spe$4 ,! ocean curr5ts h be51 by repeat$ & long-cont9u$ inve/igation1 asc]ta9$ & mapp$ out2 s also h ! curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 s t1 n[-a-days1 by tak+ advantage ( "s ( ^! curr5ts & avoid+ o!rs1 voyages are p]=m$1 n only 9 mu* %ort] "t1 b ) mu* great] precision & c]ta9ty4 ,z x 0 ) ocean curr5ts long ago1 s 0 x ) atmosph]ic4 ,navigators m]ely put to sea1 /e]$ z ne> z possible on _! direct c\rse1 & took advantage ( su* w9ds z *anc$ to bl[4 ,n[ !y "k :i!r to /e] 9 ord] to meet ) su* w9ds & curr5ts z w convey !m 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t to ! end ( _! voyage4 ,! k necess>y to ?is has n be5 ga9$ by ! gigantic ef=t ( "o m9d1 nor by ! accid5tal collocation ( ! results ( ! inve/igations ( _m ord9>y m9ds4 ,b a few ma/]-m9ds h succe$$ 9 ga!r+ )9 _! own grasp ! myriad facts collect$ by ?\s&s ( naval m51 ( all c\ntries1 9 _! v>i\s voyages2 &1 by a c>eful comp>ison & philosophical inve/igation ( ^! facts1 !y h asc]ta9$ & sy/ematis$ tru?s :i* 7 be=e unkn[n1 & h con/ruct$ w9d & curr5t *>ts1 by ! use ( :i* voyages are wond]fully %ort5$1 comm]cial ent]prises greatly facilitat$1 & ! g5]al good & com=t ( nations mat]ially advanc$4 ,! tru? ( ?is has ( late be5 prov$ by inconte/able facts4 ,= in/ance1 "o ye> p>ticul> note 0 tak5 ( ! arrival ( all ! vessels at ! port ( ,san ,francisco1 9 ,cali=nia2 & x 0 f\nd t ( #abd vessels f ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gj 7 possess$ ( ,maury's w9d & curr5t *>ts4 ,! av]age passage ( ^! #gj vessels1 on t long voyage r\nd ,cape ,horn1 0 #ace days2 :ile ! av]age ( ^? t sail$ )\t ! *>ts 7t is1 tru/$ to _! own unaid$ wisdom & exp]i5ce7 0 #adf days4 ,betwe5 ,engl& & ,au/ralia ! av]age l5g? ( ! voyage out us$1 v rec5tly1 to be #abd days4 ,) ! aid ( ^! *>ts x has n[ be5 r$uc$ to #ig days on ! av]age4 ,! sav+ to comm]ce ?us a*iev$ is mu* great] ?an "o w\ld suppose4 ,at ! risk ( becom+ t$i\s to un9quir+ read]s1 we w make a brief extract f ,hunt's ,m]*ants' ,magaz9e ( #ahed1 z giv5 9 a foot-note 9 ,maury's ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea4 ,n[1 let u make a calculation ( ! annual sav+ to ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates effect$ by ^! *>ts & sail+ directions4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,maury1 ! av]age freight f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,rio ,janeiro is #ag4g c5ts p] ton p] day2 to ,au/ralia1 #bj c5ts2 to ,cali=nia1 also ab\t #bj c5ts4 ,! mean ( ?is is a little ov] #ai c5ts p] ton p] day2 b1 to be )9 ! m>k1 we w take x at #ae1 & include all ! ports ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,*9a1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! sail+ directions h %ort5$ ! passage to ,cali=nia #cj days2 to ,au/ralia1 #bj2 to ,rio ,janeiro1 #aj4 ,! mean ( ?is is #bj2 b we w take x at #ae1 & also include ! above-nam$ ports ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,*9a1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,we e/imate ! tonnage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates engag$ 9 trade ) ^! places at #a1jjj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,) ^! data1 we see t !re has be5 effect$ a sav+ = ea* "o ( ^! tons1 ( #ae c5ts p] day = a p]iod ( #ae days1 :i* w give an aggregate ( #b1bej1jjj doll>s 7#dfh1gej p\nds7 sav$ p] annum4 ,?is is on ! outw>d voyage alone1 & ! tonnage trad+ ) all o!r p>ts ( ! _w is also left out ( ! calculation4 ,take ^! into consid]ation1 & also ! fact t !re is a va/ am\nt ( =eign tonnage trad+ betwe5 ^! places & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x w be se5 t ! annual sum sav$ w swell to an enorm\s am\nt4 ,be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 0 asc]ta9$1 vessels 7 frequ5tly drift$ f> out ( _! c\rse 9 cl\dy or foggy wea!r1 )\t ! fact be+ kn[n1 until ! cle>+ away ( ! mi/s enabl$ ! navigators to asc]ta9 _! position by sol> obs]vation4 ,n[1 n only ! exi/5ce1 b ! exact limits & action ( ?is /ream are kn[n & mapp$2 s t ! curr5t1 :i* 0 =m]ly a h9drance to navigation1 is n[ made to be a help to x4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! cold wat]s ( ! sea is s %>p & di/9ct1 t by ! use ( ! !rmomet] ! precise m9ute ( a %ip's leav+ or ent]+ x c be asc]ta9$4 ,& by ! simple application ( ! !rmomet] to ! ,gulf ,/ream ! av]age passage f ,engl& to ,am]ica has be5 r$uc$ f upw>ds ( eight weeks to little m ?an f\r6 ,b ?is wond]ful curr5t is useful to navigators 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,its wat]s1 be+ w>m1 c>ry a mild climate along ) !m ?r\gh ! ocean ev5 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 & ?us af=d a region ( %elt] to vessels :5 attempt+ to make ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i*1 at t season is swept by furi\s /orms & *ill$ by bitt] fro/s4 ,! ,atlantic coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are consid]$ to be ! mo/ /ormy 9 ! _w dur+ w9t]1 & ! difficulty ( mak+ !m us$ to be mu* great] 9 =m] days ?an n[4 ,! numb] ( wrecks t take place (f ! %ores ( ,new ,engl& 9 mid-,w9t] is frightful4 ,all d[n t coa/ fl[s "o ( ! great cold curr5ts f ! nor?4 ,! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! cold atmosph]e above x1 & ! w>m atmosph]e ov] ! ,gulf ,/ream1 f> out at sea1 produces t]rific gales4 ,! mon?'s av]age ( wrecks (f t coa/ has be5 z high z ?ree a day4 ,9 mak+ ! coa/1 vessels are met frequ5tly by sn[-/orms1 :i* clo! ! rigg+ ) ice1 r5d]+ x unmanageable1 & *ill ! seaman's frame1 s t he _c manage 8 %ip or face ! h[l+ bla/4 ,=m]ly1 :5 unable to make ! coa/1 ow+ to ! fury ( ^! bitt] we/]ly gales1 he knew ( no place ( refuge %ort ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i!r he 0 (t5 compell$ to run1 & !re await ! com+ ( g5ial spr+ ere he aga9 attempt$ to complete 8 voyage4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! region ( ! ,gulf ,/ream is s\ght z a refuge4 ,:5 ! /iff5$ ropes refuse to "w1 & ! %ip c no long] make head aga9/ ! /orm1 %e is put ab\t & /e]$ = ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,9 a few h\rs %e rea*es its edge1 & almo/ 9 a mom5t aft]w>ds %e passes f ! mid/ ( w9t] into a sea ( sunni] heat6 ,n[1 z ,maury beautifully expresses x1 ! ice disappe>s f h] app>el2 ! sailor ba!s 8 limbs 9 tepid wat]s4 ,feel+ himself invigorat$ & refre%$ ) ! g5ial w>m? ab\t him1 he realises out !re at sea ! fable ( ,antaeus & 8 "m ,e>?4 ,he rises up & attempts to make 8 port aga91 & is aga91 p]haps1 z rudely met & beat back f ! nor?-we/2 b ea* "t t he is driv5 (f f ! conte/1 he comes =? f ?is /ream1 l ! anci5t son ( ,neptune1 /rong] & /rong]1 until1 aft] _m days1 8 fre%5$ /r5g? prevails1 & he at la/ triumphs1 & ent]s 8 hav5 9 safety--?\gh 9 ?is conte/ he sometimes falls to rise no m1 = x is t]rible4 ,! p[] ( ocean curr5ts 9 drift+ vessels out ( _! c\rse1 & 9 sweep+ away great bodies ( ice1 is v great2 al?\gh1 f ! fact t !re is no l& to enable ! eye to m>k ! fl[1 su* drifts are n p]ceptible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ drifts ( mod]n times1 & ! mo/ a/oni%+ on acc\nt ( its ext5t1 0 t ( ! ,fox 9 ,baff9's ,bay 9 ! ye> #aheg1 a some:at detail$ acc\nt ( :i* w be f\nd 9 a succe$+ *apt]4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream is ! cause ( _m ( ! mo/ furi\s /orms4 ,! fi]ce/ gales sweep along ) x1 & x is suppos$ t ! spr+ & summ] fogs ( ,newf\ndl& are caus$ by ! imm5se volumes ( w>m wat] p\r$ by x into ! cold seas ( t region4 ,we are told t ,sir ,philip ,brooke f\nd ! temp]ature ( ! sea on ea* side ( ?is /ream to be at ! freez+-po9t1 :ile t ( its wat]s 0 #hj degrees4 ,f ?is x may be easily se5 h[ great are ! di/urb+ influ5ces ar\nd & above x2 =1 z ! w>m & moi/ atmosph]e ov] x asc5ds 9 virtue ( its lightness1 ! cold air outside ru%es 9 viol5tly to supply its place1 ?us creat+ /orms4 ,! w>m wat]s ( ?is /ream d n1 x is believ$1 any:]e ext5d to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 by means ( ! deep-sea !rmomet]1 t !y re/ ^u1 or r fl[ ov]1 ! cold wat]s :i* are ha/5+ f ! nor? 9 se>* ( ^? elem5ts :i*1 9 _! w&]+s1 !y h lo/4 ,z cold wat] is "o ( ! be/ non-conductors ( heat1 ! ,gulf ,/ream is ?us prev5t$ f los+ its caloric on its way across ! ,atlantic to ameliorate ! climates ( ! we/]n coa/s ( ,europe1 & mod]ate ! bitt]ness ( ! nor!rn seas4 ,7 x o!rwise1 & ?is great /ream fl[$ ov] ! cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 s mu* ( its heat w\ld be extract$1 t ! climates ( ,france & our own isl&s w\ld probably resemble t ( ,canada4 ,our fields w\ld be cov]$1 = two1 ?ree1 or f\r mon?s1 ) deep sn[2 our riv]s w\ld be froz5 ne>ly to ! bottom2 our l& traffic w\ld p]haps be c>ri$ on by means ( sl$ges & c>ioles2 our h\ses w\ld require to be fitt$ ) d\ble w9d[-frames & heat$ ) iron /oves & our g>m5ts w\ld h to be made ( ! ?icke/ wooll5s & ! w>me/ furs4 ,! pres5ce & ! un*ang+ regul>ity ( ^! great hot & cold curr5ts 9 ! ocean is indicat$ v cle>ly by ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,^!1 z c]ta9ly z ! creatures ( ! l&1 are "u ! influ5ce ( climate2 s mu* s1 t _m ( !m nev] quit _! native region 9 ! sea4 ,all ! beautiful & delicate m>9e creatures & productions :i* dwell 9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! s\? are utt]ly abs5t f ^? %ores :i* are lav$ by ! cold curr5ts t desc5d f ! nor?2 :ile1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 we f9d _m ( ^? lovely & s+ul> creatures ^u our comp>atively nor!rn %ores4 ,( late ye>s1 z e "o kn[s1 we h all ov] ! l& be5 ga!r+ ^! m>9e gems1 & /udy+ _! peculi> habits ) deep int]e/ 9 t m9iature ocean ! aqu>ium4 ,9 ! same p>allel on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic none ( ^! little lov]s ( heat are to be f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ale1 delight+ z x does to lave its huge w>m-blood$ body 9 ic$ wat]1 is nev] f\nd to ent] ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,?us ^! fi%1 to "s ext5t1 def9e its position4 ,o!r fi% !re are :i* seem to resemble man 9 _! ability to *ange _! climate at w b1 l him also1 !y are apt 9 s do+ to lose _! heal?1 or1 at lea/1 to get some:at out ( condition4 ,"s k9ds ( fi%1 :5 caught 9 ! wat]s (f ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as1 are excell5t = ! table2 b ! same species1 :5 tak5 (f ! w>m coral banks ( ! ,bahamas1 are sc>cely wor? eat+4 ,9 fact1 we see no reason = d\bt+ t :5 ^! fi% f9d _! heal? giv+ way 9 ! w>m regions ( ! s\?1 !y seek to re9vigorate !mselves by *ange ( wat]2 &1 quitt+ = a "t ! beaute\s coral groves1 sp5d a few ( ! sunni] mon?s ( ea* ye> 9 gamboll+ 9 ! cool regions ( ! nor?1 or1 :at is mu* ! same ?+1 9 ^? cool curr5ts t fl[ f ! nor? 9 cle>ly def9$ *annels4 ,besides its o!r useful & manifold purposes1 ! ,gulf ,/ream w\ld seem to be "o ( ! great purveyors ( food to ! :ales4 ,sea-nettles1 or m$usae1 are well kn[n to con/itute ! pr9cipal food ( t species ( :ale :i* is t]m$ ! "r :ale4 ,navigators h frequ5tly obs]v$ l>ge quantities ( ^! m$usae float+ along ) ! ,gulf ,/ream2 & "o sea capta9 9 p>ticul> fell 9 ) an extraord9>ily l>ge quantity ( !m1 ( a v peculi> species1 (f ! coa/ ( ,florida4 ,z we h said1 no :ales ev] ent] ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream2 !re=e1 at t "t at lea/1 ! levia?an c\ld n avail himself ( ?is ri* provision4 ,! capta9 ref]r$ to 0 b\nd = ,engl&4 ,on 8 return voyage he fell 9 ) ! same mass ( m$usae (f ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 & 0 ?ree or f\r days 9 sail+ ?r\gh !m4 ,n[1 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s is a great place ( resort = ! :ale1 & ?i!r _h ! ,gulf ,/ream be5 commission$ to convey imm5se quantities ( its peculi> food4 ,we might enl>ge endlessly on ?is great ocean curr5t1 b en\gh1 we ?9k1 has be5 said to %[ t ! sea1 in/ead ( be+ an ocean ( un*ang+ drops1 driv5 ab\t at r&om by ! p[] ( /ormy w9ds1 is a mighty flood fl[+ 9 an appo9t$ c\rse--/eady1 regul>1 & sy/ematic 9 its motions1 v>i$ & wond]ful 9 its actions1 b5ign & sweet 9 its influ5ces1 z x sweeps m\nd & r\nd ! _w1 fulfill+ ! w ( its great ,creator4 ,,*apt] ,,five4 ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,ocean--,,ord] ,,9 ,,its ,,fl[--,,(fices ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e-- ,,dang]s ,,less5$ ,,by ,,sci5ce--,,curr5ts ,,( ,,atmosph]e--,,cause ,,( ,,w9d--,,two ,,great ,,curr5ts--,,di/urb+ ,,influ5ces--,,calms--,,v>iable ,,w9ds--,,causes ,,!re(--,,local ,,causes ,,( ,,di/urbance--,,gulf ,,/ream--,,influ5ce--,,! ,,w9ds ,,mapp$ ,,out--,a ,,suppos$ ,,case4 ,fi% are n ! only creatures t live 9 ?is ocean4 ,! human inhabitants ( ,e>?1 dwell at ! bottom ( an ocean ( air1 :i* encircles ! globe4 ,fi%1 h[ev]1 h ! advantage ( u1 inasmu* z !y c float & d>t ab\t 9 _! ocean1 :ile we1 l ! crabs1 c only crawl ab\t at ! bottom ( ours4 ,?is atmosph]ic ocean is s closely connect$ ) ! sea1 & ex]cises ^u x s con/ant1 univ]sal1 & important an influ5ce1 t to omit1 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 v special ref]5ce to ! w9ds1 w\ld be almo/ z egregi\s an ov]sight z to ignore ! waves4 ,w9d1 or atmosph]ic air 9 motion1 is ! cause ( /orms1 ( waves1 ( wat]-transport ?r\gh ! sky1 & ( an incalculable am\nt ( v>i$ ph5om5a on l& & sea4 ,)\t ?is great ag5t no visible motion w\ld ev] take place 9 ! sea4 ,its great curr5ts1 inde$1 might fl[ on 7?\gh ev5 t is que/ionable71 b its surface w\ld nev] pres5t any o!r aspect ?an t ( an unruffl$ %eet ( cle> glass4 ,! air1 !n1 becomes 9 ?is place an appropriate subject ( consid]ation4 ,! ,voice ( ,ocean has some?+ v emphatic to say ab\t ! atmosph]e4 ,9 reg>d to its nature1 x is suffici5t to say t atmosph]ic air is compos$ ( two gases--oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,l ! sea1 ! atmosph]e is an ocean :i* fl[s1 n 9 *aotic confusion1 b 9 regul>1 appo9t$ c\rses2 act+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! fix$1 unv>y+ laws ( ! ,almighty1 & hav+ curr5ts1 c\nt]-curr5ts1 & eddies also1 j l ! wat]y ocean1 :i* ex]cise a specific & salut>y influ5ce :]e !y exi/4 ,! (fices ( ! atmosph]e are ?us qua9tly enum]at$ by ,maury3-- ,! atmosph]e is an envelope or cov]+ = ! di/ribution ( light & heat ov] ! ,e>?2 x is a sew] into :i*1 ) e brea? we draw1 we ca/ va/ quantities ( dead animal matt]2 x is a laboratory = purification1 9 :i* t matt] is recomp\nd$1 & wr\ght aga9 into :olesome & heal?ful %apes2 x is a ma*9e = pump+ up all ! riv]s f ! sea1 & = convey+ ! wat] f ! ocean to _! s\rces 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,x is an inexhau/ible magaz9e1 m>vell\sly /or$2 & ^u ! prop] work+ ( ?is ma*9e dep5ds ! well-be+ ( e plant & animal t inhabits ! ,e>?4 ,an elem5t ^: op]ations are s manifold & s important c\ld n fail to engage ! /udy ( philosophic m5 9 all ages2 b s difficult has be5 t /udy t little progress 0 made until v rec5tly1 :5 m51 act+ 9 unison 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 h1 by collat+ _! obs]vations1 become acqua9t$ ) "s ( ^? laws :i* gov]n ! atmosph]e1 & direct its c\rses & velocities4 ,9 e>ly ages v little inde$ 0 kn[n ab\t ! w9d beyond ! palpable facts ( its exi/5ce1 its v>i$ condition1 & its trem5d\s p[]2 & m5's obs]vations 9 reg>d to x did n ext5d mu* beyond ! not+ ( ^? peculi> & obvi\s aspects ( ! sky :i* exp]i5ce taught !m to reg>d z evid5ces ( approa*+ /orm4 ,b1 al?\gh su* aspects ( ! heav5s 71 & always w be1 pretty safe & correct indicators ( ! ,wea!r1 !y are by no means infallible2 & 9 "s regions & "u c]ta9 conditions !y are want+ altoge!r4 ,:5 ! sea capta9 obs]ves a l[]+ aspect ( ! sky1 )1 x may be1 a d>k l9e above ! di/ant edge ( ! sea1 he kn[s--h[ev] calm & unruffl$ may be ! ocean ar\nd him--t w9d may be expect$2 &1 call+ ! crew1 he ord]s sail to be tak5 91 & prep>ation made = ! approa*+ breeze4 ,b !re are times :5 no su* w>n+ is giv51 :5 ! atmosph]ic is p]fectly /ill1 ! sea calm z glass1 & ! vessel floats motionless ) h] sails hang+ idly f ! y>ds1 z if %e 73 ,a pa9t$ %ip ^u a pa9t$ ,ocean4 ,sudd5ly1 & be=e prep>ation c be made to )/& x1 ! hurricane bur/s 9 appall+ fury ov] ! sea3 ! sails are bl[n to ribbons2 ! ma/s1 p]haps1 brok5 d[n2 & frequ5tly ! vessel itself ov]:elm$ & s5t to ! bottom4 ,_m a gallant %ip1 :i* has left ! h>b\r ably comm&$ & well mann$1 & nev] m be5 he>d (1 has d\btless gone d[n 9 sudd5 /orms su* z ^? we h ref]r$ to4 ,b ! inv5tions ( sci5ce h n[ v mu* less5$ ! dang] ( ^! /orms4 ,! b>omet]1 by ! sudd5 fall ( its column ( m]cury1 tells1 z pla9ly & c]ta9ly z if x spoke ) an audible voice1 t a /orm is approa*+1 ev5 ?\gh all nature %\ld appe> to contradict ! fact by its calm & s]5e aspect2 s t ! crew ?us w>n$ h "t to furl ! sails1 fa/5 d[n ! hat*es1 & o!rwise prep>e to face ! imp5d+ dang]4 ,! atmosph]e fl[s 9 a gr& h>moni\s sy/em ( curr5ts & c\nt]-curr5ts1 ) _! correspond+ eddies1 j l ! ocean2 & ! gr& f9al results ( its v>i$ action are to equalise 9 "s degree ! temp]atures ( ! _w1 to c>ry (f & di/ribute moi/ure :]e x is requir$1 to sweep away noxi\s vap\rs1 & g5]ally to v5tilate ! ,e>? & gladd5 ! he>t ( man4 ,! prim>y cause ( all w9d is ! comb9$ action ( heat & cold4 ,if ! _w 7 heat$ ) p]fect equality all r\nd1 !re w\ld be1 z f> at lea/ z heat is conc]n$1 a p]fect & p]man5t /agnation ( ! atmosph]e2 & ?is w\ld spe$ily result 9 ! de/ruction ( e liv+ ?+4 ,b by ! v>i$ & beautiful arrangem5ts :i* ! ,almighty has made 9 nature ,he has secur$ a regul> fl[ ( atmosph]ic curr5ts1 :i* w cont9ue unalt]ably to move z long z ! pres5t economy ( ?+s exi/s4 ,! int5se & con/ant action ( ! sun's rays 9 ! torrid zone produces great heat1 :ile ! less p[]ful & frequ5tly int]rupt$ influ5ce ( 8 rays 9 ! frigid zones induces extreme cold4 ,h5ce we h 9 "o region heat$ air1 9 ano!r cool air4 ,n[1 ! effect ( heat ^u air is to exp& x1 make x light1 & cause x to rise4 ,! mom5t x does s1 ! cold air ru%es 9 to supply its place2 & ?is ru%+ 9 ( ! cold air is :at we call w9d4 ,x may surprise _m p to be told t !re are only two great & nev]-ceas+ c\rses ( ! w9ds ( ?is _w--namely1 nor? & s\?4 ,!y fl[ p]petually f ! equator to ! poles1 & f ! poles to ! equator4 ,all ! irregul>ities & int]ruptions t we obs]ve are m]e tempor>y & p>tial deflections f ?is gr& c\rse4 ,! heat$ air at ! equator rises cont9ually & fl[s 9 an upp] curr5t t[>ds ! pole1 gett+ gradually cool$ on its way nor?4 ,t f ! pole fl[s 9 an "u curr5t t[>ds ! equator1 gett+ gradually heat$ on its way s\?4 ,we speak only ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 = ! sake ( simplify+ explanation1--! action ( ! great w9d-curr5t 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e is precisely simil>4 ,b our broad simple /atem5t ab\t ! upp] curr5t f ! equator1 & ! "u curr5t f ! pole1 requires a slight modification1 :i* we ?\ght x be/ n to m+le ) ! /atem5t itself4 ,! heat$ air f ! equator does inde$ comm5ce to fl[ 9 an upp] curr5t1 & ! cool$ air f ! pole 9 an "u curr5t2 b1 z ! upp] curr5ts ( air are spe$ily cool$ by exposure to space1 & ! "u curr5ts are heat$ by contact ) ! e>?'s surface1 !y con/antly *ange places--! l[] curr5t becom+ ! upp]1 & vice v]sa4 ,b !y d n *ange direction4 ,! ,equatorial ,curr5t asc5ds1 ru%es nor? to a po9t ab\t latitude #cj degrees1 :]e1 be+ suffici5tly cool$1 x swoops d[n1 & cont9ues its ,nor?w>d ru% along ! e>?4 ,at ano!r po9t ! ,pol> ,curr5t quits ! e>?1 & so>+ up1 9 consequ5ce ( its rec5tly acquir$ heat1 becomes ! upp] curr5t4 ,?is *ange 9 ! two curr5ts takes place twice 9 _! c\rse4 ,( c\rse1 ! effect ( ^! *anges is to produce nor? w9ds 9 "o latitude & s\? w9ds 9 ano!r1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> w9d 7equatorial or pol>7 t happ5s to be 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,at ! po9ts :]e ^! two curr5ts cross1 9 *ang+ places1 we necess>ily h calms1 or conflict+ & v>iable w9ds4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! fir/ ( ! con/ant di/urb+ causes1 & ( app>5t irregul>ities1 9 ! w9ds4 ,! ,e>?1 z e "o kn[s1 :irls rapidly on its axis f we/ to ea/4 ,at ! equator ! :irl is s rapid t ! atmosph]e does n at once foll[ ! ,e>?'s motion4 ,x lags beh9d1 & ?us induces an ea/]ly t5d5cy to ! w9ds1 s t a nor? w9d becomes a nor?-ea/1 & a s\? w9d a s\?-ea/4 ,"h we h ano!r con/ant cause ( v>iation f ! nor!rly & s\!rly fl[4 ,we ?us acc\nt = an ea/]ly t5d5cy to ! w9ds1 b :5ce _! we/]ly fl[8 ,x is simply expla9$ ?us3 ,! motion ( ! ,e>? is greate/ at ! equator4 ,x dim9i%es gradually t[>ds ! poles1 :]e !re is no motion at all4 ,! atmosph]e p>takes ( ! ,e>?'s motion :5 9 contact ) x2 & :5 ?r[n upw>ds by heat1 z at ! equator1 x keeps up ! motion = "s "t1 z x meets ) no resi/ance !re4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 let u n[ foll[ a gu% ( w>m atmosph]e f ! equator4 ,x ru%es up1 &1 turn+ nor? & s\?1 seeks ! poles4 ,we foll[ ! nor!rn division4 ,:5 x left ! ,e>? x _h acquir$ a v /rong motion t[>ds ! ea/1--n s great z t ( ! ,e>? itself1 b great en\gh to be equival5t to a furi\s gale f we/ to ea/4 ,if we suppose ?is air to r$esc5d :5ce x rose1 x w\ld1 on rea*+ ! equator1 f9d ! ,e>? go+ too fa/ = x4 ,x w\ld lag a little1 & become a g5tle ea/]ly breeze4 ,b n[1 ?r[ aside ?is supposition2--our breeze ru%es nor?2 at latitude #cj degrees x has got cool$1 & swoops d[n ^u ! ,e>?2 b ! ,e>? at ?is latitude is mov+ mu* sl[] ?an at ! equator2 ! w9d1 h[ev]1 has lo/ little or none ( its ea/]ly velocity4 ,on rea*+ ! ,e>? x ru%es ea/ mu* fa/] ?an ! ,e>? itself1 & ?us becomes a we/]ly gale4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m o!r ag5ts at "w1 :i* modify & di/urb :at we may call ! legitimate fl[ ( ! w9d2 & ^! ag5ts are div]se 9 diff]5t places1 s t ! atmosph]e is turn$ out ( a /raight c\rse1 & is caus$ to deflect1 to halt1 & to turn r\nd3 sometimes sweep+ l[ z if 9 ha/e2 at o!r times paus+1 z if 9 unc]ta9ty2 & (t5 :irl+ r\nd1 z if 9 mad confusion4 ,to ! obs]v]1 :o sees only ! p>tial effects ar\nd 8 own p]son1 all ?is commotion seems b ! disord]ly action ( bl9d *ance2 b to ! eye ( ,him :o sees ! end f ! beg9n+1 we may c]ta9ly conclude t naught is se5 b ord] & p]fect h>mony4 ,& to ! eye ( ,sci5ce !re n[ beg9s to appe>1 9 :at 0 =m]ly an atmosph]ic *aos1 an evid5ce ( design & sy/em1 :i* is n1 inde$1 absolutely cle>1 b :i* is nev]!less abundantly p]ceptible to m9ds t _c hope 9 ?is life to see o!rwise ?an ?r\gh a glass1 d>kly4 ,! causes :i* modify ! action ( ! w9ds are1 z we h said1 v>i\s4 ,local causes produce local curr5ts4 ,a cle> sky 9 "o region all[s ! sun's rays to p\r ^u1 let u say1 ! ocean1 produc+ great heat2 ! result ( :i* is evaporation4 ,aque\s vap\r is v light1 !re=e x rises2 & 9 do+ s ! aque\s p>ticles c>ry ! air up ) !m1 & ! w9d necess>ily ru%es 9 bel[ to supply its place4 ,! fall+ ( heavy ra91 9 c]ta9 conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 has ! effect ( rais+ w9d4 ,electricity has also1 9 all probability1 some?