,a ,practical ,disc\rse on "s ,pr9ciples
 ( ,hymn-,s++ ,by ,rob]t ,bridges #aija 
,price1 ,"o ,%ill+1 net   ,a ,practical 
,disc\rse on "s ,pr9ciples ( ,hymn-,s++ 
,by ,rob]t ,bridges  ,repr9t$ f !       
,j\rnal ( ,!ological ,/udies1 ,octob]1  
#ahii  ,ox=d3 ,b4 ,h4 ,blackwell1 #ej   
#ea ,broad ,/reet ,london3 ,simpk91     
,m>%all1 ,hamilton1 ,k5t  ,co4 #aija  ,!
 ,au?or's ?anks are due to ! ,editors ( 
! ,j\rnal ( ,!ological ,/udies1 & to !  
,publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,macmillan1 =       
p]mission to repr9t4   ,a ,,practical   
,,disc\rse ,,on ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,(    
,,hymn-,,s++  ,:at ,/4 ,augu/9 says ( ! 
emotion :i* he felt on he>+ ! music 9 ! 
,portian basilica at ,milan 9 ! ye> #chf
 has always seem$ to me a good          
illu/ration ( ! relativity ( musical    
expression2 ,i mean h[ mu* m its e?ical 
significance dep5ds on ! musical        
exp]i5ce ( ! he>]1 ?an on any special   
accompli%m5t or intr9sic developm5t ( ! 
art4 ,kn[+ ( :at k9d t music mu/ h be5 &
 h[ few res\rces ( expression x c h     

_h1--be+ rudim5tal 9 =m1 )\t sugge/ion (
 h>mony1 & 9 its p]=mance unskilful1 its
 probably nasal voice-production        
unmodifi$ by any accompanim5t1--"o      
m>vels at 8 description1    ',:at te>s  
,i %$ at ,?y hymns & canticles1 h[      
acutely 0 my s\l   /irr$ by ! voices &  
sweet music ( ,?y ,*ur*6 ,z ^? voices   
ent]$ my e>s1 tru? di/ill$ 9 my he>t1 & 
!nce div9e   affection well$ up 9 a     
flood1 9 te>s o'erfl[+1 & happy 0 ,i   9
 ^? te>s#a4'  ,/4 ,augu/9 appe>s to h   
witness$ ! beg9n+s ( ! great music ( !  
,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ! ye> ( 8 baptism :51
 he tells u1 s++ 0 introduc$ at ,milan  
to *e] ! ,ca?olics :o _h %ut !mselves up
 9 ! basilica ) _! bi%op1 to def5d him f
 ! imp]ial viol5ce3    ',x 0 !n in/itut$
 t psalms & hymns %\ld be sung1 aft] !  
mann] ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 le/ ! folk 9 !
 we>9ess ( _!   grief %\ld altoge!r lose
 he>t3 & f t day to ?is !   cu/om has   
be5 reta9$2 _m1 nay1 ne>ly all ,?y      
flocks1 9 all   regions ( ! _w1 foll[+ !
 example#b4'  ,:at great emotional p[]  

,/4 ,augu/9 attribut$ to ecclesia/ical  
music1 & ( :at importance he ?\ght x1   
may be se5 9 ! t5? book ( !             
,confessions3 he is !re exam9+ himself  
"u ! heads ( ! s5ses1 & aft] ! s5se (   
smell1 8 *apt] on ! s5se ( he>+ is z    
foll[s3    ',! lu/ ( ! e>s entangl$ &   
enslav$ me m firmly1 b ,?\   ha/ loos5$ 
& set me free4 ,b ev5 n[ ,i confess t ,i
 d yield a   v little to ! beauty ( ^?  
s\nds :i* are animat$ by ,?y   eloqu5ce1
 :5 sung ) a sweet & practis$ voice2 n1 
inde$1 s   f> t ,i am lim$ & _c fly (f  
at pleasure#c3 & yield ?\gh   ,i d1 yet 
^! sweet s\nds1 jo9$ ) ! div9e words :i*
 are   _! life1 _c be admitt$ to my he>t
 save to a place ( "s   dignity1 & ,i   
hesitate to give !m "o z l(ty z _!      
claim#d4    ',= sometimes ,i seem to    
myself to be all[+ !m undue hon\r1 :5   
,i feel t our m9ds are really mov$ to a 
w>m] devotion & m   ard5t piety by !    
holy words !mselves :5 !y are s sung ?an
   :5 !y are n s sung2 & :5 ,i recognize
 t all ! v>i\s   moods ( our _s h _!    

prop] tones 9 spee* & song1 by   :i* !y 
are1 ?r\gh ,i "k n :at secret           
famili>ity1 excit$4   ,b ! m]e s5su\s   
delight1 to :i* x is n fitt+ to resign !
   m9d to be en]vat$ !reby1 (t5 deceives
 me1 :5ev] 7t is7 !   delight ( ! s5ses 
does n s accompany ! reason z to be     
*e]fully 9 submission !reto1 b1 hav+ be5
 admitt$ only =   reason's sake1 !n ev5 
attempts to g be=e & to lead4 ,?us ,i s9
   )\t kn[+1 b aft]w>ds ,i "k4    ',!n  
a:ile1 f too immod]ate caution aga9/ ?is
 deception1 ,i err   on ! side ( too    
great sev]ity2 & sometimes g s f> z to  
wi%   t all ! melody ( ! sweet *ants :i*
 are us$ 9 ! ,davidian   psalt] 7 utt]ly
 bani%$ f my e>s1 & f ! e>s ( !   ,*ur*2
 & t way seems to me saf] :i* ,i rememb]
 (t5 to h   he>d told ( ,a?anasius1     
ar*bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 t he w\ld h   !   
lector ( ! psalm intone x ) b a slight  
modulation (   voice1 s z to be m l "o  
read+ ?an "o s++4 ,& yet1   :5 ,i       
rememb] my te>s1 :i* ,i %$ at ! he>+ ( !
 song (   ,?y ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ days ( my  

recov]$ fai?1 & t n[ ,i   /ill feel !   
same emotion1 & am mov$ n by ! s++ b by 
:at is sung1 :5 x is sung ) a liquid    
voice & 9 ! mo/   fitt+ modulation1 !n  
7,i say7 ,i ackn[l$ge aga9 ! great      
utility ( ! in/itution4    ',?us ,i     
fluctuate betwe5 ! p]il ( s5su\s        
pleasure & ! pro(   ( :olesom5ess1 & am 
m incl9$ 7?\gh ,i w\ld n (f] an         
irrevocable judgem5t7 to approve ( ! use
 ( s++ 9 ! ,*ur*1   t1 by ! pleasure ( !
 e>1 weak] m9ds may rise to ! emotion   
( piety4 ,yet :5 x happ5s to me to be m 
mov$ by ! music ?an   by ! words t are  
sung ,i confess t ,i h s9n$ 7po5alit]   
pecc>e71 & x is !n t ,i w\ld r n he> !  
s+]#e4'  ,:at w\ld ,/4 ,augu/9 h said   
c\ld he h he>d ,moz>t's ,requiem1 or be5
 pres5t at "s ,roman ,ca?olic ca!dral   
:]e an eighte5?-c5tury mass 0 p]=m$1 a  
woman hir$ f ! ,op]a-,h\se :oop+ !      
,b5$ictus f ! we/]n gall]y8  ,x is      
possible t su* music w\ld n h _h any    
e?ical significance to him1 bad or good4
 ,augu/9 liv$ be=e :at we reckon ! v    

beg9n+s ( mod]n music1 ) no?+ to entice 
& delight 8 e>s 9 ! *oir b ! simple/    
ecclesia/ical *ant & hymn-tune sung 9   
unison4 ,we are accu/om$ to an almo/    
ov]-elaborat$ art1 :i*1 hav+ won p[]s ( 
expression 9 all directions1 has s      
squ&]$ !m t !y are ( little value3 & we 
may confid5tly say t ! emotional p[] (  
our *ur* music is n s great z t describ$
 by him #a1ejj ye>s ago4 ,9 fact if we  
feel at all out ( sympa?y ) ,augu/9's   
words1 x is because he seems to         
ov]-e/imate ! dang] ( ! emotion#f4  ,!re
 is some?+ v /range & surpris+ 9 ?is    
/ate ( ?+s1 ?is contra/ betwe5 !        
primitive ,*ur* ) its few simple        
melodies t ravi%$ ! educat$ he>]1 & our 
own full-bl[n in/itution ) its hymn-book
 ( "s #fjj tunes1 :i* :5 x is op5$ fills
 ! s5sitive wor%ipp] ) dismay1 s t !re  
are p]sons :o w\ld r n g inside a *ur*  
?an subject !mselves to ! trial4  ,:at  
is ! matt]8 ,:at is x t is wrong ) our  
hymnody8 ,ev5 :]e !re is n su* root$    
disgu/ z ,i h impli$1 !re is a gr[+     

conviction t "s re=m is ne$$ 9 words or 
music1 or bo?4  ,assum+ t ! *ief blame  
lies ) ! music 7z1 ,i ?9k1 might easily 
be prov$71 ,i propose to discuss ! "q ( 
! music ( our hymnody1 & ,i %all proce$ 
on ! basis ( ,/4 ,augu/9's pr9ciples3 ,i
 am sure t !y w\ld be endors$ by any    
pi\s *ur*-go] :o _h consid]$ ! subject1 
& !y may be fairly =mulat$ ?us1 ,! music
 mu/ express ! words or s5se3 x %\ld n  
attract too mu* att5tion to itself3 x   
%\ld be dignifi$3 & its reason & use is 
to height5 religi\s emotion4  ,"o po9t  
calls = di/9ction3 ,augu/9 speaks ( 8   
emotion on he>+ ! hymns & canticles2 he 
writes z if he _h _h no m ?\ght ( tak+  
"p 9 ! music himself1 ?an we h ( jo9+ 9 
! an!m at a ca!dral2 & ?is might lead to
 a misund]/&+2 = !re is no d\bt t ^!    
hymns 7 sung by ! p3 ! /ory is t ! v    
soldi]s :o 7 s5t to blockade ! basilica1
 happ5+ to be !mselves ca?olics1 jo9$ _!
 voices 9 ! /anzas :i* ,/4 ,ambrose _h  
specially compos$ to disconc]t ! ,arian 
enemy4  ,! ec/asy ( li/5+ to music1 & ! 

en?usiasm ( a cr[d :o are all s++ or    
%\t+ ! same hymn or song are emotions ( 
q diff]5t nature & value4 ,n[1 neglect+ 
! r>e conditions "u :i* ^! emotions may 
be comb9$1 we %all1 z we are speak+ (   
hymns1 be conc]n$ *iefly ) ! latt] k9d1 
= all w agree t hymns are t "p ( ! ,*ur*
 music 9 :i* x is mo/ desirable t !     
congregation %\ld jo93 & ,i believe t   
!re w\ld be less diff]5ce 9 practice if 
x 7 at all easy to obta9 good           
congregational s++1 or ev5 any?+ t is   
wor?y ( ! "n4 ,x seems p]haps a pity t  
nature %\ld h arrang$ t :]e ! p are     
musical 7z ,augu/9 appe>s to h be57 !y  
w\ld r li/51 & :]e !y are unmusical !y  
w\ld all r s+4  ,speak+ !re=e (         
congregational hymn-s++1 & conc$+1 z ,i 
?9k we mu/1 t ! ess5tial use ( su* music
 is to height5 emotion1 !n1 ?is         
emotional quality be+ ! s9e qua non 7!  
music be+ ( no use )\t x71 x foll[s t x 
is ! prim>y consid]ation4 ,if we are to 
h music at all1 x mu/ be su* z w raise  
or height5 emotion2 & to def9e ?is we   

