,,to ,,my ,,pupils ,,/yle ,,9 ,,s++ ,,by ,w4,e4 ,,haslam ,,new ,,york3 ,g4 ,,s*irm] #aiaa ,copyright1 #aiaa ,by ,g4 ,,s*irm] #bbfgj ,,prefatory ,,note ,( mak+ _m books !re is no end4 ,surely1 ! we>y obs]vation ( ! sage mu/ h an especial application to ! lit]ature ( ,song4 ,"o c\ld n numb] ! books--anatomical1 physiological1 philosophical--on ! ,voice4 ,a spaci\s libr>y c\ld easily be furni%$ ) ,me?ods ( ,s++4 ,works treat+ ( ! laws gov]n+ ! effective int]pretation ( in/rum5tal music exi/4 ,"s ( !m1 by ackn[l$g$ & compet5t au?orities1 h ?r[n valuable light on a mo/ important elem5t ( musical art4 ,_h ,i n believ$ t a simil> ne$ exi/$ 9 connection ) s++1 ?is addition to vocal lit]ature w\ld n h be5 writt54 ,9 a succe$+ volume on ,lyric ,declamation3 ,recitative1 ,song & ,ballad ,s++1 w be discuss$ ! practical application ( ^! basic pr9ciples ( ,/yle to ! vocal music ( ! ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian & o!r national s*ools4 ,w4,e4 ,,haslam4 #b1 rue ,maleville1 ,p>c ,monceau1 ,p>is1 ,july1 #aiaa4 ,,introduction ,9 li/5+ to a ,patti1 a ,kubelik1 a ,pad]ewski1 ! reflective he>] is /ruck by ! absolute sur5ess ) :i* su* arti/s ar\se c]ta9 s5sations 9 _! auditors4 ,moreov]1 subsequ5t he>+s w reveal ! fact t ?is s5sation is ar\s$ always 9 ! same place1 & 9 ! same mann]4 ,! beauty ( ! voice may be tempor>ily affect$ 9 ! case ( a s+]1 or an in/rum5t ( less /hetic tone-quality be us$ by ! in/rum5tali/1 b ! result is always ! same4 ,:at is ! reason ( ?is8 ,:y d great arti/s always make ! same effect & produce ! same impression on _! public8 ,:y1 = in/ance1 did ! late ,mme4 ,tietj5s1 :5 s++ ! foll[+ passage 9 ,h&el's ,messiah1 always beg9 ) v little voice ( a dull$ quality1 & gradually bright5 its "* z well z augm5t its volume until %e rea*$ ! high ,g-%>p :i* is ! culm9ation1 n only ( ! musical phrase1 b also ( ! trem5d\s ann\ncem5t to :i* x is alli$8 ,music3 ,= n[ is ,*ri/ ris51 = n[ is ,*ri/ ris54 ,?is la/ tone 0 deliv]$ ) ! full =ce & brilliance ( h] magnific5t voice1 & 0 prolong$ until ! ?rill produc$ 9 ! li/5] became almo/ pa9ful 9 its int5sity4 ,aga9 ,i ask1 :y did ?is _w-fam\s s+] p]=m ?is passage always 9 ! same way8 ,unreflect+ p may reply vaguely t x 0 because ! arti/ sang ) expression4 ,b :at con/itutes expression 9 s++8 ,no great arti/--no matt] :at ! vehicle or m$ium ?r\gh :i* 8 art f9ds manife/ation--does any?+ at r&om4 ,! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e? only 9 appe>ance2 9 reality1 x is gov]n$ by immutable law4 ,simil>ly1 ! outw>d =m ( an art is only app>5tly dictat$ by caprice & fre$om f rule4 ,! effective pres5tation ( e art is bas$ on well-def9$ & accept$ pr9ciples4 ,& x is ) ! e>ne/ desire to ?r[ light on ?is mo/ important phase ( vocal art1 t ,i pres5t ! pr9ciples ( ,/yle 9 ,s++4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,prefatory ,,note v ,,introduction vii ,,*apt] ,i3 ,elem5ts ( ,vocal ,tra9+ #a ,emission ( ,voice #b ,,*apt] ,,ii3 ,! ,value ( ,te*nique #g ,,*apt] ,,iii3 ,analysis ( ,/yle #ab ,col\r #ad ,acc5t #ba ,int5sity #bg ,phras+ #cb ,portam5to #cg ,v>iations ( ,tempo #da ,,*apt] ,,iv3 ,tradition #dd ,po9tage #fa ,,*apt] ,v3 ,rp]toire #ia ,,*apt] ,,vi3 ,conclusion #ih ,,/yle ,,9 ,,s++ ,,*apt] ,i ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,vocal ,,tra9+ ,if ! practical education ( ! s+] be analyz$1 x w be f\nd to comprise f\r fundam5tal elem5ts3 7#a7 ,,pose3 or ,emission ( voice2 7#b7 ,,te*nique3 or ! discipl9e ( ! voice consid]$ z a musical in/rum5t2 7#c7 ,,/yle3 or ! application ( ! laws ( arti/ic ta/e to ! int]pretation ( vocal music2 7#d7 ,r,,p]toire3 or ! *oice1 9 ! lit]ature ( vocal music1 ( works mo/ suit$ to ! voice1 temp]am5t & individuality ( ! p>ticul> s+]4 ,i h class$ ^! f\r elem5ts 9 _! relative ord]4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( equal importance4 ,until ! ,pose & ,te*nique ( a voice are satisfactory1 attempts to acquire ,/yle are premature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t ,/yle1 a well-plac$ voice & an adequate am\nt ( ,te*nique are incomplete2 & until ! s+]'s education has be5 r\nd$ (f ) a ,rp]toire adapt$ to 8 individual capabilities1 he is ( little practical use = pr(essional purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,emission ,,( ,,voice ,great natural gifts ( temp]am5t & orig9ality may1 & sometimes d1 mask defects ( emission1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( arti/s foll[+ ! op]atic c>e]4 ,b ! arti/ic life & success ( su* a s+] is %ort4 ,violat$ ,nature rebels1 & av5ges h]self = all infractions ( law4 ,a voice t is badly produc$ or emitt$ spe$ily becomes worn1 & is easily fatigu$4 ,by an additional ex]tion ( physical =ce1 ! s+] usually attempts to conceal its loss ( sonority & c>ry+-p[]4 ,! consequ5ces are disa/r\s = ! entire in/rum5t4 ,! m$ium--to :i* is assign$ ! great] portion ( e s+]'s "w--becomes brea?y & holl[1 ! l[] tones guttural1 ! high] tones %rill1 & ! voice1 ?r\gh\t its entire compass1 h>% & unmanageable4 ,9 view ( its supreme importance1 x is sc>cely necess>y to dwell ^u ! self-evid5t fact t ?is f\ndation--,emission1 or ,plac+ ( ! voice--%\ld be well laid "u ! guidance ( a skill$ & exp]i5c$ s++-tea*]4 ,no?+ b disappo9tm5t c ensue if a task ( su* consequ5ce be confid$1 z is too frequ5tly ! case1 to "o ( ! num]\s *>latans :o1 z ,osc> ,commettant said1 are n able to a*ieve possibilities1 s !y promise miracles4 ,! prop] ,classification1 & subsequ5t ,plac+1 ( a voice require ! greate/ tact & disc]nm5t4 ,true1 !re are voices s well-def9$ 9 "* z to occasion no possible error 9 _! prop] ,classification at ! beg9n+ ( _! /udies4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) a numb] ( o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ^? kn[n z voices ( mezzo-c>att]e 7demi-c>actre74 ,x requires a physician ( great skill & exp]i5ce to diagnose an obscure malady2 b :5 once a correct diagnosis is made1 _m doctors ( less em95ce might successfully treat ! malady1 see+ t ! recogniz$ ph>macopoeia conta9s no secret rem$ies4 ,let ! /ud5t ( s++ bew>e ( ! num]\s impo/ors :o claim to h a ,me?od1 a sort ( b$ ( ,procru/es1 :i* ! victim1 :e!r long or %ort1 is made to fit4 ,a me?od mu/ be adapt$ to ! subject1 n ! subject made to fit ! me?od4 ,! object ( all tea*+ is ! same1 viz41 to imp>t k2 b ! means ( arriv+ at t end are multiple1 & ! mann] ( communicat+ in/ruction is v (t5 p]sonal4 ,to imag9e t ! same mode ( proc$ure1 or me?od1 is applicable to all voices1 is z unreasonable z to expect t ! same m$icam5t w apply to all maladies4 ,9 imp>t+ a correct emission ( voice1 sci5ce has n infrequ5tly to efface ! results ( a previ\s defective use1 inh]5t or acquir$1 ( ! vocal organ4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! object to be atta9$ is 9 e case ! same1 ! modus op]&i w v>y inf9itely4 ,nor %\ld ^! mo/ important bran*es ( ,classification & ,production be entru/$--z is (t5 ! case--to assi/ants1 usually accompani/s1 lack+ ! necess>y tra9+ = a "w requir+ great exp]i5ce & ripe judgm5t4 ,to a compet5t assi/ant may v prop]ly be confid$ ! prep>ation ( ,te*nique1 z appli$ to a me*anical in/rum5t3 ,all viol9s1 = in/ance1 are practically ! same4 ,b voices diff] z d faces4 ,! pres5t mania = dragg+ voices up1 & out ( _! legitimate tessitura1 has become a v grave evil1 ! consequ5ces ( :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 h be5 mo/ disa/r\s4 ,tol]able b>itones h be5 trans=m$ into v m$iocre t5ors1 capable mezzo-soprani into v indiff]5t dramatic soprani1 & s on4 ,t ?is process may h answ]$ 9 a few isolat$ cases1 :]e ! vocal organs 7 ( su* exceptional /r5g? & resi/ance z to be> ! /ra91 is by no means a gu>antee t ! same results may be obta9$ 9 e in/ance1 & ) less fav\r$ subjects4 ,! av]age compass 9 male voices is ab\t two octaves m9us "o or two tones4 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 tones t are really available :5 ! s+] is on ! /age & accompani$ by an or*e/ra4 ,n[1 a b>itone :o /rives to trans=m 8 voice into a t5or1 simply loses ! two l[e/ tones ( 8 compass1 possibly ( good quality & resonance1 & ga9s a m9or or major ?ird above ! high ,g 7sol7 ( a v poor1 /ra9$ "*4 ,! compass ( ! voice rema9s exactly ! same4 ,he has m]ely ex*ang$ sev]al excell5t tones bel[ = "s v poor ones above4 ,i repeat1 "o :o aspires to be a lyric arti/ requires ! be/ possible tea*] to guide 8 fir/ /eps2 he may consult an inf]ior or incompet5t pr(essor1 :5 s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! "r pa? t he _c possibly be l$ a/ray4 ,x is a common belief t s++-tea*]s ( reputation d n c>e to occupy !mselves ) voice-production1 or are unable to tea* x4 ,?is is a s]i\s error4 ,a compet5t pr(essor ( s++ is z capable ( imp>t+ ! pr9ciples ( ?is mo/ important bran*1 z ( direct+ ! m /hetic /udies ( ,/yle & ,rp]toire4 ,all ! really great & illu/ri\s s++-ma/]s ( ! pa/ pref]r$ to =m ! voices ( _! pupils4 ,to cont9ue & f9i% a pr$ecessor's "w1 or to erect a h&some & solid /ructure on defective f\ndations1 is always a difficult task2 sometimes an impossible "o4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! pupil1 p>ticul>ly "o /udy+ ) a view to a pr(essional c>e]1 a defective prep>atory tra9+ may ev5tually mean s]i\s mat]ial loss4 ,! money & "t sp5t on 8 vocal education is1 9 8 case1 an inve/m5t1 n an outlay2 ! inve/m5t w be a poor "o1 %\ld x be necess>y lat] to devote fur!r "t & exp5d m money to correct natural defects t ought to h be5 correct$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 /udies1 or to eradicate faults acquir$ dur+ _! progress4 ,fur!rmore1 ! purpose ( "s "p ( a s+]'s prelim9>y education is to /r5g!n & fit ! voice = ! exact+ dem&s ( a pr(essional c>e]4 ,z ! tra9+ ( an a?lete--r[]1 runn]1 box]1 wre/l]--n only p]fects 8 te*nical skill1 b also1 by a process ( gradual developm5t1 enables him to endure ! exceptional /ra9 he w ev5tually h to be> 9 a conte/1 s "s ( a s+]'s e>ly /udies prep>e 8 voice = ! tax to :i* h]eaft] x w be subject$4 ,if ^? /udies h be5 insuffici5t1 or ill-direct$1 failure awaits ! dbutant :5 he pres5ts himself be=e ! public 9 a spaci\s !atre or conc]t-hall & /rives1 ineffectually1 to dom9ate ! p[]ful sonorities ( ! l>ge or*e/ras :i* are a necessity = mod]n scores4 ,a s\nd & judici\sly graduat$ prep>atory tra9+1 9 fact1 is ess5tial if ! s+] w\ld avoid disappo9tm5t or a fiasco4 ,! vocal education ( _m /ud5ts1 h[ev]1 is n[adays hurri$ ?r\gh ) a ha/e t is equall$ only by ! cel]ity ) :i* su* aspirants = lyric hon\rs return to obscurity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,te*nique ,briefly def9$1 ! s+]'s ,te*nique may be said to consi/ pr9cipally ( ! ability to gov]n ! voice 9 its ?ree phases ( ,pit*1 ,col\r1 & ,int5sity4 ,t is1 he mu/ be able to s+ e note ?r\gh\t ! compass ( ! voice 7,pit*7 9 diff]5t qualities or timbres 7,col\r71 & ) v>i\s degrees ( p[] 7,int5sity74 ,& al?\gh ! mod]n s*ools ( composition = ! voice d n enc\rage ! display ( florid execution1 a s+] w\ld be ill-advis$ inde$ to neglect ?is factor1 on ! plea t x has no long] any practical application4 ,no great] error is conceivable4 ,%\ld an in/rum5tal virtuoso fail to acquire ma/]y ( transc5d5tal difficulties1 8 p]=mance ( any piece w\ld n be p]fect3 ! great] includes ! less4 ,a s+] w\ld be v %ort-sight$ :o did n adopt an analog\s l9e ( reason+4 ,)\t an appreciable am\nt ( agilit1 ! p]=mance ( mod]n music is lab\r$ & heavy2 t ( ! classics1 impossible4 ,9 fact1 virtuosity1 if prop]ly und]/ood1 is z indisp5sable to-day z ev] x 04 ,z mu* vocal virtuosity is requir$ to int]pret successfully ! music ( ,fal/aff1 9 ,v]di's op]a1 z is necess>y = ,maometto ,secondo or ,semiramide by ,ross9i4 ,x is simply ano!r =m ( virtuosity2 t is all4 ,! lyric grace or dramatic int5sity ( _m pages ( ,wagn]'s music-dramas c be fully reveal$ only ?r\gh a voice t has be5 r5d]$ supple by tra9+1 & responsive to ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( an arti/ic temp]am5t4 ,9 %ort1 virtuosity may h *ang$ 9 =m1 b x is /ill "o ( ! corn]/ones ( ! s+]'s art4 ,an executive arti/ w sp>e no pa9s to acquire p]fect te*nical skill2 = ! mti]1 or me*anical elem5ts ( any art1 c be acquir$1 spontane\s ?\gh ! results may sometimes appe>4 ,its prim>y use is1 & %\ld be1 to s]ve z a m$ium ( int]pretation4 ,true1 virtuosity is frequ5tly a vehicle = p]sonal display1 z1 notably1 9 ! op]as ( ,cim>osa1 ,bell9i1 ,donizetti1 & ! e>li] works ( ,ross9i & ,v]di4 ,at its wor/1 h[ev]1 x is a practical demon/ration ( ! fact t ! executant1 vocal or in/rum5tal1 has completely ma/]$ ! me*anical elem5ts ( 8 pr(ession2 t1 to use ! argot ( ! /udios1 il connat son mti] 7he kn[s 8 trade74 ,imp]fect te*nique1 inde$1 is to be deprecat$1 if m]ely = ! reason t x may deb> a s+] f int]pret+ accurately ! compos]'s ideas4 ,h[ seldom1 if ev]1 ev5 9 ! be/ lyric !atres1 is ! foll[+ passage he>d z ! compos] himself indicat$3 ,music3 ,plus blan*e ,les ,hugu5ots3 ,act ,i ,mey]be] ,plus pure1 plus pure qu'un j\r de pr9temps or ! conclud+ phrase ( ,cele/e ,aida 79 ,aida1 ,act ,i71 z ,v]di wrote x & wi%$ x to be sung3 ,music3 un trono vic9o al sol1 un trono vic9o al sol4 ,at pres5t ! majority ( op]atic t5ors1 to :om are assign$ ! /rong t5or 7=t tnor7 rles1 c s+ ! high] tones ( _! compass only 9 =te1 & ) full voice4 ,?us an additional & v *>m+ effect is lo/ to !m4 ,yet ,adolphe ,n\rrit1 :o creat$ ! rle ( ,raol 9 ,les ,hugu5ots1 sang1 x is said1 ! phrase z writt54 ,! late ,italo ,campan9i1 ,sims ,reeves1 & ! fam\s ,spani% t5or ,gay>r1 7 all able to s+ ! ,music mezza voce1 by a skill$ use ( ! cov]$ tones4 ,i d n ignore ! fact t cases occur :]e arti/s1 ow+ to "s physiological peculi>ity or p]sonal idiosyncrasy1 are unable to ov]come c]ta9 special difficulties2 :]e1 inde$1 ! ef=t w\ld produce b meagre results4 ,b su* in/ances are ! exception1 n ! rule4 ,! lyric arti/ :o is gift$ m]ely ) a beautiful voice1 ov] :i* he has acquir$ b imp]fect control1 is at ! m]cy ( e slight indisposition t may tempor>ily affect ! quality & sonority ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,b he :o is a s+] 9 ! real & arti/ic s5se ( ! ^w1 he :o has acquir$ skill 9 ! use ( ! voice1 is arm$ at all po9ts aga9/ su* accid5ts4 ,by 8 art1 by clev] devices ( v>i$ tone-col\r & degrees ( int5sity1 he c s scre5 ! mom5t>y loss ( brilliance1 etc41 z to conceal t fact f 8 auditors1 :o imag9e him to be 9 ! possession ( 8 normal physical p[]s4 ,! te*nical or me*anical "p ( any art c be taught & le>n$1 z ,i h said4 ,x is only a case ( well-guid$ ef=t4 ,pati5ce & unceas+ p]sev]ance w 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 a*ieve ! desir$ result4 ,nature gives only ! ability & aptitude to acquire2 x is p]si/5t /udy :i* enables _! possessor to arrive at p]fection4 ,s]i\s & la/+ results are obta9$ only by con/ant practice4 ,x is a curi\s fact t _m p m ?an usually gift$ arrive only at m$iocrity4 ,c]ta9 ?