+ to d ) ! creation ( motion 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,n[1 z ^! are all local causes1 !y produce local--or :at1 9 reg>d to ! :ole atmosph]e1 may be t]m$ irregul>--effects4 ,& z ^! causes or ag5ts are 9 ceaseless op]ation at all times1 s _! di/urb+ influ5ce is endless2 & h5ce ! app>5t irregul>ity 9 ! w9ds4 ,b ^! causes are !mselves1 n less ?an _! results1 dep5d5t on o!r causes or laws1 ! work+s ( :i* are /eady & unv>y+2 & ! little irregul>ities t appe> to u 9 ! =m ( fluctuat+ & *ang+ w9ds & calms may be comp>$ to ! v>y+ ripples & %ift+ eddies ( a riv]1 ^: surface is affect$ by ! comp>atively trifl+ influ5ces ( w9d1 ra91 & dr\ght1 b ^: gr& onw>d c\rse is nev] = a s+le mom5t int]rupt$4 ,among ^! di/urb+ influ5ces1 ! ,gulf ,/ream is a v important "o4 ,x is con/antly s5d+ up l>ge volumes ( /eam1 :i*1 ris+ into ! air1 induce a fl[ ( w9d f bo? sides t[>ds its c5tre4 ,& _m ( ! /orms t arise 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,atlantic make = ?is /ream1 & foll[ its c\rse4 ,s mu* has be5 asc]ta9$ by sci5tific inve/igation ( ! w9ds1 t we c n[ di/9ctly map out ! great belts or curr5ts :i* pass "r r\nd ! _w4 ,we c tell 9 :i* p>allels w9ds ) ea/+1 & 9 :i* ^? ) we/+1 9 !m1 w be mo/ frequ5tly f\nd2 & by direct+ our c\rse to su* places1 we c to a c]ta9 ext5t c\nt ^u pr(it+ by ! w9ds t w be mo/ suitable4 ,be=e ! facts ( atmosph]ic circulation 7 kn[n1 m>9]s sail$ by *ance4 ,if !y happ5$ to get into ! belt ( w9d t suit$ !m1 _! voyages 7 fav\rable2 if !y got into ! wrong region1 _! voyages 7 unfav\rable1--t 0 all4 ,b !y _h no idea t !re 0 any possibility ( turn+ ! tables1 &1 by a c>eful inve/igation ( ! works ( ! ,creator1 com+ at la/ to su* k z w\ld enable !m to r$uce w9ds & waves1 9 a great degree1 to a /ate ( slav]y1 in/ead ( !mselves be+ at _! m]cy4 ,! _w may be said to be encircl$ by a succession ( belts ( w9d1 :i* bl[ n always 9 ! same direction1 b almo/ inv>iably ) ! same r\t9e ( v>iations4 ,a vessel sail+ f nor? to s\? enc\nt]s ^! belts 9 succession4 ,to m>9]s ( old1 ^! v>y+ w9ds seem$ to bl[ 9 utt] confusion4 ,to m5 ( ! pres5t "t1 _! v>i$ action is c\nt$ on ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! reason :y m5 7 s long 9 discov]+ ! nature ( atmosph]ic circulation 01 t !y 7 n suffici5tly alive to ! imm5se value ( unit$ ef=t4 ,!y le>n$ wisdom *iefly f p]sonal exp]i5ce--ea* man = himself2 & 9 ! great majority ( cases1 /ores ( k1 t w\ld h be5 ( ! utmo/ importance to mank9d1 7 buri$ ) ! individuals :o _h laid !m up4 ,moreov]1 ! life ( an individual 0 too %ort1 & 8 exp]i5ce too limit$1 to enable him to discov] any ( ! gr& laws ( ,nature2 & z !re 0 no ga!r+ toge!r ( in=mation f all qu>t]s1 & all sorts ( m51 & all seasons 7z !re is n[71 ! k acquir$ by individuals 0 almo/ always lo/ to ! _w4 ,?us m5 7 ev] le>n+1 b nev] arriv+ at a k ( ! tru?4 ,may we n "h rem>k1 t ?is evil 0 ow+ to ano!r evil-- namely1 man's ignorance (1 or indiff]5ce to1 ! duty ( :at we may t]m human communication8 ,z surely z gravitation is an appo9t$ law ( ,god1 s surely is x an appo9t$ duty t m5 %all communicate _! individual k to ea* o!r1 9 ord] t ! g5]al k ( ! species may advance & j 9 proportion to ! fidelity ) :i* m5 obey ?is duty--! c>e & ability ) :i* !y collate & sy/ematise & inve/igate _! k--w be ! result ( _! ef=ts4 ,9 ord] to make ! above rem>ks m cle> z reg>ds atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 let u suppose ! case ( a sailor :o makes ! same voyage e ye>1 b n precisely at ! same "t ea* ye> 7& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! rigid punctuality at />t+ :i* n[ holds good did n exi/ 9 =m] times74 ,9 8 fir/ voyage he _h to cross1 say1 f\r ( ! w9d-belts4 ,:ile cross+ belt numb] "o1 he exp]i5ces s\?-we/ w9ds *iefly1 &1 be+ an obs]vant man1 notes ! fact4 ,9 belt numb] two he enc\nt]s we/]ly w9ds4 ,9 numb] ?ree he is 9 a region ( v>iable w9ds & calms4 ,9 ?is region ! w9ds bl[ all r\nd ! compass1 av]ag+ ab\t ?ree mon?s f ea* qu>t]4 ,b our sailor does n "k t2 he does n /ay !re all ! ye> to make notes2 he passes on1 hav+ record$ 8 exp]i5ce4 ,9 cross+ belt numb] f\r1 he f9ds ! prevail+ w9ds to be ea/]ly4 ,next ye> he sets =? aga9 b m]*ants are n always punctual4 ,! lad+ _c be complet$ 9 "t1 or adv]se w9ds r5d] ! sett+ sail unadvisable4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a mon? or six weeks' delay1 he proce$s on 8 voyage1 & f9ds belt numb] "o p]haps mu* ! same z la/ ye>4 ,he congratulates himself on 8 good =tune1 & notes 8 obs]vations2 b 9 belt numb] two1 ! w9d is some:at modifi$1 ow+ to its be+ lat] 9 ! season1--x is r aga9/ him4 ,9 numb] ?ree x is "r 9 8 tee?1 :]eas la/ ye> x 0 q 9 8 fav\r4 ,9 numb] f\r1 :i* we w suppose is ! trade-w9d belt 7( :i* m h]eaft]71 he f9ds ! w9d /ill ea/]ly4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! gr\ndwork ( confusion 9 our sailor's m9d4 ,he has n ! remote/ idea t 9 belt numb] "o ! w9d bl[s *iefly1 b n always1 9 "o p>ticul> direction2 t 9 numb] f\r x bl[s inv>iably 9 "o way2 & t 9 numb] ?ree x is regul>ly irregul>4 ,9 fact1 he does n "k t su* belts exi/ at all1 & 8 opportunities ( obs]v+ are n suffici5tly frequ5t or prolong$ to enable him to asc]ta9 any?+ ) c]ta9ty4 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t 9 ?is imp]fect exp]i5ce ( 8 he is /ill fur!r misl$ by 8 frequ5tly enc\nt]+ local vicissitudes--su* z /orms & calms result+ f local & tempor>y causes--we see h[ confusion becomes worse conf\nd$4 ,no d\bt he does ga!r "s few crumbs ( k2 b he is call$ on1 p]haps1 to *ange 8 sc5e ( action4 ,ano!r %ip is giv5 to him1 ano!r r\te ent]$ on1 & he ceases altoge!r to prosecute 8 inquiries 9 ! old region4 ,or old age comes on2 & ev5 al?\gh he may h be5 beg9n+ to h a few fa9t glimm]+s z to laws & sy/ems 9 8 m9d1 he has n ! p[] to make mu* ( ^!4 ,he dies2 8 k is1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 lo/1 & 8 log-books disappe>1 z all su* books d1 nobody kn[s or c>es :]e4 ,n[ ?is /ate ( ?+s has be5 *ang+ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,log-books are collect$ 9 ?\s&s4 ,! exp]i5ces ( _m m51 9 ref]5ce to ! same spots 9 ! same ye>s1 mon?s1 & ev5 h\rs1 are ga!r$1 collat$1 & comp>$2 & ! result is1 t al?\gh !re are conflict+ elem5ts & contradictory appe>ances1 ord] has be5 discov]$ 9 ! mid/ ( app>5t confusion1 & sci5tific m5 h be5 enabl$ to pi]ce ?r\gh ! *aos ( littl5esses by :i* ! _w's vision has be5 hi!rto obscur$1 & to lay b>e _m ( ^? gr& progressions ( nature :i* move unv>y+ly ) /ately /ep ?r\gh space & "t1 z ! riv]1 ) all its m9or eddies & c\nt]-curr5ts1 fl[s ) unv>y+ regul>ity to ! ocean4 ,,*apt] ,,six4 ,,trade-,,w9ds--,,/orms--,,_! ,,effects--,,monsoons--,,_! ,,value--,,l& ,,& ,,sea ,,breezes--,,exp]im5ts--,,hurricanes--,, ^? ,,( #ahja--,,rotatory ,,/orms--,,_! ,,t]rible ,,effects--,,*9a ,,seas--,,hurricane ,,9 #ahcg--,,:irlw9ds--,,weight ,,( ,,atmosph]e--,,value ,,( ,,atmosph]ic ,,circulation--,,height ,,( ,,atmosph]e4 ,be=e proce$+ to speak ( ! p[] & ! dreadful effects ( w9d1 x is necess>y to say a ^w or two ab\t ! trade-w9ds4 ,x is suppos$ t ! trades d]iv$ _! "n f ! fact ( _! be+ fav\rable to navigation1 &1 !re=e1 to trade4 ,!y consi/ ( two belts ( w9d1 "o on ea* side ( ! equator1 :i* bl[ always 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] x 0 expla9$ t ! heat$ atmosph]e at ! equator rises1 & t ! cool] atmosph]e f ! poles ru%es 9 to supply its place4 ,t :i* ru%es f ! s\? pole is1 ( c\rse1 a s\? w9d1 t f ! nor? pole a nor? w9d2 b1 ow+ to ! ,e>?'s motion on its axis f we/ to ea/1 ! "o becomes a nor?-ea/1 ! o!r a s\?-ea/ w9d4 ,^! are ! nor?-ea/ & ! ,s\?-ea/ trades4 ,!y bl[ regul>ly--sometimes g5tly1 sometimes fi]cely--all ! ye> r\nd4 ,betwe5 ! two is a belt ( calms & *angeable breezes1 v>y+ f #aej to #ejj miles broad-- accord+ to ! "t ( ! ye>--:]e !re are frequ5t & viol5t squalls1 ( v %ort duration1 accompani$ ) heavy ra9s4 ,?is region is call$ by seam5 ! doldrums1 & consid]able tr\ble & difficulty d %ips exp]i5ce 9 cross+ x4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ab\t latitude #cj degrees1 ! upp] curr5t ( w9d f ! s\? desc5ds4 ,at ! same po9t ! upp] curr5t f ! nor? also desc5ds4 ,!y cut ?r\gh ea* o!r1 & ! po9t :]e ^! two cut ea* o!r is ! nor!rn limit ( ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9ds4 ,! same explanation holds 9 reg>d to ! s\!rn limit ( ! s\?-ea/ trades4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram ! arr[s )9 ! circle po9t out ! direction ( ! nor?-ea/ & ! s\?-ea/ trades betwe5 ! tropics ( canc] & capricorn1 & also ! c\nt] curr5ts to ! nor? & s\? ( ^!1 :ile ! arr[s ar\nd ! circle %[ h[ c\nt] curr5ts meet & rise1 or desc5d1 & produce ! calm belts4 ,we h hi!rto enl>g$ *iefly on ! gr& curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & on ^? modify+ causes & effects :i* are p]petual4 ,let u n[ turn to ! consid]ation ( ^? w9ds :i* are produc$ by local causes1 & ! effects ( :i* are p>tial4 ,& "h we are induc$ to rev]t to ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to z a local di/urb] ( ! regul> fl[ ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is imm5se body ( heat$ wat]1 pass+ ?r\gh cold regions ( ! sea1 has ! effect ( caus+ ! mo/ viol5t /orms4 ,! hurricanes ( ! ,we/ ,indies are among ! mo/ viol5t 9 ! _w4 ,we h read ( "o s viol5t t x =c$ ! ,gulf ,/ream back to its s\rces1 & pil$ up ! wat] 9 ! ,gulf to ! height ( ?irty feet4 ,a vessel nam$ ! ,l$bnry ,sn[ attempt$ to ride x out4 ,:5 x abat$1 %e f\nd h]self high up on ! dry l&1 hav+ let g h] an*or among ! tree-tops ( ,elliott's quay6 ,! ,florida quays 7 inundat$ _m feet2 & x is said ! sc5e pres5t$ 9 ! ,gulf ,/ream 0 nev] surpass$ 9 awful sublimity on ! ocean4 ,! wat] ?us damm$ up ru%$ out ) frightful velocity aga9/ ! fury ( ! gale1 produc+ a sea t begg>$ description4 ,! monsoons ( ! ,indian ,ocean are among ! mo/ /rik+ & regul> ( ! locally-caus$ w9ds4 ,be=e t\*+ on _! causes1 let u glance at _! effects4 ,!y bl[ = ne>ly six mon?s 9 "o direction1 & = ! o!r six 9 ! opposite direction4 ,at ! p]iod ( _! *ang+1 t]rific gales are frequ5t--gales su* z we1 9 our temp]ate regions1 nev] dream (4 ,:at is t]m$ ! ra9y season 9 ,india is ! result ( ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 :i* = f\r mon?s 9 ! ye> deluges ! regions )9 its influ5ce ) ra94 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! s\?-we/ monsoon is describ$ z be+ sublime & awful beyond description4 ,be=e x comes1 ! :ole c\ntry is p9+ "u ! influ5ce ( long-cont9u$ dr\ght & heat2 ! gr\nd is p>*$ & r5t2 sc>cely a blade ( v]dure is to be se5 except 9 ! b$s ( riv]s1 :]e ! la/ pools ( wat] seem ab\t to evaporate1 & leave ! l& "u ! dom9ion ( p]petual /]ility4 ,man & bea/ pant = fre% air & cool wat]2 b no cool breeze comes4 ,a bla/1 z if f ! m\? ( a furnace1 greets ! burn+ *eek2 no bless$ drops desc5d2 ! sky is cle> z a mirror1 )\t a s+le cl\d to mitigate ! int5sity ( ! sun's )]+ rays4 ,at la/1 on "s happy morn+1 small cl\ds are se5 on ! horizon4 ,!y may be no bigg] ?an a man's h&1 b !y are bless$ h>b+]s ( ra94 ,to ^? :o "k n :at is com+1 !re seems at fir/ no improvem5t on ! previ\s sultry calms4 ,!re is a s5se ( suffocat+ heat 9 ! atmosph]e2 a ?9 haze creeps ov] ! sky1 b x sc>cely affects ! broad gl>e ( ! sun4 ,at l5g? ! sky beg9s to *ange4 ,! horizon becomes black4 ,great masses ( d>k cl\ds rise out ( ! sea4 ,fitful gu/s ( w9d beg9 to bl[1 & z sudd5ly to cease2 & ^! signs ( com+ tempe/ keep dally+ ) ea* o!r1 z if to tantalise ! expectant creation4 ,! l[] "p ( ! sky becomes deep r$1 ! ga!r+ cl\ds spread ov] ! heav5s1 & a deep gloom is ca/ ^u ! e>? & sea4 ,& n[ ! /orm breaks =?4 ,! viol5t gu/s swell into a cont9u\s1 furi\s gale4 ,ra9 falls1 n 9 drops1 b 9 broad %eets4 ,! black sea is cre/$ ) :ite foam1 :i* is quickly swept up & m+l$ ) ! wat]s above2 :ile ^? bel[ heave up _! bill[s1 & rage & ro> 9 unison ) ! tempe/4 ,on ! l& ev]y?+ seems ab\t to be uproot$ & hurl$ to de/ruction4 ,! tall /raight cocoa-nut trees are b5t ov] till !y almo/ lie along ! gr\nd2 ! s& & dry e>? are :irl$ up 9 eddy+ cl\ds1 & ev]y?+ movable is torn up & swept away4 ,to add to ! dire upro>1 ?und] n[ peals f ! skies 9 l\d1 cont9u\s ro>s1 & 9 %>p angry cra%es1 :ile lightn+ plays ab\t 9 broad %eets all ov] ! sky1 ! "o foll[+ s close on ! o!r z to give ! impression ( p]petual fla%es & an un9t]mitt+ ro>2 ! :ole sc5e pres5t+ an aspect s awful1 t s9ful man might well suppose ! season ( ! ,e>?'s probation _h pass$ away1 & t ! ,almighty 7 ab\t to hurl complete de/ruction ^u 8 (f5d+ creatures4 ,b f> o!r int5tions are 9 ! brea/ ( ,him :o rides ^u ! /orm4 ,8 object is to re/ore1 n to de/roy--to gladd51 n to t]rify4 ,?is tempe/u\s wea!r la/s = "s days1 b at ! end ( t "t ! *ange t comes ov] ! face ( nature seems little %ort ( miracul\s4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr ,elph9/one1 :o describes f p]sonal obs]vation--,! :ole e>? is cov]$ ) a sudd5 b luxuriant v]dure1 ! riv]s are full & tranquil1 ! air is pure & delici\s1 & ! sky is v>i$ & embelli%$ ) cl\ds4 ,! effect ( ?is *ange is visible on all ! animal creation1 & c only be imag9$ 9 ,europe by suppos+ ! dep? ( a dre>y w9t] to />t at once into all ! fre%ness & brilliancy ( spr+4 ,f t "t ! ra9 falls at int]vals = ab\t a mon?1 :5 x comes on aga9 ) great viol5ce2 & 9 ,july ! ra9s are at _! height4 ,dur+ ! ?ird mon? !y r dim9i%1 b are /ill heavy4 ,9 ,septemb] !y gradually abate1 & are (t5 susp5d$ till ne> ! end ( ! mon?1 :5 !y dep>t amid ?und]s & tempe/s1 z !y came4 ,su* are ! effects ( ! monsoons ^u l& & sea4 ,( c\rse ! t]rific gales t u%] !m 9 & out c\ld n be expect$ to pass )\t do+ a good deal ( damage1 especially to %ipp+4 ,b ?is is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! facilities :i* !y af=d to navigation4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 especially 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 m]*ants calculate ) c]ta9ty on ^! p]iodical w9ds4 ,!y despat* _! %ips )1 say1 ! nor?-ea/ monsoon1 transact bus9ess 9 di/ant l&s1 & receive !m back1 lad5 ) =eign produce1 by ! s\?-we/ monsoon4 ,if !re 7 no monsoons1 ! voyage f ,canton to ,engl& c\ld n be accompli%$ 9 ne>ly s %ort a "t z x is at pres5t4 ,& n[ z to ! cause ( monsoons4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 deflect$ trade-w9ds4 ,& !y owe _! deflection to ! pres5ce ( l>ge cont95ts4 ,if !re 7 no l& ne> ! equator1 ! trade-w9ds w\ld always bl[ 9 ! same mann] "r r\nd ! _w2 b ! great cont95ts1 ) _! int5sely-heat$ surfaces1 cause local di/urbance ( ! trade-w9ds4 ,:5 a trade-w9d is turn$ out ( its c\rse1 x is reg>d$ z a monsoon4 ,= in/ance1 ! summ] sun1 beat+ on ! int]ior pla9s ( ,asia1 creates su* int5se heat 9 ! atmosph]e t x is m ?an suffici5t to neutralise ! =ces :i* cause ! trade-w9ds to bl[4 ,!y are1 accord+ly1 arre/$ & turn$ back4 ,! great g5]al law ( ! trades is 9 ?is region tempor>ily susp5d$1 & ! monsoons are creat$4 ,x is ?us t ! heat$ pla9s ( ,africa & ,c5tral ,am]ica produce ! monsoons ( ! ,atlantic1 ! ,pacific1 & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,we ?9k x unnecess>y to expla9 m9utely ! causes t produce v>iation 9 ! monsoons4 ,e intellig5t read] w readily conceive h[ ! *ange ( seasons & v>i$ configuration z well z unequal arrangem5t ( l& & wat]1 w rev]se1 alt]1 & modify ! direction & /r5g? ( ! monsoons4 ,l& & sea breezes are ! next species ( w9d to :i* we w\ld direct att5tion4 ,!y occur 9 tropical c\ntries1 & owe _! exi/5ce to ! fact t ! l& is mu* m easily affect$ by sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature ?an ! sea4 ,?us1 ! l& 9 w>m regions is mu* heat$ by ! sun's rays dur+ ! day2 ! atmosph]e ov] x becomes also heat$1 9 virtue ( :i* x rises3 ! cool atmosph]e ov] ! sea ru%es 9 to supply its place1 & =ms ! sea breeze3 :i* occurs only dur+ ! day4 ,at night ! conv]se ( ?is takes place4 ,l& heats & cools rapidly2 wat] heats & cools sl[ly4 ,aft] ! sun sets1 ! cool+ ( ! l& goes on fa/] ?an t ( ! sea4 ,9 a %ort "t ! atmosph]e ov] ! l& becomes cool] ?an t ov] ! sea2 x desc5ds & fl[s (f out to sea2 ?us =m+ ! l& breeze4 ,x occurs only at night1 & :5 ! *ange f "o to ! o!r is tak+ place !re is always a %ort p]iod ( calm4 ,l& & sea breezes are ( ! greate/ use 9 refre%+ ^? regions :i*1 )\t !m1 w\ld be almo/1 if n altoge!r1 un9habitable4 ,9 ,! ,tempe/1 an int]e/+ "w on ! orig9 & ph5om5a ( w9d1 publi%$ by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k1 a curi\s & simple exp]im5t is describ$1 :]eby ! exi/5ce ( upp] & "u curr5ts ( air & ! action ( l& & sea breezes may be cle>ly se5 & und]/ood4 ,we quote ! passage3-- ,! exi/5ce ( ! upp] & "u curr5ts ( air :i* m>k ! ph5om5a ( ! trade-w9ds1 & ( l& & sea breezes1 may be beautifully illu/rat$ 9 two adjo9+ rooms1 9 "o ( :i* a good fire is burn+1 :ile 9 ! o!r !re is none4 ,if ! door betwe5 ! two rooms be ?r[n op51 ! cold air w ent] ! heat$ room 9 a /rong curr5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 z a viol5t w9d4 ,at ! same "t ! heat$ air ( ! w>m room asc5ds & passes ! contr>y way into ! cold room1 at ! upp] "p ( ! same doorway2 :ile 9 ! middle ( ?is op5+1 exactly betwe5 ! two curr5ts1 ! air appe>s to h little or no motion4 ,! be/ way to %[ ?is exp]im5t is to introduce ! flame ( a c&le into ! doorway betwe5 a hot & a cold room4 ,if ! flame be held ne> ! bottom ( ! doorway1 :]e ! air is mo/ d5se1 x w be /rongly drawn t[>ds ! heat$ room2 & if held ne> ! top ( ! door x w be drawn t[>ds ! cold room ) some:at less =ce2 :ile midway betwe5 ! top & bottom ! flame w be sc>cely di/urb$4 ,!re is also ano!r pretty exp]im5t :i* illu/rates well ! !ory ( l& & sea breezes4 ,take a l>ge di%1 fill x ) cold wat]1 & 9 ! middle ( ?is put a wat]-plate or a sauc] fill$ ) w>m wat]4 ,! fir/ w repres5t ! ocean1 & ! latt] an isl& made hot by ! rays ( ! sun1 & r>efy+ ! air above x4 ,take a light$ wax c&le & bl[ x out2 &1 if ! air ( ! room be /ill1 on apply+ x successively to e side ( ! sauc]1 ! smoke w be se5 mov+ t[>ds ! sauc] & ris+ ov] x1 ?us indicat+ ! c\rse ( ! air f sea to l&4 ,on rev]s+ ! exp]im5t1 by fill+ ! sauc] ) cold wat] 7to repres5t ! isl& at night7 & ! di% ) w>m wat]1 ! l& breeze w be %[n by hold+ ! smok+ wick ov] ! edge ( ! sauc]2 ! smoke w !n be waft$ to ! w>m] air ov] ! di%4 ,we h j tri$ ! fir/ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ) complete success4 ,we w\ld1 h[ev]1 recomm5d a piece ( twi/$ br[n pap]1 light$ & bl[n out1 in/ead ( a wax c&le1 because x gives out m smoke & is probably m obta9able on %ort notice4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! doorway1 moreov]1 does n require t !re %\ld lie two rooms ) a door betwe54 ,we h f\nd t ! door ( our /udy1 :i* op5s into a cold passage1 s]ves ! purpose admirably4 ,7 we treat+ *iefly ( ! atmosph]e 9 ?is "w1 x w\ld be necess>y t we %\ld enl>ge on all ! v>ieties ( w9ds1 ) _! causes1 effects1 & num]\s modifications4 ,b our ma9 subject is ! ,ocean4 ,! atmosph]e1 al?\gh x c\ld n ) ju/ice h be5 altoge!r pass$ ov]1 mu/ hold a second>y place "h2 !re=e we w conclude our rem>ks on x ) a brief ref]5ce to hurricanes4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t mo/ ( ! great /orms t sweep ) deva/at+ fury ov] ! l& & sea are n1 z 0 suppos$1 rectil9e> 9 _! motion1 b circul>4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 enorm\s :irlw9ds1 sometimes upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 diamet]2 & !y n only :irl r\nd _! own c5tres1 b advance /eadily =w>d ?r\gh space4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca1 a memorable & dreadful s]ies ( /orms pass$ ov] "s ( ! ,india ,isl&s1 & caus$ t]rible havoc1 especially 9 ! isl& ( ,b>badoes4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! hurricanes 0 t !y ravag$ ! diff]5t isl&s at diff]5t dates1 & 7 !re=e suppos$ to be diff]5t /orms4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case4 ,x 0 "o mighty cyclone1 or circul> /orm1--a gigantic :irlw9d1--:i* trav]s$ t region at ! rate ( ab\t sixte5 miles an h\r4 ,x 0 n its progressive1 b its rotatory motion1 t con/itut$ its t]rible p[]4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ x rea*$ ,b>badoes2 on ! #aa?1 ! isl&s ( ,sa9t ,v9c5t & ,sa9t ,lucia2 on ! #ab? x t\*$ ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,porto ,rico2 on ! #ac? x swept ov] "p ( ,cuba2 on ! #ad? x enc\nt]$ ,havanna2 on ! #ag? x rea*$ ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & travell$ on to ,new ,orleans1 :]e x rag$ till ! #ah?4 ,x ?us1 9 six days1 pass$1 z a :irlw9d ( de/ruction1 ov] two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ miles ( l& & sea4 ,x 0 f9ally dissipat$ amid heavy ra9s4 ,! effect ( a hurricane is well describ$ by ,wa%+ton ,irv+4 ,ab\t mid-day1 he says1 a furi\s gale sprang up f ! ea/1 driv+ be=e x d5se volumes ( cl\d & vap\r4 ,enc\nt]+ ano!r tempe/ f ! we/1 x appe>$ z if a viol5t conflict ensu$4 ,! cl\ds 7 r5t by incessant fla%es1 or r /reams1 ( lightn+4 ,at "o "t !y 7 pil$ up high 9 ! sky1 at ano!r !y desc5d$ to ! e>?1 fill+ ! air ) a baleful d>kness1 m imp5etrable ?an ! obscurity ( midnight4 ,:]ev] ! hurricane pass$1 :ole tracts ( =e/ 7 %iv]$ & /ripp$ ( _! leaves & bran*es2 & trees ( gigantic size1 :i* resi/$ ! bla/1 7 torn up by ! roots & hurl$ to a great di/ance4 ,groves 7 torn f ! m\nta9-precipices1 & va/ masses ( e>? & rock precipitat$ into ! valleys ) t]rific noise1 *ok+ ! c\rse ( ! riv]s4 ,! fe>ful s\nds 9 ! air & on ! e>?1 ! peal+ ?und]1 ! vivid lightn+1 ! h[l+ ( ! w9d1 ! cra% ( fall+ trees & rocks1 fill$ e "o ) affright1 & _m ?