,libr>y ,edition    ,,! ,,complete      
,,works    ,,(    ,,john ,,rusk9    ,,on
 ,,! ,,old ,,road   ,,volumes ,i-,,ii   
,,national ,,libr>y ,,association       
,,new ,,york        ,,*icago       ,,on 
,,! ,,old ,,road4    ,a ,,collection ,,(
   ,,miscellane\s ,,essays ,,&          
,,articles   ,,on ,,art ,,& ,,lit]ature4
    ,,publi%$ #ahcd-ahhe4    ,,vol4     
,,ii4       ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4  
,,page    ,,picture ,,gall]ies4         
,,p>liam5t>y ,,evid5ce3--               
,,national ,,gall]y ,,site ,,commission4
 #aheg                  #c              
,,select ,,committee ,,on ,,public      
,,in/itutions4 #ahfj          #be       
,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,commission      
#ej     ,a ,,museum ,,or ,,picture      
,,gall]y                                
#ga    ,,m9or ,,writ+s ,,^u ,,art4      
,,! ,,cavalli ,,monum5ts1 ,,v]ona4 #ahgb
                    #hi       ,,v]ona   
,,& ,,its ,,riv]s 7,,) ,,catalogue74    
#ahgj           #ii       ,,*ri/ian     
,,art ,,& ,,symbolism4 #ahgb            

#aah       ,,art ,,s*ools ,,( ,,m$i,,val
 ,,*ri/5dom4 #ahgf             #aba     
,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,railways4 #ahgf    
#abe       ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,beauty4     
#ahhc                             #acb  
,,notes ,,on ,,natural ,,sci5ce4        
,,! ,,color ,,( ,,! ,,rh9e4 #ahcd       
#ada       ,,! ,,/rata ,,( ,,mont       
,,blanc4 #ahcd                          
#adc       ,,! ,,induration ,,(         
,,s&/one4 #ahcf                     #ade
       ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,spr+ ,,&  
,,riv] ,,wat]4 #ahcf4      #adh         
,,meteorology4 #ahci                    
#aec       ,,tree ,,twigs4 #ahfa        
#aeh       ,,/ratifi$ ,,alps ,,(        
,,savoy4 #ahfc                          
#afb       ,,intellectual ,,conception  
,,& ,,animat$ ,,life4 #ahga       #afh  
,,lit]ature4        ,,fiction--,,fair   
,,& ,,f\l4 #ahhj-ha                     
#age       ,,fairy ,,/ories4 #ahfh      
#bij    ,,economy4        ,,home1 ,,&   
,,its ,,economies4 #ahgc                
#bii       ,,usury4 ,a ,,reply ,,& ,a   

,,rejo9d]4 #ahhj                  #cad  
,,usury4 ,a ,,preface4 #ahhe            
#cdj    ,,!ology4        ,,notes ,,on   
,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,%eepfolds4 #ahea
         #cdg       ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray] 
,,& ,,! ,,*ur*4 #ahgi-ha4 7,lett]s      
& ,epilogue47                           
#chb       ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,au?ority  
,,( ,,miracle4 #ahgc             #dah   
,,an ,,ox=d ,,lecture4 #ahgh            
#dbi          99       99       99      
99       99     ,,picture ,,gall]ies3   
,,_! ,,functions ,,& ,,=mation4     ,a4 
,,p>liam5t>y ,,evid5ce4                 
,,national ,,gall]y ,,site ,,commission 
#aheg4       ,,select ,,committee ,,on  
,,public ,,in/itutions #ahfj4       ,,! 
,,royal ,,academy ,,commission #ahfc4   
,b4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,a ,,museum ,,or      
,,picture ,,gall]y4                     
7,art ,j\rnal1 ,june & ,augu/1 #ahhj47  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,picture ,,gall]ies--,,_! ,,functions  
,,& ,,=mation4  ,,! ,,national ,,gall]y 
,,site ,,commission4#a  ,evid5ce ( ,john

 ,rusk91 ,monday1 ,april #f1 #aheg4     
#aad4 ,*airman4 ,has y\r att5tion be5   
turn$ to ! desirabl5ess ( unit+         
sculpture ) pa9t+ "u ! same ro(8--,yes4 
,:at is y\r op9ion on ! subject8--,i ?9k
 x almo/ ess5tial t !y %\ld be unit$1 if
 a ,national ,gall]y is to be ( s]vice 9
 tea*+ ! c\rse ( art4  ,sculpture ( all 
k9ds1 or only anci5t sculpture8--,( all 
k9ds4  ,d y ?9k t ! sculpture 9 !       
,briti% ,museum %\ld be 9 ! same build+ 
) ! pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 t is
 to say1 mak+ an application ( y\r      
pr9ciple to t p>ticul> case8--,yes1     
c]ta9ly2 ,i ?9k s = sev]al              
reasons--*iefly because ,i ?9k ! ta/e ( 
! nation c only be rightly direct$ by   
hav+ always sculpture & pa9t+ visible   
toge!r4 ,_m ( ! highe/ & be/ po9ts (    
pa9t+1 ,i ?9k1 c only be disc]n$ aft] "s
 discipl9e ( ! eye by sculpture4 ,t is  
"o v ess5tial reason4 ,i ?9k t aft]     
look+ at sculpture "o feels ! grace (   
composition inf9itely m1 & "o also feels
 h[ t grace ( composition 0 rea*$ by !  

pa9t]4  ,d y consid] t if works (       
sculpture & works ( pa9t+ 7 plac$ 9 !   
same gall]y1 ! same light w\ld be useful
 = bo? ( !m8--,i und]/ood y\r "q only to
 ref] to _! collection "u ! same ro(4 ,i
 %\ld be sorry to see !m 9 ! same room4 
,y w\ld n mix !m up 9 ! way 9 :i* !y are
 mix$ up 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,gall]y1 =       
in/ance8--,n at all4 ,i ?9k1 on !       
contr>y1 t ! "o div]ts ! m9d f ! o!r1 & 
t1 al?\gh ! "o is an admirable          
discipl9e1 y %\ld take "s "t = !        
exam9ation ( sculpture1 & pass aft]w>ds 
into ! pa9t+ room1 & s on4 ,y %\ld n be 
di/urb$ :ile look+ at pa9t+s by !       
:it5ess ( ! sculpture4  ,y d n !n       
approve1 = example1 ( ! way 9 :i* !     
fam\s room1 ! ,tribune1 at ,flor5ce1 is 
arrang$8--,no2 ,i ?9k x is m]ely arrang$
 = %[--= %[+ h[ _m ri* ?+s c be got     
toge!r4  #aae4 ,mr4 ,cock]ell4 ,!n y d n
 reg>d sculpture z a prop] decorative   
portion ( ! ,national ,gall]y (         
,pictures--y d n admit ! t]m            
decoration8--,no2 ,i %\ld n use t t]m ( 

! sculpture :i* x 0 ! object ( ! gall]y 
to exhibit4 ,x might be add$1 ( c\rse1  
suppos+ x became a "p ( ! ar*itecture1 b
 n z indep5d5t--n z a ?+ to be          
contemplat$ sep>ately 9 ! room1 & n z a 
"p ( ! room4 ,z a "p ( ! room1 ( c\rse1 
mod]n sculpture might be add$2 b ,i h   
nev] ?\ght t x w\ld be necess>y4  ,y d n
 consid] t sculpture w\ld be a repose   
aft] contemplat+ pa9t+ = "s "t8--,i %\ld
 n feel x s myself4  #aaf4 ,dean ( ,/4  
,paul's4 ,:5 y speak ( remov+ !         
sculpture ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ( unit+
 x ) ! pictures ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 d
 y compreh5d ! :ole range ( ! sculpture 
9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 comm5c+ ) !        
,egyptian1 & go+ d[n ?r\gh its regul>   
s]ies ( gradation to ! decl9e ( !       
art8--,yes1 because my great hope       
respect+ ! ,national ,gall]y is1 t x may
 become a p]fectly consecutive          
*ronological arrangem5t1 & x seems to me
 t x is "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( a     
,national ,gall]y t x %\ld be s4  ,!n y 
consid] t "o great excell5ce ( !        

collection at ! ,briti% ,museum is1 t x 
does pres5t t sort ( hi/ory ( ! art (   
sculpture8--,i consid] x r its weakness 
t x does n4  ,!n y w\ld g d[n fur!r8--,i
 w\ld4  ,y are p]haps acqua9t$ ) !      
ivories :i* h be5 rec5tly pur*as$       
!re8--,i am n4  ,suppos+ !re 7 a f9e    
collection ( ,byzant9e ivories1 y w\ld  
consid] t !y 7 an important l9k 9 !     
g5]al hi/ory8--,c]ta9ly4  ,w\ld y unite 
! :ole ( t ,pagan sculpture ) :at y call
 ! lat] ,*ri/ian art ( ,pa9t+8--,i %\ld 
be glad to see x done--t is to say1 ,i  
%\ld be glad to see ! gall]ies ( pa9t+ &
 sculpture collat]ally plac$1 & ! gall]y
 ( sculpture beg9n+ ) ! ,pagan art1 &   
proce$+ to ! ,*ri/ian art1 b n          
necess>ily associat+ ! pa9t+ ) !        
sculpture ( ea* epo*2 because ! pa9t+ is
 s defici5t 9 _m ( ! p]iods :]e !       
sculpture is ri*1 t y c\ld n c>ry !m on 
collat]ally--y mu/ h y\r pa9t+ gall]y & 
y\r sculpture gall]y4  ,y w\ld be sorry 
to take any portion ( ! sculpture f !   
collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & to    

associate x ) any collection (          
pa9t+8--,yes1 ,i %\ld ?9k x highly      
inexp$i5t4 ,my :ole object w\ld be t x  
might be associat$ ) a l>g] collection1 
a collection f o!r p]iods1 & n be       
subdivid$4 ,& x seems to be "o ( ! *ief 
reasons advanc$ 9 ord] to ju/ify remov+ 
t collection1 t x _c be mu* m enl>g$--t 
y _c at pres5t put o!r sculpture ) x4   
,suppos+ t ! collection ( anci5t ,pagan 
art c\ld n be unit$ ) ! ,national       
,gall]y ( pictures1 ) :i* w\ld y        
associate ! m$ival sculpture1 suppos+ we
 7 to reta9 any consid]able am\nt (     
sculpture8--,) ! pa9t+4  ,! m$ival art y
 w\ld associate ) ! pa9t+1 suppos+ y    
c\ld n put ! :ole toge!r8--,yes4  #aag4 
,*airman4 ,d y approve ( protect+       
pictures by glass8--,yes1 9 e case4 ,i d
 n "k ( :at size a pane ( glass c be    
manufactur$1 b ,i h nev] se5 a picture s
 l>ge b t ,i %\ld be glad to see x "u   
glass4 ,ev5 suppos+ x 7 possible1 :i* ,i
 suppose x is n1 ! great ,paul ,v]onese1
 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 ,i ?9k w\ld be m

 beautiful "u glass4  ,indep5d5tly ( !  
pres]vation8--,indep5d5tly ( !          
pres]vation1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be m         
beautiful4 ,x gives an especial delicacy
 to light colors1 & does little h>m to  
d>k colors--t is1 x b5efits delicate    
pictures mo/1 & its injury is only to v 
d>k pictures4  ,h y ev] consid]$ !      
propriety ( cov]+ ! sculpture )         
glass8--,i h nev] consid]$ x4 ,i did n  
"k until a v few days ago t sculpture 0 
injur$ by exposure to our climate & our 
smoke4  ,pr(essor ,f>aday4 ,b y w\ld    
cov] ! pictures1 indep5d5tly ( !        
pres]vation1 y w\ld cov] !m absolutely =
 ! arti/ic effect1 ! improvem5t ( !     
picture8--,n necess>ily s1 because to "s
 p]sons !re might be an objectionable "*
 9 hav+ to avoid ! reflection m         
scrupul\sly ?an o!rwise4 ,i %\ld n press
 = x on t head only4 ,! advantage ga9$  
is n a great "o2 x is only felt by v    
delicate eyes4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 _m p]sons 
w\ld n p]ceive t !re 0 a diff]5ce1 & t  
is caus$ by ! v slight color 9 ! glass1 

:i*1 p]haps1 "s p]sons might ?9k x      
exp$i5t to avoid altoge!r4  ,d y put x  
d[n to ! absolute t9t 9 ! glass l a     
glaz+1 or d y put x d[n to a sort (     
reflection8 ,is ! effect ref]able to !  
color 9 ! glass1 or to "s k9d ( optic   
action1 :i* ! mo/ transp>5t glass might 
produce8--,i d n "k2 b ,i suppose x to  
be ref]able to ! v slight t9t 9 ! glass4
  #aah4 ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,is x n !  
case :5 ladies ) v brilliant dresses    
look at pictures ?r\gh glass1 t !       
reflection ( ! color ( _! dresses is s  
/rong z greatly to di/urb ! enjoym5t & !
 appreciation ( ! pictures8--,c]ta9ly2 b
 ,i %\ld ask ! ladies to /& a little    
aside1 & look at ! pictures "o by "o4   
,!re is t disadvantage4  ,i am suppos+ a
 cr[d$ room--( c\rse ! object ( a       
,national ,gall]y is t x %\ld be        
cr[d$--t z l>ge a numb] ( ! public %\ld 
h access to x z possible--!re w\ld (    
c\rse be c]ta9 limit$ h\rs1 & ! gall]y  
w\ld be liable to get fill$ ) ! public 9
 great numb]s8--,x w\ld be              

disadvantage\s c]ta9ly1 b n s           
disadvantage\s z to balance ! mu* great]
 advantage ( pres]vation4 ,i imag9e t1 9
 fact1 glass is ess5tial2 x is n m]ely  
an exp$i5t ?+1 b an ess5tial ?+ to !    
safety ( ! pictures = tw5ty or ?irty    
ye>s4  ,d y consid] x ess5tial z reg>ds 
! atmosph]e ( ,london1 or ( ?is c\ntry  
g5]ally8--,i speak ( ,london only4 ,i h 
no exp]i5ce ( o!r p>ts4 ,b ,i h ?is     
exp]i5ce 9 my own collection4 ,i kept my
 pictures = "s "t )\t glass1 & ,i f\nd !
 det]ioration def9ite )9 a v %ort       
p]iod--a p]iod ( a c\ple ( ye>s4  ,y    
mean at ,d5m>k ,hill8--,yes2 t          
det]ioration on pictures ( ! class ,i   
ref] to is n to be aft]w>ds rem$i$--! ?+
 suff]s =ev]--y _c get into ! int]/ices4
  ,pr(essor ,f>aday4 ,y consid] t !     
picture is p]man5tly injur$ by !        
dirt8--,yes4  ,t no clean+ c re/ore x to
 :at x 08--,no?+ c re/ore x to :at x 01 
,i ?9k1 because ! op]ation ( clean+ mu/ 
scrape away "s ( ! gra9s ( pa9t4        
,!re=e1 if y h two pictures1 "o 9 a     

dirti] place1 & "o 9 a clean] place1 no 
att5tion w put ! "o 9 ! dirti] place on 
a level ) t 9 ! clean] place8--,i ?9k   
nev]more4  #aai4 ,*airman4 ,i see t 9   
y\r ,notes on ! ,turn] ,collection1 y   
recomm5d$ t ! l>ge upright pictures w\ld
 h great advantage 9 hav+ a room to     
!mselves4 ,d y mean ea* ( ! l>ge        
pictures or a :ole collection ( l>ge    
pictures8--,suppos+ v beautiful pictures
 ( a l>ge size 7x w\ld dep5d entirely on
 ! value & size ( ! picture71 suppos+ we
 ev] acquir$ su* l>ge pictures z        
,titian's ,assumption1 or ,raphael's    
,transfiguration1 ^? pictures ought to h
 a room to !mselves1 & to h a gall]y    
r\nd !m4  ,d y mean t ea* ( !m %\ld h a 
room8--,yes4  ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,h y 
be5 rec5tly at ,dresd58--,no1 ,i h nev] 
be5 at ,dresd54  ,!n y d n "k ! position
 ( ! ,great ,holbe9 & ( ! ,madonna de   
,s4 ,si/o !re1 :i* h sep>ate            
rooms8--,no4  ,mr4 ,cock]ell4 ,are y    
acqua9t$ ) ! ,muni* ,gall]y--,no4  ,d y 
"k ! plans ( x8--,no4  ,!n y h n se51   

p]haps1 ! mo/ rec5t arrangem5ts adopt$  
by t le>n$ p1 ! ,g]mans1 ) reg>d to !   
exhibition ( pictures8--,i h n be5 into 
,g]many = tw5ty ye>s4  #abj4 ,t subject 
has be5 h&l$ by !m 9 an orig9al mann]1 &
 !y h con/ruct$ gall]ies at ,muni*1 at  
,dresd51 & ,i believe at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 
^u a new pr9ciple1 & a v judici\s       
pr9ciple4 ,y h n _h opportunities (     
consid]+ t8--,no1 ,i h nev] consid]$ t2 
because ,i always suppos$ t !re 0 no    
difficulty 9 produc+ a beautiful gall]y1
 or an effici5t "o4 ,i nev] ?\ght t !re 
c\ld be any "q ab\t ! =m :i* su* a      
gall]y %\ld take1 or t x 0 a matt] (    
consid]ation4 ,! only difficulty ) me 0 
?is--! p]suad+1 or hop+ to p]suade1 a   
nation t if x _h pictures at all1 x %\ld
 h ^? pictures on ! l9e ( ! eye2 t x 0 n
 well to h a noble picture _m feet above
 ! eye1 m]ely = ! glory ( ! room4 ,!n ,i
 ?9k t z soon z y decide t a picture is 
to be se51 x is easy to f9d out ! way ( 
%[+ x2 to say t x %\ld h su* & su* a    
room1 ) su* & su* a light2 n a rak+     

light1 z ,i he>d ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake   
express x ! o!r day1 b r an oblique &   
s(t light1 & n s ne> ! picture z to cat*
 ! eye pa9fully4 ,t may be easily       
obta9$1 & ,i ?9k t all o!r que/ions aft]
 t are subord9ate4  ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4
 ,y\r proposition w\ld require a great  
ext5t ( wall8--,an imm5se ext5t ( wall4 
#aba4 ,*airman4 ,i see y /ate 9 !       
pamphlet to :i* ,i h be=e allud$1 t x is
 ( ! highe/ importance t ! works ( ea*  
ma/] %\ld be kept toge!r4 ,w\ld n su* an
 arrangem5t increase v mu* ! size ( !   
,national ,gall]y8--,i ?9k n1 because ,i
 h only suppos$ 9 my plan t1 at ! utmo/1
 two l9es ( pictures %\ld be admitt$ on 
! walls ( ! room2 t be+ s1 y w\ld be    
always able to put all ! works ( any    
ma/] toge!r )\t any inconv5i5ce or      
difficulty 9 fitt+ !m to ! size ( !     
room4 ,suppos+ t y put ! l>ge pictures  
high on ! walls1 !n x might be a "q1 (  
c\rse1 :e!r su* & su* a room or         
comp>tm5t ( ! ,gall]y w\ld hold ! works 
( a p>ticul> ma/]2 b suppos+ ! pictures 

7 all on a cont9u\s l9e1 y w\ld only /op
 ) ,a & beg9 ) ,b4  ,!n y w\ld only h !m
 on "o level & "o l9e8--,9 g5]al2 t     
seems to me ! common-s5se pr9ciple4     
,mr4 ,ri*mond4 ,!n y disapprove ( ! :ole
 ( ! ,european hang+ ( pictures 9       
gall]ies8--,i ?9k x v beautiful         
sometimes1 b n to be imitat$4 ,x        
produces mo/ noble rooms4 ,no "o c b be 
impress$ ) ! fir/ room at ! ,l\vre1 :]e 
y h ! mo/ noble ,v5etian pictures "o    
mass ( fire on ! f\r walls2 b !n none ( 
! details ( ^? pictures c be se54  ,dean
 ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,!re y h a v f9e g5]al  
effect1 b y lose ! effect ( ! beauties (
 ea* individual picture8--,y lose all ! 
beauties1 all ! high] m]its2 y get m]ely
 y\r g5]al idea4 ,x is a p]fectly       
spl5did room1 ( :i* a great "p ( !      
impression dep5ds ^u ! consci\sness ( ! 
spectator t x is s co/ly4  #abb4 ,w\ld y
 h ^? gall]ies 9 !mselves ri*ly         
decorat$8--,n ri*ly1 b pleasantly4      
,brilliantly1 b n too brightly8--,n too 
brightly4 ,i h n gone into t "q1 x be+  

out ( my way2 b ,i ?9k1 g5]ally1 t great
 c>e %\ld be tak5 to give a c]ta9       
spl5dor--a c]ta9 gorge\s effect--s t !  
spectator may feel himself among spl5did
 ?+s2 s t !re %all be no discom=t or    
meag]ness1 or want ( respect = ! ?+s :i*
 are be+ %[n4  #abc4 ,mr4 ,ri*mond4 ,!n 
d y ?9k t ,art w\ld be m wor?ily treat$1
 & ! public ta/e & arti/s bett] s]v$1 by
 hav+ ev5 a small] collection ( works s 
arrang$1 ?an by a mu* l>g] "o m]ely h\s$
 & hung f\r or five deep1 z 9 an auction
 room8--,yes4 ,b y put a difficult *oice
 be=e me1 because ,i d ?9k x a v        
important ?+ t we %\ld h _m pictures4   
,totally new results might be obta9$ f a
 l>ge gall]y 9 :i* ! *ronological       
arrangem5t 0 p]fect1 & ^: curators      
prep>$ = t *ronological arrangem5t1 by  
leav+ gaps to be fill$ by future        
acquisition2 tak+ ! greate/ pa9s 9 !    
selection ( ! examples1 t !y %\ld be    
?or\ghly *>act]i/ic2 giv+ a great] price
 = a picture :i* 0 ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic &
 expressive ( ! habits ( a nation2      

because x appe>s to me t "o ( ! ma9 uses
 ( ,art at pres5t is n s mu* z ,art1 b z
 tea*+ u ! feel+s ( nations4 ,hi/ory    
only tells u :at !y did2 ,art tells u _!
 feel+s1 & :y !y did x3 :e!r !y 7       
en]getic & fi]y1 or :e!r !y 71 z 9 !    
case ( ! ,dut*1 imitat+ m9or ?+s1 quiet 
& cold4 ,all ^? expressions ( feel+ _c  
come out ( ,hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! contempor>y  
hi/orian does n feel !m2 he does n feel 
:at 8 nation is2 b get ! works ( ! same 
ma/] toge!r1 ! works ( ! same nation    
toge!r1 & ! works ( ! same c5tury       
toge!r1 & see h[ ! ?+ w =ce itself ^u   
ev]yone's obs]vation4  #abd4 ,!n y w\ld 
n exclude ! g5u9e "w ( inf]ior          
ma/]s8--,n by any means4  ,y w\ld h !   
:ole z f> z y c\ld obta9 x8--,yes1 z f> 
z x 0 *>act]i/ic2 b ,i ?9k y c h>dly    
call an inf]ior ma/] "o :o does 9 ! be/ 
possible way ! ?+ he und]takes to d2 &  
,i w\ld n take any ma/] :o did n 9 "s   
way excel4 ,= in/ance1 ,i w\ld n take a 
m]e imitator ( ,cuyp among ! ,dut*2 b   
,cuyp himself has done insup]able ?+s 9 

c]ta9 expressions ( sunlight & repose4  
,v&] ,heyd5 & o!rs may also be m5tion$ z
 fir/-rate 9 inf]ior l9es4  ,tak+ f !   
rise ( art to ! "t ( ,raphael1 w\ld y 9 
! ,national ,gall]y include examples (  
all ^? ma/]s ^: names h come d[n to !   
mo/ le>n$ ( u8--,no4  ,:]e w\ld y draw !
 l9e1 & :]e w\ld y beg9 to leave        
out8--,i w\ld only draw ! l9e :5 ,i 0   
pur*as+ a picture4 ,i ?9k t a p]son     
might always sp5d 8 money bett] by mak+ 
an ef=t to get "o noble picture ?an five
 or six second or ?ird-rate pictures1   
provid$ only1 t y _h examples ( ! be/   
k9d ( "w produc$ at t "t4 ,i w\ld n h   
second-rate pictures4 ,multitudes (     
ma/]s among ! disciples ( ,giotto might 
be nam$2 y might h "o or two pictures ( 
,giotto1 & "o or two pictures ( !       
disciples ( ,giotto4  ,!n y w\ld r dep5d
 ^u ! beauty ( ! "w itself2 if ! "w 7   
beautiful1 y w\ld admit x8--,c]ta9ly4   
,b if x 7 only hi/orically int]e/+1 w\ld
 y !n reject x8--,n 9 ! lea/4 ,i want x 
hi/orically int]e/+1 b ,i want z good an

 example z ,i c h ( t p>ticul> mann]4   
,w\ld x n be hi/orically int]e/+ if x 7 
! only picture kn[n ( t p>ticul> ma/]1  
:o 0 a foll[] ( ,giotto8 ,= in/ance1    
suppos+ a "w ( ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 7 br\ght to
 light1 & _h no real m]it 9 x z a "w (  
art1 w\ld x n be ! duty ( ! au?orities (
 a ,national ,gall]y to seize ^u t      
picture1 & pay p]haps r a l>ge price =  
x8--,c]ta9ly2 all docum5t>y art ,i %\ld 
include4  ,!n :at w\ld y                
exclude8--,m]ely t :i* is inf]ior1 & n  
docum5t>y2 m]ely ano!r example ( ! same 
k9d ( ?+4  ,!n y w\ld n multiply        
examples ( ! same ma/]s if inf]ior m51 b
 y w\ld h "o ( ea*4 ,!re is no man1 ,i  
suppose1 ^: memory has come d[n to u    
aft] ?ree or f\r c5turies1 b has some?+ 
wor? pres]v+ 9 8 "w--some?+ peculi> to  
himself1 :i* p]haps no o!r p]son has ev]
 done1 & y w\ld reta9 "o example ( su*1 
w\ld y n8--,i w\ld1 if x 0 9 my p[]1 b  
,i w\ld r ) giv5 funds make an ef=t to  
get p]fect examples4  ,!n y ?9k t !     
arti/ic elem5t %\ld gov]n ! ar*ological 

9 ! selection8--,yes1 & ! ar*ological 9 
! arrangem5t4  #abe4 ,dean ( ,/4        
,paul's4 ,:5 y speak ( arrang+ ! works (
 "o ma/] consecutively1 w\ld y pay any  
reg>d or n to ! subjects8 ,y mu/ be well
 aw>e t _m pa9t]s1 = in/ance1           
,correggio1 & o!rs1 pa9t$ v incongru\s  
subjects2 w\ld y r keep !m toge!r ?an   
disp]se ! works ( ^? pa9t]s to a c]ta9  
degree accord+ to _! subjects8--,i w\ld 
mo/ c]ta9ly keep !m toge!r4 ,i ?9k x an 
important feature ( ! ma/] t he did pa9t
 incongru\sly1 & v possibly ! "* ( ea*  
picture w\ld be bett] und]/ood by see+  
!m toge!r2 ! relations ( ea* are        
sometimes ess5tial to be se54  ,mr4     
,ri*mond4 ,d y ?9k t ! pres]vation ( ^! 
works is "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important ?+s
 to be provid$ =8--,x w\ld be s ) me 9  
pur*as+ a picture4 ,i w\ld pay d\ble !  
price = x if ,i ?\ght x 0 likely to be  
de/roy$ :]e x 04  ,9 a note y wrote to  
me ! o!r day1 ,i f9d ?is passage3 ,!    
,art ( a nation ,i ?9k "o ( ! mo/       
important po9ts ( its hi/ory1 & a "p    

:i*1 if once de/roy$1 no hi/ory w ev]   
supply ! place (--& ! fir/ idea ( a     
,national ,gall]y is1 t x %\ld be a     
,libr>y ( ,art1 9 :i* ! rude/ ef=ts are1
 9 "s cases1 h>dly less important ?an ! 
noble/4 ,is t y\r op9ion8--,p]fectly4 ,t
 seems some:at inconsi/5t ) :at ,i h be5
 say+1 b ,i mean !re1 ! noble/ ef=ts ( !
 "t at :i* !y are produc$4 ,i w\ld take 
! greate/ pa9s to get an example (      
elev5? c5tury "w1 ?\gh ! pa9t+ is       
p]fectly b>b>\s at t "t4  #abf4 ,y h mu*
 to d ) ! education ( ! work+ classes 9 
,art4 ,z f> z y are able to tell u1 :at 
is y\r exp]i5ce ) reg>d to _! lik+ &    
dislik+ 9 ,art--d comp>atively un$ucat$ 
p]sons pref] ! ,art up to ! "t (        
,raphael1 or d[n f ! "t ( ,raphael8--we 
w take ! ,bolognese ,s*ool1 or ! e>ly   
,flor5t9e ,s*ool--:i* d y ?9k a work+   
man w\ld feel ! greate/ int]e/ 9 look+  
at8--,i _c tell y1 because my work+ m5  
w\ld n be all[$ to look at a ,bolognese 
picture2 ,i tea* !m s mu* love ( detail1
 t ! mom5t !y see a detail c>efully     

drawn1 !y are caught by x4 ,! ma9 ?+ :i*
 has surpris$ me 9 deal+ ) ^! m5 is !   
exce$+ ref9em5t ( _! m9ds--s t 9 a mom5t
 ,i c get c>p5t]s1 & smi?s1 & ord9>y    
workm51 & v>i\s classes to give me a    
ref9em5t :i* ,i _c get a "y lady to give
 me :5 ,i give h] a lesson = ! fir/ "t4 
,:e!r x is ! habit ( "w :i* makes !m g  
at x m int5sely1 or :e!r x is 7z ,i r   
?9k7 t1 z ! fem99e m9d looks = /r5g?1 ! 
mascul9e m9d looks = delicacy1 & :5 y   
take x simply1 & give x its *oice1 x w g
 to ! mo/ ref9$ ?+1 ,i d n "k4  ,dean ( 
,/4 ,paul's4 ,c y see any p]ceptible    
improvem5t 9 ! /ate ( ! public m9d &    
ta/e 9 t respect s9ce ^! measures h be5 
adopt$8--,!re has n be5 "t to judge ( t4
  #abg4 ,d ^! p]sons :o are tak+ an     
int]e/ 9 ,art come f diff]5t p>ts (     
,london8--,yes4  ,( c\rse ! di/ance :i* 
!y w\ld h to come w\ld be ( v great     
importance8--,yes4  ,!re=e "o ( ! great 
recomm5dations ( a ,gall]y1 if y wi% x  
to h an effect ^u ! public m9d 9 t      
respect1 w\ld be its accessibility1 bo? 

) reg>d to ! "t consum$ 9 go+ !re1 & to 
! *eapness1 z ,i may call x1 (          
access8--,mo/ c]ta9ly4  ,y w\ld !re=e   
consid] t ! m c5tral ! situation1 putt+ 
all o!r po9ts out ( consid]ation1 !     
great] advantage x w\ld be to !         
public8--,yes2 !re is ?is1 h[ev]1 to be 
said1 t a c5tral situation involves !   
cr[d+ ( ! room ) p>ties :olly un9t]e/$ 9
 ! matt]--a situation m retir$ w g5]ally
 be s]viceable en\gh = ! real /ud5t4    
,w\ld n t v mu* dep5d ^u its be+ 9 a    
?or\ghf>e8 ,!re might be a c5tral       
situation :i* w\ld n be s complete a    
?or\ghf>e z to tempt p]sons to g 9 :o 7 
n likely to d]ive advantage f x8--,i ?9k
 t if ?is gall]y 7 made s l>ge & s      
beautiful z we are propos+1 x w\ld be r 
a resort1 r a l\nge e day1 & all day    
long1 provid$ x 7 accessible4  #abh4    
,w\ld n t a good deal dep5d ^u its be+ 9
 a public ?or\ghf>e8 ,if x 7 9 a        
?or\ghf>e1 a great _m p]sons might pass 
9 :o w\ld be driv5 9 by accid5t1 or     
driv5 9 by caprice1 if !y pass$ x2 b if 

x 7 at a little di/ance f a ?or\ghf>e1 x
 w\ld be less cr[d$ ) ^? p]sons :o are n
 likely to d]ive mu* advantage f x8--,q 
s2 b !re w\ld always be an advantage 9  
attract+ a cr[d2 x w\ld always ext5d its
 educational ability 9 its be+ cr[d$4 ,b
 x w\ld seem to me t all t is necess>y =
 a noble ,museum ( ! be/ art %\ld be m  
or less remov$1 & t a collection1 solely
 = ! purpose ( education1 & = ! purpose 
( int]e/+ p :o d n c>e mu* ab\t art1    
%\ld be provid$ 9 ! v he>t ( !          
population1 if possible1 t pictures n ( 
great value1 b ( suffici5t value to     
int]e/ ! public1 & ( m]it en\gh to =m ! 
basis ( e>ly education1 & to give       
examples ( all art1 %\ld be collect$ 9 !
 popul> ,gall]y1 b t all ! preci\s ?+s  
%\ld be remov$ & put into ! great       
,gall]y1 :]e !y w\ld be safe/1          
irrespectively altoge!r ( accessibility4
  ,*airman4 ,!n y w\ld1 9 fact1 h n "o b
 two ,gall]ies8--,two only4  #abi4      
,pr(essor ,f>aday4 ,& y w\ld seem to    
desire purposely ! removal ( ! true &   

head ,gall]y to "s di/ance1 s z to      
prev5t ! great access ( p]sons8--,yes4  
,?9k+ t all ^? :o c\ld make a real use (
 a ,gall]y w\ld g to t "o8--,yes4 ,my   
op9ion 9 t respect has be5 alt]$ )9 ^!  
few days f ! fact hav+ be5 br\ght to my 
k ( sculpture be+ mu* det]iorat$ by !   
atmosph]e & ! total impossibility (     
protect+ sculpture4 ,pictures ,i d n c>e
 ab\t1 = ,i c protect !m1 b n sculpture4
  ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,:5ce did y d]ive
 t k8--,i =get :o told me2 x 0 "s       
au?ority ,i ?\ght conclusive1 & !re=e   
took no special note (4  #acj4 ,*airman4
 ,d y n consid] t x is r prejudicial to 
art t !re %\ld be a ,gall]y notori\sly  
conta9+ no fir/-rate works ( art1 b     
second-rate or ?ird-rate works8--,no2 ,i
 ?9k x r valuable z an expression ( !   
means ( education1 t !re %\ld be e>ly   
lessons 9 art--t !re %\ld be ?is sort ( 
art select$ especially = fir/ /udies1 & 
also t !re %\ld be a recognition ( !    
exce$+ preci\sness ( "s o!r art4 ,i ?9k 
t portions ( x %\ld be set aside z      

int]e/+1 b n unreplaceable2 b t o!r     
portions %\ld be set aside z be+ ?+s z  
to :i* ! function ( ! nation 01 *iefly1 
to take c>e ( ^? ?+s1 n = itself m]ely1 
b = all its desc5dants1 & sett+ !       
example ( tak+ c>e ( !m = ev]4  ,y d n  
?9k1 !n1 t !re w\ld be any dang] 9 !    
/udy+ or ! copy+ ( works :i* notori\sly 
7 n ! be/ works8--,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k 
x w\ld be bett] t works n altoge!r ! be/
 %\ld be fir/ submitt$4 ,i nev] %\ld ?9k
 ( giv+ ! be/ "w myself to a /ud5t to   
copy--x is hopeless2 he w\ld n feel its 
beauties--he w\ld m]ely blund] ov] x4 ,i
 am p]fectly c]ta9 t t _c be s]viceable 
9 ! p>ticul> bran* ( art :i* ,i pr(ess1 
namely1 l&scape-pa9t+2 ,i "k t ,i mu/   
give m or less ( bad examples4  ,mr4    
,ri*mond4 ,b y w\ld admit no?+ into ?is 
second gall]y :i* 0 n good or true ( its
 k9d8--,no?+ :i* 0 n good or true ( its 
k9d1 b only inf]ior 9 value to ! o!rs4  
,& if !re 7 any o!r works :i* might be  
deposit$ !re ) p]fect safety1 say       
preci\s draw+s1 :i* might be protect$ by

 glass1 y w\ld n object to exhibit ^? to
 ! unselect$ multitude8--,n 9 ! lea/2 ,i
 %\ld be v glad to d s1 provid$ ,i c\ld 
sp>e !m f ! gr& *ronological arrangem5t4
  ,d y ?9k t a v int]e/+ supplem5t>y    
exhibition might be got up1 say at      
,trafalg> ,squ>e1 & reta9$ !re8--,yes1 &
 all ! m useful because y w\ld put few  
works1 & y c\ld make x complete 9       
s]ies--& because1 on a small scale1 y   
w\ld h ! entire s]ies4 ,by select+ a few
 works1 y w\ld h an epitome ( ! ,gr&    
,gall]y1 ! divisions ( ! *ronology be+  
all )9 ! comp>tm5t ( a wall1 :i* 9 !    
great ,gall]y w\ld be 9 a sep>ate       
division ( ! build+4  #aca4 ,mr4        
,cock]ell4 ,d y contemplate !           
possibility ( excell5t copies be+       
exhibit$ ( ! mo/ excell5t works bo? (   
sculpture & ( pa9t+8--,i h n contemplat$
 t possibility4 ,i h a great horror (   
copies ( any k9d1 except only (         
sculpture4 ,i h great fe> ( copies (    
pa9t+2 ,i ?9k p g5]ally cat* ! wor/ p>ts
 ( ! pa9t+ & leave ! be/4  ,b y w\ld    

select ! arti/ :o %\ld make ! copy4 ,!re
 are p]sons ^: :ole tal5t is conc5trat$ 
9 ! p[] ( imitation ( a giv5 picture1 & 
a great tal5t x is4--,i h nev] 9 my life
 se5 a good copy ( a good picture4      
,*airman4 ,h y n se5 any ( ! ,g]man     
copies ( "s ( ! great ,italian ma/]s1   
:i* are g5]ally e/eem$ v admirable      
works8--,i h n mu* /udi$ ! works ( !    
copyi/s2 ,i h n obs]v$ !m mu*1 nev] hav+
 yet f\nd an exception to t rule :i* ,i 
h m5tion$4 ,:5 ,i came across a copyi/ 9
 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,vatican1 or 9 ! ,gall]y 
at ,flor5ce1 ,i _h a horror ( ! mis*ief1
 & ! sc&al & ! libel ^u ! ma/]1 f !     
supposition t su* a ?+ z t 9 any way    
resembl$ 8 "w1 & ! h>m t x w\ld d to !  
populace among :om x 0 %[n4  ,mr4       
,ri*mond4 ,y look ^u x z y w\ld ^u co9+ 
bad money & circulat+ x1 do+            
mis*ief8--,yes1 x is mis*iev\s4  ,mr4   
,cock]ell4 ,b y admit engrav+s--y admit 
photographs ( ^! works1 :i* are         
imitations 9 ano!r language8--,yes2 9   
ab/ract t]ms1 !y are r descriptions ( ! 

pa9t+s ?an copies--!y are r measures &  
def9itions ( !m--!y are h9ts & tables ( 
! pictures1 r ?an copies ( !m2 !y d n   
pret5d to ! same excell5ce 9 any way4   
,y speak z a connoisseur2 h[ w\ld !     
common eye ( ! public agree ) y 9 t     
op9ion8--,i ?9k x w\ld n agree ) me4    
,nev]!less1 if ,i 7 tak+ "s ( my workm5 
into ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,i %\ld soon h
 "s hope ( mak+ !m und]/& 9 :at         
excell5ce consi/$1 if ,i c\ld po9t to a 
g5u9e "w2 b ,i %\ld h no su* hope if ,i 
_h only copies ( ^! pictures4  #acb4 ,d 
y hold mu* to ! ar*ological1            
*ronological1 & hi/orical s]ies & tea*+ 
( pictures8--,yes4  ,are y ( op9ion t t 
is ess5tial to ! creative tea*+1 )      
ref]5ce to our future s*ools8--,no4 ,i  
%\ld ?9k n ess5tial at all4 ,! tea*+ ( !
 future arti/1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 might be    
accompli%$ by v few pictures ( ! class  
:i* t p>ticul> arti/ wi%$ to /udy4 ,i   
?9k t ! *ronological arrangem5t is 9    
no-wise connect$ ) ! g5]al effici5cy ( !
 gall]y z a matt] ( /udy = ! arti/1 b v 

mu* s z a means ( /udy1 n = p]sons      
int]e/$ 9 pa9t+ m]ely1 b = ^? :o wi% to 
exam9e ! g5]al hi/ory ( nations2 & ,i   
?9k t pa9t+ %\ld be consid]$ by t class 
( p]sons z conta9+ preci\s evid5ce4 ,x  
w\ld be "p ( ! philosoph]'s "w to exam9e
 ! art ( a nation z well z its poetry4  
,y consid] t art speaks a language &    
tells a tale :i* no writt5 docum5t c    
effect8--,yes1 & f> m preci\s2 ! :ole   
s\l ( a nation g5]ally goes ) its art4  
,x may be urg$ by an ambiti\s k+ to     
become a w>rior nation4 ,x may be tra9$ 
by a s+le lead] to become a great w>rior
 nation1 & its "* at t "t may mat]ially 
dep5d ^u t "o man1 b 9 its art all ! m9d
 ( ! nation is m or less express$3 x c  
be said1 t 0 :at ! peasant s\ght to :5  
he w5t into ! city to ! ca!dral 9 !     
morn+--t 0 ! sort ( book ! poor p]son   
read or le>n$ 9--! sort ( picture he    
pray$ to4 ,all :i* involves inf9itely m 
important consid]ations ?an common      
hi/ory4  #acc4 ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,:5 
y speak ( y\r objections to copies (    

pictures1 d y c>ry t objection to ca/s (
 sculpture8--,n at all4  ,suppos+ !re   
c\ld be no complete union ( ! great     
works ( sculpture 9 a c\ntry ) ! great  
works ( pa9t+ 9 t c\ntry1 w\ld y consid]
 t a good selection ( ca/s compris+ !   
great rema9s ( sculpture ( all ages w\ld
 be an important addition to a public   
gall]y8--,i %\ld be v glad to see x4    
,if y c\ld n h x ( orig9als1 y w\ld wi% 
v mu* to h a complete collection ( ca/s1
 ( c\rse select$ f all ! f9e/ sculptures
 9 ! _w8--,c]ta9ly4  ,mr4 ,ri*mond4     
,w\ld y d ! same ) ar*itecture--w\ld y  
collect ! rema9s ( ar*itecture1 z f> z  
!y are to be collect$1 & unite !m )     
sculpture & pa9t+8--,i %\ld ?9k t       
ar*itecture consi/$1 z f> z x 0         
portable1 v mu* 9 sculpture4 ,9 say+ t1 
,i mean1 t 9 ! diff]5t bran*es (        
sculpture ar*itecture is involv$--t is  
to say1 y w\ld h ! /atues belong+ to su*
 & su* a division ( a build+4 ,!n if y  
_h ca/s ( ^? /atues1 y w\ld necess>ily h
 ^? ca/s plac$ exactly 9 ! same position

 z ! orig9al /atues--x involves !       
build+s surr\nd+ !m & ! elevation--x    
involves ! :ole ar*itecture4  ,9        
addition to t1 w\ld y h orig9al draw+s (
 ar*itecture1 & models ( great build+s1 
& photographs1 if !y c\ld be made       
p]man5t1 ( ! great build+s z well z !   
mold+s & ca/s ( ! mold+s1 & ! memb]s z  
f> z y c\ld obta9 !m8--,q s4  ,w\ld y   
also include1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :at
 may be call$ ! h&icraft ( a            
nation--works = dome/ic use or ornam5t8 
,= in/ance1 we "k t !re 7 "s salt-cell>s
 design$ = "o ( ! ,popes2 w\ld y h ^? if
 !y came to u8--,ev]y?+1 pots & pans1 & 
salt-cell>s1 & knives4  ,y w\ld h ev]y?+
 t _h an int]e/+ art elem5t 9 x8--,yes4 
,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,9 %ort1 a mod]n   
,pompeian ,gall]y8--,yes2 ,i "k h[ mu*  
great] ext5t t involves1 b ,i ?9k t y   
%\ld include all ! iron "w1 & *9a1 &    
pott]y1 & s on4 ,i ?9k t all works 9    
metal1 all works 9 clay1 all works 9    
c>v$ wood1 %\ld be includ$4 ,( c\rse1 t 
involves mu*4 ,x involves all ! co9s--x 

involves an imm5se ext5t4  #acd4        
,suppos+ x 7 impossible to conc5t] 9 "o 
great museum ! :ole ( ^! ?+s1 :]e %\ld y
 pref] to draw ! l9e8 ,w\ld y draw ! l9e
 betwe5 :at ,i may call ! anci5t ,pagan 
_w & ! mod]n ,*ri/ian _w1 & s leave1 to 
:at may be call$ ! anci5t _w1 all !     
anci5t sculpture1 & any fragm5ts (      
anci5t pa9t+ :i* !re might be--all !    
vases1 all ! anci5t bronzes1 &1 9 %ort1 
ev]y?+ :i* comes d[n to a c]ta9 p]iod8  
,d y ?9k t t w\ld be ! be/ division1 or 
%\ld y pref] any division :i* takes     
special arts1 & keeps ^? arts           
toge!r8--,i %\ld l ! ,pagan & ,*ri/ian  
division4 ,i ?9k x v ess5tial t :]ev] ! 
sculpture ( a nation 01 !re its iron "w 
%\ld be--t :]ev] its iron "w 01 !re its 
pott]y %\ld be1 & s on4  ,& y w\ld keep 
! m$ival works toge!r1 9 :atev] =m ^?   
m$ival works exi/$8--,yes2 ,i %\ld n at 
all feel injur$ by hav+ to take a       
cab-drive f "o c5tury to ano!r c5tury4  
,or f ! anci5t to ! mod]n _w8--,no4     
,mr4 ,ri*mond4 ,if x 7 f\nd conv5i5t to 

keep sep>ate ! ,pagan & ! ,*ri/ian art1 
) :i* w\ld y associate ! m$ival8--,by   
,*ri/ian & ,pagan ,art ,i mean1 be=e    
,*ri/ & aft] ,*ri/4  ,!n ! m$ival w\ld  
come ) ! pa9t+s8--,yes2 & also !        
,mahom$an1 & all ! ,pagan art :i* 0 aft]
 ,*ri/1 ,i %\ld associate z "p1 & a mo/ 
ess5tial "p1 because x seems to me t !  
hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is complicat$      
p]petually ) t :i* ,*ri/ianity 0        
effect+4 ,!re=e1 x is a matt] ( date1 n 
( ,*ri/ianity4 ,ev]y?+ be=e ,*ri/ ,i    
%\ld be glad to see sep>at$1 or y may   
take any o!r date t y l4  ,b !          
inspiration ( ! two s*ools--! ,pagan & !
 ,*ri/ian--seems s diff]5t1 t !re w\ld  
be no great viol5ce done to ! true !ory 
( a ,national ,gall]y 9 divid+ ^! two1  
w\ld !re1 if ea* 7 made complete 9      
itself8--,t is to say1 tak+ ! _s ( ! _w 
aft] ,*ri/ianity 0 9 x1 & ! _s ( ! _w   
be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 9 x4  ,dean ( ,/4    
,paul's4 ,! bir? ( ,*ri/1 y say1 is !   
comm5cem5t ( ,*ri/ian art8--,yes4  ,!n  
,*ri/ian influ5ce began1 &1 ( c\rse1 t  

w\ld leave a small debatable gr\nd1     
p>ticul>ly among ! ivories = in/ance1   
:i* we mu/ settle accord+ to            
circum/ances8--,wide ( any debatable    
gr\nd1 all ! art ( a nation :i* _h nev] 
he>d ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,h9doo art & s on1
 w\ld1 ,i suppose1 if ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 
g into ! ,*ri/ian gall]y4  ,i 0 speak+ r
 ( ! transition p]iod1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 !re
 mu/ be8--,yes4  ,mr4 ,cock]ell4 ,!re   
mu/ be a di/9ction betwe5 ! t]ms museum 
& gall]y4 ,:at are ! di/9ctions :i* y   
w\ld draw 9 ! pres5t case8--,i %\ld ?9k 
museum 0 ! "r "n ( ! :ole build+4 ,a    
gall]y is1 ,i ?9k1 m]ely a room 9 a     
museum adapt$ = ! exhibition ( works 9 a
 s]ies1 ^: effect dep5ds ^u _! collat]al
 %[+ =?4  #ace4 ,!re are c]ta9ly p]sons 
:o w\ld d]ive _! *ief advantage f !     
hi/orical & *ronological arrangem5t :i* 
y propose1 b !re are o!rs :o look alone 
= ! beautiful1 & :o say1 ,i h no?+ to d 
) y\r p$antry4 ,i desire to h !         
beautiful be=e me4 ,%[ me ^? complete & 
p]fect works :i* are receiv$ & kn[n z ! 

works ( ,phidias & ! great ,greek ma/]s 
z f> z we possess !m1 & ! works ( !     
great ,italian pa9t]s4 ,i h n "t1 nor   
does my g5ius p]mit t ,i %\ld tr\ble    
myself ) ^? details4 ,!re is a l>ge     
class :o are guid$ by ^? feel+s8--,& ,i 
hope :o always w be guid$ by !m2 b ,i   
%\ld consult _! feel+s en\gh 9 ! sett+  
be=e !m ( ! mo/ beautiful works ( art4  
,all t ,i %\ld beg ( !m to yield to me  
w\ld be t !y %\ld look at ,titian only1 
or at ,raphael only1 & n wi% to h       
,titian & ,raphael side by side2 & ,i   
?9k ,i %\ld be able to tea* !m1 z a     
matt] ( beauty1 t !y did enjoy ,titian &
 ,raphael alone bett] ?an m+l$4 ,!n ,i  
w\ld provide !m beautiful gall]ies full 
( ! mo/-noble sculpture4 ,:5ev] we come 
z a c\ntry & a nation to provide        
beautiful sculpture1 x seems to me t !  
greate/ pa9s %\ld be tak5 to set x (f   
beautifully4 ,y %\ld h beautiful        
sculpture 9 ! middle ( ! room1 ) d>k    
walls r\nd x to ?r[ out its pr(ile1 & y 
%\ld h all ! arrangem5ts made !re s z to

 h>monize ) x1 & to set =? e l9e ( x4 ,s
 ! pa9t+ gall]y1 ,i ?9k1 might be made a
 glori\s ?+1 if ! pictures 7 level1 & ! 
ar*itecture above produc$ unity (       
impression f ! beauty & gl[ ( color & ! 
purity ( =m4  ,mr4 ,ri*mond4 ,& y w\ld n
 exclude a ,crevelli because x 0 qua9t1 
or an e>ly ma/] ( any s*ool--y w\ld h ! 
infancy1 ! y\?1 & ! age1 ( ea* s*ool1   
w\ld y n8--,c]ta9ly4  ,dean ( ,/4       
,paul's4 ,( ! ,g]man z well z !         
,italian8--,yes4  ,mr4 ,ri*mond4        
,spani%1 & all ! s*ools8--,c]ta9ly4     
#acf4 ,mr4 ,cock]ell4 ,y are q aw>e ( ! 
great lib]ality ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 z we le>n
 f ! pap]s1 9 a rec5t in/ance1 namely1 !
 pur*ase ( a great ,paul ,v]onese8--,i  
am rejoic$ to he> x4 ,if x is confirm$1 
no?+ w h giv5 me su* pleasure = a long  
"t4 ,i ?9k x is ! mo/ preci\s ,paul     
,v]onese 9 ! _w1 z f> z ! completion ( !
 picture goes1 & q a priceless picture4 
,c y conceive a ,gov]nm5t1 or a p1 :o   
w\ld c\nt5ance s exp5sive a pur*ase1    
condesc5d+ to take up ) ! occupation ( !

 upp] /ory ( "s public build+1 or ) an  
exp$i5t :i* %\ld n be entirely wor?y (  
su* a noble ,gall]y ( ,pictures8--,i d n
 ?9k t !y ought to d s2 b ,i d n "k h[  
f> !y w be consi/5t4 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k !y  
ought n to put up ) any su* exp$i5t4 ,i 
am n prep>$ to say :at limits !re are to
 consi/5cy or inconsi/5cy4  ,mr4        
,ri*mond4 ,i und]/& y to h giv5 9       
evid5ce t y ?9k a ,national ,collection 
%\ld be illu/rative ( ! :ole art 9 all  
its bran*es8--,c]ta9ly4  ,n a cab9et (  
pa9t+s1 n a collection ( sculptur$      
works1 b illu/rative ( ! :ole           
art8--,yes4  #acg4 ,h y any fur!r rem>k 
to (f] to ! ,commission]s8--,i wi% to   
say "o ^w respect+ ! "q ( ! re/oration (
 /atu>y4 ,x seems to me a v simple "q4  
,mu* h>m is be+ at pres5t done 9 ,europe
 by re/oration1 m h>m ?an 0 ev] done1 z 
f> z ,i "k1 by revolutions or by w>s4 ,!
 ,fr5* are n[ do+ great h>m to _!       
ca!drals1 "u ! idea t !y are do+ good1  
de/roy+ m ?an all ! good !y are do+4 ,& 
all ?is proce$s f ! "o great mi/ake (   

suppos+ t sculpture c be re/or$ :5 x is 
injur$4 ,i am v mu* int]e/$ by ! "q :i* 
"o ( ! ,commission]s ask$ me 9 t        
respect2 & ,i w\ld sugge/ :e!r x does n 
seem easy to avoid all que/ions ( t k9d4
 ,if ! /atue is injur$1 leave x s1 b    
provide a p]fect copy ( ! /atue 9 its   
re/or$ =m2 (f]1 if y l1 prizes to       
sculptors = conjectural re/orations1 &  
*oose ! mo/ beautiful1 b d n t\* !      
orig9al "w4  #ach4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday4 ,y
 said "s "t ago t 9 y\r own attempts to 
in/ruct ! public !re _h n be5 "t yet to 
see :e!r ! c\rse tak5 _h produc$        
improvem5t or n4 ,y see no signs at all 
:i* lead y to suppose t x w n produce ! 
improvem5t :i* y desire8--,f> f x--,i   
und]/ood ! ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's to ask me
 :e!r any g5]al effect _h be5 produc$ ^u
 ! m9ds ( ! public4 ,i h only be5 tea*+ 
a class ( ab\t =ty workm5 = a c\ple (   
ye>s1 aft] _! "w--!y n always att5d+--& 
t =ty be+ compos$ ( p pass+ away & com+ 
aga92 & ,i d n "k :at !y are n[ do+2 ,i 
only see a gradual succession ( m5 9 my 

own class4 ,i r take !m 9 an elem5t>y   
class1 & pass !m to a ma/] 9 a high]    
class4 ,b ,i h ! greate/ delight 9 !    
progress :i* ^! m5 h made1 s f> z ,i h  
se5 x2 & ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt t great ?+s 
w be done ) respect to !m4  ,*airman4 ,w
 y /ate precisely :at position y        
hold8--,i am ma/] ( ! ,elem5t>y &       
,l&scape ,s*ool ( ,draw+ at ! ,work+    
,m5's ,college 9 ,great ,ormond ,/reet4 
,my ef=ts are direct$ n to mak+ a c>p5t]
 an arti/1 b to mak+ him happi] z a     
c>p5t]4       ,,note4--,! foll[+        
analysis ( ! above evid5ce 0      giv5 9
 ! ,index to ! ,report 7p4              
#ahd74--;,,ed4       #aad-e-f4          
,sculpture & pa9t+ %\ld be comb9$ "u    
same      ro(1 n 9 same                 
room4--,sculpture discipl9es ! eye to   
appreciate pa9t+4--,b1 if 9 same room1  
di/urbs !      m9d4--,tribune at        
,flor5ce arrang$ too mu* =              
%[--,sculpture      n to be reg>d$ z    
decorative ( a room4--,national ,gall]y 
%\ld include works ( all k9ds ( art (   

all ages1 arrang$      *ronologically   
7cf4 #acb74 ,m$ival sculpture %\ld g )  
pa9t+1 if x is f\nd impossible to comb9e
 art ( all ages4       #aag-h4 ,pictures
 %\ld be protect$ by glass 9 e case4 ,x 
makes !m m beautiful1 indep5d5tly ( !   
pres]vation1--,glass is n m]ely exp$i5t1
 b      ess5tial4--,pictures are        
p]man5tly injur$ by dirt4               
#aai-bj-ba4 ,fir/-rate l>ge pictures    
%\ld h a room to      !mselves1 & a     
gall]y r\nd !m4--,pictures mu/ be hung  
on a      l9e ) ! eye4--,9 "o1 or at mo/
 two1 l9es4--,9 ! ,salon      ,c>re at !
 ,l\vre ! effect is magnific5t1 b       
details (      pictures _c be se54      
#abb4 ,gall]ies %\ld be decorat$ n      
spl5didly1 b pleasantly4       #abc4    
,great importance ( *ronological        
arrangem5t4 ,art ! true/      hi/ory    
7cf4 #abe & #acb74       #abd4 ,be/     
works ( inf]ior arti/s to be secur$4    
#abe4 ,all ! works ( a pa9t]1 h[ev]     
incongru\s _!      subjects1 to be      
exhibit$ 9 juxtaposition4       #abf4   

,love ( detail 9 pictures among         
workm54--,great ref9em5t (      _!      
p]ceptions4       #abg4 ,accessibility (
 new ,national ,gall]y4       #abh4 ,!re
 %\ld be two gall]ies--"o conta9+ gems1 
plac$ 9      z safe a position z        
possible2 ! o!r conta9+ works good1     
b inf]ior to ! highe/1 & locat$ solely )
 a view to      accessibility4          
#abi4 ,impossible to protect sculpture f
 ,london atmosph]e4       #acj4 ,inf]ior
 gall]y w\ld be useful z an             
in/ructor4--,9 ?is      respect sup]ior 
to ! great gall]y4       #aca-cb4       
,copies ( pa9t+s mu* to be deprecat$4   
#acc4 ,good collection ( ca/s a valuable
 addition to a national                 
gall]y4--,also ar*itectural fragm5ts &  
illu/rations4--,&      ev]y?+ :i*       
involves art4       #acd4 ,if x is      
impossible to comb9e works ( art ( all  
ages1 !      ,pagan & ,*ri/ian division 
is ! be/4--,*ri/ian art      includ+ all
 art subsequ5t to ! bir? ( ,*ri/4       
#ace4 ,great importance ( arrang+ &     

sett+ (f sculpture4       #acf4 ,rec5t  
pur*ase by ,gov]nm5t ( ! great ,paul    
,v]onese4       #acg4 ,re/or+ abroad4   
#ach4 ,witness is ,ma/] ( ! ,elem5t>y & 
,l&scape ,s*ool (      ,draw+ at !      
,work+ ,m5's ,college 9 ,great ,ormond  
,/reet4--,progress made by /ud5ts highly
 satisfactory4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote
 #a3 ,?is evid5ce1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,rusk9 z
 /at$ above1 is repr9t$ f ! ,report ( ! 
,national ,gall]y ,site ,commission4    
,london3 ,h>rison & ,sons4 #aheg4 ,pp4  
#ib-g4 ,que/ions #bcib-bejd4 ,!         
,commission consi/$ ( ,"l ,br\ghton     
7*airman71 ,dean ,milman1 ,pr(essor     
,f>aday1 ,mr4 ,cock]ell1 ,r4,a41 & ,mr4 
,george ,ri*mond1 all ( :om 7 pres5t on 
! occasion ( ,mr4 ,rusk9 giv+ 8         
evid5ce4--,,ed4     ,,picture           
,,gall]ies--,,_! ,,functions ,,&        
,,=mation4  ,,select ,,committee ,,on   
,,public ,,in/itutions4#b  ,evid5ce (   
,john ,rusk91 ,tuesday1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahfj4
   #aci4 ,*airman4 ,i believe y h a     
g5]al acqua9tance ) ! lead+ museums1    

picture gall]ies1 & in/itutions 9 ?is   
metropolis8--,yes1 ,i "k !m well4  ,&   
especially ! pictures8--,yes4  ,i       
believe y h also tak5 mu* int]e/ 9 !    
,work+ ,m5's ,college8--,yes1 mu*       
int]e/4 ,i h be5 occupi$ !re z a ma/] = 
ab\t five ye>s4  ,i believe y conduct a 
class on two days 9 ! week8--,on "o day 
( ! week only4  ,y h giv5 a great deal (
 gratuit\s in/ruction to ! work+        
classes8--,n s mu* to ! work+ classes z 
to ! class :i* especially att5ds !      
lectures on draw+1 b :i* ( c\rse is     
connect$ ) ! work+ classes1 & ?r\gh :i* 
,i "k some?+ ab\t !m4  #adj4 ,y are     
probably able to speak ) ref]5ce to !   
h\rs at :i* x w\ld be mo/ conv5i5t t ^! 
in/itutions %\ld be op5$ to ! work+     
classes1 s t !y might enjoy !m8--,at all
 ev5ts1 ,i c =m "s op9ion ab\t x4  ,:at 
are ! h\rs :i* y ?9k w\ld be ! mo/      
suitable to ! work+ classes1 or ^? to   
:om y h imp>t$ in/ruction8--,!y w\ld1 ( 
c\rse1 h 9 g5]al no h\rs b 9 ! ev5+4  ,d
 y ?9k ! h\rs :i* are n[ f\nd suitable =

 me*anics' in/itutes w\ld be suitable = 
!m1 t is1 f eight till t51 or f sev5    
till t5 at night8--,! e>li] ! bett]1 ,i 
%\ld ?9k2 t be+ dep5d5t closely ^u ! o!r
 mu* m important "q1 h[ y c prep>e !    
workm5 = tak+ advantage ( ^!            
in/itutions4 ,! "q be=e u1 z a nation1  
is n1 ,i ?9k1 :at opportunities we %all 
give to ! workm5 ( in/ruction1 unless we
 enable !m to receive x2 & all ?is is   
connect$ closely1 9 my m9d1 ) ! e>ly    
clos+ "q1 & ) ! m difficult "q1 issu+   
out ( t1 h[ f> y c get ! h\rs ( labor   
regulat$1 & h[ f> y c get ! labor dur+  
^? h\rs made n competitive1 & n         
oppressive to ! workm54  #ada4 ,h y f\nd
 t ! in/ruction :i* y h be5 enabl$ to   
give to ! work+ classes has produc$ v   
good results ^u !m already8 ,i ought    
p]haps h>dly to speak ( my own p>ticul> 
modes ( in/ruction1 because _! t5d5cy is
 r to lead ! workman out ( 8 class1 & ,i
 am privately oblig$ to impress ^u my m5
 :o come to ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college1 n  
to le>n 9 ! hope ( be+ any?+ b work+ m51

 b to le>n :at may be ei!r advantage\s =
 !m 9 _! "w1 or make !m happy aft] _!   
"w4 ,9 my class1 !y are especially      
tempt$ to ?9k ( ris+ above _! own rank1 
& becom+ arti/s1--becom+ some?+ bett]   
?an workm51 & t effect ,i p>ticul>ly    
dread4 ,i want all ef=ts = bett]+ !     
workm5 to be especially direct$ 9 ?is   
way3 suppos+ t !y are to rema9 9 ?is    
position =ev]1 t !y h n capacity to rise
 above x1 & t !y are to "w z coal m9]s1 
or z iron =g]s1 /ay+ z !y are2 h[ !n y  
may make !m happi] & wis]8  ,i %\ld     
suppose y w\ld admit t ! desire to rise 
out ( a class is almo/ insep>able f !   
am\nt ( self-improvem5t t y w\ld wi% to 
give !m8--,i %\ld ?9k n2 ,i ?9k t !     
mom5t a man desires to rise out ( 8 own 
class1 he does 8 "w badly 9 x2 he ought 
to desire to rise 9 8 own class1 & n out
 ( x4  ,! in/ruction :i* y w\ld imp>t "o
 w\ld suppose w\ld be b5eficial to !    
labor] 9 ! class :i* he is 98--,yes4    
#adb4 ,& t agrees1 does x n1 ) :at has  
be5 alleg$ by _m work+ m51 t !y h f\nd 9

 _! competition ) =eign]s t a k ( art   
has be5 mo/ b5eficial to !m8--,q s4  ,i 
believe _m =eign]s are n[ 9 competition 
) work+ m5 9 ! metropolis1 9 matt]s 9   
:i* art is involv$8--,i believe !re are 
_m1 & t !y are likely /ill m to increase
 z ! relations betwe5 ! nations become  
clos]4  ,is x y\r op9ion t ! individual 
workman :o n[ executes works ( art 9 ?is
 c\ntry is less intellectually fit = 8  
occupation ?an 9 =m] days8--,v mu* s    
inde$4  ,h y n "s pro(s ( t :i* y c     
adduce = ! b5efit ( ! ,committee8--,i c 
only make an ass]tion2 ,i _c prove x2 b 
,i ass]t x ) confid5ce1 t no workman1 ^:
 m9d ,i h exam9$1 is1 at pres5t1 capable
 ( design 9 ! arts1 only ( imitation1 & 
( exquisite manual execution1 su* z is  
unsurpassable by ! "w ( any "t or any   
c\ntry2 manual execution1 :i*1 h[ev]1   
be+ :olly me*anical1 is always pr(itless
 to ! man himself1 & pr(itless          
ultimately to ^? :o possess ! "w4  #adc4
 ,) reg>d to ^? in/itutions 9 :i*       
pictures are exhibit$1 are y satisfi$ t 

! utmo/ facilities are af=d$ to ! public
 compatibly ) ! exp5se :i* is n[        
incurr$8--,i _c tell h[ f> x w\ld be    
compatible ) ! exp5se1 b ,i ?9k t a v   
little increase ( exp5se might c]ta9ly  
br+ ab\t a great increase ( conv5i5ce4  
,v>i\s plans h be5 sugge/$1 by diff]5t  
p]sons1 z to an improvem5t 9 ! ,national
 ,gall]y1 ) reg>d to ! area1 & a bett]  
di/ribution ( ! pictures8--,yes4  ,are y
 ( op9ion t at a v small co/ x w\ld be  
possible to increase ! area consid]ably 
9 ! case ( ! ,national ,gall]y8--,i h n 
exam9$ ! "q ) respect to ! area ( !     
,national ,gall]y4 ,x dep5ds ( c\rse ^u 
que/ions ( r5t1 & respect+ ! mode 9 :i* 
! build+ is n[ con/ruct$1 :i* ,i h n    
exam9$2 b 9 g5]al ?is is true ( l>ge    
build+s1 t exp5se wisely direct$ to giv+
 facilities = see+ ! pictures1 & n to ! 
m]e %[ ( ! build+1 w\ld always be       
productive ( f> m good to ! nation1 &   
especially to ! l[] ord]s ( ! nation1   
?an exp5se 9 any o!r way direct$1 )     
ref]5ce to ^! in/itutions4  #add4 ,"s   

p]sons h be5 dispos$ to d\bt :e!r1 if ! 
in/itutions 7 op5 at night1 gas w\ld be 
f\nd injuri\s to ! pictures2 w\ld t be  
y\r impression8--,i h no d\bt t x w\ld  
be injuri\s to ! pictures1 if x came 9  
contact ) !m4 ,x w\ld be a matt] ( great
 regret to me t valuable pictures %\ld  
be s exhibit$4 ,i h hop$ t pictures     
might be plac$ 9 a gall]y = ! work+     
classes :i* w\ld int]e/ !m mu* m ?an !  
*efs-d'oeuvre ( ! great ma/]s1 & :i* at 
! same "t w\ld n be a great loss to !   
nation if de/roy$4  #ade4 ,h y _h any   
exp]i5ce ( ! work+ ( ! ev5+ op5+s ( !   
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum8--,no direct      
exp]i5ce1 b my impression is t ! workm5 
at pres5t be+ compell$ to ?9k always (  
gett+ z mu* "w done 9 a day z !y c1 are 
g5]ally l$ 9 ^! in/itutions to look to !
 ma*9]y1 or to any?+ :i* be>s ^u _!     
trade2 x !re=e is no re/ to !m2 x may be
 sometimes1 :5 !y are all[$ to take _!  
families1 z !y d on c]ta9 ev5+s1 to !   
,k5s+ton ,museum1 t is a great /ep2 b ! 
great evil is t ! pressure ( ! "w on a  

man's m9d is n remov$1 & t he has n re/ 
en\gh1 ?or\gh re/ giv5 him by prop]     
explanations ( ! ?+s he sees2 he is n l$
 by a l>ge pr9t$ explanation b5ea? ! v  
?+ to take a happy & unpa9ful int]e/ 9 e
 subject br\ght be=e him2 he w&]s ab\t  
li/lessly1 & ex]ts himself to f9d out   
?+s :i* are n suffici5tly expla9$1 &    
gradually he tires ( x1 & he goes back  
to 8 home1 or to 8 aleh\se1 unless he is
 a v intellig5t man4  ,w\ld y recomm5d t
 "s p]son %\ld foll[ him ?r\gh ! build+ 
to expla9 ! details8--,no2 b ,i w\ld    
especially recomm5d t our in/itutions   
%\ld be calculat$ = ! help ( p]sons ^:  
m9ds are languid ) labor4 ,i f9d t )    
ord9>y con/itutions1 ! labor ( a day 9  
,engl& oppresses a man1 & breaks him    
d[n1 & x is n refre%m5t to him to use 8 
m9d aft] t1 b x w\ld be refre%m5t to him
 to h any?+ read to him1 or any amus+ ?+
 told him1 or to h p]fect re/2 he likes 
to lie back 9 8 *air at 8 own fireside1 
& smoke 8 pipe1 r ?an ent] into a       
political debate1 & :at we want is an   

ext5sion ( our art in/itutions1 )       
int]e/+ ?+s1 tea*+ a man & amus+ him at 
! same "t2 above all1 l>ge pr9t$        
explanations "u e pr9t & e picture2 & ! 
subjects ( ! pictures su* z !y c enjoy4 
#adf4 ,h y any o!r sugge/ion to (f]     
calculat$ to enlight5 ! ,committee on ! 
subject intru/$ to !m =                 
consid]ation8--,i c only say :at my own 
feel+s h be5 z to my m54 ,i h f\nd      
p>ticul>ly t natural hi/ory 0 delightful
 to !m2 ,i ?9k t t has an especial      
t5d5cy to take _! m9ds (f _! "w1 :i* is 
:at ,i always try to d1 n ambiti\sly1 b 
repos+ly4 ,i %\ld l to add to :at ,i    
said ab\t ! dang] ( injury to           
*efs-d'oeuvre1 t su* dang] exi/s1 n only
 z to gas1 b also ! brea?1 ! v>iation ( 
temp]ature1 ! ext5sion ( ! canvases 9 a 
diff]5t temp]ature1 ! ext5sion ( ! pa9t 
^u !m1 & v>i\s *emical op]ations ( !    
human brea?1 ! *ance ( an accid5tal     
escape ( gas1 ! circulation ( v>i\sly   
damp air ?r\gh ! v5tilators2 all ^!     
ought n to be all[$ to affect ! great & 

unreplaceable works ( ! be/ ma/]s2 & ^? 
works1 ,i believe1 are :olly valueless  
to ! work+ classes2 _! m]its are :olly  
imp]ceptible except to p]sons :o h giv5 
_m ye>s ( /udy to endeavor to qualify   
!mselves to discov] !m2 b :at is want+ =
 ! work+ man is hi/orical pa9t+ ( ev5ts 
noble1 & be>+ ^u 8 own c\ntry2 ! hi/ory 
( 8 own c\ntry well repres5t$ to him2 ! 
natural hi/ory ( =eign c\ntries well    
repres5t$ to him2 & dome/ic pa?os br\ght
 be=e him4 ,no?+ assi/s him s mu* z hav+
 ! moral disposition develop$ r ?an !   
intellectual aft] 8 "w2 any?+ t t\*es 8 
feel+s is good1 & puts new life into    
him2 !re=e ,i want mod]n pictures1 if   
possible1 ( t class :i* w\ld ennoble &  
ref9e by _! subjects4 ,i %\ld l pr9ts ( 
all times1 engrav+s ( all times2 ^? w\ld
 int]e/ him ) _! v>iety ( means &       
subject2 & natural hi/ory ( ?ree k9ds1  
namely1 %ells1 birds1 & plants2 n       
m9]als1 because a workman _c /udy       
m9]alogy at home2 b :atev] t[n he may be
 91 he may take "s int]e/ 9 ! birds & 9 

! plants1 or 9 ! sea %ells ( 8 own      
c\ntry & coa/4 ,i %\ld l ! commone/ (   
all our plants fir/1 & mo/ fully        
illu/rat$2 ! commone/ ( all our birds1 &
 ( our %ells1 & m5 w\ld be l$ to take an
 int]e/ 9 ^? ?+s :olly = _! beauty1 & = 
_! sep>ate *>m1 irrespective ( any use t
 might be made ( !m 9 ! arts4 ,!re also 
ought to be1 = ! m intellig5t workman1  
:o really wants to advance himself 9 8  
bus9ess1 specim5s ( ! manufactures ( all
 c\ntries1 z f> z ! compass ( su*       
in/itutions w\ld all[4  #adg4 ,y h      
travel$1 ,i believe1 a good deal        
abroad8--,yes4  ,& y h se5 9 _m =eign   
c\ntries t f> m int]e/ is tak5 9 !      
improvem5t ( ! p 9 ?is matt] ?an is tak5
 9 ?is c\ntry8--,f> m4  ,d y ?9k t y c  
trace ! good effects :i* result f t mode
 ( treatm5t8--,! circum/ances are s     
diff]5t t ,i d n feel able to give      
evid5ce ( any def9ite effect f su*      
ef=ts2 only1 x /&s to reason1 t x mu/ be
 s4 ,!re are s _m circum/ances at pres5t
 aga9/ u1 9 ,engl&1 t we mu/ n be       

sangu9e z to too spe$y an effect4 ,i    
believe t "o great reason ( ! sup]iority
 ( =eign c\ntries 9 manufactures is1 t  
!y h m beautiful ?+s ab\t !m cont9ually1
 & x is n possible = a man :o is educat$
 9 ! /reets ( our manufactur+ t[ns ev]  
to atta9 t ref9em5t ( eye or s5se2 he _c
 d x2 & he is accu/om$ 9 8 home to      
endure t :i* n ! less blunts 8 s5ses4   
,! ,committee has be5 in=m$ t ) reg>d to
 "s ( our museums1 p>ticul>ly ! ,briti% 
,museum1 !y are v mu* ov]*>g$ ) objects1
 & ,i appreh5d t ! same rem>k w\ld be   
true z to "s ( our picture gall]ies4    
,are y ( op9ion t x w\ld be conducive to
 ! g5]al elevation ( ! p 9 ?is c\ntry if
 our works ( art1 & objects ( int]e/1 7 
circulat$ m exp$iti\sly1 & m conv5i5tly1
 ?an at pres5t1 ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s         
manufactur+ di/ricts8--,i ?9k t all     
preci\s works ( art ought to be treat$ )
 a q diff]5t view1 & t !y ought to be   
kept toge!r :]e m5 ^: "w is *iefly      
conc]n$ ) art1 & :]e ! arti/ically high]
 classes c take full advantage ( !m4 ,!y

 ought1 !re=e1 to be all toge!r1 z 9 !  
,l\vre at ,p>is1 & z 9 ! ,uffizii at    
,flor5ce1 ev]y?+ be+ illu/rative ( o!r  
?+s1 b kept sep>ate f ! collections     
int5d$ = ! work+ classes1 :i* may be z  
valuable z y *oose1 b !y %\ld be usable1
 & above all ?+s s situat$ t ! work+    
classes c\ld get at !m easily1 )\t      
keep]s to wat* :at !y are ab\t1 & h _!  
wives & *ildr5 ) !m1 & be able to get at
 !m freely1 s t !y might look at a ?+ z 
_! own1 n m]ely z ! nation's1 b z a gift
 f ! nation to !m z ! work+ class4  ,y  
w\ld cultivate a ta/e at !              
impressionable age8--,especially 9 !    
education ( *ildr51 t be+ j ! fir/ "q1  
,i suppose1 :i* lies at ! root ( all y c
 d = ! workman4  #adh4 ,) reg>d to !    
circulation ( pictures & su* loans (    
pictures z h h]et(ore be5 made 9        
,man*e/] & else:]e1 are y ( op9ion t1 9 
c]ta9 cases1 dur+ a "p ( ! ye>1 "s ( our
 be/ pictures might be l5t = p>ticul>   
p]iods1 to p>ticul> t[ns1 to be re/or$ 9
 ! same condition1 s z to give ^? t[ns  

an opportunity ( =m+ an op9ion ^u !m1   
:i* o!rwise !y w\ld n h8--,i w\ld r keep
 !m all 9 ! metropolis1 & move !m z     
little z possible :5 valuable4  ,mr4    
,slaney4 ,t w\ld n apply to loans by    
indep5d5t g5tlem5 :o 7 will+ to l5d _!  
pictures8--,i %\ld be v glad if x 7     
possible to l5d pictures1 & s5d !m ab\t4
 ,i ?9k x is "o ( ! greate/ movem5ts 9 !
 nation1 %[+ ! increas+ k9dness ( ! upp]
 classes t[>ds ! l[]1 t t has be5 done2 
b ,i ?9k no?+ c ju/ify ! risk+ ( noble  
pictures by railway1 = in/ance2 t1 (    
c\rse1 is an arti/'s view ( ! matt]2 b  
,i d n see t ! advantage to be ga9$ w\ld
 at all correspond ) ! dang] ( loss :i* 
is involv$4  #adi4 ,mr4 ,hanbury4 ,y    
m5tion$ t y ?\ght x 0 v desirable t !re 
%\ld be lectures giv5 to ! work+        
classes8--,yes4  ,d y ?9k t ! duplicate 
specim5s at ! ,briti% ,museum c\ld be   
made available = lectures on natural    
hi/ory1 if a "p ( t in/itution c\ld be  
arrang$ = ! purpose8--,i %\ld ?9k s2 b x
 is a "q t ,i h no "r to h an op9ion ^u4

 ,only ! (fic]s ( ! in/itution c say :at
 numb] ( _! duplicate specim5s !y c\ld  
sp>e4  ,i put ! "q to y because ,i h    
obs]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum t ! p took a 
great int]e/ 9 ! natural hi/ory         
dep>tm5t1 &1 ^u "o occasion1 a fri5d (  
m9e /opp$1 & expla9$ "s ( ! objects1 &  
at once a v num]\s cr[d 0 attract$ r\nd 
him1 & ! (ficials _h to int]f]e1 & told 
him to move on4--,s mu* m dep5ds ^u !   
explanation ?an on ! ?+ expla9$1 t ,i   
believe1 ) v simple collections ( v     
small value1 b well *os51 & exhibit$ by 
a ?or\ghly intellig5t lectur]1 y might  
int]e/ ! l[] classes1 & tea* !m to any  
ext5t4  ,w\ld x be difficult to f9d su* 
lectur]s z y speak (8--,n 9 "t2 p]haps  
at pres5t x w\ld be1 because we h got s 
mu* 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ t sci5ce consi/s 9 
language1 & 9 f9e words1 & n 9 asc]ta9+ 
! nature ( ! ?+4 ,! workman _c be       
deceiv$ by f9e words2 he always wants to
 "k some?+ ab\t ! ?+1 & its prop]ties4  
,_m ( our lectur]s w\ld1 ,i h no d\bt1  
be puzzl$ if !y 7 ask$ to expla9 !      