mu/ ask1 ,^: emotion8 & ,:at k9d (      
emotion8  ,let u take ?is latt] "q fir/1
 & inquire :at emotions x is usual1     
prop]1 or possible to express by        
congregational s++ ( hymns4 ,william    
,law1 9 8 ,s]i\s ,call1 has an int]e/+1 
,i may say amus+1 *apt] on ! duty ( all 
to s+1 :e!r !y h any turn or incl9ation 
= x or no4 ,all %\ld s+1 he says1 ev5   
?\gh !y dislike do+ s2 & ,i ?9k t :at he
 affirms ( private devotion applies )   
great] =ce to public wor%ip4 ,x %\ld    
satisfy ! mo/ ard5t advocate (          
congregational s++1 & x goes c]ta9ly to 
! root ( ! matt]4    ',x is s "r &      
b5eficial to devotion1 has s mu* effect 
^u our   he>ts1 t x may be insi/$ on z a
 common rule = all p]sons2   444 = s++  
is z mu* ! prop] use ( a psalm z dev\t  
supplication is ! prop] use ( a =m (    
pray]3 & a psalm only   read is v mu* l 
a pray] t is only look$ ov]4444 ,if y   
7 to tell a p]son t has su* a song1 t he
 ne$ n s+ x1   t x 0 suffici5t to p]use 
x1 he w\ld wond] :at y meant1   444 z if

 y 7 to tell him t he %\ld only look at 
8 food1 to   see :e!r x 0 good1 b ne$ n 
eat x4444 ,y w p]haps say   t s++ is a  
p>ticul> tal5t1 t belongs only to       
p>ticul>   p1 & t y h nei!r voice nor e>
 = music4    ',if y _h said t s++ is a  
g5]al tal5t1 & t p   diff] 9 t z !y d 9 
all o!r ?+s1 y _h said some?+   mu*     
tru]4    ',= h[ va/ly p diff] 9 ! tal5t 
( ?9k+1 :i* is n   only common to all   
m51 b seems to be ! v ess5ce ( human    
nature3 444 yet no "o desires to be     
excus$ f ?\ght because he   has n ?is   
tal5t 9 any f9e degree4444    ',if a    
p]son 7 to =be> pray+ because he _h an  
odd tone 9 8   voice1 he w\ld h z good  
an excuse z he t =be>s f s++   psalms   
because he has b little managem5t ( 8   
voice4444    ',^! songs make a s5se 7(7 
delight 9 ,god !y awak5 holy   devotion3
 !y tea* h[ to ask3 !y k9dle a holy     
flame4444    ',s++ is ! natural effect (
 ,,joy 9 ! he>t1 444 & x is also   !    
natural means ( rais+ ,,emotions ,,(    
,,joy 9 ! m9d3 su* ,,joy ,,&            

,,?ankfulness to ,god z is ! highe/     
p]fection ( a div9e & holy   life4'  ,n[
 ?\gh ,i _c feel ! =ce ( all ,law's     
argum5ts nor easily br+ myself to       
believe t a p]son :o dislikes s++1 & has
 no e> = music1 w readily f9d any       
com=table assi/ance to 8 private        
devotion f mak+ ef=ts to hit (f ! notes 
( ! scale2 yet ,i feel t ,law's position
 is 9 ! ma9 s\nd1 & t he has correctly  
specifi$ ! emotion mo/ prop] to t k9d ( 
uncultur$ s++ :i* he describes3 & ?\gh  
congregational psalm-s++ necess>ily     
involves a great] musical capacity ?an t
 assum$ 9 ,law's extreme case1 & may    
!re=e h a wid] field1 yet we may beg9 by
 lay+ d[n t ,,joy1 ,,praise1 &          
,,?anksgiv+ give u ! fir/ ma9 head ( :at
 is prop] to be express$1 & we may ext5d
 ?is head by add+ ,,adoration & p]haps !
 involv$ emotions ( ,,awe & ,,peace &   
ev5 ! attitude ( ,,contemplation4  ,9   
su* a subject z ! classification (      
emotions z !y may be express$ by music (
 "o k9d or ano!r1 x is pla9ly impossible

 to make any def9ite tabulation ) :i*   
all w\ld agree4 ,! v names ( ! emotions 
w1 to diff]5t m9ds1 call up diff]5t     
associations ( feel+4 ,if any agreem5t  
c\ld be arriv$ at1 x w\ld be at ! exp5se
 ( di/9ction2 & all t ,i c expect is to 
h my di/9ctions und]/ood1 & 9 ! ma9     
agre$ )4 ,& z ,i am mo/ ready to grant  
to ! read] 8 "r to a diff]5t op9ion on  
any detail1 ,i beg ( him ! same         
tol]ation1 & t he w r try to foll[ my   
mean+ ?an dwell on discrepancies :i* may
 be due to a fault ( expression1 or to a
 diff]5ce ( mean+ :i* he & ,i may atta* 
to ! same ^w4  ,) ?is apology 9         
preamble1 ,i w attempt to make "s       
classification ( emotions z !y seem to  
me to be ! possible basis = musical     
expression 9 congregational s++4  ,we h 
already "o class3 ,i w\ld add a second1 
to include all ! hymns :i* exhibit !    
simple attitude ( ,,pray]4  ,a ?ird     
class ,i w\ld put "u ! head ( ,,fai?4   
,examples ( ?is class w no d\bt (t5     
cross ) ^? ( ! fir/ class1 b !y w       

specify !mselves z ,,celebrations (     
ev5ts ( v>i\s ,,commemoration1 introduc+
 a di/9ct =m1 namely ,,n>ration1 :i* is 
a v prop] & effective =m = g5]al praise4
  ,also ?is section w include all !     
hymns ( ,,bro!rhood & ,,fell[%ip1 & (   
,,spiritual ,,conflict1 ) ! correlative 
invitatory & exhortatory songs1 z       
modifi$ by :at w be said lat]4  ,also1  
la/ly1 "u ?is same head ( ,fai?1 !      
,,doctr9al hymns1 & pr(essions ( cre$   
:e!r sect>ian or o!rwise1 :i*1 if !     
def9ition be tak5 widely1 make a l>ge & 
popul> class1 well exemplifi$ by !      
,g]man hymns ( ! ,re=mation1 or by ^? ( 
our ,wesleyan revival2 /rong ) ! unit$  
feel+ ( a small body1 ass]t+ itself 9 ! 
face ( opposition3 conc]n+ :i* we w n   
speak fur!r1 except to recall ! fact t  
?is k9d ( en?usiasm 0 n abs5t f ! causes
 :i* fir/ introduc$ hymns into ! ,we/]n 
,*ur*4  ,i believe t ?is is a pretty    
full li/ ( all ! attitudes ( m9d t c be 
prop]ly express$ by congregational s++2 
& if we turn to o!r emotions :i* are    

made ! subject ( *ur* hymns1 we %all1 ,i
 ?9k1 see t !y are all ( !m liable to   
suff] damage by be+ entru/$ to ! r\gh   
h&l+ ( g5]al vocif]ation4  ,su* w be all
 hymns ( ,,div9e ,,affection & ,,ye>n+2 
all ,,lam5ts & ,,consolations2 all      
descriptions ( spiritual conditions :i* 
imply p]sonal exp]i5ce & feel+1 z       
,,abasem5t1 ,,humiliation1 ,,contrition1
 ,,rep5tance1 ,,resignation1            
,,self-,,devotion1 ,,conviction1 &      
,,satisfaction4  ,"h ,i feel t _m read]s
 w be incl9$ to diss5t f :at ,i say1 & z
 ,i %all n aga9 recur to ,law1 ,i %\ld  
l1 9 ord] to %[ my mean+1 to call up 8  
extreme example ( an unmusical p]son s++
 9 private devotion4 ,if "o pictures su*
 a case z he supposes1 is x n cle>1 :e!r
 "o imag9es oneself ! actor or ! unwill+
 auditor1 t :ile su* an exhibition ( joy
 might p]haps pass1 yet a simil>        
incompet5t attempt to express any ( !   
la/-nam$ emotions w\ld be only          
ridicul\s8 ,b betwe5 ?is s+le wor%ipp] &
 ! congregation ! incompet5ce seems to  

me only a "q ( degree2 :ile 9 ! f> m    
consid]able respect ( ! s9c]ity ( !     
feel+ 9 ! he>ts ( ^? express+ x1 ,law's 
s+] has e advantage2 inde$ no objection 
on ?is score c be rais$ to him4 ,b n[   
suppose = a mom5t t he has n ! emotion  
at he>t correspond+ to 8 attempt at     
song1 & ,i ?9k ! diff]5tiation ( motives
 = congregational s++ w seem ju/ifiable4
  ,all ^! la/-nam$ emotions1--:i* ,i h  
tak5 f congregational hymn-books1--& ,i 
suppose !re may be m ( !m1--call =      
delicacy ( treatm5t4 ,a ,lam5tation1 =  
in/ance1 :i* might seem at fir/ sight z 
if x w\ld ga9 =ce by volume1 w1 if x is 
reali/ic or clumsy1 become unmanly1     
almo/ s z to be ridicul\s1 & c]ta9ly    
depress+ to ! _s r ?an purify+4 ,9 fact 
:ile _m ( ! subjects require beautiful  
expression1 !y are also m prop]ly us$ :5
 (f]$ z inspir+ ideals2 & to assume !m  
to be ( common atta9m5t or exp]i5ce is  
to degrade !m f _! supreme sanctity4 ,b 
9 ?us rul+ !m unfit = g5]al s++ "o mu/  
di/+ui% l>ge miscellane\s congregations 

f small unit$ bodies1 9 :i* a m intimate
 emotion may be natural3 & z !re is no  
exact l9e ( di/9ction "h1 s !re is no   
objection to ! occasional & p>tial      
intrusion ( "s ( ^! m intimate subjects 
into congregational hymns4  ,to ?is fir/
 "q !n1 z to :at emotions are fit to be 
express$ by congregational music1 !     
answ] appe>s to be t ! m g5]al ! s++1 ! 
m g5]al & simple %\ld be ! emotion & t !
 univ]sally fitt+ !mes are ^? ( simple  
praise1 pray]1 or fai?3 & we might      
inquire :e!r "o fault ( our mod]n       
hymn-books may n be _! attempt to supply
 congregational music to unfitt+ !mes4  
,to ! next "q1 ,^: emotion is ?is       
congregational music to excite or       
height58 ! answ] is pla93 ,x is ! av]age
 man1 or "o r bel[ ! av]age1 ! un$ucat$1
 z ,/4 ,augu/9 says ! weak]1 m9d & t 9  
,engl& is1 at lea/ arti/ically1 a n>r[  
m9d & a vulg> be+4 ,& x may ( c\rse be  
alleg$ t ! music 9 our hymn-books :i* is
 intol]able to ! m s5sitive m9ds 0 n put
 !re = !m1 b w\ld ju/ify itself 9 its   

suppos$ fitness = ! l[] classes4 ',:at  
use1' ! pa/or w\ld say to "o :o1 on !   
gr\nd ( tradition advocat$ ! employm5t (
 ! old pla9-song & ! ,ambrosian         
melodies1 ',:at use to seek to attract  
su* p z ^? 9 my cure ) ! anci5t outl&i% 
& /iff melodies t pleas$ folk a ?\s&    
ye>s ago1 & :i* ,i _c pret5d to l       
myself8' ,or if 8 fri5d is a mod]n      
musician1 :o is urg+ him to h no?+ 9 8  
*ur* b :at w\ld satisfy ! highe/ arti/ic
 s5se ( ! day1 8 answ] is ! same3 he w  
tell y t x w\ld be ca/+ pe>ls be=e sw9e2
 & t unless ! music is 'tuney' & 'cat*y'
 ! p w n take to x4 ,& we _c ha/ily     
dismiss ^! practical objections4 ,! v   
,ambrosian music :i* is n[ s /range to  
mod]n e>s 0 d\btless1 :5 ,/4 ,ambrose   
introduc$ x1 mu* ak9 to ! secul> music (
 ! day1 if x 0 n directly borr[$ f x3 & 
! hi/ory ( hymn-music is a hi/ory ( !   
adaptations ( pr(ane successes 9 ! art  
to ! uses ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nor d ,i see t x c
 ev] be o!rwise1 = ! highe/ music dem&s 
a sup]natural mat]ial2 s t x w\ld seem  

