,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 *ang$ to mat* ! actual *apt] head+s4 ,a few hyph5ations h be5 *ang$ to make !m consi/5t4 ,m9or typographic errors h be5 correct$4 ,,woodwork ,,jo9ts 7,,! ,,woodwork] ,,s]ies7 ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,woodwork ,,jo9ts ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,set ,,out1 ,,h[ ,,made ,,& ,,:]e ,,us$2 ,,) ,,f\r ,,hundr$ ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,index ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,london ,,evans ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$ ,,montague ,,h\se1 ,,russell ,,squ>e1 ,w4,c4#a ,,! ,,woodwork] ,,s]ies ,,woodwork ,,jo9ts4 ,,cab9et ,,con/ruction4 ,,/a9+ ,,& ,,poli%+4 ,,woodwork ,,tools4 ,,practical ,,uphol/]y4 ,,wood ,,turn+4 ,,woodc>v+4 ,,timb]s ,,= ,,woodwork4 ,,furniture ,,repair+ ,,& ,,re-,,uphol/]y4 ,,h\sehold ,,repairs ,,& ,,r5ovations4 ,,c>p5try ,,= ,,beg9n]s4 ,,kit*5 ,,furniture ,,designs4 ,,bureau ,,& ,,bookcase ,,designs4 ,,light ,,c>p5try ,,designs4 ,,doormak+4 ,,evans ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,montague ,,h\se1 ,,russell ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#a4 ,,editorial ,,=eword ,to be successful 9 woodwork con/ruction ! possession ( two secrets is ess5tial--to "k ! "r jo9t to use1 & to "k h[ to make t jo9t 9 ! "r way4 ,! woodwork /ructure or ! piece ( cab9et-"w t endures is ! "o on :i* skilful h&s h comb9$ to c>ry out :at ! con/ructive m9d plann$4 ,& x is j "h t ! pres5t ,volume w help1 n alone ! beg9n] :o wi%es prelim9>y in/ruction1 b also ! exp]t :o desires guidance ov] gr\nd hi!rto unexplor$ by him4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is new edition ! ,publi%]s h secur$ ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,william ,fairham1 by :om ! *apt]s h be5 c>efully revis$ & re-illu/rat$4 ,al?\gh int5d$ = ! practical man1 & n pr(ess+ to be a grad$ c\rse ( educational woodwork1 ! ,volume is "o :i* ,h&icraft ,in/ructors w f9d ( ! greate/ value 9 conduct+ woodwork classes4 ,no book hi!rto publi%$ conta9s su* a v>iety ( illu/rations ( jo9ts1 almo/ all ( :i* w =m suitable ex]cises ( practical educational importance 9 a woodwork+ c\rse4 ,j4 ,c4 ,s4 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,oak ,*e/s1 %[+ ! ,me?od ( ,/ructure :i* =ms ! orig9 ( mo/ ( our ,engli% ,furniture4 7,f ,! ,woodwork]1 ,janu>y1 #aibg47 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,glu$ ,,jo9t #a ,,! ,,halv$ ,,jo9t #ac ,,! ,,bridle ,,jo9t #ce ,,! ,,tongu$ ,,& ,,groov$ ,,jo9t #dh ,,! ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on ,,jo9t #fd ,,! ,,d[ell+ ,,jo9t #ic ,,! ,,sc>f ,,jo9t #ajc ,,! ,,h+$ ,,jo9t #aji ,,%utt+ ,,jo9ts #abg ,,! ,,dovetail ,,jo9t #acb ,,dovetail ,,groov+ #afj ,,! ,,mitr$ ,,jo9t #afc ,,jo9ts ,,= ,,curv$ ,,"w #agb ,,miscellane\s ,,jo9ts #agf ,,puzzle ,,jo9ts #ahi ,,index #bji ,illu/ration3 ,/aircase ( ! ,second ,half ( ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 7,f ,! ,woodwork]1 ,septemb]1 #aibi47 ,,! ,,glu$ ,,jo9t ,! glu$ jo9t 9 its v>i\s =ms is 9 use 9 e c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & is frequ5tly met ) 9 mummy cases & o!r examples ( anci5t woodwork4 ,alt]native names "u :i* x is kn[n are ! butt jo9t1 ! rubb$ jo9t1 ! slipp$ jo9t1 :il/ 9 c]ta9 localities x is kn[n z ! slap$ 7pron\nc$ slayp$7 jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,simple/ ,=m ( ,glu$ or ,rubb$ ,jo9t4 ,! glu$ jo9t is made by plan+ two pieces ( timb] s t :5 plac$ toge!r !y are 9 contact ) ea* o!r at e po9t2 !y are !n usually unit$ ) glue4 ,fig4 #a %[s a sket* ( a butt jo9t 9 its simple/ =m4 ,9 ,fig4 #b is indicat$ ! me?od ( hold+ ! jo9t :il/ be+ glu$2 ! upright portion is held rigid 9 ! b5* vice1 ?us leav+ ! left h& to hold ! piece :i* is to be jo9t$1 :il/ ! "r h& op]ates ! glue bru%4 ,! pieces ( wood :i* =m a butt jo9t may be glu$ toge!r ) or )\t ! aid ( cramps or artificial pressure4 ,if ! jo9t is to be made )\t cramp+1 ! two surfaces ( ! timb] are w>m$ s z n to *ill ! glue4 ,! surfaces are !n glu$ & put toge!r & rubb$ backw>ds & =w>ds s z to get rid ( ! sup]flu\s glue4 ,!y are !n put aside to dry4 ,,glue+4--,! bett] ! glue p5etrates into ! pores ( ! wood1 ! /rong] ! jo9t w be2 = ?is reason timb] ( ! loose-fibr$ v>iety1 su* z p9e1 etc41 w hold up at ! jo9t bett] ?an h>dwoods l teak & rosewood4 ,! glue us$ = jo9t+ %\ld be nei!r too ?ick nor too ?92 ! consi/5cy ( cream w be f\nd suitable = mo/ purposes4 ,x %\ld be nice & hot1 & be rapidly spread ov] ! surface ( ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,h[ ! ,wood is held :il/ ,glue+4 ,if light-col\r$ woods1 su* z p9e1 sat9wood1 sycamore1 etc41 h to be jo9t$1 a little flake :ite %\ld be procur$ & mix$ into ! liquid glue4 ,?is w prev5t ! glue %[+ a ?9 black l9e on ! jo9t4 ,broad surfaces ( close-gra9$ h>dwood hav+ a %9y surface are usually c>efully r\gh5$ ) a f9e too?+ plane blade previ\s to glue+4 ,,support+ ,,! ,,jo9t4--,! jo9t$ bo>ds %\ld n be re>$ up aga9/ a b5* leg or wall )\t hav+ any support 9 ! c5tre1 z dott$ l9e at ,fig4 #e1 because 9 all probability !y w fracture be=e ! glue has "t to set2 &1 :5 we g to take !m up to r5ew work+ op]ations1 we %all be annoy$ to f9d t !y h assum$ a position simil> to t at ,fig4 #e 7%[n exagg]at$71 & ?is w1 ( c\rse1 necessitate re-jo9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,correct ,jo9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,faulty ,jo9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,bo>ds unsupport$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,bo>ds support$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--7;,a7 ,glu$ ,slip1 7,b7 ,glu$ ,m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,gra9 alt]nat+4 ,a correct me?od to adopt is se5 at ,fig4 #f4 ,"h we h support$ ! jo9t by re>+ up aga9/ ! wall a c\ple ( pieces ( batt51 "o at ea* end ( ! bo>d1 ?us support+ x ?r\gh\t its entire wid? until ! glue is ?or\ghly set4 ,! two or m pieces ( timb] 9 a butt jo9t adh]e by cry/allisation ( ! glue & atmosph]ic pressure4 ,a well-fitt$ jo9t made ) good quality glue is s /rong t1 :5 bo>ds ( #c feet & upw>ds are jo9t$ toge!r by ?is me?od1 ! timb] 9 mo/ cases w break ) ! gra9 soon] ?an "p at ! jo9t4 ,butt jo9ts may be cramp$ up1 if desir$1 & x is cu/om>y to w>m !m z previ\sly /at$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! usual iron cramp1 ! amateur may make an excell5t wood5 arrangem5t out ( any odd pieces ( timb] t happ5 to be h&y4 ,two blocks ( h>dwood are screw$ on ! base bo>d at a suitable di/ance = ! "w 9 h&2 ! bo>ds to be jo9t$ are glu$ & plac$ 9 position betwe5 ! blocks2 & ! two h>dwood w$ges are ins]t$ & hamm]$ 9 opposite directions to ea* o!r1 ?us ex]t+ ! desir$ pressure4 ,an example ( ?is me?od ( cramp+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 :i* also indicates ! use ( iron dogs4 ,:5 jo9t+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to fir/ plane up ! bo>ds true on "o side--i4e41 take !m out ( w9d+4 ,! me?od ( te/+ = ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #i1 & x may ) advantage be us$ :5 jo9t+ ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,two la?s or /rips ( wood are plan$ up to exactly ! same wid?1 hav+ _! edges /raight & p>allel4 ,"o edge ( ea* la? may1 if desir$1 be bevell$ a little4 ,! me?od ( us+ ^! twi/ /icks or w9d+ la?s is to put !m on ! bo>d z indicat$1 & sight along _! top edges4 ,! w9d+ la?s1 be+ mu* long] ?an ! wid? ( ! bo>d1 %[ up ! irregul>ity greatly pron\nc$4 ,,! ,,tools g5]ally us$ = mak+ ! butt jo9ts are3-- ,! jack plane1 = r\gh+ ! edges1 etc4 ,! wood5 try+ plane 7or iron jo9t+ plane7 = true+ up ! "w4 ,! try squ>e = te/+ purposes4 ,! w9d+ la?s & /raight edge4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,"w is z foll[s3 ,ea* bo>d is 9 turn put 9 ! vice & plan$ /raight l5g?wise2 x is !n te/$ ) w9d+ la?s & a try squ>e 7! latt] me?od is %[n at ,fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,te/+ ,surface ) ,w9d+ ,la?s4 ,! bo>ds are !n put on ! top ( "o ano!r z at ,fig4 #a & te/$ ) a /raight edge2 !y %\ld appe> true z %[n at ,fig4 #c2 if !y %[ faulty z at ,fig4 #d ! jo9ts mu/ be aga9 fitt$ until ! requir$ degree ( accuracy is obta9$4 ,difficulties may be avoid$ by c>e 9 select+ timb] suitable = jo9t+1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t timb] %r9ks circumf]5tially 7! he>t side becom+ curv$7 z dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,if ! timb] be jo9t$ ) all ! he>t side "o way z at ,fig4 #aj1 ! t5d5cy w be = x to ca/ z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,if ! timb] be alt]nat$ z at ,fig4 #aa1 ! t5d5cy w be to ca/ wavy1 :]eas if qu>t]$ timb] c be obta9$ x w /& practically /raight z ! t5d5cy to %r9k is 9 ?ickness only4 ,! gra9 ( qu>t]$ timb] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,%[+ ,he>t side ( ,timb] "o way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,he>t side ( ,timb] %[n alt]nat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,gra9 ( ,qu>t]$ ,timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,bo>ds %[+ uni=mity ( ,gra94 ,judgm5t %\ld also be ex]cis$ to avoid jo9t+ 9 :i* "o piece ( timb] is wild & l>ge 9 ! gra91 & ! adjo9+ piece ( a mild-gra9$ nature4 ,jo9t$ bo>ds %\ld always be glu$ up ) ! gra9 runn+ 9 ! same direction if possible2 ?is we %[ at ,fig4 #ac1 & no?+ looks worse ?an a dress+ *e/ end or simil> piece ( "w 9 :i* ! gra9 runs haphaz>d4 ,:5 jo9t+ ?9 timb] 7say1 #a_/d-;941 #c_/h-;941 #a_/b-;94 & #e_/h-;94 bo>ds7 ! be/ me?od is to use a %oot+ bo>d 7,fig4 #bf74 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t a %oot+ bo>d & plane practically nev] give a true "r angle1 ow+ to we> & ! gr9d+ ( ! blade4 ,!re=e1 ! bo>ds %\ld n all be laid ) ! face m>k on ! %oot+ bo>d :il/ ! edges are %ot1 because any inequality w\ld be multipli$ by ! numb] ( pieces jo9t$4 ,a bett] me?od is to alt]nate ! bo>ds1 face side up1 !n face side d[n1 :il/ %oot+ ! edges2 ?is w prev5t convexity or concavity on ! face ( ! jo9t$ bo>d1 because any slight error 9 ! angle is neutralis$ 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,jo9t4--,! foll[+ %[ v>i\s applications ( ! butt or glu$ jo9t3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,c>case ,w+-pieces ,glu$ on4 ,fig4 #g;,a %[s a mahogany or o!r h>dwood slip glu$ on ! edge ( a *eap] wood1 su* z p9e or :itewood1 z is ! case on bookcase %elves :5 only ! front edge is se5 & poli%$4 ,fig4 #g;,b %[s a m\ld+ glu$ on a %elf1 bo? m\ld & %elf 9 ?is in/ance be+ ( poli%$ h>dwood4 ,a %elf ( ?is type might be us$ 9 a recess1 ! object ( ! ov]hang+ m\ld+ be+ to hide a small #c_/h-;94 iron rod :i* w\ld c>ry ! curta9 r+s & head+ ( ! curta9 :i* cov]s ! recess4 ,! %elf w\ld be fix$ ab\t #c ft4 #i ins4 to #d ft4 #c ins4 f ! floor4 ,fig4 #ad %[s ! w+ pieces glu$ on ! top be>] ( c>case "w4 ,! application ( ?is be>] 9 its position w be %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,dovetail+4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a butt jo9t plan$ at an angle ( #de degrees 7commonly call$ a mitre71 us$ = box feet1 etc4 ,fig4 #af %[s jo9t+ up ( an ogee-%ap$ panel4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! ?ickness ( ! timb] previ\s to its be+ work$ up to ! f9i%$ %ape4 ,b[-front$ & semicircul> panels are jo9t$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,butt+ ,mitr$ ,angle ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,jo9t+ ,ogee-%ap$ ,panel4 ,fig4 #ag %[s timb] jo9t$ at "r angles to ! upright piece1 & at an angle ( #cj degrees4 ,fig4 #ah indicates qu>t]-circle jo9t+1 z us$ 9 r\nd-corn]$ *e/s ( draw]s1 w>drobes1 cupbo>ds1 etc4 ,fig4 #ai is simil> to ,fig4 #ah1 b ) holl[ 7or concave7 corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,jo9t$ ,timb] at #cj & #ij angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah 7above74--,convex ,corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai 7bel[74--,concave ,corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,jo9t+ a %ap$ ,sp&rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,build+ up ,case ( ,piano ,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,use ( ! ,try-squ>e = ,te/+ ,edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,example ( ,circul> ,lam9at$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,glue+ ,pl\ghslips to ,draw]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,me?od ( hold+ ,glu$ ,jo9ts ) ,iron ,dogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,me?od ( us+ ,%oot+ ,bo>d4 ,fig4 #bj gives u ! jo9t+ up ( a %ap$ sp&rel to ! requir$ wid?4 ,9 a case ( ?is description suitably gra9$ & col\r$ wood %\ld be select$1 o!rwise ! bad mat* w at once draw att5tion to ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #ba %[s ! application ( butt or glu$ jo9t+ to ! build+ up ( ! core ( a piano fall previ\s to %ap+ up & v5e]+4 ,fig4 #bc4--,lam9at$ "w--! build+ up ( circul> rims = cab9et & jo9]y "w4 ,plan & elevation %[ rim patt]n ( a pulley z us$ 9 ! patt]n-mak+ trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,cramp+ ,glu$ ,jo9ts3 ,h&screws & ,batt5 %[n at left2 tempor>y ,batt5 at "r to keep ! wood flat4 ,fig4 #bd4--,! glue+ ( a pl\ghslip to a draw] side is se5 "h1 ! pl\ghslip be+ us$ to c>ry ! draw] bottom4 ,fig4 #bf %[s ! me?od ( jo9t+ ) %oot+ bo>d & try+ plane2 ! "r h& op]ates ! plane :il/ ! left h& holds ! wood firm ^u ! %oot+ bo>d4 ,ow+ to ! importation ( n>r[ & faulty timb] ! necessity ( jo9t+ is great] to-day ?an ev] x 01 wide timb] ( c\rse mean+ high] co/ = raw mat]ial4 ,! me?od ( us+ iron dogs is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 & x w be obs]v$ t ow+ to ! w$ge-l =mation ( ea* fang 7see enl>g$ sket*7 ! dog ex]ts ! necess>y pressure to close ! jo9t4 ,at ! c5tre ( ?is illu/ration is sugge/$ ! home-made h>dwood blocks1 basebo>d & w$ges ref]r$ to on page #d4 ,fig4 #bg %[s h[ ! iron sa% cramps are us$ to apply pressure to ! jo9t4 ,z ?is me?od is 9 "s cases apt to b5d & di/ort ?9 bo>ds x is wise practice to fix 7z a tempor>y measure7 a /\t piece ( /raight wood on to ! bo>d to be jo9$ by us+ two h&screws z %[n at ! left h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,at ! "r h& ( ! sket* a wood5 cramp+ arrangem5t ( ! box type is giv51 & by w$g+ up ! bo>ds are clos$ toge!r4 ,x is obvi\s t if ?is type ( box cramp be us$ x w prev5t ! bo>ds buckl+ & ! h&screw me?od at ! left may be disp5s$ )4 ,,! ,,halv$ ,,jo9t ,! halv$ jo9t is frequ5tly kn[n z half-lapp+1 & sometimes z *eck+ & half-*eck+4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x is made by halv+ ! two pieces1 i4e41 by cutt+ half ! dep? ( ! wood away4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is rule1 z 9 ! case ( ?ree-piece halv+ 7or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ?ird lapp+7 & 9 ! halv+ ( timb] ) rebat$ or m\ld$ edges4 ,halv+ is "o ( ! simple/ me?ods ( connect+ two pieces ( timb]1 especially :]e x is desir$ to make frames & bracket supports = ei!r inside or outside use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,frame1 ) v>i\s halv$ jo9ts4 ,^! jo9ts1 numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 are %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #bi to #ch4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! elevation ( an imag9>y frame :i* is indicat$ z made up ( a numb] ( halv+ jo9ts2 x %[s also ! application ( ! v>i\s jo9ts to ?is class ( "w4 ,ea* jo9t us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is frame may be dealt ) sep>ately4 ,! numb]s m>k$ on ,fig4 #bh ref] to ! individual jo9ts1 %[n sep>ately 9 ,figs4 #bi to #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,halv$ ,corn] ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,halv$ ,t ,jo9t4 ,fig4 #bi %[s ! ,halv$ ,jo9t at ! corn] ( ! frame :]e ! two pieces =m a "r angle 7see ,fig4 #bh1 #a74 ,ea* piece is halv$ & %\ld]$ at opposite sides1 ?us =m+ a p]fect fit "o ) ! o!r & giv+ a /rong jo9t ) a m9imum am\nt ( lab\r4 ,= inside "w ! jo9t w\ld be glu$ & screw$ toge!r1 ! screw heads be+ c\nt]sunk s z n to come 9 contact ) ! cutt+ iron ( ! plane :5 levell+ (f ! "w4 ,= outside "w1 9 expos$ positions :]e ! "w w h to )/& ! wea!r1 ! alt]native me?od ( sme>+ ! jo9t ) pa9t or ) a mixture ( v>ni% & :ite lead w\ld be advisable1 ! jo9t be+ nail$ or screw$4 ,fig4 #bi %[s ! two pieces sep>at$4 ,fig4 #cj %[s a simil> jo9t to ! above1 b 9 ?is case ! top rail runs ?r\gh & x is g5]ally spok5 ( z a ,halv$ ,t ,jo9t 7,fig4 #bh1 #b74 ,x may be us$ 9 ne>ly all cases :]e a top or bottom rail runs ?r\gh an upright4 ,! me?od ( secur+ ! jo9t is z be=e4 ,fig4 #cj %[s a sket* ( ! jo9t sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,oblique ,halv+ ) ,%\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,oblique ,halv+4 ,at ,fig4 #ca is %[n an ,oblique ,halv+ ,jo9t1 :]e ! oblique piece1 or /rut1 does n run ?r\gh 7,fig4 #bh1 #c74 ,?is type ( jo9t is us$ = /r5g!n+ fram+s & %elf brackets2 an example ( ! latt] is %[n at ,fig4 #dh4 ,a /rut or rail ( ?is type prev5ts movem5t or di/ortion to a frame diagonally 7g5]ally spok5 ( 9 ! trade z rack+74 ,fig4 #ca %[s ! jo9t ap>t4 ,fig4 #cb is an example ( ,oblique ,halv+ ) ! upp] piece runn+ ?r\gh 7,fig4 #bh1 #d74 ,?is jo9t is us$ 9 simil> positions to ,fig4 #ca1 & has 9 "s cases ! disadvantage ( %[+ end gra9 at ! top ( ! frame4 ,! sket* %[s ! two pieces sep>at$4 ,fig4 #cc is ,dovetail ,halv+1 ! dovetail runn+ ?r\gh ! top piece 7,fig4 #bh1 #e74 ,?is is a /rong jo9t1 us$ :]e outside /ra9 is likely to occur 9 ! top piece1 ! dovetail prev5t+ ! rail f be+ drawn away f ! %\ld]4 ,! two pieces are %[n sep>ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,dovetail ,halv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,mitre ,halv+4 ,at ,fig4 #cd is se5 ,mitr$ ,halv+1 a some:at weak jo9t1 b necess>y 9 mirror frames1 etc41 :]e good appe>ance is requir$ on ! face side 7,fig4 #bh1 #f74 ,its use is obvi\s if ! face ( ! frame be m\ld$ ) beads or o!r sections :i* require to int]sect "o ) ! o!r4 ,?is also applies if ! frame be m\ld$ on its face edges4 ,fig4 #ce is a halv$ jo9t ) "o side ( ! piece dovetail$ 7,fig4 #bh1 #h74 ,?is jo9t is us$ 9 simil> positions to ,fig4 #cc1 & r less lab\r is requir$ 9 ! mak+4 ,! two pieces are %[n sep>ate = cle>ness4 ,fig4 #cf indicates ! ,halv$ ,jo9t1 ! pieces at "o end %[+ a d\ble dovetail 7,fig4 #bh1 #g74 ,?is p>ticul> jo9t is seldom us$ except = ,manual ,tra9+ purposes4 ,! illu/ration %[s a sket* ( ! jo9t ap>t4 ,fig4 #cg is ,oblique ,dovetail ,halv+1 "o side ( ! piece be+ dovetail$4 ,! jo9t is us$ to prev5t rack+1 & z a cross brace to fram+4 ,x is occasionally made ) bo? its sides dovetail$ z %[n at ,fig4 #cc4 7,= ref]5ce1 see ,fig4 #bh1 #i47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,halv$ ,jo9t ) "o side ,dovetail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,halv$ ,jo9t ) ,d\ble ,dovetail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,oblique ,dovetail ,halv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,/opp$ ,dovetail ,halv+4 ,fig4 #ch %[s ,/opp$ ,dovetail ,halv+4 ,9 ?is case ! dovetail is simil> to ,fig4 #cc1 ) ! exception t x does n run ?r\gh ! bottom rail4 ,?is is an advantage if ! bottom edge ( ! rail is 9 evid5ce1 or if x is requir$ to glue a m\ld+ or h>dwood fac+ slip on ! l[] edge4 ,! glue adh]es bett] ) ! gra9 ?an x w\ld end way ( ! gra91 & if slight %r9kage occurs across ! wid? ( ! bottom rail ! m\ld+ w\ld n be =c$ away by ! upright 7see example at ,fig4 #bh1 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t ,edgeways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,tee ,halv+ ,jo9t4 ,! jo9t lett]$ ,b 9 ,fig4 #bh is a ,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t :]e ea* piece runs ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,fig4 #ci %[s ?is jo9t sep>at$1 & ,fig4 #dj %[s a simil> jo9t sep>at$ :]e ! jo9t is made edgeways4 ,fig4 #da %[s a ,tee ,halv+ ,jo9t ) a dovetail cut on ! edge4 ,?is is seldom us$ except z a woodwork ex]cise4 ,fig4 #db is a ,dovetail$ ,halv+ ,jo9t us$ = l5g!n+ timb]1 & is also a fav\rite ,manual ,tra9+ model4 ,x might also come "u ! head+ ( sc>f jo9t1 al?\gh r>ely us$ 9 actual practice z su*4 ,z a practical woodwork ex]cise x calls = accurate m>k+ out & c>eful fitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,dovetail$ ,halv+ ,jo9t us$ = ,l5g!n+ ,timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,dovetail$ & ,halv$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,dovetail$ ,halv$ ,jo9t ) ,%\ld]s4 ,fig4 #dc %[s a comb9ation ( a halv$ jo9t dovetail$ edgeways1 :il/ ,fig4 #dd %[s a dovetail$ halv$ jo9t ) ! %\ld]s h\s$4 ,?is latt] is seldom us$ 9 actual "w4 ,at ,fig4 #de we h ! application ( halv+ jo9ts :5 con/ruct+ a b>r[ :eel4 ,! c5tre portion is an example ( ?ree pieces half-lapp$ or1 z x is sometimes call$1 "o-?ird lapp$4 ,a sket* ( ! ?ree pieces sep>at$ is %[n at ,l1 ,b1 ,c1 ,fig4 #df4 ,?is jo9t is ext5sively us$ 9 ! patt]n mak+ trade = lap-jo9t+ ! arms ( pulley patt]ns1 etc4 ,x is probably ! mo/ difficult ( ! halv+ jo9ts to m>k out & con/ruct ) ! desir$ degree ( accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,halv$ ,jo9ts on ,b>r[ ,:eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,detail ( ,halv$ ,jo9ts 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,fig4 #dg %[s a comb9ation ( a bevell$ dovetail half-lapp$ jo9t4 ,?is is only us$ z a puzzle jo9t4 ,:5 neatly con/ruct$ & glu$ toge!r x is app>5tly impossible to make x1 %[+ z x does a half lap on "o side & a dovetail$ half lap on ! rev]se side4 ,fig4 #dh is ! end view ( a kit*5 table ) drop leaf1 %[+ ! skirt+ bo>d scrib$ to ! solid side4 ,a table ( ?is type is fa/5$ to ! wall ) two iron holdfa/s :i* engage ! ends ( ! table4 ,! h+$ bracket frame %[s ! application ( ! halv+ jo9t to bracket supports = ?is & simil> purposes1 su* z brackets to support %elv+1 etc4 ,9 ?is example ! h+$ brackets turn und]nea? ! table top1 & all[ ! leaf to drop out ( ! way :5 n requir$4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! position ( a %elf = boots & %oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,bevell$ ,dovetail$ ,half ,lap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,bracket ( ,drop ,table4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #di & #ej4--,sep>ate pieces ( ,halv$ ,m\ld$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,oblique ,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,manual ,tra9+ ,halv$ ,ex]cise ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,ex]cise ,dovetail ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,c>p5try ,tie ,jo9t4 ,figs4 #di & #ej indicate ! halv+ ( cross pieces :i* h _! edges m\ld$2 ! pieces are %[n sep>ately1 ! m\ld+ be+ omitt$ to give a cle>] repres5tation ( ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t ) ,h\s$ ,corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,! p>ts ( ,fig4 #ee %[n sep>ate4 ,fig4 #ea is an ,oblique ,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t :]e ! two pieces are n at "r angles4 ,a plan & elevation ( ! jo9t are %[n at ! left1 :il/ a sket* ( "o piece ( ! jo9t is giv5 9 ! "r-h& illu/ration4 ,figs4 #eb & #ec are pr9cipally us$ z ,manual ,tra9+ models1 & call = pati5ce & manual dext]ity4 ,fig4 #ed is us$ 9 c>p5try & jo9]y :]e a tie or cross piece ties joi/s or beams at an angle4 ,fig4 #ee %[s ! elevation & end view ( a ,cross ,halv+ ,jo9t ) h\s$ or not*$ %\ld]s4 ,?is jo9t is seldom us$ 9 actual practice4 ,! sep>ate p>ts are giv5 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,at ,fig4 #eg are %[n two cross rails & an upright halv$ toge!r4 ,?is type ( jo9t is us$ :]e ?ree pieces meet1 z is ! case 9 build+ ! fram+ ( a p\ltry h\se4 ,! jo9t is nail$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,cross ,rail & ,upright ,halv$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,work%op ,tre/le ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,cell>ette ,p>tition ,jo9ts4 ,fig4 #eh is ! end view ( an ord9>y work%op tre/le1 %[+ ! application ( dovetail$ halv+ :]e ! legs h a t5d5cy to /ra9 outw>ds4 ,! inset sket* ( jo9t %[s ! h\s+ ( ! top rail to receive ! legs4 ,fig4 #ei %[s a deep draw]1 g5]ally kn[n z a cell>ette1 & us$ 9 a sidebo>d to accommodate w9e bottles4 ,"h we h a good example ( halv+ ! cross pieces s z to =m comp>tm5ts4 ,! "p %[n sep>ately illu/rates ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,! ends ( ^! pieces engage ! h\s+s or grooves ( ! draw] sides4 ,pigeon holes or comp>tm5ts 9 /ation]y cases1 bookcases & writ+ bureaux are con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann]1 al?