,,papers ,,on ,,health ,by ,,professor ,,kirk ,edinburgh ,,new ,,and ,,complete ,,one-,,volume ,,edition ,,revised ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,,edward ,,bruce ,,kirk ,london ,simpkin ,marshall ,hamilton ,kent ,co4 ,paternoster ,row ,manchester ,albert ,broadbent #ai ,oxford ,road ,glasgow ,t4 ,d4 ,morison #bdj ,hope ,street ,philadelphia ,the ,broadbent ,press #ajbc ,foulkrod ,st4 ,frankford #aijd ,,copyright ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,printed by ,hurst ,bros41 ,shaw ,heath1 ,stockport4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the topic of ,throat1 ,sore 7,clergyman's7 includes advice for enunciating the vowels in their natural order 7a1 ay1 ee1 o1 oo74 ,the use of a indicates that the a has a macron over it1 since a macron cannot be represented in ,latin #a character set4 ,,preface4 ,in his later years my father often expressed to me his desire for the reduction of the eleven volumes of his ,papers on ,health to a compact one-volume edition2 but as long as fresh papers were being written1 he saw no use in beginning this work4 ,in the end the project was interrupted by his last illness and death4 ,since then1 circumstances have prevented the work being undertaken until the present time4 ,having been associated with him in his health work for some years1 and having often discussed with him all his methods1 ,i have had considerable advantages in undertaking to carry out his intention in the shape of the volume now given to the public4 ,it represents as nearly as possible the book he planned himself2 and though greatly reduced in bulk1 all that is of importance in the original eleven volumes has been inserted in it4 ,it is complete in every way2 and in many details of treatment1 improved methods1 applied in later years by ,dr4 ,kirk1 have been substituted for the older methods he first introduced4 ,the arrangement in alphabetical order has been very carefully attended to1 and the treatment for any particular trouble within the scope of the work can be quickly turned up4 ,this edition is sent forth in the hope that it may have even a wider circulation than the last1 and may be still more largely blessed than that has been1 to the relief of suffering humanity4 ,i would appeal to those who know the value of this treatment to make the book known to the many who would benefit by its teaching4 ,the cost of the original edition was considerable1 but this one is sold so cheaply that anyone may possess it4 ,,edward ,,bruce ,,kirk4 ,e4 ,u4 ,manse1 ,barrhead1 ,scotland4 ,september1 #ahii4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,in this edition of ,papers on ,health some changes1 as well as some entirely new features are introduced4 ,the large demand for the first one-volume edition has made it clear that the public approve of the methods1 both of arrangement and of condensation employed in it4 ,another edition being called for1 it appeared evident that several changes were desirable1 in order to bring the book in line with rapidly increasing medical knowledge1 and to give full effect to more recent experiences in the application of ,dr4 ,kirk's treatment4 ,since the ,papers were first written1 medical1 and especially surgical1 practice has very greatly changed1 and some of the practices against which ,dr4 ,kirk most vehemently protested have passed away4 ,hence1 certain modifications introduced into this edition1 for which the editor accepts full responsibility4 ,for those who wish to consult the actual writings of ,dr4 ,kirk1 the original eleven volume edition is still available4 ,great advances have also been made in the knowledge of the causes of disease2 and preventive methods of treatment by regulation of diet and habits of life are much better understood4 ,to incorporate some reference to these in a work dealing with health generally1 appeared to us absolutely necessary4 ,for these additions also the writer accepts responsibility4 ,where it appeared to be useful1 illustrations have been introduced1 which may help those to whom the treatment is quite new1 to practice it more easily and correctly1 and to understand better the theories on which it is founded4 ,these changes have enlarged the book1 and somewhat increased the price1 which is1 however1 still such as to place the volume within the reach of all classes4 ,it is most gratifying to know through letters received from almost all parts of the world1 that many are benefitted very greatly by the treatments described4 ,we have constant evidence coming before us from our own experience with patients of the powerful effect they have in healing the sick1 and even saving life4 ,we send out this new edition in the hope that it may spread still more widely1 the knowledge of such simple and yet effective means of cure4 ,,edward ,,bruce ,,kirk ,e4 ,u4 ,manse1 ,barrhead1 ,scotland4 ,july1 #aijd4 ,,introduction4 ,in this book we set forth a series of simple remedies and preventives of many common troubles4 ,they are all well tried and have been proved by long experience to be effective and safe4 ,we give1 as far as we know1 the reasons why they are likely to do good1 but we acknowledge that there are things which we cannot fully explain4 ,for instance1 we do not know why a well aired lather of ,m',clinton's ,soap should have the soothing effect it undoubtedly possesses1 or why spreading handfuls of this lather over the stomach of a person suffering from retching or indigestion should give such relief1 we only know that it does6 ,some may sneer at the remedy and say it is a case of faith healing and assert that any other application1 if put on with equal credulity1 would have the same effect4 ,but take a case that lately came under our notice4 ,indigestion and colic had rendered a baby a few weeks old restless and miserable from the day of its birth4 ,the nurse was kept nursing it all night long1 trying to soothe it2 at last the mother who had frequently tried the soap lather for occasional attacks of indigestion1 and always with good effect1 determined to try it on the baby4 ,it worked like a charm1 the little one was at once soothed and slept all night1 only waking once for its food4 ,this was repeated for several nights1 for until the lather was applied the child would not settle to sleep4 ,in a few days the child was quite well1 the habit of sleeping was established and the application was discontinued4 ,now it cannot be said that faith in the remedy had anything to do with the result in this case4 ,we only wish every mother would have faith enough to give this simple treatment a fair trial1 making up the lather as described in this book and not1 as many do1 improving on our method by rubbing the soap on the wet skin and making a sort of lather with the hand4 ,we may say that the soap used for making this lather is not ,m',clinton's shaving soap4 ,the latter is specially made to give a thick durable lather2 for curative purposes use the lather from ,m',clinton's toilet or household soap4 ,again1 why should the use of the linen underwear we recommend have such a beneficial effect on sufferers from rheumatism and various skin troubles8 ,we have suggested possible explanations1 and if these seem inadequate we can only say we know that it has these effects no matter how they are produced4 ,there are many things in nature that we cannot explain1 and since the discovery of ,x ,rays1 ,radium1 etc41 scientists are much less dogmatic in declaring anything impossible4 ,the diet we recommend for health and disease is as simple and cheap as our other treatment4 ,that plain fare is good for both mind and body was proved by the four youths at the ,babylonian ,court over #b1jjj years ago1 but alas people squander that priceless boon1 health1 by letting appetite rule their lives4 ,we only ask for our treatment a fair trial on our lines4 ,we claim that ours are common sense methods4 ,anyone can see that if a head is hot and fevered the application of a cold towel is likely to lower that heat and reduce the fever4 ,but it is no use putting a little bit of wet rag on and then saying our treatment has failed4 ,large towels repeatedly changed for an hour or more may be needed1 and this will give more trouble than administering some dose from the chemist's shop1 but the results are well worth the additional work4 ,the day is hastening on when men and women will see what fools they have been1 not because they had no sense1 but certainly because they had failed to use the abundance which ,god has given to all4 ,not one of the remedies we have recommended can hurt any one1 as they are only those which we have for years seen used successfully by ordinary persons who were willing to do their best to cure the suffering4 ,if we can secure one night of sound sleep1 or one day of comfort for another1 we are bound to do our very best1 and it is a wonderful reward to know that one has secured even this in our suffering world4 ,our ,heavenly ,father gives no monopoly of this blessing4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,vertebral ,column2 #b4 ,skull2 #d4 ,sternum2 #g4 ,collar ,bone2 #ae4 ,hip ,bone2 #af4 ,sacrum2 #ah4 ,femur2 #ai4 ,knee ,pan2 #ba4 ,fibula2 #bb4 ,tibia2 #h4 ,humerus2 #aj4 ,radius2 #aa4 ,ulna4 ,note4--,it is earnestly requested that the whole of any article1 and of those referred to in it1 should be read before beginning any treatment4 ,,papers ,,on ,,health4 ,abscess4--,let us suppose a swelling appears on some part of the body or limbs1 but that there is no discoloration or symptom of the gathering of the dead material beneath it4 ,if it be cut open1 a wound is made which is often very difficult to heal4 ,avoid then1 cutting in such cases4 ,if the swelling develops under ,,fomentation 7see71 the uncut flesh through which it will then break will be in a better state eventually for healing than if cut4 ,where corrupt matter is clearly present1 and in seeking an outlet is endangering the surrounding healthy tissue1 the cutting open of the swelling will1 on the other hand1 greatly relieve1 and conduce to a more speedy cure4 ,this is best performed by a thoroughly good surgeon4 ,thorough syringing of the cavity from which the matter comes out 7see ,wounds1 ,syringing7 is the best means of cure1 aided by thorough heating of the swelling and surrounding parts with moist heat for an hour or more twice a day4 ,this heating must embrace a large part of the limb or body1 as the case may be4 ,if the trouble be on the hip or groin1 the armchair ,,fomentation 7see7 should be employed4 ,other parts should be treated on the same liberal principle of heating 7see ,fomentation74 ,rich diet is extremely hurtful4 ,egg switched in cream1 rum1 brandy1 and such things are to be carefully avoided4 ,alcoholic liquors are especially fatal4 ,see ,alcohol2 ,assimilation2 ,diet2 ,drinks3 ,foods1 etc4 ,oatmeal jelly 7see ,food in ,illness71 wheaten meal porridge1 ,saltcoats biscuits 7see ,biscuits and ,water71 form the best nutrients in such cases4 ,these are really much stronger diet than the egg1 brandy1 etc4 ,if the abscess be in the foot or leg1 with indications of diseased bone1 the leg should be bathed in hot water up to the knee4 ,dissolve a piece of ,m',clinton's soap in the water used1 and let it be as hot as can be borne4 ,after drying1 rub the limb gently yet firmly with olive oil for five minutes4 ,dress with oil1 lint1 and a proper bandage4 ,we have seen a limb which threatened the very life of the patient treated as above4 ,the general symptoms abated almost immediately2 growth1 as well as healing1 set in1 and the limb was quite restored to its normal condition4 ,but patient persistence in treatment is needed for a bad case4 ,if under bathing or fomentation the abscess seems to swell1 such is only the natural progress of cure1 and should not be regarded as increase of the trouble4 ,where the swelling shews undoubted signs of diseased matter below the surface1 it may be opened as above directed4 ,we know of limbs that have been long distorted1 and under rubbing and fomenting they are becoming gradually all they ought to be4 ,no one need fear that by such treatment they will grow worse4 ,see ,armpit ,swelling2 ,bone1 ,diseased2 ,knee2 ,limbs1 ,inflamed1 etc4 ,acetic ,acid4--,for use in our treatment we recommend ,coutts' ,acetic ,acid4 ,it is of uniform strength and purity1 and can be had from most druggists4 ,weak acid may be understood as one part of this to twelve parts of water4 ,in many cases1 however1 much greater weakness than this is necessary1 owing to the tenderness of the parts treated4 ,as a general rule1 the dilute acid should only cause a gentle nipping sensation and heat in the sore4 ,if it is painful1 no good is done4 ,frequent gentle applications are always much better than a few severe ones4 ,tasting the acid is a good test4 ,if it can be swallowed without inconvenience1 it may then be tried on a tender part1 and if necessary even further reduced in strength4 ,where more convenient to get it1 white wine vinegar may be used instead of this weak acid2 it will do equally well4 ,acidity of the ,stomach4--,often caused by unwholesome food1 bad or deficient teeth1 or by too rapid eating4 ,where these causes exist1 they should be first removed4 ,eat slowly1 and not too much at a time1 and see that only well-cooked1 easily digested food be taken4 ,pastry1 sweets and carbonaceous foods in general should not be taken alone at the same meal1 they should always accompany some form of proteid food4 ,if1 however1 pain in stomach is found after meal it will be found that milk can be substituted with comfort4 7,see ,diet74 7,see ,food in ,health74 ,if this does not cure1 do not take soda as a remedy4 ,although soda neutralises the sourness1 it produces other effects1 and tends to cause disease of the stomach4 ,a wineglassful of hot water1 with a teaspoonful of white vinegar in it1 is the best cure4 ,although this is itself acid1 it acts so as to remove the cause of the sourness in the stomach1 and is most beneficial otherwise4 ,it is still better to take a tablespoonful of this hot water and vinegar every five minutes for an hour daily before dinner4 ,instead of the vinegar1 a slice of lemon may be put in the hot water4 ,this will act more efficiently in some cases4 ,in other cases a teaspoonful of ,glauber's ,salts1 taken in a large tumblerful of hot water1 half-an-hour before breakfast1 for a few weeks1 will relieve almost entirely4 ,readers must note not to use both the salts and vinegar drink at once4 ,they are intended to cure different sorts of stomach acidity1 caused differently4 ,look also well to the warming of ,,cold ,,feet 7see71 and see that the whole skin be cleansed daily with soap lather 7see ,lather and ,soap7 and stimulated with olive-oil rubbing4 ,aconite4--,often in cases where our treatment fails to cure1 the failure is due to the patient taking aconite as an allopathic remedy4 ,used homoeopathically1 it may be harmless1 but if taken in considerable doses1 even once a month1 it prevents all cure4 ,it gives relief in heart palpitation1 and in case of extreme sensibility1 but its other poisonous effects far outweigh the temporary benefits4 ,a gentle1 kindly soaping with soap lather 7see ,lather and ,soap7 over all the body will relieve extreme sensibility far better than aconite1 and can be frequently repeated without injury4 ,aconite must be avoided if our treatment is to be effective4 ,action1 ,balance of4--,an excellent guide to the proper treatment of any case is to be found in the distribution of heat in the patient's body4 ,hot parts are to be cooled1 and cold parts warmed1 often both at the same time1 so as to restore the proper balance of vital action4 ,gentle progressive measures are always best in this1 especially with children4 ,cold feet are warmed by ,,bathing 7see7 and ,,fomentation 7see74 ,a heated head may be cooled with ,,cold ,,towels 7see7 or with soap ,,lather 7see74 ,this principle of seeking a proper balance should be borne in mind throughout all our treatment4 ,its importance can hardly be exaggerated1 as the restoration of this balance alone will frequently effect an almost magical cure where drugs have been wholly ineffective4 ,after ,pains4--,see ,child-bearing4 ,air4--,the ,black ,hole of ,calcutta is an object lesson of how necessary to life is the renewal of the air supply4 ,few people1 however1 reflect that a deficient supply of fresh air may affect the health1 though far short of what will cause death4 ,many hospitable people will invite so many friends to their houses that the amount of air each can get is less than #a-bjth of what the law insists shall be provided for the prisoners in our gaols4 ,superabundant provision is made for the wants of the stomachs of these guests1 but none at all for the more important organ--the lungs4 ,the headaches and lack of appetite next morning are attributed to the supper instead of the repeatedly breathed air1 for each guest gives off almost #bj cubic feet of used-up air per hour4 ,no one would ask their guests to wash with water others had used2 how many offer them air which has been made foul by previous use8 ,everyone knows that in our lungs oxygen is removed from the air inhaled1 and its place taken by carbonic acid gas4 ,besides this deoxydizing1 the air becomes loaded with organic matter which is easily detected by the olfactory organs of those who have just come in1 and so are in a position to promptly compare the air inside with what they have been breathing4 ,the exhilaration produced by deep breathing of pure air is well known4 ,what1 therefore1 prevents everyone enjoying it at all times8 ,simply the fear of cold--an unfortunate name for that low form of fever properly called catarrh1 and a name which is largely responsible for this mistaken idea4 ,colds are now known to be infectious1 being often caught in close ill-ventilated places of public assembly4 ,most people suppose that it is the change from the heat to the cold outside that gives them cold1 whereas the cold has been contracted inside4 ,there is no lack of evidence that wide open windows day and night1 summer and winter1 so strengthen and invigorate that colds are rarely taken1 and when taken1 generally in a mild form4 ,this also applies to influenza4 ,if delicate consumptives can stand1 without any gradual breaking-in to it1 unlimited fresh air1 and can lie by day and night in open sheds1 no one need dread at once to adopt the open-window system4 ,although few will believe it1 until they try it1 a wide open window does not produce a draught as does one slightly opened1 and it is safer and pleasanter to go in for abundant fresh air than to try what might be called a moderate course4 ,many think that with an open window the heat of the fire is practically wasted4 ,they do not know that the radiant heat of the fire will warm the person it falls on even though the temperature of the room is very low4 ,the ,canadian hunter before his fire is comfortably warm1 though the air around him may be a long way below zero4 ,extra clothing may be worn if any chilliness is felt4 ,while the body is warm cold air has an invigorating effect on the lungs4 ,indeed1 the body soon gets accustomed to the colder air1 and those who practise keeping open windows winter and summer find that they do not require heavier clothing than those who sit with windows shut4 ,a slight or even considerable feeling of coldness1 when due to cold air and not to ill-health1 will not harm4 ,this is no new idea4 ,dr4 ,henry ,mc,cormac1 of ,belfast1 father of the eminent surgeon1 ,sir ,william ,mc,cormac1 wrote forty years ago3--,the mainly unreasoning dread of night air1 so termed1 is a great impediment to free ventilation by night4 ,and yet day and night air is the same virtually1 does not differ appreciably4 ,the air by night1 whether damp or dry1 is equally pure1 equally salubrious with the air by day1 and calls not less solicitously for ceaseless admission into our dwellings4 ,air1 ere it reaches the lungs1 is always damp4 ,quite dry air is irrespirable4 ,it needs no peculiar or unusual habitude in order to respire what is termed night air4 ,exposure to contact with the day air equally prepares us for exposure to the contact with the night air4 ,we can multiply our coverings by night with even greater ease than we can by day1 and with the most perfect certainty of producing and obtaining warmth4 ,good heavens6 ,how is it that people are so wildly mistaken as if the great wise ,deity1 as he does by every exquisite and perfect adaption1 did not intend that we should make use of the purest1 sweetest air day and night always8 ,the prospective results of breathing purest air by night are so infinitely desirable1 the immediate enjoyment is so great that it only needs a trial to be approved of and adopted for ever4444 ,reasonable precautions--that is to say1 adequate night coverings--being resorted to1 no colour of risk to the lungs1 even of the most delicate1 can possibly ensue4 ,for1 it is stagnant air1 air pre-breathed only1 and not pure unprerespired air that makes lungs delicate4 ,although air1 warmth1 food1 and cleanliness be cardinal conditions and essential to life1 still the most important of all health factors is air--air pure and undefiled alike by day and by night4444 ,the constant uneasy dread of taking cold1 which haunts the minds of patients and their friends1 is doubtless the one great reason why fresh air is thrust aside4 ,and yet cold will not be caught1 were it in ,nova ,zembla itself1 by night1 if only the sleeper's body be adequately covered4444 ,the pulses or puffs of air that comes in ceaselessly1 winter and summer1 through open windows by night inspire just as if one slept in the open air1 a sort of ecstasy4 ,gush follows gush1 full of delightfulness1 replacing the used-up air and purifying the blood4 ,it has oftimes been said to me1 ',i open the windows the moment ,i get out of bed2' to this ,i have uniformly replied1 'the moment to open the window is before you get into bed1 not when you get out of it4' ,you cannot otherwise with entire certainty secure the benefit of an ever ceaselessly renewed night air so all essential to the blood's renewal and the maintenance of health4444 ,with abundant night coverings there is no shadow of risk4 ,there is none of rheumatism1 none of bronchitis1 in short no risk whatever4 ,the only1 the real risk1 which we incur1 is that of closing our sleeping chamber windows1 of debarring ourselves of pure air during our repose4 ,appetite4--,should be an indication that food in general or some certain kind of food is needed by the body4 ,thus the appetite is the natural test of the amount and kind of food required4 ,over-eating and indulgence in stimulating foods and drinks1 insufficient mastication and bolting of the food 7see ,over-eating1 etc47 give us a false appetite1 thus causing over-eating once more4 ,a return to a simple and moderate diet will restore the natural appetite4 ,air ,bath4--,this may with advantage to the health of the skin and body in general1 be indulged in every morning during some of the toilet operations1 such as shaving1 or preferably1 dumbell exercise or ,swedish gymnastics4 ,if exercises are done in a nude condition the utmost freedom for the muscles is obtained4 ,in a short time a notable change will be observed in the skin1 which will lose its pasty appearance1 and become soft flesh and of a healthy colour4 ,if possible have the bedroom with windows facing the morning sun1 so that the sunlight can also shine in4 ,there are many sanitaria on the ,continent and in ,america where this form of bathing is practised4 ,indeed1 one of the great benefits of sea-bathing 7overlooked in this country7 is the exposure of the skin to air and light4 ,consequently if the weather and social custom permits1 as much time as possible should be spent after immersion1 lounging on the sand4 ,a child's natural instinct leads it to play about after its bath in the sea instead of coming at once to be dressed4 ,a young infant will enjoy lying on a rug on the floor without any clothing and with the window open4 ,older children will benefit by running about the garden in summer time in bare feet1 and with only one garment1 say a cotton frock4 ,it is a great mistake to clothe children too warmly1 indeed1 the same may be said of adults4 ,garments should always be loose and porous1 so as to allow of the beneficial action of the air on the skin4 ,one of the objections to corsets is that they do not fulfil these conditions 7see ,tight ,lacing1 ,skin1 ,care of47 ,air-tight ,covering4--,the covering of oiled silk1 or guttapercha1 so frequently placed over wet bandages when these are applied to any part of the body1 is not only useless1 but often positively hurtful4 ,it is true that the waterproof covering retains the moisture in the bandage1 but it is also true that great heat is developed1 and the waste products in the perspiration are retained on the surface of the skin4 ,the effect of this is injurious in a very high degree4 ,a little soft old linen for the wet bandage1 with a piece of double new flannel over it1 will leave all the pores of the skin open1 and allow all waste products to pass away freely1 while the heat and moisture are retained as much as necessary4 ,in other cases two folds of moist flannel next to skin1 and two folds of the same1 dry1 above the moist ones1 will make an excellent bandage4 ,this applied all over the abdomen1 in case of abdominal dropsy1 will have a most beneficial result4 ,the reason why we often say new flannel is simply that few know how to wash it so as to retain its soft and porous nature as it is when good and new4 ,that softness and porousness may be retained in a very easy way4 ,when you have put your soiled flannel through two good washings with soap in the usual way1 dip it in clean boiling water1 and finish cleaning it with that dipping4 ,you will have it white and fine as when new4 ,m',clinton's soap1 being made from plant ashes and not from soda1 is much less liable to shrink and harden flannel2 in fact1 it is best for all fine washing4 ,alcohol4--,this1 in various forms1 as brandy1 whiskey1 rum1 wine1 cordials1 beer and stout1 is a frequent prescription in many troubles4 ,in no cases have we known good effects from its use1 which is most strongly to be condemned4 ,various reasons for this statement will be found under the heading of troubles for which alcohol is prescribed4 ,here we simply give the fundamental truths as to its action on the system4 ,in our system of treatment we ever seek to nurse and stimulate those nerve-masses which constitute the sources of vital action4 ,every drop of alcohol does so much to weaken and destroy these4 ,a certain quantity1 if taken by the strongest man1 will kill that man as surely as a bullet in the brain4 ,half the quantity will only render him insensible4 ,half that1 again1 only renders him incapable of controlling his bodily movements4 ,half that1 again1 only slightly disturbs the system2 but it affects him in the very same manner in which the fatal dose affects him1 though not in the same degree4 ,it is a narcotic1 and like all such1 it always reduces vital action1 while nothing is more important in all healing than to increase it4 ,hence alcohol is the deadly foe of healing1 and one chief preparer of the system to fall before disease4 ,the so-called stimulating action of alcohol has been thoroughly explained by the author of these papers in other writings1 and shewn to be simply an indirect and temporary effect1 obtained at the price of a considerable reduction of the general vitality of the nervous system4 ,young ladies1 as a class1 are subject to a terrible danger4 ,great numbers of mothers actually make their daughters drunkards by ever and again dosing them with brandy4 ,this is done in secret1 and imagined to be a most excellent thing4 ,for instance1 if the bowels get lax1 as is the case in certain stages of disease1 brandy is given as a remedy4 ,how little do those who give it know that it is lessening vital energy and making cure impossible6 ,but it is doing nothing else4 ,we have many times over seen the dying sufferer restless and ill with nothing but the effects of constant small doses of brandy1 or alcohol in some other form4 ,in looseness of the bowels we give a teaspoonful of lemon juice in a little hot water and sugar4 ,that has as much effect as is desirable1 and it has no bad effect whatever4 ,or enema injections may be employed4 7,see ,diarrhoea1 ,dysentery1 ,enema74 ,even infants are treated with brandy1 till we cannot help believing they die of the drink1 and would survive if it were put away4 ,gradually the cruel folly of all this will1 we doubt not1 dawn upon the general mind4 ,amputations4--,these are often performed in cases in which proper treatment on the lines of these papers1 would save both life and limb4 ,by all means1 before consenting to such an irrevocable act as amputating a limb1 let the treatment with fomentations1 hot water1 and acetic acid be well and thoroughly tried4 ,many limbs which were medically condemned have been thus saved within our personal knowledge4 ,in some cases the disease may be obstinate2 but at least let a fair trial be given to our treatment before giving up a limb4 ,the treatment will be found under the headings of the various troubles and parts affected 7see ,armpit ,swelling2 ,bone1 ,diseased2 ,knee-swelling2 ,pains1 etc47 ,angina ,pectoris4--,in a variety of cases1 more or less severe spasmodic pains are felt in the chest4 ,angina ,pectoris 7literally1 agony of the chest7 is one of the worst of these4 ,all these pains1 as a rule1 may be removed completely by treatment such as the following3-- ,prepare a bed 7long enough for the patient to lie at full length upon his back71 with a large thick sheet folded on the lower part of it4 ,spread over this sheet a blanket wrung out of hot water1 so as to be both moist 7but not wet7 and warm 7see ,fomentation74 ,see that the blanket is not so hot as to burn the patient and add to his pain4 ,it must be tested with the back of the hand1 and be just as warm as this can well bear4 ,on this let the patient lie down1 and wrap him up tightly in it from the feet up to above the haunches4 ,have two or three towels folded so as to be about six inches broad1 and the length of that part of the patient's spine above the hot blanket4 ,wring these out of cold water4 ,place one over the spine1 so as to lie close along it2 on this1 place a dry towel to keep the damp from the bed1 and let the patient lie down on his back1 so as to bring the cold towel in close contact with the spine4 ,when this towel becomes warm1 another cold one must be put in its place4 ,after about half an hour's pack and eight changes of the cold towel1 the pain in the chest should be subdued for the time4 ,if the cold towel does not heat in five minutes1 the patient's vitality is low1 and a hot cloth should be placed along the spine1 and renewed several times1 and then another cold one2 but as a rule this will not be required4 ,when taken out of the pack1 let the skin be washed with ,,soap 7see7 and warm water2 then a slight sponge of nearly cold water1 and a gentle rubbing with olive or almond oil4 ,rub the back first1 and gently shampoo all the muscles2 that is1 knead and move the muscles under the skin so as to make them rub over one another4 ,if the pain in the chest be of an inflammatory nature1 the cold towels must be applied over the place where it is felt1 instead of on the spine 7see ,inflammation47 ,ankle ,swelling4--,when long continued in connection with disease or accident1 this sometimes leads to a partial withering of the limb up to its very root4 ,in such a case it is best to deal first with the roots of those nerves which supply the limb1 which are1 in the case of the legs1 in the lower part of the back4 ,it is important to apply light pressure to these roots by gently squeezing the muscles of the lower back4 ,this raises a feeling of gentle heat1 which slowly passes down the limbs even to the toes4 ,then the gentle pressure and squeezing must be carried all down the limb1 avoiding any degree of pain1 until all its muscles have had their share4 ,while progressing down the limb with his rubbing1 let the rubber be careful that the individual strokes of his hands be upwards1 towards the hip4 ,the blood will thus be propelled towards the heart1 while the stimulus of rubbing is conveyed along the nerve trunks towards the foot4 ,the squeezing should be done with a grasping movement of the hands1 the limb being held encircled in both hands1 thumbs upwards4 ,warm olive oil is used in this squeezing1 and also1 if the skin be hard and dry1 soap lather 7see ,lather74 ,even slight displacements of bones will disappear under such treatment1 if patiently continued day after day1 as the patient can bear it without fatigue4 ,in such gentle remedies1 perseverance plays a large part4 7,see ,abscess2 ,diet2 ,exercise74 ,ankle1 ,twisted or ,crushed4--,place the foot as soon as possible in warm water1 as hot as can comfortably be borne2 keep it there until free from pain1 or for an hour1 or even more if necessary4 ,if the flesh be torn1 dress with cloths wrung out of vinegar or weak acetic acid before placing in the water4 ,when the bath has done its work1 and the limb comes out of the water alarmingly swollen1 good and skilful bandaging will do excellent work4 ,if you have at hand an old shirt1 or some such thing1 tear it into strips about three inches wide1 till you have as much material as will swathe the whole limb from behind the toes up to the top of the thigh4 ,this need not be all in one piece1 but only so that you may apply it in such a way as to bring a very gentle pressure on the whole surface of the injured limb4 ,it is important that the bandaging should be comfortable4 ,the way in which bandaging is sometimes done is cruel in the extreme4 ,cases that are a disgrace to humanity are constantly coming under our notice1 in which limbs are lost for life by the treatment they receive in this respect4 ,skilful surgeons do it in the most gentle manner2 they even swathe the limbs in soft loose cotton before they apply the bandages1 so that a perfectly equal and comforting pressure may be secured4 ,lay the limb to rest1 well and softly supported in a horizontal position4 ,when the swelling falls1 gently tighten the bandage from time to time as required4 ,each time the bandages are removed for this purpose1 sponge the limb with warm vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see74 ,when the swelling subsides1 the ankle may be put again in the hot bath for half-an-hour1 and then1 if any bones be broken1 is the time for setting them right4 ,the ankle will probably turn black4 ,if so1 do not apply leeches1 but allow the black blood to be absorbed by natural process4 ,a twisted or bruised wrist or hand is to be treated in the same way4 ,the swelling may also be removed by gentle rubbing upwards along the limb1 so as to help the blood in its course4 ,armpit ,swelling4--,often this comes as the result of a chill1 or of enfeeblement of the system from various causes4 ,in the early stage1 such a swelling should not be treated so as to develop a sore4 ,treatment with iodine is to be avoided4 ,the first thing1 in this early stage1 is to increase vital action in the part1 and also in the whole system 7see ,abscess74 ,moist heat is to be applied4 ,make a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 which should come right round from over the spine1 over the swelling1 and over the whole shoulder4 ,let this be kept hot for an hour at least4 ,if it can be thus applied twice a day without too much fatigue1 do so4 ,if the swelling softens and becomes less under this treatment1 a few cold cloths may be applied to brace the part and aid its vitality4 ,do not1 on any account1 make the patient shiver4 ,if the swelling increases and becomes discoloured1 keep to the hot treatment until it bursts and discharges4 ,for treatment then1 see ,abscess2 ,wounds4 ,during all this treatment the whole back should be gently rubbed daily with warm olive oil for half an hour1 if as much can be borne4 ,assimilation4--,is the process whereby the digested food is carried into the blood stream1 and thus conveyed to the different parts of the body where the hungry cells are in need of it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,a bit of the inner coat of the small intestine4 ,fine threads of blood vessels 7capillaries7 take it up from the stomach and intestines4 ,also along the intestines there are little projections 7villi71 through which the food passes into a blood stream leading to the liver1 where the blood is then purified4 ,these projections also contain lacteals or little vessels containing blood without its red corpuscles4 ,a duct carries this colourless blood mixed with absorbed food to the left side of the neck1 where it empties into the blood stream4 ,these lacteals have a special affinity for the fat of the food4 ,most of the rest of the food1 including the proteid and the carbohydrate or starchy portion now in the form of sugar1 passes into the capillaries1 and then is led to the liver4 ,the liver will not let through more sugar than is required1 storing it up for future use4 ,it also acts as a careful guardian1 by arresting many poisons which would otherwise pass into the general circulation4 ,the liver requires for the proper performance of its functions plenty of pure blood1 hence the necessity for fresh air and exercise1 that the lungs may work well4 ,the liver is easily influenced by alcoholic beverages1 and by getting too hard work to do through eating rich foods4 ,a consideration of this delicate and intricate process1 whereby the digested food is absorbed1 will show that badly-digested food can not hope to be well assimilated1 consequently attention should be paid to the quantity and quality of the food we eat 7see ,digestion2 ,diet74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,two villi containing lacteals4 ,the white canals are lacteals1 the darker lines indicate blood vessels 7capillaries74 ,magnified #ajj diameters4 7,from ,quain's ,anatomy47 ,whatever thus makes living substance is nourishment2 whatever fails to do so is not4 ,if food be taken1 and even digested1 without being thus assimilated1 it becomes an injury to a patient instead of a help4 ,in cases of fever1 inflammatory disease1 or wasting sores1 much rich food feeds the fire4 ,it is like laying rafters on the roof of a burning house for purposes of repair4 ,in such a case small quantities of milk1 or milk and hot water 7see ,digestion71 represent the total food which can be effectively used in the body4 ,we write on this subject that in treatment our friends may watch not to injure by making the blood too rich in elements which the system cannot usefully assimilate4 ,such foods as oatmeal jelly and wheaten porridge will often furnish more real nourishment than pounds of bread1 beef1 and potatoes4 ,a little careful thought will guide to correct treatment in this matter4 ,an easily assimilated diet is found in ,saltcoats biscuits and hot water2 many inveterate stomach troubles have yielded to this1 when taken as sole diet for some weeks 7see ,biscuits and ,water74 ,treatment may also be given for lack of assimilative power4 ,the back1 especially on either side of the spine1 is rubbed with gentle pressure and hot olive oil4 ,this pressure is so applied that a genial heat arises along the whole spinal column4 ,this done twice a day1 for half-an-hour at a time1 and continued for several weeks1 will markedly restore assimilative power4 ,cases which have been perfectly helpless for eight and even ten years are cured by this simple method1 sufficiently and carefully followed4 ,we had a patient who was stout1 but weak and weary1 with the muscles slack and showing loss of power4 ,the effect of back-rubbing1 accompanied by easily assimilated food in small quantities and often1 was to lessen his weight by a considerable amount4 ,but the muscular power at once began to increase1 and the man was soon like one made anew4 ,digestion had not been impaired in this case1 but the blood formed by it was not converted into good living substance4 ,sight and hearing have even been restored by these means when the failure in eye or ear has been due to waste material accumulating1 as frequently is the case4 ,in connection with many troubles1 what may be called local assimilation has to be considered4 ,a foot1 say1 with a bad abscess or diseased bone 7see ,pain1 ,severe7 is cured by hot bathing and pressure4 ,from a shrunken and feeble limb1 the leg grows to a healthy and strong one4 ,this occurs because the heat and pressure have so stimulated its vitality that the material supplied by the blood can be utilised in the leg for purposes of healthy growth4 ,so with any other part of the body4 ,such diet as we have indicated supplies easily assimilated substance4 ,the local heating1 pressure1 and bathing enable this substance to be utilised where it is needed4 ,a little careful thought on this line will guide to proper treatment of almost any case where assimilation has failed1 either locally or generally1 and will lead the way to a method of cure4 ,asthma exists in various forms1 having equally various causes4 ,one of these causes1 giving rise to a comparatively simple form of the disease1 is cramp of the ring-muscle of the windpipe1 so contracting the windpipe that breathing is rendered difficult4 ,a wheeze is heard in breathing1 though there is no bronchitis or lung trouble present4 ,the cause of this cramp is an irritation of the ring-muscle's nerve4 ,it can be relieved by pressing cold cloths gently along the spine1 from the back of the head to between the shoulders1 taking care that the patient remains generally warm during the treatment1 and attending to the feet and skin as directed below in this article4 ,sometimes the cause seems to lie in the air of the place where the sufferer resides4 ,a change either to high ground or the seaside will often entirely remove asthma1 especially in the young4 ,in any such case a trial should be made of several places1 if that be at all possible1 and that place fixed upon where the asthma is least felt4 ,at ,,seamill ,,sanatorium 7see7 many asthmatic persons have found complete freedom from their trouble from the day of their arrival1 and the treatment given has made this cure permanent4 ,another cause of asthma is lack of power in the breathing muscles4 ,in such a case the patient clings to a particular attitude1 in which alone he can breathe4 ,this is in most cases due to a lack of vitality in the root nerve which supply the breathing muscles4 ,an attack of this may often be relieved by rubbing1 with the points of the fingers chiefly1 gently yet firmly up and down each side of the spine1 close to the bone4 ,even rubbing above the clothing will frequently relieve4 ,the roots of the nerves supplying power to the breathing muscles lie just on each side of the spine1 and this kind of rubbing stimulates these roots4 ,it is not rubbing of the skin or backbone which is wanted1 but such gentle treatment of the nerve roots on either side of the bone as makes them glow with genial warmth4 ,this rubbing is of course better done on the surface of the skin4 ,see that the patient is warm1 then dip the fingers in cold water1 and rub as directed4 ,when the water makes the patient feel chilly or he tires of it1 use fresh olive oil1 warmed if necessary4 ,avoid all alcoholic drinks1 which simply rob the nerves of the very power needed for cure4 ,temporary relief may be given by such drinks1 but it is at the expense of lowered life and reduced chances of recovery4 ,a tablespoonful of hot water every five minutes is the best curative drink4 ,it may be given for several hours if required4 ,to give this rubbing treatment and drinking hot water fair play1 however1 attention must be paid most carefully to the feet and skin of the patient4 ,the feet frequently are cold1 and in bad cases swell1 the skin at and above the swelling being pale and soft4 ,in minor cases this state of the feet may be treated by rubbing with hot olive oil4 ,in serious cases rubbing is to be alternated with bathing the feet in hot water1 until the feet and limbs glow with heat4 ,this may be done two or three times a day1 for half an hour1 or even an hour4 ,it increases very greatly the vital power for breathing4 ,again1 the skin in bad cases of asthma becomes dry1 hard1 and a light brown substance forms on its surface4 ,if the skin thus fails1 severe work is thrown on the already overloaded lungs1 and the breathing is much worse4 ,give the patient a night's pack in the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see74 ,if there is not strength to stand the entire treatment1 keep in the blanket pack for a shorter time--one1 two1 or three hours4 ,not more than two nights of this treatment should be needed at a time4 ,the soapy blanket greatly stimulates the skin1 and opens all the closed pores1 immensely relieving the lungs4 ,if feet1 skin1 and back be treated as we have advised1 even a very obstinate case of asthma should be cured4 ,see ,appendix2 ,bathing the ,feet2 ,rubbing2 ,soap2 ,soapy ,blanket4 ,back ,failures4--,often a severe pain in the toe1 foot1 ankle1 or lower leg has its cause1 not in anything wrong with the part which is painful1 but in some failure of nerve in the patient's back4 ,blistering or other treatment of the painful part will often injure1 and cannot do much1 in any case1 to cure4 ,pains even in the knee and groin sometimes have the same cause--in back failure4 ,in other cases the symptoms are1 weariness1 stiffness1 inability to stoop1 or stand long without support1 and pains in the stomach and thighs4 ,a little thought will enable any one to distinguish between pains due to back failure and those due to local causes4 ,if there is no appearance of anything wrong at the part pained1 then the evil is probably in the back4 ,it is even a good rule to consider the pain at first as due to back failure rather than local causes1 for by treatment of the back the local trouble1 when that is present1 is much helped and relieved4 ,in the case of pains in the arms or hands1 the upper part of the back is indicated2 in leg and foot troubles1 the lower part4 ,neuralgic pains are almost always of this class4 ,in any case of this kind1 heat may be applied to the spine1 and rubbing with hot oil given to it1 at its upper or lower part as required4 ,if the heat and rubbing increase the pain1 then cold applications may be used4 ,sometimes heat and cold may be needed alternately2 but common sense must guide1 and all irritation or chilling of the patient must be carefully avoided4 ,the best manner of applying cold to the spine is described in article on ,angina ,pectoris4 ,towels are folded as there directed4 ,the moist one 7well wrung out7 is placed next the spine1 either over the part desired or the whole spine4 ,the dry one is placed over this1 and the patient lies down on his back on the top of them2 or1 if he cannot lie1 as sometimes happens1 the towels are gently pressed with the hand against the spine until sufficient cooling has resulted4 ,the patient should never be made to shiver4 ,if he feels chilly1 hot fomentations to the feet and legs1 as described in article on ,angina ,pectoris1 may be applied4 ,balance1 ,loss of4--,cases where loss of balance in walking and standing are due to ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance will be treated under that head4 ,other cases1 where loss of power in the motor nerves causes this unsteadiness1 are treated of here4 ,as these cases differ totally from ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance in cause and treatment1 it is well carefully to distinguish between them4 ,in ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance1 then1 notice that the patient cannot lie still4 ,in case of simple loss of power1 he staggers or falls only when moving1 or trying to move4 ,probably also in the last case there are cold feet and clammy skin4 ,for this1 bathe the feet at bedtime in hot water1 dry1 and rub them with hot oil4 ,then apply to the back on going to bed a warm cloth1 covered with soap lather 7see ,lather71 with dry towel above it4 ,do this each night for a week4 ,when taking off the cloth1 sponge the back with warm vinegar or weak acid 7see ,acetic ,acid71 and rub with warm olive oil4 ,after a week of this treatment1 apply each night for two or three days1 a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 across the loins for an hour at bedtime1 with olive oil before and after4 ,above all1 conscientiously let the patient rest4 ,a good deal of lying in bed and on a sofa must be taken1 and good nourishment given 7see ,assimilation1 etc474 ,some weeks of alternate treatment like this should effect a great improvement1 if not a radical cure4 ,balance of ,action--,see ,action1 ,balance of4 ,band1 ,flannel4--,a piece of fine new flannel made to cover the whole back1 and sewed under the usual underclothing1 has a truly wonderful effect when worn in certain cases of illness4 ,the same effect is not produced by doubling the flannels that are worn4 ,what we have specially to call attention to is the fact that the piece is extra to all that which covers the rest of the body4 ,the heat of the back1 which is so very important from the nerve structure of the spinal system1 is made to gather under a single ply of flannel1 but much more quickly under two folds of the same material4 ,when1 therefore1 there is anything like natural heat in the back1 this piece of new flannel makes it gather quickly1 and keeps it stimulating the parts to which it is confined4 ,then1 if the front of the body is more thinly clad1 it is very much the same as when a hot bag or a bran poultice is applied to the back1 and a cold cloth in front4 ,the effect is not so immediate1 but in the course of time it gets to be even greater4 ,we have never been able to see much come of magnetic or electric belts other than would result from wearing the woollen material they are covered with2 but we have seen constantly all the good effects ascribed to the most costly appliances produced by a bit of new flannel4 ,if there can be a good rubbing given with olive oil1 and then the extra flannel put on1 the effect is delightful4 ,again1 when the skin has been cleansed effectually with the mixture for ,,night ,,sweats 7see71 put the flannel on4 ,it causes a gathering of heat1 which stimulates the spinal nerves1 and produces good effects all over the body and limbs4 ,a broad band of extra new flannel round the lower half of the body is somewhat equivalent to fomentation got in the armchair1 or in the hot pack of the lower body4 ,those who are exposed1 as coachmen are1 and subject to lumbago and other troubles1 will find a flannel band work wonders4 ,this flannel band on the lower back is valuable in cases of rheumatism1 sciatica1 and various kidney troubles4 ,on the upper back it is good for bronchitis and some forms of asthma4 ,it may be used in connection with the other forms of treatment given for these in separate articles4 ,when linen underwear is worn1 this band should be worn under that1 next the skin4 ,bandage1 ,four-ply ,flannel4--,the four-ply flannel bandage is simply what its name implies--a bandage of the shape and size to cover the parts treated1 and at least four-ply thick4 ,it is wrung out of cold water1 and covered with a thick dry bandage while applied4 ,bandaging4--,see ,veins1 ,swollen1 etc4 ,barley4--,if this grain is well grown and thoroughly well cooked1 it will be found to be one of the best foods for restoring an exhausted digestive system4 ,take two or three handfuls of pot barley2 boil this in water for two hours at least1 thoroughly to burst the grain2 then water and grain together are turned into a suitable dish1 and placed1 covered over1 in the oven1 where it may simmer for another two hours4 ,when turned out1 it may be salted to taste4 ,after the four hours' cooking1 the grain and water are a kind of barley pudding4 ,a dessertspoonful of this every half-hour1 from eight in the morning till eight at night1 will help wonderfully a weak stomach1 if taken as the only diet4 ,this is what is meant when barley pudding is prescribed in these articles4 ,bathing4--,cold baths1 while greatly to be recommended to those who are strong1 should not be taken by any one who does not feel invigorated by them4 ,as every one should1 if possible1 bathe daily1 the following method is worth knowing1 as it combines all the advantages of hot and cold bathing4 ,the principle is the same as explained in ,cooling in ,heating4 ,sponge all over with hot water and wash with ,m',clinton's soap2 then sponge all over with cold water4 ,no chilliness will then be felt4 ,very weak persons may use tepid instead of cold water4 ,these baths taken every morning will greatly tend to prevent the person catching cold4 ,cold bathing in water which is hard is a mistake1 especially in bathing of infants4 ,the skin under its influence becomes hard and dry4 ,warm bathing and ,m',clinton's soap will remedy this4 ,bathing the ,feet4--,this apparently simple treatment1 if the best results are desired1 must be gone about most carefully4 ,a foot-bath for ten or twenty minutes1 though a considerable help in many cases1 is not at all sufficient4 ,it must be given1 in most cases1 for forty minutes to give sensible relief4 ,some patients faint long before this time if the feet are placed in very hot water from the beginning4 ,to avoid this faintness1 proceed as follows3 ,get a vessel that will hold the feet easily1 and be deep enough to reach nearly up to the knees4 ,put water in this one inch deep1 and at blood heat--that is1 just to feel warm to an ordinary hand4 ,set the feet to be bathed in this1 and have plenty of hot water at hand4 ,let the patient be comfortably covered and seated1 and wait two minutes or so4 ,add then a little hotter water1 and every two minutes add a little more water1 hotter every time1 gradually increasing the quantity and temperature of the water4 ,in half an hour a good strong heat and large deep bath will be reached1 and in only a very few cases will there be any faintness4 ,if the heat is raised too fast1 give a little cold water to drink1 and proceed more slowly4 ,this is in cases where simple stimulus to vital action is required4 ,if the bathing be for sores1 or disease of joints1 the sores should be dressed first with cold cream or vaseline1 or covered with a cloth dipped in olive oil4 ,if the skin becomes irritated from prolonged bathing1 cover before bathing with a cloth dipped in weak vinegar or very weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see74 ,if the patient is too weak for bathing1 a fomentation may be applied as described in article on ,angina ,pectoris1 only extending1 however1 over the knees4 ,such fomentation may also be used whenever cold cloths applied to a diseased or inflamed part tend to cause a chill4 ,it will quite prevent this4 ,baths for ,head4--,in many cases of indigestion and brain exhaustion head-baths are of great value4 ,school teachers1 business men1 and many others suffering from these1 will find a daily head-bath half an hour before dinner of the greatest value4 ,this treatment should be given1 however1 only to those who are vigorous enough to bear it4 ,some are too exhausted1 and for these other methods must be employed4 ,the head-bath is given by rubbing the whole head well with soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap72 then wash off and treat with cold water poured over the head for a short time--a few seconds only2 then rub vigorously with a dry1 warm towel till the head glows with friction4 ,in the case of ladies1 the hair may be thrown over the front of the head while the back of the head is treated thus1 and then thrown back while the front of the head is treated also1 the bulk of the hair being thus kept dry4 ,bedsores4--,there are cases in which the outer skin has been taken off by long lying1 or wearing wet compresses for a long time4 ,a large part of the body is reduced1 as some would say1 to red flesh--in reality it is reduced to inner skin deprived of its outer layer4 ,we have taken a few handfuls of finely wrought soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap71 and spread them as lightly as possible over this fiery surface4 ,there was an instant change from severe distress to perfect comfort1 and healing began at once4 ,this treatment may be applied to any simple abrasions of the skin4 ,bedsores are not likely to occur if the skin is sponged daily with water and this mild soap1 and rubbed with ,rectified ,spirit of ,wine1 to which a small piece of camphor has been added4 ,beef ,tea4--,it is well to bear in mind that there is scarcely any nourishment even in home-made beef juice 7the best form of any extract of meat74 ,home-made beef juice is prepared by scraping the meat into shreds1 placing in a jar1 and leaving the water to soak into the meat for about half-an-hour4 ,then place in a saucepan on the fire for an hour1 during which time it must not boil4 ,after being then brought to the boil1 it should be removed immediately1 and the lump of meat removed4 ,some idea may be obtained of the relatively small amount of nourishment even in this form of extract when it is remembered that the thin flaky matter which sinks to the bottom in the bowl is practically the only nutritive portion in the dish4 ,all extracts and such-like preparations are inferior to home-made beef tea in value4 ,we do not deny1 then1 the value of beef extracts as stimulants in certain diseased conditions1 but we do not recognise them as a useful food4 ,further1 the stimulating effect upon the heart is largely due to the hot water they are made with 7see ,bone ,diseased74 ,bile1 ,black4--,for this take two tablespoonfuls of hot water every five minutes for six hours per day4 ,a good many cases1 some even given up by the doctors1 have been cured by this simple1 yet efficient means4 ,bile on the ,stomach4--,take half a teacupful of hot water every ten minutes for ten hours4 ,next day take the same every twenty minutes for a like period4 ,the third day the same every hour4 ,for ten days after take the same before each meal4 ,we have seen a case of liver complaint of more than twenty years' standing cured thus4 ,see also that the feet and legs are rendered healthful1 and kept so4 ,if cold and clammy1 they should be bathed in hot water for five minutes or so1 dried1 and rubbed with warm olive oil4 ,care must be taken also to give a simple diet4 ,oatmeal jelly1 wheaten meal porridge1 barley pudding 7see ,barley71 and such foods1 should form the staple nourishment4 ,avoid eggs1 butter1 cream1 and beef4 ,see also ,sea-,sickness4 ,biscuits and ,water4--,the biscuits referred to are manufactured in ,saltcoats4,a ,they are made from the purest whole wheaten flour4 ,the late ,mr4 ,bryden1 of the ,saltcoats ,home1 used them along with hot water as sole diet in many serious digestive troubles1 with marvellous success4 ,where no food will lie on the stomach1 one small1 or half a large1 biscuit is to be taken three times a day1 as a meal1 and at meal-times4 ,this will prove amply sufficient to maintain the system in such a case1 until the stomach gains power for more4 ,in the case of ,,sores and ,,abscesses 7see71 such a diet of biscuits and water provides pure blood1 and makes healing by other treatment very much easier4 ,we have known limbs saved from amputation largely by such diet4 ,it will suit equally well the delicate young lady and the strong labourer4 ,too much of ordinary food goes to increase ulceration and nourish disease4 ,the ,saltcoats biscuit provides nothing for these ends1 and is of immense value as an aid to cure4 ,one great advantage of this diet is that it is a dry one1 and the biscuits must be thoroughly chewed to enable them to be swallowed at all4 ,the saliva is thereby thoroughly mixed with the food1 which is all-important to make it digestible4 ,these biscuits are also so plain as not to tempt the patient to eat more than he can digest1 which is the great danger in sickness4 ,the slops of gruel and cornflour so often given are never chewed at all1 and often do nothing but harm4 ,such starchy foods really require to be more thoroughly mixed with saliva than any other food1 as unless1 by action of the saliva1 the starch is converted into sugar it cannot be assimilated in the stomach4 ,footnote ,a3 ,by ,mr4 ,r4 ,black1 baker4 ,bleeding4--,in any case of this pack the feet and legs as directed in ,lungs1 ,bleeding from1 and press cold cloths to the place the blood comes from1 stomach1 womb 7see ,miscarriage71 or lungs4 ,if it comes from the nose1 apply the cold cloths to the head and back of the neck4 ,blisters4--,the destruction of the skin over any painful part1 by means of blisters1 is to be always avoided if possible 7see ,burns1 ,knee1 ,pleurisy1 etc47 ,blood4--,a most common trouble is anmia1 a lack of good red blood1 showing itself in a waxy paleness and whiteness of lips1 often accompanied by exhaustion and great fatigue4 ,to remedy this1 first secure a supply of pure water1 of which #hj per cent4 of the blood is made up4 ,give this warm in dessertspoonfuls every five minutes4 ,give two tablespoonfuls1 or perhaps only one1 of very light food1 or milk and boiling water half and half1 every half-hour4 ,this may be done in smaller portions every fifteen minutes1 or in larger quantities every hour or two hours1 according to the state of the digestion4 ,fruit is a valuable means of quenching the anmia thirst1 besides being very beneficial for the blood4 ,green vegetables and salads are also most valuable 7see ,vegetables2 ,assimilation2 ,diet2 ,digestion74 ,as much fresh air as possible is also to be breathed by the patient4 ,either much time must be spent in the open air1 or1 if strength forbid this1 the room must be thoroughly ventilated4 ,close air is the enemy of good blood4 ,we know of many cases cured by this simple regimen4 ,care must also be taken to increase the patient's vitality by various means4 ,if thoroughly good medical advice can be obtained1 it should be taken 7see ,air and ,appetite2 ,balance1 ,loss of1 etc47 ,blood ,poisoning4--7,see ,blood1 ,purifying2 ,sores74 ,blood1 ,purifying4--,fever arising from bad state of the blood may be treated by careful cooling of the spine and head1 with towels well wrung out of cold water1 frequently changed 7see ,fever74 ,the pulse in one case so treated was reduced from #acj to #if by a few applications4 ,if a sore exists1 treat it as in article ,sores4 ,if an eruption in the skin breaks out1 cover the surface at night with soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,wipe that off with weak acetic acid 7see7 in the morning1 and the skin will come right4 ,let the diet be simple and cooling 7see ,abscess2 ,assimilation2 ,skin2 ,sores2 ,appendix1 etc474 ,blood1 ,supply of4--,to supply good blood in cases where it is lacking1 either from indigestion or low vitality1 nothing is better than milk1 diluted with an equal quantity of boiling water4 ,it may be less or more diluted1 as the patient's power of digestion is greater or less1 but in all cases half and half can be tried first4 ,this forms a natural blood supply4 ,claret1 switched egg and brandy1 are to be carefully avoided4 ,boiling water amalgamates with the milk1 and care therefore must be taken to see that it is really boiling4 ,give a teacupful of this every two hours4 ,if the patient is very weak1 this may be the only diet4 ,but often he will be going about work or business1 and yet needing fresh1 good blood supply4 ,then the cupful may be taken every two hours1 in addition to the usual meals4 ,experience will soon show how this may be done4 ,but two hours after a meal1 the milk and water may be given4 ,boils4--,the following treatment will be found effective to heal less severe forms of boils1 by soothing the whole fevered system of nerves1 and stimulating the skin in its getting rid of waste material4 ,begin1 then1 by thoroughly soaping the head 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,go to the back next1 and soap similarly4 ,the same process may1 if desired1 be carried over the whole body to the very tips of the fingers and toes4 ,in a delicate case1 do this in portions so as not to run any risk of exposing the patient too much4 ,lay on the boil1 after the soaping1 and while the patient is under its soothing influence1 a large piece of thickly folded flannel1 or a small sponge1 squeezed out of water as hot as the patient can bear4 ,continue this1 with frequent re-heating of the application for a quarter-of-an-hour1 then allow the patient to rest4 ,when you have soaped a patient as we have described1 say twice1 it is necessary to wash off the particles that may remain on the skin with white vinegar or weak acetic acid4 ,then1 if you have overcooled with the soap and acid1 it will be well to rub over with warm oil4 ,by these simple methods of treatment you will banish all tendency to boils4 ,you will change great suffering into comparative comfort1 not only without expenditure of strength1 but in a way in which you add vigour to the whole frame4 ,one very great advantage of this treatment is that you do not need to move the patient in any distressing way4 ,if you have only tact and gentleness of touch1 you can do all that we have described without causing one moment's distress4 ,the severe form of boil known as ,carbuncle is very dangerous1 and in such cases good surgical aid is necessary1 in addition to above treatment 7see ,diet74 ,bone1 ,diseased4--,diseased bone is not incurable4 ,bone is indeed constantly being replaced as it disappears in the ordinary waste of the body4 ,defective vitality in any part may cause an accumulation of bad material1 which forms the basis of bone disease4 ,to cut off a diseased foot or ankle is easy1 and soon done4 ,to cure it1 may take a long time and much patience1 but is worth a great deal4 ,we know large numbers of limbs that are sound and good now1 that were doomed once to be amputated1 but which we were able to rescue in time4 ,moreover1 a very short time of well-regulated fomentation improves the general health1 and prevents the diseased material spreading from the foot or ankle through the body4 ,take1 then1 a case in which the ankle bone has first become painful1 perhaps without any perceptible cause1 or it may be as the result of an injury to the part4 ,it then swells and becomes inflamed4 ,at this stage two or three fomentations 7see7 well applied may very likely cure it entirely4 ,but if neglected1 or leeched1 blistered1 and the skin spoiled with iodine1 what is called disease of the bone may set in1 accompanied with discharge of matter at one or more places on the ankle4 ,this discharge1 where it is evidently lodging in the limb1 may be assisted to escape by careful lancing by a good surgeon4 ,for such a case1 fomentation of as much of the limb as possible is the treatment4 ,let a bath be procured1 in which the limb may be immersed in hot water as deeply as possible1 even up to the very thigh4 ,let the water at first be comfortably warm4 ,increase its temperature gradually until as hot as can be borne without pain4 ,keep the limb in this bath for an hour1 or for such shorter period as the patient may be able to bear it4 ,gently dry1 and rub all over with warm olive oil4 ,wipe this gently off1 and cover the limb with clothing4 ,then syringe any sores with weak acid 7see ,acetic ,acid2 ,wounds71 and dress with bandage 7see ,ankle1 ,twisted74 ,do this twice each day1 and persevere4 ,if it cannot well be bathed1 let it be fomented by a large piece of flannel soaked with boiling water1 and placed round the diseased part4 ,we have seen a wasting bone healed entirely in a few weeks by this means4 ,we have seen a man with the bones of both his legs splintering off and coming through the skin perfectly healed in a few months4 ,it stands to reason that it should be so4 ,the bathing in his case1 like the fomenting in others1 were so effectually done that the bones themselves were heated1 and strong healing action set in at once4 ,we saw lately a piece of dead bone above four inches long come out of a young man's arm as the result of nothing else but fomentation4 ,the arm was soon as whole and as useful as could be desired1 though it had been to all appearance only fit to be taken off at the elbow4 ,the steady supply of moist heat does wonders in this way4 ,we have seen some most remarkable specimens of what was erroneously thought sufficient fomentation4 ,one was a case of diseased thigh-bone4 ,a bit of old flannel1 about a quarter of a yard square1 had been wrung out of water slightly tepid and laid on the skin1 covered by a little cloth scarcely equal in size4 ,the application would not have conveyed activity to the skin on which it was laid1 though it required to convey it to the heart of a large mass of bone4 ,the helpless complaint of the operator was that it did no good4 ,how in the world could it do good8 ,not less than six or seven or even eight yards of a blanket are required4 ,that is to be folded and rolled up so that a good quantity of boiling water may be poured first into one end of it and then into the other4 ,it has to be squeezed and kneaded till the heated water and steam are fairly soaking the inside of the blanket4 ,when this is opened up1 it is far too hot to put to the skin1 but a double flannel or strong towel may be put on first1 so that the heat shall go gradually through to the body1 and by-and-by into the bone4 ,this may be done at least once a day--if agreeable1 it may be done twice4 ,but it must be so well done that the heat shall effect the bone1 or you cannot look for any result of importance4 ,if under the bathing the skin becomes irritated1 as it will often do1 cover it with cloths soaked in weak vinegar till the bathing is over4 ,if the skin suffers from the fomentation1 do the same thing1 and if this does not cure1 dress it1 before putting on the fomentation flannels1 with ,,soap 7see7 lather as if for shaving1 spread like butter on a cloth1 and made to shelter the skin from irritation till the fomenting is done4 ,this is of great importance in many cases2 the skin is often so sensitive that it cannot well be bathed without being protected4 ,illustration3 ,preparing ,blanket for ,fomentation4 ,in the case of hip-joint disease1 the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see7 is the best form of fomenting4 ,for other parts1 common sense will guide how to produce an extensive and thorough heating of the diseased part and its neighbourhood by some similar means 7see ,bathing the ,feet2 ,pains1 etc474 ,it is only heating the failed tissues1 only keeping on such heating1 and all the elements of perfect cure are supplied4 ,even limbs which have shrunk and become shorter1 grow out to their natural size under this patient heating4 ,get steel drops and all such-like sent down the sewer4 ,the rats may have them if they are disposed4 ,give wheaten or oatmeal porridge1 bread or ,saltcoats biscuits1 with good buttermilk1 and the poor creature1 half dead with poisonous drops1 begins ere long to have red on his lips and on his cheeks1 some fresh vigour in his muscles1 and healthy bone in the course of formation1 where bone was only wasting before4 ,how is this explained8 ,on the simple principle that the bodily system can turn wheaten meal into all the elements wanted for good bodily health4 ,beef tea1 soups1 fine things of all descriptions1 never on earth gave human beings solid strength1 but in myriads of cases they have been successfully employed to take it away4 ,above all1 they fail to give healthy bone4 ,get the patient to take wheaten or oaten meal porridge twice a day at least4 ,we are not so stern as some in forbidding all else1 though in this we may fall short2 but by all means let eating and drinking be considered in the light of what we have been writing 7see ,food in ,health74 ,good air is important in this1 as in all cases of ill-health4 ,much depends1 in this treatment1 on cheerfulness of mind4 ,let the patient feel that he is going to be cured4 ,avoid opium1 tobacco1 alcoholic drinks1 and all worry4 ,this will actually increase the vital exchange in the body and very much help the cure4 ,bone1 ,soft4--,often1 in the young1 the bones are so soft that they bend more or less1 and the beginning of a distressing deformity appears4 ,in such a case plaster jackets and steel bands are of little use1 and often very painful4 ,it is better to use bandages1 applied so as to support where that is necessary4 ,also avoid all long sitting1 such as is found at school4 ,it is best sometimes not to permit the child to walk at all4 ,better far to lose two years of schooling than to be deformed for life4 ,parents should see to it1 with all weakly children1 that school does not become a means of trouble4 ,continuous education is not nearly so important as is sometimes supposed4 ,for positive treatment1 let the parts be well and carefully rubbed 7see ,massage7 every day with olive oil1 in such a way as to direct a flow of blood to the feeble bone4 ,it must largely be left to the healer's common sense how this is to be done1 but a little thought will show how4 ,at many ,hydropathic ,establishments it may be learned4 ,this careful rubbing1 with good diet and proper bandaging1 will gradually effect a cure in most cases4 ,but here1 as elsewhere1 patience must rule4 ,plenty of good porridge and milk1 with abundance of fresh air1 work wonders in this disease4 ,bowels1 ,glands of4--,symptoms of glandular trouble in the bowels are--weariness and pallor1 lack of appetite1 softness and shrinking of limbs1 with swelling of the belly4 ,in its earlier stages1 before consumption sets in1 this trouble may be perfectly cured4 ,we have seen even apparently hopeless cases recover under proper treatment4 ,in its essence the trouble is a failure of power in the nervous centres upon which health of the bowels depends4 ,to supply this needed power1 take a small bag of cotton cloth1 like a little pillow-slip1 of just the size to cover the patient's whole back4 ,fill this with bran1 prepared as for poultice 7see ,bran ,poultice74 ,oil the back before applying this1 and place1 if needed1 four ply or so of cloth on the back to moderate the heat to the skin4 ,after half-an-hour1 if the patient feels desirous1 renew for another hour2 do this each day at bedtime for a week at least4 ,rub the body all over with warm olive oil when this is taken off2 then place a bandage with only a gentle tightness in such a way as just to help the relaxed bowels1 but only just so much--not by any means to try and force them into what might be thought proper dimensions4 ,give a teaspoonful of liquorice mixture 7see ,constipation7 thrice a day before meals in a little hot water4 ,feed on wheaten porridge and generally light diet1 being careful to regulate it so as to make the bowels work easily and naturally4 ,if not too bad a case1 this treatment will soon tell favourably4 ,enemas 7see7 of either cold or warm water1 as required1 will also greatly help4 ,bowels1 ,inflammation of4--,this 7called medically ,peritonitis7 is an inflammation of the membrane covering the bowels4 ,it results from chill or strain1 and sometimes1 in the case of child-birth1 from dirt introduced into the parts by handling with unwashed hands4 ,in such cases1 the utmost care must be taken to ensure cleanliness1 which will secure against one fertile cause of the disease4 ,the hands should be always fresh and clean1 and all cloths1 etc41 should be either most carefully washed or burnt4 ,where the trouble arises from strain1 or chill1 these lower the vitality1 and the membrane becomes gorged with blood at fever heat4 ,to regulate this heat1 then1 and free the membrane from the blood which over-fills it1 is to lead to a cure4 ,rub the back with warm olive oil1 place on it a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 or an india-rubber bag of hot water covered with moist flannel2 this must in either case be large enough to cover the entire lower back4 ,anything may be used1 if these cannot be had1 which will powerfully stimulate the back with moist heat4 ,wring a small thin towel out of cold water1 and place it over the bowels4 ,at first this must be very gently laid on4 ,after a little1 and when several times freshly applied1 this cold cloth may be very gently pressed all over the bowels4 ,relief will almost certainly come ere this has been done for an hour4 ,then a rest may be given for two hours1 and after that a large fomentation applied to feet and legs 7see ,fomentation74 ,while this is on1 the cold cloths may be changed over the bowels again1 and over the chest as well4 ,after an hour of this1 great relief should be felt4 ,if there is great thirst a small bit of ice may be sucked1 or a few drops of vinegar in water may be taken2 but the outside cooling will probably render this unnecessary4 ,avoid all alcoholic drinks4 ,shivering and a feeling of cold is often the earliest symptom1 and as it is of immense importance that warming measures should be promptly applied4 ,hot bricks1 or bottles1 placed merely to the soles of the feet1 are but poor helps3 it would be vastly better to pack the feet and legs in a hot blanket fomentation at once1 and1 if pain at all shows itself1 to apply a large fomentation to the lower part of the back4 ,the sooner this is done the better2 besides1 there is the consolation that the treatment can never do any harm even if applied in a case in which there has occurred a harmless chill4 ,the dread which some medical men have of cold applications is wonderful1 but we know that the front-rank men have no such fear4 ,when care is taken to have the hot application on first1 there is1 and can be1 no possible danger in any case in cooling down the burning circulation4 ,one or two applications have sufficed in many cases we have seen4 ,bowels1 ,lax4--,a teaspoonful of lemon juice 7freshly expressed71 along with hot water and sugar1 will often relieve where the bowels are acting excessively4 ,for infants in diarrhoea a mixture of honey and lemon juice is an excellent cure1 and has been most successful in our experience4 ,avoid brandy and alcohol generally4 ,bowels1 ,locking of4--,sometimes when one part of the bowels is much more active than another1 it passes into that other1 and they become locked1 like a stocking half turned inside out4 ,this causes dreadful pain1 and if not soon relieved is fatal4 ,purgatives are of no use1 and usually make matters worse4 ,a surgical operation in very skilful hands will relieve1 and must be quickly performed when necessary4 ,in cases in which the one part of the bowels has not yet gone far into the other1 nothing more is required than a cold cloth gently pressed over the parts4 ,we have seen relief set in on the fifth or sixth change of such a cloth1 when nothing else was used whatever4 ,when a hot bag1 or bran poultice1 has been put on the back1 and cold cloths persistently changed over the bowels1 the whole matter has been put to rights1 and natural motion of the bowels has been had within an hour after the applications have been begun4 ,illustration3 ,interior of small intestine4 ,there is1 however1 a stronger measure than merely heating the back and cooling the front in this way4 ,the patient may be put at once into a sitting bath or small tub1 and a panful of cold water poured or dashed on to the bowels2 they then contract so powerfully1 and shorten themselves so much1 that all invagination1 as it is called1 is made to cease instantly4 ,we should be disposed to try the mildest method in the first instance1 unless the case is one in which the lock in the bowels had just taken place4 ,then it might be well to dash the pailful of water on so as to put all right at once1 and afterwards simply to apply such remedies as would tend to prevent a recurrence of the evil4 ,it is1 however1 usually the case that the distress has lasted some time before an opportunity of doing anything occurs1 inflammation1 more or less1 has set in1 weeks may have passed1 and blundering treatment may have done great mischief4 ,then it is safe to use the heat at the back1 and frequently changed cold cloths in front1 so as to reduce the inflammation1 and contract the bowels more slowly1 so as to remove the obstruction4 ,when these have been used for some time1 if the obstruction is not removed it will be well to resort to the stronger measures4 ,nothing is more beautifully simple than the ordinary action of the bowels4 ,the healthful movement is like that by which an earth-worm moves along the ground3 so long as the tube is thus moving its contents onward1 by contraction and expansion1 no part can pass inside or outside that which is before it2 but when one part loses nervous tension1 and expands without contracting quickly enough1 the part behind it tends to worm itself into it1 and a knot1 as it is sometimes called1 is formed4 ,no possible instrument can reach it except by cutting the body outright1 but the action of cold is so powerful in contracting the tube that the loop1 as it is also called1 is drawn out1 and the right state of things is produced4 ,it is important to remark that there are glands near the lower bowel that swell and form tumours4 ,the cold applications reduce these very speedily to their usual size1 and if their swelling is an obstruction1 it is soon removed4 ,but it is the lock in the tube itself that is the real malady of which so many die1 and with which so many more narrowly escape4 ,the trouble is best avoided by attention to the regular action of the bowels4 ,it arises from great irregularity in that action4 ,bowels1 ,reversed4--,see ,bowels1 ,locking of1 above4 ,brain ,exercise4--,proper exercise for the brain is most important4 ,but this is not to be found in that kind of severe mental labour which is sometimes mistaken for it4 ,children at play have genuine brain exercise4 ,so has a man at what is called a hobby1 such as photography1 golf1 or cycling4 ,the child at school1 the man in his office1 are not at exercise1 but at wearing work4 ,this distinction is most important4 ,exercise1 again1 is not found in careless dreaming1 but in some form of play which calls for steady1 but almost unconscious1 and altogether enjoyable thinking4 ,books sometimes furnish this1 when they lift the mind as far as possible out of its usual track1 and produce only pleasant thoughts4 ,tragedies1 novels which end miserably1 or which are pessimistic1 should all be avoided4 ,perhaps some easy science or art is the best exercise of all1 when the brain is suffering from overstrain4 ,but taste will guide in this4 ,the great matter is to have pleasurable1 easy1 and natural employment for the brain4 ,this and not work is strengthening exercise1 whether in child or man4 ,so far as we can we should see that the weary get it4 ,for he who procures this for his fellow works immense good4 ,we have seen1 for instance1 a student attacked with dysentery while in the hardest part of the session at the university4 ,his whole system became prostrate1 and muscular activity to a very small degree would have killed him2 so would the continued mental toil necessary to go on with his studies4 ,yet his brain was in need of exercise almost from the first appearance of his disease4 ,he must have this or be miserable1 and not likely soon to recover4 ,an intensely interesting book fell into his hands1 altogether away from his track of toil4 ,he read day after day at this book4 ,this was his exercise--that is1 it was the activity of that one only part of his physical system which needed such exercise for the time4 ,that exercise allowed all the other organs to recuperate4 ,brain1 ,inflammation of4--,this arises often from over-schooling of young boys and girls4 ,care should ever be taken to avoid this4 ,obstinate constipation in the bowels1 chills and exposure1 are also fruitful sources4 ,much worry and anxiety also bring on this serious illness4 ,all sometimes combine to produce a bad case4 ,pain in the head sets in1 followed by convulsive attacks2 yet the trouble may be cured in many cases with comparative ease4 ,leeches1 opium1 and blistering are to be avoided as most injurious4 ,for treatment it is well to begin at the feet2 if these are clammy and cold1 wrap in hot fomentation up over the knees 7see ,fomentation74 ,proceed to give a pretty warm injection of water into the lower bowel 7see ,enemas74 ,this should be repeated several times1 allowing it to pass off each time4 ,if this increases the pain1 try an injection of cold water4 ,this treatment of feet and bowels is most important1 and should never be neglected2 it renders the treatment of the head tenfold more effective4 ,cold cloths may now be gently pressed for some time over the head4 ,if the pulse is violent and feverish1 let several towels be well wrung out of cold or even iced water1 fold one so as to cover the entire head and back of the neck1 and have the others ready1 similarly folded4 ,press the first on gently1 especially at the back of the head1 so that the cooling cloth covers the head all over and soothes the violently heated brain4 ,as soon as one towel grows warm1 take a fresh cold one4 ,relief should come in an hour at least1 but longer may be required4 ,during the cooling see that the heat of the fomentation on the legs is well kept up2 change if necessary4 ,when the more painful symptoms abate1 oil the lower part of the back1 and place on it a bran poultice 7as recommended in ,bowels1 ,inflammation of74 ,this will go far to prevent any relapse4 ,if the symptoms recur1 use the treatment again4 ,see ,brow1 ,weary2 ,eyes1 ,failing ,sight4 ,see also1 for other brain troubles3 ,restlessness2 ,sleeplessness4 ,brain ,rest4--,the need for this is often indicated by irritability of temper4 ,this coming on is generally a warning that a period of rest must be taken4 ,an overheated brow is also another indication4 ,if this shows itself in a child during or after school1 together with listlessness and excitability1 all