an equal folly = musicians to neglect ! 
unique opportunity :i* religion (f]s !m1
 & = religion to refuse ! be/           
productions ( human art4 ,& we mu/ also 
rememb] t ! art ( ! "t1 :e!r x be bad or
 good1 has a mu* m liv+ relation to !   
g5]ation :i* is produc+ x1 & ex]ts a m  
p[]ful influ5ce ^u x1 ?an ! art ( any "t
 t is pa/ & gone4 ,x is ! same 9 all    
aspects ( life3 x is ! book ( ! day1 !  
h]o or /atesman ( ! h\r1 ! newe/ hope1 !
 late/ fla% ( sci5tific light1 :i*      
attracts ! p4 ,& x mu/ be1 on ! face (  
x1 true t any arti/ :o becomes widely   
popul> mu/ h hit (f1 ',i "k n by :at    
secret famili>ity1' ! exact fa%ion or   
caprice ( ! curr5t ta/e ( 8 own         
g5]ation4  ,& ?is is s true t x mu/ be  
admitt$ t x is n always ! un$ucat$ man  
only ^: ta/e is hit (f4 ,9 ! obitu>y    
notices ( su* m5 z ,glad/one & ,t5nyson 
! gossip w in=m u1 rightly or wrongly1 t
 _! 'fav\rite hymn#g' 01 n "o ( ! great 
ma/]pieces ( ! _w1--:i*1 alas1 x is only
 too likely t 9 _! long lives !y nev]   

he>d1--b "s tune ( ! day3 z if 9 ! m9ds 
( m5 ^: lives appeal$ /rongly to _! age 
!re mu/ be some?+ delicately responsive 
to ! exact ripple ( ! common ta/e &     
fa%ion ( _! g5]ation4  ,all ?is makes a 
/rong case3 & x w\ld seem1 s9ce our     
hymn-music is to /ir ! emotions ( !     
vulg>1 t x mu/ itself be bo? vulg> &    
mod]n2 & t1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! weak] m9d1 we
 mu/ r5\nce all anci5t tradition & !    
maxims ( art1 9 ord] to be 9 t\* ) !    
music-halls4  ,?is is impossibly absurd2
 & unless !re is "s flaw 9 our argum5t1 
! fault mu/ lie 9 ! premisses2 we h     
omitt$ "s necess>y qualification4  ,!   
qualification :i* we neglect$ is ?is1 t 
! music mu/ be dignifi$1 & suitable to !
 mean+2 & we %\ld only h wa/$ words 9   
ignor+ :at we knew all along1 if we _h  
n1 by s do+1 br\ght ?is qualification   
into its vital prom95ce1 & at ! same "t 
expos$ ! position ( ^? :o neglect x1 & !
 real reason ( ! mean condition ( our   
*ur* music4  ,! use ( undignifi$ music =
 sacr$ purposes may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 

exceptional cases1 :i* mu/ be left to ! 
judgem5t ( ^? :o consid] all ?+s lawful 
t !y may save "s4 ,b if f ! mission     
s]vice ?is lic5ce %\ld creep into !     
special s]vice1 & !n invade e act (     
public wor%ip1 x mu/ be met ) an edict (
 unscrupul\s exclusion4 ,n t x c be     
truly describ$ z ?us hav+ crept 9 9 our 
"t4 ,x is always creep+1 x has fl\ri%$ 9
 special habitats = f\r or five hundr$  
ye>s1 & be=e !n !re is ! hi/ory (       
,pale/r9a's great re=m ( l abuses4 ,if 9
 our "t 9 ,engl& we diff] 9 any respect 
= ! worse1 x is r 9 ! univ]sal preval5ce
 ( a mild =m ( ! degradation1 :i* is    
p]haps m degrad+ ?an ! occasional       
exceptional abuses ( a m flagrant k9d1  
:i* _c hide _! sc&al b br+ _! own       
condemnation4  ,!re is inde$ no extreme 
f :i* ?is abuse has %runk2 p]haps ! wor/
 =m ( x is ! sett+ ( sacr$ hymns to     
popul> airs1 :i* are associat$ 9 ! m9ds 
( ! s+]s ) secul>1 or ev5 comic &       
amatory words#h3 ( :i* x is impossible  
to give examples1 because ! extreme     

in/ances are blasphemies unfit to be    
quot$2 & x is only ^! :i* c\ld convey an
 adequate idea ( ! lic5ce#i ,! ess5ce ( 
! practice appe>s to be ! production ( a
 famili> excitem5t1 ) ! int5tion (      
div]t+ x into a religi\s *annel4  ,b1   
ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( secul> or pr(ane       
association1 congregational s++1 :5     
provok$ by undignifi$ music1 su* z may  
be f\nd 9 pl5ty 9 our mod]n hymn-books1 
may be ma9ta9$ )\t ! pres5ce ( religi\s 
feel+1 out ( m]e high spirits1 or z we  
say1 '9 fun1' & may easily give rise to 
mock]y4 ,i h witness$ examples en\gh 9  
pro( ( ?is1 b if ,i gave !m x might be  
?\ght t ,i wi%$ to amuse pr(ane         
read]s#aj4 ,& ?\gh su* extreme disa/]s  
may be exceptional outbur/s1 yet !y are 
always b j b5ea? ! surface1 & are !     
inevitable outcome ( ! use ( unwor?y    
means4 ,! cause ( su* a *oice ( means   
mu/ be ei!r an arti/ic incapacity to    
di/+ui%1 or a want ( fai? 9 ! p[] (     
religi\s emotion :5 unaid$ by pr(ane    
adjuncts4 ,:at w\ld ,/4 ,augu/9 h rul$  

"h1 or ?\ght ( ! confusion ( ideas1 :i*1
 be+ satisfi$ ) any expression1 mi/akes 
"o emotion = ano!r8  ,! practical "q n[ 
arises4 ,we "k ! ne$2 h[ is x to be     
suppli$8 ,we require music :i* w rea* ! 
emotions ( un$ucat$ p1 & 9 :i* !y w     
delight to jo91 & 9 :i* x %all be easy  
to jo93 & x mu/ be dignifi$ & n secul>4 
,if we condemn & reject ! music :i* !   
pr(essional *ur*-musicians h suppli$ )  
"s popul> success to meet ! ne$1 :at is 
!re to take its place8 ,( :at music is  
our hymn-book to be con/ruct$1 :i* %all 
be at once dignifi$1 sacr$1 & popul>8   
,! answ] is v simple3 x is ?is1         
,dignifi$ ,melody4 ,good melody is nev] 
out ( fa%ion2 & z x is by all confession
 ! seal ( high musical g5ius1 s x is t  
=m ( music :i* is univ]sally            
intelligible & 9 ! be/ s5se popul>2 & we
 h a ri* legacy ( x4 ,:at we want is t  
our hymn-books %\ld conta9 a collection 
( ! be/ ecclesia/ical & sacr$           
hymn-melodies1 & no?+ b ^!1 in/ead (    
hav+ b a modicum ( ^!1 = ! mo/ "p maul$ 

& illset1 among a cr[d ( contributions (
 an altoge!r inf]ior k9d2 ! :ole        
collection be+ (t5 su* t if an          
ill-natur$ critic 7 to ass]t t !        
compil]s _h degrad$ & limit$ ! old music
 9 ord] to set (f _! own1 x w\ld be     
difficult to meet him ) a logical       
refutation4  ,! %orte/ & mo/ practical  
way ( treat+ ?is subject w be to give "s
 acc\nt ( ! s\rces f :i* ! music ( su* a
 hymn-book z ,i propose w\ld be drawn4  
,i w take ^! 9 _! *ronological ord]4    
,fir/ 9 ord] ( "t are ! ,pla9-song      
melodies4  ,i h already /at$ ! ord9>y   
objection to ^! tunes1 t !y are /iff &  
out ( date4 ,n[ x may be likely en\gh t 
!y w nev] be s univ]sally popul> 9 our  
c\ntry z ! f9e melodies inv5t$ on !     
mod]n h>monic sy/em1 yet ! idea t !y are
 n popul> 9 "*1 & t mod]n p w n s+ !m1  
is a mi/ake2 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce on  
?is po9t4 ,nor mu/ we judge !m by !     
incompet5t1 & ,i confess some:at revolt+
 aspect 9 :i* !y 7 (f]$ to u by !       
,anglo-gregoriani/s ( ?irty ye>s ago1 a 

pres5tm5t :i* has gone f> to ru9 _!     
reputation2 !y are bett] und]/ood n[1 & 
may be he>d "h & !re sung z !y %\ld be4 
,!y are ( great arti/ic m]it & beauty2 &
 in/ead ( consid]+ !m a priori z        
uncong5ial on ! gr\nd ( antiquity1 we   
%\ld r be ?9k+ ( !m t !y 7 inv5t$ at a  
"t :5 unison s++ 0 cultivat$ 9 ! highe/ 
p]fection1 s mu* s t a l>ge numb] ( ^!  
tunes are1 on acc\nt ( _! elaborate &   
advanc$ rhy?m1 n only f> above ! mo/    
intellig5t ta/e ( ! m9ds ) :i* we h to  
deal1 b are also s difficult ( execution
 t !re are few tra9$ *oirs 9 ! c\ntry t 
c\ld r5d] !m well4 ,to ! simpl] tunes1  
h[ev]1 ^! objections d n apply3 9 fact  
!re are only two objections t c be urg$ 
aga9/ !m1 & bo? ( ^! w be f\nd on       
exam9ation to be advantages4  ,! fir/   
objection is t !y are n 9 ! mod]n scale4
 ,n[ z ?is objection is only felt by    
p]sons :o h cramp$ _! musical           
intellig5ce by an insuffici5t te*nical  
education1 & _c believe t music is music
 unless !y are modulat+ 9 & out ( "s key

 by means ( a %>p sev5?2--& z ! nature (
 ! ecclesia/ical modes is too long a    
subject1 & too ab/ruse = a pap] ( ?is   
sort1 ev5 if ,i 7 compet5t to discuss   
x2--,i %all !re=e cont5t myself by /at+ 
t ! ecclesia/ical modes h1 = melodic    
purposes 7:i* is all t we are consid]+71
 advantages ov] ! mod]n scale1 by :i* !y
 are s surpass$ 9 h>monic opportunities4
 ,ev5 su* a ?or\ghgo+ admir] ( ! mod]n  
sy/em z ,sir ,hub]t ,p>ry writes on ?is 
subject1 t x 'is n[ q obvi\s t = melodic
 purposes su* modes z ! ,doric &        
,phrygian 7 inf9itely 7sic7 pref]able to
 ! ,ionic1' i4e4 to our mod]n major     
keys#aa4 ,& x w be evid5t to e "o h[ mu*
 music has ( late ye>s s\ght its *>m 9  
modal =ms1 "u ! guise ( national "*4  ,!
 second objection is _! free rhy?m4 ,!y 
are n writt5 9 b>r$ "t1 & _c )\t injury 
be r$uc$ to x4  ,z ?is "q affects also  
o!r classes ( hymns1 ,i w "h say all t  
,i h to say1 or h space to say1 ab\t !  
rhy?m ( hymn-tunes2 conf9+ my rem>ks    
g5]ally to ! prop] dignifi$ rhy?ms4  ,9 

all mod]n musical gramm>s x is /at$ t   
!re are virtually only two k9ds ( "t4 ,!
 "t-beat goes ei!r by twos or "s        
multiple ( two1 or by ?rees or "s       
multiple ( ?ree1 & ! acc5t recurs at    
regul> int]vals ( "t1 & is m>k$ by      
divid+ (f ! music into b>s ( equal l5g?4
 ,no?+ is m important = a beg9n] to     
le>n1 & yet f ! po9t ( view ( rhy?m no?+
 c\ld be m inadequate4 ,rhy?m is        
inf9ite4 ,^! regul> times are no d\bt ! 
mo/ important fundam5tal entities ( x1 &
 may ev5 lie undiscov]ably at ! root (  
all v>ieties ( rhy?m :atsoev]1 & fur!r  
!y may be ! only possible or p]missible 
rhy?ms = a mod]n compos] to use1 b yet !
 absolute dom9ion :i* !y n[ enjoy ov]   
all music lies r 9 _! practical         
necessity & conv5i5ce 7s9ce x is only by
 att5d+ to !m t ! elaboration ( mod]n   
h>monic music is possible71 ?an 9 !     
undesirability 79 itself7 or unmusical  
"* ( melody :i* ignores !m4 ,9 ! matt] (
 hymn-melodies an unb>r$ rhy?m has v    
decid$ advantages ov] a b>r$ rhy?m4 ,9 !

