,,! ,,art  ,,(  ,,mak+ ,,:iskey1  ,,s   
,,z ,,to ,,obta9 ,a ,,bett]1 ,,pur]1    
,,*eap] ,,& ,,great] ,,quantity ,,(     
,,_s1  ,,f ,a ,,giv5 ,,quantity ,,(     
,,gra94  ,,also1  ,,! ,,art ,,(         
,,conv]t+ ,,x ,,into ,,g94  ,,aft] ,,!  
,,process ,,( ,,! ,,holl& ,,di/ill]s1   
,,)\t ,,any ,,augm5tation ,,( ,,price4  
,by ,,an?ony ,,b\*]ie1  ,,( ,,lex+ton1  
,,ky4  ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5*  ,,by 
,c4 ,m99999999999999  ,,lex+ton1 ,,ky4  
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,worsley  ,,smi?4  #ahai  
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is edition is f  
,micr(i*e4 ,all copies t ,i've f\nd are 
m>k$ ,photograph$ f an imp]fect copy4   
,pr9t] errors h be5 left z is1 b not$4  
,we _c acc\nt = ! accuracy 9 "s ( !     
numb]s1 :]e ! orig9al 0 exceptionally   
difficult to read4 ,:]e applicable1 any 
*anges are not$ ) a ,,tr4 ,any o!r      
inconsi/5cies 7 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,a  
,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 includ$ 9 !   
,,html v]sion4     ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,(  
,,am]ica1  ,di/rict ( ,k5tucky1 to wit3 
,be x rememb]$1 ,t on ! #aj? day (      

,decemb]1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #ahah1 & ! 
=ty-?ird ye> ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ( ,am]ica1 came ,,an?ony         
,,b\*]ie1 ( ! said di/rict1 & deposit$ 9
 ?is (fice1 a copy ( ! title ( a book1 !
 "r :]e( he claims z au?or & proprietor1
 9 ! words & figures foll[+1 viz3  ,!   
,art ( mak+ ,:iskey1 s z to obta9 a     
bett]1 pur]1 *eap] & great] quantity (  
,_s f a giv5 quantity ( ,gra93 ,also1 ! 
art ( conv]t+ x into ,g91 aft] ! process
 ( ! ,holl& ,di/ill]s1 )\t any          
augm5tation 9 ! price4--,by ,an?ony     
,b\*]ie3  ,9 con=mity to ! act (        
,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 entitl$ ,an
 act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ 
! copies ( maps1 *>ts & books to !      
au?ors ann ,,tr3 & proprietors ( su*    
copies dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$4 ,&    
also to an act1 entitl$ ,an act         
supplem5t>y to an act1 entitl$ an act = 
! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ !      
copies ( maps1 *>ts & books to ! au?ors 
& proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! times
 !re9 m5tion$1 & ext5d+ ! b5efits !re(  

to ! arts ( design+ & et*+ hi/orical &  
o!r pr9ts4   ,,john ,h4 ,,hanna1  ,cl]k 
( ! ,di/rict ( ,k5tucky4  ,libr>y /amp3 
,,imp]fect ,,9 ,,orig9al     ,,to ,,!   
,,hon\rable ,,legislature  ,,( ,,!      
,,/ate ,,( ,,k5tucky4   ,,g5tlem5 ,,(   
,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives1  ,an imm5se & mo/     
f]tile c\ntry1 a republic :]e e         
individual enjoys ! mo/ unb\nd$ fre$om2 
su* are ! advantages :i* *>act]ise !    
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & r5d] !m !    
asylum ( ! oppress$ ,europeans4 ,i 0 "o 
( ! numb]1 & z e>ly z ,janu>y1 #ahjh1   
congress enact$ a law disp5s+ me ) !    
usual t]m ( two ye>s resid5ce1 = obta9+ 
a pat5t4  ,x is ! duty ( e citiz5 to    
contribute to ! progress ( useful k1 = !
 b5efit & prosp]ity ( 8 native or adopt$
 c\ntry4 ,x is "u t po9t ( view t ,i n[ 
publi% ,! ,art ( ,mak+ ,:iskey1 s z to  
obta9 a great] quantity ( ,_s f a giv5  
quantity ( ,gra92 ! _s ?us obta9$ be+   
pur] & *eap]4 ,also1 ! ,art ( conv]t+ x 
into ,g91 accord+ to ! process ( !      

,holl& ,di/ill]s1 )\t mak+ x de>]4      
,,tr3 ,?is next p>agraph is incomplete  
,give me leave1 g5tlem51 to publi% ?is  
little w--,,tr3 "w8 "u ! patronage ( !  
enlight5$ ,legisl--,,tr3 ,legislature8 (
 ! /ate :i* ,i h *os5 = my--,,tr3       
resid5ce8 is und\bt$ly ( a g5]al utility
 fo-- b m p>ticul>ly an agricultural    
/ate1 su* z ?is1 :]e e ?+ t contributes 
to ! success ( agriculture1 adds to !   
welf>e ( ! commonweal?4 ,x is !re=e to  
promote t desirable end1 t ,i h]eby     
r5\nce all ! privileges grant$ me eight 
ye>s ago1 = ! di/ill]'s app>atus1 ( :i* 
,i give "h a description4 ,i invite all 
di/ill]s to use x ! m confid5tly1 z a   
long exp]i5ce has prov$ to me its       
utility4 ,9 describ+ ! art ( conv]t+    
,:iskey into ,g91 accord+ to ! process (
 ! ,holl& ,di/ill]s1 ,i flatt] myself1 t
 ,i give a great] value to a national   
production usually neglect$ ?r\g\t ,,tr3
 ?r\gh\t ! cont95t1 & :i* w be !        
pr9ciple ( a consid]able produce4       
,h5ce=? ! ,g9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be an 

important article ( exportation = _!    
outw>d trade1 z well z = home           
consumption4  ,receive1 g5tlem51 !      
,assurances ( my ,pr(\nd ,respect1 ,a4  
,,b\*]ie4     ,,preface4   ,! mo/ usual 
dr9k 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is :iskey2 o!r  
spiritu\s liquors1 su* z pea* & apple   
br&y1 are only second>y1 & f _! high    
price & _! sc>city1 !y are n suffici5t =
 ! wants ( an already imm5se & increas+ 
population4 ,z to w9e1 9 spite ( all !  
ef=ts & repeat$ trials made to propagate
 ! grape-v9e1 !re is z yet no hopes1 t x
 may 9 "t become ! pr9cipal dr9k ( !    
,am]icans4  ,to turn our enquiries t[>ds
 ! means ( br++ ! art ( mak+ :iskey to  
great] p]fection1 is !re=e1 to          
contribute to ! welf>e ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 & ev5 to ! heal? ( ! ,am]icans1 
& to ! prosp]ity ( ! di/ill]1 z ,i w    
prove 9 ! sequel4  ,! arts & sci5ces h  
made great progress2 my aim is to       
diffuse new light on e ?+ t relates to !
 =mation ( spiritu\s liquors t may be   
obta9$ f gra9s4 ,mo/ arts & trades are  

practis$ )\t pr9ciples1 p]haps f ! want 
( ! means ( in=mation4 ,= ! advantage ( 
! di/ill]s ( :iskey1 ,i w collect & (f] 
!m ! means ( obta9+ f a giv5 quantity ( 
gra91 ! greate/ possible quantity ( _s1 
pur] & *eap] ?an by ! usual me?ods4 ,i  
%all !n proce$ to indicate ! me?ods (   
conv]t+ :iskey into g91 accord+ to !    
process ( ! ,holl& ,di/ill]s1 )\t       
height5+ its price4  ,if ! pr9ciples    
h]eaft] develop$ are foll[$1 ! trade (  
di/ill] w acquire great advantages1 t w 
spread _! influ5ce on agriculture1 &    
consequ5tly on comm]ce 9 g5]al4     ,,! 
,,art ,,( ,,mak+ ,,:iskey1 c4           
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,( ,,spiritu\s ,,liquors1 
,,or ,,spirits4   ,spiritu\s liquors are
 ! produce ( v9\s ones1 obta9$ by !     
di/illation ( ^! la/4 ,! art ( mak+ w9e 
is ( ! remote/ antiquity1 s9ce x is     
attribut$ to ,noah2 b t ( di/ill+ x1 s z
 to extract its mo/ spiritu\s "p1 dates 
only f ! ye> #acjj4 ,arn& de ,vill5euve 
0 ! inv5tor ( x1 & ! produce ( 8 ,/ill  
appe>$ s m>vell\s1 t x 0 nam$           

,aqua-,vit1 or ,wat] ( ,life1 & has ev] 
s9ce cont9u$ "u t d5om9ation 9 ,france2 
,voltaire & reason say t x might1 ) f> m
 propriety1 be call$ ,aqua-,mortis1 or  
,wat] ( ,dea?4  ,?is liquor1 call$ 9    
,engli%1 ,br&y1 receiv$ f ! le>n$ ! "n (
 ,_s ( ,w9e2 "t improv$ ! art ( mak+ x  
/ill /rong] by conc5tration1 & 9 t /ate 
x is call$ ,alcohol4  ,all _s is !      
di/ill$ result ( a w9e1 ei!r ( grapes1  
o!r fruits1 or gra9s2 x is !re=e        
necess>y to h ei!r w9e1 or any v9\s     
liquor1 9 ord] to obta9 spirits4        
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,(    
,,v9\s ,,liquors ,,) ,,gra9s1 ,,9 ,,ord]
 ,,to ,,make ,,spirits4   ,! art (      
extract+ w9e f ! juice ( ! grape1 n be+ 
! object ( ?is book1 ,i %all conf9e     
myself to :at is necess>y & useful to ! 
di/ill]s ( :iskey2 x is !re=e ( ! v9\s  
liquor extract$ f gra9s1 t ,i am go+ to 
speak4  ,! =mation ( t k9d ( liquor is  
f\nd$ ^u a faculty peculi> to gra9s1 :i*
 ! le>n$ *ymi/1 ,f\rcroy1 has call$     
sac*>9e f]m5tation4 ,sug> itself does n 