habits ( a common bird4  #aej4 ,is !re  
an increas+ desire = in=mation &        
improvem5t among ! work+ classes8--,a   
?ir/y desire = x 9 e direction1 increas+
 day by day1 & likely to increase2 x    
w\ld gr[ by :at x fe$s ^u4  ,to :at d y 
attribute ?is improvem5t8--,p>tly to !  
heal?y & prop] ef=ts :i* h be5 made to  
elevate ! work+ classes2 p>tly1 ,i am   
sorry to say1 to an ambiti\s desire     
?r\gh\t ! nation always to get on to a  
po9t :i* x has n yet rea*$1 & :i* makes 
"o man /ruggle ) ano!r 9 e way4 ,i ?9k t
 ! idea t k is p[] is at ! root ( !     
movem5t among ! work+ classes1 mu* m s  
?an 9 any o!r4  ,d y consid] t ! di/ance
 ( our public in/itutions is a great    
h9drance to ! work+ classes8--,v great  
inde$4  ,y w\ld1 !re=e1 probably consid]
 x a boon if ano!r in/itution su* z !   
,briti% ,museum c\ld be e/abli%$ 9 !    
ea/]n end ( ! metropolis8--,i %\ld be   
mo/ ?ankful to see x1 especially !re4   
#aea4 ,mr4 ,slaney4 ,i ?9k y /at$ t y   
consid]$1 t = ! work+ classes x is a    

great ?+ to h relaxation ( m9d aft] !   
close occupation ( ! day2 t !y w\ld     
embrace an opportunity ( att5d+ popul>  
lectures on bran*es ( natural hi/ory :i*
 !y c\ld compreh5d1 if !y 7 giv5 to !m 9
 pla9 & simple language8--,yes4  ,=     
in/ance1 if y 7 to give a popul> lecture
 ^u ,briti% birds1 giv+ !m an           
explanation ( ! habits ( ! v>i\s birds1 
assi/$ by tol]ably good plates1 or      
figures describ+ ! diff]5t habits (     
migration ( ^? t come to u 9 spr+1 rema9
 dur+ ! summ]1 & dep>t 9 ! autumn to    
di/ant c\ntries2 ( ^? :i* come 9 !      
autumn1 rema9 dur+ ! w9t]1 & !n leave u2
 ( ^? :i* *>m u ) _! song1 & b5efit u 9 
v>i\s ways2 d y ?9k t su* a lecture w\ld
 be acceptable to ! work+ classes8--,x  
w\ld be j :at !y w\ld enjoy ! mo/1 & :at
 w\ld d !m ! mo/ good4  ,d y n ?9k t su*
 lectures might be giv5 )\t any v great 
co/1 by f9d+ p]sons :o w\ld endeavor to 
make ! subjects pla9 & pleasant1 n      
requir+ a v exp5sive app>atus1 ei!r (   
figures or ( birds1 b :i* might be po9t$

 out to !m1 & expla9$ to !m f "t to     
"t8--,no2 ,i ?9k t no su* lectures w\ld 
be ( use1 unless a p]man5t means ( quiet
 /udy 7 giv5 to ! m5 betwe5 times4 ,z f>
 z ,i "k1 lectures are always entirely  
useless1 except z a matt] ( amusem5t1   
unless "s opportunity be af=d$ (        
accurate int]m$iate /udy1 & al?\gh ,i   
%\ld deprecate ! idea1 on ! "o side1 (  
giv+ ! *efs-d'oeuvre ( ! highe/ ma/]s to
 ! workman = 8 daily exp]im5ts1 s ,i    
%\ld deprecate1 on ! o!r1 ! idea ( any  
economy if ,i saw a def9ite plan ( help+
 a man 9 8 own times ( quiet /udy4      
#aeb4 ,!re are "s popul> works on       
,briti% birds :i* ! m5 might be ref]r$  
to1 conta9+ acc\nts ( ! birds & _!      
habits1 :i* might be ref]r$ to          
subsequ5tly8--,yes4  ,!re are sev]al    
works relat+ to ,briti% birds :i* are v 
beautifully illu/rat$1 & to ^? !y might 
be ref]r$2 d y n ?9k t some?+ might also
 be done ) reg>d to popul> lectures ^u  
,briti% plants1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are 
p]haps ! mo/ common1 & only neglect$    

because ( _! be+ common2 t y might po9t 
out to !m ! diff]5t soils 9 :i* !y gr[1 
s t !y might be able to make excursions 
to see !m 9 _! wild /ate8--,my wi% is1 t
 9 e l>ge manufactur+ t[n !re %\ld be a 
p]fect collection1 at all ev5ts ( !     
pr9cipal g5]a ( ,briti% plants & birds1 
?or\ghly well arrang$1 & a libr>y       
associat$ ) x1 conta9+ ! be/ illu/rative
 works on ! subject1 & t f "t to "t     
lectures %\ld be giv5 by ! lead+        
sci5tific m51 :i* ,i am sure !y w\ld be 
will+ to give if su* collections 7 op5$ 
to !m4  ,i d>e say y "k t !re is "o book
 ^u ,briti% birds1 :i* 0 compil$ by a   
g5tleman :o 0 9 trade1 & liv$ at ! corn]
 ( ,/4 ,james's ,/reet = _m ye>s1 :i* is
 priz$ by all :o are devot$ to t /udy1 &
 :i* w\ld be easily obta9$ = ! work+ m54
 ,d y n ?9k t ?is w\ld relax _! m9ds &  
be b5eficial to !m 9 _m ways1 especially
 if !y 7 able to foll[ up ! /udy8--,yes1
 9 e way4  ,z to plants1 might n !y     
int]e/ _! wives z well8--,i q believe s4
  ,if su* ?+s c\ld be done by           

subscription 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns1   
su* z ,man*e/]1 w\ld !y n be v mu*      
respond$ to by ! grateful feel+s ( !    
humbl] p1 :o !mselves w\ld subscribe    
probably "s trifle8--,i ?9k !y w\ld be  
grateful1 h[ev] x 7 done4 ,b ,i %\ld l x
 to be done z an expression ( ! s5se ( !
 nation1 z do+ its duty t[>ds ! workm51 
r ?an x %\ld be done z a k9d ( *>ity by 
private subscription4  #aec4 ,sir ,rob]t
 ,peel4 ,y h be5 five ye>s connect$ ) ! 
,work+ ,m5's ,college8--,yes2 ,i ?9k    
ab\t t "t4  ,is ! att5dance good        
!re8--,!re is a fair att5dance1 ,i      
believe4  ,( ! work+ classes8--,yes2 9 !
 o!r lecture-rooms2 n mu* 9 m9e4  ,d !y 
g !re z !y please )\t go+ be=eh& =      
tickets8--,!y pass ?r\gh an introductory
 exam9ation1 :i* is n sev]e 9 any way1 b
 m]ely %[s t !y are able to take        
advantage ( ! classes !re2 ( c\rse !y   
pay a c]ta9 sum1 :i* is n at all1 at    
pres5t1 ,i believe1 support+ to !       
college1 = e class1 j to insure _! pay+ 
att5tion to x4  ,y /at$ t y did n ?9k   

lectures w\ld be ( any use unless !re 0 
:at y call$ active int]m$iate /udy8--,i 
?9k n4  ,:at did y mean by active       
int]m$iate /udy8 if a man is work+ e day
 ( ! week until ,saturday aft]noon1 h[  
c\ld t take place8--,i ?9k t y c\ld n at
 all provide lectures once or twice a   
week at ! in/itutions ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4  
,by int]m$iate /udy1 ,i mean m]ely t a  
man %\ld h ab\t him1 :5 he came into !  
room1 ?+s t %all tempt him to look at   
!m1 & get int]e/$ 91 say 9 "o bird1 or 9
 "o plant4  ,:ile ! lecture 0 go+       
on8--,no1 t might be giv5 once a        
=tnight1 or once a mon?1 b t ?is        
int]m$iate att5tion %\ld be j t :i* a   
man is delight$ to give to a s+le plant 
:i* he cultivates 9 8 own g>d51 or a    
s+le bird :i* he may happ5 to h obta9$2 
! be/ ( all modes ( /udy4  #aed4 ,y are 
9 favor ( ! ,e>ly ,clos+                
,association8--,i w n say t ,i am1      
because ,i h n exam9$ _! pr9ciples4 ,i  
want to h our labor regulat$1 s t x %all
 be impossible = m5 to be s entirely    

cru%$ 9 m9d & 9 body z !y are by ! sy/em
 ( competition4  ,y /at$ t y w\ld wi% ! 
h\rs dur+ :i* !y w\ld be able to enjoy !
 in/itutions to be z e>ly z             
possible8--,yes1 c]ta9ly4  ,b x w\ld be 
impossible to h !m e>li] ?an !y are n[1 
on acc\nt ( ! organization ( labor 9 !  
c\ntry4--,i d n "k :at is possible4 ,i d
 n "k :at ! numb] ( h\rs necess>y =     
labor w ultimately be f\nd to be4  ,/ill
 y are ( op9ion t1 if !re 0 a           
half-holiday on ! ,saturday1 x w\ld be  
an advantage to ! work+ classes1 &      
enable !m to visit & enjoy ^!           
in/itutions8--,c]ta9ly4  #aee4 ,y       
obs]v$1 ,i ?9k1 t !re 0 a ?ir/y desire  
on ! "p ( ! work+ classes =             
improvem5t8--,c]ta9ly4  ,& y also /at$ t
 !re 0 a desire on _! "p to rise 9 t    
class1 b n out ( x8--,i did n say t !y  
want$ to rise 9 t class2 !y wi% to em]ge
 f x2 !y wi% to become some?+ bett] ?an 
workm51 & ,i want to keep !m 9 t class2 
,i want to tea* e man to re/ cont5t$ 9 8
 /ation1 & ,i want all p1 9 all /ations1

 to bett] & help ea* o!r z mu* z !y c4  
,b y nev] saw a man1 did y1 :o 0        
cont5t$8--,yes1 ,i h se5 sev]al2 ne>ly  
all ! v good workm5 are cont5t$2 ,i f9d 
t x is only ! second-rate workm5 :o are 
discont5t$4  #aef4 ,surely competition )
 =eign]s is a great advantage to ! work+
 classes ( ?is c\ntry8--,no4  ,x has be5
 /at$ t competition is an imm5se        
advantage 9 ! ext5sion ( arti/ic k among
 ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 :o are rapidly /epp+ 
on ! heels ( =eign]s8--,an acqua9tance )
 :at =eign nations h accompli%$ may be v
 useful to our workm51 b a _s (         
competition ) =eign nations is useful to
 no "o4  ,w y be good en\gh to /ate     
:y8--,e nation has ! p[] ( produc+ a    
c]ta9 numb] ( objects ( art1 or (       
manufactur+ productions :i* are peculi> 
to x1 & :i* x c produce ?or\ghly well2  
&1 :5 t is rightly und]/ood1 e nation w 
/rive to d its own "w z well z x c be   
done1 & w desire to be suppli$1 by o!r  
nations1 ) t :i* !y c produce2 =        
example1 if we tri$ "h 9 ,engl& to      

produce silk1 we might possibly gr[     
unheal?y mulb]ry trees & br+ up unheal?y
 silkworms1 b n produce good silk4 ,x   
may be a "q h[ f> we %\ld compete )     
=eign]s 9 matt]s ( ta/e4 ,i ?9k x       
d\btful1 ev5 9 t view1 t we %\ld ev]    
compete ) !m ?or\ghly4 ,i f9d evid5ce 9 
pa/ art1 t ! ,fr5* h always _h a gift ( 
color1 :i* ! ,engli% nev] _h4  #aeg4 ,y 
/at$ t y ?\ght t at v little exp5se !   
advantages to be d]iv$ f our national   
in/itutions might be greatly increas$2 w
 y /ate :y y ?9k v little exp5se w\ld be
 necess>y1 & h[ x %\ld be done8--,by    
ext5d+ ! space prim>ily1 & by add+ v    
*eap b completely illu/rative works2 by 
mak+ all t su* in/itutions conta9       
?or\ghly accessible2 & giv+1 z ,i ?9k ,i
 h said be=e1 explanations1 especially 9
 a visible =m1 beside ! ?+ to be        
illu/rat$1 n 9 a sep>ate =m4  ,b t only 
w\ld apply to daytime8--,to nighttime z 
well4  ,b w\ld y n h to introduce a     
sy/em ( light+8--,yes2 a sy/em ( light+ 
,i %\ld only regret z appli$ to ! great 

works ( art2 ,i %\ld ?9k t ! brighte/   
sy/em ( light+ %\ld be appli$1          
especially ( an ev5+1 s t su* places    
%\ld be made delightful to ! workman1 & 
)draw him f ! aleh\se & all o!r evil    
temptation2 b ,i want !m r to be occupi$
 by simple1 & m or less *eap            
collections1 ?an by ! valuable ones1 =  
fe> ( fire4  ,if1 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 
!y _h pr9t$ in=mation ^u natural hi/ory1
 t1 y ?9k1 w\ld d great good8--,yes4    
#aeh4 ,y /at$ t y ?\ght !re 0 f> m      
int]e/ tak5 9 =eign c\ntries 9 !        
intellectual developm5t ( ! work+       
classes ?an 9 ,engl&8--,i answ]$ t "q r 
ra%ly4 ,i h>dly ev] see any?+ ( society 
9 =eign c\ntries1 & ,i 0 ?9k+1 at ! "t1 
( ! great ef=ts n[ be+ made 9 ,france1 &
 ( ! g5]al com=t ( ! in/itutions t are  
op54  ,n political8--,no4  ,/ill y ?9k t
 !re is m int]e/ tak5 9 ! intellectual  
developm5t ( ! work+ classes 9 =eign    
c\ntries ?an 9 ,engl&8--,i ?9k s1 b ,i d
 n tru/ my own op9ion4  ,i h liv$       
abroad1 & ,i h rem>k$ t !re is a natural

 facility 9 ! ,fr5* p1 = in/ance1 9     
acquir+ a k ( art1 & ( comb9ation (     
colors1 b ,i nev] saw m1 b f> less      
desire or int]e/ tak5 9 ! work+ classes 
?an 9 ,engl&4--,z f> z relates to _!    
intellectual developm5t1 ,i say yes2 b  
,i ?9k !re is a great] disposition to   
make !m happy1 & all[ !m to enjoy _!    
happ9ess1 9 ord9>y associations1 at     
ftes1 & ev]y?+ ( t k9d1 t is amus+ or   
recreative to !m4  ,b t is only on      
,sundays8--,no2 on all fte days1 &      
?r\gh\t1 ,i ?9k y see ! work+ man1 ) 8  
wife1 happi] 9 ! g>d5s or 9 ! suburbs ( 
a t[n1 & on ! :ole 9 a happi] /ate2 !re 
is less desire to get z mu* out ( him = 
! money z !y c2 less ( t desire to      
oppress him & to use him z a ma*9e ?an  
!re is 9 ,engl&4 ,b1 obs]ve1 ,i d n lean
 ^u t po9t2 & ,i d n q see h[ t be>s ^u 
! "q1 because1 :atev] int]e/ !re may be 
9 =eign c\ntries1 or 9 ours1 x is n z   
mu* z x %\ld be 9 ei!r4  ,b y 7 ?r[+ a  
slur ^u ! "* ( ! upp] classes 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 by ins9uat+ t abroad a great    

deal m int]e/ 0 tak5 9 ! work+ classes  
?an 9 ,engl&4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t q !       
contr>y is ! fact4--,i %\ld be v sorry  
to express all ! feel+s t ,i h respect+ 
! relations betwe5 ! upp] classes & !   
work+ classes 9 ?is c\ntry2 x is a      
subject :i* _c at pres5t be discuss$1 & 
"o ^u :i* ,i w\ld decl9e any fur!r      
exam9ation4  #aei4 ,y /at$ t ! work+ m5 
7 n s happy 9 ?is c\ntry z !y 7 abroad1 
pursu+ ! same occupations8--,i %\ld ?9k 
c]ta9ly n4  ,y h be5 9 ,switz]l&8--,yes4
  ,& at ,zuri*8--,n lately4  ,t is !    
seat ( a great l95 manufacture8--,i h   
nev] exam9$ ! manufactures !re1 nor h ,i
 look$ at ,switz]l& z a manufactur+     
c\ntry4  ,b y /at$ t !re 0 mu* m int]e/ 
tak5 9 ! intellectual developm5ts ( !   
work+ classes 9 =eign c\ntries ?an 9    
,engl&8--,yes2 b ,i 0 n ?9k+ ( ,switz]l&
 or ( ,zuri*4 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( ,france1 & ,i 
0 ?9k+ ( ! work+ classes g5]ally1 n     
specially ! manufactur+ work+ classes4  
,i us$ ! words work+ classes g5]ally4   
,!n d y )draw ! expression t y made use 

(1 t 9 =eign c\ntries ! upp] classes    
take m int]e/ 9 ! condition ( ! work+   
classes1 ?an !y d 9 ,engl&8--,i d n     
)draw x2 ,i only said t x 0 my          
impression4  ,b y _c e/abli% x8--,no4   
,!re=e x is m]ely a matt] ( individual  
impression8--,entirely s4  ,y said1 ,i  
?9k1 t abroad ! p enjoy _! public       
in/itutions bett]1 because inspectors d 
n foll[ !m ab\t8--,i did n say s4 ,i 0  
ask$ ! "q :e!r ,i ?\ght tea*+ %\ld be   
giv5 by p]sons accompany+ ! workman     
ab\t1 & ,i said c]ta9ly n4 ,i w\ld r    
leave him to himself1 ) su* in=mation z 
c\ld be giv5 to him by pr9t$ docum5ts4  
#afj4 ,mr4 ,sclat] ,boo?4 ,) reg>d to ! 
,national ,gall]y1 are y aw>e t !re is  
great pressure & want ( space !re n[1   
bo? ) reg>d to ! room = hang+ pictures1 
& also ) ref]5ce to ! cr[ds ( p]sons :o 
frequ5t ! ,national ,gall]y8--,i am q   
sure t if !re is n great pressure1 !re w
 be soon1 ow+ to ! numb] ( pictures :i* 
are be+ b\ght cont9ually4  ,d y n ?9k t 
an ext5sion ( ! space 9 ! ,national     

,gall]y is a prim>y consid]ation1 :i*   
ought to take prec$5ce ( any improvem5t 
t might be made 9 ! rooms z !y are1 ) a 
view to op5+ !m ( an ev5+8--,mo/        
c]ta9ly4  ,t is ! fir/ ?+1 y ?9k1 t     
ought to be done8--,mo/ c]ta9ly4  ,:5 y 
give y\r lectures at ! ,work+ ,m5's     
,college1 is x y\r habit to ref] to     
special pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 
or to special works ( art 9 ! ,briti%   
,museum8--,nev]2 ,i try to keep :atev]  
in/ruction ,i give be>+ ^u :at is easily
 accessible to ! workman1 or :at he c   
see at ! mom5t4 ,i d n c\nt ^u 8 hav+ "t
 to g to ^! in/itutions2 ,i l to put !  
?+ 9 8 h&1 & h x ab\t4  ,has x nev] be5 
a /umbl+-block 9 y\r pa? t y h f\nd a   
workman unable to comp>e y\r lectures ) 
any illu/rations t y may h ref]r$ him   
to8--,i h nev] prep>$ my lectures ) a   
view to illu/rate !m by ! works ( !     
great ma/]s4  #afa4 ,y spoke1 & v ju/ly1
 ( ! importance ( fix+ on works ( art   
pr9t$ explanations2 are y n aw>e t t has
 be5 done to "s ext5t at ! ,k5s+ton     

,museum8--,yes4  ,d y n ?9k t a great "p
 ( ! popul>ity ( t in/itution is ow+ to 
t circum/ance8--,i ?9k s1 c]ta9ly4  ,on 
! :ole1 ,i ga!r f y\r evid5ce t y are n 
v sangu9e z to ! b5eficial results t    
w\ld arise f ! op5+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum 
& ! ,national ,gall]y ( an ev5+1 z ^?   
in/itutions are at pres5t con/itut$1 f a
 want ( space & ! cr[d+ ( ! objects     
!re8--,:atev] ! results might be1 f op5+
 !m1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 ,i ?9k bett]
 results might be atta9$ by prep>+      
in/itutions = ! workman himself alone4  
,d y ?9k t museums ( birds & plants1    
e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! metropolis1   
illu/rat$ & furni%$ ) pictures ( dome/ic
 int]e/1 & possibly ) specim5s (        
manufactures1 w\ld be m desirable1      
consid]+ ! mode 9 :i* ! l>ge in/itutions
 are n[ se58--,i ?9k 9 ^! great         
in/itutions att5tion ought specially to 
be paid to giv+ p]fect security to all !
 works & objects ( art :i* !y possess2 &
 to giv+ conv5i5ce to ! ?or\gh /ud5t1 ^:
 bus9ess lies ) ^? museums2 & t         

collections = ! amusem5t & improvem5t ( 
! work+ classes ought to be entirely    
sep>ate4  ,if su* in/itutions z ,i h    
describ$ 7 to be e/abli%$1 y w\ld (     
c\rse desire t !y %\ld be op5$ ( an     
ev5+1 & be specially arrang$1 ) a view  
to ev5+ exhibition8--,c]ta9ly4  ,x has  
be5 /at$ t ! taxpay] has a "r to h ^!   
exhibitions op5$ at h\rs :5 ! workpeople
 c g to !m1 !y be+ taxpay]s2 d n y ?9k t
 ! real int]e/ ( ! taxpay] is1 fir/1 to 
h ! pictures z c>efully pres]v$ z       
possible1 & secondly1 t !y %\ld be      
accessible to ^? ^: special occupation 9
 life is conc]n$ 9 _! /udy8--,mo/       
c]ta9ly4  ,is n ! int]e/ ( ! taxpay]    
rea*$ 9 ?is way1 r ?an by any special   
opportunity be+ giv5 ( visit+ at        
p>ticul> h\rs8--,mo/ c]ta9ly4  #afb4    
,mr4 ,k9naird4 ,h y ev] turn$ y\r       
att5tion to any peculi> localities1 :]e 
museums ( pa9t+s & %ells1 & ( birds &   
plants1 might be op5$ = ! purpose ref]r$
 to8--,nev]2 ,i h nev] exam9$ ! subject4
  ,has x ev] occurr$ to y t ! ,ve/ry    

,halls1 :i* h rec5tly be5 erect$1 & :i* 
are light$1 might be s                  
appropriat$8--,no2 ,i h nev] consid]$ ! 
subject at all4  ,suppos+ t suitable    
premises c\ld be f\nd1 d y n ?9k t _m p 
w\ld contribute mod]n pa9t+s1 &         
engrav+s1 & v>i\s o!r objects (         
int]e/8--,i ?9k x is mo/ probable2 9    
fact1 ,i %\ld say c]ta94  ,y w\ld view  
su* an attempt ) great favor8--,yes2 )  
great delight inde$4  ,y r look ^u x z !
 duty ( ! ,gov]nm5t to provide su*      
in/itutions = ! p8--,i feel t v /rongly 
inde$4  ,d y n ?9k t ! plan :i* has be5 
adopt$ at ,v]sailles1 ( hav+ mod]n      
hi/ory illu/rat$ by pa9t+s1 w\ld prove (
 great int]e/ to ! p8--,i %\ld ?9k x    
w\ld be an admirable plan 9 e way4  ,& a
 v legitimate /ep to be tak5 by !       
,gov]nm5t1 = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ art 9 
t way8--,mo/ truly4  ,w\ld x h1 d y ?9k1
 an effect 9 enc\rag+ art 9 ?is         
c\ntry8--,i %\ld ?9k s1 c]ta9ly4  ,^:   
duty w\ld y consid] x to be to sup]9t5d 
! =mation ( su* collections8 are !re any

 ,gov]nm5t (fic]s :o are at pres5t      
capable ( organiz+ a /aff = employm5t 9 
local museums t y are aw>e (8--,i d n   
"k2 ,i h n exam9$ t subject at all4     
#afc4 ,*airman4 ,! ,committee w\ld l to 
und]/& y m def9itely ^u ! po9t t has be5
 ref]r$ to1 z to =eign]s & ,engli%m54 ,i
 presume t :at y wi%$ ! ,committee to   
und]/& 01 t ^u ! :ole1 s f> z y h       
obs]v$1 m facilities are 9 po9t ( fact  
af=d$ to ! work+ classes1 9 "s way or   
o!r1 abroad ?an 9 ?is c\ntry = see+     
pictures & visit+ public                
in/itutions8--,my answ] ref]r$          
especially to ! aspect ( ! work+ classes
 z ,i h wat*$ !m 9 _! times (           
recreation2 ,i see !m associat$ ) ! upp]
 classes1 m happily = !mselves2 ,i see  
!m walk+ ?r\gh ! ,l\vre1 & walk+ ?r\gh !
 g>d5s ( all ! great cities ( ,europe1 &
 app>5tly less a%am$ ( !mselves1 & m    
happily comb9$ ) all ! upp] classes (   
society1 ?an !y are "h4 ,"h our workm51 
someh[1 are always mis]ably dress$1 & !y
 always keep out ( ! way1 bo? at su*    

in/itutions & at *ur*4 ,! temp] abroad  
seems to be1 :ile !re is a /]n]         
sep>ation & a m ari/ocratic feel+ betwe5
 ! upp] & ! l[] classes1 yet j on t     
acc\nt ! workman confesses himself = a  
workman1 & is treat$ ) affection4 ,i d n
 say workm5 m]ely1 b ! l[] classes      
g5]ally1 are treat$ ) affection1 &      
famili>ity1 & sympa?y by ! ma/] or      
employ]1 :i* has to me (t5 be5 v t\*+ 9 
sep>ate eases2 & t impression be+ on my 
m9d1 ,i answ]$1 n consid]+ t ! "q 0 (   
any importance1 ha/ily2 & ,i am n at    
pres5t prep>$ to say h[ f> ,i c\ld1 by  
?9k+1 ju/ify t impression4  #afd4 ,mr4  
,k9naird4 ,9 y\r exp]i5ce1 9 ! la/ few  
ye>s1 h y n se5 a v m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! 
work+ classes 9 ?is c\ntry 9 e respect  
to :i* y h allud$2 take ! la/ tw5ty     
ye>s1 or s9ce y h turn$ y\r att5tion t  
way8--,i h no evid5ce be=e me 9 ,engl& (
 t improvem5t1 because ,i ?9k t !       
/ruggle = exi/5ce becomes e day m sev]e1
 & t1 :ile great] ef=ts are made to help
 ! workman1 ! pr9ciples on :i* our      

comm]ce is conduct$ are e day oppress+  
him1 & s9k+ him deep]4  ,h y ev] visit$ 
! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire &   
,york%ire1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! /ate ( 
! p !re8--,n ) a def9ite view4 ,my own  
"w has no?+ to d ) ^? subjects2 & x is  
only incid5tally1 because ,i gratuit\sly
 give su* in/ruction z ,i am able to    
give at ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college1 t ,i am
 able to give y any facts on ?is        
subject4 ,all ! re/ t ,i c give is1 z   
,sir ,rob]t ,peel accurately express$ x1
 no?+ b p]sonal impression4  ,y admit t 
! ,work+ ,m5's ,college is1 aft] all1 a 
v limit$ sph]e8--,a v limit$ sph]e4     
#afe4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 ,y h /at$ t1 9 
! ,l\vre1 a work+ man looks at !        
pictures ) a great] degree (            
self-respect ?an ! same classes d 9 !   
,national ,gall]y "h8--,i ?9k s4  ,y    
surely nev] saw a man ( ! upp] class1 9 
,engl&1 scorn at a work+ man because he 
appe>$ 9 8 work+ dress 9 ! ,national    
,gall]y 9 ,london8--,i h c]ta9ly se5    
work+ m5 appreh5sive ( su* scorn4       

,*airman4 ,is x n ! fact1 t ! upp] & l[]
 classes sc>cely ev] meet on ! same     
occasions8--,i ?9k1 if possible1 !y d n4
  ,is x n ! fact t ! labor+ classes     
almo/ inv>iably cease labor at su* h\rs 
z w\ld prev5t !m f go+ to see pictures  
at ! "t :5 ! upp] classes d g8--,i      
meant1 be=e1 to signify ass5t to y\r "q1
 t !y d n meet if x c be avoid$4  ,sir  
,rob]t ,peel4 ,take ! ,cry/al ,palace z 
an example2 d n work+ m5 & all classes  
meet !re toge!r1 & did y ev] see a work+
 man gn 9 ! exam9ation ( works (        
art8--,i am sure t a work+ man v (t5    
w\ld n g :]e he w\ld l to g4  ,b y ?9k  
he w\ld abroad8--,i ?9k !y w\ld g       
abroad2 ,i only say t ,i believe su* is 
! fact4  ,mr4 ,slaney4 ,d n y ?9k t !   
light-he>t$ temp]am5t ( our s\!rn       
neighbors1 & ! f95ess ( ! climate1 :i*  
p]mits !m to enjoy !mselves m 9 ! op5   
air1 has some?+ to d ) x8--,i hope t !  
old "n ( ,m]ry ,engl& may be recov]$ "o 
( ^! days4 ,i d n ?9k t x is 9 !        
disposition ( ! inhabitants to be 9 !   

lea/ dull] ?an o!r p4  ,sir ,rob]t      
,peel4 ,:5 0 t designation lo/8--,i am  
afraid ev] s9ce our manufactures h      
prosp]$4  ,*airman4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,cry/al
 ,palace1 d y ?9k t t 0 an appropriate  
in/ance to put1 consid]+ ! work+ man    
pays = 8 own1 & is n a%am$ to enjoy 8   
own = 8 own money8--,i h nev] exam9$ !  
causes ( ! feel+2 x did n appe> to me to
 be a matt] ( great importance :at 0 !  
/ate ( feel+ 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,i felt t
 x dep5d$ ^u s _m circum/ances1 t ,i    
?\ght x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to trace x4 
#aff4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 ,y /at$ t      
abroad ! work+ classes 7 mu* bett]      
dress$8--,yes4  ,d y ?9k s8--,yes4      
,surely !y _c be bett] dress$ ?an !y are
 9 ,engl&1 = y h>dly "k a work+ man "h f
 an ari/ocrat8--,x is precisely because 
,i d "k work+ m5 on a ,sunday & e o!r   
day ( ! week f an ari/ocrat t ,i l _!   
dress bett] 9 ,france2 x is ! ord9>y    
dress belong+ to _! position1 & x       
expresses mom5t>ily :at !y are2 x is !  
blue bl\se :i* hangs freely ov] _!      

frames1 keep+ !m suffici5tly protect$ f 
cold & du/2 b "h x is a %irt op5 at !   
coll>1 v dirty1 v mu* torn1 ) ragg$     
hair1 & a ragg$ coat1 & altoge!r a dress
 ( mis]y4  ,y ?9k t !y are bett] dress$ 
abroad because !y we> a bl\se8--,because
 !y we> a co/ume appropriate to _! "w4  
,are y aw>e t !y make x an inv>iable    
cu/om to leave (f ! bl\se on ,sundays & 
on holidays1 & t aft] !y h f9i%$ _! "w  
!y take (f _! bl\se8--,i am n famili>1  
nor d ,i pr(ess to be famili>1 ) !      
cu/oms ( ! ,cont95t2 ,i am only /at+ my 
impressions2 b ,i l especially _! habit 
( we>+ a national co/ume4 ,i believe !  
national co/ume ( "w 9 ,switz]l& to be  
at ! root ( :at prosp]ity ,switz]l& yet 
is reta9+4 ,i ?9k1 = in/ance1 al?\gh x  
may s\nd r s+ul> to say s1 t ! pride :i*
 ! wom5 take 9 _! clean *emise sleeves1 
is "o ( ! heal?ie/ ?+s 9 ,switz]l&1 & t 
x is op]ative 9 e way on ! heal? ( ! m9d
 & ! body1 _! keep+ _! co/ume pure1     
fre%1 & beautiful4  ,y /at$ t ! work+   
classes 7 bett] dress$ abroad ?an 9     

,engl&8--,z f> z ,i "k1 t is c]ta9ly !  
fact4  ,/ill _! bett] dress consi/s ( a 
bl\se1 :i* !y take (f :5 !y h f9i%$ _!  
"w8--,i b[ to y\r bett] k ( ! matt]4    
,*airman4 ,are y aw>e t a consid]able   
numb] ( ! work+ classes are 9 b$ on !   
,sunday8--,p]haps x is ! be/ place = !m4
  #afg4 ,mr4 ,k9naird4 ,y trace !       
det]ioration 9 ! condition ( ! work+    
classes to ! increase ( trade &         
manufactures 9 ?is c\ntry8--,to !       
increase ( competitive trades &         
manufactures4  ,x is y\r conviction t we
 may look ^u ?is va/ ext5sion ( trade1 &
 comm]ce1 & competition1 altoge!r z an  
evil8--,n on ! va/ ext5sion ( trade1 b  
on ! va/ ext5sion ( ! /ruggle ( man )   
man1 in/ead ( ! pr9ciple ( help ( man by
 man4  ,*airman4 ,i und]/ood y to say1 t
 y did n object to trade1 b t y wi%$ ea*
 c\ntry to produce t :i* x 0 be/ fitt$  
to produce1 ) a view to an int]*ange (  
its commodities ) ^? ( o!r              
c\ntries8--,yes4  ,y did n int5d to ca/ 
a slur ^u ! idea ( competition8--,yes1 v

 di/9ctly2 ,i int5d$ n only to ca/ a    
slur1 b to express my excessive horror (
 ! pr9ciple ( competition1 9 e way2 =   
in/ance1 we ought n to try to gr[ cl>et 
"h1 nor to produce silk2 we ought to    
produce coal & iron1 & ! ,fr5* %\ld give
 u w9e & silk4  ,y say t1 ) a view to an
 int]*ange ( su* commodities8--,yes4    
,ea* c\ntry produc+ t :i* x is be/ fitt$
 to produce8--,yes1 z well z x c2 n     
/riv+ to imitate or compete ) !         
productions ( o!r c\ntries4 ,f9ally1 ,i 
believe t ! way ( asc]ta9+ :at ought to 
be done = ! workman 9 any position1 is =
 any "o ( u to suppose t he 0 our own   
son1 & t he 0 left )\t any p>5ts1 & )\t 
any help2 t !re 0 no *ance ( 8 ev] em]g+
 out ( ! /ate 9 :i* he 01 & !n1 t :at we
 %\ld ea* ( u l to be done = our son1 s 
left1 we %\ld /rive to d = ! workman4   
,! foll[+ analysis ( ! above evid5ce 0  
ma9ly giv5 9      ! ,index to ! ,report 
7p4 #aec74--;,,ed4       #aci4 ,is well 
acqua9t$ ) ! museums1 picture gall]ies1 
etc41      9 ! metropolis4--,conducts a 

draw+ class at ! ,work+ ,m5's           
,college4       #adj4 ,desirabl5ess ( ! 
public in/itutions be+ op5 9 !      ev5+
 7cp4 #aed1 #afa74       #ada4 ,rem>ks  
relative to ! sy/em ( tea*+ exp$i5t = ! 
work+ classes2 sy/em pursu$ by witness  
at ! ,work+ ,m5's                       
,college4--,workm5 to aim at ris+ 9 _!  
class1 n out ( x      7cp4 #aee74       
#adb4 ,backw>d /ate1 intellectually1 ( !
 work+ man ( !      pres5t "t2          
sup]iority ( ! =eign]4       #adc4      
,improvem5t ( ! ,national ,gall]y       
sugge/$ 7cp4 #aeg1 #afj74       #add4   
,inexp$i5cy ( submitt+ valuable anci5t  
pictures to !      risk ( injury f gas1 
etc4 7cp4 #adf1 #aeg74       #ade4      
,/atem5t z to ! m9ds ( ! work+ classes  
aft] _!      day's labor be+ too mu*    
oppress$ to enable !m to enjoy or       
appreciate ! public in/itutions1 if     
m]ely op5$ 9 !      ev5+4       #adf4   
,sugge/$ collection ( pictures & pr9ts (
 a p>ticul>      "* = ! inspection ( !  
work+ classes4--,sugge/ions      ) a    

view to special collections ( %ells1    
birds1 & plants      be+ prep>$ = ! use 
( ! work+ classes2 sy/em (              
lectures1 ( illu/ration1 & ( int]m$iate 
/udy necess>y 9      connection ) su*   
collections 7cp4 #aea-eb74       #adg4  
,/atem5t z to great] int]e/ be+ tak5 9  
,france &      o!r =eign c\ntries ?an 9 
,engl& 9 ! intellectual      developm5t 
( ! work+ classes2 exam9ation on ?is    
po9t1 &      on ! effect produc$ !reby  
^u ! "* & demeanor (      ! work+ p 7cp4
 #aeh1 #afc-fd74       #adh4 ,objection 
to circulat+ valuable or r>e works ( art
      ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( !   
risk (      injury--,disapproval (      
inspectors1 etc41 go+ ab\t ) !          
visitors 7cp4 #aei74--;,advantage 9 !   
upp] classes l5d+      pictures1 etc41 =
 public exhibition4       #adi4         
,lectures to work+ m54 ,advantage if    
l>ge pr9t$      explanations 7 plac$ "u 
e picture 7cp4 #aeg1 #afa74       #aej4 
,great desire among ! work+ classes to  
acquire k2      gr\nds ( su* desire 7cp4

 #aee74--;,great boon if a museum 7     
=m$ at ! ea/ end ( ,london4       #aea4 
,lectures on natural hi/ory = work+ m54 
#aeb4 ,books available on ,briti% birds4
       #aec4 ,int]m$iate /udy ess5tial  
to use ( ,lectures4--,good              
att5dance at ,work+ ,m5's               
,college4--,t]ms & conditions (         
admission to x4       #aed4 ,approval ( 
,saturday half-holiday movem5t 7cp4     
#adj1 #afa74       #aee4 ,see above1 s4 
#adb4       #aef4 ,competition 9 trade &
 labor reg>d$ by witness z a great      
evil4       #aeg4 ,see above1 s4 #adc1  
#adi4       #aeh-ei4 ,happi] condition (
 l[] classes abroad ?an at home4        
,_! dress also bett] abroad4 #afc-fd1   
#aff1 & see above1 s4 #adb4       #afj4 
,see above1 s4 #adc1 #adi1 #aeg4        
#afa4 ,see above1 s4 #adi1 #aed4        
#afb4 ,use ( exi/+ public build+s = art 
collections4       #afc-fd4 ,see above1 
s4 #aeh-ei4       #afe4 ,surely ,engl&  
may "o day be ,m]ry ,engl& aga94--,:5 x 
ceas$ to be s4       #aff4 ,see above1  

s4 #aeh-ei4       #afg4 ,increase (     
trade & det]iorat$ condition (          
work+-classes4--,our duty to !m4        
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #b3 ,repr9t$ f  
,! ,report ( ! ,select ,committee on    
,public ,in/itutions4 ,ord]$ by ! ,h\se 
( ,commons to be pr9t$1 #bg ,m>* #ahfj1 
pp4 #aac-abc4 ,! foll[+ memb]s ( !      
,committee 7 pres5t on ! occasion ( !   
above evid5ce be+ giv53 -,sir ,john     
,trelawny 7,*airman71 ,mr4 ,sclat]      
,boo?1 ,mr4 ,du ,pre1 ,mr4 ,k9naird1    
,mr4 ,hanbury1 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 ,mr4  
,slaney1 & ,mr4 ,john ,tollema*e4--,,ed4
     ,,picture ,,gall]ies--,,_!         
,,functions ,,& ,,=mation4  ,,! ,,royal 
,,academy ,,commission4#c  ,evid5ce (   
,john ,rusk91 ,monday1 ,june #h?1 #ahfc4
   #afh4 ,*airman4 ,y h1 no d\bt1       
frequ5tly consid]$ ! position ( ! ,royal
 ,academy 9 ?is c\ntry8--,yes4  ,is x 9 
all po9ts satisfactory to y8--,no1      
c]ta9ly n4  ,d y approve1 = example1 ( !
 plan by :i*1 on a vacancy occurr+1 !   
,royal ,academicians supply t vacancy1  

or w\ld y wi% to see t election confid$ 
to any o!r h&s8--,i %\ld wi% to see !   
election confid$ to o!r h&s4 ,i ?9k t   
all elections are liable to mi/ake1 or  
mis*ance1 :5 ! elect+ body elect !      
c&idate into !m4 ,i r ?9k t elections   
are only successful :]e ! c&idate is    
elect$ into a body o!r ?an ! body (     
electors2 b ,i h n consid]$ ! pr9ciples 
( election fully en\gh to be able to    
give any positive /atem5t ( op9ion ^u t 
matt]4 ,i only feel t at pres5t ! ?+ is 
liable to _m errors & mis*ances4  ,does 
x n seem1 h[ev]1 t !re are "s prec$5ts1 
su*1 = example1 z ! ,in/itute ( ,france1
 9 :i* ! body elect+ to ! vacancies t   
occur )9 x keeps up a v high "*1 &      
enjoys a great reputation8--,!re are _m 
su* prec$5ts2 &1 z e su* body = its own 
honor mu/ sometimes call ^u ! mo/       
intellectual m5 ( ! c\ntry to jo9 x1 ,i 
%\ld ?9k t e su* body mu/ reta9 a high  
"* :]e ! c\ntry itself has a prop] s5se 
( ! wor? ( its be/ m52 b ! sy/em (      
election may be wrong1 ?\gh ! s5se ( !  

c\ntry may be "r2 & ,i ?9k1 9 appeal+ to
 a prec$5t to ju/ify a sy/em1 we %\ld   
e/imate prop]ly :at has be5 br\ght ab\t 
by ! feel+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,we are all1 ,i  
fancy1 too mu* 9 ! habit ( look+ to =ms 
z ! cause ( :at really is caus$ by !    
temp] ( ! nation at ! p>ticul> "t1      
work+1 ?r\gh ! =ms1 = good or evil4     
,if1 h[ev]1 ! election ( ,academicians 7
 to be confid$ to arti/s :o 7 n already 
,academicians !mselves1 w\ld x be easy  
to meet ?is objection1 t !y w\ld h 9 _m 
cases a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "q2 t ea*    
might be /riv+ = 8 own admission to t   
di/9ction2 :]eas1 :5 ! election takes   
place among ^? :o h already atta9$ t    
di/9ction1 direct p]sonal int]e/ at all 
ev5ts is abs5t8--,i %\ld ?9k p]sonal    
int]e/ w\ld act 9 a c]ta9 s5se 9 ei!r   
case2 x w\ld bran* into too _m          
subtleties ( int]e/ to say 9 :at way x  
w\ld act4 ,i %\ld ?9k t x w\ld be m     
important to ! inf]ior body to decide   
rightly ^u ^? :o 7 to gov]n !m1 ?an to !
 sup]ior body to decide ^u ^? :o 7 to   

gov]n o!r p2 & t ! sup]ior body w\ld    
!re=e g5]ally *oose ^? :o 7 likely to be
 pleasant to !mselves2--pleasant1 ei!r z
 companions1 or 9 c>ry+ out a sy/em :i* 
!y *ose = _! own conv5i5ce to adopt2    
:ile ! inf]ior body w\ld *oose m5 likely
 to c>ry out ! sy/em t w\ld t5d mo/ to !
 g5]al progress ( art4  #afi4 ,z ,i     
und]/& y1 ?\gh y h a decid$ op9ion t x  
w\ld be bett] = "s o!r con/itu5t body to
 elect ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy1 y h
 n a decid$ op9ion z to h[ t con/itu5t  
body w\ld be/ be compos$8--,by no means4
  ,i presume y w\ld wi% t con/itu5t body
 to consi/ ( arti/s1 ?\gh y are n prep>$
 to say precisely h[ !y %\ld be         
select$8--,i %\ld l ! con/itu5t body to 
consi/ bo? ( arti/s & ( ! public4 ,i    
feel great difficulties 9 (f]+ any      
sugge/ion z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! electors 
%\ld elect3 b ,i %\ld l ! public z well 
z arti/s to h a voice1 s t we might h ! 
public feel+ br\ght to be> ^u pa9t+ z we
 h n[ ^u music2 & t ! election ( ^? :o 7
 to attract ! public eye1 or direct !   

public m9d1 %\ld indicate also ! w ( !  
public 9 "s respects2 n t ,i ?9k t w    
always wise1 b ,i ?9k y w\ld !n h po9t$ 
out 9 :at way ^? :o are tea*+ ! public  
%\ld be/ regulate ! tea*+2 & also x w\ld
 give ! public itself an int]e/ 9 art1 &
 a s5se ( responsibility1 :i* 9 ! pres5t
 /ate ( ?+s !y nev] c h4  ,w y expla9 m 
fully ! prec$5t ( music to :i* y h j    
adv]t$8--,! fame ( any great s+] or any 
great musician dep5ds ^u ! public       
en?usiasm & feel+ respect+ him4 ,no     
,royal ,academy c draw a l>ge audi5ce to
 ! op]a by /at+ t su* & su* a piece (   
music is good1 or t su* & su* a voice is
 cle>2 if ! public d n feel ! voice to  
be delici\s1 & if !y d n l ! music1 !y w
 n g to he> x4 ,! fame ( ! musician1    
:e!r s+]1 in/rum5tali/1 or compos]1 is  
f\nd$ ma9ly ^u 8 hav+ produc$ a /rong   
effect ^u ! public intellect &          
imag9ation4 ,i %\ld l t same effect to  
be produc$ by pa9t]s1 & to be express$  
by ! public en?usiasm & approbation2 n  
m]ely by expressions ( approbation 9    

conv]sation1 b by ! actual voice :i* 9 !
 !at] is giv5 by ! %\t & by ! clapp+ ( !
 h&s4 ,y _c clap a picture1 nor clap a  
pa9t] at 8 "w1 b ,i %\ld l ! public 9 "s
 way to br+ _! voice to be> ^u ! pa9t]'s
 "w4  #agj4 ,h y =m$ any op9ion ^u !    
position ( ! ,associates 9 ! ,royal     
,academy8--,i h ?\ght ( x a little1 b ! 
pres5t sy/em ( ! ,academy is to me s    
entirely nugatory1 x produces s little  
effect 9 any way 7:at little effect x   
does produce be+ 9 my op9ion mis*iev\s71
 t x has nev] int]e/$ me2 & ,i h felt ! 
difficulty s greatly1 t ,i nev]1 till   
y\r lord%ip's lett] rea*$ me1 paid mu*  
att5tion to x4 ,i always ?\ght x w\ld be
 a wa/e ( "t to give mu* "t to ?9k+ h[ x
 might be alt]$2 s t z to ! position (  
,associates ,i c say little1 except t ,i
 ?9k1 9 any case1 !re ought to be "s    
p]iod ( probation1 & "s advanc$ scale ( 
dignity1 indicative ( ! highe/ atta9m5ts
 9 art1 :i* %\ld be only giv5 to ! olde/
 & mo/ practic$ pa9t]s4  ,f ! great k   
:i* y possess ( ,briti% art1 look+ to ! 

mo/ em95t pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & ar*itects
 at ?is "t1 %\ld y say t ! numb] ( !    
,royal ,academy is suffici5t fully to   
repres5t !m1 or w\ld y recomm5d an      
increase 9 ! pres5t numb] (             
,academicians8--,i h n consid]$ 9 :at   
proportion ! ,academician%ips at pres5t 
exi/4 ,t is r a "q be>+ ^u ! degree (   
dignity :i* "o w\ld be glad to conf]4 ,i
 %\ld l ! highe/ dignity to be limit$1 b
 ,i %\ld l ! inf]ior dignity correspond+
 to ! ,associate%ip to be giv51 z !     
degrees are giv5 9 ! univ]sities1 )\t   
any limitation ( numb]1 to ^? possess+  
positive atta9m5ts & skill4 ,i %\ld ?9k 
a v limit$ numb] ( ,academician%ips w\ld
 always meet all ! requirem5ts ( !      
highe/ intellect ( ! c\ntry4  #aga4 ,h y
 =m$ any op9ion ^u ! exp$i5cy ( intru/+ 
laym5 ) "s %>e 9 ! managem5t ( ! affairs
 ( ! ,academy8--,no1 ,i h =m$ no op9ion 
^u t matt]4 ,i d n "k :at !re is at     
pres5t to be manag$ 9 ! ,academy4 ,i    
%\ld ?9k if ! ,academy is to become an  
available s*ool1 laym5 _c be jo9$ 9 !   

managem5t ( t p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,9     
matt]s ( rev5ue1 & 9 matt]s conc]n+ !   
g5]al int]e/s & dignity ( ! ,academy1 !y
 might be4  ,%\ld y ?9k t               
non-pr(essional p]sons w\ld be fitly    
associat$ ) arti/s 9 su* que/ions z !   
selection & hang+ ( ! pictures s5t 9 =  
exhibition8--,no1 ,i ?9k n4  ,"s p]sons 
h sugge/$ t ! presid5t ( ! ,academy %\ld
 n always nor ( necessity be himself an 
arti/2 %\ld y approve ( any sy/em by :i*
 a g5tleman ( high social position1 n an
 arti/1 0 plac$ at ! head ( su* a body z
 ! ,academy8--,( su* a body z !         
,academy1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to repeat
 y\r words1 mu/ ( c\rse h ref]5ce to !  
con/itution to be giv5 to x4 ,z at      
pres5t con/itut$1 ,i d n "k :at         
advantage might or might n be d]iv$ f   
su* a g5tleman be+ appo9t$ presid5t4 ,z 
,i %\ld l to see x con/itut$1 ,i ?9k he 
ought to be an arti/ only4  #agb4 ,h y  
_h any reason to obs]ve or to make      
y\rself acqua9t$ ) ! work+ ( ! s*ools ( 
! ,royal ,academy8--,yes1 ,i h obs]v$ x4

 ,i h n made myself acqua9t$ ) ! actual 
me?ods ( tea*+ at pres5t 9 use1 b ,i "k 
! g5]al effect ^u ! art ( ! c\ntry4     
,:at %\ld y say 0 t effect8--,ne>ly     
nugatory3 exce$+ly pa9ful 9 ?is respect1
 t ! tea*+ ( ! ,academy sep>ates1 z !   
:ole idea ( ! c\ntry sep>ates1 ! notion 
( art-education f o!r education1 & :5 y 
h made t "o fundam5tal mi/ake1 all o!rs 
foll[4 ,y tea* a "y man to manage 8 *alk
 & 8 bru%--n always t--b hav+ done t1 y 
suppose y h made a pa9t] ( him2 :]eas to
 educate a pa9t] is ! same ?+ z to      
educate a cl]gyman or a physician--y mu/
 give him a lib]al education prim>ily1 &
 t mu/ be connect$ ) ! k9d ( le>n+      
peculi>ly fit = 8 pr(ession4 ,t error is
 p>tly ow+ to our excessively vulg> &   
excessively %all[ ,engli% idea t !      
arti/'s pr(ession is n1 & _c be1 a      
lib]al "o4 ,we respect a physician1 &   
call him a g5tleman1 because he c give u
 a purge & clean out our /oma*s2 b we d 
n call an arti/ a g5tleman1 :om we      
expect to inv5t = u ! face ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 

we h made t prim>y mi/ake1 all o!r      
mi/akes 9 education are trivial 9       
comp>ison4 ,! v notion ( an art academy 
%\ld be1 a body ( tea*]s ( ! y\? :o are 
to be ! guides ( ! nation ?r\gh its     
s5ses2 & t is a v important means (     
guid+ x4 ,we h done a good deal ?r\gh   
d9n]s1 b we may "s day d a good deal m  
?r\gh pictures4  ,y w\ld h a m          
compreh5sive sy/em ( tea*+8--,mu* m     
compreh5sive4  #agc4 ,d ,i rightly      
und]/& y t y w\ld wi% x to embrace      
bran*es ( lib]al education 9 g5]al1 & n 
be m]ely conf9$ to specific arti/ic     
/udies8--,c]ta9ly4 ,i w\ld h ! ,academy 
education correspond+ :olly to !        
univ]sity education4 ,! s*ools ( !      
c\ntry ought to tea* ! boy ! fir/       
conditions ( manipulation4 ,he %\ld come
 up1 ,i say n at :at age1 b probably at 
ab\t f\rte5 or fifte51 to ! c5tral      
univ]sity ( art1 :]ev] t 0 e/abli%$2 &  
!n1 :ile he 0 taught to pa9t & to c>ve &
 to "w 9 metal--j z 9 old times he w\ld 
h be5 taught to manage ! sword & lance1 

!y be+ ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( 8           
life1--dur+ ! ye>s f fifte5 to tw5ty1 ! 
*ief att5tion ( 8 gov]nors %\ld be to   
make a g5tleman ( him 9 ! highe/ s5se2 &
 to give him an exce$+ly broad & lib]al 
education1 :i* %\ld enable him n only to
 "w nobly1 b to conceive nobly4  #agd4  
,z to ! po9t1 h[ev]1 ( arti/ic          
manipulation1 is n x ! fact t _m great  
pa9t]s h diff]$1 & d diff]1 f ea* o!r1 &
 w\ld x !re=e be easy = ! ,academy to   
adopt any au?oritative sy/em ( tea*+1   
exclud+ "o mode & ackn[l$g+ ano!r8--,n  
easy1 b v necess>y4 ,!re h be5 _m       
me?ods2 b !re has nev] be5 a case ( a   
great s*ool :i* did n fix ^u its me?od3 
& !re has be5 no case ( a ?or\ghly great
 s*ool :i* did n fix ^u ! "r me?od1 z f>
 z circum/ances enabl$ x to d s4 ,!     
mean+ ( a successful s*ool is1 t x has  
adopt$ a me?od :i* x tea*es to its "y   
pa9t]s1 s t "r work+ becomes a habit )  
!m2 s t ) no ?\ght1 & no ef=t1 & no     
torm5t1 & no talk ab\t x1 !y h ! habit (
 do+ :at _! s*ool tea*es !m4  ,y d n ?9k

 a sy/em is equally good :i* leaves to  
ea* em95t pr(essor1 accord+ to ! b5t ( 8
 g5ius or ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce1 to     
in/ruct "y m51 ! in/ruction v>y+ ) ! "* 
( ea* pr(essor8--,great b5efit w\ld     
arise if ea* pr(essor f\nd$ 8 own s*ool1
 & 7 int]e/$ 9 8 own pupils2 b1 z has   
be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! s*ools (  
,dom5i*9o & ,guido1 !re is apt to arise 
rivalry betwe5 ! ma/]s1 ) no correlative
 advantages1 unless ! ma/]s are all ( "o
 m9d4 ,& ! only successful idea ( an    
academy has be5 :]e ! practice 0        
consi/5t1 & :]e !re 0 no contradiction4 
,consid]+ ! k we n[ h1 & ! means we n[ h
 ( comp>+ all ! works ( ! greate/       
pa9t]s1 ?\gh1 z y sugge/ by y\r "q1 x is
 n easy to adopt an au?oritative sy/em1 
yet x is p]fectly possible4 ,let u get  
at ! be/ me?od & let u tea* t4 ,!re is  
unque/ionably a be/ way if we c f9d x2 &
 we h n[ 9 ,engl& ! means ( f9d+ x out4 
,! tea*+ 9 ! ,academy is n[1 "u all     
circum/ances1 gratuit\s2 w\ld y wi% t   
sy/em to cont9ue1 or %\ld y pref] to see

 a sy/em ( paym5t8--,i am n prep>$ to   
answ] t "q4 ,x w\ld dep5d ^u ! sort (   
sy/em t 0 adopt$ & on ! k9d ( p]sons y  
receiv$ into y\r s*ools4  #age4 ,i      
presume y w\ld say t 9 arti/ic tea*+ !re
 are "s po9ts on :i* !re w\ld be common 
gr\nd1 & o!rs ^u :i* !re mu/ be specific
 tea*+2 = in/ance1 9 sculpture & pa9t+  
!re is a po9t up to :i* ! proportions ( 
! human figure h to be /udi$1 b aft]w>ds
 !re is a div]g5ce betwe5 ! two arts (  
*isel+ m>ble & lay+ colors on !         
canvas8--,c]ta9ly4 ,i %\ld ?9k all t    
might be arrang$ 9 an ,academy sy/em v  
simply4 ,y w\ld h fir/ y\r tea*+ ( draw+
 ) ! s(t po9t2 & associat$ ) t1         
*i>oscuro3 y w\ld !n h ! tea*+ ( draw+ )
 ! h>d or black po9t1 involv+ ! tea*+ ( 
! be/ sy/em ( engrav+1 & all t 0        
necess>y to =m y\r s*ool ( engrav]s3 y  
w\ld !n proce$ to metal "w2 & on work+ 9
 metal y w\ld f\nd y\r s*ool (          
sculpture1 & on t y\r s*ool (           
ar*itecture3 & f9ally1 & above all1 y   
w\ld h y\r s*ool ( pa9t+1 includ+ oil   

pa9t+ & fresco pa9t+1 & all pa9t+ 9     
p]man5t mat]ial2 7n compris+ pa9t+ 9 any
 mat]ial t 0 n p]man5t37 & ) t y w\ld   
associate y\r s*ool ( *emi/ry1 :i* %\ld 
tea* :at 0 p]man5t & :at 0 n2 :i* s*ool 
( *emi/ry %\ld decl>e au?oritatively1 ) 
! ,academy's seal1 :at colors w\ld /& & 
:at process w\ld secure _! /&+3 & %\ld h
 a sort ( ,apo!c>ies' ,hall :]e anybody 
:o requir$ !m c\ld procure colors 9 !   
pure/ /ate2 all ^! ?+s be+ organiz$ 9 "o
 great sy/em1 & only possibly "r by _!  
connection & 9 _! connection4  #agf4 ,d 
y approve ( ! enc\ragem5t :i* ( late    
ye>s has be5 giv5 to fresco pa9t+1 & d y
 look =w>d to mu* ext5sion ( t bran* (  
art 9 ,engl&8--,i f\nd :5 ,i 0 exam9+ ! 
t]m fresco pa9t+1 t x 0 a wide "o1 t    
none ( u seem$ to "k q ! limitation or  
ext5t ( x2 & aft] giv+ a good deal m "t 
to ! "q ,i am /ill less able to answ]   
di/9ctly on an und]/&+ ( ! t]m fresco   
pa9t+3 b us+ ! t]m decorative pa9t+1    
applicable to walls 9 p]man5t mat]ials1 
,i ?9k x ess5tial t e great s*ool %\ld  

include z "o ( its ma9 objects ! tea*+ (
 wall pa9t+ 9 p]man5t mat]ials1 & on a  
l>ge scale4  ,y ?9k x %\ld =m a bran* ( 
! sy/em ( tea*+ 9 ! ,academy8--,i ?9k x 
%\ld =m a bran* ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,academy1 
possibly ! pr9cipal bran*4  ,does x s f>
 z y "k =m a sep>ate bran* ( tea*+ 9 any
 ( ! =eign academies8--,i d n "k4  #agg4
 ,look+ g5]ally1 & ( c\rse )\t m5tion+  
any names1 h y 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ few    
ye>s be5 g5]ally satisfi$ ) ! selection 
( arti/s into ! ,royal ,academy8--,no1  
c]ta9ly n4  ,d y ?9k t "s arti/s ( m]it 
h be5 exclud$1 or t arti/s :om y ?9k n  
des]v+ ( t honor h be5 elect$8--,m2 t   
arti/s n des]v+ ( ! honor h be5 elect$4 
,i ?9k x does no h>m to any promis+     
arti/ to be left out ( ! ,academy1 b x  
does h>m to ! public sometimes t an     
unpromis+ arti/ %\ld be let into x4  ,y 
?9k !re h be5 cases )9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 
:i* p]sons1 9 y\r judgm5t1 n entitl$ to 
t di/9ction h nev]!less be5             
elect$8--,c]ta9ly4  #agh4 ,) respect to 
! selection ( pictures = ! exhibition1  

are y satisfi$ 9 g5]al ) t selection1 or
 h y 9 p>ticul> in/ances se5 gr\nd to   
?9k t x has be5 injudici\sly            
ex]cis$8--,9 "s cases x has be5         
injudici\sly ex]cis$1 b x is a matt] (  
small importance2 x causes he>tburn+    
probably1 b little m4 ,if a reject$     
picture is good1 ! public w see x "s day
 or o!r1 & f9d out t x is a good        
picture4 ,i c>e little ab\t :at pictures
 are let 9 or n1 b ,i d c>e ab\t see+ ! 
pictures t are let 94 ,! ma9 po9t1 :i*  
ev]yone w\ld desire to see det]m9$1 is  
h[ ! pictures t are admitt$ are to be   
be/ se54 ,no picture des]v+ ( be+ se5 at
 all %\ld be s hung z to give y any pa9 
or fatigue 9 see+ x4 ,if y let a picture
 into ! room at all1 x %\ld n be hung s 
high z t ei!r ! feel+s ( ! arti/ or !   
neck ( ! public %\ld be hurt4  #agi4    
,visc\nt ,h>d+e4 ,i ga!r f y\r evid5ce t
 y w\ld wi% to see ! ,royal ,academy a  
sort ( c5tral univ]sity to :i* "y m5 f  
o!r in/itutions %\ld be s5t4 ,assum+ t  
!re 7 difficulties 9 ! way ( c>ry+ t    

out1 d y ?9k1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 y c\ld 
exact f "y m5 :o are c&idates =         
admission into ! ,royal ,academy1 "s    
educational te/8--,c]ta9ly2 ,i ?9k mu*  
dep5ds ^u t4 ,if ! sy/em ( education :i*
 ,i h be5 endeavor+ to po9t out 7       
adopt$1 y w\ld h 9 e "o ( ^? pr(essions 
v practic$ workm54 ,y c\ld n h any ( ?is
 education c>ri$ out1 unless y _h       
?or\ghly practic$ workm52 & y %\ld fix  
y\r pass z y fix y\r univ]sity pass1 & y
 %\ld pass a man 9 ar*itecture1         
sculpture1 & pa9t+1 because he kn[s 8   
bus9ess1 & kn[s z mu* ( any o!r sci5ce z
 is necess>y = 8 pr(ession4 ,y require a
 piece ( "w f him1 & y exam9e him1 & !n 
y pass him1--call him :atev] y l2--b y  
say to ! public1 ,"h is a workman 9 ?is 
bran* :o w d y\r "w well4  ,y d n ?9k   
!re w\ld 9 su* a sy/em be any risk (    
exclud+ m5 :o might h]eaft] be great m5 
:o "u su* a sy/em might n be able to    
pass8--,!re are risks 9 e sy/em1 b ,i   
?9k e man wor? any?+ w\ld pass4 ,a great
 _m :o w\ld be good = no?+ w\ld pass1 b 

y\r really great man w\ld assur$ly pass4
  #ahj4 ,has x ev] /ruck y t x w\ld be  
advantage\s to art if !re 7 at !        
univ]sities pr(essors ( art :o might    
give lectures & give in/ruction to "y m5
 :o might desire to avail !mselves ( x1 
z y h lectures on botany &              
geology8--,yes1 assur$ly4 ,! want (     
int]e/ on ! "p ( ! upp] classes 9 art   
has be5 v mu* at ! bottom ( ! abuses :i*
 h crept into all sy/ems ( education    
connect$ ) x4 ,if ! upp] classes c\ld   
only be int]e/$ 9 x by be+ l$ into x :5 
"y1 a great improvem5t might be look$ =2
 !re=e ,i feel ! exp$i5cy ( su* an      
addition to ! education ( our           
univ]sities4  #aha4 ,is n t want (      
ref9em5t :i* may be obs]v$ 9 _m ( !     
pictures f "t to "t exhibit$ 9 ! ,royal 
,academy to be attribut$ 9 a great      
measure to ! want ( education among/    
arti/s8--,x is to be attribut$ to t1 &  
to ! necessity :i* arti/s are "u (      
address+ a l[ class ( spectators3 an    
arti/ to live mu/ cat* ! public eye4    

,our upp] classes supply a v small am\nt
 ( patronage to arti/s at pres5t1 _! ma9
 patronage be+ f ! manufactur+ di/ricts 
& f ! public int]e/$ 9 engrav+s2--an    
exce$+ly wide sph]e1 b a l[ sph]e1--& y 
cat* ! eye ( t class mu* m by pictures  
hav+ ref]5ce to _! amusem5ts ?an by any 
noble subject bett] treat$1 & ! bett]   
treat$ x 0 ! less x w\ld int]e/ t class4
  ,is x n (t5 ! case t pictures exhibit+
 su* a want ( ref9em5t1 at ! same "t    
fet* l>ge prices among/ :at ,i may call 
! m]cantile patrons ( art8--,c]ta9ly2 &1
 ! l>g] ! price1 ! m h>m done ( c\rse to
 ! s*ool1 = t is a =m ( education y _c  
resi/4 ,plato said long ago1 :5 y h y\r 
demagogue aga9/ y no human =m (         
education c resi/ t4  #ahb4 ,sir ,e4    
,head4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! pres5t    
mode ( tea*+ 9 ! life s*ool & ! pa9t+   
s*ool1 namely1 by visitors con/antly    
*ang+8--,i %\ld ?9k x mis*iev\s4 ,!     
un=tunate y\?s1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 w\ld j  
get :at !y c\ld pick up2 x w\ld be ?r[+ 
!m crumbs v mu* z y ?r[ bones to !      

animals 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4  ,d y   
conceive t any?+ :i* c be prop]ly call$ 
a s*ool1 is likely to be =m$ :]e ! tea*+
 is conduct$ 9 t way8--,assur$ly n4     
#ahc4 ,y /at$ t 9 ! ev5t ( !            
introduction ( lay memb]s into !        
,academy1 y w\ld n ?9k x desirable t !y 
%\ld take "p 9 ! selection or hang+ (   
pictures = exhibition4 ,is n !re a great
 di/9ction betwe5 ! selection ( !       
pictures & ! hang+ ( ! pictures1 & might
 n !y take "p 9 ! "o )\t tak+ "p 9 !    
o!r8--,i %\ld ?9k h>dly4 ,my notion (   
hang+ a picture is to put x l[ en\gh to 
be se54 ,if small x %\ld be plac$ ne> ! 
eye4 ,anybody c hang a picture1 b ! "q  
%\ld be1 is !re good pa9t+ en\gh 9 ?is  
picture to make x acceptable to !       
public1 or to make x j to ! arti/ to %[ 
x8 ,& none b arti/s c q judge ( !       
workman%ip :i* %\ld entitle x to ent] ! 
,academy4  ,d y ?9k x dep5ds solely ^u !
 workman%ip8--,n by any means solely1 b 
,i ?9k t is ! fir/ po9t t %\ld be look$ 
to4 ,an ill-work$ picture ought n to be 

admitt$2 let x be exhibit$ else:]e if y 
w1 b y\r ,academy has no bus9ess to let 
bad "w pass4 ,if a man _c c>ve or pa9t1 
?\gh 8 "w may be well conceiv$1 d n let 
8 "w pass4 ,unless y require good "w 9  
y\r ,academy exhibition1 y c =m no      
s*ool4  ,mr4 ,reeve4 ,apply+ ! rule y h 
j laid d[n1 w\ld ! effect be to exclude 
a consid]able proportion ( ! works n[   
exhibit$ 9 ! ,academy8--,yes2 m ( !     
,academicians' ?an ( o!rs4  ,sir ,e4    
,head4 ,selection n[ be+ made by        
te*nical arti/s8--,no4                  
,pr(essional8--,yes4  ,"l ,el*o4 ,d y   
?9k t none b pr(essional arti/s are     
capable ( judg+ ( ! actual m]it or      
dem]it ( a pa9t+8--,non-pr(essional     
p]sons may (f] a v /rong op9ion ^u !    
subject1 :i* may happ5 to be "r1--or :i*
 may be wrong4  ,y\r op9ion is t ! ma9  
?+ ) respect to ! exhibition is1 t !    
pictures %\ld be se52 t !y %\ld n be    
hung too high or too l[4 ,t "q has be5  
already rais$ be=e ! ,commission1 & x   
has be5 sugge/$ t two feet f ! gr\nd    

%\ld be ! m9imum height = ! base ( !    
picture1 & "s witnesses h said t six    
feet & o!rs eight feet %\ld be ! maximum
 height = ! base ( ! picture2 :at limit 
w\ld y fix8--,i %\ld say t ! horizontal 
l9e 9 ! p]spective ( ! picture ought    
always to be opposite ! spectator's eye1
 no matt] :at ! height may be f ! floor4
 ,if ! horizontal l9e is s plac$ t x mu/
 be above ! spectator's eye1 9          
consequ5ce ( ! size ( ! picture1 x _c be
 help$1 b ,i w\ld always get !          
horizontal l9e opposite ! eye if        
possible4  #ahd4 ,*airman4 ,%\ld y      
concur 9 ! sugge/ion :i* a witness has  
made be=e ?is ,commission1 t x w\ld be  
an improvem5t1 if ! space admitt$ ( x1 t
 works ( sculpture %\ld be int]mix$ 9 ! 
same ap>tm5t ) works ( pa9t+1 in/ead (  
be+ kept z at pres5t 9 sep>ate          
ap>tm5ts8--,i %\ld ?9k x w\ld be v      
delightful to h "s works ( sculpture    
mix$ ) works ( pa9t+2 t x w\ld make !   
exhibition m pleas+1 & t ! eye w\ld be  
re/$ sometimes by turn+ f ! colors to ! 

m>ble1 & w\ld see ! colors ( ! pa9t+s   
bett] 9 return4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds   
m5tions ! p[] :i* "s ( ! ,flemi%        
pictures seem$ to d]ive1 9 8 op9ion1 by 
look+ at !m aft] hav+ consult$ 8        
note-book4 ,/atu>y plac$ among !        
pictures w\ld h ! same effect4 ,i w\ld n
 h ! sculpture t 0 s5t 9 = ! exhibition 
( ! ye> exhibit$ ) ! pa9t+s1 b ,i w\ld h
 works ( sculpture plac$ p]man5tly 9 !  
pa9t+ rooms4  ,"l ,el*o4 ,suppos+ !re 7 
no works ( sculpture available = be+    
plac$ 9 ! rooms p]man5tly1 & suppos+    
among ! works s5t 9 = annual exhibition 
!re 7 works ( a "* fit to be plac$ among
 ! pa9t+s1 %\ld y see any objection to  
_! be+ s plac$8--,t w\ld cause an imm5se
 am\nt ( useless tr\ble1 & p]petual     
qu>rels among ! sculptors1 z to ^: works
 7 entitl$ to be plac$ 9 ! pa9t+ rooms  
or n4  ,are y aw>e t 9 ! exhibition 9   
,p>is 9 #ahee1 t 0 ! sy/em adopt$8--,no4
 ,if ! ,fr5* adopt$ x1 x 0 likely to be 
useful1 & d\btless !y w\ld c>ry x out v 
clev]ly2 b we h n ! knack ( putt+ ! "r  

?+s 9 ! "r places by any means4  ,did y 
see our own ,int]national ,exhibition   
la/ ye>8--,no4  ,are y aw>e t a simil>  
sy/em 0 resort$ to 9 ! exhibition (     
pictures !re8--,i %\ld ?9k 9 our        
exhibitions we mu/ put any?+ :]e x w\ld 
g1 9 ! sort ( way t we manage !m4  #ahe4
 ,at ! pres5t mom5t !re are on ! books (
 ! ,academy five honor>y memb]s1 :o hold
 c]ta9 titul> (fices1 ,e>l ,/anhope be+ 
antiqu>y to ! ,academy1 ,mr4 ,grote be+ 
pr(essor ( anci5t hi/ory1 ,dean ,milman 
be+ pr(essor ( anci5t lit]ature1 !      
,bi%op ( ,ox=d be+ *apla91 & ,sir ,h5ry 
,holl& be+ secret>y = =eign             
correspond5ce2 ^! pr(essors nev] deliv] 
any lectures & h no voice :atev] 9 !    
managem5t1 b h m]e honor>y titul>       
di/9ctions2 %\ld y ?9k x desirable t    
g5tlem5 ( _! position & "* %\ld h a     
voice 9 ! managem5t ( ! affairs ( !     
,academy8--,x w\ld be mu* m desirable t 
!y %\ld give lectures ^u ! subjects )   
:i* !y are acqua9t$4 ,i %\ld ?9k ,e>l   
,/anhope & all ! g5tlem5 y h m5tion$1   

w\ld be mu* happi] 9 feel+ t !y 7 ( use 
9 _! positions2 & t if y gave !m some?+ 
to d !y w\ld v nobly d x4 ,if y give !m 
no?+ to d ,i ?9k !y ought n to rema9 9 !
 in/itution4  #ahf4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t
 ! ,academy n[ consi/+ ( =ty-two might  
be increas$ advantage\sly to fifty      
pr(essional memb]s1 ar*itecture1        
sculpture1 & pa9t+ be+ fairly repres5t$1
 & t 9 addition to ^? fifty !re might be
 elect$ or nom9at$ someh[ or o!r t5     
non-pr(essional p]sons1 t is1 m5 tak+ an
 int]e/ 9 art1 :o _h a c]ta9 position & 
/&+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & :o might take an      
active "p 9 ! managem5t ( ! affairs ( ! 
in/itution1 s t5d+ to br+ ! ,royal      
,academy & ! public toge!r8--,i d n "k  
en\gh ( society to be able to =m an     
op9ion ^u ! subject4  ,irrespective (   
society1 z a "q ( art1 y "k en\gh (     
non-pr(essional p]sons int]e/$ 9 art to 
judge z to :e!r ! infusion ( su* an     
elem5t into ! ,academy might be (       
advantage to ! ,academy & to art        
g5]ally8--,i ?9k if y educate our upp]  

classes to take m int]e/ 9 art1 :i*     
implies1 ( c\rse1 to "k some?+ ab\t x1  
!y might be mo/ effici5t memb]s ( !     
,academy2 b if y leave !m1 z y leave !m 
n[1 to ! education :i* !y get at ,ox=d &
 ,cambridge1 & give !m ! sort ( scorn   
:i* all ! tea*+ !re t5ds to give1 = art 
& arti/s1 ! less !y h to d ) an academy 
( art ! bett]4  ,assum+ t1 at pres5t1 y 
h n a v great numb] ( ^? p]sons 9 !     
c\ntry1 d y n ?9k t ! m]e fact ( !      
adoption ( su* a pr9ciple 9 any re=m 9 !
 con/itution ( ! ,academy might h !     
effect ( turn+ att5tion m to ?is matt]  
at ! ,univ]sities1 & lead+ to ! v ?+ :i*
 y ?9k s desirable8--,no1 ,i %\ld ?9k n4
 ,x w\ld only at pres5t give !          
impression t ! :ole sy/em 0 some:at     
artificial1 & t x 0 to rema9            
ineffective4  ,not)/&+ ! neglect ( ?is  
matt] at ! ,univ]sities1 d y ?9k1 at !  
pres5t mom5t1 y c\ld n f9d t5           
non-pr(essional p]sons1 ( ! "* y w\ld   
?9k desirable1 to add to !              
,academy8--,if ,i may be s imp]t95t1 ,i 

may say t y z "o ( ! upp] classes1 & ,i 
z a layman 9 ! l[] classes1 are tol]ably
 fair examples ( ! k9d ( p]sons :o take 
an int]e/ 9 art1 & ,i ?9k bo? ( u w\ld d
 a great deal ( mis*ief if we _h mu* to 
d ) ! ,academy4  #ahg4 ,assum+ ^? two   
p]sons to be appo9t$ lay memb]s1 w y    
/ate 9 :at way y ?9k !y w\ld d mis*ief 9
 ! c\ncils ( ! ,academy8--,we %\ld be   
di/urb+ elem5ts1 :]eas :at ,i %\ld try  
to secure1 if ,i _h any?+ to d ) its    
arrangem5ts1 w\ld be entire             
tranquillity1 a regul> sy/em ( tuition 9
 :i* !re %\ld be little excitem5t1 &    
little op]ation ( popul>1 ari/ocratic1  
or any o!r di/urb+ influ5ce2 none (     
criticism1 & !re=e none ( tiresome p l  
myself2--none ( money patronage1 or ev5 
( ari/ocratic patronage4 ,! :ole aim ( !
 tea*]s %\ld be to produce "w :i* c\ld  
be demon/rably %[n to be good & useful1 
& wor?y ( be+ b\ght1 or us$ 9 any way2 &
 aft] t ! :ole "q ( patronage & int]e/  
%\ld be settl$4 ,! s*ool %\ld tea* its  
art-gramm> ?or\ghly 9 ev]y?+1 & 9 e     

mat]ial1 & %\ld tea* x c>efully2 & t    
c\ld be done if a p]fect sy/em 7 adopt$1
 & above all1 if a few ?or\ghly good    
examples 7 put be=e ! /ud5ts4 ,t is a   
po9t :i* ,i ?9k ( v great importance4 ,i
 ?9k x v desirable t grants %\ld be made
 by ! ,gov]nm5t to obta9 = ! pupils ( ! 
,academy beautiful examples ( e k9d1 ! v
 lovelie/ & be/2 n too _m2 & t _! m9ds  
%\ld n be confus$ by hav+ plac$ be=e !m 
examples ( all s*ools & times2 !y are   
confus$ en\gh by :at !y see 9 ! %ops1 & 
9 ! annual exhibitions4 ,let engrav+ be 
taught by ,m>c ,antonio & ,alb]t        
,dr]1--pa9t+ by ,giorgione1 ,paul       
,v]onese1 ,titian & ,velasquez1--&      
sculpture by good ,greek & select$      
,roman examples1 & let !re be no "q (   
o!r s*ools or _! m]its4 ,let ^? ?+s be  
%[n z good & "r1 & let ! /ud5t be tra9$ 
9 ^? pr9ciples3--if aft]w>ds he /rikes  
out an orig9al pa?1 let him2 b d n let  
him torm5t himself & o!r p ) 8          
orig9alities1 till he kn[s :at is "r1 s 
f> z is kn[n at pres5t4  ,y are oppos$1 

on ! :ole1 to ! introduction ( ! lay    
elem5t8--,yes2 b ,i am n oppos$ /rongly 
or di/9ctly to x1 because ,i h n k en\gh
 ( society to "k h[ x w\ld "w4  ,y\r n  
be+ 9 favor ( x results f y\r belief t !
 lay elem5t t w\ld be useful to !       
,academy does n at pres5t exi/ 9 ?is    
c\ntry2 b y ?9k1 if x did exi/1 & if x  
c\ld be made to gr[ out ( our s*ools &  
univ]sities by art tea*+1 x might1 )    
advantage to ! ,academy & to arti/s1 be 
introduc$ into ! ,academy8--,yes4  #ahh4
 ,suppos+ ! class ( ,royal ,academicians
 to be reta9$1 & t y _h fifty ,royal    
,academicians1 %\ld y ?9k x desirable t 
_! works %\ld be exhibit$ by !mselves1 s
 t ! public might see toge!r ! works (  
^? consid]$ to be ! fir/ arti/s ( ?is   
c\ntry8--,c]ta9ly1 ,i %\ld l all        
pictures to be well se51 b ,i %\ld l "o 
dep>tm5t ( ! exhibition to be giv5 to ! 
,associates or ,graduates4 ,i use t t]m 
because ,i suppose ^? ,associates to h a
 degree giv5 !m = a c]ta9 am\nt (       
excell5ce1 & any p]son :o _h atta9$ t   

degree %\ld be all[$ to s5d 9 s _m      
pictures4 ,!n ! pictures s5t 9 by p]sons
 :o _h atta9$ ! high] honor ( ,royal    
,academician %\ld be sep>ately exhibit$4
  ,t w\ld act z a /imulus to !m to keep 
up _! position & %[ !mselves wor?y ( !  
honor8--,yes4 ,i d n ?9k !y ought to be 
mix$ at all z !y are n[4  #ahi4 ,:at is 
y\r op9ion ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t sy/em (
 travel+ /ud5t%ips8--,i ?9k x might be  
made v useful inde$4  ,on ! "o h& x has 
be5 sugge/$ t !re %\ld be1 z is ! sy/em 
adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy1 a p]man5t   
pr(essor at ,rome to look aft] ! /ud5ts2
 on ! o!r h& x has be5 said t x is n    
desirable1 if y h ^? travel+ /ud5t%ips1 
t ! /ud5ts %\ld g to ,rome1 t x is bett]
 = !m to travel1 & to g to ,v5ice or    
,lomb>dy1 & to h no fix$ s*ool 9        
connection ) ! ,academy at ,rome4 ,to   
:i* ( ^? two sy/ems d y give !          
pref]5ce8--,i %\ld pref] ! latt]2 if a  
man goes to travel1 he ought to travel1 
& n be plagu$ ) s*ools4  ,x has be5     
sugge/$ t fell[%ips might be giv5 to    

ris+ arti/s1 pecuni>y assi/ance be+     
atta*$ to ^? fell[%ips1 ! arti/ be+     
requir$ annually to s5d 9 "s specim5 ( 8
 "w to %[ :at he 0 do+1 b x be+ left    
optional ) him to g abroad or to "w at  
home2 %\ld y ?9k t w\ld be desirable1 or
 z has be5 sugge/$ 9 a lett] by ,mr4    
,armitage1 suppos+ ^? fell[%ips to be   
e/abli%$ = f\r ye>s1 t two ( ^? ye>s    
%\ld be sp5t abroad & two at home8--,)\t
 ent]+ into any detail z to :e!r two    
ye>s %\ld be sp5t abroad & two ye>s at  
home1 ,i feel v /rongly t "o ( ! mo/    
dang]\s & ret>d+ influ5ces y h op]at+ ^u
 art is ! enorm\s p[] ( money1 & !      
*ances ( entirely w9n+ or entirely los+1
 t is1 ( mak+ y\r =tune 9 a ye> by a    
l>ge tak+ picture1 or else />v+ = t5    
ye>s by v good small ones4 ,! :ole life 
( an arti/ is a lott]y1 & a v wild      
lott]y1 & ! be/ arti/ is liable to be   
w>p$ away f :at he kn[s is "r by ! *ance
 ( at once mak+ a va/ =tune by cat*+ !  
public eye1 ! public eye be+ only to be 
caught by bright colors & c]ta9         

conditions ( art n always desirable4    
,if1 !re=e1 connect$ ) ! ,academy s*ools
 !re c\ld be ! means ( giv+ a fix$ am\nt
 ( income to c]ta9 m51 :o w\ld z a      
consid]ation = t income furni% a c]ta9  
numb] ( works t might be agre$ ^u1 or   
und]take any national "w t might be     
agre$ ^u1 t ,i believe w\ld be !        
heal?ie/ way 9 :i* a good pa9t] c\ld be 
paid4 ,to give him 8 bread & *eese1 & s 
mu* a day1 & say1 ,"h are su* & su* ?+s 
we want y to d1 is1 ,i believe1 !       
heal?ie/1 simple/1 & happie/ way 9 :i*  
great "w c be produc$4 ,b :e!r x is     
compatible ) our pres5t sy/em ,i _c say1
 nor :e!r e man w\ld n run away z soon z
 he f\nd he c\ld get two or ?ree ?\s&   
p\nds by pa9t+ a cat*+ picture4 ,i ?9k  
y\r be/ m5 w\ld n4  ,y w\ld be 9 favor (
 ^? fell[%ips8--,yes4  #aij4 ,i ga!r t y
 are 9 favor ( ! enc\ragem5t ( mural    
decoration1 fresco pa9t+1 & s =?4 ,!    
sy/em t prevails abroad1 9 ,france1 =   
in/ance1 is = pa9t]s to employ pupils to
 "w "u !m4 ,x 0 9 t way t ,del>o*e pa9t$

 8 hemicycle at ! ,acadmie des          
,beaux-,arts1 employ+ f\r pupils1 :o    
work$ = him1 & :o f 8 small sket* drew !
 full-siz$ picture on ! walls1 :i* 0    
subsequ5tly correct$ by him4 ,!y !n     
color$ x up to 8 sket*1 aft] :i* he %ut 
himself up aga91 & complet$ x4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 if y g to ! ,victoria ,gall]y 9 !  
,h\se ( ,lords1 y f9d ,mr4 ,maclise at  
"w on a space ( wall =ty-eight feet     
long1 pa9t+ ! ,dea? ( ,nelson on ! deck 
( ! ,victory1 e figure be+ life size1 ! 
deck ( ! %ip & ! ropes & ev]y?+ be+ !   
actual size1 & y see him pa9t+ ) 8 own  
h& ea* little bit ( rope & ! m9ute/     
detail4 ,:i* ( ! two sy/ems d y ?9k is !
 s\nde/ & mo/ calculat$ to produce great
 & noble "w8--,! fir/ is ! be/ = !      
pupils1 ! o!r is ! be/ = ! public4 ,b   
unque/ionably n only c a great "w be    
execut$ z ,mr4 ,maclise is execut+ 81 b 
no really great "w 0 execut$ o!rwise1 = 
9 all mighty "w1 :e!r 9 fresco or oil1 e
 t\* & hue ( color to ! la/ corn] has   
be5 put on lov+ly by ! pa9t]'s own h&1 n

 leav+ to a pupil to pa9t s mu* z a     
pebble "u a horse's foot4  #aia4 ,d y   
believe t mo/ ( ! works ( ! great ma/]s 
9 ,italy 7 s execut$8--,no2 because !   
pupils 7 ne>ly z mighty z ! ma/]s4      
,great m5 took su* an int]e/ 9 _! "w1 & 
!y 7 s mode/ & simple t !y 7 repeat$ly  
sacrific+ !mselves to ! int]e/s ( _!    
religion or ( ! society !y 7 work+ =2 & 
:5 a ?+ 0 to be done 9 a c]ta9 "t x c\ld
 only be done by br++ 9 aid2 b :5ev]    
preci\s "w 0 to be done1 !n ! great man 
said1 ,lock me up "h by myself1 give me 
a little w9e & *eese1 & come 9 a mon?1 &
 ,i w %[ y :at ,i h done4  ,d y ?9k x   
desirable t ! pupils %\ld be s tra9$ z  
to be capable ( assi/+ great ma/]s 9 su*
 works8--,assur$ly4       ,,note4--,!   
foll[+ analysis ( ! above evid5ce 0     
giv5 9 ! ,index to ! ,report 7pp4 #aci1 
#adj74--;,,ed4       #afh-fi4 ,!        
,academy n 9 all po9ts satisfactory4    
,w\ld wi% to      see ! ,academicians n 
self-elect$4--,b by a con/itu5cy        
consi/+ bo? ( arti/s & !                

