mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,! ,social ,problems ,s]ies  ,,edit$    
,,by  ,,oliphant ,,smeaton1 ,m4,a41     
,f4,s4,a4  ,,! ,,*ildr5   ,! ,social    
,problems ,s]ies   ,,! ,,*ildr5  ,,"s   
,,educational ,,problems   ,,by         
,,alex&] ,,d>ro*1 ,m4,a4  ,,pr(essor ,,(
 ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(    
,,ed9burgh   ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4  ,e4 ,c4 
,,jack #af ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4   
,,& ,,ed9burgh #aijg     ,,cont5ts      
,,*ap4                                  
,,page     ,i4 ,,introduction--,,!      
,,pres5t ,,unre/ ,,9 ,,education        
#a    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,& ,,process   
,,( ,,education                         
#ac   ,,iii4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,education  
#bb    ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,!     
,,/ate ,,to ,,education--,,! ,,provision
       ,,( ,,education                  
#ca     ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,!      
,,/ate ,,to ,,education--,,! ,,co/ ,,(  
,,education                             
#df    ,,vi4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,!     
,,/ate ,,to ,,education--,,! ,,m$ical   

,,exam9ation ,,( ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,,&   
,,! ,,m$ical       ,,inspection ,,(     
,,s*ools                                
#ed   ,,vii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,!     
,,/ate ,,to ,,education--,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( 
,,s*ool ,,*ildr5                        
#ff  ,,viii4 ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,! 
,,means ,,( ,,education                 
#gg    ,,ix4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,physical   
,,education                             
#he     ,x4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,! ,,infant  
,,s*ool                                 
#ih    ,,xi4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y 
,,s*ool                                 
#ajg   ,,xii4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,!         
,,second>y ,,s*ool                      
#aah  ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,!         
,,univ]sity                             
#abf   ,,xiv4 ,,conclusion--,,! ,,pres5t
 ,,problems ,,9 ,,education             
#aca     ,,! ,,*ildr5     ,,*apt] ,i    
,,introduction--,,! ,,pres5t ,,unre/ ,,9
 ,,education   ,! problems z to ! end or
 ends at :i* our educational ag5cies    
%\ld aim 9 ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( !     

*ildr5 ( ! nation1 & ( ! "r me?ods (    
atta9+ ^! ends once !y h be5 def9itely &
 cle>ly recognis$1 are at ! pres5t day  
receiv+ great] & great] att5tion n only 
f pr(ess$ educationali/s1 b also f      
/atesm5 & ! public g5]ally4 ,=1 9 spite 
( all t has be5 done dur+ ! pa/ ?irty   
ye>s to increase ! facilities =         
education & to improve ! means (        
in/ruction1 !re is a deep-seat$ & widely
 spread feel+ t1 someh[ or o!r1 matt]s  
educationally are n well ) u1 z a       
nation1 & t 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e ( social 
developm5t o!r c\ntries h pu%$ =w>d1    
:il/ we h be5 cont5t to lag beh9d 9 !   
educational re>4  ,! faults 9 our pres5t
 educational /ructure are _m1 & 9 "s    
cases obvi\s to all4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 
is said1 & ) mu* tru?1 t !re is no      
sy/ematic coh]5ce betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts 
( our educational ma*9]y1 & no          
?or\gh-go+ correlation betwe5 ! v>i\s   
aims :i* ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! sy/em are   
int5d$ to realise4 ,z ,mr4 ,de          
,montmor5cy has rec5tly po9t$ out1 we h 

always _h a national gr\p ( educational 
facilities1 m or less effici5t1 b we h  
nev] _h1 nor d we yet possess1 a        
national sy/em ( education s diff]5tiat$
 9 its aims & s correlat$ z to its p>ts 
z to =m an organic "p ( ! life ( !      
nation4#a ,an educational sy/em %\ld    
subs]ve & fo/] ! life ( ! :ole3 x %\ld  
be s organis$ z to ma9ta9 a suffici5t & 
effici5t supply ( all ! s]vices :i* a   
nation requires at ! h&s ( its adult    
memb]s4 ,= x is only 9 s f> z !         
educational sy/em ( any c\ntry fulfils  
?is end t x c be organic1 & c be entitl$
 to ! claim ( be+ call$ a national      
sy/em4  ,?is lack ( coh]5ce betwe5 !    
diff]5t p>ts ( our educational sy/em & !
 want ( any sy/ematic plan or unity     
runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole is due to _m causes4 
,z a nation1 we are little incl9$ to    
sy/em-mak+1 & z a consequ5ce ! problem (
 education z a :ole & 9 its total       
relation to ! life & well-be+ ( ! ,/ate 
has receiv$ b scant att5tion f          
politicians4 ,educational que/ions1 9   

?is c\ntry1 are r>ely treat$ on _! own  
m]its & ap>t f consid]ations ( a p>ty1  
political1 or d5om9ational "*1 & h5ce ! 
problems :i* h receiv$ att5tion 9 ! pa/ 
& evoke discussion at ! pres5t are      
conc]n$ ) ! nature ( ! con/itution1 &   
limits ( ! p[] ( ! bodies to :om %\ld be
 entru/$ ! local control ( ! educational
 ag5cies ( ! c\ntry1 r ?an ) ! problems 
z to ! aims :i* we %\ld seek to realise 
?r\gh our educational organisation1 & ( 
! me?ods by :i* ^! aims may be be/      
realis$4 ,h5ce1 z a nation1 we h r>ely  
consid]$ = its own sake & z a :ole !    
problem ( ! education ( ! *ildr54 ,&    
until we h done s--until we h made cle> 
to ourselves ! k9d ( future citiz5 :i* z
 a ,/ate we desire to re> up--our       
educational ag5cies mu/ manife/ a l     
indef9it5ess1 a l inconsi/5cy1 & a l    
want ( connection z d our educational   
aims & ideals4  ,aga91 closely connect$ 
) ?is fir/-nam$ defect 9 our educational
 organisation1 & 9 fact foll[+ f x z a  
logical consequ5ce1 is our fatal me?od (

 develop+ ?is or t "p ( our educational 
sy/em & ( leav+ ! o!r p>ts to develop1  
if at all1 )\t any c5tral guidance or   
control1 until at l5g? we realise t !   
neglect$ p>ts also require att5tion1 &  
mu/ someh[ or o!r be refitt$ into !     
:ole4 ,e4g41 s9ce #ahgj !re has be5 a   
great advance 9 ! ext5t & int5t (       
elem5t>y education 9 bo? ,engl& &       
,scotl&1 b ?is progress has be5 ( a     
"o-sid$ nature1 & !re has be5 no        
correspond+ advance ei!r 9 ! p]fect+ ( !
 educational sy/em z a :ole1 or 9 !     
co-ord9ation ( ! v>i\s grades (         
education4 ,9 ,scotl&1 s9ce ! pass+ into
 law ( ! ,education ,bill ( #ahgb1 !    
means ( elem5t>y education h be5 widely 
ext5d$ & ! me?ods ( tea*+ h be5 greatly 
improv$1 b !re has be5 no correspond+   
advance 9 ! provision ( ! means ( high] 
education1 & z a consequ5ce1 at ! pres5t
 day1 we f9d _m di/ricts )\t adequate   
provision = c>ry+ on ! education ( ! y\?
 ( ! c\ntry beyond ! ,prim>y ,s*ool     
/age4 ,second>y education has be5       

provid$ 9 "s c5tres by means ( end[m5ts2
 9 o!rs ?r\gh ! ext5sion ( ! t]m        
elem5t>y s z to include education ( a m 
ext5d$ nature ?an 0 orig9ally int5d$ to 
be cov]$ by t t]m4 ,9 ,engl& until      
#aijb1 v mu* ! same conditions prevail$1
 b s9ce !n1 ma9ly 9 ord] to rem$y ! /ate
 ( ?+s creat$ by ! judgm5t 9 ! ,cock]ton
 ,case1 ! control ( prim>y1 second>y1 & 
te*nical education has be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s
 ( ! ,c\nty & ,bor\gh ,c\ncils1 :o are  
emp[]$ to consid] ! educational ne$s (  
_! area1 & to take su* /eps z seem to !m
 desirable1 aft] consultation ) ! ,bo>d 
( ,education1 to supply or aid ! supply 
( education o!r ?an elem5t>y1 & to      
promote ! g5]al co-ord9ation ( all =ms (
 education4 ,t9d] ! p[]s s grant$ mu*   
has be5 done ?r\gh\t ,engl& dur+ ! pa/  
few ye>s to ext5d & make effici5t !     
means ( high] education2 to erect s*ools
 :i* %all provide tra9+ = ! future      
s]vices requir$ by ! community & ! ,/ate
 ( ! m highly gift$ ( its memb]s1 & to  
co-ord9ate ! "w ( ! v>i\s ag5cies       

entru/$ ) ! c>e & education ( ! *ildr5 (
 ! nation4  ,?r\gh ! failure ( !        
,education ,bills ( #aijd & #aije to    
pass into law1 ,scotl& /ill awaits !    
creation ( local au?orities *>g$ ) !    
control & direction ( all grades (      
education1 & 9 ?is respect h]           
educational organisation is mu* m       
loosely compact$ ?an ! sy/em :i* n[     
exi/s 9 ,engl&4  ,fur!r1 9 ,scotl&1 on  
acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( "o controll+        
au?ority1 we (t5 f9d 9 ^? di/ricts 9 :i*
 ! provision = high] education is ample1
 imp]fect co-ord9ation betwe5 ! aims &  
"w1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool1 & on
 ! o!r1 ( s*ools provid+ high]          
education4 ,f ?is cause also x foll[s t1
 unlike our ,g]man neighb\rs1 we h made 
little progress 9 det]m9+ ! diff]5t     
functions :i* ea* p>ticul> type ( ,high]
 ,s*ool %all p]=m 9 ! social organism1 &
 h n assign$ ! p>ticul> s]vices :i* !   
,/ate requires ( ea* p>ticul> type (    
,high] ,s*ool4 ,x is surely manife/ t ! 
s]vice :i* ! mod]n indu/rial ,/ate looks

 = f its memb]s is n ! same 9 k9d & is  
mu* m complex 9 its nature ?an t :i* 0  
requir$ dur+ ! m$ival p]iod1 & t if ?is 
s]vice is to be effici5tly suppli$1 !n  
!re is ne$ = ,high] ,s*ools v>i$ 9 type 
& hav+ v>i\s aims4  ,?is want ( unity   
betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( our educational   
sy/em manife/s itself aga9 9 !          
indef9it5ess ( aim ( _m ( our ,high]    
,s*ools1 & 9 ! lack ( co-ord9ation      
betwe5 ! ,high] ,s*ool on ! "o h&1 &    
in/itutions provid+ univ]sity & advanc$ 
in/ruction on ! o!r4 ,up till q rec5tly1
 ! sole aim ( our ,second>y ,s*ools 0 to
 provide /ud5ts = ! ,univ]sities & to   
supply ! ne$s ( ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,b )
 ! economic developm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & z a
 consequ5ce ( ! ke5 int]national        
competition betwe5 nation & nation 9 !  
economic sph]e1 !re has aris5 a dem& = a
 high] education diff]5t 9 k9d f t      
provid$ by ! old] ,univ]sities1 & a ne$ 
= a type ( ,second>y ,s*ool diff]5t 9   
aim & curriculum f t :i* looks ma9ly to 
! provision ( /ud5ts int5d+ to ent] ^u  

"s "o or o!r ( ! s-call$ well recognis$ 
le>n$ pr(essions4 ,x is "h1 :5 comp>$ & 
contra/$ ) ! educational sy/ems ( "s (  
our ,cont95tal neighb\rs1 t we f9d !    
weake/ po9t 9 our own sy/em1 & at !     
pres5t "t our mo/ urg5t ne$ is = !      
ext5sion & bett] equipm5t ( ! c5tral    
in/itutions ( ! c\ntry :i* provide high]
 te*nical & comm]cial in/ruction4  ,?is 
unsatisfactory condition ( ?+s is due 9 
l>ge measure1 z we h already po9t$ out1 
to our innate dislike z a nation ( all  
sy/em-mak+1 & to ! di/ru/ felt by _m    
m9ds ( any & e =m ( ,/ate control (     
education4 ,h5ce1 p>tly f ^! causes1    
p>tly z a result ( hi/orical conditions1
 x has foll[$ t v>i\s au?orities h 9 ?is
 c\ntry ! guidance & control (          
education1 ) ! usual result ( want (    
unity ( aim1 ( lack ( correlation (     
means1 & 9 "s cases ( ov]lapp+ & wa/e ( 
! means ( high] education4  ,9 ! second 
place1 :ile mu* has be5 done s9ce !     
adv5t ( compulsory elem5t>y education to
 bett] ! means ( education & to increase

 ! facilities = ! high] in/ruction ( !  
y\? ( ! c\ntry1 !re is a widespread     
belief t all ! hopes held out by ! e>ly 
advocates ( univ]sal compulsory         
education h n be5 realis$1 & t our      
,prim>y ,s*ools 9 l>ge measure h fail$  
to turn out ! type ( citiz5 :i* a ,/ate 
su* z ours requires = h] aft]-s]vice4   
,univ]sal education has n prov$ a       
panacea = all ! social evils ( !        
,commonweal?1 & :ile x mu/ be admitt$ t 
mu* good has result$ f ! adoption (     
univ]sal & compulsory education1 yet at 
! same "t c]ta9 evils h foll[$ 9 its    
tra94  ,s9ce ! in/itution ( univ]sal    
education1 x may be argu$ t ! *ildr5 ( !
 nation h receiv$ a bett] tra9+ 9 ! use 
( ! m me*anical arts ( read+1 writ+1 &  
ari?metic1 b ! t5d5cy has be5 to look ^u
 ! acquisition ( ^! arts z ends 9       
!mselves1 r ?an z m]e in/rum5ts = !     
fur!r ext5sion & developm5t ( k &       
practice1 & h5ce our ,prim>y ,s*ool     
sy/em1 to a l>ge ext5t1 has fail$ to    
cultivate ! imag9ation ( ! *ild1 & has  

also fail$ to tra9 ! reason & to develop
 initiative on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,!re has 
be5 m in/ruction1 x has be5 said1 dur+ !
 la/ ?irty ye>s1 b less education2 = !  
process ( education consi/s 9 ! build+  
up )9 ! *ild's m9d ( p]man5t & /able    
sy/ems ( ideas :i* %all h]eaft] function
 9 ! atta9m5t & realisation ( ! v>i\s   
ends ( life4 ,n[1 our s*ool practice is 
/ill l>gely dom9at$ by ! old conception 
t m]e memory k is all-important1 & z a  
consequ5ce mu* ( ! s-call$ k acquir$    
dur+ ! s*ool p]iod is f\nd valueless 9  
aft] life to realise any def9ite        
purpose1 = x is only 9 s f> z ! k       
acquir$ has be5 sy/ematis$ t x c        
aft]w>ds be turn$ to use 9 ! fur!rance (
 ! aims ( adult life4  ,f ?is x foll[s  
t1 s9ce mu* ( ! k acquir$ dur+ ! s*ool  
p]iod has no be>+ on ! real & practical 
ne$s ( life1 ! ,prim>y ,s*ool 9 _m cases
 fails to create any p]man5t or real    
int]e/ 9 ! works ei!r ( nature or (     
society4  ,b a mu* m s]i\s *>ge is laid 
at times aga9/ our ,prim>y ,s*ool sy/em4

 ,x is cont5d$ t dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s x
 has done little to raise ! moral tone (
 ! community1 & x has done /ill less to 
develop t s5se ( civic & national       
responsibility )\t :i* ! moral & social 
progress ( a nation is impossible4 ,our 
huge city s*ools are manufactories r ?an
 educational in/itutions--places :]e    
ye>ly a c]ta9 numb] ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry  
are turn$ out able to "s ext5t to make  
use ( ! me*anical arts ( read+ & writ+1 
& ) a smatt]+ ( _m bran*es ( k1 b )     
little or no tra9+ = ! moral & civic    
responsibilities ( life4 ,?is is evid5t1
 x is urg$1 if we consid] h[ little !   
s*ool does to c\nt]act & to supplant !  
evil influ5ces ( a bad home or social   
environm5t4 ,:at tru? !re may be 9 ^!   
*>ges & :at mu/ be done to rem$y ?is    
/ate ( matt]s w be discuss$ :5 we       
consid] lat] ! exi/+ ,elem5t>y ,s*ool   
sy/em4 ,"h x is suffici5t to po9t out t 
"o ( ! causes at "w to-day t5d+ to ar\se
 a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 educational problems  
is ! feel+ n[ beg9n+ to f9d expression t

 ! k9d ( univ]sal elem5t>y education    
provid$ someh[ or o!r fails1 & has      
fail$1 to produce all t 0 9 ! beg9n+    
expect$ ( x--t x has 9 ! pa/ be5 too mu*
 divorc$ f ! real int]e/s ( life1 & t x 
mu/ be remodell$ if x is to fit !       
individual to p]=m 8 duty to society4   
,a ?ird fault (t5 f\nd ) our exi/+ s*ool
 sy/em is t 9 ! case ( ! majority ( !   
*ildr5 ! process ( education /ops at too
 e>ly an age4 ,! belief is sl[ly spread+
 t if we are to educate ?or\ghly !      
*ildr5 ( ! nation s z to fit !m to p]=m 
effici5tly ! aft] duties ( life1 some?+ 
( a m sy/ematic "* ?an has z yet be5    
done is requir$1 9 ord] to c>ry on & to 
ext5d ! education ( ! *ild aft] !       
,elem5t>y s*ool /age has be5 pass$4 ,= x
 is evid5t t dur+ ! ,prim>y ,s*ool p]iod
 all t c be expect$ 9 ! case ( ! l>g]   
numb] ( *ildr5 is t ! s*ool %\ld lay a  
s\nd basis 9 ! k ( ! elem5t>y arts      
necess>y = all social int]c\rse1 & = !  
realisation ( ! simpl] ne$s ( life4 ,a  
beg9n+ may be made1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 9 ! 

=mation & e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems ( k :i* h 
= _! aim ! realisation ( ! m complex    
!oretical & practical int]e/s ( aft]    
life1 b unless ^! are fur!r$ & ext5d$ 9 
! ye>s 9 :i* ! boy is pass+ f y\? to    
manhood1 !n z a consequ5ce mu* ( :at has
 be5 acquir$ dur+ ! e>ly p]iod fails to 
be ( use ei!r to ! individual or to     
society4  ,aga91 x is surely unwise to  
give no he$ to ! sy/ematic education ( !
 majority ( ! *ildr5 dur+ ! ye>s :5 !y  
are mo/ susceptible to moral & social   
influ5ces1 & to leave ! moral & social  
education ( ! y\? dur+ ! adolesc5t p]iod
 to ! unregulat$ & unc]ta9 =ces (       
society4  ,la/ly1 9 ?is connection x is 
economically wa/eful = ! nation to sp5d 
l>gely 9 lay+ ! m]e f\ndations ( k1 & !n
 to adopt ! policy ( non-int]f]5ce1 & to
 leave to ! individual p>5t ! "r (      
det]m9+ :e!r ! f\ndation s laid %all be 
fur!r utilis$ or n4  ,a f\r? criticism  
urg$ aga9/ our educational sy/em is t 9 
! pa/ we h paid too little att5tion to !
 te*nical education ( ^? de/9$ 9 aft]   

life to become ! lead]s ( indu/ry & !   
capta9s ( comm]ce4 ,our ,high] ,s*ool   
sy/em has be5 too pr$om9antly ( "o      
type--x has tak5 too n>r[ a view ( !    
high] s]vices requir$ by ! ,/ate ( its  
memb]s1 & our educational sy/em has n   
be5 s organis$ z to ma9ta9 & f>!r !     
economic effici5cy ( ! ,/ate4 ,= x may  
be cont5d$ t ! economic effici5cy ( !   
individual & ( ! nation is fundam5tal 9 
! s5se t )\t ?is1 ! atta9m5t ( ! o!r    
goods ( life c n or c be only imp]fectly
 realis$1 & x is obvi\s t accord+ to !  
measure 9 :i* ! economic welf>e ( !     
individual & ( ! ,/ate is secur$1 9 l   
measure is secur$ ! opportunity = !     
developm5t & realisation ( ! o!r aims ( 
! individual & ( ! nation4  ,?us !      
pres5t unre/ z reg>ds our educational   
affairs may be l>gely trac$ to ! f\r    
causes enum]at$4 ,we h begun to realise 
t our educational sy/em lacks def9it5ess
 ( aim1 & t its v>i\s p>ts are badly    
co-ord9at$2 t1 9 %ort1 we d n z yet     
possess a national sy/em ( education :i*

 m9i/]s to & subs]ves ! life ( ! ,/ate z
 a :ole4 ,we are fur!r beg9n+ to p]ceive
 t ! provision ( ! means ( high]        
education is too important a matt] to be
 left to ! c>e ( ! private individual1 &
 t education mu/ be ! conc]n ( ! :ole   
body ( ! p4 ,h5ce x has be5 said t on ! 
creation ( a national sy/em ( education1
 fitt$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! mod]n ,/ate1  
dep5ds l>gely ! future ( ,brita9 z a    
nation4  ,aga91 all t 0 hop$ = z !      
result ( univ]sal compulsory education  
has n be5 realis$1 & ! feel+ is gr[+ t  
!re is some?+ defective 9 ! aims ( our  
,prim>y ,s*ool sy/em1 & t x fails1 & has
 fail$1 to develop 9 ! individual !     
moral & social qualities requir$ by a   
,/ate su* z ours1 :i* is becom+         
increas+ly democratic 9 "*4 ,fur!r1 we  
are le>n+1 p>tly ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 p>tly f
 ! example ( o!r c\ntries1 t ! p]iod    
dur+ :i* our *ildr5 mu/ be "u ! regulat$
 control ( ! s*ool & ( society mu/ be   
l5g!n$1 if we are to realise ! f9al aim 
( all education1 :i* is to enable !     

individual on ! intellectual side to    
apply ! k ga9$ to ! fur!rance & ext5sion
 ( ! v>i\s purposes ( life1 & on ! moral
 side to enable him to use 8 fre$om     
rightly4  ,la/ly1 z a nation1 we are    
beg9n+ to discov] t )\t ! bett] te*nical
 tra9+ ( our workm51 & especially ( ^?  
to :om 9 aft]-life w be entru/$ !       
control & direction ( our indu/ries &   
comm]ce1 we are likely to fall beh9d !  
o!r advanc$ nations 9 ! race = economic 
supremacy4  ,b1 9 addition to ^!        
negative =ces at "w1 t5d+ to produce    
dissatisfaction ) our educational       
position1 ! op9ion is gr[+ /rong] &     
cle>] t ! education1 physical1          
intellectual1 & moral1 ( ! *ildr5 ( !   
nation is a matt] ( supreme importance =
 ! future well-be+ & ! future supremacy 
( ! nation1 & t x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to
 see t ! opportunity is furni%$ to ea*  
individual to realise to ! full all !   
pot5tialities ( 8 nature :i* make =     
good1 s t he may be enabl$ to r5d] t    
s]vice to ! community = :i* by nature he

 is be/ fitt$4 ,compulsory elem5t>y     
education is b "o /age 9 ! process4 ,we 
mu/1 z a nation1 at lea/ see t no       
insup]able ob/acles are plac$ 9 ! pa? ( 
^? :o h ! requisite ability & desire to 
advance f>!r 9 ! developm5t ( _! p[]s4  
,moreov]1 if ne$ be1 we mu/1 9 ! words (
 ,r\sseau1 compel ^? :o f v>i\s causes  
are unwill+ to realise !mselves1 to     
atta9 _! full fre$om4  ,?is dem& = !    
bett] & full] education ( ! *ildr5 ( !  
nation is motiv$ p>tly by ! gr[+        
conviction t ! fre$om1 political1 civil1
 & religi\s1 :i* we z a nation enjoy1 c 
only be ma9ta9$1 fur!r$1 & /r5g!n$ 9 s  
f> z we h educat$ our *ildr5 rightly to 
und]/& & rightly to use ?is fre$om to   
:i* !y are heirs4 ,democracy1 z a =m (  
gov]nm5t & z a p[] = good1 is only      
possible :5 ! mass ( ! p h be5 wisely & 
fully educat$1 s t !y are enabl$ to take
 an intellig5t & compreh5sive int]e/ 9  
all t p]ta9s to ! good & future welf>e (
 ! ,/ate4 ,a democracy ( ill or p>tially
 educat$ p soon] or lat] becomes an     

o*locracy1#b rul$ n by ! be/1 b by ^? :o
 c "w ^u ! self-int]e/ ( ! badly or     
"o-sid$ly educat$4 ,a true democracy is 
9 fact ev] ari/ocratic1 9 ! orig9al s5se
 ( t t]m4 ,a false democracy ev] t5ds to
 become o*locratic1 & ! only safegu>d   
aga9/ su* a /ate ( conditions aris+ 9 a 
c\ntry :]e repres5tative gov]nm5t exi/s 
is ! spread ( high] education1 & !      
inculcation ( a "r conception ( ! nature
 & functions ( ! ,/ate & ( ! duties (   
citiz5%ip4  ,b fur!r1 ! dem& = increas$ 
facilities = high] & te*nical education 
is motiv$ l>gely by ! conviction t 9 !  
education ( our *ildr5 we mu/ 9 ! future
 m ?an we h done 9 ! pa/ take means to  
secure ! fitness ( ! individual to p]=m 
effici5tly "s specific function 9 !     
economic organisation ( society4 ,& !   
dem& proce$s1 n f any desire to n>r[ d[n
 ! aims ( education1 to place x on a    
purely utilit>ian basis1 b f ! belief t 
! secur+ ( ! physical & economic        
effici5cy ( ! individual is ( fundam5tal
 & prim>y importance bo? = 8 own welf>e 

& ! well-be+ & progress ( ! ,/ate1 & t 9
 proportion z we secure ! high] economic
 effici5cy ( a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( ! p  
we also secure ! ess5tial condition = ! 
developm5t & ext5sion ( ^? o!r goods (  
life :i* c be atta9$ by ! majority ( a  
nation only aft] a c]ta9 measure (      
economic prosp]ity & economic security  
is assur$4  ,! social evils ( our own or
 ( any "t _c1 ( c\rse1 be remov$ by any 
"o rem$y1 b an education :i* endeav\rs  
to secure t ea* individual %all h !     
opportunity to develop himself & to fit 
himself = ! aft] p]=mance ( ! s]vice =  
:i* by nature he is suit$ may d mu* to  
mitigate ! evils incid5t ^u ! indu/rial 
organisation ( society4 ,if ?is end is  
to be realis$1 !n ?ree ?+s at lea/ are  
necess>y4 ,we mu/ seek by "s means or   
o!r to *eck ! l>ge numb] ( our boys &   
girls :o1 aft] leav+ ! ,prim>y ,s*ool1  
drift ye> by ye>1 ei!r ?r\gh ! ignorance
 or ! cupidity or ! pov]ty ( _! p>5ts1  
into ! ranks ( untra9$ lab\r1 & :o 9 !  
c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s g to swell !   

ranks ( ! unskill$1 casual work]s1 &    
become 9 _m cases1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !    
unemploy$ & ! unemployable4 ,9 ! second 
place1 we mu/ endeav\r to secure ! bett]
 te*nical tra9+ ( ! y\? dur+ _! ye>s (  
appr5tice%ip1 & s t5d to raise ! g5]al  
effici5cy ( ! work]s ( ! nation :atev] !
 nature--manual or m5tal--( _!          
employm5t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we mu/      
endeav\r1 by means ( our sy/em (        
education1 to increase ! mobility (     
lab\r4 ,9 ! mod]n ,/ate1 :]e *anges 9 ! 
indu/rial organisation are frequ5t1 !   
work] :o c mo/ easily adapt himself to  
*ang+ circum/ances is be/ assur$ (      
con/ant employm5t1 & a great "p ( !     
social evils ( our "t may be trac$ to   
?is want ( mobility on ! "p ( a l>ge    
numb] ( our work]s4  ,! mobility ( lab\r
 is ( c\rse always det]m9$ )9 c]ta9     
limits1 b mu* may & c\ld be done by     
pursu+ f ! beg9n+ a "r me?od 9 educat+ !
 *ild to develop its p[] (              
self-adaptation to ! ne$s ( a *ang+     
environm5t4  ,if ^! results are to be   

atta9$1 !n we %all h1 z a nation1 to    
make cle> to ourselves ! real mean+ &   
purpose ( education2 we %all h to make  
explicit ! nature ( ! ends :i* we desire
 to secure z ! result ( our educational 
ef=ts1 & we %all h to organise our      
educational ag5cies s t ! ends desir$   
%all be secur$4  ,let u n[ consid] ! "q 
( ! mean+1 purpose1 & ends ( education4 
,,footnotes3  #a ,national ,education & 
,national ,life1 p4 #a4  #b ,o*los1 a   
mob4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,mean+ ,,&  
,,process ,,( ,,education   ,( all !    
animals ) :i* ! globe is peopl$1 !re is 
none t[>ds :om nature seems1 at fir/    
sight1 to h ex]cis$ m cruelty ?an t[>ds 
man1 9 ! numb]less wants & necessities )
 :i* %e has load$ him1 & 9 ! sl5d] means
 :i* %e af=ds to ! reliev+ ( ^!         
necessities4 ,9 o!r creatures ^! two    
p>ticul>s g5]ally comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,if
 we consid] ! lion z a voraci\s &       
c>nivor\s animal1 we %all easily discov]
 him to be v necessit\s1 b if we turn   
our eye to 8 make & temp]1 8 agility1 8 

c\rage1 8 arms1 & 8 =ce1 we %all f9d t 8
 advantages hold proportion ) 8         
wants4444 ,9 man alone ?is unnatural    
conjunction ( infirmity & ( necessity   
may be obs]v$ 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,n 
only ! food :i* is requir$ = 8 su/5ance 
flies 8 se>* & approa*1 or at lea/      
requires 8 lab\r to be produc$1 b he mu/
 be possess$ ( clo!s & lodg+ to def5d   
him aga9/ ! injuries ( ! wea!r3 ?\gh to 
consid] him only 9 himself1 he is       
provid$ nei!r ) arms1 nor =ce1 nor o!r  
natural abilities :i* are 9 any degree  
answ]able to s _m 'necessities4' ',tis  
by society alone he is able to supply 8 
defects & raise himself up to an        
equality ) 8 fell[-creatures1 & ev5     
acquires a sup]iority ov] !m4#c ,9 ^!   
t]ms ,hume draws ! di/9ction betwe5 man 
& ! animals1 & if1 = ! t]m ,society1 we 
sub/itute ! ^w ,education1 !n we %all m 
truly describe ! means by :i* man       
ov]comes 8 natural infirmities & meets 8
 necessities4  ,b we h to ask1 ,:]e9    
does man diff] f ! animals8 :at p[] or  

faculty does he possess ov] & above ^?  
possess$ by himself & ! animals 9       
common8 & h[ does x happ5 t z 8 wants & 
ne$s increase & multiply ! means to     
satisfy !m also t5d to increase8 ,n[1 ! 
animal is guid$ :olly or ma9ly by       
in/9ct4 ,9 ! case ( _m animals ! :ole   
conduct ( _! life f bir? to dea? is     
gov]n$ by ?is means4 ,9 ! case1 inde$1 (
 "s ( ! high] animals1 !re is a limit$  
p[] ( modify+ ?is gov]nm5t by in/9ct    
?r\gh ! exp]i5ce acquir$ dur+ ! lifetime
 ( ! individual4 ,b man alone possesses 
! p[] or faculty ( reason4 ,& x is ?r\gh
 ! possession ( ?is p[] t he alone ( all
 creatures c be educat$2 x is !         
possession ( ?is p[] :i* places him     
above ! re/ ( creation1 & x is 9 !      
possession ( ?is p[] t ! possibility ( 8
 greatness1 & also ( 8 bas5ess1 lies4   
,n[1 an in/9ct may be def9$ z an inborn 
& inh]it$ sy/em ( means = ! atta9m5t ( a
 def9ite end ( su* a nature t once !    
appropriate ext]nal /imulus is appli$ ! 
sy/em t5ds to "w itself out 9 an        

automatic mann] until ! end is atta9$1 &
 indep5d5tly ( any control ex]cis$ by ! 
individual4 ,! work+ out ( su* an action
 may be accompani$ by consci\sness1 b ! 
p[] ( memory w\ld only be valuable 9 s  
f> z ! in/9ct 0 imp]fect1 & 9 s f> z !  
bett] atta9m5t ( ! end 0 fo/]$ by direct
 individual exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! great] !   
range ( in/9ct ! less ! scope ( & ! less
 ! ne$ = education--i4e41 = acquir+     
exp]i5ces t w function 9 r5d]+ m        
effici5t future action2 & conv]sely1 !  
less ! range ( in/9ct ! great] ! ne$ =  
education1 = acquir+ exp]i5ces t may    
function 9 ! guidance & direction (     
future action4  ,n[1 9 man ! range (    
in/9ct is small4 ,9 fact1 x is          
que/ionable :e!r 9 ! /rict usage ( ! t]m
 he possesses any "o p]fect in/9ct4 ,b  
to ov]come ?is weakness ( 8 nature he   
possesses ! p[] or faculty ( reason1 &  
?is consi/s 9 ! ability to self-f9d1 to 
self-adapt1 & to self-e/abli% sy/ems (  
means = ! atta9m5t ( def9ite ends4      
,man's spl5did p[] ( le>n+ ?r\gh        

exp]i5ce & ( apply+ ! cont5ts ( 8 memory
 to =eca/ & m\ld ! future is 8 peculi>  
glory4 ,x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es him f &  
raises him above all o!r animals4 ,?is x
 is t makes him man4 ,?is x is t has    
enabl$ him to conqu] ! :ole _w & to     
adapt himself to a million conditions ( 
life4#d ,?is x is t also makes possible 
! education ( ! *ild1 & raises ! hope t 
by a tru] & deep] conception ( ! process
 ( education we %all be enabl$ to m\ld !
 "* ( ! *ildr5 to wor?y ends4  ,b al?\gh
 man is pre-em95tly ! rational animal1  
yet reason only op]ates1 & c only       
op]ate1 9 s f> z x is call$ into        
activity by ! ne$ ( satisfy+ "s inborn  
or acquir$ desire4 ,t is1 man possesses 
n only reason1 b also c]ta9 in/9ctive   
t5d5cies to action4 ,9 e>ly life1 !     
in/9cts ( curiosity1 ( imitation1 (     
emulation1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( ! play in/9ct
 are ev] incit+ ! *ild to action1 & ev] 
evok+ 8 reason-activity to acquire new  
exp]i5ces :i* %all function 9 ! m       
effici5t p]=mance ( future action4 ,at a

 lat] /age o!r in/9ctive t5d5cies make  
_! appe>ance1 z e4g4 ! p>5tal in/9ct1 & 
s]ve z motives = ! fur!r acquisition (  
new exp]i5ces--= ! e/abli%m5t ( o!r     
sy/ems ( means = ! atta9m5t ( desir$    
ends4 ,b z ! *ild passes f infancy to   
y\? & manhood1 ^! in/9ctive t5d5cies1   
al?\gh ev] pres5t1 alt] _! "*1 & acquir$
 ends or int]e/s become ! motives (     
actions4 ,b ^! acquir$ ends or int]e/s  
are n some?+ creat$ out ( no?+3 !y are  
graft$ ^u & arise out ( ! innate &      
inh]it$ in/9ctive t5d5cies ( man's      
nature4 ,?us1 e4g41 ! in/9ct ( m]e      
self-pres]vation may pass into ! desire 
to atta9 a c]ta9 /&>d ( life1 or to     
ma9ta9 a c]ta9 social /atus2 ! in/9ct ( 
curiosity into ! desire to f9d out & to 
sy/ematise k = its own sake4 ,b = !     
realisation ( ^! in/9ctive ends1 :e!r 9 
_! crude or acquir$ =ms1 ! f9d+ & !     
e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems ( means 9 e case is 
necess>y1 & 9 ord] t !y may be realis$  
man mu/ acquire ! requisite capacities =
 action4 ,9 ! case ( ! animal ! in/9ct  

or impulse to action is inh]it$1 b !    
capacity = action is also inborn or     
innate4 ,man possesses all ! innate ends
 or int]e/s :i* ! animal possesses4     
,moreov]1 ^u ^! innate ends or int]e/s c
 be graft$ ends or int]e/s innum]able & 
v>i$ 9 "*1 b 9 ord] t !y may be satisfi$
 he mu/ ?r\gh ! evok+ into activity (   
reason f9d & adapt means = _! atta9m5t4 
,?us ! g5]al nature ( our consci\s human
 life is t ?r\gh\t we are /riv+ to atta9
 ends ( a m or less explicit nature1 &  
endeav\r+ to f9d out & to e/abli% means 
= _! atta9m5t4 ,:e!r 9 ! p]=mance ( "s  
simple1 practical act1 or 9 try+ to     
obs]ve accurately :at is pres5t$ to u   
?r\gh ! s5ses1 or 9 endeav\r+ to realise
 imag9atively some?+ n directly pres5t$ 
to ! s5ses1 or 9 p]=m+ an ab/ract       
process ( ?\ght1 ! activity ( reason 9  
its =mal aspect is ev] "o & ! same4     
,h5ce 9 education we h n to d ) !       
developm5t ( _m p[]s or faculties b ) ! 
developm5t or ! evolution ( ! "o p[] or 
faculty ( reason1 & ! process (         

developm5t 9 its g5]al nature is always 
! same 9 k9d--viz41 ! process (         
sy/ematically build+ up k :i* %all      
function 9 ! future det]m9ation (       
conduct4 ,:at v>ies 9 ea* case1 at ea*  
/age ( developm5t1 is ! nature ( !      
mat]ial :i* goes to =m ?is or t sy/em1 &
 ! "* ( ! id5tity or l9k ( connection   
:i* b9ds "p to "p )9 any giv5 sy/em4 ,a 
sy/em ( k may be built up ( p]ceptual   
elem5ts1 ( ideas d]iv$ directly ?r\gh ! 
m$ium ( ! s5ses4 ,( su* a "* are !      
sy/ems ( k possess$ by ! arti/ & !      
musician4 ,aga91 a sy/em ( k may be     
compos$ :olly or ma9ly ( images--(      
rememb]$ ideas1 s alt]$ & s modifi$ z to
 =m & fit into a new :ole4 ,la/ly1 !    
elem5ts :i* g to =m ! compon5t p>ts ( ! 
sy/em may be ( a conceptual "*4 ,?us we 
may select ! numb] aspect ( ?+s =       
consid]ation & treatm5t1 & s build up & 
e/abli% )9 ! m9d ( ! *ild a numb] sy/em4
 ,b 9 ea* & e case ! p[] at "w is !     
activity ( reason1 & ! end ev] 9 view 9 
! selection & 9 ! =mation ( ! sy/em is !