\gh ! me?od ( h\s+1 or comb9$ halv+ & h\s+1 is to be pref]r$ 9 "s cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,jo9t us$ = ,table ) ,circul> ,top or ,rim4 ,at ,fig4 #fj is ! plan ( a circul> table hav+ a small circul> %elf ) ! top remov$4 ,! rims or fram+ are built by ! me?od kn[n z lam9at+ 7see ,fig4 #bc 9 *apt] on ! ,! ,glu$ ,jo9t71 aft] :i* !y are v5e]$ on ! face sides4 ,! application ( ! halv+ jo9t to ! %ap$ bottom rails1 :i* 9 ?is case c>ry & support ! small %elf1 is %[n 9 ! "p elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa 7,a74--,ox=d ,frame ) ,halv$ ,jo9ts4 7,f\r alt]native corn] treatm5ts are giv547 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa 7,b74--,halv$ ,jo9t ( ,ox=d ,frame ) front edges *amp]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa 7,c74--,back view ( ,ox=d ,frame4 ,fig4 #fa 7,a7 %[s ! well-kn[n ,ox=d frame1 illu/rat+ halv$ jo9ts :5 ! edge is rebat$4 ,figs4 #fa 7,b7 & #fa 7,c7 make cle> ! con/ruction ( ?is type ( jo9t4 ,alt]native sugge/ions are %[n = ! treatm5t ( ! corn]s1 ! simple inlay be+ black & :ite 7ebony & holly or boxwood74 ,frames ( ?is type are made 9 v>i\s wid?s & sizes & are us$ = pictures1 mirrors1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,! ,two ,pieces ( a ,halv$ ,jo9t4 ,! tools us$ = mak+ jo9ts ( ! above class are3 planes1 ! gauge1 t5on or o!r saw1 *isels1 try squ>e1 & 9 "s cases a jo9]'s bevel to obta9 & m>k ! necess>y angles1 p5cil & m>k+ knife4 ,plane up ! face side & face edge ( ! timb]1 gauge & plane to bo? ?ickness & wid?2 m>k %\ld]s ) p5cil or m>k+ knife2 gauge to ! ?ickness ( ! requir$ halv+2 saw wa/e portions away2 p>e up ) *isel to a good fit2 glue or glue & screw1 or use pa9t z previ\sly m5tion$1 & !n level (f ! surfaces4 ,,sett+ ,,out ,,! ,,halv$ ,,jo9t4--,al?\gh at fir/ sight ! halv$ jo9t may appe> to be a v easy item ( con/ruction1 x requires mu* c>e & att5tion 9 m>k+ out & saw+4 ,fig4 #fb %[s ! two pieces :i* =m ! jo9t sep>at$1 & x w be notic$ t ea* piece ( wood has half its ?ickness cut away1 s z to accommodate ! o!r piece4 ,?is type ( jo9t is us$ :]e two pieces ( wood cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 or at an angle z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! halv+ jo9t is us$ also = jo9+ two pieces ( wood at _! ends1 z1 = in/ance1 ! corn] ( a frame1 "o half ( ?is jo9t be+ %[n at ,fig4 #fe 7,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,h[ ! ,timb] is ,m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,m>k+ ! ,jo9t ) ,try ,squ>e4 ,to make ! jo9t1 ! timb] %\ld be c>efully plan$ to its exact wid? & ?ickness4 ,! two pieces may !n be plac$ ^u ! b5* 7z %[n at ,fig4 #fc7 or fix$ 9 ! vice4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ! timb]1 ,c1 ,fig4 #fc1 & set out half ! wid? ( ! wood on ea* side ( ! dott$ c5tre l9e4 ,?us1 suppose ! wood 7,w7 to be #b ins4 wide1 !n set #a 94 on ea* side ( ! c5tre l9e4 ,take a squ>e z at ,fig4 #fd1 & ) a %>p p5knife blade score or cut a l9e all r\nd ea* piece ( timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,us+ ! ,m>k+ ,gauge4 ,next take up a m>k+ gauge1 & set ! m>k+ po9t to half ! ?ickness ( ! wood4 ,! di/ance may be measur$1 & its exactness te/$1 by prick+ a small hole f ea* side ( ! wood ) ! m>k+ gauge & c>efully not+ t ! prick$ holes co9cide4 ,! gauge m>k is cle>ly %[n 9 ! v>i\s illu/rations4 ,n[1 take a p5cil & scribble or m>k wa/e on ! p>ts y int5d to cut away4 ,?is w save tr\ble lat] on1 especially if y are mak+ sev]al jo9ts at once4 ,take y\r %>p p5knife or m>k+ knife blade1 & cut fairly deeply into ! m>k$ l9e on ! portion y are go+ to p>e away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,*isell+ away ,wood up to ,gauge ,l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,h[ "w is held :5 ,saw+ ,%\ld]4 ,fix ! wood firmly 9 y\r vice1 or aga9/ y\r cutt+ bo>d or b5* /op1 z may be m conv5i5t to y1 & ) a %>p *isel cut away ! wood up to ! m>k$ l9e1 z at ,fig4 #ff4 ,! *annel 9 ! sket* is exagg]at$1 s z to %[ ! me?od cle>ly4 ,! object ( us+ a p5knife or m>k+ knife to m>k y\r "w1 in/ead ( us+ a p5cil1 w be obvi\s4 ,ow+ to ! knife hav+ scor$ ab\t #a_/af 94 deep across ! fibres ( ! wood1 ! timb] w come away cleanly :5 ! *isel is us$1 z at ,fig4 #ff4 ,! small *annel ?us made w =m a guide 9 :i* to />t y\r t5on or dovetail saw2 x prev5ts ! saw cutt+ on ! wrong side ( ! m>k$ l9e & ?us mak+ ! halv+ too wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,p>+ away ,wa/e ) ,*isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,%[+ an ,oblique ,halv$ ,jo9t4 ,,saw+4--,lay ! "w on ! cutt+ bo>d z at ,fig4 #fg2 or1 if y pref]1 put ! "w 9 ! vice4 ,c>efully saw d[n ! "w until y j t\* ! gauge l9e4 ,d n press heavily ) ! saw2 use x lightly2 ! weight ( ! back iron :i* is fix$ on ! saw w ensure ! saw fe$+ into ! "w q fa/ en\gh4 ,if ! saw is newly %>p5$ x w1 9 fact1 be an advantage to slightly ease ! weight ( ! saw f (f ! wood1 ow+ to ! ke5ness ( its edge4 ,if ! halv+ is a v wide "o1 additional cuts may be sawn betwe5 ! outside m>ks1 & ^! w greatly facilitate ! removal ( ! wa/e wood :5 p>+ x away4 ,= saw+ ! jo9t ref]5ce may be made to ! *apt] on ,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,saw+ ! ,*eek ( a ,halv+ ,jo9t4 ,,p>+ away ! wa/e mat]ial ) a *isel is ! next /ep1 & ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #fh4 ,! "w may be *isell$ ei!r 9 a v]tical or a horizontal position4 ,! horizontal position is ! easie/ = ! amateur :o has a vice or h&screw1 because he may hold ! "w securely ) a me*anical device & s avoid ! unnecess>y risk to 8 f+]s4 ,take ! *isel & cut away ,a1 ,fig4 #fh2 n[ turn ! *isel & cut away ,b2 aft] :i* keep ! *isel horizontal & cut (f ! top ( ! hill1 z x 71 ,c4 ,repeat ! ?ree op]ations until y gradually p>e ! wood away exactly to ! gauge l9e4 ,:5 *isell+1 if y f9d a t5d5cy = ! "w to *ip or crumble at ! back edge ow+ to ! =w>d pressure ( ! *isel1 turn y\r wood r\nd & beg9 to cut f ! o!r edge1 all[+ ! *isel to f9i% p>+ at ! c5tre4 ,,jo9ts ,,o!r ,,?an ,a ,,"r ,,angle4--,if ! halv+ jo9t is at an angle simil> to ! sket* %[n at ,fig4 #fi1 great c>e w h to be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( ! *isel1 ow+ to ! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! arr[ m>ks 9 ?is sket* di/9ctly indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! *isell+ mu/ be done s z to give a smoo? result4 ,?is *ange ( direction = cutt+ also applies to ! bottom ( ! halv+ jo9t4 ,,cutt+ ,,jo9t ,,at ,,end ,,( ,,timb] 7,fig4 #gj74--,%\ld ! halv+ jo9t be us$ at ! end ( a piece ( wood1 z at ,fig4 #cj1 ! wa/e mat]ial may be r\ghly sawn away & ! flat surface trimm$ up ) a *isel4 ,to saw out ?is type ( halv+ jo9t1 proce$ to "w ! %\ld] l9e z already describ$2 !n place ! piece ( wood obliquely 9 ! vice z %[n 7,fig4 #gj7 & proce$ to saw d[n ! v]tical l9e1 c>efully wat*+ ! gauge l9e to see t y saw on ! wa/e side ( ! l9es4 ,!n turn ! piece ( timb] ) its opposite edge t[>ds y1 & aga9 use ! saw z illu/rat$4 ,y w ?is "t only h to wat* ! gauge m>k on ! edge ( ! wood1 because ! saw w readily foll[ 9 ! saw k]f already made4 ,n[ place ! wood v]tically 9 ! vice1 & keep+ ! saw 9 a horizontal position1 saw d[n to ! %\ld] l9e4 ,halv+ jo9ts prop]ly made & fitt$ %\ld knock toge!r ) ! weight ( ! cl5*$ fi/2 ! use ( a heavy mallet or hamm] w deface ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,jo9ts us$ 9 ! erection ( a ,que5 ,po/ ,ro( ,truss4 ,,! ,,bridle ,,jo9t ,a bridle jo9t is (t5 def9$ z ! rev]se ( a mortise & t5on1 & is *iefly us$ 9 ! c>p5try & jo9]y trades4 ,! "n probably orig9at$ f ! fact t x be>s "s resemblance to ! mann] 9 :i* a bit slips into ! horse's m\? & is fa/5$ to ! bridle4 ,!re are few] v>ieties ( ! bridle jo9t ?an ( ! halv$ or ! mortise & t5on2 & ?is be+ ! case we may take ! opportunity ( giv+ a few detail$ directions1 ) explanatory illu/rations1 on ! sett+ out & ! mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,simple ,bridle ,jo9t4 ,fig4 #gb %[s a bridle jo9t 9 :at is p]haps its simple/ =m1 ! sep>ate pieces be+ giv5 at ! left & ! complet$ jo9t at ! "r4 ,a jo9t ( ?is type may be appli$ 9 ne>ly all cases :]e a halv$ or a mortise & t5on jo9t c\ld be us$4 ,bridle jo9ts h an advantage z reg>ds appe>ance ov] ! mortise & t5on$ v>iety 9 cases su* z ,fig4 #gc1 :i* %[s an occasional table leg fitt$ to ! circul> top fram+4 ,! bridle jo9t "h all[s ! gra9 ( ! leg to run ?r\gh to ! top1 & gives a bett] & m workmanlike appe>ance to ! complet$ article4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,table ,leg ,bridle-jo9t$ to ,rail4 ,fig4 #gd is a ,mitr$ bridle jo9t1 ! "p a %[+ ! upright portion sep>at$4 ,?is is a mo/ useful jo9t = positions simil> to t %[n 9 ! small glass frame1 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! wood fram+ 9 ?is case is only #a-c_/h 94 9 wid?1 & if a mortise 7 us$ x w\ld h to be exceptionally small4 ,! %ap$ rail at ! bottom ( ?is frame aga9 %[s ! application ( ! bridle jo9t4 ,fig4 #gf %[s an ,oblique bridle jo9t1 us$ 9 _m in/ances z a brace1 or /rut1 to prev5t fram+ f rack+4 7,see also ,figs4 #ca & #cb47 ,fig4 #gg is a ,/opp$ bridle jo9t1 us$ 9 positions :]e ! top or bottom edge ( ! "w meets ! eye1 & :]e1 if ! rail 7 all[$ to run ?r\gh1 ! end gra9 w\ld appe> unsightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,mitre ,bridle ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,mirror ,frame ) ,bridle ,jo9ts4 ,fig4 #gh is a s-call$ bridle-jo9t at ! corn] ( a frame4 ,?is is also call$ an ,op5 slot mortise & t5on jo9t1 a good /rong1 s]viceable jo9t :i* c be us$ in/ead ( ! clos$ mortise & t5on type1 its advantage be+ t less lab\r is requir$ 9 ! mak+4 7,see also ,fig4 #afi47 ,fig4 #gi is an ,oblique angle bridle jo9t1 us$ 9 simil> positions to ! above1 b :5 ! two pieces meet at an acute angle at ! end ( a frame4 ,fig4 #hj %[s ! application ( ! bridle jo9t to a ro( truss4 ,two sket*es are %[n at ! jo9+ ( ! tie beam & ! pr9cipal raft]4 ,! jo9t a is ! type g5]ally us$4 7,see also ,fig4 #ga = ! jo9ts 9 a que5 po/ ro(47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,oblique ,bridle ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,/opp$ ,bridle ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,bridle ,jo9t at ,corn] ( ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,oblique ,angle ,bridle ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,application ( ,bridle ,jo9t to ,ro( ,truss4 ,,sett+ ,,out ,,& ,,m>k+4--,x is a safe rule1 :5 sett+ out a bridle jo9t1 to divide ! ?ickness ( ! timb] into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,?is w leave ! timb] on ea* side ( ! tongue equal to ! ?ickness ( ! tongue1 ?us giv+ uni=m /r5g? to ! jo9t4 ,! bridle jo9t is *iefly us$ = connect+ ! int]nal p>ts ( wood5 frames4 ,x is /rong] ?an ! halv+ jo9t1 &1 ow+ to its peculi> con/ruction1 requires little 9 ! way ( pegs1 screws or nails to secure x 9 position4 ,fig4 #ha illu/rates ! jo9t1 bo? op5 & clos$4 ,to und]/& ! me?od ( sett+ out & m>k+1 glance at ! sket*1 ,fig4 #ha4 ,x is n necess>y t ! bridle piece ,a be ! same wid? z ! cross piece ,b2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ :5 sett+ out ! jo9t ) ! m>k+ knife or p5cil t ! wid? m>k$ ,w on piece ,b mu/ be equal to ! wid? ,w on ! piece ,a4 ,! timb] %\ld be fairly accurately sawn or plan$ to ! same ?ickness1 & all edges %\ld be squ>e & true4 ,! wood is plac$ ^u ! b5*1 & ! jo9t m>k$ out by us+ a m>k+ knife or p5knife blade & ! try squ>e4 ,a knife blade is mu* bett] ?an a p5cil1 z ! %>p edge sev]s ! fibres ( ! wood & gives a f9] l9e ?an ! p5cil4 ,x is n always necess>y to exactly squ>e & trim ! end ( piece ,a2 x may ) advantage 9 _m cases be left at lea/ #a_/d 94 long] ?an necess>y & levell$ (f ) ! saw1 plane & *isel aft] ! jo9t is put toge!r4 7,see ,me?od ( ,cutt+ 9 ,fig4 #ib1 page #dg47 ,:5 ! piece ,a has to h a bridle jo9t fitt$ at ea* end1 x is cu/om>y to cut ! timb] ab\t #c_/h 94 long] ?an necess>y1 & m>k ! %\ld] l9es ,c to ! exact l5g?1 aft] :i* ! jo9ts are cut4 ,?is leaves ! ends /&+ ov] ! horizontal rails1 &1 aft] fix+ ! complete frame toge!r1 ! small project+ ends are levell$ (f flu% ) ! cross rails4 ,,gaug+4--,aft] squ>+ all ! %\ld] l9es r\nd ! timb] ) ! knife & try squ>e1 ! mortise gauge %\ld be set s z to /rike ! two gauge l9es m>k$ ,g1 ,figs4 #hc & #hd1 at "o op]ation4 ,if ! work] does n possess a mortise gauge ! l9es may be m>k$ at two di/9ct op]ations ) ! aid ( ! m>k+ gauge 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! gauge %\ld be adju/$ s z to m>k ! wood into ?irds1 & ! /ock ( ! gauge 7! portion ( ! gauge conta9+ ! ?umb screw 9 ,fig4 #hb7 mu/ be us$ f ! face side ( ! timb] :5 gaug+ up ! :ole ( ! pieces =m+ a frame4 ,! face m>k on ! "w is indicat$ by a glorifi$ comma1 & ! edge m>k is %[n by ,x1 z 9 ! v>i\s illu/rations4 ,fig4 #hb %[s ! me?od ( hold+ ! gauge 9 ! "r h& :il/ gaug+ ! l9es on ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--;,bridle ,jo9t1 op5 & clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,gaug+ ! ,timb]4 ,! jo9t1 :5 m>k$ out1 w appe> z at ,figs4 #hc & #hd1 & ! portions :i* are to be cut away may be %ad$ ) a p5cil z indicat$2 ?is w prev5t mi/akes aris+ :il/ cutt+ ! "w1 especially by "o :o is n ?or\ghly famili> ) ! jo9t4 ,! di/ance ,a ,b1 9 ,fig4 #hd1 mu/ n be less ?an ! di/ance ,a ,b 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc41 ,fig4 #hd4 ,! ,two ,p>ts ( ! ,jo9t ,m>k$4 ,,bor+ ,,away ,,wa/e4--,exam9e ,fig4 #hd2 ! %ad$ portion 9 ! c5tre has to be cut away1 & x w greatly facilitate ! removal ( ?is wa/e piece by bor+ a hole ) a twi/ bit at ! position %[n4 ,! twi/ bit %\ld be ab\t #a_/h 94 less 9 diamet] ?an ! wid? betwe5 ! gauge l9es ,g4 ,! easie/ me?od ( bor+ out ?is hole is %[n at ,fig4 #he1 :i* gives ! correct position ( ! work]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,v]tical ,bor+ previ\s to ,*isell+4 ,,saw+4--,! wood %\ld be put 9 ! vice z ,fig4 #hf4 ,tak+ up a saw1 ) ! index f+] on ! side ( ! h&le1 comm5ce saw+1 & proce$ until y come to ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ h& & saw ,a2 ?is w leave a saw k]f or cut runn+ diagonally f ! %\ld] l9e to corn] ( ! wood4 ,release ! vice & refix ! wood s t x leans 9 exactly ! opposite direction to ,fig4 #hf2 !n rev]se y\r own position & repeat ! saw+1 s z to cut ano!r diagonal saw cut f ! %\ld] l9e to ! corn]4 ,fix ! wood upright1 z %[n at ,fig4 #hg1 & saw z %[n1 :5 y w f9d t ! saw has no t5d5cy to run out ( ! guide cuts already =m$ by ! me?od us$ at ,fig4 #hf4 ,rememb]1 :5 comm5c+ to saw at ,fig4 #hf1 t x is necess>y to saw inside ! gauge l9e2 o!rwise ! jo9t w be too slack1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( sawdu/ remov$ by ! ?ickness ( ! saw blade4 ,! index f+] on ! side ( ! saw1 po9t+ 9 ! direction ( ! saw cut1 w greatly help ! work] to saw 9 a /raight l9e1 z x is natural to po9t ) ?is f+] to any object t is to be aim$ at4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,h[ ! ,saw is held = ! fir/ ,cut4 ,cut d[n ! o!r l9e 9 a simil> mann]1 & !n ) a *isel ( suitable wid? c>efully *op away ! wa/e mat]ial4 ,! wood may be plac$ edge way ^u ! b5*1 or 9 ! vice1 & ! *isel %\ld be held v]tically4 ,! hole :i* has be5 bor$ ) ! twi/ bit w all[ ! *ips :i* are cut away to (f] little or no resi/ance to ! *isel blade4 ,! *isell+ %\ld n all be done f "o side1 or a *ipp$ "u-edge w be ! result2 x is bett] to *isel ! "w until half-way ?r\gh & !n turn ! o!r edge ( ! wood upp]mo/ & aga9 beg9 to *isel f ! top4 ,?is me?od w f9i% ! cutt+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! "w & prev5t burr$ & ragg$ or *ipp$ edges at ! %\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,?ird1 or ,horizontal ,cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--;,*isell+ ,op]ation4 ,,cutt+ ,,! ,,%\ld]s4--,) reg>d to work+ ! piece ,b1 ,fig4 #ha1 place ! wood aga9/ ! b5* /op or 9 ! vice1 & tak+ up a #c_/d-;94 *isel c>efully cut away a small *annel1 z %[n at ,fig4 #hh2 treat ! o!r %\ld] l9es 9 a simil> mann]4 ,if ! m>k+ knife or p5knife blade has be5 us$ ) a fair am\nt ( pressure s z to score ! fibres ( ! wood1 ?is small *annel1 :i* is to =m a guide = ! saw1 w quickly & easily be cut4 ,next place ! wood 9 ! vice or on ! cutt+ bo>d z %[n at ,fig4 #hi1 & beg9 by saw+ lightly at ! back edge z %[n4 ,:5 ! saw has ent]$ ! wood #a_/d 94 gradually br+ ! h&le d[n f position ,a to position ,b 7dott$ l9es7 :il/ ! saw is 9 motion4 ,cont9ue saw+ until j on ! gauge l9e2 !n treat ! o!r %\ld] l9es 9 a simil> mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,saw+ ! ,%\ld]s4 ,,*isell+ ,,away ,,wa/e4--,fix y\r wood firmly 9 any suitable mann]1 vice or o!rwise1 &1 hold+ y\r *isel tilt$ z at ,fig4 #ij1 p>e away ! black$ portion #a2 !n p>e away ! black$ portion #b2 aft] :i* hold ! *isel flat & by gradual op]ations p>e away ! dott$ l9es #c1 until y come d[n to ! gauge l9e2 !n repeat ! me?od ( cutt+ on ! opposite side ( ! wood4 ,if any difficulty be exp]i5c$ by *ipp$ or ragg$ edges :il/ *isell+1 x c easily be ov]come by *isell+ alt]nately f ! outside ( ! wood1 s t ! f9i% ( ! *isel cut takes place 9 ! c5tre ( ! "w4 ,"s pref] to *isel away ! wa/e by plac+ ! wood on its edge & us+ ! *isel v]tically in/ead ( horizontally4 ,! same me?ods 7#a1 #b & #c7 hold good 9 ?is case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,*isell+ away ,wa/e4 ,,jo9ts ,,o!r ,,?an ,,at #ij4--,! two pieces =m+ a bridle jo9t are n always at "r angles1 z at ,fig4 #ha2 9 _m in/ances x is necess>y t ! jo9t be at o!r ?an #ij degrees4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ) ! exception t an adju/able jo9]'s bevel is us$ in/ead ( a try squ>e to m>k out ! %\ld] l9es1 & t a *ange ( direction 9 ! gra9 ( ! wood w occur :5 *isell+ out ! "w4 ,fig4 #ia indicates ! *ange 9 ! gra9 ( ! wood1 & ! adju/able jo9]'s bevel is also %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--;,bridle ,jo9t at ,angle o!r ?an ,"r ,angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,saw+ (f ,wa/e f ,bridle ,jo9t4 7,see ref]5ce on page #ci47 ,,! ,,tongu$ ,,& ,,groov$ ,,jo9t ,! tongu$ & groov$ jo9t is us$ 9 "o =m or ano!r ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! woodwork+ trades1 cov]+1 z x does1 a great v>iety ( "w f ! lay+ ( floor+ bo>ds to ! con/ruction ( dress]s1 bookcases & o!r cab9et "w4 ,,floor+ & mat* bo>d+ g5]ally h ! tongues work$ on ! solid bo>d1 & examples ( a few ( ! v>i\s types are %[n z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,floor+ ,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id41 ,fig4 #ie4 ,me?od ( ,nail+ ,h>dwood ,floors4 ,fig4 #ic %[s ! end view ( ! ord9>y #g_/h-;94 ,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,floor+ bo>d1 z us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( floors = mills1 work%ops & cottage prop]ty4 ,?is type ( floor+ is nail$ to ! joi/s 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 no attempt be+ made to conceal ! nails us$4 ,fig4 #id is a section ( floor+ :i* is g5]ally made ( h>dwood1 su* z maple1 oak1 or j>rah4 ,x is us$ 9 positions su* z ballroom & skat+ r9k floors1 etc41 ! tongue & groove be+ work$ 9 su* a mann] t ! jo9t cov]s ! nails z %[n4 ,ea* nail is driv5 into its position at "o edge ( ! bo>d1 ! groove hold+ ! next bo>d & hid+ ! nail 7,fig4 #ie74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,mat*bo>d+1 ) ,bead on ,"o ,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,mat*bo>d+1 ) ,bead at ,ea* ,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,mat*bo>d+1 ,tongu$1 ,groov$ & ,vee'd4 ,fig4 #if %[s an example ( mat*bo>d+ kn[n z ,tongu$1 ,groov$ & ,bead$ on "o side only1 & ,fig4 #ig %[s a simil> type tongu$1 groov$ & bead$ on bo? sides4 ,?is v>iety ( mat*bo>d+ is kn[n 9 ! trade z ,t4 ,g4 & ,b4 ,x is us$ = nail+ on fram+ to =m p>titions = rooms1 (fices1 etc41 = panell+ corridors1 etc41 & = mak+ fram$ & l$g$ doors1 build+ tool h\ses1 cycle %$s & o!r ou?\ses4 ,fig4 #ih is an example ( mat*bo>d+ t is tongu$1 groov$ & vee'd on "o side1 & ,fig4 #ii %[s tongu$1 groov$ & vee'd bo? sides4 ,^! are us$ = simil> purposes to ,figs4 #if & #ig1 & _m pref] ! ,v mat*bo>d+ v>iety because x is m easily pa9t$ ?an ! bead$ v>iety4 ,! object ( work+ a bead or beads on mat*bo>d+ is to break ! jo9t+ ( ! v>i\s pieces & to aim at ornam5tal effect2 also to prev5t unsightl9ess %\ld ! timb] %r9k slightly4 ,:5 a mod]ate am\nt ( %r9kage takes place1 z is ne>ly always ! case1 ! jo9t at ! side ( ! bead appe>s to ! casual obs]v] to be ! fillet or *annel work$ at ! side ( ! bead4 ,if ! tongues are n pa9t$ be=e ! "w is put toge!r1 ! %r9kage w cause ! raw wood to %[ & ?us make ! jo9t too mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,mat*bo>d+ ,vee'd ,bo? ,sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,d\ble-tongu$ ,mat*bo>d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,d\ble-dovetail$1 ,tongu$ & ,groov$4 ,fig4 #ajj %[s a ,d\ble tongu$ & groov$ jo9t us$ 9 ! :olesale cab9et factories4 ,x is pref]r$ = ! jo9t+ ( cab9et /ock1 & ! amateur c make a simil> jo9t by work+ two grooves & ins]t+ loose tongues4 ,fig4 #aja is ! end view ( a ,d\ble-dovetail$1 tongu$ & groov$ jo9t1 & ,fig4 #ajb is a sket* ( a simil> jo9t hav+ only "o dovetail$ tongue4 ,f a con/ructional po9t ( view ,fig4 #aja is f> & away ! be/ jo9t t has yet be5 produc$4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is n at ! pres5t "t any h& tool t w economically produce x1 ow+ probably to ! fact t ! jo9t is ! subject ( a pat5t4 ,! dovetail tongue tap]s slightly ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 gripp+ ! jo9t on ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge & squeez+ ! glue into ! pores ( ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,jo9t ) ,s+le ,dovetail ,tongue & ,groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--7;,a7 ,cross ,tongue4 7,b7 ,fea!r ,tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,me?od ( ,secret-nail+ ,h>dwood ,floor+ ,bo>ds4 ,,cab9et-,,"w ,,jo9ts4--,) reg>d to tongu$ & groov$ jo9ts :i* apply m p>ticul>ly to ! jo9t+ ( cab9et "w1 ,fig4 #ic is produc$ by planes :i* are specially made = ! purpose4 ,"o plane makes ! tongue & ano!r ! groove4 ,! h&ie/ sizes to buy are ^? :i* jo9t #c_/h 941 #e_/h 941 & #c_/d 94 timb]1 x be+ usual to d[el or loose-tongue ?ick] bo>ds4 ,! #c_/h 94 p>titions 7or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 du/bo>ds7 betwe5 ! draw]s ( a sidebo>d or dress+ *e/ are 9 good "w jo9t$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! #e_/h 94 & #c_/d 94 ends & tops ( p9e or ,am]ican :itewood dress+ tables1 w>drobes1 etc41 call = ! l>g] siz$ plane4 ,,loose ,,tongues4--,!re are two me?ods ( jo9t+ ) loose tongues1 viz41 ! use ( ! cross tongue1 ,fig4 #ajc ,a1 & ! use ( ! fea!r tongue1 ,fig4 #ajc ,b4 ,cross tongues are ! /rong] :5 glu$ 9 _! position & c be us$ v mu* ?9n] ?an fea!r tongues4 ,fea!r tongues are cut diagonally across ! gra9 z illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,cradle = ,plan+4 ,fig4 #aje is a cradle = plan+ up loose tongues to ! requir$ wid? 7g5]ally #g_/h 9474 ,two grooves are made 9 a piece ( #a-a_/d 94 h>dwood2 "o groove is us$ = plan+ ! wid? way ( ! tongue & ! o!r = plan+ ! edge way4 ,^! tongues c be cut to accurate size on a circul> saw b5* if p[] & ma*9]y are at h&4 ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,jo9t4--,fig4 #ajf is a sket* ( a portion ( a sidebo>d top1 %[+ ! pl\gh groove ready work$ out to receive ! tongue2 ! o!r half ( ! top is treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! groove is n work$ ?r\gh ! full l5g? ( ! bo>d1 b /opp$ ab\t #a-a_/d 94 f ea* end2 ?is leaves a squ>e jo9t at ea* end ( ! top on :i* ! m\ld+ is work$4 ,if ! groove be run ?r\gh ! bo>d x looks v unsightly :5 ! m\ld is f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ajg is a %ap$ sp&rel1 su* z is fix$ 9 ! recess ( a sidebo>d or cupbo>d or %op w9d[ fitm5t4 ,x is ( su* a wid? t1 7 x cut f a wide bo>d1 ! %ap$ portion w\ld be apt to break (f ow+ to ! %ort gra9 at ,c4 ,! %ap+ is !re=e built up out ( ?ree sep>ate pieces1 ! gra9 runn+ z indicat$4 ,! loose tongue is repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e & a section is %[n ( ! jo9t at ! l9e ,a ,b4 ,at ! opposite corn] ! tongue is left bl9d1 i4e41 n run ?r\gh ! edge4 ,?is is ! me?od t %\ld be us$ :5 ! %ap+ is above ! level ( ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,"p ( ,sidebo>d ,top2 groov$ ) ends left bl9d4 7,! bo>ds are %[n upright47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--,%ap$ ,sp&rel = ,recess4 ,fig4 #ajh %[s "p ( a c>case ( a dress+ table4 ,! draw] runn] ,a is %[n groov$ across ! end to receive a cross tongue2 ?is cross tongue engages a simil> groove 9 ! front be>]4 ,?is me?od ( fa/5+ ! runn] to ! be>] is 9 ev]yday use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,"p ,c>case ( ,dress+ ,table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,fram$ ,writ+ ,table ,top4 ,fig4 #aji is a writ+ table top4 ,! c5tre bo>ds are fir/ jo9t$ & glu$ up1 aft] :i* ! ends & sides are groov$ ready to receive ! cross tongues4 ,! h>dwood m>g9s are %[n at "o end & at ! front1 & ! grooves are arrang$ s t1 on completion1 ! m>g9al frame /&s above ! top j ! am\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! lea!r :i* w cov] ! table4 ,9 "s cases ! m>g9 at ! end runs ! same way ( ! gra9 z ! top1 ?us all[+ = slight %r9kage4 ,cross tongues w\ld ( c\rse be us$ 9 ?is case4 ,fig4 #aaj is a sket* %[+ "o-qu>t] ( a b>r$ or trac]y cab9et door4 ,an enl>g$ section ( ! a/ragal m\ld :i* is groov$ to fit on ! b> :i* =ms ! rebate is also %[n4 ,fig4 #aaa is a ,comb+ or corn] lock+ jo9t1 a me?od ( mak+ boxes by means ( a cont9u\s use ( tongues & grooves in/ead ( dovetails4 ,?is type ( jo9t is g5]ally ma*9e made4 ,! amateur1 h[ev]1 :o is n pr(ici5t to und]take a dovetail$ box frequ5tly uses ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,corn] ( ,b>r$ ,door4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,comb+ or ,lock+ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,s+le ,loose ,tongue & ,d\ble-tongue ,jo9t4 ,,corn] ,,jo9ts4--,fig4 #aab %[s bo? a s+le loose tongue & a d\ble solid tongue4 ,bo? are me?ods us$ to connect circul> corn]$ "w1 su* z a c\nt] end1 to ! front fram+4 ,fig4 #aac indicates a tongu$ & groov$ jo9t suitable = edge or end jo9t+1 su* z fitt+ mat*bo>d+ r\nd a *imney brea/1 mak+ small jewel draw]s1 etc4 ,fig4 #aad is a tongu$ & groov$ jo9t ) a bead work$ on same to hide ! jo9t1 sometimes call$ a /aff-bead4 ,x w\ld be us$ 9 positions su* z bo>d+ ar\nd an upright iron pill>1 etc41 ! bead giv+ a neat f9i% at ea* corn]4 ,fig4 #aae is a simil> jo9t1 b at an obtuse angle4 ,an example ( its use is 9 fix+ bo>d+ ar\nd an octagonal column ( brickwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac41 ,fig4 #aad41 ,fig4 #aae4 ,examples ( ,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,corn] ,jo9ts4 ,fig4 #aaf %[s a tongu$ & groov$ mitre z us$ = /r5g!n+ ! corn]s ( cab9et "w1 su* z tea caddies1 small boxes1 pl9?s1 etc4 ,two pieces ( wood are glu$ 9 position & all[$ to set prior to glue+ & cramp+ ! jo9t prop]4 ,^! pieces are aft]w>ds plan$ away1 ?us leav+ a cle> surface to ! box sides4 ,fig4 #aag %[s ! me?od ( work+ ! groove 9 ! above jo9ts4 ,! pieces are turn$ back to back1 ! mitres ?us mak+ a "r angle4 ,! guide on ! groov+ plane ?us works aga9/ ea* face ( ! jo9t1 & ?is ensures correct jo9t+4 ,fig4 #aah is some:at simil> to ,fig4 #aac1 b ) a qu>t] circle m\ld to hide ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #aai indicates ! build+ up ( a d\ble skirt+ m\ld4 ,c repres5ts ! brickwork1 ,a ! oak-fram$ panell+1 & ,b ! pack+ & fix+ block4 ,a wide skirt+ ( ?is type is made 9 two portions = conv5i5ce 9 work+ ! m\ld+ & to prev5t undue %r9kage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--;,cramp+ a ,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,mitre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,work+ a ,groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,corn] ,jo9t ) ,corn] ,m\ld4 ,fig4 #abj illu/rates ! use ( a tongu$ & groov$ jo9t = fix+ toge!r ! sides ( a corn] bracket1 & ! same me?od holds good :5 jo9t+ a corn] cupbo>d4 ,a capp+ m\ld or top %elf w conceal ! jo9t2 x !n has ! appe>ance ( a glu$ butt jo9t1 b is ( c\rse consid]ably /rong]4 ,no screws or nails are requir$ if ?is jo9t be us$4 ,,pl\gh+4--,:5 grooves h to be work$ 9 ! edge or face ( a bo>d to receive tongues1 ! process is g5]ally call$ pl\gh+1 & x is usually accompli%$ by a special tool call$ a pl\gh 7or1 z x is occasionally spelt1 pl[74 ,:5 a pl\gh plane is b\ght x is usual to procure eight pl\gh bits or blades ( v>i\s sizes to fit ! plane4 ,9 ,fig4 #aba is giv5 ! sket* ( a pl\gh plane ) ! names ( ! v>i\s p>ts lett]$ !reon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--;,d\ble ,skirt+ ,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,jo9t = ,corn] ,bracket or ,cupbo>d4 ,! bo>d or bo>ds :i* x is desir$ to groove are fir/ plan$ /raight & true1 exactly z ?\gh x 7 desir$ to make a glu$ or butt jo9t4 ,"o ( ! bo>ds is n[ plac$ edge way up 9 ! vice & ) ! face side to ! work]4 ,take ! pl\gh plane & select a suitably-siz$ blade2 fix x 9 ! plane 9 ! usual way1 all[+ ! cutt+ edge to project beyond ! /eel skate ab\t #a_/cb 941 & securely drive up ! w$ge4 ,next loos5 ! small boxwood w$ges at ! side ( ea* /em1 & adju/ ! plane by tapp+ ! /ems ) a hamm] until ! cutt+ iron is 9 ! desir$ position2 !n knock up ! small w$ges nice & tight4 ,:5 sett+ ! f5ce to or f ! blade x is a wise precaution to measure ! di/ance f ! f5ce to ! skate at ea* end ( ! plane2 ?is w ensure ! skate be+ p>allel to ! f5ce4 ,! neglect ( ?is is a s\rce ( annoyance to _m amateurs4 ,n[ adju/ ! dep? /op by turn+ ! screw at ! top ( ! plane1 measur+ ! dep? ( ! requir$ groove f ! edge ( ! blade to ! /op1 & c>efully lock ! screw :i* adju/s ?is /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,! ,pl\gh ,plane & its ,p>ts4 ,! plane is n[ ready = use4 ,hold ! f5ce close up to ! side ( ! timb]1 ! h&s 9 position z %[n at ,fig4 #abb1 ! position ( ! body be+ t g5]ally assum$ 9 plan+4 ,move ! plane backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! usual mann]1 beg9n+ ! cut at ! end ( ! bo>d ne>e/ to ! vice jaws 7! front71 & proce$ ) ! plan+ until ! dep? /op is 9 contact ) ! wood4 ,!n take a /ep backw>ds & repeat ! process until ! :ole l5g? ( ! groove is pl\gh$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to =ce ! f5ce up to ! bo>d ) ! left h&1 :il/ ! "r h& ?ru/s ! plane backw>ds & =w>ds1 & ! plane mu/ be kept v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,me?od ( us+ ! ,pl\gh ,plane4 ,,tongue+4--,! grooves hav+ be5 complet$1 ! tongues h to be made4 ,fig4 #abc %[s a sket* ( a bo>d & ! me?od ( m>k+ out cross tongues 7,a7 & fea!r tongues 7,b74 ,! usual proc$ure = mak+ cross tongues is to plane ! end ( ! bo>d & use a cutt+ gauge to give a l9e ! requir$ di/ance f ! end 7see sket*74 ,! bo>d is sawn ) a t5on or panel saw1 & ! piece ( timb] = ! tongue is ?us procur$4 ,if a fea!r tongue is to be us$ x is cut diagonally f ! bo>d 7,b7 & ! ends cut squ>e z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,me?od ( ,m>k+ ,out = ,cross ,tongues & ,fea!r ,tongues4 ,fea!r tongues c be obta9$ 9 fairly long l5g?s out ( n>r[ bo>ds1 :il/ on ! o!r h& cross tongues are limit$ by ! wid? ( ! bo>d4 ,aft] cutt+ (f ! tongues1 !y require plan+ ) nicety to fit ! grooves1 & ! advantage ( a groov$ bo>d 7,fig4 #aje7 w be appreciat$4 ,a glue spoon simil> to a plumb]'s ladle is g5]ally us$ to p\r ! glue into ! grooves1 & x is cu/om>y to glue ! tongue into "o bo>d fir/2 aft] all[+ ?is to set1 ! jo9t is complet$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,,tongue+ ,,planes4--,fig4 #abd %[s ! end view ( a tongue+ plane = work+ mat*$ jo9ts out ( ! solid4 ,! me?od ( hold+ & us+ ! plane is simil> to ! directions giv5 = us+ ! pl\gh4 ,! "p lett]$ ,f 79 front7 repres5ts ! f5ce1 :i* 9 ?is case is n adju/able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd41 ,fig4 #abe4 ,end ,views ( ,tongue+ & ,groov+ ,planes4 ,9 description ,fig4 #abe is simil> to ,fig4 #abd4 ,! /eel skate runs 9 ! groove & supports ! cutt+ blade simil> to t 9 ! pl\gh plane1 & provid$ a groov+ plane ( ?is type is ( suitable wid? x may be us$ = mak+ grooves = loose tongues4 ,!re is on ! m>ket a metal plane :i* is specially design$ ) h&les at bo? ends4 ,?is plane c>ries a groov+ iron on "o side & a tongue+ iron on ! o!r side2 ?us ) "o plane bo? ! tongue & ! groove c be work$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,tongue+ ,%\ld]s ( ,t5ons4 ,fig4 #abf %[s ! me?od ( tongue+ ! %\ld]s ( t5ons z us$ 9 ?ick timb] :i* is to be v5e]$ on ! face4 ,a tempor>y piece ( wood 7,a7 is put betwe5 ! t5on *eek & ! saw1 ?us =m+ a guide = ! latt]4 ,aft] cutt+ "o saw k]f a ?ick] piece is made & a second saw k]f cut2 ! wa/e betwe5 ! saw k]fs is n[ remov$ ) an #a_/h 94 *isel & ?is completes ! groove4 ,a tongue ( ?is type acts z an extra t5on & prev5ts ! jo9t f lipp+ 7becom+ unev57 on ! face side4 ,,! ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on ,,jo9t ,a mortise & t5on jo9t is ! me?od ( jo9+ timb] by work+ a solid rectangul> projection 9 ! "o piece & cutt+ a correspond+ cavity to receive x 9 ! adjo9+ piece4 ,! projection is call$ ! t5on1 & ! cavity ! mortise4 ,jo9ts ( ?is type are secur$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,small w$ges1 wood5 d[els1 metal d[el p9s1 glue & pa9t are frequ5tly us$1 & prior to ! introduction ( glue we h examples ( ,egyptian furniture 9 :i* ! mortise & t5on jo9ts 7 unit$ by a composition ( *eese4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,b>efac$ ,t5on ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,/ub ,t5on4 ,,b>efac$ ,,t5ons4--,fig4 #abg illu/rates ! jo9t 9 its simple/ =m & %[s a t5on hav+ only "o %\ld]4 ,?is is call$ a b>efac$ t5on1 & x w be notic$ t ! portion :i* c>ries ! mortise is ?ick] ?an ! rail on :i* ! t5on is cut4 ,! jo9t is !re=e level 7or flu% z x is call$7 on "o side only1 & x %\ld nev] be us$ at ! corn] ( a frame4 ,x is a useful int]ior jo9t = fram+ t has to be cov]$ on ! back side ) mat*bo>d+1 & all[s ! "w to f9i% level at ! back :5 ! bo>d+ has be5 appli$ 7see plan1 ,fig4 #abg74 ,,/ub ,,or ,,/ump ,,t5on 7,fig4 #abh2 also occasionally call$ a joggle t5on74--,! illu/ration %[s a t5on z us$ 9 ! int]ior ( a frame4 ,! t5on is n all[$ to run ?r\gh ! /ile1 & unsightl9ess on ! edge is ?us avoid$4 ,?is type ( t5on is (t5 us$ at ! corn] ( a frame1 & x !n requires to be haun*$4 ,a good work%op me?od ( gaug+ ! dep? ( ! mortise = a /ub t5on is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi2 a piece ( gumm$ /amp pap] is /uck on ! side ( ! mortise *isel1 indicat+ ! desir$ dep? ( ! mortise4 ,?is greatly facilitates ! "w1 z x is n necess>y to be con/antly measur+4 ,a ,,haun*$ ,,t5on z us$ at ! end ( a door frame is %[n at ,fig4 #acj4--;,9 ?is case x w be se5 t ! wid? ( ! t5on is r$uc$1 s t suffici5t timb] w be left at ! end ( ! /ile to resi/ ! pressure ( ! t5on :5 ! jo9t is driv5 toge!r4 ,! %ort portion 7,a7 :i* is left on ! t5on is call$ ! haun*1 & ! cavity x engages is t]m$ ! haun*+4 ,! haun* & haun*+ prev5t ! two pieces ( timb] lipp+1 or becom+ unev5 on ! face side1 z w\ld be ! result if x 7 cut away entirely up to ! %\ld]4 ,fig4 #aca %[s ! type ( t5on & haun* us$ :5 ! /ile or upright rail is groov$ to receive a panel4 ,9 ?is & simil> cases ! haun* is made ! same wid? & ! same dep? z ! groove2 ! groove !re=e acts z ! haun*+4 ,an application ( ?is jo9t is %[n 9 ! top rail ( ! door frame1 ,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,me?od ( ,gaug+ = dep? ( ,t5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,haun*$ ,t5on us$ at end ( ,door ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,haun*$ ,t5on us$ :5 ,/ile is ,groov$ = ,panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,application ( ,haun*$ ,t5on ,jo9t to ,door ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,occasional ,/ump ,t5on4 ,?is type ( jo9t is also us$ to connect ! rail to ! leg ( an ord9>y kit*5 table 7see ,fig4 #afg74 ,fig4 #acc is a v>iation ( ! /ump t5on1 occasionally us$ :]e ! "w 9 h& dem&s a ?9 t5on & a /\t /ump to take heavy /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--;,jo9t = ,inside ,fram+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--;,haun*$ ,b>efac$ ,t5on4 ,a jo9t us$ = inside fram+ is se5 at ,fig4 #acd4 ,! rails may be us$ z %[n1 b 9 ! case ( a door frame 7z ,fig4 #acb7 !y w\ld h ! inside edges groov$ to receive ! panels2 ! t5ons w\ld !re=e be slightly n>r[] ?an %[n1 ow+ to ! groove at ea* edge4 ,a ,,haun*$ ,,b>efac$ ,,t5on1 us$ 9 simil> positions to ,fig4 #aca1 is %[n at ,fig4 #ace4 ,! door or frame 9 ?is case w\ld be made ( mat*bo>d+ nail$ on ! back z %[n 9 ! plan at ,fig4 #abg4 ,,w$ges4--,fig4 #acf %[s ! me?od ( cutt+ w$ges :i* are to be us$ to w$ge ! t5ons2 ?is avoids wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,"s work]s cut ! w$ges f ! pieces left out ( ! haun*+ ( ! lock rail1 or ! bottom rail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,cutt+ ,w$ges f ,wa/e ( ,haun*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,/ile & ,cross ,rail ) ,horn4 ,a ,,/ile ,,& ,,cross ,,rail1 fram$ toge!r1 are %[n at ,fig4 #acg4 ,! portion above ! rail is call$ ! horn1 & x is usual to leave suffici5t l5g? ( /ile to project above & bel[ ! cross rails1 s t !re w be no t5d5cy = ! /ile to bur/ out at ! end :il/ ! cramp+ & w$g+ ( ! frame is 9 progress4 ,on complet+ ! fram+ ! horn is cut away4 ,9 ,fig4 #ach we h a type ( jo9t frequ5tly us$ = g>d5 gates4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! me?od ( t5on+ ! ?ree pieces to ! top rail1 b>efac$ t5ons be+ employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,jo9t us$ = ,g>d5 ,gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,sprocket ,:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,bor+ ,tool4 ,,sprocket ,,:eel4--,at ,fig4 #aci are %[n ! guide b> & *a9 ( a *a9-mortis+ ma*9e1 two enl>g$ l9ks ( ! *a9 be+ indicat$ at ,a4 ,! *a9 is simil> 9 con/ruction to ! driv+ *a9 ( a bicycle1 ) ! exception t x is provid$ ) tee? :i* cut away ! timb] z ! *a9 revolves4 ,:5 us+ a *a9 mortis] ! portion ( ! ma*9e c>ry+ ! *a9 is f$ d[nw>ds into ! timb]1 ?us cutt+ a clean & true mortise4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a /ump mortise is requir$ x is necess>y to p>e away a c]ta9 am\nt ( timb] by h&1 because ! ma*9e obvi\sly leaves a semicircul> bottom to ! mortise4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ! late/ types ( mortis+ ma*9es h a squ>e hole-bor+ atta*m5t fix$ alongside ! *a94 ,?is tool1 ! work+ portion ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adj1 consi/s ( a squ>e holl[ *isel 7,e71 :i* is %>p5$ f ! inside1 & a revolv+ twi/ bit 7,d7 fitt$ ) spurs or nick]s1 b )\t a po9t 7"o spur c be se5 at ! bottom ( ! illu/ration74 ,?is bit revolves inside ! %ell l a *isel1 & bores away ! sup]flu\s timb]1 :il/ ! pressure ex]t$ on ! *isel causes ! corn]s to be cut away dead squ>e4 ,a mortise #c_/h 94 squ>e by #f ins4 9 dep? may ?us be cut4 ,! portion m>k$ ,a is ! %ank ( ! *isel 7,fig4 #adj71 :]e x is fix$ into ! body ( ! ma*9e1 & ! hole at ,e all[s ! bor+ bit to free itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,me?od ( ,fitt+ an ,int]ior ,table ,leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,haun*$ ,t5on = ,skylight or ,g>d5 ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #adc4--,long & ,%ort ,%\ld]$ ,t5on4 ,fig4 #ada indicates ! me?od ( fix+ an int]ior leg to a table hav+ a circul> or /raight top rail4 ,! inlaid leg 9 ?is case is /ump-t5on$ into ! top rail1 & ! inlaid portion ( ! leg is all[$ to run ?r\gh ! rail1 ?us giv+ cont9uity ( design4 ,fig4 #adb %[s ! application ( ! haun*$ t5on 7,fig4 #ace7 to ! mak+ ( a skylight or g>d5 frame4 ,9 ?is & simil> cases ! side rails are rebat$ z %[n 9 ! section1 & ! bottom rail is ?9n] ?an ! side rails to all[ ! glass to f9i% level ^u x4 ,,long ,,& ,,%ort ,,%\ld]$ ,,jo9t4--,fig4 #adc %[s a haun*$ mortise & t5on jo9t hav+ a long & %ort %\ld]4 ,?is is a fairly common jo9t 9 fram$ p>titions = (fices1 fram+ = gre5h\ses1 tool %$s1 etc41 & is a frequ5t s\rce ( annoyance to ! amateur4 ,x is necess>y to use ?is jo9t :5 bo? ! /iles & uprights are rebat$1 & x calls = accurate m>k+ out & great c>e 9 ! mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,jo9t = ,f5c+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,example ( ,faulty ,t5on4 ,fig4 #add %[s ! upright & rails ( common g>d5 or field f5c+4 ,! t5ons are bevell$ to fit & w$ge ea* o!r 9 ! mortise4 ,! illu/ration gives bo? cross rails z %\ld]$1 b 9 _m cases %\ld]s are omitt$ :5 ! rails are n ?ick en\gh to c>ry !m4 ,fig4 #ade indicates faulty me?ods ( work+ a t5on4 ,at ,a ! saw has be5 all[$ to run too f> :5 cutt+ ! %\ld]1 ?us greatly weak5+ ! t5on4 ,at ,b faulty saw+ has aga9 occurr$1 & to rem$y ?is defect ! work] has resort$ to p>+ ! %\ld] ) a *isel4 ,_h ! *isel be5 us$ v]tically an und]cut %\ld] 7z at ,b7 w\ld n h occurr$4 ,! tr\ble n[ is t ! slighte/ am\nt ( %r9kage 9 ! wid? ( ! /ile w %[ an op5 jo9t4 ,! result w be ! same if x is necess>y to remove a %av+ or two :5 plan+ or levell+ up ! face ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,self-w$g+ ,japanese ,t5on ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,t5on$ & ,scrib$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,mitr$ & ,m\ld$ ,t5on ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,tw9 ,t5ons4 ,a ,,japanese ,,t5on$ ,,jo9t1 little kn[n & r>ely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is %[n at ,fig4 #adf4 ,= cle>ness ! two p>ts are "h %[n sep>ate4 ,! jo9t is self-w$g+ & w be ( int]e/ to ,h&icraft ,in/ructors4 ,a ,,t5on$ ,,& ,,scrib$ ,,jo9t is se5 at ,fig4 #adg4 ,! cross rail is cut at ! %\ld]1 s z to fit ! m\ld+ :i* is work$ on ! /ile4 ,?is is a good jo9t 9 ev]yday use4 ,,mitr$ ,,& ,,m\ld$ ,,jo9t4--,fig4 #adh %[s a type ( jo9t l>gely us$ 9 light cab9et "w4 ,! me?od ( mitre+ ! m\ld+ & t5on+ ! /ile to rail is indicat$4 ,,tw9 ,,t5ons 7,fig4 #adi74--,! me?od ( t5on+ ! be>]s :i* c>ry ! draw]s1 or ! midfea!r betwe5 two draw]s1 9 a dress+ table or simil> c>case is "h %[n4 ,on completion1 ! t5ons on ! midfea!r are w$g$ diagonally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aej4--,me?od ( ,p9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,jo9+ ,top ,rails to ,upright ,po/4 ,,p9n+4--,fig4 #aej %[s ! t5on+ ( ! inside end ( a w>drobe to ! top ( ! c>case4 ,?is is also call$ p9n+4 ,! t5ons %\ld be w$g$ diagonally4 ,! t5ons & ! di/ance betwe5 ! t5ons are m satisfactory if made equidi/ant1 because if slight %r9kage occurs ?is is p>tially equalis$4 ,! wid? betwe5 ! t5ons %\ld 9 no case exce$ #c ins4 ,,top ,,rails4--,at ,fig4 #aea is %[n ! me?od ( jo9+ ! top rails to ! po/ ( a tool %$ or simil> ou?\se4 ,! two rails1 :i* are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 are half-lapp$ & mortis$2 ! t5on on ! po/ runs entirely ?r\gh !m4 ,a ,,tusk ,,t5on ,,jo9t1 ) w$ge1 z us$ to secure ! b9d] to ! gird] :5 mak+ floors1 is indicat$ at ,fig4 #aec4 ,! t5on "h is n>r[ & engages ! mortise1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! compressional fibres imm$iately adjo9+ ! neutral lay]4 ,fig4 #aeb %[s a tusk t5on furni%$ ) a drawbore p94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,tusk ,t5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,w$g$ ,tusk ,t5on4 ,fig4 #aed is a v>iation ( ,fig4 #aeb4 ,fig4 #aee %[s tusk & w$g$ t5ons z us$ :5 mak+ a portable book or m$ic9e cab9et4 ,! %elf is h\s$ into ! end1 & ! t5ons run ?r\gh ! end & are secur$ by w$ges4 ,?is all[s ! article to be quickly & easily tak5 to pieces = removal or re-poli%+4 ,! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #aee indicates t ! %elf may be %ap$ if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--;,ano!r ,type ( ,tusk ,t5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,tusk ,t5on & ,w$ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,:eelwright's ,self-w$g+ ,t5on ,jo9t4 ,9 ,fig4 #aef a self-w$g+ mortise & t5on jo9t us$ by :eelwrights is %[n4 ,! dott$ l9e 7left-h& diagram7 w indicate ! am\nt ( tap] giv5 to ! mortise4 ,,dovetail$ ,,& ,,w$g$ ,,t5on 7,fig4 #aeg74--,:5 two pieces su* z ! cross rail & leg ( a c>p5t]'s b5* are requir$ to be held toge!r by a mortise & t5on1 & to be readily tak5 ap>t1 ! t5on is dovetail$ on "o side & ! mortise is made ( suffici5t wid? to p]mit ! wide/ "p ( ! dovetail$ t5on to pass into x4 ,:5 ! t5on is 9 its position a h>dwood w$ge is driv5 9 above ! t5on1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--;,dovetail$ & ,w$g$ ,t5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,me?od ( ,fox-w$g+4 ,,fox ,,w$g$ ,,t5on 7,fig4 #aeh74--,?is is ! me?od ( secur+ a /ub t5on by small w$ges4 ,! mortise is slightly dovetail$ & two saw cuts are made 9 ! t5on ab\t #c_/af 94 f ea* side4 ,into ea* saw k]f a w$ge is ins]t$ & ! jo9t glu$ up4 ,! cramp+ op]ation =ces ! w$ges into ! saw cuts1 ?us caus+ ! end ( ! t5on to spread & tightly grip ! mortise4 ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on ,,) ,,mitr$ ,,face 7,fig4 #aei74--,?is is a useful me?od ( jo9t+ fram+ :i* has squ>e edges z %[n2 & x is equally useful ev5 if ! face edges h m\lds work$ ^u !m4 ,if ! jo9t has squ>e edges a rebate may be =m$ to accommodate a panel by fix+ a bolection m\ld+ ar\nd ! frame4 ,a section ( ! bolection m\ld plant$ on ! frame is %[n 9 ! l[] figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,t5on ,jo9t ) ,mitr$ ,face4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,raft] ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,ro( ,jo9ts4 ,,ro( ,,jo9ts4--,fig4 #afj %[s ! me?od ( t5on+ ! pr9cipal raft] to ! k+ po/1 :il/ ,fig4 #afa illu/rates ! t5on+ ( ! /ruts to ! k+ po/1 & ! k+ po/ to ! tie beam4 ,bo? ^! examples are us$ 9 ro( "w4 7,see also ,fig4 #ga47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--;,drawbore ,p9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc41 ,fig4 #afd4 ,op]ation ( ,pegs 9 ,drawbore ,p9n+4 ,,drawbore ,,p9n+4--,at ,fig4 #afb is se5 ! me?od ( secur+ a t5on by drawbore p9n+1 employ$ :5 x is n conv5i5t to obta9 ! necess>y pressure by us+ a cramp4 ,! jo9t is made 9 ! usual mann]1 & a #c_/h-;94 twi/ bit is us$ to bore a hole ?r\gh piece ,a4 ,! t5on is driv5 home & ! hole is m>k$ on ! side ( ! t5on 7,b72 ! t5on is !n )drawn & ! hole bor$ ab\t #a_/h 94 ne>] to ! %\ld] ?an z m>k$ on ! sep>ate diagram at ,c4 ,:5 ! t5on is f9ally ins]t$ ! holes w n regi/] correctly1 & if a h>dwood p9 be driv5 into ! jo9t x w draw ! %\ld]s ( ! t5on to a close jo9t & effectually secure ! p>ts4 ,,sa% ,,b>s4--,fig4 #afe %[s h[ to t5on a m\ld$ sa% b> to ! rebat$ cross rail4 ,9 ?is illu/ration bo? %\ld]s ( ! m\ld$ b> are %[n squ>e1 b 9 ! be/ class "w ^! %\ld]s may be slightly h\s$ into ! cross rail to prev5t side play4 ,?is type ( jo9t is us$ = horticultural build+s1 etc4 ,if ! l[] rail be m\ld$ ) ! same memb]s z ! sa% b>1 ! end ( ! sa% b> w h to be scrib$ on to x to make a fit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--,t5on+ ,m\ld$ ,sa% ,b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,t5on ) ,tongu$ & ,groov$ ,%\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,detail ( ,table ,fram+4 ,,t5on ,,) ,,tongu$ ,,& ,,groov$ ,,%\ld]s 7,fig4 #aff74--,! object ( ! tongues & grooves "h is to prev5t ! face ( ! "w ca/+1 or becom+ w>p$1 & ?us spoil+ ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! "w4 ,if fram+ is to be v5e]$ on ! face side ?is is an exceptionally good me?od4 ,,table ,,fram+4--,fig4 #afg indicates ! fram+ ( a rail to a d9+-table leg4 ,9 cases simil> to ?is ! t5ons run into ! leg & almo/ t\* ea* o!r4 ,!y are !re=e mitr$ on ! end z %[n 9 ! inset4 ,*air frames (t5 call = simil> treatm5t4 ,,tw9 ,,t5ons ) haun*1 z us$ :5 ! timb] is ( great ?ickness1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #afh4 ,,an ,,op5 ,,slot ,,mortise at ! end ( a "r-angl$ frame is se5 9 ,fig4 #afi4 ,fig4 #agj %[s an op5 slot mortise & t5on jo9t at ! end ( a frame ( #fj4 ,bo? ^! jo9ts are occasionally call$ end bridle jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--,tw9 ,t5ons = ,?ick ,timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,! ,op5-slot ,mortise ,jo9t4 ,,hamm] ,,head ,,t5ons4--,at ,fig4 #aga is %[n ! me?od ( jo9t+ fram+ hav+ semicircul> or segm5tal heads4 ,! left-h& diagram indicates ! me?od ( w$g+ ! jo9t s z to draw up ! %\ld]s2 ! "r-h& view %[s ! tongue+ ( ! %\ld]s1 :i* is necess>y if ?ick timb] has to be wr\ght4 ,! sket* depicts ! /ile :5 tak5 ap>t f ! %ap$ head ( ! frame4 ,,clamp+4--,fig4 #agb %[s ! me?od ( t5on+ draw+ bo>ds1 desk tops & secretaire falls4 ,?is is commonly call$ clamp+4 ,! me?od is us$ to prev5t wide surfaces f w9d+4 ,a v>iation ( ! jo9t is %[n at ! left-h& side1 ! corn]s 9 ?is example n be+ mitr$4 ,fig4 #agc %[s ! t5on+ ( a wide to a n>r[ rail :5 ! jo9t is at an angle4 ,,ins]t$ ,,t5ons 7,fig4 #agd74--,:]e two pieces ( timb] run toge!r at an acute angle x becomes necess>y to use ins]t$ t5ons4 ,bo? pieces ( ! timb] are mortis$ & ! ins]t$ t5ons are secur$ into ! wide/ piece4 ,on ! left is %[n ! ins]t$ t5on1 secur$ by ! me?od kn[n z fox-w$g+2 on ! "r ! ins]t$ t5on has be5 let into ! wide rail f ! edge4 ,! n>r[ rail is secur$ by w$g+ ! t5ons f ! outside edge 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--,op5-,slot ,mortise at #fj degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--;,hamm]-,head ,t5on ,jo9t4 ,,dreadn\ght ,,file4--,at ,fig4 #age is a sket* ( a portion ( a dreadn\ght file4 ,?is has sup]s$$ ! old-fa%ion$ home-made float us$ to clean out ! sides ( a mortise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,clamp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,t5on+ ,n>r[ ,rail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--;,ins]t$ ,t5ons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,dreadn\ght ,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,ext]nal & ,int]nal ,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--,sett+ out ,/iles & ,rails = ,t5on+4 ,,g5]al ,,rule4--,9 practically all cases :]e a s+le t5on is us$ ! ?ickness ( ! t5on %\ld be "o-?ird ! ?ickness ( ! timb]4 ,?is leaves ! timb] at ea* side ( ! mortise ! same /r5g? z ! t5on4 ,mortise & t5on jo9ts = inside "w may be unit$ ) glue4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w has to /& ! wea!r a bett] me?od is to unite ! jo9t ) :ite lead1 :i* is run d[n to ! requir$ consi/5cy ) good outside v>ni%4 ,,sett+ ,,out ,,! ,,jo9t4--,! pr9cipal use ( ! mortise & t5on jo9t is 9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s types ( fram+1 su* z door & w9d[ frames4 ,9 "o or o!r ( its _m & v>i$ =ms x may be class$ z ! mo/ important jo9t 9 ! g5]al woodwork+ trade4 ,! jo9t may be us$ z an int]nal "o1 z %[n at ! l[] rail1 ,fig4 #agf1 or z an ext]nal jo9t1 z ! upp] rail ( ! same illu/ration4 ,:atev] type ( fram+ has to be made1 x is necess>y t ! face side ( ! wood be plan$ up /raight & out ( w9d+1 & ! face m>k 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agf7 p5cill$ ^u x4 ,! be/ edge ( ! timb] %\ld next be plan$ up true 9 l5g?1 & squ>e to ! face side1 & ! edge m>k 7,x7 cle>ly plac$ ^u x4 ,! m>k+ gauge is n[ set to ! desir$ wid?1 & gauge l9es are m>k$ on ! wood1 aft] :i* ! wa/e wood is plan$ (f until ! timb] is ! requir$ wid?4 ,! ?ickness is gaug$ & treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 except 9 su* cases :]e ! f9i%$ "w is to be ( a r\gh & ready "*4 ,,! ,,two ,,/iles 7or uprights7 h _! faces turn$ to t\* ea* o!r1 z %[n at ,fig4 #agg1 & _! l5g? may be any?