---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcriber's note ,printer errors3 ,a number of printer errors and some punctuation errors have been corrected1 but inconsistent hyphenation has been left as in the original4 ,details of the printer errors can be found in the ,,html version of this e,book4 ,text encoding3 ,the poem ,,metrical ,,feet used either a breve or a macron over each syllable4 ,here we have rendered the macron syllables in capitals and the breve syllables in lower-case4 ,to see the correct characters1 use the ,,utf-#h text or ,,html version of this e,book4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,directions for ,correcting a ,theme ,when a theme is returned to you1 number each correction1 and draw a heavy circle about the number4 ,then take another sheet of paper1 and using the numbers that correspond to those on your theme1 state in each case the error you made2 then correct it1 and give your reason for making this correction3 for instance1 if the mistake is marked ,w1 i4e4 a word misused1 state whether the word to which the critic objected is not in good usage1 or is too often repeated1 or does not give the idea intended4 ,next1 supply the proper word and show that it fits the place4 ,answer any questions asked by the critic and follow out any suggestion given4 ,put the sheet of corrections in proper form for a ,m4,s4 ,fasten the sheet to your original theme and hand both to the teacher in charge of the laboratory4 ,no credit will be given for any written theme until the mistakes are corrected4 ,the following signs are used to indicate mistakes in a theme3 ,c--,capital needed4 lc--,no capital needed4 ,a--,mistake in use of the apostrophe4 ,s--,word misspelled4 ,p--,mistake in punctuation4 ,g--,mistake in grammar4 ,w--,wrong word used4 ,cons--,the construction of the sentence is poor4 ,d--,the statement is ambiguous4 ,o--,order4 ,this may refer to arrangement of words in a sentence1 of sentences in a paragraph1 or of paragraphs in a theme4 ,u--,the sentence or paragraph lacks unity4 ,x--,discover the mistake for yourself4 ,,practical ,,english ,,composition ,,book ,,ii ,,for ,,the ,,second ,,year ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,school ,,by ,,edwin ,l4 ,,miller1 ,a4,m4 ,,principal ,,of ,,the ,,northwestern ,,high ,,school ,,detroit1 ,,michigan ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,the ,riverside ,press ,cambridge ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,edwin ,l4 ,,miller ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,the ,,riverside ,,press ,,cambridge4 ,,massachusetts ,u 4 ,s 4 ,a ,,preface ,this volume is the second in a series of four1 each of which has been planned to cover one stage in the composition work of the secondary-school course4 ,these books have been designed to supply material adapted as exactly as possible to the capacity of the pupils4 ,most of the exercises which they contain have been devised with the idea of reproducing in an elementary form the methods of self-instruction which have been employed by successful writers from ,homer to ,kipling4 ,nearly all of them have been subjected to the test of actual classroom use on a large scale4 ,they may be used independently or as supplementary to a more formal textbook4 ,each volume contains rather more work than an ordinary class can do in one hundred recitations4 ,in each volume will be found exercises that involve each of the four forms of discourse2 but emphasis is placed in ,book ,i on description1 in ,book ,,ii on narration1 in ,book ,,iii on exposition1 and in ,book ,,iv on argumentation4 ,similarly1 while stress is laid in ,book ,i on letter-writing1 in ,book ,,ii on journalism1 in ,book ,,iii on literary effect1 and in ,book ,,iv on the civic aspects of composition1 all of these phases of the subject receive attention in each volume4 ,in every lesson of each book provision is made for oral work3 first1 because it is an end valuable in itself2 second1 because it is of incalculable use in preparing the ground for written work2 third1 because it can be made to give the pupil a proper and powerful motive for writing with care2 and1 fourth1 because1 when employed with discretion1 it lightens the teacher's burden without impairing his efficiency4 ,composition is not writing4 ,writing is only one step in composition4 ,the gathering of material1 the organization of material1 criticism1 revision1 publication1 and the reaction that follows publication are therefore in these volumes given due recognition4 ,the quotation at the head of each chapter and the poem at the end are designed to furnish that stimulus to the will and the imagination without which great practical achievement is impossible4 ,on the other hand1 the exercises are all designed on the theory that the sort of idealism which has no practical results is a snare4 ,indeed1 the books might be characterized as an effort to find a useful compromise between those warring types of educational theory which are usually characterized by the words academic and vocational4 ,the specific subject of this volume is newspaper writing4 ,the author has himself had enough experience in practical newspaper work to appreciate the difficulties and to respect the achievements of the journalist4 ,he knows that editors must print what people will buy4 ,it seems probable1 therefore1 that instruction in the elementary principles of newspaper writing1 in addition to producing good academic results1 may lead pupils to read the papers critically1 to discriminate between the good and the bad1 and to demand a better quality of journalism than it is now possible for editors to offer4 ,if this happens1 the papers will improve4 ,the aim of this book is therefore social as well as academic4 ,it is also vocational4 ,some of the boys and girls who study it will learn from its pages the elements of the arts of proof-reading and reporting well enough to begin1 by virtue of the skill thus acquired1 to earn their bread and butter4 ,for the chapters on advertising ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,karl ,murchey1 of the ,cass ,technical ,high ,school of ,detroit1 ,michigan4 ,mr4 ,john ,v4 ,brennan1 ,miss ,grace ,albert1 and ,miss ,eva ,kinney1 of the ,detroit ,northwestern ,high ,school1 have rendered me invaluable help by suggestions1 by proof-reading1 and by trying out the exercises in their classes4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,certain1 of ,birmingham1 ,alabama1 and ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,kemper ,mc,comb1 of the ,technical ,high ,school1 ,indianapolis1 by hints based on their own wide experience and ripe scholarship1 have enabled me to avoid numerous pitfalls4 ,my thanks are due also to ,mr4 ,francis ,w4 ,daire1 of the ,newark ,news1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,nicolson1 of the ,detroit ,free ,press1 who have given me the benefit of their experience as practical newspaper men4 ,above all1 ,i am indebted to my friend1 ,mr4 ,henry ,p4 ,hetherington1 of the ,detroit ,journal1 whose untimely death in ,june1 #aiad1 deprived me of a never-failing source of wisdom and a critic to whose ripe judgment ,i owe more than ,i know how to describe4 ,e4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,contents ,i4 ,,the ,,newspaper #a ,,ii4 ,,news ,,items #i ,,iii4 ,,biographical ,,notices #ae ,,iv4 ,,reporting ,,accidents #ai ,v4 ,,constructive ,,newspaper ,,writing #bc ,,vi4 ,,humorous ,,items #bi ,,vii4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,contrast #cc ,,viii4 ,,thrillers #ch ,,ix4 ,,book ,,reviews #de ,x4 ,,reporting ,,games #eb ,,xi4 ,,reporting ,,speeches #fc ,,xii4 ,,dramatic ,,notices #ga ,,xiii4 ,,interviews #gg ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,exposition ,,of ,,mechanics #hd ,,xv4 ,,the ,,exposition ,,of ,,ideas #ij ,,xvi4 ,,editorials--,,constructive #ig ,,xvii4 ,,editorials--,,destructive #ajb ,,xviii4 ,,advertisements #ajh ,,xix4 ,,advertisements 7continued7 #aad ,,xx4 ,,advertisements 7concluded7 #aah ,whoever wishes to attain an ,english style1 familiar but not coarse1 and elegant but not ostentatious1 must give his days and nights to the volumes of ,addison4 ,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,life of ,addison4 ,children learn to speak by watching the lips and catching the words of those who know how already2 and poets learn in the same way from their elders4 ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,essay on ,chaucer4 ,grammars of rhetoric and grammars of logic are among the most useless furniture of a shelf4 ,give a boy ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,that is worth all the grammars of rhetoric and logic in the world4444 ,who ever reasoned better for having been taught the difference between a syllogism and an enthymeme8 ,who ever composed with greater spirit and elegance because he could define an oxymoron or an aposiopesis8 ,,thomas ,,babington ,,macaulay4 ,trevelyan's ,life of ,lord ,macaulay4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,,practical ,,english ,,composition ,,book ,,ii ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,newspaper ,truth is the highest thing that man may keep4 ,,chaucer4 ,i4 ,introduction ,the object of this book is to teach high-school boys and girls how to write plain newspaper ,english4 ,next to letter-writing1 this is at once the simplest and the most practical form of composition4 ,the pupil who does preminently well the work outlined in this volume may become a proof-reader1 a reporter1 an editor1 or even a journalist4 ,in other words1 the student of this book is working on a practical bread-and-butter proposition4 ,he must remember1 however1 that the lessons it contains are elementary4 ,they are only a beginning4 ,and even this beginning can be made only by the most strenuous and persistent exertions4 ,english is not an easy subject4 ,it is the hardest subject in the curriculum4 ,to succeed in ,english three things are required3 7#a7 ,work2 7#b7 ,work2 7#c7 ,,work4 ,,ii4 ,the ,newspaper ,the modern city newspaper is a complicated machine4 ,at its head is usually a general manager1 who may be one of its owners4 ,directly responsible to him are the business manager1 the superintendent of the mechanical department1 and the managing editor4 ,the business manager has under him three sub-departments3 7#a7 ,advertising2 7#b7 ,circulation2 7#c7 ,auditing4 ,to the first of these is entrusted the duty of taking care of those small advertisements which1 owing to the fact that each occupies only a line or two1 are called liners2 the management of a corps of solicitors2 and the maintenance of amicable relations with the business men of the community4 ,the circulation department includes not only the management of local and foreign circulation1 but also the collection of money from subscribers1 dealers1 and newsboys4 ,the auditor keeps the books1 has charge of the cash1 and manages the payroll4 ,the superintendent of the mechanical department has three subordinates4 ,these are the foreman of the composing-room1 the foreman of the pressroom1 and the foreman of the stereotyping-room4 ,each1 of course1 always has several assistants and often many4 ,the managing editor has charge of the collection and distribution of news4 ,he has no routine duties1 but is responsible for the conduct of his subordinates1 for the character of the paper1 and for its success as a business enterprise4 ,the relation of the paper to the public is in his keeping4 ,not infrequently he has serious differences of opinion with the business manager1 especially when he publishes news which does not please important advertisers4 ,among his chief occupations are devising methods of getting news and avoiding libel suits4 ,the subordinates who report directly to him are the writers of special columns1 the cartoonists1 the editorial writers1 the editor of the ,sunday paper1 and the assistant managing editor1 or news editor4 ,it is with the latter and his staff that we are at present chiefly concerned4 ,the news editor1 or night editor1 as he is called on a morning paper1 has charge of all the routine that is involved in the production of the paper4 ,its make-up is in his hands4 ,an autocrat on space and place1 he is seldom praised1 but must take the blame for everything that goes wrong4 ,under him are3 7#a7 ,a telegraph editor1 whose business it is to handle news from outside the ,state2 7#b7 a ,state editor1 who directs as best he may a horde of local correspondents who represent the paper in the rural and semi-rural districts2 7#c7 one or more rewrite men or copy-readers1 whose business it is to write out the news sent in by telephone1 to correct the errors of illiterate reporters1 and to rewrite articles when necessary2 and 7#d7 the city editor4 ,this last functionary is frequently the most important man on the paper4 ,he is responsible for gathering nearly all of the original news that goes into its columns4 ,to be able to do this he must have a wide and exact knowledge of the people and the history of the city4 ,he works like a slave2 and the reporters1 who are under his direct control1 find in him a stern but appreciative taskmaster4 ,these reporters1 or news-gatherers1 lead a strenuous but not unhappy life4 ,it is somewhat like that of the huntsman1 their business being to stalk news1 which is perhaps the biggest and certainly the most elusive game which the world produces4 ,their lives are sometimes1 their liberty oftener1 and their jobs always1 in danger4 ,if one of them permits a rival paper to get a scoop1 he is apt to find himself in the situation of the warrior described in ,shakespeare's sonnet3 ,the painful warrior1 famousd for fight1 ,after a thousand victories once foiled1 ,is from the book of honour razd quite1 ,and all the rest forgot for which he toiled4 ,some reporters hunt everywhere2 others are assigned to special beats4 ,of the latter the city hall is the most important1 but the central police station yields the largest number of good stories1 because it is there that tales of human folly1 crime1 and tragedy are most promptly known4 ,on most papers the law courts1 politics1 sport1 drama1 religion1 education1 marine affairs1 and society provide other beats4 ,the organization thus briefly sketched is fairly typical1 though by no means universal4 ,the outline on page #e may make it a little clearer4 ,liner ,department ,advertising ,manager ,street ,men ,newsboys ,local ,dealers ,business ,circulation ,manager ,mailing ,department ,manager ,collections ,auditor ,bookkeeping ,treasury ,sup't of ,composing ,room ,mechanical ,stereotyping-,room ,dep't ,pressroom ,general ,editorial ,manager ,writers ,cartoonists ,special ,writers ,editor of ,artists ,sunday ,special ,writers ,managing ,paper ,editor ,telegraph ,editor ,assistant ,managing ,state ,editor ,editor or ,copy-,readers1 ,news or ,rewrite ,city ,hall ,editor ,men ,police ,politics ,city ,editor1 in ,stock ,market charge of six ,courts to twenty-five ,sport reporters ,society ,marine ,religion ,drama ,music ,good reporters are not numerous4 ,the reason is that1 to succeed in this work1 a man or a woman must be able to gather news and to write4 ,there are plenty of people who can do either1 but few who can do both4 ,in order to get news one must be physically tireless1 fond of adventure1 persistent1 unabashed1 polite1 courageous1 and resourceful in the highest degree4 ,to the successful reporter an impossibility is only an opportunity in disguise4 ,in his lexicon there is no such word as fail4 ,he must know how to make and keep friends4 ,he must have that kind of originality which is called initiative4 ,above all1 he must be scrupulously honest4 ,he must be actuated by a fixed determination to get the news1 the whole news1 and nothing but the news4 ,in order to write well one must be able to spell1 punctuate1 and capitalize2 know the laws of grammar and how to apply them2 be familiar with the principles of rhetoric2 and have a wide acquaintance with good books4 ,these qualities are not usually found in company with those which make a successful news-gatherer4 ,a person who has both is therefore worth his weight in gold to a newspaper4 ,the fact that this combination of qualities is so rare leads many papers to employ special rewrite men whose business it is to put into good ,english the raw material furnished by the news-gatherer4 ,one other newspaper functionary remains to be noticed1 the writer of editorials4 ,news items are confined to facts4 ,editorials contain expressions of opinion4 ,everybody reads news1 because it speaks for itself4 ,editorials are designed to mould public opinion4 ,unless they are characterized by extreme good sense or brilliancy1 nobody heeds them1 though1 if he makes a mistake in one1 the writer of editorials is apt to conclude that everybody reads them4 ,the writer of editorials must therefore be a person of exceptional qualifications4 ,,iii4 ,class ,organization ,for the present the teacher of the class studying this book may act as city editor and the pupils as reporters4 ,later1 perhaps1 a more formal organization may be effected1 with pupils as managing editor1 assistant managing editor1 city editor1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,newspaper ,coperation ,the editor of the local paper will probably be willing to print any really good material that the class produces4 ,if possible1 an arrangement for this purpose should be made with him4 ,it is also possible that he may be willing to supplement this chapter by talking to the class4 ,v4 ,topics for ,oral ,discussion #a4 ,what ,is a ,newspaper8 #b4 ,the ,history of ,journalism4 #c4 ,why is a ,study of ,journalistic ,writing ,practical8 #d4 ,the ,organization of a ,newspaper4 #e4 ,the ,managing ,editor4 #f4 ,the ,composing-room4 #g4 ,the ,business ,manager4 #h4 ,the ,assistant ,managing ,editor4 #i4 ,the ,telegraph ,editor4 #aj4 ,the ,state ,editor4 #aa4 ,the ,city ,editor4 #ab4 ,the ,reporter4 #ac4 ,beats4 #ad4 ,scoops4 #ae4 ,editorials4 #af4 ,the ,gospel of ,work4 ,,vi4 ,suggested ,reading ,kipling's ,the ,man ,who ,would ,be ,king and ,the ,light ,that ,failed4 ,,vii4 ,memorize ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life ,tell me not1 in mournful numbers1 ,life is but an empty dream1 ,for the soul is dead that slumbers ,and things are not what they seem4 ,life is real1 life is earnest1 ,and the grave is not its goal2 ,dust thou art1 to dust returnest1 ,was not spoken of the soul4 ,not enjoyment and not sorrow ,is our destined end or way2 ,but to act1 that each to-morrow ,find us farther than to-day4 ,art is long1 and ,time is fleeting1 ,and our hearts1 though stout and brave1 ,still1 like muffled drums1 are beating ,funeral marches to the grave4 ,in the world's broad field of battle1 ,in the bivouac of ,life1 ,be not like dumb1 driven cattle6 ,be a hero in the strife6 7,continued on ,page #ac47 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,news ,,items ,facts are stubborn things4 ,,le ,,sage4 ,i4 ,assignment ,find and report some unusual and interesting thing that has been made or done by boys or girls4 ,do not get your information from literature4 ,get it from life4 ,above all1 don't make it up4 ,it must be fact1 not fiction4 ,when the city editor gives a reporter an assignment1 he does not expect to answer questions4 ,the reporter's business is to give the city editor copy1 not to rely on him for information4 ,the reporter who does not promptly learn this fact soon ceases to be a reporter4 ,,ii4 ,getting the ,facts ,in all writing the gathering of material is more important than any other one thing4 ,in reportorial work it is almost all-important4 ,almost anybody can tell a story if he has the facts4 ,energy1 persistent politeness1 and a pair of stout legs are more essential in reporting than is a large vocabulary4 ,the pursuit of news is always a fascinating and sometimes a dangerous game4 ,if you do not believe this1 read ,fighting in ,flanders1 by ,e4 ,alexander ,powell2 or ,the ,events ,man1 by ,richard ,barry4 ,above everything else1 remember that the most uncompromising adherence to facts is essential4 ,do not make the mistake of supposing that newspaper men fail to recognize the importance of telling the exact truth4 ,they strive constantly and strenuously to do so4 ,in the office of the ,new ,york ,world there used to be1 and probably still is1 a placard on which ,joseph ,pulitzer had printed these three words3 ,accuracy1 ,,accuracy1 ,,accuracy4 ,all reporters strive constantly to be accurate4 ,if they do not always succeed1 it is due to the difficulty of the task4 ,they have to work fast lest the news grow cold4 ,usually they write in the midst of an uproar4 ,when you are disposed to find fault with them by reason of their carelessness1 remember that ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 unable to determine the facts concerning a quarrel that occurred under his own window1 concluded that his chance of telling the truth about events that happened centuries previous was small4 ,,iii4 ,writing ,in preparing manuscript the typewriter in these days is almost indispensable4 ,the value to a reporter of a course in typewriting is therefore obvious4 ,it is also obvious that copy must be letter-perfect4 ,before it can be printed1 it must be entirely free from mistakes in spelling1 punctuation1 capitalization1 and the other essentials of good usage4 ,,iv4 ,model ,the following article is clipped from a ,new ,york daily4 ,in what it says and leaves unsaid it is an excellent model4 ,,farthest ,,north ,,is ,,right ,,here ,,in ,,town ,hundreds of persons were attracted yesterday to ,brook ,avenue1 near ,one ,hundred and ,forty-ninth ,street1 to inspect the handiwork in snow of three fourteen-year-old boys4 ,they had built a thick-walled cottage1 #be feet high and with #ae #af feet ground dimensions4 ,roof and walls1 inside and out1 had been smoothed2 and a coat of water had turned the snow house into a shimmering glaze4 ,the interior was divided into four rooms1 all bearing out the truthfulness of the sign tacked up without1 which read3 ,house to let1 three rooms and bath4 ,even the bath1 modeled in snow1 was there4 ,rugs1 tables1 chairs1 and sofas made the ,esquimau edifice cozy within2 and an oil stove kept eggs and coffee sizzling merrily at dinner time4 ,the builders were three days at their task4 ,they are ,tom ,brown1 of ,no4 #eaf ,east ,one ,hundred and ,forty-seventh ,street2 ,arthur ,carraher1 of ,no4 #dcj ,brook ,avenue2 and ,walter ,waller1 of ,no4 #ebe ,east ,one ,hundred and ,forty-fifth ,street4 ,v4 ,notes and ,queries #a4 ,state the reason for the use of each capital letter and each mark of punctuation in the model4 #b4 ,tell whether each sentence is simple1 complex1 or compound4 #c4 ,explain the syntax of each adverb in the model4 #d4 ,point out three words or phrases that have color1 character1 or distinction4 #e4 ,what is the subject of each paragraph8 #f4 ,are the ,four ,w's sufficiently indicated8 ,point them out4 #g4 ,study the heading4 ,the art of writing good headings is almost as difficult as that of writing good poetry1 which it resembles in that1 as the poet is limited to a certain number of syllables1 the writer of headlines is limited to a fixed number of letters4 ,,vi4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,monday ,discuss ,sections ,i1 ,,ii1 and ,,iii of this chapter4 ,send the class to the board and dictate the model as an exercise in spelling1 punctuation1 and capitalization4 ,review last week's work4 ,tuesday ,recitation on ,notes and ,queries4 ,wednesday ,oral ,composition3 i4e41 each pupil will bring to class his news article--not written but in his head--and be prepared to deliver it to the class as if he were a reporter dictating to a stenographer or telephoning his report to his paper4 ,thursday ,profiting by ,wednesday's discussion1 the pupils will write their articles and hand them to the teacher1 who will proof-read them and return them on ,monday4 ,friday ,public ,speaking--,organize the class as a club4 ,let the officers arrange a program consisting of declamations1 debates1 essays1 dialogues1 etc4 ,this day may also be used for the reading of the best articles that members of the class have written4 ,,vii4 ,organization of ,material ,after you get your story1 you must decide on a plan