 satisfaction ( "s end or int]e/ desir$ 
ei!r = its own sake or z a means to "s  
fur!r & remot] end4  ,fur!r1 a sy/em ( k
 may diff] n only 9 ! nature ( !        
mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$1 b also 9 ! 
mode ( its =mation2 i4e41 ! nature ( !  
id5tity :i* b9ds "p to "p )9 ! sy/em may
 v>y 9 "*4 ,n[ x is ^u ! nature ( !     
sy/ems :i* we ultimately =m 9 ! m9d ( ! 
*ild & ^u ! me?od :i* we pursue 9 our   
process ( sy/em or k mak+ t ! resultant 
"* ( our education dep5ds4  ,a sy/em ( k
 may be relat$ z reg>ds its p>ts by "s  
qualitative or quantitative bond (      
id5tity4 ,all sci5ces ( m]e             
classification are =m$ 9 ?is way1 & !   
=mation ( su* sy/ems is 9 "s cases a    
necess>y prelim9>y to ! evolution ( !   
high] =ms ( sy/em4 ,b ! important po9t  
to note is t all su* sy/ems are valuable
 only z a means to ! fur!r recognition1 
! fur!r classification1 ( simil>        
in/ances4 ,an individual ^: m9d 0 :olly 
=m$ 9 ?is way might be comp>$ to a      
well-arrang$ museum1 :]e ev]y?+ is      

classifi$ & arrang$ on ! basis (        
qualitative id5tity4 ,b manife/ly ?is   
m]e arrang+ & classify+ ( k has only a  
limit$ value4 ,su* sy/ems c nev] be us$ 
z means = ! realisation ( any practical 
ne$ ( life1 c nev] by !mselves lead u to
 intr9sically connect$ k4  ,a second &  
high] =m ( sy/em is e/abli%$ :5ev] !    
bond ( connection betwe5 "p & "p is an  
id5tity ( function or ( law4 ,all       
language sy/ems are ( ?is nature1 & ! m 
highly syn!tic ! language ! m intr9sic !
 connection !re is betwe5 ! p>ts ( !    
sy/em4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld be not$ t sy/ems (
 ?is "* c be us$ = ! atta9m5t ( o!r ends
 ?an ^? ( m]e recognition &             
classification4 ,!y1 ( c\rse1 c be us$ z
 in/rum5ts ( int]c\rse1 ( culture1 & (  
comm]ce4 ,b !y may fur!r be utilis$ 9   
education 9 ! tra9+ ( ! pupil to        
self-apply a sy/em ( k to ! solution (  
relatively new problems1 & x is = ?is   
reason ma9ly t ! anci5t languages       
possess _! value z educational          
in/rum5ts4  ,la/ly1 sy/ems ( k may be   

=m$ 9 :i* ! int]-relation ( "p to "p )9 
! sy/em is t ( id5tity ( cause & effect4
 ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( sci5tific k ! aim is 
to %[ ! causal int]-relation ( "p to "p 
)9 a sy/ematic :ole or unity4 ,h5ce     
also1 z 9 ! case ( language sy/ems1     
sy/ems ( ?is nature are capable ( be+   
us$ to tra9 ! pupil to self-apply k 9 ! 
solution ( practical & !oretical        
problems1 & 9 ! realis+ ( ! practical   
ends ( life4 ,once aga9 x mu/ be not$ t 
9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( k ! "o
 activity ev] pres5t is t ( reason seek+
 ev] to connect "p to "p 9 ord] t "s end
 or int]e/ may be atta9$4 ,moreov]1 we  
may misuse ! p[] ( reason1 & employ x 9 
! atta9m5t ( ends :i* are valueless 9 ! 
s5se t !y fur!r no real int]e/ or end 9 
life4 ,?is is done :5ev] k is cramm$1   
:5ev] ! bond ( connection betwe5 "o "p (
 k & ! o!r is extr9sic1 & :5ev] facts   
are connect$ & rememb]$ by bonds ( a m  
or less accid5tal or factiti\s nature4  
,& s9ce su* k c fur!r no direct int]e/  
or end 9 life1 its acquisition mu/1 z a 

rule1 be motiv$ by "s /rong indirect    
int]e/4 ,z a consequ5ce1 :5ev] !        
indirect int]e/1 :atev] its nature may  
be1--! fe> ( puni%m5t1 or ! pass+ ( an  
exam9ation1--ceases to op]ate1 !n !     
desire = fur!r acquisition also ceases4 
,h5ce x foll[s t ! e/abli%m5t ( any su* 
sy/em is ( comp>atively little value4 ,x
 may pave ! way at a lat] p]iod = !     
=mation ( a sy/em ( intr9sically        
connect$ k1 b z a g5]al rule su* sy/ems1
 because !y _c be us$1 t5d soon to drop 
out ( m9d1 & to be ( no fur!r consequ5ce
 9 ! det]m9ation ( conduct4 ,b fur!r1   
?is misuse ( reason1 ?is incit+ ( ! m9d 
to memorise facts unrelat$ except by _! 
m]e accid5tal "t or space relations1 w  
if p]si/$ 9 t5d to r5d] ! individual    
dull1 /upid1 & unimag9ative4  ,! sy/ems 
( k1 !n1 ( mo/ value are ^? :i* e/abli% 
intr9sic connections betwe5 "p & "p2 = x
 is only by means ( sy/ems ( ?is "* t   
action c be det]m9$ & k ext5d$4 ,9 ?is  
s5se we may agree ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#e t   
sci5ce or sy/ematis$ k is ( *iefe/ value

 bo? = ! guidance ( conduct & = !       
discipl9e ( m9d4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n 
fall into ! ,sp5c]ian error ( id5tify+  
sci5ce ) ! /udy ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a1 & 9 
mak+ ! anti!sis betwe5 sci5ce & l+ui/ic 
/udies "o betwe5 deal+ ) real ?+s on !  
"o h&1 & m]e words on ! o!r4  ,fur!r1   
s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( means is  
always ?r\gh ! self-f9d+ & ! self-=m+ ( 
! sy/em1 ?is furni%es ! key to ! only   
s\nd me?od ( education--viz41 t ! *ild  
mu/ be tra9$ 9 ! self-discov]+ & !      
self-connect+ ( k4 ,?is does n mean t ! 
me?od %\ld be heuri/ic 9 ,r\sseau's     
s5se1 t ! *ild %\ld be told no?+1 b be  
left to r$iscov] all k = himself4 ,b x  
does mean t 9 ! imp>t+ ( ! g>n]$        
exp]i5ce ( ! race ! *ild mu/ be tra9$ 9 
! me?ods by :i* ! race has sl[ly &      
gradually built up a k ( ! means        
necess>y = ! realisation ( ! _m &       
complex ends ( civilis$ life4  ,be=e    
pass+ on to consid] ! ends at :i* we    
%\ld aim 9 ! education ( ! *ild1 x may  
be well briefly to summ>ise !           

conclusions rea*$4        #a4 ,man is   
di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( creation by !        
possession      ( reason3 ! animal life 
is ma9ly or :olly guid$ by in/9ct4      
#b4 ,man l ! animals possesses in/9cts  
or in/9ctive      t5d5cies1 b = _!      
realisation he mu/ seek out &           
e/abli% sy/ems ( means = _! atta9m5t4   
,b]eft ( ^!      in/9ctive t5d5cies ( 8 
nature1 man w\ld h no inc5tive      to  
acquire exp]i5ces = ! m effici5t        
guidance ( 8      future conduct4       
#c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t & ext5sion
 ( exp]i5ce      !re gradually becomes  
graft$ ^u ^! innate in/9cts1            
int]e/s or ends ( an acquir$ nature1 &  
"o ( ! ma9      functions ( education is
 to create1 fo/]1 & e/abli% on a        
p]man5t & /able basis1 int]e/s ( e?ical 
& social wor?4       #d4 ,! p[] ( reason
 is no occult p[]3 x is simply !        
capacity = f9d+ & e/abli%+ sy/ems (     
means = !      atta9m5t ( ends2 or x may
 be def9$ z ! p[] ( acquir+             
exp]i5ce & ( self-apply+ ?is exp]i5ce 9 

! future      guidance ( conduct4       
#e4 ,! evolution ( intellig5ce 9 man is 
! evolution ( ?is      reason-activity  
to ! atta9m5t ( new & m complex         
!oretical & practical ends or int]e/s4  
,at an e>ly /age !      sy/ems ( k      
e/abli%$ are = ! atta9m5t ( !           
relatively simple ne$s ( life1 & are    
compos$ ( p]ceptual &      imag9$       
elem5ts4 ,at a lat] /age ! sy/ems =m$   
may be (      ! mo/ complex nature1 &   
are compos$ ( conceptual elem5ts4       
#f4 ,man is ! only be+ capable (        
education 9 ! /rict usage      ( ! t]m4 
,he alone mu/ acquire ! means = !       
realisation (      ! v>i\s desir$ ends (
 life4       #g4 ,! process ( education 
is a process :i*1 utilis+ z      motives
 to acquirem5t ! in/9ctive t5d5cies ( ! 
*ild's      nature1 seeks to e/abli%    
sy/ems ( means = _! realisation1      & 
^u ^! innate or inborn in/9cts to graft 
acquir$ ends or      int]e/s :i* %all   
h]eaft] function 9 ! atta9m5t ( ends    
( economic1 e?ical1 & social wor?4      

#h4 ,! only truly educative me?od is !  
me?od :i* tra9s !      pupil to f9d1    
e/abli%1 & apply sy/ems ( k 9 !         
atta9m5t ( ends ( felt value4           
,,footnotes3  #c ,hume's ,treatise (    
,human ,nature1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 "p ii4 sec4 
#b4  #d ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 by ,g4    
,ar*dall ,reid1 p4 #bce4  #e ,cf4 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]1 ,education1 especially *ap4 i4 
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,education
   ,we h se5 t ! process ( education is 
! process ( acquir+ & organis+ exp]i5ces
 t w function 9 ! det]m9ation ( future  
conduct & ensure ! m effici5t p]=mance (
 future action2 or we may say t !       
process is "o by :i* means are gradually
 e/abli%$ & fix$ 9 ! m9d = ! atta9m5t ( 
ends ( value = ! realisation ( ! v>i$ & 
complex int]e/s ( life4  ,n[1 ?is       
acquisition & organisation ( exp]i5ce is
 nev] entirely left to ! bl9d control ( 
inh]it$ impulse1 nor is ! *ild :olly    
left to ga!r & organise 8 exp]i5ces ^u !
 inc5tive ( any innate or acquir$ int]e/
 t may = ! "t engage 8 w4 ,! v>i\s      

ag5cies ( society--! home1 ! s*ool1 !   
%op & y>d--are ev] con/antly seek+ to   
e/abli% su* or su* sy/ems ( ideas1 & to 
prev5t ! =mation ( o!r sy/ems4 ,h5ce x  
foll[s t education is n a m]e natural   
process--n a process ( acquir+ exp]i5ce 
9 response to ! dem&s ( ?is or t natural
 ne$1 b t x is a regulat$ process1      
controll$ ) ! view ( f9ally lead+ ! *ild
 to acquire c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 to organise
 c]ta9 sy/ems ( means = ! atta9m5t ( su*
 or su* ends4  ,moreov]1 at v>i\s p]iods
 9 hi/ory1 ! end or ends ( education1 ! 
k9ds ( exp]i5ce ?\ght necess>y &        
valuable = ! *ild to acquire h v>i$1 &  
/ill v>y1 & mu/ v>y accord+ to ! nature 
( ! civilisation into :i* ! *ild is born
 & to :i* 8 education mu/ someh[ or o!r 
adju/ him2 i4e41 !re is no "o type (    
exp]i5ce1 no "o k9d ( education1 :i* is 
equally suit$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! *ild   
born 9 a mod]n indu/rial ,/ate & ! *ild 
^: education mu/ fit him h]eaft] to     
fulfil 8 duties z a memb] ( a savage    
tribe4  ,fur!r1 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( !  

exp]i5ces useful to acquire1 we mu/ take
 into acc\nt n only ! civilisation to   
:i* ! *ild is to be adju/$1 b we mu/    
also take note ( ! nature ( ! s]vices   
:i* ! giv5 society requires ( its adult 
memb]s4 ,^! s]vices v>y 9 "*1 & !re c be
 no "o k9d ( education :i* equally fits 
! individual to p]=m effici5tly any & e 
s]vice4 ,to po/ulate ?is w\ld be to     
affirm t !re is a k9d ( exp]i5ce useful 
= ! realisation indiff]5tly ( any & e   
purpose ( adult life1 & to affirm t a   
sy/em ( k acquir$ & organis$ = !        
atta9m5t ( c]ta9 def9ite ends c be us$ =
 ! fur!rance ( ends diff]5t 9 "* & hav+ 
no intr9sic connection ) ea* o!r4       
,fur!r1 to ass]t t !re is "o type (     
education equally suit$ to tra9 & to    
develop ! reason-activity ( ! individual
 9 e direction is to neglect ! fact t   
individuals diff] 9 innate capacity4 ,^!
 diff]5ces are due 9 "p to diff]5ces 9 !
 ext5t & "* ( ! receptive p[]s (        
individuals1 & are to be trac$1         
probably1 to diff]5ces 9 ! size &       

con/itution ( ! s5sory areas ( ! bra91 &
 are due also 9 "p to inborn diff]5ces 9
 ! capacity = acquir+ & utilis+         
exp]i5ces4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^!         
diff]5ces "o individual w acquire &     
organise c]ta9 k9ds ( exp]i5ce m readily
 ?an o!rs4  ,b n only h ! ends s\ght to 
be realis$ ?r\gh ! educational ag5cies (
 society v>i$ 9 ! pa/--n only d we f9d t
 ! ideals at pres5t v>y 9 "* accord+ to 
! /age ( civilisation :i* ! p>ticul>    
c\ntry has rea*$--we also f9d t !       
ag5cies ( society det]m9+ ! "* & end (  
education also v>y4 ,= 9 ! discussion ( 
! ends s\ght to be atta9$ by means (    
education1 we mu/ rememb] t ^! are n    
det]m9$ by ! tea*]1 b by ! adult portion
 ( ! ,community organis$ 9 ! =ms ( !    
,family1 ! ,/ate1 ! ,*ur*1 & v>i\s      
miscellane\s associations#f desir\s (   
promot+ ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,at "o  
"t ! ,*ur* l>gely det]m9$ ! "* & ends ( 
education1 b ! t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t is 
= ! ,/ate to control m & m ! education (
 ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,9 "s c\ntries !      

entire control ( all =ms ( education1   
prim>y1 second>y1 & te*nical1 has come  
"u ! guidance ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 our own    
c\ntry elem5t>y education is n[ l>gely  
"u ! control ( ! ,/ate au?orities1 & !  
o!r =ms ( education t5d increas+ly to   
come "u ?is control4 ,n only is ?is s1 b
 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,/ate ex]cises its  
control ov] ! education ( ! *ild is     
gradually be+ l5g!n$4  ,_m causes are at
 "w t5d+ to produce ^! results 9 ! fir/ 
place1 x is be+ cle>ly realis$ t !re c  
be no ?or\gh-go+ co-ord9ation ( ! v>i\s 
grades ( in/ruction until all ! ag5cies 
( education 9 ea* area are plac$ "u "o  
au?ority act+ "u ! guidance ( "s c5tral 
body responsible = ! organisation &     
direction ( ! education ( ! di/rict z a 
:ole4 ,fur!r1 !re c be no satisfactory  
settlem5t ( ! problem z to :at p>ticul> 
function ea* di/9ct type ( ,high] ,s*ool
 %all p]=m until ! :ole means (         
education are "u "o det]m9+ au?ority4   
,9 ! second place1 ! high] education ( !
 *ildr5 ( ! nation is too important a   

matt] to be left entirely to ! c>e ( !  
private individual1 & its co/ is too    
great 9 _m cases to be :olly borne by   
ea* individual p>5t4 ,b ?is provision1  
organisation1 & control ( ! means (     
high] education by ! ,/ate does n       
necess>ily imply t x %\ld be free--t !  
:ole burd5 %\ld be laid on ! %\ld]s ( ! 
g5]al taxpay]4 ,yet unless means are    
provid$ by :i* ! poor b clev] boy c     
realise himself1 !n !re is s mu* loss to
 ! community4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 !       
organisation ( all =ms ( education & ! m
 ext5d$ provision ( high] & especially (
 te*nical tra9+ is necess>y1 if = no o!r
 reason ?an z a means ( economic        
protection & economic security4  ,la/ly1
 ! bett] organisation ( our educational 
ag5cies is necess>y z a means ( secur+ a
 democracy capable ( und]/&+ ! mean+ (  
moral & civic fre$om & ( us+ ?is        
rightly4  ,b :ile ! concrete nature ( ! 
ends to :i* our educational ef=ts are   
direct$ may v>y 9 accordance ) ! ne$s ( 
a *ang+ & progressive civilisation1     

nev]!less ! g5]al nature ( ! ends s\ght 
to be atta9$ by ! education ( ! *ildr5 (
 a nation is p]man5t & un*angeable4 ,t  
is1 we h to recognise a univ]sal z well 
z a p>ticul> elem5t 9 our educational   
ideals4 ,n[1 ! univ]sal aim ( all       
education is1 or r %\ld be1 to correlate
 ! *ild ) ! civilisation ( 8 "t2 to lead
 him to acquire ^? exp]i5ces :i* w 9    
aft]-life enable him to p]=m ably &     
rightly 8 duties z a work]1 z a citiz51 
& z a memb] ( an e?ical & spiritual     
community organis$ = ! secur+ ( !       
well-be+ ( ! individual4 ,& ! high] !   
civilisation1 ! m difficult1 ! m        
complex1 & ! m l5g!n$ mu/ be ?is process
 ( acquir+ exp]i5ces necess>y to fit !  
individual to 8 environm5t4 ,h5ce1      
:atev] ! p>ticul> nature ( ! environm5t 
may be1 ! aim ( education mu/ be ! fitt+
 ( ! individual to 8 natural & social   
environm5ts4 ,h5ce also any organisation
 ( ! means ( education mu/ h z its      
?reefold object ! secur+ ( ! physical   
effici5cy1 ( ! economic effici5cy1 & !  

e?ical effici5cy ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,9  
%ort1 z ,mr4 ,bagley#g puts x1 ! secur+ 
( ! social effici5cy ( ! individual mu/ 
be ! ultimate aim ( all education4 ,to  
be socially effici5t implies t z !      
result ( ! process ( education c]ta9    
exp]i5ces1 & ! p[] ( apply+ !m1 h be5   
acquir$ by ea* individual1 s t by ?is   
means he is enabl$ to p]=m "s p>ticul>  
social s]vice = ! community ( a directly
 or indirectly economic nature4 ,= if1 z
 ! result ( ! educative process1 we     
e/abli% sy/ems ( means = ! realisation (
 ends :i* h no social value1 !n s f> we 
h fail$ to make ! individual socially   
effici5t4 ,! y\? we w\ld tra9 has little
 "t to sp>e2 he owes b ! fir/ fifte5 or 
sixte5 ye>s ( 8 life to 8 tutor1 !      
rema9d] is due to action4 ,let u employ 
?is %ort "t 9 necess>y in/ruction4 ,away
 ) y\r crabb$1 logical subtleties2 !y   
are abuses1 ?+s by :i* our lives c nev] 
be made bett]4#h ,9 ^! words ,montaigne 
writes aga9/ ! false ideal t ! m]e      
accumulation ( k ap>t f any purpose x   

may s]ve 9 enabl+ u bett] to und]/& ei!r
 ! _w ( nature or ( hi/ory %\ld be ! aim
 ( education1 & ?r\gh\t all education we
 mu/ ev] keep 9 m9d t k acquir$ mu/ be  
capable ( be+ us$ & appli$ = !          
realisation ( "s social purpose1 o!rwise
 x is s mu* useless lumb]1 to !         
individual a burd51 soon dropp$1 to     
society valueless1 s9ce x c ma9ta9 &    
fur!r no real int]e/ ( ! community4  ,b 
to be socially effici5t implies n m]ely 
t ! individual %\ld be fitt$ to p]=m "s 
s]vice economically useful to !         
community1 x fur!r implies t z ! result 
( ! process ( education !re %\ld h be5  
acquir$ c]ta9 capacities ( action :i*   
re/ra9 him f unduly int]f]+ ) ! fre$om (
 o!rs4 ,he mu/ acquire c]ta9 exp]i5ces  
:i* re/ra9 him f h9d]+ ! full & free    
developm5t ( o!rs2 he mu/ be tra9$ to   
use 8 fre$om rightly1 to acquire ^?     
capacities = action :i* fit him to take 
8 place 9 ! moral cosmos ( 8 "t &       
g5]ation4 ,fur!r1 z ,mr4 ,bagley also   
po9ts out1 to be socially effici5t      

implies 9 addition t ! individual %\ld  
contribute some?+ fur!r to ! advancem5t 
( ! civilisation into :i* he is born1 & 
?us pass on to 8 successors an increas+ 
h]itage4  ,! ?reefold aim ( all         
education1 !n1 is to secure ! physical1 
! economic1 & ! e?ical effici5cy ( !    
future memb]s ( ! community2 & our      
educational ag5cies mu/ ?r\gh\t keep ?is
 ?reefold aspect 9 view4  ,to secure !  
physical effici5cy ( ! *ild is necess>y1
 9 ! fir/ place1 because a /rong1       
heal?y1 vigor\s body is a good 9 itself1
 ap>t f ! fact t )\t s\nd heal? ! o!r   
ends ( life _c1 or c be only imp]fectly 
realis$4 ,x is an errone\s po9t ( view  
to ma9ta9 t _m m5 h done good           
intellectual "w 9 spite ( physical      
ill-heal?1 & ev5 9 cases :]e !re 0      
pres5t "s physical defect4 ,! real ?+ to
 keep 9 m9d is t ^! individuals d n     
repres5t ! av]age1 & t = ! normal       
individual weak heal? or ! pres5ce (    
physical defect less5s 8 intellectual & 
moral vig\r4 ,we c1 9 ! light ( mod]n   

psy*ology1 no long] reg>d m9d & body z  
sep>ate entities hav+ a developm5t      
indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b mu/ reg>d !m z   
condition+ & condition$ by ea* o!r4  ,9 
! second place1 ! c>e ( ! physical heal?
 ( ! *ild is important1 because any     
impairm5t or defect 9 ! s5se organs--!  
av5ues ( exp]i5ce--implies a correspond+
 defect or want 9 m5tal gr[?1 & z a     
consequ5ce t5ds to r5d] ! individual    
economically & socially less effici5t 9 
aft]-life4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 & ?is tru? 
is be+ gradually put into practice 9 !  
education ( ! weak-m9d$ & ( ! physically
 defective1 s\nd physical heal? is "o ( 
! conditions ( "r moral activity4 ,?is  
tru? ,r\sseau emphasis$ :5 he decl>$3 t 
! weak] ! body1 ! m x comm&s2 ! /rong] x
 is1 ! bett] x obeys4 ,all ! s5sual     
passions f9d lodgm5t 9 effem9ate bodies1
 & ! less !y are satisfi$ ! m irritable 
!y become4 ,! body mu/ ne$s be vigor\s  
to obey ! s\l3 a good s]vant ought to be
 robu/4  ,we %all inquire fur!r into ?is
 "q :5 we come to treat ( ! physical    

education ( ! *ild1 b :at we wi% to po9t
 out is t "o aim ( all our educational  
ef=ts mu/ be to secure ! physical       
effici5cy ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 on ! gr\nds
 t s\nd physical heal? is a good 9      
itself2 is a means to ! secur+ ( !      
economic effici5cy ( ! individual & (   
society2 & is a condition ( secur+ !    
e?ical effici5cy ( ! individual4  ,9 !  
second place1 ! secur+ ( ! economic     
effici5cy ( ! individual mu/ be "o ( !  
aims ( our educational ef=ts4 ,?is does 
n imply t our educational curriculum    
%\ld be bas$ on purely utilit>ian l9es1 
& t all subjects ^: utilit>ian value is 
n imm$iately app>5t %\ld be bani%$ f !  
s*oolroom4 ,b x does imply t :e!r 9 !   
education ( ! pr(essional man or ( !    
indu/rial work] all in/ruction ei!r     
directly or indirectly mu/ h z its f9al 
result ! effici5cy ( ! individual z a   
work]4 ,an education :i* fits !         
individual to use 8 leisure rightly may 
h z mu* effect 9 increas+ ! productive  
p[]s ( ! individual z t :i* looks m     

n>r[ly to 8 te*nical tra9+4 ,fur!r1 we  
mu/ rememb] t ! l>g] numb] by f> ( !    
*ildr5 ( ! mod]n ,/ate mu/ 9 aft]-life  
become indu/rial work]s1 & t any sy/em (
 education :i* neglects ?is fact1 :i*   
makes no provision = ! te*nical tra9+ ( 
! *ildr5 ( ! work+ classes1 & has no    
adequate sy/em ( select+ & tra9+ ^? :o  
by innate capacity are fitt$ to become !
 lead]s 9 indu/ry1 is a sy/em n 9 h>mony
 ) ! *>act]i/ics ( mod]n life1 & t      
unless ?is economic effici5cy is secur$1
 !n ! opportunity = ! developm5t ( ! o!r
 ends ( life _c be secur$4  ,la/ly1 !   
secur+ ( ! e?ical effici5cy ( ! future  
memb]s ( ! ,/ate mu/ be "o ( our        
ultimate aims4 ,! e?ical aim ( education
 may be said to be ! supreme end1 9 !   
s5se t x is ! ess5tial condition = !    
security1 ! /ability1 & ! progress (    
society2 & also f ! fact t ! e?ical _s (
 do+ ! "w = ! sake ( ! "w %\ld p]meate  
all education4  ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt]   
:at ne$s to be emphasis$ is t :ile !    
process ( education rema9s ev] ! same1  

ev] consi/s 9 acquir+ & organis+        
exp]i5ce1 9 & ?r\gh ! work+ ( reason    
incit$ to activity by ! ne$ ( satisfy+  
"s natural or acquir$ int]e/1 9 ord] t  
future action may be r5d]$ m effici5t1 &
 :il/ ! g5]al nature ( ! ends to be     
atta9$ may be said to be p]man5t &      
un*angeable1 yet ! p>ticul> & concrete  
ends at :i* we %\ld aim 9 ! education ( 
our *ildr5 is a practical "q :i* e      
nation has1 f "t to "t1 to ask & answ]  
afre% 9 ! light ( h] national ideals & 9
 view ( h] national aspirations4 ,nay1  
fur!r1 x is a "q :i* ) e necess>y *ange 
9 h] int]nal organisation1 & ) e        
fundam5tal alt]ation 9 h] relation to h]
 ext]nal neighb\rs1 has to be ask$ &    
answ]$ anew by ea* & e ,/ate desir\s (  
reta9+ h] place among/ ! nations ( ! _w 
& ( secur+ ! welf>e & happ9ess ( h]     
individual memb]s4 ,x is ma9ly because  
we z a nation h n realis$ ?is tru? t our
 educational organisation has1 nei!r 9 !
 explicitness & cle>ness ( its aims1 nor
 9 ! di/9ction1 gradation1 &            

co-ord9ation ( its means1 atta9$ ! same 
?or\ghness & self-consi/5cy z t possess$
 by ! educational sy/ems ( "s ( our     
,cont95tal neighb\rs4  ,,footnotes3  #f 
,cf4 ,pr(essor ,f9dlay1 ,j\rnal (       
,education 7,sept4 #ahii71 also         
,pr9ciples ( ,class ,tea*+1 p4 #b4  #g  
,cf4 ,! ,educative ,process1 *ap4 iii41 
esp4 pp4 #ei1 #fj 7,macmillan74  #h     
,montaigne1 ,! ,education ( ,*ildr51 ,l4
 ,e4 ,rector1 ,ph4,d4 7,int]national    
,education ,s]ies71 ,appleton1 ,new     
,york4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,relation 
,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,to ,,education--,,!    
,,provision ,,( ,,education   ,! end (  
education is1 z we h se51 ! secur+ ( !  
future social effici5cy ( ! ris+        
g5]ation1 & ! me?od 9 e case is ?r\gh ! 
evok+ ( ! reason-activity ( ! individual
 to organise & e/abli% 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y &
 immature1 sy/ems ( ideas :i* w h]eaft] 
function z means 9 ! atta9m5t ( ends (  
def9ite social wor?4  ,! "q n[ arises z 
to :e!r ! provision & organisation ( !  
ag5cies ( education may be safely left  

to ! c>e & self-int]e/ ( ! individual   
p>5t1 or :e!r on pr9ciple su* provision 
is a duty :i* devolves ^u ! ,/ate4  ,!  
pr9ciple ( ! ,/ate provision ( ! means (
 elem5t>y education has n[ practically  
be5 admitt$1 & :e!r wisely or unwisely1 
! l>g] "p by f> ( ! co/ ( ?is provision 
n[ falls ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! g5]al & local  
taxpay]4 ,e4g41 9 ,engl& 9 #aijb !re 7  
six hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ?\s& fee-pay+   
*ildr5 9 ! ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 & 
ov] five millions receiv+ _! education  
free4#i ,fur!r1 by ! ,education ,act    
7,engl&7 ( #aijb & by ! ,education &    
,local ,taxation ,acc\nt 7,scotl&7 ,act 
( ! same ye> ! pr9ciple ( ! ,/ate aid = 
! provision ( ! means ( second>y &      
te*nical education may be said also     
practically to h be5 recognis$4 ,by !   
=m] ,act c]ta9 ,imp]ial funds d]iv$ f ! 
income on ,probate & ,lic5ce duties 7   
h&$ ov] to ! ,c\ncils ( c\nties &       
bor\ghs = exp5diture on ! provision ( ! 
means ( education o!r ?an elem5t>y1 & at
 ! same "t ^! bodies 7 emp[]$1 if !y    

?\ght x necess>y1 to impose a limit$    
rate = ! same purpose4 ,9 ,scotl& at !  
same "t a c]ta9 "p ( ,scotl&'s %>e ( !  
:isky money 0 set aside = ! provision ( 
second>y education 9 urban & rural      
di/ricts1 & ,second>y ,education        
,committees 7 appo9t$ 9 ! c\nties &     
pr9cipal bor\ghs *>g$ ) ! allocation ( !
 funds t[>ds ! aid & increase ( !       
provision ( high] education 9 _!        
respective di/ricts4  ,b :ile ?is has   
be5 done1 ! "q z to :e!r & to :at ext5t 
! ,/ate %\ld und]take ! provision ( !   
means ( high] education is /ill "o on   
:i* !re is no g5]al agreem5t4 ,if x is !
 duty ( ! ,/ate to see t ! provision ( !
 means ( education1 elem5t>y1 second>y1 
te*nical1 & univ]sity1 is adequate to ! 
atta9m5t ( ! end ( secur+ ! future      
social effici5cy ( all ! memb]s ( !     
community1 !n x mu/ be admitt$ t ! means
 at pres5t provid$ = ?is purpose are    
totally inadequate1 & t ! me?od foll[$ 9
 furni%+ ?is provision is n ( a k9d to  
ensure t ! funds grant$ are sp5t 9 !    

mann] be/ calculat$ to ext5d ! ag5cies &
 to increase ! effici5cy ( ! high]      
education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! nation4 ,?is   
latt] objection applies m especially 9 !
 case ( ,scotl&4 ,9 t c\ntry c]ta9      
nom9at$ bodies :o are responsible only  
to !mselves & to ! ,scot* ,education    
,dep>tm5t are entru/$ ) ! exp5diture ( !
 monies receiv$ = ! ext5sion ( ! means (
 high] education1 & s9ce ^! bodies /& 9 
no intimate connection ) ! repres5tative
 bodies entru/$ ) ! control ( elem5t>y  
education1 no effici5t co-ord9ation ( ! 
two grades ( education is possible4     
,fur!r1 9 "s cases sectional int]e/s r  
?an ! educational int]e/s ( ! di/rict z 
a :ole are ! ma9 motives at "w 9 det]m9+
 ! di/ribution ( ! funds among/ ! v>i\s 
bodies claim+ to p>ticipate 9 its       
b5efits4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! am\nt ( income
 available = ?is purpose1 & ! limitation
 9 ,engl& ( ! p[] ( rat+1 might also be 
urg$ 9 objection to ?is peculi>ly       
,engli% me?od ( provid+ ! means = !     
high] education ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4     

,simil> reasons to ^? urg$ prior to     
#ahgj 9 fav\r ( ! ,/ate provision (     
elem5t>y education may be urg$ 9 fav\r (
 ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple to high]       
education4 ,^! reasons are n[h]e m      
cle>ly /at$ ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ,john ,/u>t
 ,mill4  ,9 discuss+ ! functions (      
gov]nm5t1 ,mill lays d[n t education is 
"o ( ^? ?+s :i* x is admissible on      
pr9ciple t a ,gov]nm5t %\ld provide = ! 
p1 & al?\gh 9 adduc+ ! reasons = ! ,/ate
 und]tak+ ?is duty he is conc]n$ ma9ly )
 ! provision ( ! means ( elem5t>y       
education1 yet look+ to ! alt]$ social  
conditions ( our own "t1 & tak+ into    
acc\nt ! diff]5ce 9 ! economic relations
 :i* exi/ n[ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & h] 
,cont95tal rivals1 ! argum5ts advanc$ by
 ,mill are no less applicable n[ to !   
ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( ,/ate provision4
 ,let u consid] ^! argum5ts4  ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 ,mill decl>es t !re are c]ta9    
prim>y elem5ts & means ( k t all human  
be+s born into ! community mu/ acquire  
dur+ *ildhood4 ,if _! p>5ts h ! p[] (   

obta9+ = !m ?is in/ruction & fail to d  
s1 !y commit a d\ble brea* ( duty4 ,!   
*ild gr[s up an imp]fect be+1 socially  
ineffici5t1 & memb]s ( ! community are  
liable to suff] s]i\sly f ! consequ5ces 
( ?is ignorance & want ( education 9 _! 
fell[-citiz5s4  ,9 ! second place1 ,mill
 urges t unlike t ! giv+ ( o!r =ms (    
help1 ! provision ( education is n "o ( 
! ?+s 9 :i* ! t5d] ( help p]petuates !  
/ate ( ?+s :i* r5d]s help necess>y4     
,in/ruction /r5g!ns & enl>ges ! active  
faculties2 its effect is fav\rable to ! 
gr[? ( ! _s ( indep5d5ce--x is help     
t[>ds do+ )\t help4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 he
 decl>es t ! "q ( ! provision ( elem5t>y
 education is n "o betwe5 its provision 
by ! ,gov]nm5t on ! "o h&1 & its        
provision ?r\gh volunt>y ag5cies on !   
o!r4 ,! full co/ ( ! education ( !      
*ildr5 ( ! l[] work+ classes 9 ,great   
,brita9 z 9 o!r c\ntries has nev] be5   
:olly paid = out ( ! wages ( ! lab\r]1 &
 h5ce ! "q lies betwe5 ! ,/ate provision
 ( education & its provision by c]ta9   

*>itable ag5cies4 ,z a rule1 :5 provid$ 
by ! latt]1 x is bo? ineffici5t 9       
quantity & poor 9 quality4  ,la/ly1     
,mill lays d[n t 9 ! matt] ( education !
 int]v5tion ( ,gov]nm5t is necess>y1    
because nei!r ! int]e/ nor ! judgm5t ( !
 consum] is a suffici5t security = !    
goodness ( ! commodity4  ,b at ! same "t
 he /r5u\sly insi/s t !re %\ld be no    
monopoly ( education by ! ,/ate4 ,x is n
 desirable1 he decl>es1 t a gov]nm5t    
%\ld h complete control ov] ! education 
( ! p4 ,to possess su* a control &      
actually to ex]t x w\ld be despotic4 ,! 
,/ate may1 h[ev]1 require t all its p   
%all h receiv$ a c]ta9 measure (        
education1 b x may n prescribe f :om or 
:]e !y may obta9 x4  ,at ! pres5t day1 &
 "u ! *ang$ economic conditions :i* n[  
prevail1 x c no long] be ass]t$ t !     
imp>t+ ( ! m]e elem5ts ( k is adequate  
ei!r to secure ! future social effici5cy
 ( ! *ildr5 ( ! l[] classes ( society or
 t su* a modicum ( in/ruction z is      
provid$ by our ,elem5t>y ,s*ools is     

suffici5t to protect ! community f !    
ignorance ( its ill educat$ & badly     
tra9$ memb]s4 ,! hooliganism ( _m ( our 
l>ge cities is due to our sy/em ( half  
educat+1 half tra9+ ! *ildr5 ( ! slums1 
( lay+ too mu* /ress on ! acquisition ( 
c]ta9 me*anical arts 9 our ,prim>y      
,s*ools & 9 conceiv+ !m z ends 9        
!mselves4 ,fur!r1 our sy/em ( prim>y    
education fails on its moral side1 & ?is
 9 two ways4 ,x seems unaw>e ( ! fact t 
all moral education is an endeav\r to   
implant 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y desires t %all  
impel !m h]eaft] to good r ?an to evil1 
& t ?is end c only be atta9$ 9 s f> z ! 
natural in/9ctive t5d5cies ( ! *ild's   
nature :i* make = good are cultivat$ &  
tra9$1 & 9 s f> z ^? o!r in/9ctive      
t5d5cies :i* make = social de/ruction   
are inhibit$ by hav+ _! "* alt]$ s z to 
be direct$ into *annels :i* make = !    
social welf>e4 ,9 ! second place1 we    
leave (f ! education ( ! *ildr5 at too  
e>ly an age4 ,we h& ov] ! *ildr5 ( !    
poor] classes dur+ ! mo/ critical p]iod 

( _! lives to ! influ5ces ( ! /reets & (
 ! bad home1 c\nt]act$ only by ! ef=ts (
 ! slum visitor or ! mission>y4 ,aft]   
furni%+ !m ) ! m]e in/rum5ts ( k1 we    
entru/ ei!r to !m or _! p>5ts ! lib]ty (
 us+1 misus+1 or non-us+ ! in/rum5ts    
provid$4 ,moreov]1 we d no?+ ( a        
sy/ematic nature to in/il into ! y\? (  
our poor] citiz5s ! fact t !y are memb]s
 ( a corporate community & future       
citiz5s ( a ,/ate1 & t h]eaft] !y h     
duties t[>ds t ,/ate ! p]=mance ( :i* is
 ! only rational gr\nd ( _! possession (
 rights z aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,e4g41 9 _m (  
our slums we h ! be/ examples (         
individualism run mad1 ( ! conception t 
! individual is a law unto 8 private    
self1 & t all gov]nm5t is some?+ ali51  
some?+ =c$ ^u ! individual f ! outside &
 imp++ ^u 8 private w1 in/ead ( law be+ 
:at x really is1 an expression ( !      
social conditions "u :i* ! welf>e ( !   
individual & ( society may be atta9$4   
,fur!r1 x mu/ be ma9ta9$ t our pres5t   
policy 9 education is economically      

wa/eful4 ,to sp5d1 z we d ye>ly1 l>g] & 
l>g] sums ( money on ! elem5t>y         
education ( our *ildr51 & !n1 9 a l>ge  
numb] ( cases1 to fail to rea* ! ends ( 
secur+ ei!r ! social effici5cy ( !      
individual or ! protection ( society    
aga9/ ! ignorance ( its memb]s1 is      
surely1 to say ! lea/1 unwise4 ,aga91 if
 we really set be=e u ?is aim ( ! social
 effici5cy ( ! future individual1 we mu/
 d some?+ to c>ry on ! education ( !    
*ildr5 ( ! poor] classes aft] !         
,elem5t>y ,s*ool /age has be5 pass$4    
,"o ( ! /ronge/ po9ts 9 ! ,g]man sy/em (
 education1 z comp>$ & contra/$ ) our   
own1 is ! c>e :i* is tak5 ( ! high]     
education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! work+ classes  
dur+ ! p]iod :5 x is mo/ important t "s 
control %\ld be ex]cis$ ov] ! y\? ( !   
c\ntry1 ?r\gh\t ! "t :5 ! boy is mo/ op5
 to temptation1 & :5 ! moral =ces (     
society are pot5t = good & evil 9 %ap+ &
 =m+ 8 "*4 ,! great majority ( ! *ildr5 
9 a mod]n ,/ate are & mu/ be de/9$ =    
indu/rial s]vice2 ! great majority ( !  