 =m] ! melody has its own way1 & dances 
at lib]ty ) ! voice & s5se2 9 b>r$ "t x 
has its acc5ts squ>$ out be=eh&1 & makes
 /eadily = its pr$et]m9$ beat1 plump+   
d[n1 z "o may say1 on ! fir/ note ( e b>
 :e!r x w or no4 ,s+ to any "o a        
,pla9-song melody1 ,ad co5am ,agni =    
in/ance1 once or twice1 & !n ,cr(t's    
#adh? ,psalm#ab4 ,cr(t w be und5iably   
f9e & impressive1 b he provokes a smile3
 8 tune is l a diagram beside a fl[]4   
,n[ 9 ?is matt] ( rhy?m our hymn-book   
compil]s1 s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h done
 u a va/ injury4 ,!y h r$uc$ all hymns  
to ! common times4 ,_! proc$ure 01 ,i   
suppose1 dictat$ by "s argum5t su* z    
?is3 ',! p mu/ h :at !y c und]/&3 !y    
only und]/& ! simple two & ?ree "t3 ergo
 we mu/ r$uce all ! tunes to ^!         
measures4' ,or aga91 ',x w be easi] = !m
 to h all ! tunes z mu* alike z         
possible3 !re=e let u make !m all alike1
 & write !m all 9 equal m9ims4'  ,bo? ^!
 ideas are absolutely wrong4 ,a         
hymn-tune1 :i* !y ha/ily assume to be ! 

commone/ & l[e/ =m ( music1 actually    
possesses lib]ties covet$ by o!r        
music#ac4 ,x is a %ort melody1 committ$ 
to memory1 & frequ5tly repeat$3 !re is  
no reason :y x %\ld submit to any ( !   
"t-conv5i5ces ( or*e/ral music3 !re is  
no reason :y its rhy?m %\ld n be        
completely free2 nor is !re any a priori
 necessity :y any "o tune %\ld be       
exactly l ano!r 9 rhy?m4 ,x w be le>n$  
by ! e> 7mo/ (t5 9 *ildhood71 be kn[n & 
lov$ = its own sake1 & bl5d$ 9 ! he>t ) 
! words :i* int]pret x3 & ?is advantage 
0 in/9ctively felt by ^? ( our e>ly *ur*
 compos]s :o1 already und]/&+ some?+ ( !
 value ( b>r$ music1 yet delib]ately    
avoid$ cramp+ ! rhy?ms ( _! hymn-tunes  
by too great subs]vi5ce to x#ad4 ,"o ( !
 fir/ duties !re=e :i* we owe to        
hymn-melodies is ! re/oration ( _! free 
& orig9al rhy?ms1 keep+ !m z v>i$ z     
possible3 ! ,pla9-song melodies mu/ be  
left unb>r$ & be taught z free rhy?ms1 &
 all o!r f9e tunes :i* are wor? us+ %\ld
 be pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al rhy?m2 because 

free rhy?m is bett]1 & its v>iety is    
good1 & because ! attraction ( a        
hymn-melody lies 9 its individual "* &  
expression1 & n at all 9 its "t-lik5ess 
to o!r tunes4 ,?is la/ idea has be5 a   
*ief cause 9 ! degradation ( our hymns4 
,i may conclude !n t ! be/ ( ^! simpl]  
,pla9-song tunes are v fit =            
congregational use4 ,!y %\ld be (f]$ z  
pure melody 9 free rhy?m & sung 9       
unison3 _! accompanim5t mu/ n be entru/$
 to a mod]n gramm>ian4 ,x is well also  
to use mo/ ( !m 9 _! ,engli% =m1 ! ,old 
,s>um ,use z x is call$2 :i* happily    
pres]ves to u a national tradition1 9 ! 
op9ion ( "s exp]ts old] & m correct ?an 
any kn[n on ! cont95t2 & if ! diff]5ces 
9 our ,engli% v]sion are n due to purity
 ( tradition1 !y w h ano!r & almo/      
great] int]e/1 z v5]able records ( !    
g5ius ( our national ta/e4 ,^!          
,pla9-song tunes h probably a long      
future be=e !m2 s9ce1 ap>t f _! m]it1 !y
 are indissolubly associat$ ) ! mo/     
anci5t ,lat9 hymns1 "s ( :i* are ! v be/

 hymns ( ! ,*ur*4  ,! next class (      
tunes#ae is t ( ! ,re=mation hymns1     
,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man1 dat+ f ab\t   
#aeej to "s way on 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 
,! *ief ,engli% gr\p is kn[n z ,/]nhold 
& ,hopk9s' ,psalt]1 :i* 0 mo/ly (       
eight-l9e tunes4 ,?is book 0 virtually  
put toge!r 9 ,g5eva ab\t #aefj1 &       
antiqu>ians make mu* ( x4 ,if /ripp$1   
h[ev]1 ( its /ol5 plumes & lat]         
additions x is really an almo/ wor?less 
affair1 ! true hi/ory ( x be+ z foll[s4 
,a ,fr5* musician nam$ ,l\is ,b\rgeois1 
:om ,calv9 br\ght ) him to ,g5eva 9     
#aeda1 turn$ out to be an extraord9>y   
g5ius 9 melody2 he rema9$ at ,g5eva ab\t
 fifte5 ye>s1 & 9 t "t compil$ a ,psalt]
 ( eighty-five tunes1 almo/ all ( :i*   
are ( great m]it1 & _m ( ! v highe/     
excell5ce4 ,! spl5d\r ( 8 "w1 :i* 0     
m]ely appreciat$ z useful at ! "t1 0    
soon obscur$1 = imm$iately on 8 leav+   
,g5eva1 ! ,fr5* ,psalt] 0 complet$ by   
inf]ior h&s1 ^: "w1 be+ mix$ 9 ) 81 l[]$
 ! av]age ( ! :ole book enorm\sly1 &    

,b\rgeois' "w 0 nev] di/+ui%$ until1 q  
lately1 ! p]iod ( 8 (fice 0 inve/igat$ &
 comp>$ ) ! succe$+ editions ( 8 book4  
,n[ ! ,engli% refugees compil$ _!       
',/]nhold & ,hopk9s' at ,g5eva1 9       
imitation ( ! ,fr5*1 dur+ ! "t (        
,b\rgeois' resid5ce1 & took ov] a numb] 
( ! ,fr5* tunes2 ?\gh !y maul$ ^! mo/   
unm]cifully to br+ !m d[n to ! measure (
 _! dogg]el psalms1 yet ev5 aft] ?is    
b>b>\s treatm5t ,b\rgeois' spoilt tunes 
7 /ill f> bett] ?an :at !y made =       
!mselves1 & suffici5t n only to float _!
 book into cr$it1 b to k9dle ! confus$  
en?usiasm ( subsequ5t ,engli%           
antiqu>ians1 ^: bl9d lead]%ip has _h "s 
half-he>t$ foll[+4 ,b if ^! ,fr5* tunes1
 & ^? :i* are piec$ 9 imitation (       
,b\rgeois1 be extract$ f ?is ,engli%    
,psalt]1 !n1 ) "o or two exceptions1 !re
 w rema9 h>dly any?+ ( value#af4  ,to   
leave ! ,engli% tunes = a mom5t &       
cont9ue ! subject1 we %all practically  
exhau/ ! ,fr5* bran* ( ?is class by say+
 t our duty by !m is to use a great     

numb] ( ,b\rgeois' tunes1 re/or+ _!     
orig9al =m4 ,!y are ma/]pieces :i* h    
rema9$ popul> on ! cont95t f ! fir/2    
?or\ghly cong5ial to our national ta/e1 
& ! be/ t c be imag9$ = solemn          
congregational s++ ( ! k9d :i* we might 
expect 9 ,engl&4 ,! difficulty is ! same
 t beset ! old orig9al psalt]-mak]s1    
i4e4 to f9d words to suit _! v>i$       
measures4 ,b ?is mu/ be done#ag4 ,^!    
tunes 9 dignity1 solemnity1 pa?os1 &    
melodic solidity leave no?+ to desire4  
,! ,engli% eight-l9e tunes ( ,/]nhold & 
,hopk9s we may !n1 ) "o or two          
exceptions1 dismiss to neglect2 b among 
! f\r-l9e 'common' tunes :i* gradually  
ou/$ !m1 !re are ab\t a doz5 ( high     
m]it3 ^! be+ popul> /ill at ! pres5t day
 require no notice1 except to #cb insi/ 
t !y %\ld be well h>moniz$ 9 ! mann] (  
_! date1 & g5]ally h ! long initials &  
f9als ( all _! l9es obs]v$4 ,!y are mu* 
f9] ?an any "o w\ld guess f _! usual    
dull pres5tm5t4 ,_! mann]1 z lov$ &     
prais$ by ,burns1 is excell5t1 & !re is 

no call to alt] x#ah4  ,contempor>y )   
?is gr\p !re is a legacy ( a doz5 & m   
f9e tunes compos$ by ,tallis & ,orl&o   
,gibbons1 ! neglect or treatm5t ( :i* is
 equally disgraceful to all conc]n$4  ,z
 = ! ,g]man tunes ( ! ,re=mation1       
attempts to introduce ! ,g]man          
*ur*-*orales into any?+ l g5]al use 9   
,engl& h nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5        
successful1 ow+1 ,i suppose1 to a       
diff]5ce 9 ! melodic s5se ( ! two       
nations4 ,b "s few ( !m are really      
popul>1 & m w\ld be if !y 7 prop]ly     
pres5t$ ) suitable words2 & x %\ld n be 
a difficult task to provide words ev5 m 
suitable & k9d ?an ! orig9al ,g]man1 :i*
 seldom obs]ves an intellig5t1 dignifi$ 
& consi/5t mood4 ,^! *orales %\ld be    
sung v sl[ inde$1 & w admit ( mu*       
accompanim5t4 ,ba*'s sett+s1 :5 n too   
elaborate or ( impossible compass 9 !   
p>ts1 may be well us$ :]e ! *oir is     
num]ically /rong4 ,he has made ^!       
*orales peculi>ly 8 own1 &1 9 accept+ 8 
int]pretation ( !m1 we are only         

acquiesc+ 9 a univ]sal judgem5t1 :ile we
 make an exception 9 fav\r ( g5ius2 = z 
a g5]al rule 7:i* w ( c\rse apply to ^? 
*orales :i* we d n use 9 ,ba*'s v]sion71
 all ! music ( ?is ,re=mation p]iod mu/ 
be h>moniz$ /rictly 9 ! vocal c\nt]po9t 
:i* prevail$ at ! end ( ! sixte5?       
c5tury2 s9ce t is n only its prop]      
musical int]pretation1 b x is also !    
ecclesia/ical /yle p> excell5ce1 ! field
 ( :i* may reasonably be ext5d$1 b by no
 means contract$4 ,x is suitable bo? =  
simple & elaborate sett+s1 = hymns (    
praise or ( ! m intimate ideal emotions1
 & 9 a resonant build+ a *oir ( six     
voices c produce complete effects ) x4  
,! broad1 sonor\s swell ( its h>moni\s  
int]vals floods ! air ) peaceful p[]1 v 
unlike ! brok5 sea ( ,ba*'s *romatics1  
:i*1 to produce any?+ l an equal effect 
( s\nd1 ne$s to be p[]fully excit$4  ,x 
is necess>y to insi/ /rongly on "o      
caution1 viz4 t gramm> is n /yle1 &     
sett+s :i* avoid mod]nisms are n = t    
reason a fair pres5tation ( ! old mann]4

 ,no?+ is less l a f9e "w ( art ?an its 
incompet5t imitation4 ,& ?is practically
 exhau/s1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! mat]ial  
:i* ?is p]iod provides4  ,! next class w
 be made up ( our ,re/oration hymns1 by 
,j]emy ,cl>k1 ,cr(t1 & o!rs :o add$ to !
 succe$+ editions ( ! metrical ,psalms4 
,if !re are n _m 9 ?is class1 yet ! few 
are good2 & ,cl>k mu/ be reg>d$ z !     
inv5tor ( ! mod]n ,engli% hymn-tune1    
reg>d$1 t is1 z a pure melody 9 ! scale 
) h>monic int]pretation ( in/rum5tal r  
?an true vocal sugge/ion4 ,8 tunes are  
pa!tic1 melodi\s1 & ( truly national &  
popul> "*1 ! be/ ( !m almo/ unacc\ntably
 free f ! indef9able secul> ta9t t su*  
qualities are apt to introduce1 & :i* ! 
bad foll[+ ( 8 example did v quickly    
introduce 9 ! h&s ( less s5sitive       
arti/s4 ,!y are suitable = ev5+ s]vices4
  ,aft] ?is "t !re foll[$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! 
wake ( ,h&el1 a degradation ( /yle :i*  
is n[ completely discr$it$4 ,diatonic   
fl[1 ) t$i\sly or?odox modulation1      
ov]burd5$ ) conv5tional graces1 describe