idea of lessons should at once be laid aside for a time4 ,it is nothing less than cruelty to work an overheated brain in such a case4 ,let the child go free from school till all the head trouble is removed4 ,also let the head be soaped 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,sometimes pain in the head sets in from overwork4 ,even in the young1 fainting may show itself4 ,rest is essential1 and will prove a perfect cure1 together with a little brain exercise of the kind described in article ,brain ,exercise1 always avoiding fatigue4 ,let all readers remember that it is better to lose six months in rest than become permanently incapable1 therefore let old and young take rest in time4 ,bran ,poultice4--,get a sufficient quantity of good bran in an ordinary washhand basin4 ,heat the basin before beginning operations4 ,have also a boiling kettle at hand4 ,pour the boiling water by little and little into the bran1 and mix and stir it up until it is all a moist mass1 but not wet4 ,the thing is to avoid putting in more water than the bran can easily absorb and hold4 ,then have ready a flannel bag of the size and shape required for the poultice4 ,fill this with the bran1 and it is ready4 ,the skin to which it is applied should first be oiled with olive oil4 ,the poultice may be fastened on with flannel bands4 ,in any case it must lie tightly on the skin4 ,the patient must lie on it1 if it be applied to the back4 ,one or two tablespoonfuls of mustard may be added if great power is required1 not otherwise4 ,instead of this poultice1 an india-rubber bag full of hot water may be used1 with two or three ply of moist flannel between it and the skin4 ,our only reason for recommending bran is that many could not afford the india-rubber bag4 ,bread1 ,wheaten4--,in some cases the bran in whole wheaten bread and ,saltcoats biscuits is found to irritate the stomach and bowels4 ,as diet for those able to digest the bran1 nothing is better4 ,where it cannot be digested1 ordinary bakers' bread boiled in water to soft pap is found to make a good substitute4 ,this must not be boiled with milk unless where there is diarrhoea to be cured1 as milk tends to produce bile and costiveness4 ,oatmeal jelly 7see ,food in ,illness7 is also a good substitute for biscuits and wheaten bread4 ,often the water with which bread is baked causes it to be difficult of digestion4 ,hard water is bad for this4 ,for an invalid1 bread baked with distilled water1 or pure rain water1 is often a means of great comfort and help4 ,a slight admixture of pure ,,cane ,,syrup 7see7 or liquorice juice in the water will tend to prevent bile and costiveness4 ,a sufficient action of the bowels is of great importance for where good nutrition is desired4 ,bread1 especially when fresh1 is made much more digestible by slowly toasting it in the oven till it is a golden brown throughout4 ,it is then known as zweibach 7twice baked74 ,when eaten dry1 it requires considerable mastication1 and for that reason is much better than soft bread4 ,it can be also broken up and eaten with hot milk and sugar4 ,breast with ,corded ,muscles4--,often a slight hardness shows itself in a woman's breast1 when the muscular tissue becomes what is called corded4 ,it is well1 first of all1 in all cases of breast trouble to avoid alarming the patient4 ,great anxiety is often endured through fear of cancer when there is no need4 ,a corded breast may usually quite easily be cured1 and the patient should be made perfectly easy in mind about it4 ,take a good lather of soap 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,apply this night and morning1 gently lathering the breast for some time4 ,after this1 each time1 rub the back well with hot olive oil1 so as to produce a thorough glow of heat all over it4 ,sometimes the swelling will disperse under this treatment4 ,it may1 however1 grow larger and show a tendency to break4 ,in this case treat as in next article4 ,we shall also probably find1 on examining1 that the skin was failing to do its part well4 ,if rubbed with ,cayenne lotion the clean1 healthy skin will send off much more waste than was allowed to pass through it before4 ,breast1 ,swelling in4--,a blow on the breast1 or the drain of nursing a child1 along with a chill1 often produces swelling1 sometimes hard and painful4 ,this1 if left uncured1 may even develop into an ,,abscess 7see74 ,as it sometimes arises from dirt being left on the nipples1 all nursing mothers should be particular about cleanliness1 which itself prevents many ills4 ,for cure1 bathe the feet in hot water 7see ,bathing ,feet71 rub them over with warm olive oil1 and wear good cotton stockings if in bed4 ,if going about1 put a pair of woollen stockings over the cotton ones4 ,rub the back as recommended above1 using first a little hot vinegar1 then the oil4 ,the feet bathing may be every three days1 and rubbing the same4 ,if the swelling does not yield to this1 place the patient comfortably in bed4 ,put a good-sized basin of hot water1 which has been boiled and allowed to cool so far1 tightly under the breast1 so that it may be bathed with a sponge4 ,do not use too hot water1 but just comfortably hot4 ,keep up fresh supplies1 and bathe for an hour if patient can bear it4 ,if she becomes fatigued1 lay her down to rest for fifteen minutes or so1 and then continue treatment4 ,no poulticing is needed when this is well done4 ,a thorough heating of the whole breast is what is wanted2 rub gently with olive oil1 and cover warmly after bathing 7see ,cancer74 ,breast1 ,sore ,nipples on4--,take a little warm vinegar or weak acid 7see ,acetic ,acid74 ,bathe the sore nipple with this1 avoiding pain1 for about ten minutes4 ,every two minutes dry1 and anoint gently with warm olive oil4 ,we have seen one application cure a bad nipple2 but apply twice daily as long as needed4 ,breath and ,blood4--,often difficulty of breathing1 especially in close air1 mistaken even for asthma1 is due simply to the quality of blood supplied to the lungs4 ,sometimes giving up the use of sugar effects a cure1 for sugar produces an excess of carbon in the blood1 which requires an excess of oxygen in the lungs to purify it4 ,thus breathing is difficult1 especially where oxygen is deficient in the air breathed4 ,sometimes the lungs are not strong enough to stand the necessary fresh air required in such cases1 or other troubles may prevent a delicate person from exposing themselves4 ,then it is of importance so to regulate the diet that less oxygen will do all that is needed in the lungs4 ,rich food1 much fatty matter1 sugar1 and all sweets and sweetened things1 are to be avoided4 ,if this be done1 the need for much oxygen disappears1 and the patient will have no difficulty of breathing in suitably ventilated places4 ,but the best treatment is hot oil rubbing along the spine1 over the stomach1 and even down the limbs to the ankles4 ,an hour of this every day will work wonders4 ,or a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 may be laid across the back for an hour twice a day4 ,cultivate also all cheerful thoughts1 and banish sad ones as far as possible4 ,sad thoughts greatly diminish nerve power4 ,breath1 and the ,heart4--,stout people are usually more or less scant of breath4 ,accumulations of fatty material1 or changing of muscle into fat1 cause this1 especially if about the chest and heart4 ,to reduce the fat1 and grow healthy muscle instead1 will perfectly cure the difficulty of breath4 ,moderate open-air exercise and simple food1 such as ,saltcoats biscuits1 oatmeal jelly1 and barley puddings will largely help this4 ,avoid also all alcoholic liquors1 the use of which is often the sole cause of the trouble4 ,keep the skin active 7see ,skin74 ,the hot ,,fomentation 7see7 to feet and legs is a truly powerful remedy for all lack of force in the system1 especially if followed by the massage treatment described in ,,massage 7see74 ,breath1 ,hot4--,this may be felt either because the breath is actually hot1 or because the membranes of the tongue and mouth are unusually tender1 and feel the breath hot in consequence when it is not really so4 ,this latter case is usually accompanied by a sore tongue4 ,to heal the tongue1 it must be soaked freely with vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 so diluted as to give only a very slight feeling of smarting after even prolonged application4 ,apply it with a good camel's hair brush1 and brush with a little fine almond or olive oil after the acid4 ,the mouth may be rinsed with the acid1 but brushing is best4 ,but where real heat is found in the breath1 it arises from an overheated state of the body internally4 ,this frequently arises from failure in the stomach to digest properly4 ,if the hot breath arises from this1 small drinks of hot water1 frequently taken1 will usually cure it4 ,a warm bran poultice1 placed on the back at bedtime opposite the stomach1 will prove a more powerful remedy in addition to the hot water4 ,more powerful effect still will be found in such stimulus to the skin as washing it all over twice a week with vinegar or weak acetic acid4 ,on other days let the patient be rubbed over with good olive oil1 mixed with enough ,,cayenne ,,tea 7see7 to cause a slight burning sensation4 ,let this also be done twice a week1 and twice a week also wash all over with ,m',clinton's soap and hot water4 ,a plain diet of course1 should be observed 7see ,digestion2 ,dyspepsia2 ,food2 ,teeth1 etc474 ,breath1 and ,muscles4--,sometimes difficulty of breathing is due1 not to anything wrong with lungs or windpipe1 but to failure in the diaphragm 7or large muscular floor of the chest71 and the other chest muscles1 which work the lungs4 ,a feeling of sinking and weakness round the waist indicates in such a case diaphragm failure4 ,gentle heat at the small of the back1 and olive oil rubbing1 form treatment for this4 ,for other chest muscles1 give a warm washing each night with ,,soap 7see7 over the body1 and rub1 especially the back and chest1 with hot olive oil4 ,you soon bring the muscles into good trim4 ,breath1 and ,nerve4--,difficult breathing1 especially in ascending a hill1 is often due simply to the lack of the nerve power by which the breathing muscles work4 ,a teacupful of hot water half-an-hour before each meal1 by helping digestion1 will often remove the difficulty4 ,rub each evening along the spinal cord with hot olive oil4 ,breath1 and the ,skin4--,the organs of breathing remove much waste from the system1 but the skin also removes a very large part4 ,if either fails1 the other has more work thrown upon it1 as we see in the severe night sweats which accompany chest and lung failure4 ,in such cases1 rub with ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see and ,night ,sweats74 ,avoid the use of hard water in washing and bathing1 especially with infants4 ,cold baths for the weakly1 chills1 damp beds1 and such things1 cause rheumatism and colds by stopping the proper discharge of waste by the skin4 ,after such chill1 or cold in damp bed1 a hot wash and good hot oil rubbing will avert all evil4 ,this may not always be available2 but1 if it can be got at all1 should be given as soon as possible4 ,the use of the soapy blanket is of the utmost value in severe cases 7see ,soapy ,blanket74 ,strict cleanliness of person and underwear should be observed4 ,the ,,air ,,bath 7see7 will also give tone to the skin 7see ,skin and ,underwear74 ,breathing1 and ,bronchia4--,the bronchia are the branching small tubes which lead from the windpipe to all parts of the lungs4 ,two different states of these often pass as bronchitis4 ,in one of these the tubes are swelled1 congested1 and full of fiery heat4 ,the whole body is also fevered1 and breathing is difficult1 with cough4 ,this is true ,,bronchitis 7see74 ,but often1 with difficult breathing and irritating cough1 there is no heat and fever4 ,in this case bronchitis treatment gives no relief4 ,this is1 indeed1 only an irritated state of the lining of the tubes1 and far from dangerous4 ,a change of climate to a drier atmosphere will often entirely cure it4 ,often also a time spent in a room1 where the air is kept dry but fresh1 and at one steady temperature of about #fj deg41 will cure4 ,our chief purpose in mentioning it1 however1 is that this comparatively slight trouble may not be mistaken for true bronchitis4 ,illustration3 ,the ,lungs and other internal organs4 ,breathing1 ,correct ,method of4--,the capacity of an ordinary pair of lungs is about #bej cubic inches4 ,in ordinary breathing1 however1 we only take in from #bj to #cj cubic inches4 ,hence the necessity for practising correct deep breathing4 ,correct breathing requires cultivation and effort at first1 afterwards it will become unconscious4 ,the head should be thrown back1 the shoulders squared1 and a slow deep breath gradually inspired through the nose till the lungs are filled throughout with air4 ,the expiration should be just as gradual with relaxation of every muscle4 ,it is most important that the lower part of the chest should first be filled by depressing the diaphragm 7the muscular floor of the lungs74 ,some practise is needed before this habit is acquired1 but it is well worth cultivating4 ,place the hands on the sides of the abdomen while inspiring1 to feel that this is expanding4 ,teachers of singing insist on diaphragmatic breathing1 which is also of great benefit to the stomach1 liver1 and other organs4 ,by the movement it gives to the intestines their action is also assisted1 and constipation is prevented4 ,this deep breathing may be practised several times each day 7say ten breaths at a time7 till the habit of correct breathing is acquired4 ,it will be found to have a wonderfully soothing and calming effect 7see ,worry74 ,such exercise should always be taken in the open-air1 or in a room with a widely open window4 ,a good plan is to take them in bed before rising1 with little or no clothes on1 while lying flat on the back4 ,paleness1 langour1 irritability1 and general ill-health result from insufficient breathing4 ,furthermore1 the system becomes unable to resist disease4 ,we know no aid to beauty more effective than the practice of deep breathing4 ,breathing1 in ,going ,uphill4--,see ,breath1 and ,nerve4 ,british ,cholera is to a certain extent epidemic--that is1 it affects a large number of people in a particular place1 being1 it is believed1 conveyed mainly by the common house flies4 ,war should be waged against these1 and great care taken to guard food1 especially that of children1 against them1 by using covers1 etc4 ,if this were done the appalling death-rate in summer from this disease among the young would be largely reduced4 ,typhoid fever and other diseases are probably also spread by flies4 ,care should be taken to remove promptly all refuse from about the house1 and so prevent flies breeding on it4 ,in ordinary diarrhoea1 injections of cold water by the enema will usually cure1 especially if a little vinegar or a few drops of acetic acid be added to the water4 ,but in ,british ,cholera this proves insufficient4 ,this is not an affection of merely one part of the system1 but of the whole4 ,if1 then1 you brace with the cold enema one part1 no doubt so far you do good and not harm1 but you cannot by this1 cure an affection of the whole system4 ,british ,cholera is a sweating from the surfaces of the whole alimentary organs4 ,this internal sweat flows into the stomach and causes vomiting1 and into the bowels causing purging that cannot be stayed by any application to the lower part merely4 ,the problem to be solved is how to give more life force4 ,whenever the injection of cold water fails1 and especially when it rather increases the complaint1 and vomiting or sickness shows that the attack is of the nature of ,british ,cholera1 you will do well to pack feet and legs in a good blanket fomentation4 ,put a little olive oil on before and after such a packing4 ,one application may be sufficient2 but it may be necessary to repeat the packing4 ,give frequent sips of hot water4 ,it will be well also to use the cold injection1 as it will be found to take good effect whenever the vital force has been increased by the hot packing4 ,if cramp has shown itself1 it will be needful to cool the spinal nerves 7see ,angina ,pectoris71 but this only when you are effectually heating the limbs4 ,the first injection may be followed by even an excessive motion1 but if that is followed up with another injection still of cold water1 there will be nothing experienced after but perfect comfort1 and no more trouble with the bowels4 ,the violent irritation that follows after a very simple over-action of the lower bowel is quite prevented when this remedy is effectually used4 ,in less severe cases1 where fermentation of food is the cause of the disease1 frequently a dessertspoonful of castor oil1 or other simple purgative1 will prove sufficient to cure4 ,brandy often gets the credit of curing in such cases4 ,it does so simply because the cases in which it kills are not taken into account4 ,it always lessens vital energy1 and in ,british ,cholera increase of this is urgently required4 ,bronchitis4--,this frequent and severe trouble results most usually from chill to the skin throwing overwork on the lungs and bronchial tubes4 ,these last become inflamed and swollen4 ,a fiery heat and pain in the chest follows1 the whole system becomes fevered1 and breathing is difficult1 and accompanied by severe cough4 ,kneipp linen underwear1 which is porous1 and has a stimulating effect on the skin1 assists it to perform its functions1 and will therefore prove useful to sufferers from ,bronchitis4 ,abundance of fresh air will often entirely prevent ,bronchitis4 ,we have known people who suffered from it every winter for years who never had it again after learning the value of the constantly open window4 ,at the earliest stage1 when the chill is first felt1 let the patient go to bed4 ,first sponge up and down the back quickly with hot soap and water4 ,dry this off1 and sponge or rub gently with hot vinegar4 ,dry this off1 and rub with warm olive oil4 ,this will often ward off an attack entirely4 ,when the trouble has fairly obtained hold1 treatment must be applied to the back and chest as follows4 ,place on the upper part of the back a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 large enough to cover the entire shoulders and upper back4 ,let the patient lie in bed comfortably on this4 ,then apply towels wrung out of cold water on the chest where pain and breath-catching are felt4 ,let the towels be large1 and at least four ply4 ,change for a fresh one as soon as that on the chest becomes heated4 ,when this has been done as long as the poultice keeps hot1 take all off1 rub back and chest with hot vinegar1 dry off1 rub with hot oil1 dry off1 and cover all with warm new flannel4 ,if needful1 repeat the application4 ,we have seldom seen it required twice4 ,if the fever is very great1 use no olive oil1 and for a strong patient the cold towels may be used without the poultice4 ,but immediately these reduce the fever1 the poultice should be used as directed4 ,in many cases where medical men have given up hope1 this treatment has effected a cure4 ,brow1 ,the ,weary4--,sometimes in the case of a child at school1 the result of overwork shows itself in a weariness and weight in the brow4 ,often parents are glorying in the school successes of their children1 when these are having their brains destroyed4 ,careful watching should ever be given to the young4 ,the aim in education should be to draw out the faculties1 and teach the young to think for themselves1 rather than to cram in a mass of facts which will enable them to take prizes and pass examinations with honours4 ,the results of continued overwork are fatal1 but in its earlier stages it is easily remedied4 ,hence the need for watching and treating such an early symptom as head weariness4 ,for treatment see that the feet are warm1 bathing them if necessary 7see ,bathing ,feet74 ,stop school at once1 and give as much exercise in the open air1 at play1 as possible4 ,then rub gently with both hands up and over the brow and sides of the head over the ears1 then up the back and over top of the head4 ,rub all over the head with the finger points 7not nails71 so as to raise a glow in the skin of the scalp4 ,this treatment is best done while the patient sits1 and the operator stands behind or beside him4 ,gentleness of touch there must be1 and no irritation of the patient4 ,with abstention from all lessons1 it will soon cure4 ,bruises4--,for slight bruises1 such as children frequently get by falling1 a little butter or vaseline1 applied immediately1 is an excellent remedy4 ,for more serious injuries1 such as bruised nails of the fingers or toes1 or such as result from violent knocks on any part1 the best remedy is hot fomentation or hot bathing1 whichever may be most convenient in application4 ,persistent and repeated treatment in this way1 with oil dressing1 will cure in almost any case not so severe as to be beyond remedy4 ,even where it is thought wise to send for a surgeon1 this bathing is the proper first treatment1 and will do much to relieve the inevitable pain4 ,burns4--,for slight burns1 immerse the injured part in cold water1 and keep there till the pain abates4 ,this is where only redness of skin is produced4 ,in case of a blister forming1 do not break or cut it1 but perseveringly cool with cold water1 and leave the blister till it comes away of itself1 when the sore will be found healed beneath it4 ,where a large surface is injured1 some other part of the body must be fomented2 best the legs and feet1 or the back1 while the injured part is persistently cooled4 ,thus a dangerous chill is avoided4 ,the ,,armchair ,,fomentation may be used1 or a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see both these71 and thus the heat of the body kept up while cold water is applied to the burns4 ,if these cannot be immersed1 as in the case of the face1 cover them with an air-tight covering1 and apply iced or cold cloths above this4 ,the linseed oil and lime-water known as ,carron ,oil forms the best dressing to apply4 ,if a burn has1 however1 gone so far as to become1 owing to neglect1 a festering sore1 then warm water treatment is required1 as recommended for ,,abscess 7see74 ,see also ,wounds4 ,buttermilk4--,where we prescribe this1 either for drinking or for external use in poultices or bathing1 it is very important it should be pure and fresh4 ,if kept too long1 it causes often terrible pain when applied to eruptive sores4 ,there must be no watering or doctoring with cream of tartar1 if good results are desired4 ,if the milk be too long kept1 and cannot be had fresh1 it may be mixed with a little sweet milk and all churned well together4 ,then it may be used4 ,if still painful1 mix again with more sweet milk4 ,to soak diseased skin in good fresh buttermilk is so powerful a means of cure1 that to procure it a good deal of trouble is well spent4 ,it is also invaluable as a daily drink for regulating the bowels1 and maintaining health4 ,sterilise all sweet milk used4 ,if buttermilk cannot be had1 acetic acid or vinegar1 or the juice of lemons1 may be mixed with sweet milk or even water1 until the mixture attains about the usual sourness of buttermilk4 ,this makes an efficient substitute4 ,buttermilk ,poultice4--,boiled potatoes beaten up with fresh buttermilk make an excellent poultice for all eruptive sores1 scabbed heads1 and heated skin affections4 ,after these always apply soap lather 7see ,lather74 ,if buttermilk cannot be had1 use acetic acid or vinegar1 as above4 ,cancer4--,swellings in the breast often arouse fear of cancer1 but are generally very simple affairs and easily yield to treatment as in article ,breast1 ,swelling in4 ,if not1 we should chill the diseased growth so as to arrest it4 ,now this1 as we have proved1 may be effectually done1 and the sorely tried patient may be saved a world of pain1 and perhaps cured4 ,we have seen more than one apparently desperate case1 even where the breast had been cut off and the evil was again showing itself1 in which effective cooling arrested the growth and saved the sufferer4 ,when a growth of this kind has gone a certain length1 there is severe pain4 ,the cooling removes this1 and secures the patient unspeakably precious rest without narcotics4 ,but this is not all3 it puts an effectual stop to the swelling4 ,if the case has not gone very far1 the swelling falls1 and may disappear2 but even when it has gone too far for this1 the disease is stayed1 and all symptoms of it are lessened4 ,all swelling but the actual separate growth is removed4 ,for instance1 when the swelling has passed from the breast into the armpit it has been dispelled1 and entirely confined to the actual substance of the tumour4 ,this is managed simply by the persistent and vigorous use of cold towels4 ,they must be large enough to allow of fourfold covering of the whole breast4 ,they are wrung out of cold water at first1 and1 if possible1 cooled with ice instead of being wrung out after4 ,one at a time is kindly pressed all round and over the swollen breast4 ,it is heated in one or two minutes1 and must be changed4 ,the second is pressed round and all over the breast in the same way4 ,it is soon heated too1 but you may have three of them in a circle1 and if you have a bit of ice for those that are cooling1 you have cold enough4 ,some would put on an ice-bag1 and let it lie1 but we have never been able to advise this1 as it is very apt to destroy the outer skin by too severe cold4 ,this treatment requires work--no doubt of that--but the effects are well worth it4 ,when the cooling treatment1 given twice a day1 or oftener if it can be without discomfort1 has reduced the swelling and put back the tumour1 till it may fairly be regarded as capable of absorption1 it will be well to try the effect of hot fomentation by bathing 7see ,breast1 ,swelling in74 ,this will not do harm1 but good1 if it is only used so far as to try whether the stage for hot treatment has been reached4 ,if the hot bathing is agreeable1 and instead of causing pain1 rather soothes and comforts1 it may be strongly tried4 ,but this will be only if the effectual cooling has put back the disease1 or if it has been really mastered4 ,so long as it shows a tendency to increase1 it will be well to continue the cooling4 ,even if it be not possible to remove the disease1 its progress may be arrested1 and it may be rendered dormant for the rest of life4 ,we know persons sent off to die with growths who are now quite well and have been so for many years1 with these growths only rendered dormant4 ,even if this is not possible1 it may be that we render the growth so slow that it shall come to nothing important in the remainder of even a long life4 ,we should never hesitate to do our utmost in any case4 ,besides the local treatment given above1 vital action in the whole bodily system has to be increased on a definite line4 ,this is the ripening and removing used-up substance from the body4 ,it is sluggish ripening of substance to which we trace the morbid living growth2 that sluggishness must be overcome4 ,the first and most important means for this is fresher air for the lungs4 ,the seaside home1 if there are no drugs or drinks prescribed in ignorance1 nor any other drawback1 will be found of immense value here4 ,next in importance to fresh air is pure distilled water4 ,it should be used both in preparing food and for drinking4 ,this constant use of distilled water is one of the most important remedies in cases of cancer4 ,comfortable clothing 7see ,underwear7 should be worn by night and day1 and damp avoided4 ,the food should be such as can be most easily assimilated4 ,whole wheaten meal in various forms and pure water work wonders on hopeless cases4 ,but when all these conditions have been supplied1 pack the whole body at eight o'clock at night in cloths lightly wrung out of hot vinegar and water1 half and half1 and covering these with dry sheets and blankets1 give the patient an hour in this pack4 ,on taking out of this1 rub gently all over with hot olive oil1 dry that off and put to bed4 ,in the morning1 at half-past seven or so1 pack in a soapy blanket for an hour1 then sponge with vinegar and rub with oil4 ,take a stick of good liquorice1 with half an ounce of senna leaves1 and put these in a quart of water1 boil the whole down to a pint1 giving a teaspoonful of this in a little hot water three times a day4 ,cancer in ,face4--,treat as far as possible as recommended for breast cancer4 ,cancer in ,foot4--,we have noted one case in which ,cancerous ,gangrene in the foot1 pronounced incurable by the medical attendant1 was cured by our instructions in the following simple manner4 ,buttermilk poultices 7see7 were used over the whole foot to thoroughly cleanse the sores4 ,these were then carefully lathered with soap 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,vinegar or weak acid was applied with sponges and syringe after this1 and made thoroughly to penetrate all the sores to the bottom4 ,this was done twice a day1 and in one week improvement set in4 ,in a comparatively short time the patient could walk miles without fatigue4 ,this treatment may be applied to all angry sores4 ,cane ,syrup4--,in the original edition1 good treacle was recommended as a laxative4 ,this treacle1 which was prepared from cane sugar1 we understand is now not to be had--what is sold as treacle being largely mixed with glucose4 ,we therefore recommend instead the use of golden syrup made from pure cane sugar4 ,this can be had 7in tins71 guaranteed by the makers to be genuine4 ,carbuncle4--,see ,boil4 ,catarrh4--,is simply an inflammation due to impurity of the blood4 ,these impurities arise from bad air or wrong food1 and remain in the body till a chill of some kind or other forces the blood and the impurities with the blood to some part1 resulting in inflammation4 ,catarrh in the mucous membrane1 connected with respiration1 is commonly called a cold1 and is decidedly infectious 7see ,air74 ,a cold must be regarded as an effort of ,nature to get rid of these impurities4 ,breathing of fresh1 even cold air1 will expedite1 not hinder the cure4 ,washing the hands and face in cold water1 and drying vigorously1 will often cure it when beginning as cold in the head4 ,cold1 applied in a certain way1 cures the after effects of chill1 but it must be so applied as only to affect the part to which it is applied1 while the general heat of the body is kept up4 ,catarrh may occur in any internal membrane of the body4 ,if these can be reached1 as the nostrils1 or even the bowels1 may be by syringing1 then nothing is better to effect a cure than cool water and vinegar1 or weak acetic acid4 ,brush the nostrils often with this1 and cold in the head will soon be cured4 ,it can be applied still better by means of a nasal douche4 ,syringing the bowels with this cool acid mixture in the more serious catarrh of these will also cure4 ,patient perseverance is wanted1 however1 in the latter case4 ,get also the external skin to act thoroughly4 ,where the cause of internal catarrh is exhaustion1 through overwork or worry1 the cause must be removed4 ,let the sufferer learn trust in a living ,heavenly ,father1 and cast all burdens upon ,him1 and the physical treatment will have a fair chance to cure4 ,see ,breath and ,skin4 ,cauliflower ,growths4--,these begin like warts1 and in the earlier stages poulticing and soaking with weak acid almost invariably cure4 ,after some months the growth looks like the head of a cauliflower1 and becomes dangerous if on a vital region4 ,it is not really a parasite1 but rather a diseased state of the skin1 which is perfectly curable4 ,first every part is carefully cleansed with a small camel's-hair brush and weak acid 7see ,acetic ,acid74 ,then the buttermilk poultice is applied all night1 or even night and day 7see ,buttermilk ,poultice74 ,cleanse again after poulticing4 ,careful and persevering continuance of this treatment will effect a cure4 ,cayenne and ,mustard4--,mustard spread on a cold towel and applied to the spine or lumbar region of the back is often an effective aid to the cold treatment4 ,if such applications have to be made more than once1 cayenne pepper is preferable to the mustard1 and equally powerful4 ,when cold cloths alone fail1 this more powerful treatment may be tried4 ,pain and burning after cayenne are relieved by applying olive oil4 ,cayenne ,lotion1 or ,sweating ,mixture4--,this is made with one or two tablespoonfuls of cayenne pepper 7as desired weak or strong71 half a pint of white vinegar1 and a pint of boiling water4 ,these are mixed and infused for half-an-hour4 ,the mixture is then carefully strained so as to remove the pepper grains4 ,dilute1 if too strong1 with water4 ,cayenne ,tea4--,infuse an ounce of good cayenne pepper in a pint of boiling water4 ,strain out the pepper4 ,this produces a glow of heat on the skin when rubbed on1 and may be a valuable adjunct to oil rubbing where that is intended to raise such a glow4 ,changing ,treatment4--,to wisely alter and arrange the treatment in any case is of the utmost importance4 ,treatment which at first gives great relief will often become ineffective or even painful4 ,then some other way of cure must be tried4 ,sometimes cold applications will become painfully cold4 ,heating for a time is then effective1 and cooling can again be given after the heating4 ,soapy lather on an inflamed part will do delightful service for a while1 then it may become painful4 ,warm oil may then be used instead4 ,when this becomes irritant1 a return to the soap will cure4 ,or the hot bathing of a sore knee may be most effective for a while1 and then may give rise to sore pain4 ,in such a case1 cease the bathing1 and for a time apply the soapy lather4 ,do not despair because a thing loses its effect4 ,its apparent loss of power only indicates a needed change of treatment4 ,common sense will guide in this1 and the true healer and nurse will be able to judge what is best to do4 ,we have a case in which1 after long rubbing with acetic acid1 the skin seemed to become so used to it that little or no effect was produced4 ,for a few days an alkali1 in the simple form of hartshorn 7ammonia7 was rubbed on instead of the acid4 ,the acid rubbing was then resumed1 and produced its usual effect4 ,such plans will occur to all who are thoughtful1 and do not just blindly follow instructions4 ,cold-water cloths have got in certain circles to be fashionable1 so that they are used exclusively in all cases4 ,a knee joint has got wrong1 and it is deemed the right thing to wear a cold bandage constantly round it4 ,but this fails to have the desired effect4 ,it may not fail entirely1 so long as there is some vital energy on which to come and go1 as we say1 the effect of the reaction will be to give a measure of relief4 ,but in very many cases this vital energy is deficient4 ,if in such a case the person advising it has only thought enough to have recourse to an hour's hot fomentation once or twice a day1 the effect desired may not be long delayed4 ,supposing something like inflammation of the lungs has to be dealt with4 ,cold is applied on the chest1 as it is often most successfully applied1 when there is still a good deal of energy to be drawn upon4 ,but in this case there is not sufficient energy4 ,well pack the feet and legs in a thoroughly hot fomentation1 such as will renew a full supply of heat all over the body4 ,then you will find the cooling of the chest thoroughly effectual4 ,in a very considerable correspondence we meet often with this resolve3 ,we shall continue to do as you direct till we hear from you again4 ,we remember telling a young man to put a hot bran poultice between his shoulders for a troublesome cough4 ,we saw him no more for months1 but when we did meet him he apologised for not continuing the application4 ,he said1 ,i poulticed my shoulders for three weeks1 and they began to get soft1 so ,i stopped doing it4 ,we certainly thought his head had been soft to begin with6 ,why should not sensible men and women get a little independent thought of their own8 ,it may be well to remark that the cessation of all treatment is a change1 and often a very beneficial one too4 ,if you do not know what to do when any treatment is losing its effect1 or having the opposite effect to that which it had1 just cease to do anything till you see manifestly what is needed4 ,the rest of a week1 or even two1 may be just the thing wanted4 ,if it is1 it will ease the pain2 if it does not1 you will see that probably the opposite of what you had been doing will suit4 ,chapped ,hands4--,our idea is that this is caused by the soda in the soap used4 ,at any rate1 we have never known any one to suffer from chapped hands who used ,m',clinton's soap only4 ,it is made from the ash of plants1 which gives it a mildness not approached by even the most expensive soaps obtainable4 ,if the hands have become chapped1 fill a pair of old loose kid gloves with well wrought ,lather 7see71 putting these on just when getting into bed1 and wearing till morning4 ,doing this for two or three nights will cure chapped1 or even the more painful hacked hands1 where the outer skin has got hard and cracked down to the tender inner layer4 ,chest ,pains4--,see ,angina ,pectoris4 ,chest ,protectors4--,these are often piled on the front of the body1 while the far more important back is left exposed4 ,in many cases of delicacy and cough1 particularly with women1 it is far more effective to protect the upper back with warm extra flannel than to place covering on the chest4 ,this alone will sometimes cure distressing coughs4 ,in every case1 such protection1 whether to back or breast1 should be such as to secure free escape of perspiration 7see ,underwear74 ,a sheet of fine wadding is excellent4 ,where less heat is desired1 new flannel is the best4 ,often1 also1 chest trouble is best helped by protecting the soles of the feet4 ,if these and the back are kept warm1 there is little fear or harm at the front of the chest4 ,let the back covering1 where it is used1 come down as far as the top of the hip bones4 ,chilblains4--,these occur in hands and feet where the circulative power is feeble1 either from weakness or from tight pressure of boots or gloves4 ,the cold has power1 owing to lack of circulation1 to partly kill the skin1 which thus becomes painfully inflamed1 and swells4 ,to increase and maintain circulation in the part is to cure it4 ,in the early stages1 when heat and itching are felt1 a good rubbing with hot olive oil and cayenne tea will often cure4 ,but if this fail1 pack the foot or hand in cloths soaked with vinegar4 ,if the pain is great1 place the packed foot or hand in hot water for a few minutes or more4 ,after this immersion repack with vinegar-soaked cloths1 cover well up with dry flannel1 and wear this packing all night4 ,in cases where weakness is the root of the trouble1 rub the back once a day with hot oil until a glow of heat arises all over it4 ,do this daily for a fortnight at least4 ,where tight boots or gloves are the cause1 these must be discarded for more easily fitting ones4 ,child-bearing4--,simple remedies such as we advocate are found of immense service in mitigating both the pains of child-birth and the troubles coming before and after it4 ,to see that the medical man is one thoroughly competent is the first duty of those responsible in such a case4 ,incompetent and careless doctors are the cause of much trouble4 ,get1 then1 the best you can4 ,much may be done1 however1 to prevent trouble by very simple means4 ,the sufferings usually accompanying pregnancy and the birth of children in civilized countries are largely confined to the higher classes4 ,working women escape much of the pain their more luxurious sisters have to endure4 ,travellers tell us how1 among the ,red ,indians1 ,negroes1 ,south ,sea ,islanders and others who live more in a state of nature than we1 the women suffer but little in childbirth1 and return to their ordinary occupations almost immediately after the event4 ,the adoption of a simple and natural diet1 healthy exercise combined with sufficient rest and rational clothing1 have been found to ensure an easy delivery as well as good health for mother and child4 ,the diet of the pregnant mother is of great importance4 ,too much food is worse than useless4 ,food should only be taken of such a kind and quality as can be easily assimilated4 ,the mother is best who takes only so much light food as she can easily convert into good blood4 ,more1 simply loads the system with useless waste or fat4 ,the diet during pregnancy should be mainly vegetables1 fruit1 salad1 rice1 tapioca1 milk1 eggs in moderation1 and a small amount of wholemeal bread4 ,a little meat or fish once a day is allowable for those whom it suits1 but rich1 spicy dishes1 pastry1 strong tea1 coffee and all alcoholic drinks are very injurious4 ,three meals a day with no snacks of any kind between1 are sufficient4 ,for those who have reason to dread a hard confinement1 oatmeal is best avoided4 ,to avoid fluids while eating is important1 especially for those who have a weak digestion4 ,one may drink half-an-hour before meals or three hours after1 but if plenty of fruit and salad is eaten and little salt used with the food there will be little thirst4 ,too much fluid should not be drunk1 if thirst is felt1 water very slowly sipped will quench it better than copious draughts4 ,during pregnancy there is often a craving for acid fruits1 this is nature's call for what is needful at such a time4 ,fruits and green vegetables supply a large quantity of most valuable salts which go to make good blood and build up all parts of the body4 ,never force the appetite4 ,food that is neither relished nor digested will do more harm than good4 ,it must never be forgotten that the blood of the child is being directly derived from that of the mother1 consequently if the diet is of such a nature as to induce over-abundance of fat1 the child will be born too fat4 ,this does not mean a healthy child by any means1 and it may mean considerable extra pain for the mother4 ,a mother inclined to thinness need not fear that this diet will reduce her4 ,the taking of cream1 eggs1 bacon and other fat foods often has the opposite effect from that desired4 ,a thin person adopting the above light diet will generally get into good condition4 ,under the head of exercise1 the first we would recommend is general housework1 provided windows are kept open1 avoiding the more laborious parts1 and always being careful not to get over-fatigued4 ,light gardening1 walks1 if not too long1 and light gymnastic exercises are all beneficial4 ,the exercises described in the appendix1 practised for ten minutes at a time1 once or twice a day1 are quite suitable for the expectant mother1 while deep breathing 7see ,breathing1 ,correct ,method of7 is most valuable4 ,the subject of dress should be particularly studied4 ,garments which are light1 warm1 porous1 and which in no way impede or restrict the movements and natural functions of the body1 should be worn4 ,it has been found that those who wear no corset nor tight band or bodice will suffer but little1 if at all1 from morning sickness4 ,corsets1 by holding immobile the waist muscles1 prevent their getting strong4 ,anyone who is accustomed to corsets1 when she leaves them off for a day will complain of such a tired feeling1 as if she would break in two4 ,this is easily accounted for1 the muscles1 unused to the task of holding up the body1 are flabby and useless4 ,these same muscles when called on1 at the moment of delivery1 are totally unfit for their work1 hence comes a large amount of the unnecessary suffering4 ,the remedy is--discard the corsets1 bear with the tiredness for a week or two and regularly practice the exercises recommended above1 especially the waist exercises of bending and turning4 ,the muscles will soon gain strength1 and the corset be found to be quite unnecessary and most uncomfortable4 ,in the commencement of pregnancy1 when there is sickness and vomiting1 we have seen it cured1 even when so severe as to threaten life1 by spreading over the patient's irritated stomach1 a soft1 fine soap lather 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,it acts in such cases like a charm4 ,the lather is well and gently spread with a soft brush all over the stomach4 ,wipe it gently off with a soft cloth4 ,cover again with fresh lather4 ,do this five or six times4 ,then treat the back in the same manner1 behind the stomach4 ,in half-an-hour all retching should cease4 ,when the stomach has had a rest of some hours1 a small quantity of light food may be given4 ,half a ,saltcoat's biscuit 7see7 thoroughly masticated1 and a little milk and boiling water may be enough to take at one time4 ,do not force the appetite1 wait until a desire for food is felt4 ,pass by degrees to ordinary food4 ,if the mother1 at any time1 feels faint1 on no account give brandy4 ,drop five drops of tincture of cayenne on a lump of sugar4 ,dissolve it in half a teacupful of hot water1 and give this instead4 ,in cases of heartburn1 take small drinks of hot water1 say a tablespoonful every five minutes4 ,a very great help to the expecting mother is found in the cold sitz-bath 7see ,sitting ,bath74 ,baths known as ,matlock ,baths may be had1 which suit very well for this purpose2 but a tub for washing1 of a suitable size1 would do very well1 or even a large sized bedroom basin will serve4 ,put in cold water1 three inches deep1 and let the patient sit in it4 ,in winter have the water cold1 but not freezing4 ,the rest of the body may be kept warm with a wrap1 and if the patient feels cold1 the feet may be placed in hot water4 ,taken once or twice a day this bath will have a tonic effect on the whole system1 and a markedly cheering effect on the mind4 ,the time in the bath is shorter or longer according to the patient's strength and power of reaction4 ,feeling will be the best guide1 but even a dip of half-a-minute will do good4 ,in regard to the actual birth1 we repeat that those concerned should see to the attendance of a really skilful medical man4 ,chloroform in the hands of such a doctor is of immense value1 but in unskilful hands it is dangerous4 ,therefore let expense be no bar1 where it is possible1 to the obtaining the best medical aid that can be had4 ,many trivial matters greatly affect the mother during child-birth1 and the few succeeding hours4 ,we have known a stupid remark by an incompetent nurse spoil a mother's health for months4 ,the greatest care must be exercised by all concerned to say only cheerful and soothing things to the sufferer4 ,even the aspect of the room is important4 ,it should look sunwards1 if possible1 and hideous pictures should be removed1 while perhaps some text speaking comfortably of the ,good ,shepherd1 who will gently lead those that are with young1 may be hung up4 ,trifles these1 but their effect is no trifle4 ,do not keep the patient in too hot a room2 fresh air is of great value4 ,do not leave her for nine days in an unchanged bed4 ,the necessary sponging and changing should be done daily4 ,cleanliness means comfort here1 and comfort health4 ,it is not early sponging and washing1 but a nine days' steaming in unchanged bedclothes which causes chills4 ,after cool sponging1 a gentle rubbing under the bedclothes with hot olive oil1 over the body and limbs1 will be very refreshing4 ,all clothes1 etc41 and the hands of the attendants should be most carefully washed and cleaned before they touch the patient4 ,too much care in this matter of cleanliness cannot be taken1 as it is of the first importance as a preventative of many troubles4 ,what are called ,after ,pains often give much distress4 ,drugs and alcohol should be strictly avoided4 ,the difficulty here is in the objection so many have to cold applications4 ,these1 after child-birth1 are not dangerous1 but form a short and simple road to health4 ,making handfuls of soapy lather 7see ,lather7 and rubbing these gently over the pains1 both back and front1 is most powerfully soothing1 and has no tendency to chill4 ,where severe pains1 indicating inflammatory action1 are felt in the bowels1 this lather should at once be applied1 and followed up with cold cloths over the bowels1 applied as to the chest in ,bronchitis 7see74 ,the bran poultice should always be applied at the same time1 putting it on before the cold towels1 over all the lower back 7see ,bran ,poultice74 ,sips of hot water will also powerfully help in all cases of such pain4 ,treatment on these lines will deal with even very severe cases of ,after ,pains4 ,children and ,teachers4--,children are of the utmost value to society2 through any one of them the divine light may shine which will bless many generations4 ,they are very easily hurt by unwise treatment and teaching4 ,we would have the teacher and parent impressed with the preciousness of even the most delicate child4 ,health of mind and body1 not attainment1 must be the first consideration in the teaching of the young4 ,it ought to be as much the teacher's business to see that pupils do not suffer in health as to see that lessons 7often quite useless7 are learned 7see articles on ,brow1 ,weary1 and ,eyes1 ,failing ,sight74 ,we would again emphasise the truth that no child should be undervalued for its delicate health4 ,delicate children have often become men and women without whom the world would be vastly poorer4 ,children in ,fever4--,fevered children1 whether in any actual fever1 as scarlet1 typhoid1 or any other1 or merely heated from some minor ailment1 should be treated as under ,fever4 ,have two small towels1 wring them tightly out of cold water1 fold one gently round the head4 ,press it gently all round and over the head4 ,it will be heated in one minute in some cases1 longer in others4 ,change it for the other then1 and proceed alternately till the head is cooled4 ,perhaps that may take half-an-hour4 ,the time will be less for a young infant1 more for a boy or girl in their teens4 ,common sense1 and an examination of the pulse1 will guide as to the proper time4 ,the head is the chief consideration in this treatment1 but attention to the state of the stomach and bowels is also very important4 ,any indigestible substance must be removed1 and sips or small drinks of hot water will greatly help in this1 as well as proper medicine4 ,castor oil is a good1 simple drug for ordinary cases4 ,if there is coldness in the feet in such fevered cases1 a fomentation may be applied over the legs1 or even up to the haunches4 ,this will greatly reinforce the cooling of the head1 and prevent any possible chill4 ,the water used for cooling should be about #ej deg4 ,f41 or at least near that temperature1 in the case of infants4 ,water which has stood some time in an ordinary room will do excellently4 ,it should neither be icy nor warm4 ,typhoid fever itself has been cured with this head cooling alone4 ,children's ,clothing4--,an infant's clothing should be soft1 warm1 and light in weight1 covering all parts of the body with equal warmth4 ,tight bands and long1 heavy skirts should never be used1 the dress and petticoat being just long enough to keep the feet covered and warm4 ,if from the first a baby is held out always after being nursed1 it learns to urinate at that time1 and the clumsy diapers can be dispensed with in a few months4 ,no ordinary pins should be used1 and as few safety pins as possible4 ,tapes properly arranged will keep all secure4 ,flannelette should never be used1 being so very inflammable 7see ,children's ,dangers74 ,with infants1 as with older children1 it is a mistake to heap on too much clothing4 ,many children by such coddling1 which is intended to prevent them catching cold1 are rendered delicate and susceptible to chills4 ,just enough clothing should be worn to keep the little one comfortably warm and no more4 ,the same applies to bed-clothes2 they should be light and not excessive1 only enough to keep the child comfortable4 ,babies thoroughly enjoy a time every day without clothes1 when they can kick to their hearts' content4 ,if this is begun by degrees1 a short time at first1 gradually getting longer every day1 there will be no danger of giving the child cold through letting it lie unclothed1 on a rug on the floor for half-an-hour at a time1 with the window open4 ,the air-bath will invigorate and strengthen the system4 ,rubbing with the hand all over the little ones body during this time will be enjoyed1 and effectually prevent any chilliness1 if it is dreaded4 ,children's ,dangers4--,avoidance of the causes of disease requires some idea of the dangers to which children are exposed in the usual upbringing4 ,for instance1 sitting on damp ground1 cold stones1 or even a cool window-sill1 is a fruitful cause of bowel trouble4 ,the remedy for such an exposure is proper warm ,,fomentation 7see7 of the chilled parts1 followed by hot olive oil rubbing and careful clothing4 ,again1 rich diet1 especially for delicate children1 is a great cause of trouble4 ,what we have written concerning food1 and the article ,assimilation1 should be read to guide on this4 ,again1 the child is exposed to falls1 and falls into water1 leading sometimes to drowning4 ,timely thought would prevent nearly all such accidents4 ,do not wait until the trouble comes4 ,protect exposed streams and wells near the house4 ,shut doors and gates in time4 ,also the directions of the ,humane ,society for the recovery of the partly drowned 7see ,drowning7 should be in every house1 and as soon as possible both boys and girls should learn to swim4 ,again1 children are in danger through careless attendants4 ,they may be let fall1 or capsized in perambulators4 ,spinal injury is often caused by such falls4 ,in case of any broken or disjointed limbs1 the bandaging of infants should be of a gentle kind1 and encasement in starch or plaster jackets should be avoided4 ,in every way the natural growth and circulation should be helped1 not hindered by strapping and tight bandaging4 ,the timely consulting of a really good doctor will often prevent serious trouble in any case of a fall4 ,another source of danger is the exposure of children to the possibility of burning or scalding4 ,wherever there are young children fires should be guarded1 and matters so arranged that they cannot come in the way of boiling water4 ,much that seems impossible in such protection becomes easy enough to a determined person1 and a great deal of sore illness can be averted by taking a little trouble4 ,a child should never be in the place where there is a pan of boiling water on the floor1 nor in any house should it be possible for a child to pull a kettle full of boiling water on its head4 ,if1 however1 scalding occur1 apply the cold treatment as detailed in the article on ,burns4 ,in case of contracted limbs or features1 occurring from severe burning1 the rubbing treatment 7see ,children's ,healthy ,growth71 will be effective as a cure4 ,children's clothing should never be made of flannelette1 it is so liable to take fire if the child approaches the grate4 ,at hundreds of inquests coroners have directed attention to the terrible loss of life from this cause4 ,medicines and all poisonous substances should be carefully labelled1 and kept out of children's reach4 ,if by accident a child should have taken poison administer an antidote 7see ,poisoning74 ,should a child swallow a nail1 button or some such hard substance1 do not give any purgative medicine4 ,it will pass out more safely when embedded in solid fces4 ,examine the stools carefully so that anxiety may be allayed when the foreign substance is seen4 ,children's ,deformed ,feet4--,see ,club ,foot4 ,children's ,healthy ,growth4--,often either the whole system or some part fails to grow properly4 ,in this way the spine or legs may become curved1 or generally the child is small and feeble4 ,growth depends largely on the organic nerve centres4 ,lack of power there causes even deformity itself4 ,treatment1 therefore1 must be such as to restore to these centres their energy1 and increase it4 ,do not force the child to stand or walk when wearied4 ,if he uniformly refuses these attitudes1 have patience till he gathers power4 ,wash all over at bedtime with warm water and ,m',clinton's soap4 ,dry1 and rub all over with warm olive oil4 ,wipe this also gently off4 ,let the rubbing be such1 along each side of the spine1 as will bring the organic nerves into action4 ,gentle1 slow1 steady motion of the hand is best for this4 ,all painful or irritating rubbing is positively hurtful4 ,let this be done every night1 and even incipient deformity will be cured in time4 ,the nerves are in some cases irritable1 and great restlessness and involuntary movement1 accompanied even with twisting of the neck1 shows itself4 ,this will yield to skilful cooling of the spinal nerves with damp cloths4 ,see ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance4 ,an opposite kind of nervous failure shows itself as paralysis4 ,the hand and arm1 or foot1 trails helplessly1 owing to motor nerve failure4 ,this will often yield to the spinal rubbing and poulticing mentioned above4 ,another state of failure is indicated by numbness in the fingers and toes4 ,the spinal rubbing and poulticing with bran will also be effective for this4 ,sometimes lack of nerve force shows itself as failure to walk at the proper time4 ,the child cannot use its limbs properly1 although these are right enough in shape and size4 ,the cure for this is persistent gentle rubbing with warm oil1 as recommended above1 over the whole body1 but especially over the back4 ,feel for the muscles and bones1 and adapt your hand to their shape1 going down into the hollows immediately on each side of the spine1 and paying particular attention to the upper part in the failure of the arms1 and the lower part in failure of the legs4 ,this rubbing is a most powerful remedy1 but it must be patiently and well applied twice a day for a length of time4 ,bear in mind that gradual cures are most permanent4 ,even creeping paralysis in adult persons yields to this rubbing4 ,no doubt it is work1 but it is well repaid4 ,all troubles where failing nerves are concerned may be treated with some modification of this heat and rubbing4 ,our readers can easily adapt it to particular needs by a little thought4 ,see ,spine1 ,misshapen1 and ,massage4 ,children's ,limbs4--,frequently a failure of some kind shows itself in the limbs of some children4 ,usually it appears as either bending or inability to walk at the proper age1 or both together4 ,to use steel boots and kindred appliances is to ignore the true nature of the trouble1 and most likely to increase it4 ,what is wanted is proper growth in the limb4 ,to secure this1 the nerve system of the spine must be stimulated1 and there is no better stimulus to be had than massage4 ,when any substance is rubbed on1 it is almost always the rubbing1 rather than the substance1 which has the good effect4 ,hence we recommend rubbing with simply good olive oil4 ,for an infant1 the back must be massaged very gently1 taking care not to hurt the child in any way4 ,it should be applied especially up and down each side of the back bone1 where there is a softer region1 full of important nerve centres4 ,the limbs may also be gently rubbed4 ,a genial heat should be raised in all the infant's body by these means1 and1 if rightly done1 the child will eagerly wish for it again4 ,half-an-hour a day may be given to this4 ,it is well to persevere for a long time1 and never give up hope4 ,many a weak-limbed child has grown up a strong1 healthy man or woman4 ,see ,massage4 ,the food in such cases should be good ordinary food4 ,we have never been able to see the good of cod liver oil that is so generally recommended4 ,it seems to us a most unnatural thing for a human being1 young or old4 ,cream and butter will supply a far more easily assimilated fat at much lower cost4 ,we may also say that honey is more wholesome and fattening than malt extract1 and costs only one-fifth of the price4 ,the feeding of children on corn flour1 often made with but little milk1 is a fruitful source of rickets4 ,the same may be said of white bread1 the flour having been largely deprived of its food salts4 ,giving children lime water1 with the idea that the body can convert it into bone 7as a hen makes her egg shells out of old mortar7 is an entire mistake4 ,the human system cannot use such inorganic material4 ,the men of best bone1 so far as we can judge1 are those who have been nourished in great measure on good oatmeal4 ,children's ,nerves4--,the nervous system of children is often damaged by shock or fright1 sometimes very seriously1 so that paralysis or hysterical affections come on4 ,blindness1 deafness1 loss of speech1 every possible loss of function may follow a violent shock to a child's mind or bodily system4 ,care must be taken to avoid this4 ,the moment you see the child affected by any strange sight or sound have1 if possible1 the child removed or the affecting object put away1 or have some one who can soothe the child brought to calm its mind4 ,this properly done1 and done quickly1 will usually prevent any evil effects4 ,if1 however1 these come on1 treatment can do a very great deal to remedy the ill4 ,if fits come on1 lay the child flat on his back1 with head slightly raised4 ,place a piece of cork or wood between the teeth1 fastened so as to prevent the possibility of its being swallowed1 and loosen all the clothes1 until the fit is over4 ,continue to soothe the mind1 and instil happy thoughts such as ,god gives every ,christian the right to think1 even in the worst times of trial4 ,bring before the child's mind some cheery tales or interesting objects4 ,allay all fears1 and soothe all sorrows1 as far as possible4 ,if1 however1 the fits come on again1 with blackening of the face1 do not treat harshly1 but apply a cold towel along the spinal cord in the morning in bed4 ,this will soothe even unreasonable passion1 and remove stubbornness4 ,or if the fit is on1 put warmly to bed1 and then apply the cold towel4 ,medical aid1 when available1 should also be summoned4 ,if a faint comes on1 that points to the need of a hot fomentation along the spine instead of a cold towel4 ,it is not difficult as a rule to distinguish between the fit1 with its frequent convulsive cramps and blackening of the face1 and the simple faint of exhaustion4 ,in the first the patient is all strung up1 and in the last the very opposite4 ,children's ,sleep4--,this most important matter of good sleep for the child depends not only on health of body but on ease of the infant's mind4 ,it is wrong to treat the child otherwise than through the understanding1 where he is afraid1 or in a strange place4 ,waking up1 after being put to sleep in a strange room1 the little one may receive a shock which may prevent sleep for the rest of the night4 ,if he be patiently soothed and matters explained1 all will be well2 but it is a great cruelty to thrash or threaten in such a case4 ,to frighten a child with ghost stories1 or ,bogies1 ,,is ,,to ,,commit ,a ,,serious ,,crime4 ,it is not dealt with by the law1 but it certainly deserves to be4 ,never bring before a child's mind any imaginary terrors2 rather teach it to understand them in such a way as to remove any cause of fear4 ,but do not force a child to examine an object which it fears1 you may do terrible damage before you can explain4 ,all fears should be most carefully dealt with1 and no force employed2 the little one who has no imaginary terrors1 and is kindly taught to think every fearful image at bottom some innocent cloak or shadow1 will sleep soundly and grow healthy in mind4 ,when1 however1 ill-health is the cause of wakefulness1 other means must be used4 ,cold feet1 and chilly feelings generally1 frequently keep children from sleep4 ,pack in such cases the lower limbs up to the waist in thick folded flannel ,,fomentation 7see74 ,this will often not only give sleep1 but prevent more serious trouble4 ,all soothing powders and narcotic drugs should be most strictly avoided4 ,often the child is sleepless from feverish heat instead of coldness2 then cooling applications should be used 7see ,children in ,fever74 ,these may take the form of two caps for the head of thickest cotton cloth3 one1 tight fitting1 to be wrung out of cold water and put on1 the other1 looser and dry1 to be put on over the first4 ,this alone will often secure a night's sleep4 ,or the head may be soaped 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,it is inadvisable to rock a child to sleep1 it will go to sleep if comfortable4 ,children's ,strength4--,the question often arises as to the ability of children to bear certain kinds of treatment4 ,it must ever be remembered1 both in hot and cold applications1 that the infant should be gently dealt with4 ,violent cold and burning heat must alike be avoided4 ,with a gentle application of heat before bracing cold is used1 considerable power of endurance is imparted4 ,strong blisters and violent medicines should never be used4 ,very much less treatment will affect the infant than that required for an older child4 ,and in almost every case the most durable cures are reached by gradual progress4 ,children's ,swellings4--,sometimes these occur as merely relaxed tissue full of blood4 ,in this case everything about the part seems right and healthy except the swelling4 ,the skin is right and the temperature also4 ,treatment such as restores nerve energy will usually cure these 7see ,children's ,nerves74 ,in other cases the tumour will be full of watery waste1 or there may be a simple dropsical swelling owing to failure in kidney action4 ,this last is usually easily cured4 ,it ought never to be tapped1 as this draws off the strength desired4 ,a simple ,,four-,,ply ,,bandage 7see7 of new flannel worn round the body will often be enough to cure infants of even dropsical tumours4 ,in other cases this is used in conjunction with the bran poultice and rubbing recommended above for cases of nerve failure4 ,wherever the swelling is1 increase the vital force that supplies the gland1 and so you will cure the whole evil at its source4 ,many will tell you to purify the blood1 but there is no blood purifier like the system which ,god himself has provided1 in the organs of the body made for the purpose4 ,only increase the action of these1 and you will have pure everything as well as pure blood4 ,you will do it by good fomentation1 by good rubbing1 by judicious clothing1 and also by wise feeding4 ,you will do it to some extent even by good kind words4 ,you will help the process by good1 clean washing1 such as warm vinegar gives over a weakened surface4 ,you will scarcely fail to gain your end if you use these means in time4 ,children's ,teething4--,see ,teething4 ,children's ,treatment4--,this should always be managed so as to soothe and not excite the little patients4 ,they are very sensitive to heat and cold4 ,when these are applied the child often cries1 so that the treatment is condemned and given up4 ,what should be condemned is the nurse's want of skill4 ,in every case the cold or hot application should be so managed as to be agreeable4 ,very gentle heat at first may be succeeded by stronger heat without shock4 ,so mildly cool applications may be followed by colder ones in the same way4 ,there is no sense or benefit in dashing a burning poultice or freezing towel on a delicate person1 either infant or adult1 and sense is above all our guide in these pages4 ,chills4--7#a7 ,nerve or imaginary chills4 ,these are feelings of cold1 where there is no real chilling2 the back feels as if cold water were poured down it1 or even the whole body feels chilled1 when an examination will show that there is no real chill whatever4 ,nervous patients are peculiarly liable to this1 and often are greatly alarmed at it4 ,the treatment in such cases is partly mental2 let the patient know that the chilly feeling is only a feeling1 and nothing alarming4 ,this will often of itself remove it2 so will a cheery thought or a cheery talk4 ,physical treatment may begin with such a rubbing of the head as is recommended in ,eyes1 ,squinting4 ,then treat the whole body to a gentle massage on similar principles4 ,this will sometimes cause nerve chills at first to increase2 but the patient will soon disregard this1 and the squeezing very gently of the muscles will stimulate and revive the organic nerves4 ,warm olive oil used in this squeezing process will help greatly4 ,it may be that a considerable time will be required before these nerve states are entirely overcome1 but with anything like careful treatment they will gradually be so4 ,keep the patient warm in bed the while4 ,give easily assimilated food 7see ,assimilation74 ,a mixture of milk and boiling water in equal quantities may be freely taken4 ,this treatment will besides greatly help nervousness of every kind4 7#b7 ,in the case of real chill to the surface of the body1 shivering is an early symptom4 ,if the frame is strong1 the shiver may pass off and no evil results follow3 but frequently this is not the case1 and trouble is apt to intervene4 ,in such a case give a thorough rubbing all over the body1 and especially the back and chilled part1 with warm olive oil2 this1 if applied early enough1 will probably prevent all ill consequences1--it will at least mitigate them4 ,if the chill has passed into feverishness however1 this treatment will not suit2 but we only deal here with the cold shivering stage4 ,the rubbing will be greatly assisted by a good hot fomentation to the feet1 or even up to the haunches4 ,the use of ,kneipp linen underwear1 by promoting a healthy action of the skin1 and rapidly conducting away the perspiration from its surface1 will do much to prevent chills1 either real or imaginary4 ,see ,angina ,pectoris1 ,underwear1 ,massage4 ,chloroform4--,see ,child-bearing4 ,circulation of the ,blood4--,nothing is more important for the health or healing of any organ or part of the body than a good supply of arterial blood4 ,venous blood1 collected by the veins after it has done its work all over the body1 or blood stagnating in congested organs1 is useless for growth and healing4 ,to promote a vigorous circulation of blood in any part we wish to cure is1 then1 of great importance2 this may be done by helping the heart in various ways1 especially if that be weak4 ,lying down1 and lying comfortably on the face1 greatly assists circulation4 ,placing a fainting person in this position will often suffice to restore him4 ,in congestion of any part1 if possible keep that part1--head1 hand1 or foot1 as the case may be--above the level1 so that the escape of blood from it may be easy4 ,raising an inflamed finger or toe thus1 and keeping it up1 will often relieve severe pain4 ,in inflamed kidneys1 make the sufferer lie on his face as much as possible4 ,other positions in other cases will be suggested by common sense4 ,again1 heat expands the vessels of the body1 and cold contracts them4 ,cooling a congested part assists to drive excess of blood out of it1 and heating some other part opens accommodation for the blood so expelled4 ,this explains our hot poultice and fomentation as used with cold cloths4 ,common sense will show us how to apply it as a principle of treatment in many cases4 ,again1 a congested limb may often be very greatly relieved by proper rubbing along the soft parts1 the strokes being firm and steady1 and directed from the extremity of the limb towards the body4 ,this rubbing along the thigh relieves very much all swellings in the foot1 ankle1 leg and knee4 ,this principle may be widely applied by a little common-sense thought4 ,climate and ,soil4--,the soil on which one lives is a matter of primary importance2 it may be a matter of life or death for a weakly person1 but it is important for every one4 ,first1 as regards the subsoil on which a house is built4 ,if this be clay1 or impervious rock1 then no possible system of drainage can make the site a dry one2 this condition of affairs will be very bad indeed for health4 ,no house should be built on such a soil if at all possible to avoid it4 ,light open gravel and sand1 as subsoil1 make the very best health conditions4 ,the surface soil is also important4 ,if this be such that streets and garden walks dry quickly after rain1 you have elements of health2 if they remain long wet1 then you have elements of unhealthiness4 ,if the soil be right1 then the climate is to be considered4 ,the mere situation of two houses1 only half a mile apart1 will make all the difference in this1 and should be carefully watched4 ,a house sheltered on the south and west1 exposed to the north and east1 is badly situated2 the opposite exposure is usually good4 ,plenty of sun should fall upon the house all day1 and on all sides1 if that be possible4 ,yet it must be seen that no hollow or stagnant air be chosen2 it is nearly as bad as stagnant water1 for in mild winds1 dryness of soil and air1 and abundant sun1 lie much virtue for health and healing4 ,clothing4--,clothing should be light yet warm1 and sufficiently free so as not to interfere with bodily movements4 ,the clothing next the skin should1 we think1 be linen1 as being more porous and absorbent than wool 7see ,underwear74 ,no woman who values her health should submit to any tight lacing4 ,the organs of the body require every inch of space for the proper performance of their functions1 and if they are unduly squeezed many serious complaints may result4 ,besides the skin is a breathing organ1 and it is most important that air should readily reach it 7see ,tight ,lacing74 ,long trains should not be worn1 as they are most effective agents for sweeping up germs of diphtheria1 consumption1 etc4 ,skirts should not be hung from the waist1 but from the shoulders1 and should be light in weight4 ,tight boots and high heels are both to be condemned4 ,the practice of wearing mufflers1 or any tight wrapping round the neck region1 is injurious and enervating to this part of the body4 ,the sailor1 though exposed to more rough weather than any other class1 is free from throat or chest trouble1 and can stand both heat and cold better than soldiers4 ,sailors are1 indeed1 the only sensibly dressed men in our country4 ,soldiers1 in their tight-fitting tunic and stiff collars1 are the worst4 ,they constantly die of heat and apoplexy1 when farm labourers doing more work are nothing the worse4 ,club ,foot4--,children are not unfrequently born with this deformity in one or other of its various shapes4 ,the cause is to be sought in such a defective state of the nervous system as hinders the proper growth of these parts4 ,if the nerves are treated rightly1 the limbs will so grow that the defect will disappear4 ,we speak from positive knowledge of cases so cured4 ,treatment must first stimulate the spinal nerves2 gentle1 continued rubbing on each side of the spine with hot olive oil will do this4 ,proceed1 after some time of this1 to rub and knead the haunch1 thigh1 and leg with the same hot oil4 ,continue this1 gradually descending1 until the defective foot is reached and similarly treated4 ,we have known even adults cured in this way1 with perseverance4 ,ten or fifteen minutes of this treatment before a fire1 or in a warm room1 every night1 will do wonders4 ,a skilful surgeon can do much to remedy this1 but one really skilful should be chosen4 ,see ,massage4 ,cold in the ,head4--,infants often are prevented sucking by this form of cold closing up the nostrils4 ,in such a case have a small cap of cotton to fit the head4 ,wring this out of cold water1 and fit it on the child's head4 ,put on over it a rather larger and thicker cap of the same material4 ,often the nostrils will open in two or three seconds1 and the cold will speedily be cured1 if no more be wrong4 ,observe that the child be warm during this treatment4 ,if the case is obstinate1 secure good medical aid1 for constitutional weakness1 or even some deformity of the nostrils1 may be present as cause1 where the trouble exists from birth4 ,for adults similarly affected1 a towel wrung out of cold water and wrapped round the head1 with another dry one above1 will answer the purpose4 ,for severe cases1 pack the feet and legs in hot fomentation for an hour1 and apply a cold towel as above4 ,this last method should always be pursued where the patient feels chilly4 ,cold in the head may often be checked by use of dilute vinegar4 ,see ,nostrils4 ,cold1 ,settled4--,a cold is often easily overcome4 ,at other times it sits down1 as country people say1 and refuses to be cured1 a hard dry cough continuing for a long time1 and causing sleeplessness and general weakness4 ,in such a case first try to secure an increase generally of vital energy4 ,at night rub the feet and legs with hot olive oil4 ,pack them for three-quarters of an hour in a good large blanket fomentation1 open out1 and dry well1 oil and dry again1 put on a pair of cotton stockings1 and put the patient to bed4 ,in the morning1 place a towel tightly wrung out of cold water all round the back and breast4 ,cover this well with dry towels1 and tuck the patient in1 so that he becomes warm and comfortable4 ,in three-quarters of an hour open out1 dry the skin1 oil it and dry again4 ,then the ordinary clothing may be put on4 ,the second evening it will be well to pack in the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see74 ,next morning the towel envelope should be repeated as before4 ,the third evening1 put a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 between the shoulders4 ,while this is on apply cold to the chest1 as in treatment for ,,bronchitis 7see74 ,it is good to take sips of hot water at any time if the cough is troublesome4 ,a teaspoonful of boiled liquorice and linseed two or three times a day has a good effect4 ,this treatment usually cures a pretty severe case4 ,cold1 ,taking4--,where cold is easily taken1 it is the skin which is defective in its action4 ,the cure must therefore deal with it4 ,even spasmodic asthma can be traced to the failure of the skin to throw off waste sufficiently4 ,men exposed to great heats and chills1 women and children whose nervous energy is small1 are liable to this skin failure4 ,kneipp linen underwear1 besides being more absorbent of perspiration than woollens1 has a stimulating effect on the skin owing to a certain hardness 7by no means unpleasant7 of the fibre4 ,wearing it is an excellent preventive of skin failure 7see ,underwear74 ,this may also be treated by careful1 kindly rubbing over the whole body with warm olive oil1 the patient being kept warm during the operation4 ,this rubbing may with advantage come after a sponging with ,m',clinton's soap 7see ,soap74 ,to face the wintry blast at half-past five in the morning is for many severely trying4 ,this treatment the night before will give immense help to those who are so exposed4 ,it is the best preventive against taking cold known to us4 ,there is one great difficulty that stands in the way of such a remedy as we have suggested--that is1 the trouble which it implies1 not so much to ourselves as to others4 ,many a useful life is lost lest trouble should be given4 ,it needs to be well understood that this is a temptation4 ,if we can buy a quantity of some drug from a chemist according to the prescription of some medical man1 and just quietly swallow it1 that troubles nobody4 ,so powders to sweat us1 and powders to stop our sweating1 are readily taken1 greatly to increase all tendency to take cold4 ,our relatives and others have1 as the fruit of such a system1 worlds of serious trouble and loss that might all be saved if only a very little trouble were given in the more natural and reasonable way4 ,cold ,cloths4--,see ,towels1 ,cold ,wet4 ,constipation4--,this trouble is often only aggravated and made chronic by the use of purgatives4 ,some simple change of diet1 such as a ripe uncooked apple1 eaten before breakfast1 or a fruit diet for a day or two may put all right4 ,so also with the use of wheaten meal porridge or bread4 ,when this can be taken with pure ,,cane ,,syrup 7see71 the two together will make such a change in the food as will frequently banish all inaction of the bowels4 ,rest must be reckoned on1 especially if the patient has been using purgatives freely4 ,do not act as if castor oil were a necessary article of diet4 ,when the constipation is more obstinate1 in the case of a child1 good golden syrup may be given1 a teaspoonful after each meal4 ,a quarter of a pound of the best ,spanish liquorice1 costing sixpence1 should be boiled in a pint of water down to three-quarters of a pint and strained4 ,a dessertspoonful of this after each meal may be given instead of the treacle4 ,it is the best tonic we know1 and infinitely better than quinine and other costlier drugs4 ,if a stronger mixture be desired1 put half-an-ounce of senna leaf in the juice while being boiled4 ,this may be increased to a whole ounce of senna if still stronger effect be desired4 ,some are more liable than others to attacks of constipation1 but chronic constipation may generally be put down to errors in diet1 or want of sufficient exercise4 ,indigestible foods1 such as pastry and heavy puddings1 as well as foods which leave little residue in the intestine1 such as white bread1 puddings1 arrowroot1 are highly constipating4 ,tea has also a similar effect1 also large quantities of meat4 ,constipation is seldom found in vegetarians1 since vegetables and fruits act as a stimulus to the intestine4 ,brown bread and oatmeal porridge have also an aperient effect4 ,if it is suspected that milk has been a cause of constipation in any particular case1 it may be boiled and used with coffee instead of tea4 ,much may be done by judicious exercise to relieve chronic constipation1 and help the liver to work 7see ,appendix2 ,physical ,culture74 ,deep breathing will also affect the intestines and urge a motion4 ,bathing and massage of the abdomen are also useful 7see ,massage74 ,clothing should be light and loose1 tight lacing being a frequent cause of constipation4 ,every effort should be made to keep the bowels regular1 as protracted constipation leads to many painful affections1 such as headaches1 piles1 and even inflammation of the intestine1 the various products of putrefaction being absorbed and carried through the blood stream4 ,a daily motion should invariably be solicited at a regular hour4 ,on rising1 before the morning bath1 is a good time1 though some prefer just before retiring to bed1 and more1 probably1 go immediately after breakfast4 ,the great thing is to get into the habit of going daily at a fixed time2 nothing should be allowed to interfere with this1 and it is highly desirable that children should be accustomed to this habit4 ,parents should1 therefore1 see that the schools selected have sufficient closet accommodation1 as schools in private houses often have but the one closet for a large number4 ,as a result of this restricted accommodation1 the habit of using aperient medicines is acquired with very injurious results1 for if the call of nature is neglected the desire passes away1 and constipation is inevitable4 ,it soon comes to be a settled condition and will often be the cause of life-long ill-health4 ,the evils from the formation of such a physical habit will far outweigh all the so-called accomplishments that may be acquired4 ,hot or cold water taken in sips throughout the day has often proved a most valuable cure for constipation4 ,when artificial means are required to move the bowels1 an enema is much to be preferred to drugs4 ,the way to administer it1 so as to be most effective1 is as follows3 ,use a fountain enema holding three quarts4 ,put into it two or three quarts of water as warm as can be comfortably borne4 ,a teaspoonful of salt added to the water will make it more effective1 or soapy water may be used1 made from ,m',clinton's soap4 ,the fountain should be hung up as high above the patient as the india-rubber tube will allow4 ,the patient should lie on the right side1 with knees drawn up4 ,the tube should then be introduced into the rectum1 and should be three or four inches in4 ,the water may then be turned on with the thumb valve4 ,if the abdomen can be rubbed by an attendant in an upward direction it will be better4 ,the water should be retained1 if possible1 twenty minutes or half-an-hour4 ,a ,,hot ,,fomentation 7see7 over the liver1 before using the enema1 will make it more effective4 ,a bulb enema syringe may be used instead of the fountain1 and less water--a pint or even less1 and the water tepid or cold1 may be preferred by some4 ,the disadvantage of a bulb syringe is however that sometimes air gets in along with the water1 causing pain and discomfort4 ,consumption1 ,prevention of4--,this most insidious and deadly disease is caused by a tiny vegetable growth derived from persons or animals already suffering from tuberculosis4 ,the spit of consumptive patients swarms with such germs1 and when it dries and becomes dust the germs may be stirred up and breathed1 or may mix with food1 e4g41 milk1 and so enter the body4 ,a dried handkerchief may also carry the infection4 ,but these germs1 though continually carried into the lungs of almost all1 do not develop in all4 ,the healthy body can resist them1 and it is only in the body which possesses little resistance1 owing to a low state of health1 that they take root1 and so start the disease4 ,want of pure air1 such as is caused by badly ventilated rooms1 dark1 damp1 and dirty houses1 want of good food1 or bad food1 alcoholic drinks1 frequent illnesses1 dirty habits1 are powerful causes in producing this low state of health1 which is so favourable to the growth of the consumptive germ4 ,therefore we insist on fresh air1 especially for children in schools1 for employees in factories1 for clerks in offices4 ,all places of public resort should be provided with proper ventilation4 ,the breath from the lungs is loaded with poisonous organic matter1 and if continually re-breathed poisons the blood4 ,the smell of a room is often an indication of whether the air is pure or not1 especially in the nostrils of one entering from the outer air4 ,let all windows be kept open day and night1 and let fresh air and sunlight continually flood the room4 ,nothing will kill disease germs quicker4 ,avoid choosing a residence with but little open spaces around1 such as basement tenements and back to back houses4 ,have an open fireplace in the room4 ,gas or oil for lighting1 heating1 or cooking renders the air impure1 and in need of constant renewal4 ,see ,air4 ,dirt1 either in the house or around1 poisons the air1 and refuse should be removed to a distance from the dwelling4 ,tea leaves should be sprinkled on floors before being swept4 ,remove dust with damp dusters1 which should be boiled4 ,cleanliness should be strictly attended to1 and schools and factories should be plentifully supplied with soap and water4 ,the food consumed by the vast majority of people is far from being as nourishing as it should be4 ,tea and white bread have replaced porridge and milk4 ,this should not be4 ,cocoa might with advantage replace tea1 and porridge and milk by itself would make a highly nutritious meal 7see articles on ,diet74 ,stimulants are not required by the healthy body1 and intemperance is a fruitful predisposing cause of consumption4 ,skim milk is not a suitable food for the young4 ,see ,infants' ,food4 ,infectious diseases1 such as ,typhoid and ,scarlatina1 are frequently conveyed by cow's milk4 ,there is also reason to believe that in certain cases of ,tuberculosis the infection has been conveyed by milk from tuberculous cows4 ,these risks can only be absolutely avoided by sterilising the milk1 i4e41 by placing the jug in a pan of water and bringing the water to the boil1 keeping it so for twenty minutes4 ,if the milk is kept covered1 and rapidly cooled by placing in another pan of cold water1 but little boiled taste will be felt4 ,sometimes1 however1 sterilised milk disagrees with an infant2 if so1 the strictest watch must be kept on the history of the milk used4 ,it should be remembered that this disease is not hereditary4 ,it is only the delicacy of constitution predisposing to the disease that is inherited4 ,this delicacy may1 especially in childhood1 be remedied4 ,we have known hundreds of tender children made strong by liberal daily ,,massage 7see74 ,in all cases where hereditary weakness is feared this should be resorted to4 ,in many cases nothing more is needed to banish consumption out of families than the stimulation of the skin by this massage4 ,wearing linen underwear 7see ,underwear7 also assists in this direction and prevents chills4 ,as it is of prime importance to increase the chest capacity1 and this is most easily done in youth1 great attention should be paid to chest expanding exercises 7see ,appendix7 and deep breathing4 ,the cultivation of singing will greatly help4 ,consumption1 ,treatment of4--,turning now to the case when consumption has actually shown itself1 the above treatment is exactly the course to be pursued4 ,but we would emphasise the fact that unlimited fresh air and good nourishing foods are the only cure4 ,if the patient can afford it1 it is best to go to one of the ,sanatoria for consumptives in order that he may see how the fresh air cure is practically carried out4 ,it means simply breathing every mouthful of air as pure as it can possibly be obtained4 ,sleeping out in a hut1 with the side completely open1 and with protection only from the rain1 with abundance of clothing1 and1 if necessary1 hot-water jars to supply the required heat1 is strongly recommended1 and every hour of the day1 as far as possible1 should be spent in the open air1 reclining or taking gentle exercise4 ,the food should be nourishing and abundant4 ,plenty of milk1 butter1 and eggs should form the basis of the diet4 ,the strictest precautions should be taken against spreading infection1 and the patient be made to understand that these measures are intended not only to protect the public and his friends1 but to allow of his social intercourse with them1 and to assist his own cure4 ,the source of danger being the spit1 it should be collected in a pocket spittoon or piece of paper1 and be destroyed before it has time to dry4 ,spitting on floors or elsewhere is highly dangerous4 ,the spittoon should be boiled carefully4 ,a consumptive should not swallow his phlegm1 as the disease may thus be conveyed to parts of the body not already infected4 ,kissing a consumptive person on the lips is attended with risk1 and consumptive patients should not wear a heavy moustache or beard1 as the phlegm drying on the hair is a source of danger4 ,the bed on which the consumptive lies should not be in a corner1 but out from the wall1 so as to admit of cleaning and ventilation4 ,curtains and carpets are dust catchers2 reduce the amount of such articles as much as possible4 ,in the event of a death from consumption1 the room occupied by the invalid should not be used again until it has been thoroughly disinfected4 ,the ,public ,health ,authorities are usually ready to carry out this work4 ,if not1 the floor and woodwork should be wiped with damp dusters1 and then scoured with soap and water4 ,if the walls are papered1 the paper should be well damped1 stripped off1 and burnt4 ,if the walls have been white-washed1 this should be renewed with limewash1 containing a quarter of a pound of chlorinated lime to the gallon of limewash4 ,the quilt1 pillow case1 blankets1 and sheets of the patient's bed should be steeped in boiling water and then washed4 ,often consumption is associated with wasting sores on the neck or other parts1 which are extremely difficult to heal4 ,these should be soaked in warm weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 daily1 and dressed with olive oil4 ,they may be greatly mitigated1 if not cured1 by this simple means4 ,see ,abscess2 ,bone1 ,diseased4 ,the directions as to diet in cases of abscess apply also to these cases4 ,besides such outward applications1 the rubbing along each side of the spine should be applied4 ,see ,children's ,healthy ,growth4 ,the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see7 may also be used4 ,the very rapid pulse1 and extreme fever1 which accompany advanced and rapid consumption1 may often be greatly mitigated by cooling cloths applied over the heart4 ,sponging over the whole body with vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 also greatly refreshes the patient4 ,it may be done under the bedclothes1 so as to avoid all possibility of chill4 ,cold cloths over the heart and chest1 if they cause chilliness1 may be accompanied with fomentation of the feet and legs4 ,the temperature of a consumptive should be recorded three times a day1 and if above normal the patient should stay in bed till it is reduced4 ,when the temperature has been reduced1 gentle exercise is very useful4 ,gradually increasing walks should be taken each day4 ,contraction of ,sinews4--,this often occurs at the knee1 bending the joint so that the patient cannot stretch his limb or walk properly4 ,the injury in such a case is usually at the ends of the sinews1 where they are inserted into the bone4 ,if the limb be straightened and put up in splints1 so as to secure perfect rest1 it is well to see that once every twenty-four hours it be removed from its fastenings and treated in some way to obtain a cure4 ,otherwise the whole limb will harden into a straight and unbendable condition1 worse than its original bend4 ,when the fastenings are removed1 then1 each day1 let the limb be rubbed and bathed for an hour4 ,treat the whole body with soaping and oil rubbing 7see ,lather and ,massage74 ,while bathing the limb it is to be rubbed with this soap1 and the lather rubbed gently into all the skin4 ,rub1 after soaping and drying1 with hot olive oil4 ,dry this off1 and wrap the limb in warm flannel4 ,with this treatment no splints or plaster jackets are at all likely to be required4 ,the limb usually soon comes right4 ,sometimes this contraction affects the hip joint1 and causes great distress and lameness4 ,the upper end of the thigh bone is even sometimes drawn a little out of its proper position4 ,for this1 the muscles of the back1 and specially of the side and hip which is lame1 are rubbed with gentle pressure and hot olive oil as often and as long as may be convenient4 ,strong fomentations are also applied for half-an-hour daily 7see ,armchair ,fomentation74 ,we know of one case in which this treatment has cured such contraction both of the knee and hip joint4 ,whether the cause be rheumatism or other trouble1 or an injury1 the treatment is the same4 ,convulsions4--,for an ordinary convulsive attack in the case of a child1 hold the child's head over a basin and pour tepid water 7blood heat1 #ih deg4 ,f47 over the head4 ,this will usually be sufficient4 ,if not1 seat the child in a bath of hot water nearly up to the waist4 ,if bad1 indigestible food causes the fit1 give teaspoonfuls of hot water every few minutes for some hours4 ,if the case is obstinate1 a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 may be put over the lower back1 and cold towels gently pressed over the stomach and bowels4 ,fits from children's teething are more troublesome4 ,they may often be prevented by placing a compress wrung out of cool water along the spine while the infant is warm in the cradle1 and changing it so as to maintain the cooling effect4 ,a handkerchief folded eight ply does very well4 ,four or five changes may be sufficient4 ,rub with a little warm oil when the cloth comes off4 ,if the fits do come on1 treat as above directed for fits from indigestion4 ,cooking4--,the cooking of vegetables requires particular care4 ,the valuable salts and other nutritive ingredients they contain are easily dissolved by water1 and when they are drained1 and the water thrown away1 as is usually done1 all this nutriment is lost4 ,double cooking pots are easily procurable for meat1 porridge1 etc4 ,these are quite suitable for vegetables--cabbage1 turnips1 carrots1 peas1 etc4 ,the vegetable should be placed1 without water1 in the inner pot2 it will take somewhat longer to cook than when boiled in the usual way4 ,the outer vessel should be partly filled with water kept boiling4 ,any juice which comes out of the vegetable should be served in the dish along with it4 ,it may be thickened with a little flour and butter1 or if a regular white sauce is being made1 the juice should be used instead of part of the water4 ,if no double boiler is procurable1 an ordinary tin can1 inside a saucepan will serve very well4 ,many who consider certain vegetables indigestible1 as usually prepared1 will find that when cooked in this way they agree with them perfectly4 ,the fact that the colour of cabbage1 peas1 etc41 is not so green as when boiled in a great deal of water1 is not of importance1 when the flavour and wholesomeness are so much increased4 ,in stews and vegetable soups the salts are1 of course1 preserved4 ,cooling in ,heating4--,often it is difficult to get a sufficient cooling effect by means of cold cloths without unduly chilling the patient4 ,when the head has to be cooled1 as in the very dangerous disease meningitis1 the effect must pass through the mass of the skull before reaching the brain4 ,a large and long continued application is needed for this4 ,the surface is apt then to be overcooled before the interior of the head is affected4 ,in such a case the surface of the head1 when the patient feels it too cold1 should be gently rubbed1 as directed in ,eyes1 ,squinting1 until this feeling goes off4 ,then the cooling may be resumed4 ,or if rubbing be disagreeable1 a warm cloth may be applied for a short time1 and cooling then resumed4 ,in this way a succession of waves of heating and cooling can for a long time be sent through the surface1 with good effect and no chill4 ,the short heating restores the surface1 and does not interfere with the cooling effect reaching the interior parts4 ,the same principle applies to cooling any part of the body 7see ,bathing74 ,any deep-seated inflammation is best reached in this way4 ,for instance1 in the large hip-joints it is of vast importance to reach inflammatory action in parts that are not near the surface1 and cold cloths1 pressed constantly1 produce distress in the surface1 if there is no intermission in supplying them4 ,the patient is apt to rush to the conclusion that he must just yield to be blistered1 painted with iodine1 covered with belladonna plaster1 or burned with red-hot irons6 ,that is1 he will yield to be made a great deal worse in every respect than he is1 because he is not aware that it is quite possible to cure him without making him worse even for a moment4 ,coughs4--,these will be found treated under the various heads of ,colds1 ,bronchitis1 ,consumption1 etc41 but some particular cases of mere cough demand special attention4 ,a tickling cough sometimes comes on1 and seems to remain in spite of all efforts to get rid of it4 ,it is worse at night1 and keeps the sufferer from sleeping1 causing much distress4 ,where the breathing organs are weak1 this cough is caused by an extra flow of blood to them1 especially on lying down1 the blood acting as an irritant by pressing where it should not4 ,in such cases a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 applied as directed for ,bronchitis1 with cooling applications to the part where the tickling is felt1 should soon effect a cure4 ,see ,restlessness4 ,we had a case lately in which these features were very marked4 ,it seemed as if the patient had caught cold and this was showing itself in severe and alarming coughing4 ,the skin was yellow1 and there were other signs of failure in the organs that purify the blood4 ,irritating substances were passing into the lungs because of failure in the liver and kidneys1 and not from anything in the lungs themselves4 ,in such cases the cough is merely a way of throwing off everything which ought not to be in the breathing organs4 ,the remedy is very simple4 ,let the patient take about three tablespoonfuls of hot water every ten minutes for four hours4 ,before these four hours are expired1 the substances causing irritation will be so diluted that they will cease to irritate1 and the organs failing to do their duty will be in full working order4 ,cramp in the ,limbs4--,the treatment of this is to apply cold cloths to the roots of the nerves which govern the affected limb or limbs4 ,for the legs1 the cold is applied to the lower spine2 for the arms or hands1 it is applied to the upper part4 ,the limbs affected should also be rubbed briskly with the hands1 or a rough towel4 ,often the irritating heat causing the cramp is in but a small part of the spine1 and the whole body is cold1 or at least too chilly to make the cold cloths a pleasant cure4 ,in such a case ,,fomentation 7see7 of the feet and legs will supply sufficient heat to make the cure by cold pleasant and safe4 ,cramp in the ,stomach4--,this very severe trouble1 though resisting ordinary methods of treatment1 is not difficult to cure by right means4 ,if help is at hand1 the patient may be placed in a shallow bath1 and cold water splashed with a sponge or towel against the back4 ,a bad case has been cured with two minutes of this treatment4 ,after it1 the patient must be well dried and put to bed4 ,when help is not available1 a substitute for the cold splashing is a thick cold compress1 the length of the spine1 which must be laid on the bed1 and the patient lie down on it4 ,this must be changed when it grows hot1 and a few changes usually give relief4 ,persons who are suffering have often very strong prejudices4 ,for example1 one who has decided most firmly that he cannot do at all with anything cold1 is suffering from cramp1 and nothing but cold will relieve him1 but you must not even hint at any such application4 ,you must in such a case consider how this prejudice took its rise4 ,you will probably find that cold has been unskilfully applied to this patient1 and bad effects have been produced1 not by the cold1 but by its unskilful application4 ,for instance1 in a case of cramp the irritation and excess of heat may be both confined to a very small space1 no more than that which is filled by the root of one nerve2 the rest of the body may be cold rather than hot4 ,there is need first that this general cold should be dealt with1 and a general heat produced by some means or other4 ,this is usually best done by packing feet and legs in a hot blanket fomentation4 ,but this again is not an easy matter when cramp prevails4 ,if you move the limbs in the least the cramp comes on1 and the patient screams with pain4 ,still1 you need not be defeated2 you can let the limbs lie1 and heat them from above by placing the hot blanket over them as they lie4 ,as soon as you get heat raised in the body generally1 by some such means as this1 you are safe enough to apply all the cold that is needed4 ,that may be so little that a common pocket-handkerchief will be enough4 ,this wrung out of cold water1 and folded so as to cover about three inches square of the lower part of the spine1 may be gently pressed4 ,if this is really well done1 there will be no shivering from the cold1 and there probably will be a cessation of the cramp4 ,the one thing wanted is that the cold cloth shall be placed right over the root of the nerve which is irritated1 and consequently overheated4 ,the prejudice is thus overcome1 and it is seen that cold is not to be absolutely avoided1 because it has been once or twice1 or many times1 wrongly applied4 ,to prevent the cramp returning1 means must be adopted to increase vital energy in the system4 ,entire mental rest for an hour after meals must be taken4 ,if the patient says ,i cannot get this1 then he simply will soon have to give up all work1 and perhaps narrowly escape a departure from this working world altogether4 ,each morning before rising1 the compress should be applied as above for a short time2 the back should then be rubbed with hot olive oil before dressing4 ,this treatment1 and proper rest1 will prevent return of the cramp4 ,if the patient falls asleep on the compress1 allow this sleep to continue unbroken3 it is invaluable4 ,so also is the avoidance of all anxious thought1 which is best secured by complete trust in a loving ,god and ,saviour4 ,croup1 ,less ,serious ,form4--,the less serious croup proceeds from a nervous closing of the windpipe1 the attack being brought on by any causes of irritation in the nervous system4 ,in this case1 when the fit reaches a certain stage1 the throat opens1 and breathing proceeds as usual4 ,this croup is a cramp of the windpipe2 the cramp is caused by an irritation of the nerves controlling it1 which are already in a condition to be easily irritated4 ,the cure is to apply cooling cloths to the spine4 ,take the child warm in bed in the morning1 and rub the little back with warm olive oil4 ,ring out a towel of cool1 not quite cold1 water2 fold this into a narrow compress1 and place it along the spine2 place a dry towel above it and wrap up warm4 ,change for a fresh cool towel in two or three minutes4 ,if the child falls asleep on this1 leave him till he wakes voluntarily4 ,rub the back again with oil before dressing4 ,the cooling may continue for an hour or so4 ,if this treatment fail1 the child may be given medicine to produce vomiting1 which frequently relieves4 ,before putting to bed at night wash the child all over with plenty of ,m',clinton's ,,soap 7see71 dry and rub over with warm olive oil4 ,continue this treatment for some days4 ,croup1 ,more ,serious ,form4--,this is caused by an accumulation of material in the windpipe1 which is coughed up in pieces of pipe-like substance1 and which1 if not removed1 threatens suffocation4 ,for treatment1 first give sips of hot water 7distilled water is best7 frequently4 ,we have seen only five teaspoonfuls of this taken by a child followed by the throwing off of such a quantity of matter from the throat as had nearly caused suffocation4 ,the further treatment is the bran poultice between the shoulders1 and cold cloths on the chest1 as prescribed in the article on ,bronchitis4 ,these may not cure in all cases1 but will do so in many apparently otherwise hopeless4 ,the moment the symptoms are perceived1 treatment should be begun1 as this disease is very rapid in its progress4 ,when an actual attack of croup of this kind comes on1 and is severe1 it is usual to put the child in a warm bath4 ,if the water is a little below blood heat1 and laved on the back1 this will go far to relieve2 but it will not have a tenth of the effect which a cold towel will have1 if placed along the spine4 ,it is indeed wonderful how spasms and the various forms of cramp give way to this4 ,when a little warm olive oil is first rubbed on and then off1 there is no danger of cold or of any bad effect 7see ,cramp in ,stomach74 ,if this croup is obstinate1 there may be more serious disease of the throat1 and good medical advice should be had4 ,cures ,losing their ,effect4--,after a fortnight's treatment often matters seem to come to a standstill in a case1 and then the attendants are apt to despair4 ,such a state of things indicate only the need for some change in treatment1 or perhaps for a rest from treatment for some days4 ,common sense must guide1 and the case may be more keenly looked into3 it may have changed its character in the time that has passed1 and different treatment require to be given4 ,it is well not to give up until all has been tried which in any way seems likely to suit the case4 ,all the various articles bearing on it should be carefully read and pondered1 and no doubt the way to change the treatment will open up4 ,see ,changing ,treatment4 ,cures1 as ,self-,applied4--,often young people in lodgings are in difficulty for want of some one to apply the necessary treatment in their own case4 ,it is often1 however1 possible to treat oneself quite successfully by exercising care and common sense4 ,help should always be got if possible1 but where it cannot1 it may be done without4 ,in the case of applying cold cloths to any part1 when it is necessary to change these frequently1 a basin of cold water may stand by the bedside so that the patient can wring out towels without getting up4 ,a still better plan is to have several towels wrung out to begin with--these may be hung over a rail or chairs until required4 ,when the first has been heated it must be hung over the rail or chair so as to be as much spread out as possible4 ,evaporation will then cool it sufficiently to be used when its turn comes again4 ,each towel is to be treated in a similar way in turn4 ,four towels will give an hour's cooling with very little trouble in this way4 ,so a bran poultice may be prepared and laid on the bed1 so that one can lie down on it1 and with the cold towels handy1 as above1 most effective treatment given4 ,common sense is the guide here1 as everywhere in our treatment1 and a little thought will solve difficulties at first apparently insoluble4 ,damp ,beds4--,an ordinary bed which has not been slept in for some weeks1 although perfectly dry to begin with1 will become damp1 even in a dry house1 and1 unless properly dried1 will be a great danger to its next occupant4 ,this is a preventable danger1 and all who entertain guests should see that they are not exposed to it4 ,many a fatal illness is due to the culpable carelessness of those who put a guest into such a bed4 ,ignorance in such a matter is shameful4 ,all who have charge in a house should fully understand their responsibility in this matter4 ,but if you are put into such a bed it is infinitely better to rise and dress1 and make the best of a night of discomfort1 than to sleep among the damp4 ,if1 however1 you have so slept1 and feel the bad effect1 the best cure will be the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see74 ,if this cannot be had1 a good hot footbath1 with the heat kept just comfortable for half-an-hour or more1 will do very well4 ,this should be done at the earliest possible moment4 ,it will add greatly to the efficiency of such treatment if hot water can be had to drink in small quantities1 and often4 ,a few drops of cayenne tea in the water will act as a gentle stimulant4 ,old-fashioned folk place great confidence in a hot drink in such a case4 ,this is all very well if they only keep the alcohol out of it3 that destroys vital resources1 but never supplies them4 ,we have known cases in which all power was lost through a single night in a damp bed4 ,possibly in these cases it might not have been easy to restore the lost vitality by any amount of treatment2 but we rather think that a speedy application of genial heat all over would have restored it4 ,in some apparently hopeless instances it has done so4 ,deafness4--,see ,hearing4 ,decline4--,see ,consumption4 ,declining ,limb1 ,a4--,see ,limbs1 ,drawn up4 ,delirium in ,fever4--,the best way of treating this truly distressing symptom is by cooling and soothing applications to the head4 ,we have seen in one case large cool cloths applied to the head for some time every three hours or so4 ,an almost immediate cessation of the delirium followed this application1 and it only returned a few minutes before the time for the next cooling4 ,if the pulse becomes rather slow than rapid1 and the body rather cool than hot1 while delirium still continues1 then hot cloths may be applied to the head4 ,when either hot or cold appliances are removed1 rub olive oil into the roots of the hair1 and dry off4 ,an excellent treatment is also to cover the whole head with soap lather4 ,see ,head1 ,soaping4 ,it is to be noted that the state of the patient determines the treatment4 ,if he is hot1 cold treatment is required4 ,if he is cool or chilly1 then give the warm treatment4 ,if he changes from hot to cold1 then alter the treatment accordingly4 ,in some diseases delirium occurs1 not because of fever1 but because of poisonous elements in the blood supplied to the brain4 ,this is the case in liver and kidney troubles1 when waste products are not got rid of by these organs as they should be4 ,to get these organs to work1 the best thing is to drink half a teacupful of hot water every ten minutes for two hours at a time4 ,do this once a day for two days4 ,probably it will cause purging1 but that is part of the cure4 ,if the case does not yield in any way to this1 a large hot bran poultice should be placed over the whole of the right side under the arm1 from the spine right round to the breast-bone 7see ,bran ,poultice74 ,this should be renewed if necessary1 so as to keep up the heat for an hour4 ,next day place a similar poultice over all the lower part of the back1 so as to help the kidneys and bowels4 ,dry after these poultices1 and rub gently with warm olive oil4 ,the delirium will usually yield to a few days of such treatment4 ,we have seen the reason under such treatment return with a rapidity that astonished the medical attendant4 ,he had given the patient three months to gain what was complete in less than one4 ,see ,fever4 ,depression4--,this is usually a bodily illness1 though often regarded as mental only4 ,it appears in loss of interest in all that otherwise would be most interesting4 ,a mother loses interest in her children1 a man in his business1 and so on4 ,students1 and children overpressed at lessons1 are apt to suffer from it4 ,it is simply the result of a drain of energy from the system1 until the brain has an insufficient supply4 ,those who have the care of the young would do well to watch carefully against this state coming on4 ,if it appears1 all work should be given up1 and as much play take its place as possible4 ,no cramming of ideas into a weakening mind can ever be equal to the possession of health and energy1 as a preparation for life4 ,treatment should be such as to restore energy4 ,the whole back should be fomented with a large blanket fomentation1 being rubbed with olive oil before and after4 ,let this be done for an hour in the morning2 in the evening give the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see74 ,carry this on for a week1 and then rest for another week1 only rubbing the back with a little hot olive oil each night4 ,cultivate open-air life2 sleep as much as possible--eight hours at least1 or better nine4 ,carefully prepared and easily digested food should be given1 and change of company1 scene1 and climate are most effective helps2 but rest from work is the chief matter4 ,see ,restlessness and ,worry4 ,diabetes4--,there are two more or less distinct stages of this serious trouble2 the first stage is generally curable1 the second stage generally incurable4 ,yet good natural means of cure will very much alleviate even the incurable stage4 ,the earlier as well as the later stages are marked by extreme thirst4 ,this1 in the case of some poor sufferers1 is enormous4 ,gallons of water are taken1 and the more is taken the more is wanted4 ,but this thirst is not the effect of heat1 as fever thirst is4 ,it cannot be quenched by means of cold cloths often changed over the stomach1 as fever thirst can4 ,a sufferer in this disease will set a large pitcher down at the bedside to serve for the night1 and drink it all before morning2 but there is no extra heat anywhere to account for this4 ,the thirst is more like that which is caused by eating very salt food4 ,it points to the character of the juices which are affecting the stomach1 and not to any heated condition of the stomach itself4 ,the drinking is a desperate effort to dilute these juices2 and1 at least by cold water1 that cannot be done4 ,a wineglassful of hot water taken every ten minutes for an hour1 or two hours1 or three1 or ten hours1 as is felt to be comfortable1 will do wonders in the early stages of this disease4 ,this water1 when taken at the right heat1 at once mixes with the strongly concentrated juices of the stomach1 and causes them to be easily managed by that and other organs4 ,it is truly wonderful what this very simple remedy will effect by itself alone4 ,the next thing to be noticed is the excessive hunger4 ,the food1 whatever it may be1 fails to quell this hunger4 ,here1 again1 it is clearly the stomach with which we have to do4 ,when the hunger is developed we should think the case further advanced than when thirst alone is experienced4 ,the hot water meets this symptom as it meets the other4 ,it is also of the very greatest moment to give right food4 ,oatmeal and buttermilk steeped together for a time and then moderately boiled1 a very little salt or sugar being added1 produces a food which we do not expect to see excelled by the most costly that can be got anywhere4 ,wheaten meal1 or barley meal1 will do as well as1 and perhaps in some cases better than1 oatmeal1 but these may be chosen according to taste4 ,the chief thing is the ease with which this food is converted into a large supply of the best of blood for all purposes of nourishment4 ,food containing much starchy matter1 as white bread1 rice1 and all sugar1 must be forbidden4 ,to make up for this1 an abundance of fat should be consumed4 ,the bowels should be kept open by a suitable diet and exercise4 ,now we come to the excessive urinary discharge which is so strong a feature of this disease4 ,the body seems as if it were melting away in this4 ,we can benefit the kidneys vastly through acting on the liver1 as well as on themselves4 ,by a large hot bran poultice over the liver we can add new life to that1 and whatever does so tends to benefit the kidneys4 ,after using this large poultice1 with plenty of oil rubbed on before and after1 say three or four times1 place it over the kidneys and use it as often there4 ,if the heat is well kept up for an hour at a time1 one poultice a day would do1 but1 if the patient desires it1 twice a day will be all the better4 ,it is good to do the best that can be done with the skin4 ,by means of soap and oil rubbing1 and the cleansing effects of diluted acetic acid1 very considerable help may be gained4 ,good can be done by a hot fomentation of the feet and legs to the knees1 with oiling after1 so as to have these extremities in a comfortable state4 ,tea1 coffee1 and sugar must be avoided4 ,diarrhoea4--,sudden attacks of this1 though in a mild form1 are very troublesome4 ,an enema of cold water is in such cases often an immediate cure4 ,the first injection may be followed by even an excessive motion1 but if a second cold injection be given this will cease4 ,but in more troublesome cases1 where the patient is an infant1 or very weak1 this is not applicable4 ,for such cases1 mix equal quantities of honey and lemon juice 7one or two teaspoonfuls of each71 and add enough boiling water to dilute it for taking4 ,give this three or even four times a day4 ,it will usually and speedily cure1 and is relished by infants4 ,often the cause of diarrhoea in infants is the infection of milk by flies 7see ,british ,cholera71 or from dirty feeding bottles4 ,bottles with tubes should never be used4 ,the india-rubber teat should be smelt to see that it is perfectly sweet and clean before the bottle is filled4 ,unsuitable or too rich food will bring this trouble on4 ,a tablespoonful of blackberry 7or brambleberry as it is also called7 jelly may be given--it is a powerful and simple remedy4 ,in adults1 a dose of castor oil1 with a few drops of laudanum in it1 will probably remove all trouble1 if it be due to nothing more than indigestible food4 ,where the cold enema is dreaded1 one of hot thin starch1 with fifteen drops of laudanum in it1 may be used for adults4 ,stale vegetable or animal food1 also impure water1 are fruitful sources of diarrhoea4 ,the mind has a great effect on this trouble1 anxiety and worry are frequent causes4 ,see ,worry4 ,a comfortable seat by the fire1 and an interesting book1 will often relieve4 ,when the diarrhoea is very serious1 use the four-ply flannel bandage4 ,see ,bandage2 ,british ,cholera2 ,dysentery4 ,diet4--,the composition of different articles of food varies4 ,a turnip is not the same as a piece of cheese4 ,it is more watery1 and has more fibre in it1 and we speak of it as less nutritious4 ,there are1 however1 in almost all foods certain chemical substances present which have different duties to perform in the body1 and which are present in widely different proportions in the various articles we use for food4 ,water is the most common of these substances4 ,soups1 vegetables1 fruits1 puddings1 are largely water4 ,some foods contain less of it than others1 but on the whole a very large1 if not the largest1 part of all food consists of water4 ,this large amount is needed4 ,water makes up two-thirds of the body1 and nearly two quarts are given off daily in the various excretions and secretions4 ,if enough be not taken the tissues get dry1 and ,nature indicates her want in thirst4 ,another of these substances is starch1 or its equivalent1 sugar4 ,rice1 bread1 and vegetables in general1 are largely made up of this starchy or sugary substance1 which1 as it contains a considerable quantity of carbon1 we speak of as the carbonaceous element in food4 ,this is the substance which goes to feed the muscles1 replacing the waste from work done1 just as fuel is required for the fires of an engine4 ,yet another substance in food is fat4 ,it may be animal1 such as beef or mutton fat1 and butter1 or vegetable1 as the oils in nuts1 in the olive1 etc4 ,fat1 like carbonaceous food1 also goes to feed the muscles1 but both are required in a healthy diet4 ,of the first importance1 however1 is the proteid element in food4 ,meat1 milk1 cheese1 eggs1 peas1 etc41 contain proteid in considerable quantities4 ,its use is to repair the exhausted tissues themselves4 ,the muscles and nerves get worn out in their daily work1 and require rebuilding4 ,this is what proteid goes to do1 and from this1 its high import in animal economy1 is called ,proteid 7protos--first74 ,finally1 in all natural foods there are certain salts1 which also build up1 e4g41 lime1 which goes to make up bone4 ,these salts may be seen in the ash of any common vegetable after being burnt4 ,these four kinds of food substance make up our daily food1 and a certain amount of each substance is required to replace the daily expenditure1 a proportion which varies1 however1 under different circumstances4 ,see ,food in ,health4 ,as the relative amount of proteid1 carbonaceous matter1 water1 and salts1 may vary considerably in different articles1 we rightly have combinations of food at our meals4 ,a pudding of corn-flour and water contains no building material1 hence we add milk and eggs1 which do4 ,a meal of meat and cheese requires bread and potatoes1 etc41 etc4 ,appetite is a good test of the amount and also of the particular kind of food required1 provided the appetite is in a healthy condition4 ,if a healthy man refrain from carbonaceous foods for a day or so1 he feels a great longing for them1 a sign that the body really needs them4 ,it is of immense importance1 then1 that the appetite should not be accustomed to over-indulgence1 for then it is no guide in our selection of foods 7see ,appetite74 ,if disease indicates such over-indulgence1 food should be restricted till the appetite is accustomed to a smaller diet4 ,bilious people1 for example1 may have accustomed their appetite to desire more carbonaceous and fatty foods than necessary4 ,on the contrary1 badly-fed people often require a coaxing of the appetite to eat strengthening foods1 such as oatmeal1 cheese1 and brown bread4 ,in order to regulate our diet1 it is of importance to have some idea of the composition of common articles of food4 ,we get our food1 as everybody knows1 from the vegetable and animal kingdoms4 ,the majority of the ,anglo-,saxon race live on a diet of animal and vegetable combined1 but many exclude flesh from their diet4 ,in ,southern ,asia1 for example1 the vast bulk of the people rarely1 or never1 touch meat4 ,the vegetable kingdom supplies us largely with the carbonaceous or muscle-forming food1 whereas the animal kingdom is rich in proteid1 or tissue-forming food4 ,much proteid1 however1 can be obtained from the vegetable kingdom--peas1 beans1 lentils1 dried fruits1 and nuts being particularly rich in it4 ,we should endeavour to cultivate an appetite for these vegetables containing proteid1 as it is a great mistake to rely entirely for this element on meat1 as so many of our race do4 ,the animal products--such as cheese1 milk1 and eggs--will also form an efficient substitute for much flesh-food4 ,this simple diet suits both the brain-worker and the athlete1 though each will have to make a selection of those foods most required by him4 ,certainly much animal food is liable to produce kidney disease1 gout1 and kindred troubles4 ,if we have a tendency to corpulence 7and many have this in advancing years71 to resort to an exclusive meat diet will produce these troubles4 ,far better abstain from vegetables1 such as potatoes1 and from sweet dishes1 pastry1 etc41 and eat largely of the green-leaf vegetables and fruits with the articles of a simple diet which build but do not fatten the body4 7,see ,diet and ,corpulence2 ,diet for ,middle ,age1 and the ,aged47 ,fruit is a very useful article of food4 ,the acid helps to keep the blood alkaline 7which alkalinity is necessary for the normal performance of its functions74 ,it prevents acidity of the stomach4 ,the dried fruits1 such as dates1 figs1 raisins1 are very rich in proteid4 ,nuts also are rich in proteid and in fat2 they require1 however1 careful mastication4 ,mills can be purchased cheaply for grinding nuts2 the ground meal1 either alone or made into a cream1 forms a delicious adjunct to stewed fruit4 ,green vegetables are a much neglected food4 ,the salts they contain are very useful4 ,they require careful cooking4 ,a cabbage boiled in the ordinary way loses in the water its valuable salts4 ,in case of flatulence arising from indigestion1 the use of vegetables may1 however1 require to be restricted1 at least for a time4 ,some vegetables are palatable raw1 such as salads and celery4 ,indeed1 raw vegetables have a tonic effect on the bowels4 ,bread should never be too fresh1 and should be thoroughly chewed4 ,zwieback 7twice baked7 can be recommended1 especially for those who suffer from indigestion4 ,it is made by cutting bread1 preferably wheaten1 in thin slices1 and putting these in a slow oven till thoroughly dry and lightly browned4 ,wholemeal bread should always be present on the table1 as its use prevents constipation4 ,indian corn can be made into a number of palatable cakes1 and is a very nutritious food4 ,home-made jam and honey are digestible forms of sugar1 but like all sugar foods should be consumed in moderation1 especially by sedentary individuals4 ,condiments should be avoided1 the healthy appetite is better without them1 and they irritate the stomach4 ,regarding animal foods1 they are often spoilt by over-cooking1 and it should be remembered that when lightly done they are easiest to digest4 ,white fish1 tender steak1 or juicy joint and cutlet are superior to the oily fish1 and kidney1 liver1 and heart4 ,these internal organs should be avoided1 as they contain even more than the rest of the animal certain extracts liable to produce ,,uric ,,acid 7see74 ,milk1 cheese1 eggs1 and butter are not open to these objections4 ,cheese is a food very rich in proteid4 ,it requires careful chewing1 and may with advantage be grated before use4 ,buttermilk is a valuable and strengthening food4 ,a generation or so ago the ,scotch peasants lived almost exclusively on buttermilk and oatmeal1 and were a magnificent type of men in every respect4 ,whey is a pleasant drink1 and may be made a substitute for tea where the latter is prohibited4 ,it is also beneficial for the kidneys4 ,jellies are a pleasant addition to the diet of convalescents1 but have little nutritive value4 ,we would strongly urge upon our readers the advantages of simple diet4 ,we mean by this the avoidance of all those rich and spiced dishes which are made up in so many ways to tempt the appetite1 of alcohol in every form1 of meat to the extent often consumed by the well-to-do1 of pastry and such indigestible food as heavy cakes1 of fried food in general2 and1 on the other hand1 the adoption of a diet largely consisting of milk1 cheese1 eggs1 butter1 cereals1 root and green vegetables1 fruits1 and nuts4 ,it will not be found an expensive diet2 on the contrary1 it is remarkably cheap2 it will give little trouble1 for but little cooking will be needed4 ,it may require some little effort at first1 and some breakings with social customs1 but far less of both than will be imagined4 ,seeing that a large part of disease is ultimately traceable to a rich and stimulating diet1 and to too much food in general1 simplicity is imperative on all who seek for the preservation of health4 ,eat less1 eat better 7or more slowly1 with perfect mastication71 eat simpler foods at your meals1 eat at these meals only when you require it1 and never between your meals4 ,such eating will ensure good digestion1 good assimilation1 good blood1 and good health4 ,diet and ,corpulence4--,a tendency to obesity should always be carefully checked by attention to diet and exercise 7see ,exercise74 ,the fattening foods are those which contain either fat or carbonaceous substances4 ,carbonaceous substances are found in bread1 sugar1 arrowroot1 puddings in general1 pastry1 potatoes4 ,the fats1 such as butter1 cream1 and animal fat1 should be much restricted in their use4 ,as we have above indicated1 however1 it is not wise1 as many corpulent people do in their efforts to get rid of this superabundance of fat1 to make up for their restriction by an increase in the quantity of meat consumed4 ,cheese1 peas1 beans1 buttermilk1 and oatmeal might with advantage be drawn upon instead4 ,at the same time1 if the circulation is good it is well with such proteid diet to increase the amount of water drunk during the day1 as this helps to eliminate the waste which would otherwise overtax the kidneys4 ,green vegetables and fruits should form a large part of the diet4 ,it must be remembered that it is dangerous to strike out at once all fattening foods from the diet2 many have injured their health permanently by such injudicious haste1 and brought on floating kidneys1 etc4 ,remember1 also1 that exercise is a much safer reducer of fat than a very great reduction in diet1 unless there has been a decided tendency to continually overeat4 ,all alcoholic beverages must be strictly forbidden4 ,diet for the ,lean4--,to a large extent the preceding article will suggest what is suitable here1 remembering1 however1 that regular exercise will be also necessary in order to enable the muscles to increase in size4 ,green vegetables and fruits should be largely used in addition to the carbonaceous foods1 as their ,,food ,,salts 7see7 are necessary to keep the blood in a condition to allow of proper assimilation4 ,in the case of nervous and consumptive patients1 the more digestible forms of fat1 such as cream and butter1 are to be recommended4 ,some thin people do not seem able to assimilate much fat4 ,these cases will do better on a smaller quantity4 ,remember always that it is not what is eaten1 but what is assimilated1 that goes to increase the weight1 therefore if any particular food is found1 after a careful trial1 to constantly disagree1 it must be accepted that for that one at all events1 it is not a suitable article of diet4 ,diet for ,middle ,age and the ,aged4--,in advancing years when less exercise is1 as a rule1 taken1 a restriction in the amount of food consumed is highly desirable4 ,the increasing corpulence1 which often begins to show itself from #cj to #dj1 is far from being a healthy sign2 indeed1 is often the premonitory symptom of serious disease4 ,it should be remembered that a lessening quantity of food is required from middle life on4 ,this applies to all the elements of food4 ,it is noticeable that a fat person seldom lives to old age1 most octogenarians being thin and wiry1 and almost all attribute their long life to increasing watchfulness over their health1 and largely over what they eat4 ,when a person is young and taking active exercise1 a good deal of surplus food can be worked off1 and if the excess be too great1 a bilious attack tends to prevent any more being taken1 for a time at least4 ,but as we get on in life1 the surplus food1 if much is eaten1 is deposited in various parts of the body as fatty or gouty accumulations4 ,the liver becomes deranged1 and loss of health and strength are at once apparent4 ,it is then1 as ,sir ,henry ,thompson has well pointed out1 that the fond but foolish wife often does her husband incalculable harm by her efforts to keep up his system4 ,she urges and tempts him to take more food1 fetching him1 between meals1 cups of beef-tea1 soup1 or cocoa1 when he really would be greatly the better of total abstinence from all food for several days4 ,what we have said about appetite being the best guide applies to the old especially1 and if they could but realize what a very small quantity of food is necessary1 they would not be perturbed to find that their appetite guided them to eat very much less than at a younger age4 ,milk1 which is the ideal food for the very young1 is for that reason often undesirable for the old1 and it is a great mistake for such to drink much of it with solid food4 ,diet for the very aged becomes mainly a question of invalid diet1 and it must be remembered that much should be granted to the individual's choice and liking4 ,all foods for the aged should be light and easily digested1 and careful attention paid to proper cooking4 ,a striking example of lost health recovered and life and activity prolonged to a great age1 by strict temperance in food1 is ,cornaro1 a ,venetian nobleman of the sixteenth century1 who lived over #ajj years4 ,he says3--,our kind mother ,nature1 in order that old men may live to still greater age1 has contrived matters so that they should be able to subsist on little1 as ,i do1 for large quantities of food cannot be digested by old and feeble stomachs4 ,by always eating little1 the stomach1 not being much burdened1 need not wait long to have an appetite4 ,it is for this reason that dry bread relishes so well with me4444 ,when one arrives at old age1 he ought to divide that food of which he was accustomed to make but two meals into four1 and as in his youth he made but two collations in a day1 he should in his old age make four1 provided he lessen the quantity as his years increase4 ,and this is what ,i do1 agreeably to my own experience2 therefore my spirits1 not oppressed by much food1 but barely kept up1 are always brisk1 especially after eating1 nor do ,i ever find myself the worse for writing immediately after meals1 nor is my understanding ever clearer1 or am ,i apt to be drowsy1 the food ,i take being in too small a quantity to send up fumes to the brain4 ,oh1 how advantageous it is for an old man to eat but little6 ,accordingly1 ,i1 who know it1 eat but just enough to keep body and soul together4 ,digestion4--,digestion is the process whereby the food we eat is turned into material fit to be assimilated by the blood4 ,it begins in the mouth by the mechanical grinding and crushing of the food1 and the chemical conversion of the starchy part into sugar1 in which form alone it can be assimilated4 ,this conversion is carried out by the saliva4 ,hence the necessity for thorough mastication1 even of sloppy foods that do not seem to require it1 and for attention to the teeth in order that they may thoroughly chew4 ,alcohol and tobacco1 as they spoil the saliva1 are very unfavourable to digestion1 and should always be avoided4 ,twenty minutes longer to chew one's dinner is worth a whole box of pills1 and no one need expect good digestion who neglects thorough chewing and salivation of the food4 ,this may1 with advantage1 be increased to an extent which most people would think quite absurd4 ,it has been proved that when all food is chewed until completely reduced to a liquid1 its nutritive qualities are so increased that about half as much will suffice4 ,this is of immense importance in all cases of weak digestion1 or indeed whenever an absence of vigorous health renders the economy of vital energy important4 ,illustration3 ,digestive ,system4 ,in the stomach the food meets with the gastric juice1 which has the property of turning proteid 7see ,diet for the various substances contained in food7 into material ready for assimilation4 ,the walls of the stomach are muscular1 and their contraction churns the food with the juice4 ,the gastric juice is secreted by glands embedded in the walls of the stomach1 and is poured out when food is taken4 ,the whole food1 now in the form of a paste1 passes into a pipe about #ab inches long 7the ,duodenum71 into which pours the secretion of the pancreas and that of the liver 7bile74 ,the pancreatic juice acts upon the starch which has escaped the action of the saliva1 and also continues the work of the stomach4 ,it furthermore emulsifies the fat or divides it into extremely fine drops4 ,the food passes now into a long coiled pipe--the small intestine4 ,this secretes the intestinal juice which further assists the pancreatic juice4 ,absorption has been proceeding from the stomach onwards 7see ,assimilation74 ,the mass of undigested food is pushed along the small intestine by means of muscles in its walls and passes into the large intestine where a similar process to that of the small intestine goes on1 the remains of the food ultimately reaching the vent in a semi solid form1 consisting of the undigested part and the dbris of digestion4 ,during this complex process much blood and energy is needed for the abdominal region1 therefore hard work or exercise should not immediately follow a meal4 ,it will be noticed that each stage of digestion prepares the food for the next stage e4g41 the mouth prepares the food for the stomach4 ,now1 as the food ceases to be under our control when it leaves the mouth1 every effort should1 as we have said1 there be made to prepare the food for its reception by the stomach4 ,chew food dry as far as possible1 for that excites saliva4 ,it is best not to drink till after the meal4 ,the digestive powers often become weakened in advancing years1 but may be greatly preserved1 and even restored to health after long debility1 by careful attention to the above hints4 ,drinks made of lemon juice or orange juice and water are often very good to help an invalid digestion1 but nothing is better than sips of hot water for some time before a meal4 ,distilled water is especially a most valuable drink4 ,cooling applications to a fevered stomach and warm fomentations to a cold one will often promote digestion marvellously4 ,the feet and legs may be fomented if cold while the cold cloth is pressed over the stomach1 especially if the process be long continued4 ,where heat is necessary it should be gradually and cautiously applied1 so that sickening the patient may be avoided4 7,see also ,assimilation1 ,food in ,health1 ,indigestion74 ,diet1 ,economy in4--,dr4 ,hutchison1 one of our greatest authorities on the subject of ,dietetics1 has well said-- ,the dearest foods are by no means the best4 ',cheap and nasty' is not a phrase which can be applied to things which you eat4 ,a pound of ,stilton cheese at #as4 #b;d4 contains no more nutriment than a pound of ,american cheese at sixpence4 ,a given weight of bloater will yield more building material than the same quantity of salmon or sole4 ,the upper classes in this country eat too much4 ,the labouring classes are insufficiently fed--much worse fed than their brethren in ,america4 ,one of the chief consequences is an undue craving for alcoholic stimulants2 another is that our poor are not properly armed against tuberculosis and epidemic disease4 ,how can this be rectified8 ,anyone who knows anything about the poor man's budget knows that he already spends as much on food as he is able4 ,as it is1 #ej per cent4 of a workman's wages are absorbed in its purchase1 so that half the struggle for life is a struggle for food4 ,the only remedy is to buy the things which are the most nourishing and which yield the most energy4 ,quite a good diet can be obtained for fourpence a day1 yet the average working man spends sevenpence4 ,i advise the buying of more vegetable foods1 particularly peas1 beans1 and lentils1 and the cheaper varieties of fish4 ,the working classes should also be taught how to cook cheese1 and thus make it more digestible1 as the ,italians do4 ,cheese contains much building material1 and is therefore a valuable article of diet4 ,i strongly recommend one good meal of oatmeal a day1 instead of so much bread1 butter1 and tea1 which is the staple diet of so many poor families1 because it is easily prepared1 and because of human laziness4 ,skimmed milk is better than no milk at all1 for it contains all the original proteids1 and has only lost its fat4 ,more dripping and margarine should be eaten1 instead of jam2 margarine being quite as digestible and nourishing as butter4 ,vegetable oils are1 however1 more digestible than animal fats4 ,cocoanut butter is a cheap and excellent substitute for margarine or butter4 ,as it contains no water it will go much further4 ,another instance of bad economy is the use of cod liver oil4 ,butter or even cream are quite as fattening and much more digestible4 ,malt extract is much dearer than honey1 which is superior to it in value as a food4 ,to supply a healthy man with the amount of proteid required by him daily in beef extracts would cost #gs41 in milk 7a comparatively expensive food7 would only cost about #as4 ,diphtheria4--,the most striking symptom of diphtheria is the growth of a substance in the upper part of the windpipe1 which threatens to close it entirely4 ,good medical skill is of first importance here1 yet much may be done where that is not available4 ,we have often seen the swallowing of a little hot water and treacle enable the children to throw up the entire obstruction and make the breathing perfectly free4 ,mark at once whether the feet are cold or warm4 ,if cold1 oil them well with olive oil1 and pack in a hot blanket fomentation to the knees4 ,when the feet and knees are thoroughly warm in this1 put a cold cloth on the back of the neck down between the shoulders4 ,change this as often as felt comfortable4 ,the throat may be brushed out with a weak solution of ,condy's ,fluid1 but a strong solution of common salt will do very well4 ,good white vinegar and water 7see ,acetic ,acid7 is perhaps best of all4 ,we have never seen this fail in changing the character of such growths1 and if the windpipe can be washed out repeatedly with it1 we should feel sure of a desirable result4 ,now1 we have seen a humble working man's wife wash out the throat of her son as well as any medical man could do it1 using ,condy's ,fluid for the purpose with full success4 ,when you can1 have the help of a medical man1 but when you are so placed that such help is impossible1 you need not fear to try yourself4 ,if there is much fever1 cold cloths may be applied to the head to reduce the heat4 ,as the disease is strongly infectious1 care should be taken to isolate the patient1 and attendants should avoid his breath4 ,abundance of fresh air and light should be allowed to enter the room1 and one window at least should be open as far as possible4 ,douche1 ,cold4--,in its most powerful form this is a solid stream of water directed down on the patient's shoulders and spine4 ,it may be applied either by an apparatus fixed up for the purpose1 or by merely pouring from a watering-can without a rose4 ,its power depends on the great heating in the skin which springs up when it is withdrawn4 ,this heating power again depends on the strong shock given to the system when it is applied4 ,thus it will be seen that what is called a ,spray or ,spray ,douche is of little use for the same purpose1 as it gives little or no primary shock4 ,it is with this application as with many4 ,the patient's feeling benefit is the great and true evidence of the treatment being right4 ,when the douche issues in bodily comfort and cheering to the mind1 all is right4 ,if it issues in discomfort1 then some other treatment must be tried4 ,downbearing4--,this expression will cover many troubles especially common among women1 where the weight of the internal organs becomes distressingly felt4 ,these are usually supported without our being conscious of their weight at all4 ,but in weakness1 or after long fatigue and standing1 it becomes felt as a severe downward pressure4 ,this is often caused by the pressure of corset and skirts upon the waist4 ,in cases where it is troublesome1 much help will be derived by adopting some device for suspending the clothes from the shoulders4 ,this may quite cure the trouble 7see ,tight ,lacing74 ,for more serious cases1 take daily a short ,,sitz-,,bath 7see7 in cold water1 with the feet in hot water4 ,internal syringing is often required1 which is best done with the ,fountain ,enema1 and very weak acetic acid and water 7see ,acetic ,acid74 ,a more powerful application is to have cold water poured over the front of the body while sitting in the sitz-bath1 from a watering-can with a garden rose on the spout4 ,this must be done gently at first1 and afterwards more strongly and with colder water4 ,this also prevents the troublesome flooding from the womb1 which so often accompanies down-bearing4 ,the water employed in the douche must be cold1 but it need not be icy cold4 ,ordinary cold tap water does very well4 ,in serious cases medical advice should be sought1 as the womb may be displaced4 ,a golden rule for the prevention of this distressing ailment is to pass water frequently4 ,if women would always do this before pushing heavy furniture1 hanging up pictures1 c41 many internal ailments would be prevented1 as when the bladder is empty there is little danger of the womb being displaced4 ,after the system has been weakened by a miscarriage1 this flooding often occurs4 ,apply the above treatment3 it checks the flooding1 and braces the parts4 ,drinks1 ,refreshing4--,this is a matter of great importance to the sick4 ,nor is anything more important to be said on them than this1 that the foundation of all such drinks must be water4 ,this water must be pure1 and is best distilled1 or boiled and filtered4 ,long boiling will spoil water1 and half-an-hour is long enough to boil4 ,to add to this pure water1 we may take the juice of half a lemon1 sweetened to taste4 ,few patients will fail to relish this4 ,a whole orange may be used instead of half a lemon4 ,a substitute may be made by taking half-a-teaspoonful of good white vinegar instead of the orange or lemon4 ,also in many cases where the cold drink is not relished1 it may be taken warm4 ,dropsy4--,this trouble is rather a symptom than a disease4 ,it rises from accumulation of watery waste in the body1 owing to improper action of the skin1 lungs1 or kidneys1 and sometimes follows scarlet or other fevers and lung affections4 ,by far the greatest danger in such cases arises from fashionable medicines4 ,it is of the last importance that nothing should be given to lessen life by injuring already weakened vital action4 ,it is when this is done by metallic preparations that such cases become very grave and even hopeless4 ,there is a prominent error in connection with all dropsical tendencies1 which should be removed4 ,that is the idea that the water which collects in such swellings is similar to good drinking water1 and that giving the thirsty patient water to drink is increasing his illness4 ,the so-called water which swells the face1 or the feet1 or any other part of the body1 in dropsy1 is used-up matter such as is1 in good health1 removed 7imperceptibly1 in greatest measure7 by the organs fitted for that purpose4 ,water1 especially if given about blood heat1 is at once used for most important vital purposes4 ,this hot fresh water mingling with the poisonous water of dropsy dilutes it--renders it not only so much less injurious1 but tends powerfully to its removal4 ,the thirst of the patient is in perfect harmony with this truth1 as all natural symptoms are ever in harmony with nature4 ,if there are convulsive attacks1 they are the result of used-up matter returning into the circulation1 and reaching even the brain and central parts of the nervous system4 ,the cure is gained when the defective organs are brought to act well4 ,it is shortsighted action to deal with the kidneys alone in this trouble4 ,they often fail because they are overloaded through the failure of lungs and skin to do their part4 ,first1 it is well to act on the lungs by gentle rubbing with hot olive oil between the shoulders and over all the back--done best in a warm room by the fire1 or in bed4 ,this may be continued for half-an-hour or more twice daily4 ,the skin may be stimulated by a smart sponging with vinegar or weak acetic acid1 and a rubbing all over with soap lather1 and afterwards with hot olive oil4 ,this lathering and rubbing to be done at another time from the first rubbing for the lungs4 ,then apply a large warm bran poultice to the lower part of the back behind the kidneys4 ,we have often found the following simple treatment effectual1 where the patient is not very weak4 ,if there are any signs of heart failure1 do not use it4 ,but if the patient is fairly strong1 it is most beneficial4 ,you have a case1 say1 of dropsy in the abdomen3 put on two folds of soft flannel1 wrung out of cold water2 put two folds dry over the moist ones4 ,keep away all oiled silk and everything of the kind4 ,you will very soon have an astonishing outflow of insensible perspiration1 but it passes off through the soft porous flannel without any obstruction whatever4 ,you will find that under this the swelling soon comes down1 and even disappears entirely4 ,it is necessary1 in such treatment1 to renew the bandage so as to keep all fresh and healthful1 but your work is abundantly rewarded4 ,in such a case as this the matter to be passed off is so great that a cotton or ordinary linen bandage may fail1 as being too impervious1 when a flannel bandage will succeed4 ,a ,kneipp linen bandage is perfectly porous1 and will not irritate the skin as flannel often does4 ,worn-out underwear can be kept for this purpose4 ,if stronger heat seems to be needed1 a soft cloth four-ply thick1 large enough to cover the whole lower back1 should be dipped in ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see71 slightly squeezed1 and placed on the back4 ,over this a dry cloth should be placed1 and the patient should lie down on a bran poultice or hot-water bag for an hour or two4 ,afterwards the back should be rubbed with olive oil1 and a band of soft new flannel worn round the body4 ,even if the swelling is caused by rupture this treatment is the best4 ,the rupture must be reduced 7see ,rupture7 and sustained by a proper truss1 for which the patient should apply to a responsible surgical instrument maker4 ,this treatment alone has cured many dropsical patients4 ,where failure of the heart's action complicates the trouble1 this treatment will usually relieve the heart as well as kidneys4 ,for drink in such cases see article ,drinks4 ,for food give whatever is most easily digested and passed into good blood4 ,wheaten-meal food1 oatmeal jelly1 etc41 are good4 ,see also ,biscuits and ,water4 ,drowning4--,many valuable lives have been saved by an elementary knowledge of what to do in the case of one apparently suffocated or drowned4 ,commence treatment immediately in the open air1 with the face down1 neck and chest exposed1 and all tight clothing such as braces removed4 ,the points to be aimed at are--first and immediately1 the ,restoration of ,breathing2 and secondly1 after breathing is restored1 the promotion of ,warmth and ,circulation4 ,the efforts to restore ,breathing must be commenced immediately and energetically1 and persevered in for one or two hours1 or until a medical man has pronounced that life is extinct4 ,efforts to promote ,warmth and ,circulation beyond removing the wet clothes and drying the skin must not be made until the first appearance of natural breathing1 for if circulation of the blood be induced before breathing has recommenced the restoration to life will be endangered4 ,illustration3 ,turning on the ,chest4 ,first3 ,roll the patient over on his chest1 with one of the arms under the forehead1 when the water will readily leave the mouth4 ,second3 ,if breathing does not recommence then1 place him on his face1 supporting the chest on a roll of clothing4 ,turn the body gently on the side1 then briskly on the face repeating these movements1 about #ae times in the minute4 7,by placing him on his chest the weight of the body forces the air out2 when turned on the side air enters the chest74 ,five minutes is the longest that can be afforded to this treatment4 ,third3 ,turn him on his back1 draw his tongue forward1 keeping it forward by a band passing over it and under the chin1 placing the roll of clothing under the shoulder blades4 ,then1 kneeling at his head1 grasp the arms just below the elbows1 draw them above the head1 keeping them stretched for about two seconds4 ,then turn down the arms and press them firmly for two seconds against the sides of the chest4 7,the outstretched position allows air to be drawn into the lungs1 the other position allows it to be pressed out47 ,illustration3 ,arms extended4 ,when a spontaneous effort to respire is observed1 proceed to induce ,circulation and ,warmth4 ,this is accomplished by rubbing the limbs upwards with firm grasp and pressure underneath the warm blankets1 or over the dry clothing which through bystanders or other means should have been already procured1 apply hot flannels1 hot water bottles1 heated bricks1 etc41 to the pit of the stomach1 the armpits1 between the thighs and the soles of the feet4 ,allow abundance of fresh air to play about the patient4 ,administer a teaspoonful of warm water1 and then if the power of swallowing have returned1 give hot milk1 coffee1 etc41 in small quantities4 ,the patient should be kept in bed and a disposition to sleep encouraged4 ,the above treatment should be persevered in for some hours1 as it is an erroneous opinion that persons are irrecoverable because life does not soon make its appearance1 persons having been restored after persevering for many hours4 ,the appearances which generally accompany ,death1 are3 ,cessation of the heart's action1 eyes half-closed1 pupils dilated1 tongue approaching to the inner edges of the lips1 lips and nostrils covered with a frothy mucus4 ,coldness and pallor of surface increase4 ,illustration3 ,elbows on the ,chest4 ,cautions3 ,prevent crowding1 avoid rough usage2 if the body is on the back have the tongue secured4 ,never hold up the body by the feet4 ,never place the body in a warm bath1 unless under medical direction1 and even then only momentarily4 ,dwining4--,we give this name to a trouble from which we have been able to save some patients1 as expressing best the general failure and weakness which sometimes constitute a serious danger1 even where all specific symptoms are wanting4 ,some cases of this kind we have cured1 when they were supposed to be hopelessly dying1 by the use of simple soap lather4 ,the skin of the patient is usually dry1 and the pulse feverish4 ,in such a case take lather1 made as directed in article ,head1 ,soaping1 and spread it gently all over the stomach and heart4 ,repeat this six or seven times1 keeping the patient warm in bed4 ,then1 after drying1 do the same thing to the back4 ,this does immense good4 ,for the general skin stimulation1 rub over with the mixture for ,,night ,,sweats 7see74 ,the skin is rubbed over with this five or six times1 once a day4 ,where there is no feverishness1 but rather cold feelings1 then use the warm lather as directed1 and rub well all over afterwards with hot olive oil4 ,this treatment alone we know to have cured many4 ,dysentery4--,this is an affection of the bowels of the nature of diarrhoea1 but much worse1 as in it blood accompanies the bowel discharge4 ,it usually begins as diarrhoea1 and at this stage may be cured by either warm vinegar and water or simple cold water injected into the bowel 7see ,diarrhoea74 ,where there is any reason to suspect the water supply1 that should be boiled for half-an-hour and cooled before use4 ,attention to the diet1 taking for a time milk diet alone1 is also important4 ,nothing can be better than boiled bread and milk1 giving no more than the sufferer feels he needs4 ,when the diarrhoea has passed into true dysentery1 with blood discharge1 or the trouble begins as such1 then enemas of weak acetic acid1 or vinegar and water1 given warm 7i4e41 a little over blood heat71 must be used instead of cold water4 ,as much vinegar should be used as will make the mixture 7see ,acetic ,acid7 very slightly smarting when applied to a tender part of the skin--say1 to the corner of the eye4 ,what is wanted is just as much acid as will act healingly on the injured vessels1 and no more4 ,an enema of this water mixed with acid may be repeated as long as required with perfect safety and good effect every time4 ,even if the disease has made very serious progress1 this will tell upon it powerfully4 ,these warm enemas should be very resolutely followed up as long as they give the least comfortable feeling4 ,no one who has not felt their magical effect can conceive how powerful they are4 ,we have seen a patient on the point of giving in and lying down as a helpless invalid made perfectly fit for work in less than an hour by this mode of treatment4 ,where the trouble has passed into that stage where the patient is much weakened1 in addition to this the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see7 should be employed2 or if the patient be too weak1 the fomentation may be properly wrapped round him in bed without rising4 ,if the patient be too weak for wrapping round the body1 he may be first wrapped round the legs1 and so strengthened as to stand the stronger remedy4 ,olive oil must be rubbed on the skin before and after fomenting4 ,the heat may be kept up for an hour4 ,if too weak to stand even this1 the feet and legs may be first fomented1 and afterwards the body4 ,this treatment has saved many cases from disaster4 ,see also ,british ,cholera2 ,diarrhoea4 ,dyspepsia4--,see ,indigestion4 ,earache4--,in the common form this is purely neuralgic4 ,the nerves are in shape and distribution like some tender plant1 the root in the brain or spinal cord1 and the ends of the branches in the organs supplied by them with nerve power4 ,they are best affected1 and most easily cured1 by applications to the root rather than the branch ends4 ,this is greatly the case with earache1 which is a trouble of the nerves of the ear--not those of hearing1 but the ordinary nerves supplying the part4 ,the remedy is to press cold cloths on the back of the head and neck4 ,this will often give instant relief4 ,it is best done when the patient is thoroughly warm4 ,if he be cold and clammy in feeling1 the feet and legs must be well fomented before applying the cooling4 ,rub all parts treated with warm olive oil when the treatment is finished4 ,ears1 ,running4--,in this trouble there is indicated a failure somewhere of the clearance of waste from the body4 ,this matter gathers locally in the ear1 where suppuration and discharge take place4 ,a cure must not be directed to the ear alone1 but first the general waste-removing system should be stimulated with special reference to its service in the ear4 ,rubbing the back with hot olive oil and gentle pressure for a long time1 say forty minutes daily1 will go further to cure the ears than anything which can be done to themselves4 ,gatherings1 by this treatment1 are often quickly dissolved and dispersed4 ,where actual waste matter runs out of the ear1 the treatment is to have a round camel's-hair brush and soak the interior of the ear1 using the brush1 with warm weak vinegar1 or weak acetic acid1 just sour to the taste2 then brush with a little fine almond oil1 and wipe very gently as dry as possible4 ,another way is to syringe the ears very gently with this dilute acetic acid2 do not force the acid strongly against the internal parts of the ear1 but rather let it soak in4 ,it may be continued as long as is felt agreeable4 ,do this twice a day2 have also a good warm bran poultice placed at the back of the head and neck for an hour each day1 oiling the skin before and after4 ,this is best done at bedtime4 ,if this treatment be pursued carefully1 the ears should soon come right4 ,ears1 ,singing in the4--,partial deafness is often accompanied by noises in the ear1 which are very annoying4 ,this is caused by the internal state of the ear1 and is often due especially to the state of the aural nerve4 ,similar noises are heard also when we place our fingers in our ears1 or when we hold a shell or hollow vessel against one of them4 ,in the latter case1 what we hear is the rush of blood in the vessels of the ear4 ,in this way1 singing in the ears often arises in the course of the treatment recommended in the last article for running ears4 ,if it become too loud1 a cessation of the heating at the back of the head1 and a brief cooling application1 will relieve it4 ,therefore1 in such cases1 it is well to use ,,cooling ,,in ,,heating 7see74 ,eczema4--,skin eruptions1 known under this name1 have very various causes4 ,treatment must vary accordingly4 ,where the cause is a failure of the skin to act properly1 the whole skin of the body1 especially the chest and back1 will be dry and hard4 ,in this case apply ,,soapy ,,blankets 7see74 ,if the soapy blanket be too severe on the patient1 then apply general lathering with ,m',clinton's ,soap4 ,use a badger's-hair shaving brush1 and have the lather like whipped cream with no free water along with it4 ,we have known a few of these applications cure a case of long standing4 ,where general debility is present1 along with the disease1 use all means to increase the patient's vitality4 ,simple diet is best 7see ,diet1 ,saltcoats' ,biscuits1 ,barley1 ,assimilation1 ,digestion71 and abundance of fresh air1 within and without the house1 by night and by day4 ,where the disease results from a parasite1 some ointment should be used1 and is best applied under the immediate direction of a specialist in ,diseases of the ,skin4 ,elbow ,joint4--,see ,armpit ,swelling and ,bone4 ,enemas1 ,cold ,water4--,prejudice often exists against cold treatment of any kind1 but it must be overcome1 unless the sick would lose some of the most precious means of relief which we possess4 ,the ,enema ,syringe1 or ,fountain ,enema1 may be had from any druggist1 and is used to inject liquid into the lower bowel4 ,to inject cold water by this means is a most efficient method of relief for internal heat and irritation1 as well as for ,,diarrhoea 7see74 ,sick headaches are also often instantly cured by this means4 ,what we are here concerned with1 however1 is to say that this remedy is as safe as it is simple1 so long as discomfort is not felt by the patient4 ,cold enemas may be given repeatedly1 where they are felt to be comforting1 without any danger whatever4 ,if the bowels move after the first application1 there is no need to be alarmed4 ,repeat the cold injection1 and the diarrhoea will cease4 ,the cold enema does not produce or aggravate constipation2 on the contrary1 it often relieves and cures the sluggish bowels4 ,in cases where medicine has to be almost constantly taken1 its use1 and the disuse of the drugs1 will often effect a complete cure4 ,in many instances in which outward cooling cannot be borne1 the thermometer will indicate that there is excessive internal heat1 and the pulse will be quick also4 ,in such cases it will be possible to give the most delightful relief by cautiously applied internal cold4 ,fever that might be relieved by cold packing and sponging with vinegar1 or some such means1 will be far more speedily reduced by these cold injections1 and fever which cannot be reduced by these means alone will give way when this is added4 ,there are cases in which a sort of paralysis of the lower bowel renders what is called opening medicine constantly necessary4 ,the consequence of these continued doses is to produce greater and greater paralysis1 and ultimately death itself2 in these cases the cold enema is of great value4 ,if there is lack of power in the bowel1 it is well to increase it by a warm bran poultice1 or hot bag on the back1 and to brace the vessels and muscles within with the cold enema4 7,see ,constipation47 ,epidemics4--,the key to action in case of epidemics prevailing in the district is found1 when we consider that always1 many residing amid infection escape it4 ,they do so in virtue of better resisting power1 rather than because no seeds of disease ever reach them4 ,in case of epidemic1 then1 besides daily sponging with acetic acid or vinegar1 and scrupulous cleanliness1 everything should be done to increase health and vitality in the household4 ,plenty of fresh air and sunlight1 open windows day and night1 and good plain food1 are most powerful aids to resisting disease4 ,the milk and water used in the household should all be boiled and allowed to cool before use1 the boiling lasting half-an-hour4 ,the family where all this is done may expect to escape infection1 and therefore may maintain that calmness and freedom from fear which is itself a very important help against it4 ,epilepsy4--,the first sign of such an illness is a brief and slight attack of absence4 ,we notice once or twice that the person loses himself for a few moments1 but recovers so speedily that we scarcely are sure whether anything of importance has occurred4 ,he is perfectly unaware that he has so lost himself or been absent at all4 ,that part of the brain on the activity of which consciousness depends has been for the moment inactive4 ,there is another symptom--that is1 the falling which gives one of its titles to this malady4 ,it is called the falling sickness4 ,there is a peculiarity in the falling of one who is affected in this way4 ,in some cases consciousness partially remains1 but the balancing power of the brain is lost4 ,a patient in this case sees the ground rise till it strikes him violently on the forehead4 ,we remember a friend telling us that he was walking along a railway1 when all at once the rail seemed to rise and strike him in the face3 he had fallen on the rail1 and seriously wounded himself4 ,the same thing occurs to the person who has taken enough alcohol to deprive him for the time of brain action for the usual balancing of his body4 ,just as there is a certain part of the brain which gives men consciousness1 so is there a part which gives muscular control1 such as we use in balancing the body1 and there is a stream of vital action flowing from the nerve sources by which both are supplied4 ,if this stream is diverted from these organs1 absence and falling are the natural and necessary result4 ,there are many cases in which there are only absence and falling1 but in others1 symptoms much more alarming appear4 ,the next of these which we notice introduces us to a totally distinct element in our explanation4 ,it is found in the screaming that follows instantly on unconsciousness1 and precedes the falling generally4 ,the sufferer is entirely unaware of all that occurs with him1 and screams by no voluntary act on his part4 ,the symptom is purely bodily1 and expresses no thought or feeling1 good or bad1 though it is similar to the scream of terror1 and makes the same impression on the uninformed hearer4 ,the muscles are used in the scream of epilepsy1 just as the muscles of ordinary movement are used in ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance1 but there is nothing of the mind whatever in the movement4 ,the organ of the mind is unsupplied with vital action1 but the organs of voice are over-supplied4 ,it is beyond doubt this over-supply which shows itself in the scream1 for there is nothing else to account for it4 ,the same thing is true of the movements of the jaw that are so terribly strong1 and so sorely wound the tongue1 in the case of those suffering in this way4 ,the jaws open and shut with great force1 and without the mind regulating their movement4 ,all the motor nerves are convulsed with strong action1 and the muscles they supply are wrought to the utmost1 while all consciousness and control are entirely suspended4 ,there is such an overwhelming supply of activity to the mere muscular system that the sources of that supply are soon exhausted1 and the motion ceases for a time4 ,consciousness does not at once return fully1 but the convulsions cease1 and something like a sleep follows before the brain has its needed supply4 ,how is it that vital action seizes these mere motor nerves and leaves the brain8 ,there is a symptom in cases of epilepsy which tends to throw some light on this question4 ,it is seen in the extreme activity of the brain1 indicated by the incessant talking of the patient before a series of convulsions come on1 when taken along with the extreme depression and silence that follow such a series4 ,during whole nights1 even1 the sufferer will talk1 till every organ is exhausted2 then comes a series of violent convulsions1 then a season of perfect silence and bewilderment4 ,this explanation of the disease points to the remedy4 ,that which will nurse the brain1 and at the same time lessen nervous force in the system1 will tend to cure the evil4 ,strong fomentations round the lower part of the body may be used4 ,soap in fine ,,lather 7see7 should be made to cover the skin at bedtime1 and washed off with weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 in the morning4 ,easily digested food should be taken1 and all so-called stimulants strictly avoided4 ,we should endeavour to secure the soothing of the spinal system of nerves4 ,this is done in a degree that is incredible to those who have not actually witnessed it by a persevering use of the cold treatment of the back4 ,the best time is early in the morning1 after the patient has had a good night's sleep4 ,for a whole hour spinal treatment should then be used4 ,we have no faith in any royal road to success in such a cure1 but we have faith in common sense and right good work4 ,taking three towels1 and putting two of them in cold water1 the operator is ready to begin4 ,it will be well first to rub the patient's back gently with a little warm olive oil4 ,this will obviate all danger of shock or shiver when the cold cloth is placed on the skin4 ,then wring out one of the cold towels thoroughly1 so as to have it damp and not dripping2 fold it lengthways eight ply4 ,put the one over the other1 place both on the centre of the patient's back as he is sitting up in bed to receive them1 keeping the damp towel next the skin4 ,adjust these cloths nicely1 make the patient lie down upon them1 and cover him snugly up with the bedclothes4 ,so long as the feeling is nice1 let well alone4 ,when the towel becomes hot1 wring out the second1 and change it on the back4 ,carry this out for a full hour1 and if the patient is disposed to go to sleep again1 encourage him to do so4 ,continued for weeks every morning this humble treatment1 without any addition1 has an incredibly soothing effect on an excitable system4 ,but it will be well to add to it some nursing of the head and feet1 so that every encouragement may be given to a diffusion of nerve action over the body4 ,at night1 before going to bed1 the feet and legs should be bathed in hot water for a quarter of an hour1 dried1 rubbed gently with warm olive oil1 and a pair of soft cotton stockings drawn on4 ,while the patient is being treated1 every possible wearing and irritation of the brain must be avoided1 and when lying on the cold towel1 the head should be soothingly rubbed by a gentle hand4 ,if an actual violent attack comes on1 loose all tight clothes1 place a piece of cork between the patient's teeth