*ildr5 ( ! work+ classes mu/1 at or ab\t
 ! age ( f\rte51 leave ! ,prim>y ,s*ool 
& ent] ^u ! le>n+ ( "s trade4 ,b        
manife/ly at ?is e>ly /age ! l>g] numb] 
are n fitt$ to guide & control _! own   
lives2 & if moral education aims1 z x   
ought to aim1 at fitt+ ! individual =   
fre$om1 at fitt+ him to guide & direct 8
 own life 9 ! light ( a self-accept$ & a
 self-direct$ ideal1 !n "s measure (    
control1 ( guidance1 & ( regulation is  
necess>y 9 ! ye>s :5 ! *ild is pass+ f  
y\? to manhood4 ,n[1 x is ?is fact1 ?is 
tru?1 :i* ! ,g]mans z a nation h        
realis$4 ,!y decl>e t x is nei!r wise   
nor prud5t nor = ! ultimate b5efit ( !  
,/ate to leave ! va/ majority ( ! y\?   
)\t guidance1 & sometimes ev5 )\t prop] 
moral control ex]cis$ ov] !m dur+ !     
great =mative p]iod ( _! lives4 ,nay1   
fur!r1 !y believe t a ,/ate :i* neglects
 its duty "h is n do+ :at x ought to d =
 ! future moral good1 = ! future        
economic welf>e1 & = ! future happ9ess (
 its individual memb]s4 ,h5ce1 9 sev]al 

( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ! ,/ate control ov] !
 *ild does n cease :5 at f\rte5 ye>s (  
age he leaves ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 b is  
cont9u$ until ! age ( sev5te52 & ?is is 
effect$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( compulsory    
,ev5+ ,s*ools4 ,9 p>ticul>1 by a law :i*
 came into =ce 9 ,b]l9 on ! #a/ ,april  
#aije1 e boy & girl 9 t city1 ) c]ta9   
def9itely specifi$ exceptions1 mu/ att5d
 at an ,ev5+ ,cont9uation ,s*ool = a    
m9imum ( n less ?an f\r h\rs & a maximum
 ( n m ?an six h\rs p] week4 ,moreov]1  
?is enactm5t has be5 r5d]$ necess>y n to
 level up ! majority1 b to level up !   
m9ority4 ,?is developm5t is a developm5t
 = :i* ! volunt>y ,ev5+ ,cont9uation    
,s*ool prep>$ ! way2 & compulsory       
att5dance has become possible on acc\nt 
( ! will+ness ( ! ,g]man y\? to le>n1 & 
( 8 desire to make himself pr(ici5t 9 8 
p>ticul> trade or pr(ession4 ,fur!r1 !  
s*ool au?orities1 9 ?is matt] (         
compulsory att5dance at an ,ev5+        
,cont9uation ,s*ool1 h ) !m ! he>ty     
co-op]ation ( ! great body ( employ]s2 &

 ! burd5 ( see+ t ! pupil att5ds        
regul>ly is n put ^u ! p>5t b ^u !      
employ]4 ,by ^! means1 & by o!r ag5cies 
( a volunt>y "*1 e c>e is tak5 t ! ,b]l9
 y\? %all h ! opportunity ( f9d+ t      
employm5t = :i* by nature he is be/     
suit$1 & t !reaft] he %all le>n ?or\ghly
 ! p>ticul> trade or call+ he may ent]  
^u4  ,contra/ :at we d1 or r :at we d n 
d1 9 ?is matt] ( provid+ high] education
 = ! sons & daught]s ( ! work+ classes4 
,9 our l>ge t[ns ! great majority ( our 
boys & girls leave ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool at
 or be=e ! age ( f\rte54 ,9 _m cases !  
in/ruction giv5 dur+ ?is p]iod soon     
passes away1 & leaves little p]man5t    
result beh9d4 ,ev5+ ,cont9uation ,s*ools
 are inde$ provid$1 b only a small      
proportion ( our y\? takes advantage (  
?is means ( fur!r in/ruction4 ,! l>g]   
numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ! l[] work+ classes  
drift1 = a ye> or two1 into v>i\s =ms ( 
unskill$ employm5t1 *os5 9 mo/ cases    
because ! imm$iate pecuni>y rew>d is "h 
great] ?an 9 ! case ( le>n+ a trade2 &  

aft] sp5d+ two or ?ree ye>s 9 employm5ts
 :i* d no?+ to educate !m1 "s drift1 by 
accid5t1 into ?is or t p>ticul> trade1  
:ile ! o!rs rema9 beh9d to swell ! numb]
 ( ! unskill$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod no?+ ( an
 organis$ nature is done to secure !    
physical effici5cy ( ! y\? ( our work+  
classes2 no?+ or almo/ no?+ is done to  
secure 8 future indu/rial effici5cy2 &1 
z a consequ5ce1 ye> aft] ye>1 z a       
nation1 we g on fo/]+ an army ( loaf]s1 
increas+ ! ranks ( ! unskill$ work]s1 & 
ev5 9 our skill$ trades add+ to ! numb] 
( ^? :o are m]e process work]s1 at !    
exp5se ( produc+ work]s acqua9t$ bo?    
!oretically & practically ) e dep>tm5t (
 _! p>ticul> call+4 ,no wond] t !       
delegates ( ! brass-work]s#aj (         
,birm+ham1 contra/+ :at !y h se5 9 ,b]l9
 ) :at !y daily see 9 _! own trade at   
home & 9 _! own city1 bitt]ly decl>e t !
 ,b]l9 y\? has f infancy be5 "u bett]   
c>e & tra9+ at home1 at s*ool1 at !     
works1 & 9 ! ,army2 & consequ5tly1 z a  
man1 he is m fitt$ to be entru/$ ) !    

lib]ty :i* ! ,birm+ham y\? has p]haps f 
*ildhood only abus$4  ,space does n     
p]mit me to g at full] l5g? into ?is "q1
 b be=e leav+ ! p>ticul> problem let me 
put ! issue pla9ly1 because x is an     
issue :i* we z a nation mu/ soon cle>ly 
realise1 & mu/ answ] 9 ei!r "o or o!r ( 
two ways4 ,we may g on z at pres5t1     
insi/+ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( elem5t>y       
education is compulsory = all1 & leav+ x
 a matt] = ! individual p>5t & !        
individual y\? to take advantage ( !    
means ( high] education provid$         
volunt>ily1 & z a rule )\t any great    
direct co/ to !m4 ,9 ?is way1 tru/+ to !
 volunt>y ag5cies at "w 9 society1 we   
may hope t ei!r ?r\gh enlight5$         
self-int]e/1 or ?r\gh a high] conception
 ( ! duty ( ! individual to ! ,/ate1 or 
?r\gh a l(ti] moral ideal becom+        
preval5t & actual 9 society1 an increas+
 numb] ( p>5ts w see t ! means provid$ =
 ! high] education ( _! *ildr5 are duly 
tak5 advantage (1 & t ! majority ( ! y\?
 w make x _! aim to use ^! means to     

secure _! physical & indu/rial          
effici5cy4 ,if we adopt ?is c\rse1 !n x 
mu/ be ! duty ( ! s*ool au?orities ( !  
v>i\s di/ricts to see t ,ev5+ ,s*ools ( 
v>i\s types suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! v>i\s   
classes ( /ud5ts are duly provid$1 & t  
no insurm\ntable ob/acles are plac$ 9 ! 
way ( ^? desir\s & anxi\s to take       
advantage ( ! means ( high] education4  
,fur!r1 x mu/ become ! duty ( ! employ]s
 ( ! c\ntry to see t ! y\? are enc\rag$ 
9 e way to take advantage ( in/ruction  
design$ ) ! above-nam$ end 9 view1 &    
moreov] ! g5]al public mu/ d all 9 _!   
p[] to co-op]ate ) & to aid ! endeav\rs 
( s*ool au?orities & employ]s ( lab\r4  
,9 ?is way1 z has be5 ! case 9 ,b]l91 ! 
volunt>y sy/em ( ,ev5+ ,cont9uation &   
,trade ,s*ools may gradually & 9 "t pave
 ! way = ! compulsory ,ev5+ ,s*ool4 ,)\t
 d\bt ?is 7 ! bett] way1 if x c\ld be   
effect$ & t quickly4  ,b if 9 ?is matt] 
we h delay$ too long--if we h all[$ our 
educational policy 9 ! pa/ to be guid$  
by a "o-sid$ & n>r[ individualism--if = 

too l5g!n$ a p]iod we h p]mitt$ our     
political action to be det]m9$ by !     
false ideal t1 9 ! matt] ( provid+ = &  
fur!r+ 8 education z a citiz5 & z an    
indu/rial work]1 lib]ty = ea* individual
 consi/s 9 all[+ him to *oose = himself1
 reg>dless ( :e!r or n t *oice is = 8   
own & ! ,/ate's ultimate good1 !n x may 
be necess>y 9 ! imm$iate future to take 
/eps to remove or rem$y ?is defect 9 our
 pres5t educational organisation4 ,= x  
is necess>y--ess5tially necess>y--on    
v>i\s gr\nds t ! education ( ! boys &   
girls ( our work+ classes %\ld n cease  
absolutely at ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool        
/age1#aa b t1 ) c]ta9 def9ite &         
well-consid]$ exceptions1 all %\ld      
cont9ue = sev]al ye>s !reaft] to fit    
!mselves = indu/rial & social s]vice4   
,if ?is result c be effect$ by moral    
means1 good & well2 if n1 legal         
compulsion mu/1 soon] or lat]1 be       
resort$ to4 ,= x is1 z x has always be51
 a fundam5tal maxim ( political action t
 ! ,/ate %\ld & mu/ compel h] memb]s to 

utilise ! means by :i* !y may be rais$  
to fre$om4   ,! second l9e ( argum5t :i*
 ,mill foll[s 9 8 advocacy ( ! ,/ate    
provision ( education is t in/ruction is
 "o ( ! cases 9 :i* ! aid giv5 does n   
fo/] & re-create ! evil :i* x seeks to  
rem$y4 ,education :i* is really su* does
 n t5d to en]vate b to /r5g!n !         
individual4 ,its effect is fav\rable to 
! gr[? ( indep5d5ce4 ,x is a help t[>ds 
do+ )\t help4  ,on simil> gr\nds1 we may
 urge t x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to see t !
 means = ! high] education ( ! y\? ( !  
c\ntry are adequate 9 quantity &        
effici5t 9 quality4 ,! bett] te*nical   
tra9+ ( our workm5 is necess>y if we are
 to secure _! economic self-suffici5cy &
 fit !m to become socially useful z     
memb]s ( a community4 ,"o aim !re=e     
und]ly+ any future organisation (       
education mu/ be to secure ! indu/rial  
effici5cy ( ! work] & to ensure t !     
results ( sci5ce %all be utilis$ 9 !    
fur!rance ( ! arts & indu/ries ( life4  
,?is c only be effect$ by ! bett]       

sci5tific tra9+1 by ! m int5sive & ! m  
?or\gh education ( ^? *ildr5 ( ! nation 
:o by natural ability & indu/ry are     
fitt$ 9 aft]-life to guide & control !  
indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4  ,mr4 ,haldane1#ab
 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 9 season & out (  
season1 has call$ ! att5tion ( ! public 
( ,great ,brita9 to ! fact t 9 !        
organisation & equipm5t ( _! sy/em (    
te*nical education ,g]many is mu* 9     
advance ( ?is c\ntry1 & t ! ,g]man p h  
?or\ghly & practically realis$ t1 if !y 
are to compete successfully ) o!r       
nations1 !n "o ( ! aims ( _! educational
 sy/em mu/ be to tea* ! y\? h[ to apply 
k 9 ! fur!rance & advancem5t ( !        
economic int]e/s ( life4 ,) ?is end 9   
view we h ! e/abli%m5t ?r\gh\t ! ,g]man 
,/ates ( num]\s s*ools & colleges hav+ z
 _! *ief aim ! application ( k to ! arts
 & indu/ries4 ,9 our own c\ntry ?is     
bran*--?is v important bran*--(         
education has be5 left1 = ! mo/ "p1 to !
 c>e ( private individuals1 & al?\gh !  
,/ate has done some?+ 9 rec5t ye>s to   

enc\rage & develop ?is side ( education1
 yet mu* m requires to be done2 &1 above
 all1 x is desirable t :atev] is done 9 
! future %\ld be done 9 a regul>1       
sy/ematic1 & organis$ mann] & ) def9ite 
aims 9 view4  ,b x is n m]ely 9 ! high] 
rea*es ( ,g]man education t ! indu/rial 
aim is kept 9 view4 ,x p]vades &        
p]meates ! :ole sy/em f ! l[e/ to !     
highe/ /ages4 ,ev5 9 ! ,prim>y ,s*ool ! 
requirem5ts ( practical life are n left 
out ( sight4 ,9 s*ool1 said a =m]       
,prussian ,director ( ,education1 *ildr5
 are to le>n h[ to p]=m duties1 !y are  
to be habituat$ to "w1 to ga9 pleasure 9
 "w1 & ?us become effici5t = future     
indu/rial pursuits4 ,?is has be5 ! aim f
 ! e>lie/ times ( ,prussian education2 &
 to ?is day x is pla9ly und]/ood by all 
,/ate & local adm9i/rative (fic]s1 z    
well z by all tea*]s & ! majority ( !   
p>5ts1 t ! p's s*ool has m to d ?an     
m]ely tea* ! vehicles ( culture--read+1 
writ+1 & ari?metic--t ! *ief aim is r ! 
prep>ation ( citiz5s :o c & w *e]fully  

s]ve _! ,god & _! native c\ntry z well z
 !mselves4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! "q ( !   
provision ( ! means ( high] education is
 n "o betwe5 its provision on ! "o h& by
 means ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & on ! o!r by     
means ( purely volunt>y ag5cies4 ,high] 
education1 e4g41 9 ,scotl& has r>ely be5
 provid$ & paid = at its full co/ by !  
individual p>5t or by associations (    
individual p>5ts1 b has be5 ma9ta9$1 9  
"s cases 9 a high degree ( effici5cy1 by
 end[m5ts left = ?is purpose4 ,^!       
end[m5ts are n[ 9 _m cases insuffici5t  
to meet ! dem& made = education1 & !    
/ream ( private b5evol5ce 9 provid+ !   
means ( education has ei!r ceas$ to fl[ 
or fl[s 9 an irregul> & unc]ta9 fa%ion4 
,fur!r1 ! incomes ( ev5 ! mod]ately     
well-to-d ( our middle classes are n    
suffici5t to be> ! :ole co/ ( ! m       
exp5sive education requir$ to fit _!    
sons & daught]s = ! aft]-s]vice ( !     
community4 ,h5ce1 j z 9 ,mill's "t ! "q 
( ! provision ( elem5t>y education lay  
betwe5 ! ,/ate provision & ! provision  

by means ( *>itable ag5cies1 s to-day ! 
problem ( ! provision ( second>y &      
te*nical education is betwe5 its        
adequate provision & organisation by !  
,/ate1 & its inadequate1 unc]ta9        
provision by means ( ! end[m5ts ( ! pa/ 
& by ! *>itable ag5cies ( ! pres5t4     
,manife/ly1 9 ! light ( mod]n           
conditions1 ) ! economic competition    
betwe5 nation & nation becom+ ke5] &    
ke5]1 & kn[+ full well t ! future       
belongs to ! nation ) ! be/ equipp$ & ! 
be/ tra9$ army ( indu/rial work]s1 we c 
no long] re/ cont5t ) any haphaz>d me?od
 ( provid+ ! means ( high] education3   
:atev] ! co/ may be1 we mu/ realise t ! 
"t has come to put our educational h\se 
9 ord] & to e/abli% & organise our sy/em
 ( high] education s t x w subs]ve ea* &
 e int]e/ ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is c only be     
effect$ 9 s f> z ! nation z a :ole      
realises ! ne$ = ! bett] education ( !  
*ildr51 & takes /eps to secure t ?is    
%all be provid$1 & t !re %all be af=d$  
to ea* ! opportunity ( fitt+ himself by 

education to put 8 tal5ts to ! be/ use  
bo? = 8 own individual good & ! good ( !
 community4 ,la/ly1 z ,mill urges1 !    
self-int]e/ ( ! individual is nei!r     
suffici5t to ensure t ! education w be  
provid$1 nor 9 _m cases is 8 judgm5t    
suffici5t to ensure ! goodness ( !      
education provid$ by volunt>y means4    
,b1 9 addition to ! reasons urg$ by     
,mill = ! ,/ate provision & control ( ! 
means ( elem5t>y education1 & ^! reasons
 are1 z we h se51 z urg5t & z cog5t     
to-day = ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple to !   
provision ( ! means ( second>y &        
te*nical education1 /ill fur!r reasons  
may be advanc$4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re c 
be no co-ord9ation ( ! diff]5t /ages (  
education until all ! ag5cies (         
in/ruction 9 ea* area or di/rict are    
plac$ "u "o c5tral control4 ,until ?is  
is effect$ we mu/ h at times ov]lapp+ ( 
! ag5cies ( in/ruction4 ,9 "s cases !re 
may also be wa/e ( ! means ( education4 
,9 e case !re w be a g5]al want (       
balance betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em4  

,9 ! second place1 "o object ( any      
organisation ( ! means ( education %\ld 
be ! selection ( ! be/ ability f among/ 
! *ildr5 ( our ,elem5t>y ,s*ools & !    
fur!r education ( ?is ability at "s "o  
or o!r type ( ,int]m$iate or ,second>y  
,s*ool4 ,9 ord] t ?is may be            
economically & effici5tly effect$1 !    
in/ruction ( ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool %\ld    
enable ! pupil at a c]ta9 age to fit    
himself into ! "w ( ! ,high ,s*ool1 &   
our ,high ,s*ools' sy/em %\ld be s      
diff]5tiat$ 9 type z to furni% n "o type
 ( su* education b sev]al 9 accordance )
 ! ma9 classes ( s]vice requir$ by !    
community ( its adult memb]s4 ,manife/ly
 su* a co-ord9ation ( ! means & su* a   
grad+ ( ! ag5cies ( education1 if n     
impossible on ! volunt>y pr9ciple1 is at
 lea/ difficult ( complete realisation4 
,h5ce1 on ! gr\nd t ! high] education ( 
! "y is necess>y = ! secur+ ( _! aft]   
social effici5cy1 on ! gr\nd t x is     
necess>y = ! economic & social security 
( ! community1 on ! gr\nd t aid 9 high] 

education is a help t[>ds do+ )\t help &
 t its provision 9 _m cases _c be fully 
met by ! volunt>y contribution ( !      
individual1 we may urge ! ne$ = !       
,/ate's und]tak+ its adequate & effici5t
 provision4  ,fur!r1 we mu/ rememb] t ! 
,/ate mu/ take a long] view ( ! problem 
( education ?an is possible = !         
individual4 ,at be/ ! latt] looks b "o  
g5]ation ahead4 ,he is cont5t to secure 
! education & ! future welf>e ( 8       
*ildr54 ,9 ! life ( ! ,/ate ?is is n    
suffici5t4 ,%e mu/ look to ! ne$s ( !   
remote future z well z ( ! imm$iate     
pres5t1 & h5ce h] educational outlook   
mu/ be wid] & g f>!r ?an t ( any m]e    
private individual4 ,la/ly1 if we und]/&
 ! true nature & function ( ! ,/ate1 we 
ne$ h no fe> t ! ,/ate %\ld control !   
education ( all ! p4 ,:at we h to fe> on
 ! "o side is ! bureaucratic control (  
education1 & on ! o!r its control &     
direction by "o class 9 ! int]e/s (     
itself4 ,! ,/ate exi/s =--! reason ( its
 v be+ is to secure--! welf>e ( !       

individual1 & ! ,/ate approa*es its     
p]fection :5 its organisation is fitt$  
to secure & ensure ! wide/ scope = !    
full & free developm5t ( ea* individual4
  ,! evil ( bureaucracy c be remov$ only
 by our repres5tative bodies becom+ m   
effective voices ( ! social & moral w ( 
! community1 j z ! evil ( class control 
c only be effectually aboli%$ by ! rise 
& spread ( ! true democratic _s1 ev]    
seek+ t ! ag5cies ( ! ,/ate %all be     
direct$ t[>ds ! remov+ ( ! ob/acles :i* 
h9d] ! full realisation ( ! life ( ea* (
 its memb]s4  ,,footnotes3  #i ,cf4     
,graham ,balf\r1 ,educational ,sy/em (  
,great ,brita91 p4 #bg1 #bnd ed4  #aj   
,brass-work]s ( ,b]l9 & ,birm+ham 7,k+74
  #aa ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! in/ruction 
( ! common s*ools 7,volkss*ule71 clos+ )
 ! pupil's f\rte5? ye>1 ends too soon1 t
 ! p]iod mo/ susceptible to aid1 mo/ 9  
ne$ ( education1 ! ye>s f fifte5 to     
tw5ty 444 are n[ n only all[$ to lie    
p]fectly fall[1 b to lose & wa/e :at has
 be5 s labori\sly acquir$ dur+ ! prec$+ 

p]iod at s*ool4 ,9 ! rural p>ts (       
,nor!rn ,g]many ef=ts are be+ made to   
rem$y ?is evil by ! in/itution ( s*ools 
provid+ half-ye> w9t] c\rses4 ,cf4      
,pr(essor ,pauls5's ,! ,g]man           
,univ]sities & ,univ]sity ,/udy1 p4 #aag
 7,engli% translation74  #ab ,cf4       
,education & ,empire4     ,,*apt] ,v    
,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,to      
,,education--,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,education  
,b :ile we may hold t x is ! duty ( !   
,/ate to see t ! means = ! education ( !
 *ildr5 ( ! nation is bo? adequate 9    
ext5t & effici5t 9 quality1 & s organis$
 t x af=ds opportunities = ea* to secure
 ! education :i* is ne$$ to equip him = 
8 aft]-"w 9 life1 x by no means foll[s z
 a logical consequ5ce t ! :ole co/ ( ?is
 provision %\ld be borne by ! community 
9 its corporate capacity & t !          
individual p>5t %\ld1 if he s *ooses1 be
 reliev$ f any direct paym5t = !        
education ( 8 *ildr54 ,to ass]t ?is w\ld
 be implicitly to affirm t ! education (
 a man's *ildr5 is no "p ( 8 duty--t x  

is an obligation :i* does n fall ^u him 
z an individual1 b only z a memb] ( a   
community1 & t s long z he pays will+ly 
! proportion ( ! co/ ( education assign$
 to him by taxes & rates1 he has        
fulfill$ 8 obligation4 ,education1 on   
su* a view1 becomes a matt] ( national  
conc]n 9 :i* z a private individual !   
p>5t has no direct int]e/4 ,?is position
 c>ri$ out to its logical conclusion    
w\ld imply t ! *ild & 8 future belong   
:olly to ! ,/ate1 & x w\ld also involve 
! e/abli%m5t ( a communal sy/em (       
education su* z is set =? 9 ! ,republic 
( ,plato4 ,fur!r1 su* a position        
logically leads to ! cont5tion t ! o!r  
necessities ( life requisite = secur+ ! 
social effici5cy ( ! future memb]s ( !  
,/ate %\ld also be provid$ by ! ,/ate 9 
its corporate capacity act+ z ! gu>dian 
( ! "y1 & f ?is we are b a %ort way f ! 
position t x belongs to ! community to  
sup]9t5d ! propagation ( ! species1 & to
 regulate ! m>riages ( its individual   
memb]s4 ,?is is ,/ate socialism 9 its   

mo/ extreme =m1 & is contr>y to ! _s ( a
 true lib]alism1 a true democracy1 & a  
true ,*ri/ianity4  ,! oppos+ position--!
 position ( lib]alism unta9t$ by        
socialism--is t x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to
 see t z f> z possible ! social         
inequalities :i* arise ?r\gh !          
individuali/ic organisation ( society   
are remov$ or rem$i$1 & t equality (    
opportunity is secur$ to ea* to make !  
be/ ( 8 own individual life4 ,9 !       
educational sph]e ?is implies t any     
ob/acles 9 ! way ( a man's educat+ 8    
*ildr5 %\ld be remov$1 if & 9 s f> z ^! 
ob/acles are irremovable by any private 
ef=t ( 8 own1 & t ! opportunity ( obta9+
 ! be/ possible education %\ld be op5 to
 ! *ildr5 ( ! poor if !y are fitt$ by   
nature to pr(it by su* an education4 ,x 
fur!r implies t ! means ( high]         
education1 provid$ at ! public exp5se1  
%\ld n be wa/$ on ! *ildr5 ( any class  
if by nature !y are unfitt$ to b5efit by
 ! means plac$ at _! disposal2 i4e41 a  
national sy/em ( education mu/ be       

democratic 9 ! s5se t ! means ( high]   
education %all be op5 to all1 ri* &     
poor1 9 ord] t ea* individual may be    
enabl$ to fit himself = ! p>ticul>      
s]vice = :i* by nature he is be/ suit$4 
,x mu/ see1 fur!r1 t any ob/acles :i*   
prev5t ! full use ( ^! means by p>ticul>
 individuals are1 z f> z may be         
possible1 remov$4 ,a national sy/em (   
education1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be          
ari/ocratic 9 ! s5se t x is selective ( 
! be/ ability4 ,la/ly1 x mu/ be         
re/rictive1 9 ord] t ! means ( high]    
education may be utilis$ to ! be/       
advantage1 & n misus$ on ^? :o are      
unfitt$ to b5efit !refrom4  ,closely    
connect$ ) ! position t x is ! duty ( ! 
,/ate to see n m]ely to ! adequate &    
effici5t provision ( ! means (          
education1 b also t ! :ole co/ ( !      
provision %\ld be borne by ! ,/ate1 is !
 cont5tion t because ! ,/ate imposes a  
legal obligation ^u ! individual p>5t to
 provide a c]ta9 measure ( education = 8
 *ildr51 x is also a logical conclusion 

f ?is /ep t education %\ld be free4 ,!  
object ( public education is !          
protection ( society1 & society mu/ pay 
= its protection1 :e!r x takes ! =m ( a 
policeman or a p$agogue4#ac  ,b !       
provision ( ! means ( elem5t>y          
education1 & ! impos+ ( a legal         
obligation ^u ea* individual p>5t to    
utilise ! means provid$1 is n m]ely or  
solely = ! protection ( society4        
,education conf]s n only a social b5efit
 ^u ! community1 b a p>ticul> b5efit ^u 
! individual4 ,its provision falls n )9 
! m]ely negative b5efits conf]r$ by !   
,/ate by its protection ( ! majority    
aga9/ ! ignorance & wick$ness ( !       
m9ority1 b x belongs to ! positive      
b5efits conf]r$ by ,gov]nm5t ^u its     
individual memb]s4 ,! ,/ate 9 "p        
und]takes ! provision ( ! means (       
education1 z ,mill po9t$ out1 9 ord] to 
protect ! majority aga9/ ! evil         
consequ5ces likely to result f !        
ignorance & want ( education ( !        
m9ority4 ,z ?is provision conf]s a      

common b5efit on all1 s f>1 b only 9 s  
f>1 z education is protective1 c its co/
 be laid ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! g5]al taxpay]4 
,b ! provision by ! ,/ate ( ! means (   
education is n m]ely und]tak5 = !       
protection ( any giv5 society aga9/ !   
ignorance & ! lawlessness ( its own     
individual memb]s1 x is also und]tak5 9 
ord] to secure ! increas$ effici5cy ( ! 
nation z an economic & milit>y unit 9   
antagonism1 m or less1 ) simil> units4  
,at ! pres5t day ?is is "o ma9 motive at
 "w 9 ! dem& made = ! bett] & m int5sive
 tra9+ ( ! indu/rial classes4 ,to secure
 ! indu/rial & milit>y effici5cy ( !    
nation is explicitly set =? z ! ma9 aim 
( ! ,g]man organisation ( ! means (     
education4 ,we may deplore ?is t5d5cy ( 
our times4 ,we may condemn ! rise ( !   
int5sely national _s ( ! mod]n _w1 &    
regret t ! ideal ( univ]sal peace &     
univ]sal h>mony betwe5 ! nations ( ! e>?
 seems to fade = ev] & = ev] z we move4 
,b we h to look ! facts 9 ! face1 & to  
realise t ! educational sy/em ( a nation

 mu/ endeav\r to secure ! indu/rial &   
milit>y effici5cy ( its future memb]s z 
a means ( security & protection aga9/   
o!r compet+ nations & z "o ( ! ess5tial 
conditions = ! self-pres]vation ( !     
p>ticul> ,/ate 9 t w> ( nation aga9/    
nation :i* ,hobbes s eloqu5tly          
describes3 ,= ! nature ( w>1 consi/s n 9
 actual fight+2 b 9 ! kn[n disposition  
!reto1 dur+ all ! "t !re is no assurance
 to ! contr>y4#ad  ,9 s f>1 !n1 z !     
provision ( education by ! ,/ate is     
und]tak5 ) ?is end 9 view1 x may be     
ma9ta9$ t "p1 at lea/1 ( ! co/ ( its    
provision %\ld be borne by ! g5]al      
taxpay] 9 return = ! great] national &  
economic security :i* he enjoys ?r\gh ! 
great] effici5cy ( ! nation z an        
economic & milit>y unit4  ,b ! spread & 
! high] effici5cy ( education conf]s 9  
addition bo? a local & an individual    
b5efit4 ,x conf]s a local b5efit1 9 s f>
 z by its means advantages accrue to any
 p>ticul> di/rict4 ,x conf]s an         
individual b5efit1 9 s f> z ?r\gh !     