 ^! innum]able & indi/+ui%able          
productions4 ,& j z ! old tunes 7 relat$
 to ! motets & madrigals1 s are ^! to ! 
v]se-an!ms & glees ( _! "t4 ,^! weak    
ditties1 9 ! admir$ mann] ( ,"l         
,morn+ton1 7 typically p]=m$ by ! g5teel
 pupils ( ! local musician1 :o1 ga!r$   
r\nd him b5ea? ! laugh+ *]ubs ( ! organ 
case1 w>bl$ by abundant c&lelight to _! 
respectful audi5ce ) a graceful         
execution t rivall$ ! weekday p]=mances 
( ,celia's ,arb\r & ! ,spott$ ,snakes4  
,good tunes may be writt5 at any "t1 =  
/yle is indep5d5t ( fa%ion2 b !re are v 
few exceptions to ! complete &          
unregrett$ disappe>ance ( all ! tunes ( 
?is date4  ,we h !n no?+ left = u to d b
 to review ! mat]ial :i* ! revival (    
music 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has giv5 u 9 ! 
way ( hymns4  ,?is la/ gr\p divides     
naturally into two ma9 heads2 fir/ !    
re/oration ( old hymns ( all k9ds1 ) _! 
pla91 sev]] mann]1 9 reaction aga9/ !   
abus$ graces2 & secondly ! appe>ance ( a
 va/ quantity ( new hymns4  ,conc]n+ !  

re/oration ( ! old hymns1 we _c be too  
grateful to ^? :o po9t$ ! "r way1 &1    
accord+ to _! k & ! opportunities ( !   
ta/e ( _! day1 did ! be/ t !y c\ld4 ,b1 
z our rem>ks "u ! heads ( ,pla9-song &  
,re=mation hymns w %[1 ?is k1 ta/e1 &   
opportunity 7 insuffici5t1 & all _! "w  
requires to be done afre%4  ,we are     
!re=e left to ! exam9ation ( ! mod]n    
hymns4 ,9 place ( ?is some:at invidi\s  
task1 ,i propose to make a few rem>ks on
 ! g5]al "q ( ! introduction ( mod]n    
h>mony into ecclesia/ical music1 )      
ref]5ce ( c\rse to hymns only4 ,x _c    
escape ! att5tion ( any "o t ! mod]n    
*ur* music has = "o *ief diff]5tiation !
 pr(use employm5t ( pa!tic *ords1 !     
effect ( :i* is (t5 disa/r\s to !       
feel+s4  ,comp>+ a mod]n hymn-tune 9 ?is
 /yle ) "s f9e sett+ ( an old tune 9 !  
diatonic ecclesia/ical mann]1 "o might  
attribute ! sup]iority ( ! old music    
entirely to its h>monic sy/em2 b ,i ?9k 
?is w\ld be wrong4  ,x is a *>act]i/ic (
 all e>ly art to be imp]sonal#ai4 ,z    

long z an art is gr[+1 arti/s are engag$
 9 rivalry to develop ! new inv5tions 9 
a sci5tific mann]1 & individual         
p]sonality is n call$ out4 ,) !         
exhau/ion ( ! means 9 ! atta9m5t (      
p]fection a new /age is rea*$1 9 :i*    
individual expression is prom95t1 &     
seems to take ! place ( ! sci5tific     
imp]sonal int]e/ :i* aim$ at no?+ b     
beauty3 s t ! *ief di/9ction betwe5 e>ly
 & late art is t ! =m] is imp]sonal1 !  
latt] p]sonal4  ,turn+ n[ to ! subject (
 ecclesia/ical music1 & comp>+ ?us      
,pale/r9a ) ,bee?ov5 or ,moz>t1 is x n  
at once app>5t t ,pale/r9a has ?is      
di/9ct advantage1 namely1 t he seems n  
to int]f]e at all )1 or add any?+ to1 ! 
sacr$ words8 ,8 e>ly musical art is     
imp]sonal1 :at ! musicians call 'pure   
music'2 & if he is sett+ ! phrases ( !  
,liturgy or ,holy ,scriptures1 we are n 
aw>e ( any adjunct2 x seems r z if !    
sacr$ words _h sudd5ly become musical4  
,n s ) ,moz>t or ,bee?ov52 we may pref] 
_! music1 b x has int]f]$ ) ! sacr$     

words1 x has1 9 fact1 add$ a p]sonality4
  ,x mu/ ( c\rse be conc$$ t ?is gives a
 v /rong if n logically an almo/        
unassailable position to ^? :o w\ld     
conf9e sacr$ music to ! ecclesia/ical   
/yle4 ,b x seems to me ridicul\s to     
suppose t g5ius _c use all good means ) 
res]ve & dignity2 & if ! mod]n *ur*     
music w n /& comp>ison 9 respect (      
dignity & solemnity ) ! old1 ! fault mu/
 r lie 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! new means are  
us$1 ?an 9 ! means !mselves2 nor w\ld ,i
 myself conc$e t !re is no place 9 *ur* 
= music :i* is t+$ ) a human p]sonality2
 ,i %\ld be r incl9$ to reckon ! great  
musicians among ! prophets1 & to        
sympa?ize ) any "o :o might pref] !     
p]sonality ( ,bee?ov5 7z reveal$ 9 8    
works7 to t ( a good _m canoniz$ se]s4  
,:at is logical is t we %\ld be c>eful z
 to :at p]sonality we admit1 & see t !  
mod]n means are us$ ) res]ve4  ,n[ if we
 exam9e our mod]n hymn-tunes1 d we f9d  
any sign ( t res]ve ( means :i* we %\ld 
expect ( g5ius1 or any /yle :i* we c\ld 

attribute to ! p]sonality ( a g5ius8    
,let any "o 9 d\bt try ! foll[+         
exp]im5t3 copy out "s 'fav\rite tune' 9 
! 'admir$ mann]' ( ! pres5t day1 & %[ x 
to "s musician :o may happ5 n to "k x1 &
 ask him if x is n by ,brahms2 !n see h[
 he w receive any fur!r rem>ks t y may  
make to him on ! subject ( music4  ,^!  
new tunes are 9 fact1 = ! mo/ "p1 !     
indi/+ui%able products ( a s*ool giv5   
ov] to c]ta9 mann]isms1 & might be      
produc$ ad libitum1 z inde$ !y are2 j z 
7 ! tunes ( ! ,"l ,morn+ton s*ool be=e  
describ$3 & ?\gh ! compos]s & compil]s (
 ^! mod]n tunes w\ld be ! fir/ to d]ide 
! explod$ fa%ion1 _! own fa%ion is m    
fooli%1 & promises to be z fugitive#bj4 
,i h said v little 9 ?is essay on !     
words ( hymns4 ,i w v5ture to add "o or 
two judgem5ts "h4 ,fir/1 t 9 !          
,pla9-song p]iod1 words & music seem    
pretty equal & well mat*$4 ,secondly1 t 
9 ! ,re=mation p]iod1 & = "s "t onw>ds1 
! musicians did f> bett] ?an ! sacr$    
poets1 & h left u a rema9d] ( admirable 

music1 = :i* x is our duty to f9d words4
 ,?irdly1 t ! excuse :i* "s musicians h 
(f]$ = ! s5tim5tality ( _! mod]n tunes1 
namely1 t ! words are s s5tim5tal1 is n 
)\t po9t z a criticism ( mod]n          
hymn-words1 b is ( no value :atev] z a  
def5ce ( _! practice4 ,! int]pretative  
p[] ( music is exce$+ly great1 & c =ce  
almo/ any words 7z f> z _! s5tim5t is   
conc]n$7 into a good *annel4  ,& if     
music be introduc$ at all into public   
wor%ip x mu/ be mo/ jeal\sly &          
scrupul\sly gu>d$4 ,x is a confusion (  
?\ght to suppose t because--z ,/4       
,augu/9 w\ld tell u--x is n a vital     
matt] to religion :e!r x employ music or
 n1 !re=e x c be ( little consequ5ce :at
 sort ( music is us$3 & ! attitude (    
indiff]5ce t[>ds x1 :i* has seem$ to me 
to be almo/ a po9t ( correct            
ecclesia/ical mann]s1 mu/ be !          
expression ( a conv9c$ despair1 :i*1 9 !
 pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 ne$ n surprise4     
,dev\t p]sons are naturally afraid (    
secul> ideals1 & %r9k f ! notion ( art  

intrud+ into ! sanctu>y2 &1 especially  
if !y h nev] le>n$ music1 !y w %>e ,/4  
,augu/9's jeal\sy ( x2 & x is ! m       
difficult to remove _! objections1 :5   
:at !y are innoc5tly suff]+ 9 ! "n ( art
 curdles ! arti/'s blood ) horror1 &    
keeps him away f *ur*4 ,! arti/ too1 to 
:om we might look = help1 is ! r>a avis 
9 t]ris1 &1 9 reg>d to 8 sympa?y ) !    
cl]gy1 w\ld (t5 be ?\ght by !m to des]ve
 ! re/ ( ! hexamet]2 b x is really to 8 
cr$it t he is lo? to m$dle ) *ur* music4
 ,its social vexations1 its eye to !    
m>ket1 its truckl+ to vulg> ta/e & ready
 subs]vi5ce to a dom9ant fa%ion1 :i* c  
nev] 7except "u ! r>e/ comb9ation (     
circum/ances7 be good2--all ?is is m ?an
 en\gh to hold him (f4 ,:]e !n is !     
appeal8 ,quis cu/odiet8  ,! unwill+ness 
( ! cl]gy#ba to "k any?+ ab\t music     
might be got ov] if ! music c\ld be set 
on a prop] basis2 & 9 ! pres5t lack (   
au?ority & av[$ pr9ciples1 x w\ld be    
well if su* ( our ca!dral prec5tors &   
organi/s z h ! matt] at he>t w\ld       

consult & "w toge!r ) ! purpose (       
in/ruct+ pa/ors & p by ! exhibition (   
:at is good4 ,?is is :at we might expect
 ( our religi\s musical f\ndations1 :i* 
are ju/ify+ ! /&+ condemnation (        
utilit>ian economi/s s long z !         
/ip5di>ies are cont5t indol5tly to foll[
 ! =tuit\s traditions ( ! books t lie 9 
! *oir1 supplem5t$ by ! p5ny-a-%eet     
music ( ! common %ops4 ,9 !             
,univ]sities1 too1 x %\ld be impossible 
= an und]graduate n to ga9 acqua9tance )
 good ecclesia/ical music1 & ?is is n   
ensur$ by an occasional r>e p]=mance (  
half a doz5 old ma/]pieces :i* are      
pres]v$ 9 he>tless complim5t to         
antiquity4 ,x is to su* bodies t we mu/ 
fir/ look = help & guidance to give our 
*ur* music arti/ic importance3 = let no 
"o ?9k t ! *ur* c put ! arti/ic "q on "o
 side4 ,!re is no escape f art2 art is  
only ! be/ t man c d1 & 8 second1 ?ird1 
f\r? or fif? be/ are only worse ef=ts 9 
! same direction1 & 9 proportion z !y   
fall %ort ( ! be/ ! m pla9ly betray _!  