to prevent biting the tongue1 give plenty of fresh air1 and keep the patient in a recumbent position4 ,everything should be done1 by training1 to increase the patient's self-control1 and all stimulants should be avoided as most injurious4 ,see ,head1 ,rubbing the4 ,it is important that those liable to these attacks should be kept employed4 ,nothing is so harmful as idleness4 ,everything tending to good health is of value1 but the essentials of the treatment are found in soothing the spine as above1 and stimulating the brain by the head rubbing4 ,unless in cases in which the very structure of the system has been1 so to speak1 altered by long-continued disease of this sort1 we should look for good results from such treatment as this4 ,even in the worst cases it would be possible to mitigate the severity of the distress4 ,a difference in the focus of the eyes often causes a strain on the brain in the effort to adjust them4 ,this sometimes causes epilepsy1 and we have known many cases cured by the use of spectacles made to correct this inequality4 ,in all cases of this disease1 therefore1 an optician should be consulted1 to see if there is any defect in the eyes4 ,other illnesses are sometimes mistaken for epilepsy3 for example1 the liver and kidneys in a defective state and impurities passing in the blood to the brain1 will explain certain forms of that which passes as epilepsy4 ,it is often easy to cure attacks of this nature by merely bringing the liver and kidneys into working order4 ,if there is a yellowness of the skin1 or other signs of the blood failing to be purified in a natural way1 then that should first be dealt with1 and the fits will often be removed as soon as good action is established in the purifying organs4 ,but in all cases in which there is anything like real fits1 it will be found of great importance to study the over-and-under-actions of the nerve system as by far the most essential elements in the disease4 ,see ,jaundice4 ,eruptions4--,see ,hives2 ,outstrikes2 ,saltrome1 etc4 ,erysipelas4--,this troublesome disease is also known as ,st4 ,anthony's ,fire1 or the ,rose4 ,the skin becomes fiery red or even purplish in hue4 ,a violent heat and pain in the part accompany this1 and fever and general disturbance of the system follow in a severe case4 ,swelling of the parts follows1 with much distress and danger4 ,air irritates violently the sore parts1 and is usually excluded4 ,in curing the trouble1 regard must be had to the cause1 which is usually a general failure of strength from overwork1 worry1 or some other disease4 ,if a cure is to be effected1 rest of mind and body is necessary1 and must be secured at any possible cost4 ,for local application1 the sore parts are thickly dusted with fine fresh flour1 and covered with soft wadding or surgeon's lint4 ,the air is excluded1 and all is kept strictly dry4 ,a waterproof covering over the lint will help this1 but is not absolutely necessary4 ,but1 now1 is there nothing that can be done to quicken that inner action1 the slowness of which has paved the way for all this mischief8 ,this might be done in two ways4 ,after the affected parts1 say the face1 have been secured in this pack of flour1 it will be easy to place a hot blanket1 soaked partly1 but not at all wet1 with boiling water1 all round the head of the patient4 ,as soon as the heat begins to enter the head1 a sense of comfort will be experienced4 ,care must be taken to keep the inner cloths dry1 and heat is best given by an india-rubber bag4 ,when this cannot be had1 however1 the blanket may be used4 ,at intervals1 as the patient feels it desirable1 this fomentation may be renewed4 ,it will hasten recovery as well as arrest the spreading of the malady1 while it will secure such recovery as will not readily dispose to a return of the evil4 ,the feet and legs are likely to be cold4 ,as the sufferer lies still in bed1 but not when the other fomentation is on1 these should be wrapped in a hot fomentation1 allowed to lie in it for a good half-hour1 taken out of it and dried1 rubbed with warm olive oil1 and covered with a pair of soft cotton stockings4 ,if this treatment is at all well carried out1 the feeling of comfort given will soon tell how it is working4 ,of course1 if the feet and legs are the parts affected1 the fomentation must be applied elsewhere1 say on the back1 or on the haunches4 ,where erysipelas appears in connection with wounds or sores1 the same treatment is to be pursued1 as far as possible consistent with dressing the sores4 ,these should be carefully cleansed1 dusted with boric acid1 and covered with a layer of wadding bandage4 ,the limb should be raised to a horizontal position4 ,simple food should be given1 and the sufferer kept quiet4 ,in all cases of skin trouble1 linen should be worn next the skin4 ,see ,underwear4 ,exercise4--,where this is advised medically1 it is often taken in a manner far from wise4 ,for weakly people seeking strength1 exercise should never be pursued to the extent of fatigue4 ,up to a certain point it does good2 beyond that1 harm4 ,the beginning of harm is indicated by the feeling of weariness4 ,at the same time it must be remembered that what is felt as weariness may be merely laziness4 ,this must be energetically combated4 ,there is no royal road to health any more than to learning4 ,in some cases this disinclination for exercise may arise from too much or too rich food1 and a more sparing diet may remove it4 ,see ,appendix2 ,physical ,culture4 ,when even walking is out of the question1 a kind of exercise may be given by gently massaging the limbs while the patient is in bed4 ,the back muscles should also be gently rubbed and kneaded1 so as to cause them to move under the skin1 without effort on the patient's part4 ,but no fatigue must be caused4 ,the amount may be gradually increased as the patient can stand it4 ,see ,brain ,exercise2 ,massage4 ,exhaustion4--,often very serious trouble takes the form of simple overwhelming weariness4 ,the patient's system has been wrought down till it can no longer respond even to stimulus1 and life itself seems ebbing away4 ,in such cases treat as for ,,depression 7see7 avoiding too energetic treatment1 and gradually infusing new life by massage and fomenting4 ,expectoration4--,what is commonly called a cough and spit is sometimes due to some serious trouble of the lungs1 and in all cases a doctor should be consulted at once4 ,often1 however1 it is due to the failure of the skin or other organs duly to carry off the waste of the body1 which then accumulates in the air tubes4 ,if we get a good revivifying treatment of the skin1 such cough and spit will speedily be cured4 ,a mild vapour bath1 with thorough ,,soaping 7see ,soap7 will usually be sufficient in a slight case4 ,sometimes there is a sweating of the skin itself which does not cure expectoration1 but which must itself be cured4 ,that is the night or early morning sweating1 which is very reducing4 ,it is the insensible perspiration which is needed to remove the spit4 ,give one good sponging over the body with acetic acid2 follow this the evening after with cayenne tea1 afterwards rubbing with warm olive oil4 ,for two or three evenings repeat this treatment4 ,there should then be a loosening of the phlegm1 and a lessening of the flow through the lungs4 ,the sufferer may be very weak1 and yet these things may be so gently and kindly done1 that no fatigue is experienced4 ,if above treatment does not cure1 the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see7 may be used once a week1 with daily sponging with vinegar or weak acetic acid1 and rubbing with warm olive oil4 ,this should cure in a few weeks1 where there is no real disease4 ,eyes1 ,accidents to4--,three distinct classes of these are to be considered4 ,they require very different treatment4 ,when the eyeball is cut or pierced1 if the cut be deep or large1 a surgeon must deal with it4 ,but if small1 a drop or two of castor oil let fall into the eye will often be all that is required4 ,where inflammation comes on1 the tepid pouring recommended below for bad eyes will greatly help4 ,if more severe1 the treatment for inflamed eyes may be given4 ,perfect rest and thorough exclusion of light are very important4 ,if the eye is bruised1 bathe with warm water1 to which a little vinegar or boracic acid has been added4 ,if after bathing1 pain continues1 drop in castor oil1 and on the outside of the eyelid lay a pad dipped in a mixture of equal parts of laudanum and water4 ,change this cloth frequently until the pain is relieved4 ,treat in this way also for insects stinging the eye4 ,when the eye is burned1 either by sparks or by some burning chemical substance1 cold cloths should be persistently applied to the eye4 ,the softest rags or surgeon's lint should be cut up into small pieces that will just cover the eye4 ,dip these in the coldest water1 and press it out a little1 so that it will not run off4 ,place these little bits of wet cloth one after another on the eye or eyes affected4 ,the patient will not be able to endure pressure further than the weight of the cloths themselves4 ,these can be taken off and changed for cold ones as the feeling of the sufferer directs4 ,after a time the cooling will be felt to have gone far enough1 and the cloths may be allowed to lie2 when they get too warm they can be taken off1 or if the heat and pain return they can be renewed4 ,while this treatment is going on it will be necessary to open the eyelids at intervals1 so as to let off the tears that collect in such cases and cause great distress4 ,these will flow out when in the most gentle way you have laid one thumb on the upper eyebrow1 and the other just below the lower eyelid1 so that you can draw the lids just slightly open4 ,eyes1 ,cataract on4--,this disease has been arrested1 and in earlier stages even cured1 by the treatment described in1 ,eyes1 failing sight4 ,by means of this treatment we have seen a totally blind eye restored in a few weeks4 ,eyes1 ,danger to ,sight of4--,where inflammation has gone so far as to lead to suppuration1 or even to ulceration of the eyes1 there is grave danger of blindness1 and this is often the case with infants and children who have been wrongly treated or neglected4 ,in such a case1 cease at once all irritating and painful treatment and drugs4 ,first1 wash the eyes by gently dropping over them distilled water1 or boiled rain water which has been cooled4 ,the water should be used about blood heat4 ,after an hour or so1 have another warm bathing by means of gentle pouring over the eyes1 but do not rub the eyelids4 ,let there be no friction beyond that of the soft and warm water running over the face in the bathing4 ,rather have patience till that washes all waste matter away than run any risk of irritating the eyeball4 ,all this time watch what the sufferer evidently likes1 and follow his likings--that is1 as to warmer or colder water1 and so on4 ,it will not be very long before you have thoroughly cleaned the eyes1 while at the same time you have infused fresh life into them4 ,to the water used a little vinegar or acetic acid should next be added1 or ,condy's fluid may be used when it is convenient4 ,but care must be taken that no great smarting is caused4 ,see ,acetic ,acid4 ,as the discharge from ulcerated eyes is very infectious1 care should be taken not to communicate it to other persons' eyes4 ,strict cleanliness should be observed1 and all rags employed should be burnt1 and disinfectants used to cleanse the patient's and nurse's hands1 etc4 ,towels should be boiled for half-an-hour before being washed1 after they have been used in such a case4 ,now a most important matter must be attended to4 ,castor oil is the most soothing that can be used with the eyes4 ,fresh olive oil comes next1 but it is usually just as easy to get the one as the other4 ,with a feather1 or fine camel's-hair brush1 and as gently as possible1 cover the eyelids with this oil heated to about blood heat4 ,do not try to force it on the eyeballs1 but if the lids open so much as to let it in1 allow it to lubricate the eyeball also4 ,rub it gently over the eyebrows and all round the eyes1 and dry it gently off4 ,cover the eyes then with a soft covering1 and let them have perfect rest4 ,it sometimes happens that a tiny piece of dust or iron may stick in the surface of the eye1 and refuse to be washed away by the tears4 ,take a square inch of writing paper1 curve one of the sides of it1 and draw it lightly and quickly over the spot4 ,never use any sharp instrument or pin4 ,repeat the operation a few times if unsuccessful4 ,diet as recommended in article ,eyes1 ,hazy ,sight4 ,eyes1 ,failing ,sight4--,this often comes as the result simply of an over-wearied body and mind1 without any pain or accident whatever4 ,it appears as an inability to see small distant objects1 or to see at all in dusky twilight4 ,the sight is also variable--good when the patient is not wearied1 and bad when he is tired4 ,when this comes on under thirty years of age1 the eyes have almost certainly been overworked1 and need rest4 ,rest from all reading and other work trying for the eyes is the best cure4 ,if this can be had1 it should be taken1 with much outdoor exercise4 ,fresh air is a fine tonic for the eyes4 ,where total rest cannot be had1 take as much as possible1 and nurse the failing nerves as follows4 ,apply the bran poultice1 as directed for inflamed eyes1 just as long as it is felt to be comforting--with one patient it will be longer1 with another shorter4 ,now there is a cooling of the brow and of the eyes themselves1 which is as important almost as the heating of the back of the head4 ,we always find1 as a matter of fact1 that a cold application opposed to a hot one produces a vastly better result that two hot ones opposed1 or one hot one by itself alone4 ,so we find in the case of the eyes4 ,we have now1 as we write these lines1 eyes under our care that are mending every day by means of a bran poultice at the back of the head and neck1 and a cold cloth changed on the brow and eyes4 ,they do not mend anything like so well if heat alone is used4 ,rub the back of the head and neck with hot olive oil before and after poulticing1 and dry well4 ,do this for an hour at a time1 twice1 or if possible three times1 a day4 ,continue for a fortnight1 cease treatment for a week1 and again treat for another fortnight4 ,this should make such improvement as to encourage to further perseverance with the cure4 ,sometimes failing sight follows neuralgia4 ,in this case the rubbing described in ,eyes1 ,squinting1 given twice a day for fifteen or twenty minutes each day1 will be useful in addition to above treatment4 ,even in cases in which cataract is fully formed1 we find that the disease is arrested1 and the patient at least gets no worse4 ,but where this malady is only threatened the haze soon passes away4 ,we most earnestly wish and pray that this simple treatment should be as widely known as there are failing eyes in this world of trial4 ,eyes1 ,hazy ,sight4--,frequently1 after inflammation1 and even when that has ceased1 the sight is left in a hazy condition4 ,the eyes may be in such cases rather cold than hot1 and not amenable to the cooling applications4 ,the whole system also lacks vital action4 ,first1 in such a case1 wash the back thoroughly all over at night with hot water and ,,soap 7see74 ,dry well and rub hot olive oil into the skin until dry4 ,in the morning rub the back for a few minutes with vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 before getting out of bed1 dry1 and rub with warm olive oil4 ,a strip of new flannel should be sewn on the underclothing1 so as to cover the whole back4 ,the feet and legs should be bathed 7see ,bathing ,feet7 twice a week4 ,all alcoholic drinks1 and most drugs1 should be avoided1 while only such food should be taken as can be converted into good blood4 ,half a teacupful of distilled water should be taken before each meal4 ,the whole of this diet tends to produce healthy blood1 which is the great means of dissolving all haziness in the lenses and humours of the eyes4 ,every drop of alcohol does so much to reduce that action4 ,we have heard this beautifully described by one of the foremost of living medical men4 ,he began by stating1 what no one can doubt1 that a certain quantity of alcohol taken by the strongest man will kill that man as effectually as if he were shot through the head with a rifle bullet4 ,now a certain portion of alcohol takes a man's sight entirely away4 ,half that quantity will only render his vision double--that is1 unfit him to see objects as they really are4 ,half that again will only perceptibly impair the power of the eyes2 but the action of the smallest particle of the substance is the same in nature as that of the largest quantity4 ,hence that action is to reduce the very efficiency of the nerves of the eye1 which it is of such immense importance to nurse to the uttermost4 ,no mere dictum1 however strongly expressed1 can hold for a moment against this transparent reason4 ,hence1 if a person must take alcoholic liquor1 the cure of inflammation in his eyes1 and of the thickening of the transparent portions of these organs1 is simply out of the question unless the disease is comparatively slight1 and his nervous constitution strong4 ,the very same reason holds good of tobacco4 ,so of opium4 ,so of every other narcotic1 whatever it may be called4 ,hundreds of men lose their eyesight by the use of tobacco alone4 ,we have seen their eyeballs gradually becoming sightless when no change could be detected in their eyes--only the optic nerve gradually lost its sensibility till they were entirely blind4 ,we are perfectly aware that there are those who will scout the idea of such an effect1 and prescribe these very narcotics largely in such cases2 it is because such drugs are used and ordered that we are compelled thus to reason about them4 ,in all cases of failing eyesight they should be carefully avoided4 ,so should all foods which are not easily converted into healthful blood4 ,eyes1 ,healthy4--,cheap1 ill-printed literature is responsible for much eye trouble1 and it is well worth while to pay1 if possible1 a little extra for books well printed1 especially in the case of those who read much4 ,when reading sit erect1 with the back to the light1 so that it falls over the shoulder4 ,too fine work1 dim light1 wrong diet1 and want of exercise produce the dull and strained eye1 which eventually becomes seriously diseased4 ,opening the eyes under cold water will help to strengthen them1 and massaging the muscles of the eye by passing the finger and thumb round the socket 7with scarcely any pressure on the ball itself7 will be found of advantage4 ,eyes1 ,inflamed4--,for all kinds of burning inflammatory pain in the eyes1 the following treatment is most effective4 ,place a hot ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 beneath the back of the head and neck while the patient lies on the back4 ,press gently fresh cool damp cloths1 frequently changed1 all over the eyeballs and sockets1 so as to draw out the heat4 ,no one who has not seen this done can imagine how powerful a remedy it is4 ,it may also be necessary1 if the feet be cold1 to foment up to the knees4 ,this last fomentation is best done at bedtime1 and the feet and legs should be rubbed with olive oil1 and a pair of cotton stockings put on to sleep in1 to keep the feet comfortable4 ,if the eyes are very sensitive the treatment should go on in dim light1 as may be felt necessary4 ,the poultice and cold cloths may be used for an hour twice a day4 ,in bad cases1 where sight has been seriously affected1 a good rubbing of all the skin of the head with the finger tips may be given before the poultice is applied4 ,this rubbing must not be a trial to the patient1 but gently done1 with kindly good will1 and it must be pursued for fifteen or twenty minutes1 until the whole head is in a warm glow4 ,eyes1 ,inflamed1 with ,general ,eruptions over the ,body4--,in some cases the eye trouble is only a part of a general skin inflammation1 accompanied with heat all over the body1 and an acrid1 irritating discharge from eruptions on the face and elsewhere1 especially on the head4 ,the cold cloths and poultice will not work in such a case4 ,the chief agent in the cure is fine soap lather 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,let the head be shampooed with it for half-an-hour4 ,the whole body should then be lathered and shampooed for a short time in a warm bath2 this is best done at bedtime4 ,much water is not needed2 warm soapy lather1 well rubbed all over1 is what is required4 ,ordinary soap will make the skin worse2 only ,m',clinton's will do to soothe and heal it 7see ,soap74 ,if white specks show on the eyes1 the treatment in article on ,eyes1 ,danger to ,sight of1 will cure these4 ,when this complaint is obstinate and refuses to heal1 medical advice should be sought1 as blood poisoning is probably present4 ,eyes1 ,paralysis of4--,the partial paralysis of the muscles of one eye produces double vision1 so that the patient sees two similar objects where there is only one4 ,this double vision is often1 however1 the result of stomach derangement4 ,if so1 it may soon pass away4 ,the true paralysis is more persistent4 ,to cure this1 rub the entire skin of the head gently and steadily with the hands and finger-tips 7stroking always upwards7 for some fifteen minutes4 ,then apply cold cloths to the eyes as already directed4 ,if the cold cloths are uncomfortable1 hot ones should be tried4 ,do this for fifteen minutes also4 ,continue alternately for an hour twice or three times a day4 ,we have known one such day's treatment remove the double vision entirely1 and no relapse occur1 but in most cases the treatment must be persevered in and returned to until the paralysis is overcome4 ,eyes1 ,spots on4--,these spots are of two different kinds1 and yet they are very much the same in nature and substance4 ,what is called a cataract is of a different character4 ,we refer not to this1 but to the spots that form on the surface of the eyeball1 and those that form in the membrane of the eyelid4 ,when inflammation has gone on for some time on the eyeball itself1 portions of whitish matter form on the glassy surface and soon interfere with the sight4 ,when inflammation has gone on in the eyelid1 little knots like pin-heads form1 producing a feeling as if sand were in the eye4 ,afterwards these knots grow large and swell the eyelid1 and at times the matter in them grows hard1 and seems to take up a lasting abode in that tissue4 ,strong and destructive liquids or powders are sometimes applied1 that so affect the whole substance of the eye as to cause blindness4 ,nothing of this nature is required at all4 ,first1 the skin of the head must be dealt with4 ,you will find that this is hot and dry1 and somewhat hard on the skull4 ,rub this gently with the dry hands for a few minutes1 then press a cloth tightly wrung out of cold water all round the head4 ,rub and cool alternately for half-an-hour or more if it continues to produce an agreeable feeling4 ,when the head is all soothed1 and good action has been secured1 at least on its surface1 begin with the eye itself4 ,the same treatment is required for both classes of cases4 ,the eye will be shut at first4 ,you take a fine camel's-hair brush1 such as is used by artists1 and some vinegar or acetic acid1 so weak that you can swallow a portion of it without hurting your throat4 ,this is a very good test of strength for the acid4 ,you carefully brush over the outside of the eyelids and all round the eye with this weak acid4 ,this must be done most carefully and patiently for a length of time1 till all sweatiness is washed off1 and a fine warm feeling is produced by the acid4 ,the matter softens and breaks up1 so that it begins to pass away4 ,we have seen a little ball of hard white matter break up and come away after a single brushing carefully done4 ,when the matter is in the eyelid1 and is so situated that you can brush over it in the inside of the lid1 it is well to do so2 but this operation must be gently and carefully done4 ,when you have brushed with the acid long enough1 dry the eyelids and cheek carefully1 and rub with a little fresh olive or almond oil4 ,it will be well to cover the eye from the cold1 and from any dust that might irritate4 ,you will soon find that it is as clear and sound as could be wished4 ,eyes1 ,squinting4--,various affections of the eyeball muscles cause this4 ,to cure it is often easy1 sometimes very difficult4 ,the method of treatment is to stimulate all the nerves of the head and face1 and at the same time to soothe their irritation4 ,this is accomplished by massaging the brow and entire head4 ,it must be gently and soothingly done4 ,the open hands are drawn upwards over the brow from the eyebrows1 the rubber standing behind the patient4 ,then both sides of the head and the back of the head are stroked similarly4 ,after this the whole head is rubbed briskly with the finger-points4 ,this should be done often1 even four or five times in the day4 ,if the patient objects1 it is being unskilfully done2 the right sort of rubbing is always pleasant4 ,a squinting eye has been cured in a few rubbings1 where the case was a simple one4 ,if the head becomes very hot1 it may be cooled as directed above for ,children's ,sleep4 ,squinting may be produced or increased by that state of the stomach and bowels in which worms are bred4 ,face1 ,skin of4--,to secure a healthy appearance of this is worth much trouble1 and any eruption or unhealthy redness is a great trial1 especially to ladies4 ,to cure and prevent these1 it is usually necessary to look first to the diet4 ,a disagreeable redness of the nose1 and pimples in various places1 is the common result of too much rich food1 not to speak of alcoholic drink1 which is always most injurious to the face skin4 ,the use of corsets is another fertile source of this trouble1 and many in their desire to improve their figure ruin their faces4 ,plain1 easily digested food is to be taken4 ,tea must only be used at most twice in the day1 and should be exceedingly weak4 ,half-a-teacupful of hot water should be taken before every meal1 and everything possible done to promote digestion4 ,the whole skin must be brought into a healthy state by daily washing with ,m',clinton's soap 7see ,soap72 no other should be used for toilet purposes4 ,it is far better than the boasted and expensive complexion soaps1 and can now be had in various forms4 ,many faces are injured by the kind of soap used in washing4 ,the use of the kind we recommend is remarkably pleasant and beneficial1 and a full account of it1 and of our motives in recommending it1 will be found under article ,soap4 ,if1 however1 the face will not stand the touch of water at all1 good ,,buttermilk 7see7 forms the best wash and cooling application4 ,also a cloth mask may be worn all night1 lined inside with soft creamy soap lather4 ,in violent face irritation this last treatment is especially valuable4 ,for pimples on the face1 the general treatment for the skin mentioned above 7see ,eyes1 ,inflamed7 is to be used1 especially applied to the skin of the back4 ,the buttermilk wash may also be used1 but the best effect comes from the general treatment of the skin4 ,fainting4--,fatigue1 excessive heat1 fright1 loss of blood1 hunger1 etc41 are common causes4 ,the action of the heart is temporarily interfered with1 and pallor1 a sweat on the forehead1 with an indescribable feeling of sinking away1 precede unconsciousness4 ,the first thing to do is to bend down the patient's head till it touches the knees1 and keep it there for a few minutes4 ,after he has partially recovered consciousness1 the clothing should be loosened1 and all tight bands or braces removed4 ,the face and hands should be bathed in cold water1 slapping the face with a wet towel4 ,some stimulant1 such as hot tea1 coffee1 or sal volatile1 may then be given4 ,if there is a wound causing loss of blood1 it should be attended to at once4 ,in case fainting is due to hunger1 the greatest care should be taken to give only small quantities of food after recovery1 as a large amount may prove fatal4 ,a sip of cold water1 or bathing the face with cold water1 will generally prevent a threatened fainting4 ,if there appears any immediate danger of a relapse1 keep the patient in a horizontal position for some time4 ,persons liable to fainting fits should be careful to avoid extremes of temperature1 such as very hot or very cold baths4 ,fall1 ,a4--,after a fall from a height1 where there is no apparent outward injury1 there is often such a severe shock to the spinal cord and brain that continued unconsciousness occurs4 ,in such a case1 foment the spine at first1 to remove the effects of the concussion4 ,this may bring on serious difficulty of breathing1 owing to congestion of the spinal cord4 ,this can be removed by applying cold cloths along the spine4 ,if the difficulty of breathing be present from the first1 then apply the cold at once4 ,the first effect of such a fall is to deprive the brain and spinal cord of vital force4 ,this must be restored by heat4 ,subsequent effects due to congestion can be removed by cold4 ,the effects of a shock in a railway accident may be similarly treated4 ,common sense will guide in using heat or cold by watching the effect4 ,where heat fails try cold4 ,this is the simple rule4 ,it is good also to give the patient some simple purgative medicine1 and some warm drink4 ,avoid all doses of alcoholic drinks4 ,we have known the flickering flame of life almost extinguished by a teaspoonful of brandy4 ,feeding1 ,over4--,it is well to remember that over-feeding is a relative term4 ,to take more than a weak stomach can digest1 is to over-feed1 although very little be taken4 ,we give some invalids food every two hours but that food is only two-thirds of a teacupful of milk1 mixed with a third of boiling water4 ,in every case we must watch to give the right amount1 no less and no more4 ,every case will require to be considered by itself in the light of common sense4 ,the amount of food eaten should be just sufficient to supply the body with material to replace that consumed in work1 build up its wasted tissues and leave a slight surplus over for reserve store4 ,anything more is harmful4 ,in youth1 if too much be eaten1 nature relieves herself by giving the transgressor of her laws a bilious attack1 during which there is no appetite1 and so the excess is worked off4 ,in later years this safety valve does not work1 and the surplus is generally stored as useless fat1 impeding the action of the heart or other internal organs1 or as gouty deposits in various parts4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon race at all events does not limit its diet as we think it should1 and ,sir ,henry ,thompson1 ,m4,d41 has stated that in his opinion more ill-health arises from over-eating than from the use of intoxicating liquor1 great a source of illness as this last undoubtedly is4 ,temperance in diet is absolutely necessary therefore1 if one would be healthy1 and the avoidance of stimulating foods1 with a restriction of flesh foods especially1 is a precept which the great majority of well-to-do people need to attend to4 ,bilious attacks1 headaches1 indigestion1 etc41 are simply nature's protest against the excess of food being forced upon her1 and the natural cure is to severely restrict1 or still better1 entirely stop the food supply for a day or two4 ,the idea that the system must be kept up is a very foolish one2 people have lived for forty days and upwards on water alone1 and a few days' fasting is a far safer remedy for the troubles we have mentioned than purgative drugs4 ,those who have a stomach which quickly rebels against too much or unsuitable food1 may1 as ,sir ,henry ,thompson says1 congratulate themselves on having a good janitor preventing the entrance of what would injure4 ,the man who can and does eat anything1 rarely lives to old age4 ,the perfect appetite which comes from the moderate use of simple foods is a relish which must be experienced to be appreciated4 ,one way in which the amount of food needed to satisfy the appetite and build up the body may be very largely reduced1 is by increasing the amount of mastication4 ,if each bite of food is chewed and chewed until it is all reduced to a liquid state1 the amount required will be less than half of what is usually taken1 and so much less strain will be thrown on the excretory organs4 ,feet1 ,cold4--,continued coldness of the feet gives rise to many more serious troubles1 and should always be attended to4 ,there is no better cure than daily ,,bathing ,,the ,,feet 7see71 followed by rubbing for several minutes1 say five1 with hot olive oil after drying4 ,rub briskly1 until the feet glow4 ,put on dry warm stockings1 and see that all foot-gear is kept as dry as possible4 ,another method of curing cold sweaty feet is to rub the soles with ,,cayenne ,,tea 7see71 and afterwards with warm olive oil4 ,dry carefully1 and wear an extra pair of dry cotton socks or stockings4 ,when the sweating is very abundant and obstinate1 there is usually more or less failure in the nerves which keep the skin in order4 ,the feet must then be properly bathed 7see ,bathing the ,feet71 then dried and treated with cayenne lotion as above4 ,feet ,giving ,way4--,where there is a great deal of standing to be done by any one1 the feet sometimes yield more or less at the arch of the instep4 ,this becomes flattened1 and even great pain ensues2 lameness sometimes follows4 ,young girls who have to stand much are especially liable to suffer in this way4 ,in the first place rest must be had4 ,wise masters will provide due rest for their employees1 foolish ones overwork them4 ,rest is not against1 but in favour of work2 work cannot be well done without due rest4 ,the proper rest for feet such as we speak of will be the most easy and comfortable position4 ,comfort is the test of the right treatment4 ,bathe the feet in hot water for a good while1 using plenty of soap4 ,rub gently with hot olive oil1 pressing any displaced bones into1 or near1 their place4 ,carefully avoid giving pain4 ,massage similarly with oil the whole limb1 and also the back 7see ,massage74 ,do this every day at least once4 ,you may have months to wait1 but a sound limb is worth a good deal of patience4 ,when standing is absolutely necessary1 strips of strong sticking plaster passed down from above the ankle bones1 and round under the instep1 help greatly4 ,boots are better than shoes1 and should be comfortably easy1 with low heels4 ,fever4--,in all fevers1 to cool down the excessive heat of the patient 7see ,heat1 ,internal7 is the best process of treatment4 ,this may be best done by continued cooling of the head4 ,have a towel well wrung out of cold water4 ,fold it so as to envelop the head4 ,press it gently to the head all round1 changing the place of pressure frequently4 ,have a second towel ready1 and continue cooling with freshly cooled towels perhaps for an hour or an hour-and-a-half4 ,then leave the last cold towel on1 and put a dry towel above it4 ,the next cooling1 when the fever heat again arises1 may be given1 if it can be managed1 by placing a cold towel along the spine4 ,cover this with a dry one1 and let the patient lie on it4 ,change this1 though not quite so frequently as in the case of the head4 ,work carefully and gently1 so as not to annoy the patient4 ,if ice can be had1 it may be put in the water used to cool the cloths4 ,if the feet be cold1 foment them in a blanket 7see ,fomentation74 ,keep this on the feet for an hour4 ,there will most likely be great relief with even one course of such treatment4 ,it must1 however1 be persevered in until the fever be conquered4 ,in any case of fever1 when a patient is too weak to bear the hot fomentation and cold towels1 we would recommend rubbing the feet and limbs if cold with hot oil1 and the stomach and chest1 and if possible the back with soap lather4 ,it is well at first to soap the stomach only1 and for some time2 and each time till the last it is well to wipe off what you have rubbed on1 so that the skin may be as clean as possible for the next4 ,to do this only once is often quite sufficient to soothe1 so that the patient falls off into a gentle1 natural sleep4 ,now1 no one need imagine that there is any difficulty in the way of anyone carrying out the right treatment4 ,we have known a young sister who saw her brother brought home in fever4 ,the medical man predicted a long and serious illness1 and the necessity of being prepared for all the usual features of such a case4 ,the sister heard all in thoughtful silence1 but when the doctor went away she said to herself1 ,may not ,i lower this flame8 ,at any rate ,i will try4 ,so through the night she so effectually cooled her brother's head that when the medical man came next day he expressed his most agreeable disappointment1 saying1 ,it is to be a very light case after all4 ,so it turned out to be1 but it would not have been so but for that brave sister's aid4 ,we cannot but earnestly beseech all who have the opportunity to go and do likewise4 ,often1 especially among the poor1 dirt and hot1 close air have made the fever room a source of frightful danger to all around4 ,absolute cleanliness1 abundance of pure air1 and disinfection of the stools1 should always be attended to4 ,fever at ,night4--,frequently1 in illness1 a fever sets in as night approaches1 and increases toward midnight1 passing away during the day4 ,the treatment may be as below for ,intermitting ,fever4 ,fever1 ,delirium in4--,see ,delirium4 ,fever1 ,gastric4--,in this fever1 now known as a form of ,typhoid1 the disease spreads a sort of blight over the nervous centres1 and from the first greatly lowers their power4 ,the patient is too weak to bear the powerful cooling recommended in ,fever2 there is also a tendency to prolonged and low fever4 ,first of all1 in such a case1 the feet and legs must be fomented4 ,watch against burning the patient1 but get as good and powerful a heat as possible right up over the knees4 ,then after about fifteen minutes the cooling of the head may proceed as in fever4 ,both cooling and heating must proceed together4 ,we must think of not merely relieving1 but of curing the patient1 by attacking the poisonous substance where it has lodged in the nerve centres of the bowels4 ,pure water1 with just as much acetic acid or vinegar dropped into it as will make it taste the least sour1 should be given in tablespoonfuls 7and hot7 as frequently as the patient can take it without discomfort4 ,if possible it should be distilled water1 or rain water filtered1 but certainly as pure and soft as can be procured4 ,there is no drug that can be prescribed that is equal to pure water1 and no acid better than common white vinegar4 ,these three things--the strong fomentation of the feet and legs1 the cooling of the head1 and the dissolution of the poisonous substances by means of pure water1 and their counteraction by means of acid in very small strength--will do wonders in gastric fever4 ,the turn may be secured in a week instead of three1 if these things are skilfully and persistently applied4 ,we should say that the strong fomentation and cooling of the head should not be done oftener than twice a day1 and only once if the patient feels too weak for twice4 ,but as a general rule1 the person who is ill will wish these things at least twice a day4 ,the sips of water should be given1 say in a dozen separate tablespoonfuls at a time1 at least thrice a day--oftener if desired by the patient4 ,for food there is nothing equal to good fresh buttermilk4 ,all alcoholic drinks are damaging in a high degree in such an illness as this4 ,sweet milk1 if somewhat diluted with good water1 will do1 but there is nothing so good as the buttermilk fresh from the churn4 ,absolute rest in bed is necessary1 and no solid food should be given to the patient until his temperature has been ten days at normal point4 ,all food given in the illness should be liquid enough to pass through the meshes of a milk strainer4 ,care should be taken in this matter1 as death has often followed the taking of solid food1 when otherwise recovery would have come4 ,milk should always form the largest portion of the diet1 and may be given with arrowroot or oatflour4 ,beef tea is of little use1 and is always to be avoided if there is a tendency to diarrhoea4 ,plenty of cold water may always be given4 ,in a community which is visited by gastric fever as an epidemic this fact is striking--only a portion of the people are affected by the visitation4 ,here is one man who drinks the water which gives gastric fever to another2 that water goes into his stomach as it does into that of his neighbour1 and passes through his system the same1 yet death is the result in one case1 and not even sickness or inconvenience in the other4 ,in the latter case the system has the power of resistance1 and our aim should be to increase this4 ,therefore we say by all means look to the healthful state of the lungs and bowels when you have the least reason to fear that bad water may bring gastric fever to you or yours4 ,if there is any tendency to constipation get some liquorice1 and boil it thoroughly with about half an ounce of senna leaves to a twopenny stick4 ,strain well1 and let all in any danger have a teaspoonful of this thrice a day4 ,it will do wonders in keeping matters in a good state within4 ,if possible1 give a good rubbing all over once a week with hot vinegar1 and follow that up with warm olive oil4 ,that will do a great deal to keep things right outside4 ,take and give more rest than usual to the toil-worn when such danger is near1 and have as good food provided for all as is possible4 ,there may be danger in the air1 and still worse danger in the water to those whose vital force has got low1 while there is none in either to those whose systems are in good tune4 ,you are1 perhaps1 ready to ask if we care nothing about bad water8 ,certainly2 we care a great deal about it1 as we do about bad air4 ,by all means condemn wells and streams that are corrupted1 and insist on the opening of better ones4 ,make it a first condition of having anything to do with a place for habitation that it has good air and good water4 ,we are only pointing out the best safeguard when neither the one nor the other can be insured4 ,in all cases where water is suspected1 it should be boiled before use4 ,there is1 in great numbers of persons1 both old and young1 what may be called the natural aptitude of healing4 ,they are kept back from trying to help because it is regarded as so dangerous a thing to go near fever1 and also to interfere where only professional skill is legally allowed4 ,to apply such a remedy as that which we have here sketched for gastric fever is perfectly safe in both senses4 ,no medical man worthy of being regarded will find any fault with it1 and there is no danger to either the patient or the person applying it4 ,the mode we have pointed out involves nothing that may not be easily had by the very poorest4 ,what is wanted is only one or two who shall be ,christian enough to care just a little for human bodies as well as human souls1 and who shall study such simple and accessible remedies1 and be ready to guide their fellow-creatures in a time of trouble4 ,fever1 ,hay4--,see ,hay ,fever4 ,fever1 ,influenza4--,this is a slow1 smouldering kind of fever4 ,for treatment1 pack the feet and legs in hot fomentation over the knees1 and apply cold cloths over the stomach and heart1 taking care in applying the cold if the patient is weak4 ,in such a case only moderately cool cloths should be used4 ,carry out these two processes effectively1 and a cure should soon result4 ,give light food--milk and water1 and milk diet generally4 ,give small quantities frequently rather than a good deal at once4 ,fever1 ,intermitting4--,for this the treatment may be given as in gastric fever1 and1 in addition1 the stomach and bowels should be carefully lathered over with soap lather 7see ,lather74 ,this has a wonderfully soothing effect4 ,it may be spread with the hand over the skin1 and fresh supplies gently rubbed on until much of the fever is removed4 ,some five minutes' lathering at a time is enough--this may be done several times a-day4 ,carefully dry after it1 and let the patient rest4 ,it will be well to anticipate such attacks by softening the skin when it shows a tendency to be hard and dry4 ,a gentle rubbing now and again with fine lather and good olive oil will secure this4 ,we say lather and oil because1 when there is no fever heat1 lather by itself is too cooling1 but when mixed with a little oil the mixture is comforting rather than chilling1 and softens nicely4 ,fever1 ,rheumatic4--,this results from severe damp chills1 usually following exhaustion from some cause4 ,its best treatment at an early stage is by heat applied to the spinal nerves4 ,if the trouble be chiefly in the legs1 treat the lower back2 if in the arms1 treat the upper back4 ,the heat is best applied by a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see74 ,a teaspoonful of tincture of ,guaiacum may be given before each poulticing1 which may be done twice a day for an hour4 ,we have known an illness that threatened to last six weeks cured in one week by this means4 ,give also teaspoonfuls of hot water from time to time4 ,where the trouble has advanced to severe fever1 and swelling of the joints1 an entirely different treatment is best4 ,let a lather of soap be made 7see ,lather71 and spread over the chest first1 and afterwards gradually over the whole body4 ,after four or five coats of lather have been put on1 wipe off with a dry cloth1 and proceed to lather again4 ,we have seen half-an-hour of this treatment1 well done1 greatly relieve the fever2 it was continued twice a day1 and in three days the trouble was conquered4 ,care must be taken not to chill the patient4 ,the soaping can be accomplished with only a small part of the body uncovered at once1 and1 with proper precautions1 the bed can be kept perfectly dry4 ,if a proper liniment is procured and lints sprinkled with it wrapped round the joints1 the pain will be wonderfully relieved4 ,but such liniments are only to be had on the prescription of a really good medical man1 who will not1 if he really seeks to heal1 and knows his business1 object to our treatment being applied4 ,sometimes1 after rheumatic fever1 one or more of the joints become stiff4 ,this stiffness varies in different cases from an apparently complete solidifying of the joint to only a slight inconvenience in its use4 ,we have seen many such joints1 even very bad cases1 completely cured by a proper use of heat and massage4 ,it is1 however1 no trifling matter to undertake the necessary work1 and perseverance is an absolute requisite4 ,even very obstinate stiffening will in time be overcome by frequent and strong fomentation1 followed by rubbing with olive oil in such a way as to squeeze gently all the muscles and sinews of the limb1 and move them under the skin4 ,this should be followed by gentle bending of the joint1 back and forward as far as it will go without pain4 ,it may need to be done twice a day for many weeks1 yet the result is worth even more trouble1 when you literally make the lame to walk 7see ,rheumatism74 ,fever1 ,scarlet1 or ,scarlatina4--,as a first precaution1 when an epidemic of this exists1 children should be sponged twice a week all over with hot vinegar before being put to bed4 ,this is a powerful preventive4 ,if anything like sore throat appears1 bathe the child's feet in hot water until a free perspiration is produced4 ,dry well1 under a blanket1 and rub all over with hot vinegar1 then put the patient to bed4 ,if in the morning there is no evident fever1 repeat the sponging with hot vinegar1 dry well1 rub with hot olive oil1 and dry again4 ,if the fever definitely develops1 place the child in a light airy room1 from which all unnecessary carpets1 curtains and furniture have been removed4 ,no one should enter this room except those on duty in nursing1 nor should any from the house ride in public conveyances or attend meetings4 ,these precautions are just as necessary in slight as in severe cases1 as infection from a mild case may cause a fatally severe attack in another person4 ,where the rash of the fever seems reluctant to appear1 the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see7 will bring it out very speedily4 ,but the above simple treatment is usually sufficient4 ,when vomiting is almost the first symptom1 six teaspoonfuls of hot water are to be taken every ten minutes for an hour2 then treat as above with foot-bath1 hot vinegar1 and oil4 ,in a severe case have medical aid if at all possible4 ,where there is great fever spread a large dry towel or sheet on the bed4 ,lay one wrung out of lukewarm water on it2 let the patient lie down on this4 ,carefully wrap him up in the damp cloth1 then over that wrap the dry one1 with a blanket outside over all1 and the bedclothes above4 ,this will certainly soothe for a time4 ,it may be repeated every two hours1 for twenty minutes or half-an-hour at a time1 night and day1 till the fever is subdued4 ,for nourishment in succeeding weakness1 give milk and boiling water1 mixed in equal parts1 every two hours4 ,if stimulants are required1 give ,,cayenne ,,tea 7see71 reduced in strength until it just slightly burns the mouth1 half a teacupful every half-hour4 ,cool the head also if necessary1 as directed for typhoid fever4 ,fever1 ,typhoid4--,treat as under ,fever1 ,gastric1 and ,fever4 ,in addition1 great care should be taken to disinfect and destroy any stools1 and especially to prevent these getting into any drinking water4 ,keep the patient at rest in bed4 ,no solid food should be given during the whole course of the illness4 ,milk mixed with an equal quantity of boiling water is best4 ,give only a wineglassful at a time1 as often as the patient can take it4 ,if the patient craves solid food1 it must on no account be given4 ,it is almost certain to cause a relapse4 ,fits4--,see ,convulsions2 ,nervous ,attack4 ,flannel ,bands4--,see ,band1 ,flannel4 ,flatulence4--,this is the accumulation of gases in the body1 usually caused by fermentation of the food at some part of the digestive process4 ,a failure of the vital energy in the stomach and related organs is generally the cause4 ,over-exertion1 worry1 grief1 any prolonged strain1 will cause this failure4 ,as first treatment1 then1 the cause should be removed1 if this be at all possible4 ,do less work1 cultivate simple faith in ,god instead of worry4 ,do not sorrow over-much4 ,the best material remedy is to take tablespoonfuls of hot water every few minutes for several hours4 ,if cold1 the feet should be bathed 7see ,bathing ,feet71 or fomented1 for about an hour at a time4 ,these two simple remedies will generally prove sufficient1 if persevered in4 ,flushings1 ,hot4--,these are often a really serious trouble1 especially to women1 at certain stages of life4 ,most often they come about the age of fifty1 but in weakly persons may occur at any time4 ,a disturbance in the nervous system1 due to lack of energy1 is the cause of such feelings4 ,they are often accompanied by ,,depression 7see74 ,any treatment ought to be directed to strengthening the nervous system4 ,a good plain diet1 easy to digest1 is a most important matter4 ,soaping with soap lather over all the body 7see ,,lather7 will greatly restore the tone of the nerves of the skin4 ,this may be done every night1 and the ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see7 rubbed all over every morning for a week or two4 ,this treatment will usually prove successful in curing4 ,fomentation4--,some general remarks on this important treatment we give here4 ,first1 no fomenting should be done for at least an hour after a meal4 ,and it should usually be followed by a period of complete rest4 ,a very good way to foment any part of the back or front of the body is by an india-rubber bag of hot water of the proper size and shape1 with two or three ply of moist flannel between the bag and the skin4 ,these bags can now be had of very various sizes and shapes1 and one or more should be in every house4 ,in fomenting a knee1 foot1 or ankle1 a good sized half or even whole blanket is necessary4 ,fold this one way until it is twenty inches broad4 ,lay it out on a clean floor or table1 and sprinkle sparingly boiling water across one end4 ,roll this end over and sprinkle the roll1 turn over again and sprinkle again1 and so on until the whole is rolled up4 ,thoroughly knead and twist it1 so that all is penetrated by the moist heat 7see illustration1 page #cb74 ,or it may be prepared by soaking the blanket in boiling water1 and wringing it out with a wringing machine4 ,it may then be unrolled and unfolded so as to permit proper wrapping round the limb to be fomented4 ,care must be taken not to burn the patient1 or give any shock by applying the fomentation too hot4 ,it must be comfortable4 ,see ,heat ,and ,weakness4 ,sometimes fomentation may seem to increase the pain1 say in a swelled limb1 and yet we should persevere in the treatment4 ,this may seem to contradict our dictum that we should be guided by the feelings of the patient4 ,the reason is that if some dead matter has lodged deep down in the limb1 it will have to be brought up to the surface ere the diseased state can be remedied4 ,if strong fomentation is used in such a case1 it is not unlikely to increase the painfulness of the limb1 and a swelling may appear4 ,it will at once be said that the disease is getting worse4 ,this is quite a mistake--the increased pain is arising from such stirring of life as will bring about a complete cure4 ,if the treatment is continued1 the swelling will by-and-by come to a head and burst1 and can be treated as in ,abcess4 ,fomentation1 ,armchair4--,this is applied as follows4 ,over a large armchair spread a folded sheet4 ,provide a good large blanket prepared as above in ,fomentation4 ,then rub the haunches1 thighs1 lower back and abdomen of the patient with a little olive oil4 ,wrap these parts in a warm dry towel4 ,open up the hot blanket and spread it 7still some three-ply thick7 on the sheet on the armchair4 ,let the patient sit down upon it as soon as it is cool enough not to hurt4 ,fold the blanket all round the patient's lower body and thighs4 ,draw the sheet over all1 and cover up well to retain the heat4 ,at the end of an hour1 or such less time as the patient can endure1 a smart washing with hot vinegar1 and a gentle rub with warm olive oil1 will complete the treatment4 ,this is best done at bedtime1 as the patient must go to bed immediately after it4 ,in cases of failure of the large hip-joints1 or of the lower limbs1 in sciatica and lumbago1 the armchair fomentation is of great use2 also when running sores exist from one of the hips or lower back1 or even in numbness or lack of vitality in the feet and toes4 ,it is referred to under the headings of the troubles in which it is of advantage4 ,suppose that we are dealing with lack of vitality in some organ in the lower part of the body4 ,we argue that the nerves supplying this organ are needing in some way to be increased in force4 ,this is to be done by getting them heated4 ,there is an arrangement in nature which hinders this being quickly done4 ,the rapid circulation of the blood which is going on all round these nerves tends to keep them about the same temperature4 ,the heat1 as it is applied1 passes off rapidly in the stream of the blood4 ,but if the heating process is carried on long enough1 the whole blood of the body becomes gently raised in temperature1 and by-and-by the heat applied to the surface reaches the roots of the nerves1 not only by means of the circulation1 but by gradually passing through the skin muscles1 and the bones that are near it4 ,new life is infused1 and that where it is specially required4 ,the flagging organ soon shows that it responds to this true stimulant4 ,after a few such fomentations it begins to act as perhaps it has ceased to act for months1 and even for years4 ,we speak of what we have seen again and again in cases where distress was caused by what is called sluggishness in some important organ1 or when such an organ was altogether ceasing to act properly4 ,the armchair fomentation is more successful than the hot sitz-bath1 though this is by no means to be despised4 ,food and ,mental ,power4--,unsuitable or ill-cooked food has a most serious effect on the mental powers2 and when we take the case of a mental worker1 we see that1 in order to carry this power right on through a long life1 proper diet is of great importance4 ,also many good mental workers are more sensitive than ordinary men3 they are more easily destroyed by strong drink or opium4 ,the nip of brandy1 the soothing draught1 are terrible dangers to such4 ,instances of brain power continued far into old age are always lessons in plainness of diet and temperance4 ,one such temperate man will do as much work as ten who are luxurious eaters1 tipplers1 and smokers4 ,diet for mental workers should be light and easily digested1 with a preponderance of proteid food 7see ,diet74 ,rich1 tough and fatty foods1 and hot stimulating drinks should be avoided4 ,as mental work is generally sedentary work1 and consequently having a constipating tendency1 some of the vegetable foods giving a stimulus to the muscles of the intestines should form a part of the diet1 such as green vegetables1 fruits1 and oatmeal4 ,food in ,health4--,as will be seen from many of these articles1 the question of diet is one of the greatest importance1 in health as well as in disease4 ,the onset of disease is1 in fact1 often due to long-continued abuse of the whole digestive system through the use of unsuitable food4 ,by unsuitable food1 we mean not so much food that is bad in itself1 but rather that which is not suited to the temperament or work of the eater1 or to the climate and circumstances in which he finds himself4 ,a ploughman or fisherman1 for example1 may thrive on diet which will inevitably produce disease in the system of one whose work confines him to the house for the most of his time4 ,one condition of a healthy life is1 therefore1 careful consideration of our work and circumstances before deciding on our diet4 ,also1 a man of excitable and irritable temperament will need different diet from one of a slow and quiet nature4 ,the food which will only stimulate the latter will over-excite the former1 and may even make him quite ill4 ,what is commonly called bad temper is often only the result of wrong diet1 and will disappear under a milder course of food4 ,it will1 of course1 be seen at once from this1 that the case of every man must be considered by itself4 ,a decision as to proper diet can therefore only be made when all the facts about a case are known1 and in this matter the man himself must decide a good deal for himself2 nevertheless some general directions can be given which will help our readers to a decision in their own case4 ,in the first place1 we would guard against a very common error--viz41 that a smaller quantity of food1 chemically of a less nutritive kind1 means less nourishment to the body4 ,on this head we refer to the articles on ,digestion and ,assimilation4 ,it may only be remarked here that what the body actually uses1 and what is taken into the stomach1 are two very different things4 ,it is often the case that food containing less actual nourishment will give greater nourishment to the body than chemically richer food1 because the former fits the state of the digestive system better4 ,what each one must consider is1 not what food has most of the chemical elements needed by the body1 but what food will give up to his own body the most of these elements4 ,another error is that the use of medicine can for long assist the body to use heavier food4 ,in a case of disease1 medicine often is of the greatest value as a temporary aid to digestion1 but its continual use is the parent of great evils1 and at last defeats the very end for which it was given4 ,if a person needs continually to use medicine1 there is probably either some organic disease present1 or1 more commonly1 great errors in the diet taken4 ,avoiding medicine1 then1 except as a very temporary resource1 and remembering that food is to be judged more by the way it agrees with us than by its chemical constitution1 what rules can we give for diet in certain common cases8 ,first1 diet should vary in summer and winter as the season varies4 ,foods rich in fat1 such as ham and bacon1 should be for winter use only1 and should even then be more or less used as the weather is cold or mild4 ,for summer diet1 milk foods1 such as milk puddings1 etc41 ripe fruits1 and green vegetables should predominate1 being varied also with the heat or coolness of the weather4 ,in very hot summer weather1 animal food should be very sparingly partaken of4 ,it must also be borne in mind that warm clothing or heated rooms may convert a winter climate into a summer one4 ,second1 diet should vary according to the occupation of the eater4 ,the writer and brain-worker will do best1 as a rule1 on little butcher meat1 taking chiefly fish1 eggs1 and light milk foods1 with vegetables and fruits4 ,alcohol in any form is especially fatal to brain-workers1 and must be avoided1 if there is to be really good health4 ,third1 food must vary according to temperament1 age1 etc4 ,to give rules under this head is almost impossible4 ,the growing boy will need proportionately more food than the adult1 the man more than the woman4 ,it is indeed true here that what is one man's food is another man's poison1 and that every man must find out for himself what he needs4 ,it may be generally said that the food which digests without the eater being aware in any way of the process is the best for him4 ,it may safely be affirmed in relation to this question of food in health1 that the middle and upper classes eat quite too much4 ,hence the stomach trouble and goutiness 7often in a disguised form7 that they suffer from4 ,too much carbonaceous food will produce corpulency1 and too much animal food ,,uric ,,acid 7see74 ,on the other hand1 the poor1 for want of knowledge of really economical nourishing foods1 suffer from want of nutrition4 ,an opportunity is always present1 in case of sickness among the poor1 by philanthropic persons to inculcate the value of good food4 ,instead of bringing a basket of beef tea1 tea1 and jelly1 take oatmeal1 fruit1 milk1 and vegetables4 ,what we have said should be sufficient as a hint to those who wish to regulate their diet on common-sense principles4 ,a little careful thought should enable any one to work out a satisfactory scheme of diet for his own particular case4 ,regularity in meals is of great importance4 ,there should be fixed hours for meals1 with which nothing should be allowed to interfere1 no matter how pressing the business may be4 ,do not assume1 however1 that it is necessary to eat at meal times1 no matter whether appetite for food be present or not4 ,to eat without appetite is an infringement of natural law1 and it is far better to go without the meal if nature does not demand it than to yield to custom1 or to imagine it necessary to eat because the dinner bell has rung4 ,if not hungry do not eat at all1 wait till the next meal time2 do not take a snack in an hour or two4 ,three meals are1 as a rule1 better than more1 and many have found two suit them best4 ,probably one-half the human race 7the inhabitants of ,china and ,hindostan7 live on two meals a day4 ,food in ,illness4--,light1 easily digested food is of the first importance in many illnesses4 ,to know easily procured and simple foods1 which are really light1 is a great matter4 ,saltcoats biscuits 7see ,biscuits and ,water7 form one of the best and most nourishing foods4 ,so does oatmeal jelly1 prepared by steeping oatmeal in water for a night1 or for some hours1 straining out the coarse part1 and boiling the liquor until it will become jelly-like when cold4 ,oatmeal steeped in buttermilk for a time1 and then moderately boiled1 makes an excellent diet4 ,wheaten meal or barley meal may be used for these dishes instead of oatmeal1 according to taste4 ,many other dishes1 with rice1 arrowroot1 sago1 etc41 will suggest themselves to good cooks2 but for sustaining the invalid and producing healthy blood1 none surpass those described4 ,fright4--,some most distressing troubles come as the result of frights4 ,in many cases much may be done to relieve such troubles1 which arise from severe shock to the brain and nervous system4 ,the results may be very various--from mere stomach troubles to paralysis--but the cure in all cases lies mainly in giving fresh energy to the nervous system4 ,if a blanket fomentation is placed all up and down the back1 over a rubbing of warm olive oil1 and the excited person is laid on that1 one good step will have been taken in the way of restoration4 ,then this may be aided by cool cloths very cautiously laid over the stomach and bowels1 so as to cool in front1 while heat is given at the back4 ,this will be specially desirable if the heat at the back is rather high4 ,when the blanket loses its heat it need not be taken off1 but a poultice of bran1 highly heated1 may be placed under it1 so that the heat from the bran may come gradually and comfortably through1 and pass into the body in that gradual way4 ,so soon as a sense of genial comfort spreads over the back1 it will be found that a right state is stealing over the organs that were threatened by paralysis through the alarm4 ,the defect very soon disappears4 ,gangrene4--,see ,cancer in ,foot4 ,gatherings4--,see ,abscess2 ,ankle2 ,armpit2 ,bone1 ,diseased4 ,giddiness and ,trembling4--,this comes very often as the result of loss of nerve power in the spinal system1 due to weakness1 shock1 or simply old age4 ,a great deal may be done to relieve1 and in many cases to completely cure1 by the following simple means4 ,wrap the patient round the middle in a soapy blanket1 rubbing well afterwards with hot olive oil4 ,give an hour's fomentation at a time each night for a few nights2 rest for a day or two1 and repeat4 ,the fomentation must be a blanket one1 but should only extend from the armpits to the hips1 not over the limbs4 ,for treatment of giddiness arising from the stomach see ,indigestion4 ,half a teacupful of hot water every ten minutes for five hours is usually an effective cure4 ,this should be done daily for three days4 ,let it be kept in mind that we must not have hard water--that is1 water impregnated with mineral substances1 such as lime or iron4 ,we must have soft water1 that is1 such as rain water nicely filtered1 or distilled water1 which can be had from any good chemist for twopence a quart4 ,glands of ,bowels4--,see ,bowels4 ,glands1 ,swollen4--,this is a very common trouble1 especially in the young4 ,to restore the skin to healthy action is the first important matter4 ,this may be done by bathing the feet 7see ,bathing the ,feet7 until free perspiration ensues1 wrapping the patient meanwhile in a warm blanket4 ,dry well1 and sponge with hot vinegar and water2 dry again1 rub with hot olive oil1 and put to bed4 ,as a diet1 ,saltcoats biscuits and water for some time have of themselves formed a complete cure 7see ,biscuits and ,water74 ,the comfort of the patient will regulate the amount of bathing4 ,do this every night for a fortnight1 except on the ,sabbath 7when rest from all treatment seems best74 ,if the swelling be slight1 two days' treatment may cure it2 if the case be severe and of long standing1 a longer time will be required4 ,for treatment of the neck1 if there is no sore1 put round it a cloth dipped in hot vinegar1 and a good poultice of bran or moist hot bag round over this4 ,put this on for half-an-hour before rising in the morning4 ,after taking them off1 rub with warm olive oil1 and wipe that off gently4 ,put a single band of fine new flannel round the neck for the day4 ,if there be suppuration1 or running sores1 treat in the same way unless the vinegar prove painful1 when it may be weakened with water until comfortable4 ,this treatment will1 we know1 cure even a very bad case of tubercular glands4 ,see ,wounds4 ,there are men so skilful in medicine that they can aid wonderfully in such cases1 and surgeons so apt at operating that they too1 can do much good4 ,but we should not for a moment think of leaving patients to depend on what can be swallowed1 or what lancet and probe can do1 when the very sources of life itself are neglected1 and cures waited on for months that may be secured in a week or even less4 ,above all1 when you know how to do it1 infuse new life in the body1 and promote the throwing off of that used-up matter which is showing itself in the disease4 ,how many parents bow down before the idea that swollen glands are constitutional to their children1 when the fact is that these children have very fine skins1 and need to have these kept in extra good order1 not merely in the way of washing1 but so that they shall perform their part of throwing off this used-up material of the body efficiently4 ,some of the most beautiful of our race are thus lost to the world when they might easily be saved4 ,in some cases swollen glands are caused by bad teeth1 running from the ,,ear 7see71 sores or insects on the head1 or inflamed tonsils4 ,if such causes are present1 they should be removed4 ,extract bad teeth1 cure running ears1 and properly cleanse the head4 ,gargle the throat for swollen and inflamed tonsils with warm water1 in which a little salt is dissolved4 ,gout4--,some have a predisposition to this most painful disease1 and require to keep a strict watch on their diet4 ,meat1 specially the internal organs1 meat extracts1 alcohol1 tea1 and coffee must be avoided1 and milk1 buttermilk and porridge1 cheese1 eggs1 and vegetables1 especially green vegetables1 made into light and digestible dishes1 should be relied on solely4 ,further1 the diet should be a small one1 most thoroughly and slowly masticated1 and plenty of pure water is advisable1 in order to help the elimination of the waste which causes the trouble4 ,see ,uric ,acid4 ,if the feet be affected1 apply gentle heat to the lower part of the spine by ,fomentation 7see74 ,sometimes a cold cloth on the lower spine will soothe1 but more often heat is the true cure4 ,wrap the sore foot in softest cotton1 and foment very gently through this1 using only warm cloths1 and taking care to avoid giving pain4 ,the cloths should be just a little below blood heat4 ,cold cloths are a serious mistake1 but at a temperature a little below blood heat a gentle soothing is produced4 ,care must in every case be taken to do only what the patient feels comforting4 ,gravel4--,sometimes mere internal inflammation is mistaken for this disease4 ,in the case of inflammation of the bladder1 apply a large hot ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 to the lower back1 and change cold towels over the front of the body where the pain is4 ,afterwards rub all parts over with hot olive oil1 and wipe dry4 ,take only plain food1 oat or wheat-meal porridge1 ,saltcoats biscuits1 etc4 ,where actual stones are formed1 or a tendency to their formation exists1 all water drunk should be distilled1 or boiled rain water4 ,where stones are present the heat may be applied to the back1 but no cold in front4 ,the soft water tends to dissolve the stones1 the heat assists in their expulsion from the body4 ,diet same as in ,,gout 7see74 ,growth of ,body4--,see ,limb1 ,saving a4 ,guaiacum4--,this drug is a ,west ,indian gum1 and is one of those remedies we are glad to say will do no harm1 while in rheumatism and gout it is most beneficial4 ,a teaspoonful of the tincture in a cup of hot water1 or one or two of the tabloids now so easily had1 may be taken three times a day4 ,hmorrhage4--,see ,bleeding2 ,wounds4 ,hair ,coming off4--,there are many forms of this disfiguring trouble1 both in the case of young and old persons4 ,it is chiefly due to a wrong state of the skin of the head1 which is best treated with careful rubbing with vinegar or weak acetic acid1 and finishing with good olive oil4 ,the acid must not be used too strong--not stronger than ordinary vinegar4 ,this may be done every evening1 and should be rubbed on for fifteen minutes1 till a comfortable feeling is aroused4 ,dry the head1 and then rub on olive oil for five minutes4 ,the vinegar should rather be dabbed than rubbed on4 ,wash all over in the morning with ,m',clinton's soap4 ,or this treatment may be applied every other night1 and on alternate nights the head may be packed up with lather 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,this treatment is quite safe1 and will usually effect a cure1 which is more than can be said of the expensive hair washes so much advertised4 ,many of these are most dangerous4 ,as far as possible go with the head uncovered1 and brush the hair frequently4 ,brushing stimulates the grease glands1 and causes the hair to become glossy4 ,probably the reason men lose their hair so much more than women is that the brushing and combing the latter must give it stimulates the hair roots4 ,massaging the skin of the scalp with the fingers night and morning will greatly promote growth of the hair4 ,see ,head1 ,massaging4 ,hands1 ,clammy4--,rub the hands and arms well twice a day with ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see74 ,hands1 ,cold4--,much more than is readily believed depends on the state of the hands and feet4 ,we are already familiar with the subject of coldness in the feet1 but we meet with cases in which the coldness of the hands is as striking4 ,it is not readily thought that cold hands have anything to do with such illness1 for instance1 as that of bad action in the stomach4 ,there are cases in which a very great deal can be done to relieve a congested state of the vessels of the stomach1 and even a similar state of the lungs1 by only bathing the hands in hot water and then rubbing them with hot oil till they have been thoroughly heated and reddened1 as they are when effectually warmed4 ,half-an-hour's bathing of hands in water just a little above blood heat produces a wonderful effect on an invalid when there is too great weakness to stand longer treatment4 ,this is well known to be true of half-an-hour's good feet bathing4 ,in some cases bathing both of hands and feet is much needed4 ,the overburdened heart finds it a vast benefit when by such a bathing the blood is allowed to flow easily through the vessels of the feet and hands4 ,hands1 ,dry and ,hard4--,pack the hands in ,,soap ,,lather 7see7 mixed with a little fine olive oil4 ,the soap must be finely lathered with a brush1 not melted4 ,pure soft water1 never too hot nor too cold1 should be used1 and the hands thoroughly dried after washing4 ,see ,chapped ,hands4 ,hay ,fever4--,a most effective preventive and cure for this is the inhaling through the nostrils the vapour of strong acetic acid4 ,the acid may be on a sponge enclosed in a smelling bottle1 and its vapour may be freely inhaled4 ,sponge all over each night with hot acid and water4 ,the head also may be wet with pretty strong acid1 and tied up so as to keep in the vapour4 ,do not1 however1 use a waterproof covering4 ,headache4--,there is a vast variety of ailments associated with what is called headache4 ,in itself1 it is just more or less pain in the head4 ,when there is such pain1 it means that some of the nerves in the head are in a wrong state1 probably in nearly all cases a state of more or less pressure4 ,this pressure hinders the free flow of vital action along the nerve1 and this hindrance we feel as pain4 ,to remove the pressure is1 then1 to relieve the pain4 ,pressure from overwork often causes headache on week-days1 which goes off on ,sabbath4 ,the rest here removes the pressure1 and so the pain4 ,the pressure results from a failure of energy in some part of the head1 slight swelling then taking place4 ,to increase the energy is to effect a cure4 ,this may be done by first1 at bedtime1 soaping the back with warm water and ,,soap 7see74 ,then dry1 and rub firmly yet gently with hot olive oil1 until the whole back glows with warmth4 ,this may take perhaps fifteen minutes4 ,then give three minutes of warm water pouring over the back4 ,dry again1 and oil with hot oil1 and put the patient to bed4 ,avoid much tea4 ,avoid altogether tobacco and alcoholic liquors1 which of themselves will often cause the trouble4 ,this treatment applies to all that numerous class of headaches which arise from overwork and fag4 ,a cure may often be had by its means1 without taking a holiday4 ,but where this can be done1 it is well to take it4 ,the headache1 however1 may be caused indirectly by the failure of some of the organs to do their duty1 when other methods must be adopted4 ,the use of tobacco so injuriously affects the whole system that headache often results1 and refuses to be cured unless the tobacco be given up4 ,it is hard to do this1 but the difficulty must be faced4 ,cold1 damp feet are a common cause of headaches4 ,let these be well bathed 7see ,bathing ,feet7 for some days1 even twice or three times a day1 and many kinds of headaches will be cured4 ,constipation1 or sluggish action of the bowels1 frequently causes headache4 ,the cure is obvious 7see ,constipation74 ,imperfect action of the kidneys also causes it4 ,in such a case apply a large1 warm bran poultice 7see7 across the back behind the kidneys4 ,oil the skin before and after poulticing4 ,do this once a day at bedtime for a week1 if necessary1 but not longer than a week at a time4 ,take half a teacupful of water before each meal4 ,use freely the lemon drink described in ,drinks1 ,refreshing4 ,headache1 ,sick4--,the stomach and head affect each other powerfully1 and a disordered stomach causes severe headache1 known as sick headache4 ,in many cases a few tablespoonfuls of hot water1 taken at intervals of five minutes1 will effect a cure4 ,he is himself simple who laughs at this as simple4 ,if a dose of hot water cures1 and removes any need for expensive drugs1 that is a matter for thankfulness and not for laughter4 ,when some substance not easily dissolved has lodged in the stomach1 hot water is often all that is needed to remove the trouble4 ,but it must be remembered that over-eating1 or the eating of indigestible food1 must be given up1 and the food must be masticated till it is reduced to a liquid condition4 ,many will say they have not time for this1 but time must be taken1 and half the quantity of food well masticated will nourish better than the whole imperfectly masticated4 ,headache on waking in the morning is a frequent result of stomach disorder4 ,in such a case take two teacupfuls of hot water1 with an interval of ten minutes between4 ,in many cases a slice of lemon in the hot water powerfully aids to cure4 ,especially is this the case where pains in the bowels are felt along with the headache4 ,if lemons cannot be had1 a few drops of vinegar will form a good substitute4 ,continue to take half a teacupful at intervals all day4 ,sick headache may1 however1 arise from the head causing disorder in the stomach4 ,the head may then be fomented gently1 and if necessary soaped 7see ,head1 ,skin of7 or massaged 7see ,head1 ,rubbing1 ,massage71 which should in most cases remove the trouble if carefully and well done4 ,headaches are frequently caused by anxiety and worry1 which have all the marks of sick headache4 ,dull pain and heat1 more or less persistent1 also arise from this cause4 ,the treatment for such cases is given in the preceding article for pressure from overwork4 ,it is well to see1 in such cases1 that the mental and spiritual cures be applied1 as well as the material4 ,let there be resolute putting away of all worrying ideas at night1 and during every leisure time4 ,let perfect trust in a loving ,heavenly ,father relieve us of all burdens4 ,much may thus be done to cure even a sore head and weary brain4 ,we are of more value than many sparrows to ,one whose power and wisdom are really infinite4 ,take both sides of this great truth1 the spiritual and the material1 and you will find it a glorious help in worry and disappointing failure4 ,what a remedy it is when good medical treatment and true faith in ,god come together to give peace to the weary one6 ,see ,worry4 ,head ,baths4--,see ,baths for ,head4 ,head1 ,massaging the4--,this is so important in many cases of neuralgia1 headache1 and eye troubles1 that we here describe it4 ,the brow is first gently stroked upward from behind1 with the palm of the hand1 while the back of the patient's head rests against the chair or other support4 ,the sides of the head are then similarly treated1 using a hand for each side simultaneously4 ,then the back of the head is stroked upward also4 ,after this is well done1 the top of the head is stroked similarly from front to back4 ,then the whole head1 except the forehead1 is rubbed briskly but lightly with the tips of the fingers with a scratching motion1 but not using the nails4 ,this is best done piece by piece1 taking care to do every part in turn4 ,this treatment may be often alternated with the cooling of the head with cold towels1 with the best results4 ,in all cases of head uneasiness and neuralgia it is invaluable 7see ,eyes1 ,paralysis of2 ,eyes1 ,squinting2 ,massage74 ,frequently a small part of the head will be found where the rubbing with the finger tips is particularly soothing4 ,special attention1 of course1 should be given to this1 as it is nature's guide to relief4 ,but if pain and uneasiness result from the rubbing1 it should be stopped1 and some other cure substituted4 ,understand that what you have to do is to gently press the returning stream of venous blood on in its course from the weighted brow back over the top of the head4 ,rub very slowly and deliberately1 as the stream you are affecting flows slowly4 ,the frequency with which you change from the rubbing to the cold cloth1 and from that again to the rubbing1 will depend a good deal on the heat that you find persistent in the head1 but usually you may rub two minutes and cool during one minute4 ,more or less relief will come in a very short time1 and in ten minutes or a quarter of an hour there will be a very great change for the better4 ,illustration ,we had a very curious case lately4 ,a little girl was brought to us one morning who had been quite blind of one eye for a fortnight4 ,we tried the eye with a rather powerful lens1 but she could see nothing4 ,that eye had a squint1 which was also of a fortnight's standing4 ,the pupil of the eye was dilated1 but nothing else seemed wrong4 ,the girl was affected with worms in some degree1 but otherwise healthy4 ,we gave her head a massaging1 such as we have been describing1 for some ten minutes or so4 ,she was given the first of four or five doses of santolina next morning1 which her mother said she threw up and some bilious matter besides4 ,she was brought to us an hour or so after1 and we found that she had forgotten which had been the blind eye4 ,she now saw perfectly with both1 and the squint was gone4 ,we had not tried whether the rubbing had had the curative effect before the santolina was given1 or whether it was after the latter that the sight was restored1 but we are disposed to think that the squinting and blindness both had given way to the head's improvement by the massaging4 ,head1 ,skin of the4--,the nerves of sensibility are very largely supplied to the skin of the head1 and many large nerves pass under it4 ,it is therefore an important matter that it be kept in a right condition4 ,in various troubles it becomes hard and dry1 and even contracts and presses very painfully upon the head1 feeling as if it were dried parchment4 ,the pain thus caused is different from neuralgia1 and cannot be relieved by cooling1 but is easily cured by soaping the head 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,this may be done every night1 and the head tied up with the soap lather until morning4 ,it may then be sponged1 dried1 and a little hot olive oil rubbed into the skin4 ,in a serious case1 where the patient is in bed1 this treatment may be given night and morning4 ,always1 in treating such a head1 be very gentle1 for the least touch is often painful to the irritated skin4 ,the use of a pure and proper pomade1 such as some preparation of vaseline1 is of importance where the skin is dry1 and tends powerfully to preserve the skin and hair in healthy condition4 ,careful brushing of the hair1 and rubbing of the skin of the scalp will1 too1 be of use4 ,see ,hair4 ,head1 ,soaping4--,have a piece of ,m',clinton's soap1 a good shaving brush1 and a bowl of warm water4 ,rub the wet brush on the soap1 and work the lather up in the hollow of the left hand1 taking more soap and water in the brush as necessary1 until the left hand is full of creamy1 thick lather4 ,lay this on all over the patient's head4 ,make another handful1 and lay that on also4 ,the lather may be wrought into the mass of hair until it reaches the skin1 the brush being dipped in the warm water1 and used to work the lather well into the skin of the head4 ,this must be continued until the whole head is thickly covered with fine white lather1 like a wig in appearance4 ,you need have no difficulty with ever so much hair4 ,you only comb that nicely back at first1 and place the soap lather on the fore part of the head4 ,then you bring the hair forward1 and soap the back part4 ,you may work on at this process for half-an-hour4 ,you will by that time have produced a most delightful feeling in both body and mind of your patient4 ,tie a soft handkerchief over all1 and leave for as long as needed--even all night if required4 ,when removing the lather1 use a sponge and warm vinegar or weak acid 7see ,acetic ,acid71 and dry gently with a soft towel4 ,this application can be used with good effect in all cases of hard1 dry skin on the head1 and formation of white scurf4 ,it preserves the hair1 