means ( education plac$ at 8 disposal ! 
individual is enabl$ to atta9 to a high]
 degree ( social effici5cy ?an w\ld     
o!rwise h be5 possible4  ,fur!r1 if we  
look at ?is "q n f ! po9t ( view (      
b5efit receiv$1 b f t ( ! obligation    
impos$1 we rea* a simil> result4 ,x is  
an obligation ^u ! ,/ate to see t !     
means ( education & _! due co-ord9ation 
& organisation are ( su* a nature bo? 9 
ext5t & 9 quality z to furni% a complete
 sy/em ( means = ! tra9+ up ( ! y\? ( ! 
c\ntry to p]=m effici5tly all ! s]vices 
requir$ by su* a complex community z !  
mod]n ,/ate4 ,?is duty devolves ^u !    
,/ate *iefly = ! reason set =? by ,adam 
,smi? 9 8 discussion ( ! functions (    
gov]nm5t4 ,x is ! duty ( ! sov]eign1 he 
decl>es1 to erect & ma9ta9 c]ta9 public 
in/itutions :i* x c nev] be = ! int]e/ (
 any individual to erect & ma9ta91      
because ! pr(it c\ld nev] repay ! exp5se
 to ! individual1 or small numb] (      
individuals1 ?\gh x may frequ5tly d mu* 
m ?an repay x to a great society4#ae  ,x

 becomes fur!r an obligation plac$ ^u ! 
local au?ority to aid ! c5tral au?ority 
( ! ,/ate 9 ! e/abli%m5t & di/ribution (
 ! means ( education4 ,! local au?ority 
by its m intimate k ( local circum/ances
 is ! mo/ compet5t to judge ( ! nature (
 ! education suit$ to s]ve its own      
p>ticul> ne$s1 & is be/ qualifi$ to     
und]take ! di/ribution ( ! means4  ,b ! 
obligation to take advantage ( ! means =
 ! future b5efit ( 8 *ildr5 is a moral  
obligation plac$ ^u ! %\ld]s ( !        
individual p>5t4 ,x becomes a legal     
obligation only :51 & 9 s f> z1 ! moral 
obligation is n realis$ by a c]ta9 numb]
 ( ! community4 ,c]ta9ly "o reason = !  
mak+ ( ! education ( a man's *ildr5 a   
legal obligation is ! protection (      
society aga9/ ! ignorance & wick$ness ( 
! m9ority1 b ! o!r & pr9cipal aim is to 
endeav\r to secure t :at at fir/ 0      
impos$ z a m]ely ext]nal or legal       
obligation may pass into a moral &      
inh]5t obligation1 s t ! individual f   
be+ gov]n$ by outw>d re/ra9t may 9 "t be

 gov]n$ by an inw>d & self-impos$ ideal4
  ,x is no d\bt difficult 9 any p>ticul>
 case to det]m9e exactly :at precise "p 
( ! co/ %\ld be allocat$ to ea* ( ! ?ree
 b5efit+ p>ties1 b 9 any national       
organisation ( ! means ( education ?is  
?reefold di/ribution ( co/ %\ld someh[  
or o!r be und]tak54  ,f ?is x foll[s1 t 
:ile x may legitimately be laid d[n t ^u
 ! ,/ate mu/ fall ! obligation ( secur+ 
! adequate provision & ! due di/ribution
 ( ! means ( education1 yet ! fur!r duty
 ( ! ,/ate 9 ?is respect is limit$ to ! 
remov+ ( ob/acles :i* /& 9 ! way ( !    
fulfilm5t ( ! p>5t's obligation to      
educate 8 *ildr51 & to ! secur+ to ea*  
*ild equality ( opportunity to obta9 an 
education 9 k9d & quality :i* w s]ve to 
fit him h]eaft] to p]=m 8 special duty  
to society4  ,al?\gh s9ce #ahia elem5t>y
 education has be5 practically free 9   
?is c\ntry & ! :ole co/ ( its provision 
is n[ und]tak5 at ! public exp5se1 yet  
except f ! sociali/ic position t !      
provision ( education is a communal & n 

a p]sonal & moral obligation1 ?is public
 provision ( ! funds = elem5t>y         
education c be upheld f ! individuali/ic
 po9t ( view only on two gr\nds4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 x might be ma9ta9$ t !      
protective b5efit d]iv$ f ! imp>t+ ( !  
elem5ts ( education is s great to all t 
its co/ may legitimately be laid ^u !   
community 9 its corporate capacity4 ,x  
is on ?is gr\nd ( education be+         
b5eficial to ! :ole society t ,adam     
,smi? decl>es t ! exp5se ( ! in/itutions
 = education may1 )\t inju/ice1 be      
defray$ by ! g5]al contributions ( !    
:ole society4 ,b at ! same "t ,adam     
,smi? recognises t education provides an
 imm$iate & p]sonal b5efit1 & t ! exp5se
 might ) equal propriety be laid ^u !   
%\ld]s ( ^? b5efit$4  ,9 ! second place1
 x may be ma9ta9$ t ! imposition ( s*ool
 fees creat$ su* a h9drance 9 a l>ge    
numb] ( cases to ! fulfilm5t ( ! moral  
obligation t x 0 exp$i5t on ! "p ( !    
,/ate to remove ?is ob/acle by free+    
education z a :ole4 ,9 support ( ?is1 x 

might be fur!r urg$ t ! difficulty (    
discrim9at+ betwe5 ! m>g9al cases 9 :i* 
! imposition ( s*ool fees really prov$ a
 h9drance & ^? 9 :i* x did n is great1 &
 t ! p>tial relief ( paym5t ( s*ool fees
 laid ! /igma ( paup]ism ^u _m :o f     
unprev5table causes 7 unable to meet !  
direct co/ ( ! education ( _! *ildr54   
,b1 except on ! gr\nds t ei!r !         
protective b5efit to society is s great 
& s important1 or t ! *>g+ ( any "p ( ! 
co/ directly to ! p>5t imposes a        
h9drance 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 !re is 
no ju/ification = ! cont5tion t because 
! ,/ate compels ! individual to educate 
8 *ildr51 !re=e ! ,/ate %\ld fully      
provide ! means4  ,if ?is be s1 !n !    
fur!r cont5tion t ! means ( education f 
! elem5t>y to ! univ]sity /age %\ld be  
provid$ at ! public exp5se1 & t no "p ( 
! co/ %\ld be laid directly ^u !        
individual p>5t's %\ld]s1 mu/ also be   
judg$ to be errone\s4  ,! fir/ duty ( ! 
,/ate1 9 ! matt] ( ! provision ( high]  
education1 is limit$ to see+ t !        

provision ( ! means ( high] education is
 adequate to ! dem& made = x2 fur!r1 x  
may endeav\r to enc\rage & to /imulate  
?is dem& 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! means be+     
provid$1 ! second duty ( ! ,/ate is to  
endeav\r to secure t any h9drance :i*   
might reasonably prev5t ! use ( ^! means
 by ^? fitt$ to b5efit !refrom %\ld be  
remov$4 ,b ! only ju/ification = !      
int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate is t ! compulsion   
exact$ 9 ! matt] ( taxes or o!rwise is (
 small mom5t comp>$ ) ! capacity =      
fre$om & intellectual developm5t set    
free 9 ! individuals b5efit$4 ,9 o!r    
words1 ! co/ involv$ by ! removal ( !   
h9drance mu/ be reckon$ z small comp>$ )
 ! ultimate good to ! community z       
manife/$ 9 ! high] developm5t--9 ! high]
 welf>e ( its individual memb]s4  ,b !  
practical realisation ( ! ideal ne$ n   
involve t education %\ld be free f !    
l[e/ to ! topmo/ rung ( ! s-call$       
educational ladd]4 ,x is inde$          
que/ionable :e!r ! ladd] simile has n   
be5 a pot5t in/rum5t 9 giv+ a wrong     

direction to our ideals ( ! ess5tial    
nature ( :at an educational organisation
 %\ld aim at4 ,education %\ld inde$     
provide a sy/em ( advanc+ means1 b !    
sy/em ( means may lead to _m & v>i\s    
aims in/ead ( "o4 ,h[ev] t may be1 :at  
we wi% to insi/ ^u is t ! ,/ate's duty 9
 ?is matt] c be fulfill$ n by free+     
education z a :ole1 b by e/abli%+ a     
sy/em ( burs>ies or all[ances1 enabl+   
ea* individual :o o!rwise w\ld be h9d]$ 
f us+ ! means to take advantage ( !     
high] education provid$4  ,9 ! aw>d+ (  
aid ( ?is nature1 ! two te/s ( ability  
to pr(it f ! education & ( ne$ ( mat]ial
 means mu/ bo? be employ$4 ,if ! =m] te/
 only is appli$1 !n ! result is t 9 _m  
cases ! advantage is secur$ by ^? be/   
able to pay = high] education4 ,if !    
objection be made t ! grant+ ( aid on   
m]e ne$ %[n is to place ! /igma (       
paup]ism ^u ! recipi5t1 !n ! only answ] 
is t 9 s ?9k+ ! individual misconceives 
! real nature ( ! aid1 fails to und]/& t
 x is help t[>ds do+ )\t help--aid to   

enable ! individual to rea* a high] &   
full] developm5t ( 8 p[]s1 bo? = 8 own  
future welf>e & = ! bett]m5t ( society4 
,,footnotes3  #ac ,national ,education &
 ,national ,life1 ibid4 p4 #aja4  #ad   
,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 p4 #a4 *ap4 xiii4   
#ae ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 ed4 
,j4 ,%ield ,ni*olson 7,nelsons74        
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,!    
,,/ate ,,to ,,education--,,m$ical       
,,exam9ation ,,& ,,inspection ,,(       
,,s*ool ,,*ildr5   ,9 consid]+ ! "q ( ! 
relation ( ! ,/ate to education1 we h   
adopt$ ! position t x is ! duty ( !     
,/ate to see to ! adequate provision ( !
 means ( education1 to _! due           
di/ribution & to _! prop] organisation4 
,at ! same "t we f\nd t ! obligation ( !
 ,/ate 9 ?is respect did n necess>ily   
involve t ! :ole co/ ( ?is provision    
%\ld be borne at ! public exp5se1 & t no
 "p ( ! burd5 %\ld be plac$ on ! %\ld]s 
( ! individual p>5ts4 ,z reg>ds !       
provision ( elem5t>y education1 we inde$
 f\nd t ! :ole burd5 might be           

legitimately laid ^u ! g5]al taxpay]1 ^u
 ! gr\nds ei!r t ! protective b5efit (  
elem5t>y education to ! community 0     
great1 or t ! h9drance oppos$ by !      
imposition ( s*ool fees to ! fulfilm5t (
 a man's moral obligation to provide = !
 education ( 8 *ildr5 0 s g5]al t a case
 might be made out = free+ elem5t>y     
education z a :ole4 ,b except f !       
position t ! provision ( education 0 a  
communal & n a p]sonal obligation1 we   
f\nd no gr\nds = ! cont5tion t education
 ?r\gh\t its v>i\s /ages %\ld be a *>ge 
^u ! community z a :ole4  ,b ! provision
 ( ! means ( education may involve mu* m
 ?an ! m]e provision ( adequately       
equipp$ s*ool build+s & ( fully tra9$   
tea*]s1 & we h n[ to inquire :at o!r    
provision is necess>y 9 ord] to secure !
 aft] social effici5cy ( ! *ildr5 ( !   
nation1 & :at "p ( ?is provision rightly
 may be includ$ )9 ! scope ( ! duties ( 
! ,/ate4  ,is ! m$ical inspection (     
*ildr5 att5d+ ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 
"o ( ^! duties1 &1 if s1 :at action on !

 "p ( ! ,/ate does ?is involve8  ,!     
importance ( ! ?or\gh & sy/ematic m$ical
 exam9ation ( *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool z a   
necess>y measure to secure _! aft]      
physical & economic effici5cy z well z =
 _! intellectual developm5t & welf>e    
dur+ ! s*ool p]iod has be5 recognis$ by 
_m ,cont95tal c\ntries4 ,to take b "o or
 two illu/rative examples1 we may note t
 9 ,brussels e place ( public in/ruction
 is visit$ at lea/ once 9 e t5 weeks by 
"o ( ! sixte5 doctors appo9t$ = ?is     
purpose4 ,! s*ool doctor among/ o!r     
duties has to report on ! /ate ( ! v>i\s
 classrooms1 _! heat+1 light+ &         
v5tilation1 & also ^u ! condition 9 :i* 
he has f\nd ! playgr\nds1 lavatories &  
cloakrooms atta*$ to ! s*ool4 ,cases (  
illness involv+ tempor>y abs5ce f s*ool 
are report$ to him z well z ! cases     
involv+ prolong$ abs5ce f s*ool4        
,*ildr5 are m$ically exam9$ ^u admission
 to s*ool1 & a record is made ( _! age1 
height1 weight1 *e/ measurem5t1 etc4    
,any natural or accid5tal infirmity is  

*ronicl$1 /ate ( eyes & tee?1 d5tal     
op]ations p]=m$ at s*ool1 etc4 ,?is     
exam9ation is repeat$ annually1 s z to  
keep a record ( ea* *ild's physical     
developm5t4 ,great att5tion1 moreov]1 is
 paid to ! cleanl9ess ( ! *ildr5 att5d+ 
s*ool1 & ! *ildr5 are exam9$ daily by ! 
tea*] ^u _! entrance to s*ool4#af  ,9   
mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns ( ,g]many a sy/em (   
p]iodical m$ical exam9ation & inspection
 ( *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool has also be5     
e/abli%$4 ,e4g41 9 #aija ,b]l9 appo9t$  
t5 doctors = ?is purpose1 ) ! foll[+    
among/ o!r duties3--        #a4 ,to     
exam9e *ildr5 on _! fir/ admission z to 
_! fitness      to att5d s*ool4         
#b4 ,to exam9e *ildr5 ) ! co-op]ation ( 
a speciali/ =      ! pres5ce ( defect 9 
! p>ticul> s5se organs 7sight1          
he>+74       #c4 ,to exam9e *ildr5 :o   
are suppos$ to be defective & :o may    
require special treatm5t4       #d4 ,to 
exam9e p]iodically ! s*ool build+s &    
arrangem5ts      & to report on any     
hygi5ic defects4#ag   ,9 ,engl&1 al?\gh 

!re is no specific provision = ! incurr+
 ( ! exp5se ( conduct+ ! m$ical         
inspection ( *ildr5 att5d+ ! ,public    
,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 x is g5]ally held t !
 exp5se may be legitimately includ$ 9 ! 
g5]al p[]s assign$ to educational       
au?orities "u ! ,act ( #ahgj2 &1        
especially s9ce #ahib1 9 sev]al areas1 a
 def9ite sy/em ( m$ical inspection has  
be5 e/abli%$1 & 9 _m o!rs !re is a      
likelihood t "s sy/em ( m$ical          
inspection w be organis$ 9 ! imm$iate   
future4 ,accord+ to ! ,report ( !       
,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on !       
,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool    
,*ildr51 publi%$ 9 ,novemb] #aije1 out (
 #cbh local education au?orities1 #dh _h
 e/abli%$ a m or less def9itely organis$
 sy/em ( m$ical exam9ation1 :il/ 9      
eighte5 o!r di/ricts tea*]s & sanit>y   
(fic]s _h und]tak5 organis$ "w = !      
amelioration ( ! physical condition (   
*ildr5 att5d+ ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4
 ,z a rule1 ?is inspection is limit$ to 
! exam9ation ( ! *ildr5 & to ! discov]+ 

( defects ( eyesight1 he>+1 or physical 
developm5t4 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( ! defect is 
discov]$1 ! p>5t is notifi$1 b z a g5]al
 rule ! public au?ority does n include  
)9 its duties ! treatm5t ( ! ailm5ts &  
defects or ! provision ( rem$ial        
in/rum5ts :5 requir$4  ,fur!r1 9 no case
 has !re be5 c>ri$ out a ?or\gh         
an?ropometric record1 su* z t 9 vogue 9 
! s*ools ( ,brussels1 ( ! condition ( ! 
physical nature ( ! *ild ^u admission to
 s*ool & 8 subsequ5t physical           
developm5t4  ,9 ,scotl& we f9d no g5]al 
or adequate sy/em ( m$ical inspection   
c>ri$ out by ! local s*ool au?orities4  
,! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on    
,physical ,tra9+ 7,scotl&71 issu$ 9 ,m>*
 #aijc1 decl>es1 h[ev]1 t su* a sy/em is
 urg5tly ne$$1 ma9ly = rem$ial purposes4
 ,by ?is means defects 9 ! organs (     
sight or he>+1 9 m5tal developm5t1 9    
physical weakness1 or 9 /ate (          
nutrition1 su* z dem& special treatm5t 9
 connection ) s*ool "w1 might be        
detect$1 & by simple means remov$ or    

mitigat$4 ,b al?\gh 9 ! ,education      
7,scotl&7 ,bill ( #aije provision 0 made
 = ! in/itution ( m$ical inspection at !
 public exp5se1 yet ?r\gh ! failure ( ! 
,bill to pass no?+ ( a sy/ematic nature 
has be5 done to organise ! m$ical       
inspection ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool *ildr5 9  
any di/rict 9 ,scotl&4  ,f ?is brief    
acc\nt ( :at ei!r has be5 already done  
or is propos$ to be done1 x is app>5t t 
!re is a gradual awak5+ ( ! nation to ! 
fact t ! c>e ( ! physical nature ( !    
*ild dur+ ! s*ool p]iod is ( fundam5tal 
importance f ! po9t ( view ( ! future   
welf>e & effici5cy ( ! nation4 ,9 !     
endeav\r to rea* ?is aim x is necess>y t
 ! exam9ation ( ! *ild %\ld be und]tak5 
9 a sy/ematic mann]1 & t means %\ld be  
adopt$ = ! rem$y ( any defects4 ,9      
p>ticul> e *ild on admission to s*ool   
%\ld be exam9$ 9 ord] to discov] :e!r   
!re is any defect pres5t 9 ! special    
organs ( s5se1#ah & p]iodical           
exam9ations %\ld be made 9 ord] to      
discov] :e!r ! s*ool "w is t5d+ to      

produce any injury to ! v>i\s s5ses4 ,= 
x is a well-kn[n fact t (t5 cases (     
seem+ /upidity & seem+ c>elessness are n
 due ei!r to ! want ( intellig5ce on !  
"o h& or ( inatt5tion on ! o!r1 on ! "p 
( ! *ild1 b may be trac$ to slight      
defects ( eyesight & ( he>+4 ,9 ord] t  
!y may discov] ^! defects tea*]s ought  
to be tra9$ 9 ! obs]vation ( ! ma9      
symptoms :i* imply defects1 & %\ld be   
practis$ 9 ! art ( apply+ ! simpl] & m  
obvi\s rem$ies = eye & e> defects4 ,m   
difficult cases %\ld be ref]r$ to !     
m$ical (fic] ( ! s*ool4 ,aga91 x ought  
to be a matt] ( inquiry at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
s*ool p]iod z to :e!r ! *ild possesses  
any physical defect :i* w\ld make x     
difficult = him to und]take ! full "w ( 
! s*ool4 ,9 "s cases x w\ld be f\nd t ! 
*ild 0 altoge!r unable to und]take ?is  
"w1 & measures %\ld be tak5 to rem$y !  
defect be=e ! *ild ent]s ^u ! s*ool     
c\rse4 ,la/ly1 x is n[ realis$ t m      
att5tion mu/ be paid to ! diff]5ces t   
exi/ betwe5 individual *ildr51 & t 9 !  

case ( *ildr5 ) a l[ degree (           
intellig5ce x is mu* bett] bo? =        
!mselves & = ! s*ool g5]ally to in/itute
 special classes or special s*ools = _! 
education4  ,b 9 ord] t ?is m$ical      
exam9ation may be ?or\ghly &            
sy/ematically c>ri$ out1 special        
legislative au?ority mu/ be giv5 to     
education au?orities to incur exp5se "u 
?is head1 & regulations mu/ be laid d[n 
by ! c5tral au?ority = ! c>ry+ out ( ?is
 inspection s z to secure some?+ l a    
uni=m sy/em ( exam9ation ?r\gh\t !      
c\ntry4 ,= ?is purpose !re %\ld be      
atta*$ to ea* s*ool area a m$ical (fic]1
 or (fic]s1 *>g$ ) ! sole duty ( att5d+ 
to ! hygi5ic conditions "u :i* ! s*ool  
"w is c>ri$ on1 & ( p]iodically exam9+ !
 *ildr5 att5d+ ! s*ools ( 8 di/rict4  ,t
 ! duty ( c>ry+ out ! m$ical exam9ation 
( s*ool *ildr5 falls ^u ! ,/ate & %\ld  
be met out ( public funds may be ju/ifi$
 on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is 
necess>y z a measure ( protection1 9    
ord] to prev5t ! *ild's gr[+ up         

imp]fectly1 & ?us becom+ 9 adult life a 
less effici5t memb] ( society4 ,s*ool "w
 (t5 acc5tuates c]ta9 tr\bles1 & ^! if  
neglect$ t5d gradually to r5d] !        
individual m & m unfitt$ to und]take "s 
special occupation 9 aft]-life4 ,any eye
 speciali/ c\ld furni% evid5ce ( num]\s 
cases 9 :i* ! eyes h be5 ru9$ ?r\gh "s  
slight defect becom+ int5sifi$ ?r\gh    
misuse4  ,9 ! second place1 ! exam9ation
 = physical & m5tal defect _c 9 a l>ge  
numb] ( cases be left to ! self-int]e/ &
 judgm5t ( ! individual p>5t1 & unless  
und]tak5 by ! public au?ority w n be    
und]tak5 at all4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 if x 
is left to m]ely volunt>y ag5cies1 x is 
imp]fectly done1 & 9 _m cases rec\rse is
 _h to ! v>i\s volunt>y ag5cies :5 !    
tr\ble has become acute1 & 9 "s cases   
impossible ( rem$y4  ,on ^! ?ree        
gr\nds--( its necessity = ! future      
public welf>e1 t ! self-int]e/ ( ! p>5t 
(t5 proves b a feeble motive p[]1 & t ! 
volunt>y ag5cies plac$ at ! disposal ( !
 poor are unable sy/ematically to       

und]take ?is "w--we may ma9ta9 t ! duty 
may legitimately be laid ^u ! ,/ate4  ,b
 ! fur!r "q z to h[ f> x becomes ! duty 
( ! ,/ate to und]take ! provision (     
rem$ial measures ei!r 9 ! way ( supply+ 
m$ical aid or 9 ! provision 9 necessit\s
 cases ( rem$ial measures1 z e4g4       
spectacles 9 ! case ( defective         
eyesight1 is a "q ( mu* great]          
difficulty4  ,at pres5t any positive    
help ( ?is nature is ! exception r ?an !
 rule1 & is und]tak5 by ag5cies work$ on
 ! volunt>y pr9ciple1 & ! rem$ial       
measures adopt$ are limit$ to ! treatm5t
 ( c]ta9 m9or ailm5ts4 ,e4g41 9         
,liv]pool1 ,birm+ham1 & o!r places1     
,que5's nurses regul>ly visit ! s*ools1 
& und]take ei!r 9 s*ool or at ! homes ( 
! *ildr5 simple curative treatm5t ( m9or
 surgical cases4 ,b :ile x may be held t
 ! duty ( ! ,/ate is limit$ to ! m$ical 
exam9ation ( s*ool *ildr5 9 ord] to     
discov] ! pres5ce ( physical & m5tal    
defects1 & t ?is be+ done1 any fur!r    
responsibility1 :e!r 9 ! way ei!r (     

provid+ or procur+ rem$ies1 falls ^u !  
individual p>5t1 yet we h suffici5t     
evid5ce to %[ t1 9 _m cases1 ei!r ?r\gh 
! pov]ty or ! apa?y & indiff]5ce ( !    
p>5ts1 no /eps are tak5 9 ! way (       
provid+ ! necess>y rem$ies1 & z a       
consequ5ce we h gr[+ up 9 our mid/      
*ildr5 :o 9 aft]-life w1 ?r\gh ! lack ( 
simple curative treatm5t und]tak5 at !  
prop] "t1 become m or less socially     
ineffici5t4  ,moreov]1 x is to be not$ t
 9 ?is matt] ! ,/ate has already        
recognis$ its public obligation to      
provide rem$ial aid 9 its provision = ! 
education & lodg+ ( ! bl9d1 ! deaf & !  
dumb1 & 9 ! measures tak5 )9 rec5t ye>s 
= ! special education ( ! defective & ! 
epileptic4 ,! provision = ^! purposes   
may inde$ be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nds t !    
exp5se ( ! education ( *ildr5 ( !       
indu/rial classes s afflict$ is beyond !
 p[]s ( any "o individual1 or gr\p (    
individuals1 to supply1 & t unless      
und]tak5 by ! ,/ate x w\ld n be         
effici5tly made1 ) ! consequ5ce ( ?r[+ !

 ma9t5ance h]eaft] ( ^! p>ticul> classes
 ^u ! community3 on ! gr\nd1 !re=e1 ( ! 
future protective b5efit to society1 su*
 exp5se may be legitimately laid ^u !   
community z a :ole4 ,fur!r1 9 ^! cases1 
! dang] ( ! weak5+ ( ! s5se ( p>5tal    
responsibility is n an extreme dang] to 
! ,commonweal?1 s9ce ! aid is def9itely 
limit$ to a re/rict$ numb] ( cases1 &   
s9ce ! moral obligation impos$ ^u !     
individual to provide = ! education ( 8 
*ildr5 c\ld 9 _m cases n be fulfill$ )\t
 ! by f> great] portion ( ! exp5se be+  
provid$ by means ( public or volunt>y   
aid4  ,9 l mann]1 ! exp5se ( ! special  
education ( ! morally defective 9       
,indu/rial ,s*ools & 9 o!r in/itutions  
may be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( ! pres5t &  
future protective b5efit to society4 ,9 
^! cases p>5tal gov]nm5t has ei!r       
altoge!r ceas$ or become too weak to act
 z an effective re/ra9+ =ce1 & z a      
consequ5ce ! community = its own        
self-pres]vation has to und]take !      
control & education ( ! actual or       

incipi5t y\?ful crim9al4 ,9 _! ,report !
 ,royal ,commission]s on ,physical      
,tra9+ 7,scotl&7 sadly decl>e t         
,indu/rial & simil> in/itutions c]ta9ly 
give ! boys & girls :o come "u _!       
influ5ce advantages 9 fe$+ & physical   
tra9+ :i* are n op5 to ! *ildr5 (       
indep5d5t & respectable ?\gh poor p>5ts4
 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! condition ( *ildr5 
z se5 9 ! poor] day s*ools & *ildr5 9   
,indu/rial in/itutions1 ^: p>5ts h      
altoge!r fail$ to d _! duty1 is bo? m>k$
 & pa9ful4#ai  ,& yet x might be urg$ t 
! protective b5efit likely to be d]iv$ 9
 ! future by ! provision ( rem$ial means
 = ! removal ( ! simpl] defects 9 ! case
 ( ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts unable )\t great    
difficulty to supply ^! !mselves is no  
less evid5t ?an 9 ! m extreme cases4 ,b 
"h ! only s\nd pr9ciple ( guidance is to
 ask :e!r ! rem$ial measures requir$ are
 reasonably )9 ! p[] ( ! p>5t to        
provide4 ,if !y are n1 no community :i* 
ex]cises a wise =e?\ght w suff] *ildr5  
to gr[ up gradually becom+ m & m        

defective1 m & m likely 9 aft]-life to  
be a burd5 ^u its res\rces4 ,b ?is "q ( 
! provision ( rem$ial aid involves a mu*
 l>g] "q1 :i* we %all n[ discuss4       
,,app5dix  ,z %[+ ! ne$ = ! sy/ematic   
exam9ation ( ! special s5se organs1 ,i  
app5d a summ>y ( ! results arriv$ at & !
 conclusions rea*$ by ,dr4 ,wright      
,?omson aft] exam9ation ( ! eyesight (  
*ildr5 att5d+ ! ,public ,elem5t>y       
,s*ools "u ! ,glasg[ ,s*ool ,bo>d3--    
,! tea*]s te/$ ! visual acut5ess (      
#eb1dic *ildr51 &      f\nd #ah1efe1 or 
#ce p] c5t41 to be bel[ :at is reg>d$ z 
!      normal /&>d4       ,i exam9$ !   
#ah1efe defectives by ret9oscopy1 & f\nd
 t      #aa1bji1 or #ba p] c5t4 ( !     
:ole1 _h ocul> defects4       ,!        
p]c5tage ) ocul> defects 0 fairly       
con/ant 9 all !      s*ools1 b !        
p]c5tage ) defective vision 0 v         
v>iable--i4e41 _m *ildr5 ) normal eyes 7
 f\nd to see      badly4       ,!       
proportion ( ^! cases 0 highe/ 9 ! poor 
&      closely-built di/ricts & 9 old   

s*ools1 & 0 l[e/ 9 !      bett] class   
s*ools & 9 ^? ne> ! outskirts ( ! city4 
,! proportion ( su* cases 9 ! c\ntry    
s*ools ( ,*ry/on      & ,cumb]nauld 0   
mu* l[] ?an 9 any ( ! city s*ools2 &    
9 ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 :]e ! *ildr5 are  
f$ at s*ool1 !      proportion 0 l[] ?an
 among ,bo>d ,s*ool *ildr5 ( a          
correspond+ social class4               
,defective vision1 ap>t f ocul> defect1 
seems to be due1      p>tly to want (   
tra9+ ( ! eyes = di/ant objects1 &      
p>tly to exhau/ion ( ! eyes1 :i* is     
easily induc$ :5 "w      is c>ri$ on 9  
bad light1 or ! nutrition ( ! *ildr5    
defective f bad fe$+ & unheal?y         
surr\nd+s4       ,reg>d+ tra9+ ( ! eyes 
= di/ant objects1 mu* might be      done
 9 ! infant dep>tm5t by ! total         
abolition ( sew+1      :i* is def9itely 
hurtful to su* "y eyes1 & !             
sub/itution ( competitive games involv+ 
! recognition (      small objects at a 
di/ance ( #bj feet or m4       ,tea*]s c
 det]m9e ! visual acut5ess1 b !y _c     

decide :e!r or n an ocul> defect is     
pres5t4       ,visual acut5ess1         
especially among poor *ildr51 is v>iable
 at      diff]5t times4       ,tea*]s   
%\ld h access to sight-te/+ mat]ials at 
all      times1 & %\ld h ! opportunity (
 ref]r+ suspect$ cases      = m$ical    
op9ion4       ,an annual te/+ by !      
tea*]s1 foll[$ by m$ical inspection     
( ! *ildr5 f\nd defective1 w\ld soon    
cause all exi/+      defects to be      
correct$1 & w\ld lead to ! detection (  
^?      :i* develop dur+ s*ool life4    
,an exam9ation ( #ejb *ildr5 att5d+ !   
,*ur* ( ,scotl& ,tra9+ ,college ,s*ool1 
,glasg[1 z reg>ds defects 9 eyesight &  
he>+1 0 made by ,drs4 ,r[an & ,full]ton 
respectively1 ) ! foll[+ results3--     
,z reg>ds eyesight--       #fa4ee p]    
c5t4 7 pass$ z normal1 :ile ( ^?        
defective      #g4eg 7 aw>e ( ! fact2 "s
 few ( ^! _h already receiv$            
treatm5t1 b #cj4hh 7 q unaw>e t !re 0   
any?+      wrong1 ^! un=tunates be+     
expect$ to d ! same "w z1      & hold _!

 own )1 _! m =tunate classmates4        
,z reg>ds he>+--        #ed4d p] c5t4 7 
f\nd normal4        #bg4f         7     
defective4        #ah4          7       
di/9ctly defective4       ,i app5d ! v  
valuable sugge/ions & conclusions ( ,dr4
      ,r[an1 :o conduct$ ! exam9ation on
 ! eyesight ( *ildr53--       ,aft]     
exam9+ #ejb *ildr51 :i* involv$ !       
exam9ation (      #ajjd eyes1 "o is =c$ 
to c]ta9 conclusions4 ,^! *ildr5 are    
tak5 at r&om1 & 9 ?is way !y may be     
consid]$ z a fair      sample ( _! age &
 class4       ,i ?9k "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t  
=ce !mselves on our      notice is !    
difficulties "u :i* _m ( ^? *ildr5      
lab\r1 & ( :i* !y1 _! p>5ts & tea*]s are
 q      unaw>e4 ,! *ildr5 are consid]$  
dull1 c>eless1 or lazy1 z      ! case   
may be3 !y !mselves1 poor un=tunates1 d 
n "k      h[ to compla91 & seem j to    
/ruggle along z be/ !y c1      ?\gh ?is 
/ruggle1 )\t adequate result1 mu/       
disc\rage      !m1 & 9 ?is indirect way1
 too1 make _! future prospects      m   

hopeless4       ,"s w\ld be consid]ably 
b5efit$ by treatm5t & op]ation1      or 
bo?1 :ile = "s little c be done4 ,"s (  
^? :o c\ld      be b5efit$ are depriv$ (
 help by _! p>5ts' ignorance or         
prejudice4       ,9 ! case ( ^? = :om   
little or no?+ c be done1 &      ^:     
sight is v defective1 x seems to me ! "q
 ought to      be rais$ z to :e!r _!    
pres5t mode ( education %\ld n      be  
replac$ by "s o!r1 :i* w\ld endeav\r to 
develop _!      abilities 9 o!r ways ?an
 ?r\gh _! eyesight2 9 %ort1 !y      %\ld
 h special tra9+ ) ! view ( fitt+ !m =  
"s      =m ( employm5t = :i* !y are m   
fitt$ ?an ! ord9>y      occupations (   
ev]yday life4 ,?is raises a difficult   
"q1 &      ea* case w\ld h to be settl$ 
on its m]its4 ,! difficulty      mu/ be 
fac$2 o!rwise ! *ildr5 w simply drift & 
become      idle & useless1 :ile1 if    
educat$1 at any rate p>tly1 on !        
sy/em = ! bl9d1 !y w\ld become useful   
memb]s ( society4       ,i ?9k no "o1   
aft] /udy+ ! result ( ?is exam9ation (  

:at may be by "s consid]$ a small numb] 
( *ildr51 c      d\bt t a ?or\gh m$ical 
exam9ation ( all s*ool *ildr5      %\ld 
be made :5 !y ent] s*ool1 & ?is         
exam9ation      repeat$ at regul>       
int]vals4       ,i hold ?is applies n   
only to ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 b to         
*ildr5 9 all ranks ( life1 z "o         
con/antly1 & t1 too1 9      private     
practice1 meets ) cases :]e *ildr5 are  
consid]$      dull & lazy1 :ile ! real  
fault lies ) ! p>5ts1 :o h      n tak5 !
 tr\ble to asc]ta9 ! physical fitness or
      unfitness ( _! *ildr54       ,i am
 glad to say x is n[ becom+ m common =  
*ildr5 to be      tak5 to ! family      
doctor1 to a speciali/1 or to bo?1 to be
      ?or\ghly ov]haul$ be=e />t+       
s*ool-life2 & 9 _m      cases ) mo/     
satisfactory results1 z _! tra9+ c be   
modifi$ or treatm5t ord]$ :i* prev5ts ! 
developm5t (      ^? pa?ological        
conditions :i*1 9 _m cases1 w\ld limit !
      *oice ( occupation1 or1 if ^! are 
already pres5t1 !y c at      lea/ be    

modifi$ or ev5 ov]come4       ,i wi% to 
emphasise ! fact t ^? ?or\gh m$ical     
exam9ations %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! case (  
all *ildr5 at      regul> int]vals1 z 9 
?is way alone c a prop] physical        
/&>d be ma9ta9$1 & deviations f ! normal
 detect$      promptly & 9 _m cases cur$
 be=e ! suff]] is aw>e (      _!        
pres5ce4       ,h[ (t5 9 exam9+ our     
adult pati5ts d we f9d !m mu*           
surpris$ :5 !y are told & conv9c$ by    
actual pro( t all      _! life !y h     
dep5d$ on "o eye only6 ,?is fact1 (     
c\rse1 !y sometimes accid5tally discov] 
= !mselves1 &      come ) ! /atem5t t ! 
eye has sudd5ly gone bl9d4 ,9      !    
majority ( ^! cases ! weak] eye is      
useless1 & !      possibility ( mak+ x (
 any use is1 at _! age1 practically     
nil4   ,,footnotes3  #af ,cf4 ,special  
,report on ,educational ,subjects1 vol4 
ii4  #ag ,cf4 ,report on ,elem5t>y      
,s*ools ( ,b]l9 & ,*>lott5burg1 by ,g4  
,&rew1 ,esq4  #ah ,cf4 ,app5dix1 pp4    
#fb-fe4  #ai ,report ,royal ,commission 

on ,physical ,tra9+ 7,scotl&71 vol4 i4  
7,neill  ,co14 ,ed9burgh74     ,,*apt]  
,,vii  ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,/ate    
,,to ,,education--,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,s*ool
 ,,*ildr5   ,a mu* m important &        
f>-rea*+ "q ?an t ( ! ,/ate provision = 
! m$ical exam9ation & inspection (      
*ildr5 att5d+ ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 
is ! "q ( :e!r1 & to :at ext5t1 ! ,/ate 
%\ld und]take ! provision ( s*ool meals 
= und]f$ *ildr54  ,( ! exi/5ce ( ! evil 
( "u & improp] fe$+ ( *ildr51 especially
 9 _m ( our l>ge t[ns1 !re is no d\bt4  
,! num]\s volunt>y ag5cies :i* h be5    
br\ght into exi/5ce to cope ) ! =m] are 
suffici5t evid5ce t ! evil exi/s & t x  
is ( a widespread nature4 ,aga91 ! high 
rate ( infant mortality among/ ! *ildr5 
( ! l[] classes is l>gely due to        
ignorance on ! "p ( p>5ts ( ! nature &  
prop] prep>ation ( food suitable =      
*ildr54 ,fur!r1 ! social conditions "u  
:i* _m ( ! poor live 9 our l>ge t[ns is 
a contribut+ cause ( ?is improp] fe$+4  
,9 _m cases !re is no adequate provision

 9 ! home = ! cook+ & prep>ation ( food1
 & 9 o!rs ! abs5ce ( ! "m at "w dur+ !  
day necessitates ! *ildr5 f5d+ =        
!mselves 9 ! provid+ ( _! meals4 ,h[ev]1
 9 consid]+ ?is "q we mu/ c>efully      
di/+ui% betwe5 ?ree di/9ct causes op]at+
 to produce ! condition ( und]fe$+1 & z 
a consequ5ce result+ 9 ?ree di/9ct      
classes ( und]f$ *ildr54 ,z ! causes or 
gr\ps ( causes are diff]5t 9 nature1 s !
 rem$ies also v>y 9 "*4 ,moreov]1 9 _m  
cases we f9d all ?ree causes op]at+1 n[ 
"o & n[ ! o!r1 to produce ! *ronic      
und]fe$+ ( ! *ild4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !  
und]fe$+ ( ! *ild may arise ?r\gh !     
tempor>y pov]ty ( ! p>5t due to 8       
tempor>y illness or tempor>y            
unemploym5t4 ,9 normal circum/ances1 9  
^! cases relief is be/ af=d$ by means ( 
! volunt>y ag5cies ( society4 ,9        
abnormal circum/ances1 su* z are caus$  
by a widespread depression ( indu/ry1 ! 
evil may be met by a special ef=t on !  
"p ( ! volunt>y ag5cies or by           
municipalities or o!r bodies provid+    

tempor>y relief-"w4  ,9 ! second place1 
! und]fe$+ ( ! *ild may be due to !     
*ronic & p]man5t pov]ty ( ! p>5t4 ,!    
wages ( ! breadw9n] ev5 :5 9 full "w may
 be insuffici5t to af=d adequate support
 = a num]\s family4 ,?is condition ( ?+s
 is n peculi> to ,great ,brita91 b is a 
common *>act]i/ic 9 ! life ( ! poor (   
all civilis$ nations4 ,?is is :]e ! real
 /+ ( ! problem ( und]fe$+ lies1 & !    
causes at "w t5d+ to produce ?is        
condition ( ?+s are too deep-seat$ & too
 widely spread to be remov$ by any "o   
rem$y4 ,moreov]1 9 endeav\r+ to cure ?is
 disease ( ! ,commonweal? we are ev] 9  
dang] ( p]petuat+ & int5sify+ ! causes  
at "w t5d+ to produce ! evil4  ,9 ! ?ird
 place1 ! und]fe$+ ( ! *ild may arise   
?r\gh ! indiff]5ce1 ! selfi%ness1 or !  
vice ( ! p>5ts4 ,9 su* cases ! p>5ts    
c\ld fe$ _! *ildr51 b d n4 ,manife/ly 9 
cases ( ?is "* !re is no obligation     
plac$ ^u ! ,/ate & no rightful claim ^u 
any *>itable ag5cy to provide food = !  
*ildr54 ,to give aid simply weak5s fur!r