exi/ 9 gram9e\s sub/ances2 !y only      
conta9 its elem5ts1 or fir/ pr9ciples1  
:i* produce x4 ,! sac*>9e f]m5tation    
conv]ts ^? elem5ts into sug>1 or at lea/
 into a sac*>9e matt]2 & :5 ?is is      
develop$1 x yields ! em95t pr9ciple (   
f]m5tation1 )\t :i* !re exi/s no w9e1 & 
consequ5tly no _s4  ,gra9s yield two    
k9ds ( v9\s liquors1 ( :i* ! di/ill]    
makes _s1 & ! brew] a sort ( w9e1 call$ 
be]4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! processes       
employ$ to obta9 ^! two results1 x w be 
f\nd t ! brew]'s art has atta9$ a high] 
degree ( p]fection ?an t ( ! di/ill]4   
,!y bo? h = _! object to obta9 a v9\s   
liquor2 b t ( ! brew] is1 9 reality1 a  
sort ( w9e to :i* he gives1 at pleasure1
 diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?2 :ile t ( !    
di/ill] is sc>cely v9\s1 & _c be made   
ri*]4 ,i w give a succ9ct exposition (  
_! two processes 9 ord] t !y may be     
comp>$4   ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,brew+4  ,!
 art ( brew+ consi/s3  #a/4 ,9 ! spr\t+ 
( a proportion ( gra91 *iefly b>ley4    
,?is op]ation conv]ts into a sac*>9e    

matt]1 ! elem5ts ( t same sub/ance      
already exi/+ 9 gra9s4  #b;dly4 ,9      
prep>+ ! wort4 ,= t op]ation1 ! gra91   
hav+ be5 previ\sly gr\nd1 is put into a 
vat1 :i* is half fill$ up ) wat]2 ! re/ 
is fill$ up at ?ree diff]5t times ) hot 
wat]--! fir/ at #ajj1 ! second at #aej1 
& ! ?ird at #bab1 :i* is boil+ wat]4 ,! 
mixture is /rongly /irr$ ea* "t t x is  
imm]s$4 ,by ?is infusion1 ! wat] lays   
hold ( ! sweet pr9ciples conta9$ 9 !    
gra94  #c;dly4 ,! wort ?us prep>$1 !    
liquor is filtrat$1 9 ord] to sep>ate x 
f ! gra91 & !n boil$ until r$uc$ to "o  
half1 9 ord] to conc5trate x to ! degree
 ( /r5g? desir$4 ,9 t /ate1 #dj gallons 
( wort conta9 ! sac*>9e pr9ciples ( #bjj
 wt4 ( gra94  #d?ly4 ,! wort1 ?us       
conc5trat$1 is drawn (f 9 b>rels1 :i*   
are kept 9 a temp]ature ( #hj or #he4 ,!
 yea/ is ?r[n into x to e/abli% !       
f]m5tation1 & 9 a %ort "t be] is made1 m
 or less /rong1 accord+ to ! degree (   
conc5tration1 & m or less bitt]1 accord+
 to ! great] or less] proportion ( hops 

put into x4  ,su* are1 9 a concise view1
 ! proce$+s ( ! brew]4 ,let u proce$ to 
^? ( ! di/ill] ( :iskey4   ,,( ,,!      
,,di/ill] ,,( ,,:iskey4  ,:iskey is made
 ei!r ) rye1 b>ley1 or ,indian corn4    
,"o1 or all ^? k9ds ( gra9s is us$1 z !y
 are m or less abundant 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i d
 n "k h[ f> !y are mix$ 9 ,k5tucky2 b   
,indian corn is "h 9 g5]al ! basis (    
:iskey1 & m (t5 employ$ alone4  ,i h    
asc]ta9$1 9 ! diff]5t di/ill]ies :i* ,i 
h visit$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--  #a/ly4 ,t1
 9 g5]al1 ! gra9 is n spr\t$4 ,i h1     
h[ev]1 se5 "s di/ill]s :o put #ajlbs4 ( 
malt into a hog%ead ( f]m5tation conta9+
 #ajj gallons1 :i* r$uces x to almo/    
no?+4  #b;dly4 ,t !y put two bu%els (   
gr\nd gra9 into a hog%ead ( f]m5tation  
conta9+ #ajj gallons1 fill$ up ) wat]4  
#c;dly4 ,!y _h a f]m5t to det]m9e !     
f]m5tation1 :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 yields two   
gallons ( :iskey p] bu%el ( gra91 &     
sometimes t5 qu>ts1 b v seldom4 ,i d n  
"k :e!r ^? results are exact2 b1 suppos+
 !m to be s1 !y mu/ be subject to great 

v>iations1 accord+ to ! quality ( !     
gra91 ! season1 ! degree ( heat1 ( !    
atmosph]e1 & ! mann] ( conduct+ !       
f]m5tation4 ,f my analys+ ! diff]5t     
sorts ( gra9s1 ,i "k t ,indian corn mu/ 
yield ! mo/ _s4  ,f ! above proportions1
 x results1 t #ajj gallons ( ! v9\s     
liquor ( di/ill]s yield only #d gallons 
( :iskey1 & v seldom #e2 t is1 f a #be? 
to a #bj?4 ,x is easy to conceive h[    
weak a mixture1 #be p>ts ( wat] to "o ( 
:iskey1 mu/ be2 ?us ! produce ( ! fir/  
di/illation is only at #aa or #ab by !  
areomet]1 ! wat] be+ at #aj4 ,x is only 
by sev]al subsequ5t di/illations1 t !   
necess>y conc5tration is obta9$1 to make
 saleable :iskey4 ,^! repeat$ op]ations 
are att5d$ ) an increas$ exp5se ( fuel1 
labor1 & "t4  ,su* are ! usual me?ods ( 
! :iskey di/ill]s4 ,be=e we comp>e !m ) 
^? ( ! brew]1 let u exam9e ! nature (   
f]m5tation1 & :at are ! elem5ts ! mo/   
prop] to =m a good v9\s liquor3 !nce we 
%all judge ) c]ta9ty1 ( ^? two ways (   
op]at+4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,(         

,,f]m5tation4       ,f]m5tation is a    
spontane\s & inte/9e motion1 :i* takes  
place among/ ! pr9ciples ( organic      
sub/ance depriv$ ( life1      ! maximum 
( :i* always t5ds to *ange ! nature (   
bodies1      & gives rise to ! =mation (
 new productions4       ,b\illon la     
,grange4--,manual ( a ,c\rse ( ,*ymi/ry4
   ,f]m5tation has long s9ce be5 divid$ 
into spiritu\s1 acid1 & putrid4  ,x is  
only s9ce ! revival or new epo* (       
*ymi/ry1 t ! le>n$ h be5 occupi$ 9      
rese>*es on f]m5tation4 ,i 0 ! fir/ :o  
gave a new h9t on ?is important "p (    
natural philosophy1 9 #aghe4 ,x 0 !n    
held z c]ta91 t ! sac*>9e sub/ance 0 !  
pr9ciple ( spiritu\s f]m5tation4 ,a     
s]ies ( exp]im5ts enabl$ me to          
demon/rate ! contr>y1 = ,i obta9$ a well
 cry/alliz$ sug> by ! f]m5tation ( a    
sub/ance :i* produces none by any o!r   
means4  ,9 ,septemb]1 #aghe1 ,i read a  
memoir to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 at     
,p>is4 ,9 t memoir ,i develop$ my !ory4 
,t le>n$ body nom9at$ f\r commission]s1 

= ! purpose ( exam9+ my op]ations1 &    
sanction$ my discov]y by a report1 9 :i*
 x 0 ackn[l$g$ t ,i _h discov]$ a new   
tru?1 & ord]$ ! ins]tion ( my memoir 9 !
 collection ( ^? ( ! ,=eign ,associates4
 ,i attribut$ ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritu\s  
f]m5tation to ! mucilag9\s sub/ance4    
,?is has be5 s9ce demon/rat$1 by        
att5tively obs]v+ t x always beg9s ) a  
motion ( acid f]m5tation1 :i* is produc$
 by ! mucilag9\s sub/ance4 ,! ,european 
*ymi/s h s9ce reason$ ^u f]m5tation2 ea*
 ( !m has produc$ a new sy/em2 none h   
be5 able to br+ x to a regul>           
demon/ration2 & ! le>n$ ,gay ,lussac has
 said1 t f]m5tation is "o ( ! mo/       
my/]i\s op]ations ( *ymi/ry4 ,be t z x  
may1 !re are facts t are asc]ta9$3 let u
 endeavor to inve/igate !m1 t we may    
d]ive f !m all ! in=mation :i* is       
necess>y to u4  ,x is inconte/able t    
spirits are produc$ by ! sac*>9e        
sub/ance4 ,gra9s1 h[ev]1 supply x1      
al?\gh !y are n s5sibly sweet4 ,?is has 
made me suspect t ! f]m5tation is at    

fir/ sac*>9e1 :i* produces ! sweet      
sub/ance t is necess>y = ! =mation ( _s4
 ,x is ?us t1 by a s]ies ( int]nal      
motions1 ! f]m5tation causes ! =mation (
 ! _s to be prec$$ by a slight          
production ( acid2 t x trans=ms ! v9\s  
liquor into v9eg>1 :i* ! same f]m5tation
 *anges 9 "t into an animal sub/ance1   
de/roy$ 9 its turn by ! putrid          
f]m5tation4 ,su* are ! progressive      
*anges op]at$ by ?is all-disorganiz+    
ph5om5on1 & ! un]r+ m>* ( nature to br+ 
back all sub/ances to _! respective     
elem5ts4  ,! necess>y conditions = !    
=mation ( v9\s f]m5tation1 are--  #a/4  
,! pres5ce ( ! sac*>9e sub/ance4        
#b;dly4 ,t ( a vegeto-animal sub/ance1  
commonly call$ f]m5t1 & soluble 9 wat]4 
#c;dly4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]4       
#d?ly4 ,a temp]ature ( #gj to #ge4      
#e?ly4 ,a suffici5t mass4  ,:5 ^! are   
obta9$1 9 a %ort "t ! liquor becomes    
turbid2 x bubbles1 f ! dis5gag+ ( !     
c>bonic acid gaz1 & ! heat increases    
consid]ably4 ,aft] "s days1 ^! impetu\s 

motions subside2 ! f]m5tation ceases by 
degrees2 ! liquor cle>s up2 !n x emits a
 v9\s smell & ta/e4 ,z soon z x f]m5ts  
no m1 x mu/ be di/ill$4 ,h[ev]1 "s      
di/ill]s h ass]t$ t a great] quantity ( 
_s is obta9$ :5 ! liquor has acquir$ a  
c]ta9 degree ( acidity4 ,o!rs are (     
op9ion t x mu/ be di/ill$ z soon z x is 
calm4 ,i am ( ?is op9ion1 because ! acid
 c only be =m$ at ! exp5se ( a little ( 
! _s1 :i* is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ! acet\s
 acid4 ,besides1 ! long] ! liquor rema9s
 9 a mass1 ! m _s is wa/$ by            
evaporation4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,( ,,! 
,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts         
,,necess>y ,,to ,,=m ,a ,,good ,,v9\s   
,,liquor4   ,:at are ! proportions ( !  
elem5ts necess>y to =m a good v9\s      
liquor8  ,we owe ! important k ( ^?     
proportions to ! celebrat$ & un=tunate  
,lavoisi]1 :o has prov$1 by ! mo/       
accurate exp]im5ts1 t !re mu/ be  #ajj  
p>ts ( dry sweet sub/ance1 or sug> #djj 
p>ts ( wat]  #aj p>ts ( f]m5t1 or liquid
 yea/1 :i* is r$uc$ ---       to #h     