\ght t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&4 ,"s fl$ to cav]ns = safety1 = _! frail h\ses 7 bl[n d[n1 & ! air 0 fill$ ) ! trunks & bran*es ( trees1 & ev5 ) fragm5ts ( rocks1 c>ri$ along by ! fury ( ! tempe/4 ,:5 ! hurricane rea*$ ! h>b\r1 x :irl$ ! %ips r\nd z !y lay at an*or1 snapp$ _! cables1 & sunk ?ree ( !m to ! bottom ) all :o 7 on bo>d4 ,o!rs 7 driv5 ab\t1 da%$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & toss$ m]e wrecks ^u ! %ore by ! swell+ surges ( ! sea1 :i* 9 "s places roll$ = ?ree or f\r miles ^u ! l&4 ,?is tempe/ la/$ = ?ree h\rs4 ,! ,*9a seas are ! mo/ frequ5tly visit$ by sev]e tempe/s1 or typhoons2 yet ( all vessels1 ! ,*9ese junks1 z !y are call$1 seem to be lea/ adapt$ by _! build = enc\nt]+ su* /orms4 ,a t]rible hurricane bur/ ^u ! ,*9a seas 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #ahcg1 z we le>n f ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,j\rnal ( t ye>4 ,an ,engli% vessel 0 expos$ to x4 ,! sea1 ris+ 9 m\nta9s ar\nd & ov] ! %ip's sides1 hurl$ h] rapidly on h] passage homew>d1 :5 sudd5ly a wreck 0 discov]$ to ! we/w>d4 ,! ord] to %ort5 sail 0 giv51 & promptly obey$2 & :5 !y ne>$ ! wreck !y f\nd h] to be a ,*9ese junk )\t ma/ or rudd]--a helpless log on ! brea/ ( t boil+ sea4 ,!re 7 _m ,*9am5 on deck vehem5tly implor+ assi/ance4 ,! exhibition ( _! joy on behold+ ! approa* ( ! /rang] 0 ( ! wilde/ & mo/ extravagant nature2 b x 0 doom$ to be sudd5ly turn$ to despair1 z ! viol5ce ( ! /orm drove ! %ip pa/ ! wreck4 ,x became necess>y to put h] on ! o!r tack1 a manoeuvre :i* ! poor creatures con/ru$ into ab&onm5t1 & ! air rang ) ! mo/ agonis+ %rieks ( mis]y4 ,b hope 0 aga9 rais$1 :5 a boat 0 l[]$ & a rope ?r[n on bo>d = ! purpose ( t[+ ! junk to ! %ip4 ,?is int5tion 0 fru/rat$ by ! w9dlass break+4 ,at sight ( ?is "o man1 9 a p>oxysm ( despair1 jump$ ov]bo>d aft] ! rope2 b he miss$ x4 ,be+ a good swimm]1 he tri$ to rea* ! boat2 b 8 feeble p[] c\ld avail him no?+ 9 ! mid/ ( su* rag+ elem5ts3 he spe$ily sank to rise no m4 ,ano!r rope1 h[ev]1 0 secur$ to ! junk1 & by means ( x ! re/ ( ! crew 7eighte5 9 numb]7 7 sav$4 ,_! gratitude 0 b\ndless4 ,!y almo/ wor%ipp$ ! (fic]s1 ! crew1 & ! vessel1 pro/rat+ !mselves & kiss+ ! feet ( ! =m]1 & ! v planks ( ! latt]4 ,well-built %ips1 h[ev]1 are n always able to )/& ! viol5ce ( rotatory /orms4 ,in/ances occur 9 :i* ! tighte/ built & be/ mann$ %ips are de/roy$ z sudd5ly z ! clumsie/ ( ill-manag$ junks4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 a vessel 0 proce$+ prosp]\sly on h] voyage1 :5 signs ( a com+ tempe/ induc$ ! w>y capta9 to r$uce1 &1 f9ally1 to take 9 all sail4 ,b 8 precautions 7 9 va94 ,! /orm bur/ on ! devot$ %ip1 & 9 a few m9utes ! ma/s w5t ov] ! side1 & ! hull lay a total wreck ^u ! sea4 ,^! hurricanes or cyclones1 al?\gh 9 reality :irlw9ds1 are s l>ge t man's eye _c measure !m1 & x is only by sci5tific inve/igation t we h arriv$ at ! k ( ! fact4 ,! :irlw9d1 prop]ly s call$1 is a mu* small] body ( atmosph]e4 ,sometimes we see m9iature :irlw9ds1 ev5 9 our own temp]ate l&1 pass+ along a road 9 autumn1 lift+ ! leaves & du/ into ! air & c>ry+ !m along 9 ! =m ( a rotatory pill>4 ,9 o!r regions !y ex]t a p[] q equal to ! tempe/1 ?\gh 9 a m limit$ space1 ov]turn+ h\ses1 uproot+ trees1 cutt+ a track tw5ty or ?irty y>ds wide ?r\gh ! d5se =e/ z ?or\ghly z if a ?\s& woodm5 _h be5 at "w !re = _m ye>s4 ,:5 :irlw9ds pass f ! l& to ! sea !y create wat]sp\ts2 ( :i* we %all h some?+ to say 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,mean:ile1 we ?9k x may be int]e/+ to give ! foll[+ miscellane\s in=mation reg>d+ ! atmosph]e1 ga!r$ f ! "w ( ,dr ,bui/1 :o devot$ mu* e>ne/ /udy to ! subject ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,! weight ( ! atmosph]e is equal to t ( a solid globe ( lead sixty miles 9 diamet]4 ,its pr9cipal elem5ts are oxyg5 & nitrog5 gases1 ) a va/ quantity ( wat] susp5d$ 9 !m 9 ! %ape ( vap\r2 &1 comm+l$ ) ^!1 a quantity ( c>bon 9 ! %ape ( fix$ air1 suffici5t to re/ore f its mass _m-fold ! coal t n[ exi/s 9 ! _w4 ,wat] is n compressible or ela/ic2 x may be solidifi$ into ice or vaporis$ into /eam3 b ! air is ela/ic & compressible4 ,x may be cond5s$ to any ext5t by pressure1 or exp&$ to an inf9ite degree ( t5uity by pressure be+ remov$ f x4 ,x is n liable to und]go any *anges 9 con/itution beyond ^!1 by any ( ! ord9>y influ5ces by :i* x is affect$4 ,if ! heat+ & cool+ process--:i* we h describ$ z be+ c>ri$ on betwe5 ! equator & ! poles--7 to cease1 we %\ld h a furi\s hurricane ru%+ p]petually r\nd ! globe at ! rate ( "o ?\s& miles an h\r1--t5 times ! spe$ ( ! mo/ viol5t tornado t has ev] c>ri$ deva/ation ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! air1 heat$ & dri$ z x sweeps ov] ! arid surface ( ! soil1 dr9ks up by day myriads ( tons ( moi/ure f ! sea1--s mu*1 inde$1 t1 7 none re/or$ to x1 ! surface ( ! ocean w\ld be depress$ eight or t5 feet annually4 ,we d n c]ta9ly "k ! height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is said t its upp] surface _c lie ne>] to u ?an fifty1 & c sc>cely be fur!r (f ?an five hundr$1 miles4 ,x surr\nds u on all sides1 yet we _c see x2 x presses on u ) a weight ( fifte5 p\nds on e squ>e in* ( ! surface ( our bodies--9 o!r words1 we are at all times su/a9+ a load ( betwe5 sev5ty & "o hundr$ tons ( x on our p]sons--yet we d n feel x6 ,s(t] ?an ! f9e/ d[n1 m impalpable ?an ! lighte/ gossam]1 x leaves ! cobweb undi/urb$1 &1 at times1 sc>cely /irs ! mo/ delicate fl[] t fe$s on ! dew x supplies2 yet x be>s ! fleets ( nations on its w+s r\nd ! _w1 & cru%es ! mo/ refractory sub/ances ) its weight4 ,x b5ds ! rays ( ! sun f _! pa? to give u ! aurora ( ! morn+ & ! twilight ( ev5+4 ,x disp]ses & refracts _! v>i\s t9ts to beautify ! approa* & ! retreat ( ! orb ( day4 ,b = ! atmosph]e1 sun%9e w\ld bur/ on u 9 a mom5t & fail u 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 remov+ u 9 an in/ant f midnight d>kness to ! blaze ( noon4 ,we h writt5 a good deal on ?is subject1 yet ! ?\s&? "p has n be5 told ( ev5 ! gr& & m obvi\s op]ations ( ! atmosph]e1 mu* less ! actions & results ( its m9or & invisible processes4 ,7 we to desc5d ) philosoph]s into ! m9ut] laboratories ( ! _w1 & consid] ! p]meat+1 ramify+1 subtle "p ! atmosph]e plays 9 ! innum]able trans=mations t are p]petually go+ on ar\nd & )9 u1 we %\ld be con/ra9$ to feel m deeply ?an we h ev] yet felt1 t ! works ( ! ,creator are inde$ wond]ful beyond all expression or conception4 ,,*apt] ,,sev54 ,,wat]sp\ts--,,causes ,,(--,,appe>ance--,,electricity--,,exp]i m5ts--,,artificial ,,wat]sp\ts--,,%[]s ,,( ,,fi%--,,mr4 ,,ellis ,,on ,,wat]sp\ts ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,seas4 ,we turn back n[ f ! atmosph]ic to ! aque\s ocean4 ,yet s intimate is ! connection betwe5 ! two1 t we %all f9d x impossible to avoid occasional ref]5ce to ! =m]4 ,our pres5t subject1 wat]sp\ts1 obliges u to recur = a little to ! atmosph]e1 :i* we dismiss$1 or attempt$ to dismiss1 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re is no d\bt t wat]sp\ts are to a great ext5t1 if n altoge!r1 due to ! pres5ce ( electricity 9 ! air4 ,:5 ! cl\ds h be5 rag+ = "s "t 9 ! skies ( tropical regions1 r5d]+ ! d>kness bright1 & ! air tremul\s ) _! dread artill]y1 !y seem to gr[ unusually ?ir/y2 ! ord9>y means ( wat]-supply ?r\gh ! atmosph]e d n appe> to be suffici5t = ! dem&1 or w>-tax 9 ! %ape ( wat]-sp\ts1 t is levi$ on nature4 ,! cl\ds !re=e desc5d to ! sea1 &1 putt+ d[n _! d>k tongues1 lick up ! wat] ?ir/ily 9 ! =m ( wat]sp\ts4 ,^! :irl+ pill>s ( wat] frequ5tly appe> 9 gr\ps ( sev]al at a "t4 ,!y are ( v>i\s heights1 sometimes rang+ up to sev5 hundr$ y>ds1 ) a ?ickness ( fifty y>ds1 & are v dang]\s to %ips t happ5 to come )9 _! influ5ce4 ,t !y are caus$ by electricity has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t-- m9iature wat]sp\ts h be5 produc$ by artificial means2 & z ,dr ,bonzano ( ,new ,york gives p>ticul> directions h[ ! ?+ ought to be done1 we quote 8 words = ! b5efit ( ^? :o happ5 to possess electrical ma*9es4 ,f ! conductor ( an electrical ma*9e susp5d1 by a wire or *a91 a small metallic ball 7"o ( wood cov]$ ) t9foil72 & "u ! ball place a r wide metallic bas91 conta9+ "s oil ( turp5t9e1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,if ! h&le ( ! ma*9e be n[ turn$ sl[ly1 ! liquid 9 ! bas9 w beg9 to move 9 diff]5t directions & =m :irlpools4 ,z ! electricity on ! conductor accumulates1 ! tr\bl$ liquid w elevate itself 9 ! c5tre1 & at la/ become atta*$ to ! ball4 ,draw (f ! electricity f ! conductor1 to let ! liquid resume its position2 a portion ( ! turp5t9e rema9s atta*$ to ! ball4 ,turn ! h&le aga9 v sl[ly1 & obs]ve n[ ! few drops adh]+ to ! ball assume a conical %ape1 ) ! apex d[nw>d2 :ile ! liquid "u x assumes also a conical %ape1 ! apex upw>d1 until bo? meet4 ,z ! liquid does n accumulate on ! ball1 !re mu/ necess>ily be z great a curr5t d[nw>d z upw>d1 giv+ ! column ( liquid a rapid circul> motion1 :i* cont9ues until ! electricity f ! conductor is ne>ly all dis*>g$ sil5tly1 or until x is dis*>g$ by a sp>k desc5d+ into ! liquid4 ,! same ph5om5a take place ) oil or wat]4 ,us+ ! latt] liquid1 ! ball mu/ be br\ght mu* ne>]1 or a mu* great] quantity ( electricity is necess>y to raise x4 ,if1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 we let ! ball sw+ to & fro1 ! little wat]sp\t w travel ov] its immature sea1 c>ry+ its :irlpools along ) x4 ,:5 x breaks up1 a portion ( ! liquid--& ) x any?+ x may conta9--rema9s atta*$ to ! ball4 ,! fi%1 se$s1 leaves1 etcet]a1 t h fall5 to ! e>? 9 ra9-squalls1 may h ow$ _! elevation to ! cl\ds to ! same cause t atta*es a few drops ( ! liquid1 ) its p>ticles ( impurities1 to ! ball4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t fi% are c>ri$ up 9 wat]sp\ts1 because ! desc5t ( ^? creatures f ! skies 9 ra9 is a well-e/abli%$ fact2 & if !y did n get !re 9 wat]sp\ts-- :i*1 :5 we consid] x1 seems mo/ natural--!n we are driv5 to ! conclusion t _! native region is ! sky1 :i* is by no means s natural or s probable4 ,_m travell]s h record$ ! fact t small fi% h desc5d$ 9 ra94 ,9 a lett] writt5 n long ago by a g5tleman 9 ,s+apore we h ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a %[] ( fi%3-- ,we exp]i5c$ a %ock ( e>?quake "h on ! #af? ,febru>y la/4 ,its duration 0 ab\t two m9utes4 ,al?\gh x caus$ no damage1 its undulatory motion 0 suffici5tly /rong to affect c]ta9 p]sons ) a s5sation ak9 to sea-sickness4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ra9 9 torr5ts1 on ! #bj?1 #ba/1 & #bbnd4 ,on ! latt] day especially1 we 71 = half an h\r1 surr\nd$ ) wat] to a consid]able dep?4 ,we c\ld n see ?ree y>ds be=e u4 ,:5 ! sun came out aga91 ,i saw a numb] ( ,malays & ,*9ese fill+ _! baskets ) fi% conta9$ 9 ! pools =m$ by ! ra94 ,!y told me ! fi% _h fall5 f heav51' & ?ree days lat]1 :5 ! pools 7 all dri$ up1 !re 7 /ill _m dead fi% ly+ ab\t4 ,z !y lay 9 my c\rt-y>d1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a wall1 !y c\ld n h be5 br\ght 9 by ! ov]fl[+ ( a torr5t2 inde$1 !re is none ( any consid]able size 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! space cov]$ by ^! fi% might be ab\t fifty acres1 compris+ ! ea/]n "p ( ! t[n4 ,!y 7 v lively1 & seem$ to be 9 good heal?4 ,! writ] ( ! above sugge/s1 ) "s degree ( hesitation1 t ^! fi% 7 suck$ up by wat]sp\ts4 ,we ?9k t !re ne$ be no hesitation 9 ! matt]6 ,! appe>ance usually pres5t$ by a wat]sp\t is t ( a column ( aque\s vap\r rea*+ f ! sea to ! cl\ds1 sometimes /raight1 m frequ5tly a little b5t1 & ?ick] above & bel[ ?an 9 ! c5tre ( ! column4 ,mr ,ellis1 ! mission>y1 9 8 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 m5tions hav+1 ) a companion1 met & n>r[ly escap$ be+ ov]:elm$ by sev]al wat]sp\ts1 :5 pass+ on "o occasion 9 an op5 boat betwe5 two isl&s ab\t ?irty miles ap>t4 ,on ! passage !y 7 ov]tak5 by a sudd5 & viol5t squall1 :i* la/$ sev]al h\rs2 &1 9 ord] to avoid be+ sunk1 !y ti$ _! ma/s1 o>s1 & sails 9 a bundle1 & atta*+ a rope to !m1 & to ! boat1 ca/ !m into ! sea4 ,?us !y lay1 z x 71 at an*or 9 ! lee ( ?is extemporis$ breakwat]4 ,x 0 b a feeble b>ri]1 h[ev]1 aga9/ s wild a /orm1 & ! native boatm5 7 s ov]come by fe>1 t !y sat d[n 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 & cov]$ _! eyes ) _! h&s4 ,aft] a "t ! ra9 dim9i%$1 ! sky began to cle>1 & ! boat's crew to revive1 :5 sudd5ly "o ( ! m5 utt]$ a cry ( con/]nation1 & po9t$ to an object t[>ds :i* all eyes 7 in/antly turn$4 ,!y beheld a l>ge cyl9drical wat]sp\t1 ext5d+1 l a massive column1 f ! ocean to ! d>k & imp5d+ cl\ds4 ,x 0 n f> di/ant1 & seem$ to move sl[ly t[>ds ! boat4 ,_h ,mr ,ellis _h any d\bt z to ! dang] ( a wat]sp\t1 ! extreme t]ror exhibit$ by ! natives on ?is occasion mu/ h remov$ x2 = x 0 n probable t1 j aft] escap+ f ! mo/ imm95t p]il1 !y w\ld fail back into a mu* m viol5t /ate ( t]ror1 unless =m] exp]i5ce _h giv5 !m too good reason to dread ! pres5ce ( ! object !y n[ saw be=e !m4 ,! r\ghness ( ! sea =bade _! attempt+ to hoi/ a sail 9 ord] to avoid ! wat]sp\t4 ,!y 7 compell$1 !re=e1 to summon all ! resolution !y possess$1 to enable !m calmly to await its approa*1 & put _! tru/ 9 ! arm ( ,jehovah4 ,! helm 0 9 ! h&s ( a seaman ^: /ead9ess c\ld be dep5d$ on4 ,! natives 7 d[n 9 ! bottom ( ! boat2 !y _h giv5 way to despair4 ,two o!r wat]sp\ts n[ came into view1 & subsequ5tly a ?ird1 if n m1 s t !y felt z if completely surr\nd$ by !m4 ,"s 7 well def9$1 ext5d+ 9 an unbrok5 l9e f ! sea to ! sky1 l pill>s re/+ on ! ocean z _! basis1 & support+ ! cl\ds2 o!rs1 assum+ ! %ape ( a funnel or inv]t$ cone atta*$ to ! cl\ds1 ext5d$ _! %>p po9ts to ! ocean bel[4 ,f ! di/9ctness ) :i* !y 7 se51 x 0 judg$ t ! fur!/ c\ld n h be5 _m miles di/ant4 ,9 "s !y imag9$ !y c\ld trace ! spiral motion ( ! wat] z x 0 drawn up to ! cl\ds1 :i* 7 e mom5t be+ augm5t$ 9 _! port5t\s d>kness4 ,! s5se ( p]sonal dang]1 ,mr ,ellis confesses1 & ! c]ta9ty ( in/ant de/ruction if br\ght )9 _! vortex1 prev5t$ a v c>eful obs]vation ( _! appe>ance & accompany+ ph5om5a4 ,! /orm cont9u$ all day1 & at int]vals ! p>ty 9 ! boat beheld1 ?r\gh ! driv+ cl\ds & ra91 "o or o!r ( ^? t[]+ wat]sp\ts2 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n come ne>] to !m4 ,x is int]e/+ to read ! record left by a ,*ri/ian mission>y ( 8 conflict+ feel+s on t t]rible occasion4 ,mr ,ellis believ$ t all hope ( escape 0 ov]1 & 8 m9d w5t ?r\gh t ordeal :i* mu/ be ! exp]i5ce ( e "o :o sees ! /eady approa* ( spe$y dea?4 ,he says t dur+ ^? h\rs :5 he sat await+ 8 doom1 ! ?\ght ( dea? itself did n make a deep impression4 ,! /ruggle1 ! gasp1 z ! we>i$ arm %\ld attempt to resi/ ! impetu\s waves2 ! /ra9+ vision1 t %\ld l+] on ! la/ ray ( retir+ light1 z ! deep5+ veil ( wat] w\ld gradually conceal x = ev]2 & ! roll+ bill[s heav+ ov] ! s9k+ & dy+ body1 :i*1 p]haps ere life %\ld be ext9ct1 might become ! prey ( voraci\s inhabitants ( ! deep2--^! ?+s caus$ sc>cely a ?\ght1 comp>$ ) ! imm$iate prospect ( ! disembodi$ _s be+ u%]$ into ! pres5ce ( its ,mak]2 ! acc\nt to be r5d]$1 & ! awful & unalt]able de/9y t w\ld await x !re4 ,^! mom5t\s objects1 he says1 absorb$ all ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 & produc$ an int5sity ( feel+1 :i*1 = a long "t1 r5d]$ me almo/ ins5sible to ! /orm1 or ! liquid columns :i* ?reat5$ our de/ruction4 ,x 0 n[ t ! mission>y c\ld look back ) deepe/ gratitude ^u t m]cy :i* _h fir/ br\ght him to a k ( ! ,savi\r4 ,him & ,him alone1 he adds1 ,i f\nd to be a refuge1 a rock 9 ! /orm ( cont5d+ feel+s1 on :i* my s\l c\ld ca/ ! an*or ( its hope = p>don & acceptance be=e ,god444 ,i c\ld n b ?9k h[ awful w\ld h be5 my /ate1 _h ,i 9 t h\r be5 ignorant ( ,*ri/1 or _h ,i neglect$ or despis$ ! (f]s ( 8 m]cy4 ,our pray]s 7 (f]$ to ,him :o is a pres5t help 9 e "t ( dang]1 = ourselves & ^? :o sail$ ) u2 & "u ^! & simil> ex]cises sev]al h\rs pass$ away4 ,^? pray]s 7 answ]$1 = ! wat]sp\ts gradually disappe>$1 & ! boat got safe to l&4 ,9 speak+ ( ano!r wat]sp\t1 se5 on a subsequ5t voyage1 ,mr ,ellis tells u t x 0 well def9$1--an unbrok5 column f ! sea to ! cl\ds1 :i* on ?is occasion 7 nei!r d5se nor l[]+4 ,ar\nd ! outside ( ! liquid cyl9d] 0 a k9d ( ?ick mi/2 & )91 a sub/ance resembl+ /eam1 asc5d+ app>5tly ) a spiral motion4 ,! wat] at its base 0 consid]ably agitat$ ) a :irl+ motion2 :ile ! spray :i* 0 ?r[n (f f ! circle =m$ by ! l[] "p ( ! column1 rose sev]al feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x pass$ ab\t a mile a/]n ( ! %ip4 ,occasionally1 :5 pass+ ne>] to a %ip ?an 0 deem$ safe1 a wat]sp\t has be5 dissipat$ by a cannon-%ot1 z repres5t$ 9 our engrav+4 ,su* are ! usual appe>ances & actions ( wat]sp\ts4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 prop]ly nam$1 be+ simply :irlw9ds at sea1 in/ead ( :irlw9ds on l&4 ,pr(essor ,o]/$ sugge/s ! "n /orm-pill>1 z be+ a m appropriate t]m4 ,x does n foll[ t a l>ge %ip w\ld inevitably be de/roy$ if br\ght )9 ! vortex ( a wat]sp\t2 b x is c]ta9 t %e w\ld run ! risk ( be+ disma/$1 & p]haps ?r[n on h] beam-ends4 ,navigators h n _h suffici5t exp]i5ce ( ! p[] ( wat]sp\ts to pron\nce au?oritatively on t po9t1--& x is to be hop$ !y nev] w4 ,capta9 ,bee*y1 9 8 n>rative ( a voyage to ! ,pacific1 describes "o into :i* 8 %ip actually ent]$1 & f :i* he receiv$ extremely r\gh h&l+ be=e he 0 set free4 ,b ?is might n h be5 a v l>ge wat]sp\t2 & x is n absolutely c]ta9 :e!r he 0 q )9 its vortex1 or 0 m]ely bru%$ by ! skirts ( its out] g>m5t4 ,c]ta9 x is t wat]sp\ts v>y 9 size & 9 p[]2 = we read ( !m pass+ f ! sea to ! l&1 & !re root+ up trees1 unro(+ & ov]turn+ h\ses1 dism\nt+ cannon1 empty+ fi% ponds1 half empty+ h>b\rs1 & o!rwise exhibit+ a degree ( =ce t w\ld und\bt$ly s9k ! l>ge/ vessel t ev] 0 built1 if br\ght ?or\ghly to be> ^u x4 ,! rate ( motion 9 wat]sp\ts v>ies4 ,sometimes !y revolve sl[ly1 sometimes ) ! utmo/ rapidity4 ,!y (t5 produce viol5t noise1 z1 inde$1 might be expect$2 & !y are g5]ally accompani$ by ?und] & lightn+1 ?\gh n inv>iably s1 = !y are sometimes obs]v$ :5 ! heav5s are cle> & ! sea calm4 ,,*apt] ,,eight4 ,,! ,,arctic ,,seas--,,_! ,,"*1 ,,sc5]y1 ,,& ,,atmosph]ical ,,illusions4 ,!re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( mo/ writ]s on ! subject ( ,pol> ,regions--especially compil]s--to dwell disproportionately on ! gloomy side ( ! picture2 insomu* t read]s are l$1 n to ov]-e/imate ! gr& & ! t]rible aspects ( ! pol> oceans1 b to "u-e/imate ! sweet & ! beautiful influ5ces t at c]ta9 p]iods reign !re4 ,we qu>rel n ) au?ors = dwell+ on ! trem5d\s & ! awful4 ,too mu* _c be said on ^! po9ts2 b :ile !y d n by any means pa9t ! d>k side ( _! picture too black1 !y fail to t\* 9 ! lights ) suffici5t brilliancy4 ,we h _h "s p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! arctic regions1 & h f\nd x extremely difficult to get _m p]sons--ev5 educat$ m5 & wom5--to und]/& t !re is a summ] !re1 ?\gh a %ort "o2 t 9 _m places x is an uncommonly hot & excessively brilliant summ]2 & t ! sun1 z if to make am5ds = its prolong$ abs5ce 9 w9t]1 %9es all night z well z all day1 blaz+ on ! cry/al iceb]gs & pure sn[ 7:i* nev] disappe> f ^? seas7 ) a degree ( spl5d\r t r5d]s ! f> nor? transc5d5tly beautiful & pre-em95tly attractive4 ,we admit freely t ! prevail+ "* ( arctic seas1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 is d>k1 gloomy1 =bidd+4 ,b ?is is ! v reason :y _! brief b *e]+ smiles %\ld be br\ght prom95tly into ! =egr\nd1 &1 if !y _c 9 ju/ice be dwelt on long1 at lea/ be t\*$ ^u ) emphasis4 ,:y1 9 "s ( our cyclopa$ia acc\nts ( ! realms ( ?ick-ribb$ ice1 s mu* prom95ce is giv5 to ! horrors & wide desolation ( ! sc5e1 & s mu* graphic p[] is exp5d$ 9 work+ up ! read]'s imag9ation to a conception ( ! dreadful dang]s & ! appall+ t]rors t await ! madman :o %\ld d>e to v5ture )9 ! arctic circle1 t p]sons :o h n be5 !re might well be tempt$ to %r9k 9 affright f ! v contemplation ( a region 9 :i* !re does n appe> to be "o r$eem+ quality4 ,we repeat1 t we d n ?9k ! "o side ( ! picture has be5 too d>kly pa9t$1--b ! o!r side has be5 pa9t$ too slightly4 ,at ! same "t1 we w\ld caution our read]s aga9/ jump+ to ! opposite extreme4 ,! d>k side ( ! picture is 9 reality out ( all proportion to ! light4 ,& we d n hesitate to /ate our confirm$ op9ion1 t ! arctic regions are m int]e/+ to read ab\t ?an pleasant to dwell 94 ,hav+1 !n1 def5d$ ! lights1 let u comm5ce our inve/igations ) ! %ad[s4 ,^? oceans ly+ )9 ! arctic circle exhibit ph5om5a s gr&1 s wond]ful1 & s v>i$1 t !y claim di/9ct & sep>ate treatm5t f ! ocean z a :ole4 ,"h ! extreme cold acts ) su* p[]1 & produces su* extraord9>y results1 t x is difficult to f9d words or similes by :i* to convey a j conception ( nature's aspects to ! g5]al read]4 ,dur+ ne>ly two-?irds ( ! ye> ! arctic regions are "u ! absolute dom9ion ( w9t]2 & = _m weeks ( t bitt] season !y are %r\d$ ) ! mantle ( a d>k1 sunless night4 ,! entire ocean is lock$ 9 ! embrace ( a cov]+ ( ice _m feet ?ick1 s t its liquid aspect is ?or\ghly remov$2 &1 ow+ to ice-masses scatt]$ ov] its surface1 toge!r ) m\nds ( drift$ sn[1 x be>s a mu* /rong] resemblance to ! l& ?an to ! sea4 ,gales ( w9d sometimes sweep ov] ^? froz5 pla9s 9 bitt] fury1 hurl+ ! sn[ into ! air 9 va/ eddy+ masses1 & ?reat5+ de/ruction to any liv+ creature t may *ance to be expos$ to !m--n s mu* f _! viol5ce1 h[ev]1 z f ! int5se cold ( ! atmosph]e :i* is put 9 motion4 ,b 9 reg>d to gales1 al?