public4--,public influ5ce to be      !  
same 9 pa9t+ z 9 music4       #agj4 ,z  
to ! ,associates3 is 9 favor ( "s p]iod 
(      probation4--,_! class to be      
unlimit$1 ) a v limit$ numb]      (     
,academicians4       #aga4 ,has =m$ no  
op9ion on ! "q ( introduc+ laym5        
into ! ,academy2 9 matt]s ( rev5ue !y   
might be jo9$ )      arti/s1 b n 9 !    
selection & hang+ ( pictures3 oppos$    
on ! :ole to _! introduction1 consid]+ !
 pres5t /ate      ( art education4--,z  
he w\ld l to see ! ,academy con/itut$1  
?9ks ! presid5t ought to be an arti/4   
#agb4 ,g5]al effect ( ! ,academy's tea*+
 ^u ! art ( !      c\ntry m]ely         
nugatory4--,w\ld h a mu* m compreh5sive 
sy/em ( tea*+4       #agc4 ,! ,academy  
education to correspond :olly to !      
,univ]sity      education4       #agd4  
,n easy b v necess>y = ! ,academy to    
adopt an      au?oritative sy/em (      
tea*+4       #age4 ,8 idea ( :at !      
,academy tea*+ %\ld be2 w\ld h a        
s*ool ( *emi/ry4       #agf4 ,! tea*+ ( 

wall-pa9t+ 9 p]man5t mat]ials %\ld be   
a bran*1 possibly ! pr9cipal bran*4     
#agg4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! selection ( arti/s
 to be memb]s (      ! ,academy4        
#agh4 ,9 "s cases ! selection ( pictures
 has be5 injudici\s1      b ?is a matt] 
( small importance2 ! ma9 po9t is h[ !  
pictures t are admitt$ are to be be/    
se54       #agi4 ,9 favor ( an          
educational te/ = c&idates = admission  
into ! ,academy4       #ahj4 ,& (       
pr(essors ( art at ! ,univ]sities4      
#aha4 ,causes ( ! want ( ref9em5t       
obs]vable 9 _m mod]n      pictures2 !   
l>ge prices !y fet* h>mful4       #ahb4 
,tea*+ by visitors con/antly *ang+      
mis*iev\s4       #ahc4 ,h[ a picture    
%\ld be hung4--,an ill-work$ picture    
ought n      to be admitt$ by !         
,academy4--,be>+ ( ?is la/ op9ion ^u    
! pres5t ,exhibition4       #ahd4 ,w\ld 
h works ( sculpture plac$ p]man5tly 9 ! 
pa9t+-room1 b n any ( ^? s5t 9 = !      
,exhibition (      ! ye>4       #ahe4 ,9
 favor ( ! pres5t honor>y memb]s be+    

made ( use 9      _! positions4         
#ahf4 ,introduction ( laym5 into !      
,academy deprecat$ "u      pres5t       
circum/ances1 & :y4--,pres5t feel+ t[>ds
 art &      arti/s at ! ,univ]sities4   
#ahg4 ,desirable t ,gov]nm5t grants %\ld
 be made to obta9 =      ! pupils ( !   
,academy beautiful examples ( e k9d (   
art4       #ahh4 ,9 favor ( sep>ate     
exhibitions ( ! works ( ,associates     
7or ,graduates7 & ,academicians4        
#ahi4 ,9 favor ( art-fell[%ips1 b n ( a 
fix$ s*ool 9      connection ) !        
,academy at ,rome4       #aij4          
,comp>ison ( ! ,fr5*1 & ,engli% sy/ems  
7z reg>ds      assi/ance f pupils7 9 !  
production ( great public      pa9t+s4  
#aia4 ,h[ ! works ( ! ,italian ma/]s 7  
execut$4--,desirable      t pupils %\ld 
be tra9$ to assi/ great ma/]s 9 public  
works4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #c3    
,repr9t$ f ,! ,report ( ! ,commission]s 
appo9t$ to inquire into ! ,pres5t       
,position ( ! ,royal ,academy 9         
,relation to ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,london3     

,eyre & ,spottiswoode1 #ahfc 7pp4       
#edf-ee4 ,que/ions #ejgi-eadb74 ,!      
,commission consi/$ ( ,e>l ,/anhope     
7,*airman71 ,visc\nt ,h>d+e1 ,"l ,el*o1 
,sir ,e4 ,w4 ,head1 ,mr4 ,william       
,/irl+1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,seym\r1 & ,mr4    
,h5ry ,reeve1 all ( :om1 except ,mr4    
,seym\r1 7 pres5t at ! above            
sitt+4--,,ed4     ,a ,,museum ,,or      
,,picture ,,gall]y3  ,,its ,,functions  
,,& ,,its ,,=mation4#d     ,m>* #bj?1   
#ahhj4    ,,my ,,de> ----1  #aib4 ,if ,i
 put (f writ+ ! pap] y ask$ me =1 till  
,i c d x conv5i5tly1 x may hang fire    
till ?is "t next ye>4 ,if y w accept a  
note on ! subject n[ & !n1 keep+ !m till
 !re are en\gh to be wor? pr9t+1 all    
practical ends may be en\gh answ]$1 &   
mu* m quickly4  ,! fir/ function ( a    
,museum--7= a little :ile ,i %all speak 
( ,art & ,natural ,hi/ory z alike c>$ = 
9 an ideal "o7--is to give example (    
p]fect ord] & p]fect elegance1 9 ! true 
s5se ( t te/ ^w1 to ! disord]ly & rude  
populace4 ,ev]y?+ 9 its own place1      

ev]y?+ look+ its be/ because x is !re1  
no?+ cr[d$1 no?+ unnecess>y1 no?+       
puzzl+4 ,!re=e1 aft] a room has be5 once
 arrang$1 !re mu/ be no *ange 9 x4 ,=   
new possessions !re mu/ be new rooms1 & 
aft] tw5ty ye>s' abs5ce--com+ back to ! 
room 9 :i* "o le>n$ "o's bird or bea/   
alphabet1 we %\ld be able to %[ our     
*ildr5 ! old bird on ! old p]* 9 !      
accu/om$ corn]4 ,b--fir/ ( all1 let !   
room be beautifully complete1 i4e4      
complete en\gh = its prop] bus9ess4     
#aic4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 at ! top ( !
 /airs1 we enc\nt] 9 a t]rific alliance 
a giraffe1 a hippopotamus1 & a bask+    
%>k4 ,! public--"y & old--pass ) a />t &
 a />e1 & rema9 z wise z !y 7 be=e ab\t 
all ! ?ree creatures4 ,! day be=e       
ye/]day ,i 0 /&+ by ! big fi%--a fa!r   
came up to x ) 8 little boy4 ,t's a %>k1
 says he2 x turns on its side :5 x wants
 to eat y1 & s w5t on--lit]ally z wise z
 he 0 be=e2 = he _h read 9 a book t %>ks
 turn on _! side to bite1 & he nev]     
look$ at ! ticket1 :i* told him ?is     

p>ticul> %>k only ate small fi%4 ,n[ he 
nev] look$ at ! ticket1 because he      
didn't expect to f9d any?+ on x except t
 ?is 0 ! ,%>kogobalus                   
,smi?-,jonesianius4 ,b if1 r\nd ! walls 
( ! room1 !re _h be5 all ! well-kn[n    
k9ds ( %>k1 go+ d[n1 9 graduat$ sizes1 f
 t bask+ "o to our waggl+ dog-fi%1 & if 
e "o ( ^! _h _h a pla9 ,engli% ticket1 )
 t5 words ( common s5se on x1 say+ :]e &
 h[ ! bea/ liv$1 & a numb] 7un*angeable7
 ref]r+ to a prop]ly arrang$ manual ( ! 
%>k tribe 7sold by ! ,museum publi%]1 :o
 ought to h 8 little %op close by !     
port]'s lodge71 bo? fa!r & son mu/ h be5
 mu* bel[ ! level ( av]age ,engli% man &
 boy 9 "m wit if !y did n g out ( ! room
 by ! door 9 front ( !m v di/9ctly1     
&--to !mselves--amaz+ly1 wis] ?an !y _h 
come 9 by ! door beh9d !m4  #aid4 ,if ,i
 v5ture to give in/ances ( fault f !    
,briti% ,museum1 x is because1 on !     
:ole1 x is ! be/-ord]$ & pleasante/     
in/itution 9 all ,engl&1 & ! gr&e/      
conc5tration ( ! means ( human k 9 ! _w4

 ,& ,i am he>tily sorry = ! break-up (  
x1 & augur no good f any *anges (       
arrangem5t likely to take place 9       
concurr5ce ) ,k5s+ton1 :]e1 ! same day t
 ,i _h be5 m$itat+ by ! old %>k1 ,i lo/ 
myself 9 a ,cretan labyr9? ( milit>y    
ironmong]y1 adv]tisem5ts ( spr+ bl9ds1  
model fi%-f>m+1 & pla/] ba?+ nymphs ) a 
ye>'s smut on all ! noses ( !m2 & _h to 
put myself 9 *>ge ( a policeman to get  
out aga94 ,ev] affectionately y\rs1     
,j4 ,,rusk94     ,m>* #bi?1 #ahhj4      
,,my ,,de> ----1  #aie4 ,! only *ance ( 
my gett+ ^! lett]s !mselves into fairly 
consi/5t & ,museum-l ord] is by writ+ a 
^w or two always ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+    
till ,i get !m done2 s1 ,i %all at lea/ 
rememb] :at ,i 0 talk+ ( ! day be=e2 b =
 ! re/--,i mu/ speak ( "o ?+ or ano!r z 
x may come into my head1 = !re are too  
_m to classify )\t p$antry & loss ( "t4 
,my requirem5t ( elegance 9 t la/ lett] 
contemplates *iefly ar*itecture &       
fitt+s4 ,^! %\ld n only be p]fect 9     
/atel9ess1 durability1 & com=t1 b       

beautiful to ! utmo/ po9t consi/5t ) due
 subord9ation to ! objects display$4 ,to
 ent] a room 9 ! ,l\vre is an education 
9 itself2 b two /eps on ! fil?y floor & 
"u ! iron =ks1 half scaffold1 half      
gall[s1 ( ! big ,norwood glass baza>1   
debase m9d & eye at once bel[           
possibility ( look+ at any?+ ) pr(it all
 ! day aft]w>ds4 ,i h j he>d t a ,fr5*  
picture deal] is to h *>ge ( ! picture  
gall]y !re1 & t ! :ole int]ior is to    
become virtually a l>ge caf1 :5--x is   
hop$--! glass mon/] may at la/ pay4     
,conc]n+ :i* beautiful consummation (   
,mr4 ,dick5s's ,fairyl& 7see my         
pamphlet#e on ! op5+ ( ! s-call$        
palace71 be x "h at once not$1 t all    
idea ( any paym5t1 9 t s5se1 mu/ be     
utt]ly & scornfully abjur$ on !         
f\ndation /one ( e ,national or ,civic  
,museum4 ,!re mu/ be nei!r companies to 
fill _! own pockets out ( x1 nor tru/ees
 :o c cramp ! managem5t1 or int]f]e ) ! 
(fic]+1 or %ort5 ! supplies ( x4 ,put "o
 man ( reputation & s5se at its head2   

give him :at /aff he asks =1 & a fix$   
annual sum = exp5diture--specific       
acc\nts to be pr9t$ annually = all !    
_w's see+--& let him alone4 ,! orig9al  
exp5diture = build+ & fitt+ mu/ be      
magnific5t1 & ! curr5t exp5diture =     
clean+ & refitt+ magnanim\s2 b a c]ta9  
proportion ( ?is curr5t co/ %\ld be     
cov]$ by small entrance fees1 exact$1 n 
= any mis]ly help+ out ( !              
floor-sweep]s' sal>ies1 b = ! sake ( !  
visitors !mselves1 t ! rooms may n be   
incumb]$ by ! idle1 or disgrac$ by !    
disreputable4 ,y mu/ n make y\r ,museum 
a refuge aga9/ ei!r ra9 or ennui1 nor   
let into p]fectly well-furni%$1 & ev51 9
 ! true s5se1 palatial1 rooms1 ! utt]ly 
squalid & ill-br$ portion ( ! p4 ,!re   
%\ld1 inde$1 be refuges = ! poor f ra9 &
 cold1 & dec5t rooms accessible to      
indec5t p]sons1 if !y l to g !re2 b     
nei!r ( ^! *>ities %\ld be "p ( !       
function ( a ,civic ,museum4  #aif4     
,make ! entrance fee a silv] p5ny 7a    
silv] groat1 typically repres5t+ ! fa!r1

 "m1 elde/ son1 & elde/ daught]1 pass+  
always ! total numb] ( any "o family71 &
 e p]son admitt$1 h[ev] "y1 be+ reque/$ 
to sign _! "n1 or make _! m>k4  ,t !    
entrance money %\ld be always ( silv] is
 "o ( ! beg9n+s ( education 9 !         
place--"o ( ! conditions ( its elegance 
on ! v ?re%old4  ,& ! in/itution ( silv]
 = bronze 9 ! l[] co9age is a "p ( !    
sy/em ( ,national education :i* ,i h be5
 tea*+ ^! la/ t5 ye>s--a v mu* deep] &  
wid] "o ?an any t c be giv5 9 museums--&
 )\t :i* all museums w ultimately be    
va94--,ev] affectionately y\rs1    ,j4  
,r4  ,p4,s4--,!re %\ld be a well-s]v$   
c(fee-room atta*$ to ! build+2 b ?is "p 
( ! e/abli%m5t )\t any luxury 9         
furniture or decoration1 & )\t any cook+
 app>atus = c>nivora4     ,ea/] ,monday1
 #ahhj4    ,,de> ----1  #aig4 ,! day is 
auspici\s = ! beg9n+ ( reflection on !  
"r mann] ( manife/ation ( all div9e ?+s 
to ^? :o desire to see !m4 ,= e h\se ( !
 ,muses1 :]e1 inde$1 !y live1 is an     
,int]pret]'s by ! wayside1 or r1 a place

 ( oracle & int]pretation 9 "o4 ,& ! "r 
function ( e museum1 to simple p]sons1  
is ! manife/ation to !m ( :at is lovely 
9 ! life ( ,nature1 & h]oic 9 ! life (  
,m54  ,!re are already1 y see1 "s qua9t 
re/rictions 9 t la/ s5t5ce1 :]eat sundry
 ( our fri5ds w />t1 & o!rs /op4 ,i mu/ 
/op also1 myself1 !re=e1 = a m9ute or   
two1 to insi/ on !m4  #aih4 ,a ,museum1 
prim>ily1 is to be = simple p]sons4     
,*ildr51 t is to say1 & peasants4 ,= y\r
 /ud5t1 y\r antiqu>y1 or y\r sci5tific  
g5tleman1 !re mu/ be sep>ate            
accommodation1 or !y mu/ be s5t else:]e4
 ,! ,t[n ,museum is to be = ! ,t[n's ,p1
 ! ,village ,museum = ! ,villag]s4 ,keep
 t fir/ pr9ciple cle> to />t )4 ,if y   
want to f\nd an academy ( pa9t+ 9       
,littlebor\gh1 or ( lit]ature 9         
,squattlesea ,m]e1 y mu/ get y\r advice 
f somebody else1 n me4  #aii4 ,secondly4
 ,! museum is to manife/ to ^! simple   
p]sons ! beauty & life ( all ?+s &      
creatures 9 _! p]fectness4 ,n _! modes (
 corruption1 disease1 or dea?4 ,n ev51  

always1 _! g5esis1 9 ! m or less blund]+
 beg9n+s ( x2 n ev5 _! modes ( n\ri%m5t1
 if de/ructive2 y mu/ n /uff a blackbird
 pull+ up a worm1 nor exhibit 9 a glass 
case a crocodile crun*+ a baby4  ,nei!r 
mu/ y ev] %[ bones or guts1 or any o!r  
*>nel-h\se /uff4 ,tea* y\r *ildr5 to "k 
! l>k's note f ! night+ale's2 ! l5g? (  
_! l>ynxes is _! own bus9ess1 & ,god's4 
,i _c en\gh insi/ ^u ?is po9t1 nor too  
solemnly4 ,if y wi% y\r *ildr5 to be    
surgeons1 s5d !m to ,surgeons' ,college2
 if juggl]s or necromanc]s1 to ,messrs4 
,maskelyne & ,cooke2 & if but*]s1 to !  
%ambles3 b if y want !m to lead ! calm  
life ( c\ntry g5tlem5 & g5tlewom51      
mans]vants & maids]vants1 let !m seek   
none ( ,dea?'s secrets till !y die4 ,ev]
 fai?fully & affectionately y\rs1    ,j4
 ,r4     ,ea/] ,tuesday1 #ahhj4    ,,de>
 ----1  #bjj4 ,i mu/ ent] to-day some:at
 fur!r on ! practical1 no less ?an      
emotional1 reason = ! refusal (         
anatomical illu/rations to ! g5]al      
public4  ,x is difficult en\gh to get "o

 cle> idea into anybody1 ( any s+le ?+4 
,b next to impossible to get two cle>   
ideas into !m1 ( ! same ?+4 ,we h _h    
lions' heads = door-knock]s ^! hundr$ & 
fifty ye>s1 )\t ev] le>n+ s mu* z :at a 
lion's head is l4 ,b ) good mod]n /uff+ 
& fet*+1 ,i c manage n[ to make a *ild  
really und]/& some?+ ab\t ! bea/'s look1
 & 8 mane1 & 8 sull5 eyes & br9dl$ lips4
 ,b if ,i'm bo!r$ at ! same "t ) a big  
bony box1 t has nei!r mane1 lips1 nor   
eyes1 & h to expla9 to ! poor wret* ( a 
p>i% s*oolboy h[ someh[ ?is fits on to  
t1 ,i w be b\nd t1 at a ye>'s end1 draw 
"o z big z ! o!r1 & he won't "k a lion's
 head f a tig]'s--nor a lion's skull f a
 rabbit's4 ,nor is x ! p>i% boy only :o 
suff]s4 ,! sci5tific p !mselves miss    
half _! po9ts f ! habit ( hack+ at ?+s1 
in/ead ( look+ at !m4 ,:5 ,i gave my    
lecture on ! ,swall[#f at ,ox=d1 ,i     
*all5g$ e anatomi/ !re to tell me ! use 
( 8 tail 7,i believe half ( !m didn't "k
 he _h "o74 ,n a s\l ( !m c\ld tell me1 
:i* ,i knew be=eh&2 b ,i did n "k1 till 

,i _h look$ well ?r\gh _! books1 h[ !y 7
 qu>rel+ ab\t 8 w+s6 ,actually at ?is   
mom5t 7,ea/] ,tuesday1 #ahhj71 ,i don't 
believe y c f9d 9 any sci5tific book 9  
,europe a true acc\nt ( ! way a bird    
flies--or h[ a snake s]p5t9es4 ,my      
,swall[ lecture 0 ! fir/ bit ( cle>     
/atem5t on ! "o po9t1 & :5 ,i get my    
,snake lecture publi%$1 y w h ! fir/    
extant bit ( cle> /atem5t on ! o!r2 & t 
is simply because ! anatomi/s c't1 = _! 
life1 look at a ?+ till !y h sk9n$ x4   
#bja4 ,& matt]s get worse & worse e h\r4
 ,ye/]day1 aft] writ+ ! fir/ leaf ( ?is 
note1 ,i w5t into ! ,briti% ,museum1 &  
f\nd a na/y skeleton ( a liz>d1 ) its "u
 jaw dropp$ (f1 on ! top ( a table (    
butt]flies--tempor>ily ( c\rse--b !n    
ev]y?+ has be5 tempor>y or temporiz+ at 
! ,briti% ,museum = ! la/ half-c5tury2  
mak+ x always a m]e wa/e & we>9ess to ! 
g5]al public1 because1 =soo?1 x _h      
always to be kept up to ! la/ meet+ ( ! 
,zoological ,society1 & la/ edition ( ! 
,times4 ,z if !re _h n be5 bea/s en\gh  

be=e ! ,ark to tell our *ildr5 ! mann]s 
(1 on a ,sunday aft]noon6  #bjb4 ,i _h  
gone into ! ,museum t day to see ! exact
 =m ( a duck's w+1 ! exam9ation ( a     
lively "y drake's "h at ,coni/on hav+   
clos$ 9 8 giv+ me su* a cut on ! wri/ ) 
x1 t ,i c\ld sc>cely write all ! morn+  
aft]w>ds4 ,n[ 9 ! :ole bird gall]y !re  
are only two ducks' w+s exp&$1 & ^? 9   
diff]5t positions4 ,fancy ! diff]5ce to 
! mob1 & me1 if ! %ells & monkey        
skeletons 7 tak5 away f ! mid-gall]y1 & 
in/ead1 ?ree gradat$ s]ies ( birds put  
d[n ! l5g? ( x 7or half ! l5g?--or a    
qu>t] w\ld d x--) judgm5t71 %[+ !       
transition1 9 l5g? ( beak1 f bunt+ to   
woodcock--9 l5g? ( leg1 f swift to /ilt$
 plov]--& 9 l5g? ( w+1 f auk to         
frigate-bird2 ! w+s1 all op5$1 9 "o     
specim5 ( ea* bird to _! full sweep1 & 9
 ano!r1 %[n at ! limit ( ! d[n back     
/roke4 ,= :at on e>?--or 9 air--is ! use
 to me ( see+ _! boil$ /]nums & scalp$  
s9ciputs1 :5 ,i'm nev] %[n ei!r h[ !y   
be> _! brea/s--or :]e !y c>ry _! heads8 

,en\gh ( natural hi/ory1 y w say6 ,i w  
come to art 9 my next lett]--f9i%+ !    
ugly subject ( ?is "o ) a s+le s5t5ce f 
section ix4 ( ! ,tale ( a ,tub1 comm5d+ 
! context ( x to my fri5ds ( ! ,royal   
,academy4  ,la/ week1 ,i saw a woman    
flay$1 & y w h>dly believe h[ mu* x     
alt]$ h] p]son = ! worse4--,ev]1 my de> 
----1 affectionately y\rs1    ,j4 ,r4   
#g? ,april1 #ahhj4    ,,my ,,de> ----1  
#bjc4 ,i suppose t prop] respect = !    
great fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,briti%        
,con/itution1 t e man %\ld d z he       
pleases1 ?9k :at he likes1 & see ev]y?+ 
t c be se5 = money1 w make mo/ ( y\r    
read]s recoil f my fir/ pr9ciple (      
,museum arrangem5t1--t no?+ %\ld be let 
inside ! doors t isn't good ( its       
sort1--z f an attempt to re/ore !       
,papacy1 revive ! ,inquisition1 & away )
 ev]ybody to ! l[e/ dungeon ( ! ca/le   
moat4 ,!y mu/ at _! pleasure *>ge me )  
^! s9i/] views2 !y w f9d t !re is no    
dext] view to be _h ( ! bus9ess1 :i*    
does n consi/ prim>ily 9 kn[+ ,bad f    

,good1 & ,"r f ,wrong4 ,nor1 if !y w    
condesc5d to beg9 simply en\gh1 & at !  
bottom ( ! said bus9ess1 & let ! cobbl] 
judge ( ! crepida1 & ! pott] ( ! pot1 w 
!y f9d x s supremely difficult to       
e/abli% au?orities t %all be tru/wor?y1 
& judgm5ts t %all be sure4  #bjd4       
,suppose1 = in/ance1 at ,leice/]1 :5ce  
came fir/ to u ! inquiry on su* po9ts1  
"o began by sett+ ap>t a ,hunt]'s ,room1
 9 :i* a s]ies ( portraits ( _! ,ma/]'s 
favorites1 = ! la/ fifty ye>s or s1 %\ld
 be arrang$1 ) c]tificate f ea* ,squire 
( 8 satisfaction1 to su* & su* a po9t1 )
 ! portrait ( ,lightfoot1 or ,lucif]1 or
 ,w o' ! ,wisp2 & due notification1 =   
p]haps a recreant & deg5]ate future1 ( !
 virtues & p]fections at ?is "t s\ght & 
secur$ 9 ! ,engli% horse4 ,w\ld n su* a 
*amb] ( *ivalry h1 9 its k9d1 a q       
indisputable au?ority & hi/orical value1
 n to be %ak5 by any future impud5ce or 
infidelity8  ,or aga9 9 ,/af=d%ire1 w\ld
 x n be easily answ]$ to an hone/ "q (  
:at is good & n1 9 clay or w>e1 ,?is w  

"w1 & t w /&8 & might n a s]ies ( ! mugs
 :i* h be5 matur$ ) discrim9ation1 & ( !
 pots :i* h be5 popul> 9 use1 be s ord]$
 z to display _! qualities 9 a conv9c+ &
 h>moni\s mann] aga9/ all ga9say]s8     
#bje4 ,nor is !re any my/]y ( ta/e1 or  
m>vel ( skill1 conc]n+ :i* y may n get q
 easy initiation & safe pilotage = !    
common p1 provid$ y once make !m cle>ly 
und]/& t !re is inde$ some?+ to be      
le>n$1 & some?+ to be admir$1 9 ! arts1 
:i* w ne$ _! att5tion = a "t2 & _c be   
expla9$ ) a ^w1 nor se5 ) a w9k4 ,&     
provid$ also1 & ) /ill great] decision1 
y set ov] !m ma/]s1 9 ea* bran* ( !     
arts1 :o "k _! own m9ds 9 t matt]1 & are
 n afraid to speak !m1 nor to say1 ,we  
"k1 :5 !y "k1 & ,we don't "k1 :5 !y     
don't4  ,to :i* end1 ! said sev]al      
bran*es mu/ be held well ap>t1 & dealt )
 "o at a "t4 ,e consid]able t[n ought to
 h its exempl>y collections ( woodwork1 
iron-"w1 & jewelry1 atta*$ to ! s*ools (
 _! sev]al trades1 leav+ to be illu/rat$
 9 its public museum1 z 9 an hexagonal  

bee's cell1 ! six que5ly & muse-taught  
arts ( ne$lework1 writ+1 pott]y1        
sculpture1 ar*itecture1 & pa9t+4  #bjf4 
,= ea* ( ^!1 !re %\ld be a sep>ate      
,tribune or ,*amb] ( absolute tribunal1 
:i* ne$ n be l>ge--t1 s call$1 (        
,flor5ce1 n ! size ( a railway          
wait+-room1 has actually = ! la/ c5tury 
det]m9$ ! ta/e ( ! ,european public 9   
two arts6--9 :i* ! absolute be/ 9 ea*   
art1 s f> z atta9able by ! communal     
pocket1 %\ld be au?oritatively exhibit$1
 ) simple /atem5t t x is good1 & reason 
:y x is good1 & notification 9 :at      
p>ticul>s x is unsurpassable1 toge!r )  
"s n too complex illu/rations ( ! /eps  
by :i* x has atta9$ to t p]fection1 :]e 
^! c be trac$ f> back 9 hi/ory4  #bjg4  
,^! six ,tribunes1 or ,temples1 ( ,fame1
 be+ fir/ set ) _! fix$ crit]ia1 !re    
%\ld foll[ a s]ies ( hi/orical gall]ies1
 %[+ ! rise & fall 7if fall57 ( ! arts 9
 _! beautiful associations1 z practic$ 9
 ! great cities & by ! great nations ( !
 _w4 ,! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ( ,p]sia1 (    

,greece1 ( ,italy1 ( ,france1 & (       
,engl&1 %\ld be giv5 9 _! arts1--dyna/y 
by dyna/y & age by age2 & = a sev5?1 a  
,sunday ,room1 = ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 
9 its art1 includ+ ! f>!/ range &       
feeble/ ef=ts ( x2 res]v+ = ?is room1   
also1 :at p[] c\ld be rea*$ 9 del9eation
 ( ! great mona/]ies & ca!drals :i* 7   
once ! glory ( all ,*ri/ian l&s4  #bjh4 
,9 su* a s*eme1 e =m ( noble art w\ld   
take h>moni\s & in/ructive place1 & (t5 
v little & disreg>d$ ?+s be f\nd to     
possess un?\ght-( int]e/ & hidd5        
relative beauty2 b its effici5cy--& 9   
?is *iefly let x be comm5d$ to ! pati5ce
 ( y\r practical read]s--w\ld dep5d1 n  
on its ext5t1 b on its /rict & precise  
limitation4 ,! me?ods ( :i*1 if y c>e to
 h my notions ( !m1 ,i might p]haps ent]
 into1 next mon?1 ) "s illu/rative      
detail4--,ev] mo/ truly y\rs1    ,j4 ,r4
     #aj? ,june1 #ahhj4g    ,,my ,,de>  
----1  #bji4 ,i c't give y any talk on  
detail1 yet2 b1 n to drop a /it* 9 my   
/ory1 ,i want to say :y ,i've atta*$ s  

mu* importance to ne$lework1 & put x 9 !
 op5+ c\rt ( ! six4 ,y see !y are       
progressive1 s t ,i don't q put         
ne$lework on a level ) pa9t+4 ,b a      
nation t w\ld le>n to t\* mu/ prim>ily  
"k h[ to /it*4 ,i am always busy1 = a   
good "p ( ! day1 9 my wood1 & we> out my
 lea!rn gloves fa/1 aft] once ,i c we>  
!m at all3 b t's ! precise difficulty ( 
! matt]4 ,i get !m f ! %op look+ z /\t &
 trim z y please1 & half an h\r aft]    
,i've got to "w !y split up ! f+]s &    
?umbs l ripe horse-*e/nut %ells1 & ,i   
f9d myself ) five dangl+ rags r\nd my   
wri/1 & a rott5 :ite ?read draggl+ aft] 
me ?r\gh ! wood1 or tickl+ my nose1 z if
 ,ariadne & ,ara*ne _h lo/ _! wits      
toge!r4 ,i g home1 invok+ ! univ]se     
aga9/ sew+-ma*9es2 & beg ! *>ity ( a    
s\nd /it* or two f any ( ! maids :o "k  
_! woman's art2 & !nce=w>d ! life ( !   
glove prop] beg9s4 ,w[1 x is n possible 
= any p t put up ) ?is sort ( ?+1 to    
le>n to pa9t1 or d any?+ else ) _! f+]s 
dec5tly3--only1 = ! mo/ "p !y don't ?9k 

_! museums are meant to %[ !m h[ to d   
any?+ dec5tly1 b r h[ to be idle1       
indec5tly4 ,:i* extremely popul> &      
extremely errone\s p]suasion1 if y      
please1 we mu/ get out ( our way be=e   
go+ fur!r4  #baj4 ,i owe "s apology1 by 
! way1 to ,mr4 ,fri?1 = ! way ,i spoke (
 8 picture#h 9 my lett] to ! ,leice/]   
committee1 n int5d$ = publication1 ?\gh 
,i nev] write :at ,i w\ld n all[ to be  
publi%$1 & 0 glad t !y ask$ leave to    
pr9t x4 ,x 0 n ,i :o in/anc$ ! picture1 
x _h be5 nam$ 9 ! meet+ ( ! committee z 
! k9d ( ?+ t p be/ l1 & ,i 0 oblig$ to  
say :y p be/ lik$ x3--namely1 n = !     
pa9t+1 :i* is good1 & wor?y _! lik+1 b =
 ! sight ( ! racec\rse & its humors4 ,& 
! reason t su* a picture ought n to be 9
 a museum1 is precisely because 9 a     
museum p ought n to fancy !mselves on a 
racec\rse4 ,if !y want to see races1 let
 !m g to races2 & if rogues1 to         
,bridewells4 ,!y come to museums to see 
some?+ diff]5t f rogues & races4  #baa4 
,b1 to put ! matt] at once m broadly1 & 

m accurately1 be x rememb]$1 = sum (    
all1 t a museum is n a !at]4 ,bo? are   
means ( noble education--b y mu/ n mix  
up ! two4 ,dramatic int]e/ is "o ?+2    
ae/hetic *>m ano!r2 a pantomime mu/ n   
dep5d on its f9e color1 nor a picture on
 its f9e pantomime4  ,take a special    
in/ance4 ,x is long s9ce ,i h be5 s     
pleas$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy z ,i 0 by    
,mr4 ,britton ,rivire's ,sympa?y4 ,! dog
 9 unc>icatur$ dogg$ness1 div9e z       
,anubis1 or ! ,dog-/>2 ! *ild entirely  
*ildi% & lovely1 ! c>pet might h be5    
laid by ,v]onese4 ,a mo/ preci\s picture
 9 itself1 yet n "o = a museum4         
,ev]ybody w\ld ?9k only ( ! /ory 9 x2   
ev]ybody be wond]+ :at ! little girl _h 
done1 & h[ %e w\ld be =giv51 & if %e    
wasn't1 h[ soon %e w\ld /op cry+1 & give
 ! doggie a kiss1 & com=t 8 he>t4 ,all  
:i* !y might /udy at home among _! own  
*ildr5 & dogs j z well2 & %\ld n come to
 ! museum to plague ! real /ud5ts !re1  
s9ce !re is n any?+ ( especial          
notabl5ess or unrival$ quality 9 !      

actual pa9t+4  #bab4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( 
! f\r pictures ,i *ose = p]man5t tea*+ 9
 ,=s 0 "o ( a *ild & a dog4 ,! *ild is  
do+ no?+2 nei!r is ! dog4 ,b ! dog is   
absolutely & beyond comp>ison ! be/     
pa9t$ dog 9 ! _w--anci5t or mod]n--on   
?is side ( x1 or at ! ,antipodes1 7s f> 
z ,i've se5 ! cont5ts ( said _w74 ,& !  
*ild is pa9t$ s t *ild _c be bett] done4
 ,t is a picture = a museum4  ,n t      
dramatic1 /ill less didactic1 int5tion  
%\ld disqualify a "w ( art = museum     
purposes4 ,b--broadly--dramatic &       
didactic art %\ld be univ]sally         
national1 ! lu/] ( our /reets1 !        
treasure ( our palaces1 ! pleasure ( our
 homes4 ,mu* art t is weak1 transitory1 
& rude may ?us become helpful to u4 ,b !
 museum is only = :at is et]nally "r1 & 
well done1 accord+ to div9e law & human 
skill4 ,! lea/ ?+s are to be !re--& !   
greate/--b all good ) ! goodness t makes
 a *ild *e]ful & an old man calm2 !     
simple %\ld g !re to le>n1 & ! wise to  
rememb]4  #bac4 ,& n[ to return to :at  

,i meant to be ! subject ( ?is lett]--! 
arrangem5t ( our fir/ ideal room 9 su* a
 museum4 ,z ,i ?9k ( x1 ,i w\ld fa9 exp&
 ! s+le room1 fir/ ask$ =1 into "o l    
,pr9ce ,h\ssa9's1--no1 ,pr9ce ,h\ssa9 _h
 ! fly+ tape/ry1 & ,i =get :i* pr9ce _h 
! ela/ic palace4 ,b1 inde$1 x mu/ be a  
lordly *amb] :i* %all be l>ge en\gh to  
exhibit ! true nature ( ?read &         
ne$le--om5$ 9 ,?read-ne$le ,/reet6  ,!  
/ructure1 fir/ ( wool & cotton1 ( fur1 &
 hair1 & d[n1 ( hemp1 flax1 &           
silk3--microscope p]missible if any     
cause c be %[n :y wool is s(t1 & fur    
f9e1 & cotton d[ny1 & d[n d[ni]2 & h[ a 
flax fib] diff]s f a d&elion /alk1 & h[ 
! sub/ance ( a mulb]ry leaf c become    
velvet = ,que5 ,victoria's cr[n1 & clo?+
 ( purple = ! h\sewife ( ,solomon4  ,!n 
! phase ( its dye+4 ,:at azures1 &      
em]alds1 & ,tyrians sc>lets c be got    
into fib]s ( ?read4  #bad4 ,!n ! phase (
 its sp9n+4 ,! my/]y ( t div9e spiral1 f
 f9e/ to firme/1 :i* r5d]s lace possible
 at ,val5ci5nes--an*orage possible1 aft]

 ,trafalg>--if ,h>dy _h b done z he 0   
bid4  ,!n ! my/]y ( weav+4 ,! et]nal    
h>mony ( w>p & wo(1 ( all mann] (       
knott+1 knitt+1 & reticulation1 ! art   
:i* makes g>m5t possible1 wov5 f ! top  
?r\gh\t1 draughts ( fi%es possible1     
miracul\s en\gh 9 any pil*>d or h]r+    
%oal1 ga!r$ into companionable          
cat*abl5ess2--:i* makes1 9 f9e1 s _m    
,nations possible1 & ,saxon & ,norman   
beyond ! re/4  #bae4 ,& f9ally1 !       
accompli%$ phase ( ne$lework1 ! ,acu    
,tetigi/i ( all "t1 :i* does1 inde$1    
practically exhibit :at m$ival !ologi/s 
va9ly tri$ to conclude inductively--,h[ 
_m angels c /& on a ne$le-po9t4 ,to %[ !
 ess5tial nature ( a /it*--draw+ !      
sep>ate into ! insep>able1 f ! l[ly "w (
 duly re/rict$ sutor1 & mode/ly in/all$ 
cobbl]1 to ! ne$le-,scripture (         
,matilda1 ! ,que54  ,all ! acicul> ,art 
( ,nations1 savage & civiliz$1 f ,lapl& 
boot1 lett+ 9 no sn[-wat]--to ,turkey   
cu%ion boss$ ) pe>l--to valance ( ,v5ice
 gold 9 ne$lework -to ! c\nt]panes &    

sampl]s ( our own lovely ance/resses1   
imitable1 p]haps1 once m1 ) good help f 
,:itel&'s ,college--& ,girton4  #baf4 ,x
 0 b ye/]day1 my own womank9d 7 9 mu*   
:olesome & sweet excitem5t delightful to
 behold1 9 ! practice ( "s new device ( 
rem$y = r5ts 7to ?9k h[ mu* ( evil !re  
is 9 ! two s5ses ( t f\r-lett]$ ^w6 z 9 
! two me?ods ( intonation ( its synonym 
te>67 :]eby !y might be da9tily effac$1 
& ) a newness :i* w\ld nev] make !m     
worse4 ,! process began beautifully1 ev5
 to my un9=m$ eyes1 9 ! lik5ess (       
h]r+-bone masonry1 crimson on :ite1 b x 
seem$ to me m>vel\s t any?+ %\ld yet be 
discov]able 9 ne$le process1 & t ( s    
utilit>ian "*4  ,all t is reasonable1 ,i
 say ( su* "w is to be 9 our fir/ museum
 room4 ,all t ,a!na & ,p5elope w\ld     
approve4 ,no?+ t vanity has inv5t$ =    
*ange1 or folly lov$ = co/l9ess2 b all t
 c br+ hone/ pride into homely life1 &  
give security to heal?--& honor to      
beauty4    ,j4 ,,rusk94   ,,footnotes3  
,footnote #d3 ,^! lett]s are repr9t$ f !

 ,art ,j\rnal ( ,june & ,augu/ #ahhj1   
:]e !y 7 prefac$ ) ! foll[+ note by !   
editor 9 explanation ( _! orig93--,we   
are enabl$1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,rusk9's k9dness1
 to publi% ?is mon? a s]ies ( lett]s to 
a fri5d ^u ! functions & =mation ( a    
model ,museum or ,picture ,gall]y4 ,z   
/at$ 9 our la/ issue ! "q arose         
?us3--,at ! di/ribution ( ! prizes to ! 
,s*ool ( ,art at ,leice/] by ,mr4 ,j4   
,d4 ,l9ton & ,mr4 ,james ,orrock1 memb]s
 ( ! ,in/itute ( ,pa9t]s 9 ,wat]        
,colors1 ! latt]1 aft] /at+ ! vital     
importance ( /udy f no?+ b ! f9e/       
models1 & express+ 8 regret t ! pres5t  
price ( works ( ,art ( ! fir/ class     
r5d]$ _! atta9m5t by s*ools almo/       
prohibitory1 (f]$ draw+s by ,william    
,hunt & ,david ,cox z a nucleus = a     
collection4 ,he urg$ o!rs to foll[ ?is  
example1 & ) s mu* success t a few days 
saw a l>ge sum & _m works ( ,art promis$
 9 aid ( a /ud5ts' gall]y4 ,! att5tion (
 ! ,leice/] ,corporation 0 !reupon drawn
 to ! movem5t1 & !y at once endeavor$ to

 annex ! s*eme to _! ,museum4 ,fail+ 9  
?is1 !y 9 fri5dly rivalry subscrib$ a   
l>ge sum ( money1 & ! "q at once arose  
h[ be/ to dispose ( x1 ea* naturally    
?9k+ 8 own ideas ! be/4 ,at ?is juncture
 ,mr4 ,rusk9's aid 0 invok$ by "o       
section ( ! subscrib]s1 & he repli$ 9 a 
lett] :i*1 ow+ to its hav+ be5 circulat$
 )\t its context1 has be5 op5 to "s     
miscon/ruction4 ,z he 0 only ask$1 s he 
only advis$1 :at %\ld n be done4 ,h[ev]1
 ! lett] bore its fruits1 = bo? p>ties h
 _h ! att5tion ( ! c\ntry drawn to _!   
proposals1 & s are n[ m diffid5t h[ to  
set ab\t c>ry+ !m into effect ?an !y 7  
be=e4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,mr4 ,rusk9   
has be5 induc$ to set out ! mode 9 :i*  
he consid]s an ,art ,museum %\ld be =m$4
  ,! lett] :i* 0 op5 to "s              
miscon/ruction may be f\nd 9 ,arr[s ( ! 
,*ace4  ,footnote #e3 ,repr9t$ 9 vol4   
i41  #bec-bgc4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #f3 ,9
 #ahgc4 ,see ! second lecture ( ,love's 
,me9ie4--,,ed44  ,footnote #g3 ,art     
,j\rnal1 ,augu/1 #ahhj4  ,footnote #h3  

,! ,d]by ,day4 ,see ,arr[s ( ! ,*ase4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,m9or ,,writ+s ,,^u ,,art4     ,,!     
,,cavalli ,,monum5ts1 ,,v]ona4 #ahgb4   
,,v]ona ,,& ,,its ,,riv]s 7,,)          
,,catalogue74 #ahgj4    ,,*ri/ian ,,art 
,,& ,,symbolism4 #ahgb4    ,,art        
,,s*ools ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,*ri/5dom4     
#ahgf4    ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,railways4
 #ahgf4    ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,beauty4     
#ahhc4          99       99       99    
99       99   ,,! ,,cavalli ,,monum5ts  
,,9 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,ana/asia1     
,,v]ona4#i   #bag4 ,! tomb ( ,f$]igo &  
,nicola ,cavalli is 9 ! s\!rnmo/ *apel (
 ! five :i* =m ! ea/ end ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 
,ana/asia at ,v]ona4  ,! travel] 9      
,italy is s (t5 call$ ^u to admire :at  
he _c enjoy1 t x mu/ relieve ! m9d ( any
 read] int5d+ to visit ,v]ona to be     
assur$ t ?is *ur* des]ves no?+ b        
extraord9>y praise2 x has1 h[ev]1 "s    
*>act]s :i* a qu>t] ( an h\r's att5tion 
w make bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive1 & :i*  
,i w note briefly be=e giv+ an acc\nt ( 

! ,cavalli *apel4 ,?is *ur* w\ld1 if !  
font 7 f9i%$1 probably be ! mo/ p]fect  
specim5 9 exi/5ce ( ! /yle to :i* x     
belongs1 says a critic quot$ 9 ,murray's
 ,guide4 ,! conjecture is a bold "o1 = !
 font is n only unf9i%$1 & = ! mo/ "p a 
black mass ( ragg$ brickwork1 b !       
portion pret5d+ to completion is 9 ?ree 
/yles2 approa*es excell5ce only 9 "o (  
!m2 & 9 t ! success is limit$ to ! sides
 ( ! s+le entrance door4 ,! flanks &    
vaults ( ?is por*1 inde$1 des]ve our    
almo/ unqualifi$ admiration = _!        
beautiful poly*rome masonry4 ,!y are    
built ( l>ge masses ( gre5 s]p5t9e      
alt]nat+ ) r$ & :ite m>ble1 & ! jo9ts   
are s delicate & firm t a casual        
spectator might pass ! gate ) contempt1 
?9k+ ! /one 0 pa9t$4  #bah4 ,! capitals 
on ^! two sides1 ! c>v$ c5tral %aft1 & !
 horizontal l9tel ( ?is door are also   
excell5t examples ( ,v]onese ?irte5?    
c5tury sculpture1 & h m]its ( a high    
ord]1 b ( :i* ! g5]al obs]v] _c be      
cognizant4 ,i d n mean1 9 say+ ?is1 to  

extol !m greatly2 ! be/ art is pleas+ to
 all1 & its virtue1 or a portion ( its  
virtue1 in/antly manife/4 ,b !re are "s 
good qualities 9 e e>ne/ "w :i* c only  
be asc]ta9$ by att5tion2 & 9 say+ t a   
casual obs]v] _c see ! good qualities 9 
e>ly ,v]onese sculpture1 ,i mean t x    
possesses none b ^!1 nor ( ^! _m4  #bai4
 ,yet x is wor? a m9ute's delay to      
obs]ve h[ mu* ! sculpture has c\nt$ on  
att5tion4 ,9 lat] "w1 figures ( ! size (
 life1 or multitud9\s small ones1       
please1 if !y d n int]e/1 ! spectator :o
 c sp>e !m a mom5t>y glance4 ,b all !   
figures on ?is door are dim9utive1 &    
project s slightly f ! /one z sc>cely to
 cat* ! eye2 !re are none 9 ! sides &   
none 9 ! vault ( ! gate1 & x is only by 
delib]ate exam9ation t we f9d ! fai? :i*
 is to be prea*$ 9 ! *ur*1 & ! honor (  
its prea*]1 conclusively engrav$ on !   
l9tel & door-po/4 ,! spiral flut+s ( !  
c5tral %aft are un9t]rupt$1 s z to =m a 
slight recess = ! figure ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 
)1 ,i believe1 ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr & ,/4   

,?omas ,aqu9as1 "o on ea* side ) !      
symbols ( ! sun & moon4 ,at ! end ( !   
l9tel1 on ! left1 is ,/4 ,ana/asia2 on !
 "r1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7( ,si5a72 9 ! c5t]1 on
 ! project+ capital1 ! ,madonna2 & on ! 
l9tel1 ! /ory ( ,*ri/1 9 ! f\r passages 
( ! ,annunciation1 ,nativity1           
,crucifixion1 & ,resurrection4  #bbj4   
,?is is ! only "p ( ! front ( ! *ur* :i*
 is c]ta9ly "p ( ! fir/ /ructure 9      
#abfj4 ,! two /atues ( ,/4 ,ana/asia &  
,/4 ,ca!r9e are s r\ghly jo9$ to !      
lat]al capitals z to induce a suspicion 
t ev5 ^! latt] & ! beautiful poly*rome  
vault are ( lat] "w1 n1 h[ev]1 lat] ?an 
#acjj4 ,! two po9t$ ar*es :i* divide !  
tympanum are assur$ly subsequ5t1 & !    
fresco :i* occupies x is a bad "w ( !   
end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & ! m>ble frieze
 & f\ndations ( ! front are at lea/ n   
e>li] ?an #adbf4  ,( ?is portion ( !    
build+ ! f\ndation is noble1 & its color
 beautifully dispos$1 b ! sculpture ( ! 
panel+ is poor1 & ( no int]e/ or value4 
#bba4 ,on ent]+ ! *ur*1 & turn+         

imm$iately to ! left1 !re w be se5 on ! 
inn] side ( ! ext]nal wall a tomb "u a  
boldly trefoil$ canopy4 ,x is a         
s>cophagus ) a recumb5t figure on x1 :i*
 is ! only "w ( art 9 ! *ur* des]v+     
s]i\s att5tion4 ,x is ! tomb ( ,g]>d    
,bold]ius sui temporis physicorum       
pr9cipi1 says 8 epitaph1#aj n1 z f> z ,i
 c discov]1 untruly4 ,on ! front ( !    
s>cophagus is ! semi-figure ( ,*ri/ ris+
 f ! tomb1 us$ g5]ally at ! p]iod = !   
type ( resurrection1 betwe5 ! ,virg9 &  
,/4 ,john2 & two %ields1 be>+1 "o !     
fleur-de-lys1 ! o!r an eagle4 ,!        
recumb5t figure is entirely simple & "r 
9 treatm5t1 sculptur$ )\t o/5tation (   
skill or exagg]ation ( s5tim5t1 by a    
true arti/1 :o endeavors only to give ! 
dead due honor1 & 8 own art subord9ate &
 mode/ scope4  ,?is monum5t1 be+ ! be/ 9
 ,/4 ,ana/asia1 is1 by ! usual spite (  
=tune1 plac$ :]e x is q invisible except
 on bright days4 ,on ! opposite side ( !
 *ur*1 ! fir/ monum5t on ! "r1 well     
light$ by ! tall we/]n w9d[1 %\ld be    

look$ at next to ! physician's2 = z t is
 ! be/1 ?is is ess5tially ! wor/1 piece 
( sculptur$ art 9 ! build+2 a s]ies (   
academy /udies 9 m>ble1 well execut$1 b 
)\t ei!r ta/e or inv5tion1 & necess>ily 
)\t mean+1 ! monum5t hav+ be5 erect$ to 
a p]son ^: only claim to "o 0 8 hav+    
/ol5 money en\gh to pay = x be=e he di$4
 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ pieces extant (      
entirely me*anical art workman%ip1 done 
= money2 & ! p]fection ( its details may
 ju/ify me 9 direct+ special att5tion to
 x4  #bbb4 ,!re are no o!r monum5ts1    
/ill less pictures1 9 ! body ( ! *ur*   
des]v+ notice4 ,! g5]al effect ( !      
int]ior is impressive1 ow+ p>tly to !   
boldness & simplicity ( ! pill>s :i*    
su/a9 ! ro(2 p>tly to ! d>kness :i*     
involves !m3 ^! ,dom9ican *ur*es be+1 9 
fact1 little m ?an va/ halls = prea*+ 91
 & dep5d+ little on decoration1 & n at  
all on light4 ,b ! sublimity ( %ad[ soon
 fails :5 x has no?+ int]e/+ to %ade2 & 
! *apel or monum5ts :i*1 opposite ea*   
int]val betwe5 ! pill>s1 fill ! sides ( 

! aisles1 possess no int]e/ except 9 _! 
arabesques ( c9que-c5to sculpture1 ( :i*
 f> bett] examples may be se5 else:]e2  
:ile ! diff]5ces 9 _! ages1 /yles1 &    
purposes h9d] !m f atta9+ any unity (   
decorative effect1 & break ! unity ( !  
*ur* almo/ z fatally1 ?\gh n z ignobly1 
z ! incoh]5t fill+s ( ! aisles at       
,we/m9/]4 ,! ,cavalli *apel itself1 ?\gh
 well des]v+ ! illu/ration :i* !        
,arundel ,society has be/[$ ^u x1 is    
fill$ ) a m$ley ( tombs & frescoes (    
diff]5t dates1 p>tly sup]s$+1 none      
illu/rat+1 ea* o!r1 & in/ructive ma9ly z
 %[+ ! un=tunate results ( fre$om &     
private ent]prise 9 matt]s ( art1 z     
comp>$ ) ! submission to ! design ( "o  
rul+ m9d :i* is ! glory ( all ! *apels 9
 ,italy :]e ! art is entirely noble4    
#bbc4 ,in/ructive1 ?us1 at lea/1 ev5 if 
se5 ha/ily2 mu* bett] tea*+ may be _h   
ev5 f ! unh>moni\s "w1 if we give "t &  
?\ght to x4 ,! upp] fresco on ! nor?    
wall1 repres5t+ ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 has 
no beauty1 & little m]it z art2 yet !   

mann] ( its dem]it is int]e/+4 ,/4 ,john
 kneels to baptize4 ,?is v>iation f !   
receiv$ treatm5t1 9 :i* he /&s above !  
,*ri/1 is en\gh 9 itself to %[ t ! poor 
,v]onese pa9t] _h "s intellig5ce ( 8    
subject2 & ! qua9t & hagg>d figure1     
grim-featur$1 ) its black hair ris+ 9   
sep>ate locks l a cr[n ( ?orns1 is a    
curi\s int]m$iate type betwe5 !         
grotesque conception :i* we f9d 9 e>li] 
art 7or1 = in/ance1 on ! co9s (         
,flor5ce7 & ! beautiful1 yet always     
melan*oly & sev]e figures ( ,/4 ,john   
pa9t$ by ,cima da ,conegliano at ,v5ice4
 ,) ?is /]n figure1 9 raim5t ( camel's  
hair1 comp>e ! ,magdal5 9 ! frescoes at 
! side ( ! alt>1 :o is veil$ f head to  
foot ) h] own1 & su/a9$ by six angels1  
be+ ! type ( rep5tance f ! passions1 z  
,/4 ,john ( resi/ance to !m4 ,bo?       
symbols are1 to u1 to say ! v lea/1 )\t 
*>m1 & to v few )\t (f5se2 yet consid]  
h[ mu* nobl] ! temp] ( ! p mu/ h be5 :o 
c\ld take pleasure 9 art s gloomy &     
unadorn$1 ?an t ( ! populace ( to-day1  

:i* mu/ be caught ) bright colors &     
excit$ by popul> s5tim5t4  #bbd4 ,bo? ^!
 frescoes1 ) ! o!rs on ! nor? wall ( !  
*apel1 & ,madonna betwe5 f\r sa9ts on ! 
s\? side1 by ! ,cavalli tomb1 are       
evid5tly ( f\rte5? c5tury "w1 none ( x  
good1 b *>act]i/ic2 & ! la/-nam$ "w 7se5
 9 ! plate7 is s graceful z to be q wor?
 "s sep>ate illu/ration4 ,b ! "o above x
 is e>li]1 & ( consid]able hi/orical    
int]e/4 ,x 0 discov]$ ) ! o!r pa9t+s    
surr\nd+ ! tomb1 ab\t ! ye> #ahch1 :5   
,p]sico publi%$ 8 "w1 ,v]ona1 e la sua  
,prov9cia1 9 :i* he says 7p4 #ac71      
levatane l'antica incro/atura1 torn>ono 
a vita novella4  ,x w\ld h be5 m        
s]viceable to u if we c\ld h kn[n ! date
 ( ! r\gh ca/1 ?an ( its removal2 !     
p]iod ( entire contempt = anci5t art be+
 a subject ( mu* int]e/ 9 !             
ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,italy4 ,b ! tomb
 itself 0 an incru/ation1 hav+ be5 rais$
 ) mu* rud5ess & c>elessness amid/ !    
e>li] art :i* record$ ! fir/ rise ( !   
,cavalli family4  #bbe4 ,x w be se5 by  

ref]5ce to ! plate t ! frescoes r\nd !  
tomb h no symmetrical relation to x4 ,!y
 are all ( e>li] date1 & by bett]       
arti/s4 ,! tomb itself is r\ghly c>v$1 &
 co>sely pa9t$1 by m5 :o 7 n try+ to d  
_! be/1 & c\ld n h done any?+ v well1   
ev5 if !y _h tri$3 x is an entirely     
commonplace & dull "w1 ?\gh ( a good    
s*ool1 & has be5 rais$ aga9/ ! highe/   
fresco ) a /range disreg>d ( ! m]it ( ! 
"w itself1 & ( its hi/orical value to ! 
family4 ,?is fresco is attributable by  
,p]sico to ,giotto1 b is1 ,i believe1   
no?+ m ?an an int]e/+ example ( ! e>ne/ 
"w ( 8 "t1 & has no quality on :i* ,i   
c>e to enl>ge2 nor is x asc]ta9able :o !
 ?ree knights are :om x commemorates1   
unless "s evid5ce be f\nd ( ! date ( !  
pa9t+1 & !re is1 yet1 none b t ( its    
mann]4 ,b !y are all ?ree ,cavallis1 &  
,i believe !m to repres5t ! ?ree fir/   
f\nd]s ( ! family1 ,giovanni1 *e fioriva
 intorno al #abgd1 8 son ,nicola        
7#abig71 & gr&son ,f$]igo1 :o 0 ,pode/a 
( ,vic5za "u ! ,scalig]s 9 #acca1 & by  

:om ,i suppose ! fresco to h be5 comm&$4
 ,! ,cavallis came fir/ f ,g]many into !
 s]vice ( ! ,visconti ( ,milan1 z       
condotti]i1 !nce pass+ into ! s]vice ( !
 ,scalig]s4 ,:e!r ,i am "r 9 ?is        
conjecture or n1 we h1 at all ev5ts1    
record 9 ?is *apel ( sev5 knights ( !   
family1 ( :om two are nam$ on !         
s>cophagus1 ( :i* ! inscription 7on !   
project+ l$ge "u ! recumb5t figure7     
is3--       ,s4 7,sepul*rum7 nobilis et 
egregii viri ,f$]ici et egregii et      
/r5ui viri dom9i ,nicolai de ,cavalis   
suorunique h]$um1 qui      spiritum     
r$idit a/ris ,ano ,dni ,,mccclxxxx4  ,( 
:i*1 ,i ?9k1 ! =ce may be be/ giv5 ?us 9
 mod]n t]ms3--  ,! tomb ( ! noble &     
di/+ui%$ ,h]r ,fr$]ic1 & ( ! di/+ui%$ & 
en]getic ,h]r ! ,"l ,ni*olas ( ! h\se ( 
! ,horse1 & ( _! heirs1 :o gave back 8  
s\l to ! />s 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #acij4   
#bbf4 ,?is ,fr$]ic & ,nicolas ,cavalli 7
 ! bro!rs ( ! ,jacopo ,cavalli :o is    
buri$ at ,v5ice1 & :o1 by a s+ul>       
fatality1 0 enroll$ among ! ,v5etian    

nobles ( ! s5ate 9 ! ye> 9 :i* 8 bro!r  
di$ at ,v]ona 7= ,i assume ! spiritum   
r$idit to be said ( ! fir/-nam$ bro!r74 
,jacopo m>ri$ ,con/ance della ,scala1 ( 
,v]ona1 & _h five sons1 ( :om "o1       
,giorgio1 ,conte di ,s*io1 plott$1 aft] 
! fall ( ! ,scalig]s1 = _! re/oration to
 p[] 9 ,v]ona1 & 0 exil$1 by decree ( ! 
,c\ncil ( ,t51 to ,c&ia1 :]e he di$4 ,f 
ano!r son1 ,conrad1 are desc5d$ !       
,cavallis ( ,v5ice1 ^: palace has be5 ! 
pr9cipal mat]ial f :i* rec5t se>*]s = ! 
picturesque 9 ,v5ice compose pictures ( 
! ,gr& ,canal4 ,x =ms ! squ>e mass (    
ar*itecture on ! left1 9 ! cont9ually   
repeat$ view ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,salute se5 f
 ! /eps ( ! ,academy4  ,! g5ealogy ( !  
family1 f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 !y fir/  
appe>$ 9 ,italy1 to ! f\nd] ( ?is       
,v5etian lord%ip1 _h bett] be set be=e !
 read] 9 "o view4#aa                    
,,giovanni1      ,condotti]e 9 s]vice ( 
! ,visconti1 #abgd4                     
,,nicola1                 ,condotti]e1  
#abig4                                  

,,f$]ico1      ,pode/a ( ,vic5za "u !   
,scalig]s1 #acca4                       
,,conrado1                 ,condotti]e1 
#acej4                                  
---------------------------             
,,f$]igo1         ,,jacopo1             
,,nicola1                               
--------------------------------------- 
,,nicola1   ,,giovanni1     ,,conrado1  
,,f$]igo1    ,,giorgio4                 
,f\nds ,v5etian family4  #bbg4 ,n[1 z   
above /at$1 ,i believe t ! fresco ( !   
?ree knights 0 comm&$ by ! ,pode/a (    
,vic5za1 on 8 receiv+ t au?ority f !    
,scalig]s 9 #acca1 & t x repres5ts      
,giovanni1 ,nicola1 & himself2 :ile !   
tomb ( ,f$]igo & ,nicola w\ld be ord]$  
by ! ,v5etian ,cavallis1 & complet$ )\t 
mu* c>e = ! record ( ! rise ( ! family  
at ,v]ona4  ,:e!r my id5tification ( !  
figures se5 kneel+ 9 ! fresco be correct
 or n1 ! repres5tation ( ^! ?ree        
,cavalli knights to ! ,madonna1 ea*     
int]c$$ = by 8 patron sa9t1 w be f\nd to
 receive a peculi> significance if !    

read] c>e to review ! circum/ances      
influ5c+ ! relation ( ! ,g]man *ivalry  
to ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! v ye> :5         
,giovanni ,cavalli ent]$ ! ranks ( !    
,visconti4  #bbh4 ,= ! ?ree prec$+      
c5turies1 ,milan1 ! olde/ ar*bi%opric ( 
,lomb>dy1 _h be5 ! c5tral po9t at :i* ! 
collision betwe5 ! secul> &             
ecclesia/ical p[] took place 9 ,europe4 
,! ,guelph & ,ghibell9e naturally met & 
w>r$ ?r\gh\t ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy2 b !     
int5se civic /ubbornness & c\rage ( !   
,milanese population =m$ a k9d ( rock 9 
_! tide-way1 :]e ! qu>rel ( burgh] )    
noble confus$ itself )1 embitt]$1 &     
br\ght aga9 & aga9 to trial by battle1 t
 ( pope ) emp]or4 ,9 #ajce _! w>rior    
ar*bi%op1 head+ _! revolt aga9/ ,conrad 
( ,franconia1 organiz$ ! fir/ discipl9$ 
resi/ance ( foot-soldi]s to cavalry by 8
 inv5tion & decoration ( ! ,c>roccio2 & 
! conte/ 0 only clos$1 aft] ! rebuild+ (
 ! walls ( ru9$ ,milan1 by ! w&]+ (     
,b>b>ossa1 8 army scatt]$1 ?r\gh ! maize
 fields1 :i* ! travel] n[ li/lessly     

crosses at spe$ 9 ! tra9 betwe5 ,milan &
 ,arona1 little not+ ! "n ( ! small     
/ation1 ,legnano1 :]e ! =tune ( !       
,lomb>d republic f9ally prevail$4 ,b x 0
 only by ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 t !    
supremacy ( ! ,*ur* 0 secur$2 & :5      
,innoc5t ,,iv41 :o _h writt51 on he>+ ( 
t dea?1 to 8 ,sicilian cl]gy1 9 words ( 
blasphem\s exultation1 ent]$ ,milan1 on 
8 j\rney f ,lyons to ,p]ugia1 ! road1 = 
t5 miles be=e he rea*$ ! gates1 0 l9$ by
 ! entire population ( ! city1 drawn =? 
9 en?usia/ic welcome2 z !y _h inv5t$ a  
sacr$ c> = ! advance ( _! /&>d 9 battle1
 !y inv5t$ "s simil> honor = ! head ( _!
 ,*ur* z ! h>b+] ( peace3 "u a canopy ( 
silk1 borne by ! fir/ g5tlem5 ( ,milan1 
! ,pope receiv$ ! hosannas ( a p :o _h  
driv5 into %ameful flight _! ,caes>-k+2 
& x is n un9t]e/+ = ! ,engli% travel] to
 rememb]1 z he walks ?r\gh ! va/ arcades
 ( %ops1 9 ! =m ( a cross1 by :i* !     
,milanese ( to-day express _! triumph 9 
lib]ation f ,teutonic rule1 t !         
,baldac*9o ( all m$ival religi\s c]emony

 ow$ its orig9 to ! ta/e ( ! mill9]s (  
,milan1 z ! safety ( ! be/ knights 9    
,european battle re/$ on ! fai?ful      
craftsman%ip ( h] armor]s4  #bbi4 ,b at 
! date :5 ! ,cavalli ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! 
great ,milanese family1 ! /ate ( p>ties 
)9 ! walls _h s+ul>ly *ang$4 ,?ree ye>s 
previ\sly 7#abga7 ,*>les ( ,anj\ _h     
drawn toge!r ! remnants ( ! army ( 8    
dead bro!r1 _h confiscat$ to 8 own use !
 goods ( ! crusad+ knights ^: vessels _h
 be5 wreck$ on ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 & call$
 ! pontifical c\rt to ,vit]bo1 to elect 
a pope :o might confirm 8 dom9ion ov] ! 
k+doms ( ,sicily & ,j]usalem4  ,on !    
delib]ations ( ! ,c>d9als at ,vit]bo    
dep5d$ ! fates ( ,italy & ! ,nor!rn     
,empire4 ,!y *ose ,tebaldo ,visconti1 !n
 a monk 9 pilgrimage at ,j]usalem4 ,b1  
be=e t election 0 accompli%$1 "o ( !    
c&idates = ! ,nor!rn ,empire _h         
involunt>ily )drawn 8 claim2 ,guy de    
,mont=t _h murd]$1 at ! alt> foot1 !    
,engli% ,c\nt ( ,cornwall1 to av5ge 8   
fa!r1 ,simon de ,mont=t1 kill$ at       

,eve%am4 ,! dea? ( ! ,engli% k+ ( !     
,romans left ! ?rone ( ,g]many vacant4  
,tebaldo _h return$ f ,j]usalem ) no    
p]sonal ambition1 b hav+ at he>t only ! 
re/oration ( ,greece to ,europe1 & !    
prea*+ ( a new crusade 9 ,syria4 ,a     
g5]al c\ncil 0 convok$ by him at ,lyons1
 ) ?is object2 b be=e any?+ c\ld be     
accompli%$ 9 ! conclave1 x 0 necess>y to
 balance ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( ,*>les (      
,anj\1 & ! ,visconti 7,gregory ,x47     
ratifi$1 9 #abgc1 ! election ( ,rudolph 
( ,hapsburg4  #bcj4 ,b ,*>les ( ,anj\   
ow$ 8 ?rone1 9 reality1 to ! assi/ance (
 ! ,milanese4 ,_! popul> lead]1         
,napoleone della ,torre1 _h facilitat$ 8
 passage ?r\gh ,lomb>dy1 :i* o!rwise mu/
 h be5 arre/$ by ! ,ghibell9e /ates2 & 9
 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,visconti pope _h appo9t$
 ! c\ncil at ,lyons1 ! ,visconti        
ar*bi%op ( ,milan 0 head+ ! exil$ nobles
 9 va9 attempts to recov] _! supremacy  
ov] ! popul> p>ty4 ,! new ,emp]or       
,rudolph n only s5t a repres5tative to !
 c\ncil1 b a ,g]man cont+5t to aid !    

exil$ ar*bi%op4 ,! popul> lead] 0       
defeat$1 & conf9$ 9 an iron cage1 9 !   
ye> #abgd1 & ! fir/ entrance ( !        
,cavalli into ! ,italian armies is ?us  
contempor>y ) ! conclusive triumph ( !  
nor!rn mon>*ic ov] ! republican p[]1 or1
 m lit]ally1 ( ! w&]+ rid]1 ,eques1 or  
,ritt]1 liv+ by pillage1 ov] ! s$5t>y   
burgh]1 liv+ by art1 & hale peasant1    
liv+ by labor4 ,! ess5tial nature ( !   
/ruggle is curi\sly indicat$ 9 relation 
to ?is monum5t by ! two facts t ! revolt
 ( ! ,milanese burgh]s1 head$ by _!     
ar*bi%op1 began by a g5tleman's kill+ an
 importunate cr$itor1 & t1 at ,v5ice1 ! 
pr9cipal circum/ance record$ ( ,jacopo  
,cavalli 7see my notice ( 8 tomb 9 !    
,/ones ( ,v5ice1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 *4 ii4    
#fi7 is 8 refusal to assault ,feltre1   
because ! s5ate w\ld n grant him !      
pillage ( ! t[n4 ,! read] may foll[ out1
 accord+ to 8 disposition1 :at ?\ghts ! 
fresco ( ! ?ree kneel+ knights1 ea* ) 8 
helmet-cre/1 9 ! %ape ( a horse's head1 
?r[n back f 8 %\ld]s1 may sugge/ to him 

on review ( ^! passages ( hi/ory3 "o    
?\ght only ,i mu/ gu>d him aga9/1       
/rictly2 namely1 t a condotti]e's       
religion mu/ necess>ily h be5 false or  
hypocritical4 ,! folly ( nations is 9   
no?+ m manife/ ?an 9 _! placid          
reconciliation ( noble cre$s ) base     
practices4 ,b ! reconciliation1 9 !     
f\rte5? z 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 usually 
fooli% only1 n ins9c]e4   ,,footnotes3  
,footnote #i3 ,publi%$ by ! ,arundel    
,society 7#ahgb71 toge!r ) a            
*romo-li?ograph aft] a draw+ by ,h]r    
,gnau?4--,,ed4  ,footnote #aj3    ,d4,m4
   ,g]>do ,bold]io   sui temporis       
,physicorum ,pr9cipi   ,franciscus et   
,mat?aeus ,nepotes   ,p4,p4  ,footnote  
#aa3 ,i am indebt$ = ?is g5ealogy to !  
rese>* & to ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,j4        
,/efani4 ,! help giv5 me by o!r ,v5etian
 fri5ds1 especially ,mr4 ,rawdon ,br[n1 
dates f _m ye>s back 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d4
     ,,v]ona ,,& ,,its ,,riv]s4#ab      
#bca4 ,! disc\rse began ) a description 
( ! sc5]y ( ! ea/]n approa* to ,v]ona1 )

 special rem>ks ^u its magnific5t       
=tifications1 consi/+ ( a /eep dit*1 "s 
?irty feet deep by sixty or eighty wide1
 cut out ( ! solid rock1 & ! precipice-l
 wall above1 ) t[]s cre/$ ) =k$         
battlem5ts set along x at due int]vals4 
,! rock is a s(t & crumbl+ lime/one1    
conta9+ fossil creatures /ill s l !     
creatures !y 7 once1 t !re x fir/       
occurr$ to ! human bra9 to imag9e t !   
buri$ %apes 7 n mock]ies ( life1 b _h   
inde$ once liv$2 &1 "u ^? :ite banks by 
! roadside1 0 born1 l a poor ,italian   
gypsy1 ! mod]n sci5ce ( geology4 444 ,! 
wall 0 *iefly built1 ! moat entirely    
excavat$1 by ,c ,gr&e della ,scala2 & x 
repres5ts typically ! =m1 ( def5se :i*  
r5d]$ x possible = ! life & ! arts (    
citiz5s to be pres]v$ & practic$ 9 an   
age ( habitual w>4 ,n only s1 b x is !  
wall ( ! actual city :i* head$ ! great  
,lomb>d league1 :i* 0 ! beg9n] ( p]sonal
 & indep5d5t p[] 9 ! ,italian nation1 & 
! fir/ bann]-be>]1 !re=e1 ( all t has   
be5 vitally indep5d5t 9 religion & 9 art

 ?r\gh\t ! entire ,*ri/ian _w to ?is    
day4 ,at ! upp] angle ( ! wall1 look+   
d[n ! nor!rn desc5t1 is se5 a great r\nd
 t[] at ! foot ( x1 n =k$ 9 battlem5ts1 
b ) embrasures = guns4 ,! battlem5t$    
wall 0 ! cradle ( civic life4 ,t l[     
circul> t[] is ! cradle ( mod]n w> & (  
all its desolation4 ,x is ! fir/        
,european t[] = artill]y2 ! beg9n+ (    
=tification aga9/ gunp[d]--! beg9n+1 t  
is to say1 ( ! end ( all =tification4   
#bcb4 ,aft] notic+ ! beautiful          
vegetation ( ! di/rict1 ,mr4 ,rusk9     
describ$ ! view f ! promontory or spur1 
ab\t t5 miles long1 ( :i* ! la/ rock    
dies into ! pla9 at ! ea/]n gate (      
,v]ona4 ,?is promontory1 he said1 is "o 
( ! sides ( ! great gate out ( ,g]many  
into ,italy1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,go?s always   
ent]$1 clov5 up to ,innspruck by ! ,inn1
 & d[n to ,v]ona by ! ,adige4 ,& by ?is 
gate n only ! ,go?ic armies came1 b aft]
 ! ,italian nation is =m$1 ! curr5t (   
nor!rn life ent]s /ill into its he>t    
?r\gh ! m\nta9 art]y1 z con/antly &     

/rongly z ! cold waves ( ! ,adige       
itself4 444 ,! rock ( ?is promontory    
h>d5s z we trace x back to ! ,alps1 fir/
 into a lime/one hav+ knots ( spl5did   
br[n jasp] 9 x z our *alk has fl9ts1 & 9
 a few miles m into true m>ble1 color$  
by iron into a gl[+ orange or pale w>m  
r$--! pea*-blossom m>ble1 ( :i* ,v]ona  
is *iefly built--& !n z y advance f>!r  
into ! hills into v>iegat$ m>bles v ri* 
& grotesque 9 _! ve9+s4  #bcc4 ,aft]    
dilat+ on ! magnific5t l&scape view$ f !
 top ( ?is promontory1 embrac+ ! blue   
pla9 ( ,lomb>dy & its cities ,mr4 ,rusk9
 said3--  ,i d n ?9k t !re is any o!r   
rock 9 all ! _w f :i* ! places &        
monum5ts ( s complex & deep a fragm5t ( 
! hi/ory ( its ages c be visible z f ?is
 piece ( crag ) its blue & prickly we$s4
 ,= y h ?us b5ea? y at once ! bir?places
 ( ,virgil & ( ,livy--! homes ( ,dante &
 ,petr>*1 & ! s\rce ( ! mo/ sweet &     
pa!tic inspiration to y\r own           
,%akespe>e--! spot :]e ! civilization ( 
! ,go?ic k+doms 0 f\nd$ on ! ?rone (    

,!odoric2 & !re :atev] 0 /ronge/ 9 !    
,italian race r$eem$ itself into life by
 its league aga9/ ,b>b>ossa2 ! beg9n+ ( 
! revival ( natural sci5ce & m$ic9e 9 ! 
s*ools ( ,padua2 ! c5t] ( ,italian      
*ivalry1 9 ! p[] ( ! ,scalig]s2 (       
,italian cruelty1 9 t ( ,ezzel92 &1     
la/ly1 ! bir?place ( ! highe/ art2 =    
among ^? hills1 or by ?is v ,adige bank1
 7 born ,mantegna1 ,titian1 ,correggio1 
& ,v]onese4  #bcd4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 !n ref]r$
 to a s]ies ( draw+s & photographs tak5 
at ,v]ona by himself & 8 assi/ants1 ,mr4
 ,burgess & ,mr4 ,bunney1 :i* he _h     
divid$ into ?ree s]ies1 & ( :i* he _h   
furni%$ a numb] ( pr9t$ catalogues      
illu/rat$ ) notes4#ac  ,i4 ,lomb>d1     
ext5d+ to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 be+ !
 expression ( ! introduction (          
,*ri/ianity into b>b>ic m9ds2           
,*ri/ianization4  ,,ii4 ,! ,go?ic p]iod4
 ,dante's "t1 f #abjj to #adjj 7,dante  
beg9n+ 8 poem exactly 9 ! mid/ ( x1 9   
#acjj72 ! p]iod ( vital ,*ri/ianity1 & (
 ! developm5t ( ! laws ( *ivalry & =ms (

 imag9ation :i* are f\nd$ on            
,*ri/ianity4  ,,iii4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( !  
revival1 9 :i* ! arts ( ,greece & "s (  
its religion return & jo9 !mselves to   
,*ri/ianity2 n tak+ away its s9c]ity or 
e>ne/ness1 b mak+ x poetical in/ead (   
practical4 ,9 ! foll[+ p]iod ev5 ?is    
poetical ,*ri/ianity expir$2 ! arts     
became devot$ to ! pursuit ( pleasure1 &
 9 t !y p]si/ except :]e !y are sav$ by 
a heal?y naturalism or dome/icity4      
#bce4 ,i4 ,! ,lomb>dic p]iod is "o (    
savage b noble life gradually subject$  
to law4 ,x is ! =m+ ( m51 n out ( clay b
 wild bea/s4 ,& art ( ?is p]iod 9 all   
c\ntries1 includ+ our own ,norman       
especially1 is1 9 ! inn] he>t ( x1 !    
subjection ( savage or t]rible1 or      
fooli% & err+ life1 to a dom9ant law4 ,x
 is gov]nm5t & conque/ ( fe>ful dreams4 
,!re is 9 x z yet no g]m ( true         
hope--only ! conque/ ( evil1 & ! wak+ f 
d>kness & t]ror4 ,! lit]ature ( x is1 z 
9 ,greece1 f> 9 advance ( art1 & is     
already full ( ! mo/ t5d] & impassion$  

beauty1 :ile ! art is /ill grotesque &  
dreadful2 b1 h[ev] wild1 x is supreme   
above all o!rs by its expression (      
gov]n+ law1 & "h at ,v]ona is ! v c5t] &
 utmo/ rea* ( t expression4  ,i "k no?+ 
9 ar*itecture at once s exquisite & s   
wild & s /range 9 ! expression (        
self-conque/ a*iev$ almo/ 9 a dream4 ,= 
obs]ve1 ^! b>b>ic races1 educat$ 9      
viol5ce--*iefly 9 w> & 9 hunt+--_c feel 
or see cle>ly z !y are gradually        
civiliz$ :e!r ?is elem5t 9 :i* !y h be5 
br\ght up is evil or n4 ,!y mu/ be good 
soldi]s & hunt]s--t is _! life2 yet !y  
"k t kill+ is evil1 & !y d n expect to  
f9d wild bea/s 9 heav54 ,!y h be5 tra9$ 
by pa91 by viol5ce1 by hung] & cold4 ,!y
 "k !re is a good 9 ^! ?+s z well z     
evil3 !y are p]petually hesitat+ betwe5 
! "o & ! o!r ?\ght ( !m4 ,b "o ?+ !y see
 cle>ly1 t kill+ & hunt+1 & e =m (      
mis]y1 pleasure1 & ( passion1 mu/ someh[
 at la/ be subdu$ by law1 :i* %all br+  
good out ( x all1 & :i* !y feel m & m   
con/ra9+ !m e h\r4 ,n[1 if ) ?is sympa?y

 y look at _! dragon & wild bea/        
decoration1 y w f9d t x n[ tells y ab\t 
^! ,lomb>ds f> m ?an !y c\ld "k (       
!mselves4444 ,all ! actions1 & mu* m !  
arts1 ( m5 tell to o!rs1 n only :at !   
work] does n "k1 b :at he c nev] "k (   
himself1 :i* y c only recognize by be+ 9
 an elem5t m advanc$ & wid] ?an 84444 ,9
 delib]ate symbolism1 ! "q is always1 n 
:at a symbol meant fir/ or meant        
else:]e1 b :at x means n[ & means "h4   
,n[1 ?is dragon symbol ( ! ,lomb>d is   
us$ ( c\rse all ov] ! _w2 x means good  
"h1 & evil !re2 sometimes means no?+2   
sometimes ev]y?+4 ,y h always to ask :at
 ! man :o "h uses x means by x4 ,:atev] 
is 9 8 m9d1 t he is sure p>tly to       
express by x2 no?+ else ?an t c he      
express by x4  #bcf4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! second  
p]iod ,mr4 ,rusk9 said 0 to be f\nd !   
highe/ developm5t ( ,italian "* &       
*ivalry1 ) an entirely believ$ ,*ri/ian 
religion2 y get1 !re=e1 joy & c\rtesy1 &
 hope1 & a lovely peace 9 dea?4 ,& ) ^! 
y h two fe>ful elem5ts ( evil4 ,y h fir/

 su* confid5ce 9 ! virtue ( ! cre$ t m5 
hate & p]secute all :o d n accept x4 ,& 
worse /ill1 y f9d su* confid5ce 9 ! p[] 
( ! cre$ t m5 n only c d any?+ t is     
wrong1 & be !mselves = a ^w ( fai?      
p>don$1 b are ev5 sure t aft] ! wrong is
 done ,god is sure to put x all "r aga9 
= !m1 or ev5 make ?+s bett] ?an !y 7    
be=e4 ,n[1 ,i ne$ n po9t out to y h[ !  
_s ( p]secution1 z well z ( va9 hope    
f\nd$ on cre$ only1 is m+l$ 9 e l9e ) ! 
lovely moral tea*+ ( ! ',div9a          
,conm$ia1' nor ne$ ,i po9t out to y h[1 
betwe5 ! p]secution ( o!r p's cre$s & ! 
absolution ( "o's own crimes1 all       
,*ri/ian error is conclud$4  ,9 relation
 to ?is ,mr4 ,rusk9 ref]r$ to ! hi/ory (
 ! f\nd] ( ! p[] ( ! ,scalas1 ,ma/9o1 a 
simple citiz51 *os5 fir/ to be pode/a & 
!n capta9 ( ,v]ona1 = 8 ju/ice &        
sagacity1 :o1 al?\gh wise & peaceful 9 8
 policy1 employ$ ! civil p[] 9 !        
p]secution ( h]esy1 burn+ above two     
hundr$ p]sons2 & he also relat$ h[ ,c   
,signorio della ,scala on 8 dea?-b$1    

aft] giv+ a pi\s *>ge to 8 *ildr51 ord]$
 ! murd] ( 8 bro!r--examples ( !        
b\ndless possibility ( self-deception4  
,"o ( ^! *ildr5 kill$ ! o!r1 & 0 himself
 driv5 f ! ?rone1 s end+ ! dyna/y ( !   
,scalas4 ,ref]r+ to 8 illu/rations1 ,mr4
 ,rusk9 po9t$ out ! expressions ( hope1 
9 ! conque/ ( dea?1 & ! rew>ds ( fai?1  
app>5t 9 ! art ( ! "t4 ,! ,lomb>d       
ar*itecture expresses ! triumph ( law   
ov] passion1 ! ,*ri/ian1 t ( hope ov]   
sorr[4  ,mr4 ,rusk9 conclud$ 8 rem>ks on
 ?is p]iod by comm5t+ on ! hi/ory & !   
tomb ( ,c ,gr&e della ,scala1 a good    
knight & true1 z busy & bright a life z 
is f\nd 9 ! annals ( *ivalry4  #bcg4    
,,iii4 ,! p]iod :5 classical lit]ature &
 art 7 aga9 kn[n 9 ,italy1 & ! pa9t]s & 
sculptors1 :o _h be5 ga9+ /eadily 9 p[] 
= two hundr$ ye>s--p[] n ( practice     
m]ely1 b ( race also--) e circum/ance 9 
_! favor ar\nd !m1 receiv$ _! f9ally    
p]fect in/ruction1 bo? 9 geometrical    
sci5ce1 9 t ( mat]ials1 & 9 ! anatomy & 
action ( ! human body4 ,also ! p ab\t   