and stimulates its growth4 ,it also removes the painful sensitiveness to touch so often felt in the hair and head skin4 ,care must ever be taken to do it all with a gentle hand4 ,so done it is priceless in its soothing and healing effects on irritable nerves4 ,head1 ,sounds in4--,as the result and accompaniment of deafness these are sometimes most distressing1 even preventing the patient from sleeping4 ,they are often caused by chill producing some inflammation of the ear1 and stoppage of the internal or external air passages4 ,have a large ,,fomentation 7see7 carefully packed round the whole head4 ,if properly done1 the patient will be comfortable in it for an hour4 ,the fomentation must then be taken off1 the head rubbed quite dry1 and a warm covering put on4 ,do this before bedtime for three or four nights4 ,then desist for three nights4 ,after this place a hot ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 on the back of the head1 neck1 and spine1 so that the patient can lie comfortably upon it for an hour4 ,oil before and after with olive oil4 ,give this at bedtime for three or four nights1 and rest again for three or four days more4 ,avoid exposure during this treatment4 ,it is suitable for all cases of ear trouble through chill4 ,it will be specially important to see that the feet are comfortable1 and that health generally is looked to4 ,see ,ears2 ,hearing4 ,health and ,money4--,it will be noticed that the remedies we recommend are in almost every case very cheap--even1 like hot water1 costing nothing1 as they are in every house4 ,this very simplicity and commonness has turned many against our treatment4 ,we know1 indeed1 of one curious case where olive oil was derided and despised by a rheumatic patient1 until his friends got it labelled ,poison1 for external use only4 ,it was then eagerly applied1 and effected a cure4 ,we warn our readers very seriously against this folly4 ,it is traded in by some who sell the simplest things as secret cures at exorbitant prices1 and impoverish still further those who are poor enough already4 ,the price of a drug or appliance is no indication of its value as a cure4 ,neither is its lack of price4 ,nor is the price of any particular food or drink an indication of its value4 ,good and nutritious foods are generally cheap and easily procured4 ,see ,diet1 ,economy in4 ,our effort has been to find out cures within the reach of every household2 and we have found that1 as ,god has put water and air freely within man's reach1 so has ,he put those things which best cure disease within the reach of the poorest4 ,let us not then despise such things because they are common4 ,hearing4--,we have had so much success in helping the deaf that we feel warranted in seeking to spread the knowledge of our methods as widely as possible4 ,deafness is caused in many ways--very often by exposure of the head to a chill1 especially in infancy4 ,we have seen it even arise from enclosing the head in a bag of ice with a view to extreme cooling4 ,what is called throat deafness is a different matter1 but yields to the same treatment as the cases of chill4 ,the process of cure is very similar to that used in cases of failing sight 7see under ,eyes71 for the aural nerve has to be stimulated as the optic nerve in these cases4 ,rub the back of the head and neck1 using hot olive oil1 and continuing gently1 yet firmly1 until all the parts are in a glow of heat4 ,do this some time during the day4 ,at night apply the ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 oiling before and after1 to the back of head and neck1 the patient lying down on it for an hour at bedtime4 ,gently syringe the ears with tepid water1 but only so far as to cleanse them4 ,rub with ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 behind the ears1 but not so as to cause soreness4 ,in an obstinate case continue treatment for a month1 then rest for a fortnight1 and continue for another month4 ,cases of deafness arising from dryness and hardness in the ears are to be treated differently4 ,the ear is brushed internally with soap lather 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,dip a brush1 such as is used for water-colour drawing1 into hot water1 rub it on the soap1 and gently brush the inside of the ear4 ,renew the lather frequently1 keeping up the heat4 ,with another brush moisten the same parts with fine almond oil4 ,gently1 but thoroughly1 dry out the ear with a fine roll of lint or soft cotton4 ,in a fortnight we have seen great benefit from this done daily or twice a day4 ,be careful not to use pressure on the inside of the ear when washing or drying1 as this may cause the wax to harden into balls1 pressing on the drum4 ,the whole head may also be rubbed with acetic acid1 not so as to cause pain1 but simply a strong heat in the skin4 ,in all treatment of so delicate an organ as the ear1 avoid giving pain4 ,if the deafness proceed simply from a relaxed state of the tissues in the tubes of the ear1 the cold douche applied to the head1 with careful drying and rubbing afterwards1 will often effect a cure4 ,but it is only a sudden1 brief1 cold splash which is wanted1 not a stream directed for any time on the head1 which might do serious injury4 ,in this connection it may be noticed that a child should never be punished by boxing its ears4 ,children have had their hearing permanently injured by this thoughtless practice4 ,heartburn4--,see ,acidity in ,stomach4 ,heat and ,weakness4--,we have over and over again shown in these papers how heat passes into vital action1 and gives strength to failing organs and nerves4 ,but the heat supplied to these organs must be at a certain temperature4 ,all experience goes to show that gentle heating will do all that is required4 ,moreover1 too hot a fomentation1 especially if a large one1 will weaken the patient1 and defeat its own ends4 ,in such a case it is folly to throw up the treatment1 and say that heat weakens1 when all that is needed is to apply heat at a lower temperature4 ,the right degree of warmth is indicated by the comfort of the patient4 ,it will vary in almost every individual case1 and must be found by careful trial4 ,also it may vary from hour to hour4 ,the heat comfortable during the day may be found insufficient or too great by night1 and so on4 ,we must in these matters apply our common sense1 and make a real effort of thought1 if we wish to be successful4 ,heat1 ,internal4--,there is a usual 7normal7 temperature in all the blood and tissues of the body4 ,if the body be either warmer or colder than this point 7#ih4d deg4 ,fahr471 its health is interfered with4 ,a clinical thermometer is used to ascertain whether the bodily temperature is normal or not4 ,it is to be had at every druggist's1 and is of great importance in a household4 ,by its means the rise of temperature can be detected often before any serious symptoms set in1 and due means taken to check trouble in its early stages4 ,the instrument is used by putting it under the armpit1 or1 with children1 between the legs1 so that the mercury bulb is entirely enfolded and hidden between the arm1 or leg1 and the body4 ,left in this position for five minutes1 it is taken out and read4 ,it may also be held in the mouth1 under the tongue1 with lips close on it4 ,where a good deal of fever is shown1 as by a rising of the mercury to #aja deg41 measures to reduce it should at once be taken1 as shown in the articles on various kinds of ,fever4 ,by watching the temperature1 and taking it from time to time1 we can see when cooling is sufficient4 ,where the temperature is too low--that is1 below #ih-b_/e deg4--rub all over with warm olive oil1 and clothe in good soft flannel4 ,other methods for increasing vital action may also be tried1 as given in many of our articles4 ,heel1 ,sprained4--,often in sprains all attention is given to the bruised and torn muscles1 while similarly bruised and torn nerves are overlooked2 yet upon the nerves the perfect healing of the muscles depends4 ,hence1 in a sprain of the heel we must be careful not to direct attention to the heel exclusively4 ,that may be bathed 7see ,bathing ,feet7 and duly rubbed with oil4 ,a good plan is to apply cloths dipped in cold water and vinegar4 ,keep the limb perfectly still1 and do not attempt to use it for at least a fortnight4 ,after this it may be cured to all appearance1 yet a weakness may be left which prevents anything like the full and free use of the limb4 ,it may be all right when resting1 but suffers when used for any length of time3 this indicates pretty plainly that rest is needed1 and is an essential thing for cure4 ,but besides this rest1 the foot should be packed during the night in soap lather 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,wash the foot in vinegar or weak acetic acid1 rub the whole limb from the ankle upwards in such a way as to draw the blood up from the foot1 avoiding all down-strokes4 ,use a little olive oil in this rubbing4 ,note that the whole limb needs treatment4 ,the juice of ,lady ,wrack1 such as is to be found on the west coast of ,scotland1 is an excellent remedy for sprained joints2 but we only mention it1 as it must be inaccessible to many of our readers4 ,hiccup4--,though often but slight1 disappearing in a few minutes by some simple device1 such as holding the breath1 when long continued this becomes most serious4 ,very often it is an added distress in trouble which is itself incurable2 but while the patient's life cannot be saved1 the hiccup may be relieved4 ,in the common case of infant hiccup1 a lessening of the over-supply of food may be all that is required4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls of hot water given to the infant will usually give immediate relief4 ,for a grown-up person with a slight attack1 one or two teacupfuls of the same will also usually prove a remedy4 ,for serious cases the treatment is a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 placed on the back1 opposite the stomach4 ,well oil the back before and after the poultice1 and leave it on for an hour4 ,if this fails1 after a little1 prepare a blanket as directed under ,fomentation4 ,roll it up until it is the size of the patient's back1 and let him lie down on it4 7,read here article on ,heat and ,weakness47 ,then a small cold towel may be passed gently over the stomach4 ,this will generally relieve4 ,it may be repeated if necessary4 ,hip-,joint ,disease4--,thorough heating1 with moist heat is the best treatment for this trouble4 ,this implies time1 work1 and patience2 but all these are well spent4 ,let a strong fomentation be given twice a day to the hip joint1 with oiling before and after1 each application lasting at least an hour 7see ,cooling in ,heating2 ,fomentation2 ,heat and ,weakness74 ,in all probability a gathering of matter will come to the surface and discharge itself4 ,treat this as recommended in article on ,abscess1 and persevere until the joint is thoroughly renovated4 ,it may take a time1 and the treatment should always be intermitted on ,sabbath1 and sometimes a few days' rest be given4 ,the patient's comfort is the safe guide in this4 ,hives4--,see ,rash4 ,hoarseness4--,this trouble we may consider in three ways3--,first1 as the effect of overstrain in using the voice2 in this case rest must be taken from speaking or other such work4 ,remedies which restore the voice without rest are very likely to do permanent injury4 ,for application to the throat1 use vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 of such strength as to cause just slight smarting of the throat when applied as a gargle1 or with a proper brush1 such as any chemist will supply4 ,this may be done frequently1 and1 together with rest1 will rarely fail to cure4 ,rubbing the throat externally with acetic acid of full strength until a rash appears is often very helpful4 ,those engaged in public speaking would do well1 especially in youth1 to cultivate the habit of correct breathing 7see ,breathing1 ,correct ,method of74 ,articulation should be clear1 and the words formed sonorously1 and from the stomach1 as it were4 ,this1 indeed1 will apply to everyone4 ,such a method of producing the voice will not only be harmonious1 but will exercise insensibly a beneficial influence on the nervous system and mental tone of the individual4 ,it is a fact that actors who study the method of voice production do not suffer from that form of sore throat known as clergymen's sore throat1 simply because they have learned to produce their voice in this way4 ,secondly1 hoarseness may arise from exposure to cold1 damp air4 ,in this case it is best to apply mild heat to the roots of the nerves which supply the voice organs4 ,this is best done by applying a bran poultice to the back of the neck1 oiling before and after with olive oil4 ,carefully dry the skin1 and wear a piece of new flannel1 for a time1 over the part poulticed4 ,this may be supplemented by brushing as above with the vinegar4 ,thirdly1 failure of skin action1 or of the proper action of other waste-removing organs1 may be the cause of hoarseness4 ,in addition to the treatment recommended above1 we must in this case stimulate the skin3 this is best done by rubbing with ,cayenne ,tea 7see7 all over the body at bedtime4 ,let this be done for four or five nights1 and the throat treatment be given in the morning1 when a cure may be looked for4 ,see ,underwear4 ,hooping ,cough4--,see ,whooping ,cough4 ,hope and ,healing4--,the mind has always an influence on the body4 ,life rises and falls under the influences of ideas1 so as to prove that these are a matter of life and death to man4 ,to give an invalid hope is1 then1 to help mightily in healing the disease1 whereas to tell patients that they are incurable is the sure way to make them so4 ,but there is1 on the other hand1 little good in falsehood and false hope3 this has often been found to fail and leave the patient in complete despair4 ,no one can tell the immense power for healing which is exerted when one who truly hopes for the patient looks brightly into his eyes1 and speaks with a genuine ring of hope of the possibility of cure4 ,so many cases found incurable by the usual treatment have yielded to that recommended in these papers1 that in almost all cases we may see some ground for hope1 if not of cure1 at least of great alleviation4 ,to give this impression to a patient is to half win the battle4 ,there are many who speak most carelessly1 even wickedly1 to those in trouble4 ,they think it a duty to dash their hopes and predict gloomy things4 ,such should never enter a sick-room1 and should1 indeed1 change entirely their manner of speech4 ,to go about the world sowing doubt and gloom in men's hearts is a sorry occupation1 and one that will have to be accounted for to ,him who is emphatically the ,god of hope4 ,look1 then1 in treatment for every least sign of improvement4 ,discourage all doubts and encourage all hopes1 and you will make what would be a really hopeless case1 if the patient were left to despair1 one that can be comparatively easily cured4 ,a word to the wise is enough4 ,hot ,flushings4--,see ,flushings4 ,hot-water ,bags4--,the flat rubber bags of various shapes1 to be had from all rubber shops1 make excellent substitutes for poultice or fomentation2 but care must be taken to have two or more ply of moist flannel between the bag and the skin of the patient4 ,this ensures a supply of moist heat1 which is in almost every case the best4 ,housemaid's ,knee4--,to cure a swelling on the knee-joint is1 as a rule1 easy4 ,rest is a first and paramount necessity4 ,bathing with hot water1 not too hot for comfort1 for at least an hour each day is usually sufficient4 ,if the knee has been blistered1 or leeched1 it is more difficult to cure2 but a cure may be expected if the bathing be continued for a long enough time4 ,it is best done by wrapping a cloth dipped in vinegar round the knee1 and placing the foot in a bath1 then pouring hot water on the bandaged knee1 lifting it from the bath in a jug4 ,when pain in bending is felt in the very centre of the knee-joint1 this hot pouring may be needed for a month1 or even longer4 ,during the intervals of pouring a large cold compress should be worn1 first well oiling the knee4 ,cover the compress with oiled silk4 ,this will soften even a very stiff knee1 so as at least to bring about ability to bend without pain4 ,of course1 if there is any disjointing1 good surgical aid must be had1 if possible1 to replace the bones in their natural position4 ,hydrocele4--,see ,dropsy4 ,hysteria4--,this is usually brought on by some excessive strain upon the brain nerves1 and may show itself either in the violent or in the fainting form2 it may even pass from the one to the other1 fainting alternating with violent movements and cries4 ,it may often be checked by plunging the patient's hands into cold water4 ,in the silent stage1 where sometimes unconsciousness continues for hours1 a dry blanket should be laid on a bed1 and another blanket must be rolled up and prepared with hot water as directed in ,fomentation4 ,fold this until it is the size and shape of the patient's back1 and lay her down on it1 so that the whole back is well fomented4 ,take care not to burn the patient3 soothing heat1 not irritation1 is required4 ,consciousness will usually return almost immediately4 ,all except attendants should be excluded from the room4 ,allow the patient to rest in this comfortable warmth until signs of discomfort appear1 then gently rub the back with hot olive oil1 dry1 and leave to rest or sleep if possible4 ,do all with great steadiness of temper and kindness2 such a condition in the nurse is especially essential in these cases4 ,where the fit is violent1 apply every mental soothing influence available1 and remove from the room all excited persons4 ,then apply cold cloths to the spine to soothe the irritated nerves and brain4 ,two may gently and kindly hold the patient1 while a third presses on the cooling cloths4 ,in about half-an-hour the fit should be overcome4 ,a difficulty in treating such cases is the terrifying effect of the violent movements1 or unconsciousness2 but these should not create fear4 ,as a rule1 a little patience and treatment as above remove all distress4 ,where there is a hysterical tendency1 give abundance of good food1 and let the patient live as much in the open-air as possible4 ,the patient should be kept employed4 ,god made us all to be workers1 and this sad affliction is frequently the punishment of idleness4 ,no one has any excuse for this1 for the world is full of those who are overworked and whose burden could be lightened4 ,the girl whose only task is to exchange her armful of novels at the library will never know what true happiness is1 nor deserve to4 ,see ,imaginary ,troubles4 ,illness1 ,the ,root of4--,in treating any trouble it is well to get to the root of it4 ,on one occasion a patient complained that the doctor never struck at the root of his illness4 ,the doctor lifted his walking-stick and smashed the brandy bottle which stood on the table1 remarking that his patient would not have to say that again4 ,this will illustrate what we mean4 ,liquor drinking must be given up3 it is the root of multitudinous ills2 so must excessive tea drinking4 ,tobacco is one of the most insidious of poisons in its effects on the nerves1 and is to be absolutely given up if a cure is expected in nervous cases4 ,chloral1 laudanum1 and opium in other forms1 may give temporary relief2 but they are deadly poisons1 paralysing the nerves and ultimately completely wrecking the system4 ,the continued use of digitalis for heart disease is a dreadful danger4 ,we mention these by name as most common1 to illustrate the truth that it is vain to treat a patient while the cause of his illness is allowed to act4 ,if any evil habit of indulgence has given rise to trouble1 that habit must be given up2 a hard fight may have to be fought1 but the victory is sure to those who persevere4 ,often dangerous symptoms appear1 but these must be faced3 to relieve them by a return to drugs is to fasten the chains more surely on the patient4 ,it is better to suffer a little than to be all one's life a slave4 ,imaginary ,troubles4--,these are of two kinds1 the one purely imaginary1 the other where bodily trouble is mixed with the imagined4 ,in the first case the patient is in agony with a pain1 when nothing wrong can be discovered in the part1 or even elsewhere1 to account for it4 ,in such a case1 proper treatment of the ,,brain or ,,spine 7see7 will often relieve4 ,again1 a patient has set up such a standard of health that what would not trouble any ordinary person at all1 gives him much distress4 ,an intermitting pulse often is a source of great anxiety2 but we have known people with intermitting pulses continuing in good health for forty years1 and living to old age4 ,so with many other heart symptoms that need give no concern at all4 ,sprains to some muscles are often taken for serious internal inflammation1 and a slight cough and spit are taken for consumption4 ,care must be taken to resist all such fancies1 and if not otherwise removable1 thoroughly competent medical advice will often put the patient right4 ,in such a case a medical man of undoubted high standing is best consulted1 for an inferior practitioner may nearly kill the patient by arousing needless fears1 which are afterwards difficult to remove4 ,see ,hysteria4 ,it must be remembered that diseases of the imagination are as actually painful to the patient as if they really were organic troubles4 ,it is1 therefore1 useless to laugh at or pooh pooh the trouble1 or suggest that the sufferer is only humbugging4 ,attention must be paid to diet1 exercise1 and to material1 mental1 and moral surroundings1 so as in every way to relieve the patient from those apparent troubles that so annoy him4 ,great gentleness1 firmness1 hopefulness1 and sympathy will often bring about an almost unconscious cure4 ,if the trouble has been brought about by over-work and worry1 complete rest will often be needed4 ,if there is something in the surroundings that jars1 a change may be advisable4 ,indigestion4--7,see also ,digestion2 ,assimilation47 ,this subject leads naturally to a consideration of food in relation to it4 ,the trouble usually is that food easily enough digested by others causes distress to the patient4 ,here we at once see that cooking plays a most important part4 ,potatoes1 for example1 when steeped for half-an-hour in hot water1 which is changed before they are boiled1 are much more easy of digestion4 ,the water in which they have been steeped is found green with unripe sap1 which is all removed4 ,where unripe juice is present in any root1 this method of cookery is a good one4 ,eggs placed in boiling water1 and allowed to remain so till the water is getting cool--say half-an-hour--are often found to be much more easily digested than as usually prepared4 ,what we aim at in these illustrations is to show that digestion depends on the relation of the food taken to the juices of the stomach which are to dissolve it4 ,it must be brought into a digestible state if weak stomachs are to deal with it4 ,greasy1 heavy dishes must always be avoided4 ,also unripe fruit4 ,the diet should be spare1 as very often indigestion proceeds simply from the stomach having had too much to do4 ,a very easily digested food is fine jelly of oatmeal made in the following way3--,take a good handful of the meal and put it in a basin with hot water1 sufficient to make the mixture rather thin4 ,let it steep for half-an-hour4 ,strain out all the rough particles1 and boil the milky substance till it is a jelly1 with a very little salt4 ,to an exceedingly weak patient you give only a dessertspoonful1 and no more for half-an-hour4 ,if the patient is not so weak you may give a tablespoonful1 but nothing more for half-an-hour4 ,in that time the very small amount of gastric juice which the stomach provides has done its work with the very small amount of food given4 ,really good blood1 though only very little1 has been formed4 ,the step you have taken is a small one1 but it is real4 ,you proceed in this way throughout the whole day4 ,the patient should not swallow it at once1 but retain it in the mouth for a considerable time1 so that it may mix with the saliva4 ,by this1 or by porridge made from wheaten meal1 you may secure good digestion when the gastric juice is scanty and poor2 but we should not like to be restricted to that4 ,we want a stomach that will not fight shy of any wholesome thing4 ,we must treat it so that when suitable food is offered it may be comfortably digested4 ,now1 there is an exceedingly simple means for putting the glands in order when they are not so4 ,about half-an-hour before taking any food1 take half a teacupful of water as hot as you can sip it comfortably4 ,this has a truly wonderful effect4 ,before food is taken1 the mucous membrane is pale and nearly dry1 on account of the contracted state of the arteries4 ,in many cases the glands that secrete the gastric juice are feeble2 in others they seem cramped1 and far from ready to act when food is presented4 ,the hot water has the same effect on them as it has everywhere else on the body--that of stimulating the circulation and bringing about natural action4 ,it looks a very frail remedy2 but when we can1 as it were1 see these glands opening and filling with arterial blood the instant they are bathed in this same water1 and see how ready they become to supply gastric juice for digestion1 the remedy does not look so insignificant4 ,we have1 in scores of cases1 seen its effects in the most delightful way4 ,persons who have to our knowledge been ill and miserable with their stomachs for years have become perfectly well from doing nothing but taking half a teacupful of hot water regularly before taking any food4 ,it is true that great good is effected in cases of this kind by giving the weakened organ light work to do for a time4 ,wonders are done by feeding with wheaten-meal biscuits and water for some time1 beginning with a very small allowance1 and seeing that every mouthful is thoroughly chewed4 ,great things1 too1 are accomplished with such wheaten-meal porridge as we have already mentioned4 ,but we feel disposed to regard the half-teacupful of hot water regularly before eating as the chief means of cure4 ,it is wonderfully cheap3 it goes hard with the druggist if his customers need nothing but a little hot water4 ,still1 from what we have seen1 and from what some of the very highest authorities have told us1 we come more and more to look to this simple remedy as about all that is required inwardly to cure the worst cases of indigestion4 ,a little pepsin added to the hot water may be of use2 also in cases of acidity a few drops of white vinegar mixed with the water will be found beneficial4 ,soda1 iron1 lime1 charcoal1 even tar pills are used as remedies for indigestion2 but none of them do much good1 and some are highly injurious4 ,if used at all1 their use should be temporary1 and under good medical advice4 ,if pain is felt1 the stomach may be greatly soothed by soft fine lather 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,it acts in such cases like a charm4 ,spread it gently over the stomach1 and wipe it off with a soft cloth4 ,cover again with fresh lather4 ,do this five or six times1 and cover up the last coat with a soft cloth4 ,all indulgences which tend to weaken the stomach are to be avoided4 ,alcohol and tobacco must be given up4 ,over-excitement must be avoided1 and abundance of fresh air breathed1 if a cure is to be expected4 ,where sudden and violent pain comes on after meals1 a poultice or hot fomentation applied directly over the stomach is the best remedy at the time4 ,see ,flatulence4 ,infant ,nursing4--,a mother who has had strength to bear a child is1 as a rule1 quite strong enough to nurse it4 ,suckling is natural1 and usually most beneficial to health4 ,many women have better health and appetite at such a time than at any other4 ,every mother ought1 therefore1 unless her health forbids it1 to nurse her own child2 no other food is so good for it as that which nature provides4 ,we cannot too strongly condemn the mother who from indolence or love of pleasure shirks this sacred duty4 ,by so doing she violates the laws of nature1 which can never be done with impunity4 ,many troubles follow1 and her constitution is seriously injured4 ,alas that we should ever have to say1 with ,jeremiah3 ,even the sea monsters draw out the breast1 they give suck to their young ones2 the daughter of my people is become cruel1 like the ostriches in the wilderness4 ,if a wet-nurse must be employed1 great care should be exercised in choosing a healthy person with a child as near as possible to the age of the infant4 ,let mothers remember that there is great variety in milk4 ,not only does one mother's milk differ from another1 but the same mother's milk varies from time to time4 ,variation in health and diet affects the milk very much4 ,many cases of infant trouble are traceable to the mother's milk1 which should not be overlooked as a possible cause4 ,again1 an abundance of milk is not always good4 ,an infant may thrive better on a scanty supply of good milk than on an abundance of bad milk4 ,milk derived from drinking ale1 porter1 or alcoholic drinks of any kind1 though abundant1 is very far indeed from good1 that produced by plain and simple diet is always best4 ,again1 the state of the mother's mind has a great deal to do with the quality of her milk4 ,a fright1 or continued worry1 may transform good milk into most injurious food for the child4 ,there need be no fear caused by these ideas3 it is only in exceptional cases that nursing need be given up2 the natural way is always the best4 ,but where necessary there need be no hesitation in putting an infant on the bottle4 ,the milk of a healthy cow1 or condensed milk of first-rate brand1 is much to be preferred to that of a wearied1 worn-out1 and worried mother4 ,infants' ,food4--,for infants who cannot be nursed at the breast1 cows' milk in the bottle is the best substitute4 ,but all milk used from the cow should be sterilised and cooled before use4 ,that is unless it is found on trial that the child thrives better on unsterilised milk4 ,it is not necessary to have one cow's milk2 but it is important to have the milk adapted in strength to the infant's need4 ,if the milk be too rich1 the infant will often break out into spots1 or will vomit4 ,a little more boiling water in the bottle mixture will remedy this1 and often prevent serious trouble4 ,the same proportion of water and milk will not always do4 ,one dairy's milk1 and even one cow's milk1 differs from another2 and so does the digestive power of infants4 ,we have to find out that strength of milk to suit our own baby1 and not be led astray by the advice of other mothers4 ,in health the young infant does not require food oftener than every two hours1 sometimes even every three4 ,it may cry because of cold1 wet1 or discomfort1 not from want of food4 ,to overload the stomach with food is harmful and leads to serious disorders4 ,its food requires a certain time for digestion1 even in an infant1 and as the child grows1 the intervals between meals ought to be increased4 ,a good mixture is two parts of cow's milk to one of water4 ,to every pint of this add four teaspoonfuls of sugar1 and a tablespoonful of cream4 ,barley water may be used instead of common water4 ,the water should be boiling1 and should be poured into the milk4 ,the bottle should be thoroughly cleansed1 and boiled in boiling water before re-filling4 ,it must be remembered that the saliva does not possess the property of turning starch into sugar till the child is six months old2 therefore starchy food1 such as bread1 arrowroot1 etc41 should on no account be given before that age4 ,preparations for weaning may then begin1 by giving the child small quantities of oatmeal jelly and milk1 or even of porridge and milk1 so that the weaning comes on gradually4 ,the time of nursing should not exceed nine months4 ,if1 however1 a child afterwards be ill1 there is no harm in going back for a time to the bottle1 even at two years old4 ,common sense must guide1 and not hard-and-fast rule4 ,easily assimilated food must ever be chosen2 and as a food for children1 oatmeal porridge1 well boiled1 holds the first place--far before bread sops4 ,if porridge be not easily digested1 try oatmeal jelly4 ,most of the infant foods so largely advertised cannot be recommended4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is now suspected that tuberculosis is transmitted to children mainly from the milk of cows affected with this disease4 ,cows are exceedingly liable to tuberculous disease of the udder4 ,it is therefore very difficult to get milk guaranteed free from the tubercle bacillus1 and recent examinations of that coming into ,manchester and ,liverpool showed that from #ah to #bi per cent4 contained this deadly germ4 7,strange to say1 tubercular disease of the mother's breast is practically unknown1 and children never derive the disease from their mother's milk47 ,it is therefore of the greatest importance that only the milk of cows proved free from this disease should be used4 ,the disease is easily detected1 and if a demand were created for milk guaranteed free from the germs1 dairymen would soon supply it4 ,unless it is absolutely certain the cows supplying the milk are free from disease1 the milk should be sterilised by heating to near boiling point1 and then cooling rapidly4 ,if kept twelve hours1 the boiled taste goes off it1 and children soon get to like it4 ,though sterilised milk will keep for some time without getting sour1 it should be sterilised each day1 specially if for infant use4 ,this treatment makes the milk keep without the use of preservatives1 such as boric acid4 ,we regret to say the use of these is not illegal1 and they are largely used in preserving milk1 butter1 hams1 etc4 ,we have seen very serious illnesses produced in children 7and adults too7 by the heavy doses they have got when both the farmer and milk vendor have added these preservatives4 ,this they often do at the season when the milk easily turns sour4 ,every care should therefore be taken to get milk guaranteed free from these noxious drugs2 and if this is impossible1 condensed milk should be used instead4 ,as there is a great variety of brands of condensed milk in the market1 always choose one which guarantees that the milk taken has been whole milk1 and also unsweetened4 ,infants' ,sleep4--,see ,children's ,sleep4 ,infection4--,few things have so great and distressing effect as the fear of infection in disease4 ,as a rule this fear is not justified by the facts1 where ordinary precautions are taken4 ,these precautions1 too1 need not be costly1 and involve in many cases little more than some careful work4 ,where scarlet fever has shown itself in any household1 the very first thing is to see to the continuous freshening of the air in the sick-room and in all the house4 ,ventilation is1 indeed1 the first and most important method of disinfection4 ,chloride of lime and other disinfecting fluids will decompose the offensive and noxious odours1 but pure air will sweep the organisms of disease themselves away4 ,fresh air kills the microbes of certain diseases1 e4g41 consumption1 and is hostile to all disease4 ,the stools of typhoid patients should be disinfected1 and great care taken that no water or other fluid is contaminated by them through imperfect sanitation1 etc4 7see ,fever1 ,typhoid74 ,seeing that the seeds of disease are all around us1 the best method of warding off their attacks is to keep the body in a state to resist their inroads by strict attention to diet1 exercise and ventilation4 ,let all be done also1 by fires if necessary1 to thoroughly dry the room and house4 ,see that all the family breathe fresh air by night as well as by day2 have open windows where and when possible4 ,acetic acid is as powerful a disinfectant as carbolic acid1 in proportion to its strength1 and has the advantage of being harmless1 unless in the glacial form4 ,in all cases of infectious disease these precautions are almost certain to prevent its spread1 with1 in addition1 the special ones given under the head of the disease4 ,inflammation1 ,deep-seated4--,often inflammation occurs in the centre of1 or beneath1 a mass of muscle1 as the hip or thigh4 ,we refer not to the formation of an ,,abscess 7see71 but to the violent1 hot inflammatory action that often issues in an abscess4 ,for this the treatment should be strong moist heat applied to the back1 where the nerve roots of the inflamed part lie1 and persistent cooling of the part which is painful4 ,the heat may be by bran poultice1 fomentation1 or hot-water bag and moist flannel4 ,the cold must not be ice1 but only cold water cloths frequently renewed4 ,it is curious to see how people are frightened at the only thing that gives relief1 and not at all at that which does the most damage4 ,a gentleman wrote us once that he had had eighteen blisters on1 but was afraid to apply a cold cloth4 ,we wrote him that if he still lived after eighteen fly blisters1 he would surely not die under a cold cloth4 ,they will say they have tried so many things4 ,we reply1 that if they had tried a million wrong things1 and shrunk from the right one1 they would be only so much the worse4 ,if there is local swelling1 and signs that an abscess is forming1 then treat as recommended for ,abscess4 ,inflammation of the ,bowels4--,see ,bowels4 ,inflammation of the ,brain4--,see ,brain4 ,see also ,knee2 ,limbs1 ,inflamed2 ,lungs1 etc4 ,inflammatory ,outbreaks4--,sometimes a severe out-break and eruption will occur in and around the nostrils or lips1 and spread over the face4 7,if of the nature of erysipelas1 treat as under that head47 ,in ordinary cases1 there is need for more than local treatment1 as it is probable that more or less failure in the skin exists4 ,also the feet will be most probably cold and damp4 ,let these be bathed 7see ,bathing ,feet71 and dried4 ,then rub them with ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see7 for some ten minutes1 until in a glow of heat4 ,dry well1 rub on hot olive oil1 and dry again4 ,do this twice a day for a week4 ,warm and dry stockings must be worn4 ,the skin of the back will probably be found dry and rough4 ,wash it down daily with ,,soap 7see7 and hot water1 and rub with warm olive oil4 ,after a week of this treatment1 probably the eruption will be much lessened4 ,if it is still troublesome1 apply cool cloths to the whole head1 avoiding the sore parts1 until it is generally cooled down and the skin softened1 or the head may be1 instead of this1 packed in lather of the soap already mentioned4 7,see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,for the sore itself1 apply weak vinegar or very weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 and a little olive oil after4 ,but it is best if it can be healed in such cases without any local application1 through the general treatment of feet and skin4 ,internal ,relaxation4--,pain is often felt in parts of the back or sides which will yield to no medicine such as usually relieves4 ,this most probably arises from relaxation and swelling of some internal part of the body1 so that there is more or less constant pressure on some nerves4 ,it will be worse after fatigue or long standing1 or any mental worry and excitement4 ,this shows us that one thing necessary to cure is rest3 entire rest if possible1 if not1 as much as can be taken4 ,it is well to find out the easiest posture in which to lie1 and spend as much time as possible in that posture4 ,seek1 also1 by applying cold cloths to the painful parts1 to reduce the swollen tissue4 ,there may also be required fomenting of the feet and legs 7see ,angina ,pectoris7 to prevent chill during this cooling4 ,often pain in the urinary organs is due to nothing but this relaxation1 and yields to such treatment4 ,rest1 however1 is a primary necessity in all such cases4 ,itch4--,see ,rash4 ,jaundice4--,this disease1 or its approach1 may be known by several signs3 a more or less yellow colour of the skin where otherwise white2 a yellowness of the whites of the eyes1 and failure of the bowels to act sufficiently1 with lack of appetite4 ,it may come on gradually1 or may be induced suddenly by some disgusting mouthful or sight which affects the nervous system1 and through this the liver and stomach4 ,where a disgust1 or1 as the ,scotch call it1 a scunner1 is taken at any food1 especially with children1 they should never be forced to eat it4 ,jaundice may follow if they are so forced4 ,those having the care of children should always remember this4 ,the cure is found first in nursing the sympathetic nerves1 by a fomentation for an hour of the whole length of the middle of the back1 oiling before and after with olive oil4 ,four hours later treat the stomach and bowels in the same way4 ,in another four hours foment the feet and legs similarly4 ,all this time give a tablespoonful of hot water every ten minutes4 ,then rest for twelve hours1 and repeat the cycle of treatment4 ,during the twelve hours' rest1 the hot water may be taken in sips1 as desired by the patient4 ,if there is pain in the region of the liver1 foment that region more strongly4 ,if severe1 place a bran poultice on above the liver1 and keep it on all day1 or even for twenty-four hours if the patient is comfortable in it4 ,by the second day there should be a marked improvement4 ,kidney ,complaints4--,see ,urinary ,troubles4 ,knee1 ,swelling of1 or ,pain in4--,for ordinary slight injuries1 complete rest1 and rubbing with spirit lotion1 should be sufficient4 ,but where there is previous weakness1 or constitutional tendency1 even slight pain and stiffness1 caused by wet or some blow or wrench1 the joint must be treated thoroughly4 ,careless and wrong treatment may be given1 and result in severe lameness4 ,we wish1 however1 to point out that the treatment here recommended has cured many cases where this lameness appeared hopeless1 and even restored walking power in limbs which had been ordered to be amputated by surgeons4 ,in the early stages of the trouble1 it should be easy to cure in five or six days4 ,first apply the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see7 at bedtime4 ,then1 about eleven o'clock in the fore-noon1 place the leg so that the knee is over a small tub or bath full of very hot water1 as hot as can be borne without pain4 ,pour this over the knee with a sponge or large soft cloth for an hour1 adding hot water as it cools4 ,if the patient becomes sick or faint1 discontinue the bathing for a time4 ,dry the limb1 rub with olive oil1 and dry again gently4 ,at five in the afternoon repeat the treatment of the knee4 ,at bedtime sponge all over with hot vinegar1 rub with hot olive oil1 and put to bed4 ,if the joint has been stiffened1 gentle efforts to move it may be made during the treatment4 ,sometimes during this treatment boils will break out over the knee and discharge a good deal1 but as soon as their work in removing disease is done1 these will heal up4 ,generally1 however1 this will not occur4 ,the diet may be such as we recommend in cases of ,,abscess 7see74 ,in bad cases1 the treatment may be continued for weeks before much favourable change is noted4 ,patience and perseverance1 however1 will win the day4 ,the soapy blanket should not be given oftener than three times a week1 and a rest from all treatment on the ,sabbath is best4 ,see also ,housemaid's ,knee4 ,often in cases of knee pain and trouble1 when local applications have little power1 a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 on the lower back will effect a speedy cure4 ,sensible people will1 of course1 study and apply fresh treatment in such cases4 ,where the knee1 for instance1 is in the hot stage of inflammation1 hot applications will be injurious4 ,in such a case1 cold cloths on the knee1 with bran poultice on the lower back1 will be the proper treatment4 ,try heat first1 and if it is hurtful1 vary the treatment to cold and heat1 continued as above4 ,here1 again1 is a knee which gives its owner excruciating pain1 and shows only a little swelling and no sign of diseased matter whatever4 ,the hot fomentation and cold towels have both been tried1 but there are now and again symptoms that show us that the root of the evil has not been reached4 ,we try cold cloths on this knee1 but they greatly increase the pain4 ,we at length suspect that it is not the knee that is seriously diseased1 but the root of one or more of the nerves that supply the link from the lower part of the spine4 ,by this time the pain has returned into the knee dreadfully1 and everything has failed4 ,but very soon after a large1 thick towel1 folded and wrung out of cold water1 having plenty of mustard spread on it1 is placed across the haunches1 relief is given in the most charming fashion4 ,the cold cloth absorbs superfluous heat1 and superfluous vital action to a certain extent1 but the mustard draws it out so much more speedily and powerfully that the deep-seated roots of the nerves are reached and cooled down to their normal action4 ,the pain ceases1 and the poor sufferer blesses the mustard4 ,we are just describing what actually occurs4 ,sometimes a prejudice arises against heat4 ,if1 for example1 an inflamed knee has been strongly heated during the hot stage of the trouble1 the pains and injury will have been greatly increased4 ,but one way or other that hot stage of the trouble has been got over1 and now without heat it is impossible to cure4 ,the patient1 however1 and probably the nurse waiting upon him1 are decided against all hot appliances4 ,these do so much mischief that it is believed to be out of the question to try them again4 ,it may be that the prejudice is so strong that you simply can do nothing2 it may not be quite so invincible as that4 ,if you are able to point out that it was only because the heat was applied at a wrong time1 or in far too great strength1 and that now1 since the inflammatory power is spent1 heat will be sure to have a good effect1 if it is only carefully applied1 the prejudice may be removed4 ,we have seen a patient in this stage1 and with both knees bad1 wrapped in a large hot blanket fomentation from the ankles to above the knees2 and he was constrained to exclaim1 ,that's the right thing1 beyond all doubt4 ,then there is no more prejudice4 ,sufferers should not be disappointed if for a week or two they are not sensibly better4 ,in some cases the effect is apparent in four or five days1 but generally a fortnight or three weeks pass without much encouragement4 ,we see great despondency sometimes just before all pain disappears4 ,still1 as a rule1 the new health is seen in the cheek and eye very soon4 ,where a violent inflammation is obviously proceeding in the knee1 the ,,turnip ,,poultice 7see7 is the best remedy4 ,if there be great heat in all the body1 there will be little or no need for heating any part2 judgment must be used for each individual case in these matters4 ,while resting as much as possible1 the patient will find it best to lie on the back1 with the sore knee supported a little higher than the body4 ,a gently applied bandaging of the whole limb is also very beneficial1 and may be used for all weak limbs1 even when the patient is walking about4 ,in the treatment of stiffened knees1 even where accidental bending of the joint gives very great pain1 it is a grave mistake to put the knee in splints to prevent bending4 ,what is wanted is to encourage bending as far as that can be done without much pain1 so that the joint may not permanently stiffen4 ,even where1 by the use of splints1 permanent stiffness seems to have been brought on1 the warm-water treatment recommended above will bring about a loosening and softening of the joint1 which will permit first of a slight bending1 and then1 with gentle encouragement1 a complete flexibility4 ,the complete restoration of the limb should be the object kept in view4 ,no case of a stiffened joint1 although it may be free from pain and disease1 can be regarded as satisfactory1 and hence treatment should be persevered in until all stiffness is gone4 ,common sense will direct as to hot and cold applications1 when to apply each1 and how long to continue either2 the patient's comfortable feeling being the very best guide4 ,we are glad to know of very many apparently hopeless limbs saved by our treatment1 even where it has been imperfectly carried out4 ,lacing1 ,tight4--,this produces such serious deformity1 and in many ways so interferes with the health of women1 that we are constrained to write upon the subject4 ,we find in cases which come before us that lacing1 both of the feet and the waist1 as practised by our women1 has caused disease1 and prevents our curing it4 ,to begin with the lacing of boots4 ,there is a certain form and size of foot which are supposed to be graceful4 ,to obtain this1 boots unsuitable in shape1 and far too small in size1 are used1 and tightly laced down upon the foot and ankle1 preventing circulation of the blood in these important parts4 ,this causes corns and misshapen toes and nails2 but its bad effects are also felt throughout all the body4 ,we have pointed out in other articles the great curative power of bathing or fomenting the feet4 ,the tight lacing of boots produces exactly the opposite effect4 ,it is as powerful to injure as the other to cure4 ,cold feet are the cause of many most serious troubles4 ,to keep tight-booted feet warm is almost impossible4 ,true neatness abhors all such mistaken treatment of the feet4 ,moreover1 no supposed good shape1 in body or feet1 can ever produce the impression of beauty which good health never fails to give1 so that the tightly-booted high-heeled girl or woman defeats her own object4 ,a yet more serious evil is the wearing of corsets4 ,from this comes very much of the ill-health from which women suffer4 ,the stomach1 liver1 and other organs are forced downward1 their proper blood supply is cut off1 and indigestion1 constipation1 headache and backache are the inevitable consequence4 ,the pressure of these organs causes falling of the womb and the terrible troubles which employ two-thirds of the fashionable surgeons4 ,these have not failed to denounce the folly which brings so many patients to them4 ,dr4 ,herbert ,snow1 the great authority on cancer1 and physician to the ,london ,cancer ,hospital1 attributes almost wholly to the use of corsets the fact that for one man who dies of cancer two women die of it4 ,the compression of the womb makes it specially liable to be attacked1 while the rubbing of the hard edge of the corset on the breast sets up cancer there4 ,besides its evil effects on the abdominal organs1 the lungs also suffer1 the ribs are prevented from expanding and so the wearer can never breathe as deeply as is necessary4 ,the muscles of the abdomen and trunk are greatly weakened2 indeed to this is due the fact that a woman who is accustomed to corsets has great difficulty in giving them up4 ,she feels as if she would come to pieces if not supported by them4 ,the exercises given in the appendix will help to restore tone to these muscles1 and with perseverance in these1 vigor and health will return1 and the deformities such as flat or hollow chest1 drooping shoulders1 and protuberant abdomen1 caused by muscular weakness1 will disappear4 ,illustration3 ,a ,normal ,waist4 ,illustration3 ,a ,corset formed ,waist4 ,as we have said 7see ,skin1 ,care of7 clothing should be loose and porous in order that the skin may perform its functions4 ,corsets are both tight and impervious4 ,the constriction of any part of the body by tight bands1 and the hanging of the clothes from the hips1 are highly injurious4 ,it is frequently urged that corsets are necessary if a woman is to have well-fitting clothes and a neat figure1 but this is by no means the case4 ,we illustrate a good health waist which has the advantage of allowing freedom of movement and respiration1 producing no constriction of any part1 and yet being well-fitting4 ,buttons are arranged1 as shown in the illustration1 to support the skirts so that their weight falls equally from the shoulders4 ,this waist can be had from the ,good ,health ,supply ,department1 #dea ,holloway ,road1 ,london1 ,n41 who will send particulars on receipt of a post card4 ,illustration3 ,good ,health ,waist 7back view7 ,good ,health ,waist 7front view7 ,lancing ,swellings4--,see ,abscess4 ,lather1 ,how to make4--,one of the most powerful soothing influences which can be had1 is found in the lather of ,m',clinton's soap1 so often recommended in these pages4 ,applied to the skin over a stomach which has been rejecting all food1 and even retching on emptiness1 for hours1 it will almost at once stop the irritation4 ,applied to the head it is invaluable 7see ,brain2 ,head2 ,hearing1 etc471 and in many cases we have known it perform almost miracles of soothing effect4 ,but the lather must be rightly made1 and none but this soap used1 if good results are to be got4 ,lather is first ,soap1 secondly ,water1 and thirdly ,air1 so wrought together to make a mass like whipped cream1 or only a little more fluid4 ,to get this1 dip a good shaving brush in hot water1 rub it on the soap a little1 take another slight dip of hot water1 and work the brush in the hollow of the left hand patiently1 until you have a handful of fine creamy foam1 sufficiently solid not to run like water1 and yet as soft in its consistency as cream4 ,there is in the hand just the temperature1 consistency1 and shape that are required for working the lather1 and no dish can properly replace it4 ,the lather is to be gathered from the hand with the brush 7a soft badger's-hair one preferred71 and laid with it on the skin of the patient wherever necessary4 ,then another handful is quickly made1 and so on until the required surface is covered4 ,or the lather may be transferred to a hot dish1 placed over a bowl of boiling water1 till enough is ready4 ,after the application1 a soft handkerchief may be laid loosely on1 and1 if the lather is to remain on as a pack1 a dry covering put over this4 ,illustration3 ,lather ready for application4 ,in many cases where it is inconvenient to apply the lather direct to the skin1 it may be spread on a warm cloth of soft and clean linen or cotton1 and this laid over the part to be treated before it is cold4 ,this will also apply where the patient is too weak to sit or lie in the position required for lathering the skin4 ,a dry cloth must be put on the top of the soapy one1 and all fastened on by proper wrapping4 ,in cases1 however1 where the skin has to be lathered in order to soothe the nervous system or to allay irritation of internal organs1 it is well1 if at all possible1 to apply the lather direct to the skin1 as described above4 ,lather of this soap1 made in this way1 may be spread on the most sensitive sores 7when ulcers have eaten through both outer and inner skins7 with only a very slight feeling of smarting to the patient1 and with the most healing effect4 ,it is very different with soda soap made in the usual way4 ,when the skin of the head has got inflamed 7as we saw in the case of a child the other day1 where the back of the head was a matted mass of most distressing sores71 it is charming to see the effect of this lather4 ,we took a number of handfuls of it1 and soaked the matted hair and inflamed skin till the poor child looked up with an expression of astonished relief4 ,legs1 ,pricking ,pains in4--,sometimes curious pricking pains are felt in the legs1 becoming so severe as even to confine a patient to bed4 ,nothing can be seen on the skin1 and no swelling or other visible sign of trouble is present4 ,evidently this requires treatment more particularly of the nerves1 which go to maintain a proper balanced state of feeling in the skin where the pricking is felt4 ,the patient must give up using alcohol in any form1 and should rest in bed4 ,in treatment we do not look to the skin itself1 but rather to the nerves1 to effect a cure4 ,there is a failure at the nerve roots1 and indeed the patient will usually be weak and nervous generally4 ,a popular remedy in such a case might be arsenic1 which must be avoided1 as likely greatly to injure instead of help4 ,the cure is in increased nutrition of the nerve substances1 by rest and light dietary4 ,see ,biscuits and ,water1 ,diet4 ,limb1 ,saving a4--,the proper growth of the body in any part depends on the power furnished by the nervous system and the cells of that part4 ,this power enables these cells to use the nutritive substance in the blood for the formation of new tissue4 ,by this process1 growth in the healthy body is continuous through life1 replacing equally continuous waste4 ,but this all depends on a due balance of power in the process4 ,suppose one eats more than can be changed into healthy tissue1 the food may all go into blood1 but the nervous power of the cells is insufficient to deal with it4 ,sluggish living in bad air1 tobacco1 or alcoholic drinks1 will all cause this4 ,then some slight wound or bruise is received1 and the overloaded blood fails to act healthfully and heal this4 ,a sore is formed1 most likely somewhere in the foot or leg1 and the limb goes from bad to worse in spite of all efforts1 while this inequality between the blood and the tissues continues4 ,this goes on perhaps for years1 and no effort is made to remedy it4 ,such a case may often be very easily cured1 even where doctors pronounce it hopeless1 if the patient will submit to proper regimen and treatment4 ,let the limb be thoroughly bathed1 as far above the knee as possible1 with water as hot as can be borne 7see ,bathing ,feet74 ,pour into the water about half-a-pint of strong vinegar4 ,keep up the heat for an hour4 ,repeat three times each day--at #aa a4m41 #d p4m41 and at bedtime4 ,rest from treatment on the ,sabbath4 ,when perspiration follows this bath1 dry the patient all over1 and rub with vinegar4 ,dry this off and rub with olive oil4 ,dry again1 and put on clothes4 ,when we have to foment a foot or knee in long heatings or bathings1 we find it well sometimes to cool the lower part of the spinal nerves1 and remove all irritation of them4 ,then for diet1 let the patient go on good wholesome wheaten biscuits 7see ,biscuits and ,water7 three times a day as food1 and pure water1 with no alcohol of any kind1 to drink4 ,and let him give up the use of tobacco entirely4 ,many times over1 when limbs have been condemned by the medical men1 we have seen them saved in this way4 ,we have seen the same treatment save arms and fingers1 reducing them from swollen and unsightly sores to perfect shape and complete usefulness4 ,limbs1 ,disjointed1 or ,sprained4--,in the case of an overstretch1 or sprain1 which has resulted in a hardened1 swollen1 and painful state of the muscles of the arm1 bathe the arm in hot water1 using plenty of ,,soap 7see74 ,while the arm lies in this bath1 gently squeeze it with both hands1 so as to make the muscles work gently over one another1 and the blood run out and in to the stiff parts4 ,care must be taken to avoid hurting the patient4 ,no such effort is needed as to require great strength--only so much squeezing as urges the blood out of the part squeezed1 and lets it in again when the pressure is taken off4 ,persevere in this for half-an-hour1 dry1 and rub with warm olive oil4 ,do this twice daily until the arm is restored4 ,in the case of a broken or disjointed arm1 ,,fomentation 7see7 should be vigorously applied until proper surgical aid can be had to set the bones4 ,even where a joint has been a long time out1 such fomentation persevered in will soften the part1 and permit of proper setting of the bones4 ,cold is unfavourable--cold water a decided mistake in such a case4 ,of course a surgeon should be employed2 but if no medical aid can be obtained1 a person who understands anatomy may replace a disjointed limb by fomenting and oiling the muscles thoroughly1 and then watching for a time when they are relaxed1 and when the patient's attention is not fixed on the joint4 ,this is the moment to slip the bone into its place4 ,if medical aid can be obtained1 it is always safe1 while waiting for the doctor1 to foment the broken or disjointed limb4 ,also a wet compress worn over the disjointed limb will1 with the fomentation1 make it much easier for him1 when he comes1 properly to set the bones4 ,when two bones in any part of the body are disjointed1 the cords and muscles which tend to keep them firm in their ordinary position usually draw the ends past each other so that they overlap4 ,to get the joint right1 the bones must be drawn until the ends can pass each other1 and then they must be brought into their proper position4 ,compare the disjointed bones with those same bones in a right position in some one's body1 and thus you will see how they may be drawn right4 ,there is a way of manipulating the muscles and tendons that in most cases renders it unnecessary to use much force1 therefore the inexperienced should never draw forcibly4 ,sometimes a joint will repeatedly fail in this way4 ,in such a case it may be supported2 but means must be used by hot fomentations to strengthen the joint1 and general rubbing1 especially on the spine1 must be used to increase vital force4 ,limbs1 ,drawn-up4--,we have had many cases of contracted limbs1 arising from various causes4 ,some of these have been completely cured1 even when the tendons or cords which were contracted were going to be cut by medical advice4 ,in one case1 however1 of which we knew1 the medical man ordered the very treatment we employ4 ,in the first place we must have ,,exercise 7see74 ,this may be given by massaging the back and limbs with a gentle squeezing motion for half-an-hour twice a day 7see ,,massage74 ,use hot olive oil for this rubbing1 and persevere4 ,if the feet be sweaty1 rub them with the ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see74 ,but the effective cure will be found in the careful and persevering rubbing and pressure4 ,sometimes we find that a failure occurs in the large haunch joint itself1 and that is not only shown by pain and stiffness1 but by one or more sores that discharge matter1 indicating that the bone is diseased4 ,at the same time1 the sinews of the limb affected give signs of contraction1 and the heel soon refuses to come to the ground in walking4 ,there is clearly a lack of vital energy1 such as is wanted to heal the bone and nourish the leaders in this limb3 this lack may have been showing itself for years4 ,apply the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see74 ,soon the sores begin to put on a healthier appearance1 and ere long they heal up4 ,with this and the rubbing1 the sinews begin to relax and lengthen out1 so that the heel comes nearer the ground4 ,the limb may even have become smaller than the other1 but it grows so as to come up with the healthy one3 this will be the case though the fomentation is done equally to both4 ,it is a curious thing that the body is so constituted that general healthy growth tends to bring on weaker parts more rapidly than stronger ones1 so as to restore proper proportions4 ,the new force applied to the roots of nerves on both sides of the spine does not make the healthy limb grow so as to keep in advance of the weakened one2 it makes the weakened one grow so as to come up with the healthier4 ,you do not therefore need to confine the fomenting to one side2 it is better to apply it equally to both sides1 and to leave the laws of the constitution to arrange all matters as to proportion4 ,these laws never fail to do so perfectly4 ,in the hands of a really skilful surgeon1 much may be done to remedy diseased bone by the modern methods of antiseptic treatment and operation1 but where these are not available1 the above treatment has most excellent effects1 and has sometimes cured where the surgeon has failed4 ,limbs1 ,fractured4--,it is not always easy to say definitely whether a bone is broken or not4 ,in general1 however1 the following are signs of fracture3--7#a7 ,loss of power in the limb2 7#b7 ,swelling or pain at the injured spot2 7#c7 ,distortion of the limb1 usually shorter than natural2 gentle pulling makes it temporarily regain its natural position2 7#d7 ,when the limb is gently moved1 it moves at some spot between the joints1 and a grating sound is heard2 7#e7 ,in case of a bone which lies near the skin1 a touch will perceive the irregularity due to the fracture4 ,pending the surgeon's arrival1 if there is a fracture1 do not attempt to move the patient till the limb is so secured that the broken bone is prevented from moving4 ,if the arm bone is broken1 put one splint inside and another outside the arm1 and tie two bandages1 one on each side of the fracture4 ,sling the arm in a small arm-sling like the straw envelope of a bottle4 ,if the thigh be fractured1 get a long splint1 such as a broom handle or a rifle1 placing it from the pit of the arm to the foot4 ,bandage around the chest1 the hip bones1 legs1 and feet1 and then by two bandages1 one above and the other below the fracture4 ,illustration3 ,a ,broken ,thigh4 ,if the leg bone or bones be broken1 an umbrella makes a good splint4 ,another splint should be applied on the inside of the leg1 the two firmly bandaged together1 and finally the legs tied together4 ,illustration3 ,a ,broken ,leg4 ,if the knee-cap only be fractured1 tie the leg on a splint from hip to foot1 and keep the limb raised4 ,almost any firm substance which can keep the limb at rest can be used for a splint1 but if hard it should be padded4 ,if the fracture is accompanied with severe bleeding1 stop the flow first before attending to the fracture4 7,see ,wounds47 ,limbs1 ,inflamed4--,entirely different treatment from the above is needed for such a thing as inflammation of the elbow1 wrist1 shoulder-joint or knee4 ,say it is an inflamed elbow that is to be treated4 ,we describe this2 but similar treatment1 with very slight variation1 such as common sense will suggest1 answers for the other joints4 ,have two large plain towels wrung out of cold water1 and folded so as to wrap six ply thick round the elbow4 ,see that the patient is otherwise warm4 ,place one of the towels round the joint1 and gently press it 7avoiding pain7 so as to draw the heat out of every part4 ,when this is hot substitute the other1 and continue with fresh cooling--for an hour if necessary4 ,the cloth may require to be changed perhaps thirty times2 but the guide to this is furnished by its heating4 ,when hot1 change it4 ,this may be repeated frequently1 until the inflammation is subdued4 ,limbs1 ,uncontrollable4--,this trouble is found in the double form2 first1 of limbs which will not move when their owner desires to move them2 and1 second1 limbs moving in excessive jerks when they are not desired to do so4 ,these cases are often combined1 the limbs being rigid at one time and jerking violently at another4 ,there is no wasting or unhealthy appearance4 ,we have found this condition caused by excessive walking1 running1 and standing1 combined with exposure to frequent wettings4 ,the result is1 in essence1 that motor power in the limbs is in excess1 while controlling power is defective3 the case is indeed similar to ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance 7see74 ,bathe the feet 7see ,bathing ,feet7 in hot water1 and apply cold towels folded and wrung out of cold water 7but not iced7 along the spine4 ,keep this up for an hour-and-a-half at a time4 ,by that time the hard rigid feeling in the limbs will probably have disappeared1 but great helplessness will be felt4 ,you have removed the excess of motor energy1 and must now increase the voluntary energy4 ,this will be accomplished by gently rubbing the back and limbs with hot olive oil1 as in ,limbs1 ,drawn-up4 ,this treatment1 repeated daily1 will usually soon cure4 ,liquorice4--,see ,constipation4 ,liver1 ,the4--,where biliousness prevails1 without any symptom of real liver disease1 it is well first to look to the state of the stomach and bowels4 ,take a teacupful of hot water twenty minutes before meals1 and the liquorice mixture 7see ,constipation7 after meals4 ,then give a strong blanket fomentation to the feet and legs for an hour in the evening4 ,if there be pain or feverish heat in the region of the bowels1 press cold cloths over the painful part while the feet are fomented4 ,when the liver is really swollen1 hardened1 or painful1 the pulse will either be quick with feverish symptoms or slow with coldness4 ,if it be a feverish case1 press cold cloths over the liver1 changing them when warm1 for an hour3 at the same time foment the feet and legs as directed above4 ,see that there is heat enough to make the patient comfortable under the cold applications4 ,inflammation of the liver will readily yield to this treatment4 ,when the case is a cold one with slow pulse1 use no cold cloths1 but apply fomentations over the liver1 as well as to the feet and legs4 ,smoking and alcoholic drinks must be entirely given up--these habits are peculiarly severe on the liver4 ,the treatment will not be likely to cure in a day or in a week1 but patient perseverance with the fomentations should eventually effect a cure4 ,too rich food throws a great strain on the liver1 and a plain and spare diet with prolonged mastication is necessary with above treatment if a cure is to be effected4 ,locomotor ,ataxia4--,this disease is a most difficult one to deal with1 and any healing is very slow work4 ,patients past middle life are specially difficult cases1 but we have known cure1 or at least great mitigation in younger persons by the following treatment4 ,beginning1 say on a ,tuesday1 let the lower back be well rubbed with hot olive oil1 the patient sitting with the back to the fire1 and well covered1 except where being rubbed4 ,continue this rubbing for half-an-hour and not longer than three-quarters-of-an-hour4 ,on ,wednesday1 soap the back well with soap lather 7see7 and after the soap rub with oil again4 ,next night1 rub with acetic acid 7,coutts's7 full strength1 until the skin is red and smarts moderately4 ,repeat this on ,friday1 and on ,saturday and ,sabbath do nothing4 ,on ,monday rub with acid again1 and on ,tuesday1 etc41 proceed as before4 ,all treatment is best done at night1 and the patient must be kept warm4 ,he should also spend as much time as possible in the open air4 ,lumbago4--,lumbago differs from both paralysis and cramp of the lower back in that it is not chiefly nervous1 as these are1 but is a trouble in the muscular substance itself4 ,the muscles are either sprained or chilled1 so as to have lost for the time their elasticity4 ,blistering1 burning1 and all such irritating treatment are only so many helps to the disease4 ,the true method is found in gentle moist heating of the lower back by a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 not too hot1 but renewed1 if need be1 for an hour each evening4 ,follow this up with a rubbing with hot olive oil4 ,wear a belt of new flannel round the body night and day in winter1 or if exposed to cold4 ,the treatment is simple1 but if persevered in1 cures most obstinate cases4 ,lungs1 ,bleeding from4--,this is usually taken as a most alarming1 and even hopeless1 symptom4 ,it is not necessarily so at all1 and even when a considerable amount of blood is lost1 the patient may recover4 ,therefore1 let friends not be frightened when this occurs1 but bend their energies to proper treatment1 and all danger may be averted4 ,all alcohol must be avoided2 it is most hurtful in such cases4 ,pack the feet and legs in a hot blanket ,,fomentation 7see7 and press cold cloths gently and equally over the chest or back where the blood is felt to be coming from3 thus you stimulate the enfeebled nerves and brace the relaxed lungs at one and the same time4 ,relief will usually be felt at the end of two or three minutes4 ,continue the application till all pain and uneasiness are gone4 ,before taking the legs out of the warm pack1 dry the chest carefully1 rub it with warm olive oil1 and wrap it up in good new flannel4 ,then take out the feet and dry them well2 rub them gently and well with warm oil1 put on a pair of soft cotton stockings1 and allow the patient to rest4 ,squeeze an orange and give him an orange drink 7see ,drinks74 ,when you have used this fomentation to the feet1 and cold cloths once or twice1 it will be well to place a large bran poultice across the lower part of the back1 taking care again that this is only comfortably hot4 ,when you have had the benefit of this once or twice1 you may place a similar poultice between the shoulders2 but this only after you have so far succeeded in cooling down the inflamed lung or lungs1 as the case may be4 ,during the whole of the treatment it will be well to watch what is agreeable to the sufferer4 ,it is not only that a certain treatment1 or degree of treatment1 comforts1 but that it comforts because it heals4 ,move the patient as little as possible during treatment1 and do and say all possible to soothe the mind4 ,the whole treatment should be gone over a second time within twelve hours4 ,the second day give one application of the treatment only1 and repeat once again the third day4 ,except for the first time1 the treatment may be limited to half-an-hour4 ,avoid hot food or drink1 but it is not necessary to have it positively cold4 ,this treatment we have found perfectly successful in many cases4 ,lungs1 ,congestion of the4--,treatment as below4 ,read preceding and succeeding articles4 ,lungs1 ,inflammation of the4--,this is a common trouble in our climate1 and1 fortunately1 one not difficult to cure if taken in time and properly treated4 ,it is usually the result of a chill1 and is accompanied with pain and inability to breathe properly1 distressing fever1 and often delirium4 ,to begin with1 all its evils arise from the relaxing of the vessels of the lungs1 so that these swell1 and the excess of blood causes inflammatory action to supervene4 ,to guard against it1 then1 those influences must be avoided which reduce vitality2 where they cannot be avoided1 all must be done to counteract them4 ,mere exposure to cold or wet1 unless accompanied by exhaustion from hunger1 or grief1 or other influence of the kind1 rarely causes this trouble4 ,where the trouble has set in1 the treatment is the same as recommended above in ,lungs1 ,bleeding from4 ,if the patient be a very strong person1 and the fever very great1 the fomentation to the feet may be dispensed with2 but if any uncomfortable coldness is felt1 or the patient not above average strength1 it should always be applied4 ,no one who has not seen it can imagine the magical effect such treatment has4 ,it is simple1 but its efficiency has been demonstrated in a very large number of cases of cure4 ,malaria4--,is now known to be conveyed by the bite of a certain kind of mosquito4 ,those who live in a malarious district should carefully exclude these from their houses1 and by draining swamps and covering water butts prevent their breeding1 which is always in stagnant water4 ,if1 however1 exposure to infection cannot be prevented1 much may be done to strengthen the system to resist it4 ,firstly1 note that there is a great deal in the food and drink of a family compelled to live in such a district4 ,if they live largely on animal food1 and drink alcoholic liquors1 they will seriously add to the power of malarial influence4 ,the use of simple food and pure water will very much lessen it4 ,let us note that the very opposite of the popular superstition is the truth4 ,a single glassful of gin1 whiskey1 or brandy1 instead of fortifying against such infection1 actually knocks down the fortifications which nature has reared against its power4 ,these drinks1 then1 must be strictly avoided4 ,illustration3 ,muscles of ,back 7,surface muscles removed on right side exposing the deeper ones74 ,illustration3 ,massaging the ,back4 ,illustration3 ,massaging the ,back4 ,massage4--,this seems a very simple thing to do1 but is by no means easy to do right1 and it is very desirable that any one who can see it done by a qualified person should take advantage of the opportunity4 ,the rubber must keep his attention closely fixed on the work1 and though this is fatiguing to body and mind1 it is absolutely necessary if the patient is to derive full benefit from the treatment4 ,the skin should first be lightly rubbed with olive oil2 except in very special cases friction between hand and skin is to be avoided4 ,the hand should move the skin to and fro over the muscles and bones beneath1 and should be always elastic1 so as to go easily in and out of the hollows1 and avoid violent contact with projecting bones in the case of emaciated patients4 ,the good rubber should know anatomy so far as to understand where bones and muscles lie 7,see ,diagram1 page #baf74 ,an intelligent moving of all the muscles of a part is almost equal in benefit to gymnastic exercise1 and can of course be given to those for whom gymnastics are out of the question4 ,yet such rubbing may fatigue a very weak patient1 and care must be taken not to carry it too far at one time4 ,there should also never be any hurting of the skin4 ,where the hands are felt too rough1 the back may be covered with a soft cloth1 oiled with olive oil4 ,all strong strokes in rubbing the limbs should be directed inwards to where the limb joins the body4 ,the lighter strokes should be outwards4 ,it is always well to have a light and heavy stroke1 as a joiner has in sawing4 ,as an instance of how to squeeze1 let us take an arm that has got wrong somehow4 ,if you take this arm between your two hands very gently1 you feel that it is harder than it should be4 ,the large muscles1 even when the arm is at perfect rest1 have a hard feeling to your hands1 and not the soft1 nice feeling which a perfectly healthy arm has4 ,probably the muscles have been over-stretched1 and sprained1 or they have been chilled1 and so have lost their elasticity and softness4 ,well1 it will be so far good if you can bathe this arm in hot water4 ,it will be better still if the hot water used is full of ,,soap 7see74 ,you can make this bathing ten times more effective1 if you only know what is meant by a proper squeezing of the muscles4 ,you use your two hands in the water of the soapy bath1 and taking the arm between them1 gently press the muscles between your hands1 with a sort of working upon them that makes the blood in the stiff parts rush out and in1 according as you press or relieve the pressure4 ,if you can only get hold of the idea1 it will not be difficult to do this right4 ,it may be that the cords of the arm are not only hard1 but also contracted1 so that the arm cannot be straightened or bent as it ought to be1 but it is still so squeezable that you can squeeze the blood out of it1 and it is still so elastic that when you relieve it of the pressure of your hands the blood rushes back into it4 ,if this squeezing is kindly and slowly done1 it will feel very pleasant1 and very soon its good effect will be perceptible4 ,illustration3 ,massaging the ,arm4 ,it is sometimes thought that there is some magic in one person's hands that is not in another's4 ,here is a case in which one person has rubbed1 he thinks1 perfectly right1 and no relief has come4 ,another brings relief in a few minutes4 ,it is concluded that some mysterious gift is possessed by the latter4 ,this may do well enough for an excuse when you do not care to have the trouble of curing your fellow-creatures1 but it is not true4 ,if we are to covet earnestly the best gifts1 it must be possible for all of us to get them4 ,the gift of healing is surely one worth coveting1 and we think must be within reach1 or we should not be told so to covet it4 ,see also ,head1 ,rubbing the4 ,illustration3 ,massaging the ,arm4 ,measles4--,an attack of this disease generally begins with a feeling of weariness4 ,then it appears as running and irritation of the eyes and nostrils1 at which stage it is often taken for a common cold1 the symptoms being very similar4 ,then this irritation spreads more or less over all the breathing apparatus1 and finally the eruption appears in smaller or larger red patches1 sometimes almost covering the face and other parts4 ,the usual advice given is to keep the sufferer warm4 ,it is good to do this so far as avoiding chills is concerned1 but if the room be overheated and kept close and dark1 only harm will ensue4 ,the blinds of the windows should be kept drawn up to their full height1 to admit as much light as possible4 ,fresh air should be admitted by keeping windows open4 ,if the patient complains of sore eyes1 these may be shaded by a screen1 but not by lowering the blinds4 ,this admission of free air and light is a very great preventive of the dregs which form so troublesome a feature in measles4 ,the room can easily be kept sufficiently warm by fire in winter1 even if the window be open4 ,the patient must not be allowed to read or use his eyes much1 or very serious mischief may ensue4 ,when it first appears in eyes and nose1 a good large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 should be placed at the back of the neck and down between the shoulders4 ,cold cloths should then be pressed over the brow and upper face4 ,do this for an hour4 ,give to drink lemon or orange drinks 7see ,drinks71 taken hot1 and in small quantities at a time4 ,if this treatment is well done several times1 the trouble may possibly be checked at the beginning4 ,where it has gone further1 and cough shows irritation of the air tubes and lungs1 then foment the feet and legs while applying cold cloths over the chest1 as in ,,bronchitis 7see74 ,if there be fever1 and no signs of rash1 then1 to bring it out1 pack in the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see74 ,where this cannot well be done1 a most effectual pack is a small sheet wrung out of warm water and wrapped round the whole body1 with a blanket wrapped well round it outside to retain the steam about the skin4 ,but the soap is better4 ,as a rule1 there is not much need for further treatment when the rash fully develops4 ,if1 however1 fever still remains1 rub all over with hot vinegar4 ,this is best done in the evening4 ,when all fever has subsided1 a good rubbing of the back only may be given with warm olive oil4 ,this may be done once a day4 ,the feet should be watched lest they get clammy or cold4 ,for food1 wheaten-meal porridge and milk food generally is the best4 ,do not give too much food at first1 and keep the bowels well open4 ,medicines4--,the delusion that health can be restored by swallowing drugs is so widespread that we think it well to quote the following wise words from the ,lancet3-- ,an eminent physician not long deceased was once giving evidence in a will case1 and on being asked by counsel what fact he chiefly relied upon as establishing the insanity of the testator1 replied without a moment's hesitation3 ',chiefly upon his unquestioning faith in the value of my prescriptions4' ,it might perfectly well be contended that this evidence failed to establish the point at issue1 and that faith in the prescriptions of a physician hardly deserved to be stigmatised in so severe a manner4 ,but admitting this1 there is still little to be said in favour of the sagacity1 even if we admit the sanity1 of the numerous people who spend money and thought over the business of physicking themselves1 and who usually1 if not indeed always1 bring this business to an unfortunate conclusion4 ,the whole tendency of what may be called popular pharmacy during the last few years has been in the direction of introducing to the public a great variety of powerful medicines1 put up in convenient forms1 and advertised in such a manner as to produce in the unthinking1 a belief that they may be safely and rightly administered at all times and seasons1 as remedies for some real or supposed malady4 ,all this1 of course1 has been greatly promoted by column after column of advertisement in magazines and lay newspapers2 but we are compelled to admit that the medical profession cannot be held free from some amount of blame in the matter or from some responsibility for the way in which drugs have lately been popularised and brought into common use as articles of domestic consumption4 ,medical men have failed1 we think1 sufficiently to impress upon the public and upon patients that the aim of reasonable people should be to keep themselves in health rather than to be always straying1 as it were1 upon the confines of disease and seeking assistance from drugs in order to return to conditions from which they should never have suffered themselves to depart4 ,the various alkaline salts and solutions1 for example1 the advertisements of which meet us at every turn1 and which are offered to the public as specifics1 safely to be taken1 without anything so superfluous as the advice of medical men1 for all the various evils which are described by the advertisers as gout or as heartburn1 or as the consequences of 'uric acid1' do unquestionably1 in a certain proportion of cases1 afford temporary relief from some discomfort or inconvenience4 ,they do this notwithstanding persistence in the habit or in the indulgence1 whatever it may be1 the over-eating1 the want of exercise1 the excessive consumption of alcohol or of tobacco1 which is really underlying the whole trouble which the drugs are supposed to cure and which at the very best they only temporarily relieve1 while they permit the continuance of conditions leading ultimately to degeneration of tissue and to premature death4 ,this is the moral which it is1 we contend1 the duty of the profession to draw from the daily events of life4 ,the natural secretions of the human stomach are acid1 and the acidity is subservient to the digestive functions4 ,it cannot be superseded by artificial alkalinity without serious disturbance of nutrition2 and the aim of treatment1 in the case of all digestive derangements1 should be to cure them by changing the conditions