\gh !re are no lack ( !m1 !y are nei!r s fi]ce nor s frequ5t z are ^? ( ! torrid zone4 ,x might be suppos$ t 9 su* a climate animal life c\ld sc>cely exi/2 b su* is n ! case4 ,! inhabitants ( "p ( ! arctic regions1 nam$ ,esquimaux 7m correctly ,eskimos1 ) ! acc5t on ! la/ syllable71 are a /\t1 h>dy1 heal?y race & ! pol> be>s1 foxes1 wolves1 seals1 musk-ox51 walruses1 etcet]a1 t dwell !re1 seem to enjoy _! exi/5ce j z mu* z d ! animals ( m fav\r$ & w>m] climes4 ,dur+ ! %ort b hot summ] ( ! arctic regions1 ! imm5se masses ( ice =m$ 9 w9t] are by no means cle>$ away4 ,a great "p ( ! heat ( e>ly summ] 7!re is no season !re t m]its ! "n ( spr+7 is sp5t 9 break+ up ! solid cru/ ( ice on ! sea1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* is c>ri$ s\? by ! curr5ts t fl[ to ! equator1 & melt$ long be=e !y rea* ! temp]ate zones4 ,b a consid]able quantity ( brok5 ice-masses get lock$ 9 n>r[ places or /r&$ on %all[s2 & al?\gh !y und]go ! process ( melt+ ! :ole summ]1 !y are n mu* dim9i%$ ere ! return+ fro/ /ops ! process & locks !m 9 ! new ice ( a succe$+ w9t]4 ,?us !re is no p]iod ( ! ye> 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( ice may n be se5 float+ ab\t 9 ! arctic seas4 ,?is fact x is t enables u to speak appropriately ( ! sc5]y ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,& assur$ly ?is sc5]y ( ! ice is exce$+ly & /rik+ly beautiful4 ,! imag9ation _c conceive ! dazzl+ effect ( a bright summ] day 9 ^? regions1 :5 ! ocean is cle> z glass1 & ice-humps & ice-m\nta9s ( e %ape & size are glitt]+ 9 ! sun's rays ) int5se brilliancy1 :ile ! delicate :it5ess ( ^! float+ isl&s1 & ! magical atmosph]ic illusions by :i* !y are frequ5tly surr\nd$1 r5d] ! sc5e pre-em95tly fairy-l4 ,all ! navigators :o h p5etrat$ into ! arctic seas speak ) en?usiasm ( ! spl5d\r ( float+ ice-masses4 ,!y take ! mo/ curi\s & fanta/ic %apes2 sometimes appe>+ l great cities ( :ite m>ble1 ) domes & t[]s & spires 9 pr(usion2 sometimes loom+ huge & gr& l =tresses1 & _m ( !m ) _! summits ov]hang+ s mu* z to sugge/ ! idea t !y are ab\t to fall4 ,?is inde$1 !y (t5 d1 add+ to ! gr&eur ( ! sc5e1 & n a little to ! dang]1 %\ld %ips *ance to be 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! atmosph]ic illusions1 be=e m5tion$1 are ! result ( diff]5t temp]atures exi/+ )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r1 & :i* are caus$ by ! pres5ce ( l>ge bodies ( ice4 ,! effect ( ?is is to cause ! ice-masses on ! horizon to appe> z if float+ 9 ! air1 & to di/ort !m into all sorts ( %apes1 ev5 turn+ !m upside d[n1 & ?us af=d+ to an innovative m9d a mo/ ample & attractive field :]e9 to expatiate4 ,to asc]ta9 ! causes ( facts & effects s curi\s mu/ be int]e/+ to all :o h inquir+ m9ds4 ,we w1 !re=e1 attempt to describe & acc\nt = arctic ph5om5a 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s z simply z may be4 ,,*apt] ,,n9e4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,ice--,,dang]s ,,( ,,disrupt+ ,,ice--,,anecdote--,,drift+ ,,ice-- ,,drift ,,( ,,! ,,fox--,,nipp+ ,,anecdote--,,loss ,,( ,,! ,,breadalbane4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 fre% wat] becomes s cold t its temp]ature is #cb degrees ( ,fahr5heit's scale1 x loses its liquid =m & becomes ice4 ,a some:at l[] temp]ature ?an ?is is necess>y to freeze salt wat]2 ! reason be+1 t great] =ce is requir$ to expel ! salt :i* ! sea holds 9 solution1--:i* salt is always m or less expell$ 9 ! process ( freez+4 ,ice comm5ces to =m 9 ! %ape ( ne$les1 :i* %oot out at angles f ea* o!r4 ,9 smoo? wat]1 "u ! influ5ce ( int5se cold1 ! process is rapid1 & a ?9 cake soon cov]s ! wat]1 & increases 9 ?ickness h\r by h\r4 ,b :5 ! sea is agitat$ ! process is ret>d$1 & ! f9e ne$les are brok5 up into :at arctic navigators call sludge4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 soon beg9s to cake1 & is brok5 by ! swell into small cakes2 :i*1 z !y ?ick51 aga9 unite1 & are aga9 brok5 up into l>g] masses4 ,^! masses1 by rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 h _! edges slightly r\nd$ up1 & 9 ?is =m receive ! "n ( pancake ice4 ,:5 a quantity ( ice cov]s ! ocean 9 a wide level %eet ( consid]able ext5t1 x is call$ an ice-field4 ,fields ( ?is k9d are (t5 se5 by navigators hundr$s ( miles 9 ext5t1 & ne>ly ?irty feet ?ick4 ,ice ( su* ?ickness1 h[ev]1 only %[s five or six feet above wat]4 ,:5 fields are brok5 by heavy ocean-swells1 ! edges are viol5tly =c$ up1 & fall 9 debris on ! surface2 ?us hummocks or m\nds are =m$4 ,:5 field-ice breaks up "u ! influ5ce ( an ocean-swell1 caus$ by a /orm1 ! results are t]rific4 ,an exce$+ly graphic acc\nt ( an incid5t ( ?is k9d is giv5 by ,dr ,br[n1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he writes3-- ,! mission>ies met a sl$ge ) ,esquimaux1 turn+ 9 f ! sea1 :o ?rew out "s h9ts t x might be z well = !m to return4 ,aft] "s "t1 _! own ,esquimaux h9t$ t !re 0 a gr\nd-swell "u ! ice4 ,x 0 !n sc>cely p]ceptible1 except on ly+ d[n & apply+ ! e> close to ! ice1 :5 a holl[1 disagreeable1 grat+ s\nd 0 he>d asc5d+ f ! abyss4 ,z ! motion ( ! sea "u ! ice _h gr[n m p]ceptible1 !y became al>m$1 & began to ?9k x prud5t to keep close to ! %ore4 ,! ice also _h fissures 9 _m places1 "s ( :i* =m$ *asms ( "o or two feet2 b z ^! are n uncommon 9 ice ev5 9 its be/ /ate1 & ! dogs easily leap ov] !m1 !y are frightful only to /rang]s4 ,z ! w9d rose to a /orm1 ! swell _h n[ increas$ s mu* t its effects on ! ice 7 extraord9>y1 & really al>m+4 ,! sl$ges1 in/ead ( glid+ smoo?ly along z on an ev5 surface1 sometimes ran ) viol5ce aft] ! dogs1 & sometimes seem$ ) difficulty to asc5d a ris+ hill4 ,noises1 too1 l ! report ( cannon1 7 n[ di/9ctly he>d 9 _m directions1 f ! bur/+ ( ! ice at a di/ance4 ,al>m$ at ^! frightful ph5om5a1 our travell]s drove ) all ha/e t[>ds ! %ore2 &1 z !y approa*$ x1 ! prospect be=e !m 0 trem5d\s4 ,! ice hav+ bur/ loose f ! rocks1 0 toss$ to & fro1 & brok5 9 a ?\s& pieces aga9/ ! precipices ) a dreadful noise2 :i*1 add$ to ! rag+ ( ! sea1 ! ro>+ ( ! w9d1 & ! driv+ ( ! sn[1 s ov]p[]$ !m z almo/ completely to deprive !m ( ! use ( _! eyes & e>s4 ,to make ! l& 0 n[ ! only res\rce t rema9$1 b x 0 ) ! utmo/ difficulty t ! fright5$ dogs c\ld be driv5 =w>d2 & z ! :ole body ( ! ice frequ5tly sank bel[ ! summits ( ! rocks1 & !n rose above !m1 ! only "t = l&+ 0 ! mom5t x ga9$ ! level ( ! coa/--a circum/ance :i* r5d]$ ! attempt extremely nice & haz>d\s4 ,bo? sl$ges1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! %ore1 & 7 drawn up (f ! bea*1 ?\gh n )\t great difficulty4 ,sc>cely _h !y rea*$ x1 :5 t "p ( ! ice f :i* !y _h j escap$ bur/ asund]1 & ! wat]1 ru%+ up f b5ea?1 in/antly precipitat$ x into ! ocean4 ,9 a mom5t1 z if by a signal1 ! :ole mass ( ice = sev]al miles along ! coa/1 & ext5d+ z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 began to break up1 & to be ov]:elm$ by ! waves4 ,! spectacle 0 awfully gr&4 ,! imm5se fields ( ice ris+ out ( ! ocean cla%+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & !n plung+ into ! deep ) a viol5ce :i* no language c describe1 & ) a noise l ! dis*>ge ( a ?\s& cannon1 0 a sight :i* mu/ h fill$ ! mo/ unreflect+ m9d ) feel+s ( solemnity4 ,! ,bre?r5 7 ov]:elm$ ) amazem5t at _! miracul\s escape1 & ev5 ! ,esquimaux express$ gratitude to ,god = _! deliv]ance4 ,su* is ! t]rible aspect 9 :i* field-ice is se5 :5 brok5 up & conv]t$ into small] masses or floes4 ,:5 ^! lie closely toge!r ! mass is call$ pack-ice2 9 :i* %ape x usually drifts away ) ! s\!rn curr5ts1 &1 sep>at+ z x travels s\?1 is met ) 9 loose float+ masses1 ( e fanta/ic =m4 ,!re is always1 z we h said1 a l>ge quantity ( floe & pack-ice 9 ! pol> seas1 :i* becomes incorporat$ ) ! new ice ( ! succe$+ w9t]2 & n infrequ5tly :ale & discov]y %ips get froz5 into ! pack1 & rema9 !re z firmly emb$d$ z if !y lay high & dry on l&4 ,:5 ! pack is ?us re-froz51 x usually rema9s /ation>y2 b !re are occasions & circum/ances 9 :i* ! entire body ( a pack drifts sl[ly s\?w>d ev5 dur+ ! :ole ye>2 %[+ cle>ly t oceanic circulation is by no means arre/$ by ! icy h& ( ! hyp]borean w9t]4 ,a v rem>kable drift ( ?is k9d is record$ by ,capta9 ,mc,clintock ( ! ,fox1 :i* is wor?y ( be+ notic$ "h1 z illu/rative ( ! subject we are n[ consid]+ & also z %[+ 9 a rem>kable mann] ! awful dang]s to :i* navigators may be expos$ by ! disruption ( ! pack 9 spr+1 & ! wond]ful1 almo/ miracul\s1 mann] 9 :i* !y are deliv]$ f imm95t de/ruction4 ,9 attempt+ to cross ,baff9's ,bay1 by p5etrat+ :at is call$ ! middle ice1 ! ,fox 0 beset1 & f9ally froz5 9 = ! w9t]2 & "h1 al?\gh _! voyage may be said to h j comm5c$1 !y 7 de/9$ to sp5d _m mon?s 9 helpless inactivity & comp>ative p]il & privation4 ,_! little vessel lay 9 ! c5tre ( a field ( ice ( imm5se ext5t2 s l>ge1 inde$1 t !y c\ld n v5ture to und]take a j\rney to asc]ta9 its limits4 ,yet ?is field sl[ly & /eadily desc5d$ ,baff9's ,bay dur+ ! :ole w9t]1 & pass$ ov] no few] ?an #ache /atute miles 9 ! space ( #bdb days1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! ,fox 0 firmly emb$d$ 9 x6 ,x is ) difficulty ! m9d c =m any adequate conception ( ! position ( ^? voyag]s2--unable to move f _! icy b$1 yet con/antly drift+ ov] miles & miles ( ocean2 unc]ta9 z to ! :]e or ! :5 ( _! deliv]ance f ! pack2 expos$ to ! t]rible dang]s ( disrupt+ ice1 & surr\nd$ by ! depress+ gloom ( ! long arctic night4 ,at l5g? deliv]ance came2 b x came surr\nd$ by t]rors4 ,9 ,febru>y1 ,mc,clintock writes ?us3 ,daylight reveals to u evid5ces ( va/ ice-movem5ts hav+ tak5 place dur+ ! d>k mon?s1 :5 we fanci$ all 0 /ill & quiet2 & we n[ see h[ greatly we h be5 fav\r$1 :at innum]able *ances ( de/ruction we h unconsci\sly escap$4 ,a few days ago1 ! ice sudd5ly crack$ )9 t5 y>ds ( ! %ip1 & gave h] su* a sm>t %ock t e "o ru%$ on deck ) a/oni%+ alacrity4 ,"o ( ^! sudd5 disruptions occurr$ betwe5 me & ! %ip1 :5 ,i 0 return+ f ! iceb]g4 ,! sun 0 j sett+ z ,i f\nd myself cut (f444 ,at l5g? ,i rea*$ a place :]e ! jagg$ edges ( ! floes met2 s cross$1 & got safely on bo>d4 ,aga91 9 ,m>*1 he says1 ,la/ night ! ice clos$1 %utt+ up our lane2 b its opposite sides cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs to move va/ ea* o!r1 rubb+ (f all projections1 cru%+ & =c+ out ( ! wat] masses f\r feet ?ick4 ,al?\gh "o hundr$ & tw5ty y>ds di/ant1 ?is pressure %ook ! %ip & crack$ ! int]v5+ ice4 ,soon aft] t1 a heavy gale bur/ ^u !m f ! s\?-ea/1 encircl+ !m ) sn[-drift s d5se t !y c\ld nei!r he> nor see :at 0 go+ on tw5ty y>ds (f4 ,at night ! %ip became sudd5ly deta*$ f h] w9try b$1 & heel$ ov] to ! /orm1 induc+ !m to believe t ! :ole pack _h be5 brok5 91 & 0 press+ aga9/ !m4 ,?is 0 n ! case4 ,a l>ge mass ( ice _h protect$ !m2 b at a di/ance ( ab\t fifty y>ds1 ice ( f\r & a half feet ?ick _h be5 cru%$ to atoms4 ,soon aft]1 ! protect+ mass yield$1 & ! ,fox receiv$ a nip :i* lift$ h] /]n ab\t a foot1 :ile occasional groan+ f h] /urdy little hull repli$ to ! wild surg+s ( ! ice )\t4 ,b all ?is 0 z no?+ comp>$ ) ! sc5e ( desp]ate turmoil & confusion :i* took place :5 ! ice f9ally broke up1 & a gale rais$ a fe>ful swell2 s t ! ,fox f\nd h]self surr\nd$ by huge masses1 :i* toss$ & gr\nd aga9/ ea* o!r furi\sly1 & any two ( :i* pieces c\ld h cru%$ 9 h] sides z if %e _h be5 made ( walnut %ell4 ,gradually ! pack op5$ out1 & ! vessel1 by aid ( w9d & /eam1 0 m]cifully deliv]$ f h] dang]\s position4 ,be=e pass+ f ! subject ( risk to navigators to ! consid]ation ( o!r =ms & aspects ( pol> ice1 let u take a glance at an effectual case ( nipp+4 ,!re h be5 _m p>tial & sev]e nips1 ! descriptions ( :i* are all m or less graphic2 b few %ips h come s sudd5ly to ! end ( _! c>e] z did ! ,breadalbane1 a small vessel t 0 us$ z a transport %ip to ! exp$ition 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 9 #aheb4 ,"o :o 0 on bo>d :5 x occurr$ ?us describes x3-- ,sunday1 ,augu/ #ba/4--,ab\t t5 m9utes pa/ f\r1 ! ice pass+ ! %ip awoke me1 & ! door ( my cab91 f ! pressure1 op5$4 ,i hurri$ly put on my clo!s1 & on gett+ on deck f\nd "s h&s on ! ice endeav\r+ to save ! boats2 b ! latt] 7 in/antly cru%$ to pieces4 ,!y little ?\ght1 :5 us+ _! ef=ts to save ! boats1 t ! %ip 0 9 s p]il\s a situation4 ,i w5t =w>d to hail ! ,pho5ix 7ano!r %ip t 0 =tunately ne>7 = m5 to save ! boats2 & :il/ do+ s1 ! ropes by :i* we 7 secur$ p>t$1 & a heavy nip took u1 mak+ e timb] creak1 & ! %ip tremble all ov]4 ,i look$ 9 ! ma9 hold1 & saw ! beams giv+ way4 ,i hail$ ^? on ! ice1 & told !m ( our critical situation1 !y n = "o mom5t suspect+ x4 ,i !n ru%$ to my cab91 haul$ out my portmanteau on deck1 & ro>$ l a bull to ^? 9 _! b$s to jump out & save _! lives4 ,! />tl+ effect on !m might be m easily imag9$ ?an describ$4 ,on rea*+ ! deck1 ^? on ! ice call$ out to me to jump ov] ! side1 t ! %ip 0 go+ ov]4 ,i left my portmanteau1 & jump$ ov] ! side on ! loose ice1 & ) difficulty1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ^? on ! ice1 succe$$ 9 gett+ on ! unbrok5 "p1 ) ! loss ( ! slipp]s ,i _h on :5 quitt+ ! vessel1 ) wet feet1 etcet]a4 ,! cold 0 little ?\ght ( at ! excit+ mom5t--life1 n prop]ty1 be+ ! object to be sav$4 ,aft] be+ on ! ice ab\t five m9utes1 ! timb]s1 etcet]a1 9 ! %ip crack+ up z mat*es w\ld 9 ! h&1 x eas$ = a %ort "t2 & ,i1 ) "s o!rs1 return$ to ! %ip1 ) ! view ( sav+ "s ( our effects4 ,capta9 ,+lefield n[ came runn+ t[>ds ! %ip1 & ord]$ me to see if ! ice 0 ?r\gh x4 ,on look+ d[n into ! hold1 ,i saw all ! beams1 etcet]a1 fall+ ab\t 9 a mann] t w\ld h be5 c]ta9 dea? to me _h ,i v5tur$ d[n !re4 ,b !re 0 no occasion = t 7,i mean to asc]ta9 ! fact ( ! ice be+ ?r\gh71 x be+ too evid5t t ! %ip c\ld n la/ _m m9utes4 ,i !n s\nd$ ! well1 & f\nd five feet 9 ! hold2 &1 :il/ 9 ! act ( s\nd+1 a heavi] nip ?an be=e press$ out ! />bo>d b[1 & ! ice 0 =c$ "r into ! =eca/le4 ,e "o !n ab&on$ ! %ip1 ) :at few clo!s !y sav$--"s ) only :at !y _h on4 ,! %ip n[ began to s9k fa/1 & f ! "t h] b[sprit t\*$ ! ice until h] ma/-heads 7 out ( sight1 did n occupy above "o m9ute & a half6 ,x 0 a v sad & unc]emoni\s way ( be+ turn$ out ( our %ip4 ,f ! "t ! fir/ nip took h]1 until h] disappe>ance1 did n occupy m ?an fifte5 m9utes4 ,su* is ! acc\nt ( ! fate ( ! ,breadalbane4 ,:ile we read x1 we _c help feel+ t _m arctic %ips mu/ h p]i%$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x is wond]ful1 nev]!less1 h[ _m ( ^? t d>e ! dang]s ( ! ice survive ! conflict4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is ow+1 to a l>ge ext5t1 to ! fact t %ips' bottoms are r\nd$2 s t :5 a sev]e nip takes place1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 ! ice to slip "u _! r\nd$ bottoms1 & squeeze ! vessels up out ( ! wat]4 ,7 x n = ?is1 few %ips t h gone to ^? seas w\ld ev] h return$4 ,a cata/rophe su* z t :i* befell ! ,breadalbane %[s ! imm5se p[] ( field-ice4 ,hundr$s ( some:at simil> incid5ts might be cit$ to illu/rate ?is p[]2 b we cont5t ourselves ) ! selection ( "o in/ance1 :i* exhibits x 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & at ! same "t %[s ! way 9 :i* heavy vessels are sometimes =c$ out ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcf1 ,capta9 ,back comm&$ ! ,t]ror1 :i* 0 s5t out to make geographical discov]ies 9 ! pol> regions1 & sp5t ! w9t] ( t ye> 9 ! ice4 ,few %ips h und]gone sev]] te/s ?an did ! ,t]ror on t voyage4 ,! sev]e/ treatm5t %e exp]i5c$ 0 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! disruption ( ! w9t] ice began to take place4 ,! ev5+ ( ! #g? ( ,m>* 0 specially fraught ) dang]4 ,we quote ! gallant comm&]'s graphic acc\nt3-- ,om9\s ru%+ s\nds 7 he>d f> (f to ! nor?-ea/ & nor?-we/4 ,^! gradually drew ne>] z ! flood made its way1 ei!r "u ! compact bodies t )/ood ! %ock1 or along ! cracks & op5+s--ga9+ 9 ^! latt] a furi\s velocity1 to :i* ev]y?+ seem$ to yield4 ,x happ5$ t !re 7 sev]al ( ^! ar\nd ! %ip2 & :5 !y op5$ on u l s _m conduits p\r+ _! cont5ts to a common c5tre1 ! concussion 0 absolutely appall+1 r5d+ ! l9+ & bulkheads 9 e "p1 loos5+ "s %ores & /an*ions1 s t ! slighte/ ef=t w\ld h ?r[n !m d[n1 & compress+ o!rs ) su* =ce z to make ! turp5t9e ooze out ( _! extremities4 ,"o fir plank1 plac$ horizontally betwe5 ! beams & ! %ores actually glitt]$ ) globules4 ,at ! same "t ! pressure 0 go+ on f ! l>bo>d side1 :]e ! ?ree heavie/ p>ts ( ! ru9 ( ! floe rema9$1 crack$ "h & !re1 b yet adh]+ 9 firm & solid bodies4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 7 irresi/ible2 & aft] mu* groan+1 splitt+1 & crack+1 accompani$ by s\nds l ! explosion ( cannon1 ! %ip rose =e & aft1 & heel$ ov] ab\t t5 degrees to />bo>d4 ,aga91 on ! #aa?1 ,back says3 ,at ?is "t %e %[$ symptoms ( suff]+ 9 ! hull1 :i* 0 evid5tly und]go+ a sev]e ordeal4 ,inexplicable noises1 9 :i* ! %>p s\nds ( splitt+ & ! h>%] ones ( gr9d+ 7 mo/ di/9ct1 came 9 quick succession1 & !n aga9 /opp$ sudd5ly1 leav+ all s /ill t n ev5 a brea? 0 he>d4 ,9 an in/ant ! %ip 0 felt to rise "u our feet1 & ! ro>+ & ru%+ comm5c$ ) a deaf5+ d9 alongside1 abeam & a/]n1 at "o & ! same in/ant4 ,alongside1 ! gr9d+ masses held ! %ip tight z 9 a vice2 :ile ! ov]:elm+ pressure ( ! entire body1 advanc+ f ! we/1 s w$g$ ! /]n & />bo>d qu>t]1 t ! greate/ appreh5sions 7 ent]ta9$ = ! /]n-po/ & framework abaft4 ,"s idea ( ! p[] ex]t$ on ?is occasion may be ga!r$ f ?is3--,at ! mom5t :i* ,i am n[ describ+1 ! =e-"p ( ! %ip 0 lit]ally buri$ z high z ! flukes ( ! an*ors 9 a dock ( p]p5dicul> walls ( ice2 s t1 9 t "p1 %e might well h be5 ?\ght immovable4 ,/ill1 su* 0 ! =ce appli$ to h] abaft1 t aft] mu* crack+ & p]ceptible yield+ ( ! beams1 :i* seem$ to curve upw>ds1 %e actually rose by %e] pressure above ! dock =w>d2 & !n1 ) sudd5 j]ks1 did ! same abaft4 ,dur+ ^! convulsions1 _m ( ! c>p5t]s & o!rs /ation$ bel[ 7 viol5tly ?r[n d[n on ! deck1 z p are 9 an e>?quake4 ,x 0 a mom5t ( int5se susp5se4 ,on ! #af?1 ano!r ru% drove irresi/ibly on ! l>bo>d qu>t] & /]n1 & =c+ ! %ip ahead1 rais$ h] on ! ice4 ,a *aotic ru9 foll[$444 ,! %ip 0 c>e5$ fully f\r /reaks1 & sprang a leak z be=e4 ,sc>cely 7 t5 m9utes left u = ! expression ( our a/oni%m5t t any?+ ( human build c\ld outlive su* assaults1 :5 ano!r equally viol5t ru% succe$$2 & 9 its way t[>d ! />bo>d qu>t] ?rew up a roll+ wave ?irty feet high1 cr[n$ by a blue squ>e mass ( _m tons1 resembl+ ! entire side ( a h\se1 :i*1 aft] hang+ = "s "t 9 d\btful poise on ! ridge1 at l5g? fell ) a cra% into ! holl[1 9 :i*1 z 9 a cav]n1 ! aft]-"p ( ! %ip seem$ emb$d$4 ,x 01 inde$1 an awful crisis1 r5d]$ m frightful f ! mi/9ess ( ! night & dimness ( ! moon4 ,! poor %ip crack$ & trembl$ viol5tly1 & no "o c\ld say t ! next m9ute w\ld n be h] la/--&1 inde$1 8 own too1 = ) h] our means ( safety w\ld probably p]i%4 ,x is unnecess>y to give additional in/ances ( ?is k9d1 9 ord] to %[ ! t]rible p[] ( field-ice4 ,inde$1 x requires little 9 ! way ( illum9ation to prove t masses ( solid matt]1 _m ?\s&s ( tons 9 weight1 c1 :5 9 motion1 utt]ly de/roy ! mo/ p[]ful eng9es ( human con/ruction4 ,we %all n[ turn our att5tion to ano!r1 & a v prom95t =m1 9 :i* arctic ice pres5ts itself--namely1 t ( iceb]gs4 ,,*apt] ,,t54 ,,iceb]gs--,,_! ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,=ms--,,_! ,,cause--,,glaci]s--,,_! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9--,,anecdote ,,( ,,scoresby--,,risk ,,among ,,iceb]gs--,,mcclure',s ,,exp]i5ce4 ,!re are n only ice-fields1 ice-floes1 etcet]a1 9 ! pol> seas1 b !re are ice-m\nta9s1 or b]gs4 ,x 0 long a matt] ( unc]ta9ty z to :]e & h[ ^? imm5se m\nta9s1 t are met ) occasionally at sea1 7 =m$4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to tell def9itely :]e !y orig9ate1 & h[ !y are produc$4 ,!y are n masses ( froz5 sea wat]4 ,_! bir?-place is 9 ! valleys ( ! f> nor?1 & !y are =m$ by ! accumulation ( ! sn[s & ice ( ages4 ,?is is a some:at g5]al way ( /at+ ! matt]2 b our subsequ5t explanations w1 we tru/1 make our mean+ abundantly cle>4 ,iceb]gs are f\nd float+ 9 great numb]s 9 ! arctic seas4 ,!y drift s\?w>d ea* spr+ ) ! g5]al body ( pol> ice1 & frequ5tly travel pretty f> s\? 