#g-aj?s ( dry matt]4  #eaj p>ts 9 !     
:ole1 :i* produce #eg p>ts ( dry        
alcohol2 t is1 conta9+ no m wat] ?an is 
necess>y to its =mation1 & consequ5tly z
 /rong z x c be4 ,let u dwell = a mom5t 
^u ! proportions j po9t$ out1 &         
especially ^u _! result1 :i* exce$s any 
?+ t has ev] be5 obta9$4 ,suppos+ !     
weight ( ea* ( ^? p>ts to be "o p\nd1 we
 %all h  #ajj lbs4 ( dry sweet          
,sub/ance1 or sug> #djj d4 ( wat]  #aj  
d4 ( liquid f]m5t --- #eaj p\nds 9 !    
:ole4  #ajjlbs4 ( sug> is ! quantity    
requir$ to make #ab-a_/b     gallons (  
sirup1 compos$ ( #hlbs4 ( sug> & #hlbs4 
(     wat] p] gallon1                   
#ab-a_/b galls4 #djjlbs4 ( wat]1 at     
#hlbs4 p] gall4 make #ej            ,!  
produce w be #eglbs4 ( dry alcohol4  ,a 
vessel conta9+ "o ounce ( wat]1 fill$ up
 ) ?is alcohol1 weighs only #af;dwts4 & 
#af;grs4 ,f ?is report1 x appe>s t !    
specific weight ( ! alcohol is1 to !    
weight ( ! wat]1 z #bj to #bd2 t is1 t  
wat] weighs #a_/e m ?an alcohol4 ,if !  

#eglbs4 ?us obta9$ 7 only wat]1 x w\ld  
only repres5t #g-a_/h99 gallons2 b be+  
alcohol1 x weighs #a_/f99 less1 &       
consequ5tly gives #g-a_/h gallons m1 !  
six? ( ?is quantity1 7to wit37 #a-a_/f99
 gallons1 :i*1 add$ to #g-a_/h991 make  
#h-g_/bd gallons4  ,,tr3 ,poor quality  
made x difficult to v]ify ! above numb]s
 & s not$ ) an a/]isk  ,b #a gallon (   
dry alcohol1 ext5d$ 9 #b gallons ( wat]1
 gives #c gallons ( liquor at #ai1 :i*  
is call$ ,holl&1 or fir/ pro(2 a produce
 surpass+ all :at has be5 hi!rto kn[n to
 ! di/ill]s4 ,i w prove x by an example3
 #a gallon ( molasses yields only #a    
gallon ( rum1 at #ai1 to ! rum di/ill]2 
/ill1 molasses is a true sirup1 compos$ 
( #hlbs4 ( sug>1 or sweet matt]1 m      
f]m5table ?an sug>4 #ab-a_/b gallons (  
molasses1 repres5t+ #ajjlbs4 ( dry sweet
 matt] yield consequ5tly #ab-a_/b galls4
 ( rum1 ,holl& pro(1 :i* is only half ! 
produce obta9$ by ,lavoisi]2 an imm5se  
diff]5ce capable ( excit+ ! emulation ( 
all di/ill]s1 z x proves ! imp]fection (

 ! art4  ,:at are ! causes ( su* a      
dissimil>ity ( product8 ,we mu/ seek =  
!m4  #a/4 ,9 ! diff]5ce ( ! /r5g? ( !   
v9\s liquor4 ,lavoisi] employ$ only #d  
p>ts ( wat] to #a "p ( dry sug>4 ,! rum 
di/ill] usually puts #aj gallons (      
molasses to #ij gallons ( wat]1 or !    
residue ( ! prec$+ di/illations4  #aj   
galls4 molasses conta9 #hj lbs4 ( sweet 
matt]4  #ij gallons ( wat] weigh        
#gbjlbs42 !re=e ! proportion is1 "o "p (
 sweet matt] to #i p>ts ( wat]--:il/ t  
indicat$ by ,lavoisi] is only #d p>ts ( 
wat] to #a "p ( sug>4,a  ,x is obvi\s h[
 mu* ri*] ?is la/ mu/ be1 & t !         
f]m5tation ?us produc$ has an en]gy f>  
sup]ior to ! o!r4 ,!nce results a rapid 
production ( _s1 op]at$ 9 a %ort "t2    
:il/ t ( ! rum di/ill] langui%es m or   
less1 & a sl[ f]m5tation wa/es "p ( ! _s
 :i* x produces1 ev5 z x is =m+4        
#b;dly4 ,bodies evaporate 9 proportion  
to ! ext5t ( _! surface4 ,"o hog%ead (  
#ajj gallons1 %\ld conta91 accord+ to   
,lavoisi]'s composition1 ! elem5ts ( #ej

 gallons ( _s1 at #ai2 :il/ t ( ! rum   
di/ill] conta9s only #ab4 ,n[1 z e      
f]m5table liquor requires op5 vessels1 !
 hog%ead ( ! rum di/ill] loses z mu* _s 
z t ( ,lavoisi]3 h5ce x is pla9 h[ f> ! 
above proportion op]ates to !           
disadvantage ( ! f]m]4  #c;dly4 ,ano!r  
s\rce ( loss arises 9 ! di/ill+ vessels 
!mselves4 ,no?+ is m imp]fect ?an !     
/ills ( a :iskey di/ill]y4 ,lavoisi]'s 7
 s p]fect1 t he made ! analysis & !     
syn!sis 9 ! mo/ delicate op]ations ,b4  
,! vessels ( ! :iskey di/ill]s1 f> f be+
 h]metically clos$1 all[ ! _s to        
evaporate ?r\gh e jo9t4 ,& ?is is n all3
 corrod$ by ! acet\s acid1 !y are full (
 small holes1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cap1 :]e   
all ! vapors collect !mselves1 z 9 a    
res]voir4 ,x is easy to conceive ) :at  
rapidity !y escape1 :i* occasions a     
consid]able wa/e ( liquor4 ,9 pro( ( !  
tru? ( ?is obs]vation1 we may ref] to ! 
smell ( :iskey1 s /rongly p]ceivable on 
! roads lead+ to a di/ill]y1 & prece$+ f
 no o!r cause ?an t liquor wa/+ out (   

bad vessels1 to ! great loss ( !        
di/ill]4  #d?ly4 ,a f\r? cause ( loss   
arises f ! worm ( ! /ill4 ,h[ev] c>eful 
9 keep+ ! surr\nd+ wat] cool1 !re is    
always "o portion ( vapor n cond5s$4    
,?is is made m s5sible 9 ! w9t]1 :5 !   
cold ( ! atmosph]e makes e vapor        
visible2 ^u exam9ation1 x w be se5 t !  
runn+ /ream ( liquor is surr\nd$ ) x4 ,9
 my description ( my app>atus1 ,i give !
 means ( obviat+ t evil4  ,to ^! sev]al 
causes1 may we n add ano!r8 ,may n !    
production ( _s be 9 a ratio to !       
ri*ness ( ! f]m5t+ liquor8 ,x is c]ta91 
t 9 e spiritu\s f]m5tation !re is a     
portion ( ! sweet matt] :i* rema9s      
undecompos$ & 9 its orig9al /ate4       
,lavoisi] f\nd t x 0 #d4idj2 t is1 ne>ly
 #e p>ts 9 #ajj4 ,x may possibly be !   
same 9 a weak] liquor2 :i* w\ld increase
 ! loss1 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! d5sity ( !
 liquor4 ,su* are ! causes to :i* ,i    
attribute ! great sup]iority (          
,lavoisi]'s products2 & f ^? obs]vations
 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld e/abli% ! fabrication 

( :iskey ^u new pr9ciples4     ,,*apt]  
,v4  ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,processes 
,,( ,,! ,,brew] ,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,!        
,,:iskey ,,di/ill]4   ,f ! exp]im5ts (  
"o ( ! mo/ le>n$ *ymi/s ( ,europe1 x has
 be5 demon/rat$1 t ! proportions ! mo/  
advantage\s to ! =mation ( a good v9\s  
liquor1 are1 "o "p ( dry sweet sub/ance 
to f\r p>ts ( wat]2 t is1 t ! sug> mu/  
=m "o fif? ( ! :ole4 ,we h1 moreov]1 se5
 t #ajjlbs4 ( dry sweet matt] gave #be  
gallons ( _s #ai1 :i* comes to #dlbs4 ( 
sug> p] gallon4  ,we %all make use ( t  
scale 9 comp>+ ! processes ( ! brew] )  
^? ( ! :iskey di/ill]4  ,suppos+ ! bu%el
 ( gra9 to weigh #ej p\nds1 & t x gives 
#b gallons ( :iskey at #ai1 ea* ( :i*   
gallons is ! product ( #dlbs4 ( sug>2 !n
 ! /rong be] :i* conta9s 9 #dj gallons !
 sweet matt] ( #bjjlbs4 ( gra91 conta9s 
! elem5ts ( #h gallons ( _s1 or #cblbs4 
( dry sweet sub/ance2 & z ! #dj gallons 
( ?is be] weigh #cbjlbs4 ! #cblbs4 (    
sug> =m only "o-t5? ( x1 :i* is "o half 
( ,lavoisi]'s proportions4  ,^? ( !     