+s1 su* z ! trill or scales1 come naturally easy to !m4 ,?is be+ ! case1 !y neglect to p]fect _! agilit1 :i* rema9s defective4 ,o!rs1 al?\gh b mod]ately end[$1 h arriv$ at em95ce by %e] p]si/5ce & rightly direct$ /udy4 ,x is simply a musical v]sion ( ! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b we mu/ make a great di/9ction betwe5 ! prelim9>y ex]cises :i* put ! s+] 9 full possession ( ! purely me*anical bran* ( 8 art 7,te*nique71 & ! /hetic /udies 9 ,ta/e & ! rese>* = :at dramatic au?ors call ! ,sci5ce ( ,effect1 or ,/yle4 ,! =m] mu/ be ?or\ghly accompli%$1 o!rwise ! latt] _c be und]tak5 satisfactorily4 ,a good & reliable te*nique is und\bt$ly ( prim>y necessity4 ,b x is by no means all4 ,"o may h a voice :i* is well-pos$ & ( good resonance1 & also h suffici5t flexibility to p]=m neatly all ! rapid passages ) :i* ! pages ( ! classic compos]s ab\nd4 ,b ?is is n s++2 nor is ! possessor ( ^! an arti/4 ,he has simply ! necess>y & prelim9>y k :i* %\ld enable him to become "o1 by fur!r /udy ( ! /hetic side ( ! art ( s++4 ,he has1 z x 71 collect$ ! mat]ials necess>y = ! erection ( a spl5did edifice1 & has n[ to le>n ! effective means ( comb9+ !m4 ,s1 :5 ! voice is =m$1 a frank & easy emission obta9$1 a suffici5cy ( ,te*nique acquir$1 ! next /ep 9 ! s+]'s education is ! practical /udy ( ! problem ( ,/yle4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,analysis ,,( ,,/yle ,:at is ,/yle8 ,9 reality ! "q is two-fold4 ,"o may h ,/yle2 & "o may h a /yle4 ,! =m] is g5]al2 ! latt] individual4 ,! =m] c be taught & le>n$1 = x is bas$ on c]ta9 well-def9$ rules2 ! latt] is p]sonal--9 o!r words1 is n univ]sally applicable4 ,n infrequ5tly x is a p>ticul> application ( ^? rules :i* gives ! impress ( orig9ality4 ,b correct ta/e mu/ fir/ be =m$ by ! /udy ( ! noble/ creations 9 ! p>ticul> art t claims att5tion4 ,9 s++1 z 9 ! si/] arts1 ! laws :i* gov]n ,/yle mu/ be appreh5d$ & und]/ood be=e ,individuality c be giv5 full scope4 ,o!rwise1 :at to ! executant w\ld appe> z orig9al might1 to correct ta/e & judgm5t1 appe> ridicul\s & extravagant4 ,a g5ius is sometimes ecc5tric1 b ecc5tricity is n g5ius4 ,vocal /ud5ts %\ld he> z _m good s+]s z possible1 b actually imitate none4 ,a skill$ tea*] w always disc]n & /rive to develop ! p]sonality ( ! pupil1 w be on ! al]t to discov] lat5t features ( orig9ality & "*4 ,he w respect & enc\rage individuality1 r ?an insi/ ^u ! s]vile imitation ( "s model--ev5 ?\gh t model be himself4 ,z ! di/+ui%$ arti/ ,victor ,maurel has ju/ly obs]v$3 ,( all ! bad =ms ( tea*+ s++1 t by imitation is ! wor/ 7,un ,problme d',art74 ,9 s++1 z 9 pa9t+1 a copy has nev] ! value ( ! orig9al4 ,moreov]1 slavi% imitation 9 any art has a delet]i\s influ5ce4 ,b to respect irreproa*able examples & fitly obs]ve s\nd rules1 ^: v survival (t5 ju/ifies _! exi/5ce & te/ifies to _! value1 is always ( b5efit to ! arti/4 ,to imitate is to r5\nce "o's individual expression ( an ideal & pres5t t ( ano!r4 ,b to obs]ve e/abli%$ & accept$ laws1 laws f\nd$ on ,tru? & consecrat$ by ,"t1 is n to imitate1 :5 ^? laws are appli$ 9 an orig9al & individual mann] t is 9 h>mony ) ! p]sonality ( ! int]pret]4 ,l'art e/ un co9 de ,nature vu trav]s un tempram5t4 ,9 lit]ature1 ea* writ] has 8 own special /yle :i* may easily be recogniz$2 b all foll[ ! same grammatical rules4 ,a correct /yle 9 s++ consi/s 9 ! c>eful obs]vance ( ! pr9ciples ( ,te*nique2 a p]fect ,diction2 ! appropriate ,col\r+ ( ea* s5tim5t express$2 att5tion to ! musical & poetic ,acc5ts2 judici\s & effective ,phras+ 7:e!r musical or v]bal71 s t ! mean+ ( bo? compos] & poet may be plac$ 9 ! cle>e/ light4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u analyze ,/yle 9 its ?ree pr9cipal aspects3 ,col\r1 ,acc5t1 & ,phras+4 ,,col\r ,( all ! elem5ts ( ,/yle 9 s++1 ! mo/ pot5t & effective--! "o1 inde$1 t is ess5tial = ! success ( ! lyric arti/--is ! ability to v>y ! vocal timbre2 t is1 to s+ ) ,col\r4 ,?is desid]atum ( v>i$ tone-col\r is s\ght ev5 by in/rum5tali/s4 ,nay1 ! in/rum5t itself is sometimes con/ruct$ ) ?is object 9 view4 ,witness ! inv5tion ( ! s(t p$al1 :i* is int5d$ n solely to r$uce ! int5sity ( tone 9 ! pian(orte--t may be accompli%$ by a modification ( =ce 9 /rik+ ! note--b to give ! tones a d>k]1 m sombre quality1 or col\r4 ,to v>y ! tone-col\r1 a viol9i/ or 'celli/ draws ! b[ across ! /r+s close to1 or di/ant f1 ! bridge1 9 accordance ) 8 desire = a re$-l or flute-l quality ( tone4 ,anyone :o has li/5$ to ! p]=mance ( ! sl[ movem5t 9 ,pagan9i's ,conc]to 9 ,d1 by an ,ysaye or a ,mis*a ,elman1 w h rem>k$ h[ ! skilful use ( v>i$ tone col\r & o!r devices imp>ts a wond]ful *>m to music intr9sically ( b m$iocre value4 ,a s+] may h a good quality ( voice2 b t is normal4 ,if he c v>y x only 9 degrees ( l\dness 7,int5sity7 & n 9 diff]5ces ( timbre 7,col\r7 he _c be rank$ z an arti/4 ,no matt] h[ great ! natural beauty & sonority ( 8 voice1 8 p]=mance w always be monoton\s1 if he has only "o t9t on 8 vocal palette4 ,9 spee*--f :i* ! effect is borr[$--utt]ances ( grave & s]i\s mean+1 & ^? ( gay] import1 are n made ) ! same col\r ( voice4 ,a bright] quality 7voix claire7 is us$ in/9ctively = an ejaculation utt]$ by "o to :om pleasant or joyful news has be5 communicat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 %\ld x be ! cause ( sorr[ or grief = ! li/5]1 he w use--%\ld he h occasion to reply--a d>k] quality ( voice 7voix sombre74 ,su* ph5om5a are physiological4 ,! vocal organs are ! mo/ s5sitive ( any 9 ! human economy3 !y betray at once ! m5tal condition ( ! individual4 ,joy is a great tonic1 & acts on ! vocal cords & muc\s membrane z does an a/r+5t2 a brilliant & cle> quality ( voice is ! result4 ,grief or ,fe>1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ depress+ emotions1 l[] ! vitality1 & ! debilitat+ influ5ce communicates to ! voice a dull & sombre "*4 ,on ?is "q ( col\r 9 ! voice1 ! ma/]ly writ] & critic ,leg\v says3 ,c]ta9 p>ticul> gifts are necess>y if ! spee* is to possess col\r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,metal 9 ! voice4 ,he :o has x n w nev] %9e z a col\ri/4 ,! metal may be gold1 silv] or brass2 ea* has its individual *>act]i/ic4 ,a gold5 voice is ! mo/ brilliant2 a silv]y voice has ! mo/ *>m2 a brassy voice ! mo/ p[]4 ,b "o ( ! ?ree *>act]i/ics is ess5tial4 ,a voice )\t metallic r+ is l tee? )\t enamel2 !y may be s\nd & heal?y1 b !y are n brilliant4444 ,9 spee* !re are sev]al col\rs--a bright1 r++ quality2 "o s(t & veil$4 ,! bright1 /rid5t hues ( purple & gold 9 a picture may produce a ma/]piece ( gorge\s col\r+2 s1 9 a diff]5t mann]1 may ! h>moni\s juxtaposition ( greys1 lilacs & br[ns on a canvas by ,v]onese1 ,rub5s1 or ,delacroix4 ,la/ ( all is ! velvety voice4 ,?is is wor?less if n alli$ ) "o ( ! ?ree o!rs4 ,9 ord] t a velvety voice may possess value x mu/ be re9=c$ 7d\ble7 ) 'metal4' ,a velvety voice is m]ely "o ( cotton4#a ,footnote #a3 ,^! admirably express$ views illu/rate & exemplify ! pr9ciples ,i laid d[n 9 a confr5ce 7,p>is1 #aijb7 on ,voice-,production 7,pose de la ,voix71 :]e9 ,i demon/rat$ ! possibility ( acquir+1 by ! aid ( ! resonat+ cavities1 a great] sonority1 m 9 con=mity ) ! dem&s & necessities ( pres5t-day music4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to notice t ! quality :i* 9 ,france is designat$ timbre1 is call$ by ! ,italians metallo di voce1 or1 metal ( ! voice4 ,^? :o he>d ,madame ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago w readily und]/& :y h] c\ntless fri5ds & admir]s always spoke ( h] mat*less organ z la voix d'or4 ,! late ,sims ,reeves1 ! fam\s t5or1 0 a p]fect ma/] ( all v>ieties & %ades ( vocal col\r1 & display$ 8 ma/]y ) c]ta9ty & unfail+ effect 9 ! diff]5t fields ( ,oratorio & ,op]a4 ,9 ! recitative ,deep] & deep] /ill1 ) its subsequ5t aria ,waft h]1 angels1 ?r\gh ! skies ,h&el1 he rang$ ?r\gh ! entire gamut ( tone-col\r4 ,z ,edg>do 9 ,donizetti's ,lucia di ,lamm]moor1 he laun*$ ! ,maladetta phrase ( ! curse ) a voice t 0 almo/ :ite ) fr5zi$ rage2 :ile ! pa!tic sombre quality he employ$ 9 ! ,fra poco a me ricov]o fitly accord$ ) ! despair+ mood & gloomy surr\nd+s ( ! hapless ,edg>do4 ,"s s+]s control b two col\rs or timbres--! v cle> 7op57 & ! v sombre 7clos$71 :i* !y exagg]ate4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! gradations betwe5 !m c be made inf9ite by ! arti/ :o is 9 possession ( ! secret--especially if he has ! ability to comb9e ,col\r ) ,int5sity4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! example cit$ 9 ! op5+ p>agraph ( ! pres5t "w3--,= n[ is ,*ri/ ris54 ,n only did ,mme4 ,tietj5s make a gradual cresc5do f ! fir/ note to ! climax1 b ! tonal col\rs 7 also subtly graduat$ f a comp>atively sombre quality to "o ( ! utmo/ cle>ness & brilliance4 ,music3 ,z sung by ,mme4 ,tietj5s ,= n[ is ,*ri/ ris51 = n[ is ,*ri/ ris5 f ! dead4 ,z contra/+ examples 9 :i* ! two pr9cipal col\rs may be employ$ effectively1 ,i may cite ! ,bac*ic air1 v91 dissipe la tri/esse1 & ! p5sive monologue1 tre1 ou ne pas tre1 bo? f ! op]a ,hamlet1 by ,ambroise ,?omas4 ,! =c$1 unnatural quality ( ! fir/ calls = ! use ( a cle>1 op51 brilliant timbre4 ,music3 v91 dissipe la tri/esse ,qui pse sur mon coeur6 ,a moi les rves de l'ivresse1 ,et le rire moqueur6 ,b = ! second1 ,to be1 or n to be3 ,music3 tre1 ou ne pas tre6 my/re6 ,m\rir6 dormir1 dormir6 a sombre1 clos$ timbre is necess>y4 ,! op5+ recitative ( ,v&]deck5 9 ,d] flieg5de ,hollnd] by ,wagn] w\ld be absurd1 & utt]ly out ( h>mony ) ! "* & 8 surr\nd+s1 if sung 9 ! op5 timbre4 ,p]haps ,i ought to expla9 t op5 7voix claire1 ,fr471 & clos$ 7voix sombre1 ,fr471 are te*nical t]ms1 ( :i* ! equival5ts are accept$ 9 all c\ntries :]e ! art ( s++ is cultivat$2 t]ms t apply to quality ( tone1 n to ! physical process by :i* ^! effects are produc$4 ,su* a mi/ake is n infrequ5tly made by vocal physiologi/s :o are n practical musicians or s++-tea*]s4 ,nor mu/ ! t]m cle> timbre be und]/ood to mean ! :ite voice 7voix blan*e1 or voce bianca72 ?is1 l ! guttural timbre1 be+ only occasionally employ$ = ! expression ( "s viol5t passion1 su* z hate4 ,l ! admirable pa9t+s ( ,eugne ,c>rire1 = in/ance 8 ma/]ly portrait ( ,paul ,v]la9e1 a song1 sometimes an entire rle1 may be work$ out 9 mono*rome2 ?\gh ! gradations ( t9t are num]\s1 !y are consi/5tly kept )9 _! preconceiv$ col\r-s*eme4 ,"s few exceptional s+]s1 l ,jean-,bapti/e ,faure or ,maurice ,r5aud1 h ?is gift ( _m %ades ( ! "o col\r 9 _! s++ ( c]ta9 rles4 ,! col\r is det]m9$ by ! psy*ological "* ( ! p]sonage portray$2 a gay1 reckless ,don ,giovanni calls = a bright] col\r+ ?r\gh\t ?an t necessitat$ by ! music allott$ to a gloomy ,v&]deck5 or an embitt]$ & v5geful ,rigoletto4 ,"o may1 !re=e1 =mulate ! foll[+ rule3 ,! g5]al "* ( ! composition w decide ! tonal col\r appropriate = its g5]al int]pretation2 ! col\r+ necess>y = its compon5t phrases w be det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> s5tim5t embodi$ 9 !m4 ,emotions l sorr[1 fe>1 despair1 w f9d fitt+ expression 9 ! sombre quality ( voice1 graduat$ 9 accordance ) ! int5sity ( ! emotion4 ,! opposite s5tim5ts ( joy1 love1 c\rage1 hope1 are fitt+ly int]pret$ by gradations ( ! cle> & brilliant timbre4 ,! d>k or sombre voice w be us$ 9 v>y+ %ades = ! recitative f ,samson 7,h&el71 ,oh1 loss ( sight3 ,music3 ,oh1 loss ( sight1 ( !e ,i mo/ compla96 :ile ! cle>e/ & mo/ brilliant timbre possible to be obta9$ is pla9ly indicat$ = ! same compos]'s ,s\nd an al>m6 f ,judas ,maccabu4 ,music3 ,s\nd an al>m1 y\r silv] trumpets s\nd6 ,x 0 a rule =mulat$ by ! old ,italian s*ool ( s++1 :5 l'arte del bel canto 9 its true s5se did really exi/1 t no phrase--musical or v]bal--%\ld be repeat$ ) ! same nuances4 ,v _m in/ances might be giv5 ( ! happy effect obta9$ by obs]v+ ?is rule4 ,"o w suffice4 ,x is tak5 f ! ,lam5to ( ,que5 ,ca!r9e 7( ,aragon71 :o1 slight$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 = ,anne ,boleyn1 sighs = h] native ,spa94 ,music3 ,lam5to ,h5ri ,,viii3 ,act ,,iv ,sa9t-,sans ,mon ,espagne *rie6 ,mon ,espagne *rie6 ,sudd5 contra/s ( col\r are ( great dramatic effect4 ,a good illu/ration is f\nd 9 ! air ,div9its du ,/yx1 f ,gluck's ,alce/e4 ,?is contra/ is /ill fur!r height5$ by a sudd5 *ange ( bo? ,int5sity & ,tempo4 ,music3 ,div9its du ,/yx6 ,div9its du ,/yx6 ,m9i/res de la mort6 ,?is la/ phrase1 ,m9i/res de la mort6 %\ld be sung 9 a v sombre voice ( almo/ guttural "*4 ,x is1 inde$1 9 ! recitatives & declamatory passages ( ,gluck1 ,h&el1 ,sac*9i1 t lyric arti/s w f9d unsurpassable mat]ial = /udy4 ,requir+1 z su* works d = _! p]fect int]pretation1 all ! res\rces ( ,col\r1 ,acc5t1 & ,phras+1 su* /udy is ! be/ possible prep>ation = ! fitt+ musical pres5tm5t ( ! lyric drama 9 "s ( its lat] phases4 ,col\r1 !n1 is ! basic elem5t ( ,/yle 9 s++4 ,x is re9=c$ by ,acc5t1 :i*1 z ! "n implies1 is ! acc5tuation ( details t require to be br\ght into prom95ce4 ,?is subject1 !re=e1 next claims att5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,acc5t ,9 s++1 two k9ds ( acc5t are recogniz$1 ! ,musical acc5t1 & ! ,poetic1 or ,v]bal1 acc5t4 ,! fir/ app]ta9s to ! doma9 ( s\nd2 ! second1 to ! doma9 ( significance4 ,! fir/1 = /hetic reasons1 ?r[s into relief c]ta9 tones ( a musical phrase2 ! second br+s into prom95ce ! s5tim5t und]ly+ ! poem or text4 ,note1 also1 t 9 spok5 declamation1 acc5t applies to a syllable only2 9 s++1 ! v]bal acc5t affects an entire ^w4 ,9 its relation to ,/yle1 ! ,musical acc5t mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ,metrical acc5t :i* is det]m9$ by ,"t1 or ,measure1 z well z f ! ,v]bal acc5t :]eby ! import ( a ^w is r5d]$ cle> to ! li/5]4 ,"h is an example ( ,musical acc5t1 f ,act ,,iii ( ,v]di's ,ballo 9 ,mas*]a3 ,music3 ,sap] vorre/e di *e si ve/e qu&o l' cosa *'ei