 ! p>5tal s5se ( responsibility1 &      
leaves a wid] m>g9 to be sp5t on vici\s 
pleasures4 ,b :ile !re is no obligation 
plac$ ^u ! ,/ate to provide ! necess>ies
 ( life = ! *ild1 !re is ne$ &          
ju/ification 9 su* cases = ! int]v5tion 
( ! ,/ate4 ,!re is ne$1 = o!rwise ! *ild
 suff]s ?r\gh ! crim9al neglect ( !     
p>5ts1 & ! community mu/ int]f]e = !    
sake ( ! future social effici5cy ( !    
individual & ( ! nation4 ,!re is        
ju/ification1 = "h z 9 ! case ( ! p>5ts 
( ! morally defective1 p>5tal           
responsibility has ei!r ceas$ to act or 
become too weak a motive =ce to be      
effective 9 secur+ ! welf>e ( ! *ild4 ,z
 ! individual p>5t neglects 8 duty1 s & 
to ! correspond+ degree to :i* ?is      
neglect ext5ds1 mu/ ! duty be en=c$ by !
 ,/ate4 ,b 9 ! en=c+ ( ?is or ( any duty
 we mu/ be q sure t ! neglect is really 
due to ! weak5$ s5se ( responsibility ( 
! p>5t1 t x is a condition ( ?+s :i* he 
c\ld remove if he _h ! moral w to d s1 &
 t ! neglect is n due to causes beyond !

 p[] ( ! p>5t to remove4  ,cases 9 :i*  
!re is culpable neglect ( ! *ild due n  
to pov]ty1 b to ! fact t ! money :i*    
%\ld g to ! prop] nutrition ( ! *ild is 
squ&]$ 9 dr9k1 or on o!r en]vat+        
pleasures1 are !re=e cases 9 :i* rec\rse
 mu/ be _h to measures :i* en=ce ^u !   
p>5t ! obligation to fe$ & clo! 8       
*ildr54 ,! really difficult "q is z to !
 be/ means ( en=c+ ?is obligation4      
,manife/ly to puni% by f9e or           
imprisonm5t does little 9 _m cases to   
alleviate ! suff]+s ( ! *ildr54 ,!      
puni%m5t falls ^u !m z well z ^u ! p>5t1
 & :]e ! latt] is dead to1 or c>eless (1
 ! public op9ion ( 8 fell[s1 x fails to 
initiate t re=m ( conduct :i* ought to  
be ! aim ( all puni%m5t4 ,if inde$ by   
imposition ( f9e1 or by imprisonm5t1 !  
individual realises 8 neglect ( duty1   
rep5ts1 & z a consequ5ce re=ms1 !n good 
& well1 b z a rule ! neglect ( ! *ild is
 9 su* cases a moral disease ( long /&+ 
& n easily cur$1 & s we f9d (t5 t nei!r 
puni%m5t by f9e nor imprisonm5t1 ev5 :5 

repeat$ sev]al times1 is effective 9    
mak+ ! p>5t realise 8 responsibility &  
re=m 8 conduct4 ,all ! :ile ! *ild goes 
on suff]+4 ,he is no bett] f$ dur+ !    
p]iod ( f9e or imprisonm5t1 & ! wra? ( !
 p>5t is (t5 visit$ ^u 8 un(f5d+ head4  
,! second me?od ( cure propos$ is to fe$
 ! *ildr5 at ! public exp5se & to recov]
 ! co/ by process ( law4 ,b ! practical 
difficulties 9 c>ry+ out ?is plan are   
simil> 9 k9d to ^? =m]ly exp]i5c$ 9 !   
recov]y ( unpaid s*ool fees4 ,! co/ (   
recov]+ is (t5 great] ?an ! exp5se      
involv$1 & z a consequ5ce local         
au?orities are n incl9$ to prosecute4   
,fur!r1 !re is ! difficulty (           
discrim9at+ betwe5 und]fe$+ due to      
wilful & culpable neglect & und]fe$+ due
 to ! actual *ronic pov]ty ( ! p>5t4 ,if
 ?is plan is to be effective1 "s simpl] 
me?od ( recov]y ( co/ ?an t :i* n[      
prevails mu/ be adopt$4 ,e4g41 x might  
be enact$ t ! sum decre$ = %\ld be      
d$uct$ f ! weekly wages ( ! p>5t by 8   
employ]4 ,"h aga9 _m difficulties w\ld  

pres5t !mselves 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is     
plan4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 employm5ts ?is  
c\ld n be done4 ,9 o!r cases1 employ]s  
w\ld be unwill+ to und]take ! invidi\s  
task4 ,moreov]1 ! co/ ( collection might
 equal or be great] ?an ! co/ incurr$4  
,above all1 su* a me?od w\ld d little to
 alleviate ! suff]+s & bett] ! nutrition
 ( ! *ild4 ,9 mo/ cases ! s*ool provides
 b "o meal a day4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 
! case ( *ildr5 ( ! dissolute ! free    
meal at ! s*ool means less food at home4
 ,7 ! co/ d$uct$ f ! weekly wages ( !   
p>5t1 ! result w\ld be int5sifi$4 ,s    
great h be5 ! difficulties felt 9 ?is   
matt] t ) "o or two exceptions no =eign 
c\ntry has made ! attempt to recov] !   
co/ ( fe$+ f ! p>5t4 ,yet ! disease     
requires a rem$y4 ,! evil is too dang]\s
 to ! future social welf>e ( ! community
 to be all[$ to g on un*eck$ & unrem$i$4
 ,moreov]1 to endeav\r to educate !     
p]si/5tly und]f$ *ildr5 ( our slums is  
to d !m a tw(old injury4 ,by ! ex]cises 
( ! s*ool we use up1 9 _m cases1 )      

little result1 ! small /ore ( en]gy     
lodg$ 9 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em ( ! *ild1 &
 leave no?+ ei!r = ! repair ( ! n]v\s   
sy/em or = ! gr[? ( 8 body g5]ally4 ,we 
prematurely exhau/ 8 n]v\s sy/em1 & by s
 do+ we h9d] 8 bodily gr[? & developm5t4
 ,to make matt]s worse1 we (t5 insi/ t !
 *ild 9 ord] to aid 8 physical          
developm5t mu/ und]go an exhau/+ sy/em (
 physical ex]cises :5 :at is mo/ want$ =
 ?is purpose is good & n\ri%+ food & a  
suffici5cy ( sleep4 ,at ! same "t t we  
are neglect+ ! nutrition ( 8 body we are
 sp5d+ an increas+ ye>ly sum on !       
s-call$ education ( 8 m9d4 ,:at1 !n1 is 
! rem$y8 ,if f9+ & imprisonm5t ( ! p>5t 
only acc5tuate ! suff]+s ( ! *ild1 if !y
 fail to make ! p>5t realise 8          
responsibility & re=m 8 conduct1 if !   
provision ( a free meal at s*ool means  
less food at home1 !n !re is only "o    
?or\gh-go+ rem$y = ! evil1 & t is to    
take ! *ild away f ! p>5t1 to educate & 
fe$ him at ! public exp5se1 & to recov] 
! co/ z f> z possible f ! p>5t4 ,9      

,norway ?is dra/ic me?od has be5 adopt$4
 ,"u a law pass$ on ! #f? ,janu>y #ahif1
 ! au?orities are emp[]$ to place       
neglect$ *ildr5 9 suitable homes or     
families at ! co/ ( ! municipality1 !   
p>5t1 h[ev]1 be+ liable1 if call$ ^u1 to
 defray ! co/4#bj  ,! reasons = tak+ ?is
 extreme /ep are obvi\s4 ,by no me?od ( 
puni%+ ! p]si/5tly dissolute &          
neglectful p>5t c y be assur$ ( secur+ !
 prop] nutrition & welf>e ( ! *ild4     
,p>5tal affection 9 ^! cases is dead1 & 
p>5tal responsibility = ! pres5t &      
future welf>e ( ! *ild has ceas$ to act 
z a motive =ce4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! *ild 
gr[s up to be1 at be/1 socially         
ineffici5t1 & liable 9 lat] life to be a
 burd5 ^u ! community4 ,9 _m cases1 !   
evil & sordid influ5ces ( 8 home &      
social environm5t soon *eck any spr+s ( 
good 9 8 nature1 & m ?an likely he      
becomes 9 lat] life n m]ely a socially  
ineffici5t memb] ( ! community b an     
active socially de/ructive ag5t4 ,h5ce1 
on ! gr\nd ( ! future protective b5efit 

to society1 on ! gr\nd ( secur+ ! future
 social effici5cy ( ! individual1 on !  
gr\nd t x is only by "s su* sy/em we c  
ev] hope to raise ! moral effici5cy ( ! 
ris+ g5]ation ( ! slums1 ! me?od above  
advocat$ is wor?y ( consid]ation4       
,aga9/ ! adoption ( su* a me?od (       
treatm5t ( ! dissolute p>5t _m          
objections may be urg$1 & x w\ld be     
fooli% to m9imise ! dang]s :i* might    
foll[ its sy/ematic & ?or\gh c>ry+ into 
practice4 ,b ! possible injury to !     
community ?r\gh ! weak5+ ( ! s5se (     
p>5tal responsibility seems to me small 
9 comp>ison ) ! future good likely to   
result f ! increas$ physical1 economic1 
& e?ical effici5cy ( ! next g5]ation :i*
 might reasonably be expect$ to foll[ f 
! rigor\s c>ry+ out ( su* a plan = a "t4
 ,! fe> le/ a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( p>5ts 
might endeav\r to rid !mselves ( !      
direct c>e ( _! *ildr51 if ?is plan 7   
adopt$1 ne$ n det] u4 ,if ?is plan 7    
c>ri$ into practice1 !n "s ext5sion ( ! 
scope ( ! ,indu/rial ,acts w\ld be r5d]$

 necess>y1 & "s su* ext5sion seems to h 
be5 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,select ,committee 9 _!
 ,report on ! ,education 7,provision (  
,meals7 ,bill1 #aijf1 9 consid]+ _!     
recomm5dations4#ba  ,b ! importance ( ! 
two classes ( cases already consid]$    
s9ks into comp>ative insignificance     
comp>$ ) ! ?ird class ( cases4 ,tempor>y
 und]fe$+ caus$ by tempor>y pov]ty c be 
met 9 _m ways )\t to any appreciable    
degree less5+ ! s5se ( ! moral          
obligation ( ! p>5t to provide ! p]sonal
 necessities ( food & clo?+ = 8 *ildr54 
,9 ! case1 aga91 ( ! p]si/5tly dissolute
 & neglectful p>5t1 moral consid]ations 
h ceas$ to op]ate1 & s ! individual by  
"s me?od or o!r mu/ be =c$ to p]=m      
:atev] "p ( ! obligation c be exact$ f  
him4  ,b 9 ! ?ird class ( cases p>5tal  
responsibility may be an active & will+ 
=ce1 yet ! means available may be s     
limit$ 9 ext5t t ! *ild is 9 ! *ronic   
condition ( be+ und]f$4 ,no "o :o       
c>efully consid]s ! in=mation rec5tly   
suppli$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education z to !  

me?ods ( fe$+ ! *ildr5 att5d+ ,public   
,elem5t>y ,s*ools 9 ! great ,cont95tal  
cities & 9 ,am]ica c arrive at any o!r  
conclusion ?an t "h we are 9 ! pres5ce (
 an evil n local b g5]al1 & app>5tly    
incid5tal to ! organisation ( ! mod]n   
indu/rial ,/ate4 ,= :e!r by volunt>y    
ag5cies1 by municipal grants1 or by     
,/ate aid1 e great ,cont95tal city has  
f\nd x necess>y to organise & in/itute  
"s sy/em ( fe$+ s*ool *ildr54  ,! only  
inf]5ce to be drawn f su* a condition ( 
?+s is t 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ! normal
 wages ( ! lab\r] are insuffici5t to    
ma9ta9 himself & 8 family 9 any?+ l a   
dec5t /&>d ( com=t4 ,h[ l>ge a          
proportion ( ! population ( our great   
cities is 9 ?is condition x is difficult
 exactly to e/imate1 b !re is no d\bt t 
a v consid]able numb] ( cases ( ! *ronic
 und]fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 may be trac$ to
 ! insuffici5cy ( ! home income to      
support ! family4 ,! moral obligation to
 provide ! p]sonal necessities ( food & 
clo?+ = 8 *ildr5 is active1 b ! means = 

! realisation ( ! obligation _c be      
provid$ 9 _m cases ! endeav\r fully to  
meet ! ne$s ( ! *ild results 9 ! less5$ 
effici5cy ( ! breadw9n] ( ! family4  ,! 
real causes at "w t5d+ to keep ! wages (
 ! unskill$ lab\r] ev] hov]+ r\nd a m]e 
subsi/5ce rate mu/ be remov$1 if any?+ l
 a p]man5t cure ( ?is social evil is to 
be effect$4 ,we mu/ endeav\r on ! "o h& 
to less5 ! supply ( unskill$ lab\r4 ,by 
s do+ ! rew>d ( su* lab\r w t5d to be   
increas$ mat]ially4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/
 dur+ ! next decade or two endeav\r by e
 means 9 our p[] to ensure t a l>g] &   
l>g] numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ! v poor %all 9 
! next g5]ation pass into ! ranks (     
skill$ lab\r4  ,b 9 ! meantime some?+   
mu/ be done4 ,! *ildr5 are !re2 !y /ill 
suff]2 & _! wrongs cry al\d = r$ress4 ,x
 is c]ta9ly true t any aid giv5 to !    
*ild w t5d mean:ile to keep ! wages at  
b>e subsi/5ce rates4 ,x is also true t !
 di/ribution ( relief only t5ds to make 
! poor com=table 9 _! pov]ty1 in/ead (  
help+ !m to rise out ( x4 ,all ?is & mu*

 m might be urg$ aga9/ ! dem& to        
in/itute & organise ! sy/ematic public  
fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr54 ,b ^! evils are    
evils :i* fall ^u ! pres5t adult        
population4 ,education has1 h[ev]1 to d 
) ! future1 ) ! next g5]ation & n ) ?is4
 ,its aim is to secure t z l>ge a numb] 
z possible ( ! *ildr5 ( ! pres5t        
g5]ation w gr[ up to be economically &  
e?ically effici5t memb]s ( ! community4 
,to secure ?is end ! problem ( und]fe$+ 
is only "o ( ! problems t mu/ be solv$4 
,if we adopt "s sy/ematic plan = secur+ 
! full nutrition ( ! *ildr5 ( ! pres5t1 
?is mu/ g h& 9 h& ) o!r rem$ies4 ,dur+ !
 /age ( transition we %all h to take    
into acc\nt t = a "t ! wages ( ! poore/ 
class ( lab\r] w t5d to rema9 at _!     
pres5t l[ rate2 we %all h to face !     
dang] t by giv+ su* aid we may 9 "s     
cases /ill fur!r weak5 ! s5se ( moral   
obligation ( ! p>5ts ( ! pres5t         
g5]ation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we d no?+1  
or if we look to ! pres5t volunt>y      
ag5cies to g on do+ :at !y c to rem$y ! 

evil1 :at !n8 ,w ! evil be less5$ 9 !   
next g5]ation8 ,assur$ly n1 if !        
exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t & ( ! pa/ are safe  
guides z to :at we may expect 9 !       
future4  ,h5ce we h no hesitation 9 urg+
 t ! fe$+ ( *ildr5 att5d+ ! ,public     
,elem5t>y ,s*ools %\ld be organis$ on   
l9es simil> to ! recomm5dations laid d[n
 9 ! ,special ,report f ! ,special      
,committee on ,education 7,provision (  
,meals7 ,bill1 #aijf4bb  ,b if we c>ry  
out ^! recomm5dations & d no?+ else1 !n 
x may be t we %all p>tially rem$y ! evil
 9 ! next g5]ation1 b we %all to a l>ge 
ext5t p]petuate ! pres5t condition (    
?+s4 ,side by side ) ?is1 we mu/        
in/itute & set o!r ag5cies at "w4 ,by ! 
in/itution ( ,free ,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ools 9 !
 poor] di/ricts ( our l>ge t[ns1 by     
po/pon+ ! beg9n+ ( ! =mal education ( ! 
*ild to a lat] age1 by a sci5tific c\rse
 ( physical education1 by bett] trade & 
te*nical s*ools1 & if ne$ be by !       
compulsory att5dance ( *ildr5 at ev5+   
cont9uation s*ools1 we mu/ b5d our e    

ef=t to secure t ! ranks ( ! casual1 !  
unskill$1 & ! unemployable %all be      
less5$1 & ! ranks ( ! skill$ &          
intellig5t work] increas$4  ,z ! free+ (
 elem5t>y education c be ju/ifi$ on !   
gr\nd t ! education ( ! *ild is necess>y
 = ! future protection ( ! ,/ate1 s on  
simil> gr\nds x may be urg$ t !         
nutrition ( ! *ild is also necess>y4    
,)\t ?is our m]ely educational ag5cies c
 nev] adequately secure ! social        
effici5cy ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,at ! same 
"t1 unless 9 ! future ! ne$ = free      
education & free food becomes less &    
less1 & unless by ! means sket*$ above  
we re> up a g5]ation economically &     
morally indep5d5t1 !n truly we h n      
discov]$ ! me?od by :i* man c be rais$  
to indep5d5ce & rationality4   ,,app5dix
  ,recomm5dations ( ! ,select ,committee
 on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7    
,bill1 #aijf4        ,! evid5ce1 v]bal &
 docum5t>y1 plac$ be=e ! ,committee     
has l$ !m to arrive at ! foll[+ g5]al   
conclusions3--       #a4 ,t x is exp$i5t

 t ! ,local ,education ,au?ority %\ld   
be emp[]$ to organise & direct !        
provision ( a midday meal      = *ildr5 
att5d+ ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 & t   
/atutory p[]s %\ld be giv5 to ,local    
,au?orities to e/abli%      ,committees 
to deal ) s*ool cante5s4       #b4 ,t   
su* ,committees %\ld be compos$ (       
repres5tatives (      ! ,local          
,education ,au?ority1 repres5tatives ( !
 ,volunt>y      ,subscrib]s1 & :]e ?\ght
 desirable a repres5tative ( !          
,bo>d ( ,gu>dians1 & ( ! local bran* ( !
 ,society = !      ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty
 to ,*ildr51 :]e su* exi/s4 ,t ! ,head  
,tea*]1 ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]1 & ! 
,reliev+ ,(fic]      %\ld "w 9          
association ) su* ,committee4       #c4 
,t p[] %\ld be giv5 = ! ,local          
,education ,au?orities1      :5 !y deem 
x desirable1 to raise loans & sp5d money
 on !      provision ( suitable         
accommodation & (ficials1 & = !         
prep>ation1 cook+1 & s]v+ ( meals to !  
*ildr5      att5d+ ,public ,elem5t>y    

,s*ools4       #d4 ,t only 9 extreme &  
exceptional cases1 :]e x c be      %[n t
 nei!r ! p>5ts' res\rces nor ,local     
,volunt>y ,funds      are suffici5t to  
cov] ! co/1 & aft] ! cons5t ( !         
,bo>d ( ,education z to ! necessity =   
su* exp5diture has      be5 obta9$1 a   
,local ,au?ority may h rec\rse to !     
rates =      ! provision ( ! co/ ( !    
actual food2 ! local rate =      ?is    
purpose to 9 no case exce$ d4 9 ! 4     
#e4 ,t ! ,local ,education ,au?ority    
%\ld1 z f> z possible1      associate ) 
itself1 & enc\rage ! cont9uance (1      
volunt>y      ag5cies 9 connection ) !  
"w ( fe$+ ( *ildr54       #f4 ,t :atev] 
/eps may be necess>y1 by way ( ext5sion 
(      ! ,indu/rial ,s*ools & !         
,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5        
,acts or o!rwise1 %\ld be tak5 to secure
 t p>5ts able to      d s & neglect+ to 
make prop] provision = ! fe$+ (      _! 
*ildr5 %all be proce$$ aga9/ = ! recov]y
 ( !      co/2 & t ! ,gu>dians1 or :]e  
available ! ,society =      ! ,prev5tion

 ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr51 & n ! ,local    
,education      ,au?ority1 be emp[]$ to 
prosecute 9 any cases com+ "u !      law
 9 respect to ! neglect ( p>5ts to make 
prop] provision      = ! fe$+ ( _!      
*ildr54       #g4 ,t paym5t = meals1    
prior to ! meal1 :5ev] possible1        
%\ld be insi/$ ^u f ! p>5ts4       #h4  
,t x is undesirable t meals %\ld be s]v$
 9 rooms      habitually us$ = tea*+    
purposes1 & t ! ,regulations (      !   
,bo>d ( ,education %\ld c>ry ?is        
recomm5dation into      effect4         
#i4 ,t :il/ /rong te/imony has be5 plac$
 be=e !      ,committee to ! effect t ! 
tea*]s h giv5 & are giv+      admirable 
s]vice 9 ! way ( sup]vis+ ! provision ( 
meals      to ! *ildr51 x is ! op9ion ( 
! ,committee t x ought      n to be made
 "p ( ! conditions atta*+ to ! appo9tm5t
      ( any tea*] t he 7or %e7 %all or  
%all n take "p 9      disp5s+ meals     
provid$ = ! *ildr51 & t ! ,bo>d (       
,education %\ld c>ry ?is recomm5dation  
into effect4   ,,footnotes3  #bj ,cf4   

,und]f$ ,*ildr5 9 ,cont95tal & ,am]ican 
,cities 7pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 ,april   
#aijf74  #ba ,cf4 ,report on ,education 
7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bill1 especially 
,recomm5dation #f1 ,app5dix1 p4 #ge4    
#bb ,cf4 ,app5dix1 p4 #ge4     ,,*apt]  
,,viii  ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,!      
,,means ,,( ,,education   ,?r\gh\t we h 
assum$ t x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to see to
 ! adequate provision1 to ! due         
di/ribution1 & to ! prop] co-ord9ation (
 all ! ag5cies ( education1 & we h tak5 
up ?is position ma9ly on ! gr\nd t nei!r
 ! adequate provision nor ! prop]       
co-ord9ation ( ! means ( education c be 
safely left to ! self-int]e/ ( !        
individual or any gr\p ( individuals4   
,if left to be accompli%$ by purely     
volunt>y ag5cies1 bo? ! provision & !   
co-ord9ation w rema9 imp]fect1 & z a    
nation we c no long] neglect ! sy/ematic
 organisation & grad+ ( ! means (       
education4  ,b a misappreh5sion mu/ fir/
 be remov$4 ,9 decl>+ t all ! ag5cies ( 
=mal education %\ld be "u control ( !   

,/ate1 x is n to be inf]r$ t ?is control
 %\ld be bureaucratic4 ,9 _m m9ds ,/ate 
control is synonym\s ) gov]nm5t by      
inspectors & o!r (ficials ( ! c5tral    
au?ority4 ,b bureaucratic control 9 a   
nation ^: gov]nm5t is f\nd$ on a        
repres5tative basis is a disease r ?an a
 normal condition ( su* gov]nm5t4 ,9 a  
c\ntry :]e ! sov]eign p[] is ve/$ 9 an  
individual or 9 a limit$ numb] (        
individuals1 bureaucratic control is &  
mu/ be an ess5tial feature ( its        
gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! gov]nm5t  
is f\nd$ ^u ! repres5tative pr9ciple1 ! 
appe>ance ( bureaucracy is an indication
 ( "s imp]fection 9 ! organisation ( !  
,/ate itself4 ,! introduction ( !       
repres5tative pr9ciple may h be5 too    
premature or its ext5sion too rapid1 & z
 a consequ5ce ! gov]nm5t ( ! p by       
!mselves is ineffective ?r\gh ! g5]al   
want ( an enlight5$ self-int]e/ among/ !
 majority ( ! nation4 ,9 su* a condition
 ( affairs1 if progress is to be made1 x
 c only be accompli%$ effectively ?r\gh 

an enlight5$ m9ority =c+ its w ^u !     
un5light5$ & ignorant majority1 & z a   
result we may h ! creation ( an army (  
(ficial inspectors ^: *ief duty becomes 
to secure t ! w ( ! c5tral au?ority is  
realis$4 ,9 su* a condition ( ?+s !     
t5d5cy ev] is = m & m p[] to fall into !
 h&s ( ! p]man5t (ficials4  ,b ?is      
condition ( ?+s may arise 9 a gov]nm5t  
f\nd$ ^u ! repres5tative pr9ciple 9     
ano!r way4 ,! organs ?r\gh :i* ! w ( ! p
 makes itself kn[n may be imp]fect1 s t 
z a consequ5ce x fails to f9d adequate  
expression1 or its expression is felt   
only at infrequ5t int]vals4 ,if1 =      
example1 ! c5tral au?ority is s         
ov]burd5$ ) "w t little or insuffici5t  
att5tion is giv5 to _m matt]s ( supreme 
importance = ! welf>e ( ! nation1 !n x  
foll[s t m & m p[] w pass into ! h&s (  
its executive & advisory (fic]s4 ,?is   
condition ( ?+s w be fur!r int5sifi$ if 
! gov]n+ bodies *>g$ ) ! local control (
 national affairs are too weak or too   
un5light5$ to make _! voice effective4  

,n[1 ! t5d5cy to ! bureaucratic control 
( ! educational affairs ( our own c\ntry
 may be trac$ to all ?ree causes4 ,!    
want ( an enlight5$ self-int]e/ 9 !     
matt] ( education among/ a l>ge numb] ( 
! p1 ! ineffectiv5ess ( ,p>liam5t to    
deal ?or\ghly ) purely educational      
que/ions1 & ! weakness 9 _m cases ( !   
local gov]n+ bodies h all contribut$ to 
! gradual creation ( ! bureaucratic     
control ( education 9 ,great ,brita94 ,b
 ?is =m ( control is n entirely evil1 & 
9 c]ta9 cases x may be a necess>y /age 9
 ! developm5t ( a democracy pass+ f     
un5light5m5t to enlight5m5t4 ,! rem$ies 
= ?is imp]fection1 ?is disease (        
repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 ! matt] (      
educational control1 are 7#a7 ! spread (
 a m enlight5$ self-int]e/ z to ! value 
( education z a means ( secur+ ! social 
effici5cy ( ! nation & ( ! individual1  
7#b7 ! effective control ( education by 
! c5tral au?ority1 & 7#c7 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! 
local au?orities by devolv+ ^u !m m & m 
important educational duties4 ,by ?is   

means ! control ( education by ! ,/ate w
 become m & m ! control ( ! p by        
!mselves & = !mselves1 & ! *ief function
 ( (ficials & inspectors w !n be to     
advise c5tral & local au?orities h[ be/ 
to realise ! educational aims desir$ by 
! common w ( ! p4  ,let u n[ consid] !  
ma9 pr9ciples :i* %\ld guide ! ,/ate 9  
h] organisation ( ! means ( education4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 & ^u ?is all are agre$1
 ! control ( all grades ( education1    
prim>y1 second>y1 & te*nical1 %\ld be   
entru/$ to "o body 9 ea* area or        
di/rict4 ,= !re c be no co-ord9ation    
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! "w ( ! v>i\s s*ool    
ag5cies1 & !re c be no diff]5tiation ( !
 functions to be und]tak5 by ! v>i\s    
types ( s*ool1 until !re has be5        
e/abli%$ unity ( control4  ,9 ,engl&1 by
 ! ,act ( #aijb1 a great /ep 0 tak5     
t[>ds ! unification ( all ! ag5cies (   
education4 ,accord+ to its provisions1 !
 ,s*ool ,bo>d sy/em 0 aboli%$4 ,e ,c\nty
 ,c\ncil & ,c\nty ,bor\gh ,c\ncil1 & !  
,bor\gh ,c\ncils ( e non-c\nty bor\gh ) 

a population ( ov] #aj1jjj1 & ! ,di/rict
 ,c\ncil ( e urban di/rict ) a          
population ov] #bj1jjj1 became ! local  
education au?ority = elem5t>y education1
 :ile ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil & ! ,c\nty       
,bor\gh ,c\ncil became ! au?orities =   
high] education1 ) ! supplem5t>y aid ( !
 ,c\ncils ( all non-c\nty bor\ghs &     
urban di/ricts4 ,by ?is means !         
unification ( educational control has   
be5 realis$1 & already 9 _m di/ricts (  
,engl& mu* has be5 done to fur!r ! means
 ( high] education & to co-ord9ate ?is  
/age ) ! prec$+ prim>y /age4  ,9 ,scotl&
 ! "q ( ! ext5sion ( ! area (           
educational control & ( ! unification ( 
! v>i\s ag5cies direct+ education /ill  
awaits solution4 ,sev]al plans h be5 put
 =w>d to effect ^! ends4#bc  ,9 ! fir/  
place1 x has be5 propos$ to reta9 !     
pres5t p>i% ,s*ool ,bo>ds = ! purpose ( 
elem5t>y education1 & to comb9e two or m
 ,s*ool ,bo>ds = ! purposes ( provid+   
second>y & te*nical education4 ,?is     
plan1 h[ev]1 meets ) little fav\r4 ,x   

w\ld be difficult to c>ry into practice1
 & if realis$ w\ld imp]fectly fulfil !  
end ( co-ord9at+ ! "w ( ! v>i\s s*ool   
ag5cies4 ,its only recomm5dations are   
its app>5t simplicity1 & ! fact t x c\ld
 be c>ri$ out ) ! lea/ possible *ange 9 
! exi/+ conditions4  ,9 ! second place1 
x is propos$ to reta9 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d    
sy/em1 b to ext5d ! area ov] :i* any    
p>ticul> educational au?ority ex]ts its 
control1 & to place "u its direction all
 grades ( education4 ,9 ! practical     
c>ry+ out ( ?is plan ! pres5t di/rict   
areas ( c\nties select$ = o!r purposes h
 be5 propos$ z educational units4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 x has be5 decl>$ t 9 _m cases ^!
 areas are unsuitable = educational     
purposes1 & x has be5 propos$ t new     
areas %\ld be delimit$ = ?is purpose4   
,! *ief m]it1 if x be a m]it1 ( ?is plan
 is ! ret5tion 9 educational control ( !
 ad hoc pr9ciple--i4e41 ( ! pr9ciple (  
entru/+ "o s+le national int]e/ to a    
body *>g$ ) ! sole duty ( cons]v+ &     
fur!r+ ! int]e/4 ,! only reasons advanc$

 are ! great importance ( ! educational 
int]e/ & ! fe> t if x is entru/$ to     
bodies *>g$ ) o!r duties ?is int]e/ may 
t5d to be neglect$4 ,b al?\gh bo?       
s5tim5t & ! int]e/s ( political p>ties  
are involv$ 9 ! advocacy ( ! ad hoc     
pr9ciple1 x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t ! ,s*ool
 ,bo>d sy/em 9 ,scotl& is univ]sal & t !
 difficulties ( ! sy/em :i* prevail$ 9  
,engl& be=e its abolition d n exi/ 9    
,scotl&4 ,z a consequ5ce1 x has be5 mu* 
m effective 9 ,scotl& ?an 9 ,engl&1 &   
has a mu* firm] hold on ! s5tim5ts ( !  
p4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 x has be5 propos$  
to h& ov] ! educational duties ( !      
c\ntry to ! ,c\nty ,c\ncils & to !      
,burgh ,c\ncils ( ! m important t[ns1 to
 adopt1 9 pr9ciple1 a sy/em (           
educational control simil> to t e/abli%$
 9 ,engl& by ! ,act ( #aijb4  ,_m       
reasons may be urg$ = ! adoption ( !    
la/-nam$ plan1 & we %all briefly /ate ! 
m important4  #a4 ,an ad hoc au?ority by
 its v nature is necess>ily weak] ?an an
 au?ority entru/$ n m]ely ) ! c>e ( a   

s+le int]e/ b ) ! c>e ( ! public int]e/s
 z a :ole4 ,if !re is to be             
dec5tralisation ( any "p ( ! functions (
 ! c5tral au?ority1 !n any =m (         
dec5tralisation :i* consi/s 9 ! h&+ ov] 
( p>ticul> int]e/s to diff]5t local     
bodies1 h[ev] x may be = ! advantage ( !
 p>ticul> int]e/ is radically bad = !   
g5]al int]e/s ( ! community4 ,! call+   
into exi/5ce ( a numb] ( local          
au?orities ea* hav+ ! c>e ( "o p>ticul> 
int]e/1 ea* pursu+ its own aim          
indep5d5tly & )\t consid]ation ( !      
diff]+ & (t5 conflict+ aims ( ! o!r     
bodies1 ea* hav+ ! p[] ( rat+ = its own 
p>ticul> purpose )\t any reg>d = ! g5]al
 int]e/ ( ! taxpay]1 is radically an    
uns\nd =m ( dec5tralisation4  #b4 ,!    
e/abli%m5t ( su* a =m ( control fails1 &
 mu/ necess>ily fail1 9 ! local         
au?orities secur+ ! maximum ( fre$om & !
 m9imum ( int]f]5ce f ! executive (fic]s
 ( ! c5tral legislative au?ority4 ,s    
long z ! sep>ate int]e/s ( ! community  
are entru/$ to diff]5t local au?orities1

 s long mu/ !re rema9 to ! c5tral       
au?ority & to its executive (fic]s ! p[]
 ( regulat+ & h>monis+ ! v>i\s & (t5    
cont5d+ int]e/s s z to secure t ! g5]al 
int]e/ ( ! individual does n suff]1 & ! 
m ke5ly ea* p>ticul> body fur!rs !      
p>ticul> int]e/ entru/$ to its c>e !    
great] is ! necessity = ?is c5tral      
control & int]f]5ce1 & t ! c5tral       
control %\ld be effective4  #c4 ,!      
sep>ation ( ! s-call$ educational       
int]e/s f ! o!r int]e/s ( ! community is
 n = ! good ( education itself4 ,! real 
educational int]e/s :i* h to be det]m9$ 
by ! adult portion ( ! community are !  
exact nature ( ! s]vices :i* a nation   
su* z ours requires ( its future memb]s4
 ,?is det]m9$1 ! me?od ( _! atta9m5t is 
be/ entru/$ to ! educational exp]t4 ,!  
fir/-nam$ end w be bett] realis$ by a   
body compos$ ( m5 ( div]se int]e/s ?an  
by "o :i* is made up ( m5 ) "o int5se b 
(t5 n>r[ int]e/4  #d4 ,! l>g] ! p[]s    
entru/$ to any body & ! m fre$om        
possess$ by x 9 devis+ & work+ out its  

s*emes1 ! bett] *ance !re is ( attract+ 
! be/ m5 9 ! community to und]take ! "w4
  #e4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ! int]e/s (
 ! tea*] w\ld n be bett] fur!r$ by a    
local au?ority entru/$ ) ! c>e ( !      
int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole ?an by a 
body hav+ *>ge ( education alone4 ,m5   
entru/$ ) ! l>g] int]e/s ( ! community  
are usually m ready to take wid] views  
?an ! man :o is n>r[$ d[n to "o int]e/4 
,z a rule1 !y "k ! value ( good "w done1
 & are ready & will+ to pay = x :]ev] !y
 f9d x4  #f4 ,la/ly1 we may urge ! te/ (
 practical exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,engl&1 &       
especially 9 ,london1 s9ce ! control (  
education has pass$ into ! h&s ( !      
,c\nty ,c\ncils a great advance has be5 
made bo? 9 ! fur!r+ & 9 ! co-ord9ation (
 ! means ( education4  ,:e!r ultimately 
! control ( education be ve/$ 9 ,di/rict
 ,s*ool ,bo>ds or 9 ! ,c\nty & ,burgh   
,c\ncils1 "o re=m is urg5tly ne$$ 9     
,scotl&1 & ?is is ! ext5sion ( ! area ( 
educational control1 "u a /rong local   
au?ority1 & ) ! entire control (        

elem5t>y1 second>y1 & te*nical          
education4  ,9 ! second place1 :atev] ! 
area ( control *os5 x %\ld be ( su* a   
nature z to admit )9 its b\nds ( s*ools 
( diff]5t grades & ( diff]5t types1 s t 
*ildr5 may pass n only f ! ,elem5t>y    
,s*ool to ! ,second>y1 b may pass to !  
p>ticul> type ( ,second>y or ,high]     
,s*ool :i* is be/ fitt$ to prep>e !m =  
_! future life's "w4 ,9 _m cases1 9     
,scotl&1 we _c make ! same cle>         
di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s types ( s*ool z
 !y d 9 ,g]many1 b mu/ rema9 cont5t ) ! 
division ( a s*ool into dep>tm5ts2 yet 9
 our l>ge t[ns & 9 our mo/ popul\s      
c5tres ( indu/ry we mu/ e/abli% s*ools (
 diff]5t types & ) diff]+ p>ticul> ends 
9 view4  ,! ?ird pr9ciple ( organisation
 foll[s f ! second4 ,we mu/ see t our   
educational sy/em is s organis$ z to    
provide an effici5t & suffici5t supply (
 all ! s]vices :i* ! community requires 
( its individual memb]s4 ,9 p>ticul>1   
our ,high] ,s*ool sy/em mu/ be design$ n
 m]ely = ! supply ( ! s-call$ le>n$     

pr(essions1 b mu/ also make due &       
adequate provision = ! tra9+ ( ^? :o 9  
aft]-life are de/9$ = ! high] indu/rial 
& comm]cial po/s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we mu/   
see t !re is due provision ( ,trade &   
,te*nical ,s*ools1 :]e our future       
artisans may become acqua9t$ ) !        
!oretical pr9ciples und]ly+ _! p>ticul> 
art4  ,f\r?ly1 we mu/ endeav\r to make  
our ,elem5t>y ,s*ool sy/em ! basis &    
po9t ( dep>ture ( all fur!r & high]     
education4 ,?is w\ld n involve t e *ild 
%\ld be educat$ at a ,prim>y &          
,/ate-aid$ ,s*ool1 b x does mean & w\ld 
involve t ! ,prep>atory dep>tm5ts ( our 
pres5t ,second>y ,s*ools %\ld model _!  
curriculum on ! l9es laid d[n 9 our     
,elem5t>y ,s*ools4  ,fif?ly1 9 !        
organisation ( ! means ( education1 our 
sy/em1 z we h already po9t$ out1 mu/ be 
democratic 9 ! s5se t ! means ( high]   
education %all be op5 to all1 ri* &     
poor1 9 ord] t ea* may be enabl$ to f9d 
& !reaft] to fit himself = t p>ticul>   
employm5t = :i* by nature he is be/     

suit$4 ,x mu/ fur!r be ari/ocratic 9 !  
s5se t x is selective ( ! be/ ability2 &
 f9ally1 x mu/ be re/rictive 9 ord] t ! 
means ( high] education may be utilis$  
to ! be/ advantage1 & n misus$ on ^? :o 
are unfitt$ to b5efit !refrom4  ,unity (
 control2 adequacy ( area2 s*ools (     
v>i\s types1 suffici5t 9 numb]1 & suit$ 
to meet ! ne$ = ! supply ( ! v>i\s      
s]vices requir$ by ! ,/ate2 a common    
basis 9 elem5t>y education2 means (     
high] education op5 to all :o c pr(it   
!reby2 selection ( ! be/2 re/riction (  
^? unable to b5efit f high]             
education--^! are ! pr9ciples :i* mu/ 9 
! future guide ! ,/ate organisation ( ! 
means ( education4  ,,footnote3  #bc ,= 
a full] discussion ( ?is "q1 see ,scot* 
,education ,re=m1 by ,dr4 ,d\glas &     
,pr(essor ,jones 7,maclehose74          
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,physical  
,,education   ,a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body 
is a %ort b full description ( a happy  
/ate 9 ?is _w4 ,he t has ^! two has     
little m to wi% =1 & he t wants ei!r (  