di/ill] ( :iskey are #ajjlbs4 ( gra9 to 
#ajj gallons ( wat]1 or !reab\ts3       
#ajjlbs4 ( gra9 conta9 only #aflbs4 (   
dry sweet matt]3 !re=e1 z ! #ajj gallons
 ( v9\s liquor weigh #hjjlbs4 ! #aflbs4 
( sug> =m only its fiftie? "p4  ,!nce is
 se5 h[ inf]ior ! proportions ( ! :iskey
 di/ill] are to ^? ( ! brew]1 & h[ f> !y
 are f good !ory4 ,b ! brew] aims only  
at produc+ a sort ( w9e1 & succe$s2     
:ile1 ! di/ill] wants to make _s1 & only
 obta9s x 9 ! mann] ! mo/ exp5sive1 &   
oppos$ to 8 own int]e/4     ,,*apt] ,,vi
  ,,defects ,,9 ,,! ,,usual ,,me?od ,,( 
,,mak+ ,,:iskey4   #a/4 ,! mo/ hurtful (
 all = ! int]e/s ( ! di/ill]s1 is       
und\bt$ly ! weakness ( ! v9\s liquor4   
,we h se5 t ! proportion ( _s is 9 a    
ratio to ! ri*ness ( ! f]m5t+ liquor2 t 
,lavoisi]1 by putt+ "o-fif? ( ! mass (  
dry sug>1 obta9$ twice z mu* _s z ! rum 
di/ill]1 :o puts 9 ! same quantity1 b   
dr[ns x 9 wat]4 ,f ^? pr9ciples1 :i* are
 n conte/$1 ! di/ill]1 ^: v9\s liquor   
conta9s only "o-fiftie? "p ( sweet      

matt]1 obta9s ! less _s1 & loses z mu* (
 x z he gets4  #b;dly4 ,ano!r defect is 
jo9$ to ?is3 bodies are dissolv$ by     
reason ( _! aff9ity ) ! dissolv+        
pr9ciple2 ! mucilag9\s sub/ance is z    
soluble 9 wat] z ! sac*>9e sub/ance4 ,a 
mass ( #ajj gallons ( wat] hav+ only    
#aflbs4 ( sug> to dissolve1 ex]ts x's   
dissolv+ p[]s ^u ! mucilag9\s "p :i*    
ab\nds 9 gra9s1 & dissolves a great     
quantity ( x4 ,!re results f t mixture1 
a f]m5tation p>tak+ ( ! _s & ! acid1 &  
if ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is        
mod]ate1 ! acid invades ! _s1 :i* is "o 
( its pr9ciples3 no?+ rema9s b v9eg>1 & 
! hopes ( ! di/ill] are deceiv$4  ,"s   
di/ill]s h be5 induc$1 by ! smallness ( 
_! products1 to put 9 _! /ills1 n only !
 fluid ( ! liquor1 b ! fl\r itself4     
,h5ce result two important defects4 #a/4
 ,! solid matt] precipitates itself to !
 bottom ( ! /ill1 :]e x burns1 & gives a
 v bad ta/e to ! :iskey4 ,9 ord] to     
rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 x has be5 imag9$ 
to /ir ! fl\r incessantly1 by means ( a 

*a9 dragg$ at ! bottom ( ! /ill1 & put 9
 motion by an axis pass+ ?r\gh ! cap1 & 
turn$ by a workman until ! ebullition   
takes place4 ,?is axis1 h[ev] well fitt$
 to ! ap]ture1 leaves an empty space1 & 
gives an issue to ! spiritu\s vapors1   
:i* escap+ ) rapidity1 !reby occasion a 
consid]able loss ( _s4  #c;dly4 ,!      
pres5ce ( ! gra9 9 ! /ill1 conv]t$ into 
meal1 is n o!rwise indiff]5t4 ,x conta9s
 a k9d ( ess5tial oil1 m or less        
disagreeable1 accord+ to its nature2 :i*
 di/ils ) ! _s4 ,t ( ,indian corn1 9    
p>ticul>1 is m noxi\s ?an t ( any o!r   
gra92 & x is ! pres5ce ( meal 9 ! /ills1
 :i* causes ! liquors obta9$ f gra9s to 
be s mu* inf]ior to t ( fruits4  #d?ly4 
,!re is a f\r? defect1 at :i* humanity  
%udd]s1 & :i* ! laws ought to repress4  
,v9\s liquors are m or less accompani$ )
 acetone acid1 or v9eg>2 b ^? proce$+ f 
gra9 conta9 /ill m ( ?is acid4 ,! /ills 
are g5]ally made ( nak$ copp]2 ! acid   
works ^u t metal1 & =ms ) x ! acetate ( 
copp]1 or v]digrise1 "p ( :i* passes ) !

 :iskey4 ,!re is no di/ill]1 :o1 ) a    
little att5tion1 has n obs]v$ x4 ,i h   
always discov]$ x 9 my num]\s           
rectifications1 & at ! end ( ! op]ation1
 :5 no?+ m comes f ! /ill b :at is call$
 ! sweet oil ( w9e4 ,an inconte/able    
pro( ( ?is tru? is1 t z ! /ills ( !     
di/ill]s are ( a gre5 color 9 _! int]ior
 "p2 t !y are corrod$ ) ! acid1 & pi]c$ 
) numb]less little holes1 :i* r5d] !m   
unfit = use 9 a v %ort "t4 ,x is easy to
 conceive h[ hurtful mu/ be ! pres5ce ( 
v]digrise to ^? :o make use ( :iskey z a
 con/ant dr9k3 ev5 ^? :o use x sob]ly1  
swall[ a sl[ poison1 de/ructive ( _!    
/oma*2 :ile to ^? :o abuse x1 x produces
 a rapid dea?1 :i* w\ld /ill be !       
consequ5ce ( abuse1 if ! liquor 0 pure1 
b is d\bly accel]at$ by ! poison conta9$
 9 ! :iskey4 ,x is easy to rem$y s      
t]rible an evil4 ,! acet\s acid has no  
action ^u t94 ,by t9n+ ! /ills1 ! purity
 ( ! liquor w be augm5t$1 & ! di/ill+   
vessels1 already s exp5sive1 w be long] 
pres]v$4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be r5ew$ e   

ye>4 ,! worms mu/ likewise be t9n$1 if  
!y are copp]2 b !y are bett] ( t91 or ( 
! pure/ pewt]4  ,su* are ! defects ( !  
pres5t me?od ( di/ill+ :iskey4 ,hav+    
expos$ !m1 ,i mu/ pres5t ! means ( br++ 
to p]fection ! fabrication ( a liquor ( 
su* g5]al use4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4       
,,description ,,( ,,! ,,process ,,!     
,,mo/ ,,advantage\s ,,to ,,make         
,,:iskey4   ,,tr3 ,! next two p>agraphs 
7 cut %ort1 h[ev] attempt$ re-con/ruct$ 
= cl>ity  ,z x is demon/rat$ t ! _s is !
 m abundant 9 proportion to ! ri*ness ( 
! v9\s liquor199 x is !re=e necess>y to 
enri* t ( ! di/ill]y99 :i* is s defici5t
 9 t respect4 ,an exposition (99 my     
processes w po9t out ! means ,i employ  
to atta999 t end4 ,a l>ge :iskey        
di/ill]y %\ld be99 able to make #ajj    
gallons p] day1 or ?ree b>rels99 mak+   
altoge!r t quantity4  ,"o gallon ( _s   
be+ ! produce ( #d p\nds99 ( dry sac*>9e
 matt]1 we mu/ !re=e h #djj p\nds ( ?is 
sub/ance = ! #ajj gallons we wi% to     
obta94  ,if #a bu%el ( gra9 gives #b    

gallons ( :iskey1 !re mu/ be #ej to     
obta9 a daily result ( #ajj gallons4 ,i 
take ,indian corn z ! basis ( !         
fabrication1 z t ( all ! gra9s :i*      
yields ! mo/4 ,=1 f my me?od1 :atev]    
gra9 is employ$1 ! _s is equally pure4  
,i divide ! /ill h\se into ?ree diff]5t 
rooms1 to wit3  ,"o = ,infusion2  ,"o = 
,f]m5tation2  ,"o = ,di/illation4       
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,! ,,room ,,(         
,,infusion4   ,x is "h t ! liquor de/9$ 
to make :iskey1 %\ld be prep>$1 & made  
ri* en\gh to procure a good f]m5tation4 
,to ?is effect1 !re mu/ be a mill ) a   
v]tical /one1 mov$ by a horse1 or any   
o!r means ( motion4 ,^? mills are too   
well kn[n = me to describe !m m amply4  
,! corn mu/ be co>sely gr\nd1 s z       
sc>cely to be broke into ?ree or f\r    
pieces3 consequ5tly ! /one mu/ n be too 
heavy1 =1 at all ev5ts1 ! gra9 _h bett] 
be too co>se ?an too f9e4 ,t mill %\ld  
be plac$ 9 ! infusion room1 s z n to    
keep x dirty1 nor to be too mu* 9 ! way4
 ,x mu/ gr9d1 or r break1 #ej bu%els p] 