for its discussion4 ,this will depend largely on its nature4 ,indeed1 the plan and the style of any piece of writing are to the material as are the clothes to the body4 ,they must fit the body4 ,the body determines their shape4 ,the model in ,section ,,iv is a bit of exposition composed partly of description and partly of narration4 ,its framework is as follows3 ,par4 #a4 ,the ,four ,w's3 ,whohundreds of people2 ,whathandiwork in snow2 ,whenyesterday2 ,where,brook ,avenue near ,one ,hundred and ,forty-ninth ,street4 ,par4 #b4 ,the ,exterior of the ,house4 ,par4 #c4 ,the ,interior4 ,par4 #d4 ,the ,architects4 ,,viii4 ,some ,possible ,subjects #a4 ,the ,gas ,engine that ,jack built4 #b4 ,a ,profitable ,garden4 #c4 ,how a ,boy earned his ,education4 #d4 ,a ,cabinet4 #e4 ,how to bind ,books4 #f4 ,stocking and keeping an ,aquarium4 #g4 ,how to build a ,flatboat4 #h4 ,how to make ,dolls from ,corn-,husks4 #i4 ,metallic ,band ,work4 #aj4 ,a ,sled made of ,ice4 #aa4 ,silk ,culture4 #ab4 ,chickens4 #ac4 ,a ,good ,notebook4 #ad4 ,a ,sketch-,book4 #ae4 ,a ,successful ,composition4 #af4 ,skees4 #ag4 ,a ,paper ,boat4 #ah4 ,toys made in the ,manual ,training ,rooms4 #ai4 ,a ,hat4 #bj4 ,a ,dress4 #ba4 ,the best subject of all1 however1 is none of these1 but one that the pupil finds himself4 ,,ix4 ,suggested ,reading ,elbert ,hubbard's ,a ,message to ,garcia4 ,x4 ,memorize ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life 7continued from ,page #g7 ,trust no future1 howe'er pleasant6 ,let the dead ,past bury its dead6 ,act1 act in the living ,present6 ,heart within and ,god o'erhead6 ,lives of great men all remind us1 ,we can make our lives sublime1 ,and1 departing1 leave behind us ,footprints on the sands of time2 ,footprints that perhaps another1 ,sailing o'er life's solemn main1 ,a forlorn and shipwrecked brother1 ,seeing1 shall take heart again4 ,let us1 then1 be up and doing1 ,with a heart for any fate2 ,still achieving1 still pursuing1 ,learn to labor and to wait4 ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow4 ,,to ,,teachers4 ,at this point a review of ,chapter ,v1 ,proof-,reading and ,chapter ,,vi1 ,the ,correction of ,themes1 of ,practical ,english ,composition1 ,book ,i1 will be found an invaluable exercise4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,biographical ,,notices ,lives of great men all remind us ,we can make our lives sublime4 ,,longfellow4 ,i4 ,assignment ,write a biographical note of about two hundred words concerning a citizen who has just come into public notice4 ,,ii4 ,obtaining the ,facts ,if the subject of the note is already distinguished1 the facts can usually be collected from books and periodicals4 ,poole's ,index of ,periodical ,literature will point the way4 ,most newspapers keep an indexed mass of biographical material1 which1 of course1 is at a reporter's disposal4 ,when these sources fail1 the man himself must be interviewed1 which is a task that requires tact1 politeness1 persistency1 a good memory1 and a clear idea of the character and quantity of the information needed4 ,,iii4 ,models ,i ,james ,mc,henry was born in ,ireland1 #agec2 came to ,philadelphia1 #agga2 studied medicine under ,dr4 ,benjamin ,rush2 served in the ,revolutionary ,war as surgeon2 became ,washington's secretary1 #aggh2 sat in ,congress1 #aghc-hf2 was a member of the ,constitutional ,convention2 was ,secretary of ,war under ,washington and ,adams1 #agif-ahja2 and died in ,baltimore1 #ahaf4 ,his most conspicuous public service was rendered in inducing ,maryland to ratify the ,constitution4 ,fort ,mc,henry1 the bombardment of which in #ahad inspired ,francis ,scott ,key to write the ,star-,spangled ,banner1 was named in ,mc,henry's honor4 ,,ii ,alexander ,hamilton is one of those great ,americans of whose services to the nation no ,american can afford to be ignorant4 ,as a soldier in the ,revolution1 no man possessed more of ,washington's confidence4 ,to him as much as to any one man was due the movement that resulted in the formation of the ,constitution2 he took a leading part in the debates of the ,convention2 and the ratification of the ,constitution was brought about largely by the ,federalist1 a paper in which he so ably interpreted the provisions of that instrument that it has ever since been regarded as one of the world's political classics4 ,as ,secretary of the ,treasury under ,washington he performed wonders2 ,daniel ,webster said of his work in this office3 ,he rent the rock of the national resources1 and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth4 ,he touched the dead corpse of ,public ,credit1 and it sprung upon its feet4 ,he was born in ,nevis1 one of the ,west ,indies1 in #ageg1 and was mortally wounded by ,aaron ,burr in a duel1 #ahjd1 at ,weehawken1 ,new ,jersey4 ,,iv4 ,organization of ,material ,models ,i and ,,ii illustrate two types of biographical notes4 ,that about ,james ,mc,henry consists of three sentences1 which give3 7#a7 ,a chronological survey of his life2 7#b7 a statement of his chief public service2 7#c7 the fact by which he is most likely to be remembered by the casual reader4 ,it is a good brief form to use in writing about most men and women4 ,model ,,ii is better if the subject is remarkable for many achievements4 ,its structure is as follows3 7#a7 ,a keynote sentence2 7#b71 7#c71 7#d7 three illustrations of the fact stated in 7#a72 7#e7 dates4 ,the same principles apply to notices of living people4 ,in writing use one model or the other2 do not deviate from them1 unless you first find a better model1 and can persuade your teacher that it is better4 ,v4 ,exercises #a4 ,reduce some biography which you have read and enjoyed to a biographical note of two hundred words4 #b4 ,write a biographical note of two hundred words about a living person of national reputation4 #c4 ,write a biographical note of two hundred words about a living person of state or city reputation4 #d4 ,write a biographical note about the school janitor1 the school engineer1 a member of your own family1 your hired man1 your maid1 or any other interesting person from whom you can extract the desired information4 ,,vi4 ,suggested ,reading ,carl ,schurz's ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,,vii4 ,memorize ,,the ,,seven ,,ages ,,of ,,man ,all the world's a stage1 ,and all the men and women merely players4 ,they have their exits and their entrances2 ,and one man in his time plays many parts1 ,his acts being seven ages4 ,at first the infant1 ,mewling and puking in the nurse's arms4 ,and then the whining school-boy1 with his satchel ,and shining morning face1 creeping like snail ,unwillingly to school4 ,and then the lover1 ,sighing like furnace1 with a woful ballad ,made to his mistress's eyebrow4 ,then a soldier1 ,full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard2 ,jealous in honor1 sudden and quick in quarrel1 ,seeking the bubble reputation ,even in the cannon's mouth4 ,and then the justice1 ,in fair round belly with good capon lined1 ,with eyes severe and beard of formal cut1 ,full of wise saws and modern instances2 ,and so he plays his part4 ,the sixth age shifts ,into the lean and slippered pantaloon1 ,with spectacles on nose and pouch on side2 ,his youthful hose1 well saved1 a world too wide ,for his shrunk shank1 and his big manly voice1 ,turning again toward childish treble1 pipes ,and whistles in his sound4 ,last scene of all1 ,that ends this strange eventful history1 ,is second childishness and mere oblivion1 ,sans teeth1 sans eyes1 sans taste1 sans everything4 ,,shakespeare1 ,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene #g4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,reporting ,,accidents ,the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth4 ,i4 ,assignment ,report an accident which you have seen4 ,the object of this exercise and those which are to follow is threefold3 #a4 ,vocational--to begin to teach the art of reporting1 and hence perhaps lay a foundation for students' earning a living4 #b4 ,ethical--to show all the pupils how a report should be made and thus give them a standard by which to measure newspapers4 #c4 ,artistic--to teach all how to write modern ,english clearly1 simply1 and correctly4 ,,ii4 ,model ,this is a report of an accident on a city street1 witnessed by a reporter1 and telephoned to a colleague at the newspaper office4 ,with a crash that could be heard for blocks1 a high-powered touring car1 owned and driven by ,mrs4 ,william ,j4 ,sheldon1 wife of the millionaire gum manufacturer1 who lives at ,east ,boulevard and ,clifton ,drive1 collided late last night with a heavy milk wagon at ,payne ,avenue and ,east #cjth ,st4 ,both ,mrs4 ,sheldon and ,john ,goldrick1 #fef ,east #ajeth ,st41 driver of the milk wagon1 escaped injury1 except for a few minor cuts and bruises4 ,mrs4 ,sheldon was driving east on ,payne ,avenue on the way to the ,pennsylvania ,station at ,euclid ,avenue to meet her husband1 who was coming from ,new ,york4 ,the street at ,payne ,avenue and ,east #cjth ,st4 had just been flushed2 and1 when ,mrs4 ,sheldon endeavored to turn out toward the car tracks to avoid hitting ,goldrick's wagon1 which was just turning into ,payne ,avenue1 the car skidded and side-swiped the wagon4 ,one wheel of the machine and the mud guard were torn loose1 while glass from the shattered wind-shield rained over ,mrs4 ,sheldon as she strove desperately to twist the wheel4 ,goldrick was hurled from his seat1 landing in the back of the wagon1 which was piled high with cases of milk bottles4 ,the horses were thrown from their feet by the shock4 ,mrs4 ,sheldon and ,goldrick were extricated from the wreckage and conveyed to the office of ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,masters1 ,payne ,avenue and ,east #cb;d ,st41 where their injuries were dressed4 ,later they were taken to their homes4 ,,iii4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,monday--,dictation of ,model and ,study of ,last ,week's ,errors4 ,tuesday--,notes and ,queries4 ,wednesday--,oral ,composition--e4g41 ,telephoning4 ,thursday--,written ,composition4 ,friday--,public ,speaking4 ,,iv4 ,notes1 ,queries1 and ,exercises #a4 ,how many paragraphs are there in the report in ,section ,,ii8 #b4 ,what is the subject of each8 #c4 ,the object8 #d4 ,point out the ,four ,w's4 #e4 ,state why each capital and each mark of punctuation in the model is used4 #f4 ,tell whether each sentence is simple1 complex1 or compound4 #g4 ,find in the model an adverbial phrase1 an adverb1 a noun used adverbially1 a noun in apposition1 a clause modifying a verb1 a participle modifying the subject of a verb1 a non-restrictive clause1 and a clause used as an adjective4 #h4 ,point out four words or phrases that give color to the story4 #i4 ,write an appropriate heading for the model4 ,v4 ,oral ,composition ,prepare a report of some accident which you have yourself seen or which has been described to you by an eye-witness4 ,be sure to get into the report in the proper order the ,four ,w's1 the cause1 and the result4 ,note that a good story usually consists of three parts3 #a4 ,the ,previous ,situation4 #b4 ,what ,happened ,the ,climax4 #c4 ,the ,result ,the ,dnouement4 ,these are all in the model1 but #b is put first because it is most important4 ,observe the order of the model4 ,each member of the class will have a chance to make his report orally1 and it will be subjected to the analysis of the class and teacher1 who will blame or praise it according to its deserts4 ,the reporter must defend himself1 if attacked4 ,each pupil will therefore in turn play the rle of a reporter1 telephoning a story to headquarters while the class and teacher enact the part of the city editor4 ,,vi4 ,written ,composition ,after the process outlined in ,section ,,iv of this chapter has shown the reporter how to go about the job1 the report is to be written1 proof-read by the teacher1 corrected by the reporter1 and rewritten until it is letter-perfect4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,reading ,kipling's #jjg in ,the ,day's ,work4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,sunshine ,think every morning when the sun peeps through ,the dim leaf-latticed windows of the grove ,how jubilant the happy birds renew ,their long melodious madrigals of love2 ,and1 when you think of this1 remember too ',tis always morning somewhere1 and above ,the awakening continents from shore to shore ,somewhere the birds are singing evermore4 ,,longfellow1 ,the ,birds of ,killingworth4 ,,chapter ,v ,,constructive ,,newspaper ,,writing ,the drying up a single tear has more ,of honest fame than shedding seas of gore4 ,,lord ,,byron4 ,i4 ,introduction ,the worst thing about most news articles is that they tell of destruction1 failure1 and tragedy instead of construction1 success1 and happiness4 ,if one were to judge from the papers1 one would be forced to conclude that the world is rapidly advancing from civilization to barbarism4 ,to test the truth of this assertion1 you have only to examine almost any current newspaper4 ,a man may labor honorably and usefully for a generation without being mentioned2 but if he does or says a foolish thing1 the reporters flock to him as do cats to a plate of cream4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,tragedy is more exciting than any other form of literature2 it contains thrills2 it sells papers4 ,however1 aside from the fact that the publication of details concerning human folly and misfortune is often cruel and unjust to the sufferers1 its influence upon the public is debasing in the same way1 if not in the same degree1 as public executions were debasing4 ,newspaper writing should1 therefore1 deal with progress rather than with retrogression4 ,most newspaper men admit that this is true1 but declare that the public will not buy the kind of papers which all sensible people approve4 ,just as soon as such papers can be made to pay1 they say1 we shall have them4 ,one of the objects of this course is to create a taste for constructive rather than destructive newspapers4 ,as an exercise tending to produce this result1 the student should each day examine the local paper for the purpose of ascertaining how many columns of destruction and how many of construction it contains4 ,the result should be reported to the class and thence to the papers as news4 ,there are three kinds of items which boys and girls can write and which are constructive4 ,these are3 #a4 ,items dealing with progress4 #b4 ,humorous stories4 #c4 ,items based on contrast4 ,the work this week will be on the first of these4 ,,ii4 ,models ,i ,,st4 ,,louis1 ,feb4 #bb4--,l4 ,c4 ,phillips will plant #a1jjj acres of his southeast ,missouri land in sunflowers this year as a further demonstration that this plant can be cultivated with profit on land where other crops may not thrive so well4 ,phillips has been experimenting for several years in the culture of sunflowers1 whose seed1 when mixed with other seed1 makes excellent chicken and hog feed4 ,last year he planted nearly #ajj acres in sunflowers4 ,the cost of planting and harvesting is about #f an acre1 he says1 and the returns from #ce to #dh4 ,,ii ,,halifax1 ,n4,s41 ,dec4 #be4--,one of the most extraordinary endowments bestowed by nature on any land is enjoyed by the fortunate group of counties round the head of the ,bay of ,fundy1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,along the shores of this bay there are great stretches of meadow land covered with rich grass and dotted with barns4 ,these meadows have been brought into existence by the power of the tides in the ,bay of ,fundy1 which have no parallel elsewhere on the globe4 ,there is sometimes a difference of sixty feet between the levels of the water at low and at high tide4 ,the tide sweeps in with a rush1 carrying with it a vast amount of solid material scoured out of its channel4 ,the accumulated deposits of the ages have produced a soil seventy or eighty feet deep4 ,owing to its peculiarities1 this meadow land retains its fertility in a marvelous way1 producing heavy crops of hay annually without diminution and without renewal for an indefinite number of years4 ,when renewal is desired it is only necessary to open a dike1 which allows the tide to flood the land again and leave a fresh deposit of soil4 ,,iii ,,washington1 ,dec4 #be4--,michigan holds sixth place among the ,states in the value of its mineral production1 with an output in #aiab valued at #ahj1jfb1dhf1 according to the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 its prominence being due to its great wealth in copper and iron4 ,ranking second only to ,minnesota in the production of iron ore1 it is third in the production of copper1 being exceeded only by ,arizona and ,montana4 ,it also stands first in the production of salt1 bromine1 calcium chloride1 graphite1 and sand lime brick4 ,in #aiaa ,michigan's production of iron ore was #h1ide1ajc long tons1 valued at #bc1haj1gaj1 and in #aiab it increased to #ab1gag1dfh long tons1 valued at #bh1jjc1afc4 ,the production of copper in ,michigan1 the value of which in the last two years has exceeded that of the output of iron ore1 amounted in #aiab to #bah1ach1djh pounds1 valued at #ace1iib1hcg1 a decrease in quantity1 but an increase in value of over #h1jjj1jjj4 ,the mining of copper in ,michigan is of prehistoric origin1 the metal having been used by the ,north ,american ,indians before the advent of the white man4 ,the records since #ahaj1 or for a little more than #ajj years1 show that the total production of copper in ,michigan from that date to the close of #aiab has amounted to over #e1bjj1jjj1jjj pounds1 which is about #cj per cent of the total output of the ,united ,states4 ,,iii4 ,oral ,composition ,all three of these items are evidently condensations of longer articles4 ,the writers have boiled down a vast amount of material into the form in which it here appears4 ,the student will find similar material in abundance in ,the ,literary ,digest1 in ,the ,scientific ,american1 in ,the ,national ,geographical ,magazine1 in many government reports1 and in almost any daily newspaper4 ,in preparing for this exercise he should observe the following steps3 #a4 ,find his material4 #b4 ,boil it down1 to the size desired1 which is a most useful exercise of the judgment4 #c4 ,make a careful framework1 in doing which the models will be useful4 #d4 ,get the whole so well in mind that he can present it fluently4 ,hesitation should not be tolerated4 ,,iv4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,monday--,dictation4 ,tuesday--,notes and ,queries4 ,wednesday--,oral ,composition4 ,thursday--,written ,composition4 ,friday--,public ,speaking4 ,v4 ,notes1 ,queries1 and ,exercises4 #a4 ,write an appropriate heading for each item4 #b4 ,point out the ,four ,w's in each4 #c4 ,tell whether each sentence is simple1 compound1 or complex4 #d4 ,explain the syntax of the nouns in ,model ,i1 the pronouns in ,,ii1 the verbs in ,,iii4 #e4 ,explain the location of ,st4 ,louis1 ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia1 the ,bay of ,fundy1 ,washington1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,arizona1 and ,montana4 #f4 ,where is the copper country of ,michigan8 ,the salt1 bromine1 calcium1 chloride1 graphite1 and brick regions8 #g4 ,explain the etymological signification of demonstration1 extraordinary1 accumulated1 ,nova ,scotia1 annually1 geological1 ,arizona1 ,montana1 advent4 #h4 ,how many words does ,model ,i contain8 ,,ii8 ,,iii8 #i4 ,discover and write out the framework of each model4 #aj4 ,find one subject on which you could make an item like ,model ,i4 ,do the same for ,,ii and ,,iii4 ,,vi4 ,written ,composition ,remember that you are writing for the compositor4 ,every letter must be right4 ,if you do a good piece of work it is altogether probable that your composition will get into one of the local papers4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,reading ,mark ,twain's ,tom ,sawyer1 ,huckleberry ,finn1 ,pudd'nhead ,wilson1 or ,roughing ,it4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,goethals1 ,,the ,,prophet ,,engineer ,a man went down to ,panama ,where many a man had died ,to slit the sliding mountains ,and lift the eternal tide3 ,a man stood up in ,panama1 ,and the mountains stood aside4 ,for a poet wrought in ,panama ,with a continent for his theme1 ,and he wrote with flood and fire ,to forge a planet's dream1 ,and the derricks rang his dithyrambs ,and his stanzas roared in steam4 ,where old ,balboa bent his gaze ,he leads the liners through1 ,and the ,horn that tossed ,magellan ,bellows a far halloo1 ,for where the navies never sailed ,steamed ,goethals and his crew2 ,so nevermore the tropic routes ,need poleward warp and veer1 ,but on through the ,gates of ,goethals ,the steady keels shall steer1 ,where the tribes of man are led toward peace ,by the prophet-engineer4 ,,percy ,,mackaye4#a #a ,he ,goethals received last week three medals--one at ,washington1 at the hands of ,president ,wilson1 from the ,national ,geographical ,society2 another in ,new ,york1 at the hands of ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,finley1 head of the ,new ,york ,state ,educational ,system1 from the ,civic ,forum2 and a third1 also in ,new ,york1 at the hands of ,hamilton ,w4 ,mabie1 from the ,national ,institute of ,social ,sciences4 ,at the presentation of the ,civic ,forum medal1 a poem written for the occasion was read by its author1 ,mr4 ,percy ,mac,kaye4 7,the ,outlook4 ,march #ad1 #aiad47 ,this poem is here quoted1 by permission1 from ,mr4 ,mac,kaye's volume1 ,the ,present ,hour4 ,published by ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,humorous ,,items ,to laugh1 if but for an instant only1 has never been granted to man before the fortieth day from his birth4--,,pliny4 ,i4 ,introduction ,laughter1 when it hurts nobody1 is wholesome4 ,it is the handmaid of happiness4 ,it enriches life4 ,pleasant but not silly humor and wit are therefore altogether desirable in a paper4 ,few days in anybody's life are devoid of incidents that tickle the fancy4 ,material for good humorous stories is abundant everywhere4 ,the faculty of recognizing it when it is seen1 and the ability to present it effectively1 however1 need a little training4 ,to make a beginning in these directions is the object of the exercises that follow4 ,,ii4 ,assignment ,find1 but not in a book or a paper1 a humorous story1 and tell it1 first orally1 then in writing4 ,,iii4 ,models ,i ,called on to decide the ownership of a hen claimed by ,george ,bass and ,joseph ,nedrow1 of ,arnold ,city1 ,justice of the ,peace ,john ,reisinger hit upon a ,solomonesque solution4 ,take this fowl to ,arnold ,city1 he directed his constable1 and release it near the poultry yards of these two men4 ,in whose hen house it goes to roost1 to him it belongs4 ,the constable1 accompanied by ,bass and ,nedrow1 did as directed4 ,when liberated1 the bird promptly flew into the chicken yard of ,charles ,black1 where the constable decided it would have to stay under the justice's ruling4 ,the costs in the case amount to ten times the value of the hen4 ,,ii ,james ,m4 ,i4 ,galloway1 veterinary surgeon of ,kirkintilloch1 ,scotland1 arrived yesterday from ,glasgow with photographs of a cow with a wooden leg on the starboard quarter1 which the veterinary says is almost as good to the cow as an ordinary leg of beef and much more effective in knocking out folks who try to milk her on the wrong side4 ,other veterinaries laughed at ,galloway1 who is young and of an experimental temperament1 when he decided to save the life of this cow after the leg had been cut off by a locomotive4 ,he insisted1 however1 on fitting the wooden leg1 which he regards as much more useful than wooden heads on ,scotch veterinaries4 ,the only time the wooden leg gets the cow into trouble is when she stands too long in a damp field and the leg sinks in a foot or so4 ,,iii ,the written orders of ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brooks1 a once celebrated ,american railroad manager of ,michigan1 were1 it is said1 almost beyond deciphering4 ,on a certain occasion1 when a double track had been laid on one of his roads1 it was reported at headquarters that the barn of an old farmer stood partly upon land which the company had bought1 and dangerously near to passing trains4 ,mr4 ,brooks1 who was just getting ready for a trip down the ,mississippi1 wrote to the farmer that he must move his barn from the company's land at once4 ,if he delayed he would be liable to a suit for damages4 ,the old farmer duly received the letter1 and was able to make out the manager's signature1 but not another word could he decipher4 ,he took it to the village postmaster1 who1 equally unable to translate the hieroglyphics1 was unwilling to acknowledge it4 ,didn't you sell a strip of land to the railroad8 he asked4 ,yes4 ,well1 ,i guess this is a free pass over the road4 ,and for over a year the farmer used the manager's letter as a pass1 not one of the conductors being able to dispute his translation of the instrument4 ,,iv4 ,notes and ,queries #a4 ,a good story always has three parts3 7#a7 ,a ,situation2 7#b7 a ,climax2 7#c7 a ,solution4 ,do the models possess these elements8 ,if they do1 point them out4 #b4 ,point out the ,four ,w's in each4 #c4 ,tell whether each sentence is simple1 complex1 or compound4 #d4 ,tell why each mark of punctuation is used4 #e4 ,tell why each capital letter is used4 #f4 ,explain the syntax of the adjectives in ,i1 the adverbs in ,,ii1 the prepositions in ,,iii4 #g4 ,explain the etymological signification of the following words3 solution2 fowl2 constable2 photographs2 veterinary2 locomotive2 decipher2 liable2 translate2 hieroglyphics2 conductors4 #h4 ,find on the map ,uniontown1 ,arnold ,city1 ,kirkintilloch1 ,michigan1 and the ,mississippi ,river4 #i4 ,explain the reference in ,solomonesque4 #aj4 ,what are costs8 #aa4 ,find a metaphor in ,,ii4 ,v4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,as usual1 except that on ,friday one number of the program may be a magazine composed of the best stories written during the week by pupils4 ,,vi4 ,oral ,composition ,be sure that your story has a good point2 is free from slang2 and possesses a beginning1 a middle1 and an end4 ,,vii4 ,written ,composition ,suggestion3 ,imagine that the classroom is the local room of a daily paper1 the pupils reporters1 and the teacher the editor4 ,the stories may be written in class4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,the ,,grasshopper ,,and ,,the ,,cricket ,the poetry of earth is never dead3 ,when all the birds are faint with the hot sun1 ,and hide in cooling trees1 a voice will run ,from hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead2 ,that is the ,grasshopper's2--he takes the lead ,in summer luxury2--he has never done ,with his delights1 for when tired out with fun ,he rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed4 ,the poetry of earth is ceasing never3 ,on a lone winter evening1 when the frost ,has wrought a silence1 from the stove there shrills ,the ,cricket's song1 in warmth increasing ever1 ,and seems to one in drowsiness half lost ,the ,grasshopper's among some grassy hills4 ,,john ,,keats4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,contrast ,give unto them beauty for ashes1 the oil of joy for mourning1 the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness4--,,isaiah4 ,i4 ,introduction ,antithesis1 or contrast1 is one of the two most effective devices at the disposal of any artist1 whether he works with words or colors4 ,its skillful use often enables a newspaper writer to make a good item out of trifling material4 ,the object of this week's work is to teach a little of the art of using antithesis effectively in reportorial work4 ,,ii4 ,models ,i ,,london1 ,dec4 #be4--,mrs4 ,rebecca ,clarke1 who is #aji years of age1 presided this morning at the wedding breakfast of her baby son1 ,harry1 who is #fg4 ,this is ,mr4 ,clarke's second venture on the matrimonial sea4 ,his two brothers are sprightly bachelors of #gj and #gc years4 ,mrs4 ,clarke toasted the newly married couple and ate the first slice of the wedding cake4 ,she attended the ,christmas wedding celebration in the evening4 ,,ii ,commuters in ,yonkers took advantage of the ,christmas holiday to mow their lawns4 ,the grass has been getting longer and longer1 owing to the spring weather1 until it just had to be cut4 ,players on the ,dunwoodie ,country ,club course1 also at ,yonkers1 had to keep moving to keep warm yesterday1 but they played on greens which had been mowed only a few days ago1 and those who were fond of flowers stopped now and then to pick a buttercup4 ,the greens keeper at ,dunwoodie says that the greens have been mowed four times since the latter part of ,september1 when in ordinary seasons the grass is mowed for the last time until spring4 ,the condition of the course is about the same as in ,may1 according to the greens keeper4 ,up in ,bronx ,park the grass has not been mowed recently1 but it is unusually long for the time of year1 and so it is in the other city parks4 ,the same condition prevails in the nearby cemeteries4 ,out in ,new ,jersey a fine crop of grass is in evidence4 ,farmers in the vicinity of ,new ,york are saving on their usual bills for winter fodder1 for with the spring weather and the long grass the animals can pick up a living out of doors4 ,,iii ,,new ,,york1 ,dec4 #ca4--;,an order for #b1jjj1jjj worth of shrapnel1 to be used in the war in ,europe1 has been rejected by the ,commonwealth ,steel ,company of ,granite ,city1 ,ill41 it was learned to-day1 because ,clarence ,h4 ,howard1 president of the organization1 believes warfare should not be recognized4 ,mr4 ,howard1 who lives in ,st4 ,louis1 is known all over the country as the ,golden rule steel man1 because he tries to run his plant in accordance with the ,golden ,rule by sharing profits with the employes4 ,he is stopping at the ,biltmore ,hotel4 ,although he talked freely of the trouble in ,europe1 he frowned at the report about the #b1jjj1jjj shrapnel order1 and then said with blazing eyes3 ,why1 our company would not accept an order for #ae1jjj1jjj worth of shrapnel6 ,the war itself is a bitter shame4 ,it is something that does not belong in the general scheme of enlightened humanity4 ,if men would only think in unison1 and think purely and strongly for the abolition of war1 it would stop4 ,there should be a general movement in the ,united ,states in this direction4 ,when ,i was a youngster ,i left my home in ,centralia1 ,ill41 to win my own way in the world1 and my mother gave me five maxims--one for each finger--which ,i since have followed with great profit4 ,they are3 ',seek company among those whom you can trust and association with whom will make you better4 ',never gamble or go where gambling is done4 ',never drink or go where drinking is done4 ',as to smoking1 it isn't so bad as drinking or gambling1 but take my advice and let it alone4 ',when in doubt about where to go1 stop and ask if it would be a good place to take your mother4' ,platitudes1 eh6 ,some might call them that2 but they have brought me happiness1 and they have brought happiness to others4 ,not long ago ,i sat down and figured how much ,i had saved by not drinking1 gambling1 or the like4 ,i figured it out at #a1jjj a year1 and it had been #cj years since my mother gave me the advice4 ,,iii4 ,notes #a4 ,the contrast in ,model ,i consists in the incongruity between the ages of the people and their occupations2 in ,,ii the contrast is obviously the same as that alluded to in ,byron's famous line1 ,seek roses in ,december1 ice in ,june2 in ,,iii ,mr4 ,howard's ideas1 ideals1 and conduct are in contrast with those of some men4 #b4 ,antithesis between the actual and the normal is always interesting4 ,,iv4 ,queries and ,exercises #a4 ,explain the syntax of all nouns1 adverbs1 and infinitives in the models4 #b4 ,find a metaphor in ,i4 #c4 ,discuss the meaning and etymology of the following words3 matrimonial1 commuters1 ,christmas1 ,december1 animals4 #d4 ,is nearby a better word than adjacent8 #e4 ,where is ,yonkers8 #f4 ,tell whether the sentences are simple1 compound1 or complex4 #g4 ,what is the subject of each paragraph in ,,ii and ,,iii8 #h4 ,write double headings for ,i and ,,ii4 ,double means in two parts4 ,for example3 ,,shakespeare ,,celebration ,,plans ,,advance ,president of ,drama ,league ,tells of ,interest in ,tercentenary ,observances ,remember that you can use only a fixed number of letters in each line4 #i4 ,define antithesis and metaphor4 ,find an example of each in to-day's paper4 ,v4 ,composition #a4 ,choosing a ,subject4 ,select an incident that has come within the circle of your own observation2 that has never1 as far as you know1 been described in print2 and that is sufficiently unique to present a good contrast to the usual course of events4 #b4 ,collecting ,material4 ,get as many concrete details as possible4 ,generalities never glitter4 ,they are useful only to cure insomnia4 #c4 ,arranging ,material4 ,look out for the ,four ,w's4 ,make a framework that is definite4 ,it should be determined1 in the last analysis1 not by the model but by the material4 #d4 ,oral ,composition4 ,rehearse your article to your mother or to any other person whom you can induce to listen4 #e4 ,written ,composition4 ,festin lente4 ,hasten slowly4 ,when a ,french student takes his college entrance examinations1 he is plucked if he misspells one word1 misplaces one capital letter1 or makes a single mistake in punctuation4 ,lord ,bacon somewhere says3 ,let us proceed slowly that we may sooner make an end4 ,sheridan wrote3 ,you write with ease to show your breeding1 ,but easy writing's curst hard reading4 ,care in ,no4 #e will eliminate ,no4 #f4 #f4 ,revision and rewriting4 ,,vi4 ,suggested ,reading ,coleridge's ,the ,rime of the ,ancient ,mariner4 ,,vii4 ,memorize ,,music ,let me go where'er ,i will1 ,i hear a sky-born music still3 ,it sounds from all things old1 ,it sounds from all things young1 ,from all that's fair1 from all that's foul1 ,peals out a cheerful song4 ,it is not only in the rose1 ,it is not only in the bird1 ,not only where the rainbow glows1 ,nor in the song of woman heard1 ,but in the darkest1 meanest things ,there alway1 alway something sings4 ',tis not in the high stars alone1 ,nor in the cup of budding flowers1 ,nor in the redbreast's mellow tone1 ,nor in the bow that smiles in showers1 ,but in the mud and scum of things ,there alway1 alway something sings4 ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes4 ,,to ,,teachers4 ,at this point a review of ,chapter ,,xii1 ,vade ,mecum1 or ,catechism1 of ,practical ,english ,composition1 ,book ,i1 will be found an invaluable exercise4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,thrillers ',tis strange1 but true2 for truth is always strange1 ,stranger than fiction4 ,,byron4 ,i4 ,assignments #a4 ,relate the most exciting adventure that has occurred to you4 ,use the third person4 ,reporters usually are not allowed to use the pronoun ,i4 #b4 ,relate the most exciting adventure that has befallen any person whom you personally know well enough to interview on the subject4 #c4 ,if you can obtain material in neither of the foregoing ways1 get a story from the movies1 after the manner suggested in the following dispatch3 ,,teach ,,reporting ,,by ,,movies ,journalism ,instructors at ,columbia ,use ,films to ,develop ,students' ,faculty of ,observation4 ,reporters' copy telling in graphic style of the ,balkan ,war poured into the city room of the newspaper plant at the ,columbia ,university ,school of ,journalism yesterday4 ,the reason was that moving pictures had been adopted as a means of giving to the students an opportunity to exercise their powers of observation and description in such a fashion as would be required of them in real newspaper work4 ,the idea of using a moving picture machine to train future newspaper reporters in accuracy of observation was originated by ,professor ,walter ,b4 ,pitkin1 and was approved immediately by ,dr4 ,talcott ,williams1 director of the school4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,lower1 instructor in ,english1 is the official operator1 but this work will probably be given later to a student4 #d4 ,a last resort is literature4 ,in ,stevenson1 ,poe1 or ,conan ,doyle1 you can probably find a story that can be translated into a sufficiently thrilling newspaper dispatch4 ,,ii4 ,models ,i ,colonel ,folque1 commander of a division of artillery at the front1 recently needed a few men for a perilous mission1 and called for volunteers4 ,those who undertake this mission will perhaps never come back1 he said1 and he who commands will be one of the first sons of ,france to die for his country in this war4 ,volunteers were numerous4 ,a young graduate of a polytechnic school asked for the honor of leading those who would undertake the mission4 ,it was the son of ,colonel ,folque4 ,the latter paled1 but did not flinch4 ,his son did not come back4--,boston ,herald4 ,,ii ,villagers in fear of death were scuttling out of little homes like rats driven from holes by flood4 ,one person in the village remained at her accustomed post and from time to time recorded into the mouth of a telephone receiver the progress of the conflict1 while a ,french general at the other end of the wire listened4 ,presently her communications were interrupted4 ,a bomb has just fallen in this office1 the girl called to the general4 ,then conversation ceased4 ,it is always that way with the telephone girl when tragedy stalks abroad and there is necessity to maintain communication with the outside world4 ,the telephone girl of ,etain may be lionized in lyric literature4 ,she deserves it4 ,the telephone girl of ,etain may find brief mention in history4 ,she deserves that much at least4 ,and yet the telephone girl at ,etain is but one of her kind the world over4--,sioux ,city ,journal4 ,,iii4 ,oral ,composition #a4 ,point out in each story the situation1 the climax1 and the dnouement4 #b4 ,discuss the meaning of polytechnic1 lionized1 lyric4 #c4 ,discuss the etymology of volunteers1 mission1 graduate1 telephone1 literature4 #d4 ,describe ,etain4 #e4 ,find in the models examples of antithesis1 alliteration1 and simile4 ,,iv4 ,written ,composition #a4 ,do not exceed the length of the models4 #b4 ,be sure that your story is in three paragraphs1 arranged thus3 7#a7 ,situation2 7#b7 ,climax2 7#c7 ,dnouement4 #c4 ,put your story in the form of a news article with a heading4 ,don't forget the ,four ,w's4 ,v4 ,model ,,new ,,york1 ,november #ba4 ,the mystery of the disappearance of ,mrs4 ,pauline ,edwards on ,november #ah was cleared up to-day4 ,a party of police visited her home at #if ,east ,twenty-third ,st4 at #i ,a4,m4 for the purpose of making a final examination of the premises4 ,they found ,mr4 ,allan ,edwards1 her husband1 at home1 and compelled him to accompany them on their tour of inspection4 ,careful scrutiny of all the rooms having failed to reveal any evidence of foul play1 they were about to leave the cellar1 which they had visited last1 when ,edwards1 who was apparently under the influence of liquor or strong excitement1 called their attention in abusive language to the construction of the walls1 at the same time rapping heavily with a cane upon the bricks of the foundation of a chimney4 ,his blows were answered by a sound from within the chimney4 ,it seemed at first like the sobbing of a child and then swelled into an indescribable scream1 howl1 or shriek4 ,the wall was broken down1 revealing the bloody corpse of ,mrs4 ,edwards4 ,it stood erect4 ,on its head sat a black cat4 ,on being arraigned before ,police ,justice ,o',toole1 ,edwards confessed his guilt and told the story of his life4 ,he comes from an excellent family1 is a graduate of the ,university of ,utopia1 and had a thriving business until1 several years ago1 he became addicted to drink4 ,during the summer of #aiac1 in a drunken frenzy1 he gouged out one eye of a cat named ,pluto1 who had formerly been one of his pets4 ,more recently he had destroyed this animal by hanging it with a clothes line in his yard4 ,remorse for this cruel deed caused him about two months ago to domesticate another cat1 which was exactly like the first except that1 whereas the first was entirely black1 the second had on its breast a white spot1 shaped like a gallows4 ,this circumstance1 the fact that the animal had only one eye1 and his own nervous condition soon made ,edwards loathe and fear the new cat4 ,on the morning of ,november #ag1 he and ,mrs4 ,edwards went to the cellar to inspect their supply of coal4 ,the cat followed them down the steep stairs and nearly overthrew ,edwards1 who thereupon seized an axe and would have slain it1 had not ,mrs4 ,edwards interposed4 ,in his fury at being thwarted1 he buried the axe in her skull4 ,as the cellar had been newly plastered1 he had no difficulty in removing some bricks from the chimney1 in concealing the remains in its interior1 and in repairing the wall in such a way that it did not differ in appearance from the rest of the cellar4 ,dr4 ,felix ,leo1 ,professor of ,zology at ,columbia1 on having these facts told him this morning1 said he thought it unlikely that ,cat ,number ,two was the same individual as ,cat ,number ,one1 though the story of ,androcles and the lion1 if true1 would indicate that animals of the feline species sometimes remember and reciprocate a kindness4 ,why1 then1 said the doctor1 solemnly closing one eye1 may we not suppose that a cat would have the will and the intelligence to revenge an injury8 ,the theory of ,edwards1 who is now confined in a padded cell in the ,tombs1 is different4 ,he maintains that the two cats are one and the same1 and that the body of the beast is occupied by that ubiquitous spirit who is variously known as ,satan1 ,hornie1 ,cloots1 ,mephistopheles1 ,pluto1 and ,old ,nick4 ,,vi4 ,analysis of ,model ,this story is simply a translation into newspaper ,english of ,edgar ,allen ,poe's story entitled ,the ,black ,cat4 ,its three parts are as follows3 #a4 ,situation4 ,a man is converted by drink into such a beast that he first tortures and kills a pet and afterwards in his frenzy murders his wife1 concealing her body in a chimney4 #b4 ,climax4 ,his crime is revealed by the wail of the cat1 which he had supposed dead but had walled up with the corpse4 #c4 ,dnouement4 ,he is to be executed4 ,poe puts the dnouement first1 the situation second1 and the climax last1 which is a common and effective method in tales of horror and mystery4 ,the newspaper method is to put the climax first1 the dnouement second1 and the situation last4 ,this arrangement1 which is as old as ,homer's ,odyssey1 is thus alluded to by ,byron3 ,most epic poets plunge in medias res1 7,horace makes this the heroic turnpike road71 ,and then your hero tells1 whene'er you please1 ,what went before--by way of episode4 ,for newspaper purposes this method is desirable because it makes a good lead4 ,that is1 the first paragraph1 and if possible the first sentence1 tells the biggest fact about the case4 ,readers' attention being thus caught and economized1 they get the habit of buying papers4 ,,vii4 ,assignments #a4 ,write headlines for the models in this chapter4 #b4 ,rewrite the ,models in ,section ,,ii on the plan of that in ,section ,v4 #c4 ,rewrite on the same plan one of ,poe's other detective stories1 one of ,conan ,doyle's ,sherlock ,holmes tales1 ,stevenson's ,dr4 ,jekyll and ,mr4 ,hyde or ,the ,wrecker1 one of ,cooper's novels1 or any other thrilling story4 ,,viii4 ,cautions #a4 ,be sure that you have your three situations in the right order4 #b4 ,be exceedingly particular about the ,four ,w's4 ,make them stand out vividly in each situation4 #c4 ,use the shortest words that will convey your meaning4 #d4 ,use adjectives and adverbs sparingly4 ,how many does the model contain8 ,,ix4 ,suggested ,reading ,jules ,verne's ,mysterious ,island2 ,robert ,browning's ,herv ,riel2 ,tennyson's ,revenge2 ,whittier's ,barbara ,frietchie2 ,samuel ,rogers's ,ginevra4 ,x4 ,memorize ,,the ,,war-,,song ,,of ,,dinas ,,vawr ,the mountain sheep are sweeter1 ,but the valley sheep are fatter2 ,we therefore deemed it meeter ,to carry off the latter4 ,we made an expedition2 ,we met an host and quelled it2 ,we forced a strong position1 ,and killed the men who held it4 ,on ,dyfed's richest valley1 ,where herds of kine were browsing1 ,we made a mighty sally1 ,to furnish our carousing4 ,fierce warriors rushed to meet us2 ,we met them1 and o'erthrew them3 ,they struggled hard to beat us1 ,but we conquered them1 and slew them4 ,as we drove our prize at leisure1 ,the king marched forth to catch us3 ,his rage surpassed all measure1 ,but his people could not match us4 ,he fled to his hall-pillars2 ,and1 ere our force we led off1 ,some sacked his house and cellars1 ,while others cut his head off4 ,we there1 in strife bewildering1 ,spilt blood enough to swim in3 ,we orphaned many children1 ,and widowed many women4 ,the eagles and the ravens ,we glutted with our foemen2 ,the heroes and the cravens1 ,the spearmen and the bowmen4 ,we brought away from battle1 ,and much their land bemoaned them1 ,two thousand head of cattle1 ,and the head of him who owned them3 ,ednyfed1 ,king of ,dyfed1 ,his head was borne before us2 ,his wine and beasts supplied our feasts1 ,and his overthrow1 our chorus4 ,,thomas ,,love ,,peacock4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,book ,,reviews ,a good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit4 ,,john ,,milton4 ,i4 ,assignments #a4 ,write a review of a book of travels4 #b4 ,write a review of a biography4 #c4 ,write a review of a novel4 ,,ii4 ,models ,i ,,fraser1 ,,john ,,foster4 ,the ,amazing ,argentine4 ,pp4 #bia1 illustrated4 ,new ,york3 ,funk ,wagnalls ,company4 #a4ej net4 ,this volume should go far to dissipate any idea that there is not much of any consequence south of the ,rio ,grande besides the ,panama ,canal4 ,in the story of his journeyings over the length and breadth of this enormous country--twice the size of ,mexico--,mr4 ,fraser paints us a picture of a progressive people1 and a country that is rapidly assuming a position as the foremost producer of the world's meat-supply4 ,stretching from the ,atlantic to the ,andes ,mountains and from north of the ,tropic of ,capricorn to the ,straits of ,magellan1 it supports #cj1jjj1jjj cattle1 over #hj1jjj1jjj sheep1 and #h1jjj1jjj horses4 ,the railroads1 in which the ,british have invested #cjj1jjj1jjj1 are among the best equipped in the world1 and carry annually #dj1jjj1jjj tons of freight1 with approximate receipts of #be1jjj1jjj4 ,the export trade is advancing by leaps and bounds1 and in #aiab the value of wool exports was #ej1jjj1jjj1 live-stock products #ce1jjj1jjj1 and agricultural produce #ec1jjj1jjj2 while the extent of the frozen-meat business may be gaged from the fact that #aa1jjj1jjj is invested in freezing-houses4 ,the book is a distinct help to ,americans in showing them a little more of the great country that is opening up to their enterprise4--,the ,literary ,digest1 ,october #ag1 #aiad4b #b ,reprinted by permission of ,funk ,wagnalls ,company4 ,,ii ,,le ,,sueur ,,gordon4 ,cecil ,rhodes4 #hvo1 pp4 #cde4 ,new ,york3 ,mc,bride1 ,nast ,co4 #c4ej4 ,cecil ,rhodes must be looked upon as the ,clive of ,south ,africa4 ,he found that country a land of wilderness and savagery4 ,he transformed it into a fair and industrious province4 ,he possessed the unscrupulous and relentless spirit of such conquerors as ,julius ,csar1 and he was at the same time a financier of the widest resource4 ,but some nefarious or alleged nefarious transactions which stained his name as a business man and a politician deprived him of royal recognition4 ,he was not only denied a title1 but even failed to obtain a decoration1 and it was not until his death that a magnificent monument was unveiled to his memory in the heart of ,rhodesia1 a province which he had created and which was named after him4 ,cecil ,john ,rhodes 7#ahec-aijb7 was born1 like so many eminent ,englishmen1 in the house of a clergyman4 ,into the forty-nine years of his life he compressed a very stirring chapter of ,british victory4 ,there was something of the buccaneer in his character when he prompted the notorious ,jameson ,raid and eventually brought the ,british ,government into conflict with the cunning and ambition of ,kruger--,oom ,paul1 as he was styled4 ,for the bitter and bloody ,boer ,war the blame has always been laid upon the shoulders of ,rhodes4 ,rhodes was an ,oxford man and an omnivorous reader4 ,he began by working in the