vuol nascosa4 ,! acc5ts 7m>k$ ?us acc5t symbol7 give to ! musical phrase a piquancy t is admirably 9 keep+ ) ! gay & c>eless "* ( ! page1 ,osc>1 :o s+s x4 ,9 fact1 z reg>ds ,/yle1 ,musical acc5t is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 song = ! purpose ( sett+ =? ! true "* ( ! music4 ,h5ce1 x may be reg>d$ z a means ( *>act]ization4 ,?is use ( acc5t = *>act]ization is also q di/9ct f its use ) accid5tals1 or tones =eign to ! prevail+ tonality4 ,9 ! =m] case1 s5tim5t dictates its employm5t2 9 ! second1 ! acc5t gu>antees1 z x 71 ! accuracy ( ! s+]'s intonation4 ,by ! fa9t /ress laid on ! =eign tone1 ! li/5] is assur$ t ! executant is n deviat+ f ! true pit*4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 ! tones m>k$ acc5t symbol are accid5tals1 & = t reason %\ld receive a fa9t /ress4 ,! fir/ example is f ,la ,=za del ,de/9o4 ,music3 ,v]di ,madre1 ,madre1 pietosa ,v]g9e1 p]dona al mio peccato1 m'aita quell'+rato ,music3 ,je dis que ri5 ,c>m53 ,act ,,iii ,bizet ,v\s me protg]ez1 ,seigneur6 ,^! diff]5t uses ( acc5t are well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ example4 ,music3 ,come unto ,him ,messiah ,h&el ,take ,8 yoke ^u y1 & le>n ( ,him4 ,! tone allott$ to ! second syllable ( ! ^w ^u is acc5tuat$ to affirm ! accuracy ( ! s+]'s intonation2 ! slight emphasis ( ! ^w ,him br+s into relief ! mean+ ( ! text4 ,?is latt]1 !n1 is an illu/ration ( ,v]bal1 or ,poetic acc5t :i*1 ,i repeat1 ?r[s into relief1 )\t consid]ation ( its musical value or position1 "s ^w ( special significance 9 ! v]bal phrase4 ,to r5d] ! poetic mean+ ( ! text cle> to ! li/5]1 a correct use ( v]bal acc5t is imp]ative4 ,its importance & effect1 p>ticul>ly 9 recitative & declamatory s++1 are analog\s to ! importance & effect ( emphasis 9 spok5 language4 ,! example is f ,samson 7,h&el73 ,music3 ,o loss ( sight1 ( !e ,i mo/ compla94 ,"h ,i may po9t out t 9 cantabile phrases ! /ream ( s\nd1 not)/&+ its division into syllables by ! organs ( articulation--lips1 tongue1 etc4--%\ld p\r =? smoo?ly & un9t]rupt$ly4 ,! full value ( ea* tone mu/ be allott$ to ! v[el2 ! consonants :i* prec$e or end ! syllables are pron\nc$ quickly & di/9ctly4 ,9 declamatory s++1 on ! contr>y1 ! consonants %\ld be articulat$ ) great] delib]ation & int5sity4 ,music3 ,h&el 7,messiah7 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?4 ,"h an emphatic acc5t on ! consonant n irresi/ibly sugge/s ! idea ( k2 t is1 ( absolute c]ta9ty1 n ( m]e belief4 ,v frequ5tly ! metrical acc5t does n co9cide ) ! syllabic acc5t3 ! musical acc5t w fall on an unacc5t$ syllable1 or vice v]sa4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is ! case :5 ! compos] is n p]fectly famili> ) ! rules t gov]n ! prosody ( ! language to :i* he is sett+ music4 ,9 ! op]as ( ,mey]be] _m passages occur 9 :i* x is necess>y to readju/ ! syllables to ! notes on acc\nt ( _! misplac$ acc5t4 ,"h is an illu/ration f ,hol's ,gr& ,air 9 ,le ,p>don de ,plormel 7,mey]be]71 ,act ,,ii4 7,note t ! tonic acc5t 9 ,fr5* falls always on ! la/ pron\nc$ syllable47 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 ,et ranimez1 ranimez ma foi4 ,! error is easily rem$i$3 ,music3 7%\ld be sung7 ,et ranimez1 ranimez ma foi4 ,9 ! contralto aria ,he %all fe$ ,8 flock1 9 ,h&el's ,messiah1 ! unacc5t$ ^w %all falls on ! mo/ /rongly acc5t$ note ( ! b>4 ,if p]=m$ ?us1 x w\ld give a mo/ aggressive "* to ! passage1 imply+ t "s "o _h previ\sly d5i$ ! ass]tion4 ,?is w\ld be entirely at v>iance ) ! consolatory & peaceful message t is conta9$ 9 ! text & %ad[$ =? 9 ! music4 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 ,he %all fe$ 8 flock l a %eph]d4 7%\ld be sung7 ,he %all fe$ 8 flock l a %eph]d4 ,in/ances ( faulty syllabic acc5t ab\nd 9 ,h&el's works1 bo? 8 ,engli% oratorios & 8 ,italian op]as4 ,_m examples c\ld be quot$4 ,"h is a phrase f ! beautiful air = mezzo-soprano sung by ,ruggi]o 9 ! op]a ( ,alc9a4 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 ,v]di prati4 7%\ld be sung7 ,v]di prati4 ,9 ,m5delssohn's ,elijah1 ! foll[+ phrase is ne>ly always sung z writt51 unless ! s+] is famili> ) ! be/ traditions3 ,music3 ,give me ?y son6 ,x may be t ! arti/s :o slavi%ly foll[ ! publi%$ text fe> be+ accus$ ( alt]+ ! compos]'s music1 or are ignorant ( ! fact t !re exi/s a bett] v]sion1 :i* is ?is3 ,music3 ,give me ?y son6 ,x w be se5 t ! music is n *ang$ 9 ! lea/2 ! musical & v]bal acc5ts h be5 m]ely readju/$ & made to co9cide4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! disagreeable effect ( s++ "o half-b> &ante to ! syllable si 7pron\nc$ l zee 9 ,engli%71 ! foll[+ phrase ( ,m>gu]ite de ,valois 9 ,les ,hugu5ots 7,mey]be]71 ,act ,,ii1 is *ang$ ?us3 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 en aucun temps n'et *oisi mieux4 7%\ld be sung7 en aucun temps n'et *oisi mieux4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,int5sity ,9 musical t]m9ology e gradation ( volume 9 s\nd1 f ! fa9te/ to ! l\de/1 ent]s into ! category ( ,int5sity4 ,"o ( ! accept$ rules ( ! arte del bel canto 01 t e su/a9$ tone %\ld be col\r$ by "s graduation ( int5sity4 ,?us ! ability to augm5t & dim9i% ! volume ( tone 0 s highly e/eem$--inde$1 s ess5tial--t s+]s sp5t mu* "t 9 acquir+ ! messa di voce1 t is1 ! /eadily graduat$ emission ( tone f ! s(te/ degree to ! l\de/ & aga9 to ! s(te/3 p cresc5do symbol f decresc5do symbol p4 ,?is ex]cise inv>iably =m$ a "p ( ea* day's /udy1 & 0 practis$ on sev]al v[els ?r\gh\t ! scale1 except ! extreme tones1 save 9 r>e in/ances4 ,x 01 9 fact1 indisp5sable t ! s+] %\ld be able to col\r e tone 9 ?ree =ms ( graduat$ int5sity3 ,s(t to l\d p cresc5do symbol f2 l\d to s(t f decresc5do symbol p2 & s(t to l\d & s(t aga9 p cresc5do symbol f decresc5do symbol p4 ,?is comm& ( int5sity1 !re=e1 is invaluable4 ,b x is ev5 m effective :5 ! arti/ has ! p[] to comb9e ! v>i\s gradations ( ,int5sity ) diff]5t %ades ( ,col\r2 9 o!r words1 :5 he c s+ a tone cresc5do & dim9u5do 9 ! cle> & sombre timbres4 ,! passage1 already cit$1 f ,alce/e's great air 9 ,gluck's op]a ,alce/e1 furni%es an admirable illu/ration ( ! dramatic emotion creat$ by a sudd5 contra/ ( ,int5sity z well z ,col\r4 ,9 ! invocation ,ye m9i/]s t dwell 9 night6 ! cle> timbre is us$ ) gradually increas+ volume until at ! phrase 7sung adagio7 ,m9i/]s ( dea?6 ! timbre *anges abruptly to a sombre quality ) s9i/] effect1 :i* effect is augm5t$ by be+ sung pp4 ,music3 ,gluck 7,alce/e3 ,act ,i7 ,div9its du ,/yx6 ,div9its du ,/yx6 ,m9i/res de la mort6 ,a /ill m /rik+ example ( ! impressive effect produc$ by sudd5 contra/s ( int5sity is (f]$ 9 ! magnific5t air ,total ,eclipse1 f ,samson 7,h&el74 ,9 x1 a judici\s use ( tone-col\r1 acc5t1 & v>iations ( tempo1 all comb9e to elucidate 9 ! highe/ possible degree ! idea ( bo? compos] & poet3 ,music3 ,sun1 moon & />s1 sun1 moon & />s are d>k to me4 ,! words ,sun1 moon & />s %\ld be giv5 /rongly acc5tuat$1 & ! tempo gradually accel]at$4 ,! repetition ( ! phrase %\ld be sung ) /ill great] int5sity2 !n1 at ! passage are d>k to me1 ! col\r ( ! voice *anges to "o ( v sombre quality1 & ! orig9al tempo is resum$4 ,! fir/ consonant 9 ! ^w d>k %\ld receive a slight /ress4 ,! cresc5do has always be5 a fav\rite device ( compos]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :o write = ! lyric !atre4 ,x 0 an effect held 9 high e/eem by ,ross9i1 :o introduc$ x con/antly 9 8 op]as--witness 8 ov]tures & ensembles4 ,all are famili> ) ! wond]ful cresc5do :i* prec$es ! appe>ance ( ! ,knight ( ! ,swan1 9 ,loh5gr91 :]e ! sonorities are augm5t$ by gradual additions ( voices & in/rum5ts until ! culm9at+ po9t is rea*$4 ,an in/ance m poignant /ill is f\nd 9 ! great ,liebe/od 9 ,tri/an und ,isolde4 ,al?\gh ,hrold1 ! ,fr5* compos]1 obs]v$ t 9 work+ up to a climax "o %\ld beg9 a long way (f1 a s+] mu/ be c>eful n to rea* 8 maximum ( vocal sonority be=e ! musical climax is atta9$4 ,! t5or ,duprez creat$ a s5sation t is hi/oric1 9 ! long cresc5do passage 9 ! f\r? act ( ,guillaume ,tell1 by gradually increas+ ! volume ( s\nd1 z ! phrase develop$ 9 p[] & gr&eur1 until ! end1 :i* he deliv]$ ) all ! weal? ( 8 exceptionally resonant voice4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] on ,int5sity1 ,i %\ld advise s+]s ^: voices possess great natural volume or p[] n to abuse ?is valuable quality by employ+ x too frequ5tly4 ,! e> ( a li/5] tires soon] ( extreme sonority ?an ( any o!r effect4 ,talma1 ! great actor1 wr\ght _m re=ms on ! ,fr5* dramatic /age1 n only 9 co/ume--prior to 8 "t ,greek or ,roman dress only 0 worn 9 trag$y--b also 9 ! mann] ( deliv]+ tragic v]se4 ,aga9/ ! cu/om1 !n preval5t1 ( always hurl+ =? long tirades at full voice1 he inveigh$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,( all monoton\s ?+s1 upro> is ! mo/ intol]able 7de t\tes les monotonies1 celle de la =ce e/ la plus insupportable74 ,an arti/ic s+] w use 8 mo/ p[]ful tones1 z a pa9t] employs 8 mo/ vivid col\rs1 sp>+ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phras+ ,phras+ is simply musical punctuation4 ,9 s++1 x may be sep>at$1 l acc5t1 into two divisions3 ,musical & ,poetic1 or ,v]bal1 phras+4 ,if ! foll[+ passage 7 p]=m$ by an in/rum5t1 x w\ld n require any p>ticul> gr\p+ or phras+3 ,music ,b :5 sung1 x w\ld fail 9 effect if n p]=m$ ) a v slight pause aft] ! ^w nobis1 ?us3 ,music3 ,ave ,m>ia ,luzzi ,ora pro nobis1 ,m>ia4 ,z ano!r illu/ration ( ! excell5t effect ( correct phras+ may be cit$ ! song ,psy*1 by ,paladilhe4 ,its effect is height5$ if ! musical phras+ be judici\sly comb9$ ) a *ange 9 ,col\r & ,int5sity3 ,music3 ,qu& il les flatte1 j'en murmure6 7,%\ld be sung73 ,music3 ,qu& il les flatte1 j'en murmure6 ,x is ! cla%+ ( ! ,musical & ,v]bal phras+s t (t5 makes translations ( lyric works unsatisfactory4 ,! two phrases are indep5d5t1 n weld$ toge!r4 ,s f> f be+ ,music w$d$ to immortal ,v]se1 ^! in/ances resemble ^? mnages :]e9 ea* unit leads a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! s+] mu/ decide z to :e!r ! musical phrase1 or ! poetic phrase1 dem&s ! great] prom95ce4 ,! foll[+ ,phras+ & ,col\r+ w\ld be good & effective if ! passage 7 play$ on an in/rum5t3 ,music ,b if sung ?us1 z x sometimes is by c>eless arti/s :o pay little att5tion to ! v]bal significance ( :at !y are s++1 x w\ld s\nd absurd1 because ! poetic phras+ is entirely ignor$4 ,! correct way ( p]=m+ ! passage 7f ! aria ,voi *e sapete1 9 ,act ,,ii ( ,moz>t's ,nozze di ,fig>o7 is ! foll[+3 ,music3 ,donne1 v$ete1 s'io l'ho nel cor4 ,9 ! next extract 7f ,act ,,iv 9 ,un ,ballo 9 ,mas*]a1 by ,v]di71 x w be notic$ h[ oblivi\s ! compos] 0 ( ! claims ( v]bal phras+4 ,! :ole sc5a is admirably writt5 = ! voice1 & conta9s _m graceful passages ( great melodic *>m4 ,b al?\gh ! music may claim to repres5t ! "* ( ! situation z a :ole1 x is disfigur$ by ! complete disreg>d ( ! s5se ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( words3 ,music3 ,come se fosse l'ultima ora del no/ro amor1 come se fosse l'ultima1 l'ultima ora1 ora del no/ro amor1 del no/ro amor8 ,oh1 qual presagio m'assale1 come se fosse l'ultima ora del no/ro amor1 se fosse l'ultima del no/ro amor ,! words come se fosse l'ultima ora del no/ro amor1 con/itute "o phrase4 ,x w\ld be extremely difficult1 impossible ev51 = _m1 to s+ ! passage 9 "o brea?4 ,b ! fir/ musical phrase ends aft] ! ^w ultima2 to sep>ate x f ! next ^w1 ora 7second & ?ird b>s71 ?us3 la/--h\r1 is impracticable4 ,x w\ld be out ( ! "q to de/roy ! musical phrase by brea?+ aft] ! ^w ora1 9 ! ?ird b>4 ,if ! text is phras$ :5 spok5 z x is :5 sung1 ! incongruity is at once app>5t4 ,! publi%$ score gives a pause f]mata symbol aft] ! ^w ora3 ultima ora f]mata symbol del no/ro amor4 ,?is phras+ is good & effective1 especially if ! arti/ *anges at once to ! sombre quality aft] ! pause1 & f9i%es ! phrase piano & rall5t&o4 ,"o v (t5 he>s x1 h[ev]1 giv5 ) a pause = brea?+ aft] ! high a2 ! un=tunate s+] hav+ prolong$ ! tone until1 9 ord] to cont9ue1 he is compell$ to take 9 m air4 ,! result is ! absurd phras+ giv5 bel[3 ,music3 l'ultima ora del no/ro amor ,9 ! f9al cad5za1 ! compos] has cut out ! ^w ora altoge!r4 ,! :ole air is ( int]e/ to ! musical /ud5t1 z x %[s cle>ly ! little value atta*$ by ,v]di1 at t p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 to ! exig5cies ( ! v]bal or poetic phrase4 ,?is neglect ( ! v]bal punctuation is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! c>e he be/[$ on x 9 8 lat] works1 witness ,aida1 ,otello1 & p>ticul>ly ,fal/aff4 ,"h ,i may say t x is sometimes necess>y to alt] ! words on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( p]=m+ c]ta9 passages z writt54 ,9 ! e>li] publi%$ scores ( ,samson et ,dalila 7,sa9t-,sans71 ! foll[+ passage 9 ,act ,,ii1 ,mon coeur s'ouvre ta voix1 z ! compos] wrote x1 occurs z "o phrase3 ,music3 ,ah6 rponds ma t5dresse6 ,?is be+ impracticable ( execution 9 "o phrase1 & !re be+ no opportunity ( retak+ brea? until ! close ( ! passage1 x 0 alt]$ 9 ! lat] editions1 & n[ /&s ?us3 ,music3 ,ah6 rponds1 rponds ma t5dresse6 ,?is device ( repetition1 appli$ ei!r to a ^w or to "p ( a phrase1 is p]fectly ju/ifiable 9 cases :]e ! arti/1 = physical reasons1 is unable to s+ ! phrase 9 "o brea?4 ,i give an exc]pt f ,web]'s ,d] ,freis*tz 7,gr& ,air1 ,act ,,ii73 ,music3 ,oh lovely night6 ,?is may be sung3 ,music3 ,oh lovely1 lovely night6 ,! conclud+ b>s ( ! waltz-song 9 ,act ,i ( ,g\nod's ,romo et ,juliette1 are (t5 phras$ z indicat$ 9 ! brackets1 9 ord] to give ! s+] a *ance to take brea?1 :i* is done aft] ! c natural3 ,music3 ,ah6 7comme un trsor47 comme un trsor4 ,z discrepancies betwe5 ! musical & v]bal phrases1 su* z ^? ,i h in/anc$1 ab\nd 9 c]ta9 ( ! old op]as :i* /ill keep ! /age & =m a "p ( ! p]man5t rp]toire ( e lyric !atre1 ! arti/s s++ !m are compell$ to *oose betwe5 sacrific+ ! words or ! music4 ,! =m] alt]native is g5]ally pref]able1 ! musical phrase 9 _m su* cases be+ ( ! great] relative importance4 ,ano!r way is1 to meet ! difficulty boldly by supply+ ano!r text :i* mates itself m happily ) ! musical phrase4 ,p]sonally1 ,i adopt ! latt] alt]native )\t hesitation1 :5 prep>+ arti/s to s+ ^! works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s m9or effects utiliz$ 9 ,/yle 9 s++ may be briefly allud$ to3 ,portam5to2 v>iations ( ,tempo4 ,,portam5to ,?is is effect$ by ! voice glid+ f "o tone to ano!r1 & is equally available on /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! viol9 or 'cello1 ! m&ol9e or zi!r4 ,x is a grace ( /yle mu* abus$ by in>ti/ic s+]s4 ,be+ an ornam5t1 good ta/e dictates t x be us$ sp>+ly4 ,a frequ5t slid+ f "o tone to ano!r is a grave fault1 & mo/ disagreeable to a cultivat$ e>4 ,to s+ legato is "o ?