+ f #a 94 to #c ins4 long] ?an ! requir$ f9i%$ size4 ,?is wa/e wood at ea* end ( ! /iles 7see arr[ ,,ho7 is ( importance to ! "w1 z x prev5ts to a great ext5t ! bur/+ ( ! mortise :il/ cutt+ ! hole or :5 knock+ toge!r ! "w4 ,! small projection is call$ ! horn1 & x is cut (f aft] ! frame has be5 put toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--,sett+ ,out ! ,/iles ) ,m>k+ ,knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--;,h[ to ,saw ! ,t5ons--,fir/ ,op]ation4 ,,! ,,two ,,cross ,,rails 7,fig4 #agg71 h _! faces plac$ toge!r z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,^! rails may ) advantage be left #a_/b 94 long] ?an ! f9i%$ size1 & ! portion ( ! t5on 7:i* w protrude ?r\gh ! /ile #a_/d 94 at ea* end7 may be cut (f aft] ! "w is put toge!r4 7,see ,fig4 #ib47 ,set out ! /iles ) a m>k+ knife or p5knife & a try squ>e1 z %[n at ,fig4 #agh4 ,9 ?is sket* only "o /ile is %[n = cle>ness ( repres5tation1 b two or m /iles 7z at ,fig4 #agg7 may be m>k$ out at ! same "t1 provid$ a #ab-;94 try squ>e be us$2 9 fact1 m>k+ out ! /iles 9 pairs is to be recomm5d$1 z all cross l9es w be exact ow+ to _! be+ m>k$ at ! same op]ation4 ,! cut made by ! m>k+ knife %\ld be lightly c>ri$ all r\nd ! "w z ! mortis+ is cut f ea* edge ( ! /ile1 ! cutt+ ( ! mortis+ be+ f9i%$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! lett]+ on ,fig4 #agg is z foll[s3--,,ho1 horn2 ,m1 position ( mortise2 ,h1 position ( haun*+2 ,a1 inside l9e1 or sight size1 z x is occasionally call$4 ,set out ! cross rails z at ,fig4 #agg1 l[] sket*4 ,! lett]+ 9 ?is figure is z foll[s3--,t1 t5ons2 ! small piece ( ! t5on lett]$ ,j is call$ ! haun*1 & ! %ad$ portion ,h is cut away to all[ ! haun* ,j to fit ! haun*+ ( ! /ile4 ,,! ,,t5ons 7z already /at$7 are g5]ally "o-?ird ! ?ickness ( ! timb]1 ?us leav+ ! same am\nt ( sub/ance at ea* side ( ! t5on z ! t5on itself is compos$ (4 ,! mortise gauge is set to ! requir$ di/ance & us$ z 9 ! case ( ! m>k+ gauge 7,fig4 #hb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,second ,op]ation 9 ,saw+ ,t5ons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--;,cutt+ ,*annel at ,%\ld] ( ,t5on be=e ,saw+4 ,to saw ! t5ons1 place ! rail 9 ! vice z at ,fig4 #agi &1 ) a panel1 t5on1 or h& saw1 accord+ to ! size ( ! "w1 cut d[n ! outside ( ! t5on l9e z %[n4 ,rev]se y\r position & cut z %[n at ,fig4 #ahj1 !n place ! rail 9 a v]tical position1 & y w f9d little or no difficulty 9 saw+ d[n squ>e ) ! %\ld] l9e4 ,repeat ! above me?ods ( saw+ until all ! t5ons are sawn4 ,next saw out ! pieces at ! side ( ! t5on by ! foll[+ proc$ure4 ,place ! rail aga9/ ! b5* /op1 or 9 ! vice1 & cut a small *annel 9 :i* to run y\r t5on saw z %[n at ,fig4 #aha4 ,if y h scor$ ! l9e deeply ) y\r knife :5 y 7 m>k+ out ! "w1 y w h little difficulty 9 remov+ a small portion ) ! *isel4 ,! am\nt remov$ 9 ! illu/ration is1 ( c\rse1 exagg]at$4 ,9 ! small *annel ?us made place ! t5on saw &1 guid+ ! saw blade ) ! f+] s z to keep x upright or squ>e 7,fig4 #ahb71 saw away ! wa/e mat]ial4 ,remove ! wa/e mat]ial at ! sides ( ! t5ons 9 a simil> way1 & !n saw out ! portion m>k$ ,h1 ,fig4 #agg1 l[] sket*4 ,,! ,,mortis+ ( ! /iles may next be tak5 9 h& by putt+ ! /iles edgeways 9 ! vice & bor+ away ! bulk ( ! wa/e wood f ! mortise ) a suitable-siz$ twi/ bit & brace4 ,?is me?od w save a great am\nt ( noise1 z to a great ext5t x does away ) ! use ( ! mallet4 ,take ! mallet & *isel & *op d[n ab\t #c_/h 94 z %[n at ,fig4 #ahc2 !n turn ! *isel to ! position %[n at ,fig4 #ahd & remove ! small piece z %[n4 ,cont9ue ^! two op]ations until y are ab\t half-way ?r\gh ! wood & !n />t 9 a simil> mann] at ! l9e a1 ,fig4 #ahc1 aft] :i* turn ! o!r edge ( ! timb] upp]mo/ & repeat ! me?ods %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,saw+ away ,wa/e ,mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--,us+ ! ,*isel & ,mallet = ,mortis+4 ,fig4 #ahe %[s ! sket* ( a mortise :i* has its side remov$ s z to %[ ! me?od ( successive cuts ) a *isel :5 remov+ ! core f a mortise2 ?is1 9 conjunction ) ! o!r sket*es1 cle>ly %[s ! me?ods ( work+4 ,9 _m woodwork exam9ations ! exam9]s insi/ t ! mortise %all be remov$ by successive cuts ) ! *isel1 b we c]ta9ly advise ! removal ( mu* ( ! wa/e wood ) a bor+ bit1 provid$ ! work] c keep /raight & well )9 ! limitations ( 8 gauge l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,remov+ ,wa/e ( ,mortise ) ,*isel4 ,,remov+ ,,haun*+4--,aft] remov+ ! mortise hole1 ! small portion :i* is call$ ! haun*+ w require to be remov$ ) a *isel4 ,?is calls = no special rem>k1 z x is cle>ly %[n 9 ,figs4 #ahg & #ahh4 ,fig4 #ahf %[s an ev]yday type ( mortise & t5on jo9t sep>at$2 x is us$ 9 cases :]e a /raight jo9t is requir$ on ! upp] or l[] edge ( ! "w1 :]eas ! upp] rail ( ,fig4 #agf %[s ! full haun* on ! top edge4 ,9 cases su* z ,figs #ahg & #ahh1 :]e ! edges ( ! frames are groov$ to receive panels1 etc41 ! wid? ( ! t5on is r$uc$ by ! wid? ( ! groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,mortise ) ,side ,remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,! ,jo9t ,sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,removal ( ,haun*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,haun*+ ) ,groove above4 ,?is mu/ be rememb]$ by ! work] :5 m>k+ out 8 /iles ) ! m>k+ knife4 ,fig4 #ahg 7"r-h& sket*7 %[s ! haun*1 t5on1 & groove ,g at ! bottom4 ,fig4 #ahh 7left-h& illu/ration7 %[s ,g 7groove7 at top1 & ,,hh 7! haun*7 at ! bottom4 ,t5ons may be glu$ toge!r & w$g$ z %[n at ,fig4 #agf if = inside "w2 b if = outside "w !y are g5]ally sme>$ ) ?ick pa9t & w$g$ up4 ,= light-class cab9et "w x is usual to cut ! mortise ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( ! di/ance ?r\gh ! /ile & make ! t5on to mat* x2 ! edge ( ! f9i%$ "w does n !n %[ any indication ( ! jo9t1 & x leaves a nice clean surface at ! edge ( ! "w = poli%+ or v>ni%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,int]lock+ ,jo9t = ,seat ,rails ( ,*air to ,leg4 ,,int]lock+ ,,*air ,,jo9t4--,a jo9t design$ ) a view to /r5g!n+ ! con/ruction ( *airs at ! po9t :]e !y are weake/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,! jo9t is an int]lock+ "o s arrang$ t1 once ! *air is glu$ up1 no motion ( ! side rail c be possible4 ,! groove 9 ! side rail t5on is cut 9 su* a mann] t1 on ! ins]tion ( ! back rail t5on1 ! jo9t actually draws up &1 hav+ done s1 is lock$ 9 position4 ,! exact location ( ?is groove is obta9$ 9 a simil> mann] to t us$ 9 m>k+ out t5ons = drawbore p9n+1 i4e41 ! t5on is ins]t$ 9 its mortise & ! position ( ! back rail mortise transf]r$ to x1 aft] :i* ! l9es are set back by #a_/fd 94 7approximately7 to cause ! jo9t to draw4 ,f ! illu/ration ! con/ruction ( ! jo9t %\ld be cle>4 ,! me?od is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to a section ( rectangul> =m :]e "o side is long] ?an ! o!r1 su* z ! back leg ( a *air1 z ?is %ape all[s = ! accommodation ( ! extra l5g? ( t5on requir$4 ,,! ,,d[ell+ ,,jo9t ,d[ell+ is ! t]m g5]ally giv5 to ! me?od ( jo9t+ timb] & o!r mat]ials by wood5 or metal pegs1 :i* are call$ d[els4 ,= cab9et-mak+ & simil> "w /raight-gra9$ bee*wood d[els are mo/ly us$2 ^! may be b\ght by ! gross1 9 l5g?s ( ab\t #cf ins41 & ( any desir$ diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--,/eel ,d[el ,plate4 ,,mak+ ,,d[els4--,_m1 h[ev]1 pref] to make :at !y require = ! "w 9 h&1 & ! foll[+ is ! me?od t is g5]ally employ$4 ,pieces ( /raight-gra9$ wood are wr\ght to a squ>e section1 aft] :i* ! corn]s are plan$ away to =m an octagonal section4 ,! %>p corn]s are n[ plan$ away1 & ! r\ghly =m$ d[el is driv5 ?r\gh a /eel d[el plate1 ,fig4 #aij1 by ! aid ( a heavy hamm]1 ?us giv+ ! necess>y r\ndness & f9i% to ! d[els4 ,:5 hamm]+ d[els ?r\gh a plate ! hamm] %\ld on no acc\nt be all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! face ( ! d[el plate1 or ! cutt+ edge ( ! hole w be spoilt4 ,simply drive ! d[el to )9 #a_/h 94 ( ! plate & knock x out ) ! next d[el4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--;,cradle = ,plan+ ,d[els4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--;,d[el ) ,groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,saw+ ,groove 9 ,d[el4 ,to plane (f ! corn]s a cradle 7,fig4 #aia7 is made & kept = ! purpose4 ,! advantage ( ?is cradle is obvi\s1 prev5t+ z x does any t5d5cy ( ! p>tly-=m$ d[el to slip or wobble4 ,a jig1 or cradle1 is easily made by bevell+ ! edges ( two sep>ate pieces ( wood & !n glue+ & screw+ !m toge!r z at ,fig4 #aia4 ,a small block ( wood is ins]t$ to act z a /op :il/ ! plan+ op]ation is 9 progress4 ,x is usual to bevel bo? edges ( ! timb] f :i* ! cradle is =m$1 ?us accommodat+ all sizes ( d[els f #a_/d 94 to #e_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--,prick+ ! ,c5tres ready = ,bor+4 ,also %[+ h[ ,brace is us$ 9 conjunction ) ,try ,squ>e4 ,fig4 #aib %[s a complet$ d[el ) a small groove runn+ along its entire l5g?4 ,! object ( ?is groove is to all[ ! air & sup]flu\s glue to escape & ?us avoid splitt+ ! "w on h&2 ! groove also secretes a c]ta9 am\nt ( glue1 :i* increases its hold on ! timb]4 ,fig4 #aih illu/rates ! me?od ( m>k+ out & gaug+ two bo>ds = d[ell+4 ,! edges ( ! bo>ds are fir/ %ot to a true jo9t2 !n ! face sides are plac$ toge!r & ! l9es = ! d[els are m>k$ across ! edges ) a f9e p5cil & ! aid ( a try squ>e4 ,! bo>ds are !n gaug$ f ! face side1 ?us giv+ ! po9ts indicat$ 9 ! sket*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,c\nt]s9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--;,d[el ,r\nd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,twi/ ,bit4 ,to />t ! twi/ bit 7,fig4 #aig7 x is a good plan to prick ! bo>d at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! m>k$ l9es ) a %>p1 circul>-po9t$ m>k+ awl4 ,?is obviates any t5d5cy ( ! bor+ bit to run out ( tru? & ?us cause unev5ness on ! face side ( ! jo9t$ bo>d4 7,see ,fig4 #aid47 ,a safe rule = ! spac+ ( d[els :5 jo9t+ sidebo>d tops1 dress+ table & w>drobe ends1 etc41 is to place ! d[els #i ins4 to #aj ins4 ap>t1 & place two d[els at ea* end z %[n at ,fig4 #aih4 ,! l5g? ( ! d[els %\ld be ab\t #g_/h 94 to #a-a_/d 94 long4 ,fig4 #aii %[s ! two bo>ds prep>$ ready = glue+4 ,! back "o is bor$ to receive ! d[els1 & ! front "o %[s ! d[els glu$ 9 position4 ,x is cu/om>y to w>m ! edges ( ! bo>ds be=e spread+ ! glue1 & cramps are requir$ to squeeze ! jo9t tight4 ,^! %\ld be left on ! jo9t$ bo>d f "o to f\r h\rs accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,9 cases :]e ?ick timb] 7say #b-;94 or #b-a_/b-;94 bo>ds7 is to be jo9t$1 two r[s ( d[els may be us$1 ! position ( ! d[els be+ z ,fig4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--,m>k+ & ,gaug+ ,bo>ds = ,d[ell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--;,d[ell$ ,jo9t ready = ,glue+4 ,fig4 #bja %[s ! plan ( a #c-;94 cornice pole made to fit a bay w9d[2 ! /raight portions ( ! pole are g5]ally turn$ 9 ! la!1 ! corn] portions be+ aft]w>ds jo9t$ & work$ up to ! requir$ %ape4 ,to avoid any difficulty 9 ! sett+ out ( ! d[els1 a disc ( c>dbo>d or %eet metal is made to ! same diamet] z t ( ! cornice pole2 ?is disc is call$ a template4 ,! positions ( ! d[els are set out geometrically1 & ! c5tres are prick$ ?r\gh ) a f9e-po9t$ m>k+ awl 7see sket* ( template1 a1 ,fig4 #bja74 ,! template is put on ! ends ( ! /raight pole1 & ! d[el c5tres are prick$ into ! wood4 ,! process is repeat$ on ! ends ( ! corn] block 7b1 ,fig4 #bja71 & if ! holes be n[ bor$ at ! c5tres indicat$ a true fit w be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,me?od ( ,d[ell+ ,?ick ,timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--,me?od ( ,d[ell+ ,cornice ,pole by ,means ( ,template4 ,fig4 #bja c %[s two portions ( ! circul> pole jo9t$ up to a corn] block1 & ! dott$ l9es ,p indicate ! direct l9e ( pressure & %[s ! position = ! cramp4 ,:5 ! glue is ?or\ghly set ! corn] block is sawn & spoke%av$ to ! desir$ %ape z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,?is me?od is illu/rat$ to %[ t1 by ! use ( a suitable template1 d[els may be exactly set out ev5 :5 !re is no /raight or squ>e face f :i* to use a m>k+ gauge1 & ! me?od may1 ( c\rse1 be appli$ to _m o!r examples ( d[ell+ at ! discretion ( ! workman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,d[ell+ a ,mitr$ ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--,me?od ( ,frame ,d[ell+4 7,long & ,%ort ,%\ld]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--,table ,leaf ) ,d[els4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--;,block = ,twi/ ,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--;,d[ell+ = ,m\ld$ ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--;,cap4 ,fig4 #bjb %[s "o corn] ( a mitr$ & d[ell$ frame4 ,x ne$s little or no explanation beyond ! fact t ! d[els %\ld be at "r angles to ! l9e ( jo9t1 & consequ5tly ! d[el at ! outside edge ( ! frame w h to be mu* %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is gives a /rong & s]viceable jo9t1 suitable = _m purposes4 ,,frame ,,d[ell+4--,fig4 #bjc %[s "o corn] ( a frame ) long & %ort %\ld]s1 su* z occurs :5 ! upright is rebat$ ?r\gh its entire l5g?4 ,! holes 9 bo? pieces are bor$ = ! d[els be=e !y are rebat$4 ,?is avoids any difficulty 9 endeav\r+ to bore ) only "o side ( ! twi/ bit 9 ! wood4 ,a simil> type ( jo9t is us$ on ne>ly all k9ds ( glass & door frames 9 cab9et "w4 ,fig4 #bjd is a leaf = ! screw type ( table4 ,circul> d[els are %[n at "o end1 & rectangul> wood5 pegs at ! o!r2 bo? me?ods are equally good1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! d[els are only glu$ into "o leaf4 ,! object ( ^! d[els is to guide ! table leaf into its prop] position :5 ! leaf engages ! table prop]1 & to make ! flat surface ( ! table top & leaf regi/] correctly & ?us ensure a level surface4 ,fig4 #bje is a wood5 block made 9 two portions & held toge!r by screws2 x is us$ to fa/5 ar\nd a twi/ bit1 ! object be+ to ensure t all ! d[el holes are ( uni=m dep?4 ,x may be adju/$ z desir$ & firmly screw$ r\nd ! twi/ bit2 if ! hole is made #a_/d 94 9 diamet] x w clip r\nd a #a_/d-;94 or #c_/h-;94 bit & w answ] a dual purpose4 ,x is a prev5tative = bad d[ell+4 ,fig4 #bjf is an example ( d[ell+ fram+ :5 ! m\ld+ on ! edge has to be mitr$4 ,x is necess>y to cut ! %\ld]s away s z to all[ ! memb]s ( ! m\ld+ to int]sect4 ,! section ( ! m\ld is n %[n 9 ! sket* = cle>ness ( repres5tation4 ,! portion m>k$ ,h is call$ ! horn1 & x is n cut (f until aft] ! frame is glu$ up2 its object is to prev5t ! rail splitt+ or bur/+ :5 knock+ up ! frame or dur+ ! cramp+ process4 ,fig4 #bjg %[s ! me?od ( d[ell+ a m\ld$ cap to ! top ( a wood5 b$/ead po/ or simil> pill> :]e x is desir$ to avoid any unsightl9ess4 ,fig4 #bjh is a d9+-table leg & portion ( ! fram+1 %[+ ! me?od ( d[ell+ ! frame to ! leg4 ,*airs1 c\* frames1 etc41 are made 9 a simil> mann]4 ,fig4 #bji %[s ! top portion ( a table leg & a home-made d[el gauge4 ,! gauge is made ( any h>dwood1 & /eel wire p9s are driv5 ?r\gh at ! requir$ positions & %>p5$ simil> to ! spur ( a m>k+ gauge4 ,! legs are sawn & plan$ up true & squ>e1 & ! advantage ( ! gauge is t all legs are m>k$ exactly alike & are !re=e int]*angeable until glu$ up4 ,a gauge ( ?is type is easily & quickly made & may be kept = its specific purpose or alt]$ = o!r "w4 ,fig4 #baj indicates ! ,que5 ,anne type ( leg1 a sket* ( same brok5 bel[ ! knee also be+ giv54 ,"h we h ano!r type ( irregul> sett+ out1 :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,saw & plane ! brok5 portion ( ! leg true z %[n2 take ! timb] :i* is to be jo9t$ & treat x 9 a simil> mann]2 n[ place f\r ord9>y p9s on ! l[] portion4 ,c>efully place ! top portion to ! requir$ position & sm>tly give x "o tap ) ! hamm]2 ?is w cause ! p9-heads to leave ind5tations1 & if ^! be tak5 z c5tres = bor+1 accurate "w w result4 ,! new portion ( ! leg is aft]w>ds sawn & wr\ght to ! desir$ %ape4 ,?is is an example ( "w :]e x is next to impossible to use a gauge1 & z only "o jo9t is requir$ x is n wor? ! "t tak5 to make a template4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,d[ell+ a ,d9+-,table ,leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,d[el ,gauge = ,legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,d[ell+ a ,cabriole ,leg4 ,! tools us$ 9 d[ell+ are3 ,brace1 c\nt]s9k1 d[el-r\nd]1 twi/ bit1 try-squ>e1 m>k+-awl1 & ! usual b5* tools4 ,! fir/ f\r are illu/rat$ at ,figs4 #aid1 #aie1 #aif & #aig respectively4 ,! me?od ( work+ is3 ,plane up1 m>k out1 bore holes1 c\nt]s9k1 glue d[els & complete jo9ts4 ,,! ,,sc>f ,,jo9t ,! me?od kn[n z sc>f+ is us$ = ! jo9+ ( timb] 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 enabl+ ! workman to produce a jo9t ) a smoo? or flu% appe>ance on all its faces4 ,"o ( ! simple/ =ms ( sc>f$ jo9t is kn[n z ! half lap1 9 :i* a portion is cut out at ! end ( ea* beam or joi/1 equal 9 dep? to half ! full dep? ( ! beam1 & ( equal l5g? to ! requir$ sc>f4 ,! two pieces be=e !y are plac$ toge!r =m a jo9t z %[n at ,fig4 #baa1 ! project+ "p 7,a7 fitt+ into ! recess$ portion m>k$ ,b & ! two pieces be+ secur$ 9 _! respective positions by screws4 ,fig4 #bab %[s a dovetail$ sc>f jo9t4 ,?is is a v>iation ( ,fig4 #baa1 ! l5g? ( ! dovetail lap be+ f #f ins4 to #h ins4 9 l5g?4 ,fig4 #bac is an illu/ration ( a jo9t design$ to resi/ a cross /ra94 ,! face side is left flu%1 :il/ ! und]side is assi/$ by an iron plate4 ,! jo9t is secur$ ) nuts1 bolts1 & wa%]s4 ,?is type ( jo9t is frequ5tly us$ = jo9+ purl9s 9 ro( "w2 ! iron plate on ! und]side is 9 ?is case omitt$4 ,fig4 #bad is design$ to resi/ bo? t5sion & compression & is an excell5t jo9t = all purposes4 ,! jo9t is br\ght toge!r by us+ fold+ w$ges z %[n 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--;,half-,lap ,sc>f ,jo9t = ,light ,timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,dovetail$ ,sc>f ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--,plat$ ,sc>f ,jo9t ,us$ 9 ,ro( ,"w4 ,fig4 #bae is a v>iation ( ,fig4 #bad1 & x w be notic$ t t5ons are provid$ on ! face & und]side to resi/ cross /ra94 ,probably ?is is "o ( ! be/ v>ieties ( ! sc>f$ jo9t4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 its production is some:at co/ly1 & ?is may be ! reason t x is n m univ]sally us$4 ,fold+ w$ges are us$ to secure ! two pieces 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--,t5on$ ,sc>f ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--;,d\ble ,t5on$ ,sc>f ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,sc>f ,jo9t ) ,vee'd ends4 ,fig4 #baf is a sc>f$ jo9t ) und]cut vee'd ends :i* prev5t ! jo9t f lipp+ up or d[n or sideways4 ,x is a useful jo9t1 call+ = c>eful sett+ out & accurate craftsman%ip4 ,fold+ w$ges are us$ 9 ?is case to draw up & secure ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #bag is a fi%$ jo9t1 & ! foll[+ diff]5ce betwe5 a sc>f$ & fi%$ jo9t %\ld be not$4 ,a fi%$ jo9t ne$ n necess>ily r$uce ! total l5g? ( ! beams to be jo9$1 & fi% plates ( wood or iron 7or a comb9ation ( bo?7 are fa/5$ at ea* side ( ! jo9t4 ,9 a sc>f jo9t all surfaces are flu%4 ,9 ,fig4 #bag ! beams are butt-jo9t$ & secur$ by wood5 plates & iron bolts4 ,! upp] plate is let into ea* beam1 & ! l[] plate is provid$ ) two wood5 keys to prev5t ! beams slid+ 7or creep+7 ^u ! l[] plate4 ,iron nuts1 bolts1 & wa%]s are us$ to complete ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,fi%$ ,jo9t4 ,9 ! case ( ! sc>f$ jo9t at ,fig4 #bah 7us$ = purl9s7 ! l5g? ( ! sc>f is usually made ab\t f\r times t ( ! dep? ( tie beam4 ,x has two h>dwood keys :i* =ce ! pieces toge!r & ?us tight5 ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,detail ( ,sc>f$ ,jo9t 9 ,purl9s4 ,! me?ods ( sc>f+ & fi%-jo9t+ are _m & v>i$1 &1 9 select+ a jo9t1 ! nature ( ! pieces to be jo9$ & ! direction & ! am\nt ( ! load %\ld be c>efully tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! above jo9ts come "u ! head+ ( c>p5try1 & ! ord9>y tools su* z ! saw1 plane1 bor+-bit & *isels are all t are requisite & necess>y to produce a s\nd & s]viceable jo9t4 ,sc>f$ jo9ts are g5]ally ( l>ge size1 & !y are usually made by plac+ ! "w ^u saw+ tre/les ow+ to ! b5* be+ too small to accommodate ! l>ge timb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--;,example ( ,tabl$ ,jo9t ) ,/raps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--,lapp$ ,sc>f ,jo9t ) ,bolts = ,heavy ,timb]4 ,fig4 #bai is a tabl$ sc>f jo9t :i* admirably resi/s t5sion & compression4 ,x is v easy to make & fit1 & is n mat]ially affect$ by %r9kage4 ,! rectangul> wr\ght iron /raps are knock$ up ov] ! jo9t aft] ! two pieces engage4 ,! l5g? ( ! jo9t %\ld be approximately five times its ?ickness4 ,fig4 #bbj is an example ( a lapp$ sc>f jo9t :i* is secur$ ) nuts & bolts4 ,x effectively resi/s compressional /ress 9 v]tical po/s & x may1 if requir$1 be /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( wr\ght iron fi% plates4 ,x is q a s]viceable jo9t = all g5]al purposes1 su* z %$ or g>age build+ :]e fairly heavy timb]s are us$4 ,,! ,,h+$ ,,jo9t ,"o ( ! mo/ common =ms ( h+$ jo9t 9 use to-day is t =m$ by us+ ! butt h+e1 & _m tr\bles exp]i5c$ by ! amateur1 su* z h+e-b\nd1 /op-b\nd1 & screw-b\nd doors1 etc41 are due to a lack ( k ( ! pr9ciples ( h+e+4 ,h+es call = c>eful gaug+ & accurate fitt+1 o!rwise tr\ble is c]ta9 to occur4 ,a ,,b\nd door or box lid is said to be h+e-b\nd :5 ! recess :i* conta9s ! h+e is cut too deep4 ,! frame & ! body portion engage too tightly :5 clos$1 ! result be+ t ! door has always a t5d5cy to op5 a little4 ,?is fault may be 9 _m cases rem$i$ by pack+ beh9d ! h+e ) "o or two ?icknesses ( good /iff br[n pap]4 ,= pack+ purposes su* z ?is pap] w be f\nd to be ( mu* m value ?an ?9 /rips ( wood or knife-cut v5e]1 ! latt] always hav+ a great t5d5cy to split :5 a screw or bradawl is ins]t$4 ,a /op-b\nd door is ! "n appli$ :5 ! door is n f9i%$ to exactly ! same ?ickness z orig9ally int5d$4 ,?is causes ! door to b9d on ! /ops at ! back1 z %[n at ,fig4 #bba4 ,! difficulty may be rem$i$ by ?9n+ ! door a little at ! back1 or slightly r\nd+ away ! portion :i* b9ds4 ,screw-b\nd is a common fault (t5 ov]look$ by ! amateur4 ,x is caus$ by us+ screws ( :i* ! heads are too l>ge = ! c\nt]sunk holes 9 ! h+e1 & may be avoid$ by slightly s9k+ ! holes 9 ! brasswork ) a c\nt]s9k or rose-bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--,/op-b\nd ,door4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,butt ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,gaug+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--,m>k+ = ,recess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--,saw+ = ! ,recess4 ,,alignm5t4--,ano!r fault t is fairly common is hav+ ! axes ( ! h+es out ( alignm5t4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 ?ree h+es are us$ to hang a w>drobe or o!r l>ge door4 ,x is absolutely necess>y 9 all cases t ! exact c5tres ( ! pivot-p9s ( ! h+es %\ld be 9 a /raight l9e4 ,p>ticul> att5tion to alignm5t is necess>y :5 ! body & ! door frame are %ap$ on ! face side4 ,a famili> example t e read] may inspect = himself is ! curv$ side ( a railway c>riage body & railway c>riage door1 :]e he w notice t a specially wide h+e has to be us$ at ! bottom ( ! door to give ! necess>y alignm5t4 ,h+es fix$ on "w ) _! c5tres out ( tru? are (t5 ov]look$ by ! inexp]i5c$ work]1 & ?is is a frequ5t cause ( creak+4 ,,gaug+4--,fig4 #bbb is a sket* ( a brass butt h+e1 op54 ,fig4 #bbc illu/rates a simil> h+e clos$1 & %[s ! gauge set s t ! po9t ( ! m>k] is exactly to ! c5tre ( ! pivot-p94 ,?is di/ance we w call ,c4 ,n[ turn to ,fig4 #bbd4 ,! di/ance ,c has be5 gaug$ f ! face side ( ! frame4 ,! gauge is !n set to ! ?ickness ( ! h+e at its ?icke/ portion1 & to prev5t h+e-b9d see t ! gauge is set on ! f9e side4 ,rememb] t ! tap]$ po9t ( ! /eel spur or m>k+ awl w "p ! fibres ( ! timb] a little m ?an ! f9e po9t1 & give y a wid] gauge l9e ?an 0 anticipat$ :5 y set ! gauge4 ,! inexp]i5c$ work] ne>ly always ov]looks ?is4 ,! result is a h+e-b\nd door1 ! cause ( :i* is n discov]$ by ! work] because he is s sure t he has set ! gauge correctly4 ,! di/ance ,b1 ,fig4 #bbf1 %[s ! l9e gaug$ = ! ?ickness ( ! h+e4 ,,position ,,( ,,h+es4--,ano!r difficulty to ! beg9n] is ! position = 8 h+es1 & x may "h be /at$ t ! g5]al rule is to c>ry a l9e across ! face ( ! "w f ! inside ( ! cross rail & place ! h+e at ,e1 z ,fig4 #bbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--,tool ,op]ation :5 ,p>+ ,out ! ,h+e ,recess 9 ! ,door4 ,,saw+ ,,= ,,! ,,recess4--,aft] m>k+ out = ! h+e1 z %[n at ,fig4 #bbd1 take a f9e-too!d saw 7a dovetail saw is consid]$ ! be/7 & saw d[n z %[n at ,fig4 #bbe1 c>e be+ tak5 n to cut beyond ! gauge l9es4 ,9 ?is sket* ?ree int]m$iate saw k]fs are %[n1 b if ! h+e is ( great l5g?1 say #e or #f ins41 ! removal ( ! wa/e wood w be greatly facilitat$ by ! addition ( m int]m$iate saw k]fs4 ,^! cuts sev] ! cross fibres & all[ ! timb] to be easily p>$ away 9 %ort l5g?s4 ,9 ,fig4 #bbf we see ! tool op]ation :5 p>+ out ! h+e recess4 ,at ! left ( ! draw+ ! recess is %[n m>k$4 ,take a #c_/d 94 *isel &1 us+ x z a knife 7see ,a71 deep5 ! gauge l9es4 ,!n /ab ! *isel d[nw>ds1 z at ,b1 to deep5 ! end l9es4 ,next1 take ! *isel & p>e away ! back ( ! recess z at ,c4 ,! "w may !n be complet$ by p>+ neatly till ! bottom ( ! recess is flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg41 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,! ,h+e+ ( a ,box ,lid4 ,,/opp$ ,,h+$ ,,jo9ts ,,= ,,box ,,"w4--,fig4 #bbg is a section ?r\gh a small box simil> to a lady's "w-box 7! back ( ! box 9 ! illu/ration is enl>g$ 9 ?ickness to cle>ly %[ ! position ( ! h+e74 ,9 ?is case ! knuckle ( ! h+e is let into ! woodwork until x is flu% ) ! back ( ! box1 & ! gauge w\ld h to be set to ! total wid? ( ! h+e4 ,! back edges ( ! lid & ! back edge ( ! l[] portion ( ! box are plan$ away at an angle ( #de degrees z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,fig4 #bbh %[s ! same box ) ! lid op51 & x w be obs]v$ t ! *amf]$ edges come toge!r & =m a /op :i* prev5ts ! lid fall+ backw>ds & break+ ! box4 ,?is me?od ( lett+-9 ! knuckle flu% is a useful "o = box "w because ! ord9>y /ock brass butt h+e c be us$4 ,att5tion may1 h[ev]1 be call$ to ! /opp$ butt-h+e1 :i* is specially made to answ] ! above purpose2 9 its action a simil> me*anical pr9ciple z ! "o appli$ to ! box is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,/rap ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--,rev]sible or ,d\ble-fold+ ,scre5 ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4--,pivot ,h+e = ,scre5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--,non-rev]sible ,scre5 ,h+e4 ,,types ,,( ,,h+es4--,fig4 #bbi is an elongat$ v>iety ( ! butt h+e1 kn[n 9 ! trade z /rap h+e1 desk h+e1 or bagatelle h+e4 ,z its "n indicates1 x is us$ on fold+ bagatelle tables1 small writ+ desks1 & o!r types ( "w t h b a n>r[ m>g9 on :i* to fix ! h+es4 ,! long1 n>r[ plates are sunk flu% into ! wood1 ! knuckle or r\nd$ portion project+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--;,back ,flap ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--;,c>d ,table ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4--,pivot ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,ris+ ,butt ,h+e4 ,fig4 #bcj is an illu/ration ( ! rev]sible or d\ble-fold+ scre5 h+e4 ,half ! ?ickness ( ?is h+e is let into ea* w+ ( ! draught scre51 all[+ ! scre5 to be fold$ ei!r way4 ,! h+e is co/ly1 b effective 9 use4 ,fig4 #bca is a type ( pivot h+e :i* is us$ to fix at ! top & bottom ( a scre54 ,fig4 #bcb is ! non-rev]sible scre5 h+e &1 z its "n implies1 w only fold 9 "o direction4 ,fig4 #bcc is a back flap h+e ) a specially wide w+1 us$ = ! fall-d[n leaf ( small tables & simil> articles4 ,fig4 #bcd is a c>d table h+e4 ,?is is let into ! edges ( ! table1 s t all is flu% or level bo? above & bel[ ! surface4 ,,c5tre ,,or ,,pivot ,,h+es4--,fig4 #bce is a c5tre or pivot h+e1 us$ on ! top & bottom ( w>drobe doors1 m p>ticul>ly ! int]ior door ( a ?ree-w+$ w>drobe :]e ! me?od ( fix+ is conf9$ to ! cornice & pl9?4 ,! flange c>ry+ ! p9s or pivot is let into ! top & bottom ( ! door1 ! rema9+ flange be+ let into ! cornice & pl9? respectively4 ,,ris+ ,,butt ,,h+es4--,fig4 #bcf is ! ris+ butt h+e1 us$ on d9+ & draw+-room doors1 s t :5 ! door is op5$ ! door rises suffici5tly to cle> ! ?ickness ( ! c>pet4 ,?is h+e has also an advantage ov] ! ord9>y butt h+e 9 t x is self-clos+1 i4e41 ! weight ( ! door plus ! bevel on ! h+e jo9t causes ! door to close4 ,b& & hook h+es & o!r ord9>y v>ieties are too well kn[n to require illu/rat+4 ,,acute ,,angle ,,h+e+4--,fig4 #bcg is a sectional plan ( a corn] cupbo>d %[+ a good me?od ( h+e+ ! door4 ,! inset a %[s an enl>g$ view ( ! corn] c>ry+ ! h+e1 also ! adaptor piece c1 :i* is fitt$ to ! inside edge ( ! cupbo>d s t ! h+$ edges are at #ij degrees to ! face4 ,?is is a f> bett] & /rong] me?od ?an t %[n at b1 :i* is (t5 attempt$ ) disa/r\s results4 ,! incorrect me?od b all[s insuffici5t wood = fix+ purposes1 & 9 ne>ly all cases ! ?9 edge ( ! door breaks away dur+ ! mak+ & fitt+1 or soon aft] completion4 ,! adaptor piece may h a face m\ld work$ ^u x to give a pila/]-l appe>ance if fancy s dictates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--;,h+e+ ,door ( ,corn] ,cupbo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--;,inside ,h+e+3 ,me?od ( ,lett+ ,butt ,h+e into ,door ,frame & ,c>case4 ,,inside ,,h+e+4--,:5 a door is be+ hung inside ! c>case 7t is1 n h+$ ov] ! ends7 x is p]missible1 9 ! case ( light "w1 to let ! :ole ?ickness ( ! h+e into ! door2 & :5 screw+ ! door to ! c>case x is usual to fix ! knuckle ( ! h+e flu% ) ! face ( ! c>case1 ?us all[+ ! door frame to /& back1 mak+ a break ( ab\t #a_/h 94 ) ! face4 ,! m>k+ gauge %\ld be set to ! full wid? ( ! h+e2 ! m>k1 gaug$ on ! inside ( ! c>case end1 ?us =ms a l9e to guide ! work] :il/ fix+ ! door4 ,to successfully fix a door x g5]ally requires two p]sons1 "o to hold ! door 9 position1 :il/ ! o!r bores ! holes & fixes ! screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--,%[+ ,top & ,bottom ( ,c>case ,cut ,back to all[ ,door to ,close4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--,outside ,h+e+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--,section4 ,fig4 #bch %[s ! correct me?od ( fitt+ butt h+es on high-class "w4 ,"o w+ ( ! h+e is let into ! door1 & ! o!r w+ is let into ! c>case or door jamb1 ?us di/ribut+ a proportion ( ! weight to ! c>case end in/ead ( all[+ ! :ole ( ! weight to be c>ri$ by ! screws z w\ld be ! case 9 a1 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,! me?od ( s9k+ ea* portion ( ! h+e into ! door & c>case respectively is co/ly2 h5ce x is n ! g5]al practice 9 *eap "w4 ,9 ,fig4 #bci ! top & bottom ( c>case 7,t & ,b7 are %[n set back to all[ ! door to close4 ,,outside ,,h+e+4--,fig4 #bdj illu/rates ! portion ( a door frame & c>case end :5 ! door is hung on ! face ( ! c>case4 ,! correct me?od ( lett+ 9 ! h+e is %[n 9 ! enl>g$ section 7,fig4 #bda71 b1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! h+e may h its entire ?ickness let into ! door frame :]e x is ( a light "*4 ,! door frame projects slightly ov] ! c>case end1 & occasionally a bead m\ld is work$ on ! edge ( ! door s z to give a f9i% & p>tly hide ! jo9t4 ,! bead w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! same size z ! diamet] ( ! knuckle ( ! h+e2 & ! knuckle1 !re=e1 w =m a cont9uation ( ! bead & give a workman%iplike f9i%4 ,,fall ,,fronts4--,fig4 #bdb is a sectional view ( a fall front writ+ bureau fitt$ ) c5tre or pivot h+es & arrang$ s t ! edges =m a /op :5 ! desk front is turn$ to a horizontal position4 ,! position = ! fitt+ ( ! brass plates c>ry+ ! pivot-p9 is some:at awkw>d2 b1 by fir/ s9k+ ! plates into ! c>case ends1 & !n slott+ ! edges ( ! fall1 x w be f\nd t ! fall front may be put 9 f its horizontal position1 & t suffici5t room is left to enable ! screwdriv] to be manipulat$ )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--;,fall ,front ( ,writ+ ,bureau4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--,revolv+ ,fly ,rail = ,table4 ,see ,pivot$ ,fly or ,front ,rail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--;,draught ,scre5 ,tape ,h+e4 ,,fly ,,rail4--,fig4 #bdc is a sket* ( a small table ) ! top remov$4 ,a revolv+ fly rail is %[n pivot$ ^u a piece ( #a_/d-;94 wire4 ,! object ( ?is fly rail is to =m a support to ! small h+$ drop-leaf ( ! table4 ,?is me?od is suitable = small occasional tables & simil> articles4 ,,draught ,,scre5s4--,fig4 #bdd illu/rates ! end elevation & plan ( a draught scre5 :i* is con/ruct$ ( a light framework & cov]$ ) baize or ,am]ican clo?4 ,! rev]sible d\ble-fold+ h+e 7,fig4 #bcj7 w\ld answ] admirably = su* a scre54 ,cases occur1 h[ev]1 :]e x is desir$ to h+e a scre5 to be us$ = an invalid's b$side1 & x is !n important t all draught %\ld be exclud$ ?r\gh ! jo9t$ edges4 ,! d\ble rev]sible h+e w n fulfil ^! conditions1 & ! foll[+ me?od is !re=e adopt$4 ,9 ! plan1 ,fig4 #bdd1 ,a & ,b1 two la?s ( h>dwood 7bee*1 bir* or mahogany answ] spl5didly7 are %[n4 ,!y are made ! same l5g? & ! same wid? z ! edges ( ! scre51 ! corn]s be+ slightly r\nd$ away4 ,a d\ble-fold+1 draught-pro( h+e is !n made z foll[s3 ,procure good f9e webb+1 ab\t #a-a_/d 94 wide1 & ! necess>y l>ge-head$ tacks4 ,lay ! la?s side by side z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdd1 & proce$ to web !m z %[n4 ,comm5ce ) ! web "u ! la? ,a2 br+ x betwe5 ! la?s & ov] ,b2 n[ take x r\nd ! left-h& edge ( ,b1 & r\nd ! back & betwe5 ! la?s & ov] ,a1 cont9u+ ?is me?od ( wrapp+ ! la?s until ! l[] end is rea*$1 & !n fa/5+ ! webb+ z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es :i* repres5t ! tacks4 ,?is self-conta9$ h+e is !n fix$ to ! edges ( ! scre5 by bor+ suitable holes ?r\gh ! la?s & us+ c\nt]sunk screws4 ,?is is a *eap & effici5t me?od ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,a simil> me?od is us$ = ! h\sehold clo!s horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4--;,f+] ,jo9t ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--,! ,knuckle ,jo9t ,h+e4 ,,f+] ,,jo9t ,,h+e4--,fig4 #bde is a f+] jo9t--a movable int]lock+ jo9t us$ to support ! leaf ( a ,pembroke table4 ,! small portion is screw$ to ! table rail & ! %ap$ bracket sw+s out to support ! drop leaf4 ,! %ad$ portion ( ! bracket %[s ! timb] *amf]$ away s t ! f+]s may be easily put beh9d ! bracket to manipulate x4 ,note t ! corn]s are slightly r\nd$ (f1 z indicat$ by ! black portion ( ! sket*1 & t ! mortises are cut ab\t #a_/d 94 deep] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! timb] us$4 ,?is jo9t has n[ be5 almo/ sup]s$$ by a *eap /amp$ galvanis$ iron bracket ( exactly ! same patt]n4 ,! jo9t1 h[ev]1 is /ill us$ = repair "w & 9 cases :]e a /amp$ metal bracket has n suffici5t ov]hang4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--,op5 ,jo9t ,h+e+4 ,,knuckle ,,jo9t ,,h+e4--,fig4 #bdf is a simil> type ( jo9t to ! above1 & is call$ ! knuckle jo9t4 ,?is arrangem5t ( h+e+ all[s ! table leg to sw+ 9 an angle ( #ahj degrees & is mu* neat] 9 its appe>ance4 ,x is (t5 us$ to connect a movable table leg to ! fram+1 :]e x is necess>y = ! table leg & rail to sw+ outw>ds & support a drop leaf4 ,! pivot is =m$ by a piece ( #a_/h-;94 or #a_/d-;94 r\nd iron rod runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--;,cle>+ ! ,ar*itrave ,m\ld4 ,,op5 ,,jo9t ,,h+e+4--,! next ?ree illu/rations apply m p>ticul>ly to ! hang+ ( ! ord9>y h\sehold door4 ,fig4 #bdg is t]m$ op5 jo9t hang+1 f ! fact t :5 ! door is op5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( op5 space exi/s betwe5 ! edge ( ! door & ! doorpo/4 ,?is op5 space v>ies accord+ to ! position 9 :i* ! butt h+e is fix$4 ,a section is %[n at :i* ! p9 ( ! h+e is let 9 level ) ! face ( ! door4 ,?is w all[ ! door to op5 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 & x w n cle> ! ar*itrave m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--;,close ,jo9t ,h+e+4 ,fig4 #bdh indicates ! position ( ! h+e fix$ s z to all[ ! door to op5 & lay flat back to ! ar*itrave m\ld+4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! butts are made ) wid] w+s1 & !y are g5]ally provid$ to take ?ree screws 7see ,fig4 #bcc1 "r-h& w+ ( h+e74 ,to det]m9e ! position ( ! c5tre p9 ( ! h+e ! foll[+ rule is obs]v$4 ,! c5tre ( ! pivot p9 ( ! h+e mu/ be half ! di/ance betwe5 ! face ( ! door1 :5 clos$1 & ! outside ( ! ar*itrave m\ld+4 ,,close ,,jo9t ,,hang+4--,! me?od kn[n z close jo9t hang+ ensures ! jo9t at ! hang+ /ile be+ 9 close proximity to ! hang+ rail2 ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #bdi4 ,! fir/ memb] ( ! ar*itrave m\ld+ is g5]ally a bead ( ! same diamet] z ! knuckle ( ! h+e4 ,! butt h+e is let 9 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ! door :5 op5$ =ms a close-fitt+ jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4--,rule ,jo9t ,h+e1 ) ,leaf ,op54 ,,! ,,rule ,,jo9t ,,h+e is us$ to connect ! top & ! drop leaf ( a table 9 cases :]e cont9uity ( design is desir$1 s t ! edge ( ! top & ! leaf w %[ an ovolo m\ld+ :5 ! table is ei!r op5 or clos$4 ,to ! inexp]i5c$ work] x pres5ts sev]al difficulties &1 if x is a fir/ ef=t1 x is advisable to try out a sample jo9t on a c\ple ( odd pieces ( timb]4 ,fig4 #bej illu/rates ! jo9t :5 ! leaf is op5$ or 9 a horizontal position4 ,at ,fig4 #beb we h ! jo9t :5 ! leaf is let d[n to a v]tical position4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! latt] figure t ! edge ,a ( ! drop leaf is 9 alignm5t ) ! axis ( ! h+e4 ,/eel or brass back-flap h+es 7,fig4 #bcc7 are g5]ally us$ & !y are sunk into ! table z sugge/$4 ,set out ! "w full size z at ,fig4 #bea1 & m>k po9t #a1 :i* is to be ! position ( ! jo9t4 ,draw #a1 #b1 at "r angles to ! table top4 ,m>k po9t #c on ! v]tical l9e = ! c5tre ( ! h+e1 & m>k po9t #d approximately z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--,sett+ ,out = ,rule ,jo9t ,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4--,! ,rule ,jo9t ) ,leaf ,d[n4 ,) compass po9t on #c & radius #c to #d1 describe an arc #d to #e4 ,?is gives u ! true jo9t l9e 7#a1 #d1 #e74 ,! di/ance #j to #c is usually det]m9$ by ! h+e4 ,! knuckle ( ! back flap h+e is always let into ! "u side ( ! wood & ! fur!r x is ins]t$ into ! wood ! m ! jo9t w ov]lap at ,a 7,fig4 #beb7 :i* %[s ! jo9t :5 ! flap or leaf is d[n4 ,,%utt+ ,,jo9ts ,?is *apt] deals ) ! jo9t made by ! upright rail ( a door frame :i* c>ries ! lock1 or h&le1 g5]ally call$ ! slamm+ /ile4 ,_m & v>i$ are ! me?ods us$ to make a draught & air-tight jo9t at ! meet+ ( ! slamm+ /ile & ! c>case end1 & our sket*es illu/rate "s ( ! simple/ & also "s ( ! be/ & mo/ exp5sive me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--,%utt+ ,/ile ( ,cupbo>d ,door4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--,%[+ ,cupbo>d ,end ,?ickness$ 7see ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--;,du/-pro( ,cupbo>d ,door4 ,fig4 #bec is a "p plan ( ! end ( a simple cupbo>d ( :i* ! c>case end is all ( "o ?ickness 7i4e41 n l9$ up 9 ?ickness74 ,a small /rip ( wood 7,a7 is glu$ & screw$ on ! end to =m a /op to ! door & to prev5t ! access ( du/ to ! int]ior ( ! cupbo>d4 ,fig4 #bed illu/rates a simil> me?od2 ! /op 7,c7 is se51 z 9 ! previ\s illu/ration1 b x w be notic$ also t ! c>case end 9 ?is case is l9$ up 7see ,b7 to give a pila/]-l appe>ance to ! end1 & ! m\ld+ is select$ on acc\nt ( its suitability to hide ! jo9t ( ! l9+ piece4 ,fig4 #bee is ( a m intricate type1 & is (t5 us$ on jewell]s' %[cases4 ,! end at ! "r h& is slightly rebat$ to receive ! frame1 & bo? ! rail & ! end are groov$ ) a pl\gh plane4 ,a sep>ate bead is made & glu$ into ! groove ( ! door frame 7,d71 engag+ ! groove 9 ! c>case end :5 ! door is clos$4 ,! %utt+ /ile & ! end are work$ ) a hook jo9t 7,e71 & if c>efully made !y are practically du/-tight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4--,meet+ ,/iles ) rebat$ ,a/ragal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4--;,door ,rebat$ = ,a/ragal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4--;,door ) ,brass ,a/ragal4 ,fig4 #bef %[s ! meet+ ( two doors :i* op5 outw>ds1 a sep>ate piece ( timb] be+ made to =m a rebat$ a/ragal m\ld 7,f7 & glu$ to ! "r-h& door4 ,?is me?od gives a neat & effective f9i%4 ,fig4 #beg is simil> to ! above1 ) ! exception t ! rail ( ! door is rebat$ 7,g7 to receive ! a/ragal m\ld+4 ,?is me?od is pref]r$ on ! be/ class ( "w1 because x %[s no unsightly jo9t at ! inside ( ! door frame4 ,fig4 #beh illu/rates ! type ( jo9t made by us+ a brass a/ragal m\ld 7,h7 z employ$ on high-class "w1 frequ5tly se5 on ,fr5* furniture ( ! ,l\is p]iods4 ,9 ,fig4 #bei is %[n a piece ( brass a/ragal m\ld+1 :i* may be procur$ f any cab9etmak]'s ironmong] 9 suitable l5g?s4 ,x is fix$ 9 position by slightly rebat+ ! edge ( ! door & fa/5+ ) ord9>y c\nt]sunk brass screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4--;,brass ,a/ragal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--;,curv$ ,cupbo>d ,doors ) ,rebat$ ,meet+ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--,rebat$ ,meet+ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,meet+ ,jo9t ) appli$ ,a/ragal4 ,fig4 #bfj is a rebat$ jo9t1 brok5 at ! front by a bead m\ld+4 ,! illu/ration %[s its application to a circul>-front$ cupbo>d1 & x w be notic$ t ! h+$ rails are receiv$ 9 a rebate :i* is work$ on ! c>case ends4 ,! rebat$ jo9t at ! c5tre ( ! two doors is work$ slightly on ! bevel1 s z to all[ = cle>ance :5 op5+ ! door4 ,two ( ! commone/ meet+ jo9ts ( doors are se5 9 ,figs4 #bfa & #bfb4 ,9 ! =m] case ! /iles are rebat$ 7z already %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfj71 :il/ at ,fig4 #bfb an a/ragal bead is glu$ to ! "r-h& /ile4 ,9 ,fig4 #bfa a bead is work$ on ! "r-h& /ile to mask ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #bfc is ! hook jo9t us$ on good-class jo9]y & cab9et "w4 ,a pair ( special wood planes are requir$ to make ! jo9t 9 a *eap & effici5t mann]4 ,! co/ ( a pair ( #e_/h-;94 hook jo9t planes is f #fs4 to #hs4 ,!y are ( simil> size & g5]al appe>ance to ! ord9>y ovolo m\ld+ plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--,! ,hook ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--;,hook ,jo9t ) loose ,tongues4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4--,rebat$ ,jo9t ) ,tongue ,slip4 ,fig4 #bfd is a special type ( hook jo9t z us$ on l>g] "w4 ,! jo9t may be made by us+ ! pl\gh plane1 ! rebate plane & a suitably-siz$ bead plane1 ! loose tongues be+ ins]t$ z %[n & fa/5$ by screws & glue4 ,fig4 #bfe is a rebat$ jo9t ) loose tongue-slip & a/ragal m\ld1 suitable = frames ov] #a-a_/d 94 9 ?ickness4 ,! loose tongue-slip is glu$ into ! "r-h& door frame4 ,fig4 #bff %[s a %utt+ jo9t us$ to prev5t p]meation ( du/ to ! int]ior ( a draw]4 ,! draw] front is groov$ & engages a suitably-=m$ slip :i* is screw$ to ! be>] z indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,occasionally "s difficulty is exp]i5c$ :5 fitt+ ! slip to a n>r[ draw]1 b ?is c always be ov]come by putt+ 9 ! screws f ! top ( ! be>] in/ead ( f und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4--;,du/-pro( ,draw]1 %[+ ! ,front groov$ to engage a ,slip :i* is screw$ to ! ,be>] ,rail4 ,%utt+ jo9ts :i* are requir$ to be light-tight1 su* z ^? us$ 9 photographic "w1 are g5]ally =m$ by slightly groov+ ! frame & ins]t+ a /rip ( black velvet4 ,! friction ( ! high pile ( ! velvet prev5ts ! filtration ( light ?r\gh ! jo9t4 ,:5 mak+ air-tight %[cases1 "o ( ! be/ & simple/ te/s is to place a light$ c&le 9 ! case & close all ! doors2 if ! c&le goes out )9 ?ree m9utes y h accompli%$ y\r object4 ,,! ,,dovetail ,,jo9t ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n z to ! orig9 ( dovetail+1 b a qua9t & pleas+ little /ory :i* is well wor? repeat+ runs z foll[s3 ,a f>m] _h call$ 9 ! local joyn] to d sundry repairs at ! home/ead4 ,"o day1 :il/ enjoy+ a humble meal1 he sat wat*+ "s doves z !y hopp$ ab\t ! y>d4 ,/ruck by ! movem5t ( _! w$ge-%ap$ tails1 x occurr$ to him to jo9t 8 timb] by ! int]lock+ me?od2 h5ce we h dovetails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--;,a ,s+le ,?r\gh ,dovetail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--,?r\gh ,dovetails on ,c>case ,"w 7,p1 ,p9s2 ,t1 ,tails74 ,,?r\gh ,,dovetail+4--,"o ( ! simple/ =ms ( ! dovetail jo9t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfg1 :]e two pieces ( timb] are jo9$ by ! me?od kn[n z ?r\gh dovetail+4 ,?is me?od is us$ 9 ev]yday practice = jo9+ ! corn]s ( frames1 bracket trusses1 & a hundr$ & "o o!r articles4 ,figs4 #bfh & #bfi %[ ! me?od ( ?r\gh dovetail+ z appli$ to ! mak+ ( boxes1 pl9?s1 & g5]al c>case "w2 x is us$ 9 positions :]e no objection c be tak5 to ! end gra9 %[+ on ea* side ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,9 ! case ( pl9?s & furniture cornices ! f\ndation frame is made ( yell[ p9e or o!r *eap wood1 & ! m exp5sive & r>e timb]s are glu$ & mitr$ ar\nd 9 v>i\s ?icknesses & %apes1 ?us sav+ ! m co/ly mat]ial & /r5g!n+ ! con/ruction by ! me?od kn[n z lam9at+4 ,9 _m cases all t is necess>y is to v5e] ! face sides1 ?us cov]+ & hid+ any unsightl9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4--;,dovetails = ,boxes1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--,lap-dovetail+ = ,draw]s4 ,,lap-,,dovetail+4--,fig4 #bgj is an example ( lap-dovetail+1 su* z is us$ :]e a draw] side jo9s ) ! draw] front4 ,x is n p]missible to all[ ! end gra9 ( ! timb] to %[ at ! front ( a draw]1 & ?is is :y resort is _h to ! lap-dovetail4 ,z ! mo/ g5]al use ( ! dovetail is = ?is & simil> purposes1 we %all !re=e deal fully ) ! me?ods ( m>k+ out & ! mak+ ( ?is class ( jo9t4 ,,angles4--,a mo/ important po9t 9 ! con/ruction ( a dovetail is to avoid hav+ ! angles ( ! p9s & tails too acute4 ,an incl9ation ( "o 9 eight is consid]$ correct2 no h>d & fa/ rule ne$ be obey$1 b ! v>iation %\ld on no acc\nt be less ?an "o 9 six4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4--;,h[ to obta9 ,correct ,angles = ,dovetail ,template4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--,squ>+ & use ( ,template4 ,fig4 #bga %[s a simple me?od to obta9 ! correct angle4 ,take a piece ( timb] & plane up ! face edge 7,a1 ,b7 true & /raight2 m>k out a l9e 7,c1 ,d7 at "r angles to ! face edge & space (f #h ins4 z %[n2 n[ measure a di/ance ( #a 94 7,d1 ,e71 & jo9 ,e to po9t eight4 ,?is w give ! correct angle = ! dovetails1 & x may !n be transf]r$ to ! jo9]s' bevel4 ,_m work]s :o are con/antly on dovetail "w make a z9c template to ! exact angle & keep x specially = ! purpose 7,fig4 #bgb74 ,,squ>+4--,ano!r important po9t to rememb] is t ! draw] sides mu/ be true & squ>$ to an exact l5g? & plan$ up to ?ickness2 o!rwise ! f9i%$ draw] w be 9 w9d+ & out ( tru?4 ,to true & squ>e ! ends ( draw] sides1 draw] backs & draw] front1 a mo/ useful little ma*9e is ! mitre trimm]2 fail+ ?is1 excell5t results c be obta9$ by us+ ! %oot+ bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--,me?od ( ,m>k+ ) ,cutt+ ,gauge4 ,,gaug+4--,aft] squ>+ up ! timb] accurate gaug+ ( ! ends is ano!r important po9t4 ,! gauge us$ %\ld be a cutt+ gauge1 s t ! l9e is incis$ ab\t #a_/cb 94 9 dep?1 ?us effectually cutt+ ! cross fibres ( ! timb]4 ,fig4 #bgc %[s ! me?od ( us+ ! cutt+ gauge4 ,! /ock ( ! gauge mu/ be held well up to ! end ( ! timb]4 ,! gauge is a mo/ difficult tool = ! novice to use1 & 8 tr\ble is g5]ally caus$ by hold+ x too flat4 ,tilt ! gauge a little s t ! ?umbscrew %[n 9 ! illu/ration goes ne>] to ! floor2 ! blade w !n n bite s ke5ly1 & bett] results w be obta9$4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! positions :i* ! dovetails w occupy :5 m>k$ out4 ,! gauge is set a trifle less ?an ! ?ickness ( ! draw] sides to all[ = ! ?ickness ( ! /eel cutt]1 & a gauge l9e is m>k$ on ! inside ( ! front & all r\nd ! draw] back4 ,! gauge is n[ readju/$ s z to leave a #a_/d-;94 lap on ! front1 & a l9e m>k$ on ! ends ( ! front & all r\nd ! ends ( ! sides :i* w engage ! draw] front4 ,a glance at ,figs4 #bgj & #bgc w make ?is cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--,remov+ ! ,wa/e ,wood4 ,! dovetail p9s on draw] "p & back are spac$ out & m>k$ on ! end ) ! aid ( ! jo9]s' bevel1 ! l9es be+ !n squ>$ d[n to ! gauge l9e by ! me?od %[n at ,fig4 #bgb--t is1 by us+ ! try-squ>e & m>k+ awl4 ,! draw] front is n[ put into ! b5* vice1 & ! p9s are cut z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,! draw] back is treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b ( c\rse 9 ?is case x is n lap b ?r\gh dovetail+1 & ! saw k]f goes ?r\gh ! timb] & d[n to ! gauge l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--;,cutt+ away ! ,half ,dovetails4 ,we n[ come to ! po9t :]e x is necess>y to remove ! sup]flu\s mat]ial4 ,fig4 #bgd %[s a me?od commonly adopt$ & kn[n z saw+ out ! wa/e2 ! saw is held at an angle & "p ( ! inside portion ( ! dovetail is cut away z %[n4 ,?is is a good plan = ! amateur1 because x %[s him at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 *opp+ out :i* w be ! p9 & :i* ! tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4--,%[+ ! ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,*isel ,op]ations 9 ,lap-dovetail+4 ,a3 ,! ,prelim9>y ,r\gh+-out4 ,b3 ,v]tical ,*isell+2 note t ! fir/ /ab %\ld be j outside ! ,gauge ,l9e4 ,c3 ,m>k+ ! ,horizontal ,cut4 ,fig4 #bgf 7,a7 %[s ano!r me?od t answ]s well = s(t woods su* z p9e1 ,am]ican :itewood & sat9 walnut4 ,! draw] front is laid flat on ! b5* aft] x has be5 sawn1 & ) a mallet & %>p *isel ! corn] ( ! dovetail is knock$ (f z %[n4 ,?is takes ! bulk ( ! mat]ial away & ! dovetail is !n p>$ out squ>e 9 ! usual way4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bgf7 also %[s h[ ! *isel is held = v]tical p>+ 7,b7 & = horizontal p>+ 7,c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--,r\gh+-out by ,bor+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--,m>k+ ,p9s on ,draw] ,side4 ,a ?ird me?od is %[n at ,fig4 #bgg4 ,) h>d1 curly timb]s1 su* z tobacco mahogany & sat9wood1 x is a labori\s process to c>efully *op away ! timb] 9 small pieces1 & to ov]come ?is difficulty we occasionally see ! workman take a twi/-bit & bore a s]ies ( holes z %[n4 ,a great portion ( ! timb] may !n be split away by ins]t+ ! *isel end-way into ! gra91 aft] :i* x is p>$ to a f9i%4 ,z dovetail+ is *iefly us$ = draw] mak+1 x w be ( int]e/ to give sev]al illu/rations ( v>iations ( ! jo9t & its uses4 ,fig4 #bgh indicates ! me?od ( m>k+ ! position ( ! holes 9 ! draw] side4 ,:5 ! p>+ out ( ! dovetails is complet$ ! draw] front is turn$ ov] on to ! side z %[n1 & ! position ( ! recesses :i* w engage ! p9 portions are m>k$ ) ! m>k+ awl z illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--,m>k+ by means ( ,saw ,blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4--;,gauge ,l9es1 ,scores & ,saw ,cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4--,saw+ ! ,draw] ,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--,position ( ,*isel = ,cutt+ ,*annel4 ,! complet$ draw] back is m>k$ on ! sides 9 an exactly simil> mann]4 ,ano!r me?od ( m>k+ ?r\gh dovetails is %[n at ,fig #bgi4 ,! side is held 9 position on ! end1 & ! dovetail saw is ins]t$ & drawn out ( ! saw k]f1 ?us leav+ ! exact m>k on ! draw]-back4 ,o!r work]s pref] a p\nce-bag in/ead ( a saw4 ,a p\nce-bag consi/s ( a piece ( fairly op5 wov5 musl9 fill$ ) a mixture ( ,fr5* *alk & f9ely-p[d]$ :it+2 ! musl9 is ti$ up ) a piece ( ?9 tw9e l ! m\? ( a fl\r sack4 ,all t is necess>y is to place ! timb] 9 position & bang ! bag on ! top ( ! saw-cuts1 :5 suffici5t p[d] w pass ?r\gh ! bag & d[n ! saw k]f to m>k ! exact positions ( ! l9es4 ,,saw+ ,,! ,,dovetails4--,aft] m>k+ out ! p9s on ! draw] sides1 we proce$ ) ! next op]ation1 t is1 saw+ ! dovetails ready = *opp+ out ! wa/e mat]ial4 ,! draw] side is tak5 & firmly secur$ 9 ! b5* screw & sawn z at ,fig4 #bha2 x is mo/ important t ! saw k]f is kept inside ! l9e :i* has be5 scrat*$ by ! m>k+ awl4 ,see ,fig4 #bhj1 :]e ! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! gauge l9e & ! outside l9es indicate ! scores ( ! m>k+ awl4 ,failure to obs]ve ?is condition w result 9 faulty dovetail+1 & x w also prove ! necessity = us+ a f9ely-too!d & ?9-blad$ dovetail saw4 ,to cut out ! wa/e wood 7or core71 ! usual proc$ure is to saw away ! half-dovetails z at ,fig4 #bge4 ,) c>e1 ?is c be accompli%$ ) ! dovetail saw1 ?us avoid+ unnecess>y lab\r & ! use ( ! p>+ *isel4 ,aft] saw+1 ! draw] side is plac$ flat ^u ! b5*1 "o end 9 contact ) ! b5* to prev5t ! draw] side f slipp+ away2 a *isel 7pref]ably bevell$ edg$7 ( suitable wid? is n[ tak5 & a small *annel is cut z at ,a1 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ ?is *annel is %[n 9 ! same illu/ration4 ,! *isel-cut is />t$ ab\t #a_/h 94 f ! gauge l9e2 ! cut is made "r up to ! gauge l9e1 :i* 7:5 gaug+7 0 made #a_/cb 94 deep s z to cut ! cross fibres ( ! timb]4 ,a small piece ( wa/e wood w !re=e come away z at ,a4 ,! object ( cutt+ ?is small *annel is s t1 :5 ! *isel is held v]tically on ! gauge l9e & /ruck ) ! mallet1 ! *isel w h no t5d5cy to =ce its way backw>d & ov]%oot ! gauge l9e4 ,! wa/e or core is n[ remov$ by hold+ ! *isel approximately v]tical & apply+ suffici5t p[] to drive x half-way ?r\gh ! timb]4 ,! draw] side is n[ turn$ ov]1 ! op]ation repeat$1 & ! core pu%$ out4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :il/ cutt+ away ! core to ensure ! *isel be+ held ne>ly p]p5dicul>2 if too mu* lead 7or bevel7 be giv51 a faulty & und]cut dovetail w be ! result4 ,und]cut dovetails prev5t a prop] grip ( ! glue2 !y give a weak jo9t1 & (t5 cause ! face ( ! draw] side to be spl9t]$ :il/ driv+ up ! jo9t4 ,if x be necess>y to ease "o or two %av+s f (f ! draw] side :il/ fitt+ ! complet$ draw] 9 ! c>case1 ! jo9t w %[ a great] gap z ea* succe$+ %av+ is remov$4 ,9 common "w1 especially 9 s(t timb]s1 _m work]s all[ ! p9s ( a draw] back to run ?r\gh ! sides ab\t #a_/af 94 & hamm] d[n ! p9s ( ! dovetail4 ,?is is call$ bi%op+ ! dovetails1 & is unnecess>y if ! "w be prop]ly made & fitt$4 ,an alt]native me?od ( dovetail+ is t ( cutt+ ! dovetails fir/1 z %[n at ,fig4 #bhc4 ,f\r or six draw] sides are plac$ 9 ! vice & ! dovetails are sawn at "o op]ation4 ,a little lead 7or bevel7 f front to back is giv5 :il/ saw+1 & if ?is me?od be us$ c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! p>ts ( ! draw] sides :i* w be on ! inside ( ! complet$ draw] are t[>ds ! work]1 or ! lead w be giv5 to ! dovetails 9 ! wrong direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4--;,cutt+ sev]al ,dovetails at once4 ,aft] saw+ ! dovetails 9 ?is mann] ! sides are plac$ 9 _! respective positions on ! draw] fronts or backs1 & m>k$ ) a p\nce-bag or by us+ ! saw-blade me?od4 ,! p9s are !n cut 9 ! usual way1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! saw k]f be on ! outside ( ! m>ks1 o!rwise ! p9s w f9i% too slack to engage ) ! tails4 ,,frame ,,dovetails4--,fig4 #bhd is a sket* ( a con/ructional frame su* z is us$ = build+ up a cornice or pl9?4 ,at ! jo9t m>k$ ,a an edge b>efac$ dovetail is %[n4 ,f ! sep>at$ sket*es ( ! jo9t 7,b7 x w be se5 t ! dovetail c be put toge!r ei!r f ! top or ! bottom ( ! fram+ z all its edges are p>allel2 glue is reli$ ^u to hold x 9 position4 ,! c5tre /ret*] rail at ,fig4 #bhd is simil>1 except t 9 ?is case x is a complete dovetail 9 place ( a b>efac$ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4--;,con/ructional ,frame 7z = ,pl9? or ,cornice7 %[+ application ( ! ,dovetail ,jo9t4 ,"s work]s1 :5 mak+ ei!r ( ! above jo9ts1 pref] to give a slight bevel to ! dovetail1 s t x drives tightly into ! h\s+ :5 put toge!r4 ,a v>iation ( ?is type ( dovetail is frequ5tly us$ to jo9t int]nal uprights to ! horizontal %elves ( writ+ desks1 cab9ets1 & bookcases1 etc4 ,! dovetail$ portion is p>allel = ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( its wid?2 ! rema9+ "p is tap]$ t[>ds ! front edge & not*$ away at ! face s z to conceal ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,an illu/ration ( ! top portion ( a division #ad ins4 wide is %[n at ,fig4 #bhd1 ,c4 ,! o!r portion is ( c\rse dovetail$ to fit x4 ,,bl9d ,,lap-,,dovetail+4--,at ,fig4 #bhe is %[n a type ( bl9d lap-dovetail+4 ,?is makes a good1 s\nd jo9t1 b x has ! disadvantage ( %[+ a small portion ( ! timb] ( ! front rail end-way ( ! gra94 ,jo9ts ( ?is k9d are us$ = cornices1 boxes1 etc41 & also = pa9t$ furniture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--;,bl9d ,lap-,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4--;,h\s$ & ,mitr$ ,dovetail4 ,,h\s$ ,,& ,,mitr$ ,,dovetail4--,fig4 #bhf is ano!r =m ( dovetail--commonly call$ a h\s$ & mitr$ or rebat$ & mitr$ dovetail4 ,9 ?is in/ance we see t a small portion is mitr$ at top & bottom edges1 & :5 us$ 9 pl9? or cornice "w1 or = mak+ tea-caddies1 etc41 ! edges are 7:5 complet+ ! "w7 cov]$ ei!r ) ! m\ld+1 :i* is plant$ on ! cornice or pl9?1 or ) ! top & bottom ( ! box or tea-caddy4 ,! me?od ( mak+ a h\s$ & mitr$ dovetail jo9t is se5 9 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,! ends to be jo9$ are plan$ up true & squ>e & !n rebat$ z %[n4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! portion :i* has be5 work$ away4 ,! dovetails are n[ sawn & p>$ out 9 ! usual way & ! "p d5ot$ by ! arr[ is aft]w>ds cut away ) a *isel & f9ally f9i%$ to a smoo? surface ) a rebate plane2 ! me?od ( work+ is %[n at ,fig4 #bhg1 :]e ! dovetail p9s are se5 ) ! wa/e portions cut away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4--,work+ a ,h\s$ & ,mitr$ ,dovetail ,jo9t4 ,fig4 #bhg also %[s ! me?od ( cutt+ away ! mitr$ "p4 ,a tempor>y piece ( wood is plan$ to a true mitre & plac$ und]nea? ! dovetail$ piece to =m a template4 ,bo? pieces ( ! timb] are n[ secur$ to ! b5* ) a h&screw or cramp2 ! template ,a w =m a guide = ! *isel & rebate plane & all[ a %>p edge or arris to be work$ on ! mitre4 ,a ,,secret ,,mitr$ ,,dovetail jo9t is illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #bhh2 x is us$ 9 all ! bett] class ( cab9et & box "w4 ,fig4 #bhh %[s ! pieces sep>at$2 note ! mitre at ! top & bottom edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4--,secret ,mitre ,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4--;,dovetail$ ,keys = ,wide ,surfaces4 ,,dovetail ,,key+4--,fig4 #bhi is a me?od us$ to prev5t wide bo>ds su* z signbo>ds1 wide & %ap$ p$im5ts1 etc41 f ca/+ or w>p+4 ,x is call$ dovetail key+4 ,beyond call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! angles at ! edges ( ! keys1 :]e !y are bevell$1 %\ld be at or ab\t #ge degrees1 no?+ fur!r ne$ be said1 z ! draw+ is self-explanatory4 ,angle dovetail key+ is %[n at ,figs4 #bij & #bia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4--;,dovetail ,key4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4--;,dovetail ,key+ on ! ,angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4--;,b[-front$ ,door ,dovetail$ ,edgeways4 ,,o!r ,,v>ieties4--,at ,fig4 #bib we h an ev]yday me?od ( jo9t+ circul>-front$ cab9et door frames4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 sett+ out & mak+1 or a twi/$ frame w result4 ,!n at ,fig4 #bic are %[n two famili> examples ( dovetail+ ! be>] to ! c>case end ( a dress+ table or wa%/&4 ,fig4 #bid4--,lap-dovetail+ ! top ( a w>drobe to ! c>case end4 ,o!r examples1 su* z ! top ( a bookcase to ! sides1 w sugge/ !mselves4 ,fig4 #bie4--,side view ( a jewel draw] ) a m\ld$ draw] front z us$ on dress+ tables1 etc4 ,?is %[s ! necessity ( bevell$ dovetail+ 9 ord] t ! draw] front may be kept z ?9 & light z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4--;,c>case ,"w1 %[+ ,be>] ,rails ,dovetail$4 ,fig4 #bif4--;,bevell$ dovetail+ :5 p9s are at "r angles to ! end cut4 ,fig4 #big4--;,bevell$ dovetail+ :5 ! c5tre l9e ( ! p9s is p>allel to ! edges ( ! "w1 us$ = mak+ hopp]s1 food tr\ghs1 knife boxes1 etc4 ,"o corn] ( ! box %[s ! jo9t sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4--,lap-,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4--;,jewel ,draw] ,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4--;,bevell$ ,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4--;,bevell$ & ,dovetail$ ,box1 %[+ ! ,jo9t+ ( ,"o ,corn] ,sep>at$4 ,fig4 #bih4--;,an example ( oblique dovetail+1 z us$ on hopp]s :5 "o piece is v]tical & ! o!r piece is incl9$4 ,fig4 #bii4--,me?od ( dovetail+ small boxes4 ,! box is dovetail$ 9 "o wid? & ! top & bottom glu$ on2 ! sides & ends are !n cut along ! dott$ l9e1 ?us =m+ ! lid4 ,x w be notic$ t a specially wide dovetail p9 mu/ be left s z to =m "p ( ! lid & "p ( ! l[] portion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4--,oblique ,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4--;,dovetail+ = ,small ,box4 ,,sett+ ,,out ,,! ,,jo9t4--,= con/ruct+ a dovetail jo9t at ! corn] ( a frame1 z ,fig4 #cjj1 x is necess>y at ! outset to trim up ! ends ( ! timb] squ>e & true4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by neatly saw+ to ! l9e & p>+ ! end ( ! wood ) a %>p *isel1 or by br++ ! wood to a f9i% ) a f9ely-set plane1 su* z an iron-fac$ smoo?+ plane4 ,! ends ( ! wood mu/ be p]fectly squ>e :5 te/$ f ei!r ! face side or f ! m>k$ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4--;,corn] ,dovetail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4--,squ>+4 ,take a cutt+ gauge & set x to equal ! ?ickness ( ! timb]1 &1 hold+ x z already %[n at ,fig4 #bgc1 /rike ! gauge l9es on ! wood z illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #cjb1 ,g4 ,proce$ to m>k out ! dovetail p9s1 z at ,fig4 #cjc2 9 ?is illu/ration ,g aga9 %[s ! gauge l9e4 ,! incl9ation ( ! l9es across ! end ( ! wood %\ld n be too great1 or ! jo9t w be a weak "o1 & ! edges ( ! dovetails w be liable to crumble away :5 ! "w is knock$ toge!r4 ,,dovetail+ ,,template4--,_m work]s :o are con/antly engag$ ^u dovetail jo9ts make a small wood5 template1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cjd4 ,?is template is g5]ally ( h>dwood1 su* z bee* or walnut4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ! correct angles ( su* a template has already be5 giv5 on p4 #acd4 ,notice t ! l9es bb 7,fig4 #cjc7 ( ! dovetail p9s d n bevel2 !y are p>allel to ! sides ( ! wood & at "r angles to ! end ( ! wood z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4--;,gaug+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4--,m>k+ ! ,p9s4 ,,*isel ,,"w4--,aft] m>k+ out1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cjc1 place ! wood on ! b5* & proce$ to *op away ! c5tre portion 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,hold ! *isel on ! bevel & cut out a small piece to =m a *annel at ! gauge l9e4 ,n[ hold ! *isel 9 a v]tical position1 & ) a mallet /rike x s z to make a cut ab\t #a_/h 94 deep4 ,!n hold ! *isel on ! bevel aga9 & cut away m wa/e wood2 proce$ alt]nately1 fir/ =c+ ! *isel d[n v]tically1 & !n p>+ ! wood away ) ! *isel held obliquely1 until y h cut half-way ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4--;,h&-made ,template = ,m>k+ ,dovetails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4--,te/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4--,! ,m>k$ ,piece4 ,turn ! wood ov] & repeat ! v>i\s op]ations until ! core1 or wa/e piece1 is remov$4 ,p>e away any little irregul>ities :i* may be left 9 ! corn]s ) an #a_/h-;94 *isel1 ?us leav+ all smoo? & neat4 ,lay ! piece ( wood :i* is to h ! dovetail m>k$ on x flat ^u ! b5*1 & take ! piece ) ! dovetail p9s cut ^u x & place 9 ! position %[n at ,fig4 #cje4 ,,saw ,,"w4--,take a m>k+ awl1 or a knitt+ ne$le :i* has _h its end %>p5$1 & m>k ! l9es ( ! dovetail 9 a simil> mann] to t %[n at ,fig4 #cjg4 ,remove ! piece ,a1 ,fig4 #cje1 & ! l[] piece %[n at ,fig4 #cje w cle>ly %[ ! m>ks aa z !y appe> 9 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,place ! piece 7,fig4 #cjf7 9 ! vice1 & saw outside ! l9es ,,aa1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4--,m>k+ ,dovetails ) ,m>k+ ,awl4 ,aft] saw+ d[n ! l9es ,,aa1 ,fig4 #cjh1 place ! wood 9 ! vice &1 guid+ ! saw blade ) ! index f+] ( ! left h&1 cut away ! small piece at ! side 7see ,fig4 #bge74 ,repeat ! op]ation z may be necess>y1 & ! complet$ jo9t w be simil> to t %[n at ,fig4 #cjj4 ,if ! saw+ is n neatly done x may be f\nd necess>y to p>e ! %\ld] ) a %>p *isel4 ,,draw]s4--,:5 dovetail+ draw]s or boxes x is necess>y to squ>e up ! ends ( all ! /ock & gauge !m1 z %[n at ,fig4 #bgc4 ,?is illu/ration %[s h[ to gauge ! l9es on a draw] side2 ! dovetail$ jo9t 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 does n run ?r\gh ! draw] front & leave ! "w unsightly1 z ! jo9t at ,fig4 #cjj w\ld d4 ,! me?od us$ is %[n at ,fig4 #cji1 & x is commonly kn[n z lap-dovetail+4 ,mo/ work]s cut ! dovetail p9s on ! draw] fronts & ! draw] backs fir/1 aft] :i* !y m>k ! draw] sides ) ! m>k+ awl4 ,! dovetail+ ( ! draw] back is %[n at ,fig4 #caj4 ,?is is ! type kn[n z ?r\gh dovetail+1 ! me?od be+ simil> 9 reg>d to tool op]ations z ! s+le jo9t %[n at ,fig4 #cjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4--,saw+ ! ,dovetails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4--,lap-dovetail+ ,draw] ,front to ,draw] ,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4--,?r\gh ,dovetail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4--;,*ipp+ ,wa/e ( ,lap ,dovetail4 ,:5 ! p9s on ! draw] front h be5 sawn1 ! wa/e mat]ial is cut away1 z at ,fig4 #caa4 ,fir/ /ab d[n ) ! v]tical *isel1 :i* mu/ make ! cut ab\t #a_/cb 94 9 front ( ! gauge l9e 7see illu/ration74 ,?is comm5c+ ( ! cut slightly 9 front ( ! gauge l9e is a v important feature4 ,! *isel may be lik5$ to a w$ge1 & if ! *isel edge be plac$ exactly ^u ! gauge l9e & =ce be appli$ to ! h&le1 x w =ce ! timb] away equally on ea* side ( ! gauge l9e1 & ! f9i%$ dep? ( ! hole w !re=e be too deep = ! ?ickness ( ! draw] side2 9 o!r words1 x w press itself ov] ! gauge l9e on bo? sides4 ,by tak+ ! fir/ v]tical cut on ! wa/e side ( ! gauge l9e1 & !n remov+ a small piece ) ! *isel held obliquely1 z at ,fig4 #caa1 ! wood is remov$ & less resi/ance is (f]$ to ! *isel :5 ! next v]tical cut is made4 ,?is ov]%oot+ ! gauge l9e is a common fault ) ! beg9n]1 :o is puzzl$ at ! result because he is c]ta9 he _h 8 *isel exactly on ! gauge l9e :5 he comm5c$ 8 v]tical cut4 ,x is especially noticeable 9 s(t-gra9$ woods4 ,to cut away ! wa/e ( a lap-dovetail 7,fig4 #caa71 ! v]tical & oblique cuts are repeat$ until ! f9al trimm+ up is requir$1 & n[ is ! "t to f9i% bo? ! v]tical & ! horizontal cuts exactly on ! gauge l9es4 ,"s work]s pref] to cut ! draw] sides fir/1 & if ?is me?od is pref]r$ 7& x has its advantages = *eap "w7 sev]al draw] sides are cut at once by plac+ f\r or six beh9d "o ano!r 9 ! vice & saw+ !m all at "o op]ation4 ,! draw] front is plac$ 9 ! vice1 & ! draw] side held ^u x1 :il/ ! saw blade is plac$ 9 ! saw k]f & drawn sm>tly =w>d4 ,?is w give ! requir$ m>ks at ! exact position desir$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 to saw j inside ^! dovetail-p9 l9es1 o!rwise ! f9i%$ jo9t w be too slack1 ow+ to ! removal ( ! sawdu/1 :i* is practically equal to ! ?ickness ( ! saw blade4 ,,ma*9e-,,made ,,dovetails4--,z a g5]al rule ma*9e-made draw] & box dovetails %[ bo? ! p9s & ! tails ( exactly ! same size4 ,! reason is obvi\s aft] an inspection ( ,fig4 #cad1 :i* %[s ! position 9 :i* ! pieces are held dur+ ! ma*9+ op]ations4 ,9 spite ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( prejudice !y are satisfactory & ?or\ghly reliable & h _! place 9 mod]n %op & (fice fitt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4--,ma*9e-made ,draw] ,front & ,side1 ,ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4--,! ,p>ts ,toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4--,position :5 ,ma*9$4 ,,dovetail ,,groov+ ,! dovetail h\s+ jo9t %\ld fir/ be c>efully m>k$ out ) a m>k+ knife1 s z to cut across ! fibres ( ! wood4 ,= obta9+ ! bevel on ! edge ( ! wood a jo9]'s bevel may be us$1 & ! angle %\ld n be too acute4 7,see previ\s *apt]47 ,take a *isel & p>e away a small *annel z at ,a1 ,fig4 #cae1 to =m a small %\ld] to guide ! saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4--,p>+ away ,*annel = ,dovetail ,groov+4 ,) a f9e t5on or dovetail saw1 cut ! saw k]f z at ,fig4 #caf4 ,if any difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 cutt+ ! k]f true & squ>e1 y may resort to ! me?od %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #cae2 a small tempor>y piece ( timb] has be5 screw$ on ! top ( ! "w to =m a guide = ! saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4--;,cutt+ ! ,saw ,k]f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4--,old ,woman's ,too? ,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4--;,guide ,block = ,bevell+4 ,fig4 #cae1 ,b1 %[s ! small *annel =m$ by ! *isel prior to ! saw+ op]ation4 ,! saw+ ( ! bevell$ side is work$ 9 a simil> mann]2 b occasionally we f9d amateurs :o adopt ! me?od %[n at ,fig4 #cah4 ,a block ( wood 7,h7 is fir/ made by bor+ a #a-a_/d-;94 hole ?r\gh its entire l5g?1 & aft]w>ds mak+ a saw cut at ! desir$ bevel4 ,! object ( ?is block1 :i* is kept specially = ! purpose1 is to =m a guide = ^? :o h n full control ( ! dovetail saw2 ! back ( ! saw cle>s ! hole1 & ! requir$ bevel is obta9$4 ,:5 a saw cut has be5 made at ea* side ( ! groove1 ! surplus timb] is p>$ away 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,cut away portion ,e1 ,fig4 #cai2 !n cut away portion ,f1 & la/ly cut away ! apex portion m>k$ ,g4 ,cont9ue by ?is me?od ( p>+ until ! approximate dep? is rea*$4 ,to ensure a correct dep? ?r\gh\t ! entire groove1 ! r\t] plane 7or1 z x is (t5 call$1 ! old woman's too? plane1 ,fig4 #cag7 is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4--,%[+ ,me?od ( ,p>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4--;,*annell+ ! ,alt]nate ,piece4 ,) reg>d to cutt+ ! alt]nate piece1 x is necess>y to fir/ plane ! end ( ! %elf true & squ>e4 ,) a cutt+ gauge /rike ! l9e ,k1 ,fig4 #cbj2 ! requir$ bevel on ! edge 7,j7 is !n set out1 & ) ! *isel a small *annel is aga9 =m$4 ,) ! t5on or dovetail saw cut d[n ! l9e ,k to ! requir$ dep?1 & c>efully p>e away ! wood ) a %>p *isel to ! correct %ape4 ,,! ,,mitr$ ,,jo9t ,al?