!m--! models ( _! "w--_h be5 p]fect$ 9  
p]sonal beauty by a *ivalric w>2 9      
imag9ation by a transc5d5tal philosophy2
 9 practical intellect by /]n /ruggle = 
civic law2 & 9 comm]ce1 n 9 falsely made
 or vile or unclean ?+s1 b 9 lovely ?+s1
 beautifully & hone/ly made4 ,& n[1     
!re=e1 y get out ( all ! _w's long      
hi/ory s9ce x 0 peopl$ by m5 till n[--y 
get j fifty ye>s ( p]fect "w4 ,p]fect4  
,x is a /rong ^w2 x is also a true "o4  
,! do+ ( ^! fifty ye>s is unaccusably   
,"r1 z art2 :at its s5tim5t may be--:e!r
 too great or too little1 :e!r          
sup]ficial or s9c]e--is ano!r "q1 b z   
arti/s' "w x admits no conception (     
any?+ bett]4  ,x is true t 9 ! foll[+   
age1 f\nd$ on ! absolutely /]n rectitude
 ( ?is1 !re came a phase ( gigantic p[] 
& ( exquisite ease & felicity :i*       
possess an awe & a *>m ( _! own4 ,!y are
 m inimitable ?an ! "w ( ! p]fect s*ool4
 ,b !y are n p]fect4 444  #bch4 ,?is    
p]iod ,mr4 ,rusk9 nam$ ! ',"t ( !       
,ma/]s1' ,fifty ,ye>s1 includ+ ,lu9i1   

,leon>do1 ,john ,bell9i1 ,vitto         
,c>paccio1 ,&rea ,mantegna1 ,&rea       
,v]roc*io1 ,cima da ,conegliano1        
,p]ug9o1 & 9 date1 ?\gh only 9 8 e>li]  
life1 belong+ to ! s*ool1 ,raphael4444  
,! great fifty ye>s 0 ! prime ( life (  
?ree m53 ,john ,bell9i1 born #adcj1 di$ 
at #ij1 9 #aeaf2 ,mantegna1 born #adcj1 
di$ at #gf1 9 #aejf2 & ,vittor          
,c>paccio1 :o di$ 9 #aebb4  ,! object ( 
^! ma/]s is :olly diff]5t f t ( ! =m]   
s*ool4 ,! c5tral ,go?ic m5 always want  
*iefly to impress y ) ! facts ( _!      
subject2 b ! ma/]s ( ?is f9i%$ "t desire
 only to make ev]y?+ da9ty & delightful4
 ,we h n _m pictures ( ! class 9 ,engl&1
 b sev]al h be5 ( late add$ to !        
,national ,gall]y1 & ! ,p]ug9o !re1     
especially ! comp>tm5t ) ,raphael &     
,tobit1 & ! little ,/4 ,j]ome by ,john  
,bell9i1 w p]fectly %[ y ?is ma9        
"*--pictorial p]fectness &              
delici\sness--s\ght be=e ev]y?+ else4 ,y
 w f9d1 if y look into t ,/4 ,j]ome1 t  
ev]y?+ 9 x is exquisite1 complete1 &    

pure2 !re is n a p>ticle ( du/ 9 !      
cupbo>ds1 nor a cl\d 9 ! air2 ! wood5   
%utt]s are da9ty1 ! c&le/icks are da9ty1
 ! sa9t's sc>let hat is da9ty1 & its    
violet tassel1 & its ribbon1 & 8 blue   
cloak & 8 sp>e pair ( %oes1 & 8 little  
br[n p>tridge--x is all a p]fect        
qu9tess5ce ( innoc5t luxury--absolute   
delight1 )\t "o drawback 9 x1 nor ta9t (
 ! ,devil any:]e4 444  #bci4 ,aft]      
dilat+ on sev]al o!r pictures ( ?is     
class1 giv+ evid5ce ( ! entire devotion 
( ! arti/s ( ! p]iod to _! art & "w1    
,mr4 ,rusk9 adv]t$ to ! second "p ( 8   
disc\rse1 ! riv]s ( ,v]ona4 ,!re is b "o
 riv] at ,v]ona1 nev]!less ,dante       
connects its "n ) t ( ! ,po :5 he says (
 ! :ole ( ,lomb>dy1--    ',9 sul paese1 
*' ,adice e ,po riga1   ,solea valore e 
cortesia trov>si   ,prima *e ,f$]igo    
avesse briga4'  ,i want to speak = a    
m9ute or two ab\t ^? great riv]s1       
because 9 ! ef=ts t are n[ be+ made to  
re/ore "s ( its comm]ce to ,v5ice       
precisely ! same que/ions are 9 c\rse ( 

debate :i* aga9 & aga91 ev] s9ce ,v5ice 
0 a city1 h put h] s5ate at             
pause--namely1 h[ to hold 9 *eck !      
cont9ually advanc+ morass =m$ by ! silt 
br\ght d[n by ! ,alp9e riv]s4 ,is x n   
/range t = at lea/ six hundr$ ye>s !    
,v5etians h be5 cont5d+ ) ^? riv]s at _!
 m\?s--t is to say1 :]e _! /r5g? has    
become :olly irresi/ible--& nev] once   
?\ght ( cont5d+ ) !m at _! s\rces1 :]e  
_! inf9itely sep>at$ /reamlets might be1
 & are meant by ,heav5 to be1 rul$ z    
easily z *ildr58 ,& obs]ve h[ /]nly1 h[ 
con/antly ! place :]e !y are to be      
gov]n$ is m>k$ by ! mis*ief done by _!  
lib]ty4 ,consid] :at ! advance ( ! delta
 ( ! ,po 9 ! ,adriatic signifies among !
 ,alps4 ,! evil ( ! delta itself1 h[ev] 
great1 is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ( t :i* is 
9 its orig94  #bdj4 ,! gradual          
de/ruction ( ! h>borage ( ,v5ice1 !     
endless co/ ( delay+ x1 ! mal>ia ( !    
:ole coa/ d[n to ,rav5na1 nay1 ! rais+ (
 ! b$ ( ! ,po1 to ! imp]il+ ( all       
,lomb>dy1 are b second>y evils4 ,e acre 

( t increas+ delta means ! deva/ation ( 
"p ( an ,alp9e valley1 & ! loss ( s mu* 
fruitful soil & m9i/]+ ra94 ,"s ( y n[  
pres5t mu/ h pass$ ?is ye> ?r\gh !      
valleys ( ! ,toccia & ,tic9o4 ,y "k     
!re=e ! deva/ation t 0 caus$ !re1 z well
 z 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 by ! great    
floods ( #ahfh1 & t t5 ye>s ( labor1 ev5
 if ! peasantry _h /ill ! he>t = labor1 
_c r$eem ^? di/ricts into f]tility4 ,:at
 y h !re se5 on a va/ scale takes place 
to a c]ta9 ext5t dur+ e summ] ?und]/orm1
 & f ! ru9 ( "s portion ( fruitful l& ! 
du/ desc5ds to increase ! m>%es ( ! ,po4
 ,b obs]ve fur!r--:e!r f$ by sudd5 melt+
 ( sn[ or by /orm--e de/ructive rise ( !
 ,italian riv]s signifies ! loss ( s mu*
 p[] ( irrigation on ! s\? side ( !     
,alps4 ,y mu/ all well "k ! look ( _!   
*a9--se5 f ,milan or ,tur9 late 9       
summ]--h[ little sn[ is left1 except on 
,monte ,rosa1 h[ va/ a t]ritory ( br[n  
m\nta9-side heat$ & b>r51 )\t rocks1 yet
 )\t =e/4 ,!re is 9 t br[n-purple zone1 
& along ! flanks ( e valley t divides x1

 ano!r ,lomb>dy ( cultivable l&2 & e    
drift ( ra9 t swells ! m\nta9 torr5ts if
 x 7 caught :]e x falls is lit]ally ra9 
( gold4 ,we seek gold b5ea? ! rocks2 &  
we w n s mu* z make a tr5* along !      
hillside to cat* x :]e x falls f heav51 
& :]e1 if n s caught1 x *anges into a   
frantic mon/]1 fir/ ravag+ hamlet1 hill1
 & pla91 !n s9k+ along ! %ores ( ,v5ice 
into poison$ sleep4 ,?9k :at t belt ( ! 
,alps might be--up to f\r ?\s& feet     
above ! pla9--if ! sy/em ( t]rac$       
irrigation :i* ev5 half-savage nations  
discov]$ & practic$ long ago 9 ,*9a & 9 
,borneo1 & by :i* our own eng9e]s h     
subdu$ va/ di/ricts ( f>!/ ,india1 7 b 9
 "p also practic$ "h--"h1 9 ! olde/ &   
pr\de/ c5t] ( ,european arts1 :]e       
,leon>do da ,v9ci--ma/] among           
ma/]s--fir/ disc]n$ ! laws ( ! coil+    
cl\ds & w&]+ /reams1 s t to ?is day 8   
eng9e]+ rema9s unbett]$ by mod]n sci5ce2
 & yet 9 ?is c5t] ( all human a*ievem5ts
 ( g5ius no ?\ght has be5 tak5 to       
receive ) sacr$ art ^! great gifts (    

quiet sn[ & fly+ ra94 ,?9k1 ,i repeat1  
:at t s\? slope ( ! ,alps might be3 "o  
p>adise ( lovely pa/ure & av5u$ =e/ (   
*e/nut & blossom$ trees1 ) cascades     
docile & innoc5t z infants1 laugh+ all  
summ] long f crag to crag & pool to     
pool1 & ! ,adige & ! ,po1 ! ,dora & !   
,tic9o1 no m defil$1 no m alt]nat+      
betwe5 fi]ce flood & v5om\s languor1 b 9
 calm cle> curr5ts be>+ %ips to e city &
 heal? to e field ( all t azure pla9 (  
,lomb>d ,italy4444  #bda4 ,x has n[     
become a mo/ grave object ) me to get "s
 ( ! great pictures ( ! ,italian s*ools 
into ,engl&2 & t1 ,i ?9k1 at ?is "t--)  
good help--might be contriv$4 ,fur!r1   
)\t 9 ! lea/ urg+ my plans impati5tly on
 anyone else1 ,i "k ?or\ghly t ?is1 :i* 
,i h said %\ld be done1 c be done1 = !  
,italian riv]s1 & t no me?od ( employm5t
 ( our idle able-bodi$ labor]s w\ld be 9
 ! end m remun]ative1 or 9 ! beg9n+s ( x
 m heal?ful & e way b5eficial ?an1 ) !  
concurr5ce ( ! ,italian & ,swiss        
gov]nm5ts1 sett+ !m to r$eem ! valleys (

 ! ,tic9o & ! ,rhone4 ,& ,i pray y to   
?9k ( ?is2 = ,i tell y truly--y :o c>e =
 ,italy--t bo? h] passions & h] m\nta9  
/reams are noble2 b t h] happ9ess dep5ds
 n on ! lib]ty1 b ! "r gov]nm5t (       
bo?4#ad   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ab3  
,report 7) extracts7 ( a pap] entitl$ ,a
 ,talk respect+ ,v]ona & its ,riv]s1    
read by ,mr4 ,rusk9 at ! ,weekly ,ev5+  
,meet+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great  
,brita91 ,feb4 #d?1 #ahgj4 ,see         
,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4  
vi41 p4 #ee4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #ac3    
,?is catalogue 7,london3 ,que5 ,/reet   
,pr9t+-,(fice1 #ahgj7 is pr9t$ bel[1 p4 
#aji1  #bdb seqq4--,,ed4  ,footnote #ad3
 ,see ,arr[s ( ! ,*ace4     ,,catalogue4
  7,see ante1 p4 #aja4--;,,ed47  ,draw+s
 & ,photographs1 illu/rative ( !        
,ar*itecture ( ,v]ona1 %[n at ! ,royal  
,in/itution1 ,feb4 #d?1 #ahgj4          
,,section ,i4 ,,nos4 #a ,,to #g4        
,,lomb>d4  #bdb4 7#a47 ,por* ( ! ,*ur* (
 ,/4 ,z5o4 7,photograph47       ,( !    
#ab? c5tury4  7#b47 ,por* ( ! ,s\?      

,entrance ( ! ,duomo4       ,probably ( 
! #aj? or #aa? c5tury1 & highly         
rem>kable = !      wildness ( its       
grotesque or mon/r\s sculpture1 :i* has 
be5      mo/ c>efully r5d]$ by !        
draughts-man1 ,mr4 ,bunney4       ,x w  
save space to note t ! sket*es by my two
 mo/      skillful & pati5t help]s1 ,mr4
 ,a4 ,burgess & ,mr4 ,bunney1 w      be 
respectively m>k$ 7,a7 & 7,b71 & my own 
7,r74  7#c47 ,por* ( ! ,we/]n ,entrance 
( ! ,duomo4 7,photograph47       ,lat] 9
 date--b /ill ( #ab? or v e>ly #ac?     
c5tury4      ,details ( x are giv5 9 !  
next draw+s4  #bdc4 7#d47 ,griff9 7,i   
keep ! intelligible old ,engli% spell+71
      su/a9+ ! ,pill> on ! ,nor? ,side (
 ! ,por* se5 9 ,no4 #c4      7,r47      
,pa9t$ la/ summ]4       ,i engrav$ 8    
head & brea/1 se5 f ! o!r side1 9 !     
plate ( ,true & ,false ,griff9s1 9      
,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,only !      back ( !   
head & neck ( ! small dragon he holds 9 
8      =e-claws c be se5 f ?is side4    
7#e47 ,capital ( ! ,pill> su/a9$ by !   

,griff91 ( :i* ! base      is se5 9 ,no4
 #d4 7,a47       ,fir/-rate sculpture ( 
! "t1 & admirably drawn4  7#f47 ,portion
 ( decorative ,lomb>dic mold+ f ! ,s\?  
,side ( !      ,duomo4 7,a47       ,%[+ 
! peculi> wri?+ ( ! bran*$ trac]y ) a   
s]p5t9e flexure--altoge!r diff]5t f !   
spr++ l9es      ( ,go?ic ornam5t4 ,x    
w\ld be almo/ impossible to draw ?is    
bett]2 x is mu* m l ! real ?+ ?an a ca/ 
w\ld be4  7#g47 ,lion1 ) ,dragon 9 its  
claws1 ( ,lomb>dic sculpture 7n[ built  
into a wall at ,v5ice72 above x1 head ( 
"o ( ! ,dogs :i*      support ! ,tomb ( 
,c ,gr&e1 at ,v]ona4 7,r47       ,!     
lion--9 its emaciat$ /r5g?1 & ! s]p5t ) 
its vital      wri! & deadly rev]t$     
bite1 are bo? *>act]i/ic ( !      f9e/  
,lomb>d "w4 ,! dog's head is #ad? c5tury
 ,go?ic--a      ma/]piece ( broad1      
subtle1 easy sculpture1 gett+ expression
      ) e t\*1 & nev] los+ ! lea/       
undulation ( surface1      :ile x utt]ly
 disda9s ! m]e imitation ( hair1 or     
atta9m5t      ( effect by deep cutt+4   

,,section ,,ii4 ,,nos4 #h ,,to #ch4     
,,go?ic4  #bdd4 7#h47 ,nor? ,por* ( !   
,*ur* ( ,/4 ,f]mo4 #ac? c5tury4 7,b47   
,mr4 ,bunney's draw+ is s fai?ful &     
c>eful z almo/ to enable      !         
spectator to imag9e himself on ! spot4  
,! details ( ?is      por* are among !  
mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! ,go?ic ( ,italy1 b ,i   
0 oblig$1 la/ ye>1 to be cont5t ) ?is   
g5]al view1 tak5      9 t]ror ( ! :ole  
be+ re/or$2 & ) ! two foll[+            
draw+s4  7#i47 ,base ( ! ,c5tral ,pill>4
 ,nor? ,por*1 ,/4 ,f]mo4 7,b47       ,9 
facsimile1 z ne>ly z possible1 & ( !    
real size1 to %[      ! p]petual v>iety 
9 ! t\*2 & 9 ! disposition & size      (
 ! masses4  7#aj47 ,%aft-,capitals ( !  
,int]ior ,ar* ( ! ,nor? ,por*1 ,/4      
,f]mo4 7,b47       ,contriv$ s t1 :ile  
appe>+ symmetrical1 & ev5               
monoton\s1 n "o lobe ( any ( ! leaves   
%all be l      ano!r4       ,q sup]b 9 !
 orig9al1 b griev\sly difficult to draw1
 &      los+1 9 ?is sket*1 mu* ( _!     
grace4  #bde4 7#aa47 ,we/]n ,door ( !   

,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ana/asia1 ) ! ,tomb      ( 
! ,c\nt ( ,ca/elb>co on ! left1 ov] !   
ar*4 7,photograph47       ,9 ! door1 its
 c5tral pill>1 c>v$ l9tels & encompass+ 
l>ge po9t$ ar*1 ) its deep mold+s &     
flank+ %afts1 are      ( ! f9e/ ,v]onese
 #ac? c5tury "w4 ,! two m9or po9t$      
ar*es are ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! flank+    
pila/]s1 ) d\ble      panels & g>l&s    
above1 are ! beg9n+ ( a faade int5d$    
to h be5 erect$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury4        
,! ,c\nt ( ,ca/elb>co1 ! ,*ancellor ( ,c
 ,gr&e della ,scala1      di$ ab\t ! ye>
 #accj1 & 8 tomb _c be mu* lat] 9       
date4       ,! details ( ?is gr\p (     
build+s are illu/rat$ "u !      numb]s  
next 9 s]ies4  7#ab47 ,pill>s & ,l9tels 
( ! ,we/]n ,door ( ,/4 ,ana/asia4       
7,photograph47       ,! sculpture ( !   
l9tel is fir/ notable = its concise &   
int5se /ory ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/4    #a4 ,!
 ,annunciation4 7,bo? ,virg9 & ,angel   
kneel+47    #b4 ,! ,nativity4    #c4 ,! 
,epiphany4 7,*os5 z a sign ( life giv]  
to !      ,g5tiles47    #d4 ,*ri/ be>+  

,8 ,cross4 7,*os5 z a sign ( ,8         
p]sonal life 9 its entirety47    #e4 ,! 
,crucifixion4    #f4 ,! ,resurrection4  
,secondly4 ,z sculpture1 ?is l9tel %[s  
all ! pr9cipal      features ( !        
*>act]i/ic #ac? c5tury design ( ,v]ona4 
,dim9utive & /unt$ figures2 ! heads ugly
 9 features1 /]n      9 expression2 b ! 
drap]y exquisitely dispos$ 9 m9ute b    
n deep-cut folds4  7#ac47 ,! ,angels on 
! left h& ( ! subject ( ! ,resurrection 
9       ,no4 #ab4 7,a47       ,drawn (  
its actual size1 excell5tly4       ,!   
appe>ance ( fusion & s(tness 9 ! cont\rs
 is n caus$      by "t1 b is int5tional1
 & rea*$ by great skill 9 !             
sculptor1 fai?fully r5d]$ 9 ! draw+4    
7#ad47 ,sket* ( ! ,capital ( ! ,c5tral  
,pill> 9 ,no4 #ab4 7,r47       7,)      
slight notes ( a #af? c5tury bracket ( a
 /reet balcony on      ea* side47       
,drawn to %[ ! f9e curvatures & s(tness 
( treatm5t 9      ,v]onese sculpture (  
widely sep>at$ p]iods4  #bdf4 7#ae47    
,unf9i%$ ,sket* ( ! ,ca/elb>co ,tomb1   

se5 f "o (      ! w9d[s ( ! ,hotel ( !  
,two ,t[]s4 7,r47       ,t inn 0 itself 
"o ( ! palaces ( ! ,scalig]s2 & !       
travel] %\ld endeavor always to imag9e !
 effect ( ! little      ,squ>e ( ,/a4   
,ana/asia :5 ! range ( its build+s 0    
complete2 ! ,ca/elb>co ,tomb on "o side1
 ?is ,go?ic palace on      ! o!r1 & !   
great door ( ! *ur* betwe54 ,! masonry (
      ! canopy ( ?is tomb 0 s lock$ &   
dove-tail$ t x /ood      balanc$ almo/  
)\t cem5t2 b ( late1 ow+ to !           
p]mission giv5 to heavily load$ c>ts to 
pass cont9ually "u      ! ar*way1 !     
/ones 7 s loos5$ by ! vibration t !     
old ro( became unsafe1 & 0 remov$1 & a  
f9e smoo? "o (      trimly cut :ite /one
 sub/itut$1 :ile ,i 0 pa9t+ ! re/      (
 ! tomb1 aga9/ "t4 ,h5ce ! unf9i%$      
condition ( my      sket* ! la/ t c ev] 
be tak5 ( ! tomb z x 0 built4  7#af47 ,!
 ,ca/elb>co ,tomb1 se5 lat]ally4 7,b47  
,a mo/ c>eful draw+1 leav+ little to be 
desir$ 9 realization      ( ! subject4  
,x is tak5 s ne> ! tomb z to make !     

p]spective awkw>d1 b ,i lik$ ?is qua9t  
view bett] ?an m      di/ant ones4      
,! draw+ ( ! ar*way1 & ( ! d>k gray & r$
 masonry (      ! tomb is v beautiful4  
#bdg4 7#ag47 ,lion ) ,h9d 9 its ,claws4 
7,a47       ,! support ( ! s>cophagus1  
"u ! feet ( ! recumb5t      figure 9 !  
,ca/elb>co ,tomb4  7#ah47 ,lion )       
,dragon 9 its claws4 7,a47       ,!     
support ( ! s>cophagus at ! head ( !    
figure4  7#ai47 ,/4 ,luke4 7,a47        
,sculpture ( "o ( ! f\r small panels at 
! angles ( !      s>cophagus 9 !        
,ca/elb>co ,tomb4 ,i engrav$ ! ,/4 ,m>k 
=      ! illu/ration ( noble grotesque 9
 ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice4 ,b      ?is draw+ m 
p]fectly r5d]s ! /]n t\* ( ! old        
sculptor4  7#bj47 ,two ( ! ,spurs ( !   
bases ( ! ,nave ,pill>s 9 ! ,*ur*       
( ,/4 ,ana/asia4 7,a47       ,( ! real  
size4 ,n g5]ally se5 9 ! d>kness ( !    
,*ur*1      & v f9e 9 _! r\gh way4      
#bdh4 7#ba47 ,tomb ( ,c ,gr&e1 g5]al    
view4 7,r47       ,put toge!r "s "t     
s9ce1 f ,photograph & ,sket*es tak5 9   

! ye> #aheb2 & inaccurate1 b useful 9   
giv+ a g5]al idea4  7#bb47 ,tomb ( ,c   
,gr&e4 7,r47       ,sket* made c>efully 
on ! spot la/ ye>4 ,! s>cophagus        
unf9i%$2 ! details ( x w\ld n g into s  
small a space4  7#bc47 ,! ,s>cophagus & 
recumb5t ,/atue ( ,c ,gr&e1 drawn       
sep>ately4 7,r47       ,sket*$ on ! spot
 la/ ye>4 ,almo/ a faultless type (     
p[]ful      & solemn ,go?ic sculpture4  
7,c ,gr&e di$ 9 #acbi47  7#bd47 ,! ,two 
,dogs4 7,r47       ,! kneel+ ,madonna & 
sculpture ( "r h& upp] panel ( !        
,s>cophagus ( ,c ,gr&e4       ,! draw+ (
 ! panel is ( real size1 repres5t+ !    
,knight      at ! ,battle ( ,vic5za4    
7#be47 ,! ,cornice ( ! ,s>cophagus ( ,c 
,gr&e4 7,a47       ,( its real size1    
admirably drawn1 & q %[+ ! s(tness      
& ,correggio-l t\* ( its leafage1 & its 
symmetrical      =mality ( design1 :ile 
! fl[ ( e leaf is *angeful4  #bdi4      
7#bf47 ,/udy ( ! ,s>cophagus ( ! ,tomb (
 ,ma/9o ,,ii41      ,v]ona4 7,r47       
,sket*$ 9 #aheb4  7#bg47 ,head ( !      

recumb5t ,/atue ( ,ma/9o ,,ii4 7,a47    
,beautifully drawn by ,mr4 ,burgess4    
,c ,ma/9o ,,ii4 _h ?ree                 
daught]s3--,madonna ,beatrice 7call$    
aft]w>ds ! ,que51 = hav+ tutte le grazie
 *e i cieli      ponno conc$]e a fem9a1 
& always simply call$ by hi/orians      
,lady ,re9a della ,scala71 ,madonna     
,alta-luna1 & ,madonna ,v]de4      ,lady
 ,re9a m>ri$ ,b]nab ,visconti1 ,duke (  
,milan2 ,lady ,alta-luna1      ,l\is (  
,br&eb\rg2 & ,lady ,v]de1 ,gonzaga1     
,duke ( ,mantua4      ,_! fa!r di$ (    
,sov]eign melan*oly 9 #acej1 be+        
=ty-?ree ye>s old4  7#bh47 ,"p (        
,cornice ( ! ,s>cophagus ( ,ma/9o ,,ii4 
7,a47       ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ,go?ic
 cornices 9 ,italy2 its effect      be+ 
obta9$ ) extreme simplicity ( execution 
out ( two      ridges ( m>ble1 ea* cut  
fir/ into "o unit$ %>p edge all         
along1 & !n drill$ ?r\gh1 & model$ into 
leaf & fl[]4  7#bi47 ,sket*1 real size1 
( ! patt]n incis$ & pa9t$ on !          
drap]y ( ! ,tomb ( ,c ,ma/9o ,,ii4 7,r47

       ,x is wor? notice = ! v>iety (   
its patt]n2 obs]ve1 !      floral fill+s
 ( spaces resemble ea* o!r1 b are nev] !
      same4 ,!re is no end1 :5 "o beg9s 
draw+ detail ( ?is k9d      c>efully4   
,slight z x is1 ! sket* gives "s idea ( 
! easy      fl[ ( ! /one drap]y1 & ( !  
c>e tak5 by ! sculptor to      pa9t 8   
patt]n z if x 7 b5t at ! app>5t fold4   
#bej4 7#cj47 ,tomb ( ,c ,signorio della 
,scala4       ,samuel ,pr\t's sket* on !
 spot2 7aft]w>ds li?ograph$ by him      
9 8 ,sket*es 9 ,france & ,italy27 q     
admirable 9 feel+1      composition1 &  
concise ab/raction ( ess5tial "*4       
,! family palace ( ! ,scalig]s1 9 :i*   
,dante 0 receiv$1 is      se5 beh9d x4  
7#ca47 ,a s+le ni*e & "p ( ! iron-"w ( !
 ,tomb ( ,c       ,signorio4 7,r47      
,z se5 f ! palace ( ! ,scalig]s2 !      
rema9s ( ano!r      h\se ( ! same family
 are se5 9 ! little /reet beyond4       
7#cb47 ,/udy ( details ( ! top ( ! ,tomb
 ( ,c ,signorio4 7,r47       ,ne$+ m "w 
?an ,i _h "t =1 & q spoil$ by hurry2    

b int]e/+ 9 pieces "h & !re2 look1 =    
in/ance1 at      ! v>i$ size & design ( 
! crockets2 & beauty ( !      cornices4 
7#cc47 ,bracket "u ,s>cophagus (        
,giovanni della ,scala4 7,a47           
,*>act]i/ic ( ! f9e/ lat] treatm5t (    
fl[+ foliage4  #bea4 7#cd47 ,"p ( !     
front ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice4 7,r47 
,sket*$1 9 #aheb1 by measurem5t1 )      
extreme c>e2 & %[+      ! %>p w9d[      
trac]ies1 :i* are r>ely se5 9           
,photographs4  7#ce47 ,angle ( ! ,ducal 
,palace1 look+ ,seaw>d f ! ,piazzetta4  
7,r47       ,sket*$ la/ ye>1            
7re/orations be+ ?reat5$7 m]ely to %[   
! way 9 :i* ! light is let ?r\gh ! edges
 ( ! angle by      p5etration ( ! upp]  
capital1 & ( ! foliage 9 !              
sculpture bel[2 s t ! mass may n come   
unbrok5 aga9/ !      sky4  7#cf47       
,photograph ( ! ,angle ,capital ( ,upp] 
,arcade se5 9 ,no4 #cd4       ,%[+ !    
pi]c$ portions1 & _! treatm5t4          
7#cg-ch47 ,capitals ( ! ,upp] ,arcade4  
,%[+ ! gr&e/ treatm5t ( ar*itectural    

foliage atta9$ by      ! #ad? c5tury    
ma/]s2 massive = all purposes ( support2
      exquisitely s(t & ref9$ 9 cont\r1 
& faultlessly compos$4   ,,section      
,,iii4 ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,ma/]s4  #beb4     
7#ci47 ,/udy ( ! top ( ! ,pila/] next ! 
,ca/elb>co ,tomb4      7,r47       ,!   
wild fig leaves are unf9i%$2 = my       
assi/ant hav+      un=tunately %[n 8    
solicitude = _! pres]vation too         
en]getically to "s /reet boys :o 7 ?r[+ 
/ones at !m1      !y got a ladd]1 &     
root$ !m up ! same night4 ,! purple     
& f9e-gra9$ :ite m>bles ( ! pila/] are  
entirely      un9jur$ 9 surface by ?ree 
hundr$ ye>s' exposure4 ,! co>se         
:ite m>ble above has mold]$1 & is gray )
 li*5s4  7#dj47 ,/udy ( ! base ( ! same 
,pila/]1 & connect$ ,facade4       7,r47
       ,%[+ ! effect ( diff]5tly color$ 
m>bles arrang$ 9      c>efully inequal  
masses4  #bec4 7#da47 ,int]ior ,c\rt ( !
 ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice1 ) ,giant's    
,/air4 7,r47       ,sket*$ 9 #ahda1 &   
p]haps giv+ "s *>act]s :i* m      f9i%$ 

draw+ w\ld lose4  7#db47 ,! ,piazza d'  
,erbe1 ,v]ona4 7,r47       ,sket*$ 9    
#ahda1 %[+ g5]al effect & pretty gr\p+ (
 !      lat] ,v]onese build+s4  7#dc47  
,piazza de' ,signori1 ,v]ona4           
,sket*$ la/ ye>4 ,note ! bill adv]tis+  
,victor ,hugo's ,homme      qui rit1    
pa/$ on ! wall ( ! palace4       ,!     
great t[] is ( ! ,go?ic "t4 ,note its   
noble sweep (      delicately asc5d+    
curves slop$ inw>ds4  7#dd47 ,gate (    
,ru9$ ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,john1 ,v5ice4       
7,photograph47       ,exquisite 9 floral
 sculpture1 & f9i% ( /yle4  7#de47      
,haw?orn ,leaves1 f ! base ( ,pila/]1 9 
! ,*ur* ( ,/4       ,m>ia d ,miracoli1  
,v5ice4 7,r47       ,9 ! f9e/ /yle (    
floral sculpture4 ,x _c be surpass$ =   
p]fectness ( treatm5t2 especially = !   
obta9+ ( life &      s(tness1 by broad  
surfaces & f9e gr\p+4  7#df47 ,basrelief
 f "o ( ! ,inn] ,doors ( ! ,ducal       
,palace4       ,v noble1 & typical ( !  
pure /yle4  7#dg47 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ &  
o!r ,sa9ts4 7,cima da ,conegliano47     

,consummate "w2 b ! photograph1 ?\gh    
well tak51 d>k5s x      t]ribly4  7#dh47
 ,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna4 7,vettor     
,c>paccio47 7,photograph47  7#di47      
,madonna & ,sa9ts4 7,john ,bell9i47     
,portrait4 7,mantegna47                 
7,photographs47  7#ej47 ,madonna4 7,john
 ,bell9i47       ,) ,raphael's ,della   
,seggiola4 ,%[+ ! fir/ transition f     
! /yle ( ! ,ma/]s to t ( mod]n times4   
,! ,photographs 9 ! above s]ies are all 
f ! ,pictures      !mselves4            
,,*ri/ian ,,art ,,& ,,symbolism4#ae  ,a 
,,preface4   #bed4 ,! writ] ( ?is book  
has long be5 my fri5d1 & 9 ! e>ly days (
 fri5d%ip 0 my disciple4  ,b1 ( late1 ,i
 h be5 82 = he has devot$ himself       
e>ne/ly to ! /udy ( =ms ( ,*ri/ian ,art 
:i* ,i _h little opportunity ( exam9+1 &
 has be5 animat$ 9 t /udy by a          
brightness ( en?usiasm :i* has be5 long 
impossible to me4 ,kn[+ ?is1 & t he 0   
able p]fectly to fill :at mu/ o!rwise h 
be5 a rudely bridg$ *asm 9 my tea*+ at  
,ox=d1 ,i begg$ him to give ^! lectures1

 & to arrange !m = press4 ,& ?is he has 
done to please me2 & n[ t he has done x1
 ,i am1 9 "o s5se1 any?+ b pleas$3 = ,i 
l 8 writ+ bett] ?an my own1 & am m      
jeal\s ( x ?an ,i ?\ght x 0 9 me to be (
 any good "w--h[ mu* less ( my fri5d's6 
,i console myself by reflect+1 or at    
lea/ repeat+ to myself & endeavor+ to   
?9k1 t he c\ld n h f\nd out all ?is if  
,i _h n %[n him ! way4 ,b mo/ deeply &  
s]i\sly ,i am ?ankful = su* help1 9 a "w
 f> too great = my pres5t /r5g?2 help   
all ! m preci\s because my fri5d c br+  
to ! inve/igation ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art1 
& its influ5ce1 ! integrity & calmness (
 ! fai? 9 :i* x 0 wr\ght1 happi] ?an ,i 
9 hav+ be5 a p]sonal com=t] & help] (   
m51 fulfill+ 8 life 9 daily &           
unque/ionable duty2 :ile ,i h be51      
p]haps wrongly1 always hesitat+ly1      
p]suad+ myself t x 0 my duty to d ! ?+s 
:i* pleas$ me4  #bee4 ,also1 x has be5  
necess>y to mu* ( my analytical "w t ,i 
%\ld reg>d ! art ( e nation z mu* z     
possible f _! own natural po9t ( view2 &

 ,i h /riv5 s e>ne/ly to realize belief 
:i* ,i suppos$ to be false1 & s5tim5t   
:i* 0 =eign to my temp]1 t at la/ ,i    
sc>cely "k h[ f> ,i ?9k ) o!r p's m9ds1 
& see ) anyone's eyes b my own4 ,ev5 !  
ef=t to recov] my tempor>ily waiv$      
conviction occasionally fails2 & :at 0  
once secur$ to me becomes !oretical l ! 
re/4  ,b my old s*ol> has be5 protect$  
by 8 def9itely direct$ life f !         
temptations ( ?is speculative equity2 & 
,i believe 8 writ+s to conta9 ! true/   
expression yet giv5 9 ,engl& ( ! feel+s 
) :i* a ,*ri/ian g5tleman ( s5se & le>n+
 %\ld reg>d ! art produc$ 9 anci5t days1
 by ! dawn ( ! fai?s :i* /ill guide 8   
conduct & secure 8 peace4  #bef4 ,on all
 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,art1 ,mr4 ,tyr:itt
 & ,i are absolutely at "o2 b he has (t5
 ! bett] ( me 9 8 acute p]sonal k ( m5 &
 _! ways4 ,:5 we diff] 9 our ?\ghts (   
?+s1 x is because we "k !m on contr>y   
sides2 & (t5 8 side is t mo/ naturally  
se51 & :i* x is mo/ desirable to see4   
,!re is "o important matt]1 = in/ance1  

on :i* we are ?us app>5tly at issue1 &  
yet are n s 9 reality4 ,^! lectures %[1 
?r\gh\t1 ! mo/ beautiful & j rev]5ce =  
,mi*ael ,angelo1 & are ( especial value 
9 _! acc\nt ( him2 :ile ! la/ lecture on
 ,sculpture1#af :i* ,i gave at ,ox=d1 is
 entirely devot$ to exam9+ ! modes 9 :i*
 8 g5ius fail$1 & p]v]t$ t ( o!r m54 ,b 
,mi*ael ,angelo is great en\gh to make  
praise & blame alike necess>y1 & alike  
inadequate1 9 any true record ( him4 ,my
 fri5d sees him z a travel] sees f a    
di/ance "s noble m\nta9 range1 obscure 9
 gold5 cl\ds & purple %ade2 & ,i see him
 z a sull5 m9] w\ld ! same m\nta9s1 w&]+
 among _! precipices ?r\gh *ill ( /orm &
 sn[1 & disc]n+ t _! /r5g? 0 p]il\s & _!
 sub/ance /]ile4 ,bo? ( u see truly1 bo?
 p>tially2 ! complete tru? is ! witness 
( bo?4  #beg4 ,! notices ( ,holbe91 & ! 
,engli% :om he pa9t$ 7see especially !  
sket* ( ,sir ,?omas ,wyatt 9 ! six?     
lecture71 are to my m9d ( s+ul> value1 &
 ! t5or ( ! book ?r\gh\t1 z f> z ,i c   
judge--=1 z ,i said1 mu* ( x treats (   

subjects ) :i* ,i am unfamili>--s s\nd1 
& ! feel+ 9 x s w>m & true1 & true 9 !  
w>m? ( x1 t x refre%es me l ! sight ( ! 
?+s !mselves x speaks (4 ,new & vivid   
sight ( !m x w give to _m read]s2 & to  
all :o w reg>d my comm5dation ,i comm5d 
x2 ask+ ^? :o h hi!rto cr$it$ my tea*+  
to read ^! lectures z !y w\ld my own2 & 
tru/+ t o!rs1 :o h d\bt$ me1 w see      
reason to put fai? 9 my fri5d4          
,,pisa1 #cj? ,april1 #ahgb4             
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ae3 ,preface to
 ! above-nam$ book1 by ! ,rev4 ,/4 ,john
 ,tyr:itt4 ,london3 ,smi?1 ,eld]1  ,co41
 #ahgb4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #af3 ,see    
,mr4 ,rusk9's pamphlet on ,! ,relation (
 ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,t9toret1 be+       
7al?\gh sep>ately pr9t$7 ! sev5? lecture
 ( ! c\rse 7#ahgb7 publi%$ z ,aratra    
,p5telici--,,ed4     ,,art ,,s*ools ,,( 
,,m$i,,val ,,*ri/5dom4#ag  ,a ,,preface4
   #beh4 ,! numb] ( ,briti% & ,am]ican  
travel]s :o take unaffect$ int]e/ 9 !   
e>ly art ( ,europe is already l>ge1 & is
 daily increas+2 daily also1 z ,i       

?ankfully p]ceive1 feel+ !mselves m & m 
9 ne$ ( a guidebook conta9+ z mu*       
tru/wor?y indication z !y c use ( :at !y
 may mo/ rationally sp5d _! "t 9 exam9+4
 ,! books ( ref]5ce publi%$ by ,mr4     
,murray1 ?\gh ( extreme value to        
travel]s1 :o make x _! object to see 79 
81 & _!1 s5se ( ! ^w7 :atev] is to be   
se51 are ( none :atev]1 or may p]haps be
 consid]$1 ju/ly1 z ev5 ( q ! rev]se (  
value1 to travel]s :o wi% to see only   
:at !y may 9 simplicity und]/&1 & )     
pleasure rememb]2 :ile ! hi/ories ( art1
 & biographies ( arti/s1 to :i* ! m     
e>ne/ /ud5t 9 8 novitiate mu/ h rec\rse1
 are at once s volum9\s1 s vague1 & s   
contradictory1 t ,i _c myself conceive 8
 d]iv+ any o!r b5efit f _! /udy ?an a   
deep conviction ( ! difficulty ( !      
subject1 & ( ! inc]titude ( human       
op9ions4  #bei4 ,x seem$ to me1 on read+
 ! essays collect$ 9 ?is volume1 z !y   
appe>$ 9 ! p]iodical#ah = :i* !y 7      
writt51 t ! au?or n only possess$ h]self
 a v true disc]nm5t ( ! qualities 9     

m$ival art :i* 7 ju/ly des]v+ ( praise1 
b _h unusually cle> und]/&+ ( ! degree 9
 :i* %e might expect to cultivate su*   
disc]nm5t 9 ! g5]al m9d ( polite        
travel]s2 nor h ,i less admir$ h]       
aptitude 9 collation ( ess5tially       
illu/rative facts1 s z to br+ ! hi/ory (
 a v widely contemplative range ( art   
into t5able compass & v graceful &      
s]viceable =m4 ,h] read+1 inde$1 has    
be51 ) respect to _m v int]e/+ p]iods ( 
religi\s workman%ip1 mu* m ext5sive ?an 
my own2 & :5 ,i cons5t$ to edit ! volume
 ( collect$ pap]s1 x 0 n )\t ! assurance
 ( consid]able advantage to myself dur+ 
! labor ( revis+ !m4  #bfj4 ,! revision1
 h[ev]1 ,i am sorry to say1 has be5     
int]rupt$ & imp]fect1 v necess>ily ! la/
 f ! ignorance ,i h j confess$ ( m ?an  
"o segm5t ( ! great illum9at$ field (   
e>ly religi\s art1 to :i* ! writ] mo/   
wisely has direct$ equal & symmetrical  
att5tion1 & int]rupt$ p>tly "u extreme  
pressure ( o!r occupation1 & p>tly 9 v  
fe> ( be+ tempt$ to oppress ! s]5ity ( !

 g5]al prospect1 :i* ,i ?9k ^! essays   
are em95tly calculat$ to op5 be=e an    
+5i\s read]1 ) ! /ormy *i>oscuro ( my   
own pref]5ce & reprobation4 ,i leave !  
"w1 !re=e1 absolutely ,miss ,ow5's1 )   
occasional note ( remon/rance1 b )\t    
ret\*1 ?\gh x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t
 :5 ,i all[ my "n to /& z ! editor ( a  
book1 x is 9 no m]e complim5t 7if my    
editor%ip c\ld inde$ be held z su*7 to !
 g5ius or m]it ( ! au?or2 b x means t ,i
 hold myself entirely responsible1 9 ma9
 po9ts1 = ! accuracy ( ! views advanc$1 
& t ,i wi% ! "w to be receiv$1 by ^? :o 
h confid5ce 9 my =m] tea*+1 z an        
ext5sion & application ( ! p>ts ( x :i* 
,i h felt to be incomplete4             
,,ox=d1 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahge4            
,,note4--,! notes ( remon/rance or      
approbation      scatt]$ ?r\gh ! volume 
are n num]\s4 ,!y are giv5      bel[1   
prec$$ 9 ea* case by ! 7italiciz$7      
/atem5t or      expression3 giv+ rise to
 !m3--       7#a7 ,p4 #gc4 ,! peculi>   
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,byzant9e *ur*es      is 

! dome4 ,=m d]iv$ fir/ f ! ,catacombs4  
,see ,"l      ,l9dsay4       7#b7 ,p4   
#hi4 ,! octagon bapti/ry at ,flor5ce1   
ascrib$ to ,lomb>d      k+s4444 ,no2 x  
is ,etruscan "w ( pure desc5t4          
7#c7 ,id4 ,s4 ,mi*ele1 ( ,pavia1 pure   
,lomb>d ( sev5? c5tury1      rebuilt 9  
t5?4 ,*ur*es 7 (t5 rebuilt ) _!         
orig9al sculptures4 ,i believe _m 9 ?is 
*ur* to be ,lomb>d4      ,see next page4
       7#d7 ,p4 #ie4 ,! revolution begun
 by ,rafaelle has end$ 9 !      vulg>   
pa9t+1 ! s5tim5tal pr9ts1 & ! color$    
/atuettes1 :i* h made ! religi\s art ( !
 n9ete5?      c5tury a by-^w = its      
feebl5ess on ! "o side1 its             
sup]/ition on ! o!r4 ,excell5t2 b my    
good s*ol> has      n di/+ui%$ vulg> f  
non-vulg> naturalism4 ,p]haps %e      w 
z ,i read on4       ,comp>e ! la/ note 9
 ! book1 pp4 #dhg-h1 :]e ,miss ,ow5's   
/atem5t t ! cause ( ,rafaelle's         
popul>ity 444 has be5      t pr$om9ance 
( exagg]at$ dramatic repres5tation1 :i* 
9      8 pictures is visible above all  

moral & spiritual qualities1      is    
not$ to be ,int5sely & accurately true4 
7#e7 ,p4 #ajh4 ,x may be 444 x is       
sc>cely cr$ible4 ,:at does      x matt] 
:at may be or :at is sc>cely cr$ible8 ,i
 hope !      read] w consid] :at a wa/e 
( "t ! ?9k+ ( ?+s is      :5 we c nev]  
rightly "k !m4       7#f7 ,p4 #aji4 ,on 
! /atem5t t no vital s*ool ( art has ev]
      exi/$ save z ! expression ( !     
vital & unque/ion$ fai?      ( a p1     
foll[$ by "s rem>ks on ext]nal helps to 
devotion1 !re is a note at ! ^w p4 ,d[n 
to ?is l9e      ?is page is             
unque/ionably & entirely true4 ,i d n   
answ] =      ! re/ ( ! clause1 b d n    
dispute x4       7#g7 ,p4 #aac4 ,s4     
,mi*ele at ,lucca4 ,! *ur* is n[ only a 
mod]n      ar*itect's copy4       7#h7  
,p4 #abi4 ,!re is a good model ( ?is    
pulpit 7,niccola's 9      ! ,pisan      
,bapti/ry7 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ?r\gh  
:i* we      may le>n mu* ( ! rise (     
,go?ic sculpture4 ,y _c d      any?+ ( !
 k9d4 ,pisan sculpture c only be /udi$ 9

 !      orig9al m>ble2 half its virtue  
is 9 ! *isel+4       7#i7 ,p4 #acf4 ,s4 
,donato's %r9e 7by ,giovanni ,picano7 9 
,arezzo      ,ca!dral is "o ( ! f9e/    
monum5ts ( ! ,pisan s*ool4      ,no4 ,he
 tri$ to be too f9e1 & ov]did x4 ,! "w  
is m]ely      accumulat$ commonplace4   
7#aj7 ,p4 #agj4 ,on ,giotto draw+ )\t   
compasses a circle ) a      crayon1 n a 
bru%1 ) :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,rusk9 expla9$1
      ! feat w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,see
 ',giotto & 8 ,works 9      ,padua4'    
,don't2 b practice ) a camel's-hair bru%
 till y      c d x4 ,i knew no?+ (      
bru%-"w prop] :5 ,i wrote t      essay  
on ,padua4       7#aa7 ,p4 #agi4 ,9 !   
fir/ ( ! bas-reliefs ( ,giotto's t[] at 
,flor5ce1 ,noah lies asleep1 or1 z      
,pr(essor ,rusk9 ma9ta9s1      drunk4 ,i
 don't 'ma9ta9' any?+ ( ! sort2 ,i "k x4
 ,he      is z drunk z a man c be1 & !  
expression ( drunk5ness      giv5 )     
delib]ate & int5se skill1 z on ! angle (
 !      ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice4       
7#ab7 ,p4 #agi4 ,on ,giotto's a/ronomy1 

figur$ by an old man on      ! same t[]4
 ,above :i* are se51 by ! a/ronomy ( 8  
he>t1 ! heav5ly ho/ repres5t$ above !   
/>s4       7#ac7 ,p4 #aij4 ,! ,loggia   
dei ,langi 7at ,flor5ce7 444 ! r\nd     
ar*es1 new to ^? times 444 ,see ,vas>i4 
,vas>i is an ass )      preci\s ?+s 9 8 
panni]s2 b y mu/ n ask 8 op9ion      on 
any matt]4 ,! r\nd ar*es new to ^? times
 _h be5 !      univ]sal /ructure =m 9   
all ,italy1 ,roman or ,lomb>d1 feebly & 
reluctantly po9t$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 
occasionally1 z      9 ! ,campo ,santo (
 ,pisa1 & ,orcagna's own ,or ,san       
,mi*ele1      /&+ )9 ?ree hundr$ y>ds ( 
! ,loggia ar*es 'new to      ^? times1' 
fill$ ) trac]y1 itself compos$ (        
int]sect+      r\nd ar*es4 ,n[1 x does n
 matt] two soldi to ! hi/ory (      art 
:o built1 b :o design$ & c>v$ ! ,loggia4
 ,x is out      & out ! gr&e/ 9 ,italy1 
& its ar*aic virtues !mselves      are  
impracticable & inconceivable4 ,i don't 
v\* = its be+      ,orcagna's1 nor d ,i 
v\* = ! ,campo ,santo frescoes be+ 84 ,i

      h nev] specially /udi$ him2 nor d 
,i "k :at m5 ( might      !re 7 to "w ) 
or aft] him4 ,b ,i "k ! ,loggia to be   
mighty ar*itecture ( ,orcagna's /yle &  
"t1 & ! ,la/      ,judgm5t & ,triumph ( 
,dea? 9 ! ,campo ,santo to be ! /]ne/   
lessons writt5 on ! walls ( ,tuscany1 & 
wor? m /udy alone      ?an ,engli%      
travel]s usually give to ,pisa1 ,lucca1 
,pi/oja1 &      ,flor5ce altoge!r4      
7#ad7 ,p4 #dfh4 ,! ,go?ic /yle = *ur*es 
nev] took root 9      ,v5ice4 ,n q      
correct4 ,! ,ducal ,palace trac]ies are 
%[n      9 ! ',/ones ( ,v5ice' 7vol4    
ii47 to h be5 f\nd$ on ^?      ( !      
,fr>i4       7#ae7 ,p4 #dga4 ,mantegna4 
,no feel+ _h he = vital beauty (        
human face1 or ! l[] creatures ( ! e>?4 
,to ?is ,miss      ,ow5 adds 9 a note1  
,pr(essor ,rusk9 rem9ds me to notice "h1
      9 qualification1 ,mantegna's p[] (
 pa9t+ inanimate =ms1 z1      e4 g41 9 !
 trees & leaves ( 8 ,madonna ( !        
,national      ,gall]y4 ',he is1' says  
,pr(essor ,rusk91 '! mo/ wond]ful       

leaf-pa9t] ( ,lomb>dy4'   ,,footnotes3  
,footnote #ag3 ,preface to ! above-nam$ 
book by ,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,ow51 edit$ by    
,mr4 ,rusk94 ,london3 ,mozley  ,smi?1   
#ahgf4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #ah3 ,!       
,mon?ly ,packet4--,,ed4     ,,!         
,,ext5sion ,,( ,,railways ,,9 ,,! ,,lake
 ,,di/rict4#ai  ,a ,,prote/4   #bfa4 ,! 
evid5ce collect$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 9    
support ( _! plead+1 is s complete1 & ! 
summ>y ( 8 cause giv5 ) s temp]ate ma/]y
 by ,mr4 ,som]vell1 t ,i f9d no?+ to add
 9 circum/ance1 & little to re-en=ce 9  
argum5t4 ,& ,i h less he>t to ! writ+   
ev5 ( :at brief preface s good "w might 
by its au?or's c\rtesy be p]mitt$ to    
receive f me1 occupi$ z ,i s long h be5 
9 ef=ts t5d+ 9 ! same direction1        
because1 on t v acc\nt1 ,i am f> less   
int]e/$ ?an my fri5d 9 ?is local &      
limit$ resi/ance to ! else:]e fatally   
victori\s curr5t ( mod]n folly1 cruelty1
 & ru94 ,:5 ! fr5zy ( av>ice is daily   
dr[n+ our sailors1 suffocat+ our m9]s1  
poison+ our *ildr51 & bla/+ ! cultivable

 surface ( ,engl& into a treeless wa/e (
 a%es1#bj :at does x really matt] :e!r a
 flock ( %eep1 m or less1 be driv5 f !  
slopes ( ,helvellyn1 or ! little pool ( 
,?irlm]e fill$ ) %ale1 or a few wild    
blossoms ( ,/4 ,john's vale lo/ to !    
coronal ( ,engli% spr+8 ,little to      
anyone2 &--let me say ?is1 at lea/1 9 ! 
outset ( all say+--no?+ to me4 ,no "o   
ne$ *>ge me ) selfi%ness 9 any ^w or    
action = def5se ( ^! mossy hills4 ,i d n
 move1 ) su* small activity z ,i h yet  
%[n 9 ! bus9ess1 because ,i live at     
,coni/on 7:]e no s\nd ( ! iron :eels by 
,dunmail ,raise c rea* me71 nor because 
,i c f9d no o!r place to rememb]        
,wordswor? by1 ?an ! daffodil m>g9 ( 8  
little ,rydal m>%4 ,:at ?\ghts & "w are 
yet be=e me1 su* z he taught1 mu/ be    
indep5d5t ( any n>r[ associations4 ,all 
my own de> m\nta9 gr\nds &              
treasure-cities1 ,*am\ni1 ,int]la*51    
,luc]ne1 ,g5eva1 ,v5ice1 are long ago   
de/roy$ by ! ,european populace2 & n[1 =
 my own "p1 ,i don't c>e :at m !y d2 !y 

may dra9 ,lo* ,katr9e1 dr9k ,lo*        
,lomond1 & bl[ all ,wales & ,cumb]l&    
into a heap ( slate %+le2 ! _w is wide  
en\gh yet to f9d me "s refuge dur+ !    
days appo9t$ = me to /ay 9 x4 ,b x is no
 less my duty1 9 ! cause ( ^? to :om !  
sweet l&scapes ( ,engl& are yet preci\s1
 & to :om !y may yet tea* :at !y taught 
me1 9 e>ly boyhood1 & w\ld /ill if ,i _h
 x n[ to le>n1--x is my duty to plead ) 
:at e>ne/ness ,i may1 t ^! sacr$        
sibyll9e books may be r$eem$ f p]i%+4   
#bfb4 ,b aga91 ,i am *eck$1 because ,i  
don't "k h[ to speak to ! p]sons :o ne$ 
to be spok5 to 9 ?is matt]4  ,suppose ,i
 7 sitt+1 :]e /ill1 9 mu*-*ang$ ,ox=d1  
,i am happy to f9d myself1 9 "o ( !     
little lattic$ cells ( ! ,bodleian      
,libr>y1 & my k9d & mu*-lov$ fri5d1 ,mr4
 ,coxe1 7 to come to me ) news t x 0    
propos$ to s5d n9e hundr$ excursioni/s  
?r\gh ! libr>y e day1 9 ?ree p>ties (   
?ree hundr$ ea*2 t x 0 int5d$ !y %\ld   
elevate _! m9ds by read+ all ! books !y 
c\ld lay hold ( :ile !y /ay$2--& t      

practically sci5tific p]sons accompany+ 
!m 7 to look out = & burn all !         
manuscripts t _h any gold 9 _!          
illum9ations1 t ! said gold might be    
made ( practical s]vice2 b t he1 ,mr4   
,coxe1 c\ld n1 = 8 "p1 sympa?ize ) !    
movem5t1 & hop$ ,i w\ld write some?+ 9  
deprecation ( x6 ,z ,i %\ld !n feel1 ,i 
feel n[1 at ,mr4 ,som]vell's reque/ t ,i
 w\ld write him a preface 9 def5se (    
,helvellyn4 ,:at c\ld ,i say = ,mr4     
,coxe8 ,( c\rse1 t n9e hundr$ p %\ld see
 ! libr>y daily1 in/ead ( "o1 is only   
fair to ! n9e hundr$1 & if !re is gold 9
 ! books1 is x n public prop]ty8 ,if !re
 is copp] or slate 9 ,helvellyn1 %all n 
! public burn or hamm] x out--& !y say  
!y w1 ( c\rse--9 spite ( u8 ,:at does x 
signify to !m h[ we poor old quiet      
read]s 9 ?is m\nta9 libr>y feel8 ,true1 
we "k well en\gh1--:at ! n9e hundr$     
excursioni/ s*ol>s don't--t ! libr>y c't
 be read q ?r\gh 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r2    
also1 t !re is a pleasure 9 real read+1 
q diff]5t f t ( turn+ pages2 & t gold 9 

a missal1 or slate 9 a crag1 may be m   
preci\s ?an 9 a bank or a *imney-pot4 ,b
 h[ are ^! practical p to cr$it u1--^!1 
:o _c read1 nor ev] w2 & :o h be5 taught
 t no?+ is virtu\s b c>e = _! bellies1 &
 no?+ useful b :at goes into !m8  #bfc4 
,:e!r to be cr$it$ or n1 ! real facts ( 
! matt]1 made cle> z !y are 9 ! foll[+  
pages1 c be briefly /at$ = !            
consid]ation ( any c&id p]son4  ,!      
argum5ts 9 favor ( ! new railway are 9 !
 ma9 f\r1 & may be ?us answ]$4  #a4 ,!re
 are m9]al treasures 9 ! di/rict capable
 ( developm5t4  ,answ]4 ,x is a wick$   
fiction1 got up by :osoev] has got x up1
 simply to *eat %>ehold]s4 ,e lead &    
copp] ve9 9 ,cumb]l& has be5 kn[n =     
c5turies2 ! copp] ( ,coni/on does n pay2
 & !re is none s ri* 9 ,helvellyn4 ,& ! 
ma9 c5tral volcanic rocks1 ?r\gh :i* !  
track lies1 produce nei!r slate nor     
hematite1 :ile !re is en\gh ( !m at     
,llanb]is & ,dalton to ro( & iron-grate 
all ,engl& into "o va/ ,b$lam1 if x     
hone/ly p]ceives itself 9 ne$ ( t       

accommodation4  #b4 ,! sc5]y mu/ be made
 accessible to ! public4  ,answ]4 ,x is 
m ?an accessible already2 ! public are  
pit*$ into x head-=emo/1 & necess>ily   
miss two-?irds ( x4 ,! ,lake sc5]y      
really beg9s1 on ! s\?1 at ,lanca/]1 :]e
 ! ,cumb]l& hills are se5 ov] ,morecambe
 ,bay2 on ! nor?1 at ,c>lisle1 :]e !    
moors ( ,skiddaw are se5 ov] ! ri* pla9s
 betwe5 !m & ! ,solway4 ,no "o :o loves 
m\nta9s w\ld lose a /ep ( ! approa*1 f  
^! di/ances1 on ei!r side4 ,b ! /upid   
h]ds ( mod]n t\ri/s let !mselves be     
empti$1 l coals f a sack1 at ,w9d]m]e & 
,keswick4 ,hav+ got !re1 :at ! new      
railway has to d is to %ovel ^? :o h    
come to ,keswick to ,w9d]m]e1 & to %ovel
 ^? :o h come to ,w9d]m]e to ,keswick4  
,& :at !n8  #c4 ,b *eap & swift transit 
is necess>y = ! work+ population1 :o    
o!rwise c\ld n see ! sc5]y at all4      
,answ]4 ,aft] all y\r %riek+ ab\t :at ! 
op]atives sp5d 9 dr9k1 c't y tea* !m to 
save en\gh out ( _! ye>'s wages to pay =
 a *aise & pony = a day1 to drive       

,missis & ! ,baby t pleasant tw5ty      
miles1 /opp+ :5 !y l1 to unpack ! basket
 on a mossy bank8 ,if !y c't enjoy !    
sc5]y t way1 !y c't any way2 & all t y\r
 railroad company c d = !m is only to   
op5 tav]ns & skittle gr\nds r\nd        
,grasm]e1 :i* w soon1 !n1 be no?+ b a   
pool ( dra9age1 ) a bea* ( brok5 g+]be] 
bottles2 & _! m9ds w be no m improv$ by 
contemplat+ ! sc5]y ( su* a lake ?an (  
,blackpool4  #d4 ,:at else is to be     
said8 ,i prote/ ,i c f9d no?+1 unless t 
eng9e]s & contractors mu/ live4 ,let !m 
live1 b 9 a m useful & honorable way ?an
 by keep+ ,old ,b>?olomew ,fair "u      
,helvellyn1 & mak+ a /eam m]ry-g-r\nd ( 
! lake c\ntry4  ,!re are roads to be    
m5d$1 :]e ! p>i% w n m5d !m1 h>bors (   
refuge ne$$1 :]e our deck-load$ %ips are
 9 helpless dang]2 get y\r commissions &
 divid5ds :]e y "k t "w is ne$$1 n :]e !
 be/ y c d is to p]suade pleasure-seek]s
 into giddi] idl5ess4  #bfd4 ,! argum5ts
 br\ght =w>d by ! promot]s ( ! railway  
may ?us be summ>ily answ]$4 ,( ^? urg$ 9

 ! foll[+ pamphlet 9 def5se ( ! c\ntry z
 x is1 ,i c>e only myself to direct !   
read]'s att5tion to "o 7see pp4 #bg1    
#bh71 ! c]ta9ty1 namely1 ( !            
det]ioration ( moral "* 9 ! inhabitants 
( e di/rict p5etrat$ by a railway4 ,:]e 
!re is little moral "* to be lo/1 ?is   
argum5t has small weight4 ,b ! ,bord]   
peasantry ( ,scotl& & ,engl&1 pa9t$ )   
absolute fidelity by ,scott & ,wordswor?
 7= lead+ types out ( ?is exhau/less    
portraiture1 ,i may "n ,d&ie ,d9mont &  
,mi*ael71 are hi!rto a sc>cely injur$   
race1 ^: /r5g? & virtue yet survive to  
repres5t ! body & s\l ( ,engl& be=e h]  
days ( me*anical decrepitude & comm]cial
 di%onor4 ,!re are m5 work+ 9 my own    
fields :o might h f\ght ) ,h5ry ! ,fif? 
at ,ag9c\rt )\t be+ disc]n$ f among 8   
knights2 ,i c take my tradesm5's ^w = a 
?\s& p\nds2 my g>d5 gate op5s on ! lat* 
to ! public road1 by day & night1 )\t   
fe> ( any foot ent]+ b my own1 & my     
girl-gue/s may w&] by road1 or moorl&1  
or ?r\gh e bosky dell ( ?is wild wood1  

free z ! hea!r bees or squirrels4  ,:at 
effect1 on ! "* ( su* a population1 w be
 produc$ by ! influx ( t ( ! suburbs (  
our manufactur+ t[ns1 !re is evid5ce    
en\gh1 if ! read] c>es to asc]ta9 !     
facts1 9 e newspap] on 8 morn+ table4   
#bfe4 ,& n[ "o f9al ^w conc]n+ ! propos$
 b5eficial effect on ! m9ds ( ^? :om y  
s5d to corrupt u4  ,i h said ,i take no 
selfi% int]e/ 9 ?is resi/ance to !      
railroad4 ,b ,i d take an unselfi% "o4  
,x is precisely because ,i passionately 
wi% to improve ! m9ds ( ! populace1 &   
because ,i am sp5d+ my own m9d1 /r5g?1 &
 =tune1 :olly on t object1 t ,i don't   
want to let !m see ,helvellyn :ile !y   
are drunk4 ,i suppose few m5 n[ liv+ h s
 e>ne/ly felt--none c]ta9ly h s e>ne/ly 
decl>$--t ! beauty ( nature is !        
bless$e/ & mo/ necess>y ( lessons = m52 
& t all o!r ef=ts 9 education are futile
 till y h taught y\r p to love fields1  
birds1 & fl[]s4 ,come !n1 my b5evol5t   
fri5ds1 jo9 ) me 9 t tea*+4 ,i h be5 at 
x all my life1 & )\t pride1 d solemnly  

assure y t ,i "k h[ x is to be manag$4  
,i _c inde$ tell y1 9 ?is %ort preface1 
h[1 completely1 to fulfill s glori\s a  
task4 ,b ,i c tell y cle>ly1 in/antly1 &
 emphatically1 9 :at temp] y mu/ set    
ab\t x4 ,"h are y1 a ,*ri/ian1 a        
g5tleman1 & a tra9$ s*ol>2 !re is y\r   
subject ( education--a ,godless cl[n1 9 
helpless ignorance4 ,y c pres5t no m    
bless$ (f]+ to ,god ?an t human         
creature1 rais$ into fai?1 g5tl5ess1 & !
 k ( ! works ( 8 ,"l4 ,b obs]ve ?is--y  
mu/ n hope to make s noble an (f]+ to   
,god ( t :i* do? co/ y no?+6 ,y mu/ be  
resolv$ to labor1 & to lose1 y\rself1   
be=e y c rescue ?is ov]labor$ lo/ %eep1 
& (f] x alive to its ,ma/]4 ,if !n1 my  
b5evol5t fri5d1 y are prep>$ to take out
 y\r two p5ce1 & to give !m to ! ho/s "h
 9 ,cumb]l&1 say+--,take c>e ( him1 &   
:atsoev] ?\ sp5de/ m1 ,i w repay !e :5  
,i come to ,cumb]l& myself1 on ^!       
t]ms--oh my b5evol5t fri5ds1 ,i am ) y1 
h& & glove1 9 e ef=t y wi% to make = !  
enlight5m5t ( poor m5's eyes4 ,b if y\r 

motive is1 on ! contr>y1 to put two p5ce
 into y\r own purse1 /ol5 betwe5 !      
,j]usalem & ,j]i*o ( ,keswick &         
,ambleside1 out ( ! poor drunk5         
travel]'s pocket2--if y\r real object1 9
 y\r *>itable (f]+1 is1 n ev5 to l5d    
unto ! ,"l by giv+ to ! poor1 b to l5d  
unto ! ,"l by mak+ a divid5d out ( !    
poor2--!n1 my pi\s fri5ds1 en?usia/ic   
,ananias1 pitiful ,judas1 & sanctifi$   
,korah1 ,i w d my be/ 9 ,god's "n1 to   
/ay y\r h&s1 & /op y\r tongues4         
,,brantwood1 #bbnd ,june1 #ahgf4        
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ai3 ,preface to
 a pamphlet 7#ahgf7 entitl$ ,a ,prote/  
aga9/ ! ,ext5sion ( ,railways 9 ! ,lake 
,di/rict1 compil$ by ,rob]t ,som]vell   
7,w9d]m]e1 ,j4 ,g>nett2 ,london1        
,simpk91 ,m>%all  ,co474 ,! pamphlet    
also conta9$ a pr9t$ ann\ncem5t z       
foll[s3--,! au?or ( ',mod]n ,pa9t]s'    
e>ne/ly reque/s all p]sons :o may h tak5
 int]e/ 9 8 writ+s1 or :o h any p]sonal 
reg>d = him1 to assi/ him n[ 9 !        
circulation ( ! inclos$ pap]1 drawn up  

by 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,som]vell1 = ! def5se ( 
! ,lake ,di/rict ( ,engl&1 & to press ! 
appeal1 s ju/ly & temp]ately made 9 x1  
on ! att5tion ( _! p]sonal              
fri5ds4--,,ed4  ,footnote #bj3 ,see--!  
illu/ration be+ co9cid5tly giv5 z ,i    
correct ?is page = press--! description 
( ! horrible s]vice1 & hi/ory ( ! fatal 
explosion ( dynamite1 on ! once lovely  
e/ates ( ! ,duke ( ,hamilton1 9 !       
,hamilton ,adv]tis] ( #aj? & #ag? ,june4
     ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,art  
,,9 ,,l>ge ,,t[ns4#ba   #bff4 ,i h be5  
ask$ by ,mr4 ,horsfall to write a few   
words ( introduction to ! foll[+ pap]s4 
,! tru/ is a frank "o1 = our fri5d%ip   
has be5 long & intimate en\gh to assure 
_! au?or t my feel+s & ev5 practical    
convictions 9 _m respects diff] f 81 & 9
 "s1 relat+ especially to ! subjects "h 
treat$ (1 are ev5 oppos$ to 82 s t my   
private lett]s 7:i*1 to speak tru?1 he  
nev] att5ds to a ^w (7 are little m ?an 
a s]ies ( exhortations to him to        
s+--once = all--! beautiful ,cavali]    

ditty ( ,f>ewell1 ,man*e/]1 & p\r ! dew 
( 8 arti/ic b5evol5ce on less recusant  
gr\nd4 ,nev]!less1 z assur$ly he kn[s   
mu* m ( 8 own t[n ?an ,i d1 & z 8 m9d is
 evid5tly made up to d ! be/ he c = x1 !
 only ?+ left = me to d is to help him  
all ,i c 9 ! h>d task he has set        
himself1 or1 if ,i c't help1 at lea/ to 
be> witness to ! goodness ( ! se$ he has
 set himself to s[ among ?orns4 ,=1     
inde$1 ! pr9ciples on :i* he is work+   
are altoge!r true & s\nd2 & ! def9itions
 & def5se ( !m1 9 ?is pamphlet1 are     
among ! mo/ important pieces ( ,art     
tea*+ :i* ,i h ev] met ) 9 rec5t ,engli%
 lit]ature2 9 pa/ ,art-lit]ature !re _c 
( c\rse be any?+ p>allel to !m1 s9ce !  
difficulties to be met & mis*iefs to be 
dealt ) are :olly ( to-day4 ,& 9 all !  
practical sugge/ions & recomm5dations   
giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages ,i n only concur1 
b am myself mu* aid$ z ,i read !m 9 !   
giv+ =m to my own plans = ! museum at   
,%effield2 nor d ,i d\bt t !y w at once 
comm5d !mselves to e intellig5t & c&id  

read]4 ,b1 to my own m9d1 ! /atem5ts (  
pr9ciple on :i* ^! recomm5dations are   
bas$ are f> ! m valuable "p ( ! writ+s1 
= ^! are true & s]viceable = all "t1 & 9
 all places2 :ile 9 simplicity &        
lucidity !y are f> beyond any usually to
 be f\nd 9 essays on ,art1 & ! political
 significance ( ! laws ?us def9$ is     
really1 ,i believe1 "h = ! fir/ "t      
rightly grasp$ & illu/rat$4  #bfg4 ,(   
^!1 h[ev]1 ! "o ^: root is deepe/ &     
range wide/ w be d5i$ by _m read]s1 &   
d\bt$ by o!rs1 s t x may be well to say 
a ^w or two f>!r 9 its int]pretation &  
def5se--! say+1 namely1 t fai? _c dwell 
9 hide\s t[ns1 & t famili>ity ) beauty  
is a mo/ p[]ful aid to belief4 ,?is is a
 curi\s say+1 9 front ( ! fact t !      
prim>y =ce ( infidelity 9 ! ,r5aissance 
times 0 its pursuit ( c>nal beauty1 & t 
n[adays 7at lea/1 s f> z my own exp]i5ce
 rea*es7 m fai? may be f\nd 9 ! back    
/reets ( mo/ cities ?an 9 ! f9e ones4   
,nev]!less ! say+ is :olly true1 fir/1  
because c>nal beauty is n true beauty2  

secondly1 because1 rightly judg$1 ! f9e 
/reets ( mo/ mod]n t[ns are m hide\s ?an
 ! back ones2 la/ly--& ?is is ! po9t on 
:i* ,i mu/ enl>ge--because univ]sally ! 
fir/ condition to ! believ+ !re is ,ord]
 9 ,heav5 is ! ,sight ( ,ord] ^u ,e>?2  
,ord]1 t is to say1 n ! result (        
physical law1 b ( "s spiritual p[]      
prevail+ ov] x1 z1 to take in/ances f my
 own old & favorite subject1 ! ord]+ ( !
 cl\ds 9 a beautiful sunset1 :i*        
corresponds to a pa9t]'s inv5tion ( !m1 
or ! ord]+ ( ! colors on a bird's w+1 or
 ( ! radiations ( a cry/al ( ho>fro/ or 
( sapphire1 conc]n+ any ( :i* matt]s m51
 s call$ ( sci5ce1 are necess>ily & =ev]
 sil5t1 because ! di/ribution ( colors 9
 spectra & ! relation ( planes 9 cry/als
 are f9al & causeless facts1 ord]s1 t is
 to say1 n laws4 ,& m ?an ?is1 ! infidel
 temp] :i* is incapable ( p]ceiv+ ?is   
spiritual beauty has an in/ant & con/ant
 t5d5cy to delight 9 ! rev]se ( x1 s t  
practically its inve/igation is always1 
by pref]5ce1 ( =ms ( dea? or disease & e

 /ate ( disord] & dissolution1 !        
affectionate analysis ( vice 9 mod]n    
novels be+ a "p ( ! same sci5ce4 ,&1 to 
keep to my own special field ( /udy--!  
ord] ( cl\ds1--!re is a grotesquely     
notable example ( ! connection betwe5   
infidelity & ! s5se ( ugl9ess 9 a pap] 9
 ! la/ ,contempor>y ,review1 9 :i* an   
able writ]1 :o signs ,v]non ,lee1 b ^:  
p]sonal view or purpose rema9s to !     
close ( ! essay inscrutable1 has r5d]$ )
 consid]able acut5ess & animation !     
c\rse ( a dialogue betwe5 "o ( ! common 
mod]n m5 ab\t t[n :o are ! p>asites ( _!
 own cig>s & two m or less weak & fooli%
 fri5ds ( hesitat+ly adv]se in/9cts3 !  
?ree ( !m1 h[ev]1 practically assum+ _! 
own wisdom to be ! highe/ yet atta9$ by 
! human race2 & _! own div]sion on !    
m\nta9\s heights ( x be+ by ! aspect ( a
 s-call$ prepo/]\s sunset1 describ$ 9 ! 
foll[+ t]ms3--         99       99      
99       99       99  ,a brilliant      
light1 :i* seem$ to s9k out ( ! l&scape 
all its r$s & yell[s1 & ) !m all life2  

blea*+ ! yell[+ cornfields & br[n hea?2 
b burni%+ into demoniac#bb en]gy ( color
 ! pa/ures & oak woods1 brilliant aga9/ 
! d>k sky1 z if fill$ ) gre5 fire4      
,along ! roadside ! poppies1 :i* an     
ord9>y sunset makes flame1 7 q ext+ui%$1
 l burnt-out emb]s2 ! yell[ he>ts ( !   
daisies 7 q lo/1 m]g$ into _! %9+ :ite  
petals4 ,&1 /rik+ aga9/ ! w9d[s ( ! old 
black & :ite *eck]$ f>m 7a gha/ly       
skeleton 9 ?is light71 x made !m n fl>e1
 nay1 n r$d5 9 ! fa9te/ degree1 b       
reflect a brilliant speck ( :ite light4 
,ev]y?+ 0 unsub/antial1 yet n z 9 a mi/1
 nay1 r sub/antial1 b flat1 z if cut out
 ( pap] & pa/$ on ! black bran*es & gre5
 leaves1 ! livid1 gl>+ h\ses1 ) ro(s (  
dead1 sc>ce p]ceptible rod 7z :5 an iron
 turn+ :ite-hot f r$-hot 9 ! /i?y gr[s  
also dull & dim74  ,x looks l ! eve ( ! 
com+ ( ,anti*ri/1 z describ$ 9 m$ival   
hymns1 rem>k$ ,v]e3 ! sun1 be=e sett+   
nev]more to rise1 suck+ all life out ( !
 e>?1 leav+ x b a m\nd ( livid c9d]s1   
b>r5 & crumbl+1 ?r\gh :i* ! buri$       

nations w easily break _! way :5 !y     
rise4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,z ,i h above said1 ,i d n 
disc]n ! purpose ( ! writ] ( ?is pap]2 b
 x w\ld be impossible to illu/rate m    
cle>ly ?is *ronic insanity ( infidel    
?\ght :i* makes all nature spectral2    
:ile1 ) exactly correspond5t &          
reflective p[]1 :atev] is dreadful or   
disord]$ 9 ext]nal ?+s reproduces itself
 9 disease ( ! human m9d affect$ by !m4 
99       99       99       99       99  
#bfh4 ,! correspond5t relations ( beauty
 to morality are illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+   
pages 9 a way :i* leaves little to be   
desir$1 & sc>cely any room = diss5t2 b  
,i h m>k$ = my own future ref]5ce !     
foll[+ passages1 ( :i* ,i ?9k x w fur!r 
! usefulness ( ! book t ! read] %\ld    
initially obs]ve ! cont5ts &            
connection4#bc  #a 7p4 #ae1 l9e #f--aj74
 ,our idea ( beauty 9 all ?+s dep5ds on 
:at we believe !y ought to be & d4  #b  
7p4 #ag1 l9e #h--ag74 ,pleasure is mo/  
to be f\nd 9 safe & pure ways1 & !      

greate/ happ9ess ( life is to h a great 
_m little happ9esses4  #c 7p4 #bd1 l9e  
#aj--cj74 ,! wond] & sorr[ t 9 a c\ntry 
possess+ an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 no book    
exi/s :i* c be put into ! h&s ( y\? to  
%[ !m ! be/ ?+s t c be done 9 life1 &   
prev5t _! wa/+ x4  #d 7p4 #bh1 l9e      
#ba--cf74 ,!re is e reason to believe t 
susceptibility to beauty c be ga9$ ?r\gh
 prop] tra9+ 9 *ildhood by almo/        
ev]yone4  #e 7p4 #bi1 l9e #cc--ce74 ,b  
if we are to atta9 to ei!r a high]      
morality or a /rong love ( beauty1 su*  
atta9m5t mu/ be ! result ( a /r5u\s ef=t
 & a /rong w4  #f 7p4 #da1 l9e #af--bb74
 ,rightness ( =m & aspect mu/ fir/ be   
%[n to ! p 9 ?+s :i* int]e/ !m1 & ab\t !
 rightness ( appe>ance 9 :i* x is       
possible = !m to c>e a great deal4  #g  
7p4 #db1 l9e #a--aj74 ,&1 !re=e1        
rightness ( appe>ance ( ! bodies1 & !   
h\ses1 & ! actions ( ! p ( ^! l>ge t[ns1
 is ( m importance ?an rightness (      
appe>ance 9 :at is usually call$ art1 & 
pictures ( noble action & passion & (   

beautiful sc5]y are ( f> great] value   
?an art 9 ?+s :i* _c deeply affect human
 ?\ght & feel+4  ,! practical sugge/ions
 :i*1 d$uc$ f ^! pr9ciples1 occupy !    
great] "p ( ,mr4 ,horsfall's second     
pap]1 exhibit an untri$ gr\p ( res\rces 
9 education2 & x w be to myself ! be/   
enc\ragem5t 9 :atev] x has be5 my hope  
to in/itute ( ,art ,s*ool at ,ox=d if ! 
c5tral influ5ce ( ! ,univ]sity may be   
f\nd capable ( ext5sion by su* means1 9 
me?ods promot+ ! g5]al happ9ess ( ! p ( 
,engl&4  ,,brantwood1 #bh? ,june1 #ahhc4
   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ba3         
,introduction by ,mr4 ,rusk9 to a       
pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,/udy ( ,beauty &   
,art 9 ,l>ge ,t[ns1 two pap]s by ,t4 ,c4
 ,horsfall 7,london1 ,macmillan  ,co41  
#ahhc74 ,! fir/ ( ! two pap]s 0         
orig9ally read at ! ,congress at        
,nott+ham ( ! ,social ,sci5ce           
,association1 & ! second at ! ,man*e/]  
,field ,naturali/s' ,society4--,,ed4    
,footnote #bb3 ,see ,art ( ,engl&4      
,footnote #bc3 ,! passages ref]r$ to are

 z foll[s3--  #a4 ,our idea ( :at beauty
 is 9 human be+'s1 9 pictures1 9 h\ses1 
9 *airs1 9 animals1 9 cities1 9 ev]y?+1 
9 %ort1 :i* we "k to h a use1 9 ! ma9   
dep5ds on :at we believe t human be+s1  
pictures1 & ! re/ ought to be & d4  #b4 
,e bank 9 e c\ntry lane1 e bu%1 e tree1 
! sky by day & by night1 e aspect (     
nature1 is full ( beautiful =m or color1
 or ( bo?1 = ^? ^: eyes & he>ts & bra9s 
h be5 op5$ to p]ceive beauty4 ,ri*t] has
 some:]e said t man's greate/ defect is 
t he has su* a lot ( small ones4 ,)     
equal tru? x may be said t ! greate/    
happ9ess man c h is to h a great _m     
little happ9esses1 & !re=e a /rong love 
( beauty1 :i* enables almo/ e squ>e in* 
( unspoil$ c\ntry to give u pleasant    
s5sations1 is "o ( ! be/ possessions we 
c h4  #c4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to ev]yone :o
 wat*es life c>efully t h>dly anyone    
rea*es ! objects :i* all %\ld live = :o 
does n /rive to rea* !m1 & t at pres5t n
 "o p]son 9 a hundr$ s mu* z kn[s :at   
are ! objects :i* %\ld be s\ght 9 life4 