!m w be b little ! bett] = any?+        
else4#bd ,9 ^! words ,locke sets =? =   
all "t :at %\ld be aim$ at 9 ! physical 
education ( ! *ild1 & 9 ! light ( mod]n 
physiological psy*ology ! position mu/  
be emphasis$ anew t "o ( ! ess5tial     
conditions ( s\nd intellectual & moral  
vig\r is s\nd physical heal?1 & t body &
 m9d are n ?+s ap>t1 b t ! heal? ( ! "o 
ev] conditions & is condition$ by !     
heal? ( ! o!r4  ,moreov]1 at ! pres5t   
"t1 x is all ! m necess>y to insi/ ^u ! 
ne$ = ! sy/ematic c>e ( ! physical      
culture ( ! *ild1 s9ce 9 _m cases !     
conditions "u :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor live
 9 our great t[ns are mo/ prejudicial to
 ! full & free developm5t ( ! organs ( !
 body4 ,! n>r[1 ov]built /reets 9 !     
poor] p>ts ( our t[ns1 ! ov]cr[d+ ( ! p 
9 t5em5ts1 ! unhygi5ic conditions "u :i*
 ! va/ majority ( our v poor live &     
sleep1 are all active =ces 9 prev5t+ !  
full & free developm5t ( ! physical p[]s
 ( ! *ild4 ,?us ! purely educational    
problem ( h[ be/ to promote ! physical  

heal? & developm5t ( ! *ild by !        
sy/ematic ex]cises ( ! s*ool is involv$ 
9 ! mu* l>g] & m important social       
problem ( h[ to bett] ! conditions "u   
:i* ! v poor live4 ,! ag5cies ( ! s*ool 
c d little p]man5tly to improve !       
physique ( ! *ildr5 until1 concurr5tly )
 ! s*ool1 society endeav\rs to improve !
 social conditions "u :i* ! poore/ ( !  
population ( our great cities h]d       
toge!r4 ,= a simil> reason mu* ( !      
endeav\r ( ! s*ool to f\nd & e/abli% 9 !
 *ild's m9d int]e/s ( social wor? is    
c\nt]act$ by ! evil influ5ce ( its home 
& social environm5t4 ,if ! physical1    
economic1 & e?ical effici5cy ( ! *ildr5 
( ! slums is ev] to be secur$1 if we are
 ev] to atta9 a p]man5t result1 !n      
concurr5tly ) ! creation ( new & high]  
social int]e/s mu/ g h& 9 h& *anges 9 ! 
social environm5t ( ! *ild4 ,m]e        
bett]m5t ( ! physical conditions "u :i* 
our slum population live is ( no avail  
unless at ! same "t we h a correspond+  
*ange 9 ! slum m9d by ! rise & preval5ce

 ( a high] ideal ( ! physical & mat]ial 
conditions "u :i* _! lives ought to be  
sp5t4  ,= exp]i5ce has %[n 9 _m cases t 
! m]e bett]m5t ( ! mat]ial conditions "u
 :i* ! poor live )\t any correspond+    
*ange ( ideals soon results 9 !         
re-creation ( ! mis]able conditions :i* 
=m]ly prevail$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e     
in/ill+ ( new ideals into ! m9ds ( !    
ris+ g5]ation w effect little1 if dur+ !
 great] "p ( ! s*ool p]iod & altoge!r   
aft]w>ds we leave ! *ild to ov]come !   
evil influ5ces ( 8 environm5t z be/ he  
may4 ,! ideals ( ! s*ool are too weak1  
too feebly e/abli%$1 to prevail aga9/ ! 
ev] pres5t & ev] pot5t influ5ces ( !    
environm5t unless side by side ) ! rise 
( ! new ideals we at ! same "t endeav\r 
to less51 if we _c altoge!r remove1 !   
ob/acles :i* prev5t _! realisation &    
preval5ce4 ,?is problem ( h[ to raise by
 education & by means ( ! o!r social    
ag5cies at "w ! *ildr5 ( ! slums to a   
high] ideal ( life & conduct & to secure
 _! future social effici5cy is ! mo/    

urg5t problem ( our day & g5]ation4 ,m]e
 s*ool re=ms 9 physical & intellectual  
education w effect little unless ! o!r  
aspects ( ! problem are attack$ at !    
same "t4  ,fur!r1 our s*ool sy/em1 :i*  
requires t ! *ild %\ld re/ra9 8         
in/9ctive t5d5cies to action1 & = c]ta9 
h\rs ea* day assume a m or less passive 
& cramp$ attitude1 is also prejudicial  
to ! developm5t & free play ( ! organs (
 ! body :i* h entru/$ to !m ! dis*>ge ( 
c]ta9 functional activities4  ,h5ce !   
evil effects ( ! s*ool itself mu/ be    
remov$ or rem$i$ by "s means hav+ z _!  
aim ! increas$ functional activity ( !  
respiratory & circulatory sy/ems ( !    
body4 ,& !re=e ! aim ( any sy/em (      
physical ex]cises %\ld be n m]ely       
increase ( bone & developm5t ( muscle b 
also ! su/a9+ & improv+ ( ! bodily heal?
 ( ! *ild by exp&+ ! lungs1 quick5+ !   
circulation1 & %ak+ ! visc]a4 ,?is1 z we
 %all see lat]1 is n ! only aim (       
physical education4 ,x may fur!r aid 9  
m5tal gr[? & developm5t1 & be in/rum5tal

 9 ! production ( c]ta9 m5tal & moral   
qualities ( value bo? to ! individual & 
to ! community4  ,ano!r cause op]at+ 9 !
 s*ool to prev5t ! full & free          
developm5t ( ! body is ! me?od ( mu* ( !
 tea*+ :i* prevails4 ,a q unnecess>y    
/ra9 is (t5 put ^u ! n]v\s sy/em ( !    
*ild1 & z a consequ5ce a lassitude (    
body results :i* physical ex]cise n only
 does n t5d to remove b actually t5ds to
 increase4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ :i* fail to  
ar\se any inh]5t int]e/ 9 ! atta9m5t (  
an end ( felt value to ! *ild require = 
! evok+ & ma9ta9+ ( 8 active att5tion ! 
op]ation ( "s p[]ful indirect int]e/1 & 
if p]si/$ 91 su* me?ods soon result 9 ! 
ov]work+ & exhau/ion ( "s "o p>ticul>   
sy/em ( n]v\s c5tres1 & 9 ! depletion   
?r\gh non-nutrition ( o!r c5tres4 ,z a  
consequ5ce1 ! *ild is unable to take any
 "p 9 physical ex]cises or 9 s*ool games
 ) pr(it to himself4 ,he is cont5t to   
loaf & d z little z he c4 ,! evil is    
fur!r int5sifi$ if !re is also pres5t "u
 or improp] nutrition ( ! *ild4  ,?us   

along ) our s*emes = ! physical         
education ( ! *ild we mu/ endeav\r to   
improve ! me?ods ( our tea*]s1 to make  
!m und]/& t exp]i5ces acquir$ ?r\gh !   
ar\s+ ( ! direct int]e/ ( ! *ild are    
acquir$ at ! lea/ physiological co/1 &  
to make !m realise "u :at conditions ?is
 direct int]e/ c be ar\s$ & ma9ta9$4 ,no
 "o inde$ wi%es to make ev]y?+ 9 ! s*ool
 pleasant to ! *ild1 or to r$uce        
self-ef=t to a m9imum4 ,b ef=t & int]e/ 
are n oppos$ t]ms4 ,! ef=t :i* is evok$ 
9 ! realisation ( an int]e/ or end (    
felt value is ! only k9d ( ef=t :i*     
possesses any educational value4 ,! ef=t
 :i* is call$ =? 9 ! f9d+ & e/abli%+ ( a
 sy/em ( means t[>ds an end :i* ! *ild  
fails to see1 & :i*1 z a consequ5ce1    
r\ses no direct int]e/ 9 its atta9m5t1  
is an ef=t :i* %\ld = ev] be bani%$ f ! 
s*oolroom4 ,su*1 e4g41 is ! ef=t evok$ 9
 ! m]e cramm+ ( empty li/s ( words or   
dates or facts4 ,little m5tal good      
results f su* a process1 & !            
physiological co/ is (t5 great4  ,let u 

n[ consid] ! conditions necess>y = s\nd 
physical heal?1 & inquire h[ f> ! s*ool 
ag5cies c aid 9 ! provid+ ( ^!          
conditions3 !y are ma9ly f\r 9 numb]4 ,9
 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] to secure ! full  
gr[? & developm5t ( ! bodily p[]s1 !re  
is ne$$ a suffici5cy ( food4 ,b m]e     
suffici5cy is n en\gh1 ! food mu/ be    
v>i$ 9 quality 9 ord] to meet ! v>i\s   
ne$s ( ! body1 & mu/ be prep>$ 9 su* a  
way z to be readily assimilat$ & r5d]$  
fit = ! nutrition ( bo? body & m9d4     
,manife/ly ! home ought to be ! *ief    
ag5t 9 provid+ = ?is ne$4 ,b1 z we h se5
 9 consid]+ ! problem ( ! fe$+ ( s*ool  
*ildr51 ! home 9 _m cases is unable     
adequately to provide = x1 &1 = a "t at 
lea/1 "s me?od ( public provision ( good
 & :olesome food = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor may
 be r5d]$ necess>y4 ,b mu* ( ! physical 
evil results f improp] nutrition2 & "h !
 s*ool ag5cies may d a great deal 9 !   
future by fur!r+ ! tea*+ ( dome/ic      
sci5ce to ! girls ( ! work+ classes4    
,su* tea*+1 h[ev]1 if x is to be        

effective1 mu/ be real & mu/ take into  
acc\nt ! actual conditions "u :i* _!    
future lives are to be sp5t4 ,at !      
pres5t "t mu* ( ! tea*+ is valueless1   
?r\gh its neglect ( ! actual income &   
res\rces ( ! work+ man's home4  ,!      
second condition necess>y = bodily gr[? 
& developm5t is a suffici5cy ( pure air4
 ,?is is necess>y1 s9ce ! oxyg5 ( ! air 
is n only ! active ag5t 9 ! ma9t5ance ( 
life1 b is also requisite = ! combu/ion 
( ! food/uffs convey$ into ! body4 ,mu* 
has be5 done )9 rec5t ye>s 9 our s*ools 
to provide well-v5tilat$ classrooms & to
 in/ruct tea*]s h[ to keep ! air ( !    
s*ool pure4 ,"h aga9 ! problem is to a  
l>ge ext5t a social "o1 involv+ ! bett] 
h\s+ ( our great t[n population4  ,a    
?ird condition necess>y = ! physical    
developm5t ( ! *ild is sleep suffici5t 9
 quantity & good 9 quality4 ,! weak1    
puny *ildr5 9 arms to be se5 9 our cr[d$
 slums owe _! condition1 9 _m cases1 to 
! want ( s\nd sleep1 to ! fact t !y nev]
 are all[$ to re/1 z mu* z to ! "u &    

improp] fe$+ to :i* !y are subject$4 ,z 
we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 mu* might be
 done by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,free ,k9d]g>t5 
,s*ools 9 our ov]cr[d$ di/ricts to      
alleviate ! lot & to bett] ! education (
 ! v "y *ildr5 ( ! poor4  ,b 9 addition 
to ! ?ree conditions already nam$1 :i*  
may be class$ toge!r z ! nutritive      
factors 9 bodily gr[?1 !re is a f\r?    
condition ess5tial = all developm5t1    
:e!r bodily or m5tal--viz41 ex]cise4 ,= 
developm5t is produc$ by ex]cise (      
function1 use ( faculty4444 ,if we wi%  
to develop ! h&1 we mu/ ex]cise ! h&4   
,if we wi% to develop ! body1 we mu/    
ex]cise ! body4 ,if we wi% to develop ! 
m9d1 we mu/ ex]cise ! m9d4 ,if we wi% to
 develop ! :ole human be+1 we mu/       
ex]cise ! :ole human be+4#be  ,b any =m 
( ex]cise w n d4 ,! ex]cise :i* is giv5 
mu/ be giv5 at ! "r "t1 mu/ be 9 h>mony 
) ! nature ( ! organ ex]cis$1 & mu/ be  
proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! organ1 if    
true developm5t is to be atta9$4  ,9    
ord] to und]/& ?is 9 s f> z x be>s ^u ! 

aims :i* we %\ld set be=e u 9 ! physical
 education ( ! *ild1 x is necess>y t we 
%\ld und]/& :at mod]n physiological     
psy*ology has to tea* u ( ! nature ( !  
n]v\s sy/em4  ,if ! read] w look back to
 an e>li] *apt]1#bf he w f9d t education
 0 def9$ z ! process by :i* exp]i5ces   
are acquir$ & organis$ 9 ord] t !y may  
r5d] ! p]=mance ( future action m       
effici5t1 or alt]natively x is ! process
 by :i* sy/ems ( means are =m$1         
organis$1 & e/abli%$ = ! atta9m5t (     
v>i\s ends ( felt value4 ,! e/abli%m5t (
 ^! sy/ems ( means is only possible     
because 9 ! human infant ! n]v\s sy/em  
is relatively un=m$ at bir?1 is         
relatively pla/ic1 & s is capable ( be+ 
organis$ 9 su* & su* a def9ite mann]4   
,on ! o!r h&1 9 _m animals ! n]v\s sy/em
 ( ea* is def9itely =m$ at bir?2 x is s 
organis$ t exp]i5ce does little to add  
to or aid 9 its fur!r developm5t4 ,n[1  
:ile ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! *ild at bir? is n
 s def9itely organis$ z t ( _m animals1 
yet on ! o!r h& x is n :olly pla/ic1    

:olly un=m$1 s t1 z _m psy*ologi/s &    
educationali/s once believ$1 x c be     
m\ld$ into any %ape we please4  ,r1 we h
 to conceive ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! human  
infant z made up ( a s]ies ( sy/ems at  
diff]5t degrees ( developm5t & ) v>y+   
degrees ( organisation4#bg ,"s c5tres1 z
 e4g4 ^? :i* h to d ) ! regulation (    
c]ta9 reflex & automatic actions1 />t at
 once into full functional activity2    
o!rs1 z e4g4 ^? :i* h to d ) purely     
intellectual functions1 are relatively  
un=m$ & unorganis$ at bir?1 & become    
organis$ z ! result ( consci\s ef=t1 z !
 result ( an educational process1 z !   
result ( acquir+1 organis+1 & e/abli%+  
exp]i5ces = ! atta9m5t ( ends ( acquir$ 
value4  ,betwe5 ! sy/ems at ! l[e/ level
 & ^? at ! highe/ we h c5tres ( v>y+    
degrees ( organisation at bir?4         
,moreov]1 ^! c5tres ( ! middle level    
rea* _! full maturity at diff]5t rates4 
,! c5tres1 e4g41 :i* h to d ) !         
co-ord9ation ( h& & eye & ) ! atta9m5t (
 control ov] ! limbs ( ! body rea* _!   

full functional activity be=e1 e4g41 !  
c5tres hav+ control ( ! lips & spee*4 ,!
 c5tres1 aga91 :i* h to d ) !           
co-ord9ation ( ! s5sory mat]ial d]iv$   
?r\gh ! p>ticul> s5ses are /ill long] 9 
rea*+ _! full functional activity1 :ile 
! high] intellectual c5tres may n rea*  
_! highe/ p[] until well on 9 life4     
,h5ce1 s9ce education is ! process (    
acquir+ exp]i5ces t %all modify future  
activity1 x c d little positively to aid
 ! developm5t ( ! l[e/ c5tres2 x c d m  
to modify ! developm5t ( ! middle       
c5tres2 :ile ! highe/ c5tres ( all are 9
 great "p organis$ z ! result ( direct  
individual exp]i5ce4  ,z reg>ds ! sy/ems
 ( ! l[e/ level1 :at we h !n to aim at  
is to all[ !m free room = gr[?1 & to    
correct z f> z possible faults due ei!r 
to ! imp]fections ( nature or to !      
unnatural conditions "u :i* ! *ild      
lives4 ,s long z ^! sy/ems are provid$ )
 nutrition & all[$ fre$om 9 p]=m+ _!    
functions1 we are unaw>e ( _! exi/5ce4  
,we1 e4g41 only become aw>e t we possess

 a circulatory sy/em or a respiratory or
 a dige/ive sy/em :5 ! functional       
activity ( ^! organs is imp$$4 ,!       
op9ion1 !re=e1 t physical ex]cise has = 
its *ief aim ! su/a9+ & improv+ ( !     
bodily heal? is no d\bt true & correct1 
b x is n ! only aim4 ,on ?is view we are
 consid]+ only ! l[e/ sy/em ( c5tres1 & 
devis+ means by :i* we may ma9ta9 &     
improve _! functional activity4         
,moreov]1 x is necess>y to endeav\r to  
secure ! free developm5t ( ^! c5tres &  
_! unimp$$ functional activity1 because 
o!rwise ! developm5t ( ! high] c5tres is
 h9d]$1 & ! :ole n]v\s sy/em r5d]$      
un/able & insecure4  ,b a wise sy/em (  
physical education mu/ take into acc\nt 
! fact t a c>efully select$ & organis$  
sy/em ( ex]cises c d mu* = ! developm5t 
( ! c5tres ( ! middle level :i* h to d )
 ! prop] co-ord9ation ( v>i\s bodily    
movem5ts4 ,^! are only p>tly organis$ at
 bir?1 & education--! acquir+ & organis+
 ( exp]i5ces--is necess>y = _! due      
organisation & _! adaptation z sy/ems ( 

means = ! atta9m5t ( def9ite ends4 ,x is
 = ?is reason t ! beg9n+ ( ! =mal       
education ( ! *ild at too e>ly an age is
 physiologically & psy*ologically       
errone\s4 ,9 do+ ?is we are neglect+ !  
l[] c5tres at ! "t :5 by nature !y are  
rea*+ _! full functional activity1 &    
ex]cis+ ! high] :i* are at an unripe    
/age ( developm5t4 ,moreov]1 l[] c5tres 
n ex]cis$ dur+ ! p]iod :5 !y are atta9+ 
_! full developm5t nev] atta9 ! same    
functional developm5t if ex]cis$ lat]4  
,h5ce ! difficulty ( acquir+ a manual   
dext]ity lat] 9 life4 ,aga91 x is on ?is
 !ory ( l[] & high] c5tres matur+ at    
diff]5t rates & atta9+ _! full          
functional activity at diff]5t times t  
we n[ base our education ( ! m5tally    
defective4 ,we mu/ organise ! l[]       
c5tres2 we mu/ educate ! m5tally        
defective *ild to get control ov] ^!    
already p>tially organis$ c5tres1 be=e  
we beg9 to educate ! high] & less       
organis$ c5tres4 ,moreov]1 x is only 9 s
 f> z we c secure ?is end t we c /ably  

build up & organise ! high] c5tres ( !  
n]v\s sy/em4 ,h5ce also su* qualities z 
al]tness 9 receiv+ ord]s & promptness & 
accuracy 9 c>ry+ !m out are1 at fir/1   
be/ le>n$ ?r\gh ! organis+ & tra9+ ( !  
c5tres ( ! middle level4 ,:at we really 
endeav\r to d "h is to organise &       
e/abli% sy/ems ( means = ! atta9m5t (   
def9ite ends1 :i* ?r\gh _! sy/ematic    
organisation c be br\ght into action :5 
requir$ promptly & quickly1 & once ar\s$
 "w !mselves out ) a m9imum ( ef=t & ) a
 l[ degree ( att5tion1 s t _! p]=mance  
involves ! lea/ possible physiological  
co/4  ,f ?is ! read] w und]/& t ! aim ( 
physical education is ! aim ( all       
education1 viz41 to acquire & organise  
exp]i5ces t w r5d] future action m      
effici5t4  ,moreov]1 ! e>ly tra9+ ( !   
c5tres ( ! middle level is important = !
 aft] te*nical tra9+ ( our workm54 ,!   
boy or girl :o has nev] be5 educat$ 9   
e>ly life to co-ord9ate & c>ry out      
bodily movem5ts promptly & accurately is
 n likely to succe$ 9 aft]-life 9 any   

employm5t :i* requires ! ready & exact  
co-ord9ation ( _m movem5ts = ! atta9m5t 
( a def9ite end4 ,! prop] physical      
education ( ! *ild is !re=e necess>y = !
 secur+ ( ! aft] economic effici5cy ( ! 
individual1 & x c also by ! developm5t (
 c]ta9 m5tal & moral qualities be made  
in/rum5tal 9 ! developm5t ( ! e?ically  
effici5t p]son4  ,we mu/ n[ briefly note
 two o!r educational ag5cies :i* may be 
employ$ 9 ! secur+ ( ! physical & m5tal 
effici5cy ( ! *ild--play & games4       
,psy*ologically1 games /& midway betwe5 
play & "w4 ,9 play we h an inh]it$ sy/em
 ( means evok$ into activity & c>ri$ out
 to an end = ! pure pleasure d]iv$ f !  
activity itself4 ,su* sy/ems at fir/ are
 imp]fectly organis$1 b ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce
 d]iv$ ! sy/ems become m & bett] adapt$ 
= ! atta9m5t ( ! ends :i* !y are int5d$ 
to realise4 ,9 games1 on ! o!r h&1 !    
activity is und]tak5 = an end only      
p>tially connect$ ) ! means by :i* x is 
atta9$1 :il/ 9 "w ! means may h no      
intr9sic connection ) ! end desir$4     

,h5ce ! ef=t ( a disagreeable nature :i*
 "w (t5 evokes4  ,9 animals fully       
equipp$ at bir? by means ( in/9ct = !   
p]=mance ( actions ! play-activity is   
altoge!r abs5t4 ,_! lives are :olly     
bus9ess-l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! high]      
animals1 ^: "y h a p]iod ( infancy1 play
 is nature's in/rum5t ( education4 ,by  
means ( x ! sy/ems ( ! middle level :i* 
=m ! l>g] "p ( ! bra9 equipm5t ( ! high]
 animals are gradually organis$ & fitt$ 
= ! atta9m5t ( ! ends :i* 9 mature life 
!y are int5d$ to realise4 ,play is _!   
education--is ! means by :i* nature     
works 9 ord] t exp]i5ces may be acquir$ 
& organis$ t %all r5d] future action m  
effici5t4 ,)\t ?is p[]1 ! high] animals 
c\ld n rea* _! full developm5t2 !       
/imulus necess>y = ! gr[? ( _! bodies & 
m9ds w\ld be lack+4#bh  ,play also is   
nature's in/rum5t 9 ! education ( ! "y  
*ild4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important "p ( 8    
education is obta9$ by ?is means1 &1 on 
! basis ?us laid1 mu/ all aft]-education
 be built4 ,h5ce ! importance 9 e>ly    

life ( all[+ full fre$om = !            
manife/ation ( ?is activity4 ,h5ce also 
! v great importance ( secur+ t ! *ildr5
 ( ! poor %\ld be provid$ ) ! means (   
realis+ ! playful activities ( _! nature
 & ( be+ /imulat$ & enc\rag$ to play4   
,h5ce "o aim ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ool is to 
utilise ! play-activity ( ! *ild 9 !    
developm5t ( 8 body & m9d4#bi  ,! ?ird  
ag5cy :i* we may employ 9 develop+ !    
physical p[]s ( ! *ild is t ( games4    
,games1 h[ev]1 are n m]ely useful z     
means = ! atta9m5t ( ! physical         
developm5t ( ! boy or girl2 !y also may 
be made in/rum5tal 9 ! creation & fo/]+ 
( c]ta9 m5tal & moral qualities ( !     
greate/ aft]-value to ! community4 ,no  
"o acqua9t$ ) ! important "p :i* games  
p]=m 9 ! life ( ! ,public ,s*ool boy c  
d\bt _! great educational value4 ,by    
means ( !m ! boy acquires exp]i5ces :i* 
9 aft]-life t5d to make m effici5t c]ta9
 classes ( actions ess5tial = any       
corporate or communal life4 ,9 !        
play+-fields he le>ns :at x is to be a  

memb] ( a corporate body ^: good & n !  
atta9m5t ( 8 own private ends mu/ be !  
fir/ consid]ation4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( !   
games ( ! s*ool he may get to "k ! mean+
 ( self-sacrifice1 ( work+ ) 8 fell[s = 
a common end or purpose1 & ( s9k+ 8 own 
individuality = ! sake ( 8 side4 ,9     
addition he le>ns ! habits ( ready      
ob$i5ce to sup]ior k & ability2 to      
submit to discipl9e2 & to und]go fatigue
 = ! common good4 ,if f\nd wor?y1 he may
 le>n h[ to comm& z well z to obey1 to  
?9k out means = ! atta9m5t ( ends1 & to 
"k & feel t ! good "n ( ! s*ool re/s ^u 
8 %\ld]s4 ,^! & o!r qualities simil> 9  
"* may be creat$ & e/abli%$ by means ( !
 games ( ! s*ool4 ,& j z ! utilis+ ( !  
play-in/9ct is nature's me?od (         
education 9 ! fitt+ ( ! "y animal & ! "y
 *ild to adapt itself 9 ! future to its 
physical environm5t1 s we may lay d[n t 
! games ( ! s*ool may be l>gely utilis$ 
z society's me?od ( fitt+ ! individual  
to 8 aft] social environm5t1 & 9 tra9+  
him to und]/& ! true mean+ & ! real     

purport ( corporate life4  ,on acc\nt1  
h[ev]1 ( ! va/ size ( _m ( our ,public  
,elem5t>y ,s*ools & = o!r reasons1 su* z
 ! limit$ playgr\nd accommodation 9 _m  
cases & ! want ( play+-fields1 organis$ 
games play b a small "p 9 ! physical &  
moral education ( ! *ildr5 att5d+ su*   
s*ools4 ,b ev5 "h mu* m might be done   
?an is done at pres5t by ! tea*]s 9 !   
playgr\nd to enc\rage ! simpl] playgr\nd
 games1 & to replace ! disorganis$ r\gh 
& tumble ex]cises :i* *>act]ise !       
activities ( s _m ( our poor] population
 by "s =m ( organis$ activity4#cj ,!    
aimless p>ad+ ( our /reets by ! sons &  
daught]s ( ! work+ & l[] middle classes 
9 _! leisure "t1 ! r\gh horseplay ( !   
y\? ( ! l[e/ classes1 are due 9 l>ge    
measure to ! fact t dur+ ! s*ool p]iod  
!y h n be5 habituat$ to take "p ) _!    
fell[s 9 any =m ( organis$ activity1 h  
nev] realis$ :at a corporate life means1
 & z a consequ5ce are devoid ( any      
social int]e/s4  ,"o o!r "q mu/ be      
briefly consid]$1 viz41 ,h[ f> %\ld we 9

 ! physical education ( ! y\? keep 9    
view ! end ( secur+ ! milit>y effici5cy 
( ! nation8 ,z ,adam ,smi? po9t$ out1 ! 
def5ce ( any society aga9/ ! viol5ce &  
invasion ( o!r indep5d5t societies is ! 
fir/ duty ( ! sov]eign4 ,an indu/ri\s1 &
 ^u t acc\nt a weal?y nation is ( all   
nations ! mo/ likely to be attack$1 &   
unless ! ,/ate takes "s measures = !    
public def5ce1 ! natural habits ( ! p   
r5d] !m altoge!r incapable ( def5d+     
!mselves4#ca ,he fur!r ass]ts t ev5 ?\gh
 ! m>tial _s ( ! p 7 ( no use t[>ds !   
def5ce ( ! society1 yet to prev5t t sort
 ( m5tal mutilation1 de=mity1 &         
wret*$ness :i* c[>dice necess>ily       
involves 9 x1 f spread+ !mselves ?r\gh !
 great body ( ! p1 x w\ld /ill des]ve ! 
mo/ s]i\s att5tion ( ,gov]nm5t4#cb  ,on 
^! ?ree gr\nds1 !n1 t ! def5ce ( !      
c\ntry is ! fir/ duty ( e ,gov]nm5t &   
!re=e ! fir/ duty ( e citiz51 t a nation
 engag$ 9 comm]ce t5ds to r5d] itself   
unfit to def5d itself unless means are  
devis$ to keep alive ! patriotic _s1 & t

 ! keep+ alive ( ! patriotic _s is      
useful = ! cultivation ( c]ta9 necess>y 
social qualities1 we may ma9ta9 t !     
milit>y effici5cy ( ! y\? %\ld be       
includ$ among/ ! aims ( any national    
sy/em ( physical education4 ,if !       
emphasis :i* is laid ^u ! secur+ ( !    
aft] milit>y effici5cy ( ! y\? ( !      
nation occupies too prom95t a place 9 ! 
s*emes ( physical education ( "s        
,cont95tal c\ntries1 we on ! o!r h& h   
almo/ :olly neglect$ ?is aspect ( ! "q4 
,e enc\ragem5t !re=e %\ld be giv5 to !  
=mation ( cadet & rifle corps 9 !       
,second>y ,s*ools ( ! c\ntry & 9 ! ,ev5+
 ,cont9uation ,s*ools att5d$ by ! sons (
 ! work+ classes4 ,! "t :5 sy/ematic    
in/ruction 9 milit>y ex]cises & 9 ! use 
( arms %all =m "p ( e y\?'s education   
has n yet arriv$1 b ! necessity = "s su*
 /ep looms already on ! horizon4        
,,footnotes3  #bd ,locke's ,?\ghts on   
,education4  #be ,b[5's ,froebel 7,great
 ,educator ,s]ies71 p4 #dh4  #bf ,cf4   
*ap4 ii4  #bg ,cf4 ,mac,dougall's       

,physiological ,psy*ology 7,d5t72 also  
,sir ,james ,cri*ton ,br[ne's article on
 ,education & ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 9        
,cassell's ,book ( ,heal?4  #bh         
,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 ibid4 p4 #bdb4    
#bi ,cf4 next *apt]4  #cj ,sugge/ions = 
! ,consid]ation ( ,tea*]s 7,engli% ,bo>d
 ( ,education71 *apt] on ,physical      
,education4  #ca ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? (  
,nations1 p4 #bib4  #cb ,ibid4 p4 #cbi4 
,,*apt] ,x  ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,! ,,infant  
,,s*ool   ,x is ne$less to po9t out t ! 
me?od ( educat+ ! infant m9d is ! me?od 
( all education--viz41 ! regulation ( ! 
process by :i* exp]i5ces are acquir$ &  
organis$ s z to r5d] ! p]=mance ( future
 action m effici5t4 ,?is1 z we %all see 
lat]1 is ! fundam5tal tru? at !         
f\ndation ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 me?od (         
,froebel1 & x mu/ guide & control our   
conduct n only dur+ ! e>li] /ages b     
?r\gh\t ! :ole process ( education4     
,moreov]1 s9ce ! e>ly acquisitions ( !  
*ild are ! bases ^u :i* all fur!r k &   
practice are f\nd$1 we mu/ realise h[   

important ^! fir/ exp]i5ces are = ! :ole
 future developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,fur!r1 we 
h se5 t all education--all acquir+ &    
organis+ ( exp]i5ce 9 e>ly life--mu/ be 
motiv$ by ! felt desire to satisfy "s   
in/9ctive ne$ ( ! *ild's nature1 & t x  
is ^! in/9ctive ne$s :i* det]m9e !      
nature & scope ( 8 e>ly activities4     
,lat]1 inde$1 acquir$ int]e/s may be    
graft$ ^u ! innate & in/9ctive ne$s1 b  
at ! beg9n+ & dur+ 8 fir/ ye>s ! *ild's 
:ole life is det]m9$ by ! primitive     
desires ( human nature4  ,n[1 ! fir/    
in/9ctive ne$ :i* requires ! aid (      
education is ! ne$ felt by ! *ild to    
acquire "s measure ( control ov] 8      
bodily movem5ts & ov] ! ?+s 9 8 imm$iate
 physical environm5t4 ,h5ce ! fir/ /age 
9 education is ! regulation ( ! process 
by :i* ! *ild acquires & organises ^?   
exp]i5ces :i* %all give him ?is control4
 ,nature h]self inde$ provides ! means =
 ! atta9m5t ( ?is end1 b education c d  
mu* to aid 9 ! atta9m5t & to %ort5 !    
p]iod ( incomplete atta9m5t4 ,by means (