9 ! ,atlantic be=e ! heat ( ! wat] & atmosph]e unit$ accompli%es _! dissolution4 ,!y sometimes travel z f> s\? z ,florida ) ! s\!rly curr5t t fl[s along t coa/2 b ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 toge!r ) its nor!rly fl[1 =m an impassable b>ri] betwe5 ^! ice-m\nta9s & ,europe4 ,iceb]gs assume e v>iety ( =m1 & almo/ e size4 ,!y sometimes resemble ca/les1 sometimes *ur*es ) glitt]+ spires1 & sometimes ! peak$ & jagg$ m\nta9s ( ,norway4 ,!y are also frequ5tly se5 9 ! =m ( imm5se mis%ap5 & top-heavy masses4 ,9 size !y v>y f "o hundr$ to sev5 or eight hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,"o iceb]g1 se5 by ,ross 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 0 above two miles 9 l5g?1 ne>ly ! same 9 wid?1 & fifty feet high4 ,b 9 /at+ ?is1 we h n giv5 ! read] any idea ( its va/ proportions2 = x is well kn[n t all iceb]gs1 or masses ( ice1 h a mu* great] proportion ( _! bulk "u ?an above wat]--9 o!r words1 !y s9k v deep4 ,! relative proportion t s9ks dep5ds on ! nature ( ! ice4 ,( "s k9ds1 !re is usually t5 times z mu* bel[ z !re is above wat]2 ( o!r k9ds1 !re may be eight or five p>ts bel[4 ,9 all cases !re is mu* m bel[ ?an above s t a m\nta9 ( a hundr$ feet high--if afloat--may be safely calculat$ to be a mass ( ice n f> %ort ( a ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,z ^! b]gs float s\?w>d ) ! curr5ts1 !y melt v rapidly4 ,! heat ( ! sun & ! action ( ! waves gradually r\nd (f ! %>p angles & topple d[n ! spires t *>act]is$ !m 9 ! l& ( _! bir?4 ,! process ( dissolution1 too1 is c>ri$ on int]nally2 = ra9 & melt$ wat] on ! surface p]colates ?r\gh ! mass1 r5d]+ x por\s4 ,z ! waves cut away ! base1 ! c5tre ( gravity is ?r[n out1 & ! :ole b]g turns ov] ) a t]rible cra%4 ,sometimes l\d reports l cannon-%ots are he>d1 & ! huge m\nta9 splits asund]2 :ile1 n unfrequ5tly1 ! :ole b]g falls into a heap ( *aotic ru9s1 & floats away 9 a mass ( small] pieces :i* disappe> gradually 9 _! p>5t sea4 ,! =mation ( iceb]gs has1 z we h said1 puzzl$ mank9d = _m ye>s4 ,_! exi/5ce has long be5 kn[n3 =1 ev5 be=e m5 d>$ to v5ture _! lives 9 ! pol> regions1 navigators1 9 cross+ ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 frequ5tly met ) ^! m>ble-l m\nta9s2 &1 :at is worse1 sometimes ran at full spe$ aga9/ !m1 & 7 sunk ) all on bo>d4 ,b]gs are frequ5tly envelop$ 9 d5se fogs1 caus$ by ! cold atmosph]e by :i* !y are surr\nd$ cond5s+ ! moi/ure ( ! w>m] atmosph]e :i* !y enc\nt] on _! voyage s\?w>d2 h5ce !y are exce$+ly dang]\s to navigation4 ,b n[ to speak ( _! =mation4 ,_m ( ! great valleys ( ! f> nor? are completely fill$ up ) solid ice4 ,obs]ve1 we d n say t !y are m]ely cov]$ ov] ) ice2 !y are absolutely fill$ up ) x f top to bottom4 ,^? ice-masses are kn[n by ! "n ( glaci]s2 & !y are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! elevat$ regions ( ! ,e>?1--on ! ,alps & ! m\nta9s ( ,norway1 = in/ance1--b !y exi/ 9 great] abundance ab\t ! poles ?an else:]e4 ,glaci]s nev] melt4 ,!y h exi/$ = unkn[n ages1 probably s9ce ! _w began2 & !y w1 9 all likelihood1 cont9ue to exi/ until ! _w comes to an end1--at lea/ until ! pres5t economy ( ! _w t]m9ates4 ,!y began ) ! fir/ fall ( sn[1 & z falls ( sn[ dur+ ! long w9t]s ( ! pol> regions are frequ5t & heavy1 ! accumulat$ masses are _m feet deep1 especially 9 places :]e drifts are ga!r$--sometimes fifte51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 & ev5 =ty feet deep4 ,! summ] sun c\ld n melt su* drifts entirely4 ,new sn[ 0 add$ ea* w9t]1 until ! valleys ( ! f> nor? 7 fill$ up2 & s !y rema9 fill$ up to ?is day4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( glaci]s cle>ly1 let u turn back to ^? remote ages t roll$ ov] ?is ,e>? long be=e man 0 creat$4 ,let u 9 _s leap back to ! "t :5 no liv+ creature exi/$1 ev5 be=e ! great ma/odon began to leave 8 huge foot-pr9ts on ! s&s ( "t4 ,we h rea*$ "o ( ! l>ge valleys ( ! arctic regions4 ,x is solemn1 gr&1 & /ill4 ,no m]ry birds1 no pr[l+ creatures1 are !re to di/urb ! univ]sal calm4 ,! ,creator has n yet =m$ ! liv+ creatures & pron\nc$ !m v good4 ,x is ! _w's fir/ w9t]4 ,z we look upw>d to ! sky1 we obs]ve ! fir/ :ite sn[-flakes fall+ g5tly to ! gr\nd4 ,!y rea* x1 &1 = ! fir/ "t1 t valley is cov]$ ) a g>m5t ( virg9 sn[4 ,! valley is upw>ds ( two miles broad4 ,x rises f ! sea1 & goes f> back into ! m\nta9s1 p]haps to ! ext5t ( t5 or twelve miles4 ,! m\nta9s t flank x are five or six ?\s& feet high4 ,we h se5 su* valleys 9 ,norway1 )9 ! arctic circle4 ,be=e t fir/ w9t] has pass$1 _m & _m a fall ( sn[ has ?ick5$ & press$ d[n t fir/ coat2 & _m a furi\s /orm has caught up ! sn[ f ! m\nta9-tops & swept x into ! valley1 add+ to & pil+ up ! mass1 & pack+ x firmly d[n4 ,spr+ arrives4 ,! %ort b w>m arctic summ] bur/s ^u t vale1 melt+ ! surface ( ! sn[2 & ! wat] ?us produc$ s9ks ?r\gh ! mass1 conv]t+ x into a sort ( ?ick slu%--half sn[1 half wat]1--n liquid1 yet n solid2 j solid en\gh to lie !re app>5tly )\t motion2 yet j liquid en\gh to creep by sl[1 absolutely imp]ceptible degrees1 d[n ! valley4 ,! sn[ 9 all ! m\nta9 gorges is simil>ly affect$3 x creeps 7x _c be said to fl[7 out & jo9s t 9 ! vale4 ,b we _c p]ceive any ( ! motion ( :i* we are writ+4 ,! mass ( sn[ seems to be z /ill & motionless z ! rocks on :i* we /&2 nay1 if we *oose we may walk on its h>d surface almo/ )\t leav+ ! slighte/ pr9t ( our foot4 ,b if we ?r[ a l>ge /one on ! surface ( ! sn[ & m>k ! spot1 & return aga9 aft] _m days1 we %all f9d t ! /one has desc5d$ ! valley a %ort di/ance4 ,we %all also obs]ve t ! sn[ has n[ a v>iety ( m>k+s on its surface2 :i* might lead u to fancy1 _h we n kn[n bett]1 t x _h once be5 a riv]1 :i*1 :ile rag+ d[n to ! sea ) all its curl+ rapids & :irl+ eddies1 _h be5 arre/$ 9 all in/ant by ! ice-k+ & froz5 solid1--9 fact1 x has all ! graceful l9es & =ms ( fluidity1 ) all ! /eady1 motionless aspect ( solidity4 ,x really moves1 ?is va/ body ( sn[2 b1 l ! h\r h& ( a wat*1 its motion _c be recognis$1 ?\gh we %\ld obs]ve x ) prolong$1 unflagg+ att5tion4 ,we h call$ x a va/ body ( sn[1 b ?is is only comp>atively speak+4 ,x w be va/] yet be=e we h done ) x4 ,at pres5t x is b a ?ick semi-fluid cov]+1 ly+ at ! bottom ( ?is anci5t arctic vale4 ,! brief summ] ends4 ,mu* ( ! w9t] sn[ has be5 melt$ & return$ to ! sea2 b mu*1 v mu* m1 is /ill ly+ deep ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! _w's second w9t] comes4 ,! fir/ fro/ effectually puts a /op to all ! melt+ & mov+ t we h be5 describ+4 ,! sn[-riv] no long] moves--x is arre/$4 ,! wat] no long] p]colates ?r\gh ! sn[--x is froz54 ,! mass is no long] semi-fluid--x is solid ice2 & ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( a glaci]'s =mation is begun4 ,!reaft] ?is process is cont9u$ f ye> to ye>1 ea* w9t] add+ l>gely to its bulk1 ea* summ] d$uct+ slightly !refrom4 ,! gr[+ mass ( ice asc5ds ! m\nta9-sides1 swall[s ! rocks & %rubs & trees 9 its progress1 until its body becomes a ?\s& feet ?ick3 ! extreme summits ( ! m\nta9-peaks alone t[] above ! sn[y wa/e1 & ! mass at ! bottom is n[1 by ! pressure ( sup]9cumb5t masses1 pure ice1 h>d & cle> z cry/al4 ,:5 ! great glaci] gr[s old x /ill ma9ta9s its /eal?y d[nw>d motion dur+ e summ]4 ,x has rea*$ ! %ore1 & has be5 pu%$1 l a huge :ite tongue1 out into ! sea4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) iceb]gs8 x may be inquir$4 ,mu*1 v mu*4 ,x is common en\gh1 9 comm5t+ on a *ild1 to speak ( ! p>5t4 ,! glaci] is ! "m ( ! iceb]g4 ,:51 9 ! _w's e>ly morn+1 ! embryo glaci] rea*$ ! sea1 its ?9 edges 7 easily brok5 (f by ! waves2 b z x increas$ & /ill fur!r encroa*$1 ^! edges became ?ick] & ?ick]1 until at la/ a wall ( pure ice1 sev]al hundr$ feet high1 pres5t$ its glitt]+ front to ! ocean4 ,x 0 h>d & massive2 ! sun ( summ] _h little effect on its frigid face1 & x seem$ to bid defiance to ! sea itself4 ,b ?+s (t5 are n :at !y seem4 ,ea* bill[ sapp$ its f\ndation2 x soon began to ov]hang its base4 ,at l5g? ! cohesion ( ! mass 0 n suffici5t to su/a9 its weight4 ,a r5d+1 accompani$ by s\nds l heav5's artill]y1 took place2 ! cry/al m\nta9 b[$ its br[ & fell ) ?und]\s cra% ^u ! wat]2 !n1 rock+ sl[ly "u ! impulse ( its dread plunge1 ! fir/ iceb]g float$ (f to sea6 ,x is "r to rem>k "h t ?is explanation is1 to "s ext5t1 disput$--at lea/ !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! iceb]g leaves its p>5t glaci]4 ,!re is no dispute z to its orig94 ,?is diff]5ce w be expla9$ %ortly 9 a quotation f ,dr ,kane's "w2 mean:ile1 9 support ( ! pres5t !ory1 let u li/5 to ! words ( "o :o saw ) 8 own eyes some?+ simil> to :at has be5 describ$4 ,dr ,scoresby1 ?an :om a bett] man nev] explor$ ! arctic seas1 says3-- ,9 ,july #ahah1 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 witness+ "o ( ! gr&e/ effects :i* ^! pol> glaci]s ev] pres5t4 ,a /rong nor?-we/]ly swell1 hav+ = "s h\rs be5 beat+ on ! %ore1 _h loos5$ a numb] ( fragm5ts atta*$ to ! iceb]g1 & v>i\s heaps ( brok5 ice d5ot$ rec5t %oots ( ! seaw>d edge4 ,z we advanc$ t[>ds x1 ) a view ( proce$+ close to its base1 ,i obs]v$ a few little pieces fall f ! top2 & :ile my eye 0 fix$ ^u ! place1 an imm5se column1 probably fifty feet squ>e1 & "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 began to leave ! p>5t ice at ! top1 &1 lean+ maje/ically =w>d1 ) an accel]at$ velocity fell1 ) an awful cra%1 into ! sea4 ,! wat] into :i* x plung$ 0 conv]t$ into an appe>ance ( vap\r or smoke1 l t f a furi\s cannonad+4 ,! noise 0 equal to t ( ?und]1 :i* x ne>ly resembl$4 ,! column :i* fell 0 ne>ly squ>e1 & 9 magnitude resembl$ a *ur*4 ,x broke into ?\s&s ( pieces4 ,?is circum/ance 0 a happy caution1 = we might inadv]t5tly h gone to ! v base ( ! icy cliff f :5ce masses ( consid]able magnitude 7 cont9ually break+6 ,n[1 ?is incid5t sugge/s ! probability1 t1 _h ! face ( ! glaci] project$ into deep wat]1 ! mass :i* broke (f might h fall5 into ! sea )\t be+ brok5 to pieces1 & might h float$ away z a b]g4 ,we confess1 h[ev]1 to be p>tial to ! view express$ by "s writ]s1 t ! great glaci]s cont9ue ye> by ye> to ?ru/ _! ?ick tongues out to sea1 until ! project+ masses rea* wat] suffici5tly deep to float !m1 :5 !y are quietly crack$ (f f _! p>5t & c>ri$ away )\t any fall or plunge4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks by ,dr ,kane w make ?is m cle>4 ,writ+ ( ! iceb]g1 he says3 ,s f> f fall+ into ! sea1 brok5 by its weight f ! p>5t glaci]1 x rises f ! sea4 ,! process is at once gradual & comp>atively quiet4 ,! idea ( iceb]gs be+ dis*>g$1 s univ]sal among sy/ematic writ]s1 & s rec5tly admitt$ by myself1 seems to me at v>iance ) ! regulat$ & progressive action ( nature4 ,develop$ by su* a process1 ! ?\s&s ( b]gs :i* ?rong ^! seas %\ld keep ! air & wat] 9 p]petual commotion-- "o fe>ful succession ( explosive detonations & propagat$ waves4 ,b x is only ! less] masses fall+ into deep wat]s :i* c\ld ju/ify ! popul> op9ion4 ,! enorm\s masses ( ! ,great ,glaci] ( ,gre5l& are propell$ /ep by /ep1 & ye> by ye>1 until1 rea*+ wat] capable ( support+ !m1 !y are float$ (f1 to be lo/ 9 ! temp]atures ( o!r regions444 ,! height ( ! ice-wall at ! ne>e/ po9t 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet1 measur$ f ! wat]'s edge2 & ! unbrok5 "r l9e ( its dim9i%+ p]spective %[$ t ?is might be reg>d$ z its con/ant measurem5t4 ,x seem$1 9 fact1 a great icy table-l&1 abutt+ ) a clean precipice aga9/ ! sea4 ,?is is1 inde$1 *>act]i/ic ( all ^? arctic glaci]s :i* issue f c5tral res]voirs1 or m]s de glace1 ^u ! =ds or bays1 & is /rik+ly 9 contra/ ) ! dep5d5t or hang+ glaci] ( ! rav9es4 ,else:]e ! same writ] speaks ( ?is glaci] z a l9e ( cliff1 ris+ 9 a solid glassy wall to a height ( ?ree hundr$ feet above ! wat]-level1 & ) an unfa?omable dep? bel[ x2 & its curv$ face1 sixty miles 9 l5g?1 f ,cape ,agassiz to ,cape ,=bes1 vani%$ into unkn[n space at n m ?an a s+le day's rail-road travel f ! pole4 ,! int]ior ) :i* x communicat$1 & f :i* x issu$1 0 an unsurvey$ m] de glace1 or sea ( ice1 ( app>5tly b\ndless dim5sions2 & f "o "p ( ?is great cliff he saw long l9es ( huge b]gs float+ sl[ly away4 ,"h1 we ?9k1 is ice en\gh & ( suffici5t dim5sions to acc\nt = ! l>ge/ b]gs t 7 ev] beheld4 ,x w be at once se51 !n1 t iceb]gs1 ?\gh f\nd float+ 9 ! sea1 are n necess>ily ( ! sea4 ,!y are compos$ entirely ( fre% wat]1 & arctic %ips c at any "t procure a pl5tiful supply ( good s(t dr9kable wat] f ! pools t are =m$ 9 ! holl[s ( ! b]gs4 ,! risk ( approa*+ iceb]gs 9 ! arctic regions is n s great z :5 !y are f\nd float+ fur!r s\?2 because :5 9 _! native regions !y are comp>atively t\gh1 :]eas on _! s\!rn j\rneys !y become m or less dis9tegrat$--9 fact1 ! bl[ ( an axe is sometimes suffici5t to cause a r5t1 :i* 9 its turn w induce o!r r5ts & fail+s asund]1 s t ! :ole mass runs ! risk ( be+ entirely brok5 up4 ,h5ce ! dang] ( %ips1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 v5tur+ to an*or to !m4 ,nev]!less ?is is a common practice--sometimes a necessity--among discov]y %ips & :al]s4 ,x is a conv5i5t practice too2 = _m a vessel has be5 sav$ f absolute de/ruction by gett+ "u ! lee ( a good s\nd iceb]g1 :]e %e has la9 z safely1 = ! "t be+1 z if 9 a h>b\r4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,mc,clure 0 endeav\r+ to make ! nor?-we/ passage 9 #ahea1 he 0 sav$1 f :at appe>$ to be at lea/ v probable de/ruction1 by a small iceb]g4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,septemb] he writes3 ,!re 7 sev]al heavy floes 9 ! vic9ity4 ,"o1 full six miles 9 l5g?1 pass$ at ! rate ( two knots1 cru%+ ev]y?+ t imp$$ its progress1 & graz$ our />bo>d-b[4 ,=tunately !re 0 b "y ice ^u ! opposite side1 :i* yield$ to ! pressure2 _h x o!rwise occurr$1 ! vessel mu/ inevitably h be5 cut asund]4 ,9 ! aft]noon we secur$ to a mod]ately-siz$ iceb]g1 draw+ eight fa?oms1 :i* appe>$ to (f] a fair refuge1 & f :i* we nev] aft]w>ds p>t$4 ,to ?is lump ( ice ! %ip clung ) ! t5acity ( a bosom fri5d1 & foll[$ x1 lit]ally1 ?r\gh ?ick & ?96 ,!re is some?+ almo/ ludicr\s1 z well z /rik+1 9 ,mc,clure's acc\nt ( _! connection ) ?is bit ( ice4 ,x convey$ !m to _! fur!/ nor?-ea/ position1 & back r\nd ! ,pr9cess ,royal ,isl&s--pass$ ! l>ge/ )9 five hundr$ y>ds--return$ along ! coa/ ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t's ,l&--& f9ally froze 9 at latitude #gj degrees #ej m9utes nor?1 longitude #aag degrees #ee m9utes we/1 on ! #cj? ,septemb]2 dur+ :i* circumnavigation !y receiv$ _m sev]e nips1 & 7 frequ5tly driv5 close to ! %ore1 f :i* _! de> fri5d ! iceb]g1 small ?\gh he 01 kept !m (f4 ,iceb]gs assume almo/ e conceivable =m1 & are se5 ( e size--sometimes1 also1 9 great numb]s4 ,scoresby m5tions "o occasion on :i* he 0 surr\nd$ by b]gs to ! numb] ( sev]al hundr$s4 ,n[1 all ?is ice t we h be5 speak+ (1 besides be+1 9 a second>y way1 a passive ag5t 9 ! affairs ( man 7*iefly 9 b>r+ 8 progress nor?w>d71 is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t ag5ts 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,x is ! means by :i* ! _w is kept cool en\gh = man & bea/ to dwell 94 ,! pol> regions--nor? & s\?--are1 z x 71 ! _w's refrig]ators2 temp]+ ! heat$ air ( ! s\?1 &1 9 connection ) ! torrid zone1 spread+ ?r\gh\t ! ,e>? ^? b5eficial influ5ces :i* gladd5 ! sph]e ( man's temporal exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,elev54 ,,ice ,,an ,,ag5t ,,9 ,,transport+ ,,b\ld]s--,,h[ ,,?is ,,comes ,,ab\t--,,dr4 ,,kane',s ,,obs]vations--,,long ,,night ,,9 ,,w9t] ,,& ,,long ,,day ,,9 ,,summ]--,,extreme ,,d>kness--,,influ5ce ,,on ,,dogs--,,int5se ,,cold--,,effect ,,on ,,! ,,sea4 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 ?is _w :i*1 up to )9 a few ye>s back1 h be5 to m5 a s\rce ( surprise & my/]y4 ,"s ( ^! problems h be5 solv$ by rec5t travell]s1 & n a few ( !m are ref]able to pol> oceans & ice4 ,9 _m p>ts ( our coa/s we f9d v /rik+ & enorm\sly l>ge b\ld]-/ones ly+ on ! bea*1 p]fectly isolat$1 & _! edges r\nd$ away l pebbles1 z if !y _h be5 roll$ on "s ant$iluvian bea* /rewn ) ,titanic /ones4 ,^! b\ld]s are frequ5tly f\nd ^u ! loose s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 f> remov$ f any rocks or m\nta9s f :i* !y might be suppos$ to h be5 brok52 &1 m ?an t1 totally diff]5t 9 _! nature f ! geological =mations ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,:5ce came ^!8 has be5 ! "q ( ! inquisitive ( all ages1 & h[ came !y !re8 ,!re may1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 be m ?an "o answ] to ^! que/ions2 b !re is at lea/ "o :i* is q satisfactory z to h[ & :5ce at lea/ "s ( !m h come4 ,ice 0 ! means ( convey+ ^! b\ld]s to _! pres5t positions4 ,x has be5 said t once ^u a "t a l>ge "p ( ?is c\ntry 0 "u ! dom9ion ( ice1 ev5 z ! pol> regions & "s ( ! m\nta9s & valleys ( ,norway are at ! pres5t day2 t ! b\ld]s we see 9 elevat$ places 7 convey$ ?i!r by glaci] action2 & t :5 ! glacial p]iod pass$ away1 !y 7 left !re on ! hill-sides--sometimes almo/ on ! m\nta9-tops4 ,b ?is is n ! "q we are consid]+ j n[4 ,we are n[ inquir+ into ! orig9 ( ^? huge b\ld]s t are f\nd ^u our coa/s & on ! coa/s ( o!r l&s--b\ld]s :i* c\ld n h roll$ d[n f ! hills1 = !re are no hills at all ne> _m ( !m2 & ^? hills t are ne> "s ( !m are ( diff]5t geological =mation4 ,?is "q w be answ]$ at once1 & "o ( ! ph5om5a ( arctic ice & oceanic ag5cy w be exhibit$1 by ref]5ce to ! rec5t discov]ies ( ! celebrat$ arctic voyag]1 ,dr ,kane ( ! ,am]ican ,navy4 ,:ile w9t]+ f> beyond ! head ( ,baff9's ,bay1 & beyond ! mo/ nor!rly po9t1 9 t direction1 t _h at t "t be5 rea*$ by any previ\s travell]1 ,dr ,kane made _m int]e/+ obs]vations & discov]ies4 ,he seems to h p5etrat$ deep into ! he>t ( ,nature's nor!rn secrets4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he asc]ta9$ ! mann] 9 :i* b\ld]s are transport$ f _! nor!rn home4 ,! sl[1 creep+ movem5t ( glaci]s1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 is "o means :]eby l>ge b\ld]s are =m$4 ,at ! l[] edge ( "o ( ! glaci]s ( ,norway we saw b\ld]s1 ?irty or =ty feet 9 diamet]1 :i* _h be5 roll$ & =c$1 probably = ages1 d[n ! valley by ! glaci]1 & ?ru/ out on ! sea-bea*1 :]e !y lay ) _! angles & corn]s rubb$ (f & _! surfaces r\nd$ & smoo!d z completely z ^? ( ! pebbles by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,_h ^! b\ld]s be5 =m$ 9 ! arctic regions1 !y might h be5 ?ru/ out ^u ! ?ick solid cru/ ( ! froz5 sea1 :i* 9 "t w\ld h be5 brok5 (f & float$ away2 ?us raft+ ! b\ld]s to o!r %ores4 ,! =mation ( b\ld]s1 & _! positions1 are facts t we h se54 ,_! be+ c>ri$ out to sea by ice-rafts is a fact t ,dr ,kane has se5 & record$4 ,on ! wild rocky %ores :]e 8 %ip 0 set fa/1 !re 0 a belt ( ice l9+ ! m>g9 ( ! sea1 :i* he t]m$ ! ice-belt1 or ! ice-foot4 ,?is belt nev] melt$ completely1 & 0 usually fa/ to ! %ore4 ,9 fact x 0 t portion ( ! sea-ice :i* 0 left beh9d ea* spr+ :5 ! g5]al body ( ice 0 brok5 up & swept away4 ,ref]r+ to ?is1 he writes3 ,! spot at :i* we l&$ ,i h call$ ,cape ,james ,k5t4 ,x 0 a l(ty headl&1 & ! l&-ice :i* hugg$ its base 0 cov]$ ) rocks f ! cliffs above4 ,z ,i look$ ov] ?is ice-belt1 los+ itself 9 ! f> di/ance1 & cov]$ ) its millions ( tons ( rubbi%1 gre5/ones1 lime/ones1 *lorite1 slates1 r\nd$ & angul>1 massive & gr\nd to p[d]1 its importance z a geological ag5t1 9 ! transportation ( drift1 /ruck me ) great =ce4 ,its :ole sub/ance 0 /udd$ ) ^! v>i$ contributions f ! %ore2 & fur!r to ! s\?1 ^u ! n[ froz5 wat]s ( ,m>%all ,bay1 ,i c\ld recognise raft aft] raft f ! la/ ye>'s ice-belt :i* _h be5 caught by ! w9t]1 ea* "o lad5 ) its heavy freight ( =eign mat]ial4 ,! wat] torr5ts & ?aws ( summ] unite ) ! tides 9 dis5gag+ ! ice-belt f ! coa/2 b x is n uncommon = l>ge b]gs to drive aga9/ x & c>ry away ! gr[?s ( _m ye>s4 ,i h f\nd masses t _h be5 deta*$ 9 ?is way1 float+ _m miles out at sea--long1 symmetrical tables1 two hundr$ feet long by eighty broad1 cov]$ ) l>ge angul> rocks & b\ld]s1 & seem+ly impregnat$ ?r\gh\t ) detrit$ matt]4 ,^! rafts 9 ,m>%all ,bay 7 s num]\s1 t c\ld !y h melt$ z ,i saw !m1 ! bottom ( ! sea w\ld h pres5t$ a m curi\s /udy = ! geologi/ ?an ! b\ld]-cov]$ l9es ( our middle latitudes4 ,"o b\ld] 9 p>ticul> _h _h its orig9 9 a valley :]e r\nd$ fragm5ts ( wat]-wa%$ gre5/one _h be5 p\r$ out by ! torr5ts & froz5 into ! coa/-ice ( ! belt4 ,! attrition ( subsequ5t matt] _h truncat$ ! great egg-%ap$ rock1 & worn its sides into a /riat$ face1 ^: scrat*es /ill indicat$ ! l9e ( wat]-fl[4 ,s1 !n1 :5 we next meet ) a huge isolat$ b\ld] on any ( our flat bea*es1 we may gaze at x ) additional int]e/1 :5 we reflect t1 p]*ance1 x 0 c>ri$ ?i!r by ! ocean1 c\ntless ages ago1 f ! arctic regions1 on a gigantic raft ( ice2 aft] hav+ be51 at a /ill m remote p]iod1 torn f its cliffs by "s mighty glaci] & sl[ly roll$ & r\nd$1 = hundr$s ( ye>s p]haps d[n ! sc>r$ slopes ( its native valley4 ,! prim>y cause ( ! int5se & prolong$ cold ( ! arctic regions is ! %ortness ( ! "t dur+ :i* !y are "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays4 ,= a few mon?s 9 summ] ! sun %9es brightly1 b1 ow+ to ! position ( ! globe1 obliquely on ! poles4 ,dur+ "p ( t p]iod x %9es at mid-night z well z at mid-day4 ,put dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> its beams ?r[ b a feeble light !re1 & = sev]al mon?s 9 w9t] !re is absolutely no day at all--no?+ b "o long dismal night ( d>kness1 t seems z if ! bright orb ( day _h vani%$ f ! heav5s = ev]4 ,! l5g? ( ?is prolong$ day 9 summ]1 & ?is dre>y night 9 w9t]1 dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u latitude4 ,! l5g? ( bo? increases z we approa* ! poles4 ,! long daylight 9 summ] is exce$+ly delightful4 ,we once saw ! sun describe an almo/ unbrok5 circle 9 ! sky = _m days & nights1 & _h we be5 a few degrees fur!r nor? we %\ld h se5 x describe an entire circle4 ,z x 01 x only disappe>$ = tw5ty m9utes4 ,x set ab\t midnight1 & 9 tw5ty m9utes x rose aga9 s t !re 0 no night1 n ev5 twilight1 b a bright1 beautiful blaz+ day1 = sev]al weeks toge!r4 ,dr ,kane describes ! midnight sun ?us3 ,on our road we 7 fav\r$ ) a gorge\s spectacle1 :i* h>dly any excitem5t ( p]il c\ld h made u ov]look4 ,! midnight sun came out ov] ! nor!rn cre/ ( ! great b]g1 our late fa/ fri5d1' k9dl+ v>i\sly-col\r$ fires on e "p ( its surface1 & mak+ ! ice ar\nd u "o great respl5d5cy ( gem-"w--blaz+ c>buncles & rubies1 & molt5 gold4 ,v diff]5t inde$ is ! aspect ( ! w9t] night4 ,let ! same au?ority speak1 = he _h great exp]i5ce !re(4 ,on ,decemb] #ae? he writes3 ,we h lo/ ! la/ ve/ige ( our mid-day twilight4 ,we _c see pr9t1 & h>dly pap]4 ,! f+]s _c be c\nt$ a foot front ! eyes4 ,noonday & midnight are alike2 &1 except a vague glimm] on ! sky1 t seems to def9e ! hill-outl9es to ! s\?1 we h no?