,x is a/\nd+1 !re=e1 t 9 a c\ntry :i*   
possesses an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 ri*ly     
end[$ univ]sities1 & ev5 sev]al         
pr(essors ( education1 no book exi/s :i*
 c be put into ! h&s ( e intellig5t y\?1
 & ( e intellig5t fa!r & "m1 %[+ :at our
 wise/ & be/ m5 believe are ! be/ ?+s   
:i* c be done 9 life1 & :at is ! k9d (  
tra9+ :i* makes ! do+ ( ^! ?+s mo/ easy4
 ,x is (t5 said t ea* ( u c pr(it only  
by 8 own exp]i5ce1 b no "o believes t4  
,no "o c see h[ _m well-mean+ p]sons    
mi/ake means = ends & drift into error &
 s91 simply because nei!r !y nor _!     
p>5ts h kn[n :at c\rse %\ld be /e]$1 &  
:at equipm5t is ne$$1 9 ! voyage (      
life1--no "o c see ?is & d\bt t a       
'guidebook to life1' conta9+ ! results (
 ! comp>ison ( ! exp]i5ces ( ev5        
half-a-doz5 able & s9c]e m51 w\ld save  
c\ntless p f wa/+ _! lives z mo/ lives  
are n[ wa/$4  #d4 ,t :i* is true ) reg>d
 to music is true ) reg>d to beauty ( =m
 & color4 ,because a great _m gr[n-up p1
 9 spite ( great ef=ts1 f9d x impossible

 to s+ correctly or ev5 to p]ceive any  
pleasantness 9 music1 x us$ to be       
commonly suppos$ t a great _m p are born
 )\t ! p[] ( ga9+ love (1 & skill 91    
music4 ,n[ x is kn[n t x is a "q ( e>ly 
tra9+1 t 9 e ?\s& *ildr5 !re are v      
few1--n1 ,i believe1 on an av]age1 m ?an
 two or ?ree1--:o _c ga9 ! p[] ( s++    
correctly & ( enjoy+ music1 if !y are   
taught well 9 *ildhood :ile _! n]v\s    
sy/em c /ill easily =m habits & has n   
yet =m$ ! habit ( be+ ins5sible to      
diff]5ces ( s\nd4  ,!re is e reason to  
believe t susceptibility to beauty ( =m 
& color c also be ga9$ ?r\gh prop] tra9+
 9 *ildhood by almo/ ev]yone4  #e4 ,9   
su* circum/ances z ours !re is no su* ?+
 z 'a wise passiv5ess4' ,if we are to   
atta9 to a high morality or to /rong    
love ( beauty1 atta9m5t mu/ be ! result 
( /r5u\s ef=t1 ( /rong w4  #f4 ,!       
pr9ciple ,i ref] to is1 t1 z art is !   
giv+ ( "r or beautiful =m1 or (         
beautiful or "r appe>ance1 if we desire 
to make p take ke5 int]e/ 9 art1 if we  

desire to make !m love good art1 we mu/ 
%[ x !m :5 appli$ to ?+s :i* !mselves   
are v int]e/+ to !m1 & ab\t ! rightness 
( appe>ance ( :i* x is !re=e possible = 
!m to c>e a great deal4  #g4 ,success 9 
br++ ! influ5ce ( art to be> on ! masses
 ( ! population 9 l>ge t[ns1 or on any  
set ( p :o h to e>n _! bread & h n "t to
 acquire an unheal?y appetite = nons5se 
v]ses or nons5se pictures1 w c]ta9ly    
only be atta9$ by p]sons :o "k t art is 
important j 9 proportion to ! importance
 ( t :i* x clo!s1 & :o !mselves feel t  
rightness ( appe>ance ( ! bodies1 & !   
h\ses1 & ! actions1 9 %ort ( ! :ole     
life1 ( ! population ( ^? l>ge t[ns :i* 
are n[1 or ?reat5 soon to be1 ',engl&1' 
is ( f> great] importance ?an rightness 
( appe>ance 9 all t :i* is usually call$
 'art1' & :o feel1 to speak ( only ! f9e
 arts1 t rightness ( appe>ance 9        
pictures ( noble action & passion1 & (  
beautiful sc5]y1 love ( :i* is almo/ a  
necess>y ( m5tal heal?1 is ( f> great]  
importance ?an art c be 9 ?+s :i* _c    

deeply affect human ?\ght &             
feel+4--,,ed4          99       99      
99       99       99   ,,notes ,,on     
,,natural ,,sci5ce4  ,,! ,,color ,,( ,,!
 ,,rh9e4 #ahcd4  ,,! ,,/rata ,,( ,,mont 
,,blanc4 #ahcd4  ,,! ,,induration ,,(   
,,s&/one4 #ahcf4  ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,(  
,,spr+ ,,& ,,riv] ,,wat]4 #ahcf4        
,,meteorology4 #ahci4   99       99     
99  ,,tree ,,twigs4 #ahfa4  ,,/ratifi$  
,,alps ,,( ,,savoy4 #ahfc4              
,,intellectual ,,conception ,,&         
,,animat$ ,,life4 #ahga4          99    
99       99       99       99           
,,inquiries ,,on ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,!   
,,color ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,( ,,!          
,,rh9e4#bd   #bfi4 ,i d n ?9k ! causes (
 ! color ( transp>5t wat] h be5         
suffici5tly asc]ta9$4 ,i d n mean t     
effect ( color :i* is simply optical1 z 
! color ( ! sea1 :i* is regulat$ by !   
sky above or ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 b ,i 
mean ! settl$ color ( transp>5t wat]1   
:i* has1 :5 analyz$1 be5 f\nd pure4 ,n[1
 copp] w t+e wat] gre51 & t v /rongly2 b

 wat] ?us impregnat$ w n be transp>5t1 &
 w deposit ! copp] x holds 9 solution ^u
 any piece ( iron :i* may be ?r[n into  
x4 ,!re is a lake 9 a defile on !       
nor?we/ flank ( ,sn[don1 :i* is suppli$ 
by a /ream :i* previ\sly passes ov]     
sev]al ve9s ( copp]2 ?is lake is1 (     
c\rse1 ( a bright v]digris gre51 b x is 
n transp>5t4 ,n[ ! color+ effect1 ( :i* 
,i speak1 is well se5 9 ! wat] ( !      
,rhone & ,rh9e4 ,! =m] ( ^! riv]s1 :5 x 
ent]s ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 aft] hav+       
receiv$ ! torr5ts desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s ( 
! ,valais1 is f\l$ ) mud1 or :ite ) !   
calc>e\s matt] :i* x holds 9 solution4  
,hav+ deposit$ ?is 9 ! ,lake ,leman#be  
7!reby gradually =m+ an imm5se delta71 x
 issues f ! lake p]fectly pure1 & fl[s  
?r\gh ! /reets ( ,g5eva s transp>5t1 t !
 bottom c be se5 tw5ty feet bel[ !      
surface1 jet s blue1 t y might imag9e x 
to be a solution ( indigo4 ,9 l mann]1 !
 ,rh9e1 aft] purify+ itself 9 ! ,lake ( 
,con/ance1 fl[s =?1 color$ ( a cle>     
gre51 & ?is "u all circum/ances & 9 all 

wea!rs4 ,x is sometimes said t ?is      
arises f ! torr5ts :i* supply ^! riv]s  
g5]ally fl[+ f ! glaci]s1 ! gre5 & blue 
color ( :i* may h giv5 rise to ?is      
op9ion2 b ! color ( ! ice is purely     
optical1 z ! fragm5ts deta*$ f ! mass   
appe> :ite4 ,p]haps "s correspond5t c   
af=d me in=mation on ! subject4    ,j4  
,r4#bf  ,m>*1 #ahcd4   ,,footnotes3     
,footnote #bd3 ,f ,london's ,magaz9e (  
,natural ,hi/ory 7,london1 ,longmans    
,co41 #ahcd71 vol4 vii41 ,no4 #da1 pp4  
#dch-i1 be+ its au?or's e>lie/          
contribution to lit]ature4--,,ed4       
,footnote #be3 ,?is lake1 h[ev]1 if !   
poet h spok5 truly1 is n v fecul5t3--   
,lake ,leman woos me ) its cry/al face1 
,! mirror :]e ! />s & m\nta9s view   ,! 
/illness ( _! aspect 9 ea* trace   ,its 
cle> dep? yields ( _! f> height & hue4  
,,byron4  ,footnote #bf3 ,9 ! numb] ( ! 
magaz9e 9 :i* ?is note appe>$ 0 an      
article by ,e4 ,l4 on ! p]=ation ( a    
lead5 pipe by rats1 ^u :i*1 9 a         
subsequ5t numb] 7,vol4 vii41 p4 #eib71  

,j4 ,r4 notes z foll[s3 ,e4 ,s4 has be51
 surely1 too inatt5tive to proportions3 
!re is an inconsi/5cy 9 ! dim5sions ( a 
lead5 pipe ab\t #a-a_/d 94 9 ext]nal    
diamet]1 ) a bore ( ab\t #c_/d 94 9     
diamet]2 ?us leav+ a solid circumf]5ce (
 metal v>y+ f #a_/b 94 to #c_/d 94 9    
?ickness4--,j4 ,r41 ,sept4              
#ahcd4--;,,ed4     ,,facts ,,&          
,,consid]ations ,,on ,,! ,,/rata ,,(    
,,mont ,,blanc1 ,,& ,,on ,,"s ,,in/ances
 ,,( ,,twi/$ ,,/rata ,,obs]vable ,,9    
,,switz]l&4#bg   #bgj4 ,! granite ranges
 ( ,mont ,blanc are z int]e/+ to !      
geologi/ z !y are to ! pa9t]4 ,! granite
 is d>k r$1 (t5 inclos+ ve9s ( qu>tz1   
cry/alliz$ & compact1 & likewise        
well-=m$ cry/als ( s*orl4 ,! av]age     
elevation ( its range ( peaks1 :i*      
ext5ds f ,mont ,blanc to ! ,tte ,noire1 
is ab\t #ab1jjj ,engli% feet above !    
level ( ! sea4 ,! highe/ culm9at+ po9t  
is #ae1gdd feet4 ,! ,aiguille de ,s]voz1
 & t ( ,dru1 are excell5t examples ( !  
pyramidal & spiratory =mation :i* ^!    

granite ranges 9 g5]al assume4 ,!y rise 
out ( imm5se fields ( sn[1 b1 be+       
!mselves too /eep = sn[ to re/ ^u1 =m   
r$1 b>e1 & inaccessible peaks1 :i* ev5 !
 *amois sc>cely d>es to climb4 ,_! bases
 appe> sometimes abutt$ 7if ,i may s    
speak7 by mica slate1 :i* =ms ! s\!a/   
side ( ! ,valley ( ,*amonix1 ^: flanks1 
if int]sect$1 might appe> z 79 fig4     
#gb71 a1 granite1 =m+ on ! "o side 7,b7 
! ,mont ,blanc1 on ! o!r 7,c7 ! ,mont   
,brev52 b1 mica slate re/+ on ! base (  
,mont ,blanc1 & :i* conta9s amian?us &  
qu>tz1 9 :i* capill>y cry/als ( titanium
 occur2 c1 calc>e\s rock2 d1 alluvium1  
=m+ ! ,valley ( ,*amonix4 ,i %\ld h     
m5tion$ t ! granite appe>s to conta9 a  
small quantity ( gold1 z t metal is f\nd
 among ! granite dbris & silice\s s& ( !
 riv] ,arve ,bakewell1 i4 #cge2 & ,i h  
two or ?ree specim5s 9 :i* *lorite 7bo? 
compact & 9 m9ute cry/als7 occupies !   
place ( mica4    ,j4 ,r4  ,m>*1 #ahcd4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,) ?is pap] 7 pr9t$ "s obs]vations on x 

by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>ke1 aft] :i* 7p4 
#fdh7 appe>s ! foll[+ note by ,j4 ,r4   
99       99       99       99       99  
#bga4 ,,twi/$ ,,/rata4--,! contortions (
 ! lime/one at ! fall ( ! ,nant         
d',arp5az1 on ! road f ,g5eva to        
,*amonix1 are some:at rem>kable4 ,! rock
 is a h>d d>k br[n lime/one1 =m+ "p ( a 
range ( second>y cliffs1 :i* rise f #ejj
 feet to #ajjj feet above ! defile :i*  
!y bord]4 ,! base itself is ab\t #hjj   
feet high4 ,! /rata b5d v regul>ly      
except at e & f1#bh :]e !y appe> to h   
be5 fractur$4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,to :at ,prop]ties
 9 ,nature is x ow+ t ! ,/ones 9        
,build+s1 =m$ orig9ally ( ! fraile/     
,mat]ials1 gradually become indurat$ by 
,exposure to ! ,atmosph]e & by ,age1 &  
/& ! ,we> & ,te> ( ,"t & ,wea!r e bit z 
well1 9 "s in/ances mu* bett]1 ?an !    
h>de/ & mo/ compact ,lime/ones &        
,granite8#bi  #bgb4 ,9 addition to !    
fact m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,hunt]#cj relative 
to ! induration ( s(t s&/one1 ,i w\ld   

adduce an excell5t example ( ! same     
effect 9 ! ca!dral ( ,basle1 9          
,switz]l&4 ,! ca!dral is :olly built ( a
 s(t co>se-gra9$ s&/one1 ( s deep a r$ z
 to resemble long-burn$ brick4 ,! num]\s
 & delicate ornam5ts & f9e trac]y on !  
ext]ior are 9 a /ate ( excell5t         
pres]vation1 & pres5t none ( ! mold]+   
appe>ance s common 9 old ca!drals t are 
built ( /one :i*1 :5 qu>ri$1 0 mu* h>d] 
?an ?is s&/one4 ,! pavem5t 9 ! int]ior  
is compos$ ( ! same mat]ial2 &1 z almo/ 
e slab is a tomb1 x is *>g$ ) ! arms1   
names1 & (t5 /atues 9 l[ relief1 ( ^? :o
 lie bel[1 delicately sculptur$ 9 ! s(t 
mat]ial4 ,yet1 ?\gh ^! sculptures h be5 
worn = ages by ! feet ( multitudes1 !y  
are v little injur$2 !y /ill /& out 9   
bold & di/9ct relief3 n an illegible    
lett]1 n an untraceable ornam5t is to be
 f\nd2 & x is said1 & ,i believe ) tru?1
 t !y h n[ gr[n s h>d z n to be 9 ! lea/
 degree f>!r worn by ! cont9ual tread ( 
?\s&s2 & t ! long] ! /one is expos$ to !
 air1 ! h>d] x becomes4 ,! ca!dral 0    

built 9 #ajai4  #bgc4 ,! causes ( !     
diff]5t effects ( air on /one mu/ be    
num]\s1 & ! inve/igation ( !m           
excessively difficult4 ,) reg>d1 fir/1  
to rocks en masse1 if _! /ructure be    
cry/all9e1 or _! composition            
argillace\s1 ! effect ( ! air w1 ,i ?9k1
 ord9>ily1 be f\nd injuri\s4 ,?us1 9    
granite1 :i* has a k9d (                
p>allelogrammatic cleavage1 wat]        
introduces itself into ! fissures1 & !  
result1 9 a %>p fro/1 w be a            
dis9tegration ( ! rocks en masse2 &1 if 
! felsp> be pr$om9ant 9 ! composition ( 
! granite1 x w be subject to a rapid    
decomposition4 ,! morv9e ( "s ( !       
,*am\ni & ,alle ,blan*e glaci]s is      
compos$ ( a :ite granite1 be+ *iefly    
compos$ ( qu>tz & felsp>1 ) a little    
*lorite4 ,! s& & gravel at ! edge ( ^!  
glaci]s appe>s f> m ! result (          
decomposition ?an attrition4 ,all f9ely 
foliat$ rocks1 slates1 etc41 are liable 
to injury f fro/ or wet wea!r4 ,! road (
 ! ,simplon1 on ! ,italian side1 is 9 "s

 p>ts dang]\s 91 or aft]1 wet wea!r1 on 
acc\nt ( ! rocks ( slate cont9ually     
fall+ f ! ov]hang+ m\nta9s above2 ?is1  
h[ev]1 is m]e dis9tegration1 n          
decomposition4 ,n s ) ! breccias (      
,c5tral ,switz]l&4 ,! rock ( ,righi is  
compos$ ( pebbles ( diff]5t k9ds1 jo9$  
by a r$ argillace\s glut54 ,:5 ?is rock 
has n be5 expos$ to ! air1 x is v h>d3 y
 may almo/ z easily break ! pebbles z   
deta* !m f _! matrix2 b1 :5 expos$ = a  
few ye>s to w9d & wea!r1 ! matrix       
becomes s(t1 & ! pebbles may be easily  
deta*$4 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! diff]5ce betwe5  
?is rock & a breccia at ,ep9al1 9       
,france1 :]e ! matrix 0 a r$ s&/one1 l t
 ( ! ca!dral at ,basle4 ,"h1 ?\gh ! rock
 _h e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 long expos$  
to ! air1 x 0 z h>d z iron2 & x 0 utt]ly
 impossible to deta* any ( ! pebbles f !
 b$3 x 0 difficult ev5 to break ! rock  
at all4 ,i _c positively /ate t ! glut5 
9 ^! s&/ones is calc>e\s1 b ,i suppose x
 to h be5 s4 ,compact calc>e\s rock1 z  
f> z ,i rememb]1 appe>s to be subject to

 no injury f ! wea!r4 ,_m *ur*es 9      
,italy1 & almo/ ! :ole cities ( ,v5ice &
 ,g5oa1 are built ( v f9e m>ble2 & !    
p]fection ( ! delicate c>v+s1 h[ev] ag$1
 is mo/ rem>kable4 ,i rememb] a *ur*1   
ne> ,pavia1 coat$ ) ! f9e/ & mo/        
exp5sive m>bles2 a range ( beautifully  
sculptur$ m$allions runn+ r\nd its base1
 ?\gh old1 7 z di/9ct & f9e 9 _!        
execution z if !y _h j come out ( !     
sculptor's /udio4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! glut5 ( 
! s&/one be ei!r calc>e\s or silice\s1 x
 w naturally produce ! effect above     
allud$ to1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly s+ul> t !  
/one %\ld be s(t :5 fir/ qu>ri$4 ,s&/one
 is a rock 9 :i* y seldom see _m cracks 
or fissures 9 ! /rata3 !y are g5]ally   
cont9u\s & solid4 ,n[1 !re may be a     
c]ta9 degree ( d5sity 9 ! mass1 :i* c\ld
 n be increas$ )\t produc+1 z 9 granite1
 fissures runn+ ?r\gh x3 ! p>ticles may 
be suppos$ to be held 9 a c]ta9 degree (
 t5sion1 & !re may be a t5d5cy to :at ! 
,fr5* call assaissem5t 7,i d n "k !     
,engli% t]m71 :i* is1 nev]!less1 resi/$ 

by ! /one en masse2 & a quantity ( wat] 
may likewise be held1 n 9 a /ate (      
*emical comb9ation1 b 9 "o ( close      
mixture ) ! rock4 ,on be+ brok5 or      
qu>ri$1 ! assaissem5t may take place1 ! 
p>ticles ( /one may draw clos] toge!r1 !
 attraction become /rong]2 &1 on !      
exposure to ! air1 ! wat]1 h[ev]        
intimately comb9$1 w1 9 a process (     
ye>s1 be driv5 (f1 occasion+ !          
consolidation ( ! calc>e\s1 & ! ne>     
approa* ( ! silice\s1 p>ticles1 & a     
consequ5t gradual induration ( ! :ole   
body ( ! /one4 ,i (f] ?is supposition ) 
all diffid5ce2 !re may be _m o!r causes1
 :i* _c be develop$ until prop]         
exp]im5ts h be5 made4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+
 to asc]ta9 ! relative h>dness ( diff]5t
 specim5s ( s&/one1 tak5 f diff]5t dep?s
 9 a b$1 ! surface ( :i* 0 expos$ to !  
air1 z ( specim5s expos$ to ! air =     
diff]5t l5g?s ( "t4    ,j4 ,r4  ,,h]ne  
,,hill1 ,july #be1 #ahcf4   ,,footnotes3
  ,footnote #bg3 ,london's ,magaz9e (   
,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 vii41 pp4       

#fdd-e4 ,! note 0 illu/rat$ by engrav+s 
f two sket*es by ! au?or ( ! ,aiguille  
de ,s]voz & ( ! ,aiguille ,dru1 & by a  
diagram explanatory ( its la/ s5t5ce b  
"o4--,,ed4  ,footnote #bh3 ,a small neat
 copy ( a sket* c>efully tak5 on ! spot1
 :i*1 accord+ to ! editor ( ! magaz9e1  
accompani$ ?is communication1 0 n1      
h[ev]1 publi%$4 ,see ! magaz9e4--,,ed4  
,footnote #bi3 ,l\don's ,magaz9e (      
,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ix41 ,no4 #fe1  
pp4 #dhh-ij4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #cj3 ,! 
"q "h discuss$ 0 orig9ally ask$ 9 !     
magaz9e 7,vol4 ix41 pp4 #cgi-hj7 by ,mr4
 ,w4 ,p]ceval ,hunt] ) ref]5ce to !     
condition ( ,bodiam ,ca/le1 9           
,sussex4--,,ed4     ,,obs]vations ,,on  
,,! ,,causes ,,:i* ,,occasion ,,!       
,,v>iation ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,betwe5    
,,spr+ ,,& ,,riv] ,,wat]4--,,by ,j4     
,r4#ca   #bgd4 ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature 
betwe5 riv] & spr+ wat]1 :i* gives rise 
to ! qu]y ( y\r correspond5t ,indig5a   
7p4 #dia71cb may be ! result ( _m       
causes1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 )\t 

d\bt1 ! int]ior heat ( ! e>?4 ,x is a   
well kn[n fact1 t ?is heat increases 9 a
 consid]able ratio z we desc5d1 mak+ a  
diff]5ce ( sev]al degrees betwe5 !      
temp]ature ( ! e>? at its surface & at  
dep?s ( #ejj or #fjj feet2 rais+1 (     
c\rse1 ! temp]ature ( all spr+s :i* h _!
 s\rce at ev5 mod]ate dep?s1 & entirely 
secur+ !m f ! effects ( fro/1 :i*1 x is 
well kn[n1 _c p5etrate ! e>? to a great]
 dep? ?an #c or #d ft4  #bge4 ,_m       
in/ances might be giv5 ( ! /rong effect 
( ?is int]ior heat4 ,! glaci]s ( !      
,alps1 = in/ance1 frequ5tly cov] an     
ext5t ( ?ree or f\r squ>e leagues1 ) a  
mass ( ice #djj1 #ejj1 or ev5 #fjj feet 
deep1 ?us entirely prev5t+ ! access (   
ext]ior heat to ! soil2 yet ! radiation 
( heat f ! gr\nd itself is s p[]ful z to
 dissolve ! ice v rapidly1 & to occasion
 /reams ( no inconsid]able size b5ea? ! 
ice1 ^: temp]ature1 9 summ]1 is1 ,i     
believe1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 n _m     
degrees bel[ t ( /reams expos$ to ! air2
 & ! radiation ( heat f ! wat] ( ^!     

/reams =ms vaults "u ! ice1 :i* are     
frequ5tly #dj ft4 or #ej ft4 above !    
wat]2 & :i* are =m$1 z a glance w %[1 n 
by ! =ce ( ! /ream1 :i* w\ld only te>   
itself a brok5 cave suffici5t = its     
passage1 b by ! heat :i* radiates f x1 &
 gives ! ar* its imm5se height1 &       
beautifully regul> =m4  ,^! /reams      
cont9ue to fl[ 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]1 
al?\gh 9 less quantity2 & x is ?is      
process :i* *iefly prev5ts ! glaci] f   
increas+ 9 size2 = ! melt+ at ! surface 
is1 9 comp>ison1 v inconsid]able1 ev5 9 
summ]1 ! w9d be+ cold1 ! sun hav+ little
 p[]1 & slight fro/s be+ frequ5t dur+ ! 
night4 ,x is also ?is melt+ b5ea? ! ice 
7subglacial1 suppose we call x7 :i*     
loos5s ! ice f ! gr\nd1 & occasions1 or 
r p]mits1 ! p]petual d[nw>d movem5t1 )  
:i*    ,! glaci]'s cold & re/less mass  
,moves onw>d day by day4  #bgf4 ,b m    
=cible & /rik+ evid5ce is af=d$ by      
exp]im5ts made 9 m9es ( great dep?4     
,betwe5 #fj ft4 & #hj ft4 d[n1 !        
temp]ature ( ! e>? is1 ,i believe1 !    

same at all times & 9 all places2 & bel[
 ?is dep? x gradually increases4 ,ne>   
,bex1 9 ! ,valais1 !re is a p]p5dicul>  
%aft #fgg ft4 deep1 or ab\t #gcb ft4    
,engli%1 ) wat] at ! bottom1 !          
temp]ature ( :i* 0 asc]ta9$ by          
,saussure4 ,he does n tell u :e!r he us$
 ,raumur's or ! c5tesimal !rmomet]2 b ! 
result ( 8 exp]im5t 0 ?is3--,9 a lat]al 
gall]y1 connect$ ) ! ma9 %aft1 b des]t$1
 &1 !re=e1 unaffect$ by brea? or ! heat 
( lamps1 at #cba ft4 #aj 94 bel[ !      
surface1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] & ! air 0
 exactly ! same1 #aa-a_/b2 or1 if !     
c5tesimal !rmomet] 0 us$1 #eb-d_/e      
,fahr42 if ,raumur's1 #eg-g_/h ,fahr4   
#bgg4 ,9 ano!r gall]y1 #efd feet bel[ ! 
surface1 ! wat] & air _h likewise ! same
 temp]ature1 #ab-a_/b1 ei!r #ed-d_/e or 
#f,o-#a_/d ,fahr4 ,! wat] at ! bottom1  
#fgg feet1 0 #ad1 #eg-a_/b or #fc-a_/d  
,fahr4 ,! ratio 9 :i* ! heat increases1 
!re=e1 increas$ z we desc5d1 s9ce a     
diff]5ce ( #aac feet betwe5 ! dep? ( !  
bottom ( ! %aft & ! l[e/ gall]y makes a 

great] diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ?an !      
diff]5ce ( #bdc feet betwe5 ! l[e/ &    
upp] gall]y4 ,?is heat is ! m /rik+ :5 x
 is consid]$ t ! wat] is impregnat$ )   
salt2 inde$1 ,saussure appe>s incl9$ to 
consid] x accid5tal1 p]haps occasion$ by
 ! combu/ion ( pyrites1 or o!r causes 9 
! int]ior ( ! m\nta9 7,voyages dans les 
,alpes1 tom4 iv41 c4 #ej74 ,all         
exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 inde$1 are liable  
to error1 f ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( w>m   
spr+s1 & o!r accid5tal causes ( increase
 9 temp]ature4 ,! wat] at ! bottom (    
deep lakes is always f\nd sev]al degrees
 cold] ?an ! atmosph]e1 ev5 :5 ! wat] at
 ! surface is w>m]3 b t may be acc\nt$ =
 by ! diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravity (   
wat] at diff]5t temp]atures2 &1 z ! heat
 ( ! sun & atmosph]e 9 summ] is great]  
?an ! mean heat ( ! e>? at mod]ate      
dep?s1 ! wat] at ! bottom1 ev5 if x     
becomes ( ! same heat ) ! e>?1 mu/ be   
cold] ?an t at ! surface1 :i*1 f its    
exposure to ! sun1 becomes frequ5tly    
w>m] ?an ! air4 ,! same causes affect ! 

temp]ature ( ! sea2 & ! great]          
saturation ( ! wat] bel[ ) salt r5d]s x 
yet m susceptible ( cold4 ,"u-curr5ts f 
! poles1 & ! s9k+ ( ! wat] ( l[         
temp]ature1 :i* results f ! melt+ ( !   
iceb]gs :i* float into w>m] latitudes1  
contribute /ill f>!r to l[] ! temp]ature
 ( ! deep sea4 ,if1 !n1 ! temp]ature ( !
 sea at great dep?s is f\nd n _m degrees
 l[] ?an t at ! surface1 x w\ld be a    
/rik+ pro( ( ! effect produc$ by ! heat 
( ! e>?2 b ,i am n aw>e ( ! results ( ! 
exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made on ?is subject4
  #bgh4 ,we mu/1 !n1 re/ satisfi$ ) !   
well-asc]ta9$ fact1 t ! temp]ature ( !  
e>?1 ev5 at dep?s ( a few feet1 nev]    
desc5ds1 9 temp]ate latitudes1 to !     
freez+ po9t2 & t at ! dep? ( #fj feet x 
is always ! same1 9 w9t] mu* high]1 9   
summ] consid]ably l[]1 ?an t ( !        
atmosph]e4 ,spr+ wat]1 !n1 :i* has its  
s\rce at a consid]able dep?1 w1 :5 x    
fir/ rises1 be ( ?is mean temp]ature2   
:ile1 aft] x has fl[$ = "s di/ance1 x   
becomes ( ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1   

or1 9 summ]1 ev5 w>m]1 ow+ to ! action (
 ! sun1 bo? directly & reflect$ or      
radiat$ f its bottom4 ,besides ?is      
equable temp]ature 9 ! wat] itself1 spr+
 or well wat] is usually cov]$2 &1 ev5  
if expos$1 if ! well is v deep1 ! wat] w
 n freeze1 or at lea/ v slightly2 = fro/
 does n act ) its full p[]1 except :]e  
!re is a free circulation ( air4 ,9 op5 
ponds1 :]ev] bu%es hang ov] ! wat]1 !   
ice is weak4 ,indig5a's supposition1 t  
!re are e>?y p>ticles 9 riv] wat]1 :i*  
r5d] x m susceptible ( cold ?an spr+    
wat]1 _c be true2 = !n ! relative       
temp]atures w\ld be ! same 9 w9t] & 9   
summ]1 :i* is n ! case2 &1 besides1 !re 
are frequ5tly m e>?y p>ticles 9 m9]al   
spr+s1 or ev5 common l& spr+s1 ?an 9    
cle> riv] wat]1 provid$ x has n be5 f\l$
 by extrane\s matt]2 = x has a t5d5cy to
 deposit ! e>?y p>ticles :i* x holds 9  
susp5sion4  #bgi4 ,x is evid5t1 also1 t 
! supposition ( ,mr4 ,c>r 7,vol4 v41 p4 
#cie7 relative to an*or fro/s1 t ! /ones
 at ! bottom acquire a great] degree (  

cold1 or1 to speak m correctly1 lose m  
heat1 ?an ! wat]1 is errone\s4 ,j4 ,g4  
has giv5 ! reasons at p4 #ggj2 & !      
glaci]s ( ,switz]l& af=d u an example4  
,:5 a /one is deposit$ on a glaci] ( any
 consid]able size1 b n l>g] ?an #a foot 
or #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 x becomes       
p5etrat$ ) ! heat ( ! sun1 melts ! ice  
bel[ x1 & s9ks into ! glaci]4 ,b ?is    
effect does n cease1 z might be suppos$1
 :5 ! /one s9ks b5ea? ! wat] :i* x has  
=m$2 on ! contr>y1 x cont9ues to absorb 
heat f ! rays ( ! sun1 to keep ! wat]   
above x liquid by its radiation1 & to   
s9k deep] into ! body ( ! glaci]1 until 
x gets d[n beyond ! rea* ( ! sun's rays1
 :5 ! wat] ( ! well :i* x has =m$ is no 
long] kept liquid1 & ! /one is buri$ 9 !
 ice4 ,9 summ]1 h[ev]1 ! wat] is kept   
liquid2 & circul> wells1 =m$ 9 ?is      
mann]1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce on !     
glaci]s1 sometimes1 9 ! morn+1 cov]$ by 
a ?9 cru/ ( ice4  ,?us1 ! /ones at !    
bottom ( /reams mu/ t5d to raise1 r ?an 
l[]1 ?is temp]ature4 ,is x possible t1 9

 ! agitation ( a /ream at its bottom1 if
 viol5t1 mom5t>y & m9ute vacua may be   
=m$1 t5d+ to increase ! int5sity ( !    
cold8  ,,h]ne ,,hill1 ,sept4 #b1 #ahcf4 
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ca3 ,london's  
,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 ix41  
pp4 #ecc-ecf4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #cb3 ,!
 qu]y 0 z foll[s3--  ,an ,inquiry = !   
,cause ( ! ,diff]5ce 9 ,temp]ature (    
,riv] ,wat] & ,spr+ ,wat]1 bo? 9 ,summ] 
& ,w9t]4--,9 ! summ] "t ! riv] wat] is  
mu* w>m] ?an t f a spr+2 dur+ ! sev]e   
fro/s ( w9t] x is cold]2 & :5 ! /ream is
 cov]$ ov] ) ice1 ! spr+1 t is1 well or 
pump wat] is unaffect$ by fro/4 ,does   
?is diff]5ce proce$ f ! exposure ( !    
surface ( ! riv] wat]1 9 summ]1 to !    
sun's direct influ5ce1 &1 9 w9t]1 to t (
 fro/2 :ile ! well wat]1 be+ cov]$1 is  
protect$ f _! p[]8 ,or is !re 9 riv]    
wat]1 f ! e>?y p>ticles x conta9s1 a    
great] susceptibility ( heat &          
cold8--,indig5a4 ,april #ai1            
#ahcf4--;,,ed4     ,,meteorology4#cc    
#bhj4 ,! comp>ison & e/imation ( !      

relative advantages ( sep>ate dep>tm5ts 
( sci5ce is a task :i* is always        
p>tially execut$1 because x is nev]     
ent]$ ^u ) an unbias$ m9d2 =1 s9ce x is 
only ! accurate k ( a sci5ce :i* c      
enable u to pres5t its beauty1 or       
e/imate its utility1 ! bran*es ( k ) :i*
 we are mo/ famili> w always appe> ! mo/
 important4 ,! endeavor1 !re=e1 to judge
 ( ! relative beauty or int]e/ ( !      
sci5ces is utt]ly hopeless4 ,let !      
a/ronom] boa/ ( ! magnific5ce ( 8       
speculations1 ! ma!matician ( !         
immutability ( 8 facts1 ! *emi/ ( !     
inf9ity ( 8 comb9ations1 & we w admit t 
!y all h equal gr\nd = _! en?usiasm4 ,b 
! highe/ /&>d ( e/imation is t (        
utility4 ,! f> great] proportion (      
mank9d1 ! un9=m$1 :o are unable to      
p]ceive ! beauty ( ! sci5ces ^: b5efits 
!y exp]i5ce1 are ! true1 ! j1 ! only    
judges ( _! relative importance4 ,x is  
!y :o feel :at imp>tial m5 ( le>n+ "k1 t
 ! mass ( g5]al k is a p]fect &         
beautiful body1 among ^: memb]s !re %\ld

 be no s*ism1 & ^: prosp]ity mu/ always 
be greate/ :5 none are p>tially pursu$1 
& none unduly reject$4 ,we d n1 !re=e1  
advance any pr\d & unju/ifiable claims  
to ! sup]iority ( t bran* ( sci5ce = !  
fur!rance ( :i* ?is society has be5 =m$ 
ov] all o!rs2 b we zeal\sly come =w>d to
 deprecate ! apa?y ) :i* x has long be5 
reg>d$1 to dissipate ! prejudices :i* t 
apa?y alone c\ld h eng5d]$1 & to        
v9dicate its claims to an honorable &   
equal position among ! pr\d ?rones ( its
 si/] sci5ces4 ,we d n br+ meteorology  
=w>d z a pursuit adapt$ = ! occupation (
 t$i\s leisure1 or ! amusem5t ( a       
c>eless h\r4 ,su* qualifications are no 
inducem5ts to its pursuit by m5 ( sci5ce
 & le>n+1 & to ^! alone d we n[ address 
ourselves4 ,nei!r d we advance x on !   
gr\nd ( its int]e/ or beauty1 ?\gh x is 
a sci5ce possess+ bo? 9 no ord9>y       
degree4 ,z to its beauty1 x may be      
rem>k$ t x is n calculat$ to h>d5 ! m9d 
x /r5g!ns1 & b9d x d[n to ! measurem5t (
 magnitudes & e/imation ( quantities1   

de/roy+ all high] feel+s1 all f9]       
s5sibilities3 x is n to be le>n$ among !
 gase\s exhalations ( ! dea?ful         
laboratory2 x has no dwell+ 9 ! cold    
caves ( ! d>k e>?2 x is n to be foll[$  
up among ! *>nel h\ses ( creation4 ,b x 
is a sci5ce ( ! pure air1 & ( ! bright  
heav52 its ?\ghts are amid/ ! lovel9ess 
( creation2 x leads ! m9d1 z well z !   
eye1 to ! morn+ mi/1 & ! noonday glory1 
& ! twilight-cl\d1 to ! purple peace ( !
 m\nta9 heav51 to ! cl\dy repose ( !    
gre5 valley2 n[ expatiat+ 9 ! sil5ce (  
/ormless e!r1 n[ on ! ru%+ ( ! w+s ( !  
w9d4 ,x is inde$ a k :i* mu/ be felt to 
be1 9 its v ess5ce1 full ( ! s\l ( !    
beautiful4 ,= its int]e/1 x is univ]sal1
 unabat$ 9 e place1 & 9 all "t4 ,he1 ^: 
k+dom is ! heav51 c nev] meet ) an      
un9t]e/+ space1 c nev] exhau/ ! ph5om5a 
( an h\r2 he is 9 a realm ( p]petual    
*ange1 ( et]nal motion1 ( inf9ite my/]y4
 ,light & d>kness1 & cold & heat1 are to
 him z fri5ds ( famili> c\nt5ance1 b (  
inf9ite v>iety ( conv]sation2 & :ile !  

geologi/ ye>ns = ! m\nta91 ! botani/ = !
 field1 & ! ma!matician = ! /udy1 !     
meteorologi/1 l a _s ( a high] ord] ?an 
any1 rejoices 9 ! k+doms ( ! air4  #bha4
 ,b1 z we be=e said1 x is nei!r = its   
int]e/1 nor = its beauty1 t we recomm5d 
! /udy ( meteorology4 ,x involves       
que/ions ( ! highe/ practical           
importance1 & ! solution ( :i* w be     
productive ( mo/ sub/antial b5efit to ^?
 classes :o c lea/ compreh5d !          
speculations f :i* ^! advantages are    
d]iv$4 ,times & seasons & climates1     
calms & tempe/s1 cl\ds & w9ds1 ^:       
alt]nations appe> to ! inexp]i5c$ m9d ! 
confus$ consequ5ces ( irregul>1         
indef9ite1 & accid5tal causes1 arrange  
!mselves be=e ! meteorologi/ 9 beautiful
 succession ( undi/urb$ ord]1 9 direct  
d]ivation f def9ite causes2 x is = him  
to trace ! pa? ( ! tempe/ r\nd ! globe1 
to po9t out ! place :5ce x arose1 to    
=etell ! "t ( its decl9e1 to foll[ !    
h\rs ar\nd ! e>?1 z %e sp9s b5ea? h]    
pyramid ( night1 to feel ! pulses (     

ocean1 to pursue ! c\rse ( its curr5ts &
 its *anges1 to measure ! p[]1          
direction1 & duration ( my/]i\s &       
invisible influ5ces1 & to assign con/ant
 & regul> p]iods to ! se$time & h>ve/1  
cold & heat1 summ] & w9t]1 day & night1 
:i* we "k %all n cease1 till ! univ]se  
be no m4 ,x may be ?\ght we are         
exagg]at+ ! effects ( a sci5ce :i* is   
yet 9 its infancy4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t we are n speak+ ( its atta9$1 b ( its 
atta9able p[]3 x is ! "y ,h]cules = !   
fo/]+ ( ^: /r5g? ! ,meteorological      
,society has be5 =m$4  #bhb4 ,!re is "o 
po9t1 x mu/ n[ be obs]v$1 9 :i* ! sci5ce
 ( meteorology diff]s f all o!rs4 ,a    
,galileo1 or a ,newton1 by ! unassi/$   
work+s ( 8 solit>y m9d1 may discov] !   
secrets ( ! heav5s1 & =m a new sy/em (  
a/ronomy4 ,a ,davy 9 8 lonely m$itations
 on ! crags ( ,cornwall1 or 9 8 solit>y 
laboratory1 might discov] ! mo/ sublime 
my/]ies ( nature1 & trace out ! mo/     
intricate comb9ations ( h] elem5ts4 ,b !
 meteorologi/ is impot5t if alone2 8    

obs]vations are useless2 = !y are made  
^u a po9t1 :ile ! speculations to be    
d]iv$ f !m mu/ be on space4 ,x is ( no  
avail t he *anges 8 position1 ignorant (
 :at is pass+ beh9d him & be=e2 he      
desires to e/imate ! movem5ts ( space1 &
 c only obs]ve ! danc+ ( atoms2 he w\ld 
calculate ! curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e ( !   
_w1 :ile he only kn[s ! direction ( a   
breeze4 ,x is p]haps = ?is reason t !   
cause ( meteorology has hi!rto be5 s    
slightly support$2 no progress c be made
 by ! mo/ gigantic ef=ts ( a solit>y    
intellect1 & ! co-op]ation dem&$ 0      
difficult to obta91 because x 0 necess>y
 t ! individuals %\ld ?9k1 obs]ve1 & act
 simultane\sly1 ?\gh sep>at$ f ea* o!r  
by di/ances on ! greatness ( :i* dep5d$ 
! utility ( ! obs]vations4  #bhc4 ,!    
,meteorological ,society1 !re=e1 has be5
 =m$1 n = a city1 nor = a k+dom1 b = !  
_w4 ,x wi%es to be ! c5tral po9t1 ! mov+
 p[] ( a va/ ma*9e1 & x feels t unless x
 c be ?is1 x mu/ be p[]less2 if x _c d  
all1 x c d no?+4 ,x desires to h at its 

comm&1 at /at$ p]iods1 p]fect sy/ems (  
me?odical & simultane\s obs]vations1--x 
wi%es its influ5ce & its p[] to be      
omnipot5t ov] ! globe1 s t x may be able
 to "k1 at any giv5 in/ant1 ! /ate ( !  
atmosph]e at e po9t on its surface4 ,let
 x n be suppos$ t ?is is a *im]ical     
imag9ation1 ! va9 dream ( a few         
philosophical en?usia/s4 ,x is          
co-op]ation :i* we n[ come =w>d to      
reque/1 9 full confid5ce1 t if our ef=ts
 are met ) a zeal wor?y ( ! cause1 our  
associates w be a/oni%$1 individually1  
by ! result ( _! labors 9 a body4 ,let  
none be disc\rag$ because !y are alone1 
or f> di/ant f _! associates4 ,:at 0    
=m]ly weakness w n[ h become /r5g?4 ,let
 ! pa/or ( ! ,alps obs]ve ! v>iations ( 
8 m\nta9 w9ds2 let ! voyag]s s5d u notes
 ( ! *anges on ! surface ( ! sea2 let ! 
solit>y dwell] 9 ! ,am]ican prairie     
obs]ve ! passages ( ! /orms1 & !        
v>iations ( ! climate2 & ea*1 :o alone  
w\ld h be5 p[]less1 w f9d himself a "p (
 "o mighty m9d1 a ray ( light ent]+ into

 "o va/ eye1 a memb] ( a multitud9\s    
p[]1 contribut+ to ! k1 & aid+ ! ef=ts1 
:i* w be capable ( solv+ ! mo/ deeply   
hidd5 problems ( nature1 p5etrat+ into !
 mo/ occult causes1 & r$uc+ to pr9ciple 
& ord] ! va/ multitude ( beautiful &    
wond]ful ph5om5a by :i* ! wisdom &      
b5evol5ce ( ! ,supreme ,deity regulates 
! c\rse ( ! times & ! seasons1 robes !  
globe ) v]dure & fruitfulness1 & adapts 
x to m9i/] to ! wants1 & contribute to !
 felicity1 ( ! innum]able tribes (      
animat$ exi/5ce4    ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity4 
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #cc3 ,f !       
,transactions ( ! ,meteorological       
,society1 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #ef-i 7,london1 
#ahci74 ,! full title ( ! pap] 0 ,rem>ks
 on ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,meteorological   
,sci5ce4 ,! ,society 0 in/itut$ 9 #ahbc1
 b appe>s to h publi%$ no previ\s       
transactions4--,,ed4     ,,on ,,tree    
,,twigs4#cd   #bhd4 ,! speak]'s purpose 
0 to exhibit ! developm5t ( ! common =ms
 ( bran*1 9 dicotyl$on\s trees1 f ! fix$
 type ( ! annual %oot4 ,?ree pr9cipal   

modes ( increase & gr[? might be        
di/+ui%$ 9 all accumulative *ange1      
namely3--  #a4 ,simple aggregation1 hav+
 no p]iodical or o!rwise def9$ limit1 & 
subject only to laws ( cohesion &       
cry/allization1 z 9 inorganic matt]4    
#b4 ,addition ( simil> p>ts to ea* o!r1 
"u "s law fix+ _! limits & secur+ _!    
unity4  #c4 ,enl>gem5t1 or sy/ematic    
*ange 9 arrangem5t1 ( a typical =m1 z 9 
! gr[? ( ! memb]s ( an animal4  #bhe4 ,!
 gr[? ( trees came "u ! second ( ^!     
heads4 ,a tree did n increase 9 /em or  
b\ghs z ! wri/ & h& ( a *ild increas$ to
 ! wri/ & h& ( a man2 b x 0 built up by 
additions ( simil> p>ts1 z a city is    
increas$ by ! build+ ( new r[s ( h\ses4 
,any annual %oot 0 mo/ conv5i5tly to be 
consid]$ z a s+le rod1 :i* w\ld always  
gr[ v]tically if possible4  ,e su* rod  
or pill> 01 9 common timb] trees1       
typically ei!r polygonal 9 section1 or  
rectangul>4  ,if polygonal1 ! leaves 7  
arrang$ on x 9 a spiral ord]1 z 9 ! elm 
or oak4  ,if rectangul>1 ! leaves 7     

arrang$ on x 9 pairs1 set alt]nately at 
"r angles to ea* o!r4  ,int]m$iate =ms  
connect$ ea* ( ^! types ) ^? (          
monocotyl$on\s trees4 ,! /ructure ( !   
arbor vit might be consid]$ z typically 
repres5t+ ! l9k betwe5 ! rectangul>     
/ructure & t ( monocotyl$ons2 & t ( !   
p9e betwe5 ! polygonal /ructure & t (   
monocotyl$ons4  ,e leaf dur+ its        
vitality secret+ c>bon f ! atmosph]e1 ) 
! elem5ts ( wat]1 =m$ a c]ta9 quantity (
 woody tissue1 :i* ext5d$ d[n ! outside 
( ! tree to ! gr\nd1 & f>!r to !        
extremities ( ! roots4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is
 desc5d+ masonry 0 add$ appe>$ to dep5d 
on ! peculi> functions ( cambium1 & 7!  
speak] believ$7 0 z yet unexpla9$ by    
botani/s4  #bhf4 ,e leaf1 besides =m+   
?is masonry all d[n ! tree1 protect$ a  
bud at ! base ( its own /alk4 ,f ?is    
bud1 unless r5d]$ abortive1 a new %oot  
w\ld spr+ next ye>4 ,n[1 suppos+ t out (
 ! leaf-buds on ea* %oot ( a p5tagonal  
tree1 only five at its extremity or on  
its side 7 p]mitt$ to develop !mselves1 

ev5 "u ?is limitation ! numb] ( %oots   
develop$ f a s+le "o 9 ! sev5? ye> w\ld 
be #gh1abe4 ,! ext]nal =m ( a heal?ily  
gr[n tree at any p]iod ( its developm5t 
0 !re=e compos$ ( a mass ( sprays1 ^:   
vitality 0 approximately di/ribut$ ov] !
 surface ( ! tree to an equal dep?4 ,!  
bran*es b5ea? at once support$1 & 7 f$  
by1 ?is orbicul> field1 or animat$      
ext]nal g>m5t ( vegetation1 f e sev]al  
leaf ( :i*1 z f an innum]able multitude 
( small gre5 f\nta9s1 ! /reams ( woody  
fib] desc5d$1 met1 & unit$ z riv]s d1 & 
ga!r$ _! full flood into ! /r5g? ( !    
/em4  #bhg4 ,! pr9cipal errors :i* _h   
be5 committ$ by arti/s 9 draw+ trees _h 
aris5 f _! reg>d+ ! b\gh z ramify+      
irregul>ly1 & some:at los+ 9 en]gy t[>ds
 ! extremity2 :]eas ! real b\ghs ?rew _!
 :ole en]gy1 & multipli$ _! sub/ance1   
t[>ds ! extremities1 rank+ !mselves 9 m 
or less cup-%ap$ ti]s r\nd ! trunk1 &   
=m+ a compact unit$ surface at ! ext]ior
 ( ! tree4  #bhh4 ,9 ! c\rse ( arrival  
at ?is =m1 ! b\gh1 ?r\gh\t its :ole     

l5g?1 %[$ itself to be influ5c$ by a =ce
 l t ( an animal's in/9ct4 ,its m9or    
curves & angles 7 all subject$ to "o    
/rong rul+ t5d5cy & law ( advance1      
dep5d5t p>tly on ! aim ( e %oot to raise
 itself upright1 p>tly on ! necessity   
:i* ea* 0 "u to yield due place to !    
neighbor+ leaves1 & obta9 = itself z mu*
 light & air z possible4 ,x _h inde$ be5
 asc]ta9$ t vegetable tissue 0 liable to
 contractions & expansion 7"u fix$      
me*anical conditions7 by light1 heat1   
moi/ure1 etc4 ,b vegetable tissue 9 !   
liv+ bran* did n contract nor exp& "u   
ext]nal influ5ce alone4 ,! pr9ciple (   
life manife/$ itself ei!r by cont5tion  
)1 or felicit\s recognition (1 ext]nal  
=ce4 ,x accept$ ) a visible1 active1 &  
app>5tly joyful concurr5ce1 ! influ5ces 
:i* l$ ! b\gh t[>ds its due place 9 !   
economy ( ! tree2 & x obey$ reluctantly1
 p>tially1 & ) di/ort$ curvatures1 ^?   
:i* =c$ x to violate ! typical organic  
=m4 ,! att5tion ( pa9t]s ( foliage _h   
seldom be5 drawn ) suffici5t accuracy to

 ! l9es ei!r ( bran* curvature1 or leaf 
cont\r1 z express+ ^! subtle laws (     
incipi5t volition2 b ! relative m]it ( !
 great s*ools ( figure design might1 9  
abs5ce ( all o!r evid5ce1 be det]m9$1   
almo/ )\t error1 by obs]v+ ! precision (
 _! treatm5t ( leaf curvature4 ,!       
leaf-pa9t+ r\nd ! head ( ,ario/o by     
,titian1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 might be
 in/anc$4  #bhi4 ,! leaf ?us diff]$ f ! 
fl[] 9 =m+ & protect+ beh9d x1 n only ! 
bud 9 :i* 0 ! =m ( a new %oot l itself1 
b a piece ( p]man5t "w1 & produc$       
sub/ance1 by :i* e foll[+ %oot c\ld be  
plac$ "u diff]5t circum/ances f its     
pr$ecessor4 ,e leaf labor$ to solidify  
?is sub/ance dur+ its own life2 b ! se$ 
left by ! fl[] matur$ only z ! fl[]     
p]i%$4  ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! action &      
endurance ( ! fl[] & leaf _h be5 appli$ 
by ne>ly all great nations z a type ( ! 
v>i\sly active & productive /ates ( life
 among individuals or commonweal?s4     
,*auc]'s poem ( ! ,fl[] & ,leaf is ! mo/
 def9ite expression ( ! m$ival feel+ 9  

?is respect1 :ile ! fables ( ! rape (   
,pros]p9e & ( ,apollo & ,daphne embody t
 ( ! ,greeks4 ,!re is no ,greek goddess 
correspond+ to ! ,flora ( ! ,romans4 ,_!
 ,flora is ,p]sephone1 ! br+] ( dea?4   
,%e plays = a little :ile 9 ! ,sicilian 
fields1 ga!r+ fl[]s1 !n snat*$ away by  
,pluto1 receives h] *ief p[] z %e       
vani%es f our sight1 & is cr[n$ 9 !     
grave4 ,daphne1 on ! o!r h&1 is !       
daught] ( "o ( ! great ,arcadian riv]   
gods1 & ( ! e>?2 %e is ! type ( ! riv]  
mi/ fill+ ! rocky vales ( ,arcadia2 !   
sun1 pursu+ ?is mi/ f dell to dell1 is  
,apollo pursu+ ,daphne2 :]e ! mi/ is    
protect$ f 8 rays by ! rock %ad[s1 !    
laurel & o!r ri*e/ vegetation spr+ by ! 
riv]-sides1 s t ! laurel-leaf becomes ! 
type1 9 ! ,greek m9d1 ( ! b5efic5t      
m9i/ry & vitality ( ! riv]s & ! e>?1 "u 
! beams ( sun%9e2 & !re=e x is *os5 to  
=m ! signet-cr[n ( highe/ honor = gods  
or m51 honor = "w born ( ! /r5g? & dew (
 ! e>? & in=m$ by ! c5tral light (      
heav52 "w liv+1 p]5nial1 & b5efic5t4    

,j4 ,r4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #cd3  
,read by ,mr4 ,rusk9 at ! weekly ev5+   
meet+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 7see       
,proce$+s1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ceh-fj71     
,april #ai1 #ahfa4--;,,ed4     ,,on ,,! 
,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,/ratifi$ ,,alps ,,(     
,,savoy4#ce   #bij4 ,! purpose ( !      
disc\rse 0 to trace "s ( ! influ5ces :i*
 h produc$ ! pres5t ext]nal =ms ( !     
/ratifi$ m\nta9s ( ,savoy1 & ! probable 
ext5t & results ( ! future op]ation (   
su* influ5ces4  ,! subject 0 arrang$ "u 
?ree heads3--    ,i4 ,! ,mat]ials ( !   
,savoy ,alps4   ,,ii4 ,! ,mode ( _!     
,=mation4   ,,iii4 ,! ,mode ( _!        
subsequ5t ,sculpture4  #bia4 ,i4 ,_!    
,mat]ials4--,! inve/igation 0 limit$ to 
^? ,alps :i* consi/1 9 :ole or 9 "p1    
ei!r ( ,jura lime/one1 ( ,neocomian b$s1
 or ( ! ,hippurite lime/one1 & include  
no important masses ( o!r =mations4 ,all
 ^! rocks are m>9e deposits2 & ! fir/ "q
 to be consid]$ ) respect to !          
developm5t ( m\nta9s out ( !m is ! k9d (
 *ange !y mu/ und]go 9 be+ dri$4 ,:e!r  

prolong$ ?r\gh va/ p]iods ( "t1 or ha/5$
 by heat & pressure1 ! dry+ &           
solidification ( su* rocks involv$ _!   
contraction1 & usually1 9 consequ5ce1 _!
 be+ trav]s$ ?r\gh\t by m9ute fissures4 
,"u c]ta9 conditions ( pressure1 ^!     
fissures take ! aspect ( slaty cleavage2
 "u o!rs1 !y become irregul> cracks1    
divid+ all ! sub/ance ( ! /one4 ,if ^!  
are n fill$1 ! rock w\ld become a m]e   
heap ( dbris1 & be incapable ( e/abli%+ 
itself 9 any bold =m4 ,?is is provid$   
aga9/ by a metamorphic action1 :i* ei!r 
arranges ! p>ticles ( ! rock1 ?r\gh\t1 9
 new & m cry/all9e conditions1 or else  
causes "s ( !m to sep>ate f ! re/1 to   
trav]se ! body ( ! rock1 & arrange      
!mselves 9 its fissures2 ?us =m+ a      
cem5t1 usually ( f9] & pur] sub/ance ?an
 ! re/ ( ! /one4 ,9 ei!r case ! action  
t5ds cont9ually to ! purification &     
segregation ( ! elem5ts ( ! /one4 ,!    
en]gy ( su* action dep5ds on accid5tal  
circum/ances3 fir/1 on ! attractions ( !
 compon5t elem5ts among !mselves2       

secondly1 on e *ange ( ext]nal          
temp]ature & relation4 ,s t m\nta9s are 
at diff]5t p]iods 9 diff]5t /ages (     
heal? 7s to call x7 or disease4 ,we h   
m\nta9s ( a languid temp]am5t1 m\nta9s )
 *eck$ circulations1 m\nta9s 9 n]v\s    
fev]s1 m\nta9s 9 atrophy & decl9e4      
#bib4 ,?is *ange 9 ! /ructure ( exi/+   
rocks is traceable ?r\gh cont9u\s       
gradations1 s t a black mud or calc>e\s 
slime is imp]ceptibly modifi$ into a    
magnific5tly h>d & cry/all9e sub/ance1  
inclos+ ne/s ( b]yl1 topaz1 & sapphire1 
& ve9$ ) gold4 ,b x _c be det]m9$ h[ f>1
 or 9 :at localities1 ^! *anges are yet 
arre/$2 9 ! plurality ( in/ances !y are 
evid5tly yet 9 progress4 ,x appe>s      
rational to suppose t z ea* rock        
approa*es to its p]fect type ! *ange    
becomes sl[]2 its p]fection be+         
cont9ually ne>$1 b nev] rea*$2 its *ange
 be+ liable also to int]ruption or      
rev]sal by new geological ph5om5a4 ,9 ! 
process ( ?is *ange1 rocks exp& or      
contract2 &1 9 portions1 _! multitud9\s 

fissures give !m a ductility or         
viscosity l t ( glaci]-ice on a l>g]    
scale4 ,s t _m =mations are be/ to be   
conceiv$ z glaci]s1 or froz5 fields (   
crag1 ^: dep? is to be measur$ 9 miles  
in/ead ( fa?oms1 ^: crevasses are fill$ 
) solv5t flame1 ) vapor1 ) gelat9\s     
fl9t1 or ) cry/alliz+ elem5ts ( m+l$    
natures2 ! :ole mass *ang+ its dim5sions
 & fl[+ into new *annels1 ?\gh by       
gradations :i* _c be measur$1 & 9 p]iods
 ( "t ( :i* human life =ms no           
appreciable unit4  #bic4 ,,ii4          
,=mation4--,m\nta9s are to be arrang$1 )
 respect to _! /ructure1 "u two great   
classes--^? :i* are cut out ( ! b$s (   
:i* !y are compos$1 & ^? :i* are =m$ by 
! convolution or contortion ( ! b$s     
!mselves4 ,! ,savoy m\nta9s are *iefly (
 ?is latt] class4 ,:5 /ratifi$ =mations 
are contort$1 x is usually ei!r by      
pressure f bel[1 :i* raises "o "p ( !   
=mation above ! re/1 or by lat]al       
pressure1 :i* r$uces ! :ole =mation into
 a s]ies ( waves4 ,! asc5d+ pressure may

 be limit$ 9 its sph]e ( op]ation2 !    
lat]al "o necess>ily affects ext5sive   
tracts ( c\ntry1 & ! em95ces x produces 
vani% only by degrees1 l ! waves left 9 
! wake ( a %ip4 ,! ,savoy m\nta9s h     
und]gone bo? ^! k9ds ( viol5ce 9 v      
complex modes & at diff]5t p]iods1 s t x
 becomes almo/ impossible to trace      
sep>ately & completely ! op]ation ( any 
giv5 =ce at a giv5 po9t4  #bid4 ,!      
speak]'s int5tion 0 to h analyz$1 z f> z
 possible1 ! action ( ! =m+ =ces 9 "o   
wave ( simple elevation1 ! ,mont ,salve1
 & 9 ano!r ( lat]al compression1 ! ,mont
 ,brezon3 b ! inve/igation ( ! ,mont    
,salve _h pres5t$ unexpect$ difficulty4 
,its faade _h be5 always consid]$ to be 
=m$ by v]tical b$s1 rais$ into t        
position dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iods2 !        
speak]'s inve/igations _h1 on ! contr>y1
 l$ him to conclude t ! appe>ance (     
v]tical b$s 0 ow+ to a peculi>ly %>p &  
di/9ct cleavage1 at "r angles ) ! b$s1 b
 ne>ly p>allel to _! /rike1 else:]e     
simil>ly manife/$ 9 ! ,jurassic s]ies ( 

,savoy1 & %[+ itself on ! fronts ( mo/ (
 ! precipices =m$ ( t rock4 ,! att5tion 
( geologi/s 0 invit$ to ! det]m9ation ( 
?is "q4  ,! compress$ wave ( ! ,brezon1 
m complex 9 arrangem5t1 0 m cle>ly      
def9$4 ,a section ( x 0 giv51 %[+ !     
rev]s$ position ( ! ,hippurite lime/one 
9 ! summit & l[] precipices4 ,?is       
lime/one wave 0 %[n to be "o ( a great  
s]ies1 runn+ p>allel ) ! ,alps1 &       
con/itut+ an undulatory di/rict1 *iefly 
compos$ ( *alk b$s1 sep>at$ f ! high]   
lime/one di/rict ( ! ,jura & ,lias by a 
long tr5* or moat1 fill$ ) memb]s ( !   
t]ti>y s]ies--*iefly nummulite lime/ones
 & flys*4 ,?is tr5* might be foll[$ f   
,fav]ges1 at ! head ( ! lake ( ,annecy1 
across ,savoy4 ,x sep>at$ ,mont ,v]gi f 
! ,mont ,dorons1 & ! ,d5t d',o*e f !    
,d5t du ,midi2 !n ent]$ ,switz]l&1      
sep>at+ ! ,moleson f ! ,diabl]ets2 pass$
 on ?r\gh ! di/ricts ( ,?un & ,bri5tz1  
&1 divid+ itself into two1 caus$ !      
zigzagg$ =m ( ! lake ( ,luc]ne4 ,!      
pr9cipal bran* !n pass$ betwe5 ! high   

,s5tis & ! ,gl>nis*1 & broke into       
confusion 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,on ! nor? side ( 
?is tr5* ! *alk b$s 7 (t5 v]tical1 or   
ca/ into repeat$ folds1 ( :i* !         
esc>pm5ts 7 mo/ly turn$ away f ! ,alps2 
b on ! s\? side ( ! tr5*1 ! ,jurassic1  
,triassic1 & ,c>bonif]\s b$s1 ?\gh mu*  
di/ort$1 %[$ a prevail+ t5d5cy to lean  
t[>ds ! ,alps1 & turn _! esc>pm5ts to ! 
c5tral *a94  #bie4 ,bo? ^! sy/ems (     
m\nta9s are int]sect$ by transv]se      
valleys1 ow+ _! orig91 9 ! fir/ in/ance1
 to a s]ies ( transv]se curvil9e>       
fractures1 :i* affect ! =ms ev5 ( e m9or
 ridge1 & produce its pr9cipal rav9es & 
bolde/ rocks1 ev5 :]e no di/9ctly       
excavat$ valleys exi/4 ,?us1 ! ,mont    
,v]gi & ! ,aiguilles ( ,sal\vre are only
 fragm5t>y rema9s ( a range ( horizontal
 b$s1 once cont9u\s1 b brok5 by ?is     
transv]se sy/em ( curvil9e> cleavage1 & 
worn or wea!r$ into sep>ate summits4  ,!
 means ( ?is ultimate sculpture or      
wea!r+ 7 la/ly to be consid]$4          
99       99       99       99       99  

#bif4 ,,iii4 ,sculpture4--,! f9al       
r$uctions ( m\nta9=m are ow+ ei!r to    
dis9tegration1 or to ! action ( wat]1 9 
! condition ( ra91 riv]s1 or ice1 aid$  
by fro/ & o!r circum/ances ( temp]ature 
& atmosph]e4  ,all important exi/+ =ms  
are ow+ to dis9tegration1 or ! action ( 
wat]4 ,t ( ice _h be5 curi\sly ov]-rat$4
 ,z an in/rum5t ( sculpture1 ice is mu* 
less p[]ful ?an wat]2 ! app>5tly        
en]getic effects ( x be+ m]ely !        
expon5ts ( dis9tegration4 ,a glaci] did 
n produce its mora9e1 b su/a9$ & expos$ 
! fragm5ts :i* fell on its surface1     
pulv]iz+ ^! by keep+ !m 9 motion1 b     
produc+ v unimportant effects on ! rock 
bel[2 ! r\nd+s & /riation produc$ by ice
 7 sup]ficial2 :ile a torr5t p5etrat$   
into e angle & cranny1 und]m9+ & we>+   
cont9ually1 & c>ry+ /ones1 at ! l[e/    
e/imate1 six hundr$ ?\s& times z fa/ z !
 glaci]4 ,_h ! quantity ( ra9 :i* has   
fall5 on ,mont ,blanc 9 ! =m ( sn[ 7&   
desc5d$ 9 ! rav9es z ice7 fall5 z ra91 &
 desc5d$ 9 torr5ts1 ! rav9es w\ld h be5 

mu* deep] ?an !y are n[1 & ! glaci] may 
s f> be consid]$ z ex]cis+ a protective 
influ5ce4 ,b its p[] ( c>riage is       
unlimit$1 & :5 masses ( e>? or rock are 
once loos5$1 ! glaci] c>ries !m away1 & 
exposes fre% surfaces4 ,g5]ally1 ! "w ( 
wat] & ice is 9 m\nta9 surg]y l t (     
lancet & sponge--"o = incision1 ! o!r = 
ablution4 ,no excavation by ice 0       
possible on a l>ge scale1 any m ?an by a
 /ream ( honey2 & its v>i\s actions1 )  
_! limitations1 7 only to be und]/ood by
 keep+ always cle>ly 9 view ! great law 
( its motion z a visc\s sub/ance1       
det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,james ,=bes4      
#big4 ,! exi/+ =ms ( ! ,alps are1 !re=e1
 traceable *iefly to d5udation z !y rose
 f ! sea1 foll[$ by m or less viol5t    
aque\s action1 p>tly arre/$ dur+ !      
glacial p]iods1 :ile ! produc$ diluvium 
0 c>ri$ away into ! valley ( ! ,rh9e or 
into ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,"o v important      
result ( d5udation _h n yet be5         
suffici5tly reg>d$2 namely1 t :5        
portions ( a ?ick b$ 7z ! ,rudi/5-kalk7 

_h be5 entirely remov$1 ! weight ( !    
rema9+ masses1 press+ unequally on !    
inf]ior b$s1 w\ld1 :5 ^! 7 s(t 7z !     
,neocomian m>ls71 press !m up into ar*$ 
conditions1 l ^? ( ! floors ( coal-m9es 
9 :at ! m9]s call$ creeps4 ,_m anomal\s 
positions ( ! b$s ( ,spatang5kalk 9 !   
di/rict ( ! ,lake ( ,annecy 7 9 all     
probability ow+ to ?is cause3 !y might  
be /udi$ advantage\sly 9 ! slop+ base ( 
! great ,ro*]s de ,lanfon1 :i*1         
dis9tegrat+ 9 curv$1 ne>ly v]tical      
flakes1 ea* a ?\s& feet 9 height1 7     
nev]!less a m]e outly+ remnant ( ! great
 horizontal =mation ( ! ,p>melan1 & =m$1
 l x1 ( v ?9 horizontal b$s (           
,rudi/5-kalk1 impos$ on %aly masses (   
,neocomian1 modifi$ by _! pressure4 ,m  
complex =ms ( h>d] rock 7 wr\ght by !   
/reams & ra9s into fanta/ic outl9es2 & !
 transv]se gorges 7 cut deep :]e !y _h  
be5 fir/ trac$ by fault or di/ortion4 ,!
 analysis ( ?is aque\s action w\ld alone
 require a s]ies ( disc\rses2 b ! sum ( 
! facts 0 t ! be/ & mo/ int]e/+ portions

 ( ! m\nta9s 7 j ^? :i* 7 f9ally left1 !
 c5t]s & jo9ts1 z x 71 ( ! ,alp9e       
anatomy4 ,immeasurable p]iods ( "t w\ld 
be requir$ to we> ^! away2 & to all     
appe>ances1 dur+ ! process ( _!         
de/ruction1 o!rs 7 ris+ to take _!      
place1 & =ms ( p]haps f> m nobly        
organiz$ m\nta9 w\ld witness ! collat]al
 progress ( humanity4    ,j4 ,r4        
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ce3 ,read by   
,mr4 ,rusk9 at ! weekly ev5+ meet+ ( !  
,royal ,in/itution 7see ,proce$+s1 vol4 
iv41 pp4 #adb-df71 ,june #e1            
#ahfc4--;,,ed4     ,,! ,,range ,,(      
,,intellectual ,,conception             
,,proportion$ ,,to ,,! ,,rank ,,9       
,,animat$ ,,life4#cf  ,a ,,!orem4       
#bih4 ,i suppose ?is !orem to be a      
truism2 b ,i v5ture to /ate x1 because x
 is surely desirable t x %\ld be        
recogniz$ z an axiom by metaphysicians1 
& practically does n seem to me yet to h
 be5 s4 ,i say animat$ life because ! ^w
 life by itself might h be5 tak5 to     
include t ( vegetables2 & ,i say animat$

 in/ead ( spiritual life because ! ,lat9
 anima1 & pretty ,italian corruption (  
x1 alma1 involv+ ! new idea ( n\ri%m5t (
 ! body z by ! ,alim5t or ,alms ( ,god1 
seems to me to convey a bett] idea ( !  
exi/5ce ( consci\s creatures ?an any    
d]ivative ( spiritus1 pneuma1 or psy*e4 
,i atta*1 h[ev]1 a some:at l[] s5se to !
 ^w conception ?an is1 ,i believe1 usual
 ) metaphysicians1 =1 z a pa9t]1 ,i     
belong to a l[] rank ( animat$ be+ ?an  
!irs1 & c only mean by conception :at ,i
 "k ( x4 ,a pa9t] nev] conceives any?+  
absolutely1 & is inde$ incapable (      
conceiv+ any?+ at all1 except z a       
ph5om5on or s5sation1 or z ! mode or    
locus ( a ph5om5on or s5sation4 ,t :i*  
is n an appe>ance1 or a feel+1 or a mode
 ( "o or ! o!r1 is to him no?+4  #bii4  
,= in/ance1 he w\ld d5y ! def9ition ( ! 
ph5om5on :i* he is himself fir/ conc]n$ 
9 produc+--a l9e--z l5g? )\t bread?4 ,he
 w\ld say1 ,t :i* has no bread? is no?+1
 & no?+ _c be long4 ,he w\ld def9e a l9e
 z a n>r[ & long ph5om5on1 & a          

ma!matician's idea ( x z an idea ( !    
direction ( su* a ph5om5on4  ,! act (   
conception or imag9ation ) him1 !re=e1  
is m]ely ! memory1 simple or comb9$1 (  
?+s t he has se5 or felt4 ,he has no    
ray1 no incipi5ce ( faculty beyond ?is4 
,no quantity ( ! /]ne/ tra9+ 9 ! s*ool (
 ,hegel1 w\ld ev] enable him to ?9k !   
,absolute4 ,he w\ld p]si/ 9 an ob/9ate  
refusal to use ! ^w ?9k at all 9 a      
transitive s5se4 ,he w\ld nev]1 =       
in/ance1 say1 ,i ?9k ! table1 b ,i ?9k !
 table is turn+1 or is n1 z ! case might
 be4 ,& if he 7 to be taught 9 any s*ool
 :atev] to conceive a table1 8 fir/ dem&
 w\ld be t he %\ld be %[n "o1 or ref]r$ 
to o!r ?+s t _h ! qualities ( "o 9      
illu/rative degree4  #cjj4 ,& ev5       
respect+ ! con/ant me?ods or laws (     
ph5om5a1 he _c raise ! /atem5t ( !m into
 an act ( conception4 ,! /atem5t t two  
"r l9es c nev] inclose a space m]ely    
appe>s to him ano!r =m ( v]bal          
def9ition1 or1 at ! gr&e/1 a def9ition 9
 prophetic ext5t1 say+ 9 o!r words t a  

l9e :i* incloses1 or ev] may inclose1 a 
space1 is n1 & nev] w be1 a "r "o4 ,he  
w\ld admit t :at he n[ conceives z two  
?+s1 d\bl$1 w\ld always be :at he n[    
conceives z f\r ?+s4 ,b assum+ ! exi/5ce
 ( a _w 9 :i*1 :5ev] two ?+s 7 actually 
set 9 juxtaposition ) o!r two ?+s1 !y   
became actually ?ree times1 or actually 
five1 he supposes t ! practice (        
ari?metic1 & laws ( x1 w\ld *ange 9     
relation to ?is new condition 9 matt]2 &
 he accepts1 !re=e1 ! /atem5t t twice   
two are f\r only z an accid5t ( ! exi/+ 
ph5om5a ( matt]4  #cja4 ,a pa9t] !re=e  
may1 ,i ?9k1 be look$ ^u z only         
repres5t+ a high ord] ( s5sational      
creatures1 incapable ( any b physical   
ideas & impressions2 & ,i cont9ue my    
pap]1 !re=e1 only 9 ! "n ( ! docile1 &  
!re=e improvable1 "p ( ! ,brute         
,creation4  ,& 9 _! "n ,i w\ld sugge/ t 
we %\ld be mu* m docile ?an we are if we
 7 nev] occupi$ 9 ef=ts to conceive ?+s 
above our natures4 ,to take an in/ance1 
9 a creature some:at l[] ?an myself4 ,i 

came by surprise ! o!r day on a         
cuttle-fi% 9 a pool at l[ tide4 ,on be+ 
t\*$ ) ! po9t ( my umbrella1 he fir/    
fill$ ! pool ) ink1 & !n f9d+ himself   
/ill t\*$ 9 ! d>kness1 lo/ 8 temp]1 &   
attack$ ! umbrella ) mu* psy*e or anima1
 hugg+ x tightly ) all 8 eight arms1 &  
mak+ ef=ts1 l an impetu\s baby ) a      
coral1 to get x into 8 m\?4 ,on my (f]+ 
him a f+] in/ead1 he suck$ t ) two or   
?ree ( 8 arms ) an app>5tly malignant   
satisfaction1 & on be+ %ak5 (f1 retir$ )
 an air ( frantic misan?ropy into ! cl\d
 ( 8 ink4  #cjb4 ,n[1 x seems to me n a 
little in/ructive to reflect h[ entirely
 useless su* a manife/ation ( a sup]ior 
be+ 0 to 8 cuttle-fi% m9d1 & h[ =tunate 
x 0 = 8 fell[-octopods t he _h no comm& 
( p5s z well z ink1 nor any disposition 
to write on ! nature ( umbrellas or (   
m54  ,x may be obs]v$1 fur!r1 t :atev]  
ideas he 0 able to =m respect+ ei!r 7   
positively false--s contr>y to tru? z to
 be worse ?an none1 & simply dang]\s to 
himself1 s f> z he might be induc$ to   

act ^u !m--t1 namely1 an umbrella 0 an  
eatable ?+1 or a man a conqu]able "o1 t 
! individual man :o look$ at him 0      
ho/ile to him or t 8 purposes c\ld be   
int]f]$ ) by ejection ( ink4 ,e ef=t    
made by ! fi% "u ^! convictions 0 h>mful
 to himself2 8 only wisdom w\ld h be5 to
 lie quietly & unreflectively 9 8 pool4 
,& ) u pa9t]s also1 ! only result ( any 
ef=ts we make to acqua9t ourselves ) !  
subjects ( metaphysical inquiry has be5 
an increas$ s5se ( ! prud5ce ( ly+      
placidly & unreflectively 9 our pools1  
or at lea/ limit+ ourselves to su* g5tle
 ef=ts ( imag9ation z may be consi/5t ) 
! z yet imp]fectly develop$ p[]s1 ,i d n
 say ev5 ( cephalopodic1 b ( ,ascidian  
n]v\s c5t]s4  #cjc4 ,b x may be easily  
imag9$ h[ pleasantly1 to p]sons ?us     
subdu$ 9 self-e/imation1 ! hope pres5ts 
itself :i* is involv$ 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1
 t _! pools !mselves may be capable (   
indef9ite ext5sion1 & _! natures (      
indef9ite developm5t--! hope t our      
desc5dants may "o day be a%am$ ( u1 &   

debate ! "q ( _! p>5tage ) a/oni%m5t &  
disgu/4  ,& x seems to me t ! aim (     
elem5t>y metaphysical /udy might h5ce=? 
become m practical ?an t ( any o!r      
sci5ce4 ,= 9 hi!rto tak+ little         
cognizance ( ! limitation ( ?\ght by !  
/ructure ( ! body1 we h surely also lo/ 
sight ( ! p[] ( c]ta9 modes ( ?\ght ov] 
! processes ( t /ructure4 ,tak+1 =      
in/ance1 ! emotion ( ang]1 ( :i* !      
cephalopoda are inde$ z capable z we    
are1 b inf]ior to u 9 be+ unable to     
decide :e!r !y d well to be angry or n1 
,i d n ?9k ! *emical effect ( t emotion 
on ! p>ticles ( ! blood1 9 decompos+ &  
o!rwise p>alyz+ or debilitat+ !m1 has   
be5 suffici5tly exam9$1 nor ! actual    
quantity ( n]v\s en]gy :i* a fit ( ang] 
( giv5 viol5ce )draws f ! body & re/ores
 to space1 nei!r ! correlative p[] (    
volition 9 re/ra9+ ! passion1 or 9      
direct+ ! *oice ( salut>y ?\ght1 z (    
salut>y h]bs on /reams4 ,& ev5 we       
pa9t]s1 :o d>e n call ourselves capable 
( ?\ght1 are capable ( *oice 9 m or less

 salut>y vision4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* we   
lose su* p[] ( *oice 9 vision1 s t !    
spectral ph5om5a :i* are ! mat]ials (   
our indu/ry pres5t !mselves "u =ms      
beyond our control1 we become insane2 & 
al?\gh = all our be/ "w a c]ta9 degree (
 ?is insanity is necess>y1 & ! fir/     
occurr+ conceptions are uncomm&$1 z 9   
dreams1 we h1 :5 9 heal?1 always        
in/antane\s p[] ( accept+ "s1 refus+    
o!rs1 p]fect+ ! outl9es & colors ( ^? we
 wi% to keep1 & arrang+ !m 9 su*        
relations z we *oose4  #cjd4 ,&         
unque/ionably ! =ms ( ! body :i* pa9t]s 
in/9ctively recognize z be/1 & call     
beautiful1 are s f> "u ! comm& ( !      
pla/ic =ce ( volunt>y ?\ght1 t ! orig9al
 & future au?ority ( su* a pla/ic =ce   
ov] ! :ole ( creation _c b seem to      
pa9t]s a direct1 ?\gh n a c]ta9         
influ5ce2 & !y w\ld at once give _!     
adh]5ce to ! /atem5t made _m ye>s s9ce 9
 8 op5+ lectures 9 ,ox=d by ! pres5t    
,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 7z f> z ,i c
 recollect approximately1 9 ^! t]ms7--t 

x is q z logical1 & f> m easy1 to       
conceive ( orig9al anima z adapt+ itself
 to =ms ( sub/ance1 ?an ( orig9al       
sub/ance z adapt+ to itself modes ( m9d4
  #cje4 ,x is surely1 !re=e1 n too mu*  
to expect ( future s*ools (             
metaphysicians t !y w direct mank9d into
 me?ods ( ?\ght :i* w be at once happy1 
un]r+1 & m$ic9al1 & !re=e entirely wise2
 t !y w m>k ! limits beyond :i* uni=mity
 mu/ be dang]\s1 & speculation va92 & t 
!y w at no di/ant p]iod t]m9ate !       
acrimony ( !ologians1 & ! insol5ces1 z  
well z ! sorr[s1 ( gr\ndless fai?1 by   
%[+ t x is appo9t$ = u1 9 common ) ! re/
 ( ! animal creation1 to live 9 ! mid/ (
 an univ]se ! nature ( :i* is z mu*     
bett] ?an we c believe1 z x is great]   
?an we c und]/&4   ,,footnotes3         
,footnote #cf3 ,contempor>y ,review1    
,june1 #ahga4--;,,ed4          99       
99       99       99       99           
,,lit]ature4   ,,fiction--,,fair ,,&    
,,f\l4  7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june1       
,augu/1 ,sept41 ,nov4 #ahhj1 & ,oct4    

#ahha47   ,,fairy ,,/ories4  7,preface  
to ,g]man ,popul> ,/ories1 #ahfh47      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,fiction1 ,,fair ,,& ,,f\l4   #a4cg    
#a4 ,on ! fir/ mild--or1 at lea/1 ! fir/
 bright--day ( ,m>*1 9 ?is ye>1 ,i walk$
 ?r\gh :at 0 once a c\ntry lane1 betwe5 
! ho/elry ( ! ,half-moon at ! bottom (  
,h]ne ,hill1 & ! seclud$ ,college (     
,dulwi*4  ,9 my "y days1 ,crox/$ ,lane 0
 a gre5 byroad trav]sable = "s di/ance  
by c>ts2 b r>ely s trav]s$1 &1 = ! mo/  
"p1 little else ?an a n>r[ /rip (       
untill$ field1 sep>at$ by blackb]ry     
h$ges f ! bett]-c>$-= mead[s on ea* side
 ( x3 gr[+ m we$s1 !re=e1 ?an !y1 &     
p]haps 9 spr+ a primrose or two--:ite   
ar*angel--daisies pl5ty1 & purple ?i/les
 9 autumn4 ,a sl5d] rivulet1 boa/+      
little ( its brightness1 = !re are no   
spr+s at ,dulwi*1 yet f$ purely en\gh by
 ! ra9 & morn+ dew1 "h trickl$--!re     
loit]$--?r\gh ! long grass b5ea? !      
h$ges1 & exp&$ itself1 :]e x might1 into
 mod]ately cle> & deep pools1 9 :i*1 "u 

_! veils ( duckwe$1 a fre%-wat] %ell or 
two1 sundry curi\s little skipp+ %rimps1
 any quantity ( tadpoles 9 _! "t1 & ev5 
sometimes a tittlebat1 (f]$ !mselves to 
my boyhood's pleas$1 & n inaccurate1    
obs]vation4 ,!re1 my "m & ,i us$ to ga!r
 ! fir/ buds ( ! haw?orn2 & !re1 9 aft] 
ye>s1 ,i us$ to walk 9 ! summ] %ad[s1 z 
9 a place wild] & sweet] ?an our g>d51  
to ?9k ov] any passage ,i want$ to make 
bett] ?an usual 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4  ,s1 z
 a=esaid1 on ! fir/ k9dly day ( ?is ye>1
 be+ ?\ghtful m ?an usual ( ^? old      
times1 ,i w5t to look aga9 at ! place4  
#b4 ,(t51 bo? 9 ^? days1 & s9ce1 ,i h   
put myself h>d to x1 va9ly1 to f9d words
 :]e) to tell ( beautiful ?+s2 b beauty 
has be5 9 ! _w s9ce ! _w 0 made1 & human
 language c make a %ift1 someh[1 to give
 acc\nt ( x1 :]eas ! peculi> =ces (     
deva/ation induc$ by mod]n city life h  
only ent]$ ! _w lately2 & no exi/+ t]ms 
( language kn[n to me are en\gh to      
describe ! =ms ( fil?1 & modes ( ru91 t 
v>i$ !mselves along ! c\rse ( ,crox/$   