+2 to s+ /risciato is ano!r4 ,h5ce1 its use on two consecutive occasions is r>ely admissible4 ,b )\t a sob] & discreet use ( ! portam5to1 ! /yle ( ! s+] appe>s /iff1 angul>--lack+1 z x 71 9 graceful curves4 ,x mu/ always be p]=m$ by c>ry+ ! tone & syllable to ! next tone2 nev] by anticipat+ ! latt]3 ,music3 ,moz>t 7,nozze di ,fig>o7 ,d ,fa ,deh vi5i1 non t>d>1 ,b x sometimes happ5s t1 :ile desir+ ?is grace1 ! compos] does n indicate 8 wi% q correctly4 ,"h is an in/ance by ,f4 ,?om3 ,music3 ,et n\s dansions un bolro4 ,7 x p]=m$ z pr9t$1 x w\ld be v bad /yle1 z x violates ! rule t ! succe$+ syllable %all n be anticipat$4 ,und\bt$ly1 :at ! au?or wi%$ is ! foll[+3 ,music3 ,et n\s dansions ,sometimes ! compos] himself indicates cle>ly 8 int5tion t ?is effect %\ld be us$1 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3 ,music3 ,rey] 7,la ,/atue7 ,p\r s'van\ir1 au rveil4 ,music3 ,cele/e ,aida 7,aida3 ,act ,i7 ,v]di ,del mio p5si]o tu sei reg9a1 tu di mia vita sei lo spl5dor4 ,music3 ,song ,heure du ,soir = ,t5or ,lo ,delibes ,p>t\t s'lve un *ant bi5 d\x1 un *ant bi5 d\x1 ,s\s la brise t\te embaume4 ,music3 ,f ,la ,bohme1 ,act ,i ,pucc9i ,mi *iamano ,mimi1 ma il mio nome ,lucia4 7,notice ! phrases m>k$ a & b47 ,! words & indications = ! use ( ! portam5to 9 ea* ( ^! la/ f\r examples are by ! respective compos]s1 & z pr9t$ 9 ! publi%$ editions4 ,a portam5to %\ld nev] be sung s sl[ly z to convey ! idea ( a badly execut$ *romatic scale2 &1 z a rule1 x is be/ n to use "o betwe5 any less] int]val ?an a ?ird1 unless = "s p>ticul> effect1 or at ! close ( a sl[ movem5t1 z 9 ! aria ,he 0 despisd1 9 ,! ,messiah3 ,music3 & acqua9t$ ) grief4 ,x is also effective 9 connect+ syllables 9 phrases ( a smoo?1 lyric "*3 ,music3 ,nozze di ,fig>o3 ,act ,,ii ,moz>t 7z pr9t$7 9 braccio al idol mio4 7%\ld be sung7 9 braccio al idol mio4 ,! portam5to be+ an embelli%m5t t p]ta9s to ! cantabile1 x is v little us$ 9 declamatory s++4 ,b frequ5tly 9 ! ,recitatives ( classic works occur phrases ( declamatory recitative1 int]sp]s$ ) passages t are purely lyric 9 /ructure4 ,to ea* ( ^! divisions mu/ be giv5 its appropriate /yle4 ,= in/ance1 aft] ! op5+ phrases ( ,obadiah's exhortation1 ,ye p1 r5d y\r he>ts1 9 ,elijah1 up to ! end ( ! phrase ,return to ,god1 all is purely lyric declamation4 ,b at ! words1 ,= ,he is sl[ to ang]1 & m]ciful1 ?is %\ld cease1 & ! succe$+ phrases be giv5 ) all ! graces t are p]missible 9 cantabile s++2 n 9 ! h>d1 dry mann] affect$ by "s ( ! mod]n t5ors 9 oratorio4 ,music3 ,i !re=e say to ye1 ,=sake y\r idols1 return to ,god2 = ,he is sl[ to ang]1 & m]ciful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,tempo ,^! are ( value 9 br++ out ! musical & poetic significance ( c]ta9 compositions2 notably ! op]as ( ,bell9i1 ,donizetti1 & ! e>li] works ( ,v]di4 ,b ,i w\ld caution s+]s to ex]cise discretion 9 ?is mu*-abus$ effect4 ,v>iations ( ,tempo1 ! rit>d&o1 accel]&o1 & tempo rubato1 are all legitimate aids dem&$ by ,expression4 ,b unless _! use is det]m9$ by s\nd judgm5t & correct musicianly ta/e1 ! effect spe$ily becomes vulg> & monoton\s4 ,k1 & a ta/e =m$ 9 good s*ools1 mu/ be ! guide ( ! vocali/ 9 ! use ( v>iations ( tempo4 ,i h said t ! op]as ( ,bell9i1 ,donizetti & ,v]di ab\nd 9 in/ances requir+ ! ha/5+ or slack5+ ( ! tempo4 ,b ! device is also highly e/eem$ by ! ultra-mod]n ,italian s*ool1 z may be se5 9 /udy+ ! scores ( ,pucc9i1 ,mascagni & ,leoncavallo4 ,"h is an illu/ration ( its effective use 9 ! air ,connais-tu le pays8 f ,mignon 7,act ,,ii71 by ,ambroise ,?omas4 ,madame ,*ri/9e ,nilsson 7,c\ntess ,casa ,mir&a71 :o pass$ ! rle ) ! compos]1 always sang ! phrase ?us1 al?\gh ^! indications d n appe> 9 ! publi%$ v]sion3 ,music3 ,hlas6 que ne puis-je te suivre1 v]s ce rivage heureux1 d'o le sort m'exila6 ,aga91 9 ! f9e song ,d] ,asra1 by ,rub9/e91 ! musical1 z well z ! dramatic1 effect ( ! poem is height5$ by ! use ( ! accel]&o1 :i* int]prets ) musical vividness ! impetu\s av[al by ! slave ( 8 passion = ! pr9cess1 aft] 8 calm answ] to h] que/ions z to 8 "n & bir?place4 ,i* heisse ,mahomet1 i* b9 aus ,yem51 und me9 ,/amm s9d j5e ,asra1 wel*e /]b51 w5n sie lieb54 7,,he9e47 ,music3 und me9 ,/amm s9d j5e ,asra1 wel*e /]b51 w5n sie lieb54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tradition ,tradition plays a m important "p1 p]haps1 9 ! int]pretation ( ! classic compos]s' writ+s = ! voice ?an x does 9 _! purely in/rum5tal works4 ,! old ma/]s left few--sometimes n any--indications z to ! mann] 9 :i* _! music %\ld be r5d]$4 ,?us its prop] p]=mance is l>gely det]m9$ by receiv$ oral tradition4 ,! pr9t$ scores ( ! classics1 except ^? t h be5 specially edit$1 ?r[ little light on _! prop] int]pretation1 or ev5 at times on ! actual notes to be sung4 ,to p]=m exactly z writt5 ! op]as ( ,gluck1 notably ,armide & ,orphe1 ! op]as ( ,moz>t1 ! ,italian op]as & ,engli% oratorios ( ,h&el1 ! oratorios ( ,ba*1 ,haydn1 & ,m5delssohn1 w\ld be to d ! greate/ inju/ice to ^! compos]s & _! works4 ,x is a preval5t idea t all dep>tures f ! publi%$ text are due ei!r to caprice1 or to vanity & a desire = p]sonal display on ! "p ( ! soloi/4 ,z ?\gh s+]s _h a monopoly ( ^! defects6 ,let u consid] "s ( ! pr9cipal causes ( su* *anges 9 ! text1 & ! reasons :y ^! modifications d n always appe> 9 ! publi%$ v]sions4 ,9 ! orig9al editions ( _m ( ! e>li] op]as1 z ^? ( ,moz>t1 etc41 ! unaccompani$ recitative 7recitativo secco7 is n b>r$4 ,z ) ! pla9-*ant ( ! *ur*1 only ! pit* ( ! tone is indicat$4 ,its l5g? 0 left to ! discretion ( ! arti/1 :o 0 suppos$ to be famili> ) ! accept$ /yle ( deliv]y t]m$ recitativo p>lante4 ,! example is f ! recitative ,dove sono1 9 ,act ,,iii ( ,le ,nozze di ,fig>o1 by ,moz>t3 ,music3 ,e ,susanna non vi56 ,sono ansiosa di sap] ,?is %\ld be sung z bel[3 ,music3 ,e ,susanna non vi56 ,sono ansiosa di sap] ,! sub/itution ( ano!r note = ! "o actually writt51 bo? 9 ,recitative & ,aria1 0 also /rictly regulat$ "u ! sy/em or conv5tion !n 9 vogue1 "o p]fectly und]/ood bo? by compos] & s+]4 ,9 all ! e>li] ,italian op]as1 & 9 ! ,engli% oratorios ( ,h&el1 ?is sy/em 0 foll[$3 ,music3 ,recit4 ,behold1 a ,virg9 %all conceive ,messiah ,h&el 7sung7 ,emmanuel2 7pr9t$7 & %all call 8 "n ,emmanuel2 ,music3 ,aria4 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live? ,messiah ,h&el 7sung7 live? 7pr9t$7 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live? ,music3 ,recit4 ,non pi di fiori ,la ,clem5za di ,tito ,moz>t 7sung7 ,vitellia6 co/anza 7pr9t$7 ,ecco il punto1 o ,vitellia6 d'esam9> la tua co/anza ,music3 ,9 que/a tomba ,bee?ov5 7sung7 oscura 7pr9t$7 ,9 que/a tomba oscura ,?is sub/itution1 !re=e1 ( ano!r note--a tone or semitone high] or l[]1 accord+ to ! phrase--is n only legitimate b ess5tial 9 all music writt5 9 ! ,italian mann]4 ,ano!r cause ( *anges be+ necess>y 9 ! vocal "p ( _m ( ! old] classic writ]s1 p>ticul>ly ( oratorio1 is ! frequ5tly faulty syllabic acc5tuation4 ,i h already m5tion$ ?is defect 9 ! *apt] on ,acc5t4 ,h&el1 = in/ance1 al?\gh liv+ ne>ly all 8 life 9 ,engl&1 nev] became q ma/] ( its language2 h5ce ! num]\s cases ( ! misplac+ ( syllables 9 8 oratorios4 ,?is defect is also noticeable1 b n 9 ! same degree1 9 8 ,italian op]as4 ,! books ( ,elijah & ,/4 ,paul 7,m5delssohn71 & ,! ,creation 7,haydn71 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ,g]man1 & !re=e suff] some:at 9 ?is respect :5 ! translat$ ,engli% v]sion is giv54 ,?is fault is also noticeable 9 ! ,engli% v]sions ( ,ba*'s ,passion 7,/4 ,mat!w71 & ,m5delssohn's ,psalm ,,cxiv4 ,9 ! fir/ quot$ ( ^! two works1 9 ! response = ,d\ble ,*orus to ! "q1 ,:e!r ( ! twa9 w ye t ,i release unto y8 ! acc5t falls on ! fir/ syllable ,ba-rab-bas2 9 ! second ( ! two works 7#aad? ,psalm71 ! acc5t is plac$ on ! la/ syllable1 ?us3 ,hal-le-lu-jah4 ,nei!r ( ^! acc5tuations is 9 accordance ) ,engli% cu/om4 ,a s+]1 !re=e1 is p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 re>rang+ ! syllables 9 ord] t1 z f> z possible1 ! musical & v]bal acc5ts %all co9cide4 ,b !re are rigori/s1 unaw>e ( ! usages & conv5tions previ\sly spok5 (1 :o are v sev]e 9 _! judgm5t :5 any deviation is made f ! pr9t$ score ) :i* !y foll[ ! p]=mance ( classic works4 ,su* sev]ity is unm]it$1 because unju/4 ,al?\gh su* p]sons sometimes inveigh aga9/ any & e *ange f ! /rict lett] ( ! pr9t$ music--ignorant ( ! possibility1 t only 9 ?is way c its _s be respect$--! *anges 9 a multitude ( cases are ess5tial because due 7#a7 to rev]5tial deciph]+ ( an obsolete musical notation1 7#b7 to improvem5ts 9 musical in/rum5ts1 or 7#c7 to ! sanction & au?ority ( ! compos] himself4 ,sometimes x is an or*e/ral conductor :o reproa*es ! solo s+]s ) _! want ( respect = ! compos]1 because he he>s at times int]polations or *anges :i* f9d no place 9 8 own score4 ,! s+]s are accus$ ( alt]+ ! compos]1 ( tak+ lib]ties ) ! text4 ,& yet ^! v *anges may be traditionally correct2 !y may be 9 accordance ) rules & conditions preval5t at ! "t ! music 0 writt51 & employ$ on acc\nt ( a desire to int]pret ! compos]'s own int5tions1 & n f m]e vanity or caprice4 ,nor are ^! necess>y *anges & dep>tures f ! pr9t$ scores ( ! classics conf9$ to ! vocal p>ts ( ! music compos$ by ! old ma/]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! deviations :i*1 9 p]=mance1 are sometimes made f ! pr9t$ edition ( a musical composition1 arise f a v>iety ( causes4 ,"o ( ^! is ! discrepancy t exi/s betwe5 v>i\s editions ( ! same "w2 & sometimes ! confusion is complicat$ by diff]5t v]sions hav+ be5 prep>$ by ! compos] himself4 ,?is is notably ! case ) ,gluck's ,orphe1 fir/ writt5 to an ,italian libretto by ,calzabigi & produc$ at ,vi5na4 ,:5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette call$ h] =m] ,vi5nese s++-ma/]1 ,gluck1 to ,p>is1 %e gave him an opportunity ( display+ 8 g5ius by facilitat+ ! production ( 8 ,iphignie en ,aulide at ! ,opra1 9 #aggd4 ,its en?usia/ic reception recall$ to ! compos] ! l success :i* _h att5d$ ! production ( 8 ,orfeo at ,vi5na4 ,he imm$iately set to "w to revise x = ! ,p>is ,opra1 & fit x to a new ,fr5* text1 ! latt] suppli$ him by ,mol9e4#b ,footnote #b3 ,sir ,george ,grove1 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 ,p4 #faa1 says t ! ,fr5* text is by ,molire6 ,?is is a self-evid5t error4 ,b ! title-rle 9 ! orig9al ,italian v]sion 0 writt5 =1 & sung by1 ,guadagni1 an artificial contralto 7contralto musico74 ,9 its new] ,fr5* dress ! "p 0 transpos$ & re>rang$ = ! t5or ,legros2 :o1 judg+ f ! extreme altitude ( ! tessitura employ$1 mu/ h possess$ ei!r a haute-contre1 or a v high light-t5or voice1 & :o may h employ$ ! falsetto4 ,?is high tessitura1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ! pit* has ris5 consid]ably s9ce x 0 compos$1 r5d]s ! ,fr5* v]sion impracticable = t5ors ( ! pres5t day4 ,"h are ! conclud+ b>s ( ! fam\s air z writt5 9 ! orig9al ,italian v]sion1 & ! same phrase z alt]$ by ,gluck1 :5 produc$ 9 ,p>is4 ,music3 ,*e f> s5z' ,euridice8 ,dove &r8 ,*e f>8 ,dove &r s5za il mio b58 7,z orig9ally writt5 by ,gluck = ! ,italian v]sion1 ,vi5na47 ,music3 ,j'ai p]du mon ,eurydice ,sort cruel1 quelle rigueur6 ,je succombe ma d\leur1 ma d\leur1 ma d\leur6 7,z alt]$ by ,gluck = ,p>is2 sung by ! t5or ,legros4 ,f a manuscript copy1 ,biblio?que de l',opra47 ,music3 ,j'ai p]du mon ,eurydice ,sort cruel1 quelle rigueur6 ,je succombe ma d\leur1 ma d\leur1 ma d\leur6 7,z sung by ,mme4 ,vi>dot-,g>cia1 ,?tre-,lyrique1 ,p>is2 ! "p be+ re/or$ to ! orig9al voice & key1 b ! *ange at ! end1 made = ,legros1 reta9$47 ,! f9ale to ! fir/ act 0 also *ang$2 a tumultu\s hurry = /r+s1 evid5tly design$ to accompany ! *ange ( sc5e to ,hades1 be+ n[ replac$ by a florid air1 probably introduc$ at ! desire ( ! pr9cipal s+] z a m$ium = ! display ( 8 vocal virtuosity2 a concession (t5 exact$ f compos]s ( op]a4 ,?is int]polat$ air 0 = a long "t attribut$ to a compos]--,b]toni--:o _h himself compos$ an op]a on ! subject ( ,orphe4 ,lat] rese>*es h1 h[ev]1 prov$ t ?is air is by ,gluck himself1 tak5 f ,ari/eo1 "o ( 8 e>li] works4 ,:5 ! fam\s revival ( ,orphe took place at ! old ,?tre-,lyrique 9 ,p>is1 ! rle ( ,orphe 0 re/or$ to ! type ( voice--contralto--= :i* x 0 orig9ally compos$1 & confid$ to ,mme4 ,paul9e ,vi>dot-,g>cia4 ,%e reta9$ ! air introduc$ = ! t5or ,legros1 b ( c\rse transpos$1 & ) a reor*e/ration by ,camille ,sa9t-,sans2 ! n[ fam\s compos] hav+ at t "t1 by ! reque/ ( ,b]lioz1 und]tak5 to cont9ue & complete ! revision ( ,gluck's complete works1 kn[n z ! ,pelletan ,edition4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see v int]e/+ article sign$ ,c4 ,sa9t-,sans 9 ! *o de ,p>is = ,july #bc1 #aiaa4 ,o!r *anges f ! fir/ ,italian score 7 also made by ,gluck 9 ! lat] ,fr5* v]sion4 ,"h is an example2 be+ ! recitative imm$iately prec$+ ! great air ( ,orpheus 9 ! la/ act3 ,music3 7,orig9al ,italian v]sion1 z writt5 = ,vi5na47 ,mis]o me6 la p]do1 e di nuovo1 e p] sempre6 ,o legge6 ,o morte6 ,o ricordo crudel6 ,non ho soccorso1 non m'avanza consiglio6 ,io veggo solo 7,oh fi]a vi/a67 il luttuoso aspetto dell'orrido mio /ato6 ,saziati1 sorte rea6 son disp]ato6 ,music3 ,c'e/ moi1 c'e/ moi1 qui lui ravis le j\r4 ,loi fatale6 ,cruel remords6 ,ma pe9e e/ sans gale1 ,dans ce mom5t fune/e1 ,le dsespoir1 la mort1 ,c'e/ t\t ce qui me re/e6 7,z writt5 = ! ,p>is v]sion1 ! rle ( ,orphe be+ !n sung by a t5or47 ,music3 ,c'e/ moi1 c'e/ moi1 qui lui ravis le j\r4 ,loi fatale6 ,cruel remords6 ,ma pe9e e/ sans gale1 ,dans ce mom5t fune/e1 ,le dsespoir1 la mort1 ,c'e/ t\t ce qui me re/e6 7,z sung by ,mme4 ,vi>dot-,g>cia1 ! rle be+ !n re/or$ to ! contralto voice z 9 ! ,italian v]sion1 :ile ! *anges made by ,gluck = ! ,p>is v]sion 7 reta9$4 ,?is is n[ def9itively adopt$ at ! ,opra-,comique47 ,aga91 discrepancies exi/ betwe5 v>i\s publi%$ copies ( ! same "w1 aris+ f ! fact t sometimes ! editors ( ^! revisions may h mi/ak5 ! int5tions ( ! compos]4 ,or1 influ5c$ by p>donable human vanity1 !y may h felt impell$ to collaborate m directly ) ! compos]1 by add+ some?