 ! assi/ance giv51 ! control ex]cis$ & !
 direction af=d$1 we enable ! *ild to   
organise ! l[] c5tres ( ! n]v\s sy/em   
:i* h to d ) ! control ( ! l>g] bodily  
movem5ts1 & ?us e/abli% organis$ sy/ems 
( means = ! atta9m5t ( c]ta9 def9ite    
ends4  ,! second /age sup]v5es :5 ! ne$ 
is felt by ! *ild = "s measure ( control
 ov] 8 social environm5t4 ,= ! "y *ild  
soon realises t x is only 9 s f> z he c 
ex]t "s influ5ce ov] ! p]sons intimately
 connect$ ) 8 welf>e t he c make 8 wants
 kn[n & f9d means = ! satisfaction ( 8  
desires4 ,h5ce arises ! ne$ = "s me?od (
 communication ) 8 fell[s1 & f ?is spr+s
 ! desire = "s sy/em ( signs & = a      
language to enable him to make 8 wants  
kn[n4 ,*iefly by means ( ! educative    
process ( imitat+ ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs1 he
 gradually acquires a language & f9ds   
himself at home 9 8 social _w4  ,dur+   
?is p]iod ! c5tres call$ into activity1 
develop$1 & organis$ are ma9ly ^?       
connect$ ) ! lip & spee* c5tres1 & a    
c]ta9 /age ( organisation hav+ be5      

atta9$1 ! opportunity is n[ af=d$ = !   
full] functional developm5t ( ! high]   
c5tres entru/$ ) ! duty ( receiv+1      
discrim9at+1 & co-ord9at+ ! data ( !    
special organs ( s5se4  ,! p]iod dur+   
:i* ! *ild is gradually acquir+ control 
ov] 8 imm$iate physical & social        
environm5ts may r\ghly be said to ext5d 
to ! end ( 8 ?ird ye>4  ,f t "t onw>ds !
 worlds ( nature & ( society = _! own   
sake become objects ( curiosity to !    
*ild4 ,e new object pres5ts him ) a     
v>iety ( fre% s5sations4 ,he feels1     
ta/es1 & bites ev]y?+ t comes )9 8 rea*1
 & s acquires a _w ( new exp]i5ces4     
,h5ce = ! fir/ six ye>s ( 8 life a *ild 
has q en\gh to d 9 le>n+ its place 9 !  
univ]se & ! nature ( its surr\nd+s1 & to
 compel x dur+ any "p ( t p]iod to give 
its att5tion to m]e words & symbols is  
to /9t x ( ! be/ "p ( its education = t 
:i* is only ( second>y importance1 & to 
weak5 ! f\ndations ( its :ole m5tal     
fabric4#cc  ,if1 !n1 dur+ ?is p]iod !   
*ild is left :olly to ga!r 8 exp]i5ces z

 he may1 he no d\bt acquires by 8 own   
self-activity a _w ( new ideas1 b !     
result ( ?is unregulat$ process w be t !
 k ga9$ w be l>gely unsy/ematis$1 & mu* 
( ! exp]i5ce acquir$ may be ( a nature  
:i* may give a false direction to 8 :ole
 aft]-developm5t4 ,h5ce arise ?ree ne$s4
 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ endeav\r to see
 t new exp]i5ces are pres5t$ to ! *ild 9
 "s sy/ematic mann]1 9 ord] t ! k may be
 s organis$ t x may s]ve z means to !   
atta9m5t ( ends1 & s r5d] future        
activity m accurate & m effici5t4 ,9 !  
second place1 we mu/ endeav\r to prev5t 
! acquisition ( exp]i5ces :i* if all[$  
to be organis$ w\ld give an immoral     
direction to conduct2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 
we mu/ endeav\r to e/abli% e>ly 9 ! m9d 
( ! *ild organis$ sy/ems ( means :i* may
 h]eaft] result 9 ! preval5ce (         
activities socially useful to !         
community4  ,n[1 ^! ?ree aims are or    
%\ld be ! aims ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ool1 &  
we %all n[ inquire into ! ends :i* !    
,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ool sets be=e x1 & = ?is   

purpose we %all /ate ! fundam5tal       
pr9ciples :i* ,froebel himself laid d[n 
z ! guid+ pr9ciples ( ?is /age (        
education4  ,on its intellectual side ! 
,k9d]g>t5 z conceiv$ by ,froebel has f\r
 di/9ct aims 9 view4 ,! fir/ aim is by  
means ( comp>+ & contra/+ a s]ies (     
objects pres5t$ 9 "s regul> & sy/ematic 
mann] to lead ! *ild to note ! lik5esses
 & diff]5ces betwe5 ! ?+s1 & s ?r\gh &  
by means ( 8 own self-activity to build 
up coh]5t & connect$ sy/ems ( ideas4 ,by
 ?is me?od ! tea*] builds up 9 ! m9d ( !
 "y *ild sy/ems ( ideas reg>d+ ! col\rs1
 =ms1 & o!r s5se qualities ( ! m common 
objects ( 8 environm5t4 ,! second aim is
 by means ( "s =m ( concrete con/ruction
 to give expression to ! k s ga9$1 to   
make ?is k m accurate & def9ite1 & ?us  
by a dialectical return to make !       
exp]i5ces ( ! *ild def9ite & accurate1 s
 z to r5d] future action m effici5t1 &  
?us pave ! way = fur!r progress4 ,! ?ird
 aim is to utilise ! play-activity ( !  
*ild 9 ! acquisition ( new exp]i5ces & 9

 _! outw>d concrete expression4 ,! f\r? 
is to engage ! *ild 9 ! production (    
some?+ socially useful1 some?+ :i*      
engages 8 g5u9e "w-activity4 ,9 %ort1   
:at ,froebel cle>ly realis$ 0 t ! m]e   
tak+ 9 ( new exp]i5ces by ! *ild m9d 9  
any ord] 0 n suffici5t4 ,exp]i5ces to be
 useful = effici5t action mu/ be        
assimilat$--mu/ be organis$ into a      
sy/em--& 9 ord] t ?is may be possible ! 
exp]i5ces mu/ be pres5t$ 9 su* a mann] z
 w r5d] !m capable ( be+ organis$4      
,moreov]1 ?is m]e tak+ 9 ( new exp]i5ces
 is n en\gh4 ,!re mu/ be a giv+ out or  
expression ( ! k acquir$1 = x is only 9 
s f> z we c turn to use new exp]i5ces t 
we c be sure t !y are really ours4 ,n[1 
s9ce ! =ms ( expression natural to ! "y 
*ild are ^? :i* evoke 8 practical       
con/ructive ef=ts1 all outw>d expression
 9 its e>li] /ages mu/ assume a concrete
 =m4 ,! aim ( ! s-call$ ,gifts 9        
,froebel's s*eme is to build up an      
organis$ sy/em ( s5se-k2 ! aim ( !      
,occupations ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 is to develop

 ! p[] ( concrete expression ( ! *ild4  
,! ,gifts & ! ,occupations are          
correlative me?ods1--! "o conc]n$ ) !   
tak+ 91 ! o!r ) ! outw>d expression ( ! 
same exp]i5ce1--& ?r\gh\t ei!r aspect ( 
! process ! reason-activity ( ! *ild mu/
 be evok$ bo? 9 ! acquisition & 9 !     
expression ( ! new exp]i5ce4            
,physiologically1 ?is tw(old process    
implies t dur+ ! ,k9d]g>t5 p]iod !      
s5sory areas ( ! bra9 are be+ ex]cis$ & 
organis$ & t ! associative activity     
evok$ is conc]n$ ) ! co-ord9ation ( !   
impressions d]iv$ ?r\gh ^! areas4       
,psy*ologically1 x implies t dur+ ?is   
p]iod we are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! =mation (
 p]ceptual sy/ems ( k compos$ ( data    
d]iv$ ?r\gh ! special s5ses & ?r\gh !   
active movem5ts ( ! h&s & limbs4 ,su* a 
process1 moreov]1 is a necess>y         
prelim9>y = ! full aft]-developm5t ( !  
high] association c5tres ( ! bra9 & = ! 
=mation by ! m9d ( conceptual sy/ems (  
k4  ,= if we attempt prematurely to     
ex]cise ! high] c5tres be=e ! l[] h     

rea*$ a c]ta9 measure ( developm5t1 if  
we attempt to =m conceptual sy/ems ( k1 
su* z all language & numb] sy/ems are1  
)\t fir/ lay+ a s\nd p]ceptual basis1 !n
 we may d mu* to h9d] future m5tal gr[?1
 if we d n ev5 inflict a positive injury
 to ! *ild4 ,= ! education ( ! s5ses    
neglect$1 all aft]-education p>takes ( a
 dr[s9ess1 a haz9ess1 & an insuffici5cy 
:i* x is impossible to cure4#cd  ,on its
 moral & social side ! aims ( !         
,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ool are no less important4 
,if left to foll[ ! naive in/9ctive ne$s
 ( 8 nature & to ga!r exp]i5ces :]e & h[
 he may1 ! *ild is likely to make       
acquisitions :i* lat] may issue 9 wrong 
conduct4 ,h5ce "o aim ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 is  
to pres5t exp]i5ces :i* may ev5tually   
issue 9 "r conduct1 & to prev5t !       
acquisition ( exp]i5ces ( an immoral    
k9d4 ,h5ce also its insi/5ce ^u ! ne$ ( 
c>efully select+ ! environm5t ( ! "y    
*ild1 s t z f> z possible its e>ly      
exp]i5ces--its fir/ acquisitions--%all  
be ( a heal?y nature4 ,moreov]1 by means

 ( ! organis$ activities ( ! s*ool1 & by
 utilis+ ! play-in/9ct ( ! *ild1 x seeks
 to =m & e/abli% c]ta9 habits ( future  
social wor? to ! community & to !       
individual4 ,=1 by means ( ! games &    
occupations ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ool1 ! *ild
 may fir/ ( all le>n :at x means to     
co-op]ate ) 8 fell[s = a common end or  
purpose2 may le>n to submit to au?ority 
:i* he dimly & imp]fectly1 x may be1    
p]ceives to be reasonable2 may be tra9$ 
to habits ( accuracy1 ( ord]1 & (       
ob$i5ce4 ,above all1 ! ,k9d]g>t5 sy/em  
may r\se & fo/] 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild t s5se 
( a corporate life & ( a common social  
_s ! preval5ce ( :i* 9 aft]-life is !   
only secure f\ndation ( society4  ,9    
,engl& ! extreme importance ( !         
education ( ! infant m9d has be51 9     
rec5t ye>s1 cle>ly ackn[l$g$4 ,! new    
regulations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education no   
long] all[ *ildr5 "u five ye>s ( age to 
be includ$ z an integral "p ( a ?ree-,r 
grant-e>n+ ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4 ,a special 
curriculum has be5 set =? = _!          

education4 ,!y are to h opportunities   
provid$ = ! free developm5t ( _! bodies 
& m9ds & = ! =mation ( habits ( ob$i5ce 
& att5tion4#ce ,:at are kn[n z ,k9d]g>t5
 ,occupations are n m]ely pleasant      
pa/imes = *ildr53 if s reg>d$1 !y are n 
intellig5tly us$ by ! tea*]4 ,_! purpose
 is to /imulate intellig5t individual   
ef=t1 to furni% tra9+ ( ! s5ses ( sight 
& t\*1 to promote accurate co-ord9ation 
( h& movem5ts ) s5se impressions1 &1 n  
lea/ important1 to implant a habit (    
ob$i5ce4  ,=mal tea*+1 ev5 by means (   
,k9d]g>t5 ,occupations1 is undesirable =
 *ildr5 "u five4 ,at ?is /age x is      
suffici5t to give ! *ild opportunity to 
use 8 s5ses freely4 ,to attempt =mal    
tea*+ w almo/ inevitably mean1 ) "s ( ! 
*ildr51 ei!r re/ra9t or ov]-/imulation1 
) con/ant dang] to m5tal gr[? &         
heal?4#cf  ,f ^! extracts f !           
,sugge/ions = ! ,consid]ation ( ,tea*]s 
( ! ,head ( ! ,engli% ,bo>d (           
,education1 x w be evid5t t ! _s ( !    
,k9d]g>t5 n[ l>gely ent]s into !        

curriculum ( ! infant classes4 ,9 !     
future we may hope to see x c>ri$ fur!r 
& t no =mal tea*+ ( ! *ild w be und]tak5
 dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s ( 8 life4 ,fur!r1 
we may hope to see 9 ! future ! infant  
dep>tm5ts ( our s*ools m ?or\ghly       
organis$ ?an !y are at pres5t on !      
,k9d]g>t5 pr9ciple1 & ! curriculum ( !  
,infant ,s*ool s devis$ t x %all fit    
into & pave ! way = ! curriculum ( !    
,elem5t>y ,s*ool4 ,= at ! e>li] /age mu*
 may be done by ! me?ods ( ! ,k9d]g>t5  
to lay ! basis = ! tea*+ ( ! arts (     
read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic :i* x is ! ma9
 bus9ess ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool to lead !   
*ild to acquire4 ,e4g41 at ! e>li] /age1
 by ! break+ up & recon/ruct+ ( concrete
 gr\ps ( ?+s1 ! *ild c be initiat$ into 
! mean+ ( a numb] sy/em4 ,by means (    
pictures & ( concrete =ms he c be made  
gradually acqua9t$ ) alphabetic =ms1 &  
?is tea*+ lays ! basis = ! future       
acquisition ( ! ab/ract symbols ( pr9t$ 
& writt5 words4  ,b :ile mu* has be5    
done 9 ,engl& to recognise ! importance 

( ! e>ly education ( ! *ild = ! aft]    
moral & social good bo? ( ! individual &
 ( ! community1 & to place ! in/ruction 
( ! infant classes 9 ! ,public ,elem5t>y
 ,s*ools ^u a rational basis1 little    
att5tion has be5 paid 9 ,scotl& to ?is  
subject4 ,z a rule1 *ildr5 9 t c\ntry d 
n ent] s*ool be=e ! age ( five1 & !re is
 no sep>ate provision made = ! tea*+ (  
*ildr5 "u t age2 9 fact1 all s*ol>s "u  
sev5 ye>s ( age are classifi$ toge!r &  
=m ! ,junior ,division ( ! s*ool4  ,su* 
a /ate ( matt]s reflects b little cr$it 
on ! educational lead]s ( ,scotl&1 &    
indicates an imp]fect conception ( !    
real nature ( ! educative process4 ,= if
 education is ! process ( acquir+ &     
organis+ exp]i5ces 9 ord] to r5d] future
 action m effici5t1 x is surely ! height
 ( folly to all[ ! "y *ild to ga!r 8    
e>ly exp]i5ces z he may4 ,moreov]1 9 !  
case ( ! *ildr5 ( ! slums1 to all[ !m   
dur+ _! e>ly ye>s to ga!r into _! bra9  
)\t any correct+ ag5cy all ! sights &   
sc5es ( a slum is %e] social madness4 ,!

 *ild mu/ be remov$1 or p>tially remov$1
 f su* an atmosph]e1 s9ce x has rea*$ ! 
imitative /age1 & is ne>+ ! selective   
/age ( life4 ,= ! mom5t he imitates     
any?+2 pres5tly he w imitate :at pleases
 him1 :at gives him mom5t>y pleasure4   
,be=e ! unmoral selective /age is rea*$1
 ! /age :i* inevitably prec$es ! moral &
 immoral selective /age1 x is ess5tial t
 *ildr5 %\ld receive def9ite & delib]ate
 guidance1 t ! imitative faculty %\ld be
 controll$4#cg ,9 ! case ( ! *ildr5 ( ! 
poor] di/ricts ?is c be done only ?r\gh 
! ag5cy ( ! ,infant ,s*ool4 ,mu* may be 
done by mak+ ! in/ruction ( ! s*ool     
attractive1 to c\nt]act ! evil influ5ces
 ( ! home & social environm5t1 & to lead
 ! *ild to acquire & organise exp]i5ces 
:i* w issue 9 moral & n 9 immoral       
conduct4  ,h5ce :at we ne$ 9 ! poor]    
di/ricts ( our l>ge t[ns is ,free       
,k9d]g>t5 ,s*ools f :i* all =mal tea*+ (
 ! ?ree ,r's is aboli%$1 :]e = sev]al   
h\rs 9 ea* day ! *ild may be tra9$ to   
use 8 s5ses 9 ! accurate discrim9ation &

 accurate sy/ematisation ( s5se k2 :]e  
he may h 8 con/ructive activities evok$ 
by ! expression 9 concrete =m ( :at he  
has be5 l$ to p]ceive ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! 
s5ses2 :]e he may be tra9$ to habits (  
ord]1 ( cleanl9ess1 ( submission to     
au?ority2 & :]e = a "t1 at lea/1 he may 
be accu/om$ to live 9 a pur] & heal?i]  
atmosph]e ?an he c f9d at home or 9 !   
/reet1 & :]e = a brief space he may h t 
feel+ ( home :i* he _c f9d at home4#ch  
,! e/abli%m5t 9 ! poor] di/ricts ( our  
great t[ns ( s*ools ^: education foll[s 
! me?od ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 if accompani$ by  
"s sy/em ( fe$+ ! *ild w\ld d mu* to    
secure ! aft] social effici5cy ( ! ris+ 
g5]ation1 & w\ld by its reaction on !   
home-life t5d gradually to raise !      
ideals ( ! v poor4  ,,footnotes3  #cc ,!
 ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ,education1 by ,sir    
,james ,cri*ton ,br[ne1 ibid4 p4 #cde4  
#cd ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ,education1 by   
,sir ,james ,cri*ton ,br[ne1 ibid4 p4   
#cde4  #ce ,cf4 on ?is subject ! *apt]  
on ,s*ool ,nurs]ies 9 ,national         

,education & ,national ,life1 ibid4  #cf
 ,sugge/ions = ! ,consid]ation (        
,tea*]s1 *ap4 iii4 7issu$ by ! ,engli%  
,bo>d ( ,education74  #cg ,montmor5cy's 
,national ,education & ,national ,life1 
ibid4 p4 #adc4 ,! *apt] on ,s*ool       
,nurs]ies %\ld be read by ev]yone1 &    
especially by e ,scotsman int]e/$ 9 !   
education ( "y *ildr54  #ch ,cf4 ,*>les 
,lamb's ,essay on ,popul> ,fallacies4   
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y
 ,,s*ool   ,dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s no "p 
( our educational sy/em has receiv$ s   
mu* att5tion z ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ( !  
c\ntry4 ,if we comp>e ! condition ( ?+s 
:i* prevails at ! pres5t "t ) t :i*     
exi/$ previ\s to #ahgj1 !re c be no d\bt
 t a great advance has be5 made bo? 9 ! 
bett] provision ( ! means ( education & 
9 ! effici5cy ( ! in/ruction giv54      
,previ\s to #ahgj a l>ge numb] ( !      
*ildr5 ( ! poor receiv$ no education4#ci
 ,( ^? att5d+ s*ool _m left ) b a scanty
 k4 ,n[ practically e *ild#dj receives a
 tra9+ 9 ! prim>y arts ( read+1 writ+1 &

 ari?metic2 & ) ! gradual ext5sion ( !  
p]iod dur+ :i* ! *ild mu/ att5d s*ool1 x
 has become possible to ensure t a l>g] 
& l>g] numb] ( *ildr5 leav+ our         
,elem5t>y ,s*ools h receiv$ an education
 :i* may be ( value = ! aft]-fulfilm5t (
 ! simpl] practical ends ( life4 ,aga91 
previ\s to #ahgj ! s*ool build+s 7 9 _m 
cases unfit = _! purpose2 n[ ! ,elem5t>y
 ,s*ools ( ! c\ntry bo? 9 _! build+     
arrangem5ts & equipm5t are z a rule mu* 
sup]ior to ! volunt>y & end[$ s*ools    
provid+ second>y education4 ,previ\s to 
#ahgj anyone 0 ?\ght good en\gh to      
und]take ! "w ( tea*+2 s9ce t "t m & m  
att5tion has be5 paid to !              
qualifications ( ! tea*] & to secur+ t  
he %all h atta9$ a c]ta9 /&>d (         
education1 & h receiv$ a c]ta9 measure (
 tra9+ be=e engag+ ^u ! "w ( !          
in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,we1 e4g41 no long]  
entru/ ! in/ruction ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 9 !
 s*ool to ! old]1 z 0 ! cu/om "u !      
monitorial sy/em ( ,bell & ,lanca/]1 & )
 ! abolition ( ! pupil-tea*] ! la/      

remnant ( a sy/em introduc$ at ! beg9n+ 
( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z ! only rem$y to   
meet ! dire educational necessities ( ! 
"t1 w h be5 remov$4  ,b 9 spite ( !     
great advances :i* h be5 made1 !re is a 
deep-seat$ feel+ n[ beg9n+ to f9d       
expression1 t someh[ or o!r ! ,elem5t>y 
,s*ool has n realis$ all ! expectations 
t 7 once ?\ght likely to result f !     
univ]sal education ( ! *ildr5 ( !       
nation1 & t 9 p>ticul> ! ,prim>y ,s*ool 
has fail$ to fo/] & to e/abli% ! moral &
 social qualities necess>y = ! welf>e ( 
a ,/ate ^: gov]nm5t is f\nd$ on !       
repres5tative pr9ciple4  ,?is1 x seems  
to me1 is l>gely due to ! wrong         
conception ( ! aims :i* ! ,prim>y ,s*ool
 is int5d$ to realise--a conception :i* 
prevail$ = _m ye>s aft] ! introduction (
 compulsory elem5t>y education4 ,= "s "t
 n[1 & especially dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 a
 c\nt]-reaction has set 9 aga9/ !       
n>r[ness ( ! aims ( ! prec$+ p]iod1 & l 
all reactions x t5ds to g to ! opposite 
extreme1 & s to broad5 ! aims ( !       

,prim>y ,s*ool z to be 9 dang] ( fail+  
to realise effici5tly any "o ( ! ends   
:i* x sets be=e x4  ,! /ate ( ?+s       
imm$iately prec$+ #ahgj n unnaturally   
gave rise to ! idea t ! acquisition ( ! 
arts ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic 0 ! "o 
indisp5sable object to be atta9$ 9 !    
elem5t>y education ( ! *ild4 ,?is       
conviction 0 /r5g!n$ by ! sy/em (       
,gov]nm5t grants introduc$ into bo?     
,engli% & ,scot* s*ools1 paym5ts to     
s*ool manag]s be+ l>gely bas$ ^u !      
successes obta9$ 9 passes 9 ! ?ree      
elem5t>y subjects4  ,c]ta9 results      
naturally foll[$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no   
provision 0 made = ! special education (
 ! infant classes4 ,s9ce ! aft]-success 
( ! *ild 0 measur$ by 8 atta9m5ts 9 !   
?ree ,r's1 ! soon] ! infant m9d 0       
introduc$ to ^! subjects ! bett] !      
aft]-result might be expect$ to be4 ,?us
 ! grant-e>n+ capacity ( ! *ild became !
 tea*]'s *ief consid]ation4 ,9 ! second 
place1 ! en]gies ( ! tea*] 7 direct$ to 
secure a c]ta9 me*anical accuracy 9 !   

use ( ! ?ree elem5t>y arts r ?an _!     
intellig5t appreh5sion4 ,z a consequ5ce1
 ^! subjects came 9 "t to be ?\ght ( z  
subjects wor?y ( atta9m5t = _! own sake 
& _! acquisition z an end 9 itself4     
,h5ce x 0 =gott5 t ! acquisition &      
organisation ( ^! sy/ems ( elem5t>y k   
are only valuable because !y are !      
indisp5sable means ( all int]c\rse1 (   
all comm]ce1 & ( all culture4 ,h5ce also
 _! use z in/rum5ts = ! aft]-realisation
 ( _m purposes 9 life t5d$ to be        
neglect$1 or at lea/ to fall into !     
backgr\nd4 ,individual tea*]s1 no d\bt1 
9 _m cases realis$ ! p>tial error 9 ?is 
conception ( ! aims ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool1 
b ! dem&s ( ,gov]nm5t inspectors & (    
s*ool au?orities1 ) _! rule-(-?umb      
me?ods ( te/+ ! success ( ! tea*]'s "w  
by ! p]c5tage ( passes ga9$1 t5d$ (t5 to
 make ! tea*]1 9 spite ( 8 bett]        
judgm5t1 look ^u ! *ild ma9ly z a       
?ree-,r grant-e>n+ subject & to consid] 
! *ief aim ( prim>y education to be !   
secur+ ( a c]ta9 me*anical pr(ici5cy 9 !

 use ( ! ?ree elem5t>y arts4  ,"u su* a 
me?od ( exam9ation x 0 c]ta9ly necess>y 
= ! tea*] to pay "s att5tion to !       
individuality ( ! *ild4 ,if 8 ef=ts 7 to
 be at all successful x 0 incumb5t ^u   
him to discov] z e>ly z possible ! range
 ( ! *ild's previ\s k 9 ! ?ree          
grant-e>n+ subjects & to f9d out 9 :i* (
 ! ?ree ! p[] ( acquisition ( ! *ild 0  
naturally weak or naturally /rong4 ,:]e 
! numb] ( *ildr5 9 a class 0 l>ge1      
little individual att5tion c\ld1 (      
c\rse1 be paid to ! *ild1 & 9 su* cases 
! acquisition ( ! subject 0 aid$ by !   
me*anical drill+ ( sections ( ! class & 
by rec\rse to all mann] ( devices =     
ensur+ ! accurate acquisition ( !       
ess5tial subjects4  ,z a result ( ?is   
p>tial & "o-sid$ conception little      
att5tion 0 paid to ! use to :i* ^!      
subjects may be put 9 ! realisation ( ! 
practical ends ( life4 ,ari?metic1 e4g41
 seem$ to ! *ild to be made up ( a numb]
 ( k9ds ( ari?metic1 ea* process hav+   
its own rules & me?ods ( proc$ure2 b x  

nev] ent]$ into 8 m9d1 & b seldom into t
 ( 8 tea*]1 t ! v>i\s ari?metical       
processes are at bottom b div]se =ms ( !
 "o fundam5tal process ( add+ to or     
subtract+ f a gr\p4 ,proportion 0 "o k9d
 ( ari?metic1 simple int]e/ ano!r1 b t  
^! processes symbolis$ real gr\p-=m+    
processes1 or t !y _h to d ) any ( !    
realities ( life1 0 appreh5d$1 if at    
all1 9 ! mo/ imp]fect & hazy mann]4  ,9 
a simil> mann]1 ! ov]com+ ( ! me*anical 
difficulties ( language con/ruction     
occupi$ ! major portion ( ! att5tion ( !
 *ild dur+ ! s*ool p]iod1 & ! function (
 language 9 convey+ a k ( ?+s & p]sons &
 ev5ts receiv$ b a small %>e ( 8        
att5tion4 ,mean+s ( words 7 inde$       
tabulat$ & le>nt by he>t1 & z a rule !  
*ild on exam9ation-day c\ld make a fair 
%[ 9 delud+ ! inspector t ! passage read
 0 intellig5tly appreh5d$4 ,9 v mu* !   
same way1 ! ov]com+ ( ! me*anical       
difficulties ( writ+ & ! drill+ ( ! *ild
 to =m 8 lett]s 9 a uni=m /yle receiv$ !
 *ief %>e ( ! s*ool-"t devot$ to !      

subject4  ,! int]e/ & att5tion ( ! *ild 
hav+ be5 ?us ma9ly occupi$ 9 ! ov]com+ (
 ! me*anical difficulties involv$ 9 !   
le>n+ ( ! ?ree grant-e>n+ subjects1 &   
little att5tion hav+ be5 paid to ! use (
 ^! arts1 x foll[$ t ^u ! conclusion ( !
 s*ool p]iod ! *ild left ! s*ool )\t any
 real int]e/s hav+ be5 e/abli%$ z !     
result ( ! educative process4  ,moreov]1
 except 9 s f> z by _! tea*+ we may     
e/abli% habits ( ord] & ( accuracy1 !   
?ree elem5t>y subjects 9 !mselves       
possess no moral or social int5t2 h5ce  
unless we c make ! *ild realise _! value
 z in/rum5ts = ! atta9m5t ( ends (      
social wor? !y 9 !mselves fail to play  
any important "p 9 ! build+ up ( "*4    
,let me put ?is 9 ano!r way4 ,we h def9$
 education z ! process ( acquir+ &      
sy/ematis+ exp]i5ces t w r5d] future    
action m effici5t1 or alt]natively x is 
! process by :i* we organise & e/abli% 9
 ! m9d sy/ems ( ideas = ! atta9m5t (    
ends4 ,b if we make ! acquisition ( ^!  
elem5t>y arts ends 9 !mselves1 !n x     

foll[s t ! m effici5t action we seek to 
realise is ! m effici5t manipulation ( a
 numb] sy/em or a language sy/em4 ,if1  
h[ev]1 we realise t ^! arts are b means 
to ! realisation ( o!r ends1 !n we %all 
und]/& t x is ! "* ( ! latt] :i* ma9ly  
det]m9es ! result+ "* ( ! education     
giv54  ,p>tly to ?is errone\s conception
 ( ! real function ( ! elem5t>y arts1 & 
p>tly to ano!r cause :i* we %all m5tion 
lat]1 may be attribut$ ! poor results   
:i* our ,elem5t>y ,s*ool sy/em has      
atta9$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( int]e/s ( moral 
& social wor?4 ,if1 moreov]1 we realise 
h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! *ildr5 left &  
/ill d leave s*ool at an e>ly age1 be=e 
su* int]e/s c be p]man5tly e/abli%$1 & 9
 "s cases ) any?+ b an adequate k ( !   
elem5t>y arts necess>y = all fur!r      
progress1 we may r be a/oni%$ t s mu*   
has be5 done ?an s little4  ,b 9 !      
reaction aga9/ ! n>r[ness & =malism (   
our e>ly aims 9 elem5t>y education1 !re 
is a t5d5cy--a /rong t5d5cy--at ! pres5t
 "t to g to ! opposite extreme1 & to    

make ! elem5t>y in/rum5tal arts !       
vehicles = ! fo/]+ ( real int]e/s at too
 e>ly a /age4 ,?is manife/s itself on ! 
"o h& 9 ! desire to make all in/ruction 
int]e/+ to ! *ild1 & on ! o!r to        
introduce ! *ild prematurely to a k ( ! 
real conditions ( life1 be=e he c h any 
intellig5t und]/&+ ( ^! conditions4 ,f !
 b>r5ness & =malism ( ! e>li] p]iod1 we 
n[ h ! dem& made t ! s*ool %\ld ?r\gh\t 
take into acc\nt ! real & practical     
necessities ( life4  ,! =m] t5d5cy--!   
t5d5cy to make ev]y?+ int]e/+ to ! *ild 
by less5+ or m9imis+ ! me*anical        
difficulties & by endeav\r+ 9 e way to  
incite ! *ild to become int]e/$ 9 !     
cont5t ( ! lesson--is be/ exemplifi$ by 
! "* ( ! s*ool books :i* we n[ place 9 !
 h&s ( our *ildr54 ,! latt] t5d5cy--!   
t5d5cy to ! premature use ( ! elem5t>y  
arts--is exemplifi$ by ! crav+ to make  
our tea*+ ( ari?metic practical & real f
 ! v beg9n+4  ,9 ! =m] case1 in/ead (   
endeav\r+ to make ! process ( language  
con/ruction int]e/+ 9 itself1 we div]t !

 *ild's att5tion f ! acquir+ & organis+ 
( ! sy/em ( language =ms to ! premature 
acquirem5t ( ! cont5t ( language4 ,:at  
results is obvi\s3 ! ma9 int]e/ be+ 9 ! 
cont5t1 ! int]e/ 9 ! me*anical          
con/ruction ( ! =m suff]s1 & z a        
consequ5ce ! *ild nev] atta9s a full    
ma/]y ov] ! in/rum5tal art4  ,9 ! latt] 
case we attempt to d two ?+s at ! same  
"t 9 our tea*+ ( ari?metic4 ,9 e        
concrete application ( ari?metic !re are
 two int]e/s involv$3 9 ! fir/ place1   
!re is ! numb] int]e/--! int]e/ 9 !     
analys+ & recomb9+ ( a gr\p1 und]tak5 = 
! sake ( ! recon/ruction itself2 9 !    
second place1 !re is ! bus9ess or real  
int]e/1 :i* ! numb] int]e/ inde$        
subs]ves1 b ! two int]e/s are 9 no case 
id5tical4 ,if we attempt to tea* ! two  
toge!r1 we z a rule tea* bo? badly4 ,!  
pupil w h b a hazy idea ( ! bus9ess     
relation1 & w run ! risk ( imp]fectly   
organis+ ! pure numb] sy/em4 ,h5ce all  
k9ds ( impossible problems may be giv5  
to ! *ild )\t rais+ any suspicion (     

error 9 8 m9d1 & su* cases furni% c]ta9 
evid5ce t ! bus9ess relation does n     
really conc]n him1 b t 8 :ole att5tion  
is engag$ ) ! purely con/ructive aspect 
( numb]4 ,ano!r example ( ! same error (
 conf\nd+ two sep>ate ?+s is ! bl9d     
mixture we make ( ari?metic & measur+4  
,because ari?metic is involv$ 9 all     
measur+ we assume t :5 ! *ild c add     
toge!r feet & in*es1 !re=e he has a     
complete k ( ^! spatial magnitudes4 ,b  
manife/ly1 if spatial magnitude is to be
 taught intellig5tly1 x mu/ at fir/ be  
taught indep5d5tly ( ! numb] relation1  
:i* is a g5]al sy/em in/rum5tal 9 !     
realisation ( _m concrete int]e/s4  ,f  
^! consid]ations1 c]ta9 g5]al results   
foll[4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! e>li] conception (
 ! aim ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool z be+ ma9ly   
conc]n$ ) ! acquirem5t & organisation ( 
! ?ree elem5t>y arts z ends 9 !mselves  
mu/ be condemn$4 ,language & numb]      
sy/ems are means to ! realisation (     
c]ta9 concrete ends ( aft]-life1 & !    
s*ool dur+ ! lat] /ages ( education mu/ 

endeav\r to lead ! *ild to p]ceive h[ ^!
 sy/ems may be utilis$ 9 ! fur!rance (  
^! real concrete int]e/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
! attempt to comb9e prematurely ^! two  
aims w result 9 ! imp]fect atta9m5t (   
bo?4 ,dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( education !  
ma9 int]e/ mu/ be 9 ! con/ruction = its 
own sake ( ! language sy/em or ! numb]  
sy/em1 & :ile ! real int]e/ may be      
introduc$ x mu/ always be kept subsidi>y
 to ! ma9 int]e/--mu/ fir/ ( all be     
taught = its own sake1 & ! in/rum5tal   
art only us$ = its fur!rance 9 s f> z ! 
acquirem5t ( ! =m] is n ob/ruct$4 ,e4g41
 ! plac+ ( geography & hi/ory ,read]s 9 
! h&s ( ! *ild :ile he is /ill /ruggl+ )
 ! difficulties ( language con/ruction c
 only result 9 ! hi/ory & geography be+ 
imp]fectly und]/ood & ! organisation ( !
 language sy/em be+ delay$ & h9d]$4     
,once ! elem5t>y & subsidi>y sy/ems h   
be5 fairly well organis$ & e/abli%$1 _! 
function z means = ! fur!rance ( real   
int]e/s %\ld occupy a l>g] %>e ( !      
*ild's att5tion & ( ! "t ( ! s*ool4 ,^! 

real int]e/s1 h[ev]1 mu/ 9 e case & at e
 /age be taught at fir/ = _! own sake1 &
 !reaft] _! relation to ! in/rum5tal art
 expla9$ & appli$4 ,gradually1 z !y     
become bett] organis$ & m firmly        
e/abli%$1 ! elem5t>y arts occupy a      
small] & small] %>e ( att5tion1 until   
f9ally !y function automatically1 & !   
:ole att5tion c be direct$ to !         
fur!rance ( ! real int]e/s to :i* !     
elem5t>y arts are ! indisp5sable means4 
,h5ce we note ?ree /ages 9 ! elem5t>y   
education ( ! *ild--! /age prec$+ ! =mal
 in/ruction 9 ! elem5t>y arts2 ! /age 9 
:i* ! =mal in/ruction %\ld pr$om9ate &  
receive ! great] %>e ( ! *ild's         
att5tion2 ! /age 9 :i* ! elem5t>y sy/ems
 hav+ be5 9 great measure organis$ &    
e/abli%$1 !y may be utilis$ z means to !
 fur!rance ( ! real int]e/s4 ,! fir/    
/age corresponds to ! ,infant or        
,k9d]g>t5 age3 "h ! ma9 object is to    
build up 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild sy/ems ( ideas
 ab\t ! ?+s ( 8 environm5t2 to ext5d1 by
 conv]sation & by read+ to ! *ild1 !    

vocabul>y ( 8 own language2 to give him 
practice 9 ! comb9+ & recomb9+ (        
concrete gr\ps ( ?+s1 & to introduce him
 to a k ( ! v>i\s language =ms 9 a      
concrete %ape4  ,9 ! second /age1 & "h !
 "w ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool beg9s1 ! ma9     
emphasis at ! beg9n+ mu/ be laid on !   
acquirem5t & e/abli%m5t ( ! language &  
numb] sy/ems = _! own sake4 ,if "r      
me?ods are foll[$1 ! *ild c be int]e/$ 9
 ^! processes ( con/ruction )\t ! ne$ ( 
call+ into use at e po9t "s real int]e/4
 ,9 ! conclud+ /age ! use ( ^! in/rum5ts
 z means to ! realisation ( ! simpl]    
practical ends ( life %\ld receive m    
att5tion4  ,"o reason1 !n1 = ! poor     
moral & social results effect$ 9 ! pa/  
by our ,elem5t>y ,s*ool sy/em has be5 ! 
undue emphasis plac$ ^u ! acquisition ( 
! m]ely =mal arts to ! neglect ( ! real 
int]e/s to :i* ! =m] are b ! means4     
,ano!r cause1 h[ev]1 has be5 op]ative 9 
produc+ ?is negative result4 ,9 !       
,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 9 ! pa/1 little      
att5tion has be5 paid to ! individuality