diamond-mines at ,kimberley as a common laborer2 he ended by becoming manager of the ,chartered ,company1 and amassing a vast fortune4--,the ,literary ,digest1 ,april1 #aiad4c #c ,ibid4 ,,iii ,sense and ,sensibility4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,jane ,austen4 ,london3 ,egerton4 #ahaa4 ,though inferior to ,pride and ,prejudice1 this work is about as well worth reading as any novel which1 previous to its publication1 had been written in the ,english language4 ,its interest depends1 not on its descriptive and narrative power1 but on character portrayal and humor4 ,though both lovable girls1 the two heroines1 ,elinor and ,marianne1 are as imperfect and as different as sisters are apt to be in real life4 ,vulgar match-making ,mrs4 ,jennings1 as ,austin ,dobson calls her1 like many a flesh-and-blood dowager1 at first repels us by her foolish prattle and finally wins our respect by her kindness4 ,sir ,john ,middleton1 with his horror of being alone2 ,lady ,middleton1 with her horror of impropriety2 ,miss ,steele1 who can always be made happy by being teased about the ,doctor2 ,lucy ,steele1 pretty1 clever1 not over-fastidious in her principles1 and abominably weak in her grammar2 ,robert ,ferrars1 whose airs are justly punished by his marriage to ,lucy2 ,mrs4 ,ferrars1 who contrives to be uniformly unamiable2 ,mrs4 ,john ,dashwood1 fit daughter to such a mother2 and ,mr4 ,john ,dashwood1 fit husband to such a wife--together form a gallery of portraits of which any author might be proud4 ,the book1 too1 is rich in humor4 ,among other delightful things we read of a will which1 like almost every other will1 gave as much disappointment as pleasure2 of a child of three who possesses the usual charms of that age1 an imperfect articulation1 an earnest desire of having his own way1 many cunning tricks1 and a great deal of noise2 of apricot marmalade applied successfully as a remedy for a bruised temple2 of a company who met to eat1 drink1 and laugh together1 to play at cards or consequences1 or any other game that was sufficiently noisy2 of a husband who is always making remarks which his wife considers so droll but cannot remember2 of ,constantia wine1 which is equally good for colicky gout and broken hearts2 of a face of strong natural sterling insignificance2 of a girl who was pleased that a man had called and still more pleased that she had missed him2 of a woman of few words1 for1 unlike people in general1 she proportioned them to the number of her ideas2 of a newspaper item that interested nobody except those who knew its contents before2 and of a man who was perfectly the gentleman in his behavior to guests and only occasionally rude to his wife and mother-in-law4 ,it is true that the two heroes are not very heroic1 ,edward ,ferrars being only a curate and ,col4 ,brandon a poor old man of #cf with a flannel waistcoat2 but the latter is pretty thoroughly the gentleman and the former gives up a fortune of #cj1jjj pounds in order to marry a girl whom he does not love1 thereby furnishing1 if not an example of good sense1 at least an agreeable contrast to ,marianne's lover1 ,willoughby1 who marries a girl whom he does not love in order to get the money which he is too genteel to earn4 ,on the whole1 it is a wonderful book to have been written by a girl of twenty-one4#d #d ,reprinted1 by permission of ,the ,macmillan ,company1 from the introduction of ,sense and ,sensibility1 edited by ,edwin ,l4 ,miller4 ,,iii4 ,notes1 ,queries1 and ,exercises #a4 ,among the important functions of a newspaper is the task of announcing the appearance of new books1 describing their contents1 and commenting on their merits4 ,the style of such notices should1 above everything else1 be clear4 ,most of them are unfortunately disfigured by a jargon which repels readers instead of inducing them to peruse the books reviewed4 #b4 ,what information should the heading of a book notice furnish8 #c4 ,model ,i is an excellent example of what a review in a single paragraph should be4 ,the first sentence bridges the intellectual and geographical space between the ,united ,states and ,argentina1 between the reader and the subject1 which is just what an introduction should do4 ,the second sentence describes the country in general terms1 ending in a clause that leads directly to the most striking single fact about ,argentina1 its importance as an agricultural country4 ,the three sentences that follow give concrete facts in support of this clause4 ,the final sentence drives home the point stated in the first4 #d4 ,discuss the meaning and etymology of dissipate1 ,rio ,grande1 annually1 approximate1 exports1 enterprise4 #e4 ,point out one restrictive and one non-restrictive clause4 #f4 ,describe orally the location and character of the ,rio ,grande1 ,mexico1 the ,panama ,canal1 the ,atlantic1 the ,andes1 the ,tropic of ,capricorn1 the ,british1 and the ,straits of ,magellan4 #g4 ,what figure of speech have we in the phrase1 the ,amazing ,argentine8 #h4 ,in ,model ,,ii we have an illustration of a biographical review in three paragraphs4 ,it presents a vivid picture of ,cecil ,rhodes in spite of the fact that it is not well organized4 ,try the experiment of rewriting it according to this plan3 ,par4 ,i--,introduction1 or ,bridge2 ,par4 ,,ii--,rhodes's ,services to ,mankind2 ,par4 ,,iii--,rhodes's ,faults2 ,par4 ,,iv--,rhodes's ,private ,life4 #i4 ,find in the model an example of alliteration and an example of antithesis4 #aj4 ,explain the allusions in ,clive1 ,julius ,csar1 buccaneer1 ,jameson ,raid1 ,kruger1 ,boer ,war1 and ,oxford4 #aa4 ,define financier1 nefarious1 politician1 notorious1 ambition1 and omnivorous4 ,from what language do these words come8 #ab4 ,analyze ,model ,,iii as ,i and ,,ii have already been analyzed for you4 #ac4 ,find in ,,iii an antithesis and an alliteration4 #ad4 ,which of the books do you wish most to read8 ,why8 #ae4 ,do these models observe the law of presenting concrete rather than abstract statements8 #af4 ,make a list of the books you have read1 putting in one column the books of travel1 into another the biographies1 and into a third the novels4 #ag4 ,choose one of these as the subject of a review which you are to write4 ,,iv4 ,oral ,composition ,in preparing for this observe the following points3 7a7 ,remember that your main purpose is to persuade others to read the book4 7b7 ,in your first paragraph make a bridge from the minds of your audience to the book4 7c7 ,in the body of your review describe concretely the one most interesting feature of the work4 7d7 ,in your last paragraph restate the idea of the first but do it in some other form4 ,v4 ,written ,composition ,concentrate your attention on perfection of sentence structure4 ,,vi4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,week ,i ,week ,,ii ,monday --,dictation ,oral ,composition4 ,tuesday --,dictation4 ,oral ,composition4 ,wednesday--,notes1 ,queries1 ,exercises4 ,written ,composition4 ,thursday --,notes1 ,queries1 ,exercises4 ,revision4 ,friday --,speaking4 ,program4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,reading #a4 ,macaulay's ,frederic the ,great1 ,clive1 and ,hastings4 #b4 ,mark ,twain's ,roughing ,it4 #c4 ,scott's ,ivanhoe4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,guilielmus ,,rex ,the folk who lived in ,shakespeare's day ,and saw that gentle figure pass ,by ,london ,bridge1 his frequent way-- ,they little knew what man he was4 ,the pointed beard1 the courteous mien1 ,the equal port to high and low1 ,all this they saw or might have seen-- ,but not the light behind the brow6 ,the doublet's modest gray or brown1 ,the slender sword-hilt's plain device1 ,what sign had these for prince or clown8 ,few turned1 or none1 to scan him twice4 ,yet 'twas the king of ,england's kings6 ,the rest with all their pomps and trains ,are mouldered1 half-remembered things-- ',tis he alone that lives and reigns6 ,,thomas ,,bailey ,,aldrich4 ,,chapter ,x ,,reporting ,,games ,it is not strength but art obtains the prize1 ,and to be swift is less than to be wise4 ,iliad4 ,i4 ,assignment ,if it is fall1 report a football game2 if winter1 a basket-ball game2 if spring or summer1 a baseball game4 ,,ii4 ,material ,in order to be able to report a football game1 one must understand the rules of the game1 be familiar with the personnel and history of the opposing teams1 and know the names of the officials4 ,the task therefore resolves itself into three parts3 #a4 ,learning the rules of the game4 #b4 ,studying the teams and officials4 #c4 ,attending the game and taking notes4 ,those members of the class who are familiar with the rules may be assigned the task of explaining them to the others2 this is an excellent exercise in oral composition4 ,it should include3 7#a7 ,a short history of football2 7#b7 ,a description of the field2 7#c7 a description of the equipment of a team2 7#d7 an account of the organization of a team2 7#e7 a description of the way a game is played2 7#f7 an explanation of the rules4 ,spalding's ,football ,guide contains all of the information necessary1 though it may be supplemented by encyclopdias4 ,it is suggested that this exercise be organized for presentation as a program4 ,the study of the opposing teams may be managed in the same way4 ,it should include3 7#a7 ,their past history2 7#b7 their personnel2 7#c7 some account of the officials and their qualifications4 ,quick and accurate observation of what happens during a game is essential4 ,a good scheme for recording everything as it occurs is to make a chart of the field in a notebook1 and1 as the game progresses1 to mark on it the progress of the ball1 using a blue pencil when it is in the possession of one side and a red pencil when the other has it4 ,on this chart brief notes of the methods by which the ball is advanced may also be made4 ,,iii4 ,composition ,football reports vary in length from a bare statement of the result of a game to many columns1 the determining factor in this particular being the amount of public interest4 ,the style is sometimes rendered picturesque by a skillful use of metaphor1 antithesis1 and slang1 but more often is severely plain4 ,the latter method is the only safe one for beginners4 ,except in the hands of a genius1 the former is sure to result in silly vulgarity4 ,the models which follow are of convenient length and in style are admirable1 being clear1 correct1 and free from vulgarity4 ,,iv4 ,models ,i ,,michigan1 #ae2 ,m4,a4,c41 #c ,michigan defeated the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college at ,lansing on ,saturday1 ,oct4 #ad1 in a game which marked the first defeat of the ,aggies on their home field4 ,the ,wolverines went into the late minutes of the third quarter without a score and with #c points against them1 and1 by the kind of football that has made ,yost teams famous1 played the farmers to a standstill4 ,michigan was returned a winner by a score of #ae to #c4 ,the game brought out ,jimmie ,craig in the new rle of halfback and assured him a permanent berth behind the line4 ,six hundred ,michigan rooters attended the game4 ,the summary3 ,michigan1 #ae ,position ,m4,a4,c41 #c ,garrels ,l4,e4 ,stone 7,capt47 ,davis ,conklin 7,capt47 ,l4,t4 ,bekeman ,day ,bogle ,l4,g4 ,mc,laughty ,paterson ,c4 ,mc,williams ,allmendinger ,r4,g4 ,culver ,quinn ,martin ,pontius ,r4,t4 ,gifford ,wells ,r4,e4 ,gorenflo ,craig ,q4 ,riblet ,mc,millan ,torbet ,herrington ,l4,h4 ,hill ,craig ,carpell ,r4,h4 ,markem ,thomson ,f4,b4 ,bullard ,julian ,officials--,referee1 ,hackett1 ,west ,point2 ,umpire1 ,eckersall1 ,chicago2 ,field ,judge1 ,allen1 ,northwestern2 ,head ,linesman1 ,yeckley1 ,penn4 ,state4 ,time of ,periods--#aj minutes4 ,,ii ,,michigan1 #ai2 ,,ohio ,,state1 #j ,michigan's defeat of ,o4,s4,u4 on ,ferry ,field ,saturday1 ,october #ba1 was due largely to the superior endurance of the ,wolverine team4 ,state outplayed ,michigan in the first quarter of the game1 but ,michigan soon settled to the task and rolled up #ai points against no score for the visitors4 ,foss1 the ,ohio quarterback1 was the individual star of the game4 ,the summary3 ,michigan1 #ai ,position ,o4,s4,u41 #j ,conklin 7,capt47 ,l4,e4 ,trautman ,mc,coy ,bogle ,l4,t4 ,barriklow ,roblee ,bogle ,l4,g4 ,raymond ,quinn ,paterson ,c4 ,geib ,allmendinger ,r4,g4 ,geisman ,garrels ,pontius ,r4,t4 ,markley 7,capt47 ,wells ,r4,e4 ,pavey ,stover ,mc,millan ,q4 ,foss ,pickard ,craig ,l4,h4 ,smith1 ,l4,j4 ,carpell ,r4,h4 ,cox ,huebel ,thomson ,f4,b4 ,wright ,willaman ,officials--,referee1 ,thompson1 ,georgetown2 ,umpire1 ,hoagland1 ,princeton2 ,field ,judge1 ,lieut4 ,nelly1 ,west ,point2 ,head ,linesman1 ,macklin1 ,penn4 ,time of periods--#ae minutes4 ,,iii ,,michigan1 #i2 ,,vanderbilt1 #h ,michigan was played to a standstill in the game with ,mc,gugin's ,vanderbilt eleven on ,ferry ,field ,saturday1 ,oct4 #bh1 and it was by the closest of margins that the ,wolverines won out by a #i to #h score4 ,a field goal was scored by each team and each team made a touchdown1 but ,michigan was more fortunate than her southern rivals in that ,mc,millan made a perfect punt-out and ,conklin kicked goal1 while ,captain ,roy ,morrison of ,vanderbilt fell down on the same play and lost his team the chance to try for a goal from touchdown when he overkicked on the punt-out4 ,yost was far from satisfied by the showing of the ,michigan team4 ,the summary3 ,michigan1 #i ,position ,vanderbilt1 #h ,conklin 7,capt47 ,l4,e4 ,k4 ,morrison ,bogle ,l4,t4 ,freeland ,covington ,quinn ,l4,g4 ,metzger ,paterson ,c4 ,morgan ,garrels ,r4,g4 ,c4 ,brown ,pontius ,r4,t4 ,t4 ,brown ,wells ,r4,e4 ,e4 ,brown ,mc,millan ,q4 ,r4 ,morrison 7,capt47 ,craig ,l4,h4 ,hardage ,carpel ,r4,h4 ,collins ,curlin ,thomson ,f4,b4 ,sikes ,officials--,referee1 ,bradley ,walker1 ,virginia2 ,umpire1 ,eckersall1 ,chicago2 ,field ,judge1 ,lieut4 ,nelly1 ,west ,point2 ,head ,linesman1 ,heston1 ,michigan4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,elderidge4 ,michigan ,alumnus1 ,november1 #aiaa4 ,v4 ,queries and ,topics for ,oral ,composition #a4 ,what knowledge is necessary in order to report a football game8 #b4 ,how old is the game of football8 #c4 ,wherein do ,rugby1 soccer1 ,canadian1 and ,american football differ8 #d4 ,describe the field on which ,american football is played4 #e4 ,describe the shoes1 costumes1 headgear1 and ball used in the game4 #f4 ,what is a stadium8 #g4 ,describe the functions of each player on a team4 #h4 ,explain the following terms3 kickoff1 tackling1 end run1 line buck1 interference1 blocking1 holding1 off side1 punt1 drop kick1 forward pass1 fair catch1 downs1 scrimmage1 touchdown1 touchback1 safety1 goal from touchdown1 and goal from field4 #i4 ,how many yards must a team carry the ball in four downs in order to keep it8 #aj4 ,how much does a touchdown count8 ,a safety8 ,a field goal8 ,a goal from touchdown8 #aa4 ,how would you go to work to find out the past history of a team and the character of its personnel8 #ab4 ,what method of taking notes is recommended8 #ac4 ,how long should the report of a game be8 #ad4 ,in what style should it be written8 #ae4 ,how many words does each model contain8 #af4 ,observe how the writer seizes on the one or two salient points of each game1 omitting what is unessential4 ,this requires judgment and the effort to do it is a good training in judgment4 #ag4 ,tell whether each sentence is simple1 complex1 or compound4 #ah4 ,explain why each mark of punctuation is used4 #ai4 ,find a metaphor in the models4 ,,vi4 ,exercise ,write a report of ,saturday's game4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,week ,i ,week ,,ii ,monday--7a7 ,review past errors4 ,queries4 7b7 ,assign work on ,sections ,,ii and ,,iii of this chapter4 ,tuesday--,program on ,section ,,ii4 ,queries4 ,wednesday--,program on ,section ,,iii4 ,oral ,composition ,thursday--,dictation of ,models4 ,written ,composition and ,reviews4 ,friday--,dictation of ,models4 ,public ,speaking4 ,,viii4 ,suggested ,reading ,thomas ,hughes's ,tom ,brown at ,rugby2 ,homer's ,iliad1 ,book ,,xxiii2 ,virgil's neid1 ,book ,v4 ,,ix4 ,model ,,ii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,october #i1 #aiac4--;,cornelius ,mc,gillicuddy's ,murder ,association1 incorporated1 convened at the ,polo grounds this afternoon1 transacted routine business1 and adjourned4 ,on motion of ,brother ,edward ,collins1 supported by ,brother ,j4 ,franklin ,baker1 and carried by acclamation1 it was voted to resume the task of tearing the hide off the ,giants4 ,messrs4 ,collins and ,baker were appointed a special committee of two to carry out the work and seven others were assigned to assist them4 ,after the meeting refreshments consisting of singles1 doubles1 triples1 and home runs were served2 and a good time was had by all1 excepting ,john ,j4 ,mc,graw and his employes and friends numbering upward of #be1jjj4 ,the latter class was unanimous in declaring the ,mackmen a bunch of vulgar1 common persons who play professional baseball for a living and thus are not entitled to associate with amateurs1 such as some of the ,new ,york players4 ,to get to the point of things1 ,philadelphia had what some of the fans called one of them afternoons4 ,there is no use trying to describe all the details of this so-called contest1 for it is demoralizing to the young to see such things in print4 ,many criminals have confessed on the scaffold that they got their start watching the ,athletics assault some honest young pitcher who was trying to support his aged mother4 ,they say that1 if the ,macks can get away with their rough work1 anything ought to go4 ,eight to two was the score to-day1 if anybody cares4 ,we can't just figure out where ,new ,york got the two1 but it was there on the score board and must have happened4 ,also there is a well-grounded belief that ,mc,graw has subsidized the scoreboard boy so that he cheats the visitors somewhat4 ,but1 anyhow1 it is reasonably certain that the ,mackmen had plenty1 while ,new ,york was several shy of the total that would have cheered the heart of ,gotham1 if indeed ,gotham has a heart4 ,connie ,mack and ,john ,j4 ,mc,graw each had to do some guessing to-day in the matter of picking a pitcher4 ,lean ,connie picked up the right answer and ,fat ,john did not4 ,there's the whole story4 ,the ,philadelphia boss shook up the names of his young pitchers in a hat1 shut his eyes1 and drew out the name of ,joe ,bush4 ,mc,graw1 by and with the consent and advice of his entire club1 picked ,jeff ,tesreau4 ,at least it was popularly believed1 during and before the game started1 that ,john had given his mound corps a careful slant and chosen ,jeff as the best bet4 ,afterward some of the experts believed that the ,new ,york manager1 by way of showing a delicate bit of courtesy to a guest1 had accorded ,connie the privilege of naming ,new ,york's gunner4 ,certainly ,tesreau was the best player ,philadelphia had and the ,athletics were seriously crippled when he retired in the seventh1 just after ,baker had knocked ,doyle's right leg out into the field4 ,about all that ,tesreau had was a fine physique and a mouthful of slippery elm4 ,almost before the umpires and managers had ceased to chat over the rules1 the ,macks had lumped three hits1 and with a wild heave by ,artie ,fletcher had scored three runs1 which was one more than the ,giants got all day4 ,in the next inning some more hammering gave another pair of markers4 ,then ,tesreau settled down and went along fairly well until the seventh4 ,the ,athletics had another rush of hits to the outfield in this inning and ,otis ,crandall came in to finish up the contest1 or scandal1 whichever you choose to term it4 ,by this time ,connie's men were getting hungry for supper1 so they made only one tally off ,crandall1 this coming when ,wallie ,schang bakered one into the right field stand4 ,of course1 under such conditions1 ,joe ,bush didn't have a real test4 ,connie ,mack himself1 or his crippled batboy1 could have pitched the game and won it from the second inning on4 ,joe just kept slamming them over and1 though he had a couple of wild spells that gave the ,giants a chance to figure in the game1 he always was able to pull himself together before there was any real danger4 ,nobody here had heard much about this ,joe ,bush previous to to-day4 ,even the experts1 who see all things that are and a lot that aren't1 didn't have the dope on him4 ,they had heard of ,donie ,bush and ,anheuser ,busch and ,bush leaguers1 but ,joseph was a new one4 ,for the information and guidance of those who may be interested1 we furnish the data that he came ,from the ,missoula ,club of the ,union--or is it ,onion--,association last fall1 and is a right hander4 ,bush has the reputation of being almost as speedy as ,walter ,johnson on his good days and this was one of them4 ,in the early stages of the game he depended almost entirely on his fast ball but later began to unbelt a few curves which had the right sort of a fold to them4 ,although in a hole with many batters1 he passed only four and hit one4 ,great fielding helped him at times1 the ,macks pulling off a double play in each of three innings in which ,new ,york appeared to have something started4 ,any child wonder who can come all the way from ,missoula to ,broadway in one year and win a world's series game is of course entitled to much credit1 but this boy certainly fell into a particularly soft spot4 ,with the ,macks' billion dollar infield killing base hits for him and the attack getting him eight runs1 he would have had a hard time slipping the game to ,mc,graw if he had sold out before hostilities started4 ,bush permitted the ,giants1 who were commonly reported to be moaning for the gore of ,mack's youngsters1 just five hits4 ,two of these were bunched in one inning and resulted in one of the runs4 ,the others straggled through4#e #e ,reprinted by permission of the author1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,batchelor1 of the ,detroit ,free ,press4 ,the ,score ,,philadelphia ,,ab ,r ,h ,,tb ,,bb ,,sh ,,sb ,,po ,a ,e ,e4 ,murphy1 r4f4 #e #a #b #b #j #j #j #b #j #j ,oldring1 l4f4 #e #c #b #b #j #j #a #j #j #j ,collins1 #b;b4 #e #b #c #e #j #j #a #e #d #j ,baker1 #c;b4 #d #a #b #b #j #j #a #c #a #j ,mc,innis1 #a;b4 #d #j #j #j #j #j #j #i #j #j ,strunk1 c4f4 #d #j #j #j #j #j #j #a #j #j ,barry1 s4s4 #d #j #a #a #j #j #j #b #c #j ,schang1 c4 #d #a #a #d #j #j #j #e #b #a ,bush1 p4 #d #j #a #a #j #j #j #j #a #j ----------------------------- ,total #ci #h #ab #ag #j #j #c #bg #aa #a ,,new ,,york ,,ab ,r ,h ,,tb ,,bb ,,sh ,,sb ,,po ,a ,e ,herzog1 #c;b4 #d #j #j #j #j #j #j #a #j #j ,doyle1 #b;b4 #d #j #a #a #j #j #j #e #a #j ,fletcher1 s4s4 #b #j #a #a #a #j #a #b #b #a ,burns1 l4f4 #d #j #j #j #j #j #j #c #j #j ,shafer1 c4f4 #c #a #a #b #a #j #j #b #j #j ,murray1 r4f4 #c #a #a #a #a #j #a #d #j #j ,mc,lean1 c4 #b #j #a #a #j #j #j #c #a #j ,wilson1 c4 #b #j #j #j #j #j #j #b #j #j ,merkle1 #a;b4 #b #j #j #j #a #j #j #c #j #j ,wiltse1 #a;b4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #b #j #j ,tesreau1 p4 #b #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j ,crandall1 p4 #a #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #b #j ,a,cooper #j #j #j #j #j #j #a #j #j #j ----------------------------- ,total #bi #b #e #f #d #j #c #bg #f #a ,a ,ran for ,mc,lean in fifth4 ,philadelphia #c #b #j #j #j #j #b #a #j--h ,new ,york #j #j #j #j #a #j #a #j #j--b ,two-base hit--,shafer4 ,three-base hit--,collins4 ,home run--,schang4 ,struck out--by ,tesreau1 #c2 by ,crandall1 #a2 by ,bush1 #c4 ,double plays--,collins-,barry2 ,bush-,barry-,mc,innis2 ,doyle 7unassisted72 ,schang-,collins4 ,time--#b3aa4 ,umpires--,rigler at plate1 ,connolly on bases1 ,klem and ,egan in field4 ,x4 ,exercises #a4 ,in this report we have a good example of baseball reporting as a literary art4 ,the writer1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,batchelor1 of the ,detroit ,free ,press1 uses metaphor and antithesis with effect4 ,the framework1 as is usual in good comic writing1 is excellent4 ,observe it3 #a4 ,four ,w's--,par4 #a4 #b4 ,business ,meeting--,par4 #b4 #c4 ,refreshments--,pars4 #c-ab1 inclusive4 ,what ,new ,york suffered--,par4 #c4 ,what ,philadelphia did--,par4 #d4 ,the ,score--,par4 #e4 ,the ,pitchers--,pars4 #f-aj4 ,their ,choice--,par4 #f4 ,what ,new ,york's didn't do--,pars4 #g-h4 ,joe ,bush--,pars4 #i-ab4 #b4 ,use of ,metaphor4 7a7 ,analyze the metaphor in ,murder ,association4 7b7 ,point out the words in the first three paragraphs that serve to sustain and amplify the comparison4 7c7 ,explain the metaphors that lurk in rush of hits to the outfield1 bakered1 unbelt1 in a hole1 straggled through4 #c4 ,antithesis4 ,in ,par4 #c the first sentence contains a fine contrast1 ,a good time was had by all1 excepting1 etc41 all including fewer persons than there are in the group excepted4 ,it is an old but good trick4 ,in the same paragraph note also the contrast between professionals and amateurs4 ,the rest of the story contains at least a half-dozen antitheses in addition to those already mentioned4 ,find them4 #d4 ,topics for short expository speeches3 ,cornelius ,mc,gillicuddy2 ,j4 ,franklin ,baker2 the ,giants2 ,john ,j4 ,mc,graw2 ,the ,spelling of the ,word ,athletics2 ,how ,baseball is ,played2 ,gotham2 ,joe ,bush2 ,jeff ,tesreau2 ,doyle2 ,a ,mouthful of ,slippery ,elm2 ,otis ,crandall2 ,wallie ,schang2 ,donie ,bush2 ,missoula2 ,curves2 ,broadway2 ,the ,macks' ,billion ,dollar ,infield4 #e4 ,translate3 ,the fans2 one of them afternoons2 if the ,macks can get away with their rough work1 anything ought to go2 shy2 a careful slant2 his best bet2 slamming them over2 pulling off a double play2 something started2 slipping the game to ,mc,graw4 #f4 ,subject for ,debate3 ,resolved--that the use of slang should be avoided4 #g4 ,make a study of the art of reporting baseball games1 following the hints for football already given1 and report a school game4 ,the boys in the class can be relied upon to furnish all of the technical information that will be needed4 ,,xi4 ,memorize ,,endymion ,a thing of beauty is a joy for ever3 ,its loveliness increases2 it will never ,pass into nothingness2 but still will keep ,a bower quiet for us1 and a sleep ,full of sweet dreams1 and health1 and quiet breathing4 ,therefore1 on every morrow1 we are wreathing ,a flowery band to bind us to the earth1 ,spite of despondence1 of the inhuman dearth ,of noble natures1 of the gloomy days1 ,of all the unhealthy and o'er-darkened ways ,made for our searching3 yes1 in spite of all1 ,some shape of beauty moves away the pall ,from our dark spirits4 ,such the sun1 the moon1 ,trees old and young1 sprouting a shady boon ,for simple sheep2 and such are daffodils ,with the green world they live in2 and clear rills ,that for themselves a cooling covert make ',gainst the hot season2 the mid forest brake1 ,rich with a sprinkling of fair musk-rose blooms3 ,and such too is the grandeur of the dooms ,we have imagined for the mighty dead2 ,all lovely tales that we have heard or read3 ,an endless fountain of immortal drink1 ,pouring unto us from the heaven's brink4 ,,john ,,keats4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,reporting ,,speeches ,words are like leaves1 and where they most abound ,much fruit of sense beneath is seldom found4 ,,pope4 ,i4 ,assignment ,report a speech1 lecture1 or sermon in two hundred words4 ,,ii4 ,explanation ,it is easy to obtain the material for this assignment because one has only to attend1 listen1 and take notes4 ,indeed1 in some instances1 speakers are ready and willing to furnish reporters with copies of what they intend to say4 ,the part of the task which requires skill is what is known as boiling down1 condensing1 or reducing the report to the dimensions required by editors4 ,this involves3 first and foremost1 a determination not to misrepresent in any way what is said2 second1 the ability to select the essential points2 third1 an eye for such detail as may be used to spice the report without making it too long4 ,too many reporters1 in their anxiety to make a good story1 observe only the last of these requirements1 and in consequence are unjust to speakers4 ,in the arrangement of the material1 it is well to begin with a statement of the main point of the speech and to follow it with such details as space permits4 ,,iii4 ,speech ,construction ,every good speech1 however long1 has only one main point4 ,its details serve only to illustrate and enforce this central theme4 ,the reporter needs to bear this in mind4 ,he must discover the central point1 or thesis1 before he can write a good report4 ,a knowledge of the principles underlying speech construction is therefore of great value to him1 even if not essential4 ,fortunately1 these are comparatively simple4 ,nearly every good speech1 from ,demosthenes down1 has consisted of the following parts in the following order3 #a4 ,exordium1 or ,introduction4 ,a bridge from the audience to the subject1 designed to conciliate and interest4 #b4 ,status1 or ,plan4 ,an outline of what the speaker intends to say4 #c4 ,statement of ,facts4 ,a presentation of the situation on which the orator intends to found his argument4 #d4 ,argument4 ,here is presented in detail the plan or conclusion which the speaker has in mind1 with the reasons in favor of it4 #e4 ,refutation4 ,a reply to objections which have been or may be urged against the plan4 #f4 ,peroration1 or ,conclusion4 ,this may be a summary of the speech1 a good-humored bit of color1 a picture of the benefits to be derived from the adoption of the orator's plan1 or an impassioned appeal for action4 ,sermons and political speeches are usually argumentative and hence of this type4 ,sometimes1 however1 an orator and his theme are so well known that he omits all except #c and #d2 occasionally all except #d disappear4 ,lectures often contain only #c1 as their purpose is only to convey information4 ,usually1 however1 a speech without an argument is like a gas engine without gas2 it has no go4 ,the speech that does not aim to get people to do something is usually flat1 stale1 and unprofitable4 ,,iv4 ,models ,i ,,london1 ,march #bb1 #agge4--;,conciliation as a means of allaying the present discontent in the ,american colonies was advocated in the ,house of ,commons to-day by ,mr4 ,edmund ,burke4 ,he proposed that ,parliament abandon the idea of taxing the colonies1 and instead place on the statute book an act acknowledging that the various colonial legislative bodies have the power to grant or refuse aids to the crown4 ,though his speech1 which lasted over three hours1 was heard with respect1 the measures which he proposed were defeated by a strict party vote1 #bgj to #gh4 ,mr4 ,burke spoke with a dignity and power which have not been surpassed even by the ,earl of ,chatham4 ,his mastery of the subject was so complete and the form of his speech so perfect that competent judges pronounce it a classic4 ,his speech is to be printed at once as a pamphlet4 ,in outline ,mr4 ,burke said3 ,as ,i have studied this ,american question for years1 have held fixed opinions on it since #agff1 and have nothing to gain except disgrace if ,i suggest a foolish solution of the problem1 ,i believe that you will hear me with patience4 ,my speech will consist of the discussion of two questions3 7#a7 ,should we attempt to conciliate the ,americans8 7#b7 ,if so1 how8 ,america is already powerful by virtue of population1 commerce1 and agriculture4 ,the chief characteristic of the ,american people is their fierce love of freedom4 ,there are only three ways to deal with this spirit3 7#a7 ,to remove it by removing its causes2 7#b7 to punish it as criminal2 7#c7 to comply with it as necessary4 ,its causes are irremovable1 being the love of independence which caused their ancestors to leave ,england2 their religion in the ,north1 which is the ,protestantism of the ,protestant religion2 the fact that in the ,south they hold slaves2 the general diffusion among them of education2 the circumstance that they speak ,english and that an ,englishman is the unfittest man on earth to argue another ,englishman into being a slave2 and the #cjjj miles of ocean1 between us and them4 ,it cannot be treated as criminal1 there being no way to draw up an indictment against a whole nation4 ,indeed1 you have already tried to do this and failed4 ,there remains no way of treating the ,american spirit except to comply with it as necessary4 ,i propose1 therefore1 to erect a ,temple of ,british ,concord with six massive pillars by granting to ,america in six propositions the identical rights which for generations have been by acts of ,parliament secured to ,ireland1 ,wales1 ,chester1 and ,durham1 except that1 owing to the distance of ,america from ,england1 each colony1 instead of sending members to ,parliament1 shall have the power1 through its own legislature1 to grant or refuse aids to the ,crown4 ,if adopted1 these measures1 ,i believe1 will substitute an immediate and lasting peace for the disorders which ,lord ,north's measures have created4 ,the unbought loyalty of a free people1 thus secured1 will give us more revenue than any coercive measure4 ,indeed1 it is the only cement that can hold together the ,british ,empire4 ,,ii ,,edinburgh1 ,sept4 #bj1 #ahhg4--;,edmund ,burke was the theme of a lecture delivered last night before the ,edinburgh ,philosophical ,society by ,mr4 ,augustine ,birrell4 ,nobody is fit to govern this country who has not drunk deep at the springs of ,burke1 said ,mr4 ,birrell1 and he backed up this contention with a wealth of wit and argument which delighted and convinced his audience4 ,the following is a summary of his lecture3 ,to give a full account of ,burke's public life is no part of my plan4 ,i propose merely to sketch his early career1 to explain why he never obtained a seat in the cabinet1 and to essay an analysis of the essential elements of his greatness4 ,born in #agbi in ,dublin1 he grew up with a brother who speculated and a sister of a type who never did any man any serious harm2 acquired at school a brogue which death alone could silence2 at ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 became an omnivorous reader2 came in #agej to ,london to study law1 armed with a cultivated curiosity and no desperate determination to make his fortune2 immediately1 like the sensible ,irishman he was1 fell in love with ,peg ,woffington2 for six years rambled everywhere his purse permitted1 read everything he could lay his hands on1 and talked everlastingly2 in #agef published an ',essay on the ,sublime and ,beautiful1' and married ,miss ,jane ,mary ,nugent2 in #ageh dared at ,david ,garrick's dinner table to contradict ,dr4 ,johnson2 in #agfe became a member of ,parliament2 and for the next sixteen years was the life and soul of the ,whig party4 ,when that party1 in #aghb1 finally came into power1 ,burke's only reward1 however1 was a minor office1 a fact which1 in view of his great merits1 has amazed posterity4 ,the explanation is that his contemporaries probably knew him1 not as a commanding genius1 but as an ,irishman who was always in debt1 whose relatives were rather disreputable1 whose judgment was often wrong1 and whose temper was violent4 ,his significance for us grows from the fact that he applied the imagination of a poet of the first order to the business of life4 ,he saw organized society steadily and saw it whole4 ,perceiving that only a thin crust of conventionality protects organized society from the volcanic heats of anarchy1 he was afraid of reformers4 ,he could not agree to dispense with the protection afforded by the huge mountains of prejudice and the ancient rivers of custom4 ,he was the ,high ,priest of ,order4 ,he loved justice and hated iniquity4 ,the world needs his wisdom to-day4 ,mr4 ,birrell's lecture was full of good phrases4 ,for instance3 #a4 ,we have the spectacle of ,burke in his old age1 like another ,laocon1 writhing and wrestling with the ,french ,revolution4 #b4 ,lubricating religious differences with the sweet oil of the domestic affections4 #c4 ,quaint old landladies wonder maternally why he never gets drunk1 and generally mistake him for an author until he pays his bill4 #d4 ,i love him for letting me warm my hands at it 7his wrath at ,gerard ,hamilton7 after a lapse of a hundred and twenty years4 #e4 ,his letters to ,arthur ,young on the subject of carrots still tremble with emotion4 #f4 ,this is magnificent1 but it is not farming4 ,v4 ,queries #a4 ,what part of the task of reporting a speech is easy8 ,why8 #b4 ,wherein lies its difficulty8 #c4 ,what are the three essentials of a good report8 #d4 ,what is the commonest fault in reporting speeches8 #e4 ,what arrangement of material is suggested8 #f4 ,how many main ideas should a speech contain8 #g4 ,name and describe the six parts of a speech4 #h4 ,are any of them ever omitted8 ,when1 how1 and by whom8 #i4 ,discuss the value of argument in a lecture4 #aj4 ,who was ,demosthenes8 #aa4 ,when did the battle of ,lexington occur8 #ab4 ,discuss the etymology of ,parliament4 #ac4 ,explain the subject of each paragraph in ,model ,i4 #ad4 ,divide ,paragraph #c1 ,model ,i1 into the six parts of a complete speech4 #ae4 ,what are the important places in a sentence8 ,did the writer of these models recognize this fact8 #af4 ,find a metaphor in ,model ,i4 ,an alliteration4 ,an antithesis4 #ag4 ,point out the ,four ,w's1 and discuss the sentence structure4 #ah4 ,what is the subject of each paragraph in ,model ,,ii8 #ai4 ,write a note of fifty words on ,augustine ,birrell4 #bj4 ,explain the nature and location of ,ireland1 ,wales1 ,chester1 ,durham1 ,dublin1 ,edinburgh1 ,london4 #ba4 ,who were ,david ,garrick and ,dr4 ,johnson8 #bb4 ,why did ,burke stand no higher with his contemporaries8 #bc4 ,explain the nature of ,burke's importance to the world to-day4 #bd4 ,have the ,british adopted his principles in the management of ,canada1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 and ,south ,africa8 #be4 ,explain the figure of speech in each quotation in the last paragraph of ,model ,,ii4 #bf4 ,find in ,paragraph #b of ,model ,,ii a metaphor and an antithesis4 #bg4 ,how many of the six parts of a speech can you find in ,lincoln's ,gettysburg speech8 ,,vi4 ,composition ,hear and report a speech4 ,if this appears to be undesirable or impossible1 the teacher may read one to the class4 ,the following are suggested3 #a4 ,macaulay's ,speech on ,education4 #b4 ,one of the lectures in ,thackeray's ,english ,humorists or ,four ,georges4 #c4 ,phillips's ,toussaint ,l',ouverture4 #d4 ,webster's ,bunker ,hill ,speeches4 #e4 ,lincoln's ,peoria ,speech against ,douglas4 #f4 ,one of ,birrell's ,obiter ,dicta ,lectures4 ,others equally good will probably suggest themselves4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule#f ,week ,i ,week ,,ii ,monday--,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,v1 #ae-bg4 ,tuesday--,,iv1 #a4 ,oral ,composition4 ,wednesday--,,iv1 #b4 ,oral ,composition4 ,thursday--,v1 #a-ad4 ,written ,composition4 ,friday--,speaking4 ,speaking4 #f ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers3 #a4 ,inspect notebooks frequently4 #b4 ,do not forget home-reading4 #c4 ,be careful to assign a definite task each day4 #d4 ,do not forget the minutes of the previous meeting4 #e4 ,call on everybody every day1 even if it is only to recite one line of a poem4 #f4 ,don't do the reciting yourself4 ,give the class a chance4 ,make them assume responsibility4 ,require them to rewrite themes until they are perfect in technique1 but do not bother too much to point out their errors4 ,let the pupils discover them4 #g4 ,chapters ,v1 ,,vi1 and ,,xii of ,book ,i should be reviewed at frequent intervals until their contents become as familiar as the alphabet4 ,this result can be obtained only by time and persistency4 ,before it is reached1 the average pupil will have learned and forgotten over and over again the material involved4 ,these chapters may sometimes be reviewed as wholes1 but it is also well to take a small section of each daily4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,sennacherib ,the ,assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold1 ,and his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold2 ,and the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea1 ,when the blue wave rolls nightly on deep ,galilee4 ,like the leaves of the forest when ,summer is green1 ,that host with their banners at sunset were seen2 ,like the leaves of the forest when ,autumn hath blown1 ,that host on the morrow lay withered and strown4 ,for the ,angel of ,death spread his wings on the blast ,and breathed in the face of the foe as he passed2 ,and the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill1 ,and their hearts but once heaved and forever grew still6 99 99 99 99 99 ,and the widows of ,ashur are loud in their wail1 ,and the idols are broke in the temple of ,baal2 ,and the might of the ,gentiles1 unsmote by the sword1 ,hath melted like snow in the glance of the ,lord4 ,,lord ,,byron4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,dramatic ,,notices ,to hold the mirror up to ,nature4 ,,shakespeare4 ,i4 ,assignment ,write a notice of one of the plays now on the local stage4 ,,ii4 ,explanation ,to keep its readers informed of the character of the plays being presented at local theaters is one of the functions of the newspaper4 ,if the play is a classic1 only the quality of the acting need be discussed4 ,if it is new1 the notice should also include a description of the play and of its merit4 ,fortunately1 this can always be determined by one simple test--a test suggested by no less a critic than ,william ,shakespeare3 ,does it hold the mirror up to nature8 ,does it give1 in other words1 an accurate picture of life8 ,the stage1 it may be added1 always has been and is now infested by many so-called plays which are not plays at all1 but mere conglomerations of more or less 7usually less7 moral and amusing jokes and antics4 ,the events which some of them depict could occur neither on the earth1 in the sky above the earth1 nor in the waters underneath the earth4 ,from others it would be impossible to cut out any character or scene without improving the whole4 ,they fill the theater with people and the manager's pocket-book with money1 but they are not plays4 ,,iii4 ,models ,i ,the ,melting ,pot comes to ,new ,york with a ,chicago indorsement and the authority lent by the name of ,mr4 ,israel ,zangwill1 as author4 ,mr4 ,zangwill's theme is that the ,united ,states is a crucible in which all the races and nationalities of the world are to be fused into one glorious people4 ,as a play ,the ,melting ,pot has the intellectual tone to be expected from ,mr4 ,zangwill4 ,it also has really poetic touches4 ,in humor it is less successful4 ,in dramatic construction it is faulty1 as are so many of the contemporary plays which try to teach or preach something4 ,the play brings back to ,new ,york after a long absence that excellent actor1 ,mr4 ,walker ,whiteside4--,,metcalfe in ,life 7abbreviated74#g #g ,reprinted by permission of ,life4 ,,ii ,of ,david ,copperfield1 ,dickens's favorite among his own works1 there have been dramatizations almost innumerable4 ,the latest1 called the ,highway of ,life1 by ,louis ,n4 ,parker1 author of ,pomander ,walk and ,disraeli1 has been done with extreme reverence for the text and with an elaborate scenic investiture that would have made glad the heart of the novelist1 enamored as he was of the theater4 ,it was to have been the autumn offering at ,his ,majesty's in ,london1 with ,sir ,herbert ,tree doubling as ,micawber and ,dan'l ,peggotty4 ,the war caused a change of plans1 so the first performance on any stage took place at ,wallack's in ,new ,york4 ,lennox ,pawle1 ,mr4 ,parker's son-in-law1 realized a long-cherished ambition to step forth as ,micawber4 ,fresh from his multimillionaire of ,the ,money ,makers1 came ,emmet ,corrigan for ,dan'l ,peggotty4 ,betsey ,trotwood fell to ,eva ,vincent4 ,the ,lieblers were especially happy in their selection of a ,mrs4 ,micawber in the person of ,maggie ,holloway ,fisher4 ,she spent days digging out and fashioning the costume she wears1 and no one ever murdered a song more successfully than she at ,david's dinner-party4 ,an astonishingly faithful imitation of her languishing airs is given by ,philip ,tonge1 when1 as ,traddles1 he reads ,micawber's letter4 ,j4 ,v4 ,bryant1 the ,copperfield1 and ,vernon ,steele1 the ,steerforth1 are both ,english4 ,o4 ,p4 ,heggie deserves more than a passing word of commendation for the things he refrains from doing as ,uriah ,heep4 ,he is not forever going through that waterless washing of the hands4 ,there are ten different sets of scenery in ,the ,highway of ,life1 all charming or effective as the case may be4 ,for the background of ,mr4 ,wickfield's garden at ,canterbury we have a glimpse of the famous cathedral1 and from ,betsey ,trotwood's domain we get a view of the chalk cliffs and downs at ,dover4 ,a happy conceit throws shadow pictures of the principal characters upon a sheet as they cross the stage just before the first curtain rises4--,,matthew ,,white1 ,,jr41 in ,munsey's 7abbreviated74#h #h ,reprinted by permission of ,munsey's4 ,,iv4 ,notes and ,queries #a4 ,what is the subject of each paragraph in ,model ,i8 #b4 ,explain the function of each sentence in ,model ,i4 #c4 ,discuss the meaning and etymology of the following terms3 ,chicago indorsement2 theme2 crucible2 fuse2 contemporary4 #d4 ,who is ,israel ,zangwill8 #e4 ,tell the story of ,david ,copperfield4 #f4 ,why does ,matthew ,white not tell it8 #g4 ,discuss the uses of the apostrophe4 #h4 ,discuss the meaning and etymology of3 dramatization2 extreme2 elaborate2 investiture2 novelist2 enamored2 theater2 doubling2 ambition2 sets4 #i4 ,what is the subject of each paragraph in ,model ,,ii8 #aj4 ,find at least two metaphors in the models4 ,v4 ,gathering ,material ,material for this exercise may be secured in three places3 #a4 ,at the theater4 #b4 ,at a school play4 #c4 ,by reading1 in case there is no chance to see a play1 one of the following3 ,fitch1 ,w4 ,c4 ,barbara ,frietchie1 or ,nathan ,hale4 ,gilbert1 ,w4 ,s4 ,the ,mikado1 or ,pinafore4 ,goldsmith1 ,o4 ,she ,stoops to ,conquer4 ,maeterlinck1 ,maurice4 ,the ,bluebird4 ,phillips1 ,stephen4 ,ulysses4 ,shakespeare1 ,w4 ,any play4 ,shaw1 ,g4 ,b4 ,csar and ,cleopatra4 ,sheridan1 ,r4 ,b4 ,the ,rivals1 or ,the ,school for ,scandal4 ,tarkington1 ,booth4 ,the ,man from ,home4 ,,vi4 ,organization ,from the following list of paragraph topics1 select those which are best worth discussing in connection with the play which you desire to review4 ,select those about which you can get the fullest information4 #a4 ,the ,four ,w's4 #b4 ,the ,story4 #c4 ,the ,theme4 #d4 ,poetry4 #e4 ,humor4 #f4 ,construction4 #g4 ,philosophy4 #h4 ,the ,actors4 #i4 ,the ,scenery4 #aj4 ,character ,portrayal4 ,if the play is noteworthy for its poetry1 its wit1 or its philosophy1 these should be illustrated by one or two quotations4 ,if the chief interest is in the story1 tell the story4 ,if its strength is derived from the skill of the actors1 from the setting1 or from character portrayal1 devote your attention to a clear exposition of these phases of the play4 ,do not permit your notice to be shorter than ,i nor longer than ,,ii4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,time ,schedule ,monday--,discussion of ,mistakes in former ,themes4 ,tuesday--,study of ,models through ,dictation4 ,wednesday--,gathering of ,material--,organization4 ,thursday--,oral ,discussion of ,first ,drafts4 ,friday--#a4 ,present finished work to teacher4 #b4 ,program4 ,,viii4 ,a ,shakespeare ,program ,if1 for any reason1 it seems unwise to send pupils to a play1 they might be requested 7#a7 to present the following program1 or some modification of it1 as typical of ,shakespeare's best work1 and 7#b7 to write notices or critiques thereon4 ,it is perhaps unnecessary to add that no more profitable or delightful exercise can be devised for a class4 #a4 ,mendelssohn's ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream ,music4 #b4 ,antony's ,oration 7with mob74 #c4 ,songs from ,as ,you ,like ,it4 #d4 ,quarrel of ,brutus and ,cassius4 #e4 ,the ,seven ,ages of ,man4 #f4 ,hamlet's ,soliloquy4 #g4 ,the ,trial ,scene from ,the ,merchant of ,venice4 #h4 ,songs from ,various ,plays4 #i4 ,the ,rude ,mechanicals1 from ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream4 ,,ix4 ,memorize ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,acting ,hamlet4 ,speak the speech1 ,i pray you1 as ,i pronounced it to you1 trippingly on the tongue3 but1 if you mouth it1 as many of your players do1 ,i