,lane4 ,! fields on ea* side ( x are n[ 
mo/ly dug up = build+1 or cut ?r\gh into
 gaunt corn]s & nooks ( bl9d gr\nd by ! 
wild cross+s & concurr5cies ( ?ree      
railroads4 ,half a doz5 h&fuls ( new    
cottages1 ) ,doric doors1 are dropp$    
ab\t "h & !re among ! ga%$ gr\nd3 ! lane
 itself1 n[ entirely grassless1 is a    
deep-rutt$1 heavy-hillock$ c>t-road1    
div]g+ gatelessly into v>i\s brickfields
 or pieces ( wa/e2 & bord]$ on ea* side 
by heaps (--,hades only kn[s :at6--mix$ 
du/ ( e unclean ?+ t c crumble 9 dr\ght1
 & mildew ( e unclean ?+ t c rot or ru/ 
9 damp3 a%es & rags1 be]-bottles & old  
%oes1 batt]$ pans1 sma%$ crock]y1 %r$s (
 nameless clo!s1 door-sweep+s1          
floor-sweep+s1 kit*5 g>bage1 back-g>d5  
sewage1 old iron1 rott5 timb] jagg$ )   
out-torn nails1 cig>-ends1 pipe-b[ls1   
c9d]s1 bones1 & ordure1 indescribable2  
&1 v>i\sly knead$ into1 /ick+ to1 or    
flutt]+ f\lly "h & !re ov] all          
^!1--remnants broadca/1 ( e mann] (     
newspap]1 adv]tisem5t or big-lett]$     

bill1 fe/]+ & flaunt+ out _! la/        
publicity 9 ! pits ( /9k+ du/ & mortal  
slime4  #c4 ,! lane ends n[ :]e its     
prettie/ w9d+s once began2 be+ cut (f by
 a cross-road lead+ out ( ,dulwi* to a  
m9or railway /ation3 & on ! o!r side (  
?is road1 :at 0 ( old ! da9tie/         
intricacy ( its solitude is *ang$ into a
 /raight1 & ev5ly macadamiz$ c>riage    
drive betwe5 new h\ses ( extreme        
respectability1 ) good atta*$ g>d5s &   
(fices--mo/ ( ^! t5em5ts be+ l>g]--all m
 pret5ti\s1 & _m1 ,i imag9e1 held at    
greatly high] r5t ?an my fa!r's1 t5ant$ 
= tw5ty ye>s at ,h]ne ,hill4 ,& x became
 matt] ( curi\s m$itation to me :at mu/ 
"h become ( *ildr5 resembl+ my poor     
little dreamy quondam self 9 temp]1 &   
?us br\ght up at ! same di/ance f       
,london1 & 9 ! same or bett]            
circum/ances ( worldly =tune2 b ) only  
,crox/$ ,lane 9 its pres5t condition =  
_! c\ntry walk4 ,! trimly kept road be=e
 _! doors1 su* z "o us$ to see 9 !      
fa%ionable suburbs ( ,*elt5ham or       

,leam+ton1 pres5ts no?+ to _! /udy b    
gravel1 & gas-lamp po/s2 ! mod]n        
addition ( a v]milion lett]-pill>       
contribut+ inde$ to ! spl5dor1 b sc>cely
 to ! int]e/ ( ! sc5e2 & a *ild ( any   
s5se or fancy w\ld ha/ily contrive      
escape f su* a b>r5 des]t ( polit5ess1 &
 betake itself to inve/igation1 su* z   
might be feasible1 ( ! natural hi/ory ( 
,crox/$ ,lane4  #d4 ,b1 = its s5se or   
fancy1 :at food1 or /imulus1 c x f9d1 9 
t f\l causeway ( its y\?ful pilgrimage8 
,:at w\ld h happ5$ to myself1 s direct$1
 ,i _c cle>ly imag9e4 ,possibly1 ,i     
might h got int]e/$ 9 ! old iron &      
wood-%av+s2 & become an eng9e] or a     
c>p5t]3 b = ! *ildr5 ( to-day1 accu/om$1
 f ! in/ant !y are out ( _! cradles1 to 
! sight ( ?is inf9ite na/9ess1 prevail+ 
z a fix$ condition ( ! univ]se1 ov] !   
face ( nature1 & accompany+ all !       
op]ations ( indu/ri\s man1 :at is to be 
! s*ola/ic issue8 unless1 inde$1 ! ?rill
 ( sci5tific vanity 9 ! prim>y analysis 
( "s unhe>d-( process ( corruption--or !

 rew>d ( microscopic rese>* 9 ! sight ( 
worms ) m legs1 & ac>i ( m curi\s       
g5]ation ?an ev] vivifi$ ! m simply     
smell+ plasma ( antiquity4  ,"o result (
 su* elem5t>y education is1 h[ev]1      
already c]ta92 namely1 t ! pleasure :i* 
we may conceive tak5 by ! *ildr5 ( !    
com+ "t1 9 ! analysis ( physical        
corruption1 guides1 into fields m       
dang]\s & desolate1 ! expatiation ( an  
imag9ative lit]ature3 & t ! reactions ( 
moral disease ^u itself1 & ! conditions 
( languidly mon/r\s "* develop$ 9 an    
atmosph]e ( l[ vitality1 h become ! mo/ 
valu$ mat]ial ( mod]n fiction1 & ! mo/  
eag]ly discuss$ texts ( mod]n           
philosophy4  #e4 ,! _m concurr5t reasons
 = ?is mis*ief may1 ,i believe1 be mass$
 "u a few g5]al heads4#ch  ,i4 ,!re is  
fir/ ! hot f]m5tation & un:olesome      
secrecy ( ! population cr[d$ into l>ge  
cities1 ea* mote 9 ! mis]y light]1 z an 
individual s\l1 ?an a dead leaf1 b      
becom+ oppressive & infecti\s ea* to 8  
neighbor1 9 ! smok+ mass ( decay4 ,!    

result+ modes ( m5tal ru9 & di/ress are 
cont9ually new2 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 wor?  
/udy 9 _! mon/rosity3 !y h accord+ly    
develop$ a correspond+ sci5ce ( fiction1
 conc]n$ ma9ly ) ! description ( su* =ms
 ( disease1 l ! botany ( leaf-li*5s4  ,9
 ,de ,balzac's /ory ( ,fa!r ,goriot1 a  
groc] makes a l>ge =tune1 ( :i* he sp5ds
 on himself z mu* z may keep him alive2 
& on 8 two daught]s1 all t c promote _! 
pleasures or _! pride4 ,he m>ries !m to 
m5 ( rank1 supplies _! secret exp5ses1 &
 provides = 8 favorite a sep>ate &      
cl&e/9e e/abli%m5t ) h] lov]4 ,on 8     
dea?-b$1 he s5ds = ?is favorite daught]1
 :o wi%es to come1 & hesitates = a qu>t]
 ( an h\r betwe5 do+ s1 & go+ to a ball 
at :i* x has be5 = ! la/ mon? h] *ief   
ambition to be se54 ,%e f9ally goes to !
 ball4  ,! /ory is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( :i* ! 
viol5t contra/s & spectral cata/rophe   
c\ld only take place1 or be conceiv$1 9 
a l>ge city4 ,a village groc] _c make a 
l>ge =tune1 _c m>ry 8 daught]s to titl$ 
squires1 & _c die )\t hav+ 8 *ildr5     

br\ght to him1 if 9 ! neighborhood1 by  
fe> ( village gossip1 if = no bett]     
cause4  #f4 ,,ii4 ,b a mu* m pr(\nd     
feel+ ?an ?is m]e curiosity ( sci5ce 9  
morbid ph5om5a is conc]n$ 9 ! production
 ( ! c>efule/ =ms ( mod]n fiction4 ,!   
disgrace & grief result+ f ! m]e trampl+
 pressure & electric friction ( t[n     
life1 become to ! suff]]s peculi>ly     
my/]i\s 9 _! undes]v$ness1 & frightful 9
 _! inevitabl5ess4 ,! p[] ( all         
surr\nd+s ov] !m = evil2 ! incapacity ( 
_! own m9ds to refuse ! pollution1 & (  
_! own wills to oppose ! weight1 ( !    
/agg]+ mass t *okes & cru%es !m into    
p]dition1 br+s e law ( heal?y exi/5ce   
into "q ) !m1 & e alleg$ me?od ( help & 
hope into d\bt4 ,indignation1 )\t any   
calm+ fai? 9 ju/ice1 & self-contempt1   
)\t any curative self-reproa*1 dull !   
intellig5ce1 & degrade ! consci5ce1 into
 sull5 incr$ulity ( all sun%9e outside !
 dunghill1 or breeze beyond ! waft+ (   
its impurity2 & at la/ a philosophy     
develops itself1 p>tly satiric1 p>tly   

consolatory1 conc]n$ only ) ! reg5]ative
 vigor ( manure1 & ! necess>y           
obscurities ( fimetic ,provid5ce2 %[+ h[
 ev]ybody's fault is somebody else's1 h[
 infection has no law1 dige/ion no w1 & 
pr(itable dirt no di%onor4  ,& ?us an   
elaborate & +5i\s s*ola/icism1 9 :at may
 be call$ ! ,div9ity ( ,decomposition1  
has e/abli%$ itself 9 connection ) ! m  
rec5t =ms ( romance1 giv+ !m at once a  
complac5t tone ( cl]ical dignity1 & an  
agreeable da% ( h]etical impud5ce2 :ile 
! inculcat$ doctr9e has ! d\ble         
advantage ( ne$+ no labori\s s*ol>%ip = 
its f\ndation1 & no pa9ful self-d5ial = 
its practice4  #g4 ,,iii4 ,! monotony ( 
life 9 ! c5tral /reets ( any great mod]n
 city1 b especially 9 ^? ( ,london1 :]e 
e emotion int5d$ to be d]iv$ by m5 f !  
sight ( nature1 or ! s5se ( art1 is     
=bidd5 =ev]1 leaves ! crav+ ( ! he>t = a
 s9c]e1 yet *angeful1 int]e/1 to be f$ f
 "o s\rce only4 ,"u natural conditions !
 degree ( m5tal excitem5t necess>y to   
bodily heal? is provid$ by ! c\rse ( !  

seasons1 & ! v>i\s skill & =tune (      
agriculture4 ,9 ! c\ntry e morn+ ( ! ye>
 br+s ) x a new aspect ( spr++ or fad+  
nature2 a new duty to be fulfill$ ^u    
e>?1 & a new promise or w>n+ 9 heav54   
,no day is )\t its innoc5t hope1 its    
special prud5ce1 its k9dly gift1 & its  
sublime dang]2 & 9 e process ( wise     
husb&ry1 & e ef=t ( cont5d+ or rem$ial  
c\rage1 ! :olesome passions1 pride1 &   
bodily p[] ( ! labor] are excit$ & ex]t$
 9 happie/ unison4 ,! companion%ip (    
dome/ic1 ! c>e ( s]viceable1 animals1   
s(t5 & enl>ge 8 life ) l[ly *>ities1 &  
discipl9e him 9 famili> wisdoms &       
unboa/ful =titudes2 :ile ! div9e laws ( 
se$time :i* _c be recall$1 h>ve/ :i* _c 
be ha/5$1 & w9t] 9 :i* no man c "w1     
compel ! impati5ces & covet+ ( 8 he>t   
into labor too submissive to be anxi\s1 
& re/ too sweet to be wanton4 ,:at ?\ght
 c en\gh compreh5d ! contra/ betwe5 su* 
life1 & t 9 /reets :]e summ] & w9t] are 
only alt]nations ( heat & cold2 :]e sn[ 
nev] fell :ite1 nor sun%9e cle>2 :]e !  

gr\nd is only a pavem5t1 & ! sky no m   
?an ! glass ro( ( an arcade2 :]e ! utmo/
 p[] ( a /orm is to *oke ! gutt]s1 & !  
f9e/ magic ( spr+1 to *ange mud into    
du/3 :]e--*ief & mo/ fatal diff]5ce 9   
/ate--!re is no int]e/ ( occupation =   
any ( ! inhabitants b ! r\t9e ( c\nt] or
 desk )9 doors1 & ! ef=t to pass ea* o!r
 )\t collision outside2 s t f morn+ to  
ev5+ ! only possible v>iation ( !       
monotony ( ! h\rs1 & light5+ ( ! p5alty 
( exi/5ce1 mu/ be "s k9d ( mis*ief1     
limit$1 unless by m ?an ord9>y gods5d ( 
fatality1 to ! fall ( a horse1 or !     
slitt+ ( a pocket8  #h4 ,i said t "u ^! 
laws ( inanition1 ! crav+ ( ! human he>t
 = "s k9d ( excitem5t c\ld be suppli$ f 
"o s\rce only4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght by  
any o!r ?an a /]nly t5tative philosoph]1
 t ! d5ial ( _! natural food to human   
feel+s w\ld h provok$ a reaction>y      
desire = x2 & t ! dre>9ess ( ! /reet    
w\ld h be5 gild$ by dreams ( pa/oral    
felicity4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n ! fact to be
 o!rwise2 ! ?or\ghly tra9$ ,london] c   

enjoy no o!r excitem5t ?an t to :i* he  
has be5 accu/om$1 b asks = t 9          
cont9ually m ard5t or m virul5t         
conc5tration2 & ! ultimate p[] ( fiction
 to ent]ta9 him is by v>y+ to 8 fancy ! 
modes1 & def9+ = 8 dullness ! horrors1 (
 ,dea?4 ,9 ! s+le novel ( ,bleak ,h\se  
!re are n9e dea?s 7or left = dea?'s1 9 !
 drop sc5e7 c>efully wr\ght out or l$ up
 to1 ei!r by way ( pleas+ surprise1 z ! 
baby's at ! brick-mak]'s1 or f9i%$ 9 _! 
?reat5+s & suff]+s1 ) z mu* enjoym5t z c
 be contriv$ 9 ! anticipation1 & z mu*  
pa?ology z c be conc5trat$ 9 !          
description4 ,"u ! foll[+ v>ieties (    
me?od3--    ,"o by assass9ation         
,mr4 ,tulk+horn4   ,"o by />vation1 )   
ph?isis   ,joe4   ,"o by *agr9          
,ri*>d4   ,"o by spontane\s combu/ion   
,mr4 ,krook4   ,"o by sorr[             
,lady ,d$lock's lov]4   ,"o by remorse  
,lady ,d$lock4   ,"o by insanity        
,miss ,flite4   ,"o by p>alysis         
,sir ,leice/]4  ,besides ! baby1 by     
fev]1 & a lively "y ,fr5*woman left to  

be hang$4  ,& all ?is1 obs]ve1 n 9 a    
tragic1 adv5tur\s1 or milit>y /ory1 b   
m]ely z ! fur!r enliv5m5t ( a n>rative  
int5d$ to be amus+2 & z a prop]ly       
repres5tative av]age ( ! /ati/ics (     
civilian mortality 9 ! c5t] ( ,london4  
#i4 ,obs]ve fur!r1 & *iefly4 ,x is n !  
m]e numb] ( dea?s 7:i*1 if we c\nt ! odd
 troop]s 9 ! la/ sc5e1 is exce$$ 9 ,old 
,mortality1 & rea*$1 )9 "o or two1 bo? 9
 ,wav]ley & ,guy ,mann]+7 t m>ks !      
peculi> tone ( ! mod]n novel4 ,x is !   
fact t all ^! dea?s1 b "o1 are (        
in(f5sive1 or at lea/ 9 ! _w's e/imate1 
respectable p]sons2 & t !y are all      
grotesquely ei!r viol5t or mis]able1    
purport+ ?us to illu/rate ! mod]n !ology
 t ! appo9t$ de/9y ( a l>ge av]age ( our
 population is to die l rats 9 a dra91  
ei!r by trap or poison4 ,n1 inde$1 t a  
lawy] 9 full practice c be usually      
suppos$ z faultless 9 ! eye ( ,heav5 z a
 dove or a woodcock2 b x is n1 9 =m]    
div9ities1 ?\ght ! w ( ,provid5ce t he  
%\ld be dropp$ by a %ot f a cli5t beh9d 

8 fire-scre51 & retriev$ 9 ! morn+ by 8 
h\semaid "u ! *&eli]4 ,nei!r is ,lady   
,d$lock less repreh5sible 9 h] conduct  
?an _m wom5 ( fa%ion h be5 & w be3 b x  
w\ld n !re=e h be5 ?\ght poetically j1 9
 old-fa%ion$ morality1 t %e %\ld be f\nd
 by h] daught] ly+ dead1 ) h] face 9 !  
mud ( a ,/4 ,giles's *ur*y>d4  #aj4 ,9 !
 "w ( ! great ma/]s dea? is always ei!r 
h]oic1 des]v$1 or quiet & natural       
7unless _! purpose be totally & deeply  
tragic1 :5 collat]al mean] dea? is      
p]mitt$1 l t ( ,polonius or ,rod]igo74  
,9 ,old ,mortality1 f\r ( ! dea?s1      
,bo?well's1 ,ensign ,grahame's1         
,macbri>'s1 & ,ev&ale's1 are            
magnific5tly h]oic2 ,burley's &         
,oliphant's long des]v$1 & swift2 !     
troop]s'1 met 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! milit>y  
duty1 & ! old mis]'s z g5tle z ! pass+ (
 a cl\d1 & almo/ beautiful 9 its la/    
words (--n[ unselfi%--c>e4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,ailie   
7he aye ca'd me ,ailie1 we 7 auld       
acqua9tance71 ,ailie1 take ye c>e & h& !

 ge> weel !gi!r2 = ! "n ( ,morton (     
,milnwood's gane out l ! la/ s\gh ( an  
auld sang4 ,& sae he fell out o' ae dwam
 into ano!r1 & ne'er spak a ^w mair1    
unless x some?+ we y'dna mak out1 ab\t a
 dipp$ c&le be+ gude eneugh to see to   
dee wi'4 ,he c\'d ne'er bide to see a   
mold$ ane1 & !re 0 ane1 by ill luck1 on 
! table4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,9 ,guy ,mann]+1 ! murd]1  
?\gh unprem$itat$1 ( a s+le p]son1      
7himself n entirely innoc5t1 b at lea/  
by he>tlessness 9 a cruel function e>n+ 
8 fate17 is av5g$ to ! utt]mo/ on all ! 
m5 consci\s ( ! crime2 ,mr4 ,b]tram's   
dea?1 l t ( 8 wife1 brief 9 pa91 & ea*  
told 9 ! space ( half a doz5 l9es2 & t (
 ! h]o9e ( ! tale1 self-devot$1 h]oic 9 
! highe/1 & happy4  ,nor is x ev] to be 
=gott51 9 ! comp>ison ( ,scott's )      
inf]ior "w1 t 8 own spl5did p[]s 71 ev5 
9 e>ly life1 ta9t$1 & 9 8 latt] ye>s    
de/roy$1 by mod]n conditions ( comm]cial
 excitem5t1 !n fir/1 b rapidly1 develop+
 !mselves4 ,!re are p>ts ev5 9 8 be/    

novels color$ to meet ta/es :i* he      
despis$2 & _m pages writt5 9 8 lat] ones
 to l5g!n 8 article = ! indiscrim9ate   
m>ket4  #aa4 ,b !re 0 "o weakness ( :i* 
8 heal?y m9d rema9$ incapable to ! la/4 
,9 mod]n /ories prep>$ = m ref9$ or     
fa/idi\s audi5ces ?an ^? ( ,dick5s1 !   
fun]eal excitem5t is obta9$1 = ! mo/ "p1
 n by ! infliction ( viol5t or disgu/+  
dea?2 b 9 ! susp5se1 ! pa?os1 & ! m or  
less by all felt1 & recogniz$1 mortal   
ph5om5a ( ! sick-room4 ,! temptation1 to
 weak writ]s1 ( ?is ord] ( subject is   
especially great1 because ! /udy ( x f !
 liv+--or dy+--model is s easy1 & to _m 
has be5 ! mo/ impressive "p ( _! own    
p]sonal exp]i5ce2 :ile1 if ! description
 be giv5 ev5 ) m$iocre accuracy1 a v    
l>ge section ( read]s w admire its tru?1
 & *]i% its melan*oly4 ,few au?ors (    
second or ?ird rate g5ius c ei!r record 
or inv5t a probable conv]sation 9 ord9>y
 life2 b few1 on ! o!r h&1 are s        
de/itute ( obs]vant faculty z to be     
unable to *ronicle ! brok5 syllables &  

languid movem5ts ( an invalid4 ,! easily
 r5d]$1 & too surely recogniz$1 image ( 
famili> suff]+ is felt at once to be    
real :]e all else _h be5 false2 & !     
hi/orian ( ! ge/ures ( fev] & words (   
delirium c c\nt on ! applause ( a       
gratifi$ audi5ce z surely z ! dramati/  
:o introduces on ! /age ( 8 flagg+      
action a c>riage t c be driv5 or a      
f\nta9 t w fl[4 ,b ! ma/]s ( /rong      
imag9ation disda9 su* "w1 & ^? ( deep   
s5sibility %r9k f x4#ci ,only "u        
conditions ( p]sonal weakness1 pres5tly 
to be not$1 w\ld ,scott comply ) !      
crav+s ( 8 l[] audi5ce 9 sc5es ( t]ror l
 ! dea? ( ,front-de-,boeuf4 ,b he nev]  
once )drew ! sacr$ curta9 ( !           
sick-*amb]1 nor p]mitt$ ! disgrace (    
wanton te>s r\nd ! humiliation ( /r5g?1 
or ! wreck ( beauty4  #ab4 ,,iv4 ,no    
exception to ?is law ( rev]5ce w be f\nd
 9 ! sc5es 9 ,coeur de ,lion's illness  
introductory to ! pr9cipal incid5t 9 !  
,talisman4 ,an inf]ior writ] w\ld h made
 ! k+ *>ge 9 imag9ation at ! head ( 8   

*ivalry1 or w&] 9 dreams by ! brooks (  
,aquita9e2 b ,scott all[s u to le>n no m
 />tl+ symptoms ( ! k+'s malady ?an t he
 0 re/less & impati5t1 & c\ld n we> 8   
armor4 ,nor is any bodily weakness1 or  
crisis ( dang]1 p]mitt$ to di/urb = an  
in/ant ! royalty ( intellig5ce & he>t 9 
:i* he exam9es1 tru/s & obeys !         
physician :om 8 att5dants fe>4  ,yet !  
*oice ( ! ma9 subject 9 ?is /ory & its  
companion--! trial1 to a po9t ( utt]    
torture1 ( knightly fai?1 & sev]al      
passages 9 ! conduct ( bo?1 m especially
 ! exagg]at$ sc5es 9 ! ,h\se (          
,baldr+ham1 & h]mitage ( ,eng$i1 are    
signs ( ! gradual decl9e 9 =ce (        
intellect & s\l :i* ^? :o love ,scott   
be/ h done him ! wor/ inju/ice 9 _!     
endeavors to disguise or d5y4 ,! mean   
anxieties1 moral humiliations1 &        
m]cilessly dem&$ bra9-toil1 :i* kill$   
him1 %[ _! sepul*ral grasp = _m & _m a  
ye> be=e _! f9al victory2 & ! /ates ( m 
or less dull$1 di/ort$1 & pollut$       
imag9ation :i* culm9ate 9 ,ca/le        

,dang]\s ca/ a ,/ygian hue ov] ,/4      
,ronan's ,well1 ,! ,fair ,maid ( ,p]?1 &
 ,anne ( ,gei]/e91 :i* l[]s !m1 ! fir/  
altoge!r1 ! o!r two at frequ5t int]vals1
 into fell[%ip ) ! normal disease :i*   
fe/]s ?r\gh\t ! :ole body ( our l[]     
fictiti\s lit]ature4  #ac4 ,fictiti\s6  
,i use ! ambigu\s ^w delib]ately2 = x is
 impossible to di/+ui% 9 ^! tales ( !   
prison-h\se h[ f> _! vice & gloom are   
?r[n into _! manufacture only to meet a 
vile dem&1 & h[ f> !y are an integral   
condition ( ?\ght 9 ! m9ds ( m5 tra9$ f 
_! y\? up 9 ! k ( ,lond9ian & ,p>isian  
mis]y4 ,! speciality ( ! plague is a    
delight 9 ! exposition ( ! relations    
betwe5 guilt & decrepitude2 & ,i call ! 
results ( x lit]ature ( ! prison-h\se1  
because ! ?w>t$ habits ( body & m9d1 :i*
 are ! puni%m5t ( reckless cr[d+ 9      
cities1 become1 9 ! issue ( t puni%m5t1 
frightful subjects ( exclusive int]e/ to
 !mselves2 & ! art ( fiction 9 :i* !y   
f9ally delight is only ! m /udi$        
arrangem5t & illu/ration1 by color$     

fire-lights1 ( ! daily bullet9s ( _! own
 wret*$ness1 9 ! prison cal5d>1 ! police
 news1 & ! hospital report4  #ad4 ,!    
read] w p]haps be surpris$ at my sep>at+
 ! greate/ "w ( ,dick5s1 ,oliv] ,twi/1 )
 honor1 f ! loa?some mass to :i* x      
typically belongs4 ,t book is an e>ne/ &
 unc>icatur$ record ( /ates ( crim9al   
life1 writt5 ) didactic purpose1 full ( 
! grave/ in/ruction1 nor de/itute (     
pa!tic /udies ( noble passion4 ,ev5 !   
,my/]ies ( ,p>is & ,gaboriau's ,crime   
d',orcival are rais$1 by _! def9it5ess (
 hi/orical int5tion & =ew>n+ anxiety1 f>
 above ! level ( _! ord]1 & may be      
accept$ z photographic evid5ce ( an     
o!rwise incr$ible civilization1 corrupt$
 9 ! inf]nal fact ( x1 d[n to ! g5esis (
 su* figures z ! ,vicomte d',orcival1 ! 
,/abb]1#dj ! ,skeleton1 & ! ,%e-wolf4 ,b
 ! effectual head ( ! :ole cret9\s s*ool
 is ! r5[n$ novel 9 :i* ! hun*back$ lov]
 wat*es ! execution ( 8 mi/ress f ! t[] 
( ,notre-,dame2 & its /r5g? passes      
gradually away into ! anatomical        

prep>ations1 = ! g5]al m>ket1 ( novels l
 ,poor ,miss ,f9*1 9 :i* ! h]o9e is     
bl9d1 ! h]o epileptic1 & ! obnoxi\s     
bro!r is f\nd dead ) 8 h&s dropp$ (f1 9 
! ,arctic regions4#da  #ae4 ,?is        
lit]ature ( ! ,prison-h\se1 und]/&+ by !
 ^w n only ! cell ( ,newgate1 b also &  
ev5 m def9itely ! cell ( ! ,htel-,dieu1 
! ,hpital des ,f\s1 & ! grat$ corridor )
 ! dripp+ slabs ( ! ,morgue1 hav+ its   
c5tral root ?us 9 ! ,ile de ,p>is--or   
hi/orically & pre-em95tly ! ,cit de     
,p>is--is1 :5 und]/ood deeply1 ! precise
 c\nt]-corruption ( ! religion ( !      
,sa9te ,*apelle1 j z ! wor/ =ms ( bodily
 & m5tal ru9 are ! corruption ( love4 ,i
 h !re=e call$ x ,fiction mcroyante1 )  
lit]al accuracy & precision3 accord+ to 
! explanation ( ! ^w1 :i* ! read] may   
f9d 9 any good ,fr5* diction>y1#db &    
r\nd its ,arctic pole 9 ! ,morgue1 he   
may ga!r into "o ,ca9a ( gelid          
putresc5ce ! entire product ( mod]n     
infidel imag9ation1 amus+ itself )      
de/ruction ( ! body1 & busy+ itself )   

ab]ration ( ! m9d4  #af4 ,ab]ration1    
palsy1 or plague1 obs]ve1 z di/+ui%$ f  
normal evil1 j z ! v5om ( rabies or     
*ol]a diff]s f t ( a wasp or a vip]4 ,! 
life ( ! insect & s]p5t des]ves1 or at  
lea/ p]mits1 our ?\ghts2 n s ! /ages (  
agony 9 ! fury-driv5 h\nd4 ,!re is "s   
excuse1 inde$1 = ! pa?ologic labor ( !  
mod]n noveli/ 9 ! fact t he _c easily1 9
 a city population1 f9d a heal?y m9d to 
vivisect3 b ! great] "p ( su* amateur   
surg]y is ! /ruggle1 9 an epo* ( wild   
lit]>y competition1 to obta9 novelty (  
mat]ial4 ,! v>ieties ( aspect & color 9 
heal?y fruit1 be x sweet or s\r1 may be 
)9 c]ta9 limits describ$ exhau/ively4 ,n
 s ! blot*es ( its conceivable blight3 &
 :ile ! symmetries ( integral human "* c
 only be trac$ by h>moni\s & t5d] skill1
 l ! bran*es ( a liv+ tree1 ! faults &  
gaps ( "o gnaw$ away by corrod+ accid5t 
c be %uffl$ into s5seless *ange l ! w>ds
 ( a ,*ubb lock4  #ag4 ,v4 ,x is ne$less
 to insi/ on ! va/ field = ?is dice-ca/ 
or c>d-dealt calamity :i* op5s itself 9 

! ignorance1 money-int]e/1 & mean       
passion1 ( city m>riage4 ,peasants "k   
ea* o!r z *ildr5--meet1 z !y gr[ up 9   
te/+ labor2 & if a /\t f>m]'s son m>ries
 a h&less girl1 x is 8 own fault4 ,also 
9 ! patrician families ( ! field1 ! "y p
 "k :at !y are do+1 & m>ry a neighbor+  
e/ate1 or a covetable title1 ) "s       
conception ( ! responsibilities !y      
und]take4 ,b ev5 among ^!1 _! season 9 !
 confus$ metropolis creates lic5ti\s &  
=tuit\s temptation be=e unkn[n2 & 9 !   
l[] middle ord]s1 an entirely new k+dom 
( discom=t & disgrace has be5 prea*$ to 
!m 9 ! doctr9es ( unbridl$ pleasure :i* 
are m]ely an apology = _! peculi> =ms ( 
ill-bre$+4 ,x is q curi\s h[ (t5 !      
cata/rophe1 or ! lead+ int]e/1 ( a mod]n
 novel1 turns ^u ! want1 bo? 9 maid &   
ba*elor1 ( ! common self-comm& :i* 0    
taught to _! gr&mo!rs & gr&fa!rs z !    
fir/ elem5t ( ord9>ily dec5t behavior4  
,ra%ly inquir+ ! o!r day ! plot ( a     
mod]n /ory#dc f a female fri5d1 ,i      
elicit$1 aft] "s hesitation1 t x h+$    

ma9ly on ! "y p's =gett+ !mselves 9 a   
boat2 & ,i p]ceive x to be accept$ z    
ne>ly an axiom 9 ! code ( mod]n civic   
*ivalry t ! /r5g? ( amiable s5tim5t is  
prov$ by our incapacity on prop]        
occasions to express1 & on improp] ones 
to control x4 ,! pride ( a g5tleman ( ! 
old s*ool us$ to be 9 8 p[] ( say+ :at  
he meant1 & be+ sil5t :5 he ought 7n to 
speak ( ! high] nobl5ess :i* be/[$ love 
:]e x 0 honorable1 & rev]5ce :]e x 0    
due72 b ! automatic am\rs & involunt>y  
proposals ( rec5t romance ackn[l$ge     
little fur!r law ( morality ?an ! in/9ct
 ( an insect1 or ! eff]vesc5ce ( a      
*emical mixture4  #ah4 ,!re is a pretty 
little /ory ( ,alfr$ de ,musset's--,la  
,m\*e1 :i*1 if ! read] c>es to glance at
 x1 w save me fur!r tr\ble 9 expla9+ !  
discipl9>ian au?ority ( m]e old-fa%ion$ 
polit5ess1 z 9 "s sort protective (     
high] ?+s4 ,x describes1 ) mu* grace &  
precision1 a /ate ( society by no means 
pre-em95tly virtu\s1 or en?usia/ically  
h]oic2 9 :i* _m p d extremely wrong1 &  

none sublimely "r4 ,b z !re are heights 
( :i* ! a*ievem5t is unattempt$1 !re are
 abysses to :i* fall is b>r$2 nei!r     
accid5t nor temptation w make any ( !   
pr9cipal p]sonages sw]ve f an adopt$    
resolution1 or violate an accept$       
pr9ciple ( honor2 p are expect$ z a     
matt] ( c\rse to speak ) propriety on   
occasion1 & to wait ) pati5ce :5 !y are 
bid3 ^? :o d wrong1 admit x2 ^? :o d "r 
don't boa/ ( x2 ev]ybody kn[s 8 own m9d1
 & ev]ybody has good mann]s4  #ai4 ,nor 
mu/ x be =gott5 t 9 ! wor/ days ( !     
self-indulg5ce :i* de/roy$ !            
ari/ocracies ( ,europe1 _! vices1 h[ev] 
lic5ti\s1 7 nev]1 9 ! fatal mod]n s5se1 
unpr9cipl$4 ,! va9e/ believ$ 9 virtue2 !
 vile/ respect$ x4 ,*aque *ose avait son
 nom1#dd & ! sev]e/ ( ,engli% morali/s  
recognizes ! accurate wit1 ! l(ty       
intellect1 & ! unfrett$ b5evol5ce1 :i*  
r$eem$ f vitiat$ surr\nd+s ! circle (   
d',alemb]t & ,m>montel4#de  ,i h said1 )
 too slight praise1 t ! va9e/1 9 ^?     
days1 believ$ 9 virtue4 ,beautiful &    

h]oic examples ( x 7 always be=e !m2 nor
 0 x )\t ! secret significance atta*+ to
 :at may seem ! lea/ accid5ts 9 ! "w ( a
 ma/]1 t ,scott gave to bo? 8 h]o9es ( !
 age ( revolution 9 ,engl& ! "n ( ! que5
 ( ! highe/ ord] ( ,engli% *ivalry4#df  
#bj4 ,x is to say little = ! types ( y\?
 & maid :i* alone ,scott felt x a joy to
 imag9e1 or ?\ght x honorable to        
portray1 t !y act & feel 9 a sph]e :]e  
!y are nev] = an in/ant liable to any ( 
! weaknesses :i* di/urb ! calm1 or %ake 
! resolution1 ( *a/ity & c\rage 9 a     
mod]n novel4 ,scott liv$ 9 a c\ntry &   
"t1 :51 f highe/ to l[e/1 b *iefly 9 t  
dignifi$ & nobly sev]e#dg middle class  
to :i* he himself belong$1 a habit (    
s]5e & /a9less ?\ght 0 z natural to ! p 
z _! m\nta9 air4 ,wom5 l ,rose          
,bradw>d9e & ,ailie ,d9mont 7 ! grace & 
gu>d ( almo/ e h\sehold 7,god be prais$ 
t ! race ( !m is n yet ext9ct1 = all t  
,mall or ,b\lev>d c d71 & x has p]haps  
escap$ ! notice ( ev5 att5tive read]s t 
! comp>atively un9t]e/+ "* ( ,sir       

,walt]'s h]oes _h always be5 /udi$ among
 a class ( y\?s :o 7 simply incapable ( 
do+ any?+ s]i\sly wrong2 & c\ld only be 
emb>rass$ by ! consequ5ces ( _! levity  
or imprud5ce4  #ba4 ,b !re is ano!r     
diff]5ce 9 ! wo( ( a ,wav]ley novel f ! 
cobweb ( a mod]n "o1 :i* dep5ds on      
,scott's l>g] view ( human life4        
,m>riage is by no means1 9 8 conception 
( man & woman1 ! mo/ important bus9ess (
 _! exi/5ce2#dh nor love ! only rew>d to
 be propos$ to _! virtue or ex]tion4 ,x 
is n 9 8 read+ ( ! laws ( ,provid5ce a  
necessity t virtue %\ld1 ei!r by love or
 any o!r ext]nal bless+1 be rew>d$ at   
all2#di & m>riage is 9 all cases ?\ght (
 z a con/itu5t ( ! happ9ess ( life1 b n 
z its only int]e/1 /ill less its only   
aim4 ,& ^u analyz+ ) "s c>e ! motives ( 
8 pr9cipal /ories1 we %all (t5 f9d t !  
love 9 !m is m]ely a light by :i* ! /]n]
 features ( "* are to be irradiat$1 & t 
! m>riage ( ! h]o is z subord9ate to !  
ma9 b5t ( ! /ory z ,h5ry ! ,fif?'s      
c\rt%ip ( ,ka!r9e is to ! battle (      

,ag9c\rt4 ,nay1 ! =tunes ( ! p]son :o is
 nom9ally ! subject ( ! tale are (t5    
little m ?an a backgr\nd on :i* gr&]    
figures are to be drawn1 & deep] fates  
=?%ad[$4 ,! judgm5ts betwe5 ! fai? &    
*ivalry ( ,scotl& at ,drumclog &        
,bo?well ,bridge owe little ( _! int]e/ 
9 ! m9d ( a s5sible read] to ! fact t ! 
capta9 ( ! ,pop9jay is c>ri$ a prison]  
to "o battle1 & returns a prison] f !   
o!r3 & ,scott himself1 :ile he wat*es ! 
:ite sail t be>s ,que5 ,m>y = ! la/ "t f
 h] native l&1 v ne>ly =gets to f9i% 8  
novel1 or to tell u--& ) small s5se (   
any consolation to be _h out ( t m9or   
circum/ance1--t ,rol& & ,ca!r9e 7 unit$1
 spite ( _! diff]+ fai?s4  #bb4 ,nei!r  
let x be ?\ght = an in/ant t ! slight1 &
 sometimes scornful1 glance ) :i* ,scott
 passes ov] sc5es :i* a noveli/ ( our   
own day w\ld h analyz$ ) ! airs ( a     
philosoph]1 & pa9t$ ) ! curiosity ( a   
gossip1 indicates any abs5ce 9 8 he>t ( 
sympa?y ) ! great & sacr$ elem5ts (     
p]sonal happ9ess4 ,an era l ours1 :i*   

has ) dilig5ce & o/5tation swept its    
he>t cle> ( all ! passions once kn[n z  
loyalty1 patriotism1 & piety1 necess>ily
 magnifies ! app>5t =ce ( ! "o rema9+   
s5tim5t :i* sighs ?r\gh ! b>r5 *amb]s1  
or cl+s inextricably r\nd ! *asms ( ru92
 nor c x b reg>d ) awe ! unconqu]able _s
 :i* /ill tempts or betrays ! sagacities
 ( selfi%ness into error or fr5zy :i* is
 believ$ to be love4  ,t ,scott 0 nev]  
himself1 9 ! s5se ( ! phrase z employ$  
by lov]s ( ! ,p>isian s*ool1 ivre       
d'am\r1 may be admitt$ )\t prejudice to 
8 s5sibility1#ej & t he nev] knew l'amor
 *e move 'l sol e l'altre /elle1 0 !    
*ief1 ?\gh unrecogniz$1 calamity ( 8    
deeply *eck]$ life4 ,b ! read] ( honor &
 feel+ w n !re=e suppose t ! love :i*   
,miss ,v]non sacrifices1 /oop+ = an     
in/ant f h] horse1 is ( less noble /amp1
 or less endur+ fai?1 ?an t :i* tr\bles 
& degrades ! :ole exi/5ce ( ,consuelo2  
or t ! affection ( ,jeanie ,deans = !   
companion ( h] *ildhood1 drawn l a field
 ( s(t blue heav5 beyond ! cl\dy wrack (

 h] sorr[1 is less fully 9 possession ( 
h] s\l ?an ! hesitat+ & self-reproa*ful 
impulses "u :i* a mod]n h]o9e =gets     
h]self 9 a boat1 or compromises h]self 9
 ! cool ( ! ev5+4  #bc4 ,i d n wi% to   
return ov] ! wa/e gr\nd we h trav]s$1   
comp>+1 po9t by po9t1 ,scott's mann] )  
^? ( ,b]mondsey & ! ,faub\rgs2 b x may  
be1 p]haps1 int]e/+ at ?is mom5t to     
exam9e1 ) illu/ration f ^? ,wav]ley     
novels :i* h s lately retract$ !        
att5tion ( a fair & g5tle public1#ea !  
univ]sal conditions ( /yle1 rightly s   
call$1 :i* are 9 all ages1 & above all  
local curr5ts or wav]+ tides ( tempor>y 
mann]s1 pill>s ( :at is =ev] /rong1 &   
models ( :at is =ev] fair4  ,b ,i mu/   
fir/ def9e1 & t )9 /rict horizon1 !     
works ( ,scott1 9 :i* 8 p]fect m9d may  
be kn[n1 & 8 *os5 ways und]/ood4  ,8    
great works ( prose fiction1 except+    
only ! fir/ half-volume ( ,wav]ley1 7   
all writt5 9 twelve ye>s1 #ahad-bf 7( 8 
own age =ty-?ree to fifty-five71 !      
actual "t employ$ 9 _! composition be+ n

 m ?an a c\ple ( mon?s out ( ea* ye>2 & 
dur+ t "t only ! morn+ h\rs & sp>e      
m9utes dur+ ! pr(essional day4 ,?\gh !  
fir/ volume ( ',wav]ley' 0 begun long   
ago1 & actually lo/ = a "t1 yet ! o!r   
two 7 begun & f9i%$ betwe5 ! #d? ( ,june
 & ! #a/ ( ,july1 dur+ all :i* ,i att5d$
 my duty 9 c\rt1 & proce$$ )\t loss ( "t
 or h9drance ( bus9ess4#eb  ,few ( !    
maxims = ! en=cem5t ( :i*1 9 ,mod]n     
,pa9t]s1 long ago1 ,i got ! g5]al "* ( a
 lov] ( p>adox1 are m s+ul>1 or m sure1 
?an ! /atem5t1 app>5tly s enc\rag+ to ! 
idle1 t if a great ?+ c be done at all1 
x c be done easily4 ,b x is t k9d ( ease
 ) :i* a tree blossoms aft] long ye>s ( 
ga!r$ /r5g?1 & all ,scott's great writ+s
 7 ! recreations ( a m9d confirm$ 9     
dutiful labor1 & ri* ) organic ga!r+ (  
b\ndless res\rce4  ,omitt+ f our c\nt ! 
two m9or & ill-f9i%$ sket*es ( ! ,black 
,dw>f & ,leg5d ( ,montrose1 &1 = a      
reason pres5tly to be notic$1 ! unhappy 
,/4 ,ronan's1 ! memorable romances (    
,scott are eighte51 fall+ into ?ree     

di/9ct gr\ps1 conta9+ six ea*4  #bd4 ,! 
fir/ gr\p is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r two by    
*>act]s ( /r5g? & felicity :i* nev] m   
appe>$ aft] ,scott 0 /ruck d[n by 8     
t]rific illness 9 #ahai4 ,x includes    
,wav]ley1 ,guy ,mann]+1 ,! ,antiqu>y1   
,rob ,roy1 ,old ,mortality1 & ,! ,he>t (
 ,midlo?ian4  ,! composition ( ^!       
occupi$ ! morn+s ( 8 happie/ days1      
betwe5 ! ages ( =ty-?ree & =ty-eight4   
,on ! #h? ( ,april1 #ahai 7he 0         
=ty-eight on ! prec$+ #ae? ( ,augu/71 he
 began = ! fir/ "t to dictate--be+      
unable = ! ex]tion ( writ+--,! ,bride ( 
,lamm]muir1 ! affectionate ,laidlaw     
besee*+ him to /op dictat+ :5 8 audible 
suff]+ fill$ e pause4 ',nay1 ,willie1'  
he answ]$1 'only see t ! doors are fa/4 
,i w\ld fa9 keep all ! cry z well z all 
! wool to ourselves2 b z = giv+ ov] "w1 
t c only be :5 ,i am 9 wool54'#ec ,f ?is
 "t =w>d ! brightness ( joy & s9c]ity ( 
inevitable humor1 :i* p]fect$ ! imag]y (
 ! e>li] novels1 are :olly abs5t1 except
 9 ! two %ort int]vals ( heal?          

unacc\ntably re/or$1 9 :i* he wrote     
,r$gauntlet & ,nigel4  ,x is /range1 b  
only a "p ( ! g5]al simplicity (        
,scott's g5ius1 t ^! revivals ( e>li]   
p[] 7 unconsci\s1 & t ! "t ( extreme    
weakness 9 :i* he wrote ,/4 ,ronan's    
,well1 0 t 9 :i* he fir/ ass]t$ 8 own   
re/oration4  #be4 ,x is also a deeply   
int]e/+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 noble nature t he
 nev] ga9s any?+ by sickness2 ! :ole man
 brea!s or fa9ts z "o creature3 ! a*e t 
/iff5s a limb *ills 8 he>t1 & e pang ( 8
 /oma* p>alyzes ! bra94 ,x is n s )     
inf]ior m9ds1 9 ! work+s ( :i* x is (t5 
impossible to di/+ui% native f n>cotic  
fancy1 & ! ?robs ( consci5ce f ^? (     
indige/ion4 ,:e!r 9 exaltation or       
languor1 ! colors ( m9d are always      
morbid :i* gleam on ! sea = ! ,anci5t   
,m>9]1 & ?r\gh ! casem5ts on ,/4 ,agnes'
 ,eve2 b ,scott is at once bl9d$ &      
/ultifi$ by sickness2 nev] has a fit ( !
 cramp )\t spoil+ a *apt]1 & is p]haps !
 only au?or ( vivid imag9ation :o nev]  
wrote a fooli% ^w b :5 he 0 ill4  ,x    

rema9s only to be notic$ on ?is po9t t  
any /rong natural excitem5t1 affect+ !  
deep] spr+s ( 8 he>t1 w\ld at once      
re/ore 8 intellectual p[]s to _!        
fullness1 & t1 f> t[>ds _! sunset3 b t !
 /rong w on :i* he prid$ himself1 ?\gh x
 c\ld trample ^u pa91 sil5ce grief1 &   
compel indu/ry1 nev] c\ld w>m 8         
imag9ation1 or cle> ! judgm5t 9 8 d>k]  
h\rs4  ,i believe t ?is p[] ( ! he>t ov]
 ! intellect is common to all great m53 
b :at ! special "* ( emotion 01 t alone 
c\ld lift ,scott above ! p[] ( dea?1 ,i 
am ab\t to ask ! read]1 9 a little :ile1
 to obs]ve ) joyful c>e4  #bf4 ,! fir/  
s]ies ( romances !n1 above-nam$1 are all
 t exhibit ! emphasis ( 8 unh>m$        
faculties4 ,! second gr\p1 compos$ 9 !  
?ree ye>s subsequ5t to illness all b    
mortal1 be> e "o ( !m m or less ! seal (
 x4  ,!y consi/ ( ! ,bride ( ,lamm]muir1
 ,ivanhoe1 ! ,mona/]y1 ! ,abbot1        
,k5ilwor?1 & ! ,pirate4#ed ,! m>ks (    
brok5 heal? on all ^! are ess5tially    
tw(old--prevail+ melan*oly1 & fanta/ic  

improbability4 ,?ree ( ! tales are      
agoniz+ly tragic1 ! ,abbot sc>cely less 
s 9 its ma9 ev5t1 & ,ivanhoe deeply     
w\nd$ ?r\gh all its bright panoply2 :ile
 ev5 9 t mo/ p[]ful ( ! s]ies !         
impossible ar*]ies & ax-/rokes1 !       
incr$ibly opportune appe>ances (        
,locksley1 ! dea? ( ,ulrica1 & !        
resuscitation ( ,a!l/ane1 are p>tly     
boyi%1 p>tly fev]i%4 ,caleb 9 ! ,bride1 
,triptolemus & ,halcro 9 ! ,pirate1 are 
all labori\s1 & ! fir/ incongru\s2 half 
a volume ( ! ,abbot is sp5t 9 extremely 
dull detail ( ,rol&'s relations ) 8     
fell[-s]vants & 8 mi/ress1 :i* h no?+   
:atev] to d ) ! future /ory2 & ! lady ( 
,av5el h]self disappe>s aft] ! fir/     
volume1 l a snaw-wrea? :5 x's ?aw1      
,jeanie4 ,! public has = itself pron\nc$
 on ! ,mona/]y1 ?\gh z mu* too h>%ly z x
 has fooli%ly prais$ ! horrors (        
,rav5swood & ! nons5se ( ,ivanhoe2      
because ! mod]n public f9ds 9 ! torture 
& adv5ture ( ^!1 ! k9d ( excitem5t :i* x
 seeks at an op]a1 :ile x has no sympa?y

 :atev] ) ! pa/oral happ9ess ( ,gl5de>g1
 or ) ! l+]+ simplicities ( sup]/ition  
:i* give hi/orical likelihood to ! leg5d
 ( ! ,:ite ,lady4  ,b bo? ?is despis$   
tale & its sequel h ,scott's he>t 9 !m4 
,! fir/ 0 begun to refre% himself 9 !   
int]vals ( artificial labor on ,ivanhoe4
 ,x 0 a relief1 he said1 to int]lay !   
sc5]y mo/ famili> to me#ee ) ! /range _w
 = :i* ,i _h to draw s mu* on           
imag9ation4 ,?r\gh all ! clos+ sc5es ( !
 second he is rais$ to 8 own true level 
by 8 love = ! que54 ,& )9 ! code (      
,scott's "w to :i* ,i am ab\t to appeal 
= illu/ration ( 8 ess5tial p[]s1 ,i     
accept ! ,mona/]y & ,abbot1 & reject f x
 ! rema9+ f\r ( ?is gr\p4  #bg4 ,! la/  
s]ies conta9s two q noble ones1         
,r$gauntlet & ,nigel2 two ( v high      
value1 ,durw>d & ,wood/ock2 ! slov5ly & 
diffuse ,pev]il1 writt5 = ! trade2#ef ! 
sickly ,tales ( ! ,crusad]s1 & !        
entirely brok5 & diseas$ ,/4 ,ronan's   
,well4 ,?is la/ ,i ?r[ out ( c\nt       
altoge!r1 & ( ! re/1 accept only ! f\r  

fir/ nam$ z s\nd "w2 s t ! li/ ( !      
novels 9 :i* ,i propose to exam9e 8     
me?ods & ideal /&>ds1 r$uces itself to  
^! foll[+ twelve 7nam$ 9 ord] (         
production73 ,wav]ley1 ,guy ,mann]+1 !  
,antiqu>y1 ,rob ,roy1 ,old ,mortality1 !
 ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 ! ,mona/]y1 !      
,abbot1 ,r$gauntlet1 ! ,=tunes ( ,nigel1
 ,qu5t9 ,durw>d1 & ,wood/ock4#eg  #bh4  
,x is1 h[ev]1 too late to ent] on my    
subject 9 ?is article1 :i* ,i may fitly 
close by po9t+ out "s ( ! m]ely v]bal   
*>act]i/ics ( 8 /yle1 illu/rative 9     
little ways ( ! que/ions we h be5       
exam9+1 & *iefly ( ! "o :i* may be mo/  
emb>rass+ to _m read]s1 ! diff]5ce1     
namely1 betwe5 "* & disease4  ,"o q     
di/9ctive *>m 9 ! ,wav]leys is _!       
modifi$ use ( ! ,scotti% dialect2 b x   
has n g5]ally be5 obs]v$1 ei!r by _!    
imitators1 or ! au?ors ( diff]5t ta/e :o
 h writt5 = a lat] public1 t !re is a   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! dialect ( a language1 
& its corruption4  ,a dialect is =m$ 9  
any di/rict :]e !re are p]sons (        

intellig5ce en\gh to use ! language     
itself 9 all its f95ess & =ce1 b "u !   
p>ticul> conditions ( life1 climate1 &  
temp]1 :i* introduce words peculi> to ! 
sc5]y1 =ms ( ^w & idioms ( s5t5ce       
peculi> to ! race1 & pronunciations     
indicative ( _! "* & disposition4  ,?us 
burn 7( a /reamlet7 is a ^w possible    
only 9 a c\ntry :]e !re are brightly    
runn+ wat]s1 lassie1 a ^w possible only 
:]e girls are z free z ! rivulets1 &    
auld1 a =m ( ! s\!rn old1 adopt$ by a   
race ( f9] musical e> ?an ! ,engli%4    
,on ! contr>y1 m]e det]iorations1 or    
co>se1 /ridul5t1 &1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! 
phrase1 broad =ms ( utt]ance1 are n     
dialects at all1 hav+ no?+ dialectic 9  
!m2 & all phrases develop$ 9 /ates (    
rude employm5t1 & re/rict$ int]c\rse1   
are injuri\s to ! tone & n>r[+ to ! p[] 
( ! language !y affect4 ,m]e bread? (   
acc5t does n spoil a dialect z long z ! 
speak]s are m5 ( v>i$ idea & good       
intellig5ce2 b ! mom5t ! life is        
contract$ by m9+1 millwork1 or any      

oppressive & monoton\s labor1 ! acc5ts &
 phrases become debas$4 ,x is "p ( !    
popul> folly ( ! day to f9d pleasure 9  
try+ to write & spell ^! abortive1      
crippl$1 & m or less brutal =ms ( human 
spee*4  #bi4 ,abortive1 crippl$1 or     
brutal1 are h[ev] n necess>ily corrupt$ 
dialects4 ,corrupt language is t ga!r$  
by ignorance1 inv5t$ by vice1 misus$ by 
ins5sibility1 or m9c$ & m\!d by         
affectation1 especially 9 ! attempt to  
deal ) words ( :i* only half ! mean+ is 
und]/ood or half ! s\nd he>d4 ,mrs4     
,gamp's ap]i5tly s--& ! und]m9d$ )      
primal s5se ( und]m9e1 (--,i =get :i*   
gossip1 9 ! ,mill on ! ,floss1 are      
ma/]-& mi/ress-pieces 9 ?is latt] k9d4  
,mrs4 ,malaprop's allegories on ! banks 
( ! ,nile are 9 some:at high] ord] (    
mi/ake3 ,mrs4 ,tabi?a ,bramble's        
ignorance is vulg>iz$ by h] selfi%ness1 
& ,w9ifr$ ,j5k9s' by h] conceit4 ,! wot 
( ,noah ,claypole1 & ! o!r degradations 
( cockneyism 7,sam ,well] & 8 fa!r are 9
 no?+ m admirable ?an 9 ! p[] ( he>t &  

s5se t c purify ev5 ^!72 ! trew? ( ,mr4 
,*adb&1 & natur ( ,mr4 ,sque]s1 are     
examples ( ! corruption ( words by      
ins5sibility3 ! use ( ! ^w bloody 9     
mod]n l[ ,engli% is a deep] corruption1 
n alt]+ ! =m ( ! ^w1 b defil+ ! ?\ght 9 
x4  ,?us mu* be+ und]/ood1 ,i %all      
proce$ to exam9e ?or\ghly a fragm5t (   
,scott's ,l[l& ,scotti% dialect2 n *oos+
 x ( ! mo/ beautiful k9d2 on ! contr>y1 
x %all be a piece rea*+ z l[ d[n z he   
ev] all[s ,scot* to g--x is p]haps !    
only unfair patriotism 9 him1 t if ev]  
he wants a ^w or two ( really villa9\s  
slang1 he gives x 9 ,engli% or ,dut*--n 
,scot*4  ,i _h int5d$ 9 ! close ( ?is   
pap] to analyze & comp>e ! *>act]s (    
,&rew ,fairs]vice & ,ri*ie ,moniplies1 =
 examples1 ! =m] ( innate evil1         
unaffect$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 &       
undiseas$1 b di/9ct f natural goodness z
 a nettle is di/9ct f balm or lav5d]2 & 
! latt] ( innate goodness1 contract$ &  
p9*$ by circum/ance1 b /ill undiseas$1 z
 an oak-leaf crisp$ by fro/1 n by !     

worm4 ,?is1 ) mu* else 9 my m9d1 ,i mu/ 
put (f2 b ! c>eful /udy ( "o s5t5ce (   
,&rew's w give u a good deal to ?9k (4  
#cj4 ,i take 8 acc\nt ( ! rescue (      
,glasg[ ,ca!dral at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4
       ,ah6 x's a brave kirk--nane o'   
y]e :igmale]ies an curliewurlies      & 
op5/eek hems ab\t x--a' solid1          
weel-jo9t$ mason-w>k1      t w /& z lang
 z ! w>ld1 keep h&s & gunp[!r aff       
x4 ,x _h amai/ a d\ncome lang syne at ! 
,re=mation1 :5      !y pu'd d\n ! kirks 
( ,/4 ,&rews & ,p]?1 & !reawa'1      to 
cleanse !m o' ,pap]y1 & idolatry1 &     
image-wor%ip1 &      surplices1 & sic-l 
rags o' ! muckle hure t sitte? on       
sev5 hills1 z if ane wasna braid eneugh 
= h] auld h9d] end4      ,sae ! commons 
o' ,r5frew1 & o' ! ,b>ony1 & ! ,gorbals1
 &      a' ab\t1 !y behov$ to come into 
,glasg[ ae fair morn+1 to try      _! h&
 on purg+ ! ,high ,kirk o' ,popi%       
nicknackets4 ,b !      t[nsm5 o'        
,glasg[1 !y 7 fe>$ _! auld edifice might
 slip      ! gir?s 9 gaun ?r\gh siccan  

r\gh physic1 sae !y rang !      common  
bell1 & assembl$ ! tra9-b&s wi' took o' 
drum4 ,by      good luck1 ! wor?y ,james
 ,rabat 0 ,dean o' ,guild t ye>--7&     
a gude mason he 0 himsell1 made him !   
ke5] to keep up !      auld bigg+71 & ! 
trades assembl$1 & (f]$ d[nright        
battle to ! commons1 r ?an _! kirk %\ld 
c\p !      crans1 z o!rs _h done        
else:]e4 ,x wasna = luve o'             
,pap]ie--na1 na6--nane c\ld ev] say t o'
 ! trades o'      ,glasg[--,sae !y sune 
came to an agreem5t to take a' !        
idolatr\s /atues ( sants 7sorr[ be on   
!m67 out o' _!      neuks--,& sae ! bits
 o' /ane idols 7 brok5 9 pieces by      
,scripture w>rant1 & flung into !       
,mol5d9> burn1 & ! auld      kirk /ood z
 cr\se z a cat :5 ! flaes are kaim$ aff 
h]1      & a'body 0 alike pleas$4 ,& ,i 
hae he>d wise folk say1 t      if ! same
 _h be5 done 9 ilka kirk 9 ,scotl&1 !   
,re=m wad      j hae be5 z pure z x is  
e'en n[1 & we wad hae mair              
,*ri/ianlike kirks2 = ,i hae be5 sae    

lang 9 ,engl&1 t      nae?+ w driv$ out 
o' my head1 t ! dog-k5nel at            
,osbaldi/one-,hall is bett] ?an mony a  
h\se o' ,god 9 ,scotl&4  #ca4 ,n[ ?is   
s5t5ce is 9 ! fir/ place a piece (      
,scotti% hi/ory ( q ine/imable &        
conc5trat$ value4 ,&rew's temp]am5t is !
 type ( a va/ class ( ,scotti%--%all we 
call x s[-?i/lian--m9d1 :i* necess>ily  
takes ! view ( ei!r ,pope or sa9t t !   
?i/le 9 ,lebanon took ( ! c$> or lilies 
9 ,lebanon2 & ! entire =ce ( ! passions 
:i*1 9 ! ,scotti% revolution1 =etold &  
=e>m$ ! ,fr5* "o1 is told 9 ?is "o      
p>agraph2 ! co>s5ess ( x1 obs]ve1 be+   
admitt$1 n = ! sake ( ! laugh1 any m ?an
 an onion 9 bro? m]ely = its flavor1 b =
 ! meat ( x2 ! inh]5t con/ancy ( t      
co>s5ess be+ a fact 9 ?is ord] ( m9d1 & 
an ess5tial "p ( ! hi/ory to be told4   
,secondly1 obs]ve t ?is spee*1 9 !      
religi\s passion ( x1 su* z !re may be1 
is entirely s9c]e4 ,&rew is a ?ief1 a   
li>1 a c[>d1 &1 9 ! ,fair s]vice f :i*  
he takes 8 "n1 a hypocrite2 b 9 ! =m (  

prejudice1 :i* is all t 8 m9d is capable
 ( 9 ! place ( religion1 he is entirely 
s9c]e4 ,he does n 9 ! lea/ pret5d       
dete/ation ( image wor%ip to please 8   
ma/]1 or anyone else2 he hone/ly scorns 
! c>nal morality#eh z d[d & fusionless z
 rue-leaves at ,yule ( ! s]mon 9 ! upp] 
ca!dral2 & :5 wrapt 9 critical att5tion 
to ! real savor o' doctr9e 9 ! crypt1 s 
completely =gets ! hypocrisy ( 8 fair   
s]vice z to return 8 ma/]'s attempt to  
di/urb him ) h>d pun*es ( ! elb[4       
,?irdly4 ,he is a man ( no mean         
sagacity1 q up to ! av]age /&>d (       
,scotti% common s5se1 n a l[ "o2 &1 ?\gh
 incapable ( und]/&+ any mann] ( l(ty   
?\ght or passion1 is a %rewd measur] (  
weaknesses1 & n )\t a sp>k or two (     
k9dly feel+4 ,see fir/ 8 sket* ( 8      
ma/]'s "* to ,mr4 ,hammorgaw1 beg9n+3   
,he's no a'!gi!r sae void o' s5se1      
nei!r2 & !n ! close ( ! dialogue3 ,b !  
lad's no a bad lad aft] a'1 & he ne$s "s
 c>eful body to look aft] him4  ,f\r?ly4
 ,he is a good workman2 kn[s 8 own      

bus9ess well1 & c judge ( o!r craft1 if 
s\nd1 or o!rwise4  ,all ^! f\r qualities
 ( him mu/ be kn[n be=e we c und]/& ?is 
s+le spee*4 ,keep+ !m 9 m9d1 ,i take x  
up1 ^w by ^w4  #cb4 ,y obs]ve1 9 !      
outset1 ,scott makes no attempt :atev]  
to indicate acc5ts or modes (           
pronunciation by *ang$ spell+1 unless ! 
^w becomes a q def9itely new1 & securely
 writable "o4 ,! ,scotti% way ( pron\nc+
 ,james1 = in/ance1 is entirely peculi>1
 & extremely pleasant to ! e>4 ,b x is  
s1 j because x does n *ange ! ^w into   
,jeems1 nor into ,jims1 nor into ,jawms4
 ,a mod]n writ] ( dialects w\ld ?9k x   
amus+ to use "o or o!r ( ^! ugly        
spell+s4 ,b ,scott writes ! "n 9 pure   
,engli%1 kn[+ t a ,scots read] w speak x
 rightly1 & an ,engli% "o be wise 9     
lett+ x alone4 ,on ! o!r h& he writes   
weel = well1 because t ^w is complete 9 
its *ange1 & may be v closely express$  
by ! d\ble e4 ,! ambigu\s u's 9 gude &  
sune are admitt$1 because f> lik] ! s\nd
 ?an ! d\ble o w\ld be1 & t 9 hure1 =   

grace' sake1 to s(t5 ! ^w2 s also flaes 
= fleas4 ,mony = _m is aga9 positively  
"r 9 s\nd1 & neuk diff]s f our nook 9   
s5se1 & is n ! same ^w at all1 z we %all
 pres5tly see4  ,secondly1 obs]ve1 n a  
^w is corrupt$ 9 any indec5t ha/e1      
sl[ness1 slov5l9ess1 or incapacity (    
pronunciation4 ,!re is no lisp+1 drawl+1
 slobb]+1 or snuffl+3 ! spee* is z cle> 
z a bell & z ke5 z an arr[3 & its       
elisions & contractions are ei!r        
melodi\s1 7na1 = n1--pu'd1 = pull$17 or 
z normal z 9 a ,lat9 v]se4 ,! long words
 are deliv]$ )\t ! slighte/ bungl+2 &   
bigg+ f9i%$ to its la/ g4  #cc4 ,i take 
! important words n[ 9 _! places4       
,brave4 ,! old ,engli% s5se ( ! ^w 9 to 
g brave1 reta9$1 express+ ,&rew's s9c]e 
& respectful admiration4 ,_h he meant to
 ins9uate a h9t ( ! *ur*'s be+ too f9e1 
he w\ld h said braw4  ,kirk4 ,?is is (  
c\rse j z pure & unprov9cial a ^w z     
,kir*e1 or glise4  ,:igmale]ie4 ,i _c   
get at ! root ( ?is ^w1 b x is "o %[+ t 
! speak] is n b\nd by classic rules1 b w

 use any syllables t w enri* 8 mean+4   
,nipp]ty-tipp]ty 7( 8 ma/]'s            
poetry-nons5se7 is ano!r ^w ( ! same    
class4 ,curliewurlie is ( c\rse j z pure
 z ,%akespe>e's ,hurlyburly4 ,b see fir/
 sugge/ion ( ! idea to ,scott at        
,blair-,adam 7,l4 vi4 #bfd74  ,op5/eek  
hems4 ,m description1 or bett]1 ( ! lat]
 ,go?ic _c be put into f\r syllables4   
,/eek1 melodi\s = /it*1 has a comb9$    
s5se ( clos+ or fa/5+4 ,& note t ! lat] 
,go?ic be+ precisely :at ,scott knew be/
 79 ,melrose7 & lik$ be/1 x is1 "h z    
else:]e1 q z mu* himself#ei z ,frank1 t 
he is laugh+ at1 :5 he laughs ) ,&rew1  
^: op5/eek hems are only a rud] metaphor
 = 8 own will[-wrea?s *ang$ to /one4    
,gunp[!r4 -,!r is a l+]+ ve/ige ( !     
,fr5* -dre4  ,syne4 ,"o ( ! melodi\s &  
my/]i\s ,scotti% words :i* h p>tly !    
s\nd ( w9d & /ream 9 !m1 & p>tly ! range
 ( s(t5$ idea :i* is l a di/ance ( blue 
hills ov] bord] l& 7f> 9 ! di/ant       
,*eviot's blue74 ,p]haps ev5 ! lea/     
sympa!tic ,engli%] might recognize ?is1 

if he he>d ,old ,long ,s9ce vocally     
sub/itut$ = ! ,scotti% words to ! air4  
,i d n "k ! root2 b ! ^w's prop] mean+  
is n s9ce1 b be=e or aft] an int]val (  
"s duration1 z weel sune z syne4 ,b fir/
 on ,sawnie gies a ca'1 ,syne1 bauldly 9
 %e ent]s4  ,behov$ 7to come74 ,a ri*   
^w1 ) peculi> idiom1 always us$ m or    
less ironically ( any?+ done "u a p>tly 
mi/ak5 & p>tly pret5d$ notion ( duty4   
,siccan4 ,f> pretti]1 & full] 9 mean+   
?an su*4 ,x conta9s an add$ s5se (      
wond]2 & means prop]ly s great or s     
unusual4  ,took 7o' drum74 ,classical   
tuck f ,italian toccata1 ! prelud+ t\*  
or fl\ri%1 on any in/rum5t 7b see       
,johnson "u ^w tucket1 quot+ ,o!llo74 ,!
 deep] ,scotti% v[els are us$ "h to m>k 
! deep] s\nd ( ! bass drum1 z 9 m solemn
 w>n+4  ,bigg+4 ,! only ^w 9 all !      
s5t5ce ( :i* ! ,scotti% =m is less      
melodi\s ?an ! ,engli%1 & :at = no1 see+
 t ,scotti% ar*itecture is mo/ly little 
beyond ,bessie ,bell's & ,m>y ,gray's8  
,!y biggit a b['re by yon burnside1 &   

!ekit x ow're wi' ra%es4 ,b x is pure   
,anglo-,saxon 9 roots2 see gloss>y to   
,fairbairn's edition ( ! ,d\glas        
,virgil1 #agaj4  ,c\p4 ,ano!r ( !       
mu*-embrac+ words2 %ort = upset1 b ) a  
s5se ( awkw>dness z ! inh]5t cause (    
fall2 comp>e ,ri*ie ,moniplies 7also =  
s5se ( behov$73 ,ae auld hirpl9 deevil (
 a pott] behov$ j to /ep 9 my way1 & (f]
 me a pig 7e>!n pot--etym4 dub471 z he  
said 'j to put my ,scot* o9tm5t 9'2 & ,i
 gave him a pu%1 z b natural1 & ! tott]+
 deevil c\pit owre amang 8 own pigs1 &  
damag$ a score ( !m4 ,s also ,d&ie      
,d9mont 9 ! po/*aise3 ',od6 ,i hope     
!y'll no c\p u4  ,! ,crans4 ,idiomatic2 
root unkn[n to me1 b x means 9 ?is use1 
fall total1 & )\t recov]y4#fj  ,mol5d9>4
 ,f mol5d9um1 ! gr9d+-place4 ,i d n "k  
if actually ! local "n1#fa or ,scott's  
inv5tion4 ,comp>e ,sir ,pi]cie's        
,mol9>as4 ,b at all ev5ts us$ "h )      
by-s5se ( degradation ( ! =m]ly idle    
sa9ts to gr9d at ! mill4  ,cr\se4       
,c\rage\s1 s(t5$ ) a s5se ( com=t4      

,ilka4 ,aga9 a ^w ) azure di/ance1      
includ+ ! :ole s5se ( ea* & e4 ,! read] 
mu/ c>efully & rev]5tly di/+ui% ^!      
compreh5sive words1 :i* ga!r two or m   
p]fectly und]/ood mean+s into "o *ord ( 
mean+1 & are h>monies m ?an words1 f !  
above-not$ blund]s betwe5 two half-hit  
mean+s1 /ruck z a bad piano-play] /rikes
 ! edge ( ano!r note4 ,9 ,engli% we h   
few] ( ^! comb9$ ?\ghts2 s t ,%akespe>e 
r plays ) ! di/9ct lights ( 8 words1 ?an
 melts !m into "o4 ,s aga9 ,bi%op       
,d\glas spells1 & d\btless spoke1 ! ^w  
rose1 diff]5tly1 accord+ to 8 purpose2  
if z ! *ief or gov]n+ rul] ( fl[]s1     
rois1 b if only 9 h] own beauty1 rose4  
,*ri/ianlike4 ,! s5se ( ! dec5cy & ord] 
prop] to ,*ri/ianity is /rong] 9 ,scotl&
 ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & ! ^w ,*ri/ian m
 di/9ctly oppos$ to bea/4 ,h5ce !       
back-h&$ cut at ! ,engli% = _! ov]-pi\s 
c>e ( dogs4  #cd4 ,i am a little        
surpris$ myself at ! l5g? to :i* ?is    
exam9ation ( "o small piece ( ,sir      
,walt]'s fir/-rate "w has c>ri$ u1 b "h 

,i mu/ end = ?is "t1 tru/+1 if ! ,editor
 ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury p]mit me1 yet to  
trespass1 p]haps m ?an once1 on 8       
read]s' pati5ce2 b1 at all ev5ts1 to    
exam9e 9 a foll[+ pap] ! te*nical       
*>act]i/ics ( ,scott's own /yle1 bo? 9  
prose & v]se1 toge!r ) ,byron's1 z      
oppos$ to our fa%ionably rec5t dialects 
& rhy?ms2 ! ess5tial virtues ( language1
 9 bo? ! ma/]s ( ! old s*ool1 h++       
ultimately1 little z x might be ?\ght1  
on c]ta9 unalt]able views ( !irs conc]n+
 ! code call$ ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 :olly 
at v>iance ) ! dogmas ( automatic       
morality :i*1 summ$ aga9 by ! wit*es'   
l9e1 ,fair is f\l1 & f\l is fair1 hov]  
?r\gh ! fog & fil?y air ( our prosp]\s  
,engl&4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #cg3  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june1 #ahhj4         
,footnote #ch3 ,see ,"t & ,tide1        
#gb4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #ci3 ,nell1 9 ! 
,old ,curiosity ,%op1 0 simply kill$ = !
 m>ket1 z a but*] kills a lamb 7see     
,=/]'s ,life17 & ,paul 0 writt5 "u !    
same conditions ( illness :i* affect$   

,scott--a "p ( ! om9\s palsies1 grasp+  
alike au?or & subject bo? 9 ,dombey &   
,little ,dorrit4  ,footnote #dj3        
,*\r9eur n /rik+ ) dagg]-po9t1 b ripp+ )
 knife-edge4 ,yet ,i d him1 & ,la ,l\ve1
 inju/ice 9 class+ !m ) ! two o!rs2 !y  
are put toge!r only z p>ts 9 ! same     
phantasm4 ,comp>e ) ,la ,l\ve1 ! /r5g? (
 wild virtue 9 ! ,l\vci5ne 7,luci5ne7 ( 
,gaboriau--%e1 prov9ce-born & br$2 &    
oppos$ to ,p>isian civilization 9 ! "* (
 h] seam/ress fri5d4 ,de ce ,p>is1 o    
elle tait ne1 elle savait t\t--elle     
connaissait t\t4 ,ri5 ne l'tonnait1 nul 
ne l'intimidait4 ,sa sci5ce des dtails  
matriels de l'exi/5ce tait inconcevable4
 ,impossible de la dup]6--,eh bi56 cette
 fille si laborieuse et si conome       
n'avait mme pas la plus vague notion des
 s5tim5ts qui sont l'honneur de la      
femme4 ,je n'avais pas ide d'une si     
complte abs5ce de s5s moral2 d'une si   
inconsci5ce dpravation1 d'une impud5ce  
si effrontm5t nave4--,l',arg5t des      
autres1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceh4  ,footnote #da3

 ,! read] :o c>es to seek x may easily  
f9d m$ical evid5ce ( ! physical effects 
( c]ta9 /ates ( bra9 disease 9 produc+  
especially images ( truncat$ & ,h]mes-l 
de=mity1 complicat$ ) grossness4        
,horace1 9 ! ,epodes1 sc(fs at x1 b n   
)\t horror4 ,luca ,signorelli & ,raphael
 9 _! arabesques are deeply /ruck by x3 
,dr]1 defy+ & play+ ) x alt]nately1 is  
almo/ beat5 d[n aga9 & aga9 9 ! di/ort$ 
faces1 hew+ halb]ts1 & susp5d$ satyrs ( 
8 arabesques r\nd ! polyglot ,"l's      
,pray]2 x takes entire possession (     
,balzac 9 ! ,contes ,drolatiques2 x     
/ruck ,scott 9 ! e>lie/ days ( 8 *ildi% 
visions int5sifi$ by ! ax-/roke murd] ( 
8 gr& aunt 7,l4 i4 #adb1 & see close (  
?is note74 ,x *ose = him ! subject ( !  
,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 & produc$ aft]w>ds  
all ! recurr5t ideas ( executions1 ta9t+
 ,nigel1 almo/ spoil+ ,qu5t9            
,durw>d--utt]ly ! ,fair ,maid ( ,p]?3 & 
culm9at+ 9 ,biz>ro 7,l4 x4 #adi74 ,x    
sugge/$ all ! dea?s by fall+1 or s9k+1 z
 9 deliri\s sleep--,k5n$y1 ,evel9e      

,neville 7ne>ly repeat$ 9 ,cl>a         
,m[bray71 ,amy ,robs>t1 ! ,ma/] (       
,rav5swood 9 ! quicks&1 ,morris1 &      
,corporal ,grace-be-"h--comp>e ! dream (
 ,gride1 9 ,ni*olas ,nickleby1 &        
,dick5s's own la/ words1 on ! gr\nd 7s  
also1 9 my own inflammation ( ! bra91   
two ye>s ago1 ,i dream$ t ,i fell ?r\gh 
! e>? & came out on ! o!r side74 ,9 its 
grotesque & di/ort+ p[]1 x produc$ all !
 figures ( ! ,lay ,gobl91 ,pacolet1     
,flibb]tigibbet1 ,cockl$emoy1 ,ge(frey  
,hudson1 ,f5ella1 & ,nectabanus2 9      
,dick5s x 9 l mann] gives ,quilp1       
,krook1 ,smike1 ,smallwe$1 ,miss ,m[*]1 
& ! dw>fs & wax-"w ( ,nell's c>avan2 &  
runs entirely wild 9 ,b>naby ,budge1    
:]e1 ) a corps de drame compos$ ( "o    
idiot1 two madm51 a g5tleman-fool :o is 
also a villa91 a %op-boy fool :o is also
 a blackgu>d1 a hangman1 a %rivel$      
virago1 & a doll 9 ribbons--c>ry+ ?is   
company ?r\gh riot & fire1 till he hangs
 ! hangman1 "o ( ! madm51 8 "m1 & !     
idiot1 runs ! g5tleman-fool ?r\gh 9 a   

bloody duel1 & burns & cru%es ! %op-boy 
fool into %apelessness1 he _c yet be    
cont5t )\t %oot+ ! sp>e lov]'s leg (f1 &
 m>ry+ him to ! doll 9 a wood5 "o2 !    
%apeless %op-boy be+ f9ally also m>ri$ 9
 two wood5 ones4 ,x is ?is mutilation1  
obs]ve1 :i* is ! v sign manual ( !      
plague2 jo9$1 9 ! arti/ic =ms ( x1 ) a  
love ( ?orn9ess--79 _! my/ic root1 !    
truncation ( ! limbless s]p5t & ! sp9es 
( ! dragon's w+4 ,comp>e ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1
 vol4 iv41 ,*apt] on ! ,m\nta9 ,gloom1  
s4 #ai72 & 9 all =ms ( x1 ) petrifaction
 or loss ( p[] by cold 9 ! blood1 :5ce !
 la/ ,d>w9ian process ( ! wit*es'       
*>m--cool x ) a baboon's blood1 !n ! *>m
 is firm & good4 ,! two frescoes 9 !    
colossal h&bills :i* h lately decorat$ !
 /reets ( ,london 7! baboon ) ! mirror1 
& ! ,maskelyne & ,cooke decapitation7   
are ! f9al ,engli% =ms ( ,raphael's     
arabesque "u ?is influ5ce2 & x is well  
wor? :ile to get ! numb] = ! week end+  
,april #c1 #ahhj1 ( ,"y ,folks--a       
magaz9e ( in/ructive & ent]ta9+         

lit]ature = boys & girls ( all ages1    
conta9+ ,a ,sequel to ,desdi*ado 7!     
mod]n developm5t ( ,ivanhoe71 9 :i* a q 
monum5tal example ( ! k9d ( art 9 "q w  
be f\nd z a lead+ illu/ration ( ?is     
*>act]i/ic s5t5ce1 ,see1 good ,c]b]us1  
said ,sir ,rup]t1 my h& has be5 /ruck   
(f4 ,y mu/ make me a h& ( iron1 "o )    
spr+s 9 x1 s t ,i c make x grasp a      
dagg]4 ,! text is also1 z x pr(esses to 
be1 in/ructive2 be+ ! ultimate          
deg5]ation ( :at ,i h above call$ !     
folly ( ,ivanhoe2 = ! folly begets folly
 d[n1 & d[n2 & :atev] ,scott & ,turn]   
did wrong has ?\s&s ( imitators--_!     
wisdom none w s mu* z he>1 h[ mu* less  
foll[6  ,9 bo? ( ! ,ma/]s1 x is always  
to be rememb]$ t ! evil & good are alike
 conditions ( lit]al vision3 & !re=e    
also1 insep>ably connect$ ) ! /ate ( !  
heal?4 ,i believe ! fir/ elem5ts ( all  
,scott's errors 7 9 ! milk ( 8          
consumptive nurse1 :i* all b kill$ him z
 an infant 7,l4 i4 #ai7--;& 0 )\t d\bt !
 cause ( ! tee?+ fev] t end$ 9 8 lam5ess

 7,l4 i4 #bj74 ,!n came 7if ! read] c>es
 to "k :at ,i mean by ,=s1 let him read 
! page c>efully7 ! fe>ful accid5ts to 8 
only si/]1 & h] dea? 7,l4 i4 #ag72 !n ! 
madness ( 8 nurse1 :o plann$ 8 own murd]
 7#ba71 !n ! /ories cont9ually told him 
( ! executions at ,c>lisle 7#bd71 8     
aunt's husb& hav+ se5 !m2 issu+1 he     
himself sc>cely kn[s h[1 9 !            
unacc\ntable t]ror t came ^u him at !   
sight ( /atu>y 7#ca7--;especially       
,jacob's ladd]2 !n ! murd] ( ,mrs4      
,sw9ton1 & f9ally ! ne>ly fatal bur/+ ( 
! blood vessel at ,kelso1 ) ! succe$+   
n]v\s illness 7#fe-fg7--solac$1 :ile he 
0 be+ bl$ & bli/]$ till he _h sc>cely a 
pulse left1 by t hi/ory ( ! ,knights (  
,malta--fondly dwelt on & realiz$ by    
actual model+ ( _! =tress1 :i* return$  
to 8 m9d = ! !me ( its la/ ef=t 9 pass+ 
away4  ,footnote #db3 ,se dit p>        
dnigrem5t1 d'un *rti5 qui ne croit pas  
les dogmes de sa religion4--,flem+1 vol4
 ii4 p4 #fei4  ,footnote #dc3 ,! novel  
allud$ to is ,! ,mill on ! ,floss4 ,see 

bel[1 p4 #bgb1  #ajh4--;,,ed4  ,footnote
 #dd3 ,a son nom1 prop]ly4 ,! s5t5ce is 
"o ( ,victor ,*]buliez's1 9 ,prosp]     
,r&oce1 :i* is full ( o!r valuable ones4
 ,see ! old nurse's ici bas les *oses   
vont de trav]s1 comme un *i5 qui va     
vpres1 p4 #ic2 & comp>e ,prosp]'s       
treasures1 la petite ,vnus1 et le petit 
,*ri/ d'ivoire1 p4 #aba2 also ,madame   
,brehanne's reque/ = ! div]tissem5t (   
quelque belle batt]ie  c\ps de c\teau ) 
,didi]'s answ]4 ,hlas6 madame1 v\s j\ez 
de malheur1 ici dans la ,drme1 l'on se  
massacre aussi peu que possible1 p4 #cc4
  ,footnote #de3 ,edgewor?'s ,tales1    
7,hunt]1 #ahbg71 ,h>r+ton & ,ormond1    
vol4 iii4 p4 #bfj4  ,footnote #df3      
,alice ( ,salisbury1 ,alice ,lee1 ,alice
 ,bridgnor?4  ,footnote #dg3 ,scott's   
fa!r 0 habitually ascetic4 ,i h he>d 8  
son tell t x 0 common ) him1 if any "o  
obs]v$ t ! s\p 0 good1 to ta/e x aga91 &
 say1 ',yes--x is too good1 bairns1' &  
da% a tumbl] ( cold wat] into 8         
plate4--,lockh>t's ,life 7,black1       

,ed9burgh1 #ahfi71 vol4 i4 p4 #cab4 ,9  
o!r places ,i ref] to ?is book 9 !      
simple =m ( ,l4  ,footnote #dh3 ,a "y   
lady sang to me1 j be=e ,i copi$ out ?is
 page = press1 a ,miss ,somebody's great
 song1 ,live1 & ,love1 & ,die4 ,_h x be5
 writt5 = no?+ bett] ?an silkworms1 x   
%\ld at lea/ h add$--,sp94  ,footnote   
#di3 ,see passage ( introduction to     
,ivanhoe1 wisely quot$ 9 ,l4 vi4 #ajf4  
,footnote #ej3 ,see bel[1 note1 p4 #aii1
 on ! conclusion ( ,wood/ock4  ,footnote
 #ea3 ,! ref]5ce is to a s]ies (        
,wav]ley ,tableaux giv5 9 ,london %ortly
 be=e ! publication ( ?is pap]4--,,ed4  
,footnote #eb3 ,l4 iv4 #agg4  ,footnote 
#ec3 ,l4 vi4 #fg4  ,footnote #ed3 ,"o   
o!r su* novel1 & !re's an end2 b :o c   
la/ =ev]8 :o ev] la/$ s long8--,sydney  
,smi? 7( ! ,pirate7 to ,jeffrey1        
,decemb] #cj1 #ahba4 7,lett]s1 vol4 ii4 
p4 #bbc47  ,footnote #ee3 ,l4 vi4 p4    
#ahh4 ,comp>e ! description ( ,fairy    
,dean1 vii4 #aib4  ,footnote #ef3 ,all1 
alas6 7 n[ 9 a great measure s writt54  

,ivanhoe1 ,! ,mona/]y1 ,! ,abbot1 &     
,k5ilwor? 7 all publi%$ betwe5 ,decemb] 
#ahai & ,janu>y #ahba1 ,con/able  ,co4  
giv+ five ?\s& gu9eas = ! rema9+        
copyright ( !m1 ,scott cle>+ t5 ?\s&    
be=e ! b>ga9 0 complet$2 & be=e !       
,=tunes ( ,nigel issu$ f ! press ,scott 
_h ex*ang$ in/rum5ts & receiv$ 8        
booksell]'s bills = no less ?an f\r     
works ( fiction1 n "o ( !m o!rwise      
describ$ 9 ! de$s ( agreem5t1 to be     
produc$ 9 unbrok5 succession1 ea* ( !m  
to fill up at lea/ ?ree volumes1 b )    
prop] sav+ clauses z to increase ( copy 
money 9 case any ( !m %\ld run to f\r2 &
 )9 two ye>s all ?is anticipation _h be5
 wip$ (f by ,pev]il ( ! ,peak1 ,qu5t9   
,durw>d1 ,/4 ,ronan's ,well1 &          
,r$gauntlet4  ,footnote #eg3 ,wood/ock 0
 f9i%$ #bf? ,m>*1 #ahbf4 ,he knew !n ( 8
 ru92 & wrote 9 bitt]ness1 b n 9        
weakness4 ,! clos+ pages are ! mo/      
beautiful ( ! book4 ,b a mon? aft]w>ds  
,lady ,scott di$2 & he nev] wrote glad  
^w m4  ,footnote #eh3 ,comp>e ,mr4      

,spurgeon's n unfrequ5t orations on !   
same subject4  ,footnote #ei3 ,!re are  
?ree def9ite & int5tional portraits (   
himself1 9 ! novels1 ea* giv+ a sep>ate 
"p ( himself3 ,mr4 ,oldbuck1 ,frank     
,osbaldi/one1 & ,alan ,fair=d4          
,footnote #fj3 ,see note1 p4            
#bbd4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #fa3 ,&rew kn[s
 ,lat91 & might h co9$ ! ^w 9 8 conceit2
 b1 writ+ to a k9d fri5d 9 ,glasg[1 ,i  
f9d ! brook 0 call$ ,molyndona ev5 be=e 
! build+ ( ! ,subdean ,mill 9 #addf4    
,see also acc\nt ( ! locality 9 ,mr4    
,george's admirable volume1 ,old        
,glasg[1 pp4 #abi1 #adi1 etc4 ,!        
,prote/antism ( ,glasg[1 s9ce ?r[+ t    
p[d] ( sa9ts into h] brook ,kidron1 has 
pres5t$ x ) o!r pi\s (f]+s2 & my fri5d  
goes on to say t ! brook1 once fam$ = ! 
purity ( its wat]s 7mu* us$ = blea*+71  
has = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s be5 a crawl+  
/ream ( loa?som5ess4 ,x is n[ brick$    
ov]1 & a c>riage-way made on ! top ( x2 
und]nea? ! f\l mess /ill passes ?r\gh ! 
he>t ( ! city1 till x falls into !      