day4  ,!re mu/ be a squ>e kettle1 #d    
feet broad1 #e feet long1 #a foot deep4 
,! kettle mu/ be made 9 %eets ( copp]1  
"o l9e ?ick1 at lea/3 ! bottom1 al?\gh  
flat1 %\ld h a slight swell inside1 s z 
to avoid ! expansion ( ! metal outside1 
f ! action ( ! fire4 ,?is kettle mu/ be 
plac$ ^u a brick furnace1 s t ! longe/  
p>ts %\ld be> =w>ds1 & ! o!r aga9/ !    
*imney1 f :i* x mu/ be sep>at$ by a     
brick wall eight or n9e in*es4 ,! sides1
 ar\nd :i* !re mu/ be a space to walk   
freely1 %\ld be support$ by a wall      
#a-a_/b feet deep2 ! =e "p ^u su* a     
wall1 9 ! middle ( :i* is an iron door1 
fifte5 in*es squ>e1 9 an iron frame1    
?r\gh :i* ! fuel is introduc$4  ,!      
kettle is m\nt$ ^u ! furnace1 s z to be>
 ^u ! f\r walls ab\t #d in*es1 & re/s ^u
 a b$ ( clay1 :i* mu/ leave no passage  
to ! action ( ! fire2 x is l9$ ext]nally
 ) bricks1 & mu/ h a pipe on "o ( its   
sides1 to draw (f ! liquor4  ,"u !      
kettle1 #ae in*es f ! bottom1 is a flue 
= ! heat1 runn+ ?r\gh all its l5g?4 ,x  

is #b-a_/b feet wide at bottom1 ext5d+ l
 a fan at ! top1 ab\t #f in*es on ea*   
side1 s t ! flame may circulate 9 all ! 
bread? ( ! kettle4  ,on ! =e "p ( ?is   
flue1 fac+ ! door1 is a he>?1 occupy+   
all its bread?1 & #b feet long4 ,! re/ (
 ! flue is pav$ ) bricks1 & rises       
ins5sibly #d in*es t[>ds ! *imney1 9 :i*
 x op5s by two holes1 #a-a_/b in*es     
wide1 #h or #i in*es high4  ,imm$iately 
"u ! he>?1 is a ma% hole #d feet deep1  
occupy+ all its capacity1 & project+ #b 
feet =w>d4 ,?is op5+ is necess>y to keep
 up a free circulation ( air1 & to take 
up ! a%es4 ,x %\ld be cov]$ ) /rong     
bo>ds1 n to h9d] ! s]vice ( ! kettle4 ,!
 he>? is made ) an iron grate1 m or less
 close1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fuel2 if
 = wood1 ! b>s mu/ be ab\t two in*es    
ap>t2 if = coals1 half an in* is        
suffici5t4 ,! furnace mu/ be built )    
c>e4 ,! p>ts mo/ expos$ to ! action ( ! 
fire mu/ be built ) s(t bricks & pott]s'
 clay3 soap /one w\ld be pref]able1 if  
easy to procure4 ,! brick sep>at+ !     

kettle & *imney1 mu/ be support$ ) flat 
b>s ( iron1 z well z ! "p ov] ! door4   
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,kettle4  
,! kettle is de/9$ to make ! infusion ( 
! gra91 & boil x s z to conv]t x into   
wort4 ,by t op]ation ,i make ! liquor   
ri*]1 :i* ,i int5d = f]m5tation1 & br+ x
 to div]s degrees ( /r5g?4  ,i put into 
! kettle #ajj gallons ( wat]1 & #d      
bu%els ( corn1 brok51 z ,i said be=e1 at
 ! mill4 ,i light a small fire1 :i* ,i  
increase gradually1 until ! wat] beg9s  
to boil2 dur+ t "t1 ! gra9 is /irr$ ) a 
paddle4 ,z soon z ! ebullition is       
e/abli%$1 ! gra9 is tak5 up ) a l>ge    
skimm]1 & put to dra9 into a l>ge basket
 hang+ ov] ! kettle2 & :5 ! gra9 has be5
 totally tak5 up1 ! fire is increas$ s z
 to br+ ! wat] to boil aga91 until r$uc$
 to two-fif?s1 :i* degree ( conc5tration
 is n rigor\s1 & ! di/ill] may augm5t x 
z 8 exp]i5ce %all direct4 ,:5 ?us       
conc5trat$1 ! liquor is drawn (f ?r\gh !
 pipe1 & receiv$ into a tub or vat      
conta9+ #acj or #adj galls4  #ajj       

gallons m ( wat] are put into ! kettle1 
) #d bu%els ( corn2 ! fire conduct$     
sl[ly1 z be=e1 until ! degree (         
ebullition2 ! corn is tak5 (f1 & !      
liquor conc5trat$ 9 ! same proportions2 
!n drawn (f z above1 9 ! same tub4  ,!  
same op]ation is repeat$ = ! ?ird "t2 ! 
?ree unit$ liquors are slightly /irr$1  
&1 /ill w>m1 transport$ into "o ( !     
hog%eads ( f]m5tation1 :i* x ne>ly fills
 up4  ,z !re mu/ be f\r ( ^! hog%eads   
fill$ up daily1 ! "w at ! kettle mu/ be 
kept go+ on1 )\t int]ruption1 until t   
quantity is obta9$1 :i* may be done 9   
ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,! gra9 :i* has be5   
dra9$ is c>ri$ to dry1 ei!r 9 ! op5 air1
 or 9 a gran>y1 & spread ?94 ,:5 dry1 x 
is excell5t food = cattle1 & highly     
pref]able to ! acid & f]m5t$ ma%1       
usually us$ by di/ill]s to fe$ cattle & 
hogs3 !y eat ! corn dri$ 9 ! above mann]
 z if x _h lo/ no?+ ( its primitive     
qualities & flavor4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,!
 ,,room ,,= ,,f]m5tation4   ,! room     
de/9$ to ! f]m5tation mu/ be close1     

light$ by two or ?ree w9d[s1 & l>ge     
en\gh to conta9 a numb] ( hog%eads      
suffici5t = ! di/ill]y4 ,x may be       
det]m9$ by ! numb] ( days necess>y = !  
f]m5tation2 #cj or #dj hog%eads may     
suffice1 ea* ( #abj or #acj gallons4  ,9
 ! middle ( ! room mu/ be a /ove1 l>ge  
en\gh to keep up a heat ( #ge to #hj1   
ev5 9 w9t]4 ,a !rmomet] plac$ at "o end 
( ! room1 s]ves to regulate ! heat4  ,z 
soon z ! liquor is 9 ! hog%ead1 ! yea/1 
or f]m5t+ pr9ciple1 is put into x1 /irr$
 = "s mom5ts1 & !n left to itself4 ,a   
liquor z ri* z ! above describ$ f]m5ts )
 =ce1 & runs ) rapidity ?r\gh all !     
p]iods ( f]m5tation4 ,x is fit to di/il 
z soon z t tumultu\s /ate has subsid$ & 
! liquor is calm4  ,! ess5tial "* ( !   
spiritu\s f]m5tation1 is to exhale !    
c>bonic acid gaz 9 great quantity4 ,?is 
gaz is mortal to mank9d1 & to all ! liv+
 creation4 ,?irty hog%eads ( f]m5t+     
liquor produc+ a great deal ( ?is gaz1 !
 room %\ld be purifi$ ( x by op5+ two   
opposite w9d[s sev]al times a day4 ,?is 

is ! m ess5tial1 z ! pure air1 or oxig51
 contributes to ! =mation ( ! _s1 ( :i* 
x is "o ( ! con/itut+ pr9ciples4 ,a %ort
 "t1 h[ev]1 suffices to r5ew ! air ( !  
room4  ,x is useless to rem>k1 t !      
hog%eads mu/ be op5 at "o end1 & re/ ^u 
pieces ( wood elevat+ !m "s in*es f !   
gr\nd4 ,!y mu/ rema9 uncov]$ dur+ !     
f]m5tation2 & aft]w>ds be cov]$ ) a fly+
 lid1 :5 ! liquor is calm4     ,,*apt]  
,,xi4  ,,( ,,! ,,room ,,= ,,di/illation4
   ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! liquor z     
conta9+ only pr9ciples ^u :i* ! air has 
no action1 & f :i* x c only extract "s  
wat]y vapors2 &1 9 fact1 all ^?         
pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! liquor are fix$4  
,! action ( ! fire may conc5trate1 b n  
volatilize !m4  ,! liquor is n[ *ang$ by
 ! f]m5tation2 x conta9s no long] ! same
 pr9ciples1 b has acquir$ ^? :i* x _h n1
 :i* are volatile1 & evaporate easily4  
,!y mu/ !re=e be manag$ c>efully1 9 ord]
 n to lose ! fruits ( an already t$i\s  
labor4 ,! _s already creat$ 9 ! f]m5t$  
liquor1 mu/ be collect$ by !            

di/illation2 b 9 transport+ x to ! /ill1
 ! action ( ! ext]nal air mu/ be        
c>efully avoid$1 z x w\ld cause !       
evaporation ( "s ( ! _s4 ,a pump to     
empty ! hog%eads1 & cov]$ pipes to      
conduct ! liquor into ! /ill1 is :at has
 be5 f\nd to answ] t purpose4 ,a good   
di/ill+ app>atus is und\bt$ly ! mo/     
important "p ( a di/ill]y4 ,x mu/ unite 
solidity1 p]fection 9 its jo9ts1 economy
 ( fuel1 rapidity ( di/illation1 to !   
faculty ( conc5trat+ ! _s4 ,su* are !   
ends ,i h propos$ to myself 9 ! foll[+  
app>atus4  ,! usual %ape ( /ills is     
defective2 !y are too deep1 & d n pres5t
 en\gh ( surface = _! cont5ts4 ,!y      
require a viol5t fire to br+ !m to      
ebullition2 ! liquor at bottom burns    
be=e x is w>m at ! top4  ,my /ill is    
made ^u diff]5t pr9ciples1 & compos$ (  
two pieces1 viz4 ! kettle1 & its lid4 ,!
 kettle1 =m+ a long squ>e1 is l ! kettle
 ( infusion1 already describ$1 & only   
diff]s f x 9 be+ "o foot deep]4 ,! lid  
is 9 %ape l an anci5t b$ te/]2 t is to  

say1 its f\r corn]s rise into a %>p     
angle1 & come to support a circle #af   
in*es diamet]1 be>+ a v]tical coll> (   
ab\t two in*es4 ,?is coll> comes to !   
middle ( ! kettle1 & is elevat$ ab\t #d 
feet f ! bottom4 ,! lid is fa/5$ to !   
kettle4 ,! coll> receives a pewt] cap1  
to :i* is jo9$ a pipe ( ! same metal1 ! 
diamet] ( :i* decreases progressively to
 a little less ?an #c in*es3 ?is pipe1 !
 direction ( :i* is almo/ horizontal1 is
 #e feet long4  ,my /ill1 ?us con/ruct$1
 is e/abli%$ ^u a furnace l t ( !       
infusion room4 ,i obs]ve t ! side walls 
are only rais$ to ! half ( ! height ( ! 
kettle4 ,a v]tical pipe is plac$ on !   
side opposite to ! pewt] "o1 & s]ves to 
fill up ! /ill3 x is almo/ at ! height (
 ! fa/5+ ( ! lid1 b a little above4 ,on 
! same side1 on a level ) ! bottom1 is a
 pipe ( dis*>ge1 pass+ across ! furnace3
 ?is pipe mu/ project en\gh to help to  
receive or to direct ! fluid residue ( !
 di/illation2 its diamet] mu/ be su* z  
to op]ate a prompt dis*>ge ( ! /ill4    