artificiality4 ,to refuse ! be/ = ! sake
 ( some?+ inf]ior ( ! same k9d c nev] be
 a policy2 x is r an uncorrect$ bad     
habit1 t c only be excus$ by ignorance2 
& ignorance on ! "q ( music is e day    
becom+ less excusable2 & ! gr[+ int]e/ &
 intellig5ce :i* all classes are n[ %[+ 
%\ld =ce on religion a bett]            
appreciation ( h] mo/ pot5t ally4 ,music
 be+ ! univ]sal expression ( ! my/]i\s &
 sup]natural1 ! be/ t man has ev] atta9$
 to1 is capable ( unit+ 9 common        
devotion m9ds t are only sep>at$ by     
cre$s1 & x com=ts our hope ) a bright]  
promise ( unity ?an any logic (f]s4 ,&  
if we consid] & ask ourselves :at sort (
 music we %\ld wi% to he> on ent]+ a    
*ur*1 we %\ld surely1 9 describ+ our    
ideal1 say fir/ ( all t x mu/ be some?+ 
diff]5t f :at is he>d else:]e2 t x %\ld 
be a sacr$ music1 devot$ to its purpose1
 a music ^: peace %\ld /ill passion1 ^: 
dignity %\ld /r5g!n our fai?1 ^:        
unque/ion$ beauty %\ld f9d a home 9 our 
he>ts1 to *e] u 9 life & dea?2 a music  

wor?y ( ! fair temples 9 :i* we meet1 & 
( ! holy words ( our liturgy2 a music ^:
 expression ( ! my/]y ( ?+s unse5 nev]  
all[$ any trifl+ motive to ruffle !     
sanctity ( its res]ve4 ,:at p[] = good  
su* a music w\ld h6  ,n[ su* a music our
 ,*ur* has got1 & does n use2 we are    
cont5t to h our hymn-manuals /uff$ ) !  
sort ( music :i*1 m]g+ ! di/9ction      
betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane1 seems design$ to 
make ! worldly man feel at home1 r ?an  
to reveal to him some?+ ( ! life beyond 
8 k2 compositions full ( *eap emotional 
effects & bad exp]im5ts made to be ca/  
aside1 ! works ( ! purveyors ( m>ketable
 fa%ion1 always pleas$ ) !mselves1 &    
always to be d]id$ by ! succe$+         
g5]ation4   ,example is bett] ?an       
precept2 & my own v5ture z a compil] ( a
 hymn-book has made x possible = me to  
say mu* t o!rwise ,i %\ld n h said4 ,9  
,! ,yatt5don ,hymnal1 pr9t$ by ,mr4     
,horace ,h>t at ! ,cl>5don ,press1      
,ox=d1 & to be _h ( ,mr4 ,fr[de1 price  
#bjs41 w be f\nd a hundr$ hymns ) _!    

music1 *os5 = a village *oir4 ,! music 9
 ?is book w %[ :at sort ( a hymnal might
 be made on my pr9ciples1 :ile ! notes  
at ! end ( ! volume w illu/rate almo/ e 
po9t 9 ?is essay :i* requires           
illu/ration1 besides _m o!rs4 ,z a      
complem5t to ?is essay & = adv]tisem5t (
 ! ,hymnal ,i "h give ! prefaces ( t    
book1 :i* are z foll[s3--   #a;,confess4
 ix4 #f4  #b;,ibid4 ix4 #g4  #c,?is is  
p]haps r a quality prop] to ! s5sation4 
#d';,et vix eis praebeo congru5tem      
locum4' :i* might only mean ',i   _c f9d
 ! "r place = !m4'  #e;,confess4 x4 #ac4
  #f,/4 ,augu/9 does n all[ t a vague   
emotion c be religi\s2 x   mu/ be       
direct$4 ,few w\ld agree to ?is4  #g;,i 
assume 'fav\rite hymn' to mean a sung   
hymn4 ,! int]e/ ( !   record mu/ lie 9  
its be+ ( a height5$ emotion ( ! same   
k9d   z t describ$ by ,/4 ,augu/9 9 8   
own case1 ,:at te>s ,i %$1   c4  #h;,x 0
 n an uncommon practice on ! ,cont95t   
7say f #aedj to   #ahdj71 to pr9t books 
( hymns to be sung to ! curr5t secul>   

airs2   & ! names or fir/ l9es ( ^! airs
 7 set above !   hymn-words z ! musical 
direction4 ,m4 ,d\51 9 8 ,clm5t ,m>ot et
   le ,psauti] ,hugu5ot1 vol4 i1 *4 #bb1
 has giv5 an acc\nt ( "s (   ^! books2 &
 any "o :o wi%es to foll[ ?is bran* ( ! 
subject may read 8 *apt]4 ,he does n    
notice ! lat] ,italian   ,laude         
,spirituali1 :i* might h suppli$        
incr$ible mon/]s to   8 museum4         
#i;,besides1 ! ma9 fault ( ^! books1 f  
:i* we %\ld h to   quote1 is !          
association ( ! music1 & ?is is really  
an   accid5t1 ! "q be=e u be+ ! "* ( !  
music2 s   t we %\ld require musical    
illu/ration1 = ?\gh ! common   di/9ction
 betwe5 sacr$ & secul> music is 9 ! ma9 
j1 yet   ! l9e _c be drawn at ! orig9al 
int5tion1 or hi/orical   orig9 ( !      
music3 ! true diff]5tiation lies 9 ! "* 
(   ! music1 ! associat$ s5tim5t be+    
liable to *ange4 ,if we 7   to bani% f  
our hymn-books all ! tunes :i* we "k to 
h a   secul> orig91 we %\ld h to "p ) "s
 ( ! mo/ sacr$ &   solemn compositions2 

& :]e w\ld ! puri/ obta9 any assurance  
t ! tunes :i* he reta9$ _h a bett]      
title8 ,9 ! sixte5?   c5tury1 :5 s _m   
f9e hymn-melodies 7 writt51 a musician 0
   work+ 9 ! approv$ mann] if he adapt$ 
a secul> melody1 or at   lea/ borr[$ a  
well-kn[n op5+ phrase3 & s9ce ! melodies
 (   t "t 7 compos$ ma9ly 9 conjunct    
movem5t1 su* initial   simil>ities 7    
unavoidable2 = "o may safely say t x v  
soon   became impossible1 "u su*        
re/rictions1 to inv5t a good op5+       
phrase :i* _h n be5 us$ be=e4 ,! secul> 
airs1 too1 ( t   "t 7 (t5 z fit = sacr$ 
z pr(ane use2 & if ,i _h to f9d   a     
wor?y melody = a good new hymn1 ,i %\ld 
seek m hopefully among   !m ?an 9 !     
sacr$ music ( our own c5tury4  #aj;,i   
may give ! foll[+ exp]i5ce )\t (f5ce4   
,:5 ,i 0 an   und]graduate !re 0 a song 
f a comic op]a by ,(f5ba* s mu*   9     
fav\r z to be de rigueur at fe/ive      
meet+s4 ,n[ !re 0 at   ! same "t a      
c\nt]p>t ( ?is song popul> at ev5song 9 
!   *ur*es3 x 0 sung to ',h>k1 h>k1 my  

s\l4' ,i believe x is call$   ,l'enc5s  
des fleurs4 ,!y seem$ to me bo? equally 
nauseat+3 x   0 c]ta9ly an accid5t t    
det]m9$ :i* %\ld be sung at   wor%ip &  
:i* at w9e4  #aa,! ,art ( ,music1 by ,c 
,hub]t ,h4 ,p>ry4 ,london1 #ahic1 #a/   
edit4 p4   #dh4  #ab;,& give ,cr(t !    
advantage ( 8 orig9al rhy?m1 n !        
mis-/atem5t 9 ,hymns ,anci5t & ,mod]n1  
,no4 #dad4  #ac;,x w\ld be v damag+ to  
my desire to conv9ce1 if ,i %\ld seem   
to d5y t ! mi/ak5 practice ( ^!         
hymn-book compil]s 0   bas$ on ! solid  
gr\nd ( secul> common-s5se4 ,if any?+ is
 true   ( rhy?m x is ?is1 t ! common m9d
 likes common rhy?ms1 su*   z ! m>* or  
waltz1 :]eas elaboration ( rhy?m appeals
 to a   tra9$ m9d or arti/ic faculty4 ,i
 %\ld say t ! popul>ity (   common      
rhy?ms is due to ! %ortness ( human     
life1 & t if m5   7 to live to be #cjj  
ye>s old !y w\ld we>y ( ! sort ( music  
:i* ,rob]t ,br[n+ describes s well--    
',!re 's no keep+ "o's haun*es /ill1    
,!re 's no su* pleasure 9 life4'    ,b  

hymn-melodies mu/ n be put on t level4  
,x is desirable to   h 9 *ur* some?+    
diff]5t f :at goes on outside1 & 7z ,i  
say 9 ! text7 a hymn-tune ne$ n appeal  
to ! l[e/   und]/&+ on fir/ he>+4 ,!    
simple free rhy?ms1 too1 are   p]fectly 
natural2 !y 7 free-born4  #ad;,i ne$    
only in/ance ,orl&o ,gibbons' tune call$
 ',angels4' ,!   orig9al is a mo/ +5i\s 
comb9ation ( rhy?ms2 & its ma/]ly       
beauty c\ld n be guess$ f ! inane =m    
into :i* x is   degrad$ 9 ,hymns ,anci5t
 & ,mod]n1 ,no4 #h4  #ae;,i omit1 = want
 ( space1 m5tion ( ! late ,pla9-song    
melodies   7:i* w\ld give a good _m     
excell5t tunes72 &1 = want (   k1 !     
,italian tunes4  #af;,comp>+ ! ,engli% )
 ! ,fr5* ,g5evan ,psalt]1 ,i d n ?9k    
my judgem5t is too sev]e on our own4 ,x 
_h a few f9e tunes orig9al   to x2 be/ (
 all ! cxxxvii 7degrad$ 9 ,hymns ,anci5t
 &   ,mod]n74 ,?is is ( su* exceptional 
beauty t ,i believe x mu/   h be5 writt5
 by ,b\rgeois = ,:itt+ham4 ,next p]haps 
is lxxvii   7call$ #ha/ 9 ,h4 ,a4 ,m471 

! orig9al ( :i*1 9 ,day1 #aeff1 is a    
f9e tune1 degrad$ already 9 ,e/e1 #aeib1
 :i* v]sion ,h4 ,a4 ,m4   foll[s3 x is  
said to h come f ,g5eva4 ,besides ^!1   
xxv &   xliv1 :i* are ! only o!r tunes f
 ?is s\rce 9 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41   are v       
fav\rable examples1 & ,i d n ?9k t !y w 
rescue   ! book4 ,nor c ,i believe t ^! 
old ,engli% ,d4,c4,m4 tunes 7   ev] mu* 
us$4 ,!y are too mu* alike = _m ( !m to 
h be5   committ$ to memory1 :ile all !  
editions :i* ,i happ5 to h se5   are    
full ( mispr9ts1 & ! f\r-l9e tunes :i*  
drove !m out   7 e>ly 9 ! field1 &      
increas$ rapidly4  #ag,:5 "o turns !    
pages ( t mo/ depress+ ( all books ev]  
compil$ by ! groan+ creature1 ,julian's 
hymn-diction>y1 & sees   ! ?\s&s (      
c>efully tabulat$ ,engli% hymns1 by f> !
 great]   numb] ( !m n only pitiable z  
ef=ts ( human intellig5ce1 b            
absolutely wor?less z vocal mat]ial =   
melodic treatm5t1 "o   wi%es t all ?is  
ef=t _h be5 direct$ to supply a real    
want4 ,e4   g4 ! two ,wesleys betwe5 !m 

wrote ?irte5 octavo volumes1 ( "s   #djj
 pages ea*1 full ( closely pr9t$ hymns4 
,"o mu/ wi% t   ,*>les ,wesley at lea/  
7:o %[$ 9 a few in/ances h[ well he     
c\ld d7 _h1 in/ead ( reel+ (f all ?is   
/uff1 conc5trat$ 8   ef=ts to produce   
only :at %\ld be wor?y ( 8 tal5ts &     
useful   to po/]ity4  #ah;,if old tunes 
are mod]niz$ out ( a f9e rhy?m1 a curi\s
 result   w\ld be likely to come ab\t2  
viz4 t mod]n tunes might be writt5   9 !
 old rhy?m = ! sake ( novelty1 :ile !   
old 7 be+   sung 9 ! m mod]n way = !    
sake ( uni=mity4  #ai,?is fact is (     
c\rse g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! explanation 
9 !   text is "o :i* 0 elaborately      
illu/rat$ by ! ,slade ,pr(essor at      
,ox=d1 9 8 la/ c\rse ( lectures on      
pa9t+4  #bj,!re is "o po9t :i* ,i _c    
pass ov]4 ,x has become !   practice 9  
mod]n books to put m>ks ( musical       
expression to !   words1 direct+ !      
congregation :5 to s+ l\d or s(t4 ,?is  
implies a habit ( congregational        
p]=mance ! description ( :i*   w\ld make