had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines4 ,nor do not saw the air too much with your hand1 thus1 but use all gently2 for in the very torrent1 tempest1 and1 as ,i may say1 the whirlwind of passion1 you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness4 ,o1 it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters1 to very rags1 to split the ears of the groundlings1 who for the most part are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb-shows and noise3 ,i would have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing ,termagant2 it out-herods ,herod3 pray you1 avoid it4 ,first ,player4 ,i warrant your honour4 ,hamlet4 ,be not too tame neither1 but let your own discretion be your tutor3 suit the action to the word1 the word to the action2 with this special observance1 that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature3 for anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing1 whose end1 both at the first and now1 was and is1 to hold1 as 'twere1 the mirror up to nature2 to show virtue her own feature1 scorn her own image1 and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure4 ,now this overdone1 or come tardy off1 though it make the unskillful laugh1 cannot but make the judicious grieve2 the censure of the which one must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theatre of others4 ,o1 there be players that ,i have seen play1 and heard others praise1 and that highly1 not to speak it profanely1 that1 neither having the accent of ,christians nor the gait of ,christian1 pagan1 nor man1 have so strutted and bellowed that ,i have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men and not made them well1 they imitated humanity so abominably4 ,first ,player4 ,i hope we have reformed that indifferently with us1 sir4 ,hamlet4 ,o1 reform it altogether4 ,and let those that play your clowns speak no more than is set down for them2 for there be of them that will themselves laugh1 to set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh too2 though1 in the mean time1 some necessary question of the play be then to be considered3 that's villainous1 and shows a most pitiful ambition in the fool that uses it4 ,go1 make you ready4 ,,william ,,shakespeare1 ,hamlet1 ,act ,,iii1 ,scene #b4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,interviews ,to be a well-favored man is the gift of fortune2 but to write and read comes by nature4--,,shakespeare4 ,i4 ,introduction ,for most of his material a reporter must rely upon his success as an interviewer4 ,this1 it has already been pointed out1 requires courage1 tact1 persistence1 and some knowledge of human nature4 ,its performance is beyond the powers of most boys and girls1 and besides1 if they tried it1 they would annoy people4 ,as a substitute1 the exercises that follow have been devised4 ,they involve interviews1 it is true1 but only with the members of a pupil's own family4 ,there are two ways to manage an interview4 ,one may go directly at it1 which is sometimes the best method1 or one may approach the subject cautiously4 ,it depends on the disposition of the person interviewed4 ,the direct method will probably work well with mother1 who is never out of sorts1 but as to father--well1 the case may be different2 while sisters1 brothers1 cousins1 aunts1 and uncles present endless problems and opportunities4 ,before interviewing anybody1 it is a good plan always to write down the questions you wish to ask4 ,but do not read them to the person interviewed4 ,get them so thoroughly into your own mind that you will forget none of them4 ,as an exercise1 make a set of questions such as you would need to ask in order to learn the facts contained in the following paragraphs from ,franklin's ,autobiography4 ,,ii4 ,assignments ,write the opening paragraphs of your own biography1 covering the topics suggested below3 ,week #a--,my ,ancestors4 ,week #b--,my ,uncles4 ,week #c--,my ,parents4 ,,iii4 ,model ,i ,,my ,,ancestors ,one of my uncles furnished me with several particulars relating to our ancestors4 ,from his notes ,i learned that the family had lived in the same village1 ,ecton1 in ,northamptonshire1 for three hundred years1 and how much longer he knew not 7perhaps from the time when the name of ,franklin1 that before was the name of an order of people1 was assumed by them as a surname when others took surnames all over the kingdom71 on a freehold of about thirty acres1 aided by the smith's business1 which had continued in the family until his time1 the eldest son being always bred to that business1 a custom which he and my father followed as to their eldest sons4 ,when ,i searched the records of ,ecton1 ,i found an account of their births1 marriages1 and burials from the year #aeee only1 there being no registers kept in that parish at any time preceding4 ,by that register ,i perceived that ,i was the youngest son of the youngest son for five generations back4 ,my grandfather ,thomas1 who was born in #aeih1 lived at ,ecton till he grew too old to follow business longer1 when he went to live with his son ,john1 a dyer at ,banbury1 in ,oxfordshire1 with whom my father served an apprenticeship4 ,there my grandfather died and lies buried4 ,we saw his gravestone in #ageh4 ,his eldest son ,thomas lived in the house at ,ecton1 and left it with the land to his only child1 a daughter4 ,my grandfather had four sons that grew up1 viz3 ,thomas1 ,john1 ,benjamin1 and ,josiah4 ,i will give you what account ,i can of them4 ,,iv4 ,queries #a4 ,who was ,benjamin ,franklin8 ,answer in a five-minute speech4 #b4 ,what is the difference between a biography and an autobiography8 #c4 ,locate ,ecton1 ,northamptonshire1 ,banbury1 and ,oxfordshire4 #d4 ,point out all of the adjective phrases4 #e4 ,does ,franklin use simple1 compound1 or complex sentences1 and in what proportion8 #f4 ,make a list of the topics he discusses4 ,can you improve his order8 #g4 ,are his sentences long or short8 #h4 ,do they lack unity8 #i4 ,can you find any metaphors or antitheses in the model8 #aj4 ,discuss the origin of the name ,franklin4 ,what is a surname8 ,when did the ,english assume surnames8 ,v4 ,composition ,write an account of your own ancestors1 choosing either your father's or your mother's family4 ,let the length be about the same as that of the model4 ,the topics discussed should include the following3 #a4 ,origin of surname4 #b4 ,european home4 #c4 ,occupations4 #d4 ,my grandfather4 #e4 ,his sons4 ,your father1 mother1 uncles1 aunts1 grandfathers1 and grandmothers will furnish you with the material for your composition2 and their aid may be supplemented by the books of genealogy that you will find in the public library4 ,remember that the items listed above were suggested to ,franklin by his material2 if you have interesting facts or traditions that cannot be included under the heads which he uses1 put them in none the less4 ,matter should determine form4 ,,vi4 ,model ,,ii ,,my ,,uncles ,thomas was bred a smith under his father2 but1 being ingenious1 and encouraged in learning 7as all my uncles were7 by an ,esquire1 then the principal gentleman in that parish1 he qualified himself for the business of scrivener2 became a considerable man in the county2 was a chief mover of all public-spirited undertakings for the county or town of ,northampton1 and his own village1 of which many instances were related of him1 and much taken notice of and patronized by the then ,lord ,halifax4 ,he died in #agjb1 ,january #f1 old style1 just four years to a day before ,i was born4 ,the account we received of his life and character from some old people at ,ecton1 ,i remember1 struck you as something extraordinary4 ,had he died on the same day1 you said1 one might have supposed a transmigration4 ,john was bred a dyer1 ,i believe1 of woolens4 ,benjamin was bred a silk dyer1 serving an apprenticeship at ,london4 ,he was an ingenious man4 ,i remember him well1 for when he was a boy he came over to my father in ,boston1 and lived in the house with us for some years4 ,he lived to a great age4 ,his grandson1 ,samuel ,franklin1 now lives in ,boston4 ,he left behind him two quarto volumes1 ,,ms41 of his own poetry1 consisting of little occasional pieces addressed to his friends and relations4 ,he had formed a shorthand of his own1 which he taught me2 but1 never practicing it1 ,i have now forgot it4 ,i was named after this uncle1 there being a particular affection between him and my father4 ,he was very pious1 a great attender of sermons of the best preachers1 which he took down in his shorthand4 ,he was also much of a politician4 ,,vii4 ,topics for ,oral ,composition #a4 ,what is an ,esquire8 ,a gentleman8 ,a parish8 ,a scrivener8 #b4 ,explain the term old style4 #c4 ,what is meant by transmigration8 #d4 ,what is an apprenticeship8 ,an occasional piece8 #e4 ,explain the terms quarto1 folio1 and octavo4 ,,viii4 ,written ,composition ,write an account of your uncles4 ,make it as rich as possible in concrete facts1 for facts are the life and soul of composition4 ,let the length be about the same as that of the model4 ,note that ,franklin discusses his uncles in an order determined by the principle that first and last places are the most conspicuous4 ,he put the uncle about whom he knows most in last place1 so as to have a strong ending1 which grows1 so to speak1 to a climax2 he puts the uncle who is entitled to second place first in order of discussion2 and the uncle who is least important is mentioned in the middle4 ,,ix4 ,model ,,iii ,,my ,,parents ,josiah1 my father1 married young1 and carried his wife with three children into ,new ,england about #afhb4 ,the conventicles having been forbidden by law and frequently disturbed induced some considerable men of his acquaintance to remove to that country1 and he was prevailed with to accompany them thither1 where they expected to enjoy their mode of religion with freedom4 ,by the same wife he had four children more born there1 and by a second wife ten more1 in all seventeen1 of whom ,i remember thirteen sitting at one time at his table1 who all grew up to be men and women and married4 ,i was the youngest son and the youngest child but two1 and was born in ,boston1 ,new ,england4 ,my mother1 the second1 was ,abiah ,folger1 daughter of ,peter ,folger1 one of the first settlers of ,new ,england1 of whom honorable mention is made by ,cotton ,mather1 in his church history of that country1 as a godly1 pious1 learned ,englishman4 ,i have heard that he wrote sundry small occasional pieces1 but only one of them was printed1 which ,i saw now many years since4 ,it was written in #afge1 in the home-spun verse of that time and people1 and addressed to those then concerned in the government there4 ,it was in favor of liberty of conscience and in behalf of the ,baptists1 ,quakers1 and other sectaries that had been under persecution4 ,the whole appeared to me to be written with a good deal of decent plainness and manly freedom4 ,the six concluding lines ,i remember1 though ,i have forgotten the two first of the stanza2 but the purport of them was that his censures proceeded from good will and therefore he would be known to be the author3 ,because to be a libeller ,i hate it with my heart4 ,from ,sherburne town1 where now ,i dwell1 ,my name ,i do put here2 ,without offence your real friend1 ,it is ,peter ,folgier6 ,x4 ,questions and ,topics for ,oral ,composition #a4 ,what is the subject of disturbed1 line #c8 #b4 ,discuss the subject of conventicles4 #c4 ,to what religious sect did ,josiah ,franklin belong8 #d4 ,why did he come to ,america8 #e4 ,who was ,cotton ,mather8 #f4 ,define sundry and occasional4 #g4 ,what is homespun verse8 ,explain the figure4 #h4 ,define sectaries and stanza4 ,,xi4 ,exercises #a4 ,rewrite ,model ,,iii in modern ,english4 #b4 ,write an account of your own parents of about the same length as ,model ,,iii4 #c4 ,before deciding finally on the style of this account of your parents1 seek in the corresponding sections of several biographies for hints4 ,good ones may be discovered in ,boswell's ,johnson1 ,lockhart's ,scott1 ,southey's ,nelson1 ,trevelyan's ,macaulay1 and ,hallam ,tennyson's ,tennyson4 ,,xii4 ,suggested ,reading ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes's ,grandmother's ,story of ,bunker ,hill and ,dorothy ,q4 ,,xiii4 ,memorize ,,procrastination ,be wise to-day2 'tis madness to defer2 ,next day the fatal precedent will plead4 ,procrastination is the thief of time4 ,at thirty1 man suspects himself a fool2 ,knows it at forty1 and reforms his plan2 ,at fifty chides his infamous delay1 ,pushes his prudent purpose to resolve1 ,in all the magnanimity of thought ,resolves1 and re-resolves2 then dies the same4 ,,edward ,,young4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,exposition ,,of ,,mechanics ',tis not in mortals to command success4 ,but we'll do more1 ,sempronius2 we'll deserve it4 ,,joseph ,,addison4 ,i4 ,assignments #a4 ,explain the plan of your own house4 #b4 ,explain the plan of some new house that you pass on your way to school4 #c4 ,explain the structure of a new locomotive1 railway car1 street car1 automobile1 ship1 or aeroplane4 #d4 ,explain the plan of your schoolhouse4 #e4 ,the papers contain many descriptions of new houses4 ,these are usually written with a fine disregard of the laws of composition4 ,find and rewrite one of them4 ,do the same with a description of a ship such as is common in periodicals4 ,,ii4 ,model ,i ,the new suburban home of ,john ,doe is located in a ten-acre tract on the northern side of the ,seven-,mile ,road1 midway between ,woodward ,avenue and the ,gratiot ,e4 ,turnpike4 ,the material is reinforced concrete2 the style1 ,colonial2 the roof of green shingles2 the size1 #dh feet by #cf feet4 ,from a front entrance porch a central hall #g feet wide extends #bi feet to the rear of the house1 terminating in a flight of stairs broken in the middle by a landing4 ,above this landing a circular window gives plenty of light and at the same time forms a decorative feature4 ,on the right1 as one enters the hall1 is a room #i feet by #ad feet1 which may be used as a den or a reception room4 ,back of this is a living-room1 #ad feet by #bj feet1 with a fireplace at the rear end1 and a ,french door that leads to a side piazza4 ,this piazza1 which is #bj feet by #g feet1 is covered and is equipped with sliding windows4 ,on the other side of the hall1 in front1 is the dining-room1 #af feet by #ad feet4 ,this room has a fireplace1 which faces the street1 and a ,french door1 which leads to a side porch #h feet by #aj4 ,the latter is enclosed with glass and is used as a breakfast porch4 ,directly behind this porch is a small sewing-room1 and1 partly behind the sewing-room and partly behind the dining-room1 is the kitchen1 which is #ab feet square4 ,in the northwest corner of the house1 directly north of the sewing-room and west of the kitchen1 are a small back porch and an entry large enough for a refrigerator4 ,east of the kitchen1 between it and the main hall1 are a passage and service stairways leading to the cellar and the upper floors4 ,the kitchen is thus separated from the rest of the house1 either way1 by two doors1 which prevents the odors of the cooking from escaping4 ,the walls of the first floor are finished in oiled and waxed gumwood4 ,the floors are oak1 except in the kitchen1 where hard pine is used4 ,on the second floor the rear of the space above the main hall is occupied by a passage1 the front by a bathroom4 ,on the eastern side of this passage1 above the den1 is a bedroom #af feet by #ad feet1 and back of this1 above the living-room1 a bedroom #ad feet by #aa feet4 ,the latter has a fireplace in the north wall4 ,on the western side of the passage1 in front1 above the dining-room1 is the owner's chamber1 #af feet by #ad feet4 ,from its southeast corner a door leads to the bathroom already mentioned2 on its southwest side is a porch1 and in its northern wall are two closets and a fireplace4 ,in its rear a passage leads to a fourth chamber1 #ad feet by #aj feet1 which has an alcove1 #i feet by #h feet4 ,this alcove is directly above the sewing-room and the chamber is in the northwest corner of the house4 ,between it and the service stairway is a second bathroom4 ,on the third floor are three large chambers1 an unfinished room for storage1 and a servants' bath4 ,the cellar contains a laundry1 a vegetable closet1 coal-bins1 and a hot-water heating-plant4 ,,iii4 ,analytical ,discussion #a4 ,note the framework3 7a7 ,four ,w's--,par4 #a4 7b7 ,first ,floor-- ,par4 #b4 ,main ,hall4 ,par4 #c4 ,right ,side4 ,par4 #d4 ,left ,side4 ,par4 #e4 ,floors and ,walls4 7c7 ,second ,floor--,par4 #f4 7d7 ,third ,floor4 ,par4 #g4 7e7 ,cellar--,par4 #h4 #b4 ,words4 ,define and explain the etymology of suburban1 located1 reinforced1 concrete1 ,colonial1 reception1 piazza1 porch1 refrigerator1 separated1 except1 servant1 closet1 effect4 #c4 ,sentences4 7a7 ,tell whether they are simple1 complex1 or compound4 7b7 ,do any of them lack unity8 #d4 ,paragraphs4 7a7 ,can you find any violations of paragraph unity8 7b7 ,observe that the following particulars are mentioned in ,par4 #a3 location1 material1 shape1 color1 size4 ,is the same plan used in describing each room8 ,in order to determine this1 make a list of the items that are mentioned in explaining the construction of each4 #e4 ,transition4 ,point out all of the transition words in the model4 #f4 ,figures of ,speech4 ,find a metaphor and an antithesis in the model4 ,,iv4 ,model ,,ii ,the ,arizona is the latest and greatest addition to the battle fleet of the ,united ,states4 ,her displacement is #ca1djj tons1 her length over all #fjj feet1 her maximum breadth #ig feet1 and her draft under normal conditions #bh feet1 #aj inches4 ,parsons's turbines of #bi1jjj horse-power give her a speed of #ba knots4 ,her fuel supply is #bcbb tons of oil4 ,she carries a crew of #ajjj men4 ,her cost was #af1jjj1jjj4 ,her armament consists of twelve fourteen-inch and twenty-two five-inch guns1 four three-pounders for the launches1 two three-inch guns for salutes1 and four twenty-two-inch torpedo tubes4 ,the big guns are mounted in four turrets1 two forward and two aft1 each containing three guns4 ,the turrets nearer to the middle of the ship are enough higher than the forward and aft turrets to permit their guns to be fired directly ahead and astern respectively4 ,this arrangement permits the concentration of six guns forward1 six aft1 and twelve on either broadside4 ,this vessel is probably armored more heavily than any other warship afloat4 ,her main belt is sixteen inches thick1 while the ,iron ,duke1 one of the latest ,british dreadnoughts1 carries only twelve inches4 ,v4 ,notes and ,queries #a4 ,observe the structure3 ,par4 #a4 ,general ,description4 ,par4 #b4 ,statistics4 ,par4 #c4 ,offensive ,power4 ,par4 #d4 ,defensive ,arrangements4 #b4 ,could the same structure be used for the description of a freight boat1 a passenger steamer1 a ferryboat1 a schooner1 a sloop1 a brig1 a brigantine1 a tugboat1 a launch1 a locomotive1 a railway carriage1 an airship1 or an automobile8 #c4 ,what changes1 if any1 would you suggest8 #d4 ,explain the terms displacement1 draft1 normal1 knots1 pounds1 turrets4 #e4 ,explain the metaphor in belt4 ,is it a good one8 ,,vi4 ,gathering ,material ,do not get your material from reading2 get it from observation4 ,don't steal it2 earn it4 ,catch your fish2 don't buy a string of dead ones at the fish-market1 and then lie about the way you obtained them4 ,few of us can be original1 but we can all be honest and industrious4 ,,vii4 ,organization ,before you write1 make a plan4 ,it is as necessary in composition as in building4 ,if the nature of your subject or the kind and quantity of your material render it desirable to deviate from the model1 do not hesitate to do so4 ,as a rule1 however1 it will be best to follow its plan rather closely4 ,at all events1 work from some plan4 ,don't get the idea that you can dash off a finished exposition in a few minutes4 ,,viii4 ,writing ,exposition above everything else should be clear4 ,say what you mean and mean what you say4 ,,ix4 ,criticism ,the written expositions of house plans may be tested by having the pupils exchange papers1 and asking the recipients to draw the plans from the compositions4 ,x4 ,suggested ,reading ,rudyard ,kipling's ,the ,ship that ,found ,herself4 ,,xi4 ,memorize ,,charity ,then gently scan your brother man1 ,still gentler sister woman2 ,though they may gang a kennin' wrang1 ,to step aside is human4 ,one point must still be greatly dark1 ,the moving why they do it1 ,and just as lamely can ye mark ,how far perhaps they rue it4 ,who made the heart 'tis he alone ,decidedly can try us2 ,he knows each chord--its various tone1 ,each spring--its various bias4 ,then at the balance let's be mute2 ,we never can adjust it2 ,what's done we partly may compute1 ,but know not what's resisted4 ,,robert ,,burns4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,exposition ,,of ,,ideas ,but words are things1 and a small drop of ink1 ,falling like dew upon a thought1 produces ,that which makes thousands1 perhaps millions1 think4 ,,lord ,,byron4 ,i4 ,introduction ,the exposition of ideas is difficult and important4 ,it takes many forms1 but only three can be noticed in this chapter3 7#a7 ,exposition through ,narration2 7#b7 ,exposition through ,condensation2 7#c7 ,exposition through ,comparison4 ,the three following models illustrate these three forms1 respectively4 ,,ii4 ,model ,i ,,puffers ,the wise men of antiquity loved to convey instruction under the covering of apologue2 and1 though this practice is generally thought childish1 we shall make no apology for adopting it on the present occasion4 ,a generation which has bought eleven editions of a poem by ,mr4 ,robert ,montgomery may well condescend to listen to a fable of ,pilpay4 ,a pious ,brahmin1 it is written1 made a vow that on a certain day he would sacrifice a sheep1 and on the appointed morning he went forth to buy one4 ,there lived in his neighborhood three rogues who knew of his vow1 and laid a scheme for profiting by it4 ,the first met him and said1 ,oh ,brahmin1 wilt thou buy a sheep8 ,i have one fit for sacrifice4 ,it is for that very purpose1 said the holy man1 that ,i came forth this day4 ,then the impostor opened a bag1 and brought out of it an unclean beast1 an ugly dog1 lame and blind4 ,thereon the ,brahmin cried out1 ,wretch1 who touchest things impure1 and utterest things untrue1 callest thou that cur a sheep8 ,truly1 answered the other1 it is a sheep of the finest fleece and of the sweetest flesh4 ,o ,brahmin1 it will be an offering most acceptable to the gods4 ,friend1 said the ,brahmin1 either thou or ,i must be blind4 ,just then one of the accomplices came up4 ,praised be the gods1 said this second rogue1 that ,i have been saved the trouble of going to the market for a sheep6 ,this is such a sheep as ,i wanted4 ,for how much wilt thou sell it8 ,when the ,brahmin heard this his mind waved to and fro1 like one swinging in the air at a holy festival4 ,sir1 said he to the newcomer1 take heed what thou dost2 this is no sheep1 but an unclean cur4 ,o ,brahmin1 said the newcomer1 thou art drunk or mad6 ,at this time the third confederate drew near4 ,let us ask this man1 said the ,brahmin1 what the creature is1 and ,i will stand by what he shall say4 ,to this the others agreed1 and the ,brahmin called out1 ,o stranger1 what dost thou call this beast8 ,surely1 ,o ,brahmin1 said the knave1 it is a fine sheep4 ,then the ,brahmin said1 ,surely the gods have taken away my senses2 and he asked pardon of him who carried the dog1 and bought it for a measure of rice and a pot of ghee1 and offered it up to the gods1 who1 being wroth at this unclean sacrifice1 smote him with a sore disease in all his joints4 ,thus1 or nearly thus1 if we remember rightly1 runs the story of the ,sanscrit sop4 ,the moral1 like the moral of every fable that is worth the telling1 lies on the surface4 ,the writer evidently means to caution us against the practices of puffers1 a class of people who have more than once talked the public into the most absurd errors1 but who surely never played a more curious or a more difficult trick than when they passed ,mr4 ,robert ,montgomery off upon the world as a great poet4--,,thomas ,,babington ,,macaulay1 ,essay on ,mr4 ,robert ,montgomery's ,poems4 ,,iii4 ,topics for ,discussion #a4 ,the ,fable1 which is here illustrated1 is a simple story told to point a moral or to make clear a complicated situation4 sop and ,george ,ade are perhaps the most interesting authors of fables--at least to twentieth-century ,americans4 ,an entertaining program may be arranged by assigning each member of the class a fable of one of these writers for oral reporting4 ,the model illustrates well the value of the fable form in newspaper exposition4 #b4 ,note the paragraph structure3 7#a7 ,introduction2 7#b7 ,four ,w's1 or ,situation #a2 7#c7 ,climax1 or ,situation #b2 7#d7 ,dnouement1 ,result1 or ,situation #c2 7#e7 ,moral1 or ,point4 #c4 ,define and discuss the etymology of antiquity1 apologue1 apology1 edition1 fable1 impostor1 accomplice1 confederate1 knave1 ghee1 caution1 puffers4 #d4 ,what proportion of ,macaulay's words in ,paragraphs #b1 #c1 and #d are monosyllables and dissyllables8 ,does he here use more or fewer big words in proportion than in ,paragraphs #a and #e8 ,what is the effect on his style8 #e4 ,what proportion of his sentences are simple8 ,compound8 ,complex8 #f4 ,topics for reports or speeches3 ,mr4 ,robert ,montgomery2 ,pilpay2 ,the ,brahmins2 sop2 ,sanscrit4 #g4 ,explain the allusion in the phrase1 the ,sanscrit sop4 #h4 ,explain some episode in ,american history by means of a fable4 #i4 ,write an editorial on some question of local and current interest1 using the fable method to illustrate the situation4 ,,iv4 ,model ,,ii ,a ,voltairean view of war may be of interest at this time4 ,some one has called attention to the illuminating discourse between ,micromegas1 gigantic dweller on one of the planets revolving about ,sirius1 and a company of our philosophers1 as reported in the seventh chapter of the amusing fantasy bearing the name of the above-mentioned ,sirian visitor4 ,a free translation of a part of this conversation is here offered4 ,after congratulating his terrestrial hearers on being so small and adding that1 with so manifest a subordination of matter to mind1 they must pass their lives in the pleasures of intellectual pursuits and mutual love--a veritable spiritual existence--the stranger is thus answered by one of the philosophers3 ,we have more matter than we need for the accomplishment of much evil1 if evil comes from matter1 and more mind than we need if evil comes from mind4 ,do you know that at the present moment there are a hundred thousand fools of our species1 wearing caps1 who are killing a hundred thousand other animals wearing turbans1 or who are themselves being massacred by the latter1 and that almost everywhere on earth this is the immemorial usage8 ,the ,sirian1 properly shocked1 demands the reason of these horrible encounters between creatures so puny4 ,it is all about a pile of dirt no bigger than your heel1 is the reply4 ,not that any one of these millions of men marching to slaughter has the slightest claim to this pile of dirt2 the only question is whether it shall belong to a certain man known as ,sultan or to another having the title of ,czar4 ,neither of the two has ever seen or ever will see the patch of ground in dispute1 and hardly a single one of these animals engaged in killing one another has ever seen the animal for whom they are thus employed4 ,again the stranger expresses his horror1 and declares he has half a mind to annihilate with a kick or two the whole batch of ridiculous assassins4 ,don't give yourself the trouble1 is the rejoinder2 they will accomplish their own destruction fast enough4 ,know that ten years hence not a hundredth part of these miserable wretches will be left alive2 and know1 too1 that even if they were not to draw the sword1 hunger1 exhaustion1 or intemperance would make an end of most of them4 ,besides1 they are not the ones to punish1 but rather those sedentary barbarians who1 from the ease and security of their private apartments1 and while their dinner is digesting1 order the massacre of a million men1 and then solemnly return thanks to ,god for the achievement4 ,the visitor from ,sirius is moved with pity for a race of beings presenting such astonishing contrasts4--,the ,dial1 ,january #a1 #aiae4i #i ,reprinted by permission of ,the ,dial4 ,v4 ,exercises #a4 ,topics for short speeches3 ,voltaire2 ,micromegas2 planets2 ,sirius4 #b4 ,what is the moral of this fable8 #c4 ,discuss the meaning and etymology of ,micromegas1 philosophers1 fantasy1 translation1 terrestrial1 intellectual1 ,czar1 annihilate1 ridiculous1 rejoinder1 sedentary4 #d4 ,find in the model one simple1 one compound1 and one complex sentence4 #e4 ,one loose and one periodic sentence4 #f4 ,two antitheses4 #g4 ,explain in one paragraph the point of some old book of current interest4 ,,vi4 ,model ,,iii ,theodor ,mommsen's ,law of ,national ,expansion1 in view of the present war1 is interesting4 ,in his ,history of ,rome1 which was published in #aheg1 he says in substance that a young nation which has both vigor and culture is sure to absorb older nations whose vigor is waning and younger nations whose civilization is undeveloped1 just as an educated young man is sure to supplant an old man in his dotage and to get the better of a muscular ignoramus4 ,that nations1 as well as individuals1 should do this is1 in ,mommsen's opinion1 not only inevitable but right4 ,in ancient times the ,romans were the only people in whom were combined a superior political organization and a superior civilization4 ,the result was that they subdued the ,greek states of the ,east1 which were ripe for destruction1 and dispossessed the people of lower grades of culture in the ,west4 ,the union of ,italy was accomplished through the overthrow of the ,samnite and ,etruscan civilizations4 ,the ,roman ,empire was built upon the ruins of countless secondary nationalities which had long before been marked out for destruction by the levelling hand of civilization4 ,when ,latium became too narrow for the ,romans1 they cured their political ills by conquering the rest of ,italy4 ,when ,italy became too narrow1 ,csar crossed the ,alps4 ,so far ,mommsen4 ,the conclusions drawn from his law by some of his successors are ingenious4 ,they amount to this3 ,as ,rome grew in power and culture1 so ,brandenburg1 since the days of the ,great ,elector1 has been expanding in spirit and in territory4 ,that illustrious prince began by absorbing ,prussia4 ,frederick the ,great added ,silesia and a slice of ,poland4 ,wilhelm ,i obtained ,schleswig1 ,holstein1 ,alsace1 and ,lorraine by war1 and ,saxony and ,bavaria by benevolent assimilation4 ,the present ,kaiser has already acquired ,belgium by the former and ,austria by the latter process4 ,like the ,rome of ,csar1 the ,german ,empire is now at war on the one hand with decadent civilizations and on the other with a horde of barbarians4 ,what ,greece and ,carthage were to ,rome1 ,france and ,england are to ,germany1 while ,russia is the modern counterpart of the ,gauls1 ,britons1 and ,germans of the ,commentaries4 ,such at least is what certain writers think the ,germans think4 ,,vii4 ,notes and ,exercises #a4 ,note the framework3 7,par4 #a7 ,mommsen's ,law2 7,par4 #b7 ,illustration #a--,rome2 7,par4 #c7 ,illustration #b--;,germany4 #b4 ,topics for short speeches3 ,theodor ,mommsen2 ,the ,rise of the ,roman ,empire2 ,the ,greeks2 ,the ,people of the ,west2 ,the ,samnites and ,etruscans2 ,brandenburg2 ,the ,great ,elector2 ,prussia2 ,frederick the ,great2 ,silesia2 ,poland2 ,schleswig and ,holstein2 ,alsace and ,lorraine2 ,saxony and ,bavaria2 ,carthage2 ,julius ,csar and his ,commentaries4 #c4 ,add to the model paragraphs on the expansion of ,spain1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states1 or on any one of them4 ,,viii4 ,suggested ,reading ,csar's ,commentaries on the ,gallic ,war4 ,macaulay's ,frederick the ,great4 ,southey's ,life of ,nelson4 ,parkman's ,the ,conspiracy of ,pontiac4 ,parkman's ,montcalm and ,wolfe4 ,fiske's ,the ,mississippi ,valley in the ,civil ,war4 ,,ix4 ,memorize ,,humanity ,i would not enter on my list of friends1 ,though graced with polished manners and fine sense1 ,yet wanting sensibility1 the man ,who needlessly sets foot upon a worm4 ,an inadvertent step may crush the snail ,that crawls at evening in the public path2 ,but he that has humanity1 forewarned1 ,will tread aside and let the reptile live4 ,the creeping vermin1 loathsome to the sight1 ,and charged perhaps with venom1 that intrudes1 ,a visitor unwelcome1 into scenes ,sacred to neatness and repose1 the alcove1 ,the chamber1 or refectory1 may die2 ,a necessary act incurs no blame4 ,not so when1 held within their proper bounds1 ,and guiltless of offence1 they range the air1 ,or take their pastime in the spacious field4 ,there they are privileged2 and he that hunts ,or harms them there is guilty of a wrong4 ,the sum is this3 ,if man's convenience1 health1 ,or safety interfere1 his rights and claims ,are paramount1 and must extinguish theirs4 ,else they are all--the meanest things that are-- ,as free to live and to enjoy that life1 ,as ,god was free to form them at the first1 ,who1 in his sovereign wisdom1 made them all4 ,ye1 therefore1 who love mercy1 teach your sons ,to love it too4 ,,william ,,cowper4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,editorials--,,constructive ,opinion in good men is but knowledge in the making4 ,,john ,,milton4 ,i4 ,introduction ,an editorial is a newspaper article in which the opinions of the editor are set forth4 ,news deals with fact4 ,in news articles the opinion of the writer must be suppressed4 ,the pronouns ,i and we have no place in news4 ,the essence of the editorial1 on the other hand1 is the opinion of the writer4 ,on the editorial page1 the man who directs the policy of a paper seeks to interpret the news in accordance with his own views and to persuade the public to adopt those views4 ,editorials are therefore for the most part argumentative4 ,in them the writer either comments directly on some news item and thus produces what may be called a constructive editorial1 or takes issue with the editorial opinion of a rival in a controversial editorial1 his object being to destroy the sentiment produced by his rival's article4 ,the power of the editorial writer for good or for evil is clear4 ,that it is usually exerted for good is one of the best evidences that the newspapers of the country are controlled by men who desire to serve the public well4 ,,ii4 ,assignments #a4 ,write an editorial calling attention to some feature of current news4 #b4 ,write an editorial advocating some plan or reform for the good of city1 state1 nation1 or mankind4 ,,iii4 ,model ,i ,we made the point some months ago that our electric light companies have been far behind those of ,europe in making it possible for poor people to get their service4 ,it is interesting to note that the ,indiana and ,michigan ,electric ,company1 which operates in ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 7plows1 wagons1 sewing-machines71 has started a campaign to do just this thing4 ,about a third of the inhabitants of ,south ,bend are laborers from ,poland1 ,austria1 and the ,balkan countries1 whose wages average about #a4ej or #a4ge per day4 ,the electric company has figured out plans whereby houses can be wired at a cost of from #i to #ae each1 and lighting service can be given for a minimum of #a per month4 ,a ,polish sales agent has been hired to talk to the newcomers1 write advertisements for their papers1 and attend to their complaints--in short1 to translate electricity into ,slovak1 etc4 ,the men engaged in the work are confident of success and are going after it4 ,the effect in giving these people better ways and standards of living1 in getting them a share in our modern ,american civilization1 and a feeling that they are so sharing will necessarily be very great4 ,this is solid public service1 and it is far better than any charity4 ,what is being done on this problem in your town8--,collier's ,weekly1 ,november #bh1 #aiad4aj #aj ,reprinted by permission of ,collier's ,weekly4 ,,iv4 ,comments and ,exercises #a4 ,this is a constructive editorial with just a hint of argument4 ,find the argument4 #b4 ,note the framework of the paragraph3 7,sentence #a7 ,topic2 7,sentence #b--,sentence #f7 ,story2 7,sentence #g7 ,conclusion4 #c4 ,find the ,four ,w's4 #d4 ,remember that the perfect tense denotes an act begun in the past and completed in the present4 ,does its use sufficiently tell when a thing is or was done8 #e4 ,write a similar editorial commenting on some improvement in your own town4 ,v4 ,model ,,ii ,were we suddenly called upon to face a crisis such as ,europe was called upon to face with but very little warning1 it would find us wofully unprepared4 ,in the security of our peace we have neglected to build up an organization capable of performing the multitudinous services of war1 or of any great disaster1 either political or physical1 which may come into a nation's life4 ,the thousands of young men in colleges and universities offer a field for the development of such a force of trained men in a way that would entirely revolutionize our educational as well as our defensive system4 ,as our athletics are conducted to-day1 a few picked men have trainers1 coaches1 rubbers1 and waiters for the purpose of preparing them for a conflict with a correspondingly small group of similarly trained men from other institutions4 ,the remainder of the student body1 which makes this training possible1 is meanwhile physically utterly neglected4 ,yet the average young man entering college is quite as much in need of physical development and training as of mental4 ,the country1 too1 is in need of disciplined1 trained men2 and this double need can be met--can be met for less money than is expended on a single season's football team4 ,a system of military drill1 under the supervision of experts in military discipline and hygiene1 with the coperation of the athletic associations of the colleges1 and under the auspices of the ,united ,states ,government1 would prove of inestimable value to every student in the college1 and would furnish to the nation a groundwork upon which a magnificent national service could be established4 ,a spirit of true patriotism and of unselfish public service would be instilled in the students4 ,the nucleus of a trained military corps would be established from which officers and men could be recruited with but little additional training in time of war4--,puck4#aa #aa ,reprinted by permission of ,puck4 ,,vi4 ,comments and ,exercises #a4 ,what is the point of this editorial8 #b4 ,note the point of each paragraph3 7,par4 #a7 ,our colleges might furnish the means of remedying our national lack of preparation for war2 7,par4 #b7 at present our athletics benefit only a few individuals2 7,par4 #c7 if military training were introduced into our colleges1 it would benefit both individuals and the nation4 #c4 ,a more logical arrangement would be3 7,par4 #a7 ,the ,united ,states is not prepared for war2 7,par4 #b7 as now organized1 our college athletics benefit only a few individuals2 7,par4 #c7 if military training were introduced into our colleges1 individual students and the nation alike would be benefited4 #d4 ,in which arrangement is paragraph unity better observed8 #e4 ,is the arrangement in the model better in any respect than the one suggested8 #f4 ,the following words are hackneyed3 wofully1 utterly1 inestimable1 magnificent1 groundwork4 ,suggest some synonyms4 ,can any of these words be omitted8 ,lowell's rule was3 ,cut out the adjectives and adverbs4 ,make the nouns and verbs do the work4 #g4 ,explain the construction of with but very little warning1 for the purpose1 from other institutions1 physically1 utterly1 drill4 #h4 ,what is the difference between development and training8 ,between true patriotism and unselfish public service8 ,college and university8 #i4 ,does this model contain any misstatements of fact8 #aj4 ,is the plan feasible or desirable8 #aa4 ,could it be extended to secondary schools8 #ab4 ,find in the model at least four mixed metaphors4 ,if you do not know what a mixed metaphor is1 perhaps this classic example of one will inform you3 ,mr4 ,speaker1 ,i smell a rat4 ,i see him brewing in the air4 ,but1 mark me1 ,i shall yet nip him in the bud4 #ac4 ,discuss the meaning and etymology of crisis1 disaster1 political1 physical1 nation1 revolutionize1 educational1 athletics1 institutions1 disciplined1 military1 supervision1 experts1 auspices1 spirit1 instilled1 nucleus1 corps1 recruited1 additional4 #ad4 ,shall we say instilled in1 instilled into1 or developed in8 #ae4 ,write an answer to ,model ,,ii4 #af4 ,the great merits of ,model ,,ii lie in its content and its construction4 ,the fundamental principle on which it is built might be called the killing-two-birds-with-one-stone idea4 ,two things are wrong2 one reform will make both right4 ,can you think of any other subject which might be discussed on the same principle8 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,reading ,lamb's ,dissertation on ,roast ,pig4 ,addison's ,hilpa and ,shalum4 ,emerson's ,compensation4 ,holmes's ,the ,broomstick ,train4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,metrical ,,feet#ab ,t,r,o,chee ,,trips from ,,long to ,,short2 ,,from ,,long ,,to ,,long ,,in ,,sol,,emn ,,sort ,,slow ,,spon,,dee ,,stalks2 ,,strong foot1 yet ,,ill able ,e,ver to ,,keep up with ,d,a,ctyl tri,s,yllable2 i,a,mbus ,,moves from ,,short to ,,long2 ,with a ,,leap and a ,,bound the swift ,,anapests ,,throng4 ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,coleridge4 #ab ,coleridge here illustrates the feet while explaining them1 an admirable device in exposition4 ,dactyl is a fine word2 in ,greek it means finger2 like a finger1 a poetic dactyl has three parts1 one long and two short4 ,anapest comes from a ,greek verb which means strike back2 an anapest is a reversed dactyl4 ,most ,english poems are written in iambi4 ,longfellow's ,hiawatha is in trochees1 ,evangeline in dactyls1 and ,the ,destruction of ,sennacherib 7see page #gj7 in anapests4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,editorials--,,destructive ,o great corrector of enormous times1 ,shaker of o'er-rank states1 thou grand decider ,of dusty and old titles1 that healest with blood ,the earth when it is sick1 and curest the world ,o' the pleurisy of people6 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4 ,i4 ,introduction ,in ,chapter ,,xvi constructive editorials were discussed4 ,the object of this chapter is to present a few exercises on destructive editorials4 ,their object1 of course1 is not really to create ruin2 it is merely to clear away rubbish in order to prepare the ground for the edifice of truth4 ,,ii4 ,assignment ,write an editorial in reply to an editorial in which a false position is assumed by the writer4 ,,iii4 ,model ,i ,vice-,president ,marshall's declaration1 made some time ago at ,wabash ,college1 that the old man is being shoved off the stage everywhere1 needs revision1 as does the opinion of another statesman that men over fifty are atrophied4 ,in the last great war between ,france and ,germany the campaign was planned and led by elderly men4 ,the ,emperor ,william1 then ,king of ,prussia1 was in his seventy-fourth year2 ,von ,moltke1 the master strategist of the war1 was seventy-one years old2 ,general von ,roon was sixty-eight2 and ,bismarck1 the master mind in the larger field1 was in his fifty-sixth year4 ,in the next great war in which high military efficiency was displayed1 ,admiral ,togo was approaching his sixtieth year when he took the field2 ,prince ,oyama1 the commander-in-chief of the ,japanese forces in ,manchuria1 had passed his sixtieth year2 ,field ,marshal ,nodzu was sixty-three2 ,field ,marshal ,yamagata was sixty-six2 ,general ,kuroki was sixty2 and ,general ,nogi1 who took ,port ,arthur after a series of desperate conflicts1 carried on with unflinching energy and almost breathless rapidity1 was nearly sixty years of age4 ,in the present war ,lord ,kitchener1 the organizing genius of the ,english army1 is sixty-four2 and ,sir ,john ,french1 commanding the ,english forces in the field1 is sixty-two4 ,when ,lord ,roberts was sent to ,south ,africa to snatch victory out of defeat1 he was sixty-eight years of age4 ,on the ,french side1 ,general ,joffre is sixty-two2 ,general ,pau is sixty-six2 ,general ,castelnau1 the third in command1 is well advanced in the sixties2 and ,general ,gallieni1 who is in command of the defenses of ,paris1 is seventy4 ,the ,german armies are also led by a group of elderly men4 ,count von ,huelsenberg has reached the mature age of seventy-eight2 ,field ,marshal von der ,goltz is seventy-one2 ,general von ,kluck has reached his sixty-eighth year2 ,general von ,emmich was sixty-six2 and ,general von ,hindenberg is sixty-seven4 ,these figures suggest that1 while fifty may be the deadline among ,democratic statesmen1 it appears to be a kind of life-line among great leaders abroad4--,adapted from ,the ,outlook1 ,november #aa1 #aiad4ac #ac ,reprinted by permission of ,the ,outlook4 ,,iv4 ,analysis ,observe the framework4 ,paragraph #a states the point to be proved4 ,paragraphs #b-e are composed of examples1 arranged thus3 #a4 ,the ,war of #ahga4 #b4 ,the ,war of #aije4 #c4 ,the ,present ,war4 7a7 ,france4 7b7 ,england4 7c7 ,germany4 ,the order1 in other words1 is at once the order of chronology and that of climax1 which combine to make the facts easy to remember4 ,paragraph #f summarizes the argument and clinches it by a sharp antithesis4 ,v4 ,exercises #a4 ,using a similar framework1 write an editorial disproving by examples the point made by the writer of the model4 #b4 ,write an editorial proving by examples any proposition which you believe to be true and in which you are deeply interested4 #c4 ,prove or disprove by example any one of the following propositions3 7a7 ,left-hand batters are better than right-hand batters4 7b7 ,germans are better ball-players than ,irishmen4 7c7 ,frenchmen cannot play ball4 7d7 ,men write better than women4 7e7 ,asphalt pavements are more durable than brick pavements4 7f7 ,germany has contributed more to the world's culture than ,england4 7g7 ,college graduates are more successful as statesmen than are self-made men4 7h7 ,very tall men have ever very empty heads4 7i7 ,athletes usually succeed well in after life4 7j7 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson was a great wit4 7,for ,johnson1 substitute1 if you wish1 ,geoffrey ,chaucer1 ,william ,shakespeare1 ,francis ,bacon1 ,samuel ,butler1 ,alexander ,pope1 ,charles ,lamb1 ,sidney ,smith1 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 ,james ,russell ,lowell1 or ,mark ,twain47 ,in the model there are twenty-two examples4 ,in your composition there must be at least ten4 ,,vi4 ,model ,,ii ,,what ,,does ,a ,,man ,,produce8 ,among the banners of the unemployed in ,new ,york when they came in collision with the police was one reading1 ,we ,want ,all ,we ,produce4 ,there is a common impression among ,socialistic workmen1 encouraged by some of the new-fangled college professors1 that the weaver produces all the cloth that comes off the loom he tends1 and he is robbed if his wages are only a part of the value of the cloth4 ,but he is only one of a long line of producers1 each of whom has to get some of the money for which that cloth is sold4 ,there was a farmer who grew the raw fiber4 ,there was a railroad that transported the fiber4 ,there was a long list of workmen who did various things in the preparation of that fiber4 ,it took several classes of men to convert that fiber into yarn4 ,some men dug the coal and a railroad hauled it4 ,it took a good many men a considerable time to build the loom and the engine and the mill1 and all of them have got to be paid4 ,the men who have paid all these previous classes of workers may reimburse themselves out of a part of the proceeds of the bolt of cloth without committing any robbery4 ,what are the dividends but the reimbursement of the people that have paid the miners and mechanics and builders for their work before the cloth was sold8 ,the report of the ,comptroller of the ,currency shows that the average return on all the shares and bonds of all the corporations in the ,united ,states is #d4c per cent4 ,that doesn't look