+ ( _! own4 ,!re is valid reason = ! additional accompanim5ts1 ) :i* ,moz>t has enri*$ ! orig9al scores ( ,h&el's ,messiah & ,alex&]'s ,fea/2 & we h evid5ce ( ! skill1 & c div9e ! rev]5ce1 ) :i* ^! additions 7 accompli%$4 ,b h[ fatal w\ld h be5 ! results1 _h ! delicate task be5 attempt$ by "o 9 :om ^! qualities 7 lack+6 ,also1 !re is e excuse = ! additions made to ,gluck's ,armide by ,mey]be] = ! ,op]a ( ,b]l92 & we h ! direct te/imony ( ,sa9t-,sans1 :o has exam9$ ?is rescor+1 z to ! r>e ability & arti/ic discretion ) :i* ! "w has be5 done4#d ,footnote #d3 ,see *o de ,p>is1 op4 cit4 ,f ?is evid5ce x appe>s t 9 ! score z left by ,gluck1 ! trombones d n appe> at all 9 ,armide4 ,! drums1 & /rang] /ill1 ! flutes1 are he>d only at r>e int]vals2 :ile ! :ole or*e/ration--sometimes a pale sket* ( ! compos]'s int5tions--%[s a ha/e & lack ( c>e 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! pa9s be/[$ on ! scor+ ( ,alce/e1 ,iphignie1 & ,orphe4 ,! revisions & additions spok5 ( 7 und]tak5 by highly compet5t au?orities1 actuat$ only by ! wi% to re/ore 9 its purity ! idea ( ! compos]2 & :o to zeal1 add$ ! m valuable quality ( discretion4 ,anci5t music1 ow+ to ! developm5t ( & *anges 9 ! in/rum5ts = :i* x 0 compos$1 c r>ely be giv5 z writt5 by ! au?or4 ,ev5 if ! in/rum5ts ( mod]n inv5tion be elim9at$1 ! or*e/ra ( to-day is n ! or*e/ra ( ,h&el4 ,! oboe1 = example1 has s ga9$ 9 p5etrat+ p[] t "o in/rum5t to ea* "p n[ suffices2 9 ,h&el's "t ! feeble tone ( ! oboe r5d]$ a consid]able numb] necess>y4 ,! p]fection ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts1 too1 is ! cause ( modifications 9 ! music writt5 = !m4 ,! limit$ compass ( ! pian(orte1 = example1 0 c]ta9ly ! sole reason :y ,bee?ov5 fail$ to cont9ue 9 octaves ! entire asc5d+ scale 9 "o ( 8 sonatas4 ,_h ! piano 9 8 day possess$ its pres5t compass1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h writt5 ! passage ?r\gh\t 9 octaves1 i4e41 z mod]n piani/s play x4 ,if a rigid adh]5ce to ! pr9t$ lett] ( anci5t music is to be /rictly obs]v$1 )\t consid]ation ( ! _m causes t r5d] ?is proc$ure undesirable1 let consi/5cy be obs]v$ by pu%+ ! argum5t to its logical conclusion1 viz41 return+ to ! in/rum5ts us$1 & ! composition ( ! or*e/ra t obta9$1 :5 ^! works 7 writt54 ,^? :o accuse arti/s ( introduc+ *anges1 ( n p]=m+ ! music z ! compos] wrote x1 %\ld be q sure z to :at ! compos] really did write1 s9ce _m *anges are made bo? be=e & aft] ! "w is pr9t$4 ,!y %\ld also be c]ta9 t ^! *anges are n su* z ! compos] may h1 or w\ld h1 sanction$1 see+ t by _! use 8 mean+ is m cle>ly express$4 ,at ! ,conc]ts ,spirituels1 giv5 at ! ,*ur* ( ! ,sorbonne1 ,p>is1 may be he>d v excell5t p]=mances ( ,oratorio by anci5t & mod]n compos]s1 f ,h&el & ,ba* to ,claude ,debussy2 ?\gh ,i d n "k :e!r or no l',enfant prodigue 7,! ,prodigal ,son71 by ,debussy1 is prop]ly /yl$ an oratorio1 see+ t x 0 rec5tly giv5 9 ,london on ! /age z an op]a4 ,^! p]=mances at ! ,sorbonne are m>k$ by a rev]5tial att5tion to detail2 ! soloi/s1 *orus & or*e/ra be+ v compet5t1 & ! conductor--,m4 ,paul de ,saunires--a musician ( ability & exp]i5ce4 ,9 spite ( ^! great advantages1 h[ev]1 ! works ( sev]al ( ! old classic compos]s suff] some:at1 by c]ta9 au!ntic traditions & conv5tions be+ ei!r unkn[n or ignor$4 ,to cite only "o in/ance out ( _m3 ,at ! ,sorbonne1 ! op5+ b>s ( ! second movem5t ( ! ,recit4 9 ,! ,messiah1 ,com=t ye my p1 etc41 are p]=m$ z pr9t$3 ,music3 ,! voice ( him t crie? 9 ! wild]ness ,?is music is writt5 9 ! ,italian mann]1 consequ5tly its p]=mance %\ld be 9 con=mity ) ! usages & conv5tions :i* obta9$ :5 ! "w 0 compos$4 ,"o ( ^!1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 0 ! sub/itution ( "o note = ano!r 9 c]ta9 places2 ano!r1 t 9 declamatory recitative1 or recitativo p>lante1 ! *ord 9 ! or*e/ra %\ld come aft] ! voice 7dopo la p>ola74 ,^! words appe> 9 _m scores ( ! ,italian op]as1 ev5 ( ! pres5t day4 ,b :5 !y d n1 ! musical director is suppos$ to be famili> ) ! cu/om4 ,! foll[+1 !re=e1 is ! au!ntic mode ( p]=m+ ! passage 9 "q3 ,music3 ,! voice ( him t crie? 9 ! wild]ness ,ap>t f ^! defects 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! anci5t classics1 x w\ld be unju/ n to ackn[l$ge ! great arti/ic m]it & value ( ! p]=mances1 giv5--z ,oratorio %\ld be--9 ! *ur*4 ,to he> l',enfance du ,*ri/ 7,b]lioz7 z p]=m$ at ! ,sorbonne1 ) its p>ticul> facilities = obta9+ ! ppp effects ( ! di/ant or rec$+ angelic *orus1 is to be impress$ to a degree impossible ( atta9m5t 9 ! conc]t-room4 ,let ^? puri/s :o res5t any tamp]+--z !y t]m x--) ! compos]s' music li/5 to ! foll[+ phrase1 sung z x is pr9t$ 9 ! ord9>y editions3 ,music3 ! fir/-fruits ( !m t sleep4 ,!n let !m he> x giv5 accord+ to ! au!ntic & accept$ tradition1 & say :i* ( ! two v]sions mo/ fai?fully int]prets ! compos]'s mean+4 ,music3 ! fir/-fruits ( !m t sleep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ consid] alt]ations :i* d n appe> 9 ! pr9t$ editions1 & yet may h be5 made or sanction$ by ! compos]4 ,9 comp>ison ) pa9t+ & sculpture1 music & ! lit]ature ( ! !atre are n self-suffic+ arts4 ,!y require an int]pret]4 ,be=e a dramatic "w c exi/ completely1 sc5]y1 & actors to give x voice & ge/ure1 are necess>y2 be=e music c be any?+ m ?an hi]oglyphics1 ! signs mu/ be transmut$ into s\nd by s+]s or in/rum5tali/s4 ,wagn] embodi$ ?is tru? 9 8 pa!tic ref]5ce to ,loh5gr93 ,:5 ill1 mis]able & despair+1 ,i sat brood+ ov] my fate1 my eye fell on ! score ( my ,loh5gr91 :i* ,i _h totally =gott54 ,sudd5ly ,i felt some?+ l compassion le/ ! music might nev] s\nd f (f ! dea?-pale pap]4 ,9 o!r words1 ,loh5gr91 ?\gh f9i%$ 9 e detail1 0 m]ely pot5tial music4 ,to make x any?+ m1 ! aid ( s+]s & or*e/ra are ess5tial4 ,compos]s & dramatic au?ors1 9 fact1 create _! art-works2 b x is _! int]pret]s--actors1 s+]s1 in/rum5tali/s--:o animate !m1 :o brea! life into !m4 ,"o ( ! inevitable consequ5ces is1 t ! compos]'s ideal c nev] be fully atta9$4 ,b *anges 9 p]=mance f ! pr9t$ text ( a composition are frequ5tly ! "w ( ! compos] himself4 ,if really an arti/1 he is r>ely p]fectly satisfi$ ) 8 complet$ "w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8 ideal & 8 mat]ialization ( x1 is a s\rce ( angui% = him4 ,! j\rney made by a vision ( art f ! bra9 t conceives x to ! h& t imprisons x 9 m>ble1 or depicts x 9 col\r1 or p5s x 9 words or music1 is a long "o4 ,& mu* grace or p[]1 beauty or gr&eur1 is inevitably lo/ on ! way4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! disappo9tm5t ( all true arti/s ) _! creations4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( _! endless /riv+s to p]fect _! works2 ! fir/ embodim5t is n a p]fect int]pretation ( ! arti/'s inspiration1 & fur!r reflection has reveal$ to him an improvem5t4 ,! process is endless4 ,a man's rea* %\ld exce$ 8 grasp1 ,or :at is ,heav5 =8 ,if "o wi%es to surprise g5ius lab\r+ to give bir? to p]fection1 "o %\ld consult ! lat] editions ( ,victor ,hugo's works & note ! c\ntless em5dations he made aft] _! fir/ publication--"h a m fitt+ ^w sub/itut$1 !re a l9e reca/1 else:]e an entire v]se add$1 or excis$1 or remodell$4 ,?is "w ( incessant revision is n re/rict$ to poets4 ,compos]s ( g5ius are also invet]ate /riv]s aft] p]fection1 are cont9ually occupi$ 9 poli%+ & revis+ _! music4 ,& n all ! modifications !y make1 or sanction1 are record$ 9 ! pr9t$ v]sions4 ,= _m are ! outcome ( aft]-?\ghts1 ( ideas sugge/$ dur+ ! process ( :at ,i h call$ transmut+ musical hi]oglyphics into s\nd4 ,su* modifications1 usually decid$ ^u 9 ! c\rse ( a rehe>sal--,i am n[ consid]+ p>ticul>ly op]atic works--are frequ5tly jott$ d[n1 a m]e scanty memor&um1 on ! s+]'s "p or ! conductor's score4 ,b !y are ! "w ( ! compos]1 or h receiv$ 8 approval1 &1 al?\gh n not$ 9 ! pr9t$ editions ( 8 compositions1 are transmitt$ orally f conductor to conductor1 s+] to s+]1 ma/] to pupil4 ,& ?us a tradition is p]petuat$4 ,b ! "q ( *anges goes ev5 fur!r4 ,prior to ! adv5t ( ,wagn]1 ! s+] 0 all[$ great lic5se 9 op]atic works4 ,?is lic5se 0 pr9cipally manife/$ 9 a two-fold =m4 ,! fir/ is call$ po9tage 7,fr5*71 puntatura 7,italian71 & means ! *ang+ ( ! notes or cont\r ( a musical phrase2 ! second is t]m$ *angem5ts or v>iantes 7,fr471 abbellim5ti or fioriture 7,x471 & ref]s to ! int]polation & addition ( ornam5ts1 i4e41 embelli%m5ts & cad5zas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po9tage ,?is1 z ,i h said1 is ! te*nical t]m giv5 to ! modification or re>rangem5t ( ! notes ( a phrase1 s z to br+ x )9 ! natural capabilities ( ! arti/ s++ ! rle4 ,a few illu/rations w make ! nature ( po9tage cle>4 ,9 ,ross9i's ,guillaume ,tell1 al?\gh x is writt5 9 a diff]5t /yle f 8 =m] works1 :5ce less necessity = int]polations & modifications1 occurs ! foll[+ t]rible passage = ! pr9cipal b>itone3 ,music3 ,mais je connais le poids des f]s1 mais je connais le poids des f]s4 ,e vocali/ kn[s ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 s++ v high tones to diff]5t syllables1 ea* requir+ a diff]5t con=mation ( ! buccal cavity4 ,! passage quot$--express+ ,tell's bitt]ness at ! recollection ( 8 pa/ suff]+s 9 prison1 ,well ,i "k ! weight ( gall+ *a9--has to be declaim$ ) great en]gy4 ,s f> z ! relative value ( ! notes is conc]n$1 x is entirely ad libitum1 ! rhy?mical figure 9 ! or*e/ra hav+ ceas$ "o half-b> be=e4 ,x is said t ,dabadie1 a basso cantante r ?an b>itone1 to :om 0 entru/$ ! rle ( ,tell on ! fir/ production ( ! "w at ! ,opra1 ,p>is1 on ,augu/ #c1 #ahbi1 f9d+ x impossible to s+ ! phrase z writt51 _h rec\rse to a pr(essor4 ,he advis$ ! po9tage giv5 lat]4 ,?is *ange became traditional1 & has s9ce be5 foll[$1 except1 x is said1 9 ! case ( ,massol1 :o succe$$ ,dabadie4 ,he1 be+ possess$ ( a v sonor\s voice ( exceptional compass1 0 able to give ! phrase z writt54 ,?is *ange1 or po9tage1 mu/ h be5 he>d by ,ross9i1 & s mu/ h be5 tacitly approv$ by him4 ,?is is ! *ange made by ,dabadie3 ,music3 ,mais je connais le poids des f]s1 mais je connais le poids des f]s4 ,9 ,italian lyric !atres1 po9tage becomes necess>y 9 _m ,fr5* op]as1 ow+ to ! preval5t cu/om ( allott+ to contraltos c]ta9 rles writt5 = soprano & kn[n z dugazon rles 7f ,madame ,dugazon1 :o creat$ ! type74 ,! p>ts ( ,siebel 9 ,fau/ 7,g\nod71 ,urba9 9 ,les ,hugu5ots1 ,/phane 9 ,romo et ,juliette 7,g\nod71 are all writt5 = soprano1 & :5 sung 9 ,italian require n only transposition ( ! pr9cipal airs1 b ! use ( po9tage 9 passages :]e transposition is impossible ow+1 = in/ance1 to ! p>ticipation ( o!r *>act]s 9 ! sc5e4 ,?us ! air sung by ! page ,urba9 7,les ,hugu5ots7 on 8 entrance is sung 9 ! ,fr5* !atres z writt5 by ,mey]be]1 i4e41 9 ,b flat4 ,9 !atres :]e ! ,italian v]sion is giv51 ?is air is transpos$ a ?ird l[] into ,g1 necessitat+ lat] num]\s po9tages1 = ! reason already giv54 ,i said t _m deviations f ! pr9t$ text are ! "w ( ! au?or1 or are au?oriz$ by him4 ,a mom5t's reflection w conv9ce "o ( ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! s+] *os5--usually by ! compos] himself--to create a rle1 i4e41 to int]pret = ! fir/ "t "s "p 9 a new op]a1 g5]ally /udies x ) ! compos]1 or "u 8 direct sup]vision1 & ?us le>ns1 directly or indirectly1 8 ideas z to ! mean+1 /yle ( execution1 tempi1 etc41 ( ! music4 ,v (t5 dur+ rehe>sals1 :5 ! compos] beg9s really to he> 8 own "w1 he makes modifications 9 c]ta9 passages1 alt]ations ( ! words or suppressions ( ! notes t are ei!r ineffective1 or lie awkw>dly = ! voice4 ,b ! op]a has already be5 pr9t$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! s+]s & *ori/]s /udy+ ! rles & *oruses2 consequ5tly1 su* modifications1 re>rangem5ts1 & cuts 7z excisions are t]m$71 d n f9d _! way into ! publi%$ scores4 ,mey]be]1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by compet5t au?orities1 0 con/antly modify+ 8 compositions4 ,) him1 ! "w ( revision & em5dation 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,x is said t ?is 0 m especially ! case ) 8 la/ op]a1 l',africa9e1 :i* he 0 cont9ually alt]+ & revis+1 nev] be+ able to satisfy himself4 ,two v]sions ( ! libretto 7 prep>$ = him by ,scribe1 & two di/9ct sett+s ( ! music are publi%$1 al?\gh only "o is p]=m$4#e ,footnote #e3 ,cases are num]\s ( *anges made by compos]s ev5 aft] _! "w has be5 produc$4 ,! ,f\nta9 ,sc5e 9 ,lucia 0 entirely remodell$ by ,donizetti1 "s "t aft] its orig9al production at ,milan1 ! fir/ sett+ be+ replac$ by ! ,regnava nel sil5zio n[ us$1 writt5 = ,p]siani :5 ! op]a 0 fir/ giv5 at ! ,san ,c>lo1 ,naples4 ,9 ,nelusko's fir/ air occurs ! foll[+ passage1 9 :i* a great cresc5do is m>k$1 culm9at+ ff on ! ^w ri53 ,music3 non1 n't5t ri5 ta maje/6 ,al?\gh ! op]a 0 produc$ aft] ! compos]'s dea?1 ,jean-,bapti/e ,faure1 ! great b>itone *os5 to create ! rle ( ,nelusko1 /udi$ x ) ,mey]be]1 :o au?oriz$ sev]al v]bal & musical *anges 9 x4 ,music3 non1 n't5t ri51 non1 non1 non1 n't5t ri5 ta maje/6 ,)\t ! fir/ alt]ation x is impossible to realize ! compos]'s wi% = a climax on ! ^w ri52 ! second *ange is due to ! fact t ! tessitura ( ! phrase is some:at high1 & ,faure1 :o 0 a l[ r ?an high b>itone1 dread$ ! high f-%>p4 ,inde$1 x 0 = ?is latt] reason t ?is mo/ accompli%$ s+] nev] sang 9 ,v]di's op]as4 ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 he _h to d5y himself ?is pleasure1 because mo/ ( ! b>itone p>ts 9 ! ,italian compos]'s op]as are writt5 9 a high tessitura4 ,:5 ,g\nod wrote 8 ,fau/ = ! ,?tre-,lyrique1 ,p>is1 spok5 dialogue 0 us$ 9 place ( ! recitatives subsequ5tly add$ by ! compos] :5 ! "w pass$1 t5 ye>s lat]1 into ! rp]toire ( ! ,opra4 ,9 its e>li] =m1 !re=e1 x belong$ to ! category ( opra-comique1 9 :i* t5ors 7 !n p]mitt$ to use ! falsetto voice = _! v highe/ tones4 ,?is cu/om1 ?