 ( ! *ild1 & little he$ giv5 to !       
diff]5ces betwe5 *ildr5 z reg>ds _!     
diff]5t rates ( intellectual gr[? & _!  
diff]+ aptitudes = v>i\s bran*es ( /udy4
 ,"u a sy/em ( classification :i*       
compell$ ea* individual1 :e!r           
intellectually well or mod]ately or     
poorly equipp$1 to advance at an equal  
rate1 att5tion to ! individual ) any o!r
 aim ?an to raise ! weak to ! /&>d ( !  
av]age *ild 9 acquir+ ! ?ree ,r's 0     
impossible4 ,aga91 our huge city s*ools1
 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! va/ size1 p>tly on
 ! gr\nd t !y are unable to organise    
s*ool games1 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! lack (
 any common s*ool int]e/s1 d n & _c fo/]
 any s5se ( a corporate life1 any feel+ 
( a common social _s4 ,:]e our ,engli%  
,public ,s*ool sy/em is /rong1 our      
,elem5t>y & sometimes ev5 our ,day      
,second>y ,s*ool sy/ems are weak4 ,if ! 
home fails to fo/] ^! qualities1 & !    
s*ool does n or _c fill ! gap1 !n z a   
rule we turn out our boys & girls poorly
 equipp$ to fulfil _! duties 9 aft]-life

 z memb]s ( a corporate community & z   
citiz5s ( a ,/ate4 ,m]e tea*+ ( hi/ory  
or ( civics 9 our s*ools w d little to  
atta9 ?is end1 unless by "s me?od or o!r
 we c fo/] by means ( ! s*ool-life !    
real civic _s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to  
po9t out ! nature ( ! disease2 x is m   
difficult to prescribe a rem$y4 ,b mu*  
might be done to /r5g!n & increase !    
moral influ5ce ( ! s*ool by a bett]     
sy/em ( classification1 :i* took into   
acc\nt ! diff]5ces 9 intellectual       
capacity & 9 natural aptitude1 & :i* z a
 consequ5ce1 9 ! education ( ! *ild1    
paid m att5tion to ea* *ild's           
individuality4 ,?is w\ld involve mu*    
small] classes ?an exi/ at pres5t1 &    
w\ld fur!r involve t ! *ildr5 %\ld be "u
 ! c>e ( "o tea*] = a long] "t ?an is n[
 ! rule4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 9 _m cases1 ! 
tea*] is employ$ 9 tea*+ ! same         
subjects1 at ! same /age1 ye> aft] ye>1 
to a ye>ly fre% bat* ( sixty or sev5ty  
*ildr54 ,consequ5tly he le>ns to look ^u
 8 pupils z m]e subjects to :om mu/ be  

imp>t$ ! requir$ measure ( in/ruction4  
,( ! *ildr5 9 !mselves1 ( _! home-life1 
( _! int]e/s outside s*ool1 he kn[s     
no?+1 & z a rule c>es less4  ,if 9      
addition to ?is we ceas$ erect+ b>racks 
= ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 & erect$ s*ools 
= _! education1 we %\ld make ev5 a fur!r
 advance 9 ?is direction4 ,if x is      
impossible = o!r reasons to less5 ! size
 ( our city ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 !n !     
rem$y lies 9 ! division ( ! s*ools into 
dep>tm5ts 9 :i* ! ,head %\ld be entru/$ 
) ! sup]vision ( ! education ( ! *ildr5 
dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ?is way x w\ld be  
possible = ! tea*] to get to "k ea* *ild
 individually1 to direct 8 education 9  
accordance ) 8 aptitudes1 & to ex]t an  
influ5ce ov] him4 ,?us1 by giv+ m       
att5tion to ! organis$ games ( ! s*ool &
 by ! creation ( s*ool int]e/s1 mu*     
might be done to rem$y ! defects ( !    
s*ool on ! side ( moral & social        
education4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 :5 ! home    
fails1 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool c d little1 & 
we mu/ put our tru/ 9 ! e?ical ag5cies (

 society to assi/ & promote ! ef=ts ( ! 
s*ool 9 ! fur!r+ ( a "r social _s & 9 ! 
creation ( a common corporate feel+4    
,,footnotes3  #ci ,e4g41 9 #ahfa x 0    
calculat$ t only #f p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 (
 ! poor 9 ,engl& 7 receiv+ a            
satisfactory elem5t>y education4 ,cf4   
,balf\r ,graham's ,educational ,sy/em ( 
,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 p4 #ad4  #dj   
,e4g41 9 #ahgb 9 ,scotl& s*ool places 7 
provid$ = only #h4c p] c5t4 ( !         
population4 ,9 #aije places 7 provid$ = 
#ba4bb ( ! population4 ,cf4 ,report on  
,scot* ,education1 #aije1 p4 #f4        
,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,!        
,,second>y ,,s*ool   ,we h se5 t on its 
intellectual side ! ,prim>y ,s*ool has  
two ma9 functions to p]=m 9 ! education 
( ! *ild4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*ool mu/  
endeav\r to secure t ! elem5t>y arts (  
read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are well      
organis$ & well e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d ( !    
*ild4 ,! m effectively ! language &     
numb] sy/ems are organis$ & e/abli%$ ! m
 effici5tly w !y function 9 ! p]=mance (

 future action4 ,moreov]1 x is only :5  
!y h become s organis$ z to function    
automatically t !y rea* _! highe/       
effici5cy z in/rum5ts = ! fur!r ext5sion
 ( k or ( practice4  ,9 ! second place1 
! ,prim>y ,s*ool mu/ tra9 ! pupil to !  
use ( ^! sy/ems z in/rum5ts = !         
realisation ( o!r & concrete ends or    
int]e/s4 ,e4g41 ! numb] sy/em may be us$
 9 ! fur!rance ( ! measur+ int]e/1 !    
weigh+ int]e/1 & s on4 ,! two dang]s we 
h to avoid are on ! "o h& ! b>r5 =malism
 ( treat+ ! acquisition ( ^! arts z ends
 9 !mselves1 & on ! o!r ( suppos+ t !   
real int]e/s c be intellig5tly und]/ood 
m]ely ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! elem5t>y
 arts & t !y d n require indep5d5t      
treatm5t ( !mselves4  ,if ! *ild is     
de/9$ to g no f>!r ?an ! ,elem5t>y      
,s*ool /age1 !n at lea/ ! conclud+ ye> (
 ! s*ool %\ld be ma9ly devot$ to tra9+  
him to ! use ( ! prim>y in/rum5tal arts 
9 ! e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems ( k necess>y = !
 realisation ( ! simpl] practical ends (
 life4  ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *ild is select$ = 

a c\rse ( high] education1 ! educative  
process becomes diff]5t 9 nature4 ,9 !  
fir/-nam$ case we are cont5t to give !  
*ild practice 9 ! application ( an      
already e/abli%$ sy/em to concrete      
problems4 ,9 ! second case we endeav\r1 
us+ ! elem5t>y sy/ems z means1 to       
e/abli% o!r sy/ems ( k z means to !     
atta9m5t ( /ill fur!r ends4 ,we may1    
e4g41 on ! basis ( ! v]nacul> language  
build up a =eign language sy/em z a     
means ei!r to comm]cial int]c\rse or to 
lit]>y culture4 ,9 %ort1 ! aim ( !      
,second>y ,s*ool is1 us+ ! elem5t>y     
sy/ems z ! basal means1 to organise &   
e/abli% o!r sy/ems ( means = ! atta9m5t 
( ! m complex int]e/s ( aft]-life1      
practical & !oretical4 ,! object (      
e/abli%+ a sy/em ( k is n to pass       
exam9ations1--?is is ! s*oolma/]'s      
error1--b to r5d] future action m       
effici5t1 to fur!r 9 aft]-life "s       
complex int]e/ ( a practical or         
!oretical nature4 ,to ! few1 inde$1 !   
e/abli%m5t & sy/ematisation ( k may be  

an end 9 itself4 ,to ! _m1 !            
sy/ematisation & e/abli%m5t is & ought  
to be und]tak5 z a means to ! m effici5t
 fur!rance ( "s practical end4 ,fur!r1 !
 only ju/ification = ! seek+ ( k = its  
own sake is t !reby x may be bett]      
und]/ood1 bett] e/abli%$ & bett]        
sy/ematis$1 & s become bett] fitt$ to   
make practice m effici5t4  ,h5ce ! "q z 
reg>ds second>y education resolves      
itself into ! "q z to ! nature ( !      
sy/ems ( k :i* we %\ld endeav\r to      
e/abli% sy/ematically 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild1 
& be=e we c answ] ?is "q we mu/ "k !    
l5g? ( "t :i* ! *ild c af=d to sp5d at !
 ,high] ,s*ool & 8 possible vocation 9  
aft]-life4 ,= if education is ! process 
by :i* ! *ild is l$ to acquire &        
organise exp]i5ces s z to r5d] future   
action m effici5t1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! 
nature ( ?is action1 some?+ ( ! nature (
 ! future social s]vices = :i* 8        
education is to tra9 him1 & ! s*ool     
p]iod mu/ be ( suffici5t l5g? to enable 
! requir$ sy/ems to be e/abli%$         

p]man5tly & ?or\ghly4  ,neglect ( ^! two
 obvi\s consid]ations has l$ 9 ! pa/ &  
ev5 9 ! pres5t leads to two errors 9 our
 organisation ( ! means ( second>y      
education4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 until q     
rec5tly1 we h be5 too mu* incl9$ to !   
op9ion t second>y education 0 all ( "o  
type1 & ev5 :]e ?is error has be5       
recognis$1 z 9 ,g]many1 ! t5d5cy /ill   
exi/s to emphasise unduly ! p>ticul>    
type ( education :i* has z its ma9      
+r$i5ts ! anci5t classical languages4   
,we sp5d ye>s 9 ! attempt to recon/ruct 
& e/abli% 9 ! m9d ( ! y\? a k ( ^!      
language sy/ems1 & 9 a l>ge numb] (     
cases we fail to atta9 adequately ev5   
?is end4 ,we build up labori\sly sy/ems 
( means :i* 9 aft]-life function        
directly 9 ! atta9m5t ( no end1 & z a   
consequ5ce1 9 _m cases1 ! dissolution ( 
! sy/em is z rapid z its acquisition 0  
sl[4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,r5asc5ce & :5 fir/   
introduc$ into ! curriculum ( !         
,second>y ,s*ool1 ^! languages1 &       
especially ,lat91 did !n possess a high 

functional value1 s9ce !y 7 !           
indisp5sable means to ! fur!rance ( k & 
to social int]c\rse4 ,to-day !y possess 
little functional value1 & _! claim =   
admission into ! s*ool curriculum is    
*iefly bas$ ^u _! s-call$ tra9+ &       
discipl9>y values4  ,let u consid] ?is =
 a mom5t3 9 ! recon/ruction (1 say1 !   
,lat9 language1 ! pupil is be+ tra9$ 9 !
 recon/ruction & re-e/abli%m5t ( a      
language sy/em ^: me?ods & rules (      
con/ruction are mu* m complex &         
intricate ?an ^? ( any liv+ language1 & 
^: =ms are s design$ z to br+ out       
exactly v>i$ %ades ( mean+4 ,h5ce1 9 its
 acquisition ! pupil receives practice 9
 ! exact discrim9ation ( ! mean+ (      
words1 & 9 _! accurate plac+ &          
recon/ruction )9 ! s5t5ce--! unit (     
expression--9 ord] to br+ out ! exact   
int]pretation ( ! ?\ght or /atem5t (    
fact int5d$ by ! writ]4  ,fur!r1 we may 
tra9 ! pupil dur+ ! s*ool p]iod to      
self-apply ! language sy/em 9 ! fur!r   
int]pretation ( relatively unkn[n       

passages4 ,9 %ort1 we c tra9 him 9 !    
processes ( language con/ruction & (    
language application4 ,moreov]1 9       
consid]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ take into acc\nt
 t dur+ ! s*ool p]iod ! ma9 int]e/ mu/  
necess>ily be direct$ to ! acquisition &
 e/abli%m5t ( ! sy/em itself1 t little  
att5tion c be direct$ t[>ds ! cont5t =  
its own sake1 & t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sy/em
 s t x %all function automatically 9 !  
int]pretation ( ! cont5t is a /age :i*  
is atta9$ 9 comp>atively few cases1 & !n
 only aft] _m ye>s ( /udy4  ,if we !n   
take into acc\nt1 & we mu/ take into    
acc\nt1 ! fact t ! *ief value ( ! anci5t
 languages z ,second>y ,s*ool subjects  
lies 9 _! use z tra9+ & discipl9>y      
in/rum5ts--t 9 aft]-life !y function    
directly 9 ! atta9m5t ( no practical    
end1 & only indirectly 9 s f> z ! habits
 acquir$ ( ! exact weigh+ ( ! mean+ (   
words & ( ! accurate plac+ ( words are  
c>ri$ ov] = ! atta9m5t ( practical ends 
9 :i* ^! qualities ( exact int]pretation
 & exact expression ( language are !    

*ief requisites--we %all und]/& t :ile  
!y may be ( value 9 secur+ ! effici5t   
aft]-p]=mance ( c]ta9 social s]vices1 !y
 play b a small "p 9 ! fur!r+ ( any     
s]vice :i* requires an exact k ( !      
qualities ( ?+s & an accurate k ( ! laws
 gov]n+ ! op]ations ( nature4  ,9 !     
second place1 neglect ( ! fact t ! aim (
 education is to e/abli% sy/ems ( means 
= ! effici5t aft]-p]=mance ( actions has
 l$ u to neglect ! fact t 9 !           
acquisition & e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems ( k we
 require to limit ! scope ( our aims &  
to c>ry on ! process ( education dur+ a 
p]iod suffici5tly ext5d$ to admit ( !   
/able e/abli%m5t ( ! sy/ems4 ,if1 e4g41 
we attempt to e/abli% too _m sy/ems1 !n 
z a result we (t5 /ably e/abli% none1 ) 
! fur!r result t aft] ! s*ool p]iod has 
pass$ ! k ga9$ soon disappe>s4 ,if1     
aga91 we attempt 9 too limit$ a "t to   
e/abli% an elaborate & complex sy/em (  
k1 z e4g4 t ( ! ,lat9 language1 !n we   
nev] rea* ! /age :5 x c be self-appli$  
intellig5tly 9 ! fur!rance ( any end4   

,h5ce1 if a boy leaves ! ,elem5t>y      
,s*ool & ent]s ^u a ,high ,s*ool c\rse )
 ! int5tion ( leav+ at ! age ( fifte5 or
 sixte5 & ent]+ ^u "s employm5t1 !      
sy/ems ( k :i* c be e/abli%$ dur+ !     
s*ool p]iod mu/ be diff]5t f ^? ( ! boy 
^: education is int5d$ to be ext5d$     
until tw5ty-"o4 ,if1 !n1 a national     
sy/em ( education is to make adequate   
provision = ! effici5t aft]-p]=mance ( !
 v>i\s social s]vices :i* ! nation      
requires at ! h&s ( its adult memb]s2   
if1 9 %ort1 x is to be organic to ! life
 ( ! ,/ate z a :ole1 !n !re mu/ be n "o 
type ( high] education b sev]al2 = x is 
to h] ,high] ,s*ools t a nation mu/     
pr9cipally look = ! prep>ation ( citiz5s
 :o 9 aft]-life w dis*>ge ! m important 
s]vices ( ! community4 ,?is tru? has    
already be5 realis$ 9 o!r c\ntries1     
notably ,g]many4 ,we are only beg9n+ to 
realise x1 & to take measures to c>ry x 
into practice4  ,moreov]1 9 a national  
sy/em ( education we %all ne$ n "o sy/em
 ( advanc+ means b sev]al2 n m]ely an   

educational ladd] t may c>ry ! boy to ! 
,univ]sity1 b also educational /eps by  
:i* ! individual may m\nt to ! ,te*nical
 or ! ,comm]cial or ! ,art ,college4    
,h5ce our aims 9 ! high] education ( !  
y\?1 & z a consequ5ce ! nature ( !      
sy/ems ( k :i* we %\ld endeav\r to      
organise & to e/abli% 9 _! m9ds1 w v>y 9
 accordance ) ! nature ( ! s]vice :i* 9 
adult life ! boy is likely to p]=m4 ,n[1
 ^! s]vices may be divid$ into f\r ma9  
classes4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 e nation     
requires an army ( effici5t indu/rial   
work]s4 ,p>tly1 9 "s cases1 ow+ to !    
decl9e ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em1 p>tly ow+
 to ! fact t :]e appr5tices are /ill    
employ$ no sy/ematic measures are tak5  
to in/ruct ! y\? 9 ! pr9ciples und]ly+ 8
 p>ticul> art1 x is becom+ increas+ly   
necess>y t ! s*ool %\ld supply &        
supplem5t ! k requir$ = ! effici5t      
aft]-p]=mance ( ! indu/rial & te*nical  
arts4 ,h5ce "o k9d ( ,high] ,s*ool      
urg5tly requir$ is ! ,trade or ,te*nical
 ,s*ool4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ?is ne$

 c\ld be suppli$ by ,ev5+ ,cont9uation  
,s*ools4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 our ,ev5+   
,s*ools are too pr$om9antly comm]cial & 
lit]>y1 & d n make adequate provision = 
! trade & te*nical ne$s ( ! community4  
,fur!r1 we mu/ endeav\r to secure t !   
boy or girl ent]s ! ,ev5+ ,cont9uation  
,s*ool z soon aft] he leaves ! ,elem5t>y
 ,s*ool z possible4 ,= 9 _m cases at !  
pres5t "t ! boy aft] leav+ ! ,prim>y    
,s*ool loafs at night ab\t ! /reets1 & 9
 a %ort "t ?r\gh disuse =gets mu* ( :at 
he le>n$ at s*ool1 & (t5 9 addition     
acquires habits :i* t5d to unfit him =  
any future /r5u\s ef=t4 ,:51 !re=e1 he  
feels ! ne$ = m k 9 ord] to advance 9 8 
trade1 ! ,ev5+ ,s*ool has too frequ5tly 
to beg9 by do+ ov] aga9 ! "w ( !        
,elem5t>y ,s*ool be=e x c ent] ^u ! "w (
 e/abli%+ ! high] sy/em ( k4  ,9 !      
second place1 a nation su* z ours       
requires a tra9$ body ( s]vants = !     
effici5t c>ry+ on ( h] comm]ce4         
,prep>ation = ! simpl] =ms ( s]vice c\ld
 be furni%$ by ! comm]cial classes ( !  

,ev5+ ,cont9uation ,s*ools4 ,=          
prep>ation = ! high] s]vices1 we require
 a type ( s*ool :i* beg9n+ aft] !       
,elem5t>y ,s*ool /age has be5 complet$1 
c>ries on ! boy's education until !     
fifte5? or sixte5? ye>1 ^: *ief aim %\ld
 be to lay a s\nd basis 9 ! acquisition 
& organisation ( "o or two mod]n        
languages & 9 ! acquirem5t ( ! arts     
in/rum5tal = ! c>ry+ on ( comm]cial     
transactions4 ,fur!r means ( advance 9  
^! /udies %\ld be provid$ by ! day or   
ev5+ ,comm]cial ,college4  ,9 ! ?ird    
place1 e mod]n nation requires a tra9$  
body ( sci5tific work]s = ! aft] c>ry+  
on ( h] indu/rial & te*nical arts4 ,h5ce
 we ne$ a type ( s*ool :i* by mak+ !    
physical sci5ces _! *ief object ( /udy  
prep>e ! way = ! future tra9+ ( ! /ud5t 
9 ! application ( sci5tific k to !      
fur!rance ( ! indu/rial & te*nical arts4
  ,la/ly1 we require a type ( second>y  
education :i* %all prep>e ! boy = !     
effici5t dis*>ge ( ! duties :i* ! ,/ate 
requires at ! h&s ( h] physicians1 h]   

!ologians1 h] juri/s4  ,?us1 s9ce all   
education is ! acquisition ( exp]i5ces t
 w r5d] future action m effici5t1 !     
nature ( ! second>y education giv5 mu/  
dep5d on ! nature ( ! s]vices to :i* !  
sy/ems ( k are ! means4 ,a classical    
education may be a good prep>ation = !  
aft]-dis*>ge ( ! duties ( ! !ologian or 
! juri/2 x c]ta9ly w n d mu* = !        
effici5t dis*>ge ( ! duties ( !         
me*anical eng9e] & ! practical *emi/4   
,b "o error mu/ be avoid$4 ,:il/ ! v>i\s
 types ( ,second>y ,s*ool mu/ fa%ion _! 
curricula accord+ to ! nature ( !       
s]vices = :i* !y prep>e1 we mu/ n =get t
 ! s*ool has o!r duties to p]=m ?an !   
m]e prep>ation = ! social s]vices by :i*
 a man h]eaft] e>ns 8 liv+4 ,x mu/ 9 e  
case endeav\r to organise & e/abli% ^?  
sy/ems ( means necess>y = ! aft]-dis*>ge
 ( ! civic duties ( life & in/rum5tal = 
! "r use ( leisure4  ,practically we ne$
 ?ree types ( ,high] ,s*ool--"o 9 :i*   
mod]n languages =m ! basal subjects ( ! 
curriculum2 "o 9 :i* ! physical sci5ces 

are ! ma9 sy/ems organis$ & e/abli%$2 "o
 9 :i* ! classical languages =m ! ma9   
/aple ( education4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii   
,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity   ,all    
public in/itutions ( le>n+ are call$    
into exi/5ce by social ne$s1 & fir/ (   
all by te*nical practical necessities4  
,!oretical int]e/s may lead to ! f\nd+ (
 private associations su* z ! ,greek    
philosoph]s' s*ools2 public s*ools owe  
_! orig9 to ! social ne$ = pr(essional  
tra9+4 ,?us dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! fir/ 
s*ools 7 call$ into be+ by ! ne$ (      
pr(essional tra9+ = ecclesia/ics1 ! fir/
 le>n$ pr(ession1 & a call+ ^:          
importance seem$ to dem& su* tra9+4     
,ess5tially ! same necessity call$ into 
be+ ! ,univ]sities ( ! ,p>isian type1 ) 
_! arti/ic & !ological faculties4 ,! two
 o!r types ( pr(essional s*ools1 ! law  
s*ool & ! m$ical s*ool1 :i* 7 fir/      
develop$ 9 ,italy1 !n unit$ ) ! =m]4 ,! 
,univ]sities !re=e orig9at$ z a union ( 
'te*nical' s*ools = ecclesia/ics1       
juri/s1 & physicians1 to :i* division ! 

faculty ( ,arts 0 relat$ z a g5]al      
prep>atory s*ool1 until dur+ ! n9ete5?  
c5tury x also assum$ some?+ ( ! "* ( a  
pr(essional in/itution = ! tra9+ (      
tea*]s = ! ,second>y ,s*ool4#da  ,?us ! 
e>ly aim ( ! ,univ]sity 01 z x /ill     
cont9ues to be1 to provide ! tra9+ = !  
aft]-supply ( ^? s]vices :i* ! ,/ate    
requires at ! h&s ( h] !ologians1 h]    
juri/s1 & h] physicians4 ,9 ,g]many1 &  
to "s ext5t ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 !     
,arts faculty ( ! ,univ]sity is ceas+ to
 p]=m ! function ( a ,g5]al ,prep>atory 
,s*ool to ! pr(essional s*ools1 & is    
becom+ an indep5d5t s*ool1 hav+ = its   
aim ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = !           
,int]m$iate & ,second>y ,s*ools ( !     
c\ntry4 ,9 ,scotl&1 inde$1 x s]ves at ! 
pres5t "t z a ,prep>atory ,s*ool ma9ly  
to ! !ological faculty4 ,z ! ,second>y  
,s*ools ( ! c\ntry become m effici5t1   
bett] diff]5tiat$1 & bett] organis$1 !  
ne$ ( a ,prep>atory ,s*ool )9 our       
,univ]sities w gradually become less1 & 
! ,univ]sity w be able to devote m ( h] 

en]gies to ! tra9+ ( /ud5ts prep>+ = "s 
"o or o!r ( ! above-nam$ pr(essions4 ,) 
?is *ange ! philosophical /udies ( !    
,arts faculty w become increas+ly       
important1 & ! me?od ( tea*+ ! l+ui/ic &
 sci5tific /udies receive a l>g] %>e (  
att5tion ?an !y d at pres5t4  ,b ! o!r &
 p]haps ! m important function ( !      
,univ]sity is to c>ry on & to ext5d ! "w
 ( sci5tific & lit]>y rese>* = its own  
sake4 ,?is is ! dom9ant note ( ! ,g]man 
& ,am]ican ,univ]sities ( to-day4 ,!    
emphasis is laid n s mu* ^u _! function 
z s*ools = ! supply ( c]ta9 pr(essional 
s]vices1 b ^u !m z great national       
laboratories = ! ext5sion ( k & !       
bett]m5t ( practice4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 
& especially 9 ,scotl&1 ?is conception (
 ! function ( ! ,univ]sity has n receiv$
 ! same prom95ce z1 e4g41 9 ,g]many1 :]e
 ! intimate union ( sci5tific           
inve/igation & pr(essional in/ruction   
gives ! ,g]man ,univ]sities _! peculi>  
"*4 ,inde$1 9 ! latt] c\ntry ! t5d5cy at
 ! pres5t "t is r to ov]-emphasise !    

function ( ! ,univ]sities 9 fur!r+      
sci5tific & lit]>y rese>* to ! neglect (
 ! o!r & no less important aim4 ,two    
dang]s mu/ be avoid$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1  
:5ev] ! *ief emphasis is laid ^u !      
,univ]sities z ma9ly s*ools =           
pr(essional tra9+1 ! tea*+ t5ds to      
become n>r[ & dogmatic4 ,! tea*] ceas+  
to be an inve/igator1 gradually loses   
t\* ) ! _s ( ! age1 & z a consequ5ce he 
fails adequately to p]=m ! duty (       
effici5tly tra9+ 8 /ud5ts = _! aft]     
life-"w4 ,9 ! second place1 :5 !        
emphasis is laid /rongly ^u ! function (
 ! ,univ]sity z an in/itution = ! c>ry+ 
on ( sci5tific & lit]>y rese>* !re is ! 
dang] ( aga9 laps+ into ! old fallacy t 
k = k' sake is an end 9 itself1 t !     
object ( education is to acquire &      
organise sy/ems ( means :i* function 9 !
 atta9m5t ( no practical end1 & t !     
acquisition ( k is valuable = ! culture 
( ! individual m9d ap>t f any social    
purpose :i* ! k subs]ves4  ,! ,univ]sity
 mu/ !re=e ev] keep 9 view ! two aims1 (

 advanc+ k n = its own sake b 9 ord] t  
future action may be r5d]$ m effici5t1 &
 ( adequately tra9+ = pr(essional       
s]vices4  ,b to ! old] pr(essions = :i* 
! ,univ]sity prep>es !re h be5 add$ dur+
 ! pa/ c5tury o!r vocations or          
pr(essions :i* ne$ & dem& an education  
no less important & no less ?or\gh ?an !
 education = ! well e/abli%$ recognis$  
pr(essions4 ,! ne$ = ! high] tra9+ ( !  
future lead]s ( indu/ry & ! future      
capta9s ( comm]ce has be5 provid$ by !  
organisation & e/abli%m5t ( te*nological
 s*ools & colleges4 ,! e/abli%m5t &     
organisation ( ! ,te*nical ,univ]sity   
has be5 m ?or\gh 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ?is    
c\ntry4 ,!re we f9d e/abli%$ new]       
in/itutions1 ( :i* ! ,*>lott5burg       
,college is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ important1 
= ! high] education ( ^? int5d$ 9       
aft]-life to p]=m ! m important         
indu/rial s]vices ( ! community4 ,^!    
in/itutions bo? 9 _! organisation &     
in/ruction are con/antly approximat+ 9  
type to ! old] ,univ]sities4  ,! rec5tly

 e/abli%$ ,univ]sities 9 ! ,nor? (      
,engl& attempt1 ) :at success x is too  
e>ly yet to decl>e1 to comb9e bo? aims (
 tra9+ = ! old] & new] pr(essions4 ,9   
,scotl& ! latt] "w is l>gely und]tak5 by
 ! ,te*nical ,colleges1 & 9 ^!          
in/itutions ! increas+ ne$ is = !       
ext5sion & developm5t ( ! ,day-s*ool    
c\rse4  ,"o o!r "q ( "s importance      
rema9s = brief consid]ation4 ,9 our own 
c\ntry1 b m especially 9 ,g]many1 !re is
 a t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t to effect a    
complete sep>ation betwe5 ! "w ( !      
,univ]sity & ! "w ( ! ,te*nical         
,college4  ,?is sep>ation has aris5     
p>tly ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ext]nal        
hi/orical conditions1 b x has also aris5
 p>tly ?r\gh ! t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 academic  
circles to look d[n ^u te*nical k &     
ability z some?+ inf]ior4 ,!            
exclusiv5ess & ! torpor ( ! old]        
,univ]sities 9 _m cases has be5 a fur!r 
cause t5d+ to ! creation ( ! ,te*nical  
,college sep>at$ f ! ,univ]sity4  ,su* a
 sep>ation1 h[ev]1 is good nei!r = !    

,univ]sity nor = ! ,te*nical ,college4  
,! =m] 9 c>ry+ out ! aim ( sci5tific    
rese>* & ( ! ext5sion ( k requires ev] !
 vivify+ t\* ( actual concrete exp]i5ce1
 & ?is x c only obta9 by keep+ 9 close  
contact ) ^? ^: *ief function is !      
application ( sci5tific k to practice4  
,! latt] 9 c>ry+ out its m practical    
aims requires1 if x is to be sav$ f !   
n>r[ness ( m]e specialisation & f       
deg5]at+ into empirical me?ods1 !       
con/ant co-op]ation ( ^? ^: outlook is n
 n>r[$ d[n to ! imm$iate practical end1 
b takes 9 ! subject z a :ole1 & ^: *ief 
function is ! bett] sy/ematisation ( k4 
,h5ce1 :ile ! aim ( ! ,univ]sity is     
diff]5t f t ( ! ,te*nical ,college1 !y  
are s intimately correlat$ t nei!r c    
rea* its fulle/ developm5t )\t ! aid &  
co-op]ation ( ! o!r4 ,! ,te*nical       
,colleges %\ld be ! pr(essional s*ools  
atta*$ to ! sci5tific side ( !          
,univ]sities4 ,moreov]1 ?is division &  
sep>ation is economically wa/eful1 s9ce 
! g5]al tra9+ 9 sci5ce :i* mu/ prec$e ! 

practical tra9+ has to be c>ri$ on bo? 9
 ! ,univ]sity & 9 ! ,te*nical ,college4 
,9 ,scotl& ?is sep>ation has n advanc$  
to su* a /age z is ! case 9 ,g]many4 ,9 
any fur!r reorganisation ( univ]sity &  
high] education x is e>ne/ly to be hop$ 
t ! ,day ,te*nical ,college w f9d its   
rightful place z an integral "p ( !     
,univ]sity1 & t ! latt] may realise t h]
 function is to fur!r & ext5d ! b\nds ( 
k 9 ord] t practice 9 e sph]e ( life may
 be r5d]$ m effici5t4  ,,footnote3  #da 
,cf4 ,pr(4 ,pauls51 ,! ,g]man           
,univ]sities1 p4 #aaa 7,eng4 ,trans474  
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,conclusion--,,!        
,,pres5t ,,problems ,,9 ,,education   ,!
 fir/ necessity ( ! pres5t = tea*]s & = 
all conc]n$ ) ! upbr++ ( *ildr5 is to   
realise ! true mean+ ( education--t x is
 ! process by :i* we lead ! *ild to     
acquire & organise exp]i5ces t w r5d]   
future action m effici5t2 t by our      
educational ag5cies we seek to e/abli%  
sy/ems ( k t %all h]eaft] function 9 !  
effici5t p]=mance ( s]vices ( social    

value2 & t ! only me?od :i* really      
educates & c educate is ! me?od :i*     
evokes ! con/ructive activity ( reason 9
 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( means4 
,education does n aim at culture nor at 
k = its own sake1 b at fitt+ !          
individual = social s]vice4 ,our s*ool  
sy/em t5ds ev] to =get ?is tru?4 ,x is 9
 con/ant dang] ( los+ sight ( ?is       
ultimate aim ( education by keep+ its   
att5tion too n>r[ly fix$ on "s ne>] &   
proximate aim4 ,x t5ds (t5 to lay too   
mu* /ress on m]e exam9ations &          
exam9ation results4 ,x =gets t ! only   
true te/ ( k ga9$ lies 9 ! pupil's      
ability to use x intellig5tly 9 !       
fur!rance ( "s purpose--& ( "s social   
purpose1 & t ! ultimate te/ ( a sy/em ( 
education is ! k9d ( social individual x
 turns out4 ,if our educational sy/em   
turns out boys & girls :o 9 aft]-life   
become effici5t work]s1 effici5t        
citiz5s1 & m5 & wom5 :o h le>n$ h[ to   
use _! leisure rightly1 !n x has        
fulfill$ its function4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1

 x fails 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases to atta9
 ^! ?ree ends or any "o ( !m1 h[ev] x   
may satisfy ! o!r te/s appli$1 x has n  
p]=m$ its function1 is n a sy/em :i* is 
organic to ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate4  ,!      
second necessity is to realise ! true   
place ( ! s*ool z ! =mal ag5t 9 !       
education ( ! *ild4 ,mank9d by a long & 
labori\s process has discov]$ & e/abli%$
 _m sy/ems ( k4 ,he has creat$ language 
& inv5t$ arts = ! realisation ( ! _m    
purposes ( life4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( !    
s*ool to imp>t ?is k to ! *ild--to put  
him 9 possession at lea/ ( "s "p ( ?is  
h]itage :i* has come d[n to him1 & to d 
s 9 su* a mann] t :ile acquir+ !        
exp]i5ce he %all also be tra9$ 9 ! me?od
 ( f9d+ & e/abli%+ sy/ems ( means =     
himself & by himself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we lay
 ! emphasis on ! m]e imp>t+ ( ! g>n]$   
exp]i5ces ( ! ages1 ! dang] to be fe>$  
is le/ our tea*+ deg5]ate into m]e      
dogmatism or m]e cram4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1
 we lay too mu* emphasis on ! ability to
 self-f9d & self-e/abli% sy/ems1 we are 

9 dang] ( los+ sight ( ! social purpose 
( all k--( =gett+ t ! only ju/ification 
= e/abli%+ a sy/em ( k is t x may       
effici5tly function 9 ! atta9m5t ( "s   
purpose ( life4  ,( ! m important ( !   
practical problems ( our own day &      
g5]ation ! fir/ & mo/ important is to   
realise t our educational sy/em z x     
exi/s at pres5t is n fitt$ to produce & 
ma9ta9 an effici5t & suffici5t supply ( 
all ! social s]vices :i* ! mod]n ,/ate  
requires ( its adult memb]s1 & t we mu/ 
consid] ?is "q ( education z a :ole & 9 
all its p>ts1 & q cle> ( m]e p>ty       
int]e/s4 ,above all1 we mu/ get ov] !   
fatal habit ( re=m+ "o "p ( ! sy/em &   
leav+ ! o!r p>ts alone4 ,! :ole problem 
( education f ! ,prim>y ,s*ool to !     
,univ]sity requires consid]ation &      
organisation4 ,we re=m n[ our           
,univ]sities1 !n aft] a p]iod our       
,second>y ,s*ool sy/em1 & s we proce$1  
advanc+ "h1 retrograd+ !re1 b (         
education z an organically connect$ :ole
 we h no ?\ght4  ,b ap>t f ! want (     

organisation z a :ole our educational   
sy/em 9 its p>ts is at pres5t defective4
 ,we require to reconsid] ! "q ( h[ be/ 
to educate ! *ildr5 ( ! v poor4 ,at     
pres5t we fail 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases to
 tra9 up ! *ildr5 ( ?is class to be     
socially effici5t4 ,economically &      
morally we fail to rea* any high /&>d4  
,no d\bt ! home & social environm5t is  
all aga9/ ! s*ool influ5ce2 b by a m    
rational sy/em ( e>ly education1 by tak+
 m c>e ( ! physical developm5t ( ! *ild1
 &1 if ne$ be1 = a "t1 mak+ public      
provision = ! fe$+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! v     
poor1 we might d mu* to remove ?is      
defect4 ,above all1 we mu/ endeav\r to  
/em ! ye>ly fl[ ( boys & girls at !     
conclusion ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool p]iod into
 m]e casual & unskill$ employm5ts1 & mu/
 endeav\r by "s means or o!r to cont9ue 
! education ( ! *ild = "s ye>s fur!r4   
,aga91 we require to make bett]         
provision = ! te*nical tra9+ ( our      
workm54 ,by a sy/em ( ,ev5+ ,cont9uation
 ,s*ools hav+ z _! aim ! in/ruction ( ! 

y\? 9 ! arts und]ly+ or subsidi>y to 8  
p>ticul> call+1 we might d mu* to am5d  
?is defect4 ,moreov]1 ! ,ev5+           
,cont9uation ,s*ools might play a mu* m 
important "p ?an !y n[ d 9 ! secur+ ( ! 
future moral & civic effici5cy ( !      
individual & ( ! nation4  ,la/ly1 & ?is 
ne$ is cle>ly felt by all acqua9t$ ) !  
subject1 we require ! developm5t &      
ext5sion ( our ,te*nical ,colleges1 9   
ord] t we may adequately tra9 ^? ^: duty
 9 aft]-life w be ! application (       
advanc$ sci5tific k 9 ! fur!rance ( !   
arts & indu/ries ( life4                
,pr9t$ by                               
,,morrison  ,,gibb ,,limit$1            
,ed9burgh