under which they arise1 not to palliate them for a time by the neutralisation of acid1 which may1 indeed1 give relief from present trouble1 but which leaves unaltered the conditions upon which the trouble really depends4 ,those who look down the obituary lists of the newspapers will be struck by the fact that large numbers of people1 in prosperous circumstances1 die as sexagenarians from maladies to which various names are given but which are1 as a rule1 evidences of degeneration and of premature senility1 while many who pass this period go on to enter upon an eighth or ninth decade of life4 ,the former class1 we have no doubt1 comprise those who have lived without restraint of their appetites1 and who have sought to allay some of the consequences thence arising by self-medication1 while the latter class comprises those who have lived reasonably1 and who1 if annoyed by imperfect digestion1 have sought relief by ascertaining and by abandoning the errors from which it sprang4 ,among the most pernicious and dangerous of all the patent medicines on the market are the so-called ,headache ,powders1 whose almost instantaneous effects testify to the potency of the drugs they contain4 ,such powerful agents carry their own condemnation1 for they cannot in the nature of things remove the cause of the pain2 hence their action is limited to narcotising the nerves4 ,the disease continues1 the damage goes on1 but the faithful sentinels are put to sleep4 ,these headache powders so increased the deaths from heart failure in ,new ,york ,city a couple of years ago that it became necessary to warn the public against them4 ,memory1 ,loss of4--,a more or less complete suspension of this faculty is a not uncommon form of mental and bodily illness4 ,we do not so much mean the mere fading of past impressions as the loss of power to recall them1 so that we cannot recall what we wish to remember4 ,this is a result of any serious bodily weakness4 ,it will come on through any exhausting exertion1 or prolonged and weakening illness4 ,stomach disorder will also cause it4 ,in this last case1 drinking a little hot water at intervals will usually put all right4 ,a cup of very strong tea will so derange the stomach in some cases as to cause temporary suspension of memory4 ,we mention these cases to prevent overdue alarm at a perhaps sudden attack4 ,the loss of mental power in such cases does not always mean anything very serious4 ,just as the stomach affects the memory1 so also much use of memory and mental strain tells severely upon the stomach4 ,digestive failures in strictly temperate persons often arise from an overstrain of the mind4 ,we explain these two actions1 the one of body on mind1 and the other of mind on body1 so that care may be taken1 on both sides1 of the complex nature we possess4 ,if this is done1 there will be little chance of memory failing4 ,mind in ,disease4--,often a person1 because of physical failure1 becomes possessed of an utterly erroneous idea1 which no reasoning can change or remove4 ,indeed1 reasoning in such cases is best avoided4 ,attention should rather be directed to the physical cause of the mental state1 with a view to its removal4 ,very probably you will find there is want of sleep1 with a dry hard state of the skin of the head1 and too high an internal temperature4 ,you may then work wonders by soaping the head 7see ,head1 ,soaping74 ,the back also should be soaped similarly4 ,if too great a cooling effect is produced by this1 wipe off the soap and rub hot olive oil on the back instead4 ,if this is not sufficient1 rub the limbs also with the hot oil4 ,we have seen the most pronounced insanity yield to this treatment1 where the cause has been physical and not mental4 ,the secret of success is in so balancing the heat and cooling applications that the utmost possible soothing can be given without any chill4 ,miscarriage4--,an expectant mother should lead a quiet1 orderly and healthful life 7see ,child-birth74 ,by this we do not mean laziness nor idleness1 nor treating herself as an invalid4 ,on the contrary1 plenty of work1 both physical and mental1 and regular exercise are most beneficial1 but care should be taken that work should not go the length of over-fatigue1 and excitement1 worry and anxiety should be carefully guarded against4 ,the round of parties and other social functions into which many brides are drawn1 frequently becomes the cause of miscarriage and other troubles4 ,any excitement1 mental or physical1 is most injurious1 and the husband and wife who sacrifice present enjoyment will be richly repaid afterwards in the greater vigor and healthiness of the child2 while those who live for the present will often have bitter regrets of what might have been4 ,if any weariness1 heaviness1 or pain are felt in the region of the abdomen1 groin1 or back1 half-a-day1 a day1 or a few days in bed should1 if possible1 be taken4 ,if any appearance of bloody discharge be noticed1 there is decided danger of miscarriage1 and the patient should immediately go to bed1 remaining1 as far as possible1 perfectly flat on the back until the discharge ceases4 ,it is even useful to raise the feet higher than the head1 by placing bricks or blocks under the feet of the bed4 ,the covering on the bed should be light1 only just what is necessary to keep one comfortable1 and the windows should be kept open4 ,light food should be sparingly taken for a day or two2 not much liquid1 and nothing hot should be drunk4 ,a towel1 wrung out of cold water1 placed over the abdomen or wherever pain is felt1 and changed when warm for a fresh cold towel 7see ,bleeding71 will help to soothe the pain1 allay the hemorrhage1 and induce sleep4 ,the mind should be kept at ease1 for such precautions1 taken in time1 will probably put all right4 ,after the hemorrhage has entirely ceased1 and all pain disappeared1 some days should be spent in bed1 and active life be only gradually and cautiously returned to4 ,when there is danger of miscarriage1 purgatives should be avoided2 a mild enema is a safer remedy1 if needful1 but for two or three days perfect rest is best1 and if the food be restricted1 the absence of a motion of the bowels will not do any harm4 ,the patient should1 of course1 have the bed to herself4 ,miscarriages most frequently occur from the #hth to the #abth week of pregnancy4 ,the time at which the menses would appear if there were no pregnancy1 is a more likely time for a miscarriage than any other4 ,it should be remembered that miscarriages are very weakening and lowering to the general health1 and to be dreaded much more than a confinement4 ,the latter is a natural process1 and1 under healthy conditions1 recovery of strength after it is rapid1 while a miscarriage is unnatural1 and is frequently followed by months of ill-health4 ,another thing to be remembered is that a habit of miscarriage may be established2 after one1 or more especially after two or three1 there is likelihood of a further repetition of such accidents1 resulting in total break-up of health4 ,muscular ,action1 ,weak4--,the heart is the most important of all muscles4 ,sometimes the action of this is so weak that the pulse in the right wrist is imperceptible1 and that in the left extremely feeble4 ,the heart may be beating at the usual rate1 only its stroke is much too feeble2 and the effects are found in enfeebled life generally1 sometimes shown in fainting fits4 ,if such come on1 lay the patient flat on his back1 and if consciousness does not return shortly1 apply a hot ,,fomentation 7see7 to the spine4 ,sometimes this heart weakness is only a part of a general muscular failure4 ,muscles elsewhere in the body may even swell and become painful4 ,if strychnine be prescribed1 refuse it4 ,it has only a temporary power for good1 soon passing into a wholly bad effect4 ,thoroughly good vapour baths will effect some relief1 and may be taken to begin with4 ,the best remedy is found in gentle rubbing and squeezing the muscles in every part1 specially attending to any that may be swollen and painful4 ,squeeze gently the muscular mass1 so as to press the blood out of it4 ,relax the pressure again so as to admit the blood4 ,where no help can be had1 we have known a patient so squeeze herself as to restore action to a useless limb4 ,but of course it is best if it be well and frequently done1 say twice a day1 by a really careful operator who has some idea of anatomy4 ,this may seem a simple remedy1 but we have known two inches added to the length of a shrunken limb by its means1 and the patient restored from apparently hopeless lameness to fair walking power4 ,see ,massage4 ,muscular ,pains4--,these pains occur usually when a patient has been for some time in one position1 sitting or lying1 and rises suddenly in a particular way4 ,they sometimes take such hold of the breast or back muscles as to make it appear as if some serious disease were present2 even in the limbs they may cause great distress on any sudden motion4 ,they may arise from a gradual overdoing of the muscles concerned4 ,they are similar to what is commonly called a sprain1 but as they are gradually produced their cause is often overlooked1 and needless distress of mind caused by taking the pain for that of cancer or some such trouble4 ,we write to point out that pains do not always mean serious disease1 and before any one becomes despairing about their health1 they should make sure they understand their case thoroughly4 ,these pains1 too1 refuse to yield to ordinary hot and cold methods of treatment4 ,the remedy is found internally in half a teaspoonful of tincture of ,guaiacum in a teacupful of hot water three times a day4 ,after two or three days1 a teaspoonful of the tincture may be taken in the cup of water4 ,continue until two ounces of tincture have been used4 ,or the tabloids of ,guaiacum and sulphur1 now found in our drug shops1 may be taken1 one tabloid representing the half-teaspoonful of tincture4 ,externally1 rub gently yet firmly the affected muscles with warm oil for ten minutes or so once a day for a week or ten days4 ,of course1 rest must be taken1 and the overstress which caused the trouble avoided in future4 ,mustard ,oil4--,where this is recommended the cold-drawn oil is meant1 not the essential oil4 ,the latter is a fiery blister4 ,narcotics4--,the use of these to give temporary relief1 often degenerating into a habit1 causes so much serious disease that we have felt constrained to insert an article warning our readers in regard to it4 ,the use of tobacco we have found a fruitful source of dangerous illness4 ,it tends to destroy nerve power1 and through this to relax the muscular system4 ,it has a most dangerous effect upon the mind1 relaxing the brain1 and even causing some of its functions to cease4 ,it hinders clear reasoning1 and in many cases brings on incipient paralysis4 ,it is a fruitful source of cancerous diseases of the mouth4 ,it destroys keenness of vision4 ,it is of no use to quote exceptional cases in such an argument4 ,great men have smoked1 as some great men have habitually drunk1 to excess4 ,but that is no argument for the average man of whom we speak4 ,the very difficulty he has in giving up the use of tobacco indicates a diseased state of the nerves1 which no wise man will willingly bring on himself4 ,the effect of the continued use of opium1 chloral1 and many drugs taken to gain soothing or sleep is dreadful3 so much so that we have seen patients who were deprived of them1 after some time of continuous use1 perfectly mad with agony4 ,let our readers remember that the relief given in using such drugs comes from a benumbing of the vital nerves4 ,their influence is deadening1 and1 if strong enough1 kills as surely as a bullet4 ,the wise medical man will1 if he does administer such drugs1 take care they are only taken once or twice4 ,if a doctor orders their continual use he is to be distrusted4 ,by all means let our readers avoid the terrible snare of ease and sleep obtained through narcotics4 ,it is generally easy to give relief1 in the various ways described in these papers1 without resort to any such hurtful methods4 ,suppose that you try a very hot application to the roots of the nerves affected1 if you can guess about where those roots are4 ,the doctor should help you to know this4 ,the hot poultice is put on--we shall say it fails to relieve4 ,well1 you put on a cold application at the same place4 ,that relieves slightly4 ,whichever of the applications relieves should be followed up vigorously4 ,do not say1 ,oh1 it gives relief for a little1 and then the pain returns4 ,follow up the little relief1 and change from heat to cold as the pain or relief indicates4 ,you can do no possible harm by such processes1 and in multitudes of cases all will soon be right1 and no opiate required at all4 ,but you must not think all remedies at an end when you have tried one or two singly1 and relief does not yet come4 ,the large hot poultice may be put on the roots of the affected nerves1 and ice-cold cloths placed on the branches of these nerves at the same time4 ,then the cold ice cloths may be placed on the roots and the hot on the branches4 ,but remedies are not exhausted1 by any means1 when you have thought of two or three applications of heat and cold4 ,the whole nerve system can be influenced by the rubbing of the head and spinal region1 so as to wake up a strong increase of vital action in the nerve centres there4 ,we have seen a patient who had been for months under medical treatment1 and in agony except when deadened with narcotics1 rendered independent of all such things by a little skilful rubbing alone4 ,perhaps you object that these remedies are very simple4 ,well1 that would be no great harm2 but if they are so simple1 you are surely a simpleton if you let your poor nerves be killed with morphia1 while such obvious remedies are at hand4 7,see ,massage47 ,neck1 ,stiff4--,for this1 rub the whole back with soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap71 and then with acetic acid and olive oil4 ,rub the neck itself as recommended for ,muscular ,action4 ,neck1 ,twisted4--,this arises from the undue contraction of some of the muscles in the neck4 ,it generally shows itself first in the evening1 after the day's fatigue1 and if neglected1 or treated with blistering1 iodine1 etc41 may become a chronic affliction4 ,yet it is not difficult to cure by right means4 ,opium should never be used4 ,we have seen terrible suffering follow its use4 ,the true cause must be attacked1 which is an undue irritation of the nerve which controls one of the muscles1 so that it contracts and pulls the head away4 ,the nerves of the muscles which counteract this pull are also probably low in vitality1 so that there is a slackening on one side and a pull on the other4 ,first of all1 for a cure1 there must be rest4 ,not more than three hours at a time should be spent in an erect posture1 and between each spell of three hours let one hour be spent lying down4 ,avoid all movement while lying1 as far as possible4 ,secondly1 soap the back thoroughly with ,,lather 7see7 at bedtime4 ,cover the well-lathered skin with a large1 soft cloth1 leaving the cloth and lather on all night1 and covering over all with flannel in sufficient quantity to keep the patient warm4 ,if the spasmodic twitching comes on1 apply cold cloths repeatedly to the back of the neck for an hour in the morning4 ,if this is felt too cold1 apply for a shorter time4 ,if the neck has become hard and fixed in a wrong position1 rub as recommended in ,muscular ,action4 ,this treatment has cured many cases4 ,nerve ,centres1 ,failing4--,many diseases flow from this cause1 but at present we only consider one4 ,that is where a numbness begins to show itself in fingers and toes1 and to creep up the limbs4 ,no time should be lost in treating such a case4 ,it arises from failure in the spinal nerves1 and these must be nursed into renewed vitality4 ,this will be greatly helped by wearing over the back next the skin a piece of new flannel4 ,rub 7see ,massage7 the back with warm olive oil night and morning1 working especially up and down each side of the spine4 ,pursue this rubbing gently but persistently1 but do not fatigue the patient1 which may easily be done4 ,cease rubbing the moment fatigue manifests itself4 ,continue this treatment for weeks even1 and also treat1 as in next articles1 mind as well as body4 7,see ,locomotor ,ataxia47 ,nerve ,pain4--,see ,pain4 ,nerve ,shock4--,after a fright1 or some very trying experience1 some part of the nervous system is frequently found to have given way4 ,heat is felt in the stomach4 ,then1 if no treatment is given1 curious feelings come on in the back of the head4 ,even inflammation of the stomach and brain may come on in severe cases4 ,in any such trouble1 alcoholic drinks1 blisters1 opium1 and all narcotics are to be strictly avoided4 ,these only lessen the already weak nerve power4 ,show the patient in the first place that there is no need for anxiety1 the vast majority of such cases being easily curable by right treatment4 ,we have seen this relief of mind alone effect a perfect cure4 ,therefore see to giving it4 ,wring tightly out of cold water two ply of new flannel1 large enough to go round the lower part of the body1 from waist downwards to hips4 ,put these round the patient1 with two dry ply of the same flannel above them4 ,wear this night and day for a week or a fortnight4 ,keep the feet always warm and dry4 ,give plain1 easily digested food4 ,if ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance shows itself1 treat as directed under that head4 ,study the case in the light of all said on nervous troubles in these pages1 and you will be able to cure almost any symptoms which may arise4 ,nerves1 ,shaken4--,by this we mean1 not the nerve trouble which follows a sudden injury or fright1 but the result of long-continued worry and overwork4 ,sleeplessness1 great irritability of temper1 depressing thoughts1 restlessness1 and even a wish for death1 are all symptoms of this trouble4 ,in any effort to cure it1 the mind must be largely considered4 ,thoughts of the constant care of a loving1 ,divine ,saviour for even the least of ,his children1 must be encouraged4 ,work1 which is an intolerable burden when depressing thoughts are encouraged1 will become easy when these are removed4 ,if you get the sufferer made hopeful for time and for eternity too1 you have half won the battle4 ,again1 in bodily matters1 food or drink which is exciting must be given up1 or very sparingly used4 ,tea should only be taken weak1 and at most twice a-day4 ,avoid long conversations1 and especially discussions and debates4 ,let the head be soaped 7see ,head1 ,soaping7 with soap lather at night1 and rub all over with hot vinegar and olive oil before rising in the morning4 ,many a shaken nervous system will speedily recover under such treatment4 ,take also eight good hours for sleep1 and allow no ideas of business or work to intrude upon them4 ,no more valuable habit can be formed1 by the healthy as well as by the nervous1 than this4 ,the whole will should resolutely be bent to remove the attention from every trying thought1 when the hours of work are past1 and especially on retiring to rest4 ,always recollect that this can be done2 assert mentally1 or if necessary1 audibly1 that it shall4 ,do not let initial failure disappoint you2 persevere and a habit will be formed4 ,when the brain gets a fair rest in its hours of leisure1 it is usually equal to all demands in ordinary hours of work4 ,all brain workers1 in their leisure hours should let the brain rest1 and if they must do something1 let it be as diverse from their work1 and as easy on the thinking power as is possible4 7,see ,worry74 ,illustration3 ,from ,furneaux's ,elementary ,physiology4 ,nerves1 ,spinal4--,the spinal cord is continuous with the back part of the brain4 ,it is a mass of nerve fibres1 and from it branch off in pairs1 all the way down from the brain1 the great nerves which move the limbs and muscles of the body1 and receive the impressions of sensation for conveyance to the brain4 ,it is permeated by numerous blood vessels1 which supply what is needed for the upkeep of the whole mass4 ,when these relax1 and become overfilled with blood1 we have congestion of the spinal cord4 ,this may often be easily remedied by cold cloths applied over the spine1 with fomentations to the feet if necessary 7see ,children's ,healthy ,growth2 ,fall2 ,paralysis2 ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance74 ,if1 on the other hand1 the vessels are contracted1 or the blood supply defective1 we have great languor and coldness4 ,this usually may be remedied by rubbing over the spine with hot olive oil4 ,violent heat1 or blistering1 simply destroys the skin1 and hinders healthy action4 ,gentle heat1 or gentle cooling1 long continued1 is the best treatment4 ,especially is this true in the case of little children 7see ,children's ,healthy ,growth74 ,for treatment of the nervous system1 peculiar attention should always be paid to the point where all the spinal nerves enter and issue from the brain4 ,this is at the hollow usually present at the base of the back of the skull1 where it is jointed on to the spinal bones4 ,rubbing here is most powerful1 either with acetic acid or olive oil1 and hot or cold cloths should always be well pressed into the hollow1 when applied to the head or upper spine4 7,see ,diagram1 page #bcd74 ,failures of muscular power are caused by failure in the spinal cord4 ,if a child cannot walk1 but only trails his legs1 or if he cannot hold his head erect1 skilful rubbing with hot oil on the spine will often quite cure the defects4 ,do not rub too hard4 ,feel for the muscles around the spine1 and gently insinuate healing influence with your fingers1 so as to reach the nerves below4 ,use a moderate quantity of oil1 and the effects will be marvellous4 ,nerves1 ,troubled4--,often a state of the nerves exists1 without any apparent unhealthiness1 which makes the whole system so sensitive1 that ordinary sights1 sounds1 and smells become unbearable1 and the patient feels the ordinary round of experience1 which would never be noticed otherwise1 an intolerable burden4 ,strange feelings all over the body1 and an indescribable series of seemingly fanciful troubles1 come on4 ,it is of no use1 and indeed injurious1 to treat such cases as merely fanciful4 ,the wrong bodily condition must be righted if the mental condition is to improve4 ,the first thing needed is quiet4 ,quietness rests the overstrained nervous system very much4 ,nerve-benumbing drugs are most hurtful 7see ,narcotics74 ,let the light in the room be subdued1 and strong smells avoided4 ,to rest the skin nerves1 wear only ,kneipp linen underclothing1 and flannels above this if required4 ,bathe the tongue and palate by taking mildly warm water into the mouth and ejecting it again4 ,soap the head1 and all over the body1 if it can be done without chilling1 three times a week4 7,see ,head1 ,soaping2 ,lather1 etc474 ,nervous ,attacks4--,what we call1 for want of a better name1 nerve force1 or nerve action1 is at any one time a definite quantity4 ,in health it is distributed to all the sets of nerves equally1 so that all work in harmony4 ,but if its distribution be altered in certain ways1 we find fits or attacks coming on4 ,action is greatly exaggerated in one part1 and as greatly lessened in another--hence violent movements and complete unconsciousness co-exist4 ,children often have such fits4 ,where they arise from indigestion as a result of bad food1 the cure is found in teaspoonfuls of hot water1 and a hot sitz-bath coming up over the bowels4 ,where bad blood causes the fits1 poultices over the kidneys will usually help greatly4 7,for fits of teething children1 see ,teething47 ,see also ,epilepsy4 ,nervousness4--,this frequent and distressing trouble is to be traced to a state of the nervous system in which sensibility has got the upper hand1 and self-control is partly lost4 ,it is difficult accurately and briefly to describe1 but is an easily recognisable state4 ,firstly1 then1 we say this is a physical trouble1 and the patient must not be blamed for it1 but encouraged kindly to make every effort of will to throw it off4 ,a strong will can be cultivated1 just as a strong arm1 by exercise4 ,peaceful thoughts and ,christian faith can also be cultivated1 and anxious and disturbing ideas put down4 ,uniform1 steady conduct on the part of all around is an enormous help to the nervous4 ,for physical remedies1 use no alcoholic drinks4 ,these give temporary relief1 but are fatal in their after effects4 ,to cure nervousness is impossible unless these are given up4 ,the physical treatment necessary will be found under ,nerves1 ,shaken1 and ,nerves1 ,troubled4 ,nervous ,prostration4--,persons suffering from nervous prostration have probably allowed the urgency of seeming duty to drive them on in work till the vital energies have been fairly exhausted4 ,at last they are completely broken down1 and the very fountains of life are dried up4 ,the brain itself has become incapable of giving sleep1 or sound thought4 ,but there is no need for despondency3 this trouble is perfectly curable1 only the right means must be employed4 ,in every case of real nervous prostration1 our question must be--,how shall we enable this vital element to recreate itself8 ,the answer is1 with heat4 ,here we may detail the process which we know to be successful4 ,dip a four-ply cotton cloth in cayenne lotion1 and lightly wring out4 ,lay this gently over the stomach and bowels1 and over this an india-rubber bag full of hot water4 ,all must be only hot enough to be comfortable4 ,this application may remain on for two hours without any change1 then it is repeated4 ,where no bag can be had1 a good thick fomentation should be used instead4 ,see ,nerves1 ,shaken2 ,nerves1 ,troubled1 and all articles on nervous trouble4 ,much depends on consideration of the individual case1 and careful thought and strong sense are needed on the part of all dealing with such cases4 7,see ,changing ,treatment47 ,dessertspoonfuls of light food should be given every half-hour1 and increased in quantity as the patient can bear it4 ,avoid alcohol and all narcotics4 ,nettle ,rash4--,this is an eruption on the skin1 often coming suddenly and going off again1 but sometimes of long standing4 ,it resembles in appearance the sting of a nettle--hence the name4 ,it is accompanied by an intolerable itching1 and is a very sore trouble where it continues1 or frequently recurs4 ,its cause is usually defective digestion4 ,we should not depend on drugs for a cure1 but treat first the whole spinal system4 ,rub the whole back smartly with vinegar4 ,wipe this off1 and rub again with gentle pressure and warm olive oil4 ,put on the soapy cloth 7see ,soap7 with the lather very finely wrought 7see ,lather71 and free from excess of moisture4 ,over this lathered cloth put a good blanket ,fomentation 7see71 changing it once or twice1 so as to keep up the heat for half-an-hour4 ,when all this is taken off1 we should rub again with vinegar and oil1 as at first4 ,if the case is a sudden attack1 we may soak the worst parts of the eruption with weak vinegar2 but if a chronic one1 the rash is better left untouched4 ,the treatment to the spine may be continued daily4 ,if the rash has been irritated into running1 scabby scores by scratching1 it may be cleaned with weak vinegar4 ,a little cream of tartar or powdered rhubarb and carbonate of soda mixed in equal parts may be taken internally after meals--say about one-fourth of a teaspoonful in a little water4 ,if this quantity exercise too great a cooling effect1 smaller doses will produce very good results4 ,kneipp ,linen ,underwear will in many cases of such skin trouble give great relief4 ,neuralgia4--,this is severe pain in one part or other of the body1 sometimes followed by swelling of the painful part1 but frequently without much sign of anything wrong at that point4 ,it is1 as the name implies1 a trouble affecting the nerves which are connected with the painful part1 and usually there is nothing whatever wrong where the pain is felt4 ,where1 however1 violent pain in the head or jaws results from chill1 there is an altogether different trouble1 though it is often called by the same name4 ,we have seen a man who had been in agony all night with pain all over his head4 ,we took a large piece of flannel1 about the size of a small blanket1 rolled it up so as to get about a quart of boiling water poured into the heart of the roll4 ,we kneaded the whole for a little time1 to have the heat and moisture well diffused through the flannel4 ,we now placed a large towel fourfold on the pillow under the patient's head1 so that it could be brought as a good covering over the hot blanket when that was on4 ,we opened up the blanket steaming hot and laid the head in the heart of it1 bringing it carefully up all round1 then brought the large towel over all1 and tucked him tidily in about the shoulders4 ,in less than two minutes he exclaimed1 ,i'm in ,paradise6 ,the pain was all gone1 and in its place was a positive sensation of delight4 ,there was nothing here but a chilled skull to deal with1 and as soon as it felt the heat and relaxed1 the man was perfectly relieved4 ,then came the question as to how what had been got was to be secured1 so that he might continue well4 ,after he lay about three-quarters of an hour in this hot fomentation of the head1 we took it off1 and rubbed gently some warm olive oil into the roots of the hair1 and all around the head and neck4 ,we then gave all a good dry rubbing with a hard towel1 and covered up his head carefully1 and kept it covered for a day or two4 ,he required no more treatment of any kind4 ,but when this treatment increases the pain1 or fails altogether to remove it1 we have a trouble which calls for the very opposite treatment4 ,then we have true neuralgia1 which may be in any part of the body1 and which is relieved by cooling the roots of the nerves which supply that part4 ,for the face and jaws1 cold must be applied to the back of the head1 neck1 or brain generally4 ,for pains in arms1 cold is to be applied to the upper1 and for pain in legs to the lower part of the spine2 for pain in the body1 cool the whole length of the spine4 ,the cooling is done by cloths moistened in cold water and well wrung out1 pressed on gently over the part1 and renewed as they grow warm4 ,if the patient feels chilly1 foment or bathe the feet and legs up to the knees during the process of cooling4 ,this may require to be done for an hour4 ,finish by rubbing the parts cooled with hot vinegar and olive oil1 and wiping off4 ,even young people are exposed to a great deal of suffering from this source1 and we feel sure that every one of these may be at once relieved and cured by the vigorous use of the cold compress4 ,when the patient is warm in bed1 the cold compress is one of the most delightful of applications2 and the warm olive oil1 to keep what has been got1 make up a real blessing for the sufferer4 ,we have seen cases in which the cold compress has been applied up and down the spine1 but not with that full effect which could be desired4 ,somehow it has not power enough in the hands applying it to reach the roots of the evil4 ,the want in such a case is generally of a person sufficiently skilful in the use of the cold towel4 ,there is a way of pressing it gently over all the parts under which the affected nerves lie1 which secures the cooling of those roots very effectually4 ,but such skill is not always at hand when needed4 ,well1 mustard is spread over the surface of the cold towel1 and the compress1 thus increased in power1 is placed all along the centre of the back4 ,we find that very soon the pain begins to moderate1 and ere long it has ceased4 ,if it has to be applied more than once1 cayenne is greatly to be preferred4 ,the pepper does not hurt the skin1 the mustard very soon does4 ,a cold damp towel1 folded at least four-ply1 and placed properly1 after being sprinkled well with cayenne1 has an excellent effect4 ,in wild toothache1 or bad nerve pain in the head1 massage all over the head for a considerable time will often cure4 ,we know cases in which agonising pain was thus removed years ago1 and it has never returned4 ,there was first rubbing1 in a gentle soothing way1 over the whole head4 ,at a certain point1 that began to lose its soothing influence4 ,the cold towel was then wrapped round the head1 and gently pressed4 ,as soon as it warmed it was changed4 ,this was done for perhaps three or four minutes1 and the rubbing repeated4 ,the whole was kept up for about an hour4 ,all pain and uneasiness were then gone1 and there was no return of either4 ,it will be seen that it is essential properly to distinguish between the pain requiring heat and that requiring cold for treatment4 ,in any case it is safe first to try the heat4 ,failing relief with this1 the cold may be tried4 ,sometimes the cooling of the head and spine succeeds in driving off several attacks1 but eventually fails to relieve4 ,if in such a case the cold is applied over the stomach1 there is frequently almost instant relief4 ,where the attacks can be traced to indigestion1 or come on always a certain time after a meal1 this is the proper method from the first4 ,where a decayed tooth is the cause of pain1 of course go to the dentist4 ,night ,coughs4--,these frequently remain as the so-called dregs of some illness1 and are found very persistent4 ,they are also frequently very alarming1 as they are thought to indicate some trouble in the lungs1 and as immediate steps should be taken to check this1 it is well to consult a good doctor4 ,but1 though coughing at night does of course accompany lung disease1 it is by no means a chief symptom4 ,also1 it is evident that the treatment applicable to bronchitis and other chest inflammations will often fail to relieve a night cough1 because the night cough in question is due to nervous irritation or indigestion4 ,narcotics are useless and hurtful4 ,great relief is frequently found from inhaling the smoke of burning nitre or saltpetre4 ,blotting paper may be soaked in a solution of saltpetre1 dried and lighted4 ,place the burning substance near enough the patient for him to inhale the smoke1 but not so near as to interfere with easy breathing1 especially in cases where there is great weakness4 ,when patients are fairly strong the back should be rubbed with warm olive oil for ten minutes or so in the morning before getting out of bed4 ,then apply a cold towel1 well wrung out1 folded lengthwise along the spine1 and over it a dry one4 ,let the patient lie on this1 and renew it when heated1 continuing altogether for fifteen minutes or so4 ,give another fifteen minutes' rubbing with the hot oil before dressing4 ,if the patient feels chilly during the cooling1 foment the feet and legs at the same time4 ,nightmare4--,in serious cases of this trouble1 the patient awakes some time before he gains any power whatever to move1 feeling held as in a vice4 ,but in common instances1 the attack is entirely during sleep1 and accompanied by frightful dreams4 ,a heavily-loaded stomach1 pressing on the solar plexus of the nerves1 is a very common cause4 ,the burdened nerves partially cease action1 and this gives rise to the trouble4 ,anything similarly affecting these organic nerves will cause it also2 but if the stomach be at fault1 reduce the food and let the last meal be light and not later than six o'clock4 ,this followed by a cup of hot water1 before going to bed1 will work a perfect cure4 ,when it is feared there may be an attack1 lying on the face in bed will often prevent it1 even if the patient so lies for a very short time1 and then turns on the side again4 ,when students1 or school children1 are over-driven 7see ,children1 various articles71 nightmare1 very persistent1 is one of the symptoms4 ,in such cases1 there is urgent need of rest1 or most serious consequences may follow4 ,treat as recommended in ,depression1 and if any nervous troubles show themselves1 treat as in various articles on nerve affections4 ,bad dreams1 especially with children1 are a sure sign of something wrong with the health1 and should always lead to investigation1 that their cause may be found and removed4 ,night ,pains4--,if these are of the nature of cramps1 which come on while lying in bed1 the treatment is similar to that given above as morning treatment for ,night ,coughs1 only the cooling must be continued for three-quarters of an hour or longer1 fomenting the legs if any chilliness is felt4 ,cold towels may also be wrung out before going to bed1 and put within reach4 ,these may be applied when the cramps come on4 ,they will usually relieve speedily4 ,spasmodic asthma may be relieved by the same treatment4 ,it often comes on when lying down1 and cold towels applied as above directed will generally relieve4 ,fomentations must be given to the feet and legs1 if any feeling of chill is felt4 ,where there is difficulty in breathing on lying down1 usually the heart is at fault4 ,sometimes the heart is all right1 and this hard breathing is nervous1 caused by too sudden lying down4 ,to lie down1 propped up with pillows1 which may be removed one by one1 is often sufficient to cure it4 ,the treatment in the morning as in ,night ,coughs will also greatly help4 ,another set of night troubles are such as arise from unwise use of foods or drinks before going to bed4 ,tea taken at or near bedtime will often cause sleeplessness1 and will be apt also to give spasmodic asthma2 so will all indigestible foods4 ,these overpower weary organs that need rest and sleep1 and not food4 ,most people will do well to take their last meal four hours before retiring4 ,taking supper is a habit1 and in many cases a very bad one4 ,night ,sweats4--,this distressing symptom1 which accompanies various illnesses1 can in most cases be easily cured4 ,the whole skin is to be sponged over at bedtime with ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see74 ,this is best done under the bed-clothes4 ,acetic acid1 the effective essence in vinegar1 has an astonishing power in healing and stimulating the skin4 ,when it is assisted by cayenne its healing power is very great indeed4 ,the nerves are stimulated1 the too open pores closed1 the skin cleansed1 and the whole system invigorated by such a mixture1 and as a result the night sweats disappear4 ,even where the case is hopeless1 much suffering may be prevented by the use of this mixture4 ,in conjunction with other treatment1 its use may even turn the scale towards recovery4 ,noise and ,disease4--,perhaps nothing shows more the lack of human feeling in many people than the manner in which they inflict sore distress on the sick and dying by means of noise4 ,moreover1 recovery is retarded1 and has sometimes been wholly prevented1 by nothing but a noise4 ,it must be understood that talking1 and also singing1 which are delightful to some1 become intolerable pain to the delicate and weak4 ,they really are worn out by them4 ,and the wearing out is real3 it is a destruction of nerve substance1 when the nerve of the patient is already too feeble4 ,shutting doors violently1 and the endless house noises1 must be avoided4 ,even a long1 loud prayer at the bedside of the sick is utterly out of place4 ,it may become necessary1 in order to prevent such abuses1 to exclude from the sick-room some who will be greatly offended thereby2 but courage to defend a patient against well-meaning intruders is one essential qualification of a good nurse4 ,oil doors that squeak1 fasten windows that rattle1 but above all keep quiet the tongues that clatter4 ,let all whispering in the sick one's hearing be avoided4 ,speak quietly but distinctly1 so that the patient may not think you are hiding anything from him4 ,wrap the coals in pieces of paper1 so that they can be put on the fire by hand1 avoiding the noise of shovel or tongs4 ,no one has a right to do what distresses others1 and especially when they are sick4 ,this principle should guide action4 ,acting thus will give untold rest and ease to the troubled4 ,nostrils1 ,the4--,the disease called ,polypus1 affecting the mouth or nostril with growths which are usually removed by force1 is one of those troubles curable by proper use of vinegar or weak acetic acid4 ,the extraction of the ,polypi is painful1 and we have ourselves seen them so completely cured1 that it is a pity not to make very widely known a method of avoiding extraction4 ,a small glass syringe or a nasal douche 7rubber is best7 should be got1 such as may easily be used for syringing the nostrils1 or gums1 if the growth be on these4 ,syringe the growths well with vinegar or ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 so diluted with water as only very slightly to smart when it is applied4 ,use this slightly warm1 and force it well up the nostril1 so that it goes even back into the throat4 ,this should be done for a considerable time3 not so as to feel painful1 but long enough to produce a decided effect1 which remains on ceasing4 ,dry the nostrils with a little soft lint or clean rag1 and force in a little fine almond oil4 ,do all this twice a day for a fortnight at least4 ,in a bad case1 a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 may be applied to the back of the head and neck1 coming down over the spine between the shoulders4 ,similar growths on other membranes1 if accessible1 may be cured by acid in a similar way4 ,this treatment is excellent for an ordinary cold in the head4 ,nourishment4--,nothing is more required in healing than properly to nourish the enfeebled body4 ,in its commencement proper nourishment demands a proper mixture of food and saliva4 ,in fever1 if there be little or no saliva present1 food requiring much saliva to fit it for digestion only injures4 ,this is the case with so-called rich foods1 especially4 ,excessive thirst usually marks this deficiency of saliva4 ,always consider carefully the flow of saliva before feeding a patient in a weak state4 ,get the mouth to water somewhat before giving food4 ,we have seen a cold cloth changed several times over the stomach start the flow of saliva almost miraculously1 relieving the thirst1 and prepare for nourishment which could not be taken before4 ,going further into the matter1 we see that very likely the stomach requires assistance to dispose of even well-salivated food4 ,there may be a lack of gastric juice4 ,in this case1 frequent and small quantities of hot water supplied to the stomach will greatly help it4 ,a wineglassful of hot water taken every ten minutes for two1 four1 or ten hours will be sufficient 7see ,digestion2 ,indigestion74 ,it is well to think ten times of the readiness of the system to digest1 for once of the food to be taken4 ,if the stomach be either burning hot or cold and chilly1 let it be cooled or warmed1 as the case may be4 ,either use cold towels or give hot water as above1 as the case demands4 ,when it is brought into something like a natural state of feeling1 you may then give food4 ,the hot water will often not only prepare the stomach1 but will start the flow of saliva in the mouth1 and that even when the cooling cloth has failed to do so4 ,a medical man will1 at times1 forbid water1 however thirsty the patient may be4 ,he is not unlikely to be labouring under a serious mistake4 ,it may be just the want of water which is causing the very symptoms which he thinks to cure by withholding it4 ,we never saw anything but suffering arise from withholding water from the thirsty4 ,milk is a prime element in nourishing the weak4 ,mixed with its own bulk of boiling water1 or even with twice as much1 it is immensely more easy to digest4 ,the simple water is of vast importance1 and the milk mixed with boiling water is quite a different substance for digestion from the fresh pure milk4 ,it is better to have a teaspoonful of milk and water really digested than a pint of rich milk overloading the stomach4 ,many persons put lime-water into the milk to make it digestible4 ,in doing so they put a difficulty in the way1 in the shape of the lime4 ,if one tries to wash his hands in hard water1 he sees how unfit that water is to do the proper work of water in the blood and tissues of the body4 ,now1 it is not difficult to meet this evil where the only water to be had has a great deal of lime in solution4 ,boiling this water makes it deposit much of its lime4 ,if a very1 very small bit of soda is mixed with it in the boiling1 it lets down its lime more quickly and completely4 ,alcoholic drinks--wine1 porter1 or ale--are often given as means of nourishment4 ,they are hurtful in the extreme1 as the spirit contained in them spoils1 so far as it acts1 both the saliva and the gastric juice4 ,rum and milk1 sack whey1 and other such preparations are equally bad1 and have killed many a patient4 ,while suitable nourishment is necessary for the sick1 great care should be taken to avoid giving too much4 ,often the amount of food the patient requires or can assimilate is exceedingly small4 ,injudicious attempts to keep up the strength by forcing down food that cannot be digested often destroy the little that remains1 and remove the only hope of cure4 7,see also ,assimilation2 ,biscuits and ,water2 ,blood2 ,bread2 ,buttermilk2 ,child-,bearing2 ,constipation2 ,diet2 ,drinks2 ,dyspepsia2 ,foods2 ,heartburn2 ,infants' ,food47 ,nourishment1 ,cold in4--,if a person is in fever1 and is burning with internal heat1 a little bit of ice1 sucked in the mouth1 gives great relief4 ,the relief is got in this way3 the melted ice1 in the form of water1 is little in bulk in proportion to the heat which is absorbed in melting it4 ,to absorb the same heat by means of merely cold water1 would imply a great amount of water1 and an inconvenient filling of the stomach4 ,the heat used up in melting the small bit of ice is great1 and the amount of water exceedingly small4 ,this gives benefit without inconvenience2 hence1 to suck a bit of ice is to be much preferred in such a case to taking a drink of cold water4 ,within proper limits1 beyond all question1 cold is1 in certain cases1 essential to nourishment4 ,for example1 in a case of thirst such as we have noticed1 the heat of the stomach extending to the mouth is drying up all the juices that should go to secure digestion and assimilation4 ,the saliva is dried up1 and the gastric juice equally so4 ,cold is applied to the pit of the stomach 7not ice1 but a moderate degree of repeated cold71 and the result is1 these juices begin to flow4 ,nourishment is the consequence1 and very clearly1 in such a case1 it is the consequence of cold4 ,in other words1 it is the result of reducing the excessive internal heat1 and leaving something like the proper degree behind4 ,the place which cold has in nourishing is1 so to speak1 negative--that is1 it is useful only in reducing overheating4 ,but when we remember how a frosty morning sharpens appetites and makes the cheeks glow with ruddy health1 we see that such reduction of overheat is not infrequently required4 ,nourishment1 ,heat in4--,heat is absorbed in building up the bodily tissues1 and given off when they are disintegrated4 ,to rightly understand this is of great importance in all treatment4 ,when a living substance is growing1 it demands heat4 ,an illustration of this is the sun's heat causing what we call growing weather4 ,again1 where substances are breaking up1 as in burning wood1 heat is given out4 ,in the stomach1 a certain amount of heat is needed during digestion4 ,if it is not given1 indigestion ensues4 ,to swallow ice1 where the stomach has already insufficient heat1 is then great folly4 ,on the other hand1 to take hot water is to do the very thing which gives the stomach what it needs1 and so to relieve the indigestion4 ,many times1 when the stomach simply stands still from lack of energy1 it will move immediately on getting a glass of hot water to help it4 ,similarly1 a little genial heat assists other failing organs4 ,as we have shown how cold diminishes the excessive action of inflammation and fever1 so we now point out that if you can find out what organs are feeble and acting insufficiently1 and stimulate them with gentle heat1 you are on the way to a cure4 ,nursing ,over4--,few vital processes are more remarkable than that by which food fitted for adults becomes in the mother's breast food fit for the little infant4 ,in nursing it is well to remember that all food is not equally fit to be so changed4 ,well-boiled porridge1 of either oat or wheaten meal1 is probably as good as can be got4 ,malt liquor1 though causing a large flow of milk1 most seriously deteriorates its quality1 and should be entirely avoided4 ,but in this article we think chiefly of the mother1 and of the necessary drain of blood and vital force which she bears in nursing4 ,in most cases this drain is easily borne1 in others the child is fed at the mother's expense4 ,the supply of power1 in such cases1 is not equal to the loss of it in feeding the child1 and the reserve in the mother's body is slowly used up4 ,she becomes thin and pale1 and her nervous system begins to suffer4 ,when this is the case1 either means must be used to increase her vital power1 or nursing must at once be given up4 ,of course1 where she may have had insufficient or unsuitable food1 a change of diet may work a cure2 but1 as a rule1 the drain of nursing will have to be stopped4 ,to help her restoration1 whether she ceases to nurse or not1 use the following mixture and treatment3 ,boil a stick of best liquorice for half-an-hour in a quart of good soft water4 ,add one quarter of an ounce of camomile flowers1 and boil for another half-hour4 ,keep the water up to the quantity by adding boiling water as required4 ,strain the mixture1 and give a dessertspoonful thrice a day before meals4 ,if the dessertspoonful be found too much1 a teaspoonful may be taken4 ,the patient1 if any heart trouble is felt1 should go to bed early1 and have the feet and legs fomented1 and cold cloths pressed over the heart4 ,this may be done for three or four nights4 ,after this1 each night for a fortnight the back should be well washed with ,,soap 7see7 and hot water1 and rubbed with vinegar and hot olive oil4 ,let each be dried off before the other is applied4 ,oil1 ,olive4--,a little oil only should be applied to the skin at once4 ,any such smearing as dirties the clothes or bedclothes is quite unnecessary4 ,since the first edition of these papers was published1 the use of oil in the massage treatment has become so widely known that methods of rubbing are better understood1 and its results more appreciated4 ,hence it is now easier to procure pure oil1 and our readers should be able to get it cheaply at any first-class grocer's4 ,opium4--,see ,narcotics4 ,oranges4--,some things regarding this useful fruit require to be noted by those using them in sickness4 ,to eat the whole substance of an orange except the outer rind is to give the digestive system some hard work4 ,we have known most serious stomach disturbance caused to the healthy by doing so4 ,some parts of the inner rind and partitions of the fruit act almost like poison4 ,these should always be rejected4 ,the juice is most beneficial4 ,it is best given to patients by squeezing the orange into a glass1 and straining it through muslin into another glass4 ,add its own bulk of water and a teaspoonful of sugar1 if liked4 ,this may be taken warm or cold1 and will do where even milk and water cannot be taken4 7,see ,drinks74 ,outstrikes4--,these appear on the skin from various causes4 ,in the case of infants1 they often appear on the head and face during teething4 ,an experienced medical man is cautious in the extreme of quickly healing the distressed skin4 ,he is afraid of driving in the eruption on the brain4 ,perhaps he refuses to do anything whatever to heal the head4 ,from what we have seen1 however1 even in the worst cases1 when head and face and neck were one great sore1 we feel assured that there is no need why this distress should be continued at all4 ,it may be1 at least in many cases1 safely and not very slowly healed4 ,the whole skin of the infant must be brought into vigorous and healthy action4 ,the head at first need not be touched2 but the entire skin not affected should be sponged with warm vinegar1 and then dried1 rubbed with warm olive oil1 and this wiped off carefully and gently1 so far as it does not adhere to the skin under the soft dry towel4 ,quite enough remains to do all the good required2 and if more is left on1 a chilliness and nastiness are felt1 which prejudice many against the use of it altogether4 ,it is well1 in many cases1 not to touch the child with water or soap4 ,the vinegar and oil cleanse the skin and do all that is required4 ,then vinegar very much diluted should be used warm to apply with a soft rag to the sores4 ,take a teaspoonful of vinegar in a breakfastcupful of warm water4 ,if this causes the child to cry when applied1 then dilute still further4 ,vinegar weak enough to cause hardly any feeling when it touches the sore1 will heal2 stronger vinegar will injure4 ,we have known a nurse try to heal an outstricken face by means of good vinegar at its full strength4 ,she was instructed to use the vinegar very much diluted1 but fancied it would heal faster if much stronger4 ,she might just as well have fancied that it is better to put one's cold hands into the fire than to hold them at some distance when wishing to warm them4 ,the child's face was made greatly worse1 of course1 and the cure abandoned4 ,it is therefore necessary to urge that a strength of acid which secures only the most gentle sensation of smarting is essential to cure4 ,the weak vinegar is first applied to the outer and less fiery parts of the outstrike4 ,try to heal from this inwards1 by gradual advances from day to day4 ,on the less affected parts the weak acid may be applied twice a day2 on the sorer parts only when itching is so distressing as to demand it4 ,we have seen a child whose head1 face1 and neck were one distressing sore2 we have taken the cloth with the diluted vinegar and daubed a square inch or so of the skin on which the fiery eruption was so full1 and in less than two minutes we have seen the colour change into a healthy pink1 and remain that colour when the olive oil was applied4 ,the child's sores yielded gradually1 till the whole illness was removed4 ,sometimes such eruptions1 in adults as well as children1 arise from suppressed perspiration1 or from the perspiration being of an acrid and irritating nature4 ,it is sometimes apparently the result of the rubbing off of a little of the skin1 or it comes on without any known accident4 ,for a time it seems scarcely worth noticing1 and is consequently neglected2 but gradually it spreads on the surface and gives uneasiness1 especially after the patient has been some time in bed4 ,it goes on till a large portion of the skin from the knee to the ankle is reddened and roughened with a moist eruption4 ,now remedies of various kinds are tried1 but the evil gets worse and worse4 ,the person affected is often a struggling mother or widow1 who has to keep on her feet all day in anxious toil1 and neither gets very good food during the day nor proper rest during the night4 ,month after month goes past1 and no relief comes4 ,the positive agony which such persons suffer is incredible to those who have not experienced anything of the kind4 ,here the great difficulty often is to get the patient the very chief condition for cure--that is1 perfect rest for the affected limb4 ,if this can in any way be secured1 all else is comparatively plain sailing4 ,but this is sometimes impossible3 the children may not be in a position to be left1 or the little business cannot be allowed to die1 as it would in a month's time if not attended to1 or some other hindrance is in the way4 ,we must just do the best in the circumstances4 ,we shall say that we are compelled to do without the rest1 probably also without certain other things4 ,rest is very desirable1 and so is a gentle rubbing all over the body1 first with warm vinegar and then with olive oil1 but there is perhaps no one capable of doing such a thing whose services can be secured4 ,it is easy to order very useful processes1 but among many who would not be exactly called poor people it is not easy to have the order carried out4 ,we must often do without this double rubbing1 and yet cure the diseased skin of the afflicted limb4 ,let the reader remember that it is no matter of choice that we dispense with the rest and the rubbing4 ,if they are possible1 by all means let them be taken advantage of to the utmost4 ,for treatment1 unless distinct running sores are formed1 bathe the limb with warm water and ,m',clinton's ,soap1 which will remove all crusts1 scabs1 c4 ,then apply zinc ointment4 ,do not bathe or poultice after the first time4 ,all secretion can be removed by a piece of cotton wool dipped in warm olive oil4 ,if deep running sores have formed1 then we must have a water-tight box of rough deal in which the whole leg up to the knee can be bathed for an hour in hot water4 ,we see no reason why it should cost much over a shilling to get this1 and it would be a sore want if it could not be procured4 ,it is so made that the leg and foot can rest easily in it while it is nearly full of hot water4 ,it need not be wider than just to hold the limb easily4 ,some good-hearted joiner will put five small boards together so as to meet this want4 ,we shall suppose that it is supplied4 ,now for a few cloths1 such as will cover the diseased parts1 about three-ply all round4 ,then for vinegar or acetic acid1 so diluted with water that it will just cause a slight smarting when heated and touching the affected skin4 ,it must not be so strong as to cause burning1 nor so weak as to give no sense of its presence at all1 but between these extremes4 ,it can be tried when too weak1 and vinegar or other acetic acid added till a gentle smarting is felt4 ,the cloths are dipped in the diluted and heated vinegar1 allowed to drip till no more falls off1 and then laid tenderly all round the sore4 ,a strip of dry cloth may then be wound round so as to keep these on1 and the leg thus dressed placed in the bath4 ,it should be kept there1 with now and again a gentle movement1 and the strong comfortable heat of the water kept up for an hour1 unless the patient should feel sickness before that time4 ,if this comes on1 the water is too hot2 but1 instead of merely cooling it1 the bath may cease for the time1 and water not so hot may be tried on a second occasion4 ,whether the hour has been reached or not1 good has been done4 ,the leg is taken out of the hot water and gently dried--not rubbed1 but dried without rubbing4 ,then as much cloth as will go twice round all is dipped in warm olive oil1 and this is pressed out a little1 so that it may not run4 ,the oiled cloth is wrapped all round the limb4 ,some dry cloth is also wrapped round1 and the first treatment is completed4 ,this should be repeated every night before going to bed1 for a week at least4 ,it may be required for a fortnight if the case is bad and no rest at all can be had during the day4 ,we should say the cure may fail for want of this rest1 but this is not likely4 ,in the morning as soon as convenient1 the diseased skin should be soaked with a warm vinegar cloth1 so that it shall smart just a little4 ,it should then be dressed again with the warm olive oil4 ,if at any time during the day or night it gets irritated and troublesome1 this morning dressing may be repeated4 ,it will not be very long before the one leg is as good as the other4 ,the general health1 too1 of the patient will be sensibly improved4 ,it is scarcely necessary to point out that a similar treatment to this will cure outstrikings of the same sort in the arms and other parts of the body1 as well as upon the legs4 ,there is required only some such modification of the appliances as may meet the particular case4 ,for example1 we have seen the outstriking between the shoulders1 so that it could not be reached by bathing1 unless by appliances utterly out of the question in the circumstances4 ,but dressing with hot vinegar cloths1 allowing these to remain on for twenty minutes or so1 and then dressing with warm olive oil1 allowing this to remain for two or three hours1 is quite possible to any one who is so affected2 and this will usually be sufficient for a cure4 ,you have1 perhaps1 been cured temporarily more than once with arsenic1 and the evil has returned worse and worse4 ,in that case you may require all the more patience and the longer application of the above treatment2 but1 once cured in this way1 you will not1 so far as a good long experience enables us to judge1 be likely to have any relapse4 ,in very bad cases we have seen poultices of mashed potatoes made with buttermilk cleanse the diseased parts most effectually1 and then the acid takes healing effect very speedily4 ,in these cases ordinary medical treatment had utterly and hopelessly failed4 ,pain1 ,severe1 in ,limbs4--,this is often not due to any trouble in the joint itself1 but to some disorder in the large nerves which have their roots in the lower part of the back4 ,in the case of severe pains in the back of the leg1 ankle1 or knee1 when a chill to the large limb nerves has been the cause1 and has raised inflammation1 the patient should be put warm in bed4 ,take two large towels1 thoroughly wrung out of cold water4 ,fold one six or eight ply thick4 ,gently press this1 avoiding cold shock to the patient1 over the lower part of the back4 ,when this towel gets hot1 spread it out to cool1 and apply the other4 ,continue this with each towel alternately1 and when finished1 or after an hour1 rub the skin with warm olive oil and cover up with new flannel4 ,similar cold applications to the upper part of the spine will cure such pains in the wrists4 ,if the cold application intensifies or fails to relieve the pain1 it is well to try the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see74 ,sometimes light pressure in the form of squeezing the muscles of the lower back is very useful4 ,a very gentle pressure on the right parts is most pleasant to the sufferer4 ,at first it simply relieves in some degree the weary feeling of the limbs4 ,when it is at all well done1 it soon raises a gentle heat1 which slowly passes down the limbs1 even to the very toes4 ,this is just life itself communicated to the limb4 ,but we must not confine our treatment to the spinal cord4 ,the squeezing1 or gentle pressure1 must be carried down the limb2 and when new life has been infused so far1 it will be well to apply the pressure between the hands to the swollen and painful part4 ,see ,massage4 ,palpitation4--,ordinarily we are not aware of the beating of the heart1 enormous as is the work it does2 but in certain cases this beating becomes distressingly violent1 especially on lying down flat or in ascending hills or stairs4 ,the latter cases are the more serious1 yet both kinds we have found quite curable4 ,in treatment1 fomentation must be avoided1 and so must doses of the nerve-damaging drug1 digitalis4 ,the best way is to cool the heart1 and thus relieve its superabundant action4 ,but care must be taken that cold be not applied to a feeble heart1 but only where action is evidently superabundant4 ,it is usually easy to distinguish the two kinds of palpitation4 ,the cooling can be done by pressing towels wrung out of cold water all over the heart region of the left side4 ,then rub the part so cooled with olive oil1 dry off1 and let the patient rest4 ,this may be done in the morning before rising4 ,in cases where the heart is feeble1 the following treatment should be carried out instead of the cold towels3--,begin at bedtime with a cloth covered with creamy soap lather1 and placed quite warm all over the body of the patient4 ,it should be fastened on with the body of a dress1 or thin vest1 so that it may be kept close to the skin during the night4 ,in the morning the back should be gently washed with hot vinegar1 dried1 and gently rubbed with warm olive oil4 ,in those cases where the palpitation is only part of a general nervousness1 which causes great distress and sleeplessness at night1 the back should be lathered all over with soap 7see ,lather and ,soap7 at bedtime1 and the cloth with lather left on all night4 ,in the morning1 dry off1 rub gently with hot vinegar1 and then with hot olive oil4 ,if the palpitation resists this treatment1 then cold towels should be gently pressed to the spine1 until the whole system is quieted4 ,the back should then be rubbed with warm olive oil4 ,so far as this restless action is concerned1 this is all that is required for complete cure4 ,we are writing thus in view of cases declared hopeless1 but the patients are now in perfect health4 ,we remember one at this moment in which the heart's action was so bad that the head could not be raised from the pillow1 but the person was in a few weeks as well as any one could wish to be4 ,no one who has not seen how readily the surplus vital action passes out of the system when simple cold is rightly applied1 can imagine how easily such cases are cured4 ,it seems to us absurd to speak of heart disease in many of the cases in which people talk of it and set the case down as hopeless4 ,it is absurd1 simply because it is not heart disease1 but only a little more action than is comfortable1 and which is reduced in a few minutes by a cold towel4 ,no doubt care and willingness to work a little are required1 if one would relieve a sufferer in such a case as this1 but that care and energy are sure to have the best of all rewards4 ,palpitation often arises from indigestion1 in which case see ,indigestion4 ,palsy4--,see ,paralysis4 ,paralysis4--,this serious trouble in slighter forms affects one side of the face1 or even one eye only4 ,more serious attacks involve the arm1 and even an entire half of the body4 ,it may come suddenly1 or may creep slowly over the frame4 ,in very old persons the case is usually hopeless1 as life itself is fading4 ,in earlier life1 and in less serious cases1 a cure is to be expected from proper treatment4 ,cupping1 blistering1 or opiates must be avoided1 as all tending to reduce vital energy4 ,treatment must aim at increasing this1 not reducing it4 ,take first the case of paralysis slightly affecting the face4 ,when the patient is warm in bed1 place a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 not too hot1 on the back of the head and neck4 ,let the patient lie on it1 first rubbing the neck and back of head with olive oil4 ,do this for an hour each day4 ,at another time wash the back of head and neck with ,,soap 7see7 and water1 then with vinegar1 and finally rub with hot olive oil4 ,keep the parts warm with good flannel always4 ,if the whole side be affected1 foment strongly the whole spine1 and treat it in a similar way to the back of the head1 as prescribed above4 ,we have known cases of comparatively speedy cure by this simple means4 ,the heat simply vitalises the partially dead nerves4 ,for paralysis of the lower limbs1 the treatment is applied to the lower part of the spine principally1 but also to the whole spinal system4 ,there is no fear of injuring the patient in this treatment1 and we know of many cases of most delightful cure secured by it4 ,what is called the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see7 is an excellent method of dealing with paralysis of the lower limbs or any part of them1 and may be resorted to if the above treatment fails4 ,care must be taken in any case to avoid a chill after fomenting1 which might make matters worse than at first4 ,perspiration4--,by this term we mean not only the sensible perspiration which is felt as a distinct wetness on the skin during exertion or heat1 or in some illnesses1 but also1 and chiefly1 the constant insensible perspiration4 ,this latter is far more important than the former4 ,no one could live many hours without it1 for by its means several pounds weight of waste is got rid of every day4 ,its importance we saw lately in the case of a child greatly swollen in dropsy4 ,a flannel ,,bandage 7see7 wrung out of warm water1 placed round the body1 reduced this swelling completely1 without any sensible sign of excretion4 ,a very gentle treatment1 increasing this insensible sweating1 will often cure without weakening1 where violent perspiring medicines or treatment cause great weakness4 ,a damp flannel bandage placed round the lower half of the body all night for a few nights will produce a remarkable increase of insensible perspiration1 and in many case forms a good substitute for sweating drugs4 ,along with this the soapy lather may be used at bedtime all over the skin 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,we have seen a swelling of the hand1 which made a medical man talk of amputation1 cured by these means4 ,acetic acid1 or white-wine vinegar1 rubbed over the skin1 produces a similar increase of insensible perspiration1 and may be used without fear of injury4 ,this done once a week will go far to reduce sensitiveness to cold4 ,indeed1 the use of ,m',clinton's soap and water1 along with good acetic acid sponging once a week1 will prevent many serious ills by securing a constant gentle excretion of hurtful waste through the stimulated skin4 ,piles4--,this very common trouble is caused by one or more of the veins in the lower bowel losing their elasticity1 so as to protrude more or less from the anus1 especially when the stress of a motion of the bowels forces them out4 ,when no blood proceeds from this swollen vein1 it is sometimes called a blind pile4 ,if blood comes1 it is called a bleeding one4 ,there are few illnesses more prevalent than this1 few that seem to be less rationally dealt with1 and yet few that are more easily cured4 ,it is distressing to think of what some poor people have to suffer from this disease1 while they are still compelled to go on working1 and even walking1 in the most depressing sufferings4 ,it is still more distressing to think of the painful operations which some have to undergo in having the relaxed portions of these veins cut out4 ,even when the piles have got to a very advanced stage it is not difficult to cure4 ,it will generally be found that there is ,constipation 7see71 so first of all1 the bowels must be regulated4 ,this may be done by means of liquorice and senna mixture1 and strict attention to diet and exercise4 ,then the nerve action in the lower back is to be stimulated by applying to the back below the waist a large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see74 ,rub the back after this with hot vinegar1 dry1 rub with olive oil1 and wipe off the oil gently4 ,do this at bedtime4 ,into the bowels may be injected 7with the fountain enema7 first one or two injections of warm water2 then an injection of warm water and white-wine vinegar4 ,be particular to have this mixture not too strong4 ,a trial may be made with one tablespoonful of vinegar to a pint of water4 ,if any pain is caused1 inject simple lukewarm water and use the vinegar and water next time weaker4 ,a very weak mixture has a wonderfully healing effect4 ,after one pint of this mixture has been injected1 an injection of cool water 7but not cold7 should follow4 ,the vinegar should be so weak that it will cause no pain1 properly speaking1--only just the slightest sensation of smarting4 ,it will be possible to use the water colder and the vinegar stronger as you get on with the cure1 but in both1 your own feelings and good sense will guide you4 ,this direction will suit other cases of internal syringing1 in which membranes have got relaxed1 and need to be braced with cold and weak acid4 ,in all such troubles it should be remembered that the warm or tepid water is used at first only because the cold might be felt uncomfortable till the surfaces are prepared for it4 ,it is the cold that does the good4 ,after this1 protruding piles may be gently manipulated by the fingers and pushed back into their place4 ,during this the patient must press outwards1 as if to discharge fces from the bowel4 ,the anus will then open and permit of the piles being pressed in4 ,the injecting treatment may be given twice a day4 ,if too painful1 even bathing the parts with the vinegar and cold water has great healing power4 ,let the sufferer1 if at all possible1 have entire rest for a fortnight during the treatment1 and lie down as much as convenient4 ,in mild cases1 simply bathe the piles with cold water and press them back into their places4 ,a daily wash of the anus with ,,soap 7see7 and warm water1 followed by a cold sponging1 will do much to prevent piles4 ,pimples on the ,face4--,see ,face4 ,pleurisy4--,the pleura is the tender double web1 or membrane1 which lines the inside of the chest on the one side and covers the lung1 or rather encloses the lung with its other fold4 ,each of the two lungs has its pleura in which it works1 and each side of the chest is lined by one side of this sensitive organ4 ,the slender lining passes round the greater part of one whole side of the body with one-fold1 and round the whole of the lung with the other4 ,let us suppose 7which often takes place7 that the front of the body is defended with what is called a chest protector1 but the sides and back are exposed to a chilling atmosphere4 ,part of the pleura1 and that part which is farthest from the surface1 is sheltered1 but the greater part of it1 and that nearest the surface1 has no such protection4 ,in the case especially of women this is the state of things4 ,it seems as if people thought that they only need to keep a few inches of the breast warm--that is keeping the chest all right--though the sides just under the arms1 and the back under the shoulder-blades1 are of far greater importance4 ,the throat is even muffled1 and a respirator worn1 so that fresh air is not allowed to get inside the lungs1 while the pleura is exposed to chill at the back4 ,the consequence of this is that vital action is so abstracted from the pleura that the tension of its small vessels is relaxed1 and blood is admitted as it is not intended it should be4 ,severe pain is felt on one or both sides1 and round under the shoulder-blade4 ,a painful cough arises1 and great fever is produced4 ,in such a case the treatment is on the same principle as that given in ,lungs1 ,inflammation of the1 which should be read4 ,the inflamed part must be cooled by applying towels well wrung out of cold water round the side1 applying a fresh one when that on the part becomes warm4 ,if the pain does not leave in half-an-hour of this treatment1 or if the patient be weak to begin with1 or if any chilliness is felt1 pack the feet and legs in a large hot fomentation4 ,the cooling of the side may then go on safely until a curative effect is produced4 ,we may not be able to give the theory of action of this treatment1 but we know that in many cases it has perfectly and very speedily been successful1 and that it leaves no bad results1 as blistering and drugging are apt to do4 ,we know of one case in which it took twenty-four hours' constant treatment to effect a cure4 ,but it did effect it4 ,two friends took shifts1 and saw that all was thoroughly done4 ,this will give an idea of the proper way to go about the matter4 ,poisoning4--,the following are the antidotes and remedies for some of the more common forms of poisoning4 ,alcohol4--,the patient is quite helpless1 and there is usually a strong smell of alcohol4 ,if the patient is intoxicated at the time give an emetic4 ,if there is evident prostration from a long bout1 keep him quiet and warm4 ,hot tea not too strong may be given4 ,alkalis 7e4g41 ammonia1 soda or potash74--,give dilute vinegar1 followed by white of egg4 ,arsenic4--,emetic1 followed by white of egg4 ,keep very warm4 ,carbolic4--,readily identified by smell of tar or carbolic4 ,wash mouth well with oil4 ,give an emetic4 ,chloral4--,emetic2 warm coffee1 and even an enema of coffee4 ,artificial respiration 7see ,drowning7 may be necessary if breathing gets very low4 ,chloroform or ,ether 7inhaled74--,fresh air4 ,pull tongue forward1 and begin artificial respiration4 ,if heart has stopped1 strike chest two or three times over region of heart4 ,chloroform or ,ether 7swallowed74--,emetic2 enema of hot coffee2 keep awake4 ,if necessary1 artificial respiration4 ,copper4--,emetic1 white of egg to follow4 ,laudanum4--,there is intense drowsiness and contraction of pupils of eye4 ,give an emetic and plenty of strong coffee4 ,walk patient up and down4 ,on no account allow him to give way to the desire for sleep4 ,mineral ,acids and ,glacial ,acetic4--,if any neutralising agent1 such1 e4g41 as lime1 chalk1 soda1 or calcined magnesia1 is at hand1 give it at once4 ,or give an emetic1 followed by oil or milk and water4 ,mushrooms4--,emetic2 castor oil and enema4 ,nicotine 7tobacco74--,emetic2 stimulate and keep warm2 keep patient lying down4 ,oxalic ,acid4--,neutralise by chalk or lime water1 but not by soda or any alkali4 ,give plenty of water2 apply hot fomentations to loins4 ,phosphorus4--,often caused by children sucking matches4 ,there is a burning in the throat1 and often vomiting4 ,give an emetic4 ,after this some barley water or milk may be given4 ,prussic ,acid4--,almost hopeless4 ,emetic2 artificial respiration4 ,snake ,bite4--,suck the wound1 and apply a drop or two of strong ammonia to the bite4 ,ammonia may be also inhaled4 ,artificial respiration often necessary4 ,strychnine4--,emetic2 keep quiet and darken the room4 ,chloral or bromide of potassium may be given4 ,if spasms threaten respiration1 artificial respiration is necessary4 ,tartar ,emetic or other ,antimonial ,poisons4--,if vomiting is not present1 induce it by an emetic4 ,give doses of strong tea4 ,keep very warm by hot blankets4 ,good domestic emetics are a teaspoonful of mustard in a tumblerful of water1 or a tablespoonful of salt in the same quantity of water4 ,poisoning1 ,blood4--,where this arises from a more or less putrid wound1 what is aimed at in the treatment is to stop the manufacture of the poison in the wound by cleansing and healing it4 ,this done1 the other symptoms will subside4 ,the wound should be carefully brushed with a camel's-hair brush and vinegar or dilute ,,acetic ,,acid 7see74 ,this should be followed up with a poultice of boiled potatoes or turnips1 beaten up with the same weak acid4 ,leave this on all night4 ,brush again well with the acid in the morning4 ,in the matter of diet eat what will produce healthy blood1 and by open-air exercise seek the same end4 ,but the daily brushing and poulticing1 or even twice daily if necessary1 will work wonders on the poisoned wound4 ,care should be taken where any cut or wound has been made in the flesh1 that it is carefully washed1 and any dirt or foreign matter removed4 ,especially is this to be attended to if a rusty nail or penknife has inflicted the injury4 ,polypus4--,see ,nostrils4 ,potato ,poultice4--,potatoes boiled and beaten up with buttermilk1 spread out in the usual way1 make this useful poultice4 ,weak acid or vinegar may also be used instead of buttermilk4 ,the potatoes should be boiled as recommended below4 ,potato1 ,the4--,the proper cooking of this root is so important for health1 owing to its universal use1 that we here give directions which1 if followed out1 make potatoes a dish acceptable to even a very delicate stomach4 ,difficulty of digestion often arises from the potatoes not ripening properly1 especially in cold soil1 and since disease has become so widespread4 ,their unripe juice is positively poisonous1 and when they are merely boiled is not completely expelled4 ,the potatoes should be steeped in warm water for an hour before they are boiled4 ,the water in which they have been steeped will be greenish with bad juice1 and must be thrown away1 and the roots boiled in fresh water as usual1 giving a thorough drying after the boiling water is poured or strained off4 ,so prepared1 the potatoes make a very digestible dish4 ,poultice1 ,bran4--,see ,bran ,poultice4 ,prostration1 ,nervous4--,the various articles under ,nerves and ,nervousness should be read4 ,here we give simply the treatment for failure in the digestion and bowel action4 ,this arises from failure in the great nerve centres near the middle of the body4 ,external treatment may be given as follows3--,dip a cotton cloth1 four-ply thick1 and large enough to cover the stomach and bowels1 into cayenne ,lotion 7see71 and lightly wring it4 ,lay this gently over the stomach and bowels4 ,over this an india-rubber bag of hot water is laid4 ,take care that the heat is not too great or the mixture too strong4 ,all must be just hot enough to be comfortable4 ,this application may remain on for two hours1 and then be repeated4 ,the cayenne is greatly to be preferred to mustard for many reasons4 ,give the most easily assimilated food possible4 ,a teaspoonful of gruel each half-hour1 increased to a dessertspoonful1 if the digestion will bear it1 and preceded in all cases by a tablespoonful of hot water4 ,this should be continued for twenty-four hours4 ,proceed very cautiously then to increase the nourishment1 on the lines of ,assimilation1 ,diet1 ,digestion1 etc41 giving oatmeal jelly1 wheaten porridge1 ,saltcoats biscuits1 and such diet1 gradually bringing the patient back to ordinary food4 ,pulse1 ,counting the4--,most valuable information as to the nature and progress of disease is derivable from the pulse4 ,every one should learn to count it1 and to distinguish the broad differences in the rapidity and nature of the beat4 ,such a distinction as that between ,,bronchitis and ,,asthma 7see these articles71 which require almost directly opposite treatment1 is at once discerned from the pulse4 ,in bronchitis it beats much too quickly1 in asthma it is natural or too slow4 ,in many cases we have seen asthma1 which in cough and spit is very like bronchitis1 treated as bronchitis1 with bad results4 ,these would all have been avoided if the pulse had been intelligently counted4 ,count the pulse1 if at all possible1 for half-a-minute4 ,this multiplied by two will give the rate per minute1 by which it is judged4 ,if this rate per minute be above #ajj1 there is a good deal of feverish or inflammatory action somewhere4 ,if below #fj1 there is considerable lack of vital power1 requiring rest and food to restore it4 ,in adults the rate for males is from #gj to #ge beats per minute1 and for females #ge to #hj4 ,in infants the healthy pulse may be at birth #acj to #adj per minute1 diminishing with increase of age4 ,in the case of any child under five and over one year1 if the pulse beats1 say1 #ajh in the minute1 it is too fast4 ,the pulse of an adult may go down as low as #fj or even #ej per minute1 but there is then something wrong4 ,cooling the head is always safe with high pulse and feverishness1 and often this alone will ward off disease and restore the healthy condition4 ,if the pulse be low1 fomentations to the feet should be applied1 along with cooling action elsewhere1 if necessary4 ,purple ,spots on ,skin4--,these arise first as small swellings4 ,the swellings fall1 and leave purple patches behind1 which1 if the trouble continues1 become so numerous as to spoil the appearance of the skin4 ,this especially occurs in children or young people1 whose skin is exceptionally delicate4 ,what has occurred is really much the same as the result of a blow or pinch1 leaving the skin black and blue4 ,some of the delicate vessels in the skin have given way1 and dark blood collects on the spot4 ,the treatment is to sponge all over the body and limbs with warm ,,cayenne ,,tea 7see71 only strong enough to cause a slight smarting4 ,it should never cause pain4 ,if it does so1 the tea is too strong1 and should be diluted with warm water4 ,the soapy ,,lather 7see7 may also be used1 and olive oil may with advantage be rubbed on as well4 ,milk and boiling water should be given to the patient every two hours during the day1 with a few drops of the cayenne tea in it4 ,this is a true stimulant1 and worth all the whiskey in the world4 ,the object of the treatment is to nurse the patient's strength1 and stimulate the skin4 ,an intelligent study of many articles in this book will guide the thoughtful how to act4 ,racks from ,lifting4--,see ,muscular ,pains2 ,sprains4 ,rash1 or ,hives4--,infants are often troubled with large red1 angry-looking spots1 breaking out over the body1 and causing trouble by their heat and itching4 ,these are commonly known as hives4 ,if the water in which a child is washed be hard1 it will sometimes cause the skin to inflame and become hivey4 ,if the soap has much soda in it1 it will also cause this4 ,what is called glycerine soap1 and much of what is sold as peculiarly desirable1 is utterly unsuitable for an infant's skin4 ,soda soap will cause serious outbreaks even worse than hives1 and will often not be suspected at all1 as a cause4 ,only ,m',clinton's soap1 which is made from the ash of plants1 should be used on tender skins4 ,when the hives are not very troublesome1 they are apt to be neglected2 but this should not be1 as in most cases this is the time they may be easily cured4 ,the true element in cure is found in attention to the skin1 as distinct from the stomach or blood4 ,m',clinton's soap 7see ,soap7 applied as fine creamy lather will cure hives1 and will never1 we think1 fail to do so4 ,we know of a nurse plastering an infant's body with this soap1 so that it was blistered4 ,this is a totally wrong way of working4 ,the right way is to work the soap and hot water as described in article ,lather1 and to apply it gently with the brush to the parts affected4 ,after applying it with gentle rubbing for some time1 and leaving some on the sore places1 the infant will usually be soothed to sleep4 ,where over-cooling is feared1 with a weak child1 a little olive oil is gently rubbed on with the second coat of lather4 ,in any case of itchiness the above treatment is almost certain to cure4 ,often the infant is suffering from too rich diet4 7,see ,children's ,food47 ,in such cases1 thinner milk1 and a little fluid magnesia administered internally will effect a cure4 ,remedy1 ,finding a4--,it will sometimes occur1 in the case of those endeavouring to cure on our system of treatment1 that on applying what is thought to be the correct remedy1 the trouble becomes worse4 ,for example1 where there are violent pains in the legs1 a bran poultice is put on the lower back1 and it is rubbed with oil4 ,the pains become worse instead of better1 and perhaps our whole system is abandoned and condemned4 ,now1 all that is required here is to think and try until we find the true remedy4 ,if the pain in the legs is rheumatic1 the hot poultice is all right4 ,if it has been cramp1 what is needed is a cold cloth on the lower back1 instead of heat4 ,in the example above given1 what is needed is not to abandon the treatment1 but to rectify the mistake1 and apply cold instead of heat4 ,in a great many forms of illness the same principle holds good4 ,it is safer1 where there is any doubt1 to try heat first1 but not in a very strong manner4 ,if this gentle heating makes matters worse1 gentle cooling may be tried4 ,if the heat does good1 it may be continued and increased1 but never beyond the point of comfort4 ,if the cold does good1 it also may be continued on the same principle4 ,what the patient feels relieving and comforting1 is almost sure to be the cure for his trouble1 if persisted in4 ,see ,changing ,treatment4 ,rest4--,in every person there is a certain amount only of force which is available for living4 ,also this force1 or vitality1 is produced at only a certain definite rate4 ,where the rate is very low1 only perfect quiet in bed for a time can bring down the expenditure far enough to enable the vital force gradually to accumulate1 and a cure to be effected4 ,sitting1 in such cases1 may be serious overwork4 ,when rest is ordered1 we are often met by the reply that it is impossible1 as work cannot be given up4 ,it is1 however1 often possible to get a great deal more than is taken4 ,every spare moment should be spent lying down in the most restful position4 ,it is an important element in nursing to give such a comfortable recumbent position to a patient as constitutes perfect rest1 and the nurse who does so1 does a great deal to cure4 ,there is with many a prejudice against rest4 ,it is somehow believed that it is a weakening thing to lie still in bed4 ,you must get up and take exercise1 and enjoy the fresh air4 ,this is a very good order for a person who has the strength for bracing exercise and fresh air4 ,but this is absent in a person truly ill4 ,that person's vital force is low1 and the organs that supply it are feeble in their action4 ,the fresh air may enter the chest1 but the lungs are not in a state to make good use of it4 ,exercise and fresh air only consume the sufferer4 ,on the contrary1 rest and fresh air allow the weak vital force to recruit4 ,the sort of exercise which is wanted in such cases is given by others in massaging or such squeezing the muscles as stimulates the organic nerves without using vital force in the sufferer4 ,we have repeatedly succeeded in giving new strength by some weeks in bed1 when it could not have been given otherwise4 ,it is all very well for a young1 strong person1 only a very little out of sorts1 to take a cold sitz-bath for ten minutes1 and then a walk of a mile or two in mountain or seashore air4 ,but this treatment would be death to one really ill4 ,perfect rest in bed1 with an abundant supply of air through windows open night and day1 would save the life which such exercise and air would send out of the world4 ,it requires only a little common sense to see this4 ,he must be weakened by lying in bed so long4 ,there is no such must in the nature of things4 ,on the contrary1 it may be absolutely necessary to his getting strength that he should lie still for weeks on end4 ,you may1 no doubt1 give us instances in which a person was compelled to get up1 and was thereby made to lose the delusion that he was not able to do so2 but such instances in any number will not make one strong who is actually weak4 ,make sure first that vital energy is supplied1 and when that supply rises to a certain degree it will not be easy to keep your patient in bed4 ,we would also note that true rest can never be had in a forced position4 ,a limb bound down is not resting4 ,the agonising desire to change its position shows this4 ,true rest is found always in freedom and ease4 ,it may be necessary to put splints on a limb1 but it must never be done where rest is aimed at4 ,usually there is a position of comfort to be found4 ,let the patient find and keep that4 ,he will then have rest4 ,for instance1 an exhausted patient is lying at full length in bed1 but under the waist there is a hollow which is bridged over by the back4 ,this part of the back calls for a considerable amount of force to hold it over this hollow1 but we get a pillow inserted under the back1 the muscles relax1 and the patient rests4 ,in packing and fomenting an inflamed knee1 for example1 it is usually better done in a slightly bent position1 which is more restful than a straight one4 ,employ two or three small pillows to prop it comfortably4 ,and so on1 in multitudes of cases1 the earnest healer will be guided by the patient's own restful feelings4 ,see also ,noise2 ,veins4 ,restlessness4--,in slight cases1 where the patient simply cannot sleep for tossing about in bed1 a cold towel placed along the spine1 with a dry one above1 will usually relieve1 especially if changed and cooled several times as it grows warm4 ,if heat be specially in the head1 then that may be cooled in the same manner till peace settles down in the brain4 ,but we must go on to consider those cases of restlessness in which there is no extra heat in either spine or brain4 ,tea may have been taken in a rather strong infusion1 or so late that its peculiar influence may be the cause of the restlessness4 ,it is necessary to avoid this beverage if such restlessness is to be escaped2 still it will generally be found that in cases in which tea has caused serious wakefulness and restless tossing1 that there is more than the mere effect of the herb1 and that superabundant heat is present also2 then the application already pointed out will give relief4 ,now take an instance in which it seems to be the mind that causes the tossing rather than the body4 ,preachers after earnest preaching are in many cases sleepless and restless too2 so are almost all persons when currents of exciting thoughts have been set agoing in their minds4 ,then1 no doubt1 it is necessary to get at relief from the spiritual side1 by means of thought fitted to calm down the excitement that has been raised4 ,but it is never well to forget that in all such cases there is a material as well as a spiritual aspect of the experience4 ,many preachers take a sitz-bath before going to bed after a day of service1 and find that somehow when sitting in the cool water the over-driven brain begins to slacken pace4 ,if from any cause you are restless and cannot lie still1 even after the head and spine have been cooled as we have described1 it is well to take a sitz-bath in cold water for a few minutes4 ,dry and wrap up well1 and you will be quiet after4 ,certain forms of coughing apparently cause the most serious restlessness4 ,a warm poultice should be placed between the shoulders1 and cold cloths pressed gently on the breast4 ,if there is extreme shrinking from everything in the least degree cold1 then you need to go a step back in your treatment4 ,a sponging of the most gentle kind1 with ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see7 and water1 all over the body1 given very carefully for three or four days1 once a day1 will put away the shrinking to which we refer4 ,this should be done with tepid water at first1 but as the skin freshens it will be found comfortable to do it with cool water4 ,in tender cases the poultice or hot bag will need to be comfortably warm1 and not hot4 ,the cool cloth must not be wintry cold1 nor even at first summer cold4 ,it is1 however1 necessary to get at the hot and irritating surfaces that are causing the cough1 with more or less that is cooling4 ,we may do this ever so gradually1 but we must do it1 if we would succeed in giving rest from the cough4 ,in a strong person's case there is really no difficulty4 ,it is an easy matter to put on cloth after cloth till the irritated part is reached and cooled4 ,but when the patient is spent to all but a skeleton1 and has restlessness from frequent coughing1 it is a very different matter4 ,still to the very last the irritating heat may be kept down1 and long sleeps given1 when otherwise it would be hard work indeed to get through the last stages of illness4 ,we write thus because we know it is possible to give precious relief even when it is out of the question to save life4 ,it is possible to make even the last night on earth comparatively a peaceful one1 instead of its being so very restless as it often is4 ,this is to be done just by cooling the parts that irritate1 and these only4 ,generally1 heat may be required rather than cold1 but at the part which is irritating and keeping up the coughing1 there must be cooling4 ,the kind and capable nurse who can carry out this cooling is beyond all price4 ,those only can understand this who have been delivered from an all but incessant cough by means that produce no reaction4 ,it is also well to remember that we now and again give life by means of rest when we had no idea of giving more than temporary comfort4 ,we have repeatedly had cases in which there seemed no hope of doing anything further than giving relief1 but that relief has turned out to be the commencement of cure4 ,rheumatic ,fever4--,see ,fever1 ,rheumatic4 ,rheumatism4--,we feel urged1 in first considering this sore and very common trouble1 to quote the old adage that prevention is better than cure4 ,many people laugh at wettings1 and some foolish young ones even seek exposure4 ,we would impress upon all such that the effects of exposure may be1 and often are1 cumulative3 that is1 you may escape any direct effect for years1 and then find your recklessness end in rheumatism for the rest of your life4 ,let care1 then1 be taken to avoid wettings1 unless these lie in the way of duty4 ,change clothes as speedily as possible when they are wet1 and encourage the skin to all healthy action by proper care and exercise4 ,even with the skin all right1 a wise man will not act in a foolhardy way1 but if he must get wet and chilled1 he will probably not suffer very much4 ,we would strongly recommend the use of ,kneipp linen underclothing 7see ,underwear74 ,it powerfully stimulates the skin1 and1 by conducting away the perspiration1 prevents chills4 ,we have known many who suffered severely from rheumatism being quite cured by the use of this material4 ,it is as comfortable as it is hygienic4 ,but supposing the rheumatism does come on1 it may be treated1 in mild cases1 by gradual and steady moist heating4 ,for the method of applying this1 see ,fomentation and ,armchair ,fomentation4 ,if the case is comparatively a fresh one1 there will be need for no more than this fomenting1 repeated several times at intervals of two to four hours4 ,where the nervous system has been seriously affected1 the fomentation must be gradual1 and the moist heat gently insinuated into the parts affected4 ,where narcotics have been used1 these must be given up if a cure is to be hoped for4 ,in certain chronic cases1 which are very largely nervous in their origin1 a powerful soothing influence is required4 ,this is secured by the use of soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,cover the back and head1 piece by piece1 with this1 rubbing it on and off four or five times4 ,cover the fifth application with a soft cloth1 and leave it on for the day in the morning1 and for the night in the evening1 the patient being in bed4 ,hot olive oil or occasionally cold drawn oil of mustard is gently rubbed on the stiff parts2 when this cloth is removed1 gently knead or squeeze the oil into the muscles4 ,if during the lathering the patient feels too cold1 a little olive oil should be mixed with the lather4 ,a change to a dry climate from a damp one sometimes does a patient good1 but when that is not possible1 great relief1 and in many cases cure1 is to be had by this treatment4 ,ringworm4--,this distressing and most infectious trouble is due to a small parasite4 ,where that settles in the skin1 a reddish ring soon appears1 and gradually widens1 leaving a leprous white patch of skin within it4 ,care should be taken at once to cure this1 as1 if it spreads widely1 serious results follow4 ,fortunately it is slow in growth1 and can easily be checked and cured4 ,the method of cure is to soak the rings well with vinegar or weak acetic acid4 ,of strong acid use three tablespoonfuls to a quart of water4 ,by even the first good soaking with this1 the developed parasites are killed1 but the eggs are not4 ,these hatch out by degrees1 so that renewed soaking and dabbing with the acid and a soft cloth are required4 ,each application may be continued for fifteen minutes4 ,if the hair1 as on the head1 interferes1 it may be cut closely1 but need not be shaved4 ,in a bad case the daily soaking with acid may not be sufficient4 ,then a poultice of potatoes and buttermilk 7see ,buttermilk ,poultice7 may be applied first1 and afterwards the weak acid4 ,secure that there be felt1 before the close of each application1 a slight smarting1 to show that the acid has really soaked in4 ,it is not difficult to guard against its spreading in a family or school4 ,all that need be done is1 once a week or so1 to see that the whole skin of those exposed to infection1 head included1 is freshened by a wash all over with vinegar1 and then protected with a gentle rub of olive oil4 ,if this is done we should have little fear of contagion4 ,such a weekly freshening would ward off other evils as well as this one4 ,rose4--,see ,erysipelas4 ,rupture4--,the abdomen is formed of a series of rings containing the bowels1 and holding them in proper position4 ,if the muscles and tissues holding these rings yield so as to permit them to separate a little1 what is called rupture takes place4 ,it may be caused by violent muscular efforts1 heavy weight lifting1 jumping from a height1 etc41 etc4 ,the rings are not broken1 but only displaced1 and especially with young persons1 the rupture can soon be brought all right1 but even with the aged1 in all cases it may be mitigated1 if not cured1 by proper treatment4 ,the first thing is to replace any part of the bowels which may have escaped through the opening of the rings4 ,lay the patient flat on his back4 ,he must not be treated in any other attitude4 ,then rub the swelling gently downwards4 ,it must not be rubbed upwards1 or it will be made worse4 ,this rubbing will soon bring the bowel into its proper place4 ,give some time and kindly care to this treatment1 which is very important4 ,then get a surgical instrument maker to fit a proper truss4 ,see that this really fits4 ,if it hurts in any way when first put on1 it does not fit well enough4 ,avoid for a considerable time any effort likely to strain the part4 ,take light and easily digested food2 give up all alcoholic drinks and the use of tobacco4 ,saliva4--,see ,digestion2 ,nourishment4 ,saltrome4--,the disease known by this name in ,canada breaks out in the hands1 especially on the palms4 ,the skin cracks open and refuses to heal up4 ,sometimes1 if the hands do heal1 the trouble comes out on other parts4 ,it is probably due to the long-continued use of bad and strongly irritating soap in washing the hands and face1 conjoined1 in ,canada1 with the great dryness of the air4 ,the treatment for prevention is the regular use of ,m',clinton's soap 7see ,soap74 ,where the trouble has developed1 the hands and face1 if involved1 should be packed in cloths soaked in buttermilk4 ,then over the packing we should foment with large hot flannel cloths 7see ,fomentation74 ,renew1 if necessary1 the buttermilk packing1 and after a thorough fomenting1 leave the buttermilk cloths on all night1 with dry ones on top4 ,then gently anoint with ,,olive ,,oil 7see74 ,this treatment1 with some rest and the use of the above-mentioned soap1 should soon effect a cure4 ,santolina4--,this plant is the ,chama ,cyparissos1 or ground cypress4 ,it is of the greatest value as a remedy for worms in the bowels 7not tapeworm71 and also acts as a stomach tonic of no small value4 ,it is cut at the end of the season1 made up in small bunches of six stalks or so1 and hung up to dry4 ,when required for worms1 boil one of these bunches in three teacupfuls of water until it is reduced to two teacupfuls4 ,half-a-teacupful of this is given to a child with worms1 each morning before any food1 for four days4 ,in the evening of the fourth day an ordinary dose of liquorice powder is given to move the bowels4 ,for a grown-up person the quantity is a full teacupful each morning4 ,if a child picks at his nostrils1 or grinds his teeth while sleeping1 the santolina will cure him1 even if no other symptom of worms is noticed4 ,it may with advantage be used in all cases where there is indication of the failure of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels4 ,where required as a stomach tonic1 santolina should be infused with boiling water1 as tea is4 ,about half-an-ounce of the dried herb is infused1 and a small teacupful taken as hot as can easily be drunk about an hour after each meal4 ,half the quantity will do for young people under fourteen4 ,do this six days in succession4 ,then take none for six days4 ,then again take it for three days4 ,this treatment may be repeated after a week4 ,sciatica4--,this is a severe pain in the lower back1 shooting sharply down the back and calf of the leg4 ,it arises from inflammation of the large nerve which supplies these parts of the leg with power4 ,most commonly it is caused by exposure of the hips or lower back to cold and damp1 as by sitting on the grass or a stone seat4 ,the cure for it1 in the earlier stages1 is the application of the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see74 ,this may be applied for an hour1 and renewed immediately for another hour if the patient can stand it1 and then rest given for two hours1 and the fomentation applied for two hours again1 or at least for one1 taking care to rub with oil and wrap up in comfortable flannels between and after the treatment4 ,this may be done again on the second day4 ,the fomentation may then be given once a day until the pain is removed4 ,be quite sure that no trifling application will succeed with such a disease as this4 ,it will not do to use less heat than will go through and through the haunches of the patient2 and that amount of heat is not very small4 ,you must have a good soft blanket if possible1 your water must be boiling hot1 and you must have plenty of it4 ,if the hot treatment causes increase of pain1 this indicates that a stage has arrived in which cold is to be applied instead of heat to the lower back1 to subdue nerve irritation4 ,before or after this stage1 cold application will do harm1 so it is well always to try heat first1 as in the great majority of cases that is what is required4 ,when cold is applied1 the patient must be warm1 and if necessary the feet and legs should be fomented4 ,to keep what is got either by the soothing influence of cold or by the stimulating power of heat1 it is good to rub with hot olive oil1 and to dry this off well in finishing1 and also to wear a good broad band of new flannel round the lower part of the body4 ,this band ought not to be so tight as to confine the perspiration4 ,see ,changing ,treatment2 ,remedy1 ,finding a4 ,scrofula4--,the treatment under ,glands1 ,swollen1 should be followed4 ,but besides1 the whole membranous system of the glands must be stimulated4 ,daily rubbing briskly over the whole body with the cold-drawn oil of mustard for a quarter-of-an-hour will have this effect1 and even by itself may cure4 ,good1 easily digested food must be taken 7see ,abscess2 ,assimilation2 ,diet2 ,nourishment71 and overwork avoided4 ,continued work1 as with a child at school1 may quite prevent a cure1 while if the work ceases1 the cure will be rapid4 ,it is better to have health and holidays than sickness and school4 ,where there is a family tendency to scrofula1 care should be taken to treat promptly any case of glandular swelling4 ,scurvy4--,is a disease springing from disordered digestion1 and caused sometimes by partial starvation1 but more frequently by a deficiency of vegetable acid in the food4 ,it often manifests itself in skin eruptions1 the skin peeling off in scales4 ,to ward off or cure this disease1 fresh food should always be used1 and salted or tinned foods avoided4 ,especially should abundance of green vegetables and fruit be used1 and where such cannot be obtained in sufficient quantity1 lemon juice is valuable4 ,too much exposure1 fatigue1 and impure air1 aided by a wrong diet1 are the causes that formerly made scurvy so prevalent in the navy4 ,it has almost disappeared since a regular allowance of vegetable acid has been served out4 ,seamill ,sanatorium and ,hydropathic4--,very soon after the appearance of these ,papers on ,health1 the need was felt for some establishment where the treatment expounded here could be given by trained attendants under ,dr4 ,kirk's personal supervision4 ,the site was fixed on the ,ayrshire coast1 in the parish of ,west ,kilbride4 ,this region was chosen because special advantages of soil1 climate1 and scenery recommended it4 ,the soil along the shore is almost pure sand1 and dries rapidly after rain4 ,the climate is extremely mild1 high hills sheltering the whole region from north and east winds1 and the ,arran mountains1 intervening some sixteen miles over the sea to the west1 collect much of the rain4 ,hence1 although near some very rainy districts1 the ,seamill neighbourhood is peculiarly sunny and dry4 ,in winter the sun reflected from the water1 and beating on the face of the hills1 makes the shore climate most genial1 and when other places only a few miles away are encased in ice1 flowers will be blooming in the gardens at ,seamill4 ,in the very best part of this district a villa was secured in #ahhj by some gentlemen interested in the treatment1 with grounds abutting on the sand of the seashore4 ,here treatment was carried on with great success1 until it became evident that larger premises were needed4 ,in #ahhb ,mr4 ,james ,newbigging was secured by ,dr4 ,kirk as manager and head-bathman1 and worked under ,dr4 ,kirk until the latter's death in #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,newbigging then bought the establishment4 ,since that time1 it has constantly increased in size and efficiency until it now accommodates close on a hundred patients4 ,very many have come to ,seamill almost or quite hopeless1 and have left it with health restored and vigour renewed4 ,it ought to be mentioned here that in all his dealings with this establishment ,dr4 ,kirk never had any pecuniary interest in it1 always giving his services free4 ,nor has the writer1 or any of ,dr4 ,kirk's family1 any pecuniary connection with the place4 ,all information as to the establishment may be had by writing to the ,proprietor or ,manager1 ,seamill ,sanatorium1 ,west ,kilbride1 ,scotland4 ,sea-,sickness4--,the cause of this is a nervous derangement of the internal organs1 by which the bile passes into the stomach instead of1 as it normally does1 passing down into the intestines4 ,a tight bandage round the middle of the body1 so as to oppose resistance to this1 will help so far4 ,when the sickness has come on1 a teacupful of hot water1 at intervals1 will very largely mitigate1 and will often cure it4 ,even half a teacupful or a tablespoonful will prove sufficient in many cases where the teacupful cannot be taken4 ,if this small quantity of hot water be taken every ten minutes1 the worst effects of sea-sickness will not be felt1 and far more relief obtained than most people will believe until they have tried it4 ,sensitiveness4--,when the nervous system is in a certain state1 all impressions on it are exaggerated1 and the patient suffers from light sounds1 and various irritations1 far more than is usual or healthy4 ,this state makes treatment difficult1 because either cold towel or hot flannel distresses the sufferer1 and by this does more harm than good4 ,narcotics only do harm1 without any good1 and leave the patient worse4 ,the nervous system may in such cases be soothed by soaping the back with soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,the lather is to be blood heat1 and very soft and creamy4 ,spread it all over a soft cloth as large as the back 7having first warmed the cloth71 and then place it gently on the back1 lather side next the skin4 ,let this be done at bedtime4 ,fasten the cloth on the back with a bodice that will fasten closely1 and let the patient sleep on it4 ,wash off in the morning with warm vinegar and water half-and-half4 ,rub with oil and dry off4 ,let the patient take twice a-day1 for eight days1 a teaspoonful of well-boiled liquorice and a tablespoonful of hot water4 ,this treatment will usually abate the sensitiveness in a week or so1 and bring the patient within reach of other remedies4 ,for example1 it will1 after a week or so1 even in very trying cases1 be possible to foment the feet and legs once a day1 and rub them with warm olive oil4 ,it will even be possible and well to foment with a hot blanket across the haunches1 and in this way to bring on comparatively strong health4 ,change of air and scene will then be desirable3 it is highly refreshing to one who is in the way of recovering1 though only harassing to one who is feeling despondent and increasingly ill4 ,we generally1 when asked if a change would not be good in such cases1 reply1 ,yes1 if once you have got health enough to enjoy it4 ,when that has been fairly secured1 stronger measures may be used with advantage4 ,we feel much sympathy with those who suffer from sensitiveness1 as so many do1 and earnestly pray that these remarks may be blessed to such sufferers4 ,shampooing4--,see ,head1 ,soaping4 ,shingles4--,though not often fatal1 this illness gives serious trouble4 ,its outstanding feature is a rash which comes out as a more or less regular belt round the body1 or over one shoulder4 ,the rash forms1 if allowed to go on1 into blackish scabs1 and is accompanied in some instances by severe pains shooting through the body4 ,it arises from a failure of the digestive system1 therefore the stomach must be as little taxed as possible4 ,let hot water be sipped in teaspoonfuls for half-an-hour at a time1 several times a day4 ,for external treatment1 wring a small sheet out of cold water and vinegar1 and pack the whole trunk of the patient in this for half-an-hour4 ,do not use olive oil4 ,the vinegar packing may be renewed in an hour1 and as often as the patient feels it agreeable4 ,the mixture of vinegar and water must be weak enough not to be painful on the skin4 ,if the pains in the body persist1 then cold cloths may be applied1 not very large at first1 to the spine1 while the patient is warm in bed4 ,should the feet be cold1 this cooling of the spine must not be done until they are wrapped in a hot fomentation up to the knees4 ,if the scabby eruption is very obstinate1 the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see7 applied daily for two or three days should clear it away4 ,wheaten porridge1 gruel1 and milk diet is best4 ,a drink may be made of hot water and lemon juice1 with five or six drops of tincture of cayenne added to a tumblerful1 and sweetened to taste4 ,see ,drinks4 ,shivering4--,this is often a trivial matter1 but sometimes it is a symptom of a serious chill4 ,it may be only the effect of a thought1 or of some mental shock1 but in any case it is a nervous disturbance1 and failure of energy1 causing us to lose control of the nerves which produce the shivering movements4 ,for ordinary shivering1 the result of cold1 treat as in ,cold1 ,taking4 ,for cases where the vital action has evidently become very low1 foment the patient as directed in ,angina ,pectoris4 ,if pain in some part1 as in a nursing breast or tender lung1 indicates inflammatory action there1 cold towels may be applied to that part while this fomentation is on4 ,renew the cold cloth as often as the patient feels it agreeable1 keeping up the heat of the fomentation all the time4 ,increase the size of the cold cloth if the patient finds this pleasant2 stop if it becomes unpleasant4 ,many serious troubles are checked in the first stage by treatment on these simple lines4 ,sick ,headache4--,see ,headache4 ,sitting 7or ,sitz7 ,bath4--,this bath1 in whatever form administered1 is essentially a sitting in cold water with the feet out4 ,the feet1 in fact1 are better to be warmly covered up while the patient sits in the bath4 ,the most important thing to be considered in all such baths is the degree of vitality possessed by the patient4 ,if he has much vitality1 then the bath may be deep and longer continued--as long as even forty minutes4 ,if the vitality be low1 the bath must be brief and very shallow--it may be even necessary to make it as short as one minute1 or even less4 ,in some cases1 as a beginning1 a mere dip is all that is required4 ,this leaves a large discretion to the nurse1 and is a matter which common sense should be able to decide4 ,to try a short bath first1 and repeat it several times1 rather than to give one long one1 is the safest plan4 ,it will soon be found out how much the patient can bear4 ,if the vitality be so low as to make the simple sitz-bath a danger1 the feet may be immersed1 for the one or two minutes of the bath1 in a small bath of hot water1 and the patient well wrapped up all over in warm blankets4 ,in some cases it is necessary to pour cold water on relaxed organs1 which1 especially with females1 will sometimes not be braced up by mere immersion4 ,but such pouring must be done with caution4 ,half-a-minute of it is a long time2 one quarter-of-a-minute or less will usually be enough1 even in important cases4 ,if longer applications have only done harm1 then let our friends try the one-minute bath1 or the quarter-minute stream of water4 ,in many cases we have known this make all right4 ,such short baths may be taken twice or thrice a day4 ,skin1 ,care of4--,among the vast majority of people air and water far too seldom touch the skin4 ,want of water makes it unclean1 and want of water and air make it slow in reaction4 ,now1 a healthy skin is of the utmost value when one is attacked by disease4 ,it can regulate the temperature of the various organs1 and the application of heat or cold to it will cause a reaction at once4 ,much of our treatment as given in this book is directed towards stimulating the action of the skin4 ,it is obvious that in health as in disease the skin can and does so act on the internal organs4 ,it should be the aim of everyone that this most important part of the body should receive careful attention by a strict watch on the diet1 by cleanliness1 tonic water baths 7cold1 tepid1 shower1 as may be found to suit71 and by tonic air baths4 ,light clothing and porous underwear will also be found of use4 ,we have already drawn attention to the value of ,kneipp linen as the most suitable form of underwear 7see74 ,illustration3 ,section of the ,skin1 showing glandular structure4 ,hairs ,fat ,cells ,sebaceous ,gland ,sweat ,gland ,nutrient ,artery ,hair ,bulb ,skin1 ,a ,wintry4--,something like an epidemic of skin trouble is often experienced in cold1 wintry weather4 ,first1 the skin becomes dry and hard4 ,a moist and sticky exudation replaces the ordinary sweat1 and great irritation is felt when the skin is exposed to the air4 ,if the sticky exudation be completely rubbed off1 this irritation ceases4 ,in this1 and in the absence of inflammation1 wintry skin differs entirely from eczema4 ,the remedy is to rub all over every night for three or four nights with the ,,cayenne ,,lotion 7see74 ,if this does not effectually cure1 lather all over with soap and olive oil 7see ,lather2 ,soap71 before rubbing with the cayenne lotion4 ,if the treatment of the whole skin at once is felt to be too severe1 it may be cured by taking it in parts4 ,skin1 ,creeping4--,a sensation sometimes very much annoys patients1 which they describe as like thousands of small creatures creeping over the skin4 ,it most commonly arises from defective working of the pores4 ,a kindred trouble may be noticed along with this creeping4 ,it is as if a stream of cold water were passing down the back4 ,that causes great discomfort in many cases4 ,the cure is sponging frequently with weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 or even good buttermilk4 ,the skin being in such cases very sensitive1 it is well to treat it bit by bit1 a small part at a time4 ,take one limb1 then another1 then part of the back1 and then another part4 ,besides this sponging with acid1 and before it is done1 the skin should be gently covered with lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,if this treatment is not successful1 a little olive oil1 with cayenne lotion1 may be mixed with the soapy lather1 and will make its effect more powerful4 ,this creepy feeling is sometimes the result of cold1 and some extra clothing may remove it4 ,see ,underwear4 ,sleep4--,no greater mistake could be made than to curtail the hours of sleep4 ,eight hours should be taken as a minimum1 and any weak person should take ten hours4 ,more and better work can be done by a person who takes fully eight hours' sleep than by one who tries to do with less4 ,sometimes strong tea or coffee is taken to drive away sleep1 and so the nervous system is injured and sleep will not come when it is desired4 ,tea or coffee should never be taken except very weak1 and the person who accustoms himself to this will very soon come greatly to prefer it4 ,sleeplessness4--,in search of sleep men do many things both dangerous and foolish--sometimes even fatal4 ,sleeplessness arises in so many ways and from so many causes1 that it is often hard for the patient to find a cure1 and he will try anything in desperation4 ,a little thought should prevent this state of mind4 ,for instance1 we have a man who tries to get sleep by fatiguing himself by long walks in the open air or hard physical work of some kind1 but he only grows worse4 ,now1 a little thought will show that sleep requires a certain amount of brain energy4 ,if the supply be below this amount1 the brain is too tired to sleep4 ,violent exercise of any kind will only make matters worse4 ,so keeping people awake all day is tried1 to make them sleep at night4 ,it fails from the same reason--that it reduces brain power4 ,all narcotics in the end fail similarly4 ,there comes a time when they have so reduced brain power1 that even an enormous dose fails to give sleep1 and the patient comes dangerously near poisoning himself--sometimes1 indeed1 does so outright4 ,in all these cases1 that which has worn down the brain must be given up as a first condition of cure4 ,whether brain work1 over-excitement and dissipation1 alcohol or tobacco1 the cause must be removed1 and rest taken in the open air1 or in well ventilated rooms4 ,this done1 we come to treatment4 ,soaping the head 7see ,head1 ,soaping71 or even the application of towels wrung out of cold water1 will often1 when the cause has been removed1 do all that is needed to give sleep4 ,these remedies1 especially the first1 should be at once applied1 if the sleeplessness is accompanied1 as is usual1 with heat in the head4 ,even where the fevered head is connected with indigestion1 the stomach will be powerfully helped by a good soaping of the head at bedtime4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the head is cold1 then warm fomentations to it will be the proper treatment4 ,perhaps the very best guide will be to aim at what will make both head and feet perfectly comfortable1 and both of natural heat4 ,if cold1 the feet must be bathed or fomented1 and the legs also up to the knees4 ,sometimes the pouring of warm water in a douche over the head will act perfectly1 instead of the fomentation2 but pouring cold water must be avoided1 or only very cautiously resorted to 7see ,sitz-,bath and ,restlessness74 ,sometimes sleeplessness proceeds from the use of bad drinking water1 through its effect on the stomach and bowels4 ,in this case1 of course1 the first thing is to see that no bad water is drunk4 ,people cannot be too careful about a water supply4 ,usually boiling for half-an-hour renders water safe enough1 but this is not always the case4 ,care must then be taken to see that water from any corrupted source is not used4 ,when it is given up1 treatment as above may be applied4 ,if the sleeplessness be caused by a nasty tickling cough1 put a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 or similar ,,fomentation 7see7 on the back behind where the cough catches4 ,then change cold towels in front over the same place4 ,soap the head1 and sleep will probably soon come4 ,where palpitation of the heart causes sleeplessness1 change cold towels over the heart1 fomenting the feet if necessary1 and the palpitation will usually soon yield4 ,see ,brain2 ,children's ,sleep2 ,exercise2 ,head2 ,rest4 ,smallpox4--,if an epidemic prevails in the neighbourhood1 or a case occurs in the house1 after due and carefully performed vaccination of the family1 the important matter to regard is cleanliness4 ,frequent and thorough washing and changing of all the clothes worn next the skin will do much to prevent possible infection4 ,if the clothes are often changed1 then1 and well washed1 and the skin gets a daily washing with soap and is sponged with hot vinegar1 there is little danger of infection during an epidemic of smallpox1 or even when nursing the disease4 ,acetic acid1 or white wine vinegar1 is even a more powerful cleansing agent than carbolic acid1 and has the advantage of being non-poisonous4 ,it is important in treatment to attack the disease early4 ,we have known an attack completely defeated1 and the patient cured1 by a wet-sheet pack administered at the right time4 ,the early symptoms are a great weariness and chilliness4 ,in this cold stage1 half-a-teaspoonful of cream of tartar1 in two tablespoonfuls of hot water1 should be given every half-hour4 ,also 7and this is important7 wrap the feet and legs up over the knees in a large hot ,,fomentation 7see74 ,the head also may be packed in hot cloths4 ,if the fever does not rise1 the applications may continue4 ,if the fever does come on1 cold cloths must be persistently changed on the head4 ,this we have known reduces the bodily temperature two degrees in half-an-hour1 when if left alone it would probably have risen two degrees4 ,the whole body may be packed in a damp sheet1 covered with dry blanket1 and this continued cooling of the head still proceeded with4 ,when the eruption has appeared1 and the violent itching set in1 the eruption must be persistently soaked with weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 or good white wine vinegar and water4 ,in this soaking1 avoid giving the patient pain by too strong acid4 ,the necessary healing power will be found in such a mixture as will only cause the eruption slightly to smart4 ,it is not necessary to treat a patient all over at once4 ,you will do better if you take one or two pimples at a time4 ,you can then pass from part to part slowly1 getting over the whole4 ,you can use a little olive oil after this soaking with vinegar1 and so keep off all danger of chill such as might occur if too much of the surface were treated at once4 ,if these simple means are well applied from the first1 it must be a very bad case indeed which will not be cured1 and most likely without any marks being left on the skin4 ,snake ,bites4--,a snake bite is only one of a large class of injuries which may be considered under one title4 ,from an insect sting upwards to the most fatal snake bite1 we need to note1 first1 the blow or shock of the bite1 and then the fever symptoms which show poison spreading in the system4 ,the blow or shock paralyses or kills a larger or smaller part of the nervous system4 ,the nerve of the heart may be almost instantly so paralysed1 with fatal effect4 ,the snake poison especially affects the organic nervous system1 and thus attacks the very source of vitality4 ,in smaller stings1 rubbing vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 into the wound is sufficient almost instantly to cure4 ,the same substance will cure greater evils4 ,in the case of snake bite1 first suck the wound thoroughly1 watching that the lips and gums of the person who sucks are free from wound or scratch1 or use what is called dry cupping4 ,much may be done thus in a few seconds4 ,but it must not be continued longer1 and hinder the next step4 ,this is to inject weak acetic acid into the bite4 ,where snakes are abundant1 a small syringe1 such as is used to inject morphia1 with a rather blunt point1 should be always carried1 and acetic acid of the right strength4 ,the injection must be thorough1 and of course pain must be borne to avoid greater evil4 ,foment cautiously but persistently over the stomach and along the spine4 ,pay special attention to the lower back if bitten in the foot or leg1 and to the upper part if in the hand or arm4 ,during recovery1 give careful diet1 and rest4 ,of course this treatment will fail in some cases1 as any treatment may4 ,but if immediately applied1 it will save a very large number of lives4 ,soaping the ,head4--,see ,head1 ,soaping4 ,soap1 ,m',clinton's4--,those of our readers who have followed out in practice the suggestions which we have given in these papers1 will have seen some reason to believe in the importance of soap4 ,probably some of them have laughed at patients whose chief need evidently was a good washing of the skin6 ,but there is more in soap applications than mere cleansing4 ,these are found to be of immense value in cases in which there has been no want of perfect cleanliness--in cases even in which the skin has been habitually clean4 ,for instance1 in patients with nerves so sensitive that almost no application of any kind can be used1 a covering of the back with a fine lather1 and over this a soft cloth1 has soothed the system so effectively that a great step has been secured by this alone in the direction of cure4 ,when in search of really good soap we soon find that certain soaps are very harmful4 ,soaps made from soda ash1 as nearly all hard soaps are1 tend to dry and harden the skin1 and if used often produce bad effects4 ,soda soap does well enough for many purposes1 and if it is not used often1 and the skin is strong1 no great harm may be done2 but when it has to be used frequently1 or is applied to a tender sensitive skin or to parts from which the outer skin has been removed1 it will not do at all4 ,for years we had been seeking for somebody who could make us hard soap without any mixture of soda4 ,once1 when in ,belfast1 we spoke of this to a friend4 ,he took us to a soapmaker1 to whom we mentioned our desire4 ,this gentleman at once saw what we wanted1 and told us frankly that he could not make the soap that would suit us1 and that he knew only one firm in the trade who could do so4 ,but he assured us that that firm made a pure hard soap which we should find exactly suitable to our purpose4 ,thus we were introduced to the manufacturers of ,m',clinton's soap4 ,this firm1 we found1 made the very soap we had been so long in search of4 ,it is made 7by a process which is1 we believe1 a secret in possession of this firm alone7 from the ash of plants1 and so it may truly be said that it is ,nature's soap4 ,there is something in the composition of this soap which makes it astonishingly curative and most agreeable on the skin4 ,lather made from it1 instead of drying and so far burning the skin of those using it1 has the most soothing and delightful effect4 ,as yet we do not feel able to explain this1 not being sufficiently chemical for the work1 but we have tried the matter1 and feel assured that this soap is by a long way the best for cleansing and curative purposes4 ,even soap which possesses the same chemical composition lacks the properties of that made from plants1 a fact not without parallel1 as chemists know4 ,the substances of the plant ash differ in some unknown way from even those chemically the same1 which have been artificially produced4 ,we trust that our noticing the thing in this way will have the effect of calling attention to the whole question of soap-making and using4 ,it is one of those questions on which great ignorance prevails4 ,many people judge toilet soaps by the perfume and price4 ,if the former is pleasant1 and the latter high1 they consider they must be getting something specially suitable1 and yet the soap itself may be very injurious4 ,before we had some cases of bad diseases of the skin arising from the use of certain soaps1 it did not occur to us to think much of the difference between one sort and another4 ,hence we just said1 use lather from good soap4 ,now we see need for care as to the kind of soap used1 and especially to warn against all soaps1 however fine-looking1 that burn the tender skin when lather made from them is much applied4 ,very especially is it important to distinguish between the qualities of soaps used on the sensitive skins of infants and invalids4 ,if you ever wash an infant in strongly caustic soap1 you may look for a state of discomfort in the child which will make it restless and miserable without your being able to tell how it is so4 ,you may ascribe to unhappy temper what is due to the bad soap which you have put on the skin4 ,so with sensitive invalids1 when they have to be washed or soaped1 so as to keep off or heal the bedsores which are apt to appear on them1 it is easy to see how much difference there must be between the effect of a caustic soap and one really and delightfully soothing4 ,m',clinton's soap is the very best and most lasting of the soaps we know for washing purposes1 so that in recommending it we are not promoting the use of a merely medical thing1 but of one for ordinary purposes of a genuine and excellent character4 ,every grocer ought to have it in stock1 and if it is sought after with some vigour it will be soon brought in general trade within reach of all4 ,it is not one of those things that flame on railway stations and on the covers of magazines4 ,the makers are most quiet1 unpretending men1 and one would think almost afraid to take their light from under a bushel4 ,but they are in possession of a most valuable secret in knowing how to make this soap4 ,several soap-makers claim to be makers of this soap1 insisting that theirs is as good as ,m',clinton's4 ,it is far cheaper4 ,well1 we put it to the test of use4 ,it is not the same thing at all4 ,it won't do1 nor will it nearly do3 the soda is there beyond all doubt4 ,we are compelled to recommend our readers to make sure that they get ,m',clinton's soap1 with this name stamped upon it4 ,there is a strong temptation to deception1 because ,m',clinton's soap requires eight days at least to make1 while the fiery stuff is made in one day1 or two at most4 ,it is of great importance that the true soap should be secured4 ,the matter is so important that precious life and health depend on so humble a thing as this4 ,take care you are not cheated by a wrong substance4 ,do not say you have tried our remedy and found it fail4 ,if you have applied irritating soap instead of soothing1 the so-called remedy could not but fail4 ,make sure you have the right substance1 and you will have the right effect4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,to prevent an inferior article being substituted if it is asked for as barilla soap simply1 it is in this edition called ,m',clinton's soap4 ,it is now made solely by ,d4 ,brown ,son1 ,ltd41 ,donaghmore1 ,tyrone1 ,ireland1 who have purchased the business and trade secrets of the old firm1 and manufacture the soap in the same way4 ,if not stocked by the local chemist or grocer1 small samples can be had from the manufacturers free on receipt of #b;d4 to cover postage1 or a large assorted box will be sent on receipt of #bs4 #f;d4 ,fortunately the makers of ,m',clinton's soap are sternly honest men1 and their soap can be relied on3 that we have found out1 we think1 beyond mistake4 ,we are happy to be able to say that they have not sent us even a bar of soap for our ,papers on their behalf1 but only assured us that they will reward our kindness by making a genuine article4 ,if there is puffing1 there is at least to be no payment for it1 and that is a safe way of keeping the puffer to the truth6 ,the curative effects of ,m',clinton's soap will be found dealt with in the directions for treatment of various troubles throughout this volume4 ,see the articles on ,abscess2 ,asthma2 ,blood1 ,purifying2 ,boils2 ,cancer2 ,child-,bearing2 ,dwining2 ,fever2 ,hands2 ,hives2 ,pimples on ,face2 ,rheumatism2 ,skin2 ,sleeplessness2 ,soapy ,blanket2 ,stomach ,trouble2 ,vaccination ,trouble4 ,soapy ,blanket1 ,the4--,it seems necessary1 in getting people to use the best means for the recovery of health1 carefully to consider1 not the diseases to which they are subject only1 but especially the processes of cure4 ,we require to go into the very nature of things1 so to speak1 and to make it all palpable to the inquirer4 ,for example1 you prescribe a little olive oil on the skin1 and the nurse is horrified at its being suggested that she should block up the pores4 ,her idea is that these pores are only little holes in the skin1 so that1 if you fill them up with oil1 the insensible perspiration will not get through4 ,now let us observe that a pore is a complete organ in itself1 and has at least three things that characterise it4 7,see page #bhe74 ,first of all1 it is a living thing4 ,it is so as really as a finger is a living organ1 or an eye1 or an ear4 ,when it dies1 it is as much an opening as ever1 but it ceases to secrete the perspiration which is constantly separated from the current of the blood when it was healthily alive4 ,when it is sickly1 though still living in a weak degree1 it secretes1 but so sluggishly that the substance which it separates from the blood does not pass off easily--it gets1 so to speak1 thick and sticky1 and remains in the pores4 ,in the second place1 the substance which a pore secretes will not combine with certain things1 and it will chemically combine readily with other things4 ,when the pore is sickly1 it may be aided1 first1 by the introduction of heat1 which becomes vital action1 and secondly1 by the use of such substances as will readily combine with its secretion4 ,the heat makes it secrete more perfectly1 and the chemical combination makes the removal of the secretion easy4 ,it is possible to block the pores up1 but it is not very easy to do so4 ,a healthy pore will send its secretions out through very close stuff4 ,it is only by something like very strong varnish that it can be prevented4 ,there is wonderfully little danger in ordinary life of any such block as this4 ,but there is very great danger of the pore being deprived of its secretive power1 and of its power to open its mouth when that is so much wanted4 ,warm olive oil sets millions of pores to full work sometimes in a few seconds4 ,now let us look at the application of the soapy blanket in the light of these remarks4 ,here is a poor patient1 sitting in an armchair by the fireside1 labouring to get breath4 ,it makes one feel burdened to see him4 ,what is wrong8 ,are the pores blocked up8 ,no2 but they are more than half dead1 and what they do secrete is not such an ethereal thing as it should be4 ,nearly all the work of getting rid of the waste of the body has been thrown for months upon the poor lungs4 ,the kidneys1 too1 have got far more than their share1 just because the pores are sickly4 ,the remedy is the soapy blanket4 ,this most valuable means of stimulating the healthy action of the skin 7as prescribed in many articles in this volume7 is prepared and applied as follows3--,have a good blanket1 and plenty of ,m',clinton's soap 7see ,lather and ,soap74 ,shear down a tablet or two into boiling water--as much water as the blanket will absorb4 ,the blanket may be prepared as directed in article ,fomentation1 using these boiling suds instead of water4 ,have the patient's bed ready1 and spread on it a double dry sheet4 ,soak in the suds a piece of thick flannel large enough to go round the body under the armpits4 ,wring this out and put it on the patient4 ,wrap the blanket tightly round the patient from the neck downwards4 ,tie something round the waist to confine it close to the body4 ,put the patient into bed1 and wrap the feet well up in the blanket4 ,if it is not sufficient to cover them1 an extra piece of soapy flannel must be used4 ,then wrap the sheets over the patient above the moist blanket1 and cover all nicely up4 ,in removing the blanket1 which may remain on half-an-hour1 it is well to proceed gradually1 uncovering the body bit by bit1 sponging each part with hot water and vinegar or weak acetic acid 7see ,acetic ,acid71 and rubbing hot oil on after drying4 ,dry this oil off1 and cover each dried part of the body either with clothing or blankets before uncovering a fresh part4 ,there is a modification of this treatment which suits more weakly persons1 and suits also those who must do all1 or almost all1 for themselves4 ,a long flannel or flannelette nightdress is used in this1 instead of the blanket4 ,this is covered on the whole of the inner side with well-made soap lather4 ,when so covered it is put on at bedtime1 and a dry nightdress put on over it4 ,both are then fastened as closely as possible to the skin1 and the patient goes to sleep thus clothed4 ,if the night is cold1 the greatest care must be taken to be well covered1 and brought to as good a heat as possible4 ,in the morning a very great change will have come from this treatment4 ,when the whole body is washed down with warm water1 dried1 and nicely rubbed with fresh oil1 the skin is found very considerably changed1 and in case of asthma the breathing relieved4 ,if cold is taken when this process is fairly gone through1 it would be very astonishing indeed2 but if it is badly done1 a person might get chilled instead of comforted4 ,therefore every care must be taken to keep the patient thoroughly warm4 ,the result of one effectual pack is usually sufficient to convince the poor sufferer that he is being treated in the right way4 ,the effect of the second is greater1 and so on to the fourth or fifth1 beyond which he need not go as a rule4 ,he will do well once a day to wash with hot vinegar and rub after with the oil4 ,these should not be required more than a fortnight at most4 ,if chilliness continues1 it is well to put on cotton stockings on going to bed1 and even to bathe the feet and oil them before doing so4 ,this bathing may be continued every night for a fortnight4 ,sores4--,these will be found dealt with under many headings throughout this book 7see ,abscess2 ,bone1 ,diseased2 ,blood2 ,boils2 ,breast2 ,cancer2 ,carbuncle2 ,cauliflower ,growth2 ,eruptions2 ,erysipelas1 etc471 therefore we here only treat generally of two kinds of common sores4 ,the first is the surface sore1 which eats inwards2 the second1 the deep-seated sore1 which eats outwards4 ,the first usually begins as a small pimple like a pin's head1 and1 if neglected1 breaks1 and gradually increases in size4 ,its origin is something which has caused the minute vessels of the skin at the spot to give way1 so that they remain congested with bad blood1 which soon becomes practically poisonous1 and so the sore enlarges and eats into the surrounding tissue4 ,if such a sore appears on the leg1 it is often due to over-pressure through too much standing4 ,rest1 with the leg kept horizontal or inclined slightly upwards to the foot1 will often be enough to cure4 ,when complete rest cannot be had1 a thigh bandage 7see ,veins1 ,swollen7 should be worn4 ,to treat the sore1 it should be washed twice a day with ,,buttermilk 7see71 and afterwards thoroughly soaked with weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 and dressed with antiseptic lint1 or1 if that cannot be had1 with buttermilk cloths4 ,a buttermilk poultice 7see ,potato ,poultice7 may be used4 ,but if no rest can be had1 the sore will be extremely difficult1 if not impossible1 to heal4 ,the second kind of sore1 arising from an abscess under the part1 or diseased bone or membrane far down beneath the skin1 is to be treated on the same principles1 using weak acetic acid for the syringing1 and buttermilk only for the surface4 ,the method of treatment is such as will secure the contact of the weak acid with every part1 even the deepest1 of the wound4 ,procure a small pointed glass syringe1 which must be kept thoroughly clean4 ,the point of this may be inserted into the sore1 and care taken that the weak acid penetrates into the very bottom1 and thoroughly soaks all the diseased parts4 ,this syringing should be repeated until the wound is thoroughly clean in every part4 ,if pain is set up1 the acid is too strong4 ,syringing with lukewarm water will at once relieve this1 and then weaker acid may be used4 ,this treatment may be given twice a day1 and the wound properly dressed after it4 ,attention must be paid in all treatment of sores or wounds to the proper cleansing and boiling of all materials and instruments used4 ,wash the hands in hot water and ,m',clinton's soap1 using a nail-brush1 before touching or dressing a sore4 ,boil some soft clean rags for five minutes1 and wash the sore with these1 using water that has been boiled and allowed to cool to blood-heat1 to which a few drops of acetic acid have been added1 but not so much as to be painful on the sore4 ,if a syringe is used1 boil it before using1 and only use boiled or distilled water in all operations4 ,this secures the destruction of the germs 7or ,bacteria71 which are now known as the cause of the inflammation and suppuration of wounds and sores of all kinds4 ,spinal ,congestion4--,in some cases of this trouble the symptoms are very alarming1 consisting in violent convulsive movements1 which seem altogether beyond the possibility of relief4 ,it is something to know that these terrible kickings and strugglings arise from simply an accumulation of blood in the vessels of the spinal cord1 irritating it violently1 as an electric current might do4 ,sedatives and narcotics will be useless4 ,leeches applied to the spine will sometimes cure by withdrawing the blood from it1 though such treatment leaves no bracing and strengthening effect1 but the very opposite4 ,use the cold towel1 wrung out and placed along the spine1 together with a hot blanket ,,fomentation 7see7 to the feet and legs1 up over the knees4 ,the patient must be gently held still1 as far as possible1 so that the treatment may be applied4 ,the applications will not be at once successful1 but after an hour's work something like permanent relief should come4 ,above all1 the nurse must keep cool and calm in mind and manner4 ,there is no need for hysterics1 and any excitable person should be kept out of the sick-room4 ,if the skin of the back has been broken by blistering or any such treatment1 a fine lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap7 should be spread over all the back1 and on this a soft cloth4 ,above this the cold towels may be safely and comfortably applied4 ,it will do no harm if the treatment be continued for even two or three hours4 ,spine1 ,misshapen4--,often in the case of delicate infants or children1 the bones of the spine fail to have the necessary hardness to bear the strain which comes upon them1 and the spine gets more or less out of its proper shape4 ,if this softness of bone continues1 no amount of mechanical support1 or lying down1 will cure the misshapen spine4 ,therefore means should be taken by proper diet and nourishment to help the production of good bone substance in the child's body4 ,the best bone-making food we know is good oatmeal1 as well-boiled porridge 7boiled for two or three hours71 or as oatmeal jelly and gruel4 ,good air and water are also essential1 and such treatment as is described in article on ,children's ,healthy ,growth4 ,especially should attention be paid to constant supply of fresh air to the child's lungs4 ,windows should be wide open in all weathers1 and if the child cannot walk far1 it should be wheeled out for as long as possible every day the weather permits4 ,such supply of fresh air is of vital importance1 and the want of it is frequently the sole cause of disease4 ,in other cases it is not the bones which are soft1 but the muscles and ligaments which hold the spine in a proper position are defective4 ,where the bone is felt to be good-sized and hard1 and the surrounding substance too soft1 it is a case of this kind4 ,to proper nourishment1 in this case1 must be added proper exercise of the muscles concerned4 ,immovable plaster jackets are bad1 because they forbid this4 ,this exercise may best be given by rubbing 7see ,exercise and ,massage74 ,gentle rubbing and pressure over the back1 with hot ,,olive ,,oil 7see71 will work wonders in such a case4 ,during the rubbing the patient should lie down at full length4 ,it must also be done so as to be pleasant1 or it is of no use4 ,see that the patient has plenty of rest1 and only as much walking exercise as is evidently enjoyed4 ,there may be complications with other troubles--for example1 a quick pulse and some fever heat1 if the temperature is tested4 ,that will require to be itself treated with repeated rubbings of finely wrought lather over the stomach and bowels4 ,until you have in some measure subdued this fever1 you will not do much in the way of improving the muscles of the back4 ,in many cases you will be able to bring the fever down completely1 and then you will be free to exercise the muscles1 and so to strengthen them that they will bring the spine to something like its proper shape4 7,see ,assimilation2 ,diet2 ,digestion2 ,nerves2 ,nourishment2 ,paralysis2 ,massage47 ,spine1 ,weakness of the4--,see ,children's ,healthy ,growth4 ,sprains or ,racks4--,a sprain is usually the result of some involuntary stress coming upon the part4 ,if the injury be to the muscular substance only1 it is easily healed2 hot fomentations should be given to the sprained parts1 with perfect rest and every possible ease and comfort by position1 etc41 and nature will soon effect a cure4 ,if the injury be really to the nerves which control the muscles1 as is generally the case1 the matter is more difficult4 ,the muscle swells1 but this is primarily due to the overstrain of the nerves in the sudden effort they make to bear a crushing load on the muscle4 ,the pain is from pressure in the swelling1 and also from inflammatory action4 ,the cure1 then1 must be applied to the motor nerves controlling the muscles1 and is best applied at their roots in the spinal cord4 ,if the arm1 hand1 or wrist be sprained1 rub gently the upper spinal region with warm olive oil1 continuing the rubbing gently down the arm to the injured part 7see ,rubbing7 until the whole shoulder and arm glow with comfortable warmth4 ,but all rubbing such as causes pain must be avoided4 ,if such rubbing cannot be managed1 then a hot ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 must be placed between the shoulders1 and a warm fomentation given to the shoulder and arm4 ,the treatment should be given once a day1 and ere many days the sprain should be cured4 ,for ankle and knee sprains1 the lower back and leg must be treated on similar principles4 ,where the chest muscles that cover the ribs are sprained1 rubbing and moist heat should be applied over the back and round the side where the sprain is1 paying especial attention to the spine opposite the sprain1 and using hot olive oil before fomentation and after1 as well as to rub with4 ,if the belly be sprained1 similar treatment should be given lower down the back4 ,if the back muscles are sprained1 then the same treatment should be applied1 taking special care to stimulate with moist heat and rubbing the part of the spine on a level with the injury1 where the roots of the nerves lie which supply the sprained muscles4 ,care must ever be taken to avoid giving pain--to give pain is to increase the injury4 ,to produce a glow of heat all through the parts is to cure it4 7,see ,muscular ,pains47 ,for a sprained heel1 when there is some degree of inflammation about it1 we should pack the whole foot in fine soap lather4 ,let it be in this all night1 and also during the day when resting4 ,wash the foot with a little weak acetic acid1 after being packed in the lather1 to keep it quite clean4 ,now rub the whole limb from the ankle upwards in such a way as to press the blood onwards in the veins4 ,use a little oil1 so that the skin may not suffer till a fine heat is raised in the whole limb4 ,this may be done for a quarter-of-an-hour twice or thrice a day4 ,it relieves the heel of all congestion1 and lets good arterial blood flow to it1 as it would not otherwise4 ,an elastic bandage1 not very tight1 put on above the knee will help the cure4 ,sprained joints and muscles should have perfect rest for a fortnight1 and be used very cautiously for some time longer4 ,spring ,trouble4--,many persons are distressed by some form of eruption or inflammation in the skin in spring4 ,the change of atmosphere and temperature at this time greatly increases the demands made upon the skin as an organ of perspiration1 and this strain it is in many cases unable to stand--hence the trouble referred to4 ,to prevent this1 the skin must be brought into a better state of health and fitness for any extra work1 so that it can bear without injury even very great changes of air and temperature4 ,this may be done by regular application of soap lather 7see ,lather and ,soap7 to the entire skin each evening for three or four days1 and then twice a week through all the season4 ,good olive oil may be rubbed on before and after the lather1 or even mixed with it in rubbing on2 if the cooling effect is found too great1 two or three thick coats of lather should be put on1 and then gently wiped off1 and the oil applied4 ,this1 continued during the later winter and spring1 should entirely prevent eruptions4 ,but if these do appear1 or have already come on1 the irritation is apt to be so great that only very fine and carefully made lather can be used4 ,it is better then to use buttermilk instead of lather4 ,but the ,,buttermilk 7see7 must be new1 and if necessary weakened by addition of sweet milk2 if old and strongly acid buttermilk be used1 harm may be done4 ,do not rub the milk on3 soak it into the parts by gentle dabbing with a pad of soft cloth4 ,this done frequently1 even twice or three times a day1 will almost always effect a cure4 ,it should be remembered that no amount of washing or bathing will do in this state of the skin4 ,water somehow1 especially hard water1 fails to produce this fine state of the surface4 ,when spring trouble has set in1 we would keep water entirely from the skin4 ,nothing does so well as good buttermilk4 ,in some forms of spring eruption1 a strong mixture of salt and water may be freely applied with great advantage4 ,if this irritates1 it should at once be discontinued1 but in many cases the eruption will disappear under a few applications4 ,the salt solution should be gently rubbed on1 and left to dry on the skin 7see ,skin1 ,care of2 ,underwear74 ,with the increasing warm weather the body ceases to require as much food as in the cold days4 ,heavy stimulating food in warm weather will certainly cause an unhealthy skin4 ,squeezing4--,see ,rubbing4 ,stammering4--,this trouble is simply a loss of command of the vocal organs1 and is distinctly nervous in its cause4 ,especially must we look to the roots of the nerves controlling the vocal organs1 if we are to see the real difficulty4 ,there is evidently a state of irritability and undue sensitiveness in these nerves which must be soothed down1 if a cure is to be obtained4 ,the roots of such nerves lie in the back of the head and neck1 and they are best soothed by application of soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,this must be well wrought1 and applied warm to the back of the head and neck in three or four coats4 ,then mix some hot ,,olive ,,oil 7see7 with the lather1 and apply with the brush gently to the parts4 ,altogether1 in applying the various latherings1 and the final oil-and-lathering1 an hour should be spent1 so as to continue the soothing effect during that time4 ,the head may be soaped one night 7see ,head1 ,soaping the71 and this treatment given the alternate night4 ,where the case is of long standing1 it may take long to cure it1 or a cure may be impossible1 but some mitigation will result from this treatment4 ,the ,sabbath should in all cases be a day of rest from treatment1 and generally common sense will indicate that it be not continued too long4 ,the patient may do a great deal for himself by the strictest watch on his enunciation1 speaking slowly and deliberately1 and breathing deeply4 ,this will be difficult to maintain at first1 but practice will make the habit unconscious4 ,an instrument called a metronome may be had from a music shop 7used for keeping time in practising71 if a book be read aloud by the stammerer1 pronouncing one syllable only to each beat1 he will soon gain complete control of his voice4 ,stiffness1 ,general4--,this is often an adjunct of old age1 and sometimes occurs in the young and middle-aged as the result of chills4 ,in neither case is it incurable1 but for a cure rest is a first necessity4 ,if there be standing and working for twelve or fourteen hours a day1 we should not expect a cure at all4 ,rest must be had1 at least twelve hours out of the twenty-four1 and it is well if sixteen or even eighteen hours' rest can be taken 7see ,rest74 ,then there must be heating the spine with moist heat 7see ,fomentation74 ,this is done to revive the organs which supply oil to the joints1 by giving fresh vitality to the roots of the nerves which control these organs4 ,but the heating requisite to do this must be gently and persistently applied4 ,an hour's gradual heating is worth far more than half-an-hour's half-burning4 ,then1 after the spine fomentation1 which must be applied in bed1 rub 7see ,massage7 the back with hot olive oil for a considerable time--say half-an-hour1 if the patient can bear it 7see ,exercise74 ,then the joints may be similarly fomented and rubbed at another time1 back and joints being treated1 say1 every other day4 ,if there be costiveness1 treat as in ,constipation1 and give easily digested food 7see ,assimilation2 ,digestion2 ,nourishment74 ,such treatment daily should remove stiffness1 even in very bad cases4 ,stimulants4--,see ,alcohol2 ,narcotics4 ,stomach ,trouble4--,if you would cure thoroughly1 you must first make sure that the skin is doing its part well4 ,very often indigestion arises from irritation of the stomach1 caused by the impurities in the blood which arise from defective skin action4 ,with strong people1 exercise causing perspiration will often suffice to cure1 in other cases where exercise cannot be had the ,soapy ,blanket 7see7 is effective4 ,after the blanket1 give a warm1 gentle rubbing with hot vinegar or diluted acetic acid2 and1 finally1 a similar rubbing with warm olive oil4 ,this rubbing may be given by itself1 where the patient is too weak to endure the blanket1 or where the lather cannot be well applied4 ,even the rubbing with oil alone will do much to cure4 ,the problem in this case is to remove from the blood the irritating waste which is inflaming the stomach1 and this is better done by cleansing and stimulating the skin than by means of drastic drugs4 ,a lazy man will swallow a peck of pills rather than go through an ordeal of cleansing like this1 but in that case he need not be surprised if his poor stomach become only poorer still1 while his purse will not get any heavier4 ,besides this cleansing1 take sips of hot water as recommended under ,indigestion4 ,a very plain and sparing diet should be taken1 and great attention given to chewing all food till reduced to a liquid4 ,for it must be remembered that the majority of stomach troubles have their origin in abuse of this organ1 through overloading with food1 or other dietetic errors4 ,see ,diet2 ,assimilation2 ,biscuits and ,water2 ,constipation2 ,cramp in ,stomach2 ,diarrhoea2 ,digestion2 ,flatulence2 ,indigestion2 ,weariness4 ,stomach ,ulcers4--,generally the tongue will tell whether the stomach is ulcerated or not4 ,if the tongue is fiery-looking1 and small ulcers show themselves on it1 while food produces pain in the stomach1 there is little doubt of the presence of ulcers there4 ,the tongue may at once1 in such a case1 be brushed with weak acid 7see ,acetic ,acid7 or vinegar1 so as to cleanse the surface and produce a gentle smarting4 ,this brushing will quickly produce a healing change in the tongue1 which guides us to the cure of the stomach4 ,this will be attained by swallowing teaspoonfuls of the same weak acid4 ,two or three of these should be taken at intervals half-an-hour before food4 ,if the case is severe1 the skin over the stomach must be carefully soaped1 as directed in article on ,,head ,,soaping 7see also ,lather2 ,soap74 ,the four-ply flannel ,,bandage 7see7 should also be worn4 ,do not use drugs1 such as iron1 arsenic1 or soda1 and avoid all narcotics4 ,persevere with the weak acid1 and a cure will come unless in very obstinate cases indeed4 ,care must be taken to avoid irritating food4 ,milk1 or milk and boiling water is the best diet4 ,a general symptom is severe pain after eating1 relieved by vomiting4 ,no fluid should be taken hotter than the finger can be held in it4 ,this is indeed a good rule always in matters of food and drink1 which are often taken too hot1 to the injury of the stomach4 ,stone4--,see ,gravel4 ,stoutness4--,see ,breath1 and the ,heart4 ,strangulation or ,hanging4--,often accidentally caused in children or intoxicated persons4 ,waste no time in going for or shouting for assistance4 ,at once cut the rope1 necktie1 or whatever else causes the tightening4 ,pull out the tongue and secure it1 commence artificial respiration at once 7see ,drowning71 open the windows1 make any crowd stand back4 ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance4--,this proceeds from a simple irritation of the spinal nerves1 and is to be cured by soothing the spine with persistent cooling4 ,in mild cases this cooling is easily applied with towels wrung out of cold water1 and folded so as to lie at least four-ply thick along the whole spine4 ,if narcotic drugs have been largely used1 and the nervous system spoiled thereby1 a severer form of the trouble comes on1 and requires a good deal of care and persistence in cooling4 ,in all cases the cooling of the spine must only be done when the patient is warm in bed4 ,it will be of great importance1 in carrying out this process1 to use olive oil in such a way1 all over the body1 as to help in maintaining the general normal heat4 ,in addition to these suggestions1 it may be well to remark that the appearances in such cases are1 as a rule1 worse than the reality4 ,for instance1 the motion of the eyes and of the tongue makes one imagine that the sufferer has lost all reason1 and even consciousness of normal character4 ,but this is not so2 the brain may not be affected at all1 and the worst feeling is that of weariness4 ,we have seen a patient smiling through the most distressing contortions--that is1 most distressing to the ordinary observer4 ,it is of great importance that any one who treats such cases should be cool and kind4 ,it will sometimes be impossible for one person to keep the patient in bed and covered with the clothes so as to keep warm4 ,if so1 two must do it4 ,it is1 however1 to be remembered constantly1 that the patient feels it much more agreeable to be held within even close limits than to be allowed to throw arms and legs1 and head and body about in all directions4 ,this is a most invaluable truth in such cases4 ,it will not do to hold as with an iron grasp1 so that no degree of movement is allowed2 but you may hold softly1 so that no motion1 such as will even disturb the bedclothes1 shall take place4 ,this must be done so that all the body shall be comfortably warm when the cold towel is laid along the spine and pressed gently to the centre of the back4 ,in comparatively mild cases1 we give an hour of this cooling process every morning only1 and the warm washing and anointing with olive oil at bedtime2 but in such cases as we sometimes meet with1 where drugs have done their mischievous work1 it is necessary to cool much more frequently4 ,for instance1 when the morning cooling has laid the irritation1 and the patient is quiet for an hour1 or1 perhaps1 only half-an-hour1 the movement returns4 ,the persons applying the cure are afraid to repeat it till another morning has come4 ,but they need not be so4 ,or1 they apply it for five minutes1 and are afraid to continue it longer4 ,they may quite safely apply it as long as they can keep the rest of the body comfortably warm4 ,if they can keep nice1 soft blankets well round the patient1 as a rule it will not be difficult to keep up all general heat4 ,let us suppose that1 when warm in bed and asleep1 the patient wakes up1 and the diseased movement begins2 it will be well then to ply the back with the cold towel4 ,if the movement is perfectly still in half-an-hour1 a rest may be given4 ,if the movement soon returns1 the cold can be applied till perfect quiet is had again4 ,this will1 perhaps1 be secured in twenty minutes or so4 ,a rest and comfortable warming may be given again4 ,if the movement still returns1 it may be met by the same cooling process again4 ,if only the heat is kept up all right1 the cold towel may be used till the spinal irritation is finally gone4 ,this simple mode of treatment we have found to be perfectly successful1 not only in removing every symptom of nervous irritation1 but in giving most vigorous health to patients who1 to begin with1 were truly miserable-looking subjects4 ,this may be looked for1 as well as the mere removal of the malady4 ,it should be noted that one outstanding feature of ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance is that the movement ceases during sleep4 ,if this is not the case1 other treatment is called for4 ,see ,paralysis1 and articles under ,nerves2 ,spine1 etc4 ,sunshine4--,is a most valuable aid to health1 acting as a physical and mental tonic4 ,the sunbath1 for either portions of the body at a time1 or for the whole body1 will be found very beneficial to nervous sufferers1 and also to those having a tendency to certain skin diseases4 ,its tonic effect is very noticeable on the hair1 giving it better growth and richer colour4 ,sunlight should be admitted freely into bedrooms and sitting-rooms1 for it is hostile to the growth of many of those microbes which cause disease4 ,tapeworm4--,the only sure sign of the presence of this parasite in the intestine is the passing from the bowels of some of its joints or ova4 ,its presence in the body is a serious matter1 always giving rise to more or less inconvenience and disturbance to health4 ,we mention it here because we know of a very good and harmless remedy which will completely expel the worm4 ,this may be obtained from ,d4 ,napier ,sons1 herbalists1 #ag1 ,bristo ,place1 ,edinburgh1 postage paid1 for #bs4 ,one dose will be sufficient4 ,we dislike secret preparations1 yet when we come across a remedy which never fails1 we confess to putting aside our dislikes and getting it4 ,the best thing is1 however1 to prevent the worm obtaining access to the body4 ,all food1 especially beef and pork1 should be thoroughly cooked1 and all cooking processes1 and all places where meat is kept should be thoroughly clean4 ,where this is the case1 tapeworm will never occur4 ,tea4--,tea should not be infused longer than three or four minutes1 and cream should be used with it4 ,the albuminous matter in milk tends to throw down some of the tannic acid in an insoluble form4 ,it should not be taken too hot1 and if taken at a meat meal 7which is undesirable71 not till quite the conclusion of the meal4 ,much tea-drinking produces nervousness and indigestion4 ,if taken very weak it forms a pleasing addition to the morning and evening meal1 but taken as it usually is1 and especially between meals1 such as at afternoon tea1 it is a serious cause of ill-health4 ,teeth4--,in order to prevent decay1 the teeth should be carefully brushed at least once a day1 preferably at night1 but better still after each meal4 ,there is no better dentifrice than pure soap1 and ,m',clinton's tooth soap1 being specially prepared from the ash of plants and a pure vegetable oil1 does not leave the objectionable soapy taste in the mouth which all soda soaps do4 ,the prevalence of bad teeth is believed by many to be due to processes of milling1 which remove the bone and enamel making properties of the grain4 ,so much of the natural salts of the grain are removed to make bread white that it ceases to be the staff of life4 ,a contributory cause is the consumption of large quantities of sweets or candies1 especially between meals4 ,white bread lodging in the teeth and thereby producing acid fermentation1 is believed to have a bad effect on them1 also too hot or ice-cold liquids4 ,remember also that the teeth cannot be healthy if they are not exercised4 ,the ,scotch peasant when he ate hard oat-cake had splendid teeth1 as the ,swedish peasants who eat hard rye-bread still have4 ,sloppy foods hastily bolted will ruin the digestion and thereby the teeth1 besides depriving them of the work essential to their good condition4 ,if teeth do decay they should be seen to by a dentist at once1 as their presence in the mouth is injurious to the general health4 ,teething4--,at the outset1 it must ever be remembered that this is not a disease4 ,it is a natural growth1 and often is accomplished without any trouble at all4 ,it is1 however1 a comparatively quick growth1 accomplishing much in a little time1 as a plant in flowering4 ,this rush of growth in one place draws upon the vitality available for general purposes in the child's body1 and if this vitality is not very large1 trouble ensues4 ,diarrhoea1 cold feet1 and lack of spirit and appetite thus arise4 ,if at this stage the lower limbs and body be carefully fomented 7see ,fomentation71 all trouble may cease at once2 at least a very great deal will be done to relieve it4 ,give three teaspoonfuls of warm water1 slightly sweetened with pure ,,cane ,,syrup 7see71 three times a day4 ,a little of the confection of senna will do instead of this if desired4 ,the fomentation must never be so hot or so long at a time as to cause discomfort4 ,irritation is bad for a teething infant1 and all must be done soothingly if success is to be gained4 ,also it will not do to foment and rub with oil a feverish child4 ,such cases must be treated differently1 as we shall see1 and it is easy to distinguish them from cases without fever4 ,meantime we would say that in many cases where vital force is low without fever1 the treatment by fomentation as described is of great value4 ,in regard to the artificial cutting of the gum by surgical instruments1 we would say that such should only be resorted to when the tooth is very near the surface indeed1 and by a careful surgeon who knows what he is about4 ,the irritation in the gums which makes it thought of at all can be usually allayed by simple means4 ,let the mother dip her finger in good vinegar and water1 just strong enough to slightly smart the lips1 and rub it on the irritated gum4 ,this can of course be done often1 and is most powerfully soothing4 ,it may indeed do all that is required4 ,but if more general symptoms appear1 such as sleeplessness and heat in the head1 cooling of the head is required4 ,have two little caps made of thick cotton cloth1 one slightly larger1 so as to fit on above the other on the child's head4 ,wring the smaller out of cold 7but not ice-cold7 water1 and put it on4 ,press it gently on the head1 and if the heat and restlessness continue1 cool it again1 perhaps twice or three times4 ,when the restlessness is relieved1 leave the damp cap on the head1 and place the dry one on over it4 ,if the heat returns1 repeat the process4 ,this treatment1 though a mere cooling of the brain1 has saved ere now both reason and life1 and should never be lightly thought of or despised4 ,often the stomach is seriously disordered during teething1 both vomiting and purging resulting4 ,in small degree these are not dangerous1 but they are better avoided4 ,if severe1 they are the beginning of often fatal trouble4 ,to quiet the excited bowels1 nothing is better than enemas of cool water4 ,it need not be too cold1 but just a little under blood heat1 with a little vinegar added4 ,one tablespoonful of vinegar to a pint of water4 ,also a baby's bottle1 prepared with water at blood heat 7#ih deg471 without any milk or sugar1 will greatly assist the stomach if given to be sucked4 ,in such cases infants usually suck this water greedily4 ,it is most soothing to the stomach4 ,half a teacupful at a time is enough4 ,in the evening wash the child with warm water and ,,soap 7see7 rub all over with warm olive or almond oil1 especially the back up and down4 ,then place a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 over all the back1 taking care to have it just comfortably warm4 ,when this is fastened on1 an ordinary pocket-handkerchief wrung out of cold water is folded and laid over the bowels4 ,this is changed for a fresh one as soon as heated1 and gently pressed all over4 ,the milk1 if the child is brought up on the bottle1 may be given