\gh mitre+ is us$ 9 ev]yday woodwork1 x comes la/ 9 our li/ ( regul> jo9ts simply because x has be5 p>tly dealt ) 9 almo/ e previ\s *apt]4 ,= example1 we h mitre halv+ 9 ,fig4 #cd1 a mitre bridle jo9t 9 ,fig4 #gd1 a tongu$ & groov$ mitre 9 ,fig4 #aaf1 mitr$ mortise & t5on jo9ts 9 ,figs4 #adh & #aei1 a d[ell$ mitre frame 9 ,fig4 #bjb1 & a mitr$ dovetail 9 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba4--,mitr$ ,skirt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4--;,curv$ ,mitre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4--;,halv+ ! ,angle4 ,,mitre+4--,! t]m mitre+ is g5]ally us$ to d5ote ! type ( jo9t us$ at ! corn] ( a picture frame2 or :]e two pieces ( wood are bevell$ away s z to fit ea* o!r1 z ! skirt+ or pl9? m\ld at ,fig4 #cba4 ,9 ^! cases ! timb] is cut s t ! jo9t is at #de degrees to ! face1 & ! two pieces1 :5 plac$ toge!r1 =m an angle ( #ij degrees 7a "r angle74 ,! t]m mitre+1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to ! fitt+ ( timb] ar\nd a "r angle2 x may be ju/ly appli$ to ! fitt+ ( a m\ld+ ar\nd an angle irrespective ( ! numb] ( its degrees4 ,"o (t5 he>s su* t]ms z a half mitre1 us$ to d5ote ! fitt+ ( a m\ld+ ar\nd an octagonal column or p$e/al1 & probably x w\ld be m correct to describe ! jo9t z a mitre cut at #bb-a_/b degrees4 ,mitre+ consi/s ( halv+ ! angle & mak+ ea* piece to fit ! l9e ( bisection4 ,%\ld ! angle be b\nd$ by /raight l9es1 z at ,fig4 #cba1 !n ! mitr$ jo9t w be a /raight l9e1 b %\ld ! angle be b\nd$ by a curv$ & a /raight l9e1 z at ,fig4 #cbb1 ,a1 or by two curv$ l9es1 !n ! mitr$ jo9t w h to be a curv$ l9e if ! m\ld+s are to be ( ! same section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4--,saw+ ,block = ,mitre+4 ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,angle4--,= /raight mitres1 ! mitre jo9t l9e is f\nd by bisect+ ! angle1 z %[n 9 ! v>i\s examples1 & ! foll[+ in/ructions are giv5 to enable ! read] to foll[ ! diagram 7,fig4 #cbc74 ,take a pair ( compasses1 or divid]s1 & ) any conv5i5t op5+ /rike out ! arc ,a1 ,b4 ,put ! po9t ( ! compasses on ,a1 & m>k ano!r arc ,c2 !n1 )\t alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! compass1 put ! po9t on ,b1 & m>k ! arc ,d4 ,draw ! l9e ,e f ! corn]1 s t x cuts ?r\gh ! int]section made by ! arcs ,c & ,d4 ,! angle ,a ,b is n[ halv$ by ! l9e ,e1 & ?is me?od may be appli$ to any angle4 ,,saw+ ,,block4--,= saw+ m\ld+s1 etc41 to _! approximate %ape1 a home-made saw+ block is g5]ally us$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cbd4 ,two pieces ( wood are glu$ "o on ! top ( ! o!r1 ! requir$ angle is transf]r$ !reto1 & ! saw k]f made4 ,9 ! sket* ! saw k]fs are %[n at #de degrees1 "r & left1 & o!r angles & k]fs may be made :]e desir$4 ,,plan+4--,aft] saw+ ! piece to approximately ! correct angle1 x is necess>y on high-class "w to plane ! cut end s z to give a p]fect f9i% & enable a glu$ jo9t to be made4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by us+ ! plane on ! %oot+ bo>d1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cbe1 &1 if ! work] is con/antly us+ mitres ( v>i\s angles1 x is an easy matt] to make new angle blocks & fix !m on to ! bo>d4 ,o!r work]s pref] ! screw mitre trap %[n at ,fig4 #cbf4 ,?is app>atus takes wide pl9? or cornice m\lds1 & ! angle may be alt]$ by fitt+ tempor>y pack+ pieces "u ! "w s z to tilt ! m\ld+ to ! desir$ angle4 ,! me?od ( us+ ! plane is indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,ano!r me?od 9 ev]yday use by ^? work]s :o are con/antly mitre+ wide pieces ( /ock at #de degrees is ! donkey's e> %oot+ bo>d illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #cbg4 ,! plane is laid on its side on ! surface ( ! bo>d m>k$ ,a1 & us$ 9 a simil> mann] to t %[n at ,fig4 #cbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4--,use ( ,plane & ,%oot+ ,bo>d = ,mitre+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4--,! ,screw ,mitre ,trap4 ,a simple me?od & "o t %\ld always be rememb]$ because x is h&y :5 work+ )\t a %oot+ bo>d is %[n at ,fig4 #cbh4 ,set ! m>k+ or cutt+ gauge to ! ?ickness ( ! wood to be mitr$ at #de degrees2 !n gauge ?is di/ance on ! wood1 z %[n at ,b2 draw f ! l9e to ! edge1 z %[n1 & saw & plane to a f9i%4 ,! diagonals ( a squ>e give #de degrees1 & ?is is ! me?od us$ to m>k out ! "w4 ,! end ( ! wood mu/1 ( c\rse1 be squ>e ) its edges be=e m>k+ out 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4--;,donkey's ,e> ,%oot+ ,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4--;,gaug+ = ,mitres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4--,n>r[ ,inn] ,m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4--,wide ,mitr$ ,m\ld+4 ,fig4 #cbi %[s a bevell$ fram+ into :i* has be5 mitr$ a n>r[ m\ld+ ,m s z to %[ a correct m>g9 ar\nd ! panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca4--;,door ) ,curv$ ,mitres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccb4--,me?od ( ,sett+ out = a ,curv$ ,mitre4 ,fig4 #ccj %[s a simil> fram+1 b ) a wide m\ld+ ,m mitr$ ar\nd x4 ,to obta9 a correct int]section ( ?is m\ld+1 ! angles ,a & ,b are bisect$4 ,! bisection ( ! angles meets be=e ! wid? ( ! m\ld+ is cle>$1 !re=e ! angle ,c w aga9 h to be bisect$1 & ! f9i%$ jo9t w appe> z %[n4 ,"o ( ! simple/ ( m\ld+s ) a l>ge flat face has be5 *os5 to illu/rate ?is4 ,! m\ld+ c\ld be all 9 "o wid?1 z %[n1 or x c\ld be built into ! fram+ 9 sep>ate pieces1 ! wide flat & ! piece c>ry+ ! m\ld4 ,,curv$ ,,mitres4--,we n[ come to :at are probably ! mo/ difficult ( all mitres1 viz41 curv$ mitres1 & ! writ] well rememb]s 9 8 appr5tice%ip days 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ( attempt+ to fit ! m\ld+s ar\nd ! door %[n at ,fig4 #cca by us+ /raight mitres at ,a4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is impossible if ! m\ld+s are ( ! same section & x is desir$ to make all ! memb]s correctly int]sect4 ,if /raight mitres are us$ ! section ( ! curv$ m\ld+ w h to be ( a diff]5t %ape f ! section ( ! /raight m\ld+1 & 9 ^! days ( ma*9e-made m\ld+s ?is me?od is seldom resort$ to4 ,x is bett]1 *eap]1 & easi] to make curv$ mitres :5 ! necess>y ma*9]y is at h&4 ,,to ,,set ,,out ,a ,,curv$ ,,mitre 7see ,fig4 #ccb74--;,draw a section ( ! m\ld+ full size1 ,a1 z %[n at ! left h& ( ! illu/ration1 & project l9es r\nd ! fram+1 z %[n ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y & ,z4 ,:]e ! l9es ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y & ,z int]sect at ! corn] ,d1 x cle>ly %[s t a /raight mitre w n cut all ! po9ts ( int]section4 ,a curv$ l9e w cut all ! int]sections1 & a template made ( c>dbo>d1 %eet z9c1 or v5e]1 %\ld be made to ?is %ape4 ,at ! left-h& side ! geometrical sett+ out is %[n = obta9+ ! curve )\t hav+ to resort to draw+ x freeh&4 ,take half ! wid? ( ! m\ld+1 z %[n by dott$ l9e ,a1 & :]e x cuts ! approximation ( ! curv$ mitre place ! po9t ( ! compasses & /rike out a circle z %[n2 ) ! same radius place ! compass po9t on ,b--t is1 ! inside po9t ( ! mitre1 & cut ! circle on ! "r & left ) ! small arcs %[n at aa4 ,) ! same radius put ! compass po9t at ! junction ( ! circle & mitre l9e1 ,c ,v1 & cut ! circle at "r & left1 viz41 ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4--,template = ,mitre+4 ,n[ rule a l9e ?r\gh aa1 & ano!r l9e ?r\gh ee1 & :]e ^! l9es cut ea* o!r x w give ! correct radius ( ! curv$ mitre4 ,! advantage ( kn[+ ! correct radius ( a curv$ mitre is ( great b5efit to ! skill$ ma*9i/1 z x enables him to set up 8 ma*9e s z to give a def9ite result4 ,,mitre+ ,a ,,m\ld$ ,,door ,,frame4--,fig4 #ccc illu/rates ! me?od ( mitre+ ! m\ld$ portion ( a door frame :]e ! jo9t is d[ell$1 n t5on$4 ,a small wood5 template is made out ( bee* or o!r h>dwood1 hav+ its ends cut at #de degrees4 ,?is template is plac$ on ! rail1 z %[n1 & held 9 position by plac+ bo? ! rail & ! template 9 ! vice4 ,! face ( ! template =ms a guide = a wide *isel1 & enables ! work] to gradually p>e away ! m\ld+ to ! correct angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4--,us+ ,panel ,saw 9 ,mitre ,box4 ,= saw+ ! mitres on l>ge m\ld+s su* z are us$ on ! lid ( a gramophone or wireless cab9et1 a mitre saw+ box & a panel saw may be us$ z indicat$ at ,fig4 #ccd4 ,,jo9ts ,,= ,,curv$ ,,"w ,fig4 #cce %[s a circul> frame made up 9 two ?icknesses1 ! segm5ts be+ screw$ to ea* o!r & ! jo9ts cross$ 9 two lay]s4 ,?is is a v /rong me?od1 & x is us$ = mak+ circul> frames & curbs up to #ae ft4 9 diamet]4 ,! segm5ts c be ei!r long or %ort1 ! only important condition be+ t !y mu/ be m>k$ out & sawn to ! correct radius4 ,fig4 #ccg %[s a bo>d m>k$ out 9 segm5ts = ?is class ( "w4 ,! long] ! bo>ds ! bett] w !y cut up1 z x gives m opportunities ( cutt+ "o piece out ( ! o!r z at ,a ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4--;,circul> ,frame 9 ,two ,?icknesses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccf4--;,circul> ,rim 9 ,halv$ ,segm5ts4 ,fig4 #cch %[s h[ to beg9 to put ! "w toge!r4 ,to cont9ue ?is1 fit o!r segm5ts 9 position & screw !m to ,d & ,e respectively4 ,! complet$ "w is illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #cce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccg4--;,bo>d ,m>k$ = ,circul> ,jo9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cch4--,putt+ ,circul> ,"w ,toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cci41 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,me?od ( ,build+ up ,semicircul> ,head ( ,door ,frame4 ,fig4 #ccf %[s a circul> rim1 or curb1 made ( segm5ts :i* are halv$ toge!r4 ,?is me?od is suitable = heavy "w1 :]e ! timb]s are ( consid]able size4 ,! halv+s are cut on ! ends ( ! segm5ts to any conv5i5t %ape or bevel1 ea* "o be+ m>k$ s z to fit its fell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cda4--,"p ( ,lam9at$ ,table ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdb4--;,half ( ,lam9at$ ,core ,box4 ,:5 extra l5g? is requir$1 semicircul> or circul> "w is built up out ( f\r or five ?icknesses ( wood1 & ! me?od is call$ lam9at+4 ,! me?od ( build+ up ! semicircul> head ( a door frame by ?is me?od is %[n at ,figs4 #cci & #cdj4 ,! %ap$ fram+ = kidney-%ap$ writ+ tables & simil> classes ( "w is built up by lam9at+ pieces ( #c_/d-;94 or #a-;94 wood1 aft] :i* ! face side is v5e]$ s z to hide ! glu$ jo9ts4 ,fig4 #cda %[s a sket* ( "o qu>t] ( an elliptical table frame levell$ up & ready = apply+ ! v5e]4 ,,lam9ation4--,if we apply to ! diction>y = ! ^w lam9ation1 we f9d t lamell> /ructure is ! arrangem5ts 9 ?9 plates or lay]s "o ov] ! o!r1 usually hav+ ! end jo9ts alt]nat+1 & x is a condition :i* all[s ( cleavage 9 "o direction only4 ,?is me?od is us$ = ne>ly all descriptions ( free or irregul> curves1 su* z sweeps1 b5ds1 ogee %apes1 & segm5ts ( circles4 ,! timb] is m>k$ out 9 suitable l5g?s1 r\gh-sawn & !n plan$ true on ! face1 glu$ toge!r1 & :5 set ! sides are clean$ up to ! requir$ %ape4 ,x is "o ( ! /ronge/ me?ods ( con/ruction1 & necess>ily co/ly4 ,pulleys1 pulley rims1 & a hundr$ & "o o!r jobs are built by ?is me?od4 ,fig4 #cdb %[s "o half ( a core box built by ?is me?od1 ready to be work$ to ! requir$ %ape4 ,,miscellane\s ,,jo9ts ,wea!r bo>ds4--,= outdoor build+s1 su* z g>ages1 g>d5 %$s1 toolh\ses1 etc41 wea!rbo>d+ is (t5 pref]r$ to ord9>y mat*bo>d+1 *iefly because ( ! facility ) :i* x ?r[s (f ! ra94 ,! bo>d+ c be b\ght ready prep>$4 ,?ree me?ods ( jo9t+ are %[n 9 ! sections at ,fig4 #cdc4 ,! me?od indicat$ at ,a %[s "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory types1 its bo>ds be+ plan$ & m\ld$ z %[n4 ,! o!r two examples are m common4 ,! bo>d+ at ,b is rebat$1 :il/ at ,c ea* bo>d ov]hangs its l[] neighb\r4 ,! bo>ds = ,c & ,d are always cut tap]$ z indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4--,wea!r ,bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4--,ladd] ,rungs4 ,! end gra9 is usually protect$ by nail+ on a /rip ( timb]1 *amf]$ on bo? edges4 ,,ladd]s4--,fig4 #cdd illu/rates ! me?od ( fa/5+ ! rung 7or /ave7 ( a ladd] to ! side4 ,at ,a ! common me?od is %[n1 ! /ave be+ simply driv5 into ! hole & w$g$4 ,at ,b a mu* bett] b m exp5sive me?od ( con/ruction is giv54 ,! /ave "h is socket$ & ! p9 turn$ to a small] diamet]4 ,9 bo? cases ! rung1 or /ave1 is pa9t$ be=e be+ driv5 into ! side & w$g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cde4--;,cornice ,pole ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdf4--,v5e] ,key+4 ,ladd] sides are made 9 two di/9ct ways4 ,"o me?od is kn[n z a plank side1 ! side be+ cut f a plank z %[n at ! section ,d2 ! o!r me?od is call$ a pole side1 & is con/ruct$ by cutt+ a /raight l>* pole 9 half & us+ half ( ! pole = ea* side ( ! ladd]1 z at section ,c4 ,,h+$ ,,cornice ,,poles4--,fig4 #cde %[s a h+$ jo9t = cornice poles & %\ld be ( int]e/ to ^? :o are frequ5tly remov+ f h\se to h\se4 ,! jo9t w adapt itself to fit any bay w9d[ 7ev5 a squ>e bay7 & x is =m$ by turn+ & cutt+ ! two pieces %[n4 ,to fix a cornice pole to a bay w9d[ "o ( ^! jo9ts is requir$ = ea* angle ( ! bay1 ! pole be+ cut into suitable l5g?s & fix$ to ! h+$ jo9ts by ! use ( ! d[el screw & a little hot glue4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to rem>k t ! diamet] ( ! jo9t %\ld be ( ! same diamet] z ! cornice pole1 to enable ! r+s to easily slide ov] ! surface4 ,= fa/5+ a turn$ ornam5t 7or f9ial7 to ! end ( a cornice pole a d\ble po9t$ screw 7kn[n 9 ! trade z a d[el screw7 is us$1 "o half ( :i* is screw$ into ea* "p ( ! pieces to be jo9$4 ,,v5e] ,,key+4--,fig4 #cdf illu/rates ! me?od ( /r5g!n+ ! corn]s ( boxes :i* are made ( #a_/d-;94 or #c_/h-;94 timb]1 by secur+ ! corn]s ) v5e] keys4 ,! box is mitr$ & glu$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & aft] all[+ suffici5t "t = ! glue to set1 saw k]fs are made z %[n at a a4 ,a piece ( ?9 saw-cut v5e] is aft]w>ds glu$ into ! saw k]fs1 & :5 dry ! face is levell$ (f flu%4 ,?is me?od is (t5 us$ previ\s to v5e]+ ! face side ( ! box ) r>e v5e]s1 & x is also useful = repair "w4 ,note t ! saw cuts are made at an angle4 ,small picture frames are sometimes key$ in/ead ( nail$4 ,,munt9 ,,& ,,skirt+ ,,jo9t4--,9 ! case ( panell$ rooms x is usually necess>y to scribe ! munt9s 7or uprights7 to ! skirt+4 ,! me?od is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,! bead m\ld+ ( ! skirt+ is only p>tly remov$1 z indicat$1 leav+ a solid portion to :i* ! munt9 is skew-nail$4 ,,cot ,,jo9t4--,at ,fig4 #cdh is %[n an int]e/+ jo9t us$ l>gely 9 ! mak+ ( ,indian cots4 ,! illu/rations indicate h[ ! cross b> & end b> are mortis$ into ! leg4 ,a turn$ h>dwood peg fits into a suitably provid$ hole & locks ! t5ons1 :i* are dry jo9t$ 7n glu$7 9 position4 ,! head ( ?is peg =ms an ornam5t 7,a7 at ! top ( ! leg & %\ld fit tightly 9 position4 ,at ,b are se5 ! end & cross b>s 9 _! relative positions :5 ap>t f ! leg4 ,c %[s ! end b> & cross b> :5 ! cot is fix$1 b 9 ?is illu/ration ! leg is purposely left out ( ! draw+ = a cle> repres5tation4 ,d %[s ! jo9ts ( ! leg portion :5 ! "p ( ! leg above ! l9e at ,a is sawn (f4 ,! h>dwood peg is %[n at ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4--;,fix+ ,munt9 to ,skirt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh4--;,jo9t = ,home-made ,cot4 ,,sidebo>d ,,pill>s1 ,,etc4 7,fig4 #cdi74--;,= economy1 sidebo>d pill>s are sometimes built up z indicat$1 ! %aft1 ! base1 & ! swell be+ made up ( ?ree di/9ct pieces4 ,turn$ p9s are left on ! %aft & ! base1 & ^! are secur$ at ! jo9t by ! use ( a d\ble-po9t$ screw call$ a d[el screw4 ,?is does away ) ! necessity ( r$uc+ ! squ>es at ! top ( ! wood & ?us gett+ ! turn+ out ( a l>ge piece ( wood4 ,,not*$ ,,jo9ts4--,fig4 #cej is a not*$ jo9t1 :]e two joi/s1 or scantl+s1 cross ea* o!r1 ! object ( ! jo9t be+ to prev5t ! joi/s mov+ f _! position )\t mat]ially weak5+ !m4 ,= an end not*1 see ,fig4 #ceb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdi4--,me?od ( ,build+ up ,turn+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cej4--,not*$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cea4--,! ,saddle ,jo9t4 ,! saddle jo9t 7,fig4 #cea7 is us$ = connect+ upright po/s to heads or sills ( fram+1 & und\bt$ly takes its "n f its simil>ity to ! way 9 :i* ! saddle fits ! horse4 ,x does n weak5 ! fram+ z does a mortise & t5on jo9t1 & %r9kage has little effect ^u ! jo9t4 ,! cogg$ jo9t1 us$ = connect+ purl9s to raft] & joi/s to gird]s1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceb4--;,end ,not*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cec4--;,cogg$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ced4--;,birdsm\? ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cee4--;,ano!r type ( ,birdsm\? ,jo9t4 ,,birdsm\? ,,jo9ts4--,fig4 #ced is a birdsm\? jo9t1 a simple jo9t :i* c be readily made by ! h&saw1 us$ :5 a sp> fits on ! wall plate4 ,a nail is %[n secur+ x 9 position4 ,fig4 #cee %[s ! birdsm\? jo9t :]e ! sp> runs ov] ! outside ( ! wall plate1 ?us all[+ a fix+ = an ornam5tal f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4--,raft] & ,tie ,beam ,jo9t4 ,,raft] ,,jo9t4--,fig4 #cef %[s an ev]yday jo9t1 z us$ at ! juncture ( ! pr9cipal raft] & ! tie-beam 9 ro( truss "w4 ,a sket* ( piece ,a is %[n sep>at$1 & x %\ld be not$ t ! dep? ( ! cut portion ,b %\ld n be m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! total wid? ( ! tie-beam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4--,me?od ( ,pellet+ ! ,corn] ( a ,mitr$ ,picture ,frame4 ,,pellet+4--,fig4 #ceg indicates ! me?od ( pellet+ & screw+ ! corn] ( a picture frame4 ,! mitre jo9t is fir/ screw$ & a pellet ( ! same timb] is made to fill ! hole :i* has be5 bor$ to receive ! screw head4 ,! pellet is glu$ 9 position & levell$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4--,pat]a ,cov]s to ,hide ,screws4 ,,pat]a ,,cov]s4--,9 cases :]e ! /yle ( ornam5t p]mits ( x1 pat]a cov]s are us$ in/ead ( pellet+4 ,fig4 #ceh %[s ! jo9t+ ( %ap$ sp&rails1 etc41 to c>case ends ( light portable cab9et "w1 etc4 ,a hole is bor$ ab\t #c_/h 94 deep into ! end1 & a screw is us$ to hold ! %ap+ 9 position4 ,aft] fix+ ! rail a small turn$ button1 call$ a turn$ pat]a1 is ins]t$ 9 ! hole1 ?us giv+ an ornam5tal f9i%1 z %[n 9 ! front view4 ,! turn$ pat]a is driv5 fairly tightly into ! hole1 b n glu$4 ,:5 x is requir$ to take ! article ap>t a *isel is c>efully ins]t$ "u ! edge ( ! pat]a to remove x1 & ! screw c !n be tak5 out4 ,?is me?od is (t5 us$ = ! con/ruction ( light hang+ bookcases & simil> objects4 ,= a bookcase hav+ an end #h ins4 wide ?ree ( ^! turn$ buttons & ?ree screws w\ld be us$ to secure ! %elf to ! end4 ,pat]as 9 diff]5t /yles may be pur*as$ f any deal] 9 woodwork+ sundries4 ,,button+4--,! tops ( tables1 sidebo>ds1 etc41 %\ld n be fix$ ) screws 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,at ! front1 screws c be driv5 upw>ds ?r\gh ! top rail1 b at ! sides & back1 buttons %\ld be employ$1 z 9 ,fig4 #cei1 s t ! top is free to %r9k4 ,x is o!rwise liable to split if immovably fix$4 ,! tops ( kit*5 tables are usually fix$ 9 ?is way1 to all[ = %r9kage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4--,me?od ( ,button+ a ,table ,top4 ,,frames ,,= ,,oil ,,pa9t+s4--,! me?od ( mak+ jo9ts = frames on :i* ! canvas is /ret*$ = oil pa9t+s is %[n at ,fig4 #cfj4 ,!y are g5]ally mitr$ at ! corn]s & fitt$ ) loose w$ges4 ,! f\r p>ts ( ! frame c be held tempor>ily by a piece ( ?9 bo>d :ile ! canvas is be+ tack$ to ! edges ( ! frame4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/rations ,fig4 #cfj %[s ! action ( ! w$ges :5 tight5+ up ! frame1 ! result be+ to op5 ! mitre jo9t4 ,fig4 #cfa %[s ! position ( ! saw cuts = receiv+ ! h>dwood w$ges4 ,note t ! p>allel groove is c>ri$ ! full l5g? ( ! mat]ial = great] conv5i5ce 9 cutt+4 ,! o!r groove is tak5 f ! out] angle ( ! mitre jo9t inw>ds4 ,! cut f9i%es ) due reg>d to ! necess>y tap]2 see ! dott$ l9es %[+ tap] 9 ,fig4 #cfj4 ,! grooves w be wide en\gh aft] be+ cut ) an ord9>y h&-rip saw1 b = l>ge "w !y are usually groov$ on ! circul> saw b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfj41 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,jo9t & ,me?od ( ,w$g+ ! ,frames ( ,oil ,pa9t+s4 ,,corrugat$ ,,/eel ,,fa/5]s4--,x is n[ _m ye>s ago s9ce ! /eel saw-edge fa/5] fir/ appe>$ on ! m>ket1 b probably #hj p] c5t4 ( amateur woodwork]s h nev] yet sampl$ its advantages4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles a m9iature corrugat$ galvanis$ %eet su* z is us$ = ro(+ purposes1 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 t ! corrugations are div]g5t in/ead ( be+ p>allel & t "o end is gr\nd d[n to a cutt+ edge 7see ,fig4 #cfc1 ,a74 ,!y are made 9 v>i\s sizes f #a_/d 94 to #a 94 9 l5g?1 :il/ 9 reg>d to wid? !y are class$ by ! numb] ( corrugations & n by _! measurem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4--;,jo9t+ ,bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4--;,jo9t+ a ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,use ( ,saw-edge ,corrugat$ ,/eel ,fa/5]s4 ,to use ! fa/5] no special tools are requir$2 x is simply driv5 9 ) a hamm] exactly z ?\gh x 7 a nail2 once 9 position1 h[ev]1 to get x out is worse ?an draw+ tee?4 ,! corrugations add to ! /r5g? ( ! device1 ! wood fibres clos+ ar\nd !m1 age & ru/ b emphasis+ _! grip4 ,,wall ,,plugs4--,at ,fig4 #cfd f\r types ( wall plugs are %[n3 a1 ! ord9>y rectangul> tap]$ wall plug to drive betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! brickwork2 b1 ! circul> tap]$ wall plug z us$ to plug a wall aft] a />-%ap$ brick drill has be5 us$2 d1 a twi/$ wall plug us$ = simil> purposes to ! w$ge a1 b consid]$ to be sup]ior 9 hold+ p[] ow+ to its twi/$ =mation2 c is ano!r type ( wall plug consid]$ to h great t5acity by reason ( its corrugations4 ,wall plugs are requir$ 9 ne>ly all cases :]e x is necess>y to jo9t woodwork to brickwork1 z1 = in/ance1 heavily-fram$ silv]$ mirrors to ! walls ( %ops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfd4--,wall ,plugs1 ,f\r ,v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4--,slot ,screw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cff4--,slot ,screw+ a ,bracket4 ,,slot ,,screw+1 ,,or ,,keyhole ,,screw+1 is a mo/ useful way ( jo9+ light woodwork 9 su* a mann] t ! fix+ me?od is n expos$ to ! eye4 ,a /\t screw is ins]t$ to )9 #c_/h 94 ( ! head1 z at ,fig4 #cfe4 ,9 ! adjo9+ piece a hole is bor$ ) a c5tre bit & a slot is cut ) an #a_/h-;94 *isel4 ,! two pieces ( timb] are plac$ toge!r1 & by slid+ ! upp] piece =w>d ! screw runs up into ! slot or keyhole & secures ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #cff %[s ! application ( ! jo9t fix+ a %ap$ bracket to ! %ap$ %elf2 ! bracket & %elf are inv]t$ 9 ! illu/ration to cle>ly %[ ! me?od ( jo9t+4 ,= heavy "w special brass plates are obta9able = ?is purpose2 "o plate is let flu% into ! upp] piece & ! o!r plate into ! l[] piece4 ,batt5+ 7,fig4 #cfg74--;,a good me?od ( jo9+ cross batt5s to draw+ bo>ds & o!r wide surfaces is %[n "h4 ,aft] bor+ = ! screws1 slots are cut s z to all[ ! screws to move along ! slots :5 %r9kage takes place4 ,9 ,fig4 #cfh a simil> me?od is appli$ to secure ! draw] bottom to ! draw] back4 ,if %r9kage takes place 9 ! draw] bottom & x leaves ! groove 9 ! draw] front1 ! screws are slack5$1 ! draw] bottom is knock$ up into ! groove1 & ! screws aga9 ins]t$4 ,= draw+ bo>ds1 etc41 specially made elliptical-%ap$ slott$ brass socket cups are made to receive ! screw heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfg4--;,batt5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4--;,draw] ,bottom ,jo9t4 ,,puzzle ,,jo9ts ,puzzle ,jo9ts are n only int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 b are (t5 excell5t /udies 9 craftsman%ip4 ,! majority ( !m1 if to be satisfactory z puzzles1 call = v c>eful sett+ out & cutt+1 entail+ ! same degree ( skill t is dem&$ = high-class cab9et "w4 ,= ?is reason sev]al examples may well f9d a place 9 a volume deal+ ) woodwork jo9ts4 ,z a rule1 ^! puzzles %\ld be made 9 h>dwood1 su* z d>k walnut or bee*1 z 9 :itewood ! jo9ts are soon liable to we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfi4--,sket* ( ! ,complet$ ,*9ese ,puzzle4 ,,*9ese ,,puzzle4--,! +5i\s puzzle ( ! ,*9ese type %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfi is probably old] ?an _m ( u c\ld guess1 b z x is "o t c be made by any woodwork] we give full directions z to h[ x may be con/ruct$4 ,! complete article may be call$1 9 =m1 a six-po9t$ pyramid4 ,x is made up ( tw5ty-"o diff]5t pieces1 ea* cut f wood #a_/b 94 wide & #a_/b 94 ?ick2 #c_/h 94 wood may be us$ if pref]r$4 ,= ! purpose ei!r sycamore or :ite maple is ! mo/ useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgj41 ,fig4 #cga41 ,fig4 #cgb4 ,! ,?ree ,cross ,pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgc4--,key ,piece4 ,! pieces requir$ are z foll[s3-- ,fig4 #cgj4--,six pieces1 #c-a_/b ins4 long1 ) a half slot cut 9 ! c5tre z %[n4 ,?is slot mu/ be exactly ! wid? ( ! wood's ?ickness1 & cut exactly half way ?r\gh1 s t1 if two pieces are plac$ across by means ( ! halv$ jo9t1 _! surfaces w be flu%4 ,! slot mu/ also be exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,fig4 #cga4--,six pieces1 size #b-a_/b ins4 long1 ) a half-cut c5tre slot simil> to t ( ,fig4 #cgj4 ,fig4 #cgb4--,six requir$1 ^! be+ #a-a_/b ins4 9 l5g?1 & ) slots 9 ! middle z be=e4 ,fig4 #cgc4--,"o ( ^! la/ six requires special treatm5t1 z x =ms ! key block ( ! puzzle4 ,aft] its slot has be5 cut1 "o half ( ! n>r[ "p mu/ be sawn away1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,! inn] edge mu/ also be g5tly r\nd$4 ,! special use ( ?is vital piece1 :i* we w call ! key1 w be fully expla9$ pres5tly4 ,fig4 #cgd4--,!n1 9 addition to ^!1 !re are ?ree c5tral b>s to make4 ,l ! o!r p>ts !y are #a_/b 94 by #a_/b 941 b are ea* #d-a_/b ins4 long1 & are cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,! end projections a are #a_/b 94 long1 & ! cut-away "p is exactly half ! dep? ( ! wood4 ,two ( ! ?ree pieces 7,x & ,y 9 ,fig4 #cgd7 are simil>1 b ! slot b ( ! ?ird "o 7,z7 is only #a_/d 94 wide in/ead ( #a_/b 94 ,z w be notic$1 ?is #a_/d-;94 slot is n 9 ! c5tre1 b corresponds ) ! "r-h& half ( ! l>g] slots ( ,x & ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4--,! ,c5tral ,b>s4 ,9 mak+ ^! tw5ty-"o pieces1 :at %\ld be borne 9 m9d is t ! diff]5t p>ts fit closely into ea* o!r4 ,consequ5tly ! slots1 9 wid?1 mu/ be cut s z to grip ! ?ickness ( ! wood2 9 dep? !y mu/ be exactly half ?is ?ickness4 ,,fitt+ ,,! ,,puzzle4--,! ?ree c5tral b>s mu/ fir/ be jo9$1 z ^? =m ! skeleton framework ( ! /ructure4 ,fig4 #cge %[s !m 9 position1 b z x is a puzzle 9 itself z to h[ !y c be got ?us "s explanation is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cge4--,! ,?ree ,c5tral ,b>s 9 ,position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgf4--;,h[ to ,adju/ ! ,b>s4 7,note position ( project+ ends1 a47 ,,fir/ ,,/age4--,fir/ take ! b>s ,x & ,y 7see ,fig4 #cgd7 & arrange !