\gh sanction$ 9 opra-comique1 0 n p]mitt$ or accept$ 9 gr& opra1 to :i* ,g\nod's "w 9 ! revis$ =m n[ belongs4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? b> f ! end ( ! t5or cavat9a 9 ! ,g>d5 ,sc5e3 ,salut6 demeure *a/e et pure1 occurs ! high su/a9$ c4 ,n all t5ors :o s+ ! rle are possess$ ( ! mu*-covet$ d di petto1 s a discreet po9tage becomes a necessity1 s9ce ! tone 0 orig9ally int5d$1 z ,i h said1 to be sung 9 falsetto4 ,^? robu/ t5ors :o1 possess+ ?is tone1 laun* x out at full voice1 unhe$+ ! delicate accompanim5t ) viol9 obbligato 9 ! or*e/ra1 & ! calm1 my/ic s]5ity ( ! surr\nd+s1 are surely m desir\s ( draw+ ! att5tion ( ! public to !mselves1 ?an actuat$ by an arti/ic desire to int]pret fai?fully ! sc5e z int5d$ by compos] & libretti/4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! use by light t5ors ( ! s-call$ falsetto voice1 n[ no long] 9 favor ) ! public1 t su* ( ! opras-comiques by ,boildieu1 ,halvy1 ,aub]1 etc41 :i* /ill keep ! /age1 necessitate frequ5t po9tage1 9 ord] to r5d] _! execution compatible ) exi/+ requirem5ts4 ,sometimes a compos] utilizes an exceptional voice1 z 0 ! case ) ! rles writt5 = ,m>t94 ,?is s+] mu/ h possess$ ei!r a /rong t5or voice ) exceptional l[ tones1 or a b>itone voice ) p]haps an unusual comm& ( ! falsetto--hi/ory furni%es b vague in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,9 any case1 ! rles writt5 = him--call$ ,m>t9-t5or or ,m>t9-b>itone p>ts--are n[ assign$ to ! ord9>y b>itone4 ,po9tage !n becomes inevitable1 z 9 ! case ( ,hrold's ,zampa1 ! compass requir$ z pr9t$ be+ f ,music ,9 ! rles1 su* z ,mignon 7,?omas7 & ,c>m5 7,bizet71 writt5 = ,madame ,galli-,m>i1 _! respective compos]s !mselves h s arrang$ ! p>ts t !y may be sung by ei!r mezzo-soprano or soprano4 ,! rle ( ,mignon has alt]natives1 9 ord] t x may be sung by ?ree types ( female voices4 ,! r\lades & cad5zas 7 subsequ5tly add$ by ! compos] = ,madame ,*ri/9e ,nilsson4 ,if ! rle is sung by a high soprano1 ,mignon's fir/ air1 ,connais-tu le pays1 is transpos$ a tone high] into ,e flat4 ,9 ! fam\s duet betwe5 ,raol & ,val5t9e 9 ! f\r? act ( ,les ,hugu5ots1 ! compos] has giv5 alt]native notes = ^? t5ors :o d n possess ! exceptional altitude requir$ = ! high] ( ! two3 ,music3 ,ah6 vi5s6 ah6 vi5s6 ah6 vi5s6 or vi5s6 ah6 vi5s6 ,i he>d rec5tly1 h[ev]1 a p]=mance ( ?is op]a1 9 :i* ! t5or sang ! :ole ( ! music z writt51 )\t ei!r transposition or po9tage4 ,s x 0 sung1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 by ! fam\s ,adolphe ,n\rrit1 :o creat$ ! rle2 b ! pit* at t "t 7#ahcf7 0 l[] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,?us compos]s h recogniz$ ! necessity at times ( po9tage 9 c]ta9 rles writt5 = exceptionally gift$ s+]s1 9 ord] to r5d] possible to ! _m t :i* 0 orig9ally writt5 = ! few4 ,*anges f ! publi%$ v]sion h also be5 made--& prov+ effective h pass$ into tradition--by s+]s :o1 ex]cis+ ! lib]ty !n accord$ !m by compos]s1 h slightly modifi$ c]ta9 passages = sev]al reasons3 = in/ance1 to augm5t ! effect by mak+ ! phrase m *>act]i/ic ( ! vocal in/rum5t1 or to express m =cibly ! compos]'s idea4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations w r5d] my mean+ cle>]4 ,! *anges orig9at$ 9 ! causes ,i h m5tion$1 & are attribut$ to ,madame ,dorus-,gras3 ,music3 ,rob]t1 toi que j'aime tu vois mon effroi6 tu vois mon effroi6 *ange -froi6 ,ah6 ,grce1 grce p\r moi-mme1 p\r toi-mme4 ,! phrase ,grce1 grce1 9 :i* ,isabelle implores ,rob]t ( ,norm&y's =giv5ess1 occurs ?ree times4 ,:5 x recurs = ! la/ "t1 a *ange f ! pr9t$ text is n only ju/ifiable2 x is dem&$1 9 ord] to give additional int5sity & p[] to ! phrase1 & to avoid ! monotony caus$ by m]e repetition4 ,?is modification is all ! m def5sible1 z ! compos] has sub/itut$ ! or*e/ra1 ) ! /r+s tremolo1 = ! rhy?mical h>p-figure ) :i* he accompanies ! phrase on its fir/ & second pres5tations4 ,"h is ! accept$ traditional *ange3 ,music3 ,grce1 grce p\r moi-mme1 p\r toi-mme4 ,aga91 to s+ ! f9al cad5za ( ?is air z ,mey]be] briefly indicat$ x1 w\ld be impossible & absurd3 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 ah6 grce p\r moi4 7z sung7 ah6 grce1 ah6 grce p\r moi4 ,o!r *anges h _! orig9 9 ! fact t sometimes a great climax is r5d]$ impossible ( realization because ! musical phrase culm9ates on a v[el-s\nd difficult ( emission on t note1 & devoid ( sonority2 ano!r ^w has sometimes to be sub/itut$4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! fir/ air ( ,alice 9 ! same op]a 7,rob]t71 ,va1 dit-elle1 a v]bal re>rangem5t is always resort$ to3 ,music3 ,sa mre va pri] p\r lui1 sa mre va pri] p\r lui1 sa mre va pri] p\r lui1 va pri] ,to avoid ! disagreeable & ineffective result produc$ by ! high desc5d+ passage on ! ^w lui 7pron\nc$ 9 ,engli% z lwee71 ! la/ few b>s are p]=m$ ?us3 ,music3 sa mre va pri]1 sa mre va pri] ,:5 ,la ,tosca 7,pucc9i7 0 produc$ 9 ,fr5* at ! ,opra-,comique1 ,p>is1 ! un=tunate arti/ to :om 0 allott$ ! t5or rle 0 expect$ by ! translator to s+ at full voice1 & aft] a cra%+ *ord f ! entire or*e/ra1 m>k$ ffff 9 ! score1 ! foll[+ words3 ,music3 au pril de ma vie ,z x 0 f\nd to be out ( ! "q to produce ! effect desir$ ) ! words z !y /ood1 ! phrase 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ to3 ,music3 p\r combattre l'infme ,frequ5tly modifications1 mo/ happy 9 _! effect1 are due to ! inspiration ( a p>ticul>ly gift$ arti/4 ,madame ,vi>dot-,g>cia1 f9d+ ! phrase ( ! cabaletta 9 ! aria ,se ,romeo t'uccise 7,romeo e ,giulietta1 ,bell9i7 some:at weak & ineffective1 made ! skilful po9tage "h giv53 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 ,ma su voi ricada il sangue 7z sung by ,mme4 ,vi>dot-,g>cia7 ,ma su voi ricada il sangue ,a great arti/ may feel at times ! inadequacy ( ! phrase z x /&s to convey ju/ly ! compos]'s idea4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! well-kn[n *ange :i* e soprano :o s+s ! rle ( ,leonora introduces 9 ! ,mis]]e sc5e ( ,il ,trovatore4 ,! passage occurs f\r times 9 succession1 & z pr9t$ becomes commonplace & monoton\s4 ,music3 ,di te1 di te scord>mi6 di te1 di te scord>mi6 ,! accept$ traditional *ange c]ta9ly conveys ! impression ( ,leonora's gradually increas+ angui% & t]ror2 n ! idea t x is introduc$ m]ely to exploit a high tone3 ,music3 ,di te1 di te scord>mi6 di te1 di te scord>mi6 ,t ?is dep>ture f ! text mu/ h be5 sanction$ by ,v]di1 is1 ,i ?9k1 prov$ by ! fact t x has always be5 sung ?us1 & ! compos] himself mu/ (t5 h he>d ! sub/itution4 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly h =bidd5 its use1 _h he n approv$ ( x1 = he 0 p>ticul>ly av]se to hav+ *anges made 9 8 music4 ,! foll[+ anecdote illu/rates ?is trait 9 8 "*4 ,x 0 relat$ by ! late ,mme4 ,m>ie ,saxe1 bett] kn[n "u h] ,italianiz$ "n ( ,m>ie ,sasse4 ,?is di/+ui%$ soprano s+]1 a memb] ( ! ,p>is ,opra = a numb] ( ye>s1 0 engag$ to give a c]ta9 numb] ( p]=mances at ! ,op]a ( ,cairo4 ,aida 0 "o ( ! op]as /ipulat$ = 9 h] contract4 ,%e _h nev] sung ! rle1 & 9 /udy+ x f\nd ! tessitura ( ! music1 at "o or two po9ts1 a little too high = h] natural means4 ,z %e 0 compell$ by h] contract to s+ ! op]a1 %e ask$ ,v]di to make "s slight *anges to br+ ! music )9 h] rea*4 ,b he refus$ absolutely to make ! lea/ alt]ation4 ,madame ,saxe 0 specially select$ by ,mey]be] to create ! rle ( ,slika 9 l',africa9e4 ,%e /udi$ ! "p = ?ree mon?s ) ! compos]1 & sang x :5 ! "w 0 fir/ giv5 at ! ,p>is ,opra4 ,%e 0 also *os5 by ,ri*>d ,wagn] = ! "p ( ,elisabe? :5 ,tannhus] 0 giv5 its /ormy p]=mances1 ) ,niemann 9 ! title-rle1 at ! same !atre 9 #ahfa4 ,madame ,saxe possess$ a score ( ,tannhus] ) ! inscription 9 ! compos]'s h&writ+3 ,a ma c\rageuse amie ,mademoiselle ,m>ie ,saxe4 ,l',auteur ,,ri*>d ,,wagn]4 ,! slight modifications1 or po9tages1 ask$ f ,v]di1 7 n1 ,i 0 assur$ by ,madame ,saxe1 ( a "* to alt] ei!r ! rle or ! op]a1 & %e rem>k$ 7,i quote h] own words73 ,:y %\ld ,v]di h %[n himself m unreasonable or less yield+ ?an ,mey]be] or ,wagn]8 7plus intransigeant1 plus intraitable que ,mey]be] ou ,wagn]874 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 tradition1 h[ev]1 !re is ! true or accept$ tradition--s call$ because believ$ to h be5 sanction$ by ! compos] himself1 or approv$ ( by compet5t au?orities & its use w>rant$ by "t--& ! false4 ,?is latt] is simply an accumulation ( excresc5ces sup]impos$ on ! orig9al by individual :im or p]sonal fancy4 ,^! h be5 inv5t$ by s+]s desir\s ( br++ into relief c]ta9 special & peculi> gifts1 or :o h mi/ak51 p]haps =gott51 ! orig9al & au!ntic tradition4 ,?us _! arti/ic h]itage has become s alt]$ & disfigur$ by successive additions1 or ma*icotage1 z to be> no resemblance to ! orig9al1 ?is be+ buri$ "u a heap ( useless complications4 ,b x may be ask$1 are !re no au?oritatively correct pr9t$ editions ( su* classics ) ! accept$ traditions & ! prop] mode ( _! p]=mance express$ 9 mod]n musical notation8 ,yes3 b !y are incomplete1 be+ = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to airs & o!r exc]pts1 in/ead ( ! complete works !mselves4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,i may cite ! admirable edition ( ! ,gloires d',italie by ! late erudite musician & au?ority1 ,geva]t1 = s _m ye>s ,director ( ! ,cons]vatoire at ,brussels4 ,^! editions are *>act]iz$ by a scrupul\s fidelity to ! compos]s' text z x 0 und]/ood :5 writt51 z well z by great ta/e & musical s5se ( :at is appropriate & fitt+1 9 su* ornam5ts z ! editor has introduc$1 :5 ^! h be5 left to ! discretion ( ! s+]4 ,! solo p>ts = ! pr9cipal s+]s 9 ,moz>t's op]as ( ,don ,giovanni & ,le ,nozze di ,fig>o1 edit$ & revis$ = p]=mance by ! well-kn[n s++-ma/] & excell5t musician1 ,signor ,r&egg]1 are also admirable4 ,b o!r editions exi/ :i* d n be> ! same impr9t ( au?ority1 or consci5ti\s c>e 9 _! revision1 z d ! v]sions j m5tion$4 ,9 ! edition ( ! well-kn[n air ,j'ai p]du mon ,eurydice 7*e f> s5za ,euridice87 f ,orphe 7,gluck71 revis$ by ,madame ,paul9e ,vi>dot-,g>cia1 no m5tion is made ( two traditions :i* h be5 us$ & h&$ d[n by a numb] ( ! mo/ fam\s s+]s ( ! rle ( ,orphe4 ,i give !m "h3 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 d*ire mon coeur4 ,j'ai p]du mon ,eurydice 7,traditional *anges7 ,ah6 d*ire mon coeur4 ,j'ai p]du mon ,eurydice ,! *ange on ! ?ird repetition ( ! pr9cipal !me is q 9 accordance ) ! lic5se !n accord$ 9 su* airs4 ,9 a special v]sion ( ! op]a ,armide 7,gluck71 revis$ & edit$ by ! late ,sir ,*>les ,hall1 ! fir/ b>s ( ! great air ( ,armide 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! f\r? act1 ,ah6 si la lib]t 7,ah6 if my lib]ty mu/ f me !n be tak571 are pr9t$ ?us3 ,music3 ,ah6 si la lib]t ,! situation is :]e ,armide p]ceives ! knight ,r5aud 9 ! g>d5s ( h] en*ant$ palace1 :i!r he has come to de/roy ! sorc]ess on acc\nt ( h] magic arts4 ,al?\gh ! en*antress kn[s t ! mission ( ! knight is to deprive h] ( lib]ty1 %e h]self succumbs to ! fatal passion ( love4 ,i h briefly describ$ ! sc5e 9 ord] t my mean+ may be cle>4 ,9 ! second half ( ! fir/ b>1 ! acciaccatura 0 nev] int5d$ by ! compos] to be actually sung z pr9t$4 ,x 0 8 only way ( indicat+ ! sob or sigh :]eby ,armide f9i%es h] exclamation1 ,ah6 ,! effect is call$ ! ,dramatic sob1 & is kn[n to e op]a-s+]4 ,"h is ! compos]'s mean+1 z f> z x is possible to convey x 9 writ+3 ,music3 ,ah6 si la lib]t 7,a portam5to mu/ be made f ! fir/ note to ! next1 :5 ! brea? mu/ be tak5 quickly to give ! idea ( a sob or sigh47 ,aga91 9 a rec5t edition ( ! same air by ! di/+ui%$ compos] ,v9c5t d',indy 7,n\velle dition ,franaise de ,musique ,classique71 occurs ! foll[+3 ,music3 tu rgnes dans mon coeur6 ,! effect ( ! ,f %>p 9 ! la/ b>1 if sung aga9/ ! h>mony giv51 9 :i* ! prec$+ *ord is resolv$1 w\ld be intol]able4 ,surely1 ! compos] int5d$ a pron\nc$ rall5t&o on ! latt] half ( ! b>1 & a c>ry+ ( ! voice by a portam5to to ! la/ note4 ,?us3 ,music3 tu rgnes dans mon coeur6 ,9 ! edition ( ! immortal air 9 ! op]a ( ,x]xes1 univ]sally kn[n z ! ,l>go ( ,h&el1 also revis$ & edit$ by d',indy1 may be notic$ ! foll[+3 ,music3 ,non v'oltragg9o mai la c>a pace1 ne giunga a pr(an>vi au/ro rapace6 ,( c\rse1 e op]atic conductor kn[s t ! *ord 9 ! or*e/ra mu/ be play$ aft] ! voice1 z ! te*nical phrase has x4 ,b n e piani/ or organi/ is famili> ) ?is usage1 & ! effect w\ld be v disagreeable if giv5 z writt54 ,x %\ld be p]=m$ ?us3 ,music3 ,non v'oltragg9o mai la c>a pace1 ne giunga a pr(an>vi au/ro rapace6 ,besides1 :y claim t a c]ta9 edition is revis$ & edit$1 :5 all ! c>e & musical k seem to h be5 exp5d$ on ! h>monies only8 ,surely1 ! voice-"p 9 ^! classics is n )\t its ne$ ( elucidation4 ,an edition ( ,! ,messiah1 revis$ = p]=mance1 c sc>cely be call$ accurate :5 su* defects z ! foll[+ occur3 ,& f]mata symbol ov] !y !y ---- brea? symbol 7 sore afraid4 ,! foll[+ is ! au!ntic mode ( p]=m+ ! phrase3 ,& f]mata symbol ov] da% ---- brea? symbol slur symbol & sombre ov] ! foll[+ words !y 7 sore afraid4 ,9 ! same edition = ! solo s+]s occurs3 7,behold & see73 ,music3 ,if !re be any sorr[ l unto ,8 sorr[4 ,b by a slight syllabic re>rangem5t1 ! disagreeable acc5t on ! la/ syllable ( un-to is avoid$1 & ! acc5t plac$ on ! ^w ,81 to :i* x belongs1 :ile ! compos]'s music rema9s unt\*$4 ,music3 l unto ,8 sorr[4 ,aga91 9 ! same air occurs3 ,music3 7z pr9t$7 l unto ,8 sorr[4 7%\ld be sung7 l unto ,8 sorr[4 ,:ile recogniz+ ! b5efits conf]r$ by "s ( ^! specially prep>$ editions1 !re rema9s /ill m to be accompli%$ 9 ?is direction be=e ! "w is complete4 ,a flood ( light has be5 ?r[n on ! d>k & nebul\s places ( ! in/rum5tal classics by v>i\s di/+ui%$ & highly compet5t musicians4 ,x is s9c]ely to be hop$1 9 ! int]e/s ( ?is bran* ( ! /hetics ( vocal art1 t ^? compet5t to speak ) au?ority w d s1 9 ord] t 9 ?is direction also ! crook$ %all be made /raight1 & ! r\gh places pla94 ,i admit t ?is "q ( revis+ ! compos]'s writt5 text is an exce$+ly delicate & difficult "o4 ,x %\ld be attempt$ only by ^? possess$ ( ! requisite au?ority1 ^? :o comb9e tact & ta/e ) judgm5t & exp]i5ce4 ,to ^! qualities %\ld be add$ a s9c]e & rev]5tial desire to place 9 ! highe/ relief ! mean+ ( bo? poet & compos]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h said t ! lic5se =m]ly accord$ by compos]s to s+]s--p>ticul>ly op]atic s+]s--manife/$ itself 9 a tw(old =m4 ,! second ( ^! phases 0 ! introduction 9 ! body ( a !me or melody1 & also at its close1 ( embelli%m5ts4 ,sometimes ! compos] briefly sket*$ ^! ornam5ts2 at o!r times _! places only 7 indicat$4 ,! ornam5ts 9 ! body ( an air are kn[n z abbellim5ti or fioriture2 ^? at its close1 z cad5ze4 ,"h is an example ( ! =m]1 tak5 f ! duet 9 ,elisa e ,claudio by ,m]cadante3 ,music3 ,se un i/ante all'(f]ta d'un soglio vacillasse il mio g5io primi]o4 ,! foll[+ is ! same passage ornam5t$3 ,music3 ,se un i/ante all'(f]ta d'un soglio vacillasse il mio g5io primi]o 7,z sung by ,mme4 ,malibran4 ,quot$ f ,mcanisme des ,traits1 by de ,la ,madela9e1 #ahfh47 ,! rle ( ,ros9a 9 ,ross9i's ,il ,b>bi]e