now1 reduced in strength for a time4 ,this treatment will often cure without enemas1 which may then be dispensed with4 ,great improvement in health may be expected after a few days of such treatment4 ,a cool handkerchief1 similar to that on the bowels1 may also be applied to the head1 if that is heated4 ,some form of head eruption often comes on after a long time of heated head4 ,a little sour buttermilk1 vinegar1 or weak acetic acid1 not stronger than to cause a slight smarting tried in the nurse's nostrils1 will relieve almost instantly the itching which accompanies this4 ,if strong acid be used1 matters are made worse1 and great pain caused4 ,the acid1 weak as we have described1 at once neutralises the irritating substance exuded from the eruption4 ,it also prepares the way for a cure4 ,if astringent lotions are employed1 drying the sore1 and driving it in on the brain1 serious injury may be caused4 ,but if healing takes place under soaking with weak acid1 no such result need be feared1 for this simply removes the unhealthy state of the part4 ,water1 especially hard water1 must be absolutely kept away from such a head4 ,no more must be used than is necessary to dilute the acid2 and1 if it can be got1 the acid of buttermilk is decidedly preferable4 ,the whole body1 when feverish1 may be cooled in a tepid bath1 several times a day if necessary1 having the water just at blood heat4 ,besides these outside effects1 teething often causes brain disorders4 7,see various articles on ,children47 ,the infant should be watched carefully1 and if the eye be dull1 and the head heavy with feverish symptoms1 the head should be cooled at once as above directed1 and if the feverish symptoms are not marked1 and the feet cold1 the feet1 legs1 and lower body should be wrapped in a good warm fomentation4 ,where the trouble has gone so far that insensibility comes on1 the treatment is the same1 only the cloths had better be wrung out of iced water if available4 ,it is important to not only lay the cloths on the head1 but to press them4 ,take the little head in your two hands1 and so bring the cool cloth close to every part of it1 while you lift up a prayer for help from the ,great ,healer4 ,keep at this till your feeling tells you it is time to change the cloth4 ,take off the hot one and put on the cool one4 ,go on with the gentle pressure again4 ,it does require work1 but it is well worth work to save a precious life4 ,you must so work that you will cause the least disturbance possible to the little sufferer4 ,it may be you may require to keep this up for many hours1 but you will probably find that some signs of sense appear ere you have gone on very long1 and you may see that natural sleep has succeeded the drowse that lay in the worn-out brain4 ,if so1 you will allow the head to lie still in the cold cloth1 and change only when it gets very warm4 ,if natural heat has been fully restored to the legs and feet1 you will let these rest also4 ,we know of a case where the brain seemed gone1 and the medical man abandoned hope2 but the head was cooled with ice cloths1 while the feet and legs were kept in a hot fomentation1 for a whole night1 and all danger was passed by the morning4 ,so that1 even in very bad cases1 this should be perseveringly tried4 ,for diet1 in teething1 the child must get easily digested food1 and all rich foods--brandy1 beef-tea1 etc4--must be avoided4 ,involuntary starting1 and the manifestation of great fear on waking out of sleep1 frequently arise from irritation of the spine during teething4 ,the cold compress applied along the spine when the child is warm in bed will relieve this4 ,it may be applied 7see ,towels1 ,cold7 twice or thrice a day4 ,if the feet are cold1 these may be fomented at the same time4 ,if the head is cold1 it may be fomented also4 ,if it is hot1 cool it4 ,this treatment relieves the irritation of the mouth1 as well as removes the starting4 ,if both head and feet are hot1 then you need only cool the spine4 ,in all cases1 common sense must be used1 but we think we have given sufficient indication of principles to enable a thoughtful nurse or mother to treat successfully almost any case4 ,where very cold cloths on application cause shivering and crying1 either use tepid cloths1 slightly cooler than the skin1 or warm the surface of the cold folded cloth by holding for a short time to a fire1 and then apply to the patient4 ,the warm surface thus first touches the skin1 and afterwards the cold in the body of the cloth penetrates gradually4 ,temperature 7see ,heat1 ,internal74 ,tempering ,treatment4--,much1 if not all1 of the success in any case of treatment depends on its being properly tempered to the strength of the patient4 ,in putting on ,,lather 7see71 for instance1 a delicate and nervous child will be greatly annoyed if soaped all over at once4 ,but if one arm be done and finished1 then the other1 then the breast1 and so on to the abdomen1 the back1 and the legs1 bit by bit1 the effect will be soothing in the extreme4 ,so with ,,massage 7see72 so also with applying a cold towel4 ,if it chills and terrifies the patient when suddenly clapped on1 common sense would suggest holding it to the fire till the surface is warm4 ,this warm surface will give no shock when applied to the skin1 and the cold in the body of the towel will gradually penetrate and do its work4 ,also1 as we have frequently repeated1 the strength of ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 must be carefully looked to1 when it is used4 ,it must ever be remembered that some of the finest and noblest spirits are inhabitants of frail bodies1 which1 with right treatment1 are strong enough1 but suffer terribly in rough hands4 ,thirst4--,this forms a severe feature in many cases of illness1 and has to be treated variously according to its kind4 ,it may be due first to dryness in the membranes of the throat and stomach2 secondly it may be due to a concentrated or deranged state of the juices of the body2 thirdly1 it may be the result of a burning heat in the body4 ,it will not be difficult for a careful person to say in any case which of them is the cause4 ,the nature of the disease will indicate it4 ,a little cold water may be given first4 ,if this fails1 a cold cloth over the stomach 7see ,changing ,treatment7 may be tried4 ,if these are not successful1 a few tablespoonfuls of hot water may be given4 ,the first of these meets the simple dryness1 the second cures the burning heat1 the third meets the case of concentrated and deranged juices in the body4 ,a few drops of vinegar1 lemon juice1 or other fruit acid 7see ,drinks71 will often greatly assist the hot water in its duty4 ,all alcoholic drinks are worse than useless in real thirst4 ,any power they possess is either due to the effect they have on the artificial thirst they create or to the water they contain4 ,and the danger of rousing or creating the dreadful desire of the drunkard is so great1 that they ought never to be given to relieve a patient's thirst4 ,if the cold water is known1 from any cause1 to be dangerous to the patient1 then hot water will do equally well4 ,if the thirst arises from some drug which has been taken1 then hot water should always be given4 ,again1 the locality of the dryness causing thirst indicates the best method of quenching it4 ,if only the mouth and tongue be dry1 then it will be sufficient to wash out the mouth with the water1 or acid drink1 not swallowing1 so as to avoid unnecessary loading of the stomach4 ,if throat and mouth are cool1 and only the stomach burns1 then the cold towel above that is the best treatment4 ,there is no need1 except in very special cases1 for iced water4 ,tap water is generally cool enough1 unless stored in heated cisterns4 ,in this case a little ice may be used to bring it down to a temperature of #de deg4 or so1 but not below #dj deg4 ,throat ,hoarseness4--,this is best treated by a good large ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 on the back of the head and neck4 ,while the patient lies on this1 cold towels must be changed on the front above the apple of the throat4 ,do this for an hour twice a day4 ,or1 if the feet be cold1 give treatment as in ,teething4 ,there must also be rest from talking4 ,procure a good camel's-hair throat-brush from the druggist1 and brush the back of the throat well with weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 several times a day1 or simply gargle if there is difficulty with the brushing4 ,the brush must be carefully cleansed1 and dipped in the strong acid after use4 ,especially is it necessary to give up1 in such cases1 the use of tobacco4 ,where the trouble has lasted for years1 it may be slow to heal1 and the poulticing may be done only once a week4 ,in ordinary cases1 a day or two's treatment should cure4 ,many times we have seen a good fomentation of feet and legs alone give very sensible relief4 ,never be satisfied with putting a hot bottle or brick to the feet4 ,this is a lazy way of dealing with a serious case4 ,have the feet and legs up to the knees rubbed with vinegar and olive oil1 and wrapped in a large blanket fomentation4 ,it is not the mere dry skin of the soles of the feet that needs warming3 the whole legs1 especially the muscles1 require the moist heat of a thorough fomentation4 ,circulation is at once accelerated just where it is wanted1 so as to lessen the pressure where the vital stream is pressing too heavily and lodging in a dangerous congestion4 ,it is good even if the feet are not very cold1 but only cool1 to ply this part of the remedy well4 ,where the patient is strong enough to sit out of bed1 a good hot foot-bath will do instead of this fomentation4 ,throat1 ,sore4--,the first question in any case of sore throat1 is1 ,what is the temperature of the patient8 7see ,heat1 ,internal74 ,if this cannot be ascertained1 at least we can say whether the patient is feverish or not4 ,let us first take the case where there is no fever4 ,get the patient warmly to bed4 ,foment 7see ,fomentation7 carefully all round the neck1 first rubbing on a little olive oil4 ,renew the fomentation every five minutes for three-quarters-of-an-hour at least4 ,allow rest for an hour4 ,then foment thoroughly the feet and legs up over the knees4 ,when this is done1 and the heat kept up1 cool the throat with constant fresh cold towels4 ,let this go on for an hour4 ,finally sponge the whole body with warm vinegar4 ,rub lightly over with olive oil1 dry1 and allow to rest4 ,probably the throat will be cured4 ,if not1 repeat the treatment the following day4 ,where there is fever with the sore throat1 first make sure whether the feet are hot or cold4 ,if cold1 put on fomentations as above4 ,even if the feet are only cool this should be done4 ,while the feet and legs are thus fomented thoroughly1 change cold towels on the throat every three minutes for an hour4 ,sponge all over as above directed1 and allow to rest4 ,if the feet are hot1 cold towels alone are applied to the throat2 but if the feet get at all chilled while such cooling is going on1 they must be fomented4 ,if there is vomiting and sickness along with the sore throat1 the other symptoms of scarlet fever should be looked for1 and medical aid obtained if possible4 ,but here is a case where the most experienced eye1 aided by the best possible instrument1 sees nothing wrong in the throat itself1 but the cough and difficulty of breathing point to the throat4 ,the trouble is not there1 but in the roots of the nerves by which vital energy is supplied to the windpipe and other vocal organs4 ,you must go to the back of the neck1 and to the back between the upper parts of the shoulders1 and there affect the roots that are really in a state of distressing over-action4 ,if you are skilful enough in applying cold1 and your patient has plenty of general warmth1 you need nothing more than a cold towel1 changed pretty often1 and nicely pressed over the proper parts4 ,if this fails1 have recourse to a cloth with mustard spread like thin butter on it1 say about six inches broad and a foot long4 ,lay this gently on the spine at the back of the neck1 and down as far as it goes4 ,apply your cold compresses now over this as well as you can1 and the violent spasmodic symptoms will be mitigated4 ,if one trial is not sufficient1 sprinkle the cold cloth with cayenne4 ,if the result can be reached by the cold cloth alone1 it will be best4 ,if mustard or cayenne must be applied1 observe very carefully that they should never distress the patient4 ,as much as can be borne quite easily1 and no more1 should be employed4 ,whenever a remedy becomes seriously distressing1 we may be pretty sure it has ceased to be remedial1 for the time at least4 ,throat1 ,sore 7,clergyman's74--,those who are in the habit of using their voice much should be very careful to produce it in the proper way4 ,it is noticeable that actors 7who learn to produce their voice properly7 do not suffer from what is known as clergyman's sore throat4 ,the voice in speaking should be pitched1 as a rule1 considerably lower than is usually done1 especially if speaking in public4 ,any tightening of the throat muscles should be avoided1 and the voice sent out from a full chest well expanded4 ,those who are musical should take a note on the piano enunciating the vowels in their natural order 7a1 ay1 ee1 o1 oo7 on this note4 ,then proceed to the next note2 the whole of the octave may thus be gone over4 ,choose an octave most consonant with the range of the voice4 ,then add the consonants3 ba1 bay1 bee1 ca1 cay1 etc41 etc4 ,thus a perfect command over all the possible combinations of vowels and consonants may be attained4 ,there is absolutely no reason why any musical person should have an unmusical voice1 especially since this bad production of the voice often strains the muscles and inflames the mucous membrane of the throat4 ,in connection with this question of music1 it should be remembered that almost irretrievable injury to the voice may be done by allowing a boy to continue singing after his voice has begun to break4 ,it is not a good plan to be constantly clearing the throat whilst speaking4 ,one gets to imagine after a while that it needs clearing when it really does not4 ,alcohol and tobacco are both undoubtedly injurious to the voice4 ,a little honey and lemon juice will be found the best gargle if a gargle is required4 ,deep breathing is of great assistance in endeavouring to produce the lower note1 in fact it is not possible to produce a full note except from a full chest4 ,in this connection it may be said that it has been observed that deep-chested1 deep-breathing1 slow-speaking people are frequently possessed of certain estimable points of character1 such as prudence1 firmness1 self-reliance1 calmness4 ,if one is going to be angry1 ten deep breaths might save a world of trouble4 7,see ,breathing1 ,correct method of74 ,thumb1 ,bruised and ,broken4--,frequently a tradesman will strike the thumb or finger a serious blow with a hammer1 in missing a stroke4 ,if not treated properly1 the whole hand may be destroyed1 but if promptly plunged into warm clean water and kept there1 even the broken bones can be handled quite comfortably1 and all pain and uneasiness pass away ere very long4 ,plenty of bathing in clean warm water1 and proper setting and dressing1 are all such an injury requires4 ,toothache4--,this trouble appears in two opposite characters4 ,in the one it is cured by rightly applied heat1 and in the other by cold4 ,if it is merely the soft substance in the tooth which is affected1 local cooling applications will cure1 if persisted in4 ,if it be the nerve terminating in the tooth which is irritated1 then even the extraction of the tooth may fail to give relief4 ,both cold and hot applications to the tooth or cheek will then probably prove useless4 ,in such a case1 apply ,,cold ,,towels 7see7 gently pressed over the head and back of the neck4 ,if the case be a bad one1 the feet may be put in a hot bath1 or fomented4 ,persevered in for an hour1 this treatment is almost certain to cure4 ,it may take away all pain in a few minutes4 ,after the pain is cured1 dry well1 and keep the head moderately warm4 ,but if the toothache is caused by a severe chill to the head1 and that be still cold1 it should be packed in a hot fomentation4 ,this gives almost instant relief4 ,rub on a little oil when the fomentation comes off1 and keep the head warm4 ,it should not be difficult to distinguish the cases requiring heat from those requiring cold4 ,in any case1 if the first application of either increases the pain1 try the other4 ,towels1 ,cold ,wet4--,a towel of the ordinary kind1 and full size1 is soaked in a basin of cold water and carefully wrung out until it is merely damp4 ,prejudice against this treatment is often aroused by putting on the cloths wet1 and in a slack1 blundering way1 so as to make the patient most uncomfortable4 ,it is then folded and applied to the skin1 as directed4 ,while applying the first1 a second towel may be in the water4 ,it is then wrung out and applied1 while the first is placed to soak afresh4 ,in prolonged cooling1 care must be taken that the water in the basin does not get too warm4 ,it should be frequently changed4 ,the nurse should gently press the towels on the part1 frequently changing the position of her hands4 ,they should not merely be laid on1 but gently pressed1 unless this causes pain4 ,the towels will need to be changed when hot1 and will take from two to five minutes to lose their cooling effect1 according to circumstances4 ,where cold increases the patient's distress1 it is almost always safe to substitute heat4 ,see ,cooling in ,heating2 ,fomentation4 ,tumours4--,a large1 soft1 fleshy tumour is usually simply an accumulation of waste material1 which should have been excreted from the body if all the organs were in healthy working order4 ,where such a swelling exists1 the first consideration is diet4 ,for this1 ,barley 7see7 as chief food will do very well4 ,lemon and orange juice 7see ,drinks7 should be the drinks4 ,the barley must not be cooked with milk1 and the drinks must be made with pure water4 ,this plain diet will help very much towards the removal of the tumour4 ,then the back should be rubbed 7see ,massage7 with hot olive oil twice a day4 ,this treatment alone has often removed the disagreeable swellings on the neck so often afflicting women4 ,also1 fine soap lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap7 should be gently rubbed repeatedly over the tumour itself4 ,this alone we have known remove tumours1 so it is important4 ,the three forms of treatment1 all applied carefully1 will cure all but very obstinate cases4 ,see also ,armpit ,swelling2 ,hydrocele4 ,where fibrous tumours exist1 the treatment is to douche cold water on the part affected1 while the rest of the body is kept warm4 ,in case of such a growth in the abdomen1 the patient sits in cold water1 while the feet are placed in hot water1 and the whole body warmly wrapped in blankets4 ,cold water is then thrown against the spot where the tumour lies4 ,if the tumour is discovered early1 its growth may be entirely stopped by this means4 ,such treatment for several minutes twice a day has in our own experience cured cases pronounced incurable4 ,see ,sitz ,bath4 ,turnip ,poultice4--,part of a raw turnip is grated down to a pulp4 ,as much of this is prepared as will cover the inflamed part4 ,it is put on next the skin1 and covered with a soft cloth4 ,all is then tied nicely up in another cloth4 ,in violent inflammation of the knee joint1 this is a most valuable soothing application4 ,placed on discoloured and shrivelled skin1 it is marvellously curative4 ,when applied1 the patient must be thoroughly warm4 ,this warmth must be maintained while the poultice is on1 as it has a powerful cooling effect4 ,typhoid ,fever4--,see ,fever1 ,typhoid4 ,ulcers4--,an ulcer is an eating sore3 that is1 a sore containing matter which eats away the skin and flesh1 thereby extending itself1 and increasing in depth as well4 ,to stop this diseased process1 the virulent matter in the ulcer must be killed or neutralised1 and this can usually best be done by means of vinegar or weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 which is most powerfully antiseptic4 ,the only difficulty is to avoid irritating the sore by the application of too strong acid4 ,the treatment by weak acid is very effective1 but it must be a fairly prolonged and thorough soaking4 ,apply a little at a time to the sore4 ,use warm water if pain be caused4 ,continue the soaking for even an hour at a time1 twice or even three times a day4 ,the wound may be dressed with good fresh olive oil after each soaking4 ,usually1 nothing else will be required1 but it must be thoroughly done4 ,in a very severe case1 mix in a teacupful of hot water as much saltpetre as the water will dissolve4 ,add to this a teaspoonful of acetic acid1 and use this to soak the sore instead of simple weak acid4 ,then1 if healing does not come1 it is probably because rest is not taken1 and most likely also because there is deficient vitality in the whole system4 ,let the treatment with the lotion be given in the morning4 ,secure rest during the day1 and in the evening1 for an hour1 thoroughly foment the feet and legs up over the knees4 ,once a week for two weeks give the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see7 instead of this treatment1 and in the morning rub all over the body with hot vinegar4 ,this powerfully stimulates the vitality of the whole system4 ,even a very bad ulcer should give way under a careful course of united acid soaking1 rest1 and this stimulating treatment4 ,unconsciousness4--,there are two opposite causes of unconsciousness4 ,one is congestion of the brain1 the other sheer nerve exhaustion4 ,either will produce a prolonged suspension of consciousness very different from a mere passing faint4 ,in the case of congestion1 the head will be hot and the feet cold4 ,the cure is therefore at once seen to be to cool the head and foment the feet in a hot blanket up to the knees4 ,this is the treatment usually to be given to young children4 ,when aged people1 or those much exhausted from any cause1 become unconscious from lack of vitality1 there will be rather a general coldness1 and no special heat in the head4 ,we have seen such a case of coma1 which had lasted for forty-eight hours1 come all right in ten minutes1 by simply fomenting the back of the head and neck1 and all down the spinal column4 ,press a thickly-folded piece of flannel wrung out of hot water carefully and gently over these parts1 and often in a few minutes the mental power comes back4 ,care must be taken not to scald the patient4 ,see ,fomentation4 ,underwear4--,there is a common and very popular error1 namely1 that of putting too much clothing on our bodies1 under the mistaken idea that additional weight means additional warmth4 ,the fact that the main object of clothing is to preserve the natural heat of the body is lost sight of1 and little attention is paid to the selection of proper garments for wearing next the skin4 ,every day the skin of an average healthy individual gives off so many pints of moisture1 which must not be allowed to settle on the body if health is to be maintained4 ,after long and exhaustive trials1 we have come to the conclusion that the best material for wearing next the skin is knitted linen1 and the best knitted linen of the kind1 and in fact1 the only pure linen mesh material which we have seen1 is known as ,kneipp linen1 and can be obtained from all leading retailers and outfitters in this and other countries4 ,the name of the nearest agent may be had by sending a card to the ,kneipp ,linen ,warehouse1 #b ,milk ,st41 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,in winter light woollen underwear can be worn over the linen if desired1 thus retaining the hygienic advantages of the linen1 as well as the warmth of the wool4 ,as the wool does not touch the skin1 it will not require frequent washing1 and so will not become felted up4 ,linen is the symbol of cleanliness1 the priests of old1 as we read in ,ezekiel1 being commanded to wear it1 and not wool or any garment causing sweat4 ,our reason for specially naming ,kneipp linen is that we know it is pure linen1 whereas we know that what is sold as linen mesh is frequently half linen and half cotton4 ,linen is the most absorbent material for underwear4 ,it soaks up moisture very rapidly1 and dries with equal rapidity4 ,hence linen is always preferred for towels and bandages4 ,those who use it for underwear will not require to change the clothes after exercise1 as they would if wool were worn next the skin4 ,the ordinary woven linen is clean but cold3 ,kneipp linen is so constructed as to be clean and warm4 ,this material retains air in its meshes1 and a layer of dry air next the body is the best method of preserving an even temperature1 and thus avoiding colds and chills1 which are so prevalent in a climate such as ours4 ,wool is entirely unsuited for wearing next the skin4 ,it does not absorb the perspiration rapidly nor radiate it freely1 and after several washings it becomes felted1 and in that condition is absolutely injurious to health4 ,it is the material par excellence for outer clothing1 but all inner garments coming in contact with the body should be composed of pure linen4 7,see ,skin1 ,care of74 ,uric ,acid4--,this acid is found in persons of a gouty tendency1 such tendencies being a great deal more common than is imagined4 ,it is really a waste product formed by the activity of the body cells1 and should properly be mainly transformed into urea and so excreted4 ,if it is not so transformed it accumulates in the blood and deposits in stony formations in different parts of the body1 as in the joints1 kidneys and bladder1 causing very serious disease4 ,pure air and plenty of exercise will assist its transformation4 ,it is also taken into the body in various foods1 particularly meat and tea1 which are very rich in it or kindred chemical substances1 therefore1 anyone having such a tendency should avoid these4 ,the consumption of sugar should also be limited4 ,avoid alcohol and use plenty of green vegetables and fruits4 ,the tendency to a uric acid constitution is hereditary1 and is prevalent among families who live high4 ,such should be continually on the watch lest their diet should precipitate an attack4 ,water should be freely drunk1 and plenty of bathing with subsequent rubbing of the muscles or massage is advisable4 ,drugs are to be avoided as they often result in painful heart affection1 and besides do not strike at the real root of the disease4 ,soda or lithia water may be taken either with or without milk4 ,brine baths may be taken when practicable4 ,urinary ,troubles4--,a healthy man usually evacuates about #cj-dj ozs4 of urine daily1 the excretion being greater in the winter than in the summer1 owing to the checked perspiration4 ,the urine should be of a pale straw colour and transparent4 ,where any irregularity in the urine1 either in quantity or quality1 is suspected1 it is wise to use soft boiled or distilled water only1 for drinking1 and to take frequent sips of it throughout the day1 and especially early in the morning4 ,either pure hot water1 hot water and lemon juice1 or whey1 will help the action of the kidneys when this is sluggish4 ,where the bladder is irritated and painfully sensitive1 a large hot ,,bran ,,poultice 7see7 should be applied to the lower back4 ,while the patient lies on this1 cold towels 7see ,towels1 ,cold ,wet7 should be changed over the bladder in front4 ,while giving such treatment once or twice a day1 rest must be taken1 if a cure is to be obtained4 ,for a patient to say that rest cannot be had1 is to say that cure is impossible4 ,where there is a tendency to stoppage of the urine1 a warm sitz-bath should be taken4 ,the patient first sits in three inches deep of comfortably hot water4 ,more water at the same temperature is poured gradually in at intervals1 until it rises well up over the abdomen4 ,this will usually relieve even a bad case4 ,treat with bran poultice and cold towels1 as above recommended1 after the warm bath has given relief4 ,it should be remembered that the cold is the healing power1 bracing the bladder and all its muscles and vessels4 ,hence more than a slight cooling is needed4 ,but the cooling is only possible when good heat is kept up on the base of the back4 ,this treatment also cures the swelling of the bladder which often accompanies restriction of urine4 ,where a positive growth interferes with the urinary discharge1 this may often be actually melted away by soaking with weak ,,acetic ,,acid 7see71 when it is at all possible to reach it4 ,the power of cure possessed by acetic acid is incredible1 except to those who have seen it exercised1 and its persistent use would1 we are use1 save many lives1 if people would only try it4 ,we would also advise the four-ply flannel bandage1 with two plies damp and two dry4 ,this round the body has a wonderfully soothing effect4 ,so has a nicely applied lathering with ,,soap 7see74 ,as in most other troubles1 special care must be taken to keep the feet warm4 ,vaccination ,trouble4--,when a child is suffering after vaccination1 we should have him gently rubbed all over--thrice at least with ,m',clinton's soap 7see ,lather74 ,no one who has not seen this well done can believe how blessed are its effects on an irritated skin4 ,it soothes incredibly4 ,when thoroughly covered and covered again with well-made lather of this soap1 the child will sleep beautifully4 ,we should soap head and all1 and let the little man sleep all night in the soap4 ,he may be sponged in the morning with weak vinegar and water to clean off the remains of the soap1 if there are any4 ,now1 there will occur a most important question3 ,is the child cold or feverish8 ,if cold1 then mix some good olive oil in your rubbing with the lather4 ,if hot1 use no oil4 ,if cold1 rub all over with warm oil before applying the lather4 ,it will make no difference1 or next to none1 if the disease has broken out as a visible skin disease1 only it will be necessary to use the vinegar on the unbroken parts of the skin and not to distress the child by painful smarting4 ,the soap will not need to be so restricted4 ,that cures the most tender sores1 and soothes in a delightful way4 ,vegetables1 ,green1 and ,fruit4--,we would strongly recommend our readers to continually have these valuable foods on their tables4 ,it is possible to obtain them in some form or other during the entire year4 ,they contain very valuable salts1 which are of the greatest use in preventing disease4 ,these salts are absolutely necessary for life1 and though found in other foods such as meat1 are particularly abundant in these vegetables4 ,if cooked they must be carefully prepared1 as the salts are very soluble in water 7see ,cooking74 ,vegetable salads and fruit salads are to be recommended4 ,those of gouty or corpulent tendencies will find these of especial use4 ,by keeping the blood alkaline they are a preventive of many diseases4 ,spinach1 cabbage1 lettuce1 and all the fruits offer a variety from which at each season one may choose4 ,it is to be observed that common salt and salt such as bi-carbonate of soda1 do not adequately replace those food salts4 ,indeed1 over-consumption of common salt is harmful1 besides leading to unnatural thirst4 ,fresh fruits and vegetables are always to be preferred to tinned ones4 ,veins1 ,swollen4--,the swelling of veins in the leg is a very common trouble1 especially in middle and later life4 ,at first this may cause no pain1 one vein appearing as a little blue lump4 ,then as the trouble increases1 knots of veins seem to rise1 especially below and behind the knee4 ,great pain follows1 and sometimes the veins burst1 causing bad sores1 not easy to heal4 ,all this generally springs from overstrain upon the limbs4 ,long continued standing1 in circumstances otherwise unfavourable to health1 is the usual cause4 ,this shows the primary necessity of rest4 ,let the patient lie down as much as possible1 or at least sit with the sore limb or limbs supported on a chair so as to be nearly level4 ,if this can be done thoroughly1 all work being given up for a month or so1 a cure is not very difficult4 ,but where this rest cannot be had1 an elastic band1 such as is used by bootmakers to make strong boot gussets1 about six inches broad and one foot long1 should be procured4 ,fasten this round above the knee1 well up the thigh4 ,this will greatly help to relieve the blood pressure on the lower leg1 and is better than elastic stockings4 ,before these bands are slipped on1 the leg should be well rubbed or stroked upwards1 as described at the end of ,circulation4 ,this rubbing empties the swollen veins1 and gives great relief4 ,we have seen a man with both legs full of swollen veins ready for bursting1 and most painful1 get on two such bandages1 and go on digging and working with perfect ease1 while the veins sensibly contracted with no other application4 ,but it is not necessary nor wise to confine medical measures to the use of such bandages4 ,rest is in some cases absolutely necessary4 ,even where partial rest can be had1 it is important to wear these bands and rub as described4 ,but if possible1 the patient should rest in bed for one week4 ,to restore power to the relaxed vessels1 a large bran poultice should be applied across the haunches behind1 rubbing olive oil before and after4 ,apply this for fifty minutes each night during the week in bed4 ,wear a broad band of new flannel over the parts after the poultice4 ,in the morning give the same treatment4 ,if in a week the veins are not better1 continue the treatment for another week4 ,the elastic band is1 of course1 not worn in bed1 but may be put on on rising as a security against relapse4 ,we have seen persons over sixty years of age completely cured in this way1 when the necessary rest could be had4 ,if the skin give signs1 by dryness and hardness1 that it is out of order1 instead of treatment with the bran poultice1 the ,,soapy ,,blanket 7see7 may be applied on the first night4 ,the patient may on other nights be lathered with soap 7see ,lather2 ,soap71 and the soapy cloth worn on the back for a night or two1 sponging all over with hot vinegar in the morning4 ,where the veins by bursting have caused sores1 treat with weak vinegar as directed for ,ulcers1 and after each acid soaking1 bandage the whole limb 7putting lint on the sores and dressing them properly7 with an ordinary surgical bandage1 just so tightly as to give relief1 and not tight enough to cause any pain4 ,over-pressure injures4 ,this treatment1 with the necessary rest1 will in most cases effect a cure in a few weeks4 ,vomiting4--,in many cases of severe illness1 the stomach rejects all food1 and the patient comes near to dying of simple starvation4 ,on the slightest nourishment being taken1 retching and vomiting ensue1 the stomach being irritated beyond all possibility of its doing its work4 ,this occurs in cancer and ulcers in the stomach1 as well as in various disorders and stomach inflammations4 ,rum and milk1 claret1 and all alcoholic drinks are most injurious in such cases1 and should never be given4 ,to soothe the irritation1 the stomach should be soaped in the same manner as recommended in ,head1 ,soaping the 7see also ,lather74 ,we have seen1 even in very bad cases of cancer1 such an application cause all retching to cease almost at once4 ,when this has been carefully and gently done1 give exceedingly small quantities at first1 of infants' food1 or milk and boiling water4 ,to give any rich things is a fatal mistake4 ,oatmeal jelly may be given also1 but beginning with a teaspoonful at a time 7see ,assimilation2 ,digestion2 ,nourishment74 ,by gradually working up the amount1 a patient's life may be saved on this simple oatmeal jelly which would be lost if richer things were given4 ,often the stomach rejects food simply because it is surfeited4 ,it may be that the liver is out of order1 having had too much to do4 ,abstinence from food for a day or two1 and then reducing the meals to two1 taken1 say1 between #aj and #aa1 and #e and #f o'clock1 will greatly help4 ,masticate the food till it is reduced to a liquid1 in this state the quantity required will be wonderfully reduced and the work of the stomach lessened4 ,water1 ,hot4--,the frequent prescription in these papers of hot water1 to be taken often in small quantities1 makes it of importance that some explanation of its action should be given4 ,we see1 frequently1 such a thing as this3 a person is confined to bed1 sick and ill2 there is no desire for food1 but rather a loathing at the very idea of eating2 distressing symptoms of various sorts are showing that the work of digestion and assimilation is going on badly1 if really going on at all4 ,the patient is started on a course of hot water in half-teacupfuls every ten minutes4 ,when this has gone on for perhaps six or seven hours1 he begins to be very hungry1 and takes food with relish1 probably for the first time for months past4 ,in the meantime a greatly increased quantity of water has passed from the body one way and another1 but has all passed loaded with waste material4 ,the breath is loaded with carbonic acid and other impurities2 the perspiration is loaded with all that makes it differ from pure water2 the urine1 especially1 is loaded with waste separated from the blood and tissues of the body4 ,the space1 so to speak1 left vacant by all this washing away of waste matter makes its emptiness felt by a call upon the stomach to furnish fresh material4 ,some will say that the hot water merely passes off by the kidneys without entering the circulation at all4 ,this is impossible1 and facts1 patent to everyone1 demonstrate that they are in error4 ,the substances with which the water becomes impregnated show that it has been mingled with the circulation1 and the wholesome effects produced prove that it has made itself useful4 ,hard water1 as it is called1 will not do so well as soft water4 ,distilled water is best of all4 ,so much superior is it1 indeed1 that its use cannot be too strongly insisted on4 ,it can be had from the druggist at twopence per quart4 ,where nourishment is given with too little water1 the food will often fail almost entirely to enter the circulation4 ,but a little warm water1 somewhat above blood heat1 but not too hot1 will make all right4 ,this is especially seen in nourishing infants 7see ,infants' ,food74 ,food1 then1 will not act as water does1 nor will water act as food4 ,even a little sugar mixed with the hot water completely alters its effect on the body4 ,as it has already dissolved the sugar1 it cannot dissolve what is needed to be removed from the body4 ,sugar and water is not a bad mixture1 but it will by no means do instead of pure water in the cases we contemplate4 ,on the other hand1 a mixture of alcohol with the water is ruinous1 and that just in proportion to the quantity of alcohol1 small or great4 ,beer1 for example1 can never do what is required of water1 nor can wine1 or any other alcoholic drink4 ,tea added to the water also alters its quality4 ,the water alone1 and as nearly perfect in purity as it can be got1 is the only thing which will do the necessary work4 ,sometimes one finds a great prejudice against hot water4 ,you see one who is miserable through derangement of the stomach and digestive organs1 and you mention hot water4 ,the very phrase is sufficient to put an expression of strong prejudice on the face4 ,yet that very hot water is perhaps the only thing that will cure the patient4 ,if you wait a little1 there will be an opening to explain that hot water is very different to tepid water4 ,under blood heat1 and yet heated1 water tends to produce vomiting2 above blood heat1 nothing will so well set the stomach right4 ,this is true1 however1 only when the water is taken in very small quantities4 ,you must see that the water is not smoked in the heating or otherwise spoiled4 ,and also that it be not too hot4 ,if it scalds the lips it is too hot4 ,when it is comfortably warm1 but not tepid1 it does its work most effectively4 ,water for ,drinking4--,every care should be taken to have drinking water absolutely pure4 ,diarrhoea and many infectious diseases may be conveyed by impure water4 ,in gouty cases as much water should be taken as possible 7provided the heart is sufficiently strong7 in order to wash away the waste matter4 ,the same applies to fevers4 ,if there is a suspicion of water being contaminated mere filtration should never be relied on1 the water should be boiled4 ,after many of the treatments given by us in this book1 considerable thirst will be experienced4 ,cold water in such cases may always be given4 ,in fact1 in any internal congested condition cold water will stimulate the nerves of these organs1 and make them act on the blood vessels4 ,in all cases where drugs1 especially mineral drugs have been recklessly indulged in1 cold water should be taken in abundance4 ,care must be taken1 however1 not to unduly stimulate the circulation or nervous system1 and any signs of this1 such as headache or want of sleep indicate the curtailment of the amount drunk4 ,water in the ,head4--,in cases where this trouble is suspected1 very often there is nothing wrong but a more or less congested state of the brain1 owing to some severe chill or some disease elsewhere in the body4 ,there may be violent heat in the head1 and even the drowsiness which is so serious a symptom1 without any real water in the head at all4 ,leeching and blistering in such a case are grave mistakes4 ,cold towels 7see ,towels1 ,cold ,wet71 or a gentle pouring of cool water on the head1 will often be sufficient to remove all trouble4 ,we have seen a bad case of brain congestion cured and consciousness return almost immediately after the pouring had begun4 ,the feet also may be fomented 7see ,fomentation74 ,the cold towels and pouring may be used alternately on the head1 which will give a more powerful effect4 ,let the water poured be almost lukewarm1 a little under blood heat4 ,there is no need to cut the hair1 or use any acid or drug in the water4 ,the cooling is all that is needed4 ,incipient water in the head may in a very large number of cases be checked and cured by the same treatment4 ,it can do no harm in any case1 and has saved many lives4 ,water on the ,chest4--,sometimes a large watery swelling appears in one part or another of the chest4 ,it is practically a bag of liquid waste1 due to deficient action on the part of the kidneys or skin4 ,treatment should be given as recommended in ,dropsy1 and1 besides1 the four-ply moist flannel bandage should be worn over the skin4 ,this will in many cases speedily effect a cure4 ,weakness4--,often there follows1 after the cure of an inflammatory disease1 very great weakness4 ,this in itself is sometimes a great danger1 but can usually be removed by proper care and nursing4 ,the common method of administering wine1 brandy1 or other alcoholic liquor1 is the very worst that could be adopted4 ,hot water will prove a valuable stimulant1 when a stimulant is required4 ,any ,,nourishment 7see7 to be given should also be just a little warmer than blood heat4 ,for drink1 the unfermented wine made by ,frank ,wright1 ,chemist1 ,kensington1 ,london1 is of great value4 ,it is simply the pure juice of the grape4 ,if milk be given1 it should always be diluted with an equal bulk of boiling water4 ,the fomentation of the feet and legs will greatly help in restoring vigour4 ,this should be done gently at first1 where the weakness is great4 ,afterwards1 when the patient can bear it1 the ,,armchair ,,fomentation 7see7 will be found serviceable4 ,all this1 of course1 is on the assumption that only weakness and no fever is the trouble4 ,where fever is present1 other treatment is necessary4 ,sponging all over with warm vinegar is also a most invigorating thing4 ,do this once1 and afterwards the treatment may be varied by the real stimulant of cayenne being used in the form of an infusion strong enough to rouse the nerves1 as is done by the acid4 ,this has the advantage of saving the skin1 if that is tender1 and keeping off eruption1 which is apt to come if the acid is often used4 ,we think it well to use the acid once or so1 and the cayenne infusion as frequently as anything of the kind is required4 ,rubbing with olive oil is also most beneficial4 ,but both must be done very cautiously where there is great weakness4 ,to rub the whole body at once will then be too much4 ,but it may be done bit by bit1 stopping whenever fatigue or chilliness is felt by the patient4 ,see also ,heat and ,weakness4 ,weaning4--,many of the troubles which come in this process arise simply from ignorance or want of thought on the part of the nurse or mother4 ,sometimes the child1 having been burned with a hot teaspoon1 will afterwards refuse all that is offered in such a spoon4 ,in such a case use an egg-spoon of bone1 or a small cup4 ,sometimes spoons of various metals1 having peculiar tastes1 are used1 and the child refuses them4 ,when food is refused1 it is well therefore always to see that it is not the spoon or dish which is the real reason4 ,again1 food ill-fitted for the child's digestion is offered4 ,in this case the child is doing the right thing in refusing it4 ,milk and hot water1 in equal quantities1 with a very little sugar1 is a mixture which can always be given with safety4 ,in weaning1 the nurse should begin by using this alone4 ,gradually a very little thin oatmeal jelly may be added1 and the strength of the mixture increased4 ,if there should be indigestion1 a few teaspoonfuls of hot water will usually cure it4 ,if the bowels are inactive1 mix a little pure ,,cane ,,syrup 7see7 with the food4 ,avoid all drugs as far as possible4 ,if the whole process be gradual1 there will usually be little or no trouble with the child4 ,if1 where teething and weaning are both coming together1 the child should be seized with chill and shivering1 a good blanket ,,fomentation 7see7 may be wrapped round the body and legs4 ,dry after this1 and rub with warm ,,olive ,,oil 7see74 ,generally this will induce sleep1 in which case leave the child warm in the fomentation until it awakes 7see ,teething74 ,in weaning1 the mother often suffers as well as the child4 ,the supply of milk in the breast being over-abundant1 the breasts become hard and painful1 and feverishness comes on4 ,in this case the breasts must be emptied1 either by some other person1 or by the various ingenious instruments sold by all druggists4 ,then a large1 cold damp cloth should be placed over the emptied breast1 and changed once or twice1 rubbing afterwards with a little olive oil4 ,this1 in ordinary cases1 will cause the flow of milk to cease4 ,where the swelling is very hard and almost inflammatory1 the breast should be fomented for five or ten minutes1 then emptied1 and a cold cloth applied as above directed4 ,if all this fails1 a ,,bran ,,poultice 7see71 or hot bag with moist flannel covering1 should be applied between the shoulders4 ,while the patient lies on this1 cold towels 7see ,towels1 ,cold ,wet7 should be changed on the breasts4 ,this will usually effectually stay the secretion of milk4 ,this last treatment is rarely required1 but is harmless and most efficient4 ,where mother and child are both sickly1 weaning must be carefully conducted4 ,but it must ever be remembered that a child is far more healthily nourished on a bottle of good cow's milk or condensed milk 7of first-rate quality7 than on a sickly mother's milk4 ,this is the case even if the child be ill4 ,only let the bottle not be too strong4 ,see ,children1 numerous articles4 ,weariness4--,where persistent weariness is felt1 and the least exertion brings on a feeling of lassitude1 there is evidently an undue exhaustion of nerve force in the body4 ,too rapid action of the heart is a frequent cause4 ,in such a case all exciting ideas and influences should be kept from the patient's mind1 and rest taken4 ,the heart's action should also be reduced by careful lathering with soap 7see ,lather2 ,soap74 ,where the weariness is really serious1 great care must be exercised1 and treatment very gradually administered4 ,rest must be given whenever exhaustion shows itself 7see ,heat and ,weakness2 ,weakness2 and articles on ,nerves and ,nervousness74 ,where the heart's action is very slow1 and requires to be stimulated1 ,,rest 7see7 must be taken1 and treatment given as recommended in the case elsewhere4 ,see ,depression4 ,in other cases we find weariness arising from an irritated state of the stomach4 ,where there is no particular nerve exhaustion1 the fiery and inflamed state of the stomach membranes forbids sleep1 and causes a great feeling of tiredness4 ,headache 7see71 and even fainting fits1 sometimes come on in such a case4 ,all the nerves are excited1 so that even touching the head or skin is most painful4 ,yet all can be traced to an inflamed stomach as the cause4 ,such a case1 to be successfully treated1 requires considerable resolution4 ,in one case the treatment was as follows3 ,first1 the feet and legs up to the knees were wrapped in a large ,,fomentation 7see74 ,a cold wet towel was then folded lengthwise so as to be four-ply thick4 ,the end was laid on the stomach1 and gently pressed4 ,in about half-a-minute it was hot4 ,the towel was then shifted so that a fresh cool part lay over the stomach1 and so on throughout the length of the towel4 ,handfuls of finely-wrought soap ,,lather 7see7 were then prepared and laid on the stomach4 ,then the cold cloth was again renewed on top of the lather4 ,for two hours this was continued1 and by that time the worst symptoms had abated4 ,a little fresh oil gently rubbed over the stomach completed the treatment for that time4 ,when the heat again arose1 the same treatment was repeated1 and so on till a cure was effected4 ,five or ten minutes' cooling would have been utterly useless4 ,the heat evolved in the stomach required two hours steady cooling1 and might have required more4 ,the feelings of the patient are ever the best guide in such a case4 ,as long as the cooling feels delightful it may safely be continued1 if the heat to the feet is kept up4 ,if the weakness is very great1 it may be necessary to keep to milk and hot water1 such as an infant would thrive on1 for a short time4 ,if the weakness is not so great1 it will be possible for the patient to take a little gruel or porridge made from wheaten meal1 and also good fresh buttermilk4 ,the stomach may be far from ready to take eggs and such things1 but quite able to digest the poorer food1 as it is often called4 ,to give the really weak as perfect rest of mind and as easily digested food as possible1 are conditions that must not be overlooked if we would be successful in their cure4 ,white ,leg4--,when a limb becomes swelled and white1 pouring hot water very gently over it with a sponge or cloth will have a blessed effect4 ,it may be continued for an hour at a time for several times4 ,if this ceases to be comforting1 it should be discontinued and the limb dressed with warm olive oil1 a soft cotton rag being put next the skin1 and soft flannel above that4 ,of course absolute rest should be taken4 ,whooping ,cough4--,the cough is a spasmodic action of nerves which are otherwise healthy enough1 so that when the violent action ceases1 the child's health is much as usual4 ,any irritation of nerves or temper will1 however1 bring on an attack1 and should therefore be avoided1 and all soothing mental influences should be encouraged4 ,three or four teaspoonfuls of hot water taken frequently1 and given whenever an attack comes on1 will give great relief4 ,we have ourselves seen a child thought to be dying relieved at once by nothing more than this4 ,therefore it should never be neglected as too simple4 ,also the feet should be bathed once in two nights 7see ,bathing ,feet7 in warm water 7not too hot71 dried and rubbed gently with olive oil4 ,on the night when the feet are not bathed1 let the back be lathered with warm lather 7see ,lather2 ,soap71 quickly dried off1 and then a little olive oil gently rubbed on4 ,in ordinary cases1 this will be sufficient to ward off all danger in the disease1 but in severer attacks the feet and legs may be fomented 7see ,fomentation7 while the child is in bed1 and cold towels changed along the spine while the fomentation remains on1 so as to lower the nerve action over the main centres4 ,this is best done in the morning before the patient arises4 ,if anything like inflammation sets in in any part of the chest1 treat as recommended in ,bronchitis or ,lungs1 ,inflammation of4 ,as far as possible1 all causes of irritation to the patient must be removed or avoided4 ,in the time of whooping cough1 the sunniest way of managing the child is the best4 ,the other children1 if any1 in the house1 should have the footbath and oil1 and the back wash1 as recommended above4 ,this will lessen danger of infection1 and make the attack lighter if they should take it4 ,worms4--,where the juices and organs of the body are thoroughly healthy1 worms will not appear4 ,before they can breed1 there must be more or less of failure in the patient's health4 ,this shows us that the cure for worms is not so much some poisonous substance which will destroy them1 as such an increase of healthy action in the system as will prevent their development4 ,the bowels must be kept open by suitable diet as it is most important to avoid ,constipation 7see74 ,in case of worms in children1 stimulus and help are specially needed by the mucous membrane or inner lining of the stomach and bowels4 ,to give this1 and at the same time to neutralise and remove waste material from the membrane1 a little vinegar and warm water may be frequently given1 in teaspoonfuls4 ,this is best taken from an hour to half-an-hour before meals4 ,it is often needful to use some soothing1 nourishing substance1 such as liquorice1 boiled with a little camomile1 taken1 say after meals1 while the acid is taken before them3 this has an excellent effect4 ,at the same time1 an enema of warm water and vinegar should be given twice a day4 ,where ,santolina 7see7 can be procured1 its use will speedily effect a complete cure4 ,change of air1 holiday from lessons1 and any other means of increasing the general health1 should also be utilised4 ,worry4--,one of the most fruitful causes of ill-health is the habit of worrying4 ,many believe this to be unavoidable1 and think it even an evidence of interest in their work or of consideration for their friends4 ,but this is not real interest or real consideration4 ,the person who faces the work of the moment without anxiety for the future or useless regret for the past will accomplish his task before the harassed careworn man has thought out how to begin it4 ,it is not work that kills but worry4 ,illness is frequently brought on by worry4 ,worry wrinkles the face1 makes us look old before our time1 often makes us sour and disagreeable1 always makes us more or less wanting in true politeness1 and is socially a great handicap to a man1 a much greater to a woman4 ,further1 worry not only prevents cure but kills1 and nothing will help us more in recovering from illness than a calm1 contented spirit4 ,now the first thing to do to overcome this habit is to realise that worry is a bad habit which it is quite possible to get rid of4 ,the proof of this is that thousands of people for years slaves to it have got rid of it4 ,through some means or other they have been brought to exercise their will power and have found1 sometimes to their considerable astonishment1 always to their inexpressible relief1 that they have regained a lost mental power and that their efficiency as workers has been enormously increased4 ,if any matter needs much thought1 devote thought to it1 reflect and weigh carefully4 ,if it requires time1 take it up at separate times4 ,only make up your mind to this one thing1 that you are the master and the arbitrator as to when it shall be taken up4 ,if it intrudes1 dismiss it as you would a servant from the room when you no longer require his presence4 ,it is bound to go when you do so dismiss it4 ,when you summon it to your consciousness concentrate your mind upon it4 ,want of concentration1 being a dissipation of the mental powers1 is a cause of worry4 ,worry becomes doubly baneful when it is directed towards the might have been4 ,legitimate regret should be an emotion always accompanied by the determination to learn by experience4 ,every aid to enable the dispossessed will to regain its rightful throne should be employed4 ,properly chosen books1 companions1 and surroundings1 are of great use1 but perhaps quiet persistent self culture of the will1 will be found to be the best4 ,it matters little whether you call this self suggestion or not4 ,as a matter of fact it is simply the common-sense of the question4 ,it is the making up of the mind to do a thing with certain aspirations1 emotions1 and desires towards this thing4 ,thousands of people do it every day1 especially in religious matters4 ,it needs an adequate motive or a great ideal to carry it out4 ,such a motive here1 might be the realisation of the uselessness and the positive harm of worry4 ,actually realise this1 then affirm your determination to avoid worry and you have well begun the battle4 ,go through this mental exercise each time you feel you are worrying again4 ,after a while you may omit it all but the mental determination4 ,the mind cannot act rightly in an unsound body1 and there is no doubt that good health wards off worry4 ,deep breathing of fresh air by producing well oxygenated pure blood1 will do much to restore mental balance1 especially if this want of mental balance is1 as is often the case1 partly due to inattention to the laws of health4 ,worry is by no means a necessary concomitant of high civilisation1 it is rather an accompanying mental disease due partly to low nerve power1 which itself is due to erroneous methods of life--errors of diet1 want of pure air1 cleanliness1 exercise1 etc4 ,partly1 too1 is this low nerve power due to mental causes peculiarly ,western4 ,the ,asiatic with his power of concentration1 reflection1 contemplation1 with his patience1 endurance1 calmness1 knows nothing of this scourge of ,european and ,american life4 ,even the ,japanese1 progressive and efficient as they are1 possess this native contented1 sweet1 calm disposition1 a habit of mind which1 if they can retain1 will be of enormous value to them in coming years4 ,wounds1 ,bleeding of4--,after sending for a surgeon the first thing to be looked at in case of any wound is the bleeding4 ,sometimes this is trifling and needs no particular effort to staunch it4 ,when1 however1 a vein or artery has been lacerated the flow must immediately be attended to4 ,if the blood be welling up from the wound and of a dark red colour it is venous blood1 if it spurt up from the wound and be of a bright red colour it is arterial blood4 ,what has to be done is to place a pressure on the vein or artery to prevent the blood escaping4 ,venous bleeding may generally be stopped by putting a pad of lint dipped in cold water on the wound and tying it on with a bandage4 ,if the blood continues to flow1 tie a bandage round the limb on the side of the wound away from the heart and keep the limb raised4 ,arterial bleeding must be treated by tying on the pad and bandage1 and if the bleeding continues1 stopping the flow in the artery on the side of the wound nearest the heart1 and at some point where it passes over a bone so that pressure may be efficiently applied4 ,the bandage for thus tying an artery may be simply made by knotting a handkerchief 7,diagram ,,iv471 putting something solid inside the knot1 then placing the knot on the artery at the desired point and tying tightly4 ,if required this may be tightened by putting a stick under and twisting round1 then tying the stick in position 7,diagram ,,ii474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,i4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,v4 ,if the palm of the hand is cut1 put a pad inside the hand1 close the fingers1 and tie the bandage round the clenched fist4 ,if the wound is in the forearm1 put a pad in the bend of the elbow1 and tie the forearm firmly up on the arm4 ,if the wound is above the elbow stop the main artery in the way above indicated4 ,this artery runs pretty well under the inner seam of the sleeve of a man's coat4 ,diagram ,i4 shows how this artery may be stopped by direct pressure of the hand2 ,diagram ,,ii4 how a tourniquet may be applied4 ,for bleeding in the arm-pit1 press in a pad and tie the arm down to the side4 ,it may be necessary here to compress the artery with the thumb4 ,the artery here lies behind the inner bend of the collar bone lying on the first rib4 ,in case of arterial bleeding about the head apply the bandage as in ,diagram ,,iii4 ,the pressure is here applied right over the wound1 as the skull is always behind on which to press the artery4 ,a wound in the leg should be treated in a similar way to a wound in the arm4 ,diagram ,v4 shows the stopping of bleeding above the knee4 ,do not remove the pressure until the arrival of a medical man4 ,wounds1 ,ill-,smelling4--,for all such wounds1 the best method is frequent cleansing with vinegar or dilute ,,acetic ,,acid 7see7 by means of a small glass syringe1 such as may be got at any druggist's 7see ,abscess2 ,wounds1 ,syringing74 ,we know one case where the patient was expelled from a curative home because of the evil smell of his wounds1 three careful cleanings out with dilute acid so removed all odour that the patient was at once readmitted4 ,where the wound is very tender1 soak soft cloths or lint in the dilute acid1 and lay them on the wound three or four ply thick4 ,remove and renew them every quarter-of-an-hour till the smell is gone4 ,of course the cloths should be immediately washed or1 better1 burned4 ,in using the syringe1 care should be taken to suck out the ill matter1 as well as to send the dilute acid well down into the sore4 ,careful cleaning of the syringe with boiling water before use is necessary4 ,wounds1 ,soothing4--,during the process of healing1 wounds often give a great deal of pain1 even when all is going well4 ,it is this pain we here show how to relieve4 ,after an operation under chloroform1 itself painless1 the process of healing is often very painful4 ,we are sure this pain need not be endured1 but to prevent or cure it we need to see what is its cause4 ,two causes are specially notable--pressure and cold4 ,by skilful handling and bandaging1 undue pressure may be avoided by the surgeon4 ,but a great deal can be done by any one to keep cold from the seat of injury4 ,have a bag of soft flannel1 as fine as possible1 made so as to surround the wounded part4 ,this bag is filled with dry bran1 heated in an oven or otherwise1 without being wet4 ,of course the heat must not be great enough to cause any discomfort1 but sufficient to give a fine sense of relief4 ,this application is for a wound which has not become inflamed1 but is doing well4 ,when inflammation has set in1 and the patient is fevered1 the opposite treatment is applied4 ,over the dressing apply three or four folds of dry cotton cloth1 and over this again apply cold towels 7see ,towels1 ,cold ,wet7 until the pain is relieved4 ,good sense must regulate this treatment1 of course1 and excess of cold be avoided4 ,but with ordinary care this need never cause anxiety4 ,wounds1 ,syringing4--,very great good can often be done by a little careful syringing of internal wounds4 ,take1 as an illustration1 a case of a kind we have often seen4 ,it is that of a young patient with a wound on the lower part of the leg1 a good long way below the knee4 ,this wound will run in spite of all that has been done to dry it up4 ,the opening in it is very small1 and one would think it ought to be easily cured1 but it is not so4 ,the truth is that this wound is from two to three inches distant from where the real sore is situated in the limb4 ,the wound is well down towards the ankle2 the real sore is well up towards the knee4 ,there is a corroding matter generated in the internal sore1 and that runs down under the skin1 and keeps cutting its way out at the wound4 ,until this is rectified1 there will be no successful healing4 ,ointments that might do well enough on a small external sore have no effect in this case4 ,the real sore1 however1 is easily reached and cured by the right use of a small pointed syringe4 ,the kind most easily procured is made of glass1 and costs about sixpence4 ,choose one that has a small smooth point1 which can be easily inserted into the hole in the wound4 ,this should be done without causing any pain4 ,the point of the syringe should be dipped in hot water till it is as near as possible to blood heat3 that is1 it should neither be hotter nor colder than the skin it has to touch4 ,if you are sufficiently careful on this point1 all else will be comparatively easy4 ,before you actually try to insert the syringe1 observe in what direction the wound is likely to be extended under the skin4 ,it will probably be upwards--almost certainly it will be so1 as the waste matter1 by its weight1 tends to fall down4 ,the sore at the top insertion of a muscle near the knee will send its matter down the leg1 perhaps near to the ankle4 ,fill the syringe with warm water only1 as near blood heat as you can have it4 ,when you have got the point of the syringe even a very little way into the wound1 you can inject a little water1 and in doing this you will probably learn more nearly where the actual sore is to be found4 ,the water will probably come out as fast as you send it in1 but it may not come till a good quantity has gone in4 ,now1 as you fill your syringe a second time with water at the same degree of heat1 you will add a single drop of strong acetic acid1 or twelve drops of white vinegar to a teacupful4 ,you must be careful that this is not exceeded at this stage1 or you will cause great pain4 ,moreover1 you do no good to the sore by making the acid so strong as to cause suffering4 ,if it is only just so strong as to cause a comfortable feeling of warmth1 it will be all right for its curative purpose4 ,even very weak acid combines with the irritating waste matter that is keeping the sore diseased1 and produces the desired healing effect4 ,you have only to add one drop after another of the acid to your full teacupful of warm water1 till the feeling produced by the syringing is all that could be desired4 ,in the case of the limb that we refer to1 a sensible mother used the syringe and the acid so skilfully as to heal the internal sore in a very short time1 and thus the external wound quickly disappeared4 ,of course1 if the wound is so very deep that the acid cannot be got up to cleanse it thoroughly1 surgical aid should be sought4 ,it may be well1 however1 to take another case or two for further illustration4 ,here1 then1 is a decayed tooth extracted1 but the part from which it is taken does not heal1 as is usual4 ,the hole in the gum does not close1 and a discharge of offensive humour flows from it constantly4 ,the bone of the upper jaw is evidently wasting1 and the decay has extended somehow considerably up the side of the nose4 ,the hole1 however1 is so small1 that the usual glass syringe cannot enter it4 ,we got an exceedingly small instrument1 used for the injection of morphia under the skin4 ,the point of this syringe is a needle with a point that is hollow nearly to the very end4 ,when this point was broken off1 the hollow part was so small that it entered the hole in the gum1 and so it was easy to inject the weak acid up to the bottom of the sore1 which had come to be only a little under the eye4 ,about an inch and a half of hollow had to be washed out with the acid4 ,but in a very short time all discharge ceased1 and the cure was perfect4 ,both of these cases are comparatively simple1 but they show clearly the great value of this use of acetic acid4 ,carbolic acid is much more commonly used for such a purpose4 ,it has the drawback of being liable itself to melt away the healthy tissue1 and to make a wound larger4 ,acetic acid never does this1 and so heals more quickly and certainly4 ,we might take a much more difficult case4 ,it was that of an abscess and bad sore in the lower bowels4 ,it was supposed to be necessary to perform a very dangerous operation in order to try to cure this--not much hope was held out of its being possible really to cure4 ,it was1 however1 quite possible to reach the sore by the injection of acetic acid4 ,the sufferer was directed to have this done regularly4 ,in a very short time there was a complete cure4 ,in such a case all that is wanted is an ordinary india-rubber enema4 ,a much larger quantity of water is required1 but about the same strength of acid4 ,first of all1 as much acidulated water as can be taken up with comfort is injected3 after a minute or so this is passed off4 ,then another is used in the same way1 and passed off also4 ,a third syringing may be employed1 when about half-a-teacupful is taken and retained4 ,if the acid gives no comfortable feeling of warmth it needs to be strengthened till it does so1 but not so that it produces any pain4 ,the operation really well done is not in the least painful1 but1 on the contrary1 rather comfortable4 ,there is still one syringing which we may notice--that of suppurating ears4 ,if an ear is discharging from some internal sore1 nothing is more important than syringing with acetic acid1 but it must be done with very peculiar care4 ,the water used should be as nearly as possible of exact blood heat1 and the acetic acid of the exact strength at which it will give a fine comfortable feeling in the ear4 ,it must neither feel as if it were a mere wetting of the ear1 nor that it gives the least pain4 ,the syringe1 too1 must be used gently1 so as not to force the water strongly against the internal parts that are so tender4 ,it is a soaking operation rather than a forcible urging of the water into the ear which is wanted4 ,if this is nicely done1 say twice a day1 the acid will reach the sore1 and we may confidently look for a cure4 ,even when the bones are wasting1 as we have seen in the case of the upper jaw1 if this acid can be really brought to bear upon the sore1 it will be cleansed and healed4 ,in this simple way we have seen many1 both old and young1 delivered from sore trial1 and made to enjoy life and health again4 ,,physical ,,culture4 ,much weakness might be prevented and often cured by light gymnastic exercises practised twice a day1 say on rising and at bedtime1 giving tone to the muscles and bringing into regular use many which in ordinary daily life are seldom or never used4 ,the various vital organs of the body owe much of their health to the proper exercise of the surrounding muscles2 it will be seen then how necessary a system of regular exercise must be4 ,the best way to learn this is to take a course of ,swedish ,drill or other good system at one of the gymnasiums which are now so common in ,britain and ,america4 ,but as many of our readers live in places where such cannot be had1 we shall try to indicate by diagrams some simple movements which can be practised by anyone4 ,a few general rules should be borne in mind3-- ,begin with a short time1 say five minutes2 omit at first the more fatiguing movements and gradually increase as the strength improves4 ,the time spent need never be long2 fifteen or twenty minutes is long enough at any one time4 ,do the movements slowly and deliberately1 stretching the muscles to their full extent4 ,fix your mind on the particular limb that is being exercised4 ,practice in a room with open window1 with little clothes on1 or with none2 a daily air-bath is very conducive to health4 ,each exercise need not be performed more than three times1 until strength is fairly great4 ,never go on with the exercises so long as to be more than just a little tired4 ,it is a good plan to write out the exercises clearly on a good-sized card or sheet of stiff paper1 which can be set where it will be easily seen while one is exercising4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 #a4 ,,position #a4--,stand before a glass with head well up1 chin in1 neck elongated1 shoulders down and back1 arms hanging straight down1 abdomen in1 back slightly curved1 heels together1 toes slightly apart4 #b4 ,,arms ,,bend4--,while in position1 bring the arms up at the sides so that the tips of the fingers touch the shoulders4 ,return to position #a4 #c4 ,,hips ,,firm4--,place hands on hips1 well back1 fingers together1 and thumbs to the back4 ,now1 slowly bend the head back as far as it will go1 and slowly raise it again1 taking care all the time to keep the chin in4 ,position #a again4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 #d4 ,,neck ,,rest4--,bring the arms up on a level with the shoulders1 hands straight with forearm and finger tips nearly but not quite touching behind the neck4 ,head always quite erect4 ,while in this position1 bend the body from the waist sideways1 first to one side1 then to the other1 as far as it will go without moving the feet4 ,when bending to the left1 feel the muscles of the right stretching and vice versa4 ,return to position #a4 #e4 ,bring arms to position #b1 then extend them straight upwards1 rising on the toes at same time and drawing the body to its greatest height4 ,bring arms again to position #b and then down to position #a4 #f4 ,bring arms to position #b and extend them sideways1 turning palms and hands downwards4 ,come back to position #b and then position #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 #g4 ,bring arms to position #b and extend them forwards1 return to position #b and position #a4 #h4 ,hips firm 7hands placed as in #c74 ,raise the heels a little1 bend the knees slightly outwards and keep the upper part of the body perfectly erect4 ,lower the body about half-way down1 then raise it again4 #i4 ,same as #h1 only go down as low as possible4 ,it is not easy at first to keep one's balance1 the upper part of the body erect all the time1 especially when trying to rise4 ,return to position #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 #aj4 ,arms bend 7see #b74 ,place the feet sideways1 about a foot apart4 ,now bend the upper part of the body back1 curving only the chest back1 keeping the waist still4 ,position #a4 #aa4 ,bring arms to position #b and extend upwards as in fig4 #e4 ,now bend the body forwards till the hands nearly touch the floor1 keeping the head between the arms1 knees straight and arms straight and parallel to one another4 ,return to position #e1 then position #b and then position #a4 #ab4 ,hips firm 7see #c74 ,raise one knee till the leg is bent as in the illustration1 keep toe pointed down4 ,do the same with the other leg4 ,return to position #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 #ac4 ,same as #ab1 only stretch leg backward as in illustration1 keeping knees straight4 ,return to position #a4 #ad4 ,,arms ,,forward ,,bend4--,bend the arms in front of the body1 as in the illustration4 ,extend one foot back and rest toe on ground4 ,position #a4 #ae4 ,arms as in #ad4 ,fling right arm out sideways and turn head to the right as far as it will go without moving the rest of the body4 ,same to left4 ,position #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 #af4 ,hips firm 7see #c74 ,kneel with toes extended backwards4 ,now bend the body backwards from the knees1 as far as possible1 keeping straight and firm as in illustration4 ,rise and return to position #a4 #ag4 ,one arm1 ,,hip ,,firm1 the other ,,neck ,,rest 7see #c and #d74 ,bend the body as in exercise #d4 ,return to position #a4 #ah4 ,arms bend 7see #b74 ,feet stride 7see #aj74 ,now turn the body at the waist as far as possible to right1 then to left1 taking care not to move the hips4 ,return to position #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 #ai4 ,,leap ,,on ,,the ,,spot4--,hips firm 7see #c74 ,raise the heels1 slightly bend at the knees as in illustration1 jump and alight on toes again with knees slightly bent4 ,straighten knees and let heels sink to the ground4 ,position #a4 #bj4 ,hips firm 7see #c74 ,stand near a chair or bed and slip one foot sideways under a rail4 ,now bend sideways as far as possible4 ,position #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 #ba4 ,as #bj1 only stand facing the support and bend back4 ,position #a4 #bb4 ,kneel as in #af4 ,extend arms as in #f4 ,now turn the body from the waist as far to the right and as far to the left as possible4 ,position #a4 #bc4 ,deep breathing 7see ,breathing1 ,correct method of7 should be practised several times during these exercises4 ,stand in position #a4 ,now raise the hands slowly to the level of the shoulders1 keeping the arms straight and moving them sideways4 ,while raising the arms1 slowly fill the lungs with air1 and when lowering them let it slowly out4 ,,dumbell ,,exercise4 ,as an efficient and inexpensive way of developing all the muscles of the body dumbells have no rival4 ,especially are they valuable for those whose sedentary life forbids much active exercise1 and as they only require a very short time each day for their practice1 do not interfere materially with the work of the busiest4 ,the accompanying exercises have been given with a view to the complete and symmetrical development of the body4 ,they should be practised in their entirety every morning and evening1 after rising and bathing and before retiring1 in as nearly a nude a condition as practicable4 ,and they should be practised with a serious and complete concentration of the mind upon each muscle as it is in turn exercised4 ,this concentration is immensely fatiguing at first1 but is necessary in order to derive full benefit from them4 ,just as in practising musical exercises for execution1 a short time well spent is more valuable than a longer time with a wandering and uninterested mind1 so in dumbell exercise it is above all the quality and not the quantity of the exercise which is of importance4 ,increase the number of times each exercise is done weekly or daily1 beginning say at #aj or #bj1 according to strength1 and endeavouring to be able to be double this number in a short time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a;a4 #a;a4--,arms by side forced well back1 finger nails to front4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a;b4 #a;b4--,raise bells to shoulders1 contracting biceps4 ,exhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b;a4 #b;a4--,arms by side forced well back1 finger nails to rear4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b;b4 #b;b4--,raise bells to shoulders4 ,exhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c;a4 #c;a4--,extend arms sideways in line with shoulders1 finger nails up4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c;b4 #c;b4--,bring bells to shoulders1 contracting biceps4 ,exhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d;a4 #d;a4--,arms by sides1 chest well out4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d;b4 #d;b4--,cross arms in front1 contracting chest muscles4 ,exhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e;a4 #e;a4--,arms extended in front level with chin4 ,exhale4 #e;b4--,bring bells back sideways in line with shoulders4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f;a4 #f;a4--,upper arms close to sides1 bells level with shoulders4 ,exhale4 #f;b4--,raise bells above head as far as possible4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g;a4 #g;a4--,arms by sides forced well back1 finger nails to rear4 ,inhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g;b4 #g;b4--,raise arms up level with shoulders rounding back4 ,exhale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h;a4 #h;a4--,lean over to right1 left knee bent1 right leg straight4 #h;b4--,repeat to left4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i;a4 #i;a4--,lunge out to left1 right leg straight1 raising left hand above head1 right hand at side4 #i;b4--,repeat to left4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj;a4 #aj;a4--,heels together1 chest well out1 hands on hips4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj;b4 #aj;b4--,sink on toes1 raising heels from ground1 gradually resume upright position1 keeping back straight4 ,,sex ,,and ,,health4 ,the treatment of the relations of the sexes to one another1 and the enormous influence over health of both body and mind which these exercise1 cannot be attempted in a treatise such as this4 ,such articles would occupy far too much space1 as from the nature of the subject much detail must be given1 and explanations must be as complete as possible4 ,the ,editor of these ,papers has therefore written a book for children1 and one each for boys and girls4 ,these will be found advertised at the end4 ,numbers of persons consult us on these matters1 and much has come to our knowledge which is astonishing and saddening as well1 in regard to the widely prevailing ignorance of both young and old regarding the sex functions4 ,this is largely due to culpable neglect on the part of parents and others who have charge of the young4 ,parents are often unwilling to speak of such matters1 and would desire rather to place a good book on the subject in their children's hands4 ,many such books have been published1 but none that we have seen have seemed to us quite satisfactory4 ,due attention must be paid to both the physical and moral sides of the matter4 ,hence our resolve to write as we have indicated4 ,the books will be found duly advertised at the end of this volume4 ,it will no doubt be said that it is a pity to suggest ideas of sex to an innocent child1 but surely those who look back on their own youth will remember that there came a time when the problem of their own origin suggested itself4 ,the pretty fable that the storks or angels fetch the babies cannot long satisfy the growing mind4 ,children wish to understand1 yet it is easy for them to see that parents do not wish to explain the mystery4 ,curiosity is aroused1 for the desire to know is natural and quite legitimate1 and the sad thing is that the explanation is generally left to companions and servants who are devoid of delicacy or modesty4 ,now there is no reason for this reticence and false shame4 ,the whole process of reproduction is a wonderful example of the wisdom and goodness of the ,creator1 and if properly explained the child will see that it is so4 ,again1 there are physical epochs through which all young people must pass4 ,these are quite natural1 but unless explained and the children are prepared to expect them1 may cause great alarm4 ,in their distress they are very likely to enquire from impure companions1 or get some of the pernicious literature which is issued in quantity by the quacks who prey upon the fears of the young1 and upon their dislike to speak to their parents on a subject which the latter have taught them by silence is one which is unmentionable4 ,it may be asked when this information should be given4 ,no rule will fit all cases1 as children vary so much in their development4 ,we would urge that it should be given early1 as ,miss ,willard well says3--,see that the pure thought gets in first4 ,besides1 children grow up much faster than their parents are apt to realize4 ,the evils of self-pollution are so great1 and the cure so difficult1 that no risk should be run of such ever being commenced through ignorance4 ,in fact this is the main reason for our undertaking the separate works on this subject4 ,it is so saddening to reflect that a career of vice is often entered upon through the child's ignorance of the laws of its own body1 that the natural reticence in speaking of the subject should not be allowed to prevent the information being given4 ,,kirk ,,sex ,,series4 ,instruct thy son and labor for him lest his lewd behaviour be an offence unto thee4--,ecclesiasticus #cj1 #ac4 ,a ,talk with ,boys about ,themselves ,,by ,,edward ,,bruce ,,kirk1 ,editor of ,papers on ,health4 ,introduction by ,canon ,hon4 ,,ed4 ,,lyttelton1 ,headmaster of ,eton ,college4 ,every father should see that his son is not driven for information on the origin of life to impure companions4 ,this book makes the imparting of this knowledge easy4 ,confidence will beget manliness4 ,,subjects ,,treated3 ,origin of ,life2 ,puberty1 its meaning and responsibilities2 ,evils of ,self ,pollution2 ,love and ,marriage2 ,reproduction2 ,perfect ,manhood2 ,health and ,strength4 ,price #b_/ net1 ,post ,free1 #b_/c4 ,publishers3 ,,simpkin1 ,,marshall1 ,,hamilton1 ,,kent ,co41 ,london4 ,t4 ,d4 ,,morison1 ,glasgow4 ,,the ,,fowler ,,wells ,,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,kirk ,,sex ,,series4 ,a ,talk with ,girls about ,themselves ,by ,,edward ,b4 ,,kirk1 ,editor of ,papers on ,health4 ,introduction by ,,lady ,,paget4 ,this book is intended to be given by the parent to the daughter4 ,besides much wise counsel about health and self-development1 it gives in delicate language1 a clear answer to the many questions which must force themselves upon the growing girl4 ,,subjects ,,treated3 ,hints on ,health2 ,diet2 ,exercise2 ,pure ,air2 ,evils of ,tight ,lacing1 etc42 ,health and ,beauty1 their inseparability2 ,courtship2 ,marriage2 ,true ,womanhood2 ,what ,men ,admire2 ,vice1 its terrible punishment2 ,reproduction2 ,pregnancy2 ,reading and ,education4 ,price #b_/ net1 ,post ,free1 #b_/c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,wonder of ,life ,a ,talk with ,children about ,sex1 ,by ,,mary ,,tudor ,,pole1 ,author of ,fairies4 ,introduction by ,,lady ,,isabel ,,margesson4 ,this book is intended for young children of both sexes4 ,it shows in simple language the analogy between the reproductive processes in plants and human beings4 ,price #a_/ net1 ,post ,free1 #a_/c4 ,publishers3 ,,simpkin1 ,,marshall1 ,,hamilton1 ,,kent ,co41 ,london4 ,thos4 ,d4 ,,morison1 ,glasgow4 ,,the ,,fowler ,,wells ,,co41 ,new ,york4