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgf4 ,x is mo/ important t ! projections a ( ,x face upw>ds1 & t ! projections a ( ,y face t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,!n take ! b> ,z & br+ x flat into ! slot ( ,x4 ,! little slot ( ,z1 h[ev]1 mu/ rema9 above ! slot ( ,x4 ,!n slide ! b> ,y along to ! c5tre1 s t ! "p lett]$ c slips into ! little slot ( b> ,z4 ,?is may seem confus+ to read1 b x is easy to foll[ :5 ! pieces are 9 "o's h&4 ,! result ( ?is r clev] arrangem5t is t ! six arms ( ,fig4 #cge are all exactly ! same l5g?1 wid?1 & ?ickness4 ,!y are also arrang$ s t 9 ea* arm may be clasp$ "o piece ea* ( ,figs4 #cgj1 #cga1 & #cgb4 ,! ?ree c5tral arms may1 ( c\rse1 be set up 9 a diff]5t ord]1 & "h we h m]ely *os5 ! way t is ! mo/ simple to describe & illu/rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgg4--;,beg9n+ to place on ! ,cross ,pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4--,plac+ ! ,key ,piece to ov]lap end projection ( ,c5tral ,b>4 ,,second ,,/age4--,9 ! rema9+ "p ( ! "w ! *ief difficulty is to keep ! puzzle f fall+ to pieces be=e ! key f9ally locks x4 ,take ! long] cross p>ts1 ,fig4 #cgj1 & clasp "o to ea* arm4 ,! six ne$ n all be put on mean:ile1 b only ^? :i* are mo/ easily h&l$4 ,! next size 7,fig4 #cga7 may !n be put on4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ea* arm c\ld be complet$ ) its ?ree cross pieces till ! six? 0 attempt$1 & "h ! read] w\ld f9d t1 at ! la/ mom5t1 8 attempt 0 fru/rat$4 ,he c\ld n get ! la/ small piece 91 z o!r b>s lock ! puzzle4 ,"h x is t ! key comes 94 ,,! ,,key ,,piece4--,:5 ! writ] fits up ! puzzle he f9ds t ?ree ( ! arms may /raight away be fitt$ complete ) _! ?ree cross p>ts4 ,^! are ! ones :]e ! long] cross piece 7,fig4 #cgj7 lies flu% ) ! back ( ! c5tral b> 7see ,fig4 #cgg74 ,?is is easily f\nd out :5 at "w on ! puzzle4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r ?ree arms !re is1 ( c\rse1 a gap caus$ by ! long slots ( ! c5tral b>s4 ,adju/ ! p>ts on ! fir/-nam$ ?ree arms1 & !n deal ) ! f\r? arm1 putt+ 9 all ?ree cross p>ts4 ,= ! little "o "h1 use ! key4 ,by plac+ ! key s t x ov]laps ! end projection ( ! arm 7see ,fig4 #cgh7 a space is left at ! c5tre1 & means is ?us af=d$ = gett+ 9 ! ?ree cross p>ts on ! rema9+ two arms4 ,?is practically ends ! puzzle4 ,:ile ! key is 9 its ov]lapp+ position ! p>ts may be sep>at$1 b if x is turn$ r\nd on its n>r[ neck1 s t x is 9 exactly ! same position z ! o!r five small cross p>ts1 x locks ! :ole ?+ s tightly t no?+ b %e] =ce c\ld loos5 ! tw5ty-"o pieces4 ,s f> z ! ord] ( putt+ toge!r is conc]n$1 !re are _m equally satisfactory ways1 ^! be+ det]m9$ by ! ease or difficulty t "o exp]i5ces 9 hold+ ! half-f9i%$ puzzle4 ,x all comes to ! same 9 ! end1 & ! key mu/ be plac$ on "o b> be=e ! la/ ?ree arms c be complet$4 ,! key1 moreov]1 mu/ be on "o ( ! b>s :]e a gap is left at ! c5tre1 & n on "o :]e ,fig4 #cgj lies flu% aga9/ ! c5tral arm z 9 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,,undo+ ,,! ,,puzzle4--,to take ! puzzle to pieces all t is requir$ is to turn ! key half r\nd & pu% ! o!r two cross b>s on t arm t[>ds ! out] po9t4 ,! cross b>s bel[ may !n be remov$1 & ! :ole /ructure falls to pieces4 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,dovetail ,,puzzle 7,fig4 #cgi7 consi/s ( two pieces ( wood 7usually "o d>k & ! o!r light7 :i*1 ^u exam9ation1 appe> to be dovetail$ toge!r f ea* face4 ,?is int]lock+ arrangem5t is obvi\sly impossible1 & ! solution ( ! puzzle is only app>5t on exam9+ ,fig4 #chj1 :]e x w be se5 t ! jo9t fits toge!r diagonally4 ,at ,fig4 #cha are giv5 ! diagrams = sett+ out4 ,draw ! outl9e ( ! elevation1 plan & end view4 ,! end view 9 ! fir/ in/ance is indicat$ by #c1 #d1 #e & #f1 & x measures #a-g_/h ins4 squ>e4 ,a #a-g_/h-;ins4 squ>e is simply us$ because #b-;ins4 wood g5]ally f9i%es ?is size aft] x is plan$ up4 ,set out a squ>e 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d7 :i* /&s corn]-ways 9 ! l>g] squ>e 7#c1 #d1 #e1 #f74 ,project ! l9es ,d ,a & ,c ,b upw>ds z at #a1 & on to ?is draw+ 7#a71 set out ! dovetail accord+ to y\r own idea ( l5g?1 wid? & bevel4 ,project ! f\r po9ts ( y\r dovetail d[nw>ds into ! end view1 & :]e ^! l9es cut ,a1 ,b1 & ,d1 ,c draw !m d[nw>ds & rebate !m into y\r orig9al plan4 ,?is w give ! true %ape ( ! two dovetails & x is to ?is %ape t y w cut y\r jo9t4 ,! jo9t is 9 due c\rse glu$ up1 & next day y w plane & wa/e (f ! f\r corn]s ( y\r model4 ,! end view %[s "o corn] %ad$ ,d1 #c1 ,a2 ?is & ! o!r ?ree corn]s are wa/$ away4 ,! result is t ! dovetails are ?r[n into a plane diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y 7 made1 %[+ z ,fig4 #cgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4--;,d\ble ,dovetail ,puzzle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chj4--,! ,two ,p>ts ,sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cha4--;,elevation1 ,plan & ,end ,view1 %[+ h[ ! ,puzzle ,jo9t may be correctly ,set ,out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chb4--;,dovetail ,puzzle4 ,! ,f9i%$ ,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chc4--,sket* ( ,dovetail ,piece4 7,note t dovetail is cut on slant1 ! ?ickness at front be+ less ?an at back4 ,see dott$ l9e on plan bel[47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chd4--,plan1 look+ upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che;,a4--,front ,elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che;,b4--,back ,elevation4 ,! model calls = v accurate workman%ip & ! jo9ts mu/ n be und]cut dur+ ! saw+ & *isell+ op]ations4 ,! complet$ model measures #f to #g ins4 ,,! ,,dovetail ,,puzzle jo9t illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #chb has p]haps caus$ m argum5t & controv]sy among/ woodwork]s ?an any wood5 jo9t4 ,x may be neatly made 9 maple1 walnut1 or mahogany1 & aft]w>ds glu$ up4 ,! "q ev]yone asks is3 ,h[ 0 x put toge!r8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chf4--,v>iation ( ! ,dovetail ,puzzle4 ,take two pieces ( wood su* z mahogany1 walnut or bir*1 ab\t #f ins4 long by #a-g_/h ins4 wide & #a-a_/d ins4 ?ick4 ,truly plane !m up & !n set out & make ! t5on & dovetail$ piece 7,fig4 #chc74 ,next m>k out & cut ! cross b> to fit its correspond+ piece4 ,! jo9t w g toge!r 9 a some:at diagonal direction z x is pu%$ into position f ! back2 :5 clos$ x w appe> z at ,fig4 #chb4 ,= guidance1 a plan1 "p elevation & back elevation are add$4 ,an improvem5t aft] y h ga9$ exp]i5ce 9 ! mak+ ( ?is jo9t is to make a simil> jo9t1 leav+ ! face 7,b1 ,fig4 #chf7 bl9d2 x !n does n %[ ! bevell+ ( ! dovetail at ! end ,c4 ,9 o!r words1 keep ! l9e ,c1 say1 #a_/d 94 back f ! face ( ,b4 ,! jo9t %\ld be glu$ up & x w !n appe> to ! av]age work] t x is an impossible proposition4 7,see ,fig4 #dja1 page #bjh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chg4--;,a ,simple ,v>iation ( ! ,dovetail ,puzzle4 ,c>efully note t ! edges ,a1 ,a are p>allel to ea* o!r 9 spite ( ! fact t !y slope 9 "o direction4 ,a fur!r v>iation ( ! puzzle is se5 9 ,fig4 #chg4 ,"h ! jo9t is mu* simpl]1 & c easily be foll[$ f ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chh4--,six-piece ,jo9t ,puzzle4 ,,cross ,,puzzle4--,fig4 #chh illu/rates a six-piece puzzle jo9t1 simil> 9 "s respects to ,fig4 #cfi1 b v mu* simpl]4 ,bo? a back & front view ( ! piece ,d is %[n = cle>ness ( illu/ration4 ,! me?od ( assembl+ ! pieces is z foll[s3 ,hold piece ,b upright1 & fit piece ,d across2 at ! same "t note t ! small x m>ks are opposite ea* o!r4 ,take piece ,e &1 hold+ x z %[n1 slide x up ! piece ,b 7see arr[7 until ,e engages ,d & ! small o m>ks are opposite ea* o!r4 ,piece ,c is n[ fitt$ beh9d ,d1 & !n piece ,f w slide 9 position & pu% d[nw>ds4 ,! key-piece ,a is n[ put 9 position1 & ! puzzle is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chi4--,mortis+ ,puzzle1 %[+ h[ ! ,p>ts ,fit4 ,,mortis+ ,,puzzle4--,! ord9>y mortis+ ex]cise is1 aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree attempts1 g5]ally vot$ z un9t]e/+1 b1 al?\gh ! simple puzzle %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi is practically an ex]cise 9 mortis+1 yet1 =m+ z x does a puzzle1 x becomes a fasc9at+ piece ( "w4 ,! puzzle is compos$ ( ?ree pieces ( wood1 ea* #d ins4 long1 #a-a_/b ins4 wide1 & #a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,9 ea* piece a mortise #a-a_/b ins4 by #a_/b 94 %\ld be cut z %[n at #a1 ,fig4 #cij4 ,9 "o piece1 m>k$ #b1 a groove is cut on "o side1 #c_/h 94 wide1 & 9 ano!r piece 7#c7 a simil> slot1 b #a_/b 94 wide1 is cut1 & ?is is cont9u$ on ! o!r side ( ! groove to a dep? ( #a_/h 94 ,! ?ree pieces %\ld be set out on a #ac-;ins4 by #a-a_/b-;ins4 by #a_/b-;94 l5g? ( wood1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cia1 & :5 ready sawn ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cij4--,! ,?ree ,p>ts1 ) ,sizes m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cia4--;,h[ to ,cut ! ,p>ts4 ,! puzzle is put toge!r z %[n at ,fig4 #chi4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hold ,no4 #a piece upright z %[n at ,a1 !n take ,no4 #b piece ) slot upp]mo/ & pu% x ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ,no4 #a piece until ! ne>e/ side ( ! slot projects #a_/h 94 z indicat$ at ,b4 ,next place ,no4 #c piece on ) ! slot at ! back z %[n at ,c1 & pu% x d[n until x t\*es ! bottom ( ! op5+ 9 ,no4 #b piece z illu/rat$ at ,d4 ,! only ?+ to d n[ is to pu% ,no4 #b piece z f> z x w g to make ! figure z %[n at ,e4 ,9 ?is puzzle ! p>ts %\ld fit toge!r fairly tight1 b %\ld n be too /iff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cib4--;,*9ese ,cross ,puzzle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cic4--,me?od ( ,putt+ ,toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cid4--,! ,six ,pieces1 ea* #d ins4 by #a 94 squ>e4 ,,*9ese ,,cross4--,fig4 #cib %[s a v>iation ( ! ,*9ese cross1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( all woodwork puzzles4 ,take six pieces ( h>dwood 7,fig4 #cid7 & accurately plane & saw !m s t ea* piece w measure #d ins4 by #a 94 by #a 94 ,be>+ 9 m9d t all ! cuts are multiples ( #a_/b 941 set out1 saw & *isel five ( ! pieces to agree ) ! sket*es #a1 #a;,a1 #b1 #b;,a & #c4 ,leave ! key piece intact4 ,! puzzle is ( c\rse to fit all ! six pieces toge!r s z to =m ! ,*9ese cross or block giv5 at ,fig4 #cib4 ,z a clue to ! me?od ( assembly we give ano!r sket* 7,fig4 #cic7 %[+ f\r ( ! pieces fix$ toge!r4 ,! read] c1 if he s desires1 make ! puzzle to a small] scale by us+ six pieces ( wood ea* measur+ #b ins4 long by #a_/b 94 by #a_/b 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cie--;,diagonal ,*9ese ,cross ,puzzle4 7,two ,pieces requir$ ( ,a1 ,?ree ( ,b & ,"o ( ,c47 ,,diagonal ,,*9ese ,,cross4--,at ,fig4 #cie is giv5 a sket* ( a complet$ ,*9ese block or cross puzzle 9 :i* ! v>i\s pieces ( wood g toge!r diagonally4 ,plane up a piece ( h>dwood 7:i* may be ab\t #ad ins4 or #ae ins4 long7 s t x measures on its end #a_/b 94 squ>e4 ,cut ! wood into six pieces :i* measure ab\t #b-a_/d ins4 long1 & !n proce$ to m>k out1 saw & p>e up ) ! *isel two pieces l sket* ,a1 ?ree pieces l ,b1 & "o key piece z ,c4 ,n[ fit ^! toge!r to make ! complet$ cross4 ,! solution is left to ! read]4 ,fig4 #cif %[s a comb9ation ( six pieces :i*1 :5 fitt$ toge!r1 w make ! ,*9ese cross simil> to ,fig4 #cib4 ,plane up ! /rip ( h>dwood 7bir* pref]r$7 s t x measures #a_/b 94 squ>e at ! end & proce$ to m>k out & make two pieces l ,d1 two l ,e1 "o l ,f1 & "o piece l ,g4 ,put ! pieces toge!r to =m ! ,*9ese cross4 ,aga9 ! read] is left to solve ! problem ( fitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4--;,ano!r ,*9ese ,cross4 7,two ,pieces requir$ ( ,d1 ,two ( ,e1 & ,"o ea* ( ,f & ,g47 ,,squ>e ,,puzzles are ( endless v>iety4 ,f\r ( ^! are %[n1 all simple to make1 b n equally simple to solve4 ,! only mat]ial requir$ = ea* is a #e-;ins4 squ>e piece ( #a_/h-;94 fretwood or plywood2 or1 if pref]r$1 pieces ( diff]5t col\r may be us$4 ,! diagrams are giv5 exactly half size1 & ! l9es may be set out direct on ! wood4 ,x w be notic$ t all f\r puzzles are /rictly geometrical 9 "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cig4--,six-piece ,squ>e ,puzzle4 7,= ,guidance 9 ,sett+ ,out1 ! ,c5tre ( ,top ,l9e is m>k$ at ,a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cih4--;,five-piece ,squ>e ,puzzle4 7,9 ,sett+ ,out1 note t ! ,angles ,b ,b are ,"r ,angles47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cii4--,t5-piece ,squ>e ,puzzle4 7,= ,guidance 9 ,sett+ ,out1 ! ,c5tre ( ! ,f\r ,outl9es are lett]$ at ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djj4--,six-piece ,squ>e ,puzzle4 7,! ,c5tres ( ! ,f\r ,outl9es are lett]$ at ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d47 ,fig4 #cig is made up ( six pieces & is ! simple/ ( ! gr\p to solve4 ,al?\gh conta9+ only five pieces1 ,fig4 #cih w be f\nd to give m tr\ble4 ,fig4 #cii1 ) t5 pieces1 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ try+ puzzle1 & w be f\nd z baffl+ z _m jig-saw pictures4 ,fig4 #djj1 aga91 pres5ts only mod]ate difficulties4 ,if ! read] pref]s1 he may cut ! squ>es to ! size illu/rat$ in/ead ( enl>g+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dja4--;,bl9d ,dovetail ,puzzle ,jo9t 7see page #aii74 ,,index ,angle1 mitre1 #afc1 #afd ,angles = dovetails1 #acd ,a/ragals1 #abh1 #abi ,back flap h+es1 #aae1 #aaf ,b>efac$ 7see "u ,t5on74 ,b>r$ door jo9t1 #ee ,b>r[-:eel jo9ts1 #bj ,batt5+1 #ahh ,bevell$ dovetail+1 #adi ,bevell+1 guide block =1 #afa ,birdsm\? jo9ts1 #aha ,bl9d lap-dovetail+1 #ade ,bo>ds1 wea!r1 #agf ,bolts = sc>f jo9t1 #ajg1 #ajh ,bor+ away wa/e1 #da1 #db ,box1 lam9at$ core1 #age ,box lid1 h+e+1 #aac ,boxes1 dovetails =1 #acc ,brace & bit1 use (1 #da1 #db ,brass a/ragal1 #abi ,bridle jo9t1 mitr$1 #cf1 #cg ,bridle jo9t1 oblique1 #cg1 #ch ,bridle jo9ts1 #ce ,bridle jo9ts1 sett+ out1 #ci ,butt h+e1 #aaj1 #aaa ,butt h+e1 ris+1 #aae1 #aaf ,butt+ mitr$ jo9t1 #h ,button+1 #ahd ,c>case "w1 dovetail+1 #adi ,c>d table h+es1 #aae1 #aaf ,*air jo9t1 int]lock+1 #ia ,*9ese cross puzzle1 #bjc ,*9ese cross puzzle1 diagonal1 #bjd ,*9ese puzzle1 #ahi1 #aij ,*isel us$ 9 dovetail+1 #acg1 #ach1 #aec ,*isell+ 7bridle jo9ts71 #de ,*isell+ 7halv$ jo9ts71 #cj1 etc4 ,*isell+ 7mortise & t5on jo9ts71 #hi1 etc4 ,circul> frames1 #agb ,clamp+1 #hj1 #hb ,close jo9t h+e+1 #abe ,cogg$ jo9ts1 #aha ,column jo9ts1 #agi ,comb+ jo9t1 #ee ,core box1 lam9at$1 #age ,corn] dovetail1 #aeb ,corn] jo9ts1 halv$1 #ad ,corn] tongu$ jo9ts1 #ee1 #ef ,cornice frame dovetail$1 #adc1 #add ,cornice pole1 d[ell+1 #ig1 #ih ,cornice pole jo9ts1 #agg ,corrugat$ /eel fa/5]s1 #ahe ,cot jo9ts1 #agh ,c\nt]s9k bit1 #if ,cradle = plan+1 #eb ,cradle = plan+ d[els1 #id ,cramp+ glu$ jo9ts1 #aa1 #ab ,cramp+ tongu$ & groov$ mitre jo9t1 #ef1 #eg ,cross halv+ jo9ts1 #ah1 #bc ,cross puzzle1 #bjj ,cross puzzle1 ,*9ese1 #bjc ,cross puzzle1 diagonal1 #bjd ,cross tongues1 #ea1 #eb ,curv$ "w1 jo9ts =1 #agb ,diagonal cross puzzle1 #bjd ,dogs1 iron1 #aj1 #aa ,donkey's e> %oot+ bo>d1 #cbg ,door frames1 semicircul> head1 #agc1 #age ,door jo9ts1 b>r$1 #ee ,doors1 b\nd1 #aji ,doors1 h+e+1 #aaf-aai ,doors1 %utt+ jo9ts (1 #abg1 #abi ,dovetail angle template1 #acd1 #aed ,dovetail1 corn]1 #aeb ,dovetail groov+1 #afj ,dovetail halv$ jo9ts1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj ,dovetail1 h\s$ & mitr$1 #ade ,dovetail jo9t1 ! #acb ,dovetail puzzles1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii ,dovetail1 secret mitr$1 #adf ,dovetail-w$g$ t5on jo9t1 #ge ,dovetail$ keys1 #adg1 #adh ,dovetail$ sc>f jo9t1 #ajc1 #ajd ,dovetail+1 bevell$1 #adi ,dovetail+1 bl9d lap1 #ade ,dovetail+1 lap1 #acc ,dovetail+1 oblique1 #aea ,dovetail+1 ?r\gh1 #acb ,dovetails1 frame1 #adc ,dovetails1 ma*9e made1 #aei ,dovetails1 saw+1 #ada1 #aee ,dovetails1 sett+ out1 #aea ,d[el cradle = plan+1 #id ,d[el plate1 /eel1 #ic ,d[el r\nd]1 #if ,d[el ) groove1 #id1 #ie ,d[ell+ frames1 #ajj ,d[ell+ jo9ts1 #ic ,d[ell+ table legs1 #aja ,d[els1 mak+1 #ic ,drawbore p9n+1 #gh ,draw] bottom jo9t1 #ahh ,draw] jo9ts1 du/-pro(1 #aca ,draw] pl\ghslips1 #aj1 #aa ,draw]s1 dovetail+1 #acc1 etc41 #aef ,dreadn\ght file1 #ha1 #hb ,drop table jo9t1 #bj ,du/-pro( draw] jo9ts1 #aca ,fall fronts1 h+e+1 #aai ,fa/5]s1 corrugat$ /eel1 #ahe ,fea!r tongues1 #ea1 #eb ,f5c+1 jo9t =1 #ga ,file1 dreadn\ght1 #ha1 #hb ,f+] jo9t h+e1 #abb1 #abc ,fi%$ jo9t1 #aje1 #ajf ,flap 7back7 h+es1 #aae1 #aaf ,floor bo>ds1 #dh ,fly rails1 #abj1 #aba ,fox-w$g+1 #gf ,frame dovetails1 #adc ,frame jo9ts1 ,ox=d1 #bf1 #bg ,frame1 mirror1 ) bridle jo9ts1 #cg ,frames1 circul>1 #agb ,frames1 d[ell+1 #ajj ,frames = oil pa9t+s1 #ahd ,gate jo9t1 #fh1 #fi ,gauge1 m>k+1 #bh1 #bi1 #dj ,gauge1 m>k+ dovetails ) cutt+1 #ace ,gaug+ bo>ds = d[ell+1 #ig1 #ih ,gaug+ = h+es1 #aaj1 #aaa ,glu$ jo9t1 !1 #a ,glue+ d[ell$ jo9ts1 #ig ,glue+ rubb$ jo9ts1 #b ,groov$ jo9ts 7see ,tongu$ & ,groov$71 #dh ,grooves1 pl\gh+1 #eh ,groov+1 dovetail1 #afj ,halv$ & dovetail$ jo9ts1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj ,halv$ & mitr$ jo9ts1 #af ,halv$ jo9t1 !1 #ac ,halv$ jo9ts1 sett+ out1 #bh ,halv$ sc>f jo9t1 #ajc1 #ajd ,halv+ jo9ts1 cross1 #ah1 #bc ,hamm] head t5ons1 #hj ,h&screws1 #aa1 #ab ,haun*$ t5ons1 #fe ,h+e1 butt1 #aaj1 #aaa ,h+e1 f+] jo9t1 #abb1 #abc ,h+e1 knuckle jo9t1 #abb1 #abc ,h+e recesses1 #aab ,h+e1 rule jo9t1 #abe ,h+$ cornice pole1 #agg ,h+$ jo9ts1 #aji ,h+e+ box lid1 #aac ,h+e+1 close jo9t1 #abe ,h+e+ doors1 #aaf-aai ,h+e+ draught scre5s1 #aba ,h+e+ fall fronts1 #aai ,h+e+1 op5 jo9t1 #abd ,h+es1 gaug+ =1 #aaj1 #aaa ,h+es1 v>i\s1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf ,hook jo9ts1 #acj ,h\s$ & mitr$ dovetail1 #ade ,int]lock+ *air jo9t1 #ia ,iron dogs1 #aj1 #aa ,japanese self-w$g+ t5on jo9t1 #gb ,jo9t1 draw] bottom1 #ahh ,jo9t1 fi%$1 #aje1 #ajf ,jo9t1 int]lock+ *air1 #ia ,jo9t1 tabl$ sc>f1 #ajg ,jo9t1 tie beam sc>f1 #ajf ,jo9ts1 b>efac$ t5on1 #fd b>r$ door1 #ee b>r[ :eel1 #bj batt5$1 #ahh birdsm\?1 #aha bridle1 #ce butt+ mitr$1 #h cogg$1 #aha column & pill>1 #agi comb+ or lock+1 #ee cornice pole1 #agg cot1 #agh cross halv+1 #ah1 #bc dovetail1 #acb dovetail$ & w$g$ t5on1 #ge d[ell+1 #ic du/-pro( draw]1 #aca f5c+1 #ga = curv$ "w1 #agb g>d5 gate1 #fh1 #fi glu$1 #a halv$1 #ac halv$ & dovetail$1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj haun*$ t5on1 #fe h+$1 #aji hook1 #acj ladd]1 #agg lam9at$1 #aj1 #aa1 #agb1 #age lap1 #ac light-tight1 #aca meet+1 #abi miscellane\s1 #agf mitre-fac$ t5on1 #gg mitre bridle1 #cf1 #cg mitre halv$1 #af mitr$1 #afc mitr$ & t5on$1 #gb1 #gc mitr$ & tongu$1 #ef1 #eg mortise & t5on1 #fd not*$1 #ahj oblique bridle1 #cg1 #ch oblique halv$1 #ae1 #bc ogee-%ap$1 #h op5 slot mortise1 #hj p>tition1 #bd1 #be pl\gh+ = tongu$ & groov$1 #eh puzzle1 #ahi raft] & tie beam1 #ahb raft] 7t5on71 #gg rebat$ door1 #abi ro(1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch ro( 7t5on71 #gg rubb$1 #a saddle1 #ahj sa% b>1 #gi sc>f1 #ajc scre51 #aad1 #aba scrib$ & t5on$1 #gb sett+ out bridle1 #ci sett+ out halv$1 #bh sett+ out t5on1 #hc %\ld]$ t5on1 #gj1 #ga1 #gi %utt+1 #abg skirt+ & munt91 #agh ,t1 #ad1 #ah tie1 #bb1 #bc tongu$ & groov$1 #dh tongu$ corn]1 #ee1 #ef tre/le1 #bd tusk t5on1 #gd1 #ge wea!r bo>d1 #agf :eelwright's self-w$g+ t5on1 #ge ,keyhole screw+1 #ahg ,key+1 dovetail1 #adg ,key+1 v5e]1 #agh ,keys1 dovetail$1 #adg ,knuckle jo9t h+e1 #abb1 #abc ,ladd] jo9ts1 #agg ,lam9at$ jo9ts1 #aj1 #aa ,lam9ation1 #age ,lap dovetail+1 #acc ,lap dovetail+1 bl9d1 #ade ,lap jo9ts1 #ac ,la?s1 w9d+1 #c ,lid1 h+e+ box1 #aac ,light-tight jo9ts1 #aca ,lock+ 7int]7 *air jo9t1 #ia ,lock+ jo9t1 #ee ,m>k+ gauge1 #bh1 #bi1 #dj ,mat*bo>d+1 #di ,meet+ jo9ts1 #abi ,mirror frame ) bridle jo9ts1 #cg ,mitre box1 saw us$ 91 #aga ,mitre bridle jo9t1 #cf1 #cg ,mitre1 curv$1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi ,mitre fac$ t5on jo9t1 #gg ,mitre halv$ jo9ts1 #af ,mitre saw+ block1 #afe ,mitre1 sett+ out a curv$1 #afh1 #afi ,mitre template1 #agj ,mitre trap1 screw1 #afe1 #aff ,mitr$ & h\s$ dovetail1 #ade ,mitr$ & t5on$ jo9t1 #gb1 #gc ,mitr$ butt+ jo9t1 #h ,mitr$ dovetail1 secret1 #adf ,mitr$ frames1 d[ell+1 #ii1 #ajj ,mitr$ jo9t1 !1 #afc ,mitr$ tongu$ jo9ts1 #ef1 #eg ,mitres1 curv$1 #afi ,mortise & t5on jo9ts1 #fd ,mortise1 op5 slot1 #hj ,mortis+1 #hg ,mortis+ puzzle1 #bja ,m\ld+s1 mitre+1 #afe1 #aga ,munt9 jo9t1 #agh ,not*$ jo9ts1 #ahj ,oblique bridle jo9t1 #cg1 #ch ,oblique dovetail+1 #aea ,oblique jo9ts1 halv$1 #ae1 #bc ,ogee-%ap$ jo9t1 #h ,op5-jo9t h+e+1 #abd ,op5 slot mortise1 #hj ,ox=d frame1 halv$ jo9ts =1 #bf1 #bg ,p>tition jo9ts1 #bd1 #be ,pat]a cov]s1 #ahc ,pellet+1 #ahb ,piano front jo9t1 #i1 #aa ,p9n+1 #gc ,p9n+1 drawbore1 #gh ,p9s1 dovetail1 #acf ,pivot h+es1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf ,plane1 old woman's too?1 #afa1 #afb ,plane1 ! pl\gh1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj ,planes1 tongue+ & groov+1 #fa ,plan+1 cradle =1 #eb ,plan+ mitr$ "w1 #afe ,pl9? frame dovetail$1 #adc1 #add ,pl\gh plane1 !1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj ,pl\gh+ = tongu$ & groov$ jo9ts1 #eh ,pl\ghslips1 glue+1 #aj1 #aa ,plugg+1 #ahf ,pole jo9ts1 cornice1 #agg ,puzzle1 ,*9ese cross1 #bjc ,puzzle1 cross1 #bjj ,puzzle1 diagonal ,*9ese cross1 #bjd ,puzzle jo9ts1 #ahi ,puzzle1 mortis+1 #bja ,puzzles1 dovetail1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjh ,puzzles1 squ>e1 #bje ,raft] & tie beam jo9ts1 #ahb ,raft] jo9t 7t5on71 #gg ,rebat$ door jo9ts1 #abi ,rev]sible scre5 h+e1 #aad1 #aae ,ris+ butt h+e1 #aae1 #aaf ,ro( jo9ts1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch ,ro( jo9ts 7t5on71 #gg ,ro( "w1 sc>f$ jo9ts us$ 91 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf ,rubb$ jo9t1 #a ,rule jo9t h+e1 #abe ,saddle jo9ts1 #ahj ,sa% b> jo9ts1 #gi ,saw+ block = mitre+1 #afe ,saw+ 7bridle jo9ts71 #da1 etc4 ,saw+ dovetails1 #ada1 #aee ,saw+ = h+e recesses1 #aab ,saw+ 7halv$ jo9ts71 #cj1 #ca1 etc4 ,saw+ 7t5ons71 #hd1 etc4 ,sc>f jo9t1 fi%$1 #aje1 #ajf ,sc>f jo9t = heavy timb]1 lapp$ & bolt$1 #ajg1 #ajh ,sc>f jo9t1 tabl$1 ) /raps1 #ajg ,sc>f jo9ts1 #ajc ,sc>f jo9ts1 tie beam1 #ajf ,scre5 h+es1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf ,scre5s1 h+e+ draught1 #aba ,screw+1 slot or keyhole1 #ahg ,screws1 hid+ ) pat]as1 #ahc ,scrib$ t5on jo9t1 #gb ,secret mitr$ dovetail1 #adf ,sett+ out dovetails1 #aea ,%oot+ bo>d1 #g1 #aj1 #aa ,%oot+ bo>d = mitre+1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg ,%\ld]s1 #ad1 etc41 #ai1 #bc ,%\ld]s ( t5ons1 tongue+1 #fc ,%\ld]s1 saw+1 #de ,%\ld]s 7t5on71 #gj1 #ga1 #gi ,%\ld]s1 t5on ) tongu$ & groov$1 #gi ,%utt+ jo9ts1 #abg ,sidebo>d pill> jo9ts1 #agi ,skirt+ & munt9 jo9t1 #agh ,skirt+1 mitr$1 #afc ,skirt+ m\ld1 d\ble1 #ef1 #eh ,slot screw+1 #ahg ,sp&rel1 jo9t+ %ap$1 #i1 #aa ,sp&rel ) tongu$ jo9t1 #eb1 #ec ,sprocket :eel1 #fh ,squ>e puzzles1 #bje ,/eel fa/5]s1 corrugat$1 #ahe ,/iles1 %utt+ & meet+1 #abh ,/opp$ bridle jo9t1 #cg1 #ch ,/opp$ dovetail halv+1 #ag ,/rap h+e1 #aad1 #aae ,/raps = sc>f jo9ts1 #ajg1 #ajh ,/ump t5ons1 #fe ,t jo9ts1 halv$1 #ad1 #ah ,table 7c>d7 h+es1 #aae1 #aaf ,table frame1 lam9at$1 #agd1 #age ,table fram+1 #gi ,table jo9t1 drop1 #bj ,table leg ) bridle jo9t1 #cf ,table legs1 d[ell$1 #aja ,table tops button$1 #ahd ,table ) circul> rim1 jo9t =1 #be ,tabl$ sc>f jo9t1 #ajg ,template1 dovetail angle1 #acd1 #aed ,template = mitre+1 #agj ,t5on 7& mortise7 jo9ts1 #fd ,t5on jo9t1 dovetail$ & w$g$1 #ge ,t5on jo9t1 mitr$ & m\ld$1 #gb1 #gc ,t5on jo9t1 scrib$1 #gb ,t5on jo9t1 self-w$g+1 #gb ,t5on jo9t ) mitr$ face1 #gg ,t5on jo9t ) tongu$ & groov$ %\ld]s1 #gi ,t5on jo9ts1 b>efac$1 #fd ,t5on jo9ts1 drawbore p9n+ =1 #gh ,t5on jo9ts1 sett+ out1 #hc ,t5on jo9ts1 %\ld]$1 #gj1 #ga1 #gi ,t5on jo9ts1 tusk1 #gd1 #ge ,t5on$ sc>f jo9t1 #ajc1 #aje ,t5ons1 hamm] head1 #hj ,t5ons1 haun*$1 #fe ,t5ons1 ins]t$1 #ha1 #hb ,t5ons1 /ump or /ub1 #fe ,t5ons1 tongue+ %\ld]s (1 #fc ,t5ons1 tw91 #gb1 #gc1 #hj ,?r\gh dovetail+1 #acb ,tie beam & raft] jo9ts1 #ahb ,tie beam sc>f jo9t1 #ajf ,tie jo9t1 #bb1 #bc ,tongue slips1 #acj ,tongu$ & groov$ jo9ts1 applications (1 #eb ,tongu$ & groov$ jo9ts1 #dh ,tongu$ & groov$ jo9ts1 pl\gh+ =1 #eh ,tongu$ jo9ts1 corn]1 #ee1 #ef ,tongue+ & groov+ planes1 #fa ,tongues1 cross & fea!r1 #ea1 #eb ,tongues1 loose1 #ee ,too?+ plane1 #afa1 #afb ,tre/le jo9t1 #bd ,try squ>e1 #i1 #bh ,tusk t5on jo9ts1 #gd1 #ge ,tw9 t5ons1 #gb1 #gc1 #hj ,twi/ bit1 #if ,vee'd mat*bo>d+1 #di1 #ej ,vee'd sc>f jo9t1 #aje ,v5e] key+1 #agh ,wall plugs1 #ahf ,wea!rbo>ds1 #agf ,w$ges = t5on jo9ts1 #fg ,w$g+1 fox1 #gf ,w$g+ frames1 #ahd ,:eel jo9ts1 b>r[1 #bj ,:eel1 sprocket1 #fh ,:eelwright's self-w$g+ t5on jo9t1 #ge ,w9d+ la?s1 #c ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,! ,,:itefri>s ,,press1 ,,ltd41 ,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge4 ,,! ,,woodwork] ,,s]ies ,,woodwork ,,jo9ts3 ,,h[ ,,made ,,& 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