+ to tell u t ?is arctic _w ( ours has a sun4 ,9 "o week m we %all rea* ! midnight ( ! ye>444 ,! influ5ce ( ?is long int5se d>kness 0 mo/ depress+4 ,ev5 our dogs1 al?\gh ! great] numb] ( !m 7 natives ( ! arctic circle1 7 unable to )/& x4 ,mo/ ( !m di$ f an anomal\s =m ( disease1 to :i* ,i am satisfi$1 ! abs5ce ( light contribut$ z mu* z extreme cold4 ,quot+ f 8 j\rnal he says3 ,i am s afflict$ ) ! insomnia ( ?is et]nal night1 t ,i rise at any "t betwe5 midnight & noon4 ,i w5t on deck ?is morn+ at five o'clock4 ,x 0 absolutely d>k2 ! cold n p]mitt+ a sw++ lamp1 !re 0 n a glimm] came to me ?r\gh ! ice-cru/$ w9d[-panes ( ! cab94 ,:ile ,i 0 feel+ my way1 half puzzl$ z to ! be/ me?od ( /e]+ cle> ( :atev] might be be=e me1 two ( my ,newf\ndl& dogs put _! cold noses aga9/ my h&1 & in/antly comm5c$ ! mo/ exub]ant antics ( satisfaction4 ,x !n occurr$ to me h[ v dre>y & =lorn mu/ ^! poor animals be1 at atmosph]es #aj degrees above z]o 9-doors & #ej degrees bel[ z]o )\t--liv+ 9 d>kness1 h[l+ at an accid5tal light1 z if x rem9d$ !m ( ! moon--& ) no?+1 ei!r ( in/9ct or s5sation1 to tell !m ( ! pass+ h\rs1 or to expla9 ! long lo/ daylight4 ,!y %all see ! lant]n m frequ5tly4 ,yet ?is /ate ( midnight d>kness is n altoge!r unmitigat$4 ,!re are a few ameliorat+ influ5ces at "w1 ! nature ( "s ( :i* we w treat ( 9 ! next *apt]4 ,among o!rs1 ! moon frequ5tly %9es !re ) great brilliancy 9 w9t]4 ,dr ,kane says t 9 ,octob] ! moon _h rea*$ h] greate/ nor!rn decl9ation3 ,%e is a glori\s object4 ,sweep+ ar\nd ! heav5s1 at ! l[e/ "p ( h] curve %e is /ill #ad degrees above ! horizon4 ,= eight days %e has be5 mak+ h] circuit ) ne>ly unv>y+ brightness4 ,x is "o ( ^? sp>kl+ nights t br+ back ! memory ( sleigh-bells & songs & glad commun+s ( he>ts 9 l&s t are f> away4 ,b despite all ! v>i$ & transi5t beauties ( ! nor!rn skies 9 w9t]1 ! long arctic night is und\bt$ly depress+ 9 ! extreme4 ,9 ^! regions m5 speak ( be+ able to read ! !rmomet] on ! #g? ( ,novemb] at noonday )\t a light1 z be+ matt] = gratulation4 ,! d>kness /ill be=e !m at t "t w\ld be ( ab\t ?ree mon?s' duration1 & ev5 !n !y w\ld only get back to a species ( twilight4 ,! cold exp]i5c$ by ^! navigators ( ! nor!rn seas is t]ribly int5se4 ,_! !rmomet]s h frequ5tly indicat$ a temp]ature z l[ z #ge degrees bel[ z]o1 or #ajg degrees ( fro/1 on ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,! !rmomet]s ( arctic explor]s are always fill$ ) spirits ( w9e1 z quicksilv] freezes at ab\t #dj degrees bel[ z]o1 & is !re=e unsuitable4 ,x w\ld be froz51 inde$1 ! great] "p ( ! w9t]4 ,dr ,kane says3 ,at su* temp]atures *loric e!r became solid1 & c>efully prep>$ *lor(orm exhibit$ a granul> pellicle on its surface4 ,spirits ( naph?a froze at #ed degrees bel[ z]o1 & oil ( sassafras at #di degrees4 ,! oil ( w9t]-gre5 0 9 a floccul5t /ate at #ef degrees1 & solid at #fc degrees4 ,! exhalations f ! surface ( ! body inve/$ ! expos$ or p>tially clad p>ts ) a wrea? ( vap\r4 ,! air _h a p]ceptible pung5cy ^u inspiration1 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! pa9ful s5sation :i* has be5 spok5 ( by "s ,sib]ian travell]s4 ,:5 brea!d = any l5g? ( "t1 x imp>t$ a s5sation ( dryness to ! air-passages4 ,i notic$ t1 z x 7 involunt>ily1 we all brea!d gu>d$ly1 ) compress$ lips4 ,n[1 /range to say1 ?is extremely l[ temp]ature does n affect ! ocean to any great dep?4 ,j bel[ ! ice1 9 cold su* z ! above1 ! sea 0 f\nd to be #bi degrees above z]o4 ,no d\bt1 deep] d[n1 ! temp]ature 0 /ill w>m]4 ,we h he>d x said1 t :5 m5 *ance to fall into ! wat] 9 cold regions1 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 x feels at fir/ r w>m & agreeable6 ,on scrambl+ out aga91 h[ev]1 _! condition is n enviable2 = 9 a few m9utes ! ke5 fro/ causes _! g>m5ts to become z h>d z bo>ds4 ,mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( "u & upp] curr5ts 9 ! sea1 by ! ph5om5a ( ! arctic regions1 & "s ( ! que/ions to :i* ^! curr5ts give rise are s int]e/+ t we %all treat ( !m 9 a new *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,twelve4 ,,"q ,,( ,,an ,,op5 ,,sea ,,r\nd ,,! ,,poles--,,upp] ,,& ,,"u ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,! ,,ocean--,,cause ,,!re(--,,habits ,,( ,,! ,,:ale ,,z ,,be>+ ,,on ,,! ,,"q-- ,,dr4 ,,kane',s ,,discov]y ,,( ,,an ,,op5 ,,sea ,,9 ,,! ,,f> ,,nor?--,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,exp$ition--,a ,,be>-,,hunt4 ,x 0 long & v naturally suppos$ t ! imp5etrable ice ( ! arctic regions ext5d$ to1 &1 z x 71 seal$ up ! pole4 ,b f "t to "t philosophic obs]v]s ( ,nature's laws began to h9t _! op9ion t !re is an op5 ocean ar\nd ! pole2 & ( late ye>s ?is op9ion has all b be5 conv]t$ into a firm belief4 ,maury rem>ks1 t l air--l ! body--! ocean mu/ h a sy/em ( circulation = its wat]s4 ,& an att5tive /udy ( ! curr5ts ( ! sea1 & a close exam9ation ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( ! wat]s 9 _! *annels ( circulation ?r\gh ! ocean1 w lead u irresi/ibly to ! conclusion t always1 9 summ] & w9t]1 !re mu/ be1 some:]e )9 ! arctic circle1 a l>ge body ( op5 wat]4 ,!re is an "u-curr5t sett+ f ! ,atlantic1 nor?w>d ?r\gh ,davis' ,/raits1 into ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & a surface-curr5t sett+ out4 ,! fact is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! obs]vations ( arctic explor]s1 :o h se5 imm5se iceb]gs drift+ rapidly nor?w>d aga9/ a /rong curr5t4 ,?is app>5t anomaly c\ld only be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t a p[]ful und]curr5t c>ri$ !m nor?w>d2 & z at lea/ sev5 times m ( ^! b]gs mu/ h be5 "u ?an above wat]1 we c easily und]/& h[ ! "u-curr5t1 act+ on ! l>g] mass ( ea* b]g1 _h p[] to c>ry x aga9/ ! surface-curr5t4 ,?is "u-curr5t is w>m1 :ile ! upp]-curr5t is cold4 ,n[ we "k t accord+ to ,nature's laws1 heat$ wat]1 l heat$ air1 rises to ! surface1 & cold wat] s9ks to ! bottom4 ,h[1 !n1 comes ?is w>m curr5t to be und]nea? ! cold1 z s\nd+s h prov$ x to be8 ,x is ow+ to ! fact t ! "u-curr5t is mu* salt]1 & !re=e heavi] 7despite its w>m?71 ?an ! surface-curr5t2 :i* latt]1 be+ m+l$ ) ! dra9age & ice-masses ( ! arctic regions1 is comp>atively fre%1 & !re=e light z well z cold4 ,! hot & salt wat]s ( ! tropics are c>ri$ nor? by ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,!re are "h two c\nt]act+ ag5ts at "w4 ,heat incl9es ! ,gulf ,/ream to rise2 saltness incl9es x to s9k4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( its j\rney1 z we "k1 its great heat prevails ov] ! o!r influ5ce1 & x fl[s z a surface-curr5t4 ,b1 at a c]ta9 po9t 9 its nor?w>d r\te1 x meets ) ! cold1 bracki%1 ice-be>+ curr5ts t fl[ out ( ! arctic bas94 ,hav+ lo/ mu* ( its heat 7?\gh /ill possess+ a great deal m ?an ! arctic curr5ts71 ! saltness ( ! ,gulf ,/ream prevails2 x dips bel[ ! pol> wat]s1 & !nce=? cont9ues its c\rse z an "u-curr5t1 salt1 & comp>atively w>m4 ,to /ate ! matt] briefly3 ,! hot wat]1 :i* ought to keep on ! surface because ( its heat1 is sunk by its sup]abundant salt2 & ! cold wat]1 :i* ought to s9k because ( its cold1 is buoy$ on ! surface because ( its want ( salt4 ,n[ arises ! "q--:at becomes ( ! great quantity ( salt t is ?us be+ c>ri$ p]petually into ! pol> bas98 ,manife/ly x mu/ be c>ri$ out aga9 by ! surface-curr5t1 o!rwise ! pol> bas9 w\ld ( necessity become a bas9 ( salt4 ,! "u-curr5t mu/1 !re=e1 rise to ! surface some:]e ne> ! pole1 ) its temp]ature necess>ily only a little1 if at all1 bel[ ! freez+-po9t--:i*1 be x obs]v$1 is a w>m temp]ature = su* regions4 ,"h1 !n1 :]e ! w>m wat]s f ! s\? rise to ! surface1 x is suppos$ ?is op5 ,arctic ,ocean mu/ exi/4 ,s mu* = !ory4 ,n[ = facts t h be5 obs]v$1 & t t5d1 m or less1 to corroborate ?is proposition ( an op5 pol> sea4 ,! habits ( ! :ale h gone f> to prove x4 ,! log-books ( :al]s h = _m ye>s be5 c>efully exam9$ & comp>$ by sci5tific m54 ,^! inve/igations h l$ to ! discov]y t ! tropical regions ( ! ocean are to ! "r' :ale z a sea ( fire1 ?r\gh :i* he _c pass1 & into :i* he nev] ent]s4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t ! same k9d ( :ale :i* is f\nd (f ! %ores ( ,gre5l&1 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 etcet]a1 is f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific1 & ab\t ,behr+'s ,/raits2 & t ! "r' :ale ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e is a diff]5t animal f t ( ! nor!rn4 ,h[1 !n1 came ! ,gre5l& :ales to pass f ! ,gre5l& seas to ! ,pacific8 ,n by ! ,capes ,horn or ,good ,hope2 ! sea ( fire preclud$ t4 ,cle>ly !re 0 gr\nd "h = conclud+ t !y did s ?r\gh ! 7suppos$7 op5 sea ly+ beyond1 or r )91 ! froz5 ocean4 ,x is true ! objection might be made1 t ! same k9d ( :ale :i* exi/s 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific exi/s also 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 al?\gh !y nev] cross ov] to see ea* o!r4 ,b ano!r discov]y has met ?is objection4 ,x is ! cu/om among :al]s to h _! h>poons m>k$ ) date & "n ( %ip1 & ,dr ,scoresby1 9 8 "w on arctic voyages m5tions sev]al in/ances ( :ales hav+ be5 tak5 ne> ,behr+'s ,/raits1 ) h>poons 9 !m be>+ ! /amp ( %ips t 7 kn[n to cruise 9 ! ,gre5l& seas2 & ! dates on ! h>poons 7 s rec5t z to preclude ! supposition t ! said :ales _h1 aft] be+ /ruck1 made a voyage r\nd ! capes above m5tion$1--ev5 7 su* a voyage possible to !m4 ,all ?is does n1 inde$1 absolutely prove ! exi/5ce ( an op5 arctic sea1 b x does1 we ?9k1 prove ! exi/5ce ( at lea/ an occasionally op5 sea !re1 = x is well kn[n t :ales _c travel su* imm5se di/ances "u ice4 ,b ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce t we h 9 reg>d to ?is subject is ! fact1 t "o ( ! memb]s ( ,dr ,kane's exp$ition1 :ile 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 did actually1 on foot1 rea* :at we h e reason to believe 0 ?is op5 sea2 b n be+ able to get _! %ip into x1 ! p>ty _h no means ( explor+ x1 or ext5d+ _! inve/igations4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is discov]y is s int]e/+1 & )al s romantic1 t we extract a few p>agraphs relat+ to x f ,kane's "w4 ,aft] sp5d+ ! dre>y w9t] 9 ! ice-lock$ & unexplor$ *annels beyond ! head ( ,baff9's ,bay1 ,kane f\nd 8 little %ip /ill hopelessly beset 9 ! mon? ( ,june2 he !re=e resolv$ to s5d out a sl$ge-p>ty "u ,morton1 "o ( 8 be/ m51 to explore ! *annel to ! nor? ( _! position4 ,aft] twelve days' travell+ !y came to ! base ( ! ,great ,glaci]1 :]e ,morton left 8 p>ty1 &1 9 company ) an ,esquimaux nam$ ,hans1 set out ) a dog-sl$ge to prosecute ! j\rney ( exploration4 ,!y walk$ on ! sea-ice 9 a l9e p>allel ) ! glaci]1 & proce$$ tw5ty-eight miles t day1 al?\gh ! sn[ 0 knee-deep & s(t4 ,at ! place :]e !y encamp$ a crack enabl$ !m to measure ! ice4 ,x 0 sev5 feet five in*es ?ick6 ,& ?is 9 ,june4 ,we may m5tion "h1 9 pass+1 t ,dr ,kane nev] got 8 vessel out ( t froz5 /rait1 :i* seems to be b\nd by p]petual ice4 ,he & 8 p>ty escap$ ) _! lives2 b ! vessel t bore !m ?i!r is probably /ill emb$d$ 9 t ice4 ,next day ,morton & ,hans came to a region ( iceb]gs1 :i* _h arre/$ a previ\s sl$g+-p>ty ( ! same exp$ition4 ,^! iceb]gs 7 g5]ally v high1 evid5tly newly sep>at$ f ! glaci]4 ,_! surfaces 7 fre% & glassy1 & n l ^? g5]ally met ) 9 ,baff9's ,bay1--less worn1 & blu]1 & look+ 9 all respects l ! face ( ! ,great ,glaci]4 ,_m 7 rectangul>1 "s ( !m regul> squ>es1 a qu>t] ( a mile ea* way2 o!rs m ?an a mile long4 ,to pass amid/ ^! b]gs 0 a matt] ( lab\r1 difficulty1 & dang]4 ,sometimes ! sides ( !m came s close toge!r1 t ! m5 c\ld sc>cely squeeze betwe5 !m1 & !y 7 oblig$ to se>* = o!r passages2 9 do+ :i*1 ! v>iation ( _! compass confus$ !m4 ,at o!r times1 a tol]ably wide passage w\ld appe> betwe5 two b]gs1 :i* !y w\ld gladly foll[2 !n a n>r[] "o2 !n no op5+ 9 front1 b "o to ! side4 ,foll[+ t a little di/ance1 a blank ice-cliff w\ld close ! way altoge!r1 & !y 7 =c$ to retrace _! /eps & beg9 aga94 ,?us !y puzzl$ _! way ?r\gh1 l a bl9d man 9 ! /reets ( a /range city2 b m difficulties await$ !m beyond4 ,aft] advanc+ _m miles !y 7 arre/$ by broad r5ts 9 ! ice1 & 7 oblig$ to div]ge frequ5tly f> out ( _! c\rse1 or to bridge ! *asms ov] by cutt+ d[n ! ice hummocks & fill+ !m up ) loose ice1 until ! dogs 7 able to haul ! provision-sl$ge ov]4 ,advanc+ ?us = sev]al days1 & encamp+ on ! sn[ at night1 !y at la/ came to a spot :]e ! ice 0 dang]\s4 ,x 0 weak & rott51 & ! dogs began to tremble4 ,proce$+ at a brisk rate1 !y _h got ^u unsafe ice be=e !y 7 aw>e ( x4 ,_! c\rse 0 at ! "t ne>ly up ! middle ( ! *annel2 b z soon z possible !y turn$1 & by a backw>d circuit rea*$ ! %ore4 ,! dogs1 z _! fa%ion is1 at fir/ lay d[n & refus$ to proce$1 trembl+ viol5tly4 ,! only way to induce ! t]rifi$1 ob/9ate brutes to get on1 0 = ,hans to g to a :ite-look+ spot1 :]e ! ice 0 ?ick]1 ! s(t /uff look+ d>k2 !n call+ ! dogs coax+ly by "n1 !y w\ld crawl to him on _! bellies4 ,s !y retreat$ f place to place1 until !y rea*$ ! firm ice !y _h quitt$4 ,a half mile br\ght !m to comp>atively safe ice1 a mile m to good ice aga94 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is dang] !y _h1 dur+ ! lift+s ( ! fog1 sight$ op5 wat]4 ,soon aft] !y saw x pla9ly4 ,s _m long & dre>y mon?s _h ^! m5 pass$ s9ce !y 7 gladd5$ by ! sight ( op5 wat]1 t !y c\ld sc>cely believe _! eyes2 & ,morton decl>$1 t b = ! birds :i* 7 se5 fly+ ab\t x 9 great numb]s1 he w\ld n h believ$ x4 ,!y made = ! l&-ice z fa/ z possible1 & quickly ga9$ x2 b ! sea-ice _h crack$ (f & sunk s mu*1 t ! l&-ice pres5t$ a wall along ! :ole coa/ ( ab\t eight or n9e feet high4 ,x 0 q p]p5dicul>1 9 "s places ov]hang+1 s t x 0 a matt] ( ! greate/ difficulty !y manag$ to ?r[ up ! provisions1 clamb] up !mselves1 & haul ! dogs & sl$ge up aft]w>ds4 ,?is accompli%$1 h[ev]1 !y 7 safe1 & c\ld advance ) confid5ce4 ,b ?is mass ( l&-ice became n>r[] z !y proce$$1 till at la/ x dw9dl$ to a m]e n>r[ l$ge1 cl++ to ! high1 p]p5dicul> cliffs1 & look+ z if at any mom5t x might crumble (f & fall ) !m into ! op5 wat] betwe5 x & ! float+ sea-ice4 ,! sea "h 0 v deep & cle>4 ,!y c\ld see ! bottom q pla9ly1 al?\gh a /one !y ca/ 91 ! size ( a man's head1 took tw5ty-eight seconds to rea* x4 ,be+ n[ afraid ( ! ice-l$ge1 !y attempt$ to f9d a pa? along ! face ( ! cliff2 b fail+ 9 ?is1 ,morton det]m9$ to leave "p ( ! provisions 9 ca*e1 & proce$ ) a light] load4 ,! cape r\nd :i* !y 7 travell+1 & on ! o!r side ( :i* lay ! op5 wat]1 0 extremely bold1 & ! ice-l$ge at ! end ( x 0 b>ely ?ree feet wide2 s !y 7 oblig$ to unloose ! dogs1 & drive !m =w>d alone1 !n tilt$ ! sl$ge on "o runn]1 & ?us pu%$ x pa/ ! wor/ place4 ,"h ! ice on ! sea 0 p>tly brok5 up1 & a /rong tide 0 runn+ f ! s\?w>d4 ,! night be=e x _h be5 runn+ f ! nor?4 ,z !y advanc$1 ! *annel became /ill m op51 & aft] pass+ ! cape !y saw no?+ b op5 wat]1 ) innum]able wild sea-birds ( e description fly+ ov]head1 or disport+ 9 ! pools4 ,let x by obs]v$ "h1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 ! op5 wat] ( a /rait or *annel1--n ! great ,arctic ,sea1 ab\t ! probable exi/5ce ( :i* we h be5 writ+4 ,^u ! ice-masses ne> !m num]\s seals 7 se5 bask+4 ,"o ?+ t /ruck !m mu* "h 01 t al?\gh /rong nor? w9ds1 am\nt+ to a gale at times1 _h be5 bl[+ = sev]al days1 no ice _h be5 br\ght d[n f ! nor? into ! *annel1 along ! %ore ( :i* !y travell$4 ,?ick1 damp fogs prevail$1 prev5t+ !m f see+ f> 9 advance at any "t4 ,at la/ !y came to a place :]e ! brok5 ice ( ! %ore r5d]$ passage = ! sl$ge impossible4 ,!y !re=e ti$ ! dogs1 int5d+ to pu% =w>d a %ort way alone4 ,b !y _h n be5 suffici5tly c>eful to secure !m2 = ! poor animals1 suppos+ !mselves des]t$1 no d\bt1 succe$$ 9 break+ _! l9es1 & rejo9$ ! two m5 9 ab\t an h\r aft]4 ,?is1 z x turn$ out1 0 r a =tunate circum/ance4 ,prep>atory to quitt+ _! sl$ge1 ! m5 _h load$ !mselves ) eight p\nds ( pemmican & two ( biscuit1 besides ! artificial horizon1 sextant1 & compass1 a rifle1 & a boa?ook4 ,!y _h n be5 an h\r gone :51 z above /at$1 f\r ( ! dogs ov]took !m4 ,an h\r aft]w>ds !y came ^u a pol> be> ) h] cub4 ,! fight t foll[$1 al?\gh some:at =eign to our subject1 is s graphically describ$ by ,dr ,kane1 t we ?9k x q unnecess>y to apologise = ins]t+ x "h4 ,! be> in/antly took to flight2 b ! little "o be+ unable to keep pace ) h]1 %e turn$ back1 &1 putt+ h] head "u its haun*es1 ?rew x "s di/ance4 ,! cub safe = ! mom5t1 %e w\ld !n :eel r\nd & face ! dogs1 s z to give x a *ance to run away2 b x always /opp$1 j z x alight$1 till %e came up & ?rew x ahead aga92 x seem$ to expect h] aid1 & w\ld n g on )\t x4 ,sometimes ! "m w\ld run a few y>ds ahead1 z if to coax ! "y "o up to h]1 & :5 ! dogs came up %e w\ld turn & drive !m back !n1 z !y dodg$ h] bl[s1 %e w\ld rejo9 ! cub & pu% on1 sometimes putt+ h] head "u x1 sometimes cat*+ x 9 h] m\? by ! nape ( ! neck4 ,= a "t %e manag$ h] retreat ) great cel]ity1 leav+ ! two m5 f> 9 ! re>4 ,!y _h engag$ h] on ! l&-ice2 b %e l$ ! dogs 9-%ore1 up a small /ony valley :i* op5$ into ! int]ior4 ,aft] %e _h gone a mile & a half1 h] pace slack5$1 &1 ! little "o be+ jad$1 %e soon came to a halt4 ,! m5 7 !n only half a mile beh9d1 & runn+ at full spe$4 ,!y soon came up to :]e ! dogs 7 hold+ h] at bay4 ,! fight 0 n[ a desp]ate "o4 ,! "m nev] w5t m ?an two y>ds ahead1 con/antly look+ at ! cub4 ,:5 ! dogs came ne> h]1 %e w\ld sit ^u h] haun*es1 & take ! little "o betwe5 h] h9d-legs1 fight+ ! dogs ) h] paws1 & ro>+ s t %e c\ld h be5 he>d a mile (f4 ,nev] 0 an animal m di/ress$4 ,%e w\ld /ret* h] neck & snap at ! ne>e/ dog ) h] %9+ tee?1 :irl+ h] paws l ! arms ( a w9dmill4 ,if %e miss$ h] aim1 n d>+ to pursue "o dog le/ ! o!rs %\ld h>m ! cub1 %e w\ld give a great ro> ( baffl$ rage1 & g on paw+ & snapp+1 & fac+ ! r+1 gr9n+ at !m ) h] m\? /ret*$ wide4 ,:5 ! m5 came up ! little "o 0 p]haps re/$1 = x 0 able to turn r\nd ) its dam1 no matt] h[ quick %e mov$1 s z to keep always 9 front ( h] belly4 ,! five dogs 7 all ! "t frisk+ ab\t h] actively1 torm5t+ h] l s _m gad-flies4 ,inde$ !y made x difficult to take an aim at h] )\t kill+ !m4 ,b ,hans1 ly+ on 8 elb[1 took a quiet aim1 & %ot h] ?r\gh ! head4 ,%e dropp$ & roll$ ov] dead1 )\t mov+ a muscle4 ,! dogs sprang t[>ds h] at once2 b ! cub jump$ ^u h] body & re>$ up1 = ! fir/ "t gr[l+ ho>sely4 ,!y seem$ q afraid ( ! little creature1 %e f\ght s actively1 & made s mu* noise2 &1 :ile te>+ m\?fuls ( hair f ! dead "m1 !y w\ld spr+ aside ! m9ute ! cub turn$ t[>ds !m4 ,! m5 drove ! dogs (f = a "t1 b 7 oblig$ to %oot ! cub at la/1 z %e w\ld n quit ! body4 ,hans fir$ into h] head4 ,x did n rea* ! bra91 ?\gh x knock$ h] d[n2 b %e 0 /ill able to climb on h] "m's body1 & try to def5d x1 h] m\? ble$+ l a gutt]-sp\t4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to despat* h] ) /ones4 ,aft] sk9n+ ! old "o !y ga%$ its body1 & ! dogs f$ ^u x rav5\sly4 ,! little "o !y ca*$ = !mselves aga9/ _! return4 ,?is little fight q knock$ up ,hans ! ,esquimaux2 ,morton !re=e advanc$ alone1 9 ! hope ( be+ able to get beyond a huge cape t lay be=e him4 ,on rea*+ x1 ! gr& sight ( an app>5tly b\ndless ocean ( op5 wat] met 8 eye4 ,only f\r or five small pieces ( ice 7 se5 on ! glanc+ waves ( ?is hi!rto unkn[n sea4 ,view$ f ! cliffs1 writes ,dr ,kane1 & tak+ ?irty-six miles z ! mean radius op5 to reliable survey1 ?is sea _h a ju/ly-e/imat$ ext5t ( m ?an #djjj squ>e miles4 ,"h1 !n1 9 all probability1 is ! great ,arctic ,ocean t has be5 suppos$ to exi/ 9 a p]petually fluid /ate r\nd ! pole1 encircl$ by a r+ ( ice t has hi!rto pres5t$ an imp5etrable b>ri] to all ! adv5tur]s ( anci5t & mod]n times4 ,!re 7 sev]al facts connect$ ) ?is discov]y t g f> to prove t ?is ocean is p]petually op54 ,fur!r s\?1 :]e ,dr ,kane's brig lay 9 ice t seem$ nev] to melt1 !re 7 few signs ( animal life--only a seal or two n[ & !n2 b "h1 on ! m>g9 ( ?is f> nor!rn sea1 7 myriads ( wat]-f[l ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! ,br5t goose1 writes ! ,doctor1 _h n be5 se5 be=e s9ce ent]+ ,smi?'s ,/rait4 ,x is well kn[n to ! pol> travell] z a migratory bird ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,l ! o!rs ( ! same family1 x fe$s ^u vegetable matt]1 g5]ally on m>9e plants1 ) _! adh]5t molluscan life4 ,x is r>ely or nev] se5 9 ! int]ior2 & f its habits may be reg>d$ z s+ul>ly indicative ( op5 wat]4 ,! flocks ( ?is bird1 easily di/+ui%$ by _! w$ge-%ap$ l9e ( flight1 n[ cross$ ! wat] obliquely1 & disappe>$ ov] ! l& to ! nor?-ea/4 ,! rocks on %ore 7 cr[d$ ) sea-swall[s1 birds ^: habits require op5 wat]2 & !y 7 already bre$+4 ,! gulls 7 repres5t$ by no less ?an f\r species4 ,! kittiwakes--rem9d+ ,morton ( old times 9 ,baff9's ,bay'--7 aga9 /eal+ fi% f ! wat] 7probably ! small :it+71 & _! grim c\s9s1 ! burgoma/]s1 enjoy+ ! d9n] ?us provid$ at s little co/ to !mselves4 ,x 0 a picture ( life all r\nd4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,morton notic$ ! arctic petrel1--a fact :i* %[s ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vation1 ?