,clyde close to ! h>bor4     ,,fiction1 
,,fair ,,& ,,f\l4#fb  ,,ii4   #ce4 ,he  
hat$ greet+s 9 ! m>ket-place1 & !re 7   
g5]ally loit]]s 9 ! /reets to p]secute  
him ei!r ab\t ! ev5ts ( ! day1 or ab\t  
"s petty pieces ( bus9ess4  ,^! l9es1   
:i* ! read] w f9d ne> ! beg9n+ ( !      
sixte5? *apt] ( ! fir/ volume ( !       
,antiqu>y1 conta9 two indications ( !   
old man's "*1 :i*1 receiv+ ! ideal ( him
 z a portrait ( ,scott himself1 are (   
extreme int]e/ to me4 ,!y mean          
ess5tially t nei!r ,monkb>ns nor ,scott 
_h any m9d to be call$ ( m51 ,rabbi1 9  
m]e he>+ ( ! mob2 & especially t !y hat$
 to be drawn back out ( _! f>-away      
?\ghts1 or =w>d out ( _! long-ago       
?\ghts1 by any mann] ( daily news1 :e!r 
pr9t$ or gabbl$4 ,( :i* two vital       
*>act]i/ics1 deep] 9 bo? m51 7= ,i mu/  
always speak ( ,scott's creations z if  
!y 7 z real z himself17 ?an any ( _!    
sup]ficial vanities1 or pass+           
en?usiasms1 ,i h to speak m at ano!r "t4
 ,i quote ! passage j n[1 because !re 0 

"o piece ( ! daily news ( ! ye> #ahae   
:i* did extremely int]e/ ,scott1 &      
mat]ially direct ! labor ( ! latt] "p ( 
8 life2 nor is !re any piece ( hi/ory 9 
?is :ole n9ete5? c5tury q s pregnant )  
v>i\s in/ruction z ! /udy ( ! reasons   
:i* influ5c$ ,scott & ,byron 9 _!       
opposite views ( ! glories ( ! battle ( 
,wat]loo4  #cf4 ,b ,i quote x = ano!r   
reason also4 ,! pr9cipal greet+ :i* ,mr4
 ,oldbuck on ?is occasion receives 9 !  
m>ket-place1 be+ comp>$ ) ! spee* (     
,&rew ,fairs]vice1 exam9$ 9 my fir/     
pap]1 w furni% me ) ! text ( :at ,i h   
ma9ly to say 9 ! pres5t "o4       ',mr4 
,oldbuck1' said ! t[n-cl]k 7a m         
important p]son1 :o      came 9 front & 
v5tur$ to /op ! old g5tleman71 '!       
provo/1 und]/&+ y 7 9 t[n1 begs on no   
acc\nt t      y'll quit x )\t see+ him2 
he wants to speak to ye ab\t      br++ !
 wat] frae ! ,fairwell spr+ ?r\gh a "p  
o' y\r      l&s4'       ',:at !         
deuce6--h !y nobody's l& b m9e to cut & 
c>ve on8--,i won't cons5t1 tell !m4'    

',& ! provo/1' said ! cl]k1 go+ on1 )\t 
notic+ !      rebuff1 '& ! c\ncil1 wad  
be agreeable t y %\ld hae !      auld   
/anes at ,donagild's ,*apel1 t ye 0     
wuss+ to hae4'       ',eh8--:at8--,oho6 
t's ano!r /ory--,well1 well1 ,i'll call 
^u      ! provo/1 & we'll talk ab\t x4' 
',b ye maun speak y\r m9d on't =?)1     
,monkb>ns1 if ye want      ! /anes2 =   
,deacon ,h>lewalls ?9ks ! c>v$          
?r\gh-/anes      might be put )         
advantage on ! front ( ! new c\ncil     
h\se--t is1 ! twa cross-legg$ figures t 
! callants us$      to ca' ,robb9 &     
,bobb91 ane on ilka door-*eek2 & ! o!r  
/ane1 t !y ca'd ,ailie ,dailie1 abune ! 
door4 ,x w be v      ta/efu'1 ! ,deacon 
says1 & j 9 ! /yle ( mod]n ,go?ic4'     
',good ,"l deliv] me f ?is ,go?ic       
g5]ation6' exclaim$ !                   
,antiqu>y1--'a monum5t ( a knight-templ>
 on ea* side ( a      ,grecian por*1 & a
 ,madonna on ! top ( x6--,o             
crim9i6--,well1      tell ! provo/ ,i   
wi% to h ! /ones1 & we'll n diff]       

ab\t ! wat]-c\rse4--,x's lucky ,i happ5$
 to come ?is way      to-day4'       ,!y
 p>t$ mutually satisfi$2 b ! wily cl]k  
_h mo/ reason      to exult 9 ! dext]ity
 he _h display$1 s9ce ! :ole            
proposal ( an ex*ange betwe5 ! monum5ts 
7:i* ! c\ncil      _h det]m9$ to remove 
z a nuisance1 because !y encroa*$       
?ree feet ^u ! public road7 & !         
privilege ( convey+ !      wat] to !    
burgh1 ?r\gh ! e/ate ( ,monkb>ns1 0 an  
idea      :i* _h orig9at$ ) himself ^u !
 pressure ( ! mom5t4  #cg4 ,9 ?is s+le  
page ( ,scott1 w ! read] please note !  
k9d ( prophetic in/9ct ) :i* ! great m5 
( e age m>k & =eca/ its de/9ies8 ,! wat]
 f ! ,fairwell is ! future ,?irlm]e     
c>ri$ to ,man*e/]2 ! auld /anes#fc at   
,donagild's ,*apel1 remov$ z a nuisance1
 =etell ! necess>y view tak5 by mod]n   
cockneyism1 ,lib]alism1 & progress1 (   
all ?+s t rem9d !m ( ! noble dead1 ( _! 
fa!rs' fame1 or ( _! own duty2 & !      
public road becomes _! idol1 in/ead ( ! 
sa9t's %r9e4 ,f9ally1 ! rogu]y ( !      

entire transaction--! mean man see+ !   
weakness ( ! honorable1 & be/+ him--9   
mod]n slang1 9 ! mann] & at ! pace (    
mod]n trade--on ! pressure ( ! mom5t4   
,b nei!r are ^! ?+s :at ,i h at pres5t  
quot$ ! passage =4  ,i quote x1 t we may
 consid] h[ mu* wond]ful & v>i\s hi/ory 
is ga!r$ 9 ! fact record$ = u 9 ?is     
piece ( entirely fair fiction1 t 9 !    
,scotti% bor\gh ( ,fairport 7,montrose1 
really71 9 ! ye> #ag--( ,*ri/1 ! k giv5 
by ! pa/ors & tea*]s provid$ = its      
*ildr5 by enlight5$ ,scotti%            
,prote/antism1 ( _! fa!rs' hi/ory1 & !  
orig9 ( _! religion1 _h result$ 9 ?is   
sub/ance & sum2--t ! /atues ( two       
crusad+ knights _h become1 to _! *ildr51
 ,bobb9 & ,bobb92 & ! /atue ( !         
,madonna1 ,ailie ,dailie4  ,a m>vel\s   
piece ( hi/ory1 truly3 & f> too         
compreh5sive = g5]al comm5t "h4 ,only "o
 small piece ( x ,i mu/ c>ry =w>d !     
read]s' ?\ghts ^u4  #ch4 ,! pa/ors &    
tea*]s a=esaid1 7repres5t$ typically 9  
ano!r "p ( ?is errorless book by ,mr4   

,blatt]g[l17 are n1 :atev] else !y may h
 to answ] =1 answ]able = ^! names4 ,!   
names are ( ! *ildr5's own *oos+ &      
be/[+1 b n ( ! *ildr5's own inv5t+4     
,rob9 is a classically ende>+ cognom51  
record+ ! errant h]oism ( old days--! "n
 ( ! ,bruce & ( ,rob ,roy4 ,bobb9 is a  
poetical & symmetrical fulfillm5t &     
adornm5t ( ! orig9al phrase4 ,ailie is !
 la/ e*o ( ,ave1 *ang$ into ! s(te/     
,scotti% ,*ri/ian "n famili> to !       
*ildr51 itself ! beautiful fem99e =m (  
royal ,l\is2 ! ,dailie aga9             
symmetrically add$ = k9d] & m musical   
ende>m5t4 ,! la/ ve/iges1 y see1 ( honor
 = ! h]oism & religion ( _! ance/ors1   
l+]+ on ! lips ( babes & suckl+s4  ,b   
:at is ! mean+ ( ?is necessity ! *ildr5 
f9d !mselves "u ( complet+ ! nom5clature
 rhy?mically & rhym+ly8 ,note fir/ !    
diff]5ce c>efully1 & ! atta9m5t ( bo?   
qualities by ! c\plets 9 "q4 ,rhy?m is !
 syllabic & quantitative measure ( !    
words1 9 :i* ,rob9 bo? 9 weight & "t1   
balances ,bobb92 & ,dailie holds level  

scale ) ,ailie4 ,b rhyme is ! add$      
correspond5ce ( s\nd2 unkn[n & undesir$1
 s f> z we c le>n1 by ! ,greek ,orpheus1
 b absolutely ess5tial to1 &1 z special 
virtue1 becom+ titul> (1 ! ,scotti%     
,?omas4  #ci4 ,! ,ryme1#fd y may at fir/
 fancy1 is ! especially *ildi% "p ( !   
"w4 ,n s4 ,x is ! especially *ivalric & 
,*ri/ian "p ( x4 ,x *>act]izes !        
,*ri/ian *ant or canticle1 z a high] ?+ 
?an a ,greek ode1 melos1 or hymnos1 or  
?an a ,lat9 c>m54  ,?9k ( x2 = ?is aga9 
is wond]ful6 ,t ^! *ildr5 ( ,montrose   
%\ld h an elem5t ( music 9 _! s\ls :i*  
,hom] _h n1--:i* a melos ( ,david !     
,prophet & ,k+ _h n1--:i* ,orpheus &    
,amphion _h n1--:i* ,apollo's unrym$    
oracles became mute at ! s\nd (4  ,a    
/range new equity ?is1--melodi\s ju/ice 
& judgm5t1 z x 71--9 all words spok5    
solemnly & rituali/ically by ,*ri/ian   
human creatures2--,rob9 & ,bobb9--by !  
,crusad]'s tomb1 up to ,dies ir1 dies   
illa1 at judgm5t ( ! crusad+ s\l4  ,y h 
to und]/& ?is mo/ deeply ( all ,*ri/ian 

m9/rels1 f fir/ to la/2 t !y are m      
musical1 because m joyful1 ?an any o!rs 
on e>?3 e!real m9/rels1 pilgrims ( !    
sky1 true to ! k9dr$ po9ts ( heav5 &    
home2 _! joy ess5tially ! sky-l>k's1 9  
light1 9 purity2 b1 ) _! human eyes1    
look+ = ! glori\s appe>+ ( some?+ 9 !   
sky1 :i* ! bird _c4  ,?is x is t *anges 
,etruscan murmur into ,t]za             
rima--,horatian ,lat9 into ,prov5al     
tr\bad\r's melody2 n1 because less      
artful1 less wise4  #dj4 ,"h is a little
 bit1 = in/ance1 ( ,fr5* rym+ j be=e    
,*auc]'s "t--ne> en\gh to our own ,fr5* 
to be intelligible to u yet4    ,o quant
 trs-glorieuse vie1   ,quant cil qui t\t
 peut et mai/rie1   ,veult espr\v] p\r  
ncessaire1   ,ne p\r quant il ne blasma 
mie   ,la vie de ,m>! sa mie3   ,mais il
 lui donna exemplaire   ,d'autrem5t     
vivre1 et de bi5 plaire   ,a ,dieu2 et  
plut de bi5  faire3   ,p\r se conclut-il
 que ,m>ie   ,qui e/oit  ses pi$z sans  
braire1   ,et p5soit d'ent5dre et de    
taire1   ,e/leut la plus sa9e p>tie4    

,la meilleur p>tie esleut-elle   ,et la 
plus sa9e et la plus belle1   ,qui j ne 
luy s]a o/e   ,c> p> vrit se fut celle  
,qui fut t\sj\rs fres*e et n\velle1     
,d'aym] ,dieu et d'en e/re ayme2   ,c>  
jusqu'au cueur fut entame1   ,et si     
ardamm5t enflame1   ,que t\sj\rs ardoit 
,i'e/9celle2   ,p> quoi elle fut visite 
,et de ,dieu premi] con=te2   ,c> *>it  
e/ trop ysnelle4  #da4 ,! only law (    
met]1 obs]v$ 9 ?is song1 is t ea* l9e   
%all be octosyllabic3    ,qui fut       
t\sj\rs  fres*e et  n\velle1   ,d'autre 
m5t vi  vret de  bi5 7b57 plaire   ,et  
p5  soit d5  t5dret  de taire4  ,b !    
read] mu/ note t words :i* 7            
two-syllabl$ 9 ,lat9 mo/ly rema9 yet s 9
 ! ,fr5*4    ,la vi  e de  ,m>!  sa mie1
  al?\gh mie1 :i* is pet language1 lov+ 
abbreviation ( amica ?r\gh amie1 rema9s 
monosyllabic4 ,b vie elides its e be=e a
 v[el3    ,c> ,m>-  ! me  nait vie      
active   ,et ,ma-  ri-e  contemp        
lative2  & cu/om endures _m exceptions4 
,?us ,m>ie may be ?ree-syllabl$1 z      

above1 or answ] to mie z a dissyllable2 
b vi]ge is always1 ,i ?9k1 dissyllabic1 
vi]-ge1 ) ev5 /rong] acc5t on ! -ge1 = !
 ,lat9 -g4  ,!n1 secondly1 ( quantity1  
!re is sc>cely any fix$ law4 ,! met]s   
may be tim$ z ! m9/rel *ooses--fa/ or   
sl[--& ! iambic curr5t *eck$ 9 rev]t$   
eddy1 z ! words *ance to come4  ,b1     
?irdly1 !re is to be ri* rym+ & *im+1 no
 matt] h[ simply got1 s only t ! words  
j+le & t+le toge!r ) due art ( int]lac+ 
& answ]+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /anza1      
correspond5t to ! involutions ( trac]y &
 illum9ation4 ,! :ole twelve-l9e /anza  
is ?us con/ruct$ ) two rymes only1 six (
 ea*1 ?us arrang$3    ,a ,a ,b  ,a ,a ,b
  ,b ,b ,a  ,b ,b ,a   divid+ ! v]se ?us
 into f\r measures1 rev]s$ 9 asc5t &    
desc5t1 or descant m prop]ly2 & d\btless
 ) correspond5t phases 9 ! voice-giv51 &
 duly accompany+1 or foll[+1 music2     
,?omas ! ,rym]'s own precept1 t tong is 
*efe 9 myn/relsye1 be+ always kept      
fai?fully 9 m9d4#fe  #db4 ,"h !n y h a  
suffici5t example ( ! pure *ant ( !     

,*ri/ian ages2 :i* is always at he>t    
joyful1 & divides itself into ! f\r     
great =ms2 ,song ( ,praise1 ,song (     
,pray]1 ,song ( ,love1 & ,song (        
,battle2 praise1 h[ev]1 be+ ! keynote ( 
passion ?r\gh all ! f\r =ms2 accord+ to 
! fir/ law :i* ,i h already giv5 9 !    
,laws ( ,fsole2 all great ,art is       
,praise1 ( :i* ! contr>y is also true1  
all f\l or miscreant ,art is accusation1
 ,greek3 diabol3 ,%e gave me ( ! tree & 
,i did eat be+ an entirely museless     
expression on ,adam's "p1 ! briefly     
ess5tial contr>y ( ,love-song4  ,) ^!   
f\r p]fect =ms ( ,*ri/ian *ant1 ( :i* we
 may take = pure examples ! ,te ,deum1 !
 ,te ,lucis ,ante1 ! ,amor *e nella     
m5te1#ff & ! ,*ant de ,rol&1 are m+l$   
songs ( m\rn+1 ( ,pagan orig9 7:e!r     
,greek or ,dani%71 hold+ grasp /ill ( ! 
races t h once le>n$ !m1 9 times (      
suff]+ & sorr[2 & songs ( ,*ri/ian      
humiliation or grief1 reg>d+ *iefly !   
suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 or ! conditions ( our  
own s93 :ile ?r\gh ! entire sy/em ( ^!  

musical compla9ts are int]wov5          
moralities1 in/ructions1 & relat$       
hi/ories1 9 illu/ration ( bo?1 pass+    
into ,epic & ,romantic v]se1 :i*        
gradually1 z ! =ms & le>n+s ( society   
increase1 becomes less joyful1 & m      
didactic1 or satiric1 until ! la/ e*oes 
( ,*ri/ian joy & melody vani% 9 !       
,vanity ( human wi%es4  #dc4 ,& "h ,i   
mu/ pause = a m9ute or two to sep>ate ! 
diff]5t bran*es ( our inquiry cle>ly f  
"o ano!r4 ,= "o ?+1 ! read] mu/ please  
put = ! pres5t out ( 8 head all ?\ght ( 
! progress ( civilization--t is to say1 
broadly1 ( ! sub/itution ( wigs = hair1 
gas = c&les1 & /eam = legs4 ,?is is an  
entirely di/9ct matt] f ! phases (      
policy & religion4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ! 
,briti% ,con/itution1 or ! ,fr5*        
,revolution1 or ! unification ( ,italy4 
,!re are1 inde$1 c]ta9 subtle relations 
betwe5 ! /ate ( m9d1 = in/ance1 9       
,v5ice1 :i* makes h] pref] a /eam] to a 
gondola1 & t :i* makes h] pref] a       
gazette] to a duke2 b ^! relations are n

 at all to be dealt ) until we solemnly 
und]/& t :e!r m5 %all be ,*ri/ians &    
poets1 or infidels & dunces1 does n     
dep5d on ! way !y cut _! hair1 tie _!   
bree*es1 or light _! fires4 ,dr4        
,johnson might h worn 8 wig 9 fullness  
con=m+ to 8 dignity1 )\t !re=e com+ to !
 conclusion t human wi%es 7 va92 nor is 
,que5 ,anto9ette's civiliz$ hair-p[d]1 z
 oppos$ to ,que5 ,b]?a's savagely loose 
hair1 ! cause ( ,anto9ette's lay+ h]    
head at la/ 9 scaffold du/1 b ,b]?a 9 a 
pilgrim-haunt$ tomb4  #dd4 ,aga91 ,i h j
 n[ us$ ! words poet & dunce1 mean+ !   
degree ( ea* quality possible to av]age 
human nature4 ,m5 are et]nally divid$   
into ! two classes ( poet 7believ]1     
mak]1 & prais]7 & dunce 7or unbeliev]1  
unmak]1 & disprais]74 ,& 9 process (    
ages !y h ! p[] ( mak+ fai?ful & =mative
 creatures ( !mselves1 or unfai?ful &   
de-=mative4 ,& ?is di/9ction betwe5 !   
creatures :o1 bless+1 are bless$1 &     
ev]more b5$icti1 & ! creatures :o1      
curs+1 are curs$1 & ev]more mal$icti1 is

 "o go+ ?r\gh all humanity2 ant$iluvian 
9 ,ca9 & ,abel1 diluvian 9 ,ham & ,%em4 
,& ! "q = ! public ( any giv5 p]iod is n
 :e!r !y are a con/itutional or         
uncon/itutional vulgus1 b :e!r !y are a 
b5ignant or malignant vulgus4 ,s also1  
:e!r x is inde$ ! gods :o h giv5 any    
g5tleman ! grace to despise ! rabble1   
dep5ds :olly on :e!r x is inde$ !       
rabble1 or he1 :o are ! malignant       
p]sons4  #de4 ,b yet aga94 ,?is diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! p]sons to :om ,heav51 accord+ 
to ,orpheus1 has grant$ ! h\r (         
delight1#fg & ^? :om x has condemn$ to !
 h\r ( dete/abl5ess1 be+1 z ,i h j said1
 ( all times & nations1--x is an int]ior
 & m delicate diff]5ce :i* we are exam9+
 9 ! gift ( ,*ri/ian z di/+ui%$ f       
un*ri/ian1 song4 ,orpheus1 ,p9d>1 &     
,horace are inde$ di/9ct f ! prosaic    
rabble1 z ! bird f ! snake2 b betwe5    
,orpheus & ,pale/r9a1 ,horace & ,sidney1
 !re is ano!r division1 & a new p[] (   
music & song giv5 to ! humanity :i* has 
hope ( ! ,resurrection4  ,?is is ! root 

( all life & all rightness 9 ,*ri/ian   
h>mony1 :e!r ( ^w or in/rum5t2 & s      
lit]ally1 t 9 precise mann] z ?is hope  
disappe>s1 ! p[] ( song is tak5 away1 & 
tak5 away utt]ly4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian falls  
back out ( ! bright hope ( !            
,resurrection1 ev5 ! ,orpheus song is   
=bidd5 him4 ,n to h kn[n ! hope is      
blameless3 "o may s+1 unkn[+1 z ! swan1 
or ,philomela4 ,b to h kn[n & fall away 
f x1 & to decl>e t ! human wi%es1 :i*   
are summ$ 9 t "o--,?y k+dom come--are   
va96 ,! ,fates orda9 !re %all be no s++ 
aft] t d5ial4  #df4 ,= obs]ve ?is1 &    
e>ne/ly4 ,! old ,orphic song1 ) its dim 
hope ( yet once m ,eurydice1--!         
,philomela song--grant$ aft] ! cruel    
sil5ce1--! ,halcyon song--) its fifte5  
days ( peace1 7 all sad1 or joyful only 
9 "s vague vision ( conque/ ov] dea?4 ,b
 ! ,johnsonian vanity ( wi%es is on !   
:ole satisfactory to ,johnson--accept$ )
 g5tlemanly resignation by              
,pope--triumphantly & ) bray ( p5ny     
trumpets & bl[+ ( /eam-:i/les1 proclaim$

 = ! glori\s discov]y ( ! civiliz$ ages1
 by ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 ,miss ,edgewor?1    
,adam ,smi?1 & ,co4 ,!re is no ,god1 b h
 we n inv5t$ gunp[d]8--:o wants a ,god1 
) t 9 8 pocket8#fh ,!re is no           
,resurrection1 nei!r angel nor _s2 b h  
we n pap] & p5s1 & _c e blockhead pr9t 8
 op9ions1 & ! ,day ( ,judgm5t become    
,republican1 ) ev]ybody = a judge1 & !  
flat ( ! univ]se = ! ?rone8 ,!re is no  
law1 b only gravitation & congelation1 &
 we are /uck toge!r 9 an ev]la/+ hail1 &
 melt$ toge!r 9 ev]la/+ mud1 & great 0 !
 day 9 :i* our wor%ips 7 born4 ,& !re is
 no gospel1 b only1 :atev] we've got1 to
 get m1 &1 :]ev] we are1 to g some:]e   
else4 ,& are n ^! discov]ies1 to be sung
 (1 & drumm$ (1 & fiddl$ (1 & g5]ally   
made melodi\sly indubitable 9 ! eighte5?
 c5tury song ( praise8  #dg4 ,! ,fates w
 n h x s4 ,no ^w ( song is possible1 9 t
 c5tury1 to mortal lips4 ,only poli%$   
v]sification1 s5t5ti\s p5tamet] &       
hexamet]1 until1 hav+ turn$ out its toes
 long en\gh )\t danc+1 & patt]$ ) its   

lips long en\gh )\t pip+1 sudd5ly ,a/ra 
returns to ! e>?1 & a ,day ( ,judgm5t ( 
a sort1 & !re bur/s out a song at la/   
aga91 a mo/ curtly melodi\s triplet (   
,amphisbnic ryme1 a ira4  ,amphisbnic1  
fang$ 9 ea* ryme ) fire1 & obey+        
,ercild\ne's precept1 ,tong is *efe (   
myn/relsye1 to ! syllable4--,don        
,giovanni's hi!rto fondly *ant$ ,&iam1  
&iam1 become sudd5ly imp]sonal &        
prophetic3 ,,x %all g1 & y also4 ,a     
cry--be=e x is a song1 !n song &        
accompanim5t toge!r--p]fectly done2 & ! 
m>* t[>ds ! field ( ,m>s4 ,! two hundr$ 
& fifty ?\s&--!y to ! s\nd ( /r+$       
music--prec$$ by "y girls ) tricolor    
/ream]s1 !y h %\ld]$ soldi]wise _!      
%ovels & picks1 & ) "o ?roat are s++ a  
ira4#fi  ,?r\gh all ! spr+time ( #agij1 
f ,brittany to ,burgundy1 on mo/ pla9s (
 ,france1 "u mo/ city walls1 !re m>* &  
con/itutionally :eel to ! a-ira+ mood ( 
fife & drum--our cle> glanc+            
phalanxes2--! song ( ! two hundr$ &     
fifty ?\s&1 virg9-l$1 is 9 ! long light 

( ,july4 ,nev]!less1 ano!r song is yet  
ne$$1 = phalanx1 & = maid4 ,=1 two spr+s
 & summ]s hav+ gone--amphisbnic1--on !  
#bh? ( ,augu/1 #agib1 ,dum\riez rode f !
 camp ( ,maulde1 ea/w>ds to ,s$an4#gj   
#dh4 ,& ,longwi has fall5 basely1 &     
,brunswick & ! ,prussian k+ w beleagu]  
,v]dun1 & ,clairfait & ! ,au/rians press
 deep] 9 ov] ! nor!rn m>*es1 ,cimm]ian  
,europe beh9d4 ,& on t same night       
,dum\riez assembles c\ncil ( w> at 8    
lodg+s 9 ,s$an4 ,prussians "h1 ,au/rians
 !re1 triumphant bo?4 ,) broad highway  
to ,p>is & little h9drance--we scatt]$1 
helpless "h & !re--:at to advise8 ,!    
g5]als advise retreat+1 & retreat+ till 
,p>is be sack$ at ! late/ day possible4 
,dum\riez1 sil5t1 dismisses !m1--keeps  
only1 ) a sign1 ,?\v5ot4 ,sil5t ?us1 :5 
ne$ful1 yet hav+ voice1 x appe>s1 ( :at 
musicians call t5or quality1 ( a r>e    
k9d4 ,rub9i-esque1 ev51 b sc>cely       
producible to ! fa/idi\s e>s at op]a4 ,!
 seizure ( ! =e/ ( ,argonne foll[s--!   
cannonade ( ,valmy4 ,! ,prussians d n   

m>* on ,p>is ?is "t1 ! autumnal h\rs (  
fate pass on--a ira--& on ! #f? (       
,novemb]1 ,dum\riez meets ! ,au/rians   
also4 ,dum\riez wide-w+$1 !y            
wide-w+$--at & ar\nd ,jemappes1 its gre5
 heights fr+$ & man$ ) r$ fire4 ,&      
,dum\riez is swept back on ?is w+ &     
swept back on t1 & is l to be swept back
 utt]ly1 :5 he ru%es up 9 p]son1 speaks 
a prompt ^w or two1 & !n1 ) cle>        
t5or-pipe1 uplifts ! hymn ( !           
,m>seillaise1 t5 ?\s& t5or or bass pipes
 jo9+1 or say "s =ty ?\s& 9 all1 = e    
he>t leaps up at ! s\nd2 & s1 ) rhy?mic 
m>* melody1 !y rally1 !y advance1 !y ru%
 dea?-defy+1 & l ! fire :irlw9d sweep   
all mann] ( ,au/rians f ! sc5e ( action4
 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! lips ( ,dum\riez1 s+s    
,tyrtu1 ,r\get de ,lisle4#ga ,aux       
armes--m>*ons4 ,iambic measure ) a      
witness6 9 :at wide /rophe "h beg9n+--9 
:at un?\ght-( anti/rophe return+ to t   
c\ncil *amb] 9 ,s$an6  #di4 ,:ile ^! two
 great songs 7 ?us be+ compos$1 & sung1 
& danc$ to 9 comet>y cycle1 by ! ,fr5*  

nation1 "h 9 our less giddy isl& !re    
rose1 amid/ h\rs ( bus9ess 9 ,scotl& & (
 idl5ess 9 ,engl&1 ?ree tr\bad\rs ( q   
diff]5t temp]4 ,diff]5t also !mselves1 b
 n oppon5t2 =m+ a p]fect *ord1 & adv]se 
all ! ?ree ( !m alike to ! ,fr5*        
musicians1 9 ?is ma9 po9t--t :ile ! ,ca 
ira & ,m>seillaise 7 ess5tially songs ( 
blame & wra?1 ! ,briti% b>ds wrote1     
virtually1 always songs ( praise1 ?\gh  
by no means psalmody 9 ! anci5t keys4   
,on ! contr>y1 all ! ?ree are alike mov$
 by a s+ul> antipa?y to ! prie/s1 & are 
po9t$ at ) fe> & indignation by !       
pieti/s1 ( _! day2--n )\t lat5t cause4  
,= !y are all ( !m1 ) ! mo/ lov+ s]vice1
 s]vants ( t _w :i* ! ,puritan & monk   
alike despis$2 &1 9 ! triple *ord ( _!  
song1 c\ld n b appe> to ! religi\s      
p]sons ar\nd !m z respectively &        
specifically ! prais]s--,scott ( ! _w1  
,burns ( ! fle%1 & ,byron ( ! devil4    
,to cont5d ) ?is c>nal or*e/ra1 !       
religi\s _w1 hav+ long ago reject$ its  
,ca?olic ,psalms z antiquat$ &          

unsci5tific1 & f9d+ its ,puritan        
melodies sunk into fa9t j> & twangle f  
_! native trumpet-tone1 _h no?+ to      
oppose b ! innoc5t1 r ?an religi\s1     
v]ses ( ! s*ool recogniz$ z t ( !       
,engli% ,lakes2 v cr$itable to !m2      
dome/ic at once & ref9$2 obs]v+ ! errors
 ( ! _w outside ( ! ,lakes ) a pity+ &  
t5d] indignation1 & arriv+ 9 lacu/r9e   
seclusion at _m valuable pr9ciples (    
philosophy1 z pure z ! t>ns ( _!        
m\nta9s1 & ( correspond+ dep?4#gb  #ej4 
,i h lately se51 & ) extreme pleasure1  
,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's arrangem5t (      
,wordswor?'s poems2 & read ) s9c]e      
int]e/ 8 high e/imate ( !m4 ,b a great  
poet's "w nev] ne$s arrangem5t by o!r   
h&s2 & ?\gh x is v prop] t ,silv] ,h[   
%\ld cle>ly und]/& & brightly praise its
 frat]nal ,rydal ,m\nt1 we mu/ n =get t1
 ov] yond]1 are ! ,&es1 all ! :ile4     
,wordswor?'s rank & scale among poets 7 
det]m9$ by himself1 9 a s+le            
exclamation3    ,:at 0 ! great          
,p>nassus' self to !e1   ,m\nt ,skiddaw8

  ,answ] 8 "q fai?fully1 & y h !        
relation betwe5 ! great ma/]s ( !       
,muse's tea*+ & ! pleasant f+]] ( 8     
pa/oral flute among ! re$s ( ,rydal4    
,wordswor? is simply a ,we/morel&       
peasant1 ) consid]ably less %rewdness   
?an mo/ bord] ,engli%m5 or ,scotsm5     
inh]it2 & no s5se ( humor3 b gift$ 79   
?is s+ul>ly7 ) vivid s5se ( natural     
beauty1 & a pretty turn = reflections1 n
 always acute1 b1 z f> z !y rea*1       
m$ic9al to ! fev] ( ! re/less & corrupt$
 life ar\nd him4 ,wat] to p>*$ lips may 
be bett] ?an ,samian w9e1 b d n let u   
!re=e confuse ! qualities ( w9e & wat]4 
,i mu* d\bt !re be+ _m +lori\s ,miltons 
9 our c\ntry *ur*y>ds2 b ,i am v sure   
!re are _m ,wordswor?s re/+ !re1 :o 7   
inf]ior to ! r5[n$ "o only 9 c>+ less to
 he> !mselves talk4  ,) an hone/ & k9dly
 he>t1 a /imulat+ egoism1 a :olesome    
cont5tm5t 9 mode/ circum/ances1 & su*   
suffici5t ease1 9 t accept$ /ate1 z     
p]mitt$ ! pass+ ( a good deal ( "t 9    
wi%+ t daisies c\ld see ! beauty ( _!   

own %ad[s1 & o!r su* pr(itable m5tal    
ex]cises1 ,wordswor? has left u a s]ies 
( /udies ( ! graceful & happy %eph]d    
life ( our lake c\ntry1 :i* to me       
p]sonally1 = "o1 are entirely sweet &   
preci\s2 b !y are only s z ! mirror ( an
 exi/5t reality 9 _m ways m beautiful   
?an its picture4  #ea4 ,b ! o!r day ,i  
w5t = an aft]noon's re/ into ! cottage (
 "o ( our c\ntry p ( old /atesman class2
 cottage ly+ ne>ly midway betwe5 two    
village *ur*es1 b m conv5i5tly = d[nhill
 walk t[>ds "o ?an ! o!r4 ,i f\nd1 z !  
good h\sewife made tea = me1 t nev]!less
 %e w5t up ! hill to *ur*4 ,:y d n y g  
to ! ne>] *ur*8 ,i ask$4 ,don't y l !   
cl]gyman8 ,oh no1 sir1 %e answ]$1 x     
isn't t2 b y "k ,i c\ldn't leave my "m4 
,y\r "m6 %e is buri$ at ,h---- !n8 ,yes1
 sir2 & y "k ,i c\ldn't g to *ur* any:]e
 else4  ,t feel+s su* z ^! exi/$ among !
 peasants1 n ( ,cumb]l& only1 b ( all ! 
t5d] e>? t gives =? h] fruit = ! liv+1 &
 receives h] dead to peace1 might p]haps
 h be51 to our great & endless com=t1   

discov]$ be=e n[1 if ,wordswor? _h be5  
cont5t to tell u :at he knew ( 8 own    
villages & p1 n z ! lead] ( a new & only
 correct s*ool ( poetry1 b simply z a   
c\ntry g5tleman ( s5se & feel+1 fond (  
primroses1 k9d to ! p>i% *ildr51 &      
rev]5t ( ! spade ) :i* ,wilk9son _h     
till$ 8 l&s3 & ,i am by no means sure t 
8 influ5ce on ! /rong] m9ds ( 8 "t 0    
anywise ha/5$ or ext5d$ by ! _s (       
tunefulness "u ^: guidance he discov]$ t
 heav5 rym$ to sev51 & ,foy to boy4     
#eb4 ,tuneful nev]!less at he>t1 & ( !  
heav5ly *oir1 ,i gladly & frankly       
ackn[l$ge him2 & our ,engli% lit]ature  
enri*$ ) a new & a s+ul> virtue 9 !     
arial purity & heal?ful rightness ( 8   
quiet song2--b arial only1--n e!real2 & 
l[ly 9 its privacy ( light4  ,a measur$ 
m9d1 & calm2 innoc5t1 unrep5tant2       
helpful to s9less creatures & sca?less1 
su* ( ! flock z d n /ray4 ,hopeful at   
lea/1 if n fai?ful2 cont5t ) intimations
 ( immortality su* z may be 9 skipp+ (  
lambs1 & laught] ( *ildr5--incuri\s to  

see 9 ! h&s ! pr9t ( ! ,nails4  ,a      
graci\s & con/ant m9d2 z ! h]bage ( its 
native hills1 fragrant & pure2--yet1 to 
! sweep & ! %ad[1 ! /ress & di/ress1 ( !
 great] s\ls ( m51 z ! tuft$ ?yme to !  
laurel wild]ness ( ,tempe1--z ! gleam+  
euphrasy to ! d>k bran*es ( ,dodona4    
,i am oblig$ to def] ! ma9 body ( ?is   
pap] to next      mon?1--revises        
p5etrat+ all too late into my lacu/r9e  
seclusion2 z *anc$ also unluckily ) !   
prec$+ pap]1 9      :i* ! read] w p]haps
 k9dly correct ! consequ5t      mispr9ts
 n[ correct$1 ,,ed41 p4 #bjc1 l4 #bc1 ( 
sc>cely to securely1 & p4 #bjf1 l4 #f1  
full1 ) comma to      fall1 )\t "o2     
notic+ besides t ,r$gauntlet has be5    
omitt$ 9 ! li/1 pp4 #aih1 #aii2 & t !   
ref]5ce to note      %\ld n be at ! ^w  
imag9ation1 p4 #aih1 l4 #f1 b at !      
^w trade1 l4 #ae4 ,my de> old fri5d1    
,dr4 ,john ,br[n1 s5ds me1      f       
,jamieson's ,diction>y1 ! foll[+        
satisfactory end to "o      ( my        
difficulties3--,c\p ! crans4 ,! language

 is borr[$      f ! cran1 or trivet on  
:i* small pots are plac$ 9      cook]y1 
:i* is sometimes turn$ ) its feet       
upp]mo/ by an      awkw>d assi/ant4 ,?us
 x signifies to be completely upset4    
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #fb3 ,augu/1    
#ahhj4  ,footnote #fc3 ,! foll[+        
fragm5ts out ( ! lett]s 9 my own        
possession1 writt5 by ,scott to ! build]
 ( ,abbots=d1 z ! out] decorations ( !  
h\se 7 9 process ( completion1 w %[ h[  
accurately ,scott _h pictur$ himself 9  
,monkb>ns4     ,,abbots=d3 ,april #ba1  
#ahag4       ,,de> ,,sir1--,no?+ c be m 
oblig+ ?an y\r      att5tion to ! old   
/ones4 ,y h be5 z true z ! sundial      
itself4 ,! sundial _h j be5 erect$4 ,( !
 two ,i w\ld      pref] ! l>g] "o1 z x  
is to be 9 front ( a p>apet q      9 !  
old ta/e4 ,b 9 case ( accid5ts x w be   
safe/ 9      y\r cu/ody till ,i come to 
t[n aga9 on ! #ab? ( ,may4 ,y\r      =m]
 favors 7:i* 7 weighty z acceptable7 h  
come safely      out "h1 & w be dispos$ 
( ) great effect4     ,,abbots=d3 ,july 

#cj?4       ,i fancy ! ,tolboo? /ill    
keeps its feet1 b1 z x mu/ soon         
desc5d1 ,i hope y w rememb] me4 ,i h an 
important use =      ! ni*e above !     
door2 & ?\gh _m a man has got a ni*e    
9 ! ,tolboo? by build+1 ,i believe ,i am
 ! fir/ t ev]      got a ni*e out ( x on
 su* an occasion4 ,= :i* ,i h to        
?ank y\r k9dness1 & to rema9 v mu* y\r  
oblig$ humble      s]vant1    ,,walt]   
,,scott4     ,augu/ #af4       ,,my     
,,de> ,,sir1--,i tr\ble y ) ?is sic few 
l9es      to ?ank y = ! v accurate      
draw+s & measurem5ts ( !      ,tolboo?  
door1 & = y\r k9d promise to att5d to my
 int]e/      & t ( ,abbots=d 9 ! matt] (
 ! ,?i/le & ,fleur de      ,lis4 ,mo/ ( 
our scut*eons are n[ m\nt$1 & look v    
well1 z      ! h\se is some?+ aft] !    
model ( an old hall 7n a      ca/le71   
:]e su* ?+s are well 9 "*4 ,alas--,sir  
,walt]1 ,sir ,walt]6 ,i int5d ! old lion
 to pr$om9ate ov] a      well :i* !     
*ildr5 h *ri/5$ ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,lions4   
,8 pres5t d51 h[ev]1 cont9ues to be !   

hall at ,ca/le      ,/reet4             
,septemb] #e4       ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am 
greatly oblig$ to y = secur+ !          
/one4 ,i am n sure t ,i w put up ! gate 
q 9 ! old      =m1 b ,i w\ld l to secure
 ! means ( do+ s4 ,!      ornam5tal     
/ones are n[ put up1 & h a v happy      
effect4 ,if      y w h ! k9dness to let 
me "k :5 ! ,tolboo? door      comes d[n1
 ,i w s5d 9 my c>ts = ! /ones2 ,i h an  
admirable situation = x4 ,i suppose !   
door itself he means      ! wood5 "o w  
be kept = ! new jail2 if n1 & n         
o!rwise want$1 ,i w\ld e/eem x curi\s to
 possess x4      ,c]ta9ly ,i hope s _m  
sore he>ts w n pass ?r\gh !             
celebrat$ door :5 9 my possession z     
h]et(ore4     ,septemb] #h4       ,i    
%\ld e/eem x v =tunate if ,i c\ld h !   
door also1      ?\gh ,i suppose x is    
mod]n1 hav+ be5 burn$ d[n at ! "t      (
 ,porte\s-mob4       ,i am v mu* oblig$ 
to ! g5tlem5 :o ?\ght ^! rema9s      ( !
 ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian are n ill be/[$ on  
_! int5d$      possessor4  ,footnote    

#fd3 ,h5ce=w>d1 n 9 affectation1 b = !  
read]'s bett] conv5i5ce1 ,i %all cont9ue
 to spell ,ryme )\t our wrongly add$ h4 
,footnote #fe3 ,l4 ii4 #bgh4  ,footnote 
#ff3 ,*e nella m5te mia ragiona4        
,love--y obs]ve1 ! highe/               
,reasonabl5ess1 in/ead ( ,fr5* ivresse1 
or ev5 ,%akespe>ian m]e folly2 &        
,beatrice z ! ,goddess ( ,wisdom 9 ?is  
?ird song ( ! ,convito1 to be comp>$ ) !
 ,revolution>y ,goddess ( ,reason2      
rememb]+ ( ! :ole poem *iefly ! l9e3--  
,co/ei p5so *i *e mosso l'univ]so4      
7,see ,lyell's ,canzoni]e1 p4 #ajd47    
,footnote #fg3 ,greek3 hran ts          
trpsios--,plato1 ,laws1 ii41 ,/eph4     
#ffi4 ,h\r hav+ "h ne>ly ! p[] ( ,fate )
 add$ s5se ( be+ a daught] ( ,!mis4     
,footnote #fh3 ,gunp[d] is "o ( !       
greate/ inv5tions ( mod]n times1 & :at  
has giv5 su* a sup]iority to civiliz$   
nations ov] b>b>\s6 7,ev5+s at          
,home--fif? ev5+47 ,no man c owe m ?an  
,i bo? to ,mrs4 ,b>bauld & ,miss        
,edgewor?2 & ,i only wi% t 9 ! sub/ance 

( :at !y wisely said1 !y _h be5 m li/5$ 
to4 ,nev]!less1 ! g]ms ( all mod]n      
conceit & error respect+ manufacture &  
indu/ry1 z rivals to ,art & to ,g5ius1  
are conc5trat$ 9 ,ev5+s at ,home & ,h>ry
 & ,lucy--be+ all ! :ile !mselves works 
( real g5ius1 & prophetic ( ?+s t h yet 
to be le>n$ & fulfill$4 ,see = in/ance !
 pap]1 ,?+s by _! ,"r ,names1 foll[+ !  
"o f :i* ,i h j quot$ 7,! ,%ip71 & clos+
 ! fir/ volume ( ! old edition ( !      
,ev5+s4  ,footnote #fi3 ,c>lyle1 ,fr5*  
,revolution 7,*apman1 #ahfi71 vol4 ii4  
p4 #gj2 conf4 p4 #be1 & ! a ira at      
,arras1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgf4  ,footnote   
#gj3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bf4  ,footnote #ga3   
,c>lyle1 ,fr5* ,revolution1 iii4 #ajf1 !
 la/ s5t5ce alt]$ 9 a ^w or two4        
,footnote #gb3 ,i h be5 greatly         
disappo9t$1 9 tak+ s\nd+s ( our mo/     
maje/ic m\nta9 pools1 to f9d !m1 9 no   
case1 v]ge on ! unfa?omable4            
,,fiction1 ,,fair ,,& ,,f\l4  ,,iii4#gc 
,,byron    ,p>*+ summ] ha? no w>rant    
,to consume ?is cry/al well2   ,ra9s1 t 

make ea* brook a torr5t1     ,nei!r     
sully x1 nor swell4   #ec4 ,s 0 x ye> by
 ye>1 among ! un?\ght-( hills4 ,little  
,duddon & *ild ,ro?a ran cle> & glad2 & 
laugh$ f l$ge to pool1 & op5$ f pool to 
m]e1 transluc5t1 ?r\gh endless days (   
peace4  ,b ea/w>d1 betwe5 h] or*>d      
pla9s1 ,loire lock$ h] embrac+ dead 9   
sil5t s&s2 d>k ) blood roll$ ,is]2      
glacial-pale1 ,b]es9a-,le!1 by ^: %ore !
 we>y he>ts =got _! p1 & _! fa!r's h\se4
  ,nor unsulli$1 ,tib]2 nor unswoln1    
,arno & ,aufidus2 & ,euroclydon high on 
,helle's wave2 meantime1 let our happy  
piety glorify ! g>d5 rocks ) sn[drop    
circlet1 & brea! ! _s ( ,p>adise1 :]e   
life is wise & innoc5t4  ,maps _m h we1 
n[adays cle> 9 display ( e>? con/itu5t1 
air curr5t1 & ocean tide4 ,%all we ev]  
engrave ! map ( mean] rese>*1 ^: %ad+s  
%all cont5t !mselves 9 ! task ( %[+ !   
dep?1 or dr\ght1--! calm1 or tr\ble1 (  
,human ,compassion8  #ed4 ,= ?is is     
inde$ all t is noble 9 ! life ( ,man1 & 
! s\rce ( all t is noble 9 ! spee* (    

,man4 ,_h x n>r[$ itself !n1 9 ^? days1 
out ( all ! _w1 into ?is p59sula betwe5 
,cock]m\? & ,%ap8  ,n altoge!r s2 b     
inde$ ! ,vocal piety seem$ conclusively 
to h retir$ 7or excurs$87 into t mossy  
h]mitage1 above ,little ,langdale4 ,!   
,unvocal piety1 ) ! uncompla9+ sorr[1 ( 
,man1 may h a some:at wid] range1 =     
aught we "k3 b hi/ory disreg>ds ^?      
items2 & ( firmly proclaim$ & sweetly   
canor\s religion1 !re really seem$ at t 
juncture none to be reckon$ ^u1 ea/ (   
,+lebor\gh1 or nor? ( ,criffel4 ,only "u
 ,furness ,fells1 or by ,bolton ,priory1
 x seems we c /ill write ,ecclesia/ical 
,sonnets1 /anzas on ! =ce ( ,pray]1     
,odes to ,duty1 & complim5t>y addresses 
to ! ,deity ^u ,8 endurance = adoration4
 ,f> o!rwise1 ov] yond]1 by ,spezzia    
,bay1 & ,rav5na ,p9eta1 & 9 rav9es (    
,h>tz4 ,!re1 ! s(te/ voices speak !     
wilde/ words2 & ,keats disc\rses (      
,endymion1 ,%elley ( ,demogorgon1 ,goe! 
( ,lucif]1 & ,burg] ( ! ,resurrection ( 
,dea? unto ,dea?--:ile ev5 ,puritan     

,scotl& & ,episcopal ,anglia produce = u
 only ^! ?ree m9/rels ( d\btful tone1 :o
 %[ b small respect = ! unco guid1 put b
 limit$ fai? 9 gift$ ,gilfillan1 &      
translate ) unfl9*+ frankness !         
,morgante ,maggiore4#gd  #ee4 ,dismal ! 
aspect ( ! spiritual _w1 or at lea/ !   
s\nd ( x1 might well seem to ! eyes &   
e>s ( ,sa9ts 7su* z we _h7 ( !          
p]iod--dismal 9 angels' eyes also       
assur$ly6 ,yet is x possible t !        
dismalness 9 angelic sight may be       
o!rwise qu>t]$1 z x 71 f ! way ( mortal 
h]aldry2 & t se51 & he>d1 (             
angels1--aga9 ,i say--hesitat+ly--is x  
possible t ! goodness ( ! ,unco ,guid1 &
 ! gift ( ,gilfillan1 & ! ^w ( ,mr4     
,blatt]g[l1 may sev]ally n h be5 !      
goodness ( ,god1 ! gift ( ,god1 nor ! ^w
 ( ,god3 b t 9 ! mu* blott$ & brok5     
ef=ts at goodness1 & 9 ! c>eless gift   
:i* !y !mselves despis$1#ge & 9 ! sweet 
ryme & murmur ( _! unpurpos$ words1 !   
,_s ( ! ,"l _h1 inde$1 w&]+1 z 9 *aos   
days on lightless wat]s1 gone =? 9 !    

he>ts & f ! lips ( ^? o!r ?ree /range   
prophets1 ev5 ?\gh !y ate =bidd5 bread  
by ! alt> ( ! p\r$-out a%es1 & ev5 ?\gh 
! wild bea/ ( ! des]t f\nd !m1 & slew4  
,?is1 at lea/1 ,i "k1 t x _h be5 well = 
,engl&1 ?\gh all h] o!r prophets1 ( !   
,press1 ! ,p>liam5t1 ! ,doctor's *air1 &
 ! ,bi%op's ?rone1 _h fall5 sil5t2 s    
only t %e _h be5 able to und]/& ) h]    
he>t "h & !re ! simple/ l9e ( ^!1 h]    
despis$4  #ef4 ,i take "o at m]e *ance3 
,:o ?9ks ( self1 :5 gaz+ on ! sky8#gf   
,well1 ,i don't "k2 ,mr4 ,wordswor?     
c]ta9ly did1 & obs]v$1 ) tru?1 t its    
cl\ds took a sob] color+ 9 consequ5ce ( 
8 exp]i5ces4 ,x is mu* if1 inde$1 ?is   
sadness be unselfi%1 & our eyes h kept  
lov+ wat* o'er ,man's ,mortality4 ,i h  
f\nd x difficult to make anyone n[adays 
believe t su* sobriety c be2 & t ,turn] 
saw deep] crimson ?an o!rs 9 ! cl\ds (  
,goldau4 ,b t any %\ld yet ?9k ! cl\ds  
bright5$ by ,man's ,immortality in/ead (
 dull$ by 8 dea?1--&1 gaz+ on ! sky1    
look = ! day :5 e eye mu/ gaze also--=  

behold1 ,he come? ) cl\ds--?is x is no m
 possible = ,*ri/ian ,engl& to appreh5d1
 h[ev] exhort$ by h] gift$ & guid4  #eg4
 ,b ,byron 0 n ?9k+ ( su* ?+s6--,he1 !  
reprobate6 h[ %\ld su* z he ?9k ( ,*ri/8
  ,p]haps n :olly z y or ,i ?9k ( ,him4 
,take1 at *ance1 ano!r l9e or two1 to   
try3    ,c>nage 7s ,wordswor? tells y7  
is ,god's daught]2#gg   ,if he speak    
tru?1 %e is ,*ri/'s si/]1 &   ,j n[1    
behav$ z 9 ! ,holy ,l&4  ,blasphemy1 cry
 y1 good read]8 ,are y sure y und]/& x8 
,! fir/ l9e ,i gave y 0 easy            
,byron--almo/ %all[ ,byron--^! are ( !  
man 9 8 dep?1 & y w n fa?om !m1 l a     
t>n--nor 9 a hurry4  ,j n[ behav$ z 9 ! 
,holy ,l&4 ,h[ did ,c>nage behave 9 !   
,holy ,l& !n8 ,y h all be5 greatly      
que/ion+1 ( late1 :e!r ! sun1 :i* y f9d 
to be n[ go+ out1 ev] /ood /ill4 ,did y 
9 any lagg+ m9ute1 on ^? sci5tific      
occasions1 *ance to reflect :at he 0 bid
 /& /ill =8 or if n--w y please look--& 
:at also1 go+ =? aga9 z a /rong man to  
run 8 c\rse1 he saw1 rejoic+8  ,!n      

,jo%ua pass$ f ,makk$ah unto ,libnah--& 
f\ght aga9/ ,libnah4 ,& ! ,"l deliv]$ x 
& ! k+ !re( into ! h& ( ,israel1 & he   
smote x ) ! edge ( ! sword1 & all ! s\ls
 t 7 !re94 ,& f ,la*i% to ,eglon1 & f   
,eglon to ,kirja?-,arba1 & ,s>ah's grave
 9 ! ,amorites' l&1 & ,jo%ua smote all !
 c\ntry ( ! hills & ( ! s\?--& ( ! vale 
& ( ! spr+s1 & all _! k+s3 he left none 
rema9+1 b utt]ly de/roy$ all t brea!d--z
 ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel comm&$4  #eh4     
,?us1 x is writt53 ?\gh y p]haps d n s  
(t5 he> ^! texts prea*$ f1 z c]ta9 o!rs 
ab\t tak+ away ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,i wond] h[
 ! _w w\ld l to "p ) !m6 hi!rto x has   
always pref]r$ p>t+ fir/ ) its life--&  
,god has tak5 x at its ^w4 ,b ,dea? is n
 ,8 ,begott5 ,son1 = all t2 nor is !    
dea? ( ! innoc5t 9 battle c>nage ,8     
in/rum5t = work+ out a pure int5t z ,mr4
 ,wordswor? puts x2 b ,man's in/rum5t = 
work+ out an impure "o1 z ,byron w\ld h 
y to "k4 ,!ology p]haps less or?odox1 b 
c]ta9ly m rev]5t2--nei!r is ! ,woolwi*  
,infant a ,*ild ( ,god2 nei!r does !    

iron-clad ,?und]] utt] ?und]s (         
,god--:i* facts if y _h _h ! grace or   
s5se to le>n f ,byron1 in/ead ( accus+  
him ( blasphemy1 x _h be5 bett] at ?is  
day = y1 & = _m a savage s\l also1 by   
,eux9e %ore1 & 9 ,zulu & ,afghan l&s4   
#ei4 ,x 0 nei!r1 h[ev]1 = ! !ology1 nor 
! use1 ( ^! l9es t ,i quot$ !m2 b to    
note ?is ma9 po9t ( ,byron's own "*4 ,he
 0 ! fir/ great ,engli%man :o felt !    
cruelty ( w>1 &1 9 its cruelty1 ! %ame4 
,its guilt _h be5 kn[n to ,george       
,fox--its folly %[n practically by ,p5n4
 ,b ! compassion ( ! pi\s _w _h /ill = !
 mo/ "p be5 %[n only 9 keep+ its /ock ( 
,b>abbases unhang$ if possible3 &1 till 
,byron came1 nei!r ,kun]sdorf1 ,eylau1  
nor ,wat]loo1 _h taught ! pity & ! pride
 ( m5 t    ,! dry+ up a s+le te> has m  
,( hone/ fame ?an %$d+ seas ( gore4#gh  
,su* pacific v]se w\ld n inde$ h be5    
acceptable to ! ,ed9burgh volunte]s on  
,portobello s&s4 ,b ,byron c write a    
battle song too1 :5 x is 8 cue to fight4
 ,if y look at ! introduction to !      

,isles ( ,greece1 namely ! #he? & #hf?  
/anzas ( ! #crd canto ( ,don ,juan1--y w
 f9d--:at w y n f9d1 if only y und]/&   
!m6 ,he 9 ! fir/ l9e1 rememb]1 means !  
typical mod]n poet4    ,?us usually1 :5 
he 0 ask$ to s+1     ,he gave ! diff]5t 
nations some?+ national4   ',twas all ! 
same to him--',god save ! ,k+'     ,or  
',ca ira' accord+ to ! fa%ion all2   ,8 
muse made increm5t ( any?+     ,f ! high
 lyric d[n to ! l[ rational3   ,if ,p9d>
 sang horse-races1 :at %\ld h9d]        
,himself f be+ z pliable z ,p9d>8    ,9 
,france1 = in/ance1 he w\ld write a     
*anson2     ,9 ,engl& a six-canto qu>to 
tale2   ,9 ,spa91 he'd make a ballad or 
romance on     ,! la/ w>--mu* ! same 9  
,portugal2   ,9 ,g]many1 ! ,pegasus he'd
 prance on     ,w\ld be old             
,goe!'s--7see :at says de ,/al7   ,9    
,italy1 he'd ape ! ',trec5ti/i'2   ,9   
,greece1 he'd s+ "s sort ( hymn l ?is   
t'ye4  #fj4 ,note fir/ "h1 z we did 9   
,scott1 ! conc5trat+ & =etell+ p[]4 ,!  
,god ,save ! ,que5 9 ,engl&1 fall5 holl[

 n[1 z ! ,ca ira 9 ,france--n a man 9   
,france kn[+ :]e ei!r ,france or t      
7:atev] t may be7 is go+ to2 nor ! ,que5
 ( ,engl& d>+1 = h] life1 to ask ! t9ie/
 ,engli%man to d a s+le ?+ he doesn't   
l2--nor any salvation1 ei!r ( ,que5 or  
,realm1 be+ any m possible to ,god1     
unless "u ! direction ( ! ,royal        
,society3 !n1 note ! e/imate ( height & 
dep? 9 poetry1 swept 9 an in/ant1 high  
lyric to l[ rational4 ,p9d> to ,pope    
7kn[+ ,pope's height1 too1 all ! :ile1  
no man bett]72 !n1 ! poetic p[] (       
,france--resum$ 9 a ^w--,brang]2 !n !   
cut at ,m>mion1 entirely des]v$1 z we   
%all see1 yet k9dly giv51 = ev]y?+ he   
names 9 ^! two /anzas is ! be/ ( its    
k9d2 !n ',romance 9 ,spa9 on--! la/ w>1 
7pres5t w> n be+ to ,spani% poetical    
ta/e17 !n1 ,goe! ! real he>t ( all      
,g]many1 & la/1 ! ap+ ( ! ,trec5ti/i :i*
 has s9ce consummat$ itself 9           
,pre-,raphaelitism6 t also be+ ! be/ ?+ 
,italy has done ?r\gh ,engl&1 :e!r 9    
,rossetti's bless$ damozels or ,burne   

,jones's days ( creation4 ,la/ly comes !
 mock at himself--! mod]n ,engli%       
,greek--7foll[$ up by ! deg5]ate into   
h&s l m9e 9 ! song itself72 & !n--to    
amazem5t1 =? he ?und]s 9 8              
,a*illes-voice4 ,we h _h "o l9e ( him 9 
8 cle>ness--five ( him 9 8 dep?--sixte5 
( him 9 8 play4 ,he> n[ b ^!1 out ( 8   
:ole he>t3--    ,:at1--sil5t yet8 &     
sil5t all8     ,ah no1 ! voices ( ! dead
   ,s\nd l a di/ant torr5t's fall1      
,& answ]1 ',let "o liv+ head1   ,b "o1  
arise--we come--we come3'   --',tis b ! 
liv+ :o are dumb4  ,resurrection1 ?is1 y
 see l ,brg]'s2 b n ( dea? unto dea?4   
#fa4 ,s\nd l a di/ant torr5t's fall4 ,i 
said ! :ole he>t ( ,byron 0 9 ?is       
passage4 ,fir/ its compassion1 !n its   
indignation1 & ! ?ird elem5t1 n yet     
exam9$1 t love ( ! beauty ( ?is _w 9 :i*
 ! ?ree--unholy--*ildr51 ( its ,fi]y    
,furnace 7 l to ea* o!r2 b ,byron !     
wide/-he>t$4 ,scott & ,burns love       
,scotl& m ?an ,nature itself3 = ,burns !
 moon mu/ rise ov] ,cumnock ,hills1--=  

,scott1 ! ,rym]'s gl5 divide ! ,eildons2
 b1 = ,byron1 ,lo*-na-,g> ) ,ida1 looks 
o'er ,troy1 & ! s(t murmurs ( ! ,dee & !
 ,bru> *ange into voices ( ! dead on    
di/ant ,m>a?on4  ,yet take ! p>allel f  
,scott1 by a field ( homeli] re/3--     
,& sil5ce aids--?\gh ! /eep hills   ,s5d
 to ! lake a ?\s& rills2   ,9 summ]     
tide1 s s(t !y weep1   ,! s\nd b lulls !
 e> asleep2   ,y\r horse's ho(-tread    
s\nds too rude1   ,s /illy is !         
solitude4    ,n\ght liv+ meets ! eye or 
e>1   ,b well ,i we5 ! dead are ne>2    
,= ?\gh1 9 feudal /rife1 a foe   ,ha?   
laid our ,lady's ,*apel l[1   ,yet /ill 
b5ea? ! hall[$ soil1   ,! peasant re/s  
him f 8 toil1   ,&1 dy+1 bids 8 bones be
 laid   ,:]e er/ 8 simple fa!rs pray$4  
,& la/ take ! same note ( sorr[--)      
,burns's f+] on ! fall ( x3    ,m\rn1   
ilka grove ! cu%at k5s1   ,ye hazly %aws
 & bri]y d5s1   ,ye burnies1 wimpl9' d[n
 y\r gl5s                 ,wi' toddl9'  
d91   ,or foam9' /rang wi' ha/y /5s     
,frae l9 to l94  #fb4 ,z y read1 "o aft]

 ano!r1 ^! fragm5ts ( *ant by ! great   
ma/]s1 does n a s5se come ^u y ( "s     
elem5t 9 _! passion1 no less ?an 9 _!   
s\nd1 diff]5t1 specifically1 f t ( ,p>*+
 summ] ha? no w>rant8 ,is x m pr(ane1   
?9k y--or m t5d]--nay1 p]haps1 9 ! core 
( x1 m true8  ,= in/ance1 :5 we are told
 t        ,:>fe1 z he mov$ along1   ,to 
mat9s jo9$ a m\rnful voice1  is ?is     
disposition ( ! riv]'s m9d to p5sive    
psalmody q logically acc\nt$ = by !     
previ\s /atem5t1 7itself by no means    
ry?mically dulcet17 t    ,! boy is 9 !  
arms ( ,:>fe1   ,& /rangl$ by a m]ciless
 =ce8  ,or1 :5 we are l$ into ! improv+ 
reflection1    ,h[ sweet 7 leisure1 c\ld
 x yield no m   ,?an 'mid ?is wave-wa%$ 
*ur*y>d to recl9e1   ,f pa/oral graves  
extract+ ?\ghts div9e6  --is ! div9ity (
 ! extract assur$ to u by its be+ made  
at leisure1 & 9 a recl9+ attitude--z    
comp>$ ) ! m$itations ( o!rwise active  
m51 9 an erect "o8 ,or are we p]*ance1  
_m ( u1 /ill err+ some:at 9 our notions 
alike ( ,div9ity & ,humanity1--poetical 

extraction1 & moral position8  #fc4 ,on 
! *ance ( its be+ s1 might ,i ask he>+ =
 j a few words m ( ! s*ool ( ,belial8   
,_! occasion1 x mu/ be confess$1 is a q 
unju/ifiable "o4 ,"s v wick$ p--mut9e]s1
 9 fact--h retir$1 misan?ropically1 into
 an unfrequ5t$ "p ( ! c\ntry1 & !re f9d 
!mselves safe inde$1 b extremely ?ir/y4 
,:]eupon ,byron ?us gives !m to dr9k3   
,a little /ream came tumbl+ f ! height  
,& /raggl+ into ocean z x might4   ,its 
b\nd+ cry/al frolick$ 9 ! ray   ,& gu%$ 
f cliff to crag ) saltless spray1       
,close on ! wild wide ocean1--yet z pure
   ,& fre% z ,innoc5ce2 & m secure4     
,its silv] torr5t glitt]$ o'er ! deep   
,z ! %y *amois' eye o'erlooks ! /eep1   
,:ile1 f> bel[1 ! va/ & sull5 swell   ,(
 ocean's ,alp9e azure rose & fell4#gi   
,n[1 ,i beg1 ) su* au?ority z an old    
workman may take conc]n+ 8 trade1 hav+  
also look$ at a wat]fall or two 9 my "t1
 & n unfrequ5tly at a wave1 to assure ! 
read] t "h is entirely fir/-rate lit]>y 
"w4 ,?\gh ,lucif] himself _h writt5 x1 !

 ?+ is itself good1 & n only s1 b       
unsurpass$ly good1 ! clos+ l9e be+      
probably ! be/ conc]n+ ! sea yet writt5 
by ! race ( ! sea-k+s4  #fd4 ,b ,lucif] 
himself c\ld n h writt5 x2 nei!r any    
s]vant ( ,lucif]4 ,i d n d\bt b t mo/   
read]s 7 surpris$ at my say+1 9 ! close 
( my fir/ pap]1 t ,byron's /yle dep5d$ 9
 any wise on 8 views respect+ ! ,t5     
,comm&m5ts4 ,t s all-important a ?+ z   
/yle %\ld dep5d 9 ! lea/ ^u s ridicul\s 
a ?+ z moral s5se3 or t ,allegra's fa!r1
 wat*+ h] drive by 9 ,c\nt ,g4's coa* & 
six1 _h any remnant ( s ridicul\s a ?+  
to guide1--or *eck1--8 poetical passion1
 may alike seem m ?an que/ionable to !  
lib]al & *a/e philosophy ( ! exi/+      
,briti% public4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 putt+ ! 
"q ( :o writes or speaks aside1 d y1    
good read]1 "k good /yle :5 y get x8 ,c 
y say1 ( half a doz5 giv5 l9es tak5     
any:]e out ( a novel1 or poem1 or play1 
,t is good1 ess5tially1 9 /yle1 or bad1 
ess5tially8 & c y say :y su* half-doz5  
l9es are good1 or bad8  #fe4 ,i imag9e t

 9 mo/ cases1 ! reply w\ld be giv5 )    
hesitation1 yet if y w give me a little 
pati5ce1 & take "s accurate pa9s1 ,i c  
%[ y ! ma9 te/s ( /yle 9 ! space ( a    
c\ple ( pages4  ,i take two examples (  
absolutely p]fect1 & 9 mann] highe/1 i4 
e41 k+ly1 & h]oic1 /yle3 ! fir/ example 
9 expression ( ang]1 ! second ( love4   
7#a7    ,we are glad ! ,dauph9 is s     
pleasant ) u1   ,8 pres5t1 & y\r pa9s1  
we ?ank y =4   ,:5 we h mat*'d our      
rackets to ^! balls1   ,we w 9 ,france1 
by ,god's grace1 play a set   ,%all     
/rike 8 fa!r's cr[n into ! haz>d4       
7#b7    ,my graci\s ,sil5ce1 hail6      
,w\ld'/ ?\ h laugh$1 _h ,i come c(f9'd  
home   ,t weep'/ to see me triumph8 ,ah1
 my de>1   ,su* eyes ! wid[s 9 ,corioli 
we>   ,& mo!rs t lack sons4  #ff4 ,let u
 note1 po9t by po9t1 ! conditions (     
greatness common to bo? ^! passages1 s  
opposite 9 temp]4  ,a4 ,absolute comm&  
ov] all passion1 h[ev] int5se2 ?is !    
fir/-(-fir/ conditions1 7see ! ,k+'s own
 s5t5ce j be=e1 ,we are no tyrant1 b a  

,*ri/ian ,k+1 ,unto ^: grace our passion
 is z subject ,z are our wret*es fett]$ 
9 our prisons72 & ) ?is self-comm&1 !   
supremely survey+ grasp ( e ?\ght t is  
to be utt]$1 be=e its utt]ance2 s t ea* 
may come 9 its exact place1 "t1 &       
connection4 ,! slighte/ hurry1 !        
misplac+ ( a ^w1 or ! unnecess>y acc5t  
on a syllable1 w\ld de/roy ! /yle 9 an  
in/ant4  ,b4 ,*oice ( ! fewe/ & simple/ 
words t c be f\nd 9 ! compass ( !       
language1 to express ! ?+ meant3 ^! few 
words be+ also arrang$ 9 ! mo/          
/raight=w>d & intelligible way2 all[+   
inv]sion only :5 ! subject c be made    
prim>y )\t obscurity3 7?us1 8 pres5t1 & 
y\r pa9s1 we ?ank y = is bett] ?an we   
?ank y = 8 pres5t & y\r pa9s1 because ! 
,dauph9's gift is by c\rtesy put be=e ! 
,ambassador's pa9s2 b :5 to ^! balls our
 rackets we h mat*$ w\ld h spoil$ ! /yle
 9 a mom5t1 because--,i 0 go+ to h said1
 ball & racket are ( equal rank1 & !re=e
 only ! natural ord] prop]2 b also "h ! 
natural ord] is ! desir$ "o1 ! ,engli%  

racket to h prec$5ce ( ! ,fr5* ball74 ,9
 ! f\r? l9e ! 9 ,france comes fir/1 z   
ann\nc+ ! mo/ important resolution (    
action2 ! by ,god's grace next1 z ! only
 condition r5d]+ resolution possible2 ! 
detail ( issue foll[s ) ! /ricte/ limit 
9 ! f9al ^w4 ,! ,k+ does n say dang]1 f>
 less di%onor1 b haz>d only2 ( t he is1 
humanly speak+1 sure4  #fg4 ,c4         
,p]fectly emphatic & cle> utt]ance ( !  
*os5 words2 sl[ly 9 ! degree ( _!       
importance1 ) omission h[ev] ( e ^w n   
absolutely requir$2 & natural use ( !   
famili> contractions ( f9al dissyllable4
 ,?us play a set %all /rike is bett] ?an
 play a set t %all /rike1 & mat*'d is   
k+ly %ort--no necessity ( met] c\ld h   
excus$ mat*$ in/ead4 ,on ! contr>y1 !   
?ree fir/ words1 ,we are glad1 w\ld h   
be5 spok5 by ! k+ m sl[ly & fully ?an   
any o!r syllables 9 ! :ole passage1 fir/
 pron\nc+ ! k+ly we at its pr\de/1 & !n 
! are z a cont9u\s /ate1 & !n ! glad1 z 
! exact contr>y ( :at ! ambassadors     
expect$ him to be4#hj  ,d4 ,absolute    

spontaneity 9 do+ all ?is1 easily &     
necess>ily z ! he>t beats4 ,! k+ _c     
speak o!rwise ?an he does--nor ! h]o4 ,!
 words n m]ely come to !m1 b are        
compell$ to !m4 ,ev5 lisp+ numb]s come1 
b mighty numb]s are orda9$1 & inspir$4  
,e4 ,melody 9 ! words1 *angeable ) _!   
passion1 fitt$ to x exactly1 & ! utmo/ (
 :i* ! language is capable--! melody 9  
prose be+ ,eolian & v>iable--9 v]se1    
nobl] by submitt+ itself to /rict] law4 
,i w enl>ge ^u ?is po9t pres5tly4  ,f4  
,utmo/ spiritual cont5ts 9 ! words2 s t 
ea* c>ries n only its in/ant mean+1 b a 
cl\dy companion%ip ( high] or d>k] mean+
 accord+ to ! passion--ne>ly always     
indicat$ by metaphor3 play a            
set--sometimes by ab/raction--7?us 9 !  
second passage sil5ce = sil5t "o7       
sometimes by description in/ead ( direct
 epi!t 7c(f9$ = dead7 b always          
indicative ( !re be+ m 9 ! speak]'s m9d 
?an he has said1 or ?an he c say1 full  
?\gh 8 say+ be4 ,on ! quantity ( ?is    
att5dant fullness dep5ds ! maje/y (     

/yle2 t is to say1 virtually1 on !      
quantity ( conta9$ ?\ght 9 briefe/      
words1 su* ?\ght be+ prim>ily lov+ &    
true3 & ?is ! sum ( all--t no?+ c be    
well said1 b ) tru?1 nor beautifully1 b 
by love4  #fh4 ,^! are ! ess5tial       
conditions ( noble spee* 9 prose & v]se 
alike1 b ! adoption ( ! =m ( v]se1 &    
especially rym$ v]se1 means ! addition  
to all ^! qualities ( "o m2 ( music1 t  
is to say1 n ,eolian m]ely1 b ,apoll9e2 
a con/ruction or ar*itecture ( words    
fitt$ & befitt+1 "u ext]nal laws ( "t & 
h>mony4  ,:5 ,byron says rhyme is ( !   
rude1#ha he means t ,burns ne$s x1--:ile
 ,h5ry ! ,fif? does n1 nor ,plato1 nor  
,isaiah--yet 9 ?is ne$ ( x by ! simple1 
x becomes all ! m religi\s3 & ?us !     
lovelie/ pieces ( ,*ri/ian language are 
all 9 ryme--! be/ ( ,dante1 ,*auc]1     
,d\glas1 ,%akespe>e1 ,sp5s]1 & ,sidney4 
#fi4 ,i am n n[ able to keep abrea/ ) ! 
tide ( mod]n s*ol>%ip2 7nor1 to say !   
tru?1 d ,i make ! ef=t1 ! fir/ edge (   
its waves be+ mo/ly muddy1 & apt to make

 a %all[ sweep ( ! %ore refuse37 s t ,i 
h no bett] book ( ref]5ce by me ?an !   
confus$ essay on ! antiquity ( ryme at !
 end ( ,turn]'s ,anglo-,saxons4 ,i _c   
h[ev] conceive a m int]e/+ piece ( "w1  
if n yet done1 ?an ! collection ( sift$ 
e>lie/ fragm5ts kn[n ( rym$ song 9      
,european languages4 ,( ,ea/]n ,i "k    
no?+2 b1 ?is side ,hellespont1 !        
sub/ance ( ! matt] is all giv5 9 ,k+    
,canute's impromptu    ,gaily 7or is x  
sweetly8--,i =get :i*1 & x's no matt]7  
sang ! monks ( ,ely1   ,z ,knut ! k+    
came sail+ by2  mu* to be not$ by any :o
 make _! religion lugubri\s1 & _!       
,sunday ! eclipse ( ! week4 ,& obs]ve   
fur!r1 t if ,milton does n ryme1 x is   
because 8 faculty ( ,song 0 conc]n+     
,loss1 *iefly2 & he has little m ?an    
faculty ( ,croak1 conc]n+ ,ga92 :ile    
,dante1 ?\gh mod]n read]s nev] g fur!r )
 him ?an into ! ,pit1 is /ay$ only by   
,casella 9 ! asc5t to ! ,rose ( ,heav54 
,s1 ,gibbon c write 9 8 mann] ! ,fall ( 
,rome2 b ,virgil1 9 8 mann]1 ! rise ( x2

 & f9ally ,d\glas1 9 8 mann]1 bur/s into
 su* rym$ passion ( praise bo? ( ,rome &
 ,virgil1 z befits a ,*ri/ian ,bi%op1 & 
a good subject ( ! ,holy ,see4    ,ma/] 
( ,ma/]s--sweet s\rce1 & spr++ well1    
,wide :]e ov] all r+s ?y heav5ly bell2  
99       99       99       99       99  
,:y %\ld ,i !n ) dull =ehead & va91   ,)
 rude +5e1 & b>ane1 emptive bra91   ,)  
bad h>% spee*1 & lewit b>b>e tongue     
,presume to write1 :]e ?y sweet bell is 
rung1   ,or c\nt]feit ?y preci\s wordis 
de>8   ,na1 na--n s2 b kneel :5 ,i !m   
he>4   ,b f>!r m--& l[] to desc5d       
,=give me1 ,virgil1 if ,i !e (f5d       
,p>don ?y scol>1 suff] him to ryme      
,s9ce ?\ wa/ b ane mortal man sometime4 
,be=e honor is humility4 ,does n cle>]  
light come = y on t law aft] read+ ^!   
nobly pi\s words8 ,& note y ^: humility8
 ,h[ is x t ! s\nd ( ! bell comes s     
in/9ctively into 8 *im+ v]se8 ,?is g5tle
 s+] is ! son (--,ar*ibald ,bell-!-,cat6
  #gj4 ,& n[ p]haps y c read ) "r       
sympa?y ! sc5e 9 ,m>mion betwe5 8 fa!r &

 ,k+ ,james4    ,8 h& ! mon>* sudd5     
took--   ',n[1 by ! ,bruce's s\l1       
,angus1 my ha/y spee* =give1   ,= sure z
 do? 8 _s live   ,z he said ( ! ,d\glas 
old   ,i well may say ( y1--   ,t nev]  
k+ did subject hold1   ,9 spee* m free1 
9 w> m bold1   ,m t5d] & m true3'   ,&  
:ile ! k+ 8 h& did /ra9   ,! old man's  
te>s fell d[n l ra94  ,i believe ! mo/  
infidel ( s*ola/ic read]s c sc>cely b   
p]ceive ! relation betwe5 ! sweetness1  
simplicity1 & melody ( expression 9 ^!  
passages1 & ! g5tl5ess ( ! passions !y  
express1 :ile m5 :o are n s*ola/ic1 &   
yet are true s*ol>s1 w recognize fur!r 9
 !m t ! simplicity ( ! educat$ is       
loveli] ?an ! simplicity ( ! rude4 ,he> 
next a piece ( ,sp5s]'s tea*+ h[ rud5ess
 itself may become m beautiful ev5 by   
its mi/akes1 if ! mi/akes are made      
lov+ly4    ,ye %eph]ds' daught]s t dwell
 on ! gre51     ,hye y !re apace2   ,let
 none come !re b t virg9s be5     ,to   
adorn h] grace3   ,& :5 y come1 :]eas %e
 9 place1   ,see t y\r rud5ess d n y    

disgrace2     ,b9d y\r fillets fa/1     
,& gird 9 y\r wa/e1   ,= m f95ess1 ) a  
taudry lace4    ,br+ hi!r ! p9k & purple
 cullumb9e     ,) gyllifl[]s2   ,br+    
coronatins1 & sops 9 w9e1     ,worn (   
p>am\rs2   ,/r[ me ! gr\nd )            
daffad[ndillies   ,& c[slips1 & k+cups1 
& lov$ lilies2     ,! pretty paunce     
,& ! *evisaunce   ,%all mat* ) ! fair   
fl[re-delice4#hb  #ga4 ,two %ort pieces 
m only ( ma/] song1 & we h en\gh to te/ 
all by4    7#a7     ,no m1 no m1 s9ce ?\
 art dead1    ,%all we e'er br+ coy     
brides to b$1    ,no m1 at ye>ly        
fe/ivals1              ,we c[slip balls 
,or *a9s ( columb9es %all make1    ,=   
?is or t occasion's sake4    ,no1 no6   
our maid5 pleasures be    ,wrapt 9 ?y   
w9d+-%eet ) !e4#hc    7#b7     ,dea? is 
n[ ! pho5ix ne/1    ,& ! turtle's loyal 
brea/    ,to et]nity do? re/4    ,tru?  
may seem1 b _c be2    ,beauty brag1 b   
'tis n %e3    ,tru? & beauty buri$      
be4#hd  #gb4 ,if n[1 ) ! e*o ( ^! p]fect
 v]ses 9 y\r m9d1 y turn to ,byron1 &   

glance ov]1 or recall to memory1 en\gh (
 him to give means ( exact comp>ison1 y 
w1 or %\ld1 recognize ^! foll[+ k9ds (  
mis*ief 9 him4 ,fir/1 if anyone (f5ds   
him--z = in/ance ,mr4 ,s\!y1 or ,"l     
,elg9--8 mann]s h n t repose t m>ks !   
ca/e1 etc4 ,?is defect 9 8 ,lord%ip's   
/yle1 be+ myself scrupul\sly & ev5      
pa9fully res]v$ 9 ! use ( vitup]ative   
language1 ,i ne$ n say h[ deeply ,i     
deplore4#he  ,secondly4 ,9 ! be/ & mo/  
violet-b$d$ bits ( 8 "w !re is yet1 z   
comp>$ ) ,elizabe?an & e>li] v]se1 a    
/range ta9t2 an indef9able--ev5+ flavor 
( ,cov5t ,g>d51 z x 72--n to say1 escape
 ( gas 9 ! ,/r&4 ,t is simply :at x     
proclaims itself--,london air4 ,if he _h
 liv$ all 8 life 9 ,gre5-head ,ghyll1   
?+s w\ld ( c\rse h be5 diff]5t4 ,b x 0 8
 fate to come to t[n--mod]n t[n--l      
,mi*ael's son2 & mod]n ,london 7&       
,v5ice7 are answ]able = ! /ate ( _!     
dra9s1 n ,byron4  ,?irdly4 ,8 melan*oly 
is )\t any relief :atsoev]2 8 je/ sadd] 
?an 8 e>ne/2 :ile1 9 ,elizabe?an "w1 all

 lam5t is full ( hope1 & all pa9 (      
balsam4  ,( ?is evil he has himself told
 y ! cause 9 a s+le l9e prophetic ( all 
?+s s9ce & n[4 ,:]e he gaz$1 a gloom    
p]vad$ space4#hf  ,s t1 = in/ance1 :ile 
,mr4 ,wordswor?1 on a visit to t[n1 be+ 
an exempl>y e>ly ris]1 c\ld walk1       
felicit\s1 on ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 rem>k+  
h[ ! city n[ did l a g>m5t we> ! beauty 
( ! morn+2 ,byron1 ris+ some:at lat]1   
contemplat$ only ! g>m5t :i* ! beauty ( 
! morn+ _h by t "t receiv$ = we> f !    
city3 & aga91 :ile ,mr4 ,wordswor?1 9   
irrepressible religi\s rapture1 calls   
,god to witness t ! h\ses seem asleep1  
,byron1 lame demon z he 01 fly+         
smoke-drift$1 unro(s ! h\ses at a       
glance1 & sees :at ! mighty cockney he>t
 ( !m conta9s 9 ! /ill ly+ ( x1 & w /ir 
up to purpose 9 ! wak+ bus9ess ( x1     
,! sordor ( civilization1 mix$   ,) all 
! passions :i* ,man's fall ha? fix$4#hg 
#gc4 ,f\r?ly1 ) ?is /ead9ess ( bitt]    
melan*oly1 !re is jo9$ a s5se ( !       
mat]ial beauty1 bo? ( inanimate nature1 