,,( ,,! ,,urns4  ,^! are copp] vessels1 
?us call$ f _! resembl+ ^? fun]al vases 
( ! anci5ts4 ,m9e h a bottom ( ab\t #ah 
in*es diamet]2 !y are two feet high1 h a
 bulge ( #f in*es ne> ! top1 & !n draw 9
 to =m an ov]ture ( ab\t #h in*es4  ,on 
"o side1 t[>ds ! top1 !re is a copp]    
pipe #b in*es diamet]1 project+         
ext]nally #b or #c in*es1 & b5t 9 an    
elb[3 x ent]s ! int]nal "p ( ! urn1 &   
desc5ds t[>ds ! bottom1 )\t t\*+ x2 !re 
x is only a slight curve1 & rema9s op54 
,! ext]nal "p ( t pipe is fitt$ to      
receive ! pewt] pipe ( ! /ill2 !y are   
made s z to ent] into "o ano!r1 & mu/   
fit exactly4 ,! r\nd op5+ at ! top ( !  
urn receives a cap ) a pewt] pipe1 made 
l t ( ! /ill4 ,x is likewise five feet  
long1 & its size 9 proportion to ! op5+3
 ?is goes & jo9s itself to ! second urn1
 z ! /ill does to ! fir/4 ,! pipe ( ?is 
second goes to a ?ird1 & ! pipe ( ?is   
la/ to ! worm4 ,! ?ree urns be> ea* a   
small pipe ( dis*>ge t[>ds ! bottom4    
,?is app>atus mu/ be made ) ! greate/   

c>e4 ,nei!r ! jo9ts1 ! diff]5t pipes (  
communication1 nor ! nail+s1 mu/ leave !
 smalle/ passage to ! vapors4 ,! workman
 mu/ pay ! greate/ att5tion to 8 "w1 & !
 di/ill] mu/ lute exactly all ! p>ts ( !
 app>atus t are susceptible ( x3 he mu/ 
be ! m c>eful z to lut+ x1 z ?is        
op]ation is only p]=m$ once a week1 :5 !
 app>atus is clean$4 ,at ! mom5t ( !    
di/illation1 ! ma/] or 8 =eman mu/      
c>efully obs]ve :e!r !re is any wa/e (  
vapors1 & rem$y x in/antly4 ,! /ill &   
urns ought to be well t9n$4     ,,*apt] 
,,xii4  ,,effects ,,( ,,?is ,,app>atus4 
,al?\gh ! /ill might conta9 #djj        
gallons1 !re mu/ be only #bjj gallons   
put into x3 ! re/ rema9+ empty1 ! vapors
 develops !mselves1 & rise4 ,9 t /ate1 !
 v9\s liquor is ab\t "o foot deep1 on a 
surface ( #bj feet squ>e3 h5ce two      
advantages--! fir/1 t be+ s %all[1 x    
requires b little fuel to boil2 !       
second1 t ! ext5t ( surface gives rise  
to a rapid evaporation1 :i* accel]ates !
 "w4 ,?is accel]ation is su*1 t six     

di/illations might be obta9$ 9 "o day4  
,! _s conta9$ 9 ! v9\s liquor rises 9   
vapors to ! lid ( ! /ill1 !re f9d ! cap 
& its pipe1 ?r\gh :i* !y escape into !  
fir/ urn1 by ! side pipe above describ$1
 :i* conducts !m to ! bottom1 :]e !y are
 cond5s$ imm$iately4  ,b ! vapors1      
cont9u+ to come into ! urn1 heat x      
progressively3 ! spiritu\s liquor t x   
conta9s rises anew into vapors1 escapes 
?r\gh ! cap & pipe1 & arrives into !    
second urn1 :]e x is cond5s$ z 9 ! fir/4
 ,"h aga91 ! same cause produces ! same 
effect3 ! afflu5ce ( ! heat drawn ) !   
vapors1 c>ries !m successively into !   
?ird urn1 & f !nce into ! worm1 :i*     
cond5ses !m by ! effects ( ! cold wat] 9
 :i* x is imm]s$4  ,! urns1 receiv+ no  
o!r heat ?an t :i* ! vapors com+ out ( !
 /ill c transmit to !m1 raise ! _s2 !   
wat]1 at lea/ ! greate/ "p ( x1 rema9s  
at ! bottom3 h5ce1 :at runs f ! worm is 
alcohol2 t is1 _s at #ce4 ,x is easily  
und]/ood h[ ! vapors com+ out ( ! /ill  
are rectifi$ 9 ! urns1 & t ?ree         

successive rectifications br+ ! _s to a 
high degree ( conc5tration3 x gets l[]  
only :5 ! v9\s liquor draws t[>ds ! end 
( ! di/illation4 ,z soon z x yields no m
 _s1 ! fire is /opp$1 & ! /ill is empti$
 9 ord] to fill x up aga91 to beg9 a new
 di/illation4  ,ea* "t t ! v9\s liquor  
is r5ew$ 9 ! /ill1 ! wat] conta9$ 9 !   
urns mu/ be empti$1 ?r\gh ! pipes (     
dis*>ge at ! bottom4  ,metals are       
conductors ( ! caloric4 ,! heat         
accumulat$ 9 ! /ill1 rises to ! cap1 f  
:5ce x runs into ! urns3 ) ?is          
diff]5ce--t ! pewt]1 ( :i* ! cap & pipes
 are made1 transmits less caloric ?an   
copp]1 because x is less d5se3 & t      
bodies are only heat$ 9 reason ( _!     
d5sity4  ,h[ev]1 a great deal ( heat is 
/ill communicat$ to ! worm1 & heats !   
wat] 9 :i* x is imm]s$4 ,i dim9i% ?is   
inconv5i5ce by putt+ a wood5 pipe betwe5
 ! worm & ! pipe ( ! ?ird urn4 ,wood be+
 a bad conductor ( caloric1 produces a  
solution ( cont9uity1 or int]ruption    
betwe5 ! metals4 ,! wood ( ?is pipe mu/ 

be s(t & por\s1 & n apt to "w by !      
action ( ! fire3 h[ev]1 to avoid its    
splitt+1 ,i wrap x up 9 two or ?ree     
d\bles ( good pap]1 well pa/$1 & dri$   
sl[ly4 ,?is pipe is "o foot long1 &     
holl[$ 9 its l5g?1 s z to receive !     
pewt] pipe ( ! ?ird urn at "o end1 & to 
ent] ! worm at ! o!r2 !reby ! worm is n 
z hot1 s9ce x only receives ! heat ( !  
vapors :i* x cond5ses4  ,not)/&+ all ^! 
precautions1 x heats ! wat] 9 :i* x is  
imm]s$ aft] a l5g? ( "t2 & :atev] c>e   
may be tak5 to r5ew x1 all ! vapors are 
n cond5s$1 & ?is occasions a loss ( _s4 
,i obviate ?is accid5t1 by add+ a second
 worm to ! fir/3 !y communicate by means
 ( a wood5 pipe l ! above4 ,! effect (  
?is second worm1 r small] ?an ! fir/1 is
 su*1 t ! wat] 9 :i* x is plung$ rema9s 
cold1 :ile t ( ! fir/ mu/ be r5ew$ v    
(t54 ,by ^! means1 no portion ( vapors  
escape cond5sation4 ,! liquor runn+ f ! 
worm is receiv$ into a small b>rel1 c>e 
be+ tak5 t x may n lose by ! contact ( !
 air produc+ evaporation4     ,,*apt]   

,,xiii4  ,,( ,,f]m5ts4   ,!y are ( two  
k9ds2 ! v putresc5t bodies1 & ^? suppli$
 by ! oxig54 ,animal sub/ances are ( !  
fir/ k9d3 acids1 neutral salts1 rancid  
oils1 & metallic oxids1 are ( ! second4 
,7 ,i oblig$ to make use ( a f]m5t ( !  
fir/ class1 ,i w\ld *oose ! glut9\s "p (
 :eat fl\r4 ,?is vegeto-animal sub/ance 
is =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a c]ta9      
quantity ( fl\r is made into a solid    
d\gh1 ) a little wat]4 ,x is !n tak5    
into ! h&s1 & wat] sl[ly p\r$ ov] x1    
:ile x is knead$ aga94 ,! wat] runs     
:ite1 because x c>ries (f ! />*y "p ( ! 
fl\r2 x runs cle> aft] x is wa%$        
suffici5tly4 ,!re rema9s 9 ! h&s ( !    
op]ator a d\gh1 compact1 solid1 ela/ic1 
& r$uc$ to ne>ly ! half ( ! fl\r        
employ$4 ,?is d\gh1 a little dilut$ )   
wat]1 & kept 9 ! temp]ature indicat$ = !
 room ( f]m5tation1 passes to ! putrid  
/ate1 & contracts ! smell ( spoil$ meat4
 ,f\r p\nds ( ?is d\gh p] hog%ead1 seem 
to me to be suffici5t to e/abli% a good 
f]m5tation4 ,a small quantity ( good    