\gh he _h n be5 aw>e ( its importance4 ,?is bird _h n be5 met ) s9ce we left ! nor? wat] ( ! ,engli% :al]s1 m ?an two hundr$ miles s\? ( ! position on :i* he /ood4 ,its food is ess5tially m>9e2 & x is seldom se5 9 numb]s1 except 9 ! highways ( op5 wat] frequ5t$ by ! :ale & ! l>g] repres5tatives ( ocean life4 ,!y 7 9 numb]s flitt+ & hov]+ ov] ! cre/s ( ! waves1 l _! relatives ( k9d] climates1--! ,cape ( ,good ,hope pigeons1 ,"m ,c>ey's *ick5s1 & ! petrels ev]y:]e else4 ,x mu/ h be5 an impos+ sight1 z ,morton /ood at ?is t]m9ation ( 8 j\rney1 look+ out ^u ! great wa/e ( wat]s be=e him4 ,n a speck ( ice c\ld be se54 ,!re1 f a height ( #dhj feet1 :i* comm&$ a horizon ( almo/ =ty miles1 8 e>s 7 gladd5$ ) ! novel music ( da%+ waves2 & a surf1 break+ 9 among ! rocks at 8 feet1 /ay$ 8 fur!r progress4 ,/rong presumptive evid5ce1 all ?is1 t !re is an ocean ( op5 wat] r\nd ! pole1 & a mild] climate !re ?an exi/s ne>] to ! arctic circle4 ,_h ! %ort b>ri] ( ice t int]v5$ betwe5 ! brig & t my/]i\s sea be5 remov$1 z1 p]*ance1 x is sometimes remov$ by a hot summ]1 ,dr ,kane might h be5 ! fir/ to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is res]v$ = "s o!r navigator4 ,! gallant ,kane n[ lies 9 an e>ly grave b "s ( 8 ent]pris+ comrades h return$ to ^? regions1 b5t on solv+ ?is problem2 & x is possible t1 ev5 :ile we n[ write1 _! adv5tur\s keel may be pl\gh+ ! wat]s ( ! hi!rto untrav]s$ & my/]i\s pol> sea4 ,,*apt] ,,?irte54 ,,miscellane\s ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,pol> ,,seas ,,& ,,regions--,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis--,,ice-,,bl9k--,,optical ,,illusions--,,anecdote ,,( ,,scoresby--,,haloes-- ,,coronae--,,mock ,,suns--,,refraction--,,fro/s4 ,ow+ to ! int5sity ( ! cold 9 ! arctic regions1 !re are1 z we may readily believe1 _m s+ul> appe>ances connect$ ) ! ocean & ! atmosph]e1 :i* are wor?y ( special notice4 ,*ief1 p]haps1 among ! ph5om5a ( ^? regions is ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,ev] m9dful ( ! welf>e ( ! creatures :om he has =m$1 ! ,almighty has appo9t$ a light to mitigate ! d>kness ( ! pol> regions :5 ! sun1 9 its appo9t$ c\rse1 )draws = a season4 ,:at ! aurora borealis is no "o kn[s1 al?\gh _m h haz>d$ op9ions reg>d+ x4 ,:at x is l is kn[n ev5 to ourselves1 ?\gh ! fa9t indications ( x :i* sometimes se5 9 our own heav5s are n to be comp>$ to ! brilliancy ( ! spectacle t is occasionally pres5t$ 9 ! nor!rn skies4 ,! mo/ ord9>y aspect ( ! aurora is t ( a b& ( pale-gre5 light ext5d+ irregul>ly ov] "p ( ! sky1 & m>k$ by wavy motions1 z well z by v>y+ brightness4 ,sometimes "o "p ( ?is b& becomes m bright ?an ano!r "p4 ,sometimes ! :ole seems to move g5tly1 l ! undulations ( a flag 9 a light breeze2 at o!r times m vigor\s action takes place1 & po9t$ tongues ( light %oot vividly up into ! z5i?4 ,?is sometimes takes place s frequ5tly1 & ! tongues are s long & num]\s1 t ! aurora has be5 popul>ly t]m$ ! nor!rn /ream]s4 ,al?\gh pale-gre5 is ! mo/ frequ5t col\r1 ! aurora borealis has (t5 be5 obs]v$ ) blue & r$ hues2 & ! sky has be5 se5 suffus$ ) an int5se crimson col\r by x4 ,capta9s ,p>ry & ,lyon saw ^! nor!rn lights 9 full spl5d\r dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! arctic regions4 ,!y tell u t ! aurora _h a t5d5cy to =m an irregul> ar*1 :i*1 9 calm wea!r1 0 v (t5 di/9ct1 ?\gh its upp] b\nd>y 0 seldom well def9$2 b :5ev] ! air 0 agitat$1 %[]s ( rays spread 9 e direction ) ! rapidity ( lightn+1 b always appe>+ to move to & f a fix$ po9t1 some:at l a ribbon held 9 ! h& & %ak5 ) an undulatory motion4 ,no rule1 h[ev]1 c\ld be trac$ 9 ! movem5t ( ^? light] p>cels call$ ! m]ry danc]s1' :i* flew ab\t p]petually t[>ds e qu>t]2 becom+ 9 /ormy wea!r m rapid 9 _! motions1 & %>+ all ! wildness ( ! bla/4 ,!y gave an indescribable air ( magic to ! :ole sc5e1 & made x n wond]ful t1 by ! untaught ,indian1 !y %\ld be view$ z ! spirits ( 8 fa!rs roam+ ?r\gh ! l& ( s\ls4' ,we are told by "s t ! aurora borealis is accompani$ by a l\d hiss+ & crackl+ s\nd & ,capta9 ,lyon says t ! sudd5 gl>e & rapid bur/s ( ^? wondr\s %[]s ( fire make x difficult to believe t _! movem5ts are :olly )\t s\nd4 ,yet su* w\ld seem to be ! case1 = ! same au?ority tells u t he /ood on ! ice = h\rs li/5+ int5tly & c\ld he> no?+4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly conv9c$ t no s\nd proce$s f ! aurora1 & mo/ intellig5t voyag]s support him 9 ?is op9ion4 ,t ! aurora dims ! lu/re ( ! />s se5 ?r\gh x1 is a fact :i* 0 asc]ta9$ cle>ly by ! same g5tleman2 & t x moves 9 a region beyond ! cl\ds is also evid5t f ! fact t :5 ! latt] cov]$ ! sky ! aurora disappe>$4 ,b "s ( ! mo/ s+ul> appe>ances ( ! sea & sky 9 ! pol> regions are pres5t$ 9 summ]4 ,dur+ t season ! p]petual pres5ce ( ! sun & ! l>ge tracts ( ice float+ ab\t on ! sea ex]t _! oppos+ influ5ces s z to produce ! mo/ a/oni%+ results4 ,"o "p ( ! sea be+ cov]$ ) ice1 produces a cold atmosph]e2 ano!r "p be+ free f ice1 produces a w>m] atmosph]e4 ,refraction is ! result ( view+ objects ?r\gh ^? diff]5t m$ia1 & v curi\s appe>ances foll[4 ,:5 ,scoresby 0 9 ,gre5l& a s+ul> atmosph]ic ph5om5on occurr$1 :]eby he became aw>e ( ! approa* ( 8 fa!r's %ip "s "t be=e x rose above ! horizon4 ,he _h rea*$ ,gre5l& be=e 8 fa!r1 :o foll[$ him 9 ! ,fame4 ,! foll[+ is 8 acc\nt ( ! circum/ance3 ,on my return to ! %ip1 ab\t elev5 o'clock1 ! night 0 beautifully f9e & ! air q mild4 ,! atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! w>m?1 be+ 9 a highly refractive /ate1 a great _m curi\s appe>ances 7 pres5t$ by ! l& & iceb]gs4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y effect ( ?is /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 0 ! di/9ct inv]t$ image ( a %ip 9 ! cle> sky1 ov] ! middle ( ! l>ge bay or inlet1 ! %ip itself be+ entirely beyond ! horizon4 ,appe>ances ( ?is k9d ,i h be=e notic$1 b ! peculi>ities ( ?is 7 ! p]fection ( ! image1 & ! great di/ance ( ! vessel t x repres5t$4 ,x 0 s extremely well def9$1 t1 :5 exam9$ ) a telescope1 ,i c\ld di/+ui% e sail1 ! g5]al rig ( ! %ip1' & its peculi> "*2 insomu* t ,i confid5tly pron\nc$ x to be my fa!r's %ip ! ,fame1 :i* x aft]w>ds prov$ to be1 ?\gh1 on comp>+ notes ) my fa!r1 ,i f\nd t our relative positions at ! "t gave our di/ance f "o ano!r v ne>ly ?irty miles1 be+ ab\t sev5te5 miles beyond ! horizon1 & "s leagues beyond ! l9e ( direct vision4 ,scoresby 01 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ p]sev]+ & intellig5t obs]v]s ( nature t ev] w5t to ! pol> seas4 ,8 v>i\s acc\nts ( :at he saw are mo/ int]e/+4 ,we _c d bett] ?an quote 8 rem>ks ^u ice-bl9k1 t curi\s appe>ance ( :ite light on ! horizon1 :]eby voyag]s are l$ to inf] ! pres5ce ( ice3-- ,?is appe>ance ( ! ice-bl9k1 says he1 occurr$ on ! #ac? ( ,june #ahbj1 9 latitude #gf degrees nor?4 ,! sky al(t 0 cov]$ ) d5se1 uni=m1 hazy cl\d1 :i* inde$ occupi$ ! :ole ( ! heav5s1 except+ a portion ne> ! horizon1 :]e x seem$ to be repell$4 ,! upp] :ite bl9k ref]r$ to ice ab\t six miles di/ant1 be+ beyond ! horizon2 ! n>r[ yell[i% portions ref]r$ to floes & compact ice2 ! l[e/ yell[ bl9k1 :i* 9 brightness & col\r resembl$ ! moon1 0 ! reflection ( a field at ! di/ance ( ?irty miles1 to :i*1 direct$ by ! bl9k1 we made way 9 ! ,baff91 ?r\gh ! *annels ( wat] repres5t$ 9 ! sky by blui%-grey /reaks4 ,! field we f\nd to be a %eet ( ice #aej miles 9 circumf]5ce6 ,ano!r v s+ul> appe>ance obs]v$ occasionally 9 foggy wea!r is a s]ies ( bright circles1 or coronae1 surr\nd+ ! heads or p]sons ( individuals 9 c]ta9 positions4 ,we h1 :ile /&+ at ! ma/-head ( a vessel 9 ,hudson's ,/raits1 obs]v$ our own %ad[ ?r[n on ! sea ) a bright halo r\nd x4 ,! day 0 bright & hazy at ! "t4 ,ref]r+ to a p>ticul> case ( ?is k9d1 ,scoresby says3 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,july #ahbj1 ! wea!r be+ (t5 foggy1 ) a bright sun sometimes %9+ at ! height ( ! day1 "s extraord9>y coronae 7 obs]v$ f ! ma/-head4 ,^! occurr$ opposite to ! sun1 ! c5tre ( all ! circles be+ 9 a l9e drawn f ! sun ?r\gh ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,on "o occasion f\r col\r$ lum9\s circles 7 obs]v$4 ,! ext]ior "o might be tw5ty degrees 9 diamet]4 ,x exhibit$ all ! col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,! next1 a little )9 x1 0 ( a :iti%-grey col\r2 ! ?ird 0 only f\r or five degrees 9 diamet]1 & ?\gh x exhibit$ ! col\rs ( ! spectrum1 ^! col\rs 7 n v brilliant4 ,! f\r? 0 extremely beautiful & brilliant4 ,! int]ior col\r 0 yell[1 !n orange1 r$1 violet1 etcet]a4 ,! col\rs ( ! :ole ?ree coronae 71 ,i ?9k1 9 ! same ord]1 b ( ?is ,i am n v c]ta94 ,inde$1 on reflection1 ,i suspect t ! second circle mu/ h be5 9 ! rev]se ord] ( ! fir/2 ! fir/ & ! f\r? be+ ! same4 ,! ?ird 0 n col\r$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! beautiful coronae ,i obs]v$ my own %ad[1 ! head surr\nd$ by a glory4 ,all ! coronae 7 evid5tly produc$ by ! fog2 my %ad[ 0 impress$ on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,! cause ( ^! ph5om5a is ! reflection ( ! sun's rays1 decompos$ by diff]5t refractions 9 m9ute globules ( wat]1 ( :i* ! mi/1 :]e9 ! coronae occur1 9 a great measure appe>s to consi/4 ,mock suns1 or p>helia1 are common appe>ances 9 nor!rn skies4 ,sometimes two ( ^! mock suns are se51 "o on ea* side ( _! great orig9al1 gl[+ s brightly t ei!r ( !m1 if we c\ld suppose x to h %one 9 ! sky alone1 w\ld h made a v respectable sun inde$6 ,ev5 f\r ( ^! sun-dogs--z !y are "s times call$--h be5 se5 surr\nd+ ! sun2 "o on ea* side ( x1 "o directly above1 & "o imm$iately bel[1 ) a r+ ( light connect+ !m toge!r1 a /reak ( light pass+ horizontally & ano!r pass+ p]p5dicul>ly betwe5 !m1 ?us =m+ a lum9\s cross1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 ! sun itself4 ,?is magnific5t spectacle is sometimes enhanc$ by a second circle ( light enclos+ ! :ole1 & ! edges ( sev]al out] circles spr++ 9 fa9t light !refrom until gradually lo/1 leav+ ! imag9ation to call up ! idea ( an endless s]ies ( glories ext5d+ ov] ! :ole sky4 ,refraction frequ5tly causes grotesque z well z wond]ful & beautiful appe>ances4 ,%ips are sometimes se5 ) _! hulls flatt5$ & _! ma/s & sails drawn out to mon/r\s dim5sions2 or ! hulls are height5$ s z to appe> l heavy ca/le walls1 :ile ! ma/s & sails are r5d]$ ludicr\sly squat & disproportion$2 & n only s1 b %ips are (t5 se5 ) _! images inv]t$ ov] _! own ma/s1 s t to ! obs]v] x appe>s z if "o %ip 7 balanc+ ano!r upside d[n--ma/-head to ma/-head4 ,l& & iceb]gs assume ! same curi\s appe>ances--peaks t\*+ peaks1 "o set po9t+ upw>ds1 ! o!r set po9t+ d[n1 :ile ! broad bases are elevat$ 9 ! air4 ,at o!r times ! :ole mass ( l& & ice on ! horizon is m or less brok5 up & scatt]$ ab\t z if 9 confusion1 yet ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( regul>ity 9 ! mid/ ( x all1 aris+ f ! fact ( e object be+ pres5t$ 9 duplicate1 sometimes triplicate1 & occasionally1 ?\gh seldom1 f\r-fold4 ,:5 %>p sudd5 fro/s occur 9 ^? regions1 ! spl5d\r ( ! sc5]y is /ill fur!r enhanc$ by ! =mation ( innum]able m9ute cry/als :i* sp>kle lit]ally ) z mu* lu/r\s beauty z ! diamond4 ,on "o occasion ,scoresby's %ip 0 decorat$ ) uncommon magnific5ce1 & 9 a peculi>ly int]e/+ mann]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! night1 he writes1 ! rigg+ ( ! %ip 0 mo/ spl5didly decorat$ ) a fr+e ( delicate cry/als4 ,! g5]al =m ( ^! 0 t ( a fea!r hav+ half ( ! vane remov$4 ,ne> ! surface ( ! ropes 0 fir/ a small direct l9e ( v :ite p>ticles1 con/itut+ ! /em or %aft ( ! fea!r2 & f ea* ( ^! fibres1 9 ano!r plane1 proce$$ a %ort delicate range ( spiculae or rays1 discov]able only by ! help ( a microscope1 ) :i* ! elegant texture & sy/ematic con/ruction ( ! fea!r 7 complet$4 ,_m ( ^! cry/als1 possess+ a p]fect arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts correspond+ ) ! %aft1 vane1 & ra*is ( a fea!r1 7 upw>ds ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 bread?4 ,"s consi/$ ( a s+le flake or fea!r1 b _m ( !m gave rise to o!r fea!rs1 :i* sprang f ! surface ( ! vane at ! usual angle4 ,!re seem$ to be no limit to ! magnitude ( ^! fea!rs1 s long z ! produc+ cause cont9u$ to op]ate1 until _! weight because s great1 or ! action ( ! w9d s =cible1 t !y 7 brok5 (f & fell 9 flakes to ! deck ( ! %ip4 ,x is impossible = ! m9d to conceive ! effect ( su* a galaxy ( curi\s1 & bright1 & em95tly beautiful comb9ations z are sometimes display$ 9 ! arctic regions4 ,none ( ! fabul\s conceptions ( man1 ev5 ?\gh pr(\ndly elaborat$ & brightly gild$ ) ! coruscations ( ! mo/ sp>kl+ g5ius & fancy1 ev] produc$ s gorge\s a spectacle z may be witness$ !re e summ] day4 ,f\r or five suns 9 ! blue sky1 ) l9es & circles ( light %oot+ f or circl+ r\nd !m6 ,ice 9 all its qua9t1 maje/ic1 & %9+ =ms1 r5d]$ /ill m qua9t & gr& by ! influ5ce ( refraction2 &1 by ! same p[]1 %ips sail+ 9 ! sky1 sometimes1 z if ,nature's laws 7 abrogat$1 ) _! keels upw>ds1 & _! ma/s po9t+ to ! sea6 ,walls ( pure ice hundr$s ( feet high1 _m miles 9 ext5t1 cle> z cry/al1 & s5d+ back ! rays ( heav5's lum9>ies 9 broad blaz+ beams2 :ile ! iceb]gs' p9nacles reflect !m 9 sp>kl+ po9ts6 ,:ite lum9\s fogs1 l curta9s ( gauze1 too ?9 to dim ! g5]al brightness1 yet d5se en\gh to inve/ ! :ole sc5e ) a silv] robe ( my/]y1 & to refract ! light & compel x to %9e 9 great circles ( prismatic col\rs6 ,& ev]y?+--f ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! gay sc5]y is compos$--ei!r :ite or blue1 v>y+ 9 all gradations f ! faire/ sn[ to ! deepe/ azure1 save :]e ! ra9b['s delicate hues are all[$ to int]m+le en\gh ( p9k1 yell[1 purple1 orange1 & gre5 to relieve ! eye & enable x m fully to appreciate ! virg9 drap]y ( ! sc5e4 ,all ?is1 se5 9 detail--se5 frequ5tly 9 rapid succession--sometimes se5 almo/ all at "o mom5t1--all ?is is absolutely beyond conception1 & utt]ly beyond adequate description4 ,yet all ?is is se5 at times 9 ^? realms ( ice & sn[1 :i* are1 z we h already said1 too mu* repres5t$ z ! gloomy1 =bidd+1 inhospitable pol> regions4 ,!re are two sides to e picture4 ,we take leave ( ?is p>ticul> bran* ( our sun ) ! rem>k1 t if ! %ady side ( ! f> nor? is dreadfully d>k & dre>y1 its bright side is int5sely brilliant & beautiful4 ,,*apt] ,,f\rte54 ,,animal ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,sea--,,m$usae--,,food ,,( ,,! ,,:ale--,,phosphoric ,,light-- ,,cause ,,!re(--,,lum9osity ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 ,ref]5ce has else:]e be5 made 9 ?is volume to ! imm5se am\nt ( animal life t exi/s 9 ! ocean1 n only 9 ! =m ( fi% ( all sizes1 b 9 t ( animalcules1 :i*1 al?\gh sc>cely visible to ! nak$ eye1 are1 9 "s cases1 s innum]able z to give a di/9ct col\r+ to ! wat]4 ,! ,m$usae1 or1 m famili>ly1 sea blubb]s1 are se5 9 ! wat]s t lave our own %ores4 ,!y are ( v>i\s sizes1 f t ( a l>ge plate to a p9-head4 ,!y are almo/ col\rless1 l cle> jelly1 & :5 c>elessly obs]v$1 seem to be dead objects drift+ ) ! tide2 b a clos] obs]vation %[s t !y are possess$ ( life1 ?\gh n ( a p>ticul>ly active k9d1 & t !y swim by alt]nate contractions & expansions ( _! bodies4 ,^! creatures con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! :ale's food4 ,"s ( !m are flat1 "s semi-globul>1 o!rs are bell-%ap$1 :ile "s h got little heads & small f9s4 ,( ^! la/ x is said t ea* little creature has no few] ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& m9ute suck]s on its head ) :i* x seizes its prey4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! exce$+ smallness ( ! creatures ?us prey$ ^u1 & consid] ! fact t ea* little ?+ mu/ obta9 food by mak+ w> ^u "s creatures /ill small] ?an itself1 we are l$ almo/ 9 spite ( ourselves into t my/]i\sly metaphysical "q--inf9itesimal divisibility2 :i* may be translat$ ?us--! endless division & subdivision ( atoms4 ,?is subject has puzzl$ ! heads ( ! pr(\nde/ philosoph]s ( all ages2 we w n1 !re=e1 puzzle our read]s ) x any fur!r4 ,scoresby tells u t ! col\r ( ! ,gre5l& ,sea v>ies f ultram>9e blue to olive-gre51 f ! pure/ transp>5cy to /rik+ opacity2 & t ^! col\rs are p]man5t1 & d n dep5d on ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 b on ! quality ( ! wat]4 ,he obs]v$ t :ales 7 f\nd 9 mu* great] numb]s 9 ! gre5 ?an 9 ! blue wat]2 & he f\nd1 on exam9+ ! =m] ) ! microscope1 t its opacity & its col\r 7 due to c\ntless multitudes ( ^? animalcules on :i* ! :ale fe$s4 ,we ne$ sc>cely rem>k t x is utt]ly beyond ! p[] ( man to =m any?+ approa*+ to a correct conception ( ! am\nt ( life t is ?us %[n to exi/ 9 ! ocean4 ,al?\gh x has pleas$ ! ,creator to limit our p[]s1 yet x has also pleas$ him to leave ! limit ( ^? p[]s undef9$4 ,we may n1 inde$1 ev] hope 9 ?is life to atta9 to p]fect k1 nev]!less1 by se>*+ we may f9d out wisdom2 & c]ta9 x is1 t1 al?\gh !re und\bt$ly mu/ be a po9t ( k on any giv5 subject :i* man _c rea*1 !re is 9 man a p[] incessantly to ext5d 8 k & increase 8 p[]s ( conception1 by ea* successive ef=t t he makes 9 8 c\rse f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,ev5 al?\gh we 7 told ! exact numb] ( ! little creatures t inhabit ! sea1 we c\ld n1 by any simple ef=t ( ! m9d1 h[ev] p[]ful1 =m a conception ( :at t numb] impli$4 ,we might %ut ourselves up l ! h]mits ( old1 ab/ract our ?\ghts f all o!r ?+s1 & pond] ! subject = weeks or mon?s toge!r1 & at ! t]m9ation ( our ef=t we %\ld be z wise z we 7 at its comm5cem5t1 b no wis]4 ,b by se>*+ r\nd ! subject1 & comp>+ less] ?+s ) great]1 al?\gh we %\ld /ill fail to arrive at a full compreh5sion ( ! tru?1 we may advance our p[]s ( conception v consid]ably beyond ! po9t atta9$ by our fir/ ef=t2 & :i* po9t1 z we h said1 c\ld n be surm\nt$ by a hair's bread? by ! m]e ex]tion ( simple or ab/ract ?\ght4 ,dr ,scoresby's rem>ks on ! subject ( animal life 9 ! ocean1 are s graphic & curi\s t we extract ! passages v]batim f ! admirable memoir ( t g5tleman1 writt5 by 8 nephew4 ,he says3 ,i procur$ a quantity ( sn[ f a piece ( ice t _h be5 wa%$ by ! sea1 & 0 greatly discol\r$ by ! decomposition ( "s peculi> sub/ance ^u x4 ,a little ( ?is sn[ dissolv$ 9 a w9e-glass appe>$ p]fectly nebul\s--! wat] be+ f\nd to conta9 a great numb] ( semi-transp>5t sph]ical sub/ances1 ) o!rs resembl+ small portions ( f9e hair4 ,on exam9+ ^! sub/ances ) a comp\nd microscope1 ,i 0 enabl$ to make ! foll[+ obs]vations3-- ,! semi-transp>5t globules appe>$ to consi/ ( an animal ( ! m$usa k9d4 ,x 0 f "o-tw5tie? to "o-?irtie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,its surface 0 m>k$ ) twelve di/9ct pat*es1 or nebulae1 ( dots ( a br[ni% col\r4 ,^! dots 7 dispos$ 9 pairs1 f\r pairs or sixte5 pairs alt]nately1 compos+ "o ( ! nebula4 ,! body ( ! m$usa 0 transp>5t4 ,:5 ! wat] conta9+ ^! animals 0 heat$1 x emitt$ a v /rong od\r1 9 "s respects resembl+ ! smell ( oy/]s :5 ?r[n on hot coals1 b mu* m (f5sive4 ,! fibr\s or hair-l sub/ances 7 m easily exam9$1 be+ ( a d>k] col\r4 ,!y v>i$ 9 l5g? f a po9t to "o-t5? ( an in*2 & :5 highly magnifi$1 7 f\nd beautifully monili=m4 ,:e!r !y 7 liv+ animals1 & possess$ ( locomotion1 ,i c\ld n asc]ta94 ,!y possess$ ! prop]ty ( decompos+ light1 & 9 "s cases %[$ all ! col\rs ( ! spectrum v di/9ctly4 ,i aft]w>ds exam9$ ! diff]5t qualities ( sea wat]1 & f\nd ^! sub/ances v abundant 9 t ( an olive-gre5 col\r2 & also occurr+1 b 9 less] quantity1 9 ! blui%-gre5 wat]4 ,! numb] ( m$usae 9 ! olive-gre5 wat] 0 f\nd to be imm5se4 ,!y 7 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* asund]4 ,9 ?is proportion1 a cubic in* ( wat] mu/ conta9 #fd2 a cubic foot #aaj1eib2 a cubic fa?om #bc1hhg1hgb2 & a cubic mile ab\t #bc1hhh1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,( c\rse we h1 9 ! la/ two numb]s1 rea*$ ! utt]ly incompreh5sible2 b ,dr ,scoresby goes into comp>isons :i* help u a little1 at lea/ to asc]ta9 h[ hopelessly beyond our conceptions su* numb]s are4 ,f s\nd+s made 9 ! situation :]e ^! animals 7 f\nd1 x is probable ! sea is upw>ds ( a mile 9 dep?2 b :e!r ^! sub/ances occupy ! :ole dep? is unc]ta94 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 ! dep? to :i* !y ext5d be b two hundr$ & fifty fa?oms1 ! above imm5se numb] ( "o species may occur 9 ! space ( two miles squ>e4 ,x may give a bett] conception ( ! am\nt ( m$usae 9 ?is ext5t1 if we calculate ! l5g? ( "t t w\ld be requisite1 ) a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons1 = c\nt+ ?is numb]4 ,all[+ t "o p]son c\ld c\nt a million 9 sev5 days1 :i* is b>ely possible1 x w\ld h requir$ t eighty ?\s& p]sons %\ld h />t$ at ! creation ( ! _w to complete ! enum]ation at ! pres5t "t6 ,:at a /up5d\s idea ?is gives ( ! imm5sity ( creation1 & ( ! b\nty ( ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 furni%+ su* a pr(usion ( life 9 a region s remote f ! habitations ( m56 ,! l>g] portion ( ^! m$usae1 consi/+ ( transp>5t sub/ances ( a lemon-yell[ col\r1 & globul> =m1 appe>$ to possess v little p[] ( motion4 ,"s ( !m 7 se5 advanc+ by a slight wav+ motion1 at ! rate ( a hundr$ & eightie? ( an in* 9 a second2 & o!rs1 sp9n+ r\nd ) consid]able cel]ity1 gave great int]e/ & livel9ess to ! exam9ation4 ,b ! progressive motion ( ! mo/ active1 h[ev] di/9ct & rapid x might appe> "u a high magnify+ p[]1 01 9 reality1 extremely sl[2 = x did n exce$ an in* 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,at ?is rate !y w\ld require "o hundr$ & fifty-"o days to travel a nautical mile4 ,! va/ness ( _! numb]s1 & _! exce$+ m9ut5ess1 are circum/ances1 discov]$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ^! animalcules1 ( uncommon int]e/4 ,9 a drop ( wat] exam9$ by a p[] ( #bh4bbd 7magnifi$ sup]ficies7 !re 7 fifty 9 numb]1 on an av]age1 9 ea* squ>e ( ! micromet] glass1 ( an eight hundr$ & =tie? ( an in*2 & z ! drop occupi$ a circle on a plate ( glass conta9+ #ebi ( ^! squ>es1 !re mu/ h be51 9 ?is s+le drop ( wat]1 tak5 out ( ! yell[i%-gre5 sea1 9 a place by no means ! mo/ discol\r$1 ab\t #bf1dej animalcules4 ,h5ce1 reckon+ sixty drops to a dram1 !re w\ld be a numb] 9 a gallon ( wat] exce$+1 by "o half ! am\nt ( ! population ( ! :ole globe6 ,x gives a p[]ful conception ( ! m9ut5ess & wond]s ( creation1 :5 we ?9k ( m ?an tw5ty-six ?