has long be5 a fav\rite peg ) prime donne on :i* to hang int]polat$ ornam5ts = ! display ( _! vocal agility4 ,"s ( ^! are n always 9 good ta/e1 be+ trivial or banal 9 "*1 ?us conceal+ ! natural *>m ( ! orig9al melody "u a species ( ,h5ri ,h]z v>iations4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 su* z ^? us$ by ! ,patti & ! ,sembri*1 = in/ance1 are ( great orig9ality & excell5t effect4 ,"h are "s ( ! traditional ornam5ts & cad5zas sung by c]ta9 fam\s s+]s ( ! pa/ 9 ,ros9a's entrance cavat9a3 ,una voce poco fa4 ,?is air 0 orig9ally writt5 by ,ross9i 9 ,e major1 ! "p ( ,ros9a be+ int5d$ = a mezzo-soprano1 & 0 ?us sung by ! late ,paul9a ,vi>dot-,g>cia4 ,?is exceptionally gift$ arti/1 possess+ a voice ( v great compass1 0 enabl$ to s+ n only ! rles assign$ to mezzo-soprano contraltos1 su* z ,orphe1 or ,fids 7,le ,prophte71 :i* %e creat$1 b also ! p>ts giv5 to dramatic sopranos4 ,mme4 ,vi>dot 0 ?us able1 ) "s slight modifications1 to s+ ,norma1 ,desdemona 7,otello3 ,ross9i71 ,ra*el 7,la ,juive71 etc4 ,! rle ( ,ros9a has n[ def9itely pass$ into ! possession ( florid or coloratura sopranos2 mu*1 !re=e1 ( ! music is ( necessity transpos$1 ! air 9 "q be+ n[ sung "o half-tone high]1 9 ! key ( ,f4 ,"h is a *ange us$ by ,mme4 ,c9ti-,damoreau1 :o sang ! music 9 ! orig9al key4 ,! compos] wrote3 ,music3 ,si ,l9doro mio s>4 ,mme4 ,c9ti-,damoreau sang ?us3 ,music3 ,si ,l9doro mio s>4 ,9 ! same b> ,mlle4 ,h5rietta ,sontag1 :o sang ! air a semitone high]1 introduc$ ! foll[+3 ,music3 ,si ,l9doro mio s>4 ,ross9i wrote no cad5za to ! air3 ,music3 lo v9c]6 ,cad5za ( ,mlle4 ,sontag3 ,music3 ,ah6 ah6 ah6 lo v9c]6 ,i h already spok5 ( ! bad ta/e exhibit$ by "s m$iocre s+]s 9 cov]+ a coloratura air ) s _m r\lades1 etc41 z to r5d] x b>ely recognizable4 ,x 0 aft] he>+ "o ( 8 own arias ov]load$ & disfigur$ 9 ?is mann] t ,ross9i1 :o 0 not$ = 8 bit+ wit & /++ s>casms1 is said to h rem>k$3 ,:at *>m+ music6 ,:om is x by8 ,bell9i1 ,donizetti1 & compos]s ( _! s*ool1 sometimes did little m ?an h& ov] to ! s+] engag$ to create _! works a r\gh sket*1 z x 71 :i* ! arti/s 7 suppos$ to fill 9 & p]fect4 ,s+]s 7 expect$ to add su* fioriture1 or fl[]s1 z w\ld be/ display _! sali5t po9ts ( /yle & individual *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,cavat9a1 or sl[ movem5t ( ! aria1 0 ! m$ium :i* call$ = ! qualities ( expressive s++1 :ile ! ,cabaletta 0 a vehicle = ! display ( virtuosity & te*nical ma/]y4 ,9 ?is latt] movem5t1 ! equival5t ( ! ,rondo 9 in/rum5tal music1 ! p]=m] 0 left p]fectly free to use su* embelli%m5ts z set =? 8 own gifts to ! greate/ advantage4 ,"s s+]s excell$ 9 bold & rapid flights ( scales1 *romatic & diatonic2 o!rs1 9 ! neat & clean-cut execution ( involv$ traits or figures4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! great s+]s ( ! pa/ 7 p]fectly compet5t to add ^! ornam5ts !mselves1 z !y possess$ a complete & s\nd musical education4 ,m3 sometimes ^! s+]s ev5 collaborat$ ) ! compos]s4 ,cresc5t9i1 ! la/ fam\s male soprani/1 is reput$ by hi/ory or leg5d--! two are n infrequ5tly synonym\s--to h be5 himself ! compos] ( ! well-kn[n aria ,ombra adorata1 introduc$ by him 9 ,z+>elli's op]a ,romeo e ,giulietta1 z also ( ! pray] sung by ,romeo 9 ! same "w4 ,8 s++ ( x is said to h mov$ 8 audi5ce to te>s1 & ga9$ = him ! decoration ( ! ,iron ,cr[n1 conf]r$ ^u him by ,napoleon ,i4 ,! ,emp]or also induc$ him1 by ! (f] ( a l>ge sal>y1 to settle 9 ,p>is z pr(essor ( s++4 ,:5 ^! great arti/s--_! c>e] z public s+]s be+ end$--began 9 turn to =m pupils1 !y 7 admirably fitt$ = ! task ( imp>t+ in/ruction1 be+ excell5t musicians1 &1 z ,i h said1 compos]s ( no insignificant m]it4 ,!y _h a s\nd !oretical k1 comp>$ ) :i* t ( _m ( our mod]n s+]s seems b a pale & feeble reflection4 ,! collaboration ( compos] & int]pret] is n altoge!r unkn[n 9 ! doma9 ( in/rum5tal music4 ,is x n hi/orical t ,m5delssohn pr(it$ l>gely f ! wise c\nsels ( ! celebrat$ viol9i/ ,f]d9& ,david 9 ! composition ( 8 conc]to = viol9 & or*e/ra8 ,?is does n mean t ,david contribut$ any musical phrases or ideas to ! "w2 b t 8 practical k ( ! special *>act]i/ics & capabilities ( ! solo in/rum5t enabl$ him to sugge/ h[ ! compos]'s ?\ghts might be mo/ fitt+ly pres5t$4 ,return+ to ! "q ( ! introduction ( ornam5ts1 etc41 into a compos]'s "w1 ! foll[+ extract may be ( int]e/ to ! musical /ud5t4 ,x is f a volume ( criticism1 n[ out ( pr9t1 a copy ( :i* is possess$ by ! pres5t writ]4 ,! article appe>$ 9 ,la ,patrie m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 & 0 call$ =? by ! ornam5ts writt5 by ! !n well-kn[n s+] & tea*] ( great ability1 ,/phan de ,la ,madela9e4 ,^! *anges 7 = ! great air ( ,aga! 9 ! second act ( ,d] ,freis*tz1 & 7 ! cause ( mu* discussion among ! music-critics ( ! "t4 ,foll[+ ! example ( celebrat$ vocal virtuosi :om he _h =m]ly kn[n1 & avail+ himself ( ! lic5se !n p]mitt$1 ! ma/] 7de ,la ,madela9e7 has introduc$ sev]al alt]ations 7*angem5ts74 ,^!1 h[ev]1 9 no s5se cla% ) ! orig9al "* ( ! air itself4 ,t ! introduction ( su* ornam5ts has caus$ an outcry1 is n surpris+4 ,we %\ld rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! ,freis*tz 0 writt5 at a p]iod :51 9 c]ta9 places1 ! compos] left ! field entirely op5 to ! s+]1 p]mitt$ him to make su* *anges z he might deem necess>y4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t 9 s do+ ! int]pret] corrects ! compos]3 he simply seeks to express1 to ! utmo/ ( 8 abilities1 ! int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,! op]as ( ,bell9i1 ( ,ross9i1 &1 9 g5]al1 ( all ! ,italian ma/]s1 are full ( ^! int5tional gaps 7lacunes7 :i* 7 fill$ 9 by ! s+]s4 ,nay1 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool1 /ill great] lib]ty 0 all[$2 ! recitatives 7 all improvis$ by ! executants1 & 7 n ev5 not$ d[n4 ,ea* s+] made 8 own1 :i* ! mae/ro al cembalo accompani$ ) a few simple *ords4 ,9 ! cavat9a 9 ,norma1 ea* cantatrice introduces h] own *anges on ! recurr5ce ( ! pr9cipal !me1 & ! public applauds4 ,:y !n ?is outcry aga9/ ! same proc$ure 9 ,d] ,freis*tz8 ,t ?is cu/om or practice might lead to great abuse & t x is necess>y to uproot x gradually1 is our op9ion4 ,b ?is radical re=m c be realiz$ only 9 =?com+ works2 ^? ( ! anci5t s*ool ought to be int]pret$ by foll[+ ! conv5tions :i* ! compos] himself has respect$4 ,t ! *angem5ts writt5 by ,m4 de ,la ,madela9e = ! air ( ! ,freis*tz are p]missible1 is prov$ by ! fact t ,web] himself has sanction$ & approv$ !m1 z1 if ne$ be1 a great numb] ( contempor>ies c atte/4 7,,franck-,,m>ie47 ,:oev] has _h ! good =tune to he> ,mme4 ,m>cella ,sembri* 9 ! rle ( ,am9a1 9 ,bell9i's ,la ,sonnambula1 w h he>d an excell5t example ( rem>kable te*nical skill or virtuosity1 ) irreproa*able ta/e regulat+ its display4 ,! ornam5ts & *anges us$ by h] 9 ! rondo f9ale1 ,ah1 non giunge1 are models ( _! g5re4 ,:at else c\ld be expect$ ( an arti/ s gift$ z to be able to p]=m ! lesson-sc5e 9 ,ross9i's ,il ,b>bi]e 7introduc+ !re9 ! air ) v>iations by ,pro*7 9 ,italian2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! same sc5e s+1 9 ,g]man1 ,i* liebe di*1 by ,grieg1 & play ! ,&ante & ,rondo ,russe1 = viol91 by de ,briot1 & a valse by ,*op9 on ! piano8 ,! op]a1 ,la ,sonnambula1 requires mu* re>rangem5t bo? ( ! music & ( ! v]bal text1 to :i* x is badly fitt$4 ,! great] "p ( ! music writt5 = ,elv9o has to be transpos$1 mo/ly a ?ird l[]1 9 ord] to make x practicable "u exi/+ conditions4 ,no effect :atev] c\ld be made 7 a cantatrice to foll[ implicitly ! writt5 notes ( ?is op]a1 su* be+ m]ely a r\gh sket*1 z x 71 ( ! compos]'s ideas1 :i* ! s+] is suppos$ to complete4 ,sev]al in/ances f ! &ante ,ah6 non cr$ea mir>ti1 w suffice to prove ?is4 ,! foll[+ is ! pr9t$ v]sion4 ,music3 ,ah non cr$ea mir>ti1 ,s pre/o e/9to1 o fiore4 ,?is is b a sugge/ion ( ! compos]'s idea4 ,! arti/ w !re=e n foll[ too closely ! pr9t$ v]sion2 b foll[+ ! evid5t indications = a pa!tic & expressive cantabile w p]=m x ?us3 ,music3 ,ah6 non cr$ea mir>ti1 ,s pre/o e/9to1 o fiore4 ,aga9 a brief outl9e1 z pr9t$3 ,music3 ,passa/i al p> d'amore1 *e un giorno1 *e un giorno sol dur4 :i*1 if sung z foll[s1 fills 9 ! details3 ,music3 ,passa/i al p> d'amore1 *e un giorno1 *e un giorno sol dur4 ,also ! passage 9 ! same aria1 :]e ,am9a sobs z %e sl[ly lets fall to ! gr\nd ! blossoms giv5 h] 9 ! fir/ act by ,elv9o1 requires an entire re>rangem5t ( ! syllables to br+ out ! compos]'s mean+4 ,music3 ,*e un giorno sol dur1 ,passa/i al p> d'amor1 d'amor4 ,let any "o g ov] ?is passage c>efully1 & he w be conv9c$ t x is1 z ,i h said1 m]ely a sket* ( ! compos]'s idea4 ,z x /&s 9 ! publi%$ v]sion x is impossible ( execution1 & if x 7 possible1 w\ld be devoid ( all effect3 ! syllables be+ wrongly plac$1 no opportunity = brea?+ is giv5 ! s+]1 & ! f9al cad5za is m>r$ by be+ allott$ to ! ^w amore4 ,"h is a revision ( ! latt]1 ! cad5za be+ "o ,i wrote = a pupil1 ,mme4 ,ea/on-,macl5nan1 ( ! ,royal ,op]a1 ,b]l93 ,music3 ,*e un giorno sol dur1 ,passa/i al p> d'amor1 ah6 d'amor4 ,x w ?us be se51 f ! num]\s =ego+ examples1 t ^! ornam5ts & int]polations are n add$ f a vulg> idea ( correct+ or improv+ ! compos]'s music1 b are /rictly 9 accordance ) c]ta9 conv5tions ?or\ghly und]/ood by bo? compos] & s+]4 ,to omit !m1 or foll[ too closely ! pr9t$ text1 w\ld be to ignore ! epo*1 s*ool & "* ( ! music2 a c>eful /udy ( :i* =ms "o ( ! corn]/ones ( ,int]pretation4 ,a skill$ arti/ w always /rive to analyze & int]pret ! int5tions ( ! au?or4 ,if "o to :om is confid$ ! vocal "p ( a compos]'s "w 7 to limit himself to a ma!matically correct reproduction ( ! writt5 notes only1 in/ead ( se>*+ bel[ ! surface = ! au?or's mean+1 8 p]=mance w\ld m]ely resemble ! accurate execution ( a solfeggio by a consci5ti\s s*ol>4 ,x w\ld h ! same relation to high arti/ic ef=t z ! photographic reproduction ( a l&scape be>s to ! same sc5e z view$ & transmitt$ to canvas by a great pa9t]4 ,! s9c]e arti/ w c>efully consid] e detail4 ,he w n be cont5t to /udy 8 own "p only1 b w /udy ! or*e/ral score :i* accompanies x4 ,he w1 9 fact1 foll[ ! example set by good /r+-qu>tet play]s1 :o li/5 att5tively to ! o!r in/rum5ts dur+ rehe>sals1 s t ! p]fect weld+ toge!r ( ! diff]5t p>ts may =m a homog5e\s :ole4 ,su* an arti/1 9 complete possession ( ! me*anical res\rces ( 8 art1 w utilize !m all to embody p]fectly t :i*1 ) ! compos]1 exi/$ only z a m5tal concept1 inadequately transcrib$1 ow+ to ! limitations ( 8 m$ia--p51 ink & pap]4 ,& x is only :5 9 possession ( ! au!ntic traditions ( ,oratorio & ,op]a t ! s+]1 su* z ,i h suppos$1 w be able to vivify ^! great creations1 w be able to inve/ !m ) w>m? & col\r1 & ?us make cle> all _! mean+1 reveal all _! beauty4 ,,*apt] ,v ,r,,p]toire ,al?\gh rp]toire =ms no integral "p ( ,/yle1 be+ r ! m$ium = its practical application1 a few words on ?is important subject may n be out ( place4 ,! rp]toire necess>y = a s+] may be divid$ into two sections1 ,op]a & ,conc]t4 ,! latt] includes ,oratorio & ,cantata4 ,9 spok5 ,drama1 a p]=m] may beg9 8 c>e] by play+ ! y\?ful lov]s1 & end x by imp]sonat+ ! heavy fa!rs4 ,he may fir/ sigh z ,romeo1 & lat] /orm z ,capulet4 ,n s 9 ,op]a1 or lyric ,drama1 :]e ! l9e ( "w to be foll[$ is det]m9$ at ! outset by ! type ( voice possess$ by ! aspirant1 & :i* l9e 7or emploi1 z x is t]m$7 he foll[s ( necessity to ! end ( 8 pr(essional c>e]4 ,i "k !re are "s few in/ances ( arti/s :o1 lat]1 h successfully adopt$ rles dem&+ ano!r range ?an ! "o ne$$ = _! e>li] ef=ts4 ,b x is an op5 "q :e!r ! p]=m]'s in/rum5t really *ang$4 ,x mu/ ei!r h be5 wrongly classifi$ at "o ( ! two p]iods1 or ! vocal keybo>d--s to speak--transpos$ a little high] or l[]4 ,! "* ( ! in/rum5t rema9s ! same2 a viola /rung z a viol9 w\ld /ill reta9 its viola quality ( tone4 ,! case is diff]5t :]e a soprano :o may h begun by s++ ! florid rles ( op]a1 has s ga9$ 9 volume ( voice & bread? ( /yle z to w>rant h] devot+ ^! acquisitions to *>act]s requir+ m dramatic =ce ?an 0 ne$$1 or c\ld be utiliz$1 9 coloratura rles4 ,mlle4 ,emma ,calv1 ,mesdames ,lilli ,lehmann & ,nordica1 are notable examples ( ?is4 ,ea* ( ^! di/+ui%$ arti/s began h] c>e] by s++ :at are kn[n z ,pr9cess rles1 be=e successfully portray+ ,c>m5 or ! ,brnnhildes4 ,z a rule1 x is by s++ _m diff]5t rles t ! lyric arti/ ga9s ! skill & sur5ess t may ultimately r5d] him fam\s 9 a few4 ,mlle4 ,gr&jean1 n[ pr9cipal fir/ dramatic soprano at ! ,p>is ,opra1 began h] c>e] !re--aft] a few appe>ances at ! ,opra-,comique--by s++ ! v small "p ( ! nurse ,magdal5e 9 ,wagn]'s ,die ,mei/]s+]4 ,p]sev]ance1 if alli$ to ability1 c accompli% mu*4 ,:5 ! type ( voice & ! natural temp]am5t ( ! s+] d n accord--z sometimes happ5s--he w\ld be unwise n to adh]e to ! "w = :i* 8 vocal means1 n 8 pref]5ce1 are be/ adapt$4 ,to foll[ ! contr>y pa?1 & essay rles requir+ = _! fitt+ expression m dramatic fire & int5sity ?an 8 vocal in/rum5t c supply1 w\ld be to %ort5 8 c>e]1 ow+ to ! c]ta9 det]ioration & possible ext9ction ( ! voice4 ,!re are suffici5t voiceless examples to prove1 7 pro( ne$$1 ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion2 & _! atonic condition is due to ! cause m5tion$4 ,! fir/ requisite = ! aspirant :o wi%es to foll[ ! op]atic c>e] is und\bt$ly a voice possess$ ( ! ?ree ess5tial factors ( ,quality1 ,p[] & ,compass2 :at is t]m$ 9 ,italy a voce di teatro1 or voice = ! !atre4 ,b an op]a-s+] is actor z well z s+]1 & 9 ?is direction m--mu* m--is n[ dem&$ ( him ?an =m]ly4 ,b to ^? possess$ ( :at is kn[n z ! ,in/9ct ( ! ,!atre1 or ,sc5ic ,in/9ct1 ! ge/ures & attitudes ( ! op]atic /age1 be+ l>gely conv5tional1 are soon acquir$4 ,sc5ic accompli%m5ts are und\bt$ly necess>y to ! /age-s+]1 b 8 mimetic /udies %\ld n preclude him f mak+ himself a ?or\gh ma/] ( ! vocal side ( 8 art4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 an actor :o s+s1 & a s+] :o acts4 ,besides ! mimetic faculty1 c]ta9 physical gifts are also ne$$ by ! op]a-s+]1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! l9e ( rles to :i* he is inevitably assign$ by ! nature & type ( 8 p>ticul> voice4 ,x is true t /age artifice has n[ rea*$ great p]fection2 b x has its limits1 & _c accompli% miracles4 ,x requires mu* imag9ation & great g5]osity on ! "p ( ! public to accept a t5or1 ^: wai/-gir? w\ld n unfit him = ! "p ( ,sir ,john ,fal/aff1 z a y\?ful & romantic ,romeo1 or a half-/>v$ & emaciat$ ,rodolphe4 ,illusion is rudely %ak51 if n absolutely dispell$1 9 witness+ a soprano1 ^: age & embonpo9t are fully 9 evid5ce1 imp]sonate a girli% ,gilda or a consumptive ,traviata4 ,su* discrepancies may be ov]look$ by ! public 9 ! case ( old e/abli%$ fav\rites1 b x w\ld be un=tunate = ! dbutant to comm5ce ) ^! drawbacks4 ,& yet !re h be5 a few fam\s arti/s ^: extraord9>y vocal tal5t aton$ = o!r v pron\nc$ defects4 ,su* an "o 0 ! ,pis>oni1 a celebrat$ contralto1 said to h be5 s ill-fav\r$ t %e always =w>d$ h] lik5ess to any op]a director to :om %e 0 p]sonally unkn[n1 :o (f]$ h] an engagem5t4 ,b s exceptional 7 h] voice & tal5t1 t c]ta9 ( h] contempor>y arti/s h decl>$ t by ! "t ,pis>oni _h rea*$ ! end ( h] fir/ phrase1 ! public 0 already conqu]$4 ,z p]sonal pref]5ce is v (t5 mi/ak5 = aptitude or natural fitness1 a lyric arti/ is n always ! be/ judge z to :i* ( ! rles 9 8 rp]toire are really fitt$ to display 8 abilities to ! be/ advantage4 ,! s+] comb9es 9 himself bo? in/rum5t & p]=m]2 !re=e he r>ely1 if ev]1 he>s himself q z does ano!r p]son4 ,until possess$ ( ! rip5$ judgm5t ga9$ by exp]i5ce1 he w\ld d well to be guid$ 9 ?is matt] by "o :o1 to ! k requir$1 adds ta/e & disc]nm5t4 ,t a lik+ or pref]5ce is sometimes mi/ak5 = ! aptitude & gifts necess>y = ! successful c>ry+ out ( c]ta9 "w1 is too well kn[n to be ev5 que/ion$4 ,x is ! con/antly recurr+ case ( ! l[ com$ian :o wi%es to play ,hamlet4 ,a "y t5or ^: great vocal & physical advantages made him an ideal ,duke 9 ,rigoletto1 a fasc9at+ ,almaviva 9 ,il ,b>bi]e1 f\nd b little enjoym5t 9 life because 8 director refus$ to all[ him to try ,otello & ,tannhus]1 = :i* he 0 vocally unfitt$4 ,nev] %[ ! public :at y _c d1 is ! be/ advice t c be giv5 9 su* cases4 ,ev5 ! f9e/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ s+]s are occasionally liable to make mi/akes 9 ! *oice ( rles4 ,madame ,patti once sang ,c>m51 & ,madame ,melba essay$ ,brnnhilde2 b ,i am n aw>e t ei!r ( ^! fam\s cantatrices repeat$ ! exp]im5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ^? :o int5d to foll[ a conc]t-s+]'s c>e]1 !re is a va/ lit]ature ( vocal music specially writt5 = ?is purpose1 f :i* to select4 ,!re are few mod]n op]atic exc]pts :i* d n suff] some:at by be+ transplant$ f ! /age to ! conc]t-plat=m4 ,9 no case is ?is m cle>ly prov$ ?an 9 ! selections s frequ5tly giv5 f ,wagn]'s music-dramas4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am speak+ m p>ticul>ly ( ^? extracts :i* require ! s]vices ( a vocali/4 ,su* selections giv5 9 ! conc]t-room are 9 di/9ct violation ( ! compos]'s own wi%es1 frequ5tly express$4 ,besides lack+ ! necess>y adjuncts ( ge/ure1 co/ume & sc5]y1 ! musical conditions ( ! conc]t-room are v unfav\rable to ! un=tunate s+]4 ,he has to /ruggle to make himself he>d above ! sonorities ( a p[]ful or*e/ra g5]ally numb]+ ov] a hundr$ musicians1 & plac$ directly ar\nd & beh9d him1 in/ead ( on a l[] level1 z 9 ! case ( a lyric !atre4 ,besides :i*1 ,wagn]'s works c n[ be he>d 9 all l>ge cities "u ! conditions necess>y = _! prop] pres5tm5t1 & z int5d$ by _! au?or-compos]4 ,!re=e1 !re is no long] ! same reason z may h exi/$ ye>s ago1 = ! p]=mance ( extracts at purely symphonic conc]ts4 ,9 cases :]e ! s+] has to select numb]s = a symphonic conc]t & to be accompani$ by an or*e/ra1 !re is a m9e ( weal?1 n yet exhau/$1 9 ! op]as ( ! old] classic compos]s4 ,^!1 be+ less heavily or*e/rat$ ?an ! ultra mod]n works writt5 = ! !atre1 d n suff] 9 ! same degree f ! diff]5t disposition ( ! or*e/ral in/rum5ts4 ,!re are also a few vocal numb]s ) or*e/ral accompanim5ts writt5 9 ! =m ( a sc5a1 su* z ! ,ah1 p]fido ( ,bee?ov51 & ! ,infelice ( ,m5delssohn1 :i* might possibly =m an agreeable *ange to ! frequ5t]s ( symphonic conc]ts1 jad$ a little1 p]haps1 ) ! (t-repeat$ ,di* !ure ,halle & ,pray] f ,tannhus]4 ,9 ord] to r5d] !m m 9 keep+ ) ! conditions ( symphonic conc]ts1 or*e/ral accompanim5ts1 to _m songs by ! classic compos]s1 h be5 made by excell5t musicians f ! orig9al piano-"p4 ,! e?ical "q involv$ 9 ! pres5tation ( su* works 9 a =m o!r ?an t writt5 by ! compos]1 ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,ea* arti/ mu/ decide ! matt] = himself4 ,s f> z songs ) accompanim5ts = ! piano are conc]n$1 !re is a m9e practically inexhau/ible & f :i* new treasures are con/antly br\ght to light4 ,= ,recital purposes1 ! *oice & sequ5ce ( a programme is second 9 importance only to its execution4 ,& al?\gh suppl5ess & adaptability are valuable1 ev5 necess>y1 qualities1 9 a conc]t-s+]1 he w sometimes f9d t c]ta9 songs--admirable 9 !mselves--are unsuit$ to him1 = reasons :i* x is n always possible to def9e4 ,9 su* cases x is n a matt] ( compass1 or tessitura1 ( voice1 or ev5 temp]am5t2 !re is "s hidd5 lack ( sympa?y betwe5 ! compos] & 8 int]pret]4 ,a song %\ld seem l a well-fitt+ g>m5t2 n only admirably made1 b specially design$ = ! p]son :o we>s x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,conclusion ,! art ( ,s++ is at pres5t 9 a p]iod ( transition2 & all unsettl$ conditions are unsatisfactory4 ,=m] /&>ds are be+ ?r[n d[n2 & ! new ones are n yet elect$1 or1 if *os51 n yet firmly fix$ 9 ! places ( ! old4 ,all ,arts h a p]iod 9 _! hi/ory :5 !y seem to rea* _! culm9at+ po9t ( te*nical p]fection4 ,p]haps ?is po9t is rea*$ :5 ! art is practis$ = its own sake1 )\t giv+ mu* consid]ation or attribut+ special importance to :at x expresses4 ,sculpture rea*$ its apogee "u ! ,greeks1 :o1 m ?an any o!r race1 priz$ ,=m--p>ticul>ly z manife/$ 9 its highe/ expression1 ! human figure4 ,pa9t+ also 0 at its climax ( te*nical developm5t dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 :5 life 0 full ( movem5t1 & co/ume picturesque4 ,b at ?is p]iod 9 ea* ( ! two arts1 skill 0 reg>d$ z ( m importance ?an ! subject4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p]fection ( ! sculptor's /atue or ! sc5e depict$ by ! pa9t] 0 ( m int]e/ & importance ?an ! object or sc5e itself4 ,if ! "w 7 admirably execut$1 ! /ory x told _h relatively little importance4 ,s++1 :i* is spee* convey$ ?r\gh music1 simil>ly rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( te*nical excell5ce :5 ! voice ( ! s+] 0 consid]$ z little m ?an a me*anical in/rum5t2 :5 beauty ( tone-quality & p]fect virtuosity 7 ! only ends = :i* to /rive4 ,?is p]iod 0 at its height ) ,f>9elli1 ,caff>elli1 ,gizziello1 & end$ p]haps ) ,cresc5t9i4 ,t ^! s+]s possess$ extraord9>y te*nical skill1 or execution1 is amply atte/$ by ! ex]cises & airs1 /ill extant1 writt5 = !m by ,porpora1 ,hasse1 ,v]ac9i1 & o!rs4 ,t !y also _h musical s5tim5t or expression1 is au?oritatively prov$ f ! emotion caus$ 9 _! auditors by _! p]=mance ( a sl[ movem5t or cantabile4 ,b x 0 musical expression only1 & z if p]=m$ on a solo in/rum5t1 z a flute or viol91 :i* does n possess ! faculty ( utt]+ words4 ,! op]as 9 :i* ^! s+]s appe>$ _h "s plot or /ory1 x is true2 b its importance 0 ( ! slighte/--analog\s to1 & ( ! same value z1 ! subject 9 pa9t+ & sculpture at correspond+ p]iods ( _! hi/ory4 ,b s++1 l ^! two si/]-arts1 has pass$ ! p]iod :5 x 01 or c\ld be1 appreciat$ purely = ! p]fection ( its te*nique4 ,x has develop$ & broad5$ 9 o!r directions1 & m n[ is dem&$ ( ! s+] ?an m]e me*anical p]fection4 ,compos]s--notably ,gluck--began to p]ceive ! great possibilities to be atta9$ by ! developm5t ( ! ,greek lyric ideal2 t is1 ! pres5tation ( ! ,poetic idea by1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium (1 music2 in/ead ( be+1 z =m]ly1 m]ely its excuse1 a framework = ! musician ^u :i* to hang melodies4 ,al?\gh ,gluck1 l all innovators1 0 consid]$ by 8 contempor>ies z a revolution>y & iconocla/1 he only /rove to develop & p]fect an art t _h already exi/$ 9 a primitive =m4 ,?is 0 ! art ( animat+ a poetic idea by means ( melopoeia2 :i* ,wagn] lat] develop$ /ill fur!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gradually1 two ess5tials ( good s++--tone-quality & tru? ( intonation--began to be neglect$4 ,b :y %\ld ei!r ( ^! two factors be less ess5tial to a s+] ?an to an in/rum5tali/8 ,( late x has be5 tacitly assum$1 if n boldly claim$1 t s5tim5t1 passion1 temp]am5t1 aton$ =--ev5 if !y did n entirely replace--voice & lack ( skill 9 ! arti/4 ,b :at con/itutes an arti/8 ,art has be5 def9$ by an ,engli% lexicograph] z ,do+ some?+1 ! p[] = :i* is acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 /udy or obs]vation2 & an arti/1 z ,"o skill$ 9 ! practice ( any art4 ,! ,fr5* writ] d',alemb]t says1 ,l'art s'acqui]t p> l'tude et l'ex]cice 7,art is acquir$ by /udy & practice74 ,if ^! def9itions ( art be accept$1 its ext]nal expression or manife/ation is ess5tial ?r\gh "s vehicle or m$ium1 o!rwise !re is nei!r art nor arti/4 ,concepts or ideals h _! g5esis 9 m9d1 b 7 !y to rema9 !re1 ! poet1 pa9t]1 sculptor or musician 7compos] or int]pret]7 w\ld h no "r to ! title ( arti/1 because 8 concepts rema9$ 9 ?\ght-=m only1 & unexpress$4 ,!re=e1 z a compos] c be accept$ z arti/ only :5 he has giv5 t to ! _w :i* entitles him to ! di/9ction1 h[ c 8 s-call$ int]pret] be consid]$ an arti/ :51 ?r\gh insuffici5cy ( te*nical ability1 he is unable to pres5t satisfactorily ! au?or's concept8 ,no matt] 9 :at abundant measure su* a p]=m] may possess ! good qualities ( e>ne/ness1 conviction & s9c]ity1 he is n an arti/4 ,poeta nascitur1 non fit1 has long be5 accept$ z a truism2 & simil>ly1 x is suppos$ t ! arti/ also is born1 n made4 ,b see+ t ! me*anical side ( any art is le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 /udy1 or obs]vation--/ill to quote ! def9ition--)\t :i* an adequate manife/ation ( t art is impossible1 !n c]ta9ly ! arti/ is made4 ,he is born ) c]ta9 qualities necess>y = ! arti/1 x is true2 b fail+ 8 te*nical skill1 ^! o!r gifts c nev] be fully utiliz$4 ,x is to be deplor$ t ! /udies ( _m vocal aspirants are n conduct$ on ! same plan t is foll[$ by ^? :o desire to atta9 p]fection on a musical in/rum5t4 ,^! acquire a te*nique1 & le>n or /udy _m works :i* may broad5 or p]fect _! /yle1 be=e comm5c+ to prep>e a rp]toire4 ,! opposite c\rse is foll[$ by _m /ud5ts ( s++1 :o /udy rles1 in/ead ( le>n+ fir/ h[ to s+4 ,! full mean+ ( ! highe/ examples ( ! mod]n lyric drama c be made app>5t only by ^? :o h fully ma/]$ ! vocal1 z well z ! mimetic1 side ( lyric art4 ,too mu* importance is1 9 my op9ion1 atta*$ to ! latt] bran*1 at ! co/ ( ! =m]4 ,i repeat1 an op]a-s+] %\ld be a s+] :o acts1 n an actor :o s+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! occasion ( ! be/[al ( aw>ds at ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire 9 ,augu/1 #aije1 ,m4 ,duj>d9-,beaumetz1 ,"u-,secret>y = ! ,f9e ,arts1 9 8 address to ! /ud5ts made po9t$ allusion to ! diff]5ce ( results betwe5 ! in/rum5tal classes & ^? = s++4 ,said ! orator3 ,x is claim$ t s++ is 9 a /ate ( decad5ce1 & t ! cause is l>gely due to ! /yle ( mod]n music4 ,x is r ow+ to ! fact t ?is art is n /udi$ at pres5t ) ! same me?odic dilig5ce t =m]ly obta9$4 ,i w\ld rem9d ! /ud5ts ( s++ t !y ga9 no?+ by neglect+ ! e>li] /udies1 & t _! pr(essional future w\ld be bett] assur$ if x re/$ on a solid basis ( vocal te*nique4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 _! int]e/ t1 ) a view to assure ?is important po9t1 c]ta9 re=ms w be in/itut$4#f ,footnote #f3 ,"o ( ^! re=ms 0 t ! fir/ ye>'s /udy is to be devot$ entirely to tone-=mation2 no att5tion be+ paid to ! employm5t ( ! tones 9 melody4 ,nor are ! pr(essors ( s++ at ! ,cons]vatoire n[ select$--z 0 =m]ly ! case--exclusively f among ex-op]a-s+]s4 ,! pr(essors ( ! classes = s++ 7 also advis$ to draw m on ! great classic writ]s = ! voice1 in/ead ( conf9+ !mselves pr9cipally to ! op]atic rp]toire4 ,e art rea*es its apex ( p]fection1 & !n seems to decl9e2 x may ev5 tempor>ily disappe>4 ,b1 be+ immortal1 x is nev] lo/4 ,x f9ds o!r modes ( manife/ation1 & reappe>s 9 o!r =ms4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* x is f\nd$ d n *ange2 b con/antly *ang+ conditions necessitate a new application ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,?is necessity 0 ackn[l$g$ = poetry itself by ,&r ,*ni]3 ,sur des p5ses n\veaux1 faisons des v]s antiques4 7,let u embody mod]n ?\ghts 9 classic v]se47 ,music foll[s ! great laws ( developm5t to :i* all ?+s are subject4 ,x w\ld be fooli%1 nay1 impossible1 to try to resuscitate an old =m ( art4 ,fooli%1 because ! art itself w\ld h lo/ all except its ar*aic *>m or int]e/2 impossible1 because conditions h s completely *ang$ t ! attempt w\ld be m]ely ! galvaniz+ ( a corpse1 n its reanimation4 ,simil>ly1 ! art ( s++ c be successful only 9 proportion z x recognizes ! exi/5ce ( o!r conditions4 ,^! x meets by obs]v+ ! old pr9ciples1 b *ang+ _! mode ( application4 ,! education ( ! s+] ( to-day requires to be conduct$ on broad] & m compreh5sive l9es ?an 9 ! pa/1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t conditions :i* h pres5t$ !mselves4 ,s++--t is1 ! alliance & utt]ance ( ,music & ,poetry--is "o ( ! highe/ manife/ations ( ! ,beautiful1 & is man's supreme & greate/ creation4 ,!re=e1 s++ w n seek 9 future to rival a me*anical in/rum5t4 ,x w1 x is evid5t1 give to ! poetic idea a prom95t1 ?\gh n a pr$om9ant1 place4 ,b ?is poetic idea c be reveal$ to ! li/5] only by a s+] :o is ma/] ( all ! te*nical phases ( 8 art4 ,^! compon5t p>ts ( 8 vocal education mu/ ( necessity comprise--z 0 laid d[n 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ?is "w--,pose ( ,voice1 ,te*nique1 ,/yle1 & ,rp]toire4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! fir/ ( ^! elem5ts is ess5tial1 because ! o!r /ones ( ! complete /ructure _c be successfully laid on an insecure f\ndation4 ,! s+] mu/ h ! second1 or he w be unable to mat]ialize 8 concept1 l an unskill$ c>v] :o possesses ! necess>y mat]ial & tools1 b lacks ! te*nical ability to utilize ei!r4 ,he mu/ possess ,col\r1 :]eby 8 vocal palette is set ) ! v>i$ t9ts necess>y = ! diff]5t s5tim5ts to be express$2 ,acc5t1 s t "* may be giv5 to ! music & appropriate emphasis to ! text2 & ,phras+1 9 ord] t he may punctuate ! music effectively & ! words intellig5tly4 ,p]fect ma/] ( ^!1 he is 9 possession ( all t goes to make up ,/yle4 ,&1 if ^! premises be accept$1 x mu/ be evid5t t he is 9 possession ( ! qualities t 7 necess>y to make s+]s great 9 ! pa/1 & are indisp5sable to make !m great 9 ! future4