v9eg> w\ld answ] ! same purpose1 & is a 
f]m5t ( ! second class4  ,b are ^? means
 indisp5sable ) my process8 ,i d n ?9k  
s4  #a/4 ,! ri*ness ( my v9\s liquor1 & 
! degree ( heat to :i* ,i keep x1 t5d   
/rongly to make x f]m5t4 ,9 fact1 !     
infusion ( ! gra91 by tak+ f x its      
sac*>9e "p1 takes likewise "p ( its     
mucilag9\s sub/ance1 :i* is ! pr9ciple (
 ! spiritu\s f]m5tation1 :i* x e/abli%es
 :5ev] x meets ) ! o!r sub/ance4        
#b;dly4 ,! hog%eads !mselves are soon   
impregnat$ ) a f]m5t+ pr9ciple1 &       
communicate x to ! liquor t is put into 
!m4  #c;dly4 ,! rum di/ill] employs     
advantage\sly ! residue ( 8 prec$+      
di/illation1 to give a f]m5tation to 8  
new molasses3 ?is residue has )9 itself 
en\gh ( acidity = t purpose4 ,might n ! 
residue ( ! di/illation ( my v9\s liquor
 h ! same acidity8 ,x conta9s only !    
mucilag9\s sub/ance already acidulat$4  
,"s gallons ( t residue to e hog%ead1   
w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be a v good f]m5t4        
,la/ly4 ,"h is ano!r means :i* w c]ta9ly

 succe$3 x is to leave at ! bottom ( ea*
 hog%ead ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! v9\s     
liquor1 :5 transport$ into ! /ill =     
di/ill+4 ,?is ris+1 :i* w rapidly turn  
s\r1 w =m a f]m5t suffici5t to e/abli% a
 good f]m5tation4  ,! intellig5t manag] 
( a di/ill]y mu/ conduct ! means ,i     
indicate1 t[>ds ! end :i* he proposes to
 himself1 & mu/ c>efully avoid to employ
 z f]m5ts1 ^? disgu/+ sub/ances :i* _c  
fail to br+ a discr$it on ! liquor 9 :i*
 !y are kn[n to be employ$4     ,,*apt] 
,,xiv4  ,,( ,,! ,,areomet]1 ,,or ,,pro( 
,,bottle4   ,?is in/rum5t is            
indisp5sable to ! di/ill]3 x asc]ta9s ! 
value ( 8 spirits1 s9ce x %[s ! result (
 _! diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration4 ,i w
 give ! !ory ( ?is useful in/rum5t1 z x 
may be acceptable to ^? :o d n "k x4    
,bodies s9k 9 fluids1 9 a comp\nd ratio 
to ! volume & ! d5sity ( ^? fluids1 :i* 
!y displace4 ,x is f t law ( nature1 t a
 %ip s9ks #bj feet 9 fre% wat]1 :ile x  
s9ks only ab\t #ah feet 9 sea wat]1 :i* 
has m d5sity on acc\nt ( ! salt dissolv$

 !re94  ,! rev]se ( ?is effect takes    
place 9 fluids light] ?an wat]1 z bodies
 float+ 9 !m s9k ! m1 z ! liquor has    
less d5sity4 ,^u ^? pr9ciples are made  
two k9ds ( areomet]s--"o = fluids d5s]  
?an wat]2 ! o!r = ^? t are light]3 !    
fir/ are call$ salt pro(2 ! second _s   
pro(4 ,di/ill$ wat] is ! basis ( ^? two 
scales3 x is at ! top = ! salt pro(1 &  
at ! bottom = ! _s pro(2 because ! fir/ 
is asc5d+1 & ! o!r desc5d+2 b by a      
useless s+ul>ity1 ! di/ill$ wat] has be5
 graduat$ at #aj = ! _s pro( bottle1 &  
at #j = ! salt pro(4 ,we %all only dwell
 ^u ! fir/1 because x is ! only "o      
int]e/+ to ! di/ill]4  ,wat] be+        
graduat$ at #aj 9 ! areomet]1 x results 
f !nce t ! _s go+ to #bj1 is 9 reality  
only #aj light] ?an wat]2 & ! alcohol   
gaaduat$ ,,tr3 graduat$ at #ce1 is only 
#be above di/ill$ wat]4  ,! areomet] c  
only be j1 :5 ! atmosph]e is temp]ate2 t
 is1 at #ee ,fahr5heit1 or #aj ,reaumur4
 ,! v>iations 9 cold or heat influ5ce   
liquors2 !y acquire d5sity 9 ! cold1 &  

lose x 9 ! heat3 h5ce foll[s t !        
areomet] does n s9k en\gh 9 ! w9t]1 &   
s9ks too mu* 9 ! summ]4  ,naturali/s h  
obs]v$ t v>iation1 & regulat$ x4 ,!y h  
asc]ta9$ t #a ( heat above temp]ate1    
accord+ to ! scale ( ,reaumur1 s9ks !   
areomet] #a_/h ( a degree m2 & t #a less
 ( heat1 _h ! contr>y effect3 ?us ! heat
 be+ at #ah ( ,reaumur1 ! _s m>k+ #ba by
 ! areomet]1 is really only at #bj4 ,!  
cold be+ at #h bel[ temp]ate1 ! _s m>k+ 
only #ai by ! areomet]1 is 9 reality at 
#bj4 #b-a_/d ( ,fahr5heit correspond+ to
 #a ( ,reaumur1 occasion 9 l mann] a    
v>iation ( #a_/h ( a degree3 ?us1 ! heat
 be+ at #gh-a_/b1 ! _s ?us m>k+ #ba1 is 
only at #bj2 & ! cold be+ at #hg1 ! _s  
m>k+ only #ai by ! areomet]1 is 9       
reality at #bj4  ,x is easily conceiv$1 
t extreme cold or extreme heat occasion 
important v>iations4 ,= t reason1 !re   
are 9 ,europe inspectors1 ^: duty x is  
to weigh spirits1 p>ticul>ly br&y3 = t  
purpose !y make use ( ! areomet] & !    
!rmomet]4 ,an areomet]1 to be good1 mu/ 

be prov$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 at ! temp]ature
 ( #ee4 ,areomet]s1 be+ made ( glass1   
are brittle1 & mu/ be us$ ) great c>e4  
,?is inconv5i5ce might be rem$i$1 by    
mak+ !m ( silv]2 ,i h se5 sev]al ( ?is  
metal4 ,a good silv]smi? c\ld easily    
make !m2 ,i invite ^? arti/s to att5d to
 t bran* ( bus9ess2 x might become      
valuable1 z ! di/ill]s w be m enlight5$4
     ,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,,advantages ,,(    
,,my ,,me?od4   ,! fir/ ( all1 is d]iv$ 
f ! composition ( a v9\s liquor1 ri*]1 &
 m prop] to raise a vigor\s f]m5tation1 
?an t :i* is obta9$ by ! usual me?od4   
,n[1 z x is prov$ t ! quantity ( _s is 9
 proportion to ! ri*ness ( ! f]m5t+     
liquor1 m9e !re=e yields a great deal m 
_s ?an any o!r4  #b;dly4 ,we h se5 t a  
heat ( #ge or #hj mu/ be kept up 9 !    
f]m5t+ room3 ?is be+ summ] heat1 proves 
t su* a ri* v9\s liquor runs no risk (  
pass+ to ! acid /ate ) z mu* rapidity z 
t ( ! common di/ill]s2 &1 consequ5tly1 t
 he :o w foll[ my me?od c "w all ! ye>  
r\nd )\t fe> ( los+ ! fruits ( 8 labor1 

z x (t5 happ5s--an advantage preci\s =  
him :o makes x 8 sole bus9ess4 ,! only  
*ange he has to make1 is to suppress !  
heat ( ! /ove1 :5 ! temp]ature ( !      
atmosph]e is suffici5t to keep up a good
 f]m5tation 9 ! liquor4  ,z to my       
di/ill+ app>atus1 ?is is n a new idea4  
,i pres5t x to ! public "u ! sanction ( 
exp]i5ce4 ,i _h x execut$ 9             
,philadelphia eight ye>s ago1 aft] hav+ 
obta9$ a pat5t4 ,x 0 made = a rum       
di/ill]y1 :]e !y /ill cont9ue to use x4 
,x pres5ts ! greate/ advantages4  ,!    
fir/ is1 t ) a s+le fire1 & a s+le      
workman1 ,i di/il & rectify ! _s ?ree   
times1 & br+ x to ! degree ( alcohol2 t 
is1 to ! greate/ purity1 & almo/ to !   
highe/ degree ( conc5tration4  #b;dly4  
,x l[]s ! co/ ( transportation1 by      
two-?irds2 because "o gallon at #ce     
repres5ts ?ree gallons at ! usual       
degree4 ,! m]*ant1 be+ arriv$ at ! place
 ( 8 de/9ation1 has only to add #b      
gallons ( wat] to #a gallon ( ?is       
alcohol1 9 ord] to h #c gallons (       

:iskey2 :i* is ( a consid]able          
advantage1 ei!r = l& or sea c>riage4    
#c;dly4 ,z ! price ( spirits is1 9      
trade1 9 proportion to _! degree (      
conc5tration1 ^? made ) my app>atus be+ 
at a v high degree1 ne$ no m rectify+1  
ei!r = ! retail]1 ! apo!c>y1 or ! pa9t]2
 & ! consid]able exp5ses ( t op]ation   
turn entirely to ! pr(it ( ! di/ill]1 z 
!y are totally suppress$4 ,di/ill]s may 
h]eaft] sell spirits ( all degrees (    
conc5tration4  ,su* are ! advantages (  
my processes4 ,i (f] !m ! m will+ly to !
 public1 z !y are f\nd$ ^u ! mo/ approv$
 pr9ciples ( natural philosophy3 by     
reflect+ ^u !m1 di/ill]s w be easily    
conv9c$ ( x4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,h[ev] p]fect !   
description ( a new ?+ may be1 our ideas
 ( x are always defective1 until we h   
se5 x put into practical use4 ,few m5 h 
! means ( e/abli%+ a di/ill]y on a new  
plan1 & ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ may make    
notable errors4 ,few1 besides1 are bold 
en\gh to und]take1 at _! own risks1 !   