 a companion picture to ! organ gall]y (
 #ahcj4 ,x seems   to me a practice (   
inconceivable degradation3 "o asks 9    
trembl+ if   x is to be ext5d$ to !     
,psalms4 ,x is j z if ! congregation   7
 s*ool-*ildr5 s++ to please a musical   
inspector1 & he a   /upid "o4  #ba;,x   
mu/ be due to unwill+ness t comp>atively
 s few ( our   cl]gy c take _! "p 9 !   
s]vice :5 x is musical4 ,village        
s*oolma/]s tell me t two h\rs a week is 
suffici5t 9 a few   mon?s to br+ all !  
*ildr5 up to a /&>d ( "t & tune &       
read+ at sight t w\ld suffice a m9or    
canon4   ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,yatt5don  
,,hymnal  ,among ! old melodies :i* x is
 ! *ief object ( ?is book to   re/ore to
 use1 "s w be f\nd :i* w be q new to !  
public1 :ile o!rs w be famili> ?\gh 9 a 
some:at diff]5t   =m2 & s9ce ! s\rces   
:5ce all ! tunes are tak5 are well      
kn[n1 & h be5 already l>gely drawn ^u by
 ! compil]s (   ,psalt]s & ,hymnals1 any
 melody :i* is new 9 ?is book may be    
consid]$ z hav+ be5 hi!rto ov]look$ or  

reject$1 :ile 9 !   alt]native case x is
 to be und]/ood t ! orig9al ca/ ( !     
melody has at "s =m] "t be5 alt]$       
7frequ5tly to suit !   ,engli% common   
metre to :i* x 0 n at fir/ con=mable71 &
 is   n[ re/or$4  ,! pla9-song tunes1 ( 
:i* an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! preface to !  
notes1 & ! few o!r old tunes :i* d n    
fall into ei!r ( ! two above-m5tion$    
classes1 7 includ$ = ! sake ( _! sett+s4
  ,) respect to ! vocal sett+s 9 f\r    
p>ts x may be said t1 9 ! num]\s cases 9
 :i* su* sett+s 7 n add$ by ! compos] ( 
! melody1 ! editors h done _! be/ to    
supply ! want 9 a suitable mann]1 & ) "s
 attempt t[>ds ! p>ticul> qualities (   
workman%ip ^u :i* mu* ( ! beauty ( ! old
 vocal c\nt]po9t dep5ds2 & ?is latt] aim
 has also gov]n$ ! composition ( ! six  
tunes n d]iv$ f old s\rces :i* h be5    
includ$ 9 ! "w4  ,?is book is (f]$ 9 no 
antiqu>ian _s4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! old 
tunes are1 )\t "q1 ( an excell5ce :i*   
sets !m above ei!r ! enhancem5t or ! ru9
 ( ,"t1 & at pres5t :5 s mu* att5tion is

 giv5 to music x is to be desir$ t su*  
ma/]pieces %\ld n be hidd5 away f !     
public1 or only put =? 9 a corrupt &    
degrad$ =m4 ,! excell5ce ( a nation 9   
music c h no o!r basis ?an ! education &
 practice ( ! p2 & ! quality ( ! music  
:i* is mo/ univ]sally sung mu/ l>gely   
det]m9e ! public ta/e = good or ill4    
,s9ce su* in=mation z might be look$ = 9
 an introduction is giv5 9 ! notes at ! 
end ( ! volume1 !re is no?+ to add "h b 
a li/ ( ! s\rces & compos]s 9 ord] (    
date1 :i* %\ld 9 ! eyes ( musicians g f>
 to ju/ify ?is attempt4   ,,synopsis ,,(
 ,,! ,,music ,,9 ,,ord] ,,( ,,date      
,,pla9-,,song ,,melodies1   ,s>um use1  
n9e1 ,nos4 #bi4 #cj4 #ca4 #cb4 #dg4 #dh4
 #di4 #ge4 #hf4   ,ambrosian1 two1 ,nos4
 #ia4 #ajj4   ,lat] pla9-song1 two1     
,nos4 #dd4 #de4 ,,he9ri* ,,isaac1 #adij1
 "o tune1 ,nos4 #hb  #hc4 ,f ! ,/rasb\rg
 ,psalt]1 be=e #aedj1 two1 ,nos4 #cg4   
#gb4 ,g]man ( same date1 "o1 ,no4 #af4  
,,l\is ,,b\rgeois1 #aeej1 ?irte51 ,nos4 
#c4 #ai4 #bj4 #bg4 #eh4 #fd4 #fg4 #gj4  

#gd4     #gg4 #gi  #hj4 #hh4 #ii  see   
#ff  #hd4 ,,*ri/oph] ,,tye1 #aeej1 "o1  
,no4 #ae4 ,f ,cresp9's ,psalt]s1 circ4  
#aefj1 ?ree1 ,nos4 #da4 #hd4 #hi4       
,,?omas ,,tallis1 #aefj1 sev51 ,nos4 #b4
 #ad4 #ed  #ee4 #ei4 #fh4 #gh4 #ih4 ,f !
 ,fr5* ,g5evan ,psalt]1 aft] #aefj1 "o1 
,no4 #ib4 ,a sett+ by ,,claude          
,,g\dimel1 #aefe1 ,no4 #hh4 ,engli%1    
#af? c5t1 f\r1 ,nos4 #ci4 #ec4 #ff4 #hg4
 ,two sett+s by ,,geo4 ,,kirby1 #aeib1  
,nos4 #ci4 #ec4 ,a sett+ by ,j4 ,f>m]1  
#aeib1 ,no4 #hg4 ,a sett+ by ,rd4       
,,allison1 #aeii1 ,no4 #hd4 ,italian1   
#af? c5t41 "o1 ,no4 #a4 ,,hans ,,leonh>d
 ,,hassl]1 #afjj1 "o1 ,no4 #fb4 ,,?os4  
,,campion1 #afac1 "o1 ,no4 #cf4 ,,orl&o 
,,gibbons1 #afbc1 eight1 ,nos4 #bc4 #bd4
 #be4 #bh4 #ce4 #ch4 #ef4 #id4 ,,h5ry   
,,lawes1 #afch1 "o1 ,no4 #gc4 ,,johann  
,,crueg]1 #afdj1 f\r1 ,nos4 #da4 #eg4   
#ic4 #ig4 ,engli%  ,scot*1 #afjj-afej1  
sev51 ,nos4 #aj4 #dj4 #ej4 #ea4 #fj4    
#fc4 #ga4 ,g]man1 #ag? c5t1 two1 ,nos4  
#fi4 #ij4 ,,j]emy ,,cl>k1 #agjj1 n9e1   

,nos4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #h4 #i4 #ba4 #fa4 #ha4
 #ie4 ,,william ,,cr(t1 #agaj1 f\r1     
,nos4 #cd4 #dc4 #eb4 #gf4 ,engli%1 #ah? 
c5t41 f\r1 ,nos4 #ab4 #bf4 #cc4 #fe4    
,j4,s4,,ba*1 eight sett+s1 mo/ly ( e>li]
 melodies1  ,nos4 #ac4 #eg4 #fb4        
#hj4 #hc4 #he4 #ij4 #ig4 ,sev5 new tunes
 by ,h4 ,e4 ,w41 ,nos4 #d4 #aa4 #ag4    
#ah4 #bb4 #df4 #if4   ,,note  ',! sev5  
tunes by ,tallis are all transcripts ( 8
 orig9al f\r-"p compositions4 ,only two 
( ^! tunes are 9 ! common books2 "o ( !m
 ,! ,ord9al is always reset1 ! o!r      
,canon1 :i* is usually sung to ,bp4     
,k5's ev5+ hymn1 is completely alt]$1 ! 
canon be+ put 9 a diff]5t position & !  
h>mony *ang$4 ,?is tune is ,i believe   
correctly edit$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,y4 ,h4 
& x is n[ ?us sung at ,wells ,ca!dral4  
',( ! eight tunes by ,orl&o ,gibbons1   
two only 7& ^! alt]$ bo? 9 rhy?m &      
h>mony7 appe> 9 ! common books4 ,all    
,gibbons' tunes are giv5 9 ! ,y4 ,h4 ) 8
 own bass1 ! inn] p>ts be+ suppli$4     
',!re is a complete li/ ( ! music 9 !   

^w-book ( ! ,yatt5don ,hymnal1 :i* is   
publi%$ by ,mr4 ,blackwell ( ,broad     
,/reet1 ,ox=d1 & may be b\ght = #as4    
#f;d4'   ,,! ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,notes 
,! orig9 ( ?is book 0 my attempt1 :5    
prec5tor ( a village *oir1 to provide   
bett] sett+s ( ! hymns ?an ^? 9 use4    
,:5 ,i gave up my (fice1 ,i pr9t$ ! fir/
 tw5ty-five hymns = ! conv5i5ce ( !     
*oir1 & also = ! sake ( ! tunes by      
,j]emy ,cl>k1 :i* ,i _h be5 at "s pa9s  
to re/ore1 & = ! pres]vation ( ! tunes  
compos$ on our behalf by ,pr(essor      
,wooldridge4  ,my *oice ( music _h s f> 
be5 limit$ to tunes1 = :i* suitable     
words 7 to be f\nd 9 ,hymns ,anci5t     
,mod]n2 b by ! "t t ^! fir/ tunes 7     
pr9t$1 ,i det]m9$ to cont9ue ! book free
 ( ?is re/riction1 &1 f :atev] s\rce1 to
 provide words = tunes :i* ,i _h hi!rto 
be5 unable to use4 ,i !n became aw>e ( a
 real cause = ! abs5ce ( mo/ ( ^! tunes 
f ! common hymnals3 !re 7 no words ( any
 k9d to :i* !y c\ld be sung4 ,hav+      
already translat$ "s ( ! old ,lat9 hymns

 = _! prop] melodies1 ,i 0 !nce l$ on to
 ! m difficult task ( supply+ ! great]  
ne$ ( ^! o!r tunes2 ! result be+ t ov]  
=ty ( ^! hundr$ hymns h engli% words    
newly writt5 by myself4 ,almo/ all ( ^! 
new hymns are 9 "s s5se translations1 = 
ev5 :]e an orig9al hymn c\ld n be foll[$
 9 its entirety1 z an old ,lat9 hymn    
g5]ally may be1 !re 0 usually a         
f\ndation to beg9 ^u1 & ,i nev] fail$ to
 f9d ! music condition+1 dictat+1 or    
inspir+ ! rema9d]4 ,i did n will+ly     
engage 9 ?is1 nor until ,i _h se>*$     
^w-books ( all k9ds2 a fruitless lab\r1 
unless = ! hope begott5 !re( t my       
practice 9 v]sify+ & my love = music may
 toge!r h creat$ some?+ ( at lea/       
relative value4  ,! unusual me?od :i* ,i
 0 con/ra9$ to foll[1 t is ( writ+ words
 to suit exi/+ music1 has its           
advantages4 ,9 "s cases1 z w be se5 9 ! 
notes to ! hymns1 ! musician1 out (     
despair or ev5 contempt = ! doggrel (f]$
 to him1 has compos$ a f9e tune q       
indep5d5t ( ! words to :i* x 0          

d$icat$#bb1 & su* tunes h be5 sil5t ev] 
s9ce !y 7 compos$3 :ile ev5 :5 a melody 
has be5 actually inspir$ by a p>ticul>  
hymn1 ! att5tion ( ! compos] to ! fir/  
/anza has n infrequ5tly set up a hirmos1
 or at lea/ a musical s*eme ( feel+1    
:i*1 n hav+ be5 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( !   
words1 is n c>ri$ out 9 8 o!r /anzas#bc3
 inde$1 z e "o mu/ h obs]v$1 ! words (  
hymns h too (t5 be5 writt5 ) insuffici5t
 att5tion to ! conditions :i* a         
repetition ( any music to e /anza mu/   
impose4 ,to get rid ( su* discrepancies 
betwe5 words & music is advantage\s to  
bo?1 & al?\gh ?is treatm5t _c ( c\rse be
 appli$ to engli% hymns1--:i* x is n    
all[able to alt]1 except 9 cases ( gl>+ 
unfitness or absurdity1 su* z w\ld if   
uncorrect$ cause ! neglect ( a good     
hymn#bd1--yet1 :]e ! hymn has to be     
translat$ f a =eign language1 "s        
recon/ruction is g5]ally inevitable1 & x
 c foll[ no bett] aim ?an t ( ! mutual  
en=cem5t ( words & music4 ,& ! words owe
 a c\rtesy to ! music2 = if a balance be