\s& animals liv+1 obta9+ subsi/5ce1 & mov+ p]fectly at _! ease1 )\t annoyance to "o ano!r1 9 a s+le drop ( wat]444 ,a :ale requires a sea1 an ocean1 to sport 94 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty millions ( ^! animalcules w\ld h abundant room 9 a tumbl] ( wat]6 ,b besides furni%+ food to ! :ale1 &1 no d\bt1 to _m o!r ( ! inhabitants ( ! deep1 ^? m$usae are ! cause ( ! phosphoresc5t light t sometimes gl[s on ! ocean ) respl5d5t brilliancy4 ,we see ?is light (t5times on our own coa/s4 ,x is usually ( a pale blui%-:ite col\r1 m or less int5se1 app>5tly1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! creatures by :i* x is emitt$4 ,x c only be se5 at night4 ,we h se5 x on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 s bright t ! /eam] 9 :i* we sail$ left beh9d h] :at appe>$ to be a broad highway ( liquid fire4 ,at times x requires vigor\s motion1 su* z takes place :5 an o> is dipp$1 a /one ?r[n1 or paddle-:eels da%$ into ! wat]2 b at o!r times1 ! m]e motion ( ! ocean swell1 ev5 9 calm wea!r1 is suffici5t to /ir up ! lamb5t light & cause ! cre/ ( e undulation to glitt] z if tipp$ ) burni%$ silv]4 ,9 su* circum/ances we h se5 ! ends ( ! o>s ( a boat silv]$ ) x :5 lift$ out ( ! wave1 & ! drops :i* fell f !m be=e be+ r$ipp$ resembl$ ! mo/ beautiful diamonds4 ,mr ,p4,h4 ,gosse1 9 8 int]e/+ "w1 ,! ,ocean1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is lum9osity ( ! sea1 z witness$ by himself on "o occasion3 ,9 a voyage to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ,i saw ! wat] 9 ^? seas m spl5didly lum9\s ?an ,i _h ev] obs]v$ be=e4 ,x 0 inde$ a magnific5t sight1 to /& on ! =e-"p ( ! vessel & wat* h] brea/+ ! waves4 ,! mass ( wat] roll$ f h] b[s z :ite z milk1 /udd$ ) ^? innum]able sp>kles ( blue light4 ,! nebulosity in/antly sep>at$ into small masses1 curdl$ l cl\ds ( m>bles1 leav+ ! wat] betwe5 ( its own cle> blackness2 ! cl\ds soon subsid$1 b ! sp>ks rema9$4 ,sometimes "o ( ^! po9ts1 ( great] size & brilliancy ?an ! re/1 sudd5ly bur/ into a small cl\d ( sup]ior :it5ess to ! mass1 & be !n lo/ 9 x4 ,! curdl+ ( ! milky appe>ance into cl\ds & masses1 & its quick subsid5ce1 7 :at ,i _h nev] be=e obs]v$ else:]e4 ,_m sci5tific travell]s h c>efully exam9$ ?is subject1 & we believe t all agree 9 ref]r+ ?is beautiful appe>ance to ! m$usae4 ,"o g5tleman drew a bucketful ( wat] f ! sea :5 x 0 9 ?is condition1 & f\nd1 on exam9+ x 9 a d>k place1 t ! little creatures c\ld be di/9ctly se5 emitt+ a bright speck ( light4 ,sometimes ?is 0 l a sudd5 fla%1 at o!rs appe>+ l an oblong or r\nd lum9\s po9t1 :i* cont9u$ bright = a %ort "t1 l a lamp lit b5ea? ! wat] & mov+ ?r\gh x1 /ill possess+ its def9ite %ape1 & !n sudd5ly disappe>+4 ,:5 ! bucket 0 %>ply /ruck on ! outside1 !re w\ld appe> at once a great numb] ( ^! lum9\s bodies1 :i* reta9$ _! brilliant appe>ance = a few seconds1 & !n all 0 d>k aga94 ,!y evid5tly appe>$ to h x "u _! own w1 giv+ out _! light frequ5tly1 at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! wat]1 )\t any agitation be+ giv5 to ! bucket4 ,at times might be se5 m9ute b pretty bright specks ( light1 d>t+ across a piece ( wat] & !n vani%+2 ! motion ( ! light be+ exactly t ( ! cyclops ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,^u remov+ a tumbl]ful f ! bucket1 & tak+ x to ! light1 a numb] ( cyclops 7 accord+ly f\nd swimm+ & d>t+ ab\t 9 x4 ,we h giv5 ! above quotation at full l5g?1 because x proves1 9 an int]e/+ mann]1 ! fact t phosphoresc5ce1 or lum9osity1 ( ! sea is actually produc$ by multitudes ( liv+ creatures4 ,we _c pass f x1 h[ev]1 )\t express+ our diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! p[] ( ! m$usae to emit _! light at w4 ,x seems mu* m probable t ! light is ! result ( passion & action4 ,:5 a man's feel+s are /rongly r\s$1 :e!r pleasurably or o!rwise1 he usually />ts into action "u a sudd5 impulse1 :i* s5ds ! blood viol5tly ?r\gh 8 ve9s1 caus+ 8 face to become flu%$ & r$4 ,?is r$d5+ is n ! result ( w4 ,x is ! unavoidable result ( passionate impulse1 & c\ld n possibly be produc$ by an ef=t ( ! w4 ,x is well kn[n t electric fluid p]meates ! bodies ( all animals1 m or less2 & x is q conceivable t "u ! influ5ce ( n]v\s impulse "o creature %\ld become lum9\s1 :ile ano!r only becomes r$4 ,man leaps & s+s = joy2 & ! result is1 t ! actions cause 8 c\nt5ance to gl[ ) col\r4 ,! m>9e animalcule1 exp]i5c+ a sudd5 influx ( delight1 d>ts hi!r & ?i!r "u ! /rong impulse ( its exub]ant glee2 & ! result is1 t its little body gleams ) light4 ,vigor\s action is ! direct cause ( ! emission ( light 9 ! "o case1 j z vigor\s action is ! direct cause ( ! suffusion ( ! c\nt5ance 9 ! o!r4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! prim>y cause is passion--at lea/ s x seems to u4 ,no d\bt fe> z well z joy may create vigor\s action1 & produce ! same result2 b z we "k t1 z a g5]al rule1 !re is mu* m ( joy ?an ( fe> dwell+ at all times 9 ! he>ts ( ,god's creatures1 we c well believe t ! am\nt ( lum9osity produc$ 9 ! sea by ! latt] passion is immeasurably small] ?an t produc$ by ! =m]4 ,we are ?us1 !re=e1 set free to indulge 9 ! pleas+ reflection t :5 we behold t magnific5t gleam+ ( ! sea1 :i* almo/ resembles liquid silv] reflect+ ! />s ( heav51 we are witness+ ! frolicsome & joy\s gambols ( ^? myriads ( little be+s to :om ! b5efic5t ,creator has assign$ ! ocean z _! dwell+-place4 ,! !ory :i* we h v5tur$ to prop\nd 9 reg>d to vigor\s impulse 7:e!r ( joy or fe>7 be+ ! cause ( elicit+ lum9osity1 is support$ 9 "s degree by ! rem>k 9 our la/ quotation1 t :5 ! bucket 0 %>ply /ruck1 !re appe>$ at once a numb] ( lum9\s bodies1 :i* %one = a few seconds1 & !n disappe>$4 ,und\bt$ly ! poor little ?+s got a fright :5 _! resid5ce 0 %>ply assail$ 9 su* an unusual mann]2 _! en]gies 7 r\s$1 & _! light emitt$4 ,!n1 z !y gradually calm$ d[n1 _! light disappe>$4 ,we are fur!r told t :5 a drop ( sulphuric acid 0 put into a tumbl] ( wat]1 sev]al bright fla%es 7 se54 ,?is1 we v5ture to ?9k1 0 some:at simil> to ! putt+ ( a few drops ( br&y & wat] into ! human /oma*2 ! usual result ( :i* is1 z we all "k1 to produce sev]al bright fla%es ( wit1 if n ( light1 or ( some?+ at lea/ meant to be rem>kably lum9\s6 ,b ?is lum9osity is n entirely conf9$ to ! m9ute creatures ( ! sea4 ,"s fi% h ! p[] ( emitt+ light4 ,"s species ( ! %>k emit a gre5i% light2 & ! sun-fi% is said1 :5 se5 d[n 9 ! sea on a d>k night1 to gl[ l a :ite-hot cannon-ball4 ,fi% :5 dead & putrid frequ5tly gl[ 9 ! d>k ) a truly magnific5t light1 z c be prov$ by e "o :o w take ! tr\ble to procure sev]al k9ds ( fi%1 & keep !m1 = ! purpose ( prov+ ! fact1 9 a d>k closet4 ,( all ! m9ute inhabitants ( ! deep1 t :i* is to our m9d ! mo/ curi\s1 bo? z to its nature & its /up5d\s works1 is ! coral insect4 ,?is creature is mu* too important to be dragg$ 9 at ! tail ( a *apt]4 ,we w1 !re=e1 comm5ce its hi/ory 9 a new "o4 ,,*apt] ,,fifte54 ,,coral ,,insects ,,& ,,coral ,,isl&s--,,polynesia--,,op]ations ,,( ,,! ,,coral ,,insect--,,gr[? ,,( ,,coral ,,reefs4 ,_m ( ! l>ge & beautiful isl&s t /ud ! ,pacific ,ocean1 l em]alds 9 a field ( blue1 are artificial2 t is to say1 !y 7 made by arti/s--!y 7 actually built by artisans6 ,^! artisans are ! coral insects2 & z !y n only affect ! face ( ! sea by rais+ l>ge isl&s above x1 b also1 9 consequ5ce ( _! lab\rs1 assi/ 9 caus+ ! circulation ( ! ocean1 we ?9k !y are ju/ly entitl$ to v special att5tion4 ,! great ar*ipelago call$ ,polynesia cov]s an area ( ! ,pacific ne>ly #ejjj miles 9 l5g?1 & n f> %ort ( #bjjj 9 bread?4 ,"s ( ! isl&s ( ?is gr\p are ( volcanic orig91 & "s are cry/al2 b by f> ! great] numb] are ( coral =mation--! "w ( ^? curi\s little insects1 :i* are s small t !y inhabit a dwell+ sometimes little l>g] ?an a p9-po9t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! isl&s are made is1 to "s ext5t1 a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion is1 t ! insects fa/5 r\nd ! summit ( a subm>9e m\nta91 & build upw>ds until !y rea* ! surface ( ! sea1 :]e !y die1 & _! lab\rs cease4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! sea is sometimes unfa?omable close to ^? isl&s1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! subm>9e isl&s on :i* ! corall9es began to build h gradually subsid$1 & t1 z !y did s1 ! insects always built a little m1 s z to keep ! top ( _! /ructures on a level ) ! sea4 ,above ! sea !y _c build4 ,to be wa%$ by ! waves is ess5tial to _! exi/5ce4 ,we d n ?9k ?is a v satisfactory !ory1 because x supposes a prolong$ subsid+ ( ^! isl&s1 & !n an unacc\ntably sudd5 /oppage4 ,= al?\gh ! corall9es might cont9ue to build dur+ ! :ole "t ( subsid5ce1 x 7 utt]ly impossible t ! coral isl&1 ) its luxuriant h]bage1 c\ld be =m$ until t subsid5ce %\ld h ceas$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! isl&s are =m$ makes ?is obvi\s4 ,:5 ! coral reef1 z x is call$1 rea*es ! surface1 x advances no fur!r4 ,soon ! action ( ! waves breaks (f ! bran*es ( ! upp] portions ( coral1 :i* are toss$ ^u ! reef1 & pulv]is$ into f9e s&4 ,?is goes on increas+ until ! isl& rises a little above ! waves4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 birds alight !re2 sea-drift is c>ri$ ?i!r2 se$s are bl[n to x by ! w9d2 & gradually a few gre5 blades arise4 ,f ?is little beg9n+ x is easy to conceive ! process by :i* at la/ a fl\ri%+ isl& spr+s up4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n easy to see h[ su* isl&s c\ld ev] be =m$ on ! supposition t ! subm>9e rocks on :i* !y 7 f\nd$ 7 p]petually subsid+4 ,b be t z x may1 we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! fact t ! coral insect does build ^? isl&s4 ,x possesses ! p[] ( secret+ ! lime held 9 solution by sea wat]1 & deposit+ ! same on ! rocks bel[ ! waves4 ,! coral rock is ! edifice ( ! corall9e4 ,! insect itself is a s(t & v m9ute worm1 :i*1 :5 wa%$ by ! waves1 ?ru/s its head out ( its t9y little door1 & spread+ abroad its num]\s feel]s1 s t x resembles a beautiful little />1 moves ^! ab\t z if enjoy+ itself--?\gh1 d\btless1 x is actually engag$ 9 ! process ( manufactur+ its little atom ( coral rock4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to ?9k ( ! imm5se p[] ( union ?us exhibit$4 ,s+ly1 ^? little creatures c\ld n produce a suffici5t result to attract ! att5tion ( any creature save su* z *anc$ to come 9 direct & close contact ) its little cell4 ,unit$1 !y h =m$ va/ isl&s1 :i* h become ! abode ( man1 & :i*1 9 ! aggregate1 =m no inconsid]able portion ( ! globe4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is leads u to p]ceive t ,god has orda9$ t units _c1 sep>ately1 accompli% mu*2 & t unit$ ef=t1 9 ord] to be successful1 requires ! h>moni\s action ( units4 ,a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&4 ,! innum]able & em95tly beautiful isles ( ! ,pacific _h nev] /ood :]e !y n[ /& if ! curi\s1 & sep>ately insignificant1 little ar*itects t re>$ !m _h n wr\ght unit$ly ^u a fix$ & sy/ematic plan--ea* insect work+ its utmo/ f ! h\r ( its bir? until t ( its dea?4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( coral insects1 :i* =m v>i$ species ( coral rock4 ,"s k9ds ( coral assume ! =m ( r\nd$ masses2 "s are l a bran*+ %rub2 o!rs are 9 lay]s1 or ?9 plates2 & "s are %ap$ l ! human bra91 f :i* !y d]ive _! "n--bra9/ones4 ,^! diff]5t k9ds diff] also 9 col\r1 & ?us pres5t a beautiful appe>ance :5 se5 at ! bottom ( cle> & %all[ wat]4 ,9 reg>d to ! rate at :i* ! corall9es build _! cells !re is "s div]sity ( op9ion--"s ass]t+ t ! process is imp]ceptible1 :ile o!rs /ate z positively t x is rapid4 ,!re c be no d\bt t "s localities & positions are m fav\rable to ! gr[? ( coral ?an o!rs4 ,dr ,allan1 :ile at ,madagasc>1 made sev]al exp]im5ts to te/ ?is4 ,he select$ sev]al masses ( coral1 ea* weigh+ ab\t t5 p\nds1 & ( diff]5t species4 ,^! he plac$ ?ree feet bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 & /ak$ !m 9 to prev5t removal4 ,9 a little m ?an six mon?s !y 7 f\nd to h ris5 ne>ly to ! surface1 & to h atta*$ !mselves to ! solid rock4 ,!re is also a case m5tion$ ( a %ip 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty mon?s1 _h h] copp] encas$ ) liv+ coral to ! ?ickness ( two feet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ass]t$1 & we d\bt n ) equal tru?1 t _m reefs d n seem to increase 9 size 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s4 ,:5 a coral reef has rea*$ ! surface1 ! =mation ( an isl& in/antly beg9s2 b x necess>ily takes a long "t ere ?is isl& becomes habitable by man4 ,among ! fir/ plants t raise _! heads to ! sea-breeze is ! graceful cocoa-nut palm4 ,?is tree is exce$+ly h>dy1 & is f\nd gr[+ on reefs :i* are s l[ t at a di/ance ! trees seem to be /&+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,inde$ _m ( !m spr+ out ( ! pure :ite s&1 & _! roots are wa%$ p]petually by ! salt spray4 ,nev]!less1 ! fruit ( su* trees is sweet & good4 ,coral isl&s ( ! k9d we h j describ$ seldom rise m ?an a few feet above ! level ( ! sea2 b mo/ ( !m are clo!d ) luxuriant vegetation4 ,we might easily fill a volume on ! subject ( ! ocean's inhabitants1 small & great2 b we ?9k ! few to :i* we h made ref]5ce is suffici5t = ! purpose ( %[+ t "o set ( creatures acc\nts = t /range lum9osity ( ! ocean :i* is se5 at times 9 all m>9e p>ts ( ! globe1 :ile ano!r set acc\nts n only = ! sudd5 appe>ance ( coral isl&s 9 ! sea :]e no su* isl&s exi/$ 9 days ( old1 b also1 p>tly1 = t circulation ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean :i* is absolutely necess>y to ! wellbe+ ( all ! creatures on ?is e>?4 ,!re are o!r animals 9 ! sea1 besides m$usae1 :i* assi/ 9 giv+ lum9osity to its wat]s2 & !re are o!r insects1 besides corall9es1 :i* extract its lime1 de/roy its equilibrium1 & assi/ 9 caus+ its p]petual motion2 b ! two species :i* we h describ$ are ! be/ types ( ! respective classes to :i* !y belong4 ,,*apt] ,,sixte54 ,,volcanic ,,isl&s--,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,atlantis--,,in/ance ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,a ,,volcanic ,,isl&--,,conclusion4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we describ$ ! mann] 9 :i* a c]ta9 class ( isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,seas are =m$2 9 ! pres5t we w make a few obs]vations on ano!r class1 :i* h sprung up f ! bottom ( ! sea1 z if by magic1 "u ! irresi/ible influ5ce ( fire4 ,!re are volcanoes 9 ! sea1 z well z on ! l&2 & ^! volcanoes h 9 =m] times up-heav$ huge masses ( l& s z to =m l>ge isl&s1 :ile 9 o!r cases !y h caus$ isl&s =m]ly 9 exi/5ce to subside & disappe>4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts we f9d ref]5ce made to an isl& :i*1 if x ev] did exi/1 n[ exi/s no long]4 ,x 0 situat$ opposite ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 0 ne>ly two hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 & 0 call$ ,atlantis--h5ce ! "n ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,_m believe1 & ) "s reason1 we ?9k1 t ?is isl& 0 n altoge!r a my?1 al?\gh mu* t is said ( x is und\bt$ly fabul\s4 ,plato tells u t x 0 a l>ge isl& 9 ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 situat$ be=e or opposite to ! ,/raits ( ,gades2 & t out ( ?is isl& !re 0 an easy passage into "s o!rs :i* lay ne> a l>ge cont95t1 exce$+ 9 bigness all ,europe & ,asia4 ,s f> ,plato may h told ! tru?1 & f ?is passage x is conjectur$ t ! exi/5ce ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,b he goes on1 imm$iately aft]1 to draw ^u 8 imag9ation1 & to tell u t ,neptune settl$ on ?is isl&1 & t 8 po/]ity dwelt !re = a p]iod ( n9e ?\s& ye>s 9 ! mid/ ( f]tility & abundance4 ,b1 n cont5t ) _! ample possessions & prolific soil1 !y w5t ov] to ,africa & ,europe1 & ev5 p5etrat$ into ,asia1 b5t on conque/4 ,pass+ f ?is mixture ( probable tru? & und\bt$ fable1 ,plato !n ass]ts t ! isl& ( ,atlantis f9ally sank & disappe>$4 ,?is may or may n be true1 b !re is m reason = our cr$it+ ! /atem5t ?an _m p w\ld suppose4 ,c]ta9 x is t no su* isl& exi/s at ! pres5t "t1 b x is believ$ by "s t ! ,azores1 :i* are volcanic 9 _! =mation1 are ! summits ( ! m\nta9 ranges ( ! ,atlantis ( ! anci5ts4 ,b ! be/ evid5ce we h ( ! possible exi/5ce ( su* an isl& is ! fact t 9 mod]n times an isl& has be5 se5 to rise out ( ! sea1 &1 aft] a "t1 to disappe>1 "u ! influ5ce ( volcanic action4 ,?is rem>kable ev5t is relat$ by ,capta9 ,till>d1 an (fic] ( ! ,briti% ,navy1 :o saw x on ! #ab? ( ,june #ahaa1 :5 approa*+ ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,on ?is occasion smoke 0 se5 to rise f ! surface ( ! sea1 &1 soon aft]1 %[]s ( c9d]s to bur/ =?4 ,we _c d bett] ?an give ! capta9's own words1 z foll[s3 ,imag9e an imm5se body ( smoke ris+ f ! sea1 ! surface ( :i* 0 m>k$ by ! silv]y rippl+ ( ! waves4 ,9 a quiesc5t /ate x _h ! appe>ance ( a circul> cl\d revolv+ on ! wat]1 l a horizontal :eel1 9 v>i\s & irregul> involutions1 exp&+ itself gradually on ! lee side2 :51 sudd5ly1 a column ( ! blacke/ c9d]s1 a%es1 & /ones1 w\ld %oot up 9 ! =m ( a spire1 at an angle ( f t5 to tw5ty degrees f a p]p5dicul> l9e1 ! angle ( incl9ation be+ univ]sally to w9dw>d4 ,?is 0 rapidly succe$$ by a second1 ?ird1 & f\r? %[]1 ea* acquir+ great] velocity1 & ov]topp+ ! o!r1 till !y _h atta9$ an altitude z mu* above ! level ( our eye z ! sea 0 bel[ x4 ,z ! impetus ) :i* ! sev]al columns 7 sev]ally propell$ dim9i%$1 & _! asc5d+ motion _h ne>ly ceas$1 !y broke into v>i\s bran*es resembl+ a gr\p ( p9es4 ,^! aga9 =m$ !mselves into fe/oons ( :ite fea!ry smoke1 9 ! mo/ fanciful mann] imag9able1 int]mix$ ) ! f9e/ p>ticles ( fall+ a%es2 :i* at "o "t assum$ ! appe>ance ( innum]able plumes ( black & :ite o/ri* fea!rs surm\nt+ ea* o!r2 at ano!r1 t ( ! light wavy bran*es ( a weep+ will[4 ,dur+ ^! bur/s ! mo/ vivid fla%es ( lightn+ cont9ually issu$ f ! d5se/ "p ( ! volcano2 & ! cl\d ( smoke n[ asc5d+ to an altitude mu* above ! highe/ po9t to :i* ! a%es 7 project$1 roll$ (f 9 l>ge masses ( fleecy cl\ds1 gradually exp&+ !mselves be=e ! w9d1 9 a direction ne>ly horizontal1 & draw+ up to !m a quantity ( wat]-sp\ts1 :i* =m$ a mo/ beautiful & /rik+ addition to ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! sc5e4 ,su* is ! description giv5 ( ?is subm>9e volcano 9 action2 & ! crat] :i* 0 ?r[n up at ! "t 0 ab\t tw5ty feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,z ,capta9 ,till>d c\ld n1 h[ev]1 delay 8 voyage to make fur!r obs]vations at t "t1 ! action t subsequ5tly took place is n kn[n2 b its results 7 se5 %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,9 ab\t ?ree weeks aft] ! date ( 8 pass+ ! spot1 ,capta9 ,till>d return$ to x & f\nd an isl& ( ab\t a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 ) a height ( betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ feet at its highe/ po9t4 ,!re 0 no viol5t eruption go+ on1 al?\gh ! crat]s /ill emitt$ smoke4 ,he !re=e l&$1 &1 on rea*+ ! l>ge/ crat]1 f\nd x to be full ( boil+ wat]1 :i* ov]fl[$ & f\nd its way to ! ocean 9 a riv] ( ab\t six y>ds 9 wid?4 ,?is isl&1 h[ev]1 0 n a p]man5t addition to ! _w's ar*ipelago4 ,x sank into ! ocean aga91 & disappe>$ 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> 9 :i* x rose4 ,9 comm5c+ ?is little book we set out ) ! int5tion ( rambl+ hi!r & ?i!r1 among ?+s t relate to ! sea1 )\t reg>d to ord]4 ,we h c>ri$ out our int5tion2 & n[1 at ! close ( our task1 f9d t ! m we li/5 to ! ,ocean's ,voice1 ! m we f9d its tale to be int]m9able1 ?\gh ! rev]se ( un9t]e/+4 ,9 ^! rambles we h s\ght to treat *iefly ( ^? sci5tific facts relat+ to ! sea & ! atmosph]ic ocean1 :i* are n s frequ5tly made ! subject ( books = ! "y1 z are ! wild & d>+ de$s ( man ^u ! surface ( ! mighty deep4 ,x is n suffici5t t man %\ld become acqua9t$ ) ! do+s ( 8 fell[s on ! sea4 ,?is is b "o bran* ( g5]al k1 & a v second>y "o comp>$ ) t inf9itely high] bran* :i* treats ( ! work+s ( ! ,almighty 9 ! ocean2 work+s :i* r5d] x :at x is--n m]ely a means ( comm]cial ent]prise = man & a home = fi%1 b also a great purifi] & revivifi] ( ! e>? & sweet5] ( ! atmosph]e4 ,god is ! great fir/ cause ( all t is & t op]ates 9 ! univ]se4 ,x 7 an act ( presumption to inquire into :at we may t]m ! fir/ acts ( ! ,almighty's p[]4 ,b !re is no presumption--on ! contr>y !re is propriety1 z well z ! highe/ gratification ( :i* ! human m9d is capable--9 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! pa?s ( k up to t fir/ s]ies ( second causes :i* circle l a glory r\nd ! f\nta9-head4 ,we may n put ! "q1 ,h[ did ,god create all ?+s out ( no?+8 b1 all ?+s hav+ be5 creat$1 x is q legitimate to inquire h[ ! circles ( _! manifold op]ations are c>ri$ on1 & 9 :at respect ! ?+s t be d affect ea* o!r4 ,no book t has ( late ye>s issu$ f ! press treats m eloqu5tly & int]e/+ly ( su* subjects ( inquiry ?an t admirable "w ( ,capta9 ,maury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 entitl$ ,! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea4 ,mu* ( ! sub/ance ( :at we h writt5 has be5 cull$ f ! pages ( t fasc9at+ volume4 ,b we h m]ely pluck$ "o or two leaves1 z x 71 & pres5t$ !m to our read]s 9 ! hope t !y may be tempt$ by _! fragrance to pluck ! fl[]4 ,! my/]ies ( ! atmosph]ic & aque\s oceans are "h treat$ ( fully1 yet s agreeably1 t "o is frequ5tly apt to fancy "o is p]us+ ! pages ( romance4 ,9 our own little book we h be5 compell$ to skim lightly1 &1 9 _m places1 to pass ov] subjects ( great int]e/4 ,z = o!r subjects connect$ ) ! sea1 ( :i* we may n treat1 !y are innum]able4 ,( ! sea-we$s t clo! ! bottom ( ! deep ) ! ri* pr(usion & gl[+ col\rs ( ! g>d5s ( e>?--( ! myriads ( animalcules 7besides ^? we h m5tion$7 t disport 9 its wat]s & fill ! abyss ) life & lamb5t fire--( ! great :ales & o!r huge creatures t revel 9 its dep?s & la% its wat]s 9 _! t]rible might--( ^! & a ho/ ( k9dr$ subjects1 our space =bids our say+ m ?an t ! ,voice ( ,ocean has mu* to tell u 9 reg>d to !m1 & 9 reg>d to ! provid5t c>e ( _! b5efic5t ,creator4