unreasonable4 ,it isn't very much more than savings-bank interest4 ,of course1 some corporations make very much more1 but many must make nothing in order to bring the average down to #d4c per cent4 ,besides1 there are a few bonds that do not pay #d4e per cent or more1 so that the average return on the shares1 which represent the ownership of the mills and factories1 would be less than #d4c per cent4 ,what does a man produce8 ,well1 put a man with only his bare hands upon a spot of earth1 or in a mine hole1 or by the side of a stream and how much will he produce8 ,what are the chances that he will not starve to death before he can produce anything8 ,if you give him tools1 and grub-stake him1 in mining lingo1 or support him until he has produced something and it has been marketed1 the produce of other men has been given him4 ,they have got to be paid for their produce in some way4 ,the man in question can't have all he produces without defrauding the men who produced the tools and food which he used during the time he was getting his product made or extracted4#ad--,philadelphia ,record4 #ad ,reprinted by permission of the ,philadelphia ,record4 ,,vii4 ,analysis #a4 ,what is proved by this editorial8 #b4 ,the method of ,model ,i consists of overwhelming the enemy with an avalanche of examples4 ,the method of ,model ,,ii is to define the words used by an opponent and1 by analyzing the meaning of what he asserts1 to prove that he does not see his way through the question4 #c4 ,note the framework3 7,par4 #a7 ,four ,w's2 7,par4 #b7 ,statement of ,positions of ,opponent and ,writer2 7,par4 #c7 ,exposition of ,writer's ,position2 7,par4 #d7 ,refutation of ,opponent's ,idea2 7,par4 #e7 ,conclusion4 ,,viii4 ,exercises #a4 ,define and discuss the etymology of collision1 transported1 convert1 considerable1 reimburse1 dividend1 corporations1 factories1 starve1 lingo1 support1 extract1 percentage1 average4 #b4 ,subject for short expository speeches3 ,socialism1 ,shares1 ,bonds1 ,corporations1 ,savings ,banks1 ,interest4 #c4 ,write an answer to the model4 #d4 ,write an editorial refuting some current fallacy or what you deem such4 ,use the analytic method of the model4 #e4 ,examine the editorials in some current paper to determine whether they are expository or argumentative1 constructive or destructive1 if their frameworks are as good as those of the models1 if their matter is as convincing1 if their style is as good1 and if their total effect is better or worse4 ,,ix4 ,suggested ,reading ,thomas ,gray's ,elegy in a ,country ,churchyard4 ,x4 ,memorize ,,old ,,ironsides#ae ,ay1 tear her tattered ensign down6 ,long has it waved on high1 ,and many an eye has danced to see ,that banner in the sky2 ,beneath it rung the battle shout1 ,and burst the cannon's roar2-- ,the meteor of the ocean air ,shall sweep the clouds no more4 ,her deck1 once red with heroes' blood1 ,where knelt the vanquished foe1 ,when winds were hurrying o'er the flood ,and waves were white below1 ,no more shall feel the victor's tread1 ,or know the conquered knee2-- ,the harpies of the shore shall pluck ,the eagle of the sea6 ,oh1 better that her shattered hulk ,should sink beneath the wave2 ,her thunders shook the mighty deep1 ,and there should be her grave2 ,nail to the mast her holy flag1 ,set every threadbare sail1 ,and give her to the god of storms1 ,the lightning and the gale4 ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes4 #ae ,built about #ahjj1 the frigate ,constitution had a career that aroused popular fancy4 ,she was at the bombardment of ,tripoli in #ahjd2 captured the ,british frigate ,guerrire ,august #b1 #ahab2 captured the ,british frigate ,java ,december #bi1 #ahab2 and on ,february #bj1 #ahae1 captured the ,british ships ,cyane and ,levant4 ,in #ahcj1 when it was proposed to break her up1 ,holmes wrote this poem by way of protest4 ,the result was that the ship was preserved4 ,she now lies at the ,boston ,navy ,yard1 an object of great historic and patriotic interest4 ,the poem is a kind of poetic editorial4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,advertisements ,i hold every man a debtor to his profession2 from the which as men of course do seek to receive countenance and profit1 so ought they of duty to endeavour themselves by way of amends to be a help and ornament thereunto4--,,francis ,,bacon4 ,i4 ,introduction ,in no field is the writer of ,english more generously rewarded than in advertising4 ,the annual expenditure for advertising in the ,united ,states is close to #a1jjj1jjj1jjj and is rapidly increasing4 ,writers skilled in presenting goods to the public command very large salaries in the distribution of this great sum4 ,the profession has been steadily attaining higher standards and has made a place for its members in nearly every business house in the country4 ,it is certain1 however1 that there is still a vast field open for advertising development4 ,,ii4 ,assignment ,i ,make a list of the reasons that would induce you to buy a particular kind of fountain pen2 suit of clothes2 set of books2 stove or range2 lead pencil2 candy4 ,,iii4 ,example 7,see page #aji47 ,,iv4 ,definition ,an advertisement is an argumentative composition cut down to its simplest elements1 a composition in which single words represent sentences or even paragraphs of ordinary writing4 ,a sentence in an advertisement frequently conveys the meaning that in ordinary writing would be expanded into a long descriptive essay4 ,the principles of composition-writing apply to advertising in the superlative degree4 ,above all things else1 an advertisement must be clear1 coherent1 and forceful4 ,in addition to these things it must be brief4 ,model ,shoes make happy1 handsome feet4 ,model ,shoes are made on natural foot-fitting lasts and feel right the first time4 ,model ,shoes are made of carefully selected hides tanned by the special process which increases their wearing quality thirty per cent4 ,every operation from cutting to final packing is under the supervision of experts who are specially trained in their line4 ,model ,shoes are designed by shoe artists who watch every turn in the smart productions of fashionable ,new ,york and ,london bootmakers and combine the most favored lines with model comfort into distinctive model designs4 #d4ej at your store ,write for ,style ,booklet ,model ,shoemakers ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,v4 ,assignment ,,ii ,from the reasons that you have listed in ,assignment ,i1 pick out the one that most attracts you in the case of each of the articles named4 ,give a reason for your choice4 ,find a quality in each article that you especially desire but rarely find4 ,,vi4 ,forcefulness in ,advertising ,an advertisement must first of all demand and win attention4 ,the first word1 the first sentence1 must be strong enough to arrest the eye of the average reader1 who runs hastily through the advertising matter of a magazine1 newspaper1 or other medium4 ,it must catch the reader's interest1 and hold his attention long enough to lead him into the remainder of the argument4 ,so far as possible the first sentence1 in some cases the first word1 should contain the heart of the message1 the one big thing that you have to say about the article you have to advertise4 ,if you fail to get your reader's interest with your first sentence1 the word or words that attracted his attention to your advertisement1 you have lost him forever4 ,you will have no opportunity to present to him the argument that may follow4 ,your attention words are read by your maximum audience4 ,your most attractive argument in its most striking form should therefore be presented to them at once4 ,,vii4 ,assignment ,,iii ,write a sentence presenting the arguments selected in ,assignment ,,ii in the strongest and most attractive sentences that you can devise4 ,reduce the sentences to the single words that express the ideas most vividly4 ,,viii4 ,humor in ,advertising ,as an attention feature1 a touch of humor is valuable in advertising4 ,it tends to put the reader into a pleasant frame of mind1 a frame of mind in which he is likely to listen more attentively to what you have to say4 ,it operates in the same way as the funny story that usually prefaces the remarks of the after-dinner speaker4 ,the humor1 however1 must have a direct and unmistakable bearing on the body of your advertising4 ,irrelevant humor is as much a waste of valuable advertising space as an irrelevant illustration4 ,advertising space costs too much to be used for anything but advertising4 ,grotesque illustrations and far-fetched puns are no longer found in advertising columns1 because they have been found ineffective4 ,,ix4 ,illustrations ,in advertising practice the attention feature is frequently supplied by an illustration showing the article advertised in the use that is emphasized in the body of the advertisement1 or in a way to illustrate the special argument presented4 ,the importance of the attention factor is indicated by the large amount of space that is occupied by such illustrations4 ,some experiments have indicated1 however1 that a well-written attention line is fully as effective as an average illustration4 ,x4 ,suggested ,reading ,carl ,schurz's ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,,xi4 ,memorize ,,iphigeneia ,,and ,,agamemnon ,iphigeneia1 when she heard her doom ,at ,aulis1 and when all beside the king ,had gone away1 took his right hand1 and said3 ,o father6 ,i am young and very happy4 ,i do not think the pious ,calchas heard ,distinctly what the goddess spake2 old age ,obscures the senses4 ,if my nurse1 who knew ,my voice so well1 sometimes misunderstood1 ,while ,i was resting on her knee both arms1 ,and hitting it to make her mind my words1 ,and looking in her face1 and she in mine1 ,might not he1 also1 hear one word amiss1 ,spoken from so far off1 even from ,olympus8 ,the father placed his cheek upon her head1 ,and tears dropt down it2 but the king of men ,replied not4 ,then the maiden spake once more3 ,o father6 sayest thou nothing8 ,hearest thou not ,me1 whom thou ever hast1 until this hour1 ,listened to fondly1 and awakened me ,to hear my voice amid the voice of birds1 ,when it was inarticulate as theirs1 ,and the down deadened it within the nest8 ,he moved her gently from him1 silent still2 ,and this1 and this alone1 brought tears from her1 ,although she saw fate nearer4 ,then with sighs3 ,i thought to have laid down my hair before ,benignant ,artemis1 and not dimmed ,her polished altar with my virgin blood2 ,i thought to have selected the white flowers ,to please the nymphs1 and to have asked of each ,by name1 and with no sorrowful regret1 ,whether1 since both my parents willed the change ,i might at ,hymen's feet bend my clipt brow2 ,and 7after these who mind us girls the most7 ,adore our own ,athene1 that she would ,regard me mildly with her azure eyes1-- ,but1 father1 to see you no more1 and see ,your love1 ,o father6 go ere ,i am gone6 ,gently he moved her off1 and drew her back1 ,bending his lofty head far over hers2 ,and the dark depths of nature heaved and burst4 ,he turned away1--not far1 but silent still4 ,she now first shuddered2 for in him1 so nigh1 ,so long a silence seemed the approach of death1 ,and like it4 ,once again she raised her voice3 ,o father6 if the ships are now detained1 ,and all your vows move not the gods above1 ,when the knife strikes me there will be one prayer ,the less to them2 and purer can there be ,any1 or more fervent1 than the daughter's prayer ,for her dear father's safety and success8 ,a groan that shook him shook not his resolve4 ,an aged man now entered1 and without ,one word stepped slowly on1 and took the wrist ,of the pale maiden4 ,she looked up1 and saw ,the fillet of the priest and calm1 cold eyes4 ,then turned she where her parent stood1 and cried3 ,o father6 grieve no more2 the ships can sail4 ,,walter ,,savage ,,landor4#af #af ,when the ,greeks were about to set sail for ,troy1 ,artemis1 being angry with their commander ,king ,agamemnon1 becalmed their ships at ,aulis4 ,the seer ,calchas thereupon declared that the goddess could be propitiated only by the death of ,iphigeneia1 the daughter of ,agamemnon4 ,this legend forms the theme of tragedies by ,euripides1 ,racine1 and ,goethe4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,advertisements 7continued7 ,discretion of speech is more than eloquence2 and to speak agreeably to him with whom we deal is more than to speak in good words or in good order4--,,francis ,,bacon4 ,i4 ,assignment ,i ,clip from current newspapers or magazines five advertisements which in your opinion have effective attention lines4 ,pick out five advertisements which in your opinion have ineffective attention lines4 ,give your reasons for your choice4 ,,ii4 ,assignment ,,ii 7a7 ,taking the attention arguments selected in the preceding chapter1 set down all the questions that you might ask as a possible customer if you had been attracted by the attention line4 7b7 ,in the five examples of effective advertising selected from newspapers or magazines1 set down the questions that are answered in the matter following the attention lines4 ,,iii4 ,coherence in ,advertising ,an effective advertisement must be a logically developed argument leading from the attraction of attention to the point where the reader is convinced that he wants your goods1 and beyond that to the point where he will take some definite physical action to get them4 ,the steps intervening between attention and action may be sketched in the briefest terms1 may in some exceptional cases be omitted entirely from the final form of the advertisement1 but must be carefully worked out in the mind of the writer1 no step being omitted that is essential in the chain of reasoning that the ordinary mind must follow4 ,obviously the chain of reasoning must start from the attention line4 ,if you have attracted your reader by saying ,prices ,cut1 you must tell him how much the reduction is and why you have made the reduction4 ,if1 on the other hand1 you have attracted the attention by saying ,our ,goods are the ,best1 you must explain the reasons why they are the best4 ,that the mind of the reader may be held to the line of the argument from attention to action1 all material that has no bearing upon this line of argument must be excluded4 ,,iv4 ,exercise ,answer the questions about the various articles set down in ,assignment ,i1 being careful to follow the logical order in which they would occur and to exclude all material that does not relate directly to the argument you have selected4 ,v4 ,clinching ,results ,when you have attracted the attention of your reader and carried him along through a logical argument to the conviction that he wants your goods1 one thing more remains4 ,he must be induced to act upon his conviction4 ,up to this point his part has been passive2 he has been asked merely to sit in his easy chair and read what you have to say4 ,now he must be aroused to activity2 he must be brought to the point of putting on his hat and coat and going out to buy your goods4 ,the strongest language form at our command is required here1 the direct urgent imperative4 ,involuntarily people tend to obey orders that are given them4 ,the appeal must1 of course1 be courteous1 so as not to offend2 but it must be strong enough to induce action4 ,compare the strength of ,sign here for free booklet with ,if you will sign on this line1 we will send you our free booklet4 ,when your reader has been aroused to action1 his way should be made as easy as possible4 ,every direction that he may need should be plainly before him1 every convenience that will reduce his action to a minimum4 ,he should be told clearly how and where he can get the goods that you have convinced him he wants1 your name1 your address1 your telephone number1 and everything else that will enable him to reach you promptly and certainly4 ,,vi4 ,assignment ,,iii ,write a compelling sentence for each of the advertisements constructed in ,assignment ,,ii 7a71 adding the necessary conclusion4 ,construct a series of five advertisements1 each dealing with a single attractive feature of one of the articles selected in the preceding work4 ,each advertisement should carry its argument through from attention to action4 ,,vii4 ,suggested ,reading ,james ,parton's ,captains of ,industry4 ,,viii4 ,memorize ,,the ,,pulley ,when ,god at first made man1 ,having a glass of blessing standing by2 ,let us 7said he7 pour on him all we can3 ,let the world's riches which dispersed lie ,contract into a span4 ,so strength first made a way2 ,then beauty flow'd1 then wisdom1 honour1 pleasure2 ,when almost all was out1 ,god made a stay1 ,perceiving that alone1 of all his treasure1 ,rest in the bottom lay4 ,for if ,i should 7said he7 ,bestow this jewel also on my creature1 ,he would adore my gifts instead of me1 ,and rest in ,nature1 not the ,god of ,nature2 ,so both should losers be4 ,yet let him keep the rest1 ,but keep them with repining restlessness3 ,let him be rich and weary1 that at least1 ,if goodness lead him not1 yet weariness ,may toss him to my breast4 ,,george ,,herbert4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,advertisements 7concluded7 ,honesty is the best policy4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,i4 ,assignment ,i ,pick out in a large advertisement for a breakfast food the number of words of one syllable other than prepositions or articles2 the words of two syllables2 of three syllables2 of more than three syllables4 ,reduce your results to percentages4 ,make a similar study of advertisements for a set of books1 of chewing gum1 of an automobile1 and of a piece of machinery in some technical publication4 ,compare results with a similar count in a newspaper paragraph1 an encyclopedia paragraph1 and paragraphs from ,macaulay1 ,dickens1 ,carlyle1 and ,kipling4 ,,ii4 ,clearness ,clear1 simple language1 language that will be readily understood by the least intelligent of your possible customers1 is an essential of good advertising4 ,every word that is above the lowest reasonable level of understanding limits the number of possible customers4 ,the railroad attorney who was asked to write a notice that would warn people to be careful at railroad crossings did not dig into his law books for a polysyllabic sentence like this3 ,whereas this is the intersection of a public highway with the right-of-way of the ---- ,railroad ,corporation1 each and every individual is hereby advised to exercise extreme caution4 ,he wrote a sentence which is a classic in its way ,stop6 ,look6 ,listen6 ,railroad ,crossing4 ,,iii4 ,assignment ,,ii ,in the advertisements selected for ,assignment ,i1 count the number of words in each sentence and strike an average for each4 ,make a comparison with sentence length in other writings as suggested4 ,,iv4 ,adaptation to ,audience ,the degree to which the simplification of language in an advertisement should be carried depends upon the audience addressed4 ,it is evident that a larger and less educated portion of the public is included in the possible customers for breakfast food and chewing gum than there are in the portion who would be likely to purchase a set of books4 ,an even smaller portion of the public would be interested in an automobile or a piece of automatic machinery4 ,a good advertisement should be framed in language that will be understood by all possible purchasers of an article4 ,many household articles1 such as bread1 breakfast food1 candy1 and confections1 are advertised in language that a fourth-grade child will readily understand4 ,v4 ,assignment ,,iii ,write an advertisement for an athletic contest in which your school will take part1 addressing it to the students in your school4 ,write an advertisement to introduce a new candy or confection among grammar-school children4 ,write an advertisement for boys' hats2 for girls' hats2 for overalls2 for a magazine devoted to automobiles2 for a magazine devoted to fiction4 ,,vi4 ,simplicity in ,structure ,an advertisement must be clear1 not only in language and construction1 but in mechanical structure as well4 ,attention-lines and command-lines must be short and set up so as to stand out clearly from the body of the advertisement4 ,the eye takes in automatically from four to six words at a glance1 setting the natural limit of length for strong features in an advertisement4 ,artistic arrangement helps an advertisement because carefully balanced matter is more attractive than inartistic combinations4 ,a well-balanced advertisement1 an advertisement in which the points are properly subordinated1 conveys its meaning to the reader more easily than a badly distributed statement of the same arguments4 ,in the last analysis good art is little more than good order1 order that is pleasing to the eye as well as the mind4 ,good order requires a distribution of eye-effects that coincides with the distribution of mind effects4 ,,vii4 ,assignment ,,iv ,measure ten particularly attractive advertisements1 illustrated or otherwise4 ,find the line on which the attention is focused and measure its distance from the top and bottom4 ,test these distances by the formul3 ,a ------------- ,b ,c ------------- ,d ,e ------------- ,f 7a7 ,,ab #a inch4 ,,ac 4#fb inch4 ,,ae #a4fb inches4 7b7 ,,ae 3 ,,ab 33 ,,ae ,,ab 3 ,,ae #a4fb 3 #a 33 #b4fb 3 #a4fb 7c7 ,,cd 3 ,,ac 33 ,,cd ,,ac 3 ,,ad #a 3 4#fb 33 #a4fb 3 #a ,this is the so-called golden rectangle1 the most pleasing of all rectangular forms4 ,the attention-line ,,cd is at the point that makes the upper section a golden rectangle4 ,the capital letter ,h is also one of the most common arrangements in advertising4 ,the square is another pleasing figure and there are many other forms in which advertising matter may be balanced4 ,,viii4 ,brevity ,advertising occupies space for which a high rate frequently is paid4 ,brief statement is therefore a factor of great importance4 ,if a small space is all that is available1 the problem of attracting attention becomes most important4 ,it should be evident that a few words clearly and plainly printed are far more effective in a small space than a long message that is in such fine print that it will strain the eyes of the reader4 ,in the one case you say something at least to your reader4 ,in the other1 you have no chance to say anything because you have tried to say too much4 ,when it is necessary to confine your message to a small space1 the attention-sentence1 or in some cases the command-sentence1 is the part to use4 ,many signs seen from the rapidly moving window of a street-car or railroad train carry only the name of the product attractively displayed1 with a command to use it4 ,,ix4 ,assignment ,v ,select one of the articles for which you have written advertising and write a complete advertising campaign for it1 including five newspaper advertisements1 five magazine advertisements1 a four-page folder for distribution1 signs for street-cars1 signs for posting along highways1 and other devices that you think would be effective4 ,x4 ,classified ,advertisements ,most newspapers carry columns of classified advertising consisting of many small advertisements grouped together under various heads4 ,these are commonly used by the public for getting help2 obtaining situations2 buying1 selling1 and renting real estate2 and disposing of miscellaneous articles4 ,the principles of advertising compositions apply also to these advertisements4 ,the attention-factor is not so important1 however1 as the reader of the advertisements in the classified columns is looking for the article or service that you to have sell4 ,a glance through the classified columns of a newspaper will show clearly the increased attractiveness resulting from the skillful arrangement of details and the use of clear forceful words4 ,,xi4 ,assignment ,,vi ,write an advertisement offering a room of your home to rent1 using not more than thirty words2 an advertisement applying for work for which you consider yourself fitted2 an advertisement offering for sale a house with which you are familiar4 ,,xii4 ,memorize ,,song ,,from ,,pippa ,,passes ,the year's at the spring1 ,and day's at the morn2 ,morning's at seven2 ,the hill-side's dew-pearled2 ,the lark's on the wing2 ,the snail's on the thorn3 ,god's in his heaven-- ,all's right with the world4 ,,robert ,,browning4