! l[] animals1 & human be+s1 :i* 9 !    
iridesc5ce1 color-dep?1 & morbid 7,i use
 ! ^w delib]ately7 my/]y & s(tness (    
x1--) o!r qualities indescribable by any
 s+le words1 & only to be analyz$ by    
extreme c>e1--is f\nd1 to ! full1 only 9
 five m5 t ,i "k ( 9 mod]n times2       
namely1 ,r\sseau1 ,%elley1 ,byron1      
,turn]1 & myself1--diff]+ totally &     
?r\gh\t ! entire gr\p ( u1 f ! delight 9
 cle>-/ruck beauty ( ,angelico & !      
,trec5ti/i2 & sep>at$1 mu* m s+ul>ly1 f 
! *e]ful joys ( ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 &   
,scott1 by its unacc\ntable affection = 
,rokkes blak & o!r =ms ( t]ror & p[]1   
su* z ^? ( ! ice-oceans1 :i* to         
,%akespe>e 7 only ,alp9e rheum2 & ! ,via
 ,malas & ,diabolic ,bridges :i* ,dante 
w\ld h condemn$ none b lo/ s\ls to      
climb1 or cross2--all ?is love ( imp5d+ 
m\nta9s1 coil$ ?und]-cl\ds1 & dang]\s   
sea1 be+ jo9$ 9 u ) a sulky1 almo/ f]9e1
 love ( retreat 9 valleys ( ,*>mettes1  
gulfs ( ,spezzia1 rav9es ( ,olympus1 l[ 
lodg+s 9 ,*elsea1 & close bru%wood at   

,coni/on4  #gd4 ,&1 la/ly1 also 9 ! :ole
 gr\p ( u1 gl[s volcanic in/9ct ( ,a/ran
 ju/ice return+ n to1 b up out (1 ! e>?1
 :i* w n at all suff] u to re/ any m 9  
,pope's s]5e :atev] is1 is "r2 b holds1 
on ! contr>y1 pr(\nd conviction t ab\t  
n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( :atev] at pres5t   
is1 is wrong3 conviction mak+ f\r ( u1  
accord+ to our sev]al mann]s1 lead]s (  
revolution = ! poor1 & decl>]s (        
political doctr9e mon/r\s to ! e>s (    
m]c5>y mank9d2 & driv+ ! fif?1 less     
sangu9e1 into m]e pa9t$-melody ( lam5t  
ov] ! fallacy ( ,hope & ! implacabl5ess 
( ,fate4  ,9 ,byron ! indignation1 !    
sorr[1 & ! ef=t are jo9$ to ! dea?3 & !y
 are ! p>ts ( 8 nature 7z ( m9e also 9  
its feebl] t]ms71 :i* ! selfi%ly        
com=table public h1 lit]ally1 no        
conception ( :atev]2 & f :i* ! pi\sly   
s5tim5tal public1 (f]+ up daily ! pure  
oblation ( div9e tranquillity1 %r9k )   
ana!ma n unembitt]$ by al>m4  #ge4      
,conc]n+ :i* matt]s ,i hope to speak    
fur!r & ) m precise illu/ration 9 my    

next pap]2 b1 see+ t ?is pres5t "o has  
be5 hi!rto some:at somb]1 & p]haps1 to  
g5tle read]s1 n a little discompos+1 ,i 
w conclude x ) a piece ( light          
biographic /udy1 necess>y to my plan1 & 
z conv5i5tly admissible 9 ?is place z   
aft]w>ds2--namely1 ! acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 
:i* ,scott--:om we %all always f9d1 z   
a=esaid1 to be 9 sali5t & palpable      
elem5ts ( "*1 ( ! ,_w1 worldly1 z ,burns
 is ( ! ,fle%1 fle%ly1 & ,byron ( !     
,deuce1 damnable1--sp5t 8 ,sunday4  #gf4
 ,z usual1 f ,lockh>t's f>rago we _c f9d
 out ! fir/ ?+ we want to "k1--:e!r     
,scott work$ aft] 8 week-day cu/om1 on !
 ,sunday morn+4 ,b1 ,i ga!r1 n2 at all  
ev5ts 8 h\sehold & 8 cattle re/$ 7,l4   
iii4 #ajh74 ,i imag9e he walk$ out into 
8 woods1 or read quietly 9 8 /udy4      
,imm$iately aft] breakfa/1 :oev] 0 9 !  
h\se1 ,ladies & g5tlem51 ,i %all read   
pray]s at elev51 :5 ,i expect y all to  
att5d 7vii4 #cjf74 ,"q ( college & o!r  
ext]nally unanim\s pray] settl$ = u v   
briefly3 if y h no fai?1 h at lea/      

mann]s4 ,he read ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&       
s]vice1 lessons & all1 ! latt]1 if      
int]e/+1 eloqu5tly 7ibid474 ,aft] !     
s]vice1 "o ( ,j]emy ,taylor's s]mons    
7vi4 #ahh74 ,aft] s]mon1 if ! wea!r 0   
f9e1 walk ) 8 family1 dogs includ$ &    
gue/s1 to cold picnic 7iii4 #aji71      
foll[$ by %ort extempore biblical       
novelettes2 = he _h 8 ,bible1 ! ,old    
,te/am5t especially1 by he>t1 x hav+ be5
 8 "m's la/ gift to him 7vi4 #agd74 ,^! 
lessons to 8 *ildr5 9 ,bible hi/ory 7   
always giv51 :e!r !re 0 picnic or n4 ,= 
! re/ ( ! aft]noon he took 8 pleasure 9 
! woods ) ,tom ,purdie1 :o also always  
appe>$ at 8 ma/]'s elb[ on ,sunday aft] 
d9n] 0 ov]1 & drank long life to ! laird
 & 8 lady & all ! good company1 9 a     
quaigh ( :isky or a tumbl] ( w9e1       
accord+ to 8 fancy 7vi4 #aie74 ,:atev]  
might happ5 on ! o!r ev5+s ( ! week1    
,scott always d9$ at home on ,sunday2 & 
) old fri5ds3 nev]1 unless inevitably1  
receiv+ any p]son ) :om he /ood on      
c]emony 7v4 #cce74 ,he came into ! room 

rubb+ 8 h&s l a boy arriv+ at home = !  
holidays1 8 ,pepp]s & ,mu/>ds gambol+   
ab\t him1 & ev5 ! /ately ,maida gr9n+ & 
wagg+ 8 tail ) sympa?y4 ,= ! usquebaugh 
( ! less honor$ week-days1 at ! ,sunday 
bo>d he circulat$ ! *ampagne briskly    
dur+ d9n]1 & consid]$ a p9t ( cl>et ea* 
man's fair %>e aft]w>ds 7v4 #cci74 ,9 ! 
ev5+1 music be+ to ! ,scotti% worldly   
m9d indecor\s1 he read al\d "s favorite 
au?or1 = ! amusem5t or edification ( 8  
little circle4 ,%akespe>e x might be1 or
 ,dryd51--,johnson1 or ,joanna          
,baillie1--,crabbe1 or ,wordswor?4 ,b 9 
^? days ,byron 0 p\r+ out 8 _s fre% &   
full1 & if a new piece f 8 h& _h appe>$1
 x 0 sure to be read by ,scott ! ,sunday
 ev5+ aft]w>ds2 & t ) su* delight$      
emphasis z %[$ h[ completely ! eld] b>d 
_h kept up 8 en?usiasm = poetry at pit* 
( y\?1 & all 8 admiration ( g5ius1 free1
 pure1 & un/a9$ by ! lea/ drop ( lit]>y 
jeal\sy 7v4 #cda74  #gg4 ,) su* necess>y
 & easily imag9able v>ieties z *anc$ 9  
hav+ ,d&ie ,d9mont or ,capta9 ,br[n =   

gue/s at ,abbots=d1 or ,colonel ,mann]+1
 ,c\nselor ,pleydell1 & ,dr4 ,rob]tson 9
 ,ca/le ,/reet1 su* 0 ,scott's habitual 
,sabba?3 a day1 we p]ceive1 ( eat+ !    
fat1 7d9n]1 presumably n cold1 be+ a "w 
( necessity & m]cy--?\ also1 ev5 ?\1    
,sa9t ,?omas ( ,turnbull1 ha/ ?9e67 &   
dr9k+ ! sweet1 abundant 9 ! mann] ( ,mr4
 ,s\!y's cat>act ( ,lodore1--,"h x      
comes1 sp>kl+4 ,a day be/rewn )         
coronatins & sops 9 w9e2 deep 9         
libations to good hope & fond memory2 a 
day ( re/ to bea/1 & mir? to man1 7z    
also to sympa!tic bea/s t c be m]ry17 & 
conclud+ itself 9 an ,orphic h\r (      
delight1 signify+ peace on ,twe$side1 & 
goodwill to m51 !re or f> away2--always 
except+ ! ,fr5*1 & ,boney4  ,yes1 & see 
:at x all came to 9 ! end4  ,n s1       
d>k-virul5t ,m9os-,mucklewra?2 ! end    
came ( q o!r ?+s2 ( ^!1 came su* l5g? ( 
days & peace z ,scott _h 9 8 ,fa!rl&1 & 
su* immortality z he has 9 all l&s4     
#gh4 ,na?less1 firm1 ?\gh deeply        
c\rte\s1 rebuke1 = 8 sometimes ov]mu*   

lightm9d$ness1 0 adm9i/]$ to him by ! m 
grave & ?\ghtful ,byron4 ,= ! ,"l ,abbot
 ( ,new/ead knew 8 ,bible by he>t z well
 z ,scott1 ?\gh x _h nev] be5 giv5 him  
by 8 "m z h] de>e/ possession4 ,knew x1 
& :at 0 m1 _h ?\ght ( x1 & s\ght 9 x :at
 ,scott _h nev] c>$ to ?9k1 nor be5 fa9 
to seek4  ,& lov+ ,scott well1 & always 
do+ him e possible pleasure 9 ! way he  
sees to be mo/ agreeable to him--z1 =   
in/ance1 rememb]+ ) precision1 & writ+  
d[n ! v next morn+1 e bless$ ^w t !     
,pr9ce ,reg5t _h be5 pleas$ to say ( him
 be=e c\rtly audi5ce1--he yet conceiv$ t
 su* *eap rym+ z 8 own ,bride ( ,abydos1
 = in/ance1 :i* he _h writt5 f beg9n+ to
 end 9 f\r days1 or ev5 ! travel+       
reflections ( ,h>old & ,juan on m5 &    
wom51 7 sc>cely /eady en\gh ,sunday     
aft]noon's read+ = a patri>*-,m]l9 l    
,scott4 ,s he d$icates to him a "w ( a  
truly religi\s t5d5cy1 on :i* = 8 own "p
 he has done 8 be/1--! drama ( ,ca94 ,( 
:i* d$ication ! virtual significance to 
,sir ,walt] might be translat$ ?us4     

,de>e/ & la/ ( ,bord] soo?say]s1 ?\ ha/ 
inde$ told u ( ,black ,dw>fs1 & ( ,:ite 
,maid5s1 also ( ,gray ,fri>s1 & ,gre5   
,fairies2 also ( sacr$ hollies by !     
well1 & haunt$ crooks 9 ! gl54 ,b ( !   
bu%es t ! black dogs r5d 9 ! woods (    
,phlege?on2 & ( ! crooks 9 ! gl51 & !   
bick]+s ( ! burnie :]e gho/s meet !     
mightie/ ( u2 & ( ! black misan?rope1 :o
 is by no means yet a dw>f$ "o1 &       
conc]n+ :om wis] creatures ?an ,hobbie  
,elliot may trembl+ly ask ,gude guide u1
 :at's yon8 ha/ ?\ yet kn[n1 see+ t ?\  
ha/ yet told1 no?+4  ,scott may p]haps h
 8 answ]4 ,we %all 9 good "t he>4       
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #gc3 ,septemb]1 
#ahhj4  ,footnote #gd3 ,x mu/ be put by 
! orig9al1 /anza = /anza1 & v]se = v]se2
 & y w see :at 0 p]mitt$ 9 a ,ca?olic   
c\ntry & a bigot$ age to ,*ur*m51 on !  
score ( ,religion--& s tell ^? buffoons 
:o accuse me ( attack+ ! ,liturgy4  ,i  
write 9 ! greate/ ha/e1 x be+ ! h\r ( ! 
,corso1 & ,i mu/ g & buffoon ) ! re/4   
,my daught] ,allegra is j gone ) !      

,c\ntess ,g4 9 ,c\nt ,g4's coa* & six4  
,our old ,c>d9al is dead1 & ! new "o n  
appo9t$ yet--b ! masqu+ goes on ! same4 
7,lett] to ,murray1 #cee? 9 ,moore1 dat$
 ,rav5na1 ,feb4 #g1 #ahbj47 ,a          
dreadfully moral place1 = y mu/ n look  
at anybody's wife1 except y\r           
neighbor's4  ,footnote #ge3 ,see quot$  
infra ! mock1 by ,byron1 ( himself & all
 o!r mod]n poets1 ,juan1 canto iii4     
/anza #hj1 & comp>e canto xiv4 /anza #h4
 ,9 ref]5ce ( future quotations ! fir/  
num]al w /& always = canto2 ! second =  
/anza2 ! ?ird1 if necess>y1 = l9e4      
,footnote #gf3 ,isl&1 ii4 #af1 :]e see  
context4  ,footnote #gg3 ,juan1 viii4   
#e2 b1 by y\r ,lord%ip's quotation1     
,wordswor? says in/rum5t1--n daught]4   
,y\r ,lord%ip _h bett] h said ,infant & 
tak5 ! ,woolwi* au?orities to witness3  
only ,infant w\ld n h rym$4  ,footnote  
#gh3 ,juan1 viii4 #c2 comp>e #ad1 & #fc1
 ) all its lovely context #fa-fh3 !n    
#hb1 & aft]w>ds sl[ly & ) ?or\gh        
att5tion1 ! ,devil's spee*1 beg9n+1     

,yes1 ,sir1 y =get 9 sc5e #b ( ,! ,de=m$
 ,trans=m$3 !n ,s>danapalus's1 act i4   
sc5e #b1 beg9n+1 he is gone1 & on 8 f+] 
be>s my signet1 & f9ally ! ,vision (    
,judgm5t1 /anzas #c to #e4  ,footnote   
#gi3 ,isl&1 iii4 #c1 & comp>e1 ( %ore   
surf1 ! sl+s its high flakes1 %iv]$ into
 sleet ( /anza #g4  ,footnote #hj3 ,a   
mod]n editor--( :om ,i w n use !        
expressions :i* occur to me--f9d+ ! we a
 r$undant syllable 9 ! iambic l9e1      
pr9ts1 we're4 ,x is a little ?+--b ,i d 
n recollect1 9 ! =ty ye>s ( my lit]>y   
exp]i5ce1 any piece ( editor's ret\* q s
 base4 ,b ,i don't read ! new editions  
mu*3 t mu/ be all[$ =4  ,footnote #ha3  
,isl&1 ii4 #e4 ,i 0 go+ to say1 ,look to
 ! context1 b am fa9 to give x "h2 = !  
/anza1 le>n$ by he>t1 ought to be our   
s*ool-introduction to ! lit]ature ( !   
_w4    ,su* 0 ?is ditty ( ,tradition's  
days1   ,:i* to ! dead a l+]+ fame      
conveys   ,9 song1 :]e fame z yet ha?   
left no sign   ,beyond ! s\nd ^: *>m is 
half div9e2   ,:i* leaves no record to !

 skeptic eye1   ,b yields "y hi/ory all 
to h>mony2   ,a boy ,a*illes1 ) !       
c5taur's lyre   ,9 h&1 to tea* him to   
surpass 8 sire4   ,= "o long-*]i%'d     
ballad's simple /ave1   ,rung f ! rock1 
or m+l$ ) ! wave1   ,or f ! bubbl+      
/reamlet's grassy side1   ,or ga!r+     
m\nta9 e*oes z !y glide1   ,ha? great]  
p[] o'er ea* true he>t & e>1   ,?an all 
! columns ,conque/'s m9ions re>2        
,invites1 :5 hi]oglyphics are a !me   ,=
 sages' labors or ! /ud5t's dream2      
,attracts1 :5 ,hi/ory's volumes are a   
toil--   ,! fir/1 ! fre%e/ bud (        
,feel+'s soil1   ,su* 0 ?is rude        
rhyme--rhyme is ( ! rude1   ,b su*      
inspir$ ! ,norseman's solitude1   ,:o   
came & conqu]'d2 su*1 :]ev] rise   ,l&s 
:i* no foes de/roy or civilize1   ,exi/2
 & :at c our accompli%'d art   ,( v]se d
 m ?an rea* ! awak5'd he>t8  ,footnote  
#hb3 ,%eph]d's ,cal5d>4 ,coronatin1     
loyal-pa/oral = ,c>nation2 sops 9 w9e1  
jolly-pa/oral = d\ble p9k2 paunce1      
?\ghtless pa/oral = pansy2 *evisaunce1  

,i don't "k 7n 9 ,g]>de72               
fl[re-delice--pron\nce dellice--half    
made up ( delicate & delici\s4          
,footnote #hc3 ,h]rick1 ,dirge =        
,jeph?ah's ,daught]4  ,footnote #hd3    
,passionate ,pilgrim4  ,footnote #he3 ,9
 ?is po9t comp>e ! ,curse ( ,m9]va ) !  
,te>s ( ! ,muses4  ,footnote #hf3       
,he1--,lucif]2 7,vision ( ,judgm5t1     
#bd74 ,x is precisely because ,byron 0 n
 8 s]vant1 t he c\ld see ! gloom4 ,to ! 
,devil's true s]vants1 _! ,ma/]'s       
pres5ce br+s bo? *e]fulness & prosp]ity2
 ) a delightful s5se ( _! own wisdom &  
virtue2 & ( ! progress ( ?+s 9 g5]al3--9
 smoo? sea & fair wea!r1--& ) no ne$    
ei!r ( helm t\*1 or o> toil3 z :5 once  
"o is well )9 ! edge ( ,mael/rom4       
,footnote #hg3 ,isl&1 ii4 #d2 p]fectly  
or?odox !ology1 y obs]ve2 no d5ial ( !  
fall1--nor sub/itution ( ,bact]ian bir? 
= x4 ,nay1 ne>ly ,evangelical !ology1 9 
contempt = ! human he>t2 b ) deep] ?an  
,evangelical humility1 ackn[l$g+ also   
:at is sordid 9 its civilization4       

,,fiction1 ,,fair ,,& ,,f\l4  ,,iv4#hh  
#gi4 ,i fe> ! editor ( ! ,n9ete5?       
,c5tury w get little ?anks f 8 read]s = 
all[+ s mu* space 9 closely successive  
numb]s to my talk ( old-fa%ion$ m5 &    
?+s4 ,i h nev]!less ask$ 8 indulg5ce1   
?is "t1 = a note or two conc]n+ yet old]
 fa%ions1 9 ord] to br+ into %>p]       
cle>ness ! lead+ outl9es ( lit]>y fact1 
:i* ,i v5tur$ only 9 my la/ pap] to     
secure 9 silh\ette1 obscurely ass]t+    
itself aga9/ ! limelight ( rec5t moral  
cre$1 & fiction manufacture4  ,! ,bi%op 
( ,man*e/]1 on ! occasion ( ! great     
,wordswor?ian movem5t 9 t city = !      
enl>gem5t1 adornm5t1 & sale ( ,?irlm]e1 
obs]v$1 9 8 advocacy ( ^! op]ations1 t v
 few p1 he suppos$1 _h ev] se5          
,tairlm]e4 ,8 ,lord%ip might h suppos$1 
) great] felicity1 t v few p _h ev] read
 ,wordswor?4 ,my own exp]i5ce 9 t matt] 
is t ! amiable p]sons :o call !mselves  
,wordswor?ian h read--usually a long "t 
ago--,lucy ,gray1 ,! ,april ,morn+s1 a  
pick$ sonnet or two1 & ! ,ode on !      

,intimations1 :i* la/ !y seem g5]ally to
 be "u ! impression t nobody else has   
ev] met )3 & my fur!r exp]i5ce ( ^!     
s5tim5tal /ud5ts is1 t !y are seldom    
incl9$ to put 9 practice a s+le syllable
 ( ! advice t5d]$ !m by _! model poet4  
,n[1 z ,i happ5 myself to h us$         
,wordswor? z a daily text-book f y\? to 
age1 & h liv$1 moreov]1 9 all ess5tial  
po9ts accord+ to ! t5or ( 8 tea*+1 x 0  
matt] ( "s mortification to me1 :51 at  
,ox=d1 ,i tri$ to get ! memory ( ,mr4   
,wilk9son's spade honor$ by "s practical
 spadework at ,f]ry ,h9cksey1 to f9d t  
no o!r tutor 9 ,ox=d c\ld see ! slighte/
 good or mean+ 9 :at ,i 0 ab\t2 & t     
al?\gh my fri5d ,pr(essor ,rolle/on     
occasionally s\ght ! %ades ( our        
,rydalian laurels ) expressions (       
admiration1 8 pr(essorial mann] ( f     
pa/oral graves extract+ ?\ghts div9e 0  
to fill ! ,ox=d ,museum ) ! scabb$      
skulls ( plague-/ruck cret9s4  #hj4 ,i  
!re=e respectfully v5ture to intimate to
 my bucolic fri5ds1 t ,i "k1 m vitally  

by f> ?an !y1 :at is 9 ,wordswor?1 & :at
 is n4 ,any man :o *ooses to live by 8  
precepts w ?ankfully f9d 9 !m a beauty &
 rightness1 7exquisite rightness ,i     
call$ x1 9 ,sesame & ,lilies17 :i* w    
pres]ve him alike f mean pleasure1 va9  
hope1 & guilty de$3 s t he w nei!r m\rn 
at ! gate ( ! fields :i* ) covet\s _s he
 sold1 nor dr9k ( ! wat]s :i* ) yet m   
covet\s _s he /ole1 nor dev\r ! bread ( 
! poor 9 secret1 nor set on 8 gue/-table
 ! poor man's lamb3--9 all ^! homely    
virtues & assur$ ju/ices let him be     
,wordswor?'s true disciple2 & he w !n be
 able ) equanimity to he> x said1 :5 !re
 is ne$ to say s1 t 8 excell5t ma/] (t5 
wrote v]ses t 7 n musical1 & sometimes  
express$ op9ions t 7 n pr(\nd4  ,& ! ne$
 to say s becomes imp]ative :5 ! unf9i%$
 v]se1 & uncorrect$ fancy1 are advanc$  
by ! affection ( 8 disciples into places
 ( au?ority :]e !y give c\nt5ance to !  
popul> national prejudices f ! infection
 ( :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 !y !mselves sprang4
  #ha4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ ?ree &

 a half l9es ( ! #ch? ,ecclesia/ical    
,sonnet3--    ,amazem5t /rikes ! cr[d2  
:ile _m turn   ,_! eyes away 9 sorr[1   
o!rs burn   ,) scorn1 invok+ a v9dictive
 ban   ,f outrag$ ,nature4  ,! fir/ q   
evid5t "* ( ^! l9es is t !y are         
extremely bad iambics1--z ill-con/ruct$ 
z !y are unmelodi\s2 ! turn+ & burn+ be+
 at ! wrong ends ( !m1 & ! ends !mselves
 put j :5 ! s5t5ce is 9 its middle4  ,b 
a grav] fault ( ^! ?ree & a half l9es is
 t ! amazem5t1 ! turn+1 ! burn+1 & !    
bann+1 are all alike fictiti\s2 &       
f\l-fictiti\s1 calumni\sly conceiv$ no  
less ?an falsely4 ,n "o ( ! spectators (
 ! sc5e ref]r$ to 0 9 reality amaz$--n  
"o contemptu\s1 n "o mal$ictory4 ,x is  
only our g5tle m9/rel ( ! m]es :o sits 9
 ! seat ( ! scornful--only ! h]mit (    
,rydal ,m\nt :o invokes ! malison (     
,nature4  ,:at ! sc5e v]ily 01 & h[     
witness$1 x w n take long to tell2 nor w
 ! tale be useless3 b ,i mu/ fir/ ref] !
 read] to a p]iod prec$+1 by ne>ly a    
c5tury1 ! great symbolic action "u !    

por* ( ,/4 ,m>k's4  #hb4 ,! ,prote/ant  
ecclesia/ic1 & infidel hi/orian1 :o     
delight to prop _! pride1 or edge _!    
malice1 9 unveil+ ! corruption ?r\gh :i*
 ,*ri/ianity has pass$1 %\ld /udy 9 e   
fragm5t ( au!ntic record :i* ! fury ( _!
 age has left1 ! lives ( ! ?ree que5s ( 
! ,prie/hood1 ,!odora1 ,m>ozia1 &       
,matilda1 & ! f\ndation ( ! m]ciless p[]
 ( ! ,popes1 by ! monk ,hildebr&4 ,& if 
!re be any ( u :o w\ld satisfy ) nobl]  
food ?an ! cata/rophes ( ! /age1 ! awe  
at :at is m>vel\s 9 human sorr[ :i*     
makes sacr$ ! f\nta9 ( te>s 9 au!ntic   
trag$y1 let !m foll[1 pace by pace1 &   
pang by pang1 ! humiliation ( ! f\r?    
,h5ry at ,canossa1 & 8 dea? 9 ! *ur* he 
_h built to ! ,virg9 at ,spire4  ,8     
antagoni/1 ,hildebr&1 di$ tw5ty ye>s    
be=e him2 captive to ! ,normans 9       
,sal]no1 hav+ se5 ! ,rome 9 :i* he _h   
proclaim$ 8 pr9c$om ov] all ! e>?1 laid 
9 h] la/ ru92 & =ev]4 ,rome h]self1 s9ce
 h] desolation by ,guisc>d1 has be5 only
 a grave & a wild]ness#hi--:at we call  

,rome1 is a m]e colony ( ! /rang] 9 h]  
,field ( ,m>s4 ,?is de/ruction ( ,rome  
by ! ,normans is accurately & utt]ly !  
end ( h] ,capitol9e & wolf-suckl$ p[]2 &
 f t day h] ,leon9e or ,*ri/ian p[]     
takes its ?rone 9 ! ,leon9e city1       
sanctifi$ 9 tradition by its pray] (    
safety = ! ,saxon ,borgo1 9 :i* !       
*ildhood ( our own ,alfr$ _h be5 tra9$4 
,& f ?is date =w>d1 7recollect$ broadly 
z #ajij1 ! ye> ( ! bir? ( ,/4 ,b]n>d17  
no long] oppress$ by ! remnants ( ,roman
 dea?1--,*ri/ian fai?1 *ivalry1 & art   
possess ! _w1 & recreate x1 ?r\gh !     
space ( f\r hundr$ ye>s--! twelf?1      
?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4   
,&1 necess>ily1 9 ! fir/ ( ^! c5turies  
comes ! ma9 debate betwe5 ! p[]s ( ,monk
 & ,knight :i* 0 reconcil$ 9 ?is sc5e "u
 ! por* ( ,/4 ,m>k's4  #hc4 ,t debate 0 
br\ght to its crisis & issue by ! bir? (
 ! new ?ird elem5tal =ce ( ! ,/ate--!   
,citiz54 ,sismondi's republican         
en?usiasm does n p]mit him to recognize 
! ess5tial "* ( ?is p[]4 ,he speaks     

always ( ! ,republics & ! lib]ties (    
,italy1 z if a craftsman diff]$ f a     
knight only 9 political privileges1 & z 
if 8 special virtue consi/$ 9 r5d]+     
ob$i5ce to no ma/]4 ,b ! /r5g? ( ! great
 cities ( ,italy 0 no m republican ?an t
 ( h] mona/]ies1 or =tresses4 ,!        
,craftsman ( ,milan1 ,sailor ( ,pisa1 & 
,m]*ant ( ,v5ice are all ( !m ess5tially
 diff]5t p]sons f ! soldi] & !          
an*orite3--b ! city1 "u ! bann] ( its   
c>occio1 & ! comm& ( its pode/a1 0      
discipl9$ f> m /rictly ?an any w&]+     
milit>y squadron by its lead]1 or any   
l[] ord] ( monks "u _! abbot4 ,9 ! f\nd+
 ( civic con/itutions1 ! ,"l ( ! city is
 usually its ,bi%op3--& x is curi\s to  
he> ! republican hi/orian--:o1 h[ev] 9  
judgm5t bl9d1 is nev] 9 he>t unc&id1    
prep>e to close 8 record ( ! t5 ye>s' w>
 ( ,como ) ,milan1 ) ?is summ>y (       
di/ress to ! h]oic m\nta9e]s--t !y _h   
lo/ _! ,bi%op ,guido1 :o 0 _! s\l4  #hd4
 ,i p]ceive = q "o ( ! mo/ hopeless ( ! 
_m difficulties :i* ,mod]nism f9ds1 & w 

f9d1 insup]able ei!r by /eam or         
dynamite1 t ( ei!r w$g+ or weld+ into   
its own ca/-iron head1 any conception ( 
a k+1 monk1 or t[nsman ( ! twelf? & two 
succe$+ c5turies4 ,& yet no syllable ( !
 utt]ance1 no fragm5t ( ! arts ( !      
middle ages1 f> less any motive ( _!    
de$s1 c be read ev5 9 ! lett]--h[ mu*   
less judg$ 9 _s--unless1 fir/ ( all1 we 
c some:at imag9e all ^! ?ree ,liv+ s\ls4
  ,fir/1 a k+ :o 0 ! be/ knight 9 8     
k+dom1 & on ^: own sword/rokes hung !   
fate ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,a k+ su* z ,h5ry !   
,f[l]1 ! fir/ & ?ird ,edw>ds ( ,engl&1 !
 ,bruce ( ,scotl&1 & ?is ,fr$]ic ! ,fir/
 ( ,g]many4  ,secondly1 a monk :o _h be5
 tra9$ f y\? 9 great] h>d%ip ?an any    
soldi]1 & _h le>n$ at la/ to desire no  
o!r life ?an "o ( h>d%ip2--a man believ+
 9 8 own & 8 fell[s' immortality1 9 !   
aid+ p[]s ( angels1 & ! et]nal pres5ce (
 ,god2 v]s$ 9 all ! sci5ce1 graceful 9  
all ! lit]ature1 cognizant ( all !      
policy ( 8 age2 & fe>less ( any creat$  
?+1 on ! e>? or "u x4  ,&1 la/ly1 a     

craftsman absolutely ma/] ( 8 craft1 &  
tak+ su* pride 9 ! ex]cise ( x z all    
heal?y s\ls take 9 putt+ =? _! p]sonal  
p[]s3 pr\d also ( 8 city & 8 p2 enri*+1 
ye> by ye>1 _! /reets ) l(ti] build+s1  
_! treasuries ) r>] possession2 &       
bequea?+ 8 h]$it>y art to a l9e (       
successive ma/]s1 by ^: tact ( race1 &  
honor ( ef=t1 ! ess5tial skills (       
metal-"w 9 gold & /eel1 ( pott]y1       
glass-pa9t+1 woodwork1 & weav+1 7 c>ri$ 
to a p]fectness nev] to be surpass$2 & (
 :i* our utmo/ mod]n hope is to produce 
a n in/antly detect$ imitation4  ,^!    
?ree k9ds ( p]sons1 ,i repeat1 we h to  
conceive be=e we c und]/& any s+le ev5t 
( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= all t is endur+ 9 
!m 0 done by m5 su* z ^!4 ,hi/ory1      
inde$1 records tw5ty undo+s = "o de$1   
tw5ty desolations = "o r$emption2 & ?9ks
 ! fool & villa9 pot5t z ! wise & true4 
,b ,nature & h] laws recognize only !   
noble3 g5]ations ( ! cruel pass l !     
d>kness ( locu/ plagues2 :ile "o lov+ & 
brave he>t e/abli%es a nation4  #he4 ,i 

give ! "* ( ,b>b>ossa 9 ! words (       
,sismondi1 a man sp>+ 9 ! praise (      
emp]ors3--  ,! dea? ( ,fr$]ic 0 m\rn$   
ev5 by ! cities :i* s long _h be5 !     
objects ( 8 ho/ility1 & ! victims ( 8   
v5geance4 ,all ! ,lomb>ds--ev5 !        
,milanese--ackn[l$g$ 8 r>e c\rage1 8    
con/ancy 9 mis=tune--8 g5]osity 9       
conque/4  ,an intimate conviction ( !   
ju/ice ( 8 cause _h (t5 r5d]$ him cruel1
 ev5 to f]ocity1 aga9/ ^? :o /ill       
resi/$2 b aft] victory he took v5geance 
only on s5seless walls2 & irritat$ z he 
_h be5 by ! p ( ,milan1 ,crema1 &       
,tortona1 & :atev] blood he _h %$ dur+  
battle1 he nev] sulli$ 8 triumph by     
odi\s puni%m5ts4 ,9 spite ( ! treason   
:i* he on "o occasion us$ aga9/         
,aless&ria1 8 promises 7 9 g5]al        
respect$2 & :51 aft] ! peace (          
,con/ance1 ! t[ns :i* _h be5 mo/        
invet]ately ho/ile to him receiv$ him )9
 _! walls1 !y _h no ne$ to gu>d aga9/   
any attempt on 8 "p to suppress !       
privileges he _h once recogniz$4  ,my   

own e/imate ( ,fr$]ic's "* w\ld be      
sc>cely s favorable2 x is ! only po9t ( 
hi/ory on :i* ,i h d\bt$ ! au?ority ev5 
( my own ma/]1 ,c>lyle4 ,b ,i am conc]n$
 "h only ) ! actualities ( 8 w>s 9      
,italy1 ) ! p ( h] cities1 & ! head ( h]
 religion4  #hf4 ,fr$]ic ( ,suabia1     
direct heir ( ! ,ghibell9e rights1 :ile 
ne>ly relat$ by blood to ! ,guelph h\ses
 ( ,bav>ia & ,saxony1 0 elect$ emp]or   
almo/ 9 ! exact middle ( ! twelf? c5tury
 7#aaeb74 ,he 0 call$ into ,italy by !  
voices ( ,italians4 ,! !n ,pope1        
,eug5ius ,,iii41 invok$ 8 aid aga9/ !   
,roman p "u ,arnold ( ,brescia4 ,! p (  
,lodi pray$ 8 protection aga9/ !        
tyrannies ( ,milan4  ,fr$]ic ent]$ !    
pla9 ( ,v]ona 9 #aaed1 by ! valley ( !  
,adige1--ravag$ ! t]ritory (            
,milan1--pillag$ & burn$ ,tortona1 ,a/i1
 & ,*i]i1--kept 8 ,*ri/mas at ,nov>a2   
m>*$ on ,rome1--deliv]$ up ,arnold to ! 
,pope#ij 7:o1 in/antly kill+ him1 end$ =
 t "t ,prote/ant re=ms 9                
,italy7--de/roy$ ,spoleto2 & return$ by 

,v]ona1 hav+ scor*$ 8 pa? ?r\gh ,italy l
 a level ?und]bolt along ! gr\nd4  ,?ree
 ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,adrian di$2 &1 *iefly1 
by ! love & w ( ! ,roman p1 ,rol& (     
,si5a 0 rais$ to ! ,papal ?rone1 "u ! "n
 ( ,alex&] ,,iii4 ,! conclave ( c>d9als 
*ose ano!r ,pope1 ,victor ,,iii42       
,fr$]ic on 8 second invasion ( ,italy   
7#aaeh7 summon$ bo? elect$ heads ( !    
,*ur* to receive judgm5t ( _! claims    
be=e him4  ,! ,c>d9als' ,pope1 ,victor1 
obey$4 ,! p's ,alex&]1 refus$2 answ]+ t 
! successor ( ,/4 ,pet] submitt$ himself
 to ! judgm5t nei!r ( emp]ors nor       
c\ncils4  ,! _s ( mod]n prelacy may     
p]haps h r5d]$ x impossible = an ,engli%
 *ur*man to conceive ?is answ] z o!r ?an
 t ( insol5ce & hypocrisy4 ,b a fai?ful 
,pope1 & wor?y ( 8 ?rone1 c\ld answ] no 
o!rwise4 ,fr$]ic ( c\rse at once        
confirm$ ! claims ( 8 rival2 ! ,g]man   
bi%ops & ,italian c>d9als 9 c\ncil at   
,pavia jo9$ _! p[]s to ! ,emp]or's &    
,alex&]1 driv5 f ,rome1 w&]$--unsubdu$ 9
 s\l--f city to city1 tak+ refuge at la/

 9 ,france4  #hg4 ,meantime1 9 #aaei1   
,fr$]ic took & de/roy$ ,crema1 hav+ fir/
 b\nd its ho/ages to 8 ma*9es ( w>4 ,9  
#aafa1 ,milan submitt$ to 8 m]cy1 & he  
decre$ t h] "n %\ld p]i%4 ,only a few   
pill>s ( a ,roman temple1 & ! *ur* ( ,/4
 ,ambrose1 rema9 to u ( ! anci5t city4  
,w>n$ by h] de/ruction1 ,v]ona1 ,vic5za1
 ,padua1 ,treviso1 & ,v5ice1 jo9$ 9 !   
v[--call$ ( ! ,lomb>d ,league--to r$uce 
! ,emp]or's p[] )9 its j limits4 ,&1 9  
#aafd1 ,alex&]1 "u ! protection ( ,l\is 
,,vii4 ( ,france & ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1
 return$ to ,rome1 & 0 receiv$ at ,o/ia 
by its s5ate1 cl]gy1 & p4  ,?ree ye>s   
aft]w>ds1 ,fr$]ic aga9 swept d[n on !   
,campagna2 attack$ ! ,leon9e city1 :]e !
 basilica ( ! ,vatican1 *ang$ into a    
=tress1 & held by ! ,pope's gu>d1 resi/$
 8 assault until1 by ! ,emp]or's ord]1  
fire 0 set to ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y (      
,pity4  ,! ,leon9e city 0 tak52 ! ,pope 
retir$ to ! ,coliseum1 :5ce1 utt]+ once 
aga9 8 fix$ defiance ( ! ,emp]or1 b fe>+
 trea*]y1 he fl$ 9 disguise d[n ! ,tib] 

to ! sea1 & s\ght asylum at ,b5ev5to4   
,! ,g]man army encamp$ r\nd ,rome 9     
,augu/ ( #aaff1 ) ! sign be=e _! eyes ( 
! ru9s ( ! *ur* ( ,our ,lady ( ,pity4 ,!
 m>%-fev] /ruck !m--kill$ ! ,emp]or's   
c\s91 ,fr$]ic ( ,ro!nburg1 ! ,duke (    
,bav>ia1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 !      
,bi%ops ( ,lige1 ,spire1 ,ratisbonne1 & 
,v]d51 & two ?\s& knights2 ! common dead
 7 unc\nt$4 ,! ,emp]or ga!r$ ! wreck ( 8
 army toge!r1 retreat$ on ,lomb>dy1     
qu>t]$ 8 soldi]y at ,pavia1 & escap$ 9  
secret ov] ! ,mont ,c5is ) ?irty        
knights4  #hh4 ,no places ( /r5g? rema9$
 to him s\? ( ! ,alps b ,pavia &        
,montf]rat2 & to hold ^! 9 *eck1 & comm&
 ! pla9s ( ,pi$mont1 ! ,lomb>d ,league  
built ! =tress city1 :i*1 f ! ,pope :o  
_h ma9ta9$ ?r\gh all adv]sity ! au?ority
 ( 8 ?rone & ! cause ( ! ,italian p1 !y 
nam$ ,aless&ria4  ,aga9/ ?is bulw>k !   
,emp]or1 /ill indomitable1 da%$ ) 8     
utmo/ rega!r$ /r5g? aft] eight ye>s (   
pause1 & 9 ! temp] 9 :i* m5 set _! s\ls 
on a s+le /ake4 ,all _h be5 lo/ 9 8 la/ 

w>1 except 8 honor--9 ?is1 he lo/ 8     
honor also4 ,:atev] may be ! j e/imate (
 ! o!r elem5ts ( 8 "*1 he is            
unque/ionably1 among ! knights ( 8 "t1  
notable 9 impiety4 ,9 ! battle (        
,cassano1 he broke ?r\gh ! ,milanese    
vangu>d to _! c>occio1 & /ruck d[n ) 8  
own h& its gold5 crucifix2--two ye>s    
aft]w>ds its cross & /&>d 7 b[$ be=e    
him--& 9 va94#ia ,he fe>lessly claims = 
himself "r ( decision betwe5 cont5d+    
popes1 & camps aga9/ ! rightful "o on ! 
a%es ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,virg94  ,foil$ 9 8  
fir/ assault on ,aless&ria1 deta9$ be=e 
x ?r\gh ! inundations ( ! w9t]1 &       
?reat5$ by ! army ( ! ,league 9 ! spr+1 
he ann\nc$ a truce to ! besieg$1 t !y   
might keep ,good ,friday4 ,!n violat+   
alike ! day's sanctity & 8 own oa?1 he  
attack$ ! tru/+ city ?r\gh a secretly   
complet$ m9e4 ,&1 = a second "t1 !      
v]dict ( ,god w5t =? aga9/ him4 ,e man  
:o _h obta9$ entrance )9 ! city 0 sla9  
or ca/ f its ramp>ts2--! ,aless&r9es    
?rew all _! gates op5--fell1 ) ! brok5  

fugitives1 on ! inve/+ troops1 scatt]$  
!m 9 disord]1 & burn$ _! t[]s ( attack4 
,! ,emp]or ga!r$ _! rema9s into ,pavia  
on ,ea/] ,sunday1--sp>$ 9 8 defeat by ! 
army ( ! ,league4  #hi4 ,& yet1 once m1 
he br\ght 8 cause to combat-trial4      
,temporiz+ at ,lodi ) ! ,pope's legates1
 he assembl$1 "u ! ,ar*bi%ops (         
,magdeb\rg & ,cologne1 & ! *ief prelates
 & pr9ces ( ,g]many1 a sev5? army2      
br\ght x d[n to ,como across ! ,splg51  
put himself !re at its head1 & 9 ! e>ly 
spr+ ( #aagf1 ! fifte5? ye> s9ce he _h  
decre$ ! effac+ ( ! "n ( ,milan1 0 met  
at ,legnano by ! spect] ( ,milan4  ,ris5
 f h] grave1 %e l$ ! ,lomb>d ,league 9  
?is f9al battle4 ,?ree hundr$ ( h]      
nobles gu>d$ h] c>occio2 n9e hundr$ ( h]
 knights b\nd !mselves--"u ! "n ( !     
,cohort ( ,dea?--to w9 = h]1 or to die4 
,! field ( battle is 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla91 
n[ cov]$ ) maize & mulb]ry trees1 f :i* 
! travel]1 ent]+ ,italy by ! ,lago      
,maggiore1 sees fir/ ! unbrok5 sn[s ( ! 
,rosa beh9d him & ! :ite p9nacles (     

,milan ,ca!dral 9 ! s\?4 ,! ,emp]or1 z 0
 8 wont1 himself l$ 8 *>g+ *ivalry4 ,!  
,milanese knelt z x came2--pray$ al\d to
 ,god1 ,/4 ,pet]1 & ,/4 ,ambrose--!n    
advanc$ r\nd _! c>occio on foot4 ,!     
,emp]or's *>ge broke ?r\gh _! ranks     
ne>ly up to _! /&>d--!n ! ,cohort (     
,dea? rode aga9/ him4  #ij4 ,& all 8    
battle *ang$ be=e !m into flight4 ,= !  
fir/ "t 9 /rick5 field1 ! imp]ial /&>d  
fell1 & 0 tak54 ,! ,milanese foll[$ !   
brok5 ho/ until _! swords 7 we>y2 & !   
,emp]or1 /ruck fight+ f 8 horse1 0 left1
 lo/ among ! dead4 ,! ,empress1 ^: m]cy 
to ,milan he _h =bidd51 already wore    
m\rn+ = him 9 ,pavia1 :5 h] husb& came1 
solit>y & suppliant1 to its gate4  ,!   
lesson at la/ suffic$2 & ,b>b>ossa s5t 8
 h]etic bi%ops to ask =giv5ess ( !      
,pope1 & peace f ! ,lomb>ds4  ,p>don &  
peace 7 grant$--)\t conditions4 ,cs>'s  
successor _h be5 ! blight ( ,italy = a  
qu>t] ( a c5tury2 he _h ravag$ h]       
h>ve/s1 burnt h] cities1 decimat$ h]    
*ildr5 ) fam9e1 h] "y m5 ) ! sword2 &1  

sev5 times ov]1 9 r5ew$ invasion1 s\ght 
to e/abli% dom9ion ov] h]1 f ! ,alps to 
! rock ( ,scylla4  ,%e ask$ ( him no    
re/itution2--covet$ no prov9ce--dem&$ no
 =tress1 ( 8 l&4 ,nei!r c[>d nor robb]1 
%e disda9$ alike gu>d & ga9 ^u h]       
fronti]s3 %e c\nt$ no comp5sation = h]  
sorr[2 & set no price ^u ! s\ls ( h]    
dead4 ,%e /ood 9 ! por* ( h] brighte/   
temple--betwe5 ! blue pla9s ( h] e>? &  
sea1 &1 9 ! p]son ( h] spiritual fa!r1  
gave h] enemy p>don4  ,black demons     
hov]+ o'er 8 mit]$ head1 ?9k y1 g5tle   
sonnete] ( ! daffodil-m>%8 ,& h         
,b>b>ossa's race be5 taught ( bett]     
angels h[ to be> !mselves to a conqu]$  
emp]or1--or ,engl&1 by brav] & m g5]\s  
impulses1 h[ to protect 8 exil$ son8  ,!
 fall ( ,v5ice1 s9ce t day1 0 measur$ by
 ,byron 9 a s+le l9e3    ,an ,emp]or    
tramples :]e an emp]or knelt4  ,b :at   
words %all measure ! d>k] humiliation ( 
! ,g]man pillag+ 8 helpless enemy &     
,engl& leav+ h] ally "u ! savage's spe>8
  #ia4 ,) ! clews n[ giv51 & an h\r or  

two's additional read+ ( any /&>d       
hi/orian he pleases1 ! read] may judge  
on secure gr\nds :e!r ! truce ( ,v5ice &
 peace ( ,con/ance 7 ( ! ,devil's mak+3 
:]e( :atev] he may ultimately feel or   
affirm1 ?is at lea/ he w please note =  
positive1 t ,mr4 ,wordswor?1 hav+ no    
%ad[ ( d\bt ( ! complete wisdom ( e idea
 t comes into 8 own head1 writes d[n 9  
dogmatic sonnet 8 fir/ impression (     
black in/rum5tality 9 ! bus9ess2 s t 8  
innoc5t read]s1 tak+ him = _! sole ma/]1
 f> f c>+ to inquire into ! ?+ m deeply1
 may rema9 ev5 unconsci\s t x is        
disputable1 & =ev] incapable ( conceiv+ 
ei!r a ,ca?olic's feel+1 or a c>eful    
hi/orian's hesitation1 t\*+ ! c5trally  
mom5t\s crisis ( p[] 9 all ! ,middle    
,ages6 ,:]eas ,byron1 kn[+ ! hi/ory     
?or\ghly1 & judg+ ( ,ca?olicism ) an    
hone/ & op5 he>t1 v5tures to ass]t no?+ 
t admits ( debate1 ei!r conc]n+ human   
motives or angelic pres5ces2 b b9ds into
 "o l9e ( massive melody ! un]r+ly c\nt$
 sum ( ,v5etian maje/y & %ame4  #ib4 ,9 

a future pap]1 ,i propose exam9+ 8 me?od
 ( deal+ ) ! debate1 itself on a high]  
issue3 & w !re=e close ! pres5t "o by   
trampl+ a few ( ! bri]s & ?orns ( popul>
 (f5se out ( our way4  ,! common c\nts  
aga9/ ,byron are 9 ! ma91 ?ree4  ,i4 ,t 
he confess$--9 "s sort1 ev5 proclaim$   
defiantly 7:i* is a pr\d man's natural  
mann] ( confession7#ib--! naught9ess ( 8
 life4  ,! hypocrisy#ic ev5 ( ,pall     
,mall & ,petit ,trianon does n1 ,i      
assume1 & d>es n1 g s f> z to condemn ! 
naught9ess itself8 ,& t he did confess  
x1 is precisely ! reason = read+ him by 
8 own motto ,tru/ ,byron4 ,y always may2
 & ! common smoo?-c\nt5anc$ man ( ! _w  
is guilti] 9 ! precise measure ( y\r    
high] e/eem = him4  ,,ii4 ,t he wrote   
ab\t pretty ?+s :i* ought nev] to be    
he>d (4  ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! exact         
proprieties ( mod]n ,fiction1 ,art1 &   
,drama1 ,i am %y ( t\*+ on ! "q ( :at   
%\ld be m5tion$1 & se5--& %\ld n4 ,all t
 ,i c>e to say1 "h1 is t ,byron tells y 
( realities1 & t _! be+ pretty ones is1 

to my m9d1--at ! fir/ 7lit]ally7 blu%1 (
 ! matt]1 r 9 8 favor4 ,if h[ev] y h    
imag9$ t he means y to ?9k ,dudu z      
pretty z ,myrrha1#id or ev5 ,haidee1    
:e!r 9 full dress or none1 z pretty z   
,m>9a1 x is y\r fault1 n 84  #ic4 ,,iii4
 ,t he blasphem$ ,god & ! ,k+4  ,be=e   
reply+ to ?is c\nt1 ,i mu/ ask ! read]'s
 pati5ce 9 a piece ( v s]i\s "w1 !      
asc]ta9m5t ( ! real & full mean+ ( ! ^w 
,blasphemy4 ,x signifies simply ,h>mful 
speak+--,male-diction--or %ortly ,blame2
 & may be committ$ z mu* aga9/ a *ild or
 a dog1 if y desire to hurt !m1 z aga9/ 
! ,deity4 ,& x is1 9 its orig9al use1   
accurately oppos$ to ano!r ,greek ^w1   
,euphemy1 :i* means a rev]5t & lov+     
mann] ( b5$iction--fall5 entirely into  
disuse 9 mod]n s5tim5t & language4  ,n[ 
! compass & "* ( ess5tial ,male-diction1
 s-call$ 9 ,lat91 or ,blasphemy1 s-call$
 9 ,greek1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be be/ expla9$  
to ! g5]al read] by an in/ance 9 a v    
little ?+1 fir/ translat+ ! %ort pieces 
( ,plato :i* be/ %[ ! mean+ ( ! ^w 9    

codes ( ,greek morality4       ,^! are !
 ?+s !n 7! true ord] ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & 
,planets71 oh my fri5ds1 ( :i* ,i desire
 t all our citiz5s      & y\?s %\ld le>n
 at lea/ s mu* conc]n+ ! ,gods (        
,heav51 z n to blaspheme conc]n+ !m1 b  
to eupheme      rev]5tly1 bo? 9         
sacrific+1 & 9 e pray] !y               
pray4--,laws1 ,,vii4 ,/eph4 #hba4       
,& ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 beyond all o!r  
ne$ = x1 !re      is ne$ ( ,euphemy f a 
man to 8 p>5ts1 = !re is no      heavi] 
puni%m5t ?an t ( light & w+$ words1 7to 
!m78 = ,nemesis1 ! angel ( ,div9e       
,recomp5se1 has be5      ?ron$ ,bi%op   
ov] all m5 :o s9 9 su* mann]4--,,iv4    
,/eph4      #gag4  ,! ^w :i* ,i h       
translat$ recomp5se is m /rictly t      
heav5ly ,ju/ice--! prop] ,light ( ! ,_w1
 f :i* no?+ c be hidd51 & by :i* all :o 
w may walk securely2 :5ce ! my/ic answ] 
( ,ulysses to 8 son1 z ,a!na1 h]self    
invisible1 walks ) !m1 fill+ ! *amb] ( !
 h\se ) light1 ,?is is ! ju/ice ( !     
,gods :o possess ,olympus4 ,see !       

context 9 ref]5ce to :i* ,plato quotes !
 l9e4--,laws1 ,x4 ,/eph4 #ijd4 ,! little
 /ory t ,i h to tell is significant     
*iefly 9 connection ) ! second passage (
 ,plato above quot$4  #id4 ,i h else:]e 
m5tion$ t ,i 0 a homebr$ boy1 & t z my  
"m dilig5tly & scrupul\sly taught me my 
,bible & ,lat9 ,gramm>1 s my fa!r fondly
 & devot$ly taught me my ,scott1 my     
,pope1 & my ,byron4#ie ,! ,lat9 gramm>  
out ( :i* my "m taught me 0 ! #aa?      
edition ( ,alex&] ,adam's--7,ed9b43     
,bell & ,bradfute1 #ahbc7--namely1 t    
,alex&] ,adam1 ,rector ( ,ed9burgh ,high
 ,s*ool1 into ^: upp] class ,scott pass$
 9 ,octob] #aghb1 & :o--previ\s ma/]s   
hav+ f\nd no?+ noticeable 9 !           
heavy-look+ lad--did f9d /]l+ qualities 
9 him1 & w\ld con/antly ref] to him =   
dates1 & p>ticul>s ( battles1 & o!r     
rem>kable ev5ts allud$ to 9 ,horace1 or 
:atev] o!r au?ors ! boys 7 read+2 &     
call$ him ! hi/orian ( 8 class 7,l4 i4  
#abf74 ,t ,alex4 ,adam1 also1 :o1       
himself a lov+ hi/orian1 rememb]$ ! fate

 ( e boy at 8 s*ool dur+ ! fifty ye>s he
 _h head$ x1 & ^: la/ words--,x gr[s    
d>k1 ! boys may dismiss1 gave to        
,scott's he>t ! vision & ! audit ( !    
dea? ( ,elspe? ( ! ,craigburn-foot4     
,/rangely1 9 op5+ ! old volume at ?is   
mom5t 7,i w\ld n give x = an illum9at$  
missal7 ,i f9d1 9 its article on        
,prosody1 "s ?+s extremely useful to me1
 :i* ,i h be5 hunt+ = 9 va9 ?r\gh ,zumpt
 & ,mat?i4 ,9 all rational respects ,i  
believe x to be ! be/ ,lat9 ,gramm> t   
has yet be5 writt54  ,:5 my "m _h c>ri$ 
me ?r\gh x z f> z ! syntax1 x 0 ?\ght   
desirable t ,i %\ld be put "u a ma/]3 & 
! ma/] *os5 0 a deeply & des]v$ly honor$
 cl]gyman1 ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,dale1 m5tion$
 9 ,mr4 ,holbea*'s article1 ,! ,new     
,fiction1 7,contempor>y ,review =       
,febru>y ( ?is ye>71 toge!r ) ,mr4      
,melville1 :o 0 our pa/or aft] ,mr4     
,dale w5t to ,/4 ,pancras4  #ie4 ,on !  
fir/ day :5 ,i w5t to take my seat 9    
,mr4 ,dale's s*oolroom1 ,i c>ri$ my old 
gramm> to him1 9 a mode/ pride1 expect+ 

"s enc\ragem5t & honor = ! accuracy )   
:i* ,i c\ld repeat1 on dem&1 "s hundr$ &
 sixty close-pr9t$ pages ( x4  ,b ,mr4  
,dale ?rew x back to me ) a fi]ce bang  
^u 8 desk1 say+ 7) acc5t & look (       
sev5-times-heat$ scorn71 ,t's a ,scot*  
?+4  ,n[1 my fa!r be+ ,scot*1 & an      
,ed9burgh ,high ,s*ool boy1 & my "m hav+
 labor$ 9 t book ) me s9ce ,i c\ld read1
 & all my happie/ holiday "t hav+ be5   
sp5t on ! ,nor? ,in* ( ,p]?1 ^! f\r     
words1 ) ! action accompany+ !m1 conta9$
 z mu* insult1 pa91 & loos5+ ( my       
respect = my p>5ts1 love ( my fa!r's    
c\ntry1 & honor = its wor?ies1 z x 0    
possible to compress into f\r syllables 
& an ill-mann]$ ge/ure4 ,:i* 7 !re=e    
pure1 d\ble-edg$ & po9t-env5om$         
blasphemy4 ,= to make a boy despise 8   
"m's c>e1 is ! /raighte/ way to make him
 also despise 8 ,r$eem]'s voice2 & to   
make him scorn 8 fa!r & 8 fa!r's h\se1 !
 /raighte/ way to make him d5y 8 ,god1 &
 8 ,god's ,heav54  #if4 ,i speak1       
obs]ve1 9 ?is in/ance1 only ( ! actual  

words & _! effect2 n ( ! feel+ 9 !      
speak]'s m9d1 :i* 0 almo/ playful1 ?\gh 
8 words1 ta9t$ ) extremity ( pride1 7   
su* light ones z m5 %all give acc\nt (  
at ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,! real s9 (      
blasphemy is n 9 ! say+1 nor ev5 9 !    
?9k+2 b 9 ! wi%+ :i* is fa!r to ?\ght & 
^w3 & ! nature ( x is simply 9 wi%+ evil
 to any?+2 = z ! quality ( ,m]cy is n   
/ra9$1 s nei!r t ( ,blasphemy1 ! "o     
di/ill+ f ! cl\ds ( ,heav51 ! o!r f !   
/eam ( ! ,pit4 ,he t is unju/ 9 little  
is unju/ 9 mu*1 he t is malignant to !  
lea/ is to ! greate/1 he :o hates ! e>? 
:i* is ,god's foot/ool1 hates yet m     
,heav5 :i* is ,god's ?rone1 & ,him t    
sitte? !reon4 ,f9ally1 !re=e1 blasphemy 
is wi%+ ill to any ?+2 & its outcome is 
9 ,vanni ,fucci's extreme ill           
mann]s--wi%+ ill to ,god4  ,on !        
contr>y1 ,euphemy is wi%+ well to       
ev]y?+1 & its outcome is 9 ,burns'      
extreme good mann]s1 wi%+ well to--     
,ah6 wad ye tak a ?\ght1 & m5'6  ,t is !
 supreme ( ,euphemy4  #ig4 ,fix !n1 fir/

 9 y\r m9ds1 t ! s9 ( mal$iction1 :e!r  
,%imei's individual1 or ,john ,bull's   
national1 is 9 ! vulg> malignity1 n 9 ! 
vulg> diction1 & !n note fur!r t ! phemy
 or fame ( ! two words1 blasphemy &     
euphemy1 signifies broadly ! be>+ (     
false witness aga9/ "o's neighbor 9 ! "o
 case1 & ( true witness = him 9 ! o!r3 s
 t :ile ! peculi> prov9ce ( ! blasphem] 
is to ?r[ firelight on ! evil 9 good    
p]sons1 ! prov9ce ( ! euphui/ 7,i mu/   
use ! ^w inaccurately = want ( a bett]7 
is to ?r[ sunlight on ! good 9 bad ones2
 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,b]tram1 ,meg        
,m]rilies1 ,rob ,roy1 ,rob9 ,hood1 & !  
g5]al run ( ,corsairs1 ,gia\rs1 ,turks1 
,jews1 ,infidels1 & ,h]etics2 nay1 ev5  
si/]s ( ,rahab1 & daught]s ( ,moab &    
,ammon2 & at la/ ! :ole spiritual race (
 him to :om x 0 said1 ,if ?\ doe/ well1 
%alt ?\ n be accept$8  #ih4 ,& be+ ?us  
br\ght back to our actual subject1 ,i   
purpose1 aft] a few m summ>y notes on ! 
lu/] ( ! electrotype language ( mod]n   
passion1 to exam9e :at facts or         

probabilities lie at ! root bo? (       
,goe!'s & ,byron's imag9ation ( t conte/
 betwe5 ! p[]s ( ,good & ,evil1 ( :i* ! 
,scriptural acc\nt appe>s to ,mr4       
,huxley s inconsi/5t ) ! recogniz$ laws 
( political economy2 & has be51 by !    
c[>dice ( our old translators1 s maim$ (
 its vitality1 t ! frank ,greek ass]tion
 ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's n d>+ to blaspheme !   
devil1#if is t5fold m mis*iev\sly dead5$
 & c>icatur$ by _! p]iphrasis ( dur/ n  
br+ aga9/ him a rail+ accusation1 ?an by
 ,byron's app>5tly--& only              
app>5tly--less rev]5t description ( !   
mann] ( angelic enc\nt] = an inf]ior    
rul] ( ! p4            ,betwe5 ,8       
,d>kness & ,8 ,brightness   ,!re pass$ a
 mutual glance ( great polit5ess4       
,,p>is1 ,septemb] #bj1 #ahhj4           
,,po/script4  #ii4 ,i am myself         
extremely grateful1 nor d\bt a l feel+ 9
 mo/ ( my read]s1 bo? = ! in=mation     
conta9$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! two foll[+ lett]s2 
& ! correction ( ref]5ces 9 ! second1 ( 
:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i h omitt$ "s clos+ s5t5ces

 :i* ! writ] w1 ,i ?9k1 see to h be5    
unnecess>y4#ig     ,,nor? ,,/reet1      
,,wirkswor?3   ,augu/ #b1 #ahhj4  ,,de> 
,,sir1--,:5 read+ y\r int]e/+ article 9 
! ,june numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 &   
y\r quotation f ,walt] ,scott1 ,i 0     
/ruck ) ! great simil>ity betwe5 "s ( ! 
,scot* words & my native tongue         
7,norwegian74 ,:igmale]ie1 z to !       
d]ivation ( :i* y seem to be 9 "s       
p]plexity1 is 9 ,norwegian ,vgmal]i4    
,vg1 pron\nc$ ,vegg1 signify+ wall1 &   
,mal]i picture1 pron\nc$ almo/ ! same z 
9 ,scot*1 & d]iv$ f at male1 to pa9t4   
,siccan is 9 ,dani% sikk51 us$ m ab\t   
some?+ comical ?an great1 & sc>cely     
belong+ to ! writt5 language1 9 :i*     
slig1 su*1 & slig en1 su* a "o1 w\ld be 
! equival5t4 ,i ne$ n rem>k t z to !    
writt5 language ,dani% & ,norwegian is !
 same1 only ! dialects diff]4  ,hav+ be5
 told by "s ,engli% fri5ds t ?is        
explanation w\ld p]haps n be )\t int]e/ 
to y\rself1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( writ+ ?is
 lett]4 ,i rema9 y\rs respectfully1     

,,!a ,,b]g4     ,,inn] ,,temple3        
,septemb] #i1 #ahhj4  ,,sir1--,9 y\r la/
 article on ,fiction1 ,f\l & ,fair      
7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,septemb] #ahhj7 y h 
! foll[+ note3  ,juan viii4 #e 7x ought 
to be #i7 b by y\r ,lord%ip's quotation1
 ,wordswor? says 'in/rum5t' n 'daught]4'
  ,n[ 9 ,murray's edition ( ,byron1     
#ahcg1 octavo1 8 ,lord%ip's quotation is
 z foll[s3--    ,b ?y mo/ dread$        
in/rum5t   ,9 work+ out a pure int5t    
,is man arrang$ = mutual slaught]2      
,yea1 ,c>nage is ?y daught]4  ,& 8      
,lord%ip ref]s y to ,wordswor?'s        
,?anksgiv+ ,ode4  ,i h no e>ly edition (
 ,wordswor?4 ,9 ,moxon's1 #ahdd1 no su* 
l9es appe> 9 ! ,?anksgiv+ ,ode1 b 9 !   
ode dat$ #ahae1 & pr9t$ imm$iately be=e 
x1 ! foll[+ l9es occur4    ,b man is ?y 
mo/ awful in/rum5t   ,9 work+ out a pure
 int5t4  ,x is h>dly possible to avoid !
 conclusion t ,wordswor? alt]$ ! l9es   
aft] ,don ,juan 0 writt54 ,i am1 ) great
 respect1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1    ,,ralph 
,,?icknesse4    ,,john ,,rusk91 ,esq4   

,,footnotes3  ,footnote #hh3 ,novemb]1  
#ahhj4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #hi3 ,*ilde   
,h>old1 iv4 #gi2 comp>e ,adonais1 &     
,sismondi1 vol4 i4 p4 #adh4  ,footnote  
#ij3 ,adrian ! ,f\r?4 ,eug5ius di$ 9 !  
previ\s ye>4  ,footnote #ia3 ,all !     
multitudes ?rew !mselves on _! knees1   
pray+ m]cy 9 ! "n ( ! crosses !y bore3 !
 ,c\nt ( ,bl&rata took a cross f !      
enemies ) :om he _h s]v$1 & fell at !   
foot ( ! ?rone1 pray+ = m]cy to !m4 ,all
 ! c\rt & ! witness+ army 7 9 te>s--!   
,emp]or alone %[$ no sign ( emotion4    
,di/ru/+ 8 wife's s5sibility1 he _h     
=bidd5 h] pres5ce at ! c]emony2 !       
,milanese1 unable to approa* h]1 ?rew   
t[>ds h] w9d[s ! crosses !y c>ri$1 to   
plead = !m4--,sismondi 7,fr5* edition71 
vol4 i4 p4 #cgh4  ,footnote #ib3 ,! mo/ 
noble & t5d] confession is 9 ,allegra's 
epitaph1 ,i %all g to h]1 b %e %all n   
return to me4  ,footnote #ic3 ,hypocrisy
 is too good a ^w = ei!r ,pall ,mall or 
,trianon1 be+ ju/ly appli$ 7z always 9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t71 only to m5 ^: false    

religion has become e>ne/1 & a "p ( _!  
be+3 s t !y compass heav5 & e>? to make 
a proselyte4 ,!re is no relation betwe5 
m9ds ( ?is ord] & ^? ( common rogues4   
,nei!r ,t>tuffe nor ,joseph ,surface are
 hypocrites--!y are simply impo/ors3 b  
_m ( ! mo/ e>ne/ prea*]s 9 all exi/+    
*ur*es are hypocrites 9 ! highe/2 & !   
,t>tuffe-,squir$om & ,joseph            
,surface-,ma/]hood ( our virtu\s ,engl& 
:i* build *ur*es & pay prie/s to keep _!
 peasants & h&s peaceable1 s t r5ts & p]
 c5ts may be sp5t1 unnotic$1 9 !        
debau*]ies ( ! metropolis1 are d>k] =ms 
( impo/ure ?an ei!r heav5 or e>? h yet  
be5 compass$ by2 & :at !y are to end 91 
heav5 & e>? only "k4 ,comp>e aga91      
,isl&1 ii4 #d1 ! pray]s ( ,abel l9k$ to 
de$s ( ,ca91 & ,juan1 viii4 #be1 #bf4   
,footnote #id3 ,p]haps "s ev5 ( !       
att5tive read]s ( ,byron may n h obs]v$ 
! *oice ( ! ?ree names--,myrrha 7bitt]  
inc5se71 ,m>9a 7sea lady71 ,angiol9a    
7little angel7--9 relation to ! plots ( 
! ?ree plays4  ,footnote #ie3 ,i %all h 

lo/ my wits v f9ally :5 ,i =get ! fir/  
"t t ,i pleas$ my fa!r ) a c\plet (     
,engli% v]se 7aft] _m a ye> ( trials72 &
 ! radiant joy on 8 face z he decl>$1   
read+ x al\d to my "m ) emphasis half   
*ok$ by te>s1--t x 0 z f9e z any?+ t    
,pope or ,byron ev] wrote6  ,footnote   
#if3 ,( our t+le-tangle-titm\se disputes
 9 ,p>liam5t l ,rob9s 9 a bu%1 b n a    
,rob9 9 all ! h\se kn[+ 8 great ,a1 he> 
aga9 ,plato3 ,b !y1 = ev] s little a    
qu>rel1 utt]+ mu* voice1 blasphem+1     
speak evil "o ( ano!r1--& x is n becom+ 
t 9 a city ( well-ord]$ p]sons1 su* ?+s 
%\ld be--no2 no?+ ( !m noh[ n[h]e1--&   
let ?is be ! "o law = all--let nobody   
speak mis*ief ( anybody 7,greek3 ,md5a  
kakgoreit mdeis74--,laws1 book ii4 s4   
#ice2 & comp>e ,book iv4 #aag4          
,footnote #ig3 ,a p>agraph beg9n+ ,i f9d
 press corrections always irksome "w1 & 
9 my la/ pap] tru/ ! read]'s k9dness to 
make "s corrections 9 ! prec$+ pap]1 is 
"h omitt$1 & ! corrections made4--,,ed4 
,,fiction1 ,,fair ,,& ,,f\l4  ,v4#ih    

,,! ,,two ,,s]vants4   #ajj4 ,i h assum$
 ?r\gh\t ^! pap]s1 t ev]ybody knew :at  
,fiction meant2 z ,mr4 ,mill assum$ 9 8 
,political ,economy1 t ev]ybody knew :at
 weal? meant4 ,! assumption 0 conv5i5t  
to ,mr4 ,mill1 & p]si/$ 93 b1 = my own  
"p1 ,i am n 9 ! habit ( talk+1 ev5 s    
long z ,i h done 9 ?is in/ance1 )\t mak+
 sure t ! read] kn[s :at ,i am talk+    
ab\t2 & x is high "t t we %\ld be agre$ 
^u ! prim>y notion ( :at ,fiction is4   
,a feign$1 fictiti\s1 artificial1       
sup]natural1 put-toge!r-out-(-"o's-head1
 ?+4 ,all ?is x mu/ be1 to beg9 )4 ,!   
be/ type ( x be+ ! mo/ practically      
fictile--a ,greek vase4 ,a ?+ :i* has   
two sides to be se51 two h&les to be    
c>ri$ by1 & a bottom to /& on1 & a top  
to be p\r$ out (1 ?is1 e "r fiction is1 
:atev] else x may be4 ,plann$ rigor\sly1
 r\nd$ smoo?ly1 balanc$ symmetrically1  
h&l$ h&ily1 lipp$ s(tly = p\r+ out oil &
 w9e4 ,pa9t$ da9tily at la/ ) images (  
et]nal ?+s--    ,=ev] %alt ?\ love1 & %e
 be fair4  #aja4 ,q a diff]5t ?+ f a    

ca/1--?is "w ( clay 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]1 z
 x seem$ good to ! pott] to make x4 ,v  
int]e/+1 a ca/ f life may p]haps be2 m  
int]e/+1 to "s p p]haps1 a ca/ f        
dea?2--mo/ mod]n novels are l specim5s f
 ,lyme ,regis1 impressions ( skeletons 9
 mud4  ,plann$ rigor\sly--,i press !    
conditions aga9 "o by "o--x mu/ be1 z   
ev] ,memphian labyr9? or ,norman =tress4
 ,intricacy full ( delicate surprise2   
cov]$ way 9 secrecy ( accurate purposes1
 n a /one useless1 nor a ^w nor an      
incid5t ?r[n away4  ,r\nd$ smoo?ly--!   
:eel ( ,=tune revolv+ ) x 9 unfelt      
swiftness2 l ! _w1 its /ory ris+ l !    
dawn1 clos+ l ! sunset1 ) its own sweet 
light = e h\r4  ,balanc$                
symmetrically--hav+ its two sides cle>ly
 sep>ate1 its w> ( good & evil rightly  
divid$4 ,its figures mov+ 9 maje/ic law 
( light & %ade4  ,h&l$ h&ily--s t1 be+  
c>eful & g5tle1 y c take easy grasp ( x 
& all t x conta9s2 a ?+ giv5 into y\r h&
 h5ce=? to h & to hold4 ,compreh5sible1 
n a mass t bo? y\r arms _c get r\nd2    

t5able1 n a confus$ pebble heap ( :i* y 
c only lift "o pebble at a "t4  ,lipp$  
s(tly--full ( k9dness & com=t3 ! ,keats 
l9e inde$ ! p]petual message ( x--,= ev]
 %alt ?\ love1 & %e be fair4 ,all       
beautiful fiction is ( ! ,madonna1 :e!r 
! ,virg9 ( ,a!ns or (                   
,judah--,pan-,a!naic always4  ,& all f\l
 fiction is leze maje/ to ! ,madonna &  
to womanhood4 ,= inde$ ! great fiction (
 e human life is ! %ap+ ( its ,love1 )  
due prud5ce1 due imag9ation1 due        
p]si/5ce & p]fection f ! beg9n+ ( its   
/ory to ! end2 = e human s\l1 its       
,palladium4 ,& x foll[s t all "r        
imag9ative "w is beautiful1 :i* is a    
practical & brief law conc]n+ x4 ,all   
frightful ?+s are ei!r fooli%1 or sick1 
visits ( fr5zy1 or pollutions ( plague4 
#ajb4 ,tak+ ?us ! ,greek vase at its be/
 "t1 = ! symbol ( fair fiction3 ( f\l1 y
 may f9d 9 ! great entrance-room ( !    
,l\vre1 fill$ ) ! luxuri\s orfvr]ie ( ! 
sixte5? c5tury1 types p]fect &          
innum]able3 ,satyrs c>v$ 9 s]p5t9e1     

,gorgons platt$ 9 gold1 ,furies ) eyes (
 ruby1 ,scyllas ) scales ( pe>l2        
inf9itely wor?less toil1 inf9itely      
witless wick$ness2 pleasure satiat$ into
 idiocy1 passion provok$ into madness1  
no object ( ?\ght1 or sight1 or fancy1 b
 horror1 mutilation1 di/ortion1         
corruption1 agony ( w>1 insol5ce (      
disgrace1 & mis]y ( ,dea?4  ,x is true t
 ! ease ) :i* a s]p5t1 or some?+ t w be 
und]/ood = "o1 c be *as$ or wr\ght 9    
metal1 & ! small workmanly skill requir$
 to image a satyr's ho( & horns1 z      
comp>$ to t ne$$ = a human foot or      
=ehead1 h greatly influ5c$ ! *oice (    
subject by incompet5t smi?s2 & 9 l      
mann]1 ! preval5ce ( su* vici\s or ugly 
/ory 9 ! mass ( mod]n lit]ature is n s  
mu* a sign ( ! lascivi\sness ( ! age1 z 
( its /upidity1 ?\gh ea* react on ! o!r1
 & ! vapor ( ! sulphur\s pool becomes at
 la/ s diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( our      
cities1 t :om x _c corrupt1 x w at lea/ 
/ultify4  #ajc4 ,ye/]day1 ! la/ (       
,augu/1 came to me f ! ,f9e ,art        

,society1 a s]ies ( tw5ty black & :ite  
scrabbles#ii ( :i* ,i am in=m$ 9 an     
eloqu5t preface t ! au?or 0 a ,mi*ael   
,angelo ( ! glebe1 & t 8 %eph]ds & 8    
h]dswom5 are ak9 9 dignity & gr&eur to !
 prophets & ,sibyls ( ! ,si/9e4  ,glanc+
 ?r\gh ! s]ies ( ^! /up5d\s productions1
 ,i f9d "o peculi>ly *>act]i/ic &       
expressive ( mod]n picture-mak+ &       
novel-writ+1--call$ ,haul+ or m         
def9itely ,paysan r5trant du ,fumi]1 :i*
 repres5ts a man's back1 or at lea/ !   
back ( 8 wai/coat & tr\s]s1 & hat1 9    
full light1 & a small blot :]e 8 face   
%\ld be1 ) a small scrat* :]e its nose  
%\ld be1 elongat$ into "o repres5t+ a   
*9k ( timb] 9 ! backgr\nd4  ,exam9+ !   
volume f>!r1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ "s     
trace ( reasonable motive = !           
publication ( ^! works by ! ,society1 ,i
 p]ceive t ?is ,mi*ael ,angelo ( ! glebe
 _h inde$ natural faculty ( no mean ord]
 9 him1 & t ! woeful hi/ory ( 8 life    
conta9s v curi\s lessons respect+ !     
mod]n conditions ( ,imag9ation & ,art4  

#ajd4 ,i f9d 9 ! fir/ place1 t he 0 a   
,breton peasant2 8 gr&mo!r's godson1    
baptiz$ 9 good hope1 & *ri/5$ ,jean1    
aft] 8 fa!r1 & ,franois aft] ! ,sa9t (  
,assisi1 8 godmo!r's patron4 ,x 0 "u h] 
c>e & guidance & ^? ( 8 uncle1 ! ,abb   
,*>les1 t he 0 re>$2 & ! dignifi$ &     
labori\s e>ne/ness ( ^! gov]nors ( 8 0 a
 *ief influ5ce 9 8 life1 & a di/+ui%+   
feature 9 8 "*4 ,! ,millet family l$ an 
exi/5ce almo/ patri>*al 9 its unalt]able
 simplicity & dilig5ce2 & ! boy grew up 
9 an environm5t ( toil1 s9c]ity &       
dev\tness4 ,he 0 fo/]$ ^u ! ,bible1 & ! 
great book ( nature4444 ,:5 he woke1 x 0
 to ! l[+ ( cattle & ! song ( birds2 he 
0 at play all day1 among ! sights &     
s\nds ( ! op5 l&scape2 & he slept ) !   
murmur ( ! sp9n+-:eel 9 8 e>s1 & !      
memory ( ! ev5+ pray] 9 8 he>t4444 ,he  
le>n$ ,lat9 f ! p>i% prie/1 & f 8 uncle 
,*>les2 & he soon came to be a /ud5t (  
,virgil1 & :ile yet "y 9 8 te5s began to
 foll[ 8 fa!r out into ! fields1 &      
!nce=w>d1 z became ! elde/ boy 9 a l>ge 

family1 work$ h>d at graft+ & pl[+1 s[+ 
& reap+1 scy?+ & %e>+ & plant+1 & all ! 
_m duties ( husb&m54 ,mean:ile1 he _h   
tak5 to draw+ 444 copi$ ev]y?+ he saw1 &
 produc$ n only /udies b compositions   
also2 until at la/ 8 fa!r 0 mov$ to take
 him away f f>m+1 & h him taught pa9t+4 
#aje4 ,n[ all ?is is relat$ conc]n+ !   
lad's e>ly life by ! prefatory & comm5t+
 au?or1 z if expect+ ! g5]al read] to   
admit t !re _h be5 "s advantage = him 9 
?is mann] ( education3--t simplicity &  
dev\tness are :olesome /ates ( m9d2 t   
p>i% curs & uncle ,abbs are n betray]s  
or dev\r]s ( y\?ful innoc5ce--t !re is  
pr(itable read+ 9 ! ,bible1 & some?+    
agreeably soo?+--if n o!rwise useful--9 
! s\nd ( ev5+ pray]4 ,i may obs]ve also 
9 pass+1 t 8 education1 ?us f>1 is      
precisely :at1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ,i h be5
 describ+ z ! mo/ desirable = all p]sons
 int5d+ to lead an hone/ & ,*ri/ian     
life3 7my recomm5dation t peasants %\ld 
le>n ,lat9 hav+ be51 "s f\r or five ye>s
 ago1 ! subject ( mu* m]rim5t 9 ! pages 

( ,judy & o!r su* nurses ( div9e wisdom 
9 ! public m9d47 ,x h[ev] hav+ be5      
det]m9$ by ! boy's fa!r t he %\ld be a  
pa9t]1 & t art be+ unkn[n to ! ,abb     
,*>les & ! village ,cur 79 :i* mann] (  
ignorance1 if ! infallible ,pope did b  
"k x1 he & 8 n[ artless %eph]ds /& at a 
fatal disadvantage 9 ! _w z comp>$ )    
monks :o c\ld illum9ate ) color z well z
 ^w7--! simple "y s\l is s5t = ! exalt+ 
& f9i%+ ( its arti/ic faculties to      
,p>is4  #ajf4 ,:]e91 obs]v]s my         
prefatory au?or1 ! romantic movem5t 0 9 
! full tide ( prosp]ity4  ,hugo _h      
writt5 ,notre ,dame1 & ,musset _h       
publi%$ ,rolla & ! ,nuits2 ,balzac !    
,lys dans la ,valle2 ,gauti] ! ,comdie  
de la ,mort2 ,georges ,s& ,l"o ,lonie2 &
 a score ( wild & eloqu5t novels m2 & "u
 ! in/ruction ( ^! romantic au?ors1 8   
l&lady1 to :om he _h intru/$ ! few      
francs he possess$1 to dole out to him z
 he ne$$1 fell 9 love ) him1 & f9d+ he  
c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 respond to h]        
advances1 confiscat$ ! :ole deposit1 &  

left him p5niless4 ,! preface goes on to
 tell u h[1 n feel+ himself 9 h>mony )  
^! =ms ( ,romanticism1 he takes to !    
/udy ( ! ,inf9ite1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo2 h[
 he le>n$ to pa