trial ( a new fabrication3 !y are afraid
 ( los+1 & ( be+ blam$ = hav+ too       
lightly yield$ to ! p]suasion ( new     
projectors4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a useful   
discov]y falls into oblivion1 in/ead (  
do+ any good4  ,b no discov]y ( g5]al   
utility ought to exp]i5ce t fate 9 a    
republic4 ,gov]nm5t itself ought to     
promote ! fir/ und]tak+1 or a c]ta9     
numb] ( citiz5s ought to jo9 9 ord] to  
give x a />t4 ,x is ! m easy 9 ?is case1
 z my app>atus requires v little exp5se4
  ,if a di/ill]y accord+ to my          
directions1 0 e/abli%$ 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal
 t[ns ( ! /ate1 my me?od w\ld !n make   
rapid progress1 & ?us prove ! tru? ( !  
pr9ciple :i* ,i h advanc$2 & ! di/ill]s1
 aft] hav+ m$itat$ ^u my me?od 9 ?is    
book1 w\ld come & satisfy !mselves ( its
 goodness1 by see+ x put into practice1 
& yield+ ! mo/ p]fect results1 ) all !  
advantages = trade t may be expect$3    
h5ce w\ld naturally ensue ! rapid       
increase ( di/illation1 & consequ5tly t 
( agriculture & comm]ce4     ,,! ,,art  

,,( ,,mak+ ,,g91 ,,aft] ,,! ,,process   
,,( ,,! ,,holl& ,,di/ill]s4   ,hav+     
indicat$ ! mo/ prop] means ( obta9+     
spirits1 ,i w n[ (f] to ! public ! mann]
 ( mak+ ,g91 accord+ to ! me?ods us$ by 
! di/ill]s 9 ,holl&4 ,x may be m prop]ly
 jo9$ to ! art ( mak+ :iskey1 z x adds  
only to ! price ( ! liquor1 t ( ! junip]
 b]ries1 ! product ( :i* w amply repay  
its co/4 ,_m di/ill]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
h tri$ to imitate ! excell5t liquor com+
 f ,holl&1 "u ! "n g94 ,!y h imag9$     
diff]5t me?ods ( proce$+1 & h m or less 
atta9$ _! end4 ,i h myself tri$ x1 & my 
me?od is consign$ 9 a pat5t4  ,b ^?     
imitations are f> f ! degree ( p]fection
 ( ! ,holl& g93 !y want t unity ( ta/e1 
:i* is ! result ( a s+le creation2 !y   
are visibly comp\nds1 m or less well    
comb9$1 & n ! result ( a spontane\s     
production4  ,to ?is capital defect1 :i*
 makes ^? imitations s widely diff]5t f 
_! orig9al1 is jo9$ _! high price1 :i*  
prev5ts its g5]al consumption4 ,9 fact1 
x is made at a consid]able exp5se3 !    

:iskey mu/ be pur*as$1 rectifi$ &       
di/ill$ ov] aga9 ) ! b]ries4 ,^! exp5ses
 are increas$ by ! wa/e ( _s occasion$  
by ^? reit]at$ di/illations4 ,?is br+s !
 price ( ?is false g9 to ?ree times t ( 
! :iskey3 consequ5tly ! poor] sort ( p1 
^: numb] is always consid]able1 are     
depriv$ ( ! b5efits ( a :olesome liquor1
 & re/ra9$ to :iskey1 :i* is commonly n 
s4  ,! me?ods us$ 9 ,holl&1 h r$uc$ g9  
to ! l[e/ price2 t ( ! junip] b]ries be+
 !re v trifl+1 & increas+ b little !    
price ( :iskey3 /ill t small addition is
 almo/ r$uc$ to no?+1 z w be se5        
h]eaft]4  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 9 "s    
p>ts1 almo/ cov]$ ) ! tree call$ "h c$>2
 :i* tree is no o!r ?an ! junip]1 & gr[s
 almo/ e :]e1 & be>s ye>ly a b]ry1 :i*  
is 9 reality ! junip] b]ry4 ,"s ,holl&]s
 knew x at ,bo/on1 collect$ consid]able 
quantities ( x 9 ,massa*usetts1 & %ipp+ 
x to "s ( ! ea/]n h>bors1 sold x z com+ 
f ,holl&4 ,i h se5 "s at ,philadelphia  
t5 ye>s ago1 at ! h\se ( a ,holl&]1 :o  
receiv$ x f ,massa*usetts 9 hog%eads (  

ab\t t5 hundr$ weight1 & sold z !       
produce ( 8 own c\ntry1 :at 0 really t (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,i collect$ myself a 
great quantity ( ^? b]ries1 at ,norfolk1
 ,va4 by means ( negroes1 to :om ,i paid
 "o doll> p] bu%el ( #dj lbs4 be+       
#b-a_/b cts4 p] p\nd4 ,two ye>s ago1 x  
sold = #f c5ts 9 ,philadelphia1 & bore !
 same price at ,pittsburgh4  ,!re is a  
great deal ( c$> 9 ,k5tucky1 &          
consequ5tly ( b]ries4 ,i h se5 !m at    
,blue ,licks1 & !y ab\nd ne> ! ,k5tucky 
riv]4  ,al?\gh an incr$ible numb] ( ^?  
trees is cut d[n daily1 !re is /ill a   
great] numb] /&+1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  
millions ( bu%els ( b]ries are lo/ e    
ye>1 :ile only skilful h&s are want$1 to
 make !m useful to mank9d4 ,! junip]    
b]ry has _m m$ical prop]ties3 x is a    
delightful aromatic1 & conta9s an oil   
ess5tial1 & a sweet extract1 :i* by !   
f]m5tation yields a v9\s liquor1 made   
into a sort ( w9e 9 "s c\ntries2 t is   
call$ w9e = ! poor3 x /r5g!ns ! /oma*1  
:5 debilitat$ by bad food or too h>d    

labor4  ,! ,holl&]s1 :o h long _h ! art 
( trad+ ^u e ?+1 h con/antly turn$ ev5  
_! pov]ty to acc\nt4 ,!y h imm5se       
fabrications ( g91 & sc>cely any junip] 
trees4 ,!y only collect ! b]ry 9 ^?     
c\ntries :]e x is neglect$ z useless1 z 
9 ,france & ,tyrol1 :i* produce a great 
deal ( x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$ h no     
rec\rse to ,europe1 9 ord] to get !     
junip] b]ries3 !y h 9 abundance at home1
 :at ! ,holl&]s c only procure ) tr\ble 
& money4 ,!y c !re=e rival !m ) great   
advantage2 b !y mu/ foll[ ! same me?ods 
employ$ 9 ! ,holl& di/ill]ies4  ,!      
junip] b]ry conta9s ! sweet muc\s       
extract1 9 a great proportion3 x has    
!re=e ! pr9ciple necess>y to ! spiritu\s
 f]m5tation2 &1 inde$1 x f]m5ts         
spontane\sly4 ,:5 fre%1 & heap$ up1 x   
acquires a degree ( heat1 b n en\gh to  
burn1 z ,i h asc]ta9$3 x is !re=e safely
 transport$ 9 hog%eads4 ,f t facility ( 
f]m5t+1 x mu/ be consid]$ z a good      
f]m5t1 & z increas+ ! quantity ( _s1 :5 
jo9$ to a f]m5table liquor4  ,a di/ill] 

may at pleasure conv]t 8 :iskey into g94
 ,he ne$s only to p]fume ! wort :i* he  
puts 9 f]m5tation1 by add+ a c]ta9      
quantity ( ! b]ries1 slightly brok53 !  
f]m5tation is !n common to bo?2 _! sweet
 mucosity enri*es t ( ! wort1 &         
increases ! _s1 :ile at ! same "t !     
soapy extract1 :i* is ! proximate       
pr9ciple ( vegetation1 yields ! ess5tial
 oil1 :i* p]fumes ! liquor4,c  ,!       
f]m5tation be+ common to bo? sub/ances1 
unites !m intimately2 & :51 by !        
di/illation1 ! _s is sep>at$ f ! wat]1  
!re rema9s an homog5\s liquor1 result+ f
 a s+le creation1 & hav+ t unity ( ta/e1
 & all ! prop]ties ( ,holl& g91 because 
obta9$ by ! same means4  ,"o s+le & same
 di/illation c !re=e yield to ! di/ill] 
ei!r g9 or :iskey1 z x requires no m    
labor1 & its conv]sion into g9 co/s only
 ! price ( ! b]ries1 :i* repays him     
amply1 ei!r by ! _s x yields1 or by its 
ess5tial oil1 :i*1 float+ on ! surface1 
may be easily collect$4 ,?is oil be>s a 
great price1 & ! ,holl&]s sell mu* ( x4 

,we h se51 9 ! #aj? *apt] ( ?is "w1 t my
 hog%eads = ! f]m5tation1 conta9 ab\t   
#abj gallons ( wort1 be+ ! production ( 
! sac*>9e extract ( #ab bu%els ( gra94  
,! intellig5t di/ill] w himself det]m9e 
! quantity ( b]ries necess>y = ea*      
hog%ead to h a good aromatic p]fume4 ,he
 may beg9 ) #aj lbs4 p] hog%ead2 & w1 ^u
 trial1 judge :e!r or n ?is quantity is 
suffici5t1 or mu/ be increas$4 ,at any  
rate1 economy %\ld n be consult$ 9 ! use
 ( ! b]ries1 s9ce _! price does n       
increase t ( ! :iskey4 ,?is l[ price mu/
 naturally become ! pr9ciple ( an imm5se
 fabrication ( g92 & h5ce=? x w be an   
important article ( exportation = !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z a consid]able & 
:olesome object ( home consumption4     
,,footnotes3  ,a ,"s rum di/ill]s make a
 /rong] v9\s liquor1 b x is /ill v f> f 
,lavoisi]'s proportions4 ,o!rs add      
successively new molasses to _! v9\s    
liquor1 & ?us prolong _! f]m5tation1 )\t
 mak+ _! liquor /rong]1 & consequ5tly   
)\t obta9+ m _s4 ,?is is absolutely     

contr>y to ! true pr9ciples (           
di/illation4  ,b ,see 8 beautifi$       
op]ation on ! decomposition ( wat]4  ,c 
,i mu/ "h obs]ve1 t ! junip] b]ry1 z    
well z sev]al o!r fruits1 conta9s two   
k9ds ( ess5tial oil3 "o is ! proximate  
pr9ciple ( vegetation1 & ! o!r is !     
sup]abundant oil3 ! fir/ is comb9$ ) !  
soapy extract1 & dissolves 9 wat]2 :ile 
! second does n unite ) x1 & floats on !
 surface4   ,,end