 /ruck betwe5 ! words & music ( hymns1 x
 w be f\nd to be heavily 9 fav\r ( !    
musicians1 ^: f9e "w has be5            
unscrupul\sly alt]$ & r$uc$ to dullness 
by engli% compil]s1 ) ! object ( con=m+ 
x 9 rhy?m to words t are unwor?y ( any  
music :atev]4 ,! *ief (f5d]s "h are !   
prote/ant re=m]s1 ^: metrical psalms1   
:i* ! melodies 7 tortur$ to fit1 exhibit
 great] futility ?an "o w\ld look = ev5 
9 m5 :o c\ld ?us wantonly spoil f9e     
music#be4  ,! =m & size ( ! book 7      
det]m9$ by ! type1 *os5 because x 0 !   
only "o t ,i c\ld f9d ( any beauty2 & ,i
 wi%$ t my book %\ld 9 ?is respect give 
an example1 & be wor?y bo? ( ! music &  
its sacr$ use#bf4 ,moreov] a book f :i* 
two or ?ree s+]s c read is m conv5i5t 9 
! *oir ?an a multiplicity ( small books2
 & ! music be+ 9 full score1 its        
int5tion _c be mi/ak53 = x mu/ be       
und]/ood t mo/ ( ^! tunes are set 9 !   
mann] prop] = voices1 b unsuitable = !  
piano or o!r key$ in/rum5t2 & ! book is 
int5d$ to enc\rage unaccompani$ s++4 ,a 

*oir t _c s+ unaccompani$ _c s+ at all2 
& ?is is n an uncommon condition 9 our  
*ur*es1 :]e *oirs ) v>y+ success        
accompany ! organ4 ,a prop] mann] (     
su/a9$ s++1 & ! true arti/ic pleasure t 
%\ld gov]n x1 w nev] be obta9$ until ^! 
conditions are rev]s$4  ,!re is "o      
novelty :i* ,i am responsible =         
introduc+1 namely ! f\r-"p vocal sett+s 
( c]ta9 e>ly pla9-song melodies4 ,! lat]
 pla9-song tunes1 su* z ,no4 #dd1 are1  
,i suppose#bg1 z fit = ?is treatm5t z   
any o!r tunes ( ! same date2 b 9 ! case 
( ! e>li] melodies1 :i* 7 compos$ be=e !
 inv5tion ( any complete sy/em ( h>mony1
 x is g5]ally agre$ t !y %\ld be sung 9 
unison1 9 fact ! m elaborate ( !m _c be 
sung o!rwise4 ,to give f\r-"p sett+s (  
any ( ^! e>ly tunes calls !re=e = an    
explanation1 :i* ,i w give z briefly z  
possible4  ,:5 ^! tunes are sung1 !y are
 usually accompani$1 & ?is implies a    
h>monic treatm5t4 ,n[ ! be/ h>monic     
treatm5t :i* !y c h is ! ,pale/r9al1    
because t 0 ! e>lie/ complete sy/em1 &  

!re=e ! ne>e/ to _! "t1 & also because  
we may rely on ! tru? ( its             
int]pretation ( ! modes = ! reason t    
,pale/r9a _h nev] he>d any music t 0 n  
modal4 ,a mod]n musician1 if he attempts
 to g back beyond ,pale/r9a1 mu/ draw on
 8 imag9ation1 & :ile 8 aim mu/ be to   
produce some?+ arti/ically & te*nically 
less p]fect ?an ,pale/r9a's sy/em1 8 "w1
 :5 x is done1 w c>ry nei!r au?ority nor
 conviction4  ,if !n we take ,pale/r9a's
 h>monic int]pretation ( ! modes1 x     
seems to me t !re c be no objection to  
giv+ vocal p>ts to ! simpl] hymns4 ,if x
 is pref]r$ to s+ !m 9 unison1 ! modal  
sett+s w be a guide to ! accompani/4 ,b 
x is my op9ion t su* sett+s z ,i (f] w  
really please1 & !y may possibly d      
some?+ to br+ ^! tunes1 :i* h a unique1 
unmat*able beauty1 into fav\r ) *oirs t 
dislike ! ef=t & wa/e ( unison s++4 ,^! 
sett+s (f] no difficulty ( execution    
all2 t is necess>y is t ! "u voices %\ld
 "k ! melody3 & ?\gh ?is is n g5]ally   
?\ght requisite 9 a mod]n hymn1 x is    

ask+ no?+ extra ( a *oir t w\ld s+ !    
pla9-song tunes2 = ev5 if !y are sung 9 
unison1 !y mu/ fir/ be kn[n by he>t     
7o!rwise _! rhy?mical fre$om1 :i* defies
 notation1 & is indisp5sable to _!      
beauty1 _c be approa*$71 & :5 once a    
*oir has got ?us f>1 ! "u p>ts1 be+     
phras$ ) ! melody1 w easily foll[ x4 ,an
 explanation ( ! notation ( ^! sett+s is
 giv5 9 ! note to ,hymn #bi4            
,congregational s++ ( hymns is mu* to be
 desir$2 b1 ?\gh difficult to obta91 x  
is n p]missible to provoke x by         
undignifi$ music4 ,its only s\nd musical
 basis is good melody3 good melodies    
%\ld !re=e be (f]$ to ! p1 su* z x has  
be5 ! object ( ?is book to br+ toge!r2 &
 !y %\ld h z mu* fre$om & v>iety ( rhy?m
 z possible4 ,if "s ( ! good melodies   
are1 ow+ to _! wide compass or o!r      
difficulty1 unfit = congregational s++1 
?is is an advantage2 because nei!r are  
all hymn-words equally suitable4 ,mo/ ( 
! words 9 ?is book are suitable =       
congregational s++2 "s are n4 ,a        

hymn-book :i* is int5d$ entirely =      
congregational use mu/ be faulty 9 "o ( 
two ways2 ei!r x w (f] = congregational 
s++ hymns ^: sacr$ & intimate "* is     
pr(an$ by su* a treatm5t1 or x w h to   
omit "s ( ! mo/ beautiful hymns 9 !     
language3 b congregations diff] mu*1 n  
only ) reg>d to ! music 9 :i* !y are    
capable ( jo9+1 b also z to ! sort (    
words :i* be/ express _! religi\s       
emotion4   ,9 ! foll[+ notes ! left-h&  
side ( ! page is giv5 to ! words1 ! "r  
to ! music ( ea* hymn3 9 ! latt] column 
w be f\nd full in=mation z to ! text ( !
 music1 ! s\rce :5ce x is d]iv$1 c41    
toge!r ) a c>eful acc\nt ( e dep>ture t 
has be5 made f ! orig9als4 ,x is hop$ t 
?is w n only be ( g5]al int]e/1 b t x   
may inspire confid5ce 9 ! text ( ! book1
 & ensure ! reception :i* its au?ority  
dem&s4 ,= ! text ( ! music1 & all !     
/atem5ts 9 ! notes1 ,i am responsible2  
except+ ^? portions ( ! notes :i* are   
!re9 assign$ to _! prop] au?orities1 & 9
 ^! ,i am responsible = ! correctness ( 

! quotations & ref]5ces1 9 :i* ,i h done
 my be/ to secure accuracy4 ,i owe mu*  
to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,b>clay ,squire 
at ! ,briti% ,museum2 ,i h also to ?ank 
,mr4 ,godfrey ,arkwright = ! loan ( "s  
r>e books1 & ,dr4 ,*as4 ,wood (         
,cambridge = two sett+s & occasional    
read+ ( music pro(s2 9 :i* latt] task ,i
 gratefully record ! help ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4
 ,liddle & ,dr4 ,p]cy ,buck4 ,to ,mr4   
,miles ,birket ,fo/] ,i owe ! ?ree trios
 by ,j]emy ,cl>k1 & to ! ,revs4 ,w4 ,h4 
,fr]e & ,g4 ,h4 ,palm] ! text ( !       
pla9-song melodies1 & ! in=mation       
conc]n+ !m :i* is giv5 9 ! foll[+ notes3
 x is due to ! g5]osity ) :i* !y put _! 
le>n+ & judgem5t at my disposal t ,i am 
able to (f] ^! tunes ) ! same confid5ce 
z ! re/ ( ! book4 ,pr(essor ,wooldridge1
 hav+ co-op]at$ ) me ?r\gh\t1 has all[$ 
8 "n to appe> on ! title page4   #bb,no4
 #bh is a good example ( ?is4 ,see also 
,no4 #ih4  #bc,no4 #eg is a good        
example4 ,! l9e ,du bi/ me91 und i* b9  
de91   corresponds 9 /anza #b ) ,w5n die

 ,welt 9 ,trmm] fallt1 & 9   /anza #d ) 
,el5d1 ,no?1 ,kreuz1 ,s*ma* und ,tod4   
,aga9 9 ,no4 #gg   ! op5+ phrase1 ,mon  
,dieu1 mon ,dieu1 ( ! tw5ty-second psalm
   ne$s music :i* conditions ! o!r      
/anzas sev]ely4 ,aga9 ! weak            
apologetic latt] half ( ! ,g]man hymn   
,h]zlieb/] ,jesu1 ,no4 #db1   is        
irreconcilably out ( ! key ) ! pa!tic   
grief ( !   beg9n+4 ,cases 9 :i*        
caesuras & grammatical breaks are       
inconsi/5t are numb]less4  #bd,see note 
to ,hymn #ij4 ,o!r engli% hymns alt]$ = 
practical   purposes 9 ?is book are     
,nos4 #ai1 #ce1 #ea1 la/ v]se ( #eb1    
#ff1 #id1   & #if4  #be;,i give         
illu/rations ( ^! words 9 notes to      
,hymns #bg1 #ed1 #eh1 #fc1   #fh1 #hd1 &
 #ih4  #bf,! *eapness is n ! direct     
cause ( ! ugl9ess ( our common          
hymn-books1 nor is _! ugl9ess ! cause ( 
_! *eapness4 ,if _m   copies ( a book   
are sold1 !y c be sold *eaply2 if only a
 few1   !n ! initial exp5se1 :i* is mu* 
! same :e!r ! book be   beautiful or    

ugly1 mu/ be %>$ betwe5 ^? few buy]s & !
   au?or4 ,b ?us x comes ab\t indirectly
 = *eapness to be !   cause ( meanness &
 ugl9ess1 because 9 a l>g] m>ket !re is 
great] indiff]5ce to arti/ic excell5ce (
 all k9ds1 & f   habit a pref]5ce = :at 
is inf]ior4 ,9 a l>ge edition ?is book  
c\ld be sold z *eaply z ano!r4  #bg;,i  
/ate "h once = all t 9 musical matt]s ,i
 (f] my op9ion   ) becom+ humility4     
,,adv]tisem5t   ,,! ,,yatt5don ,,hymnal4
  ,edit$ by ,rob]t ,bridges & ,pr(essor 
,h4 ,ellis ,wooldridge4 ,conta9+   #ajj 
hymns & #d voice-p>ts4 ,pr9t$ at ! ,ox=d
 ,univ]sity ,press1   #ahii4 ,may be    
obta9$ ( ,h5ry ,fr[de1 ,ox=d ,w>eh\se1  
,am5 ,corn]1   ,london1 ,e4,c41 or ?r\gh
 any booksell]4 ,price1 #dto bo>ds1 #a4 
,a few   copies ( ! ,folio1 price #d1   
are /ill to be _h4   ,,! ,,^w-,,book ,,(
 ,,! ,,yatt5don ,,hymnal1  ,:i* conta9s 
a full li/ ( ! music1 & is call$1  ,,!  
,,small ,,hymn-,,book1  may be _h ( ,b4 
,h4 ,blackwell1 ,broad ,/reet1 ,ox=d1 or
 ?r\gh any booksell]4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 

,ox=d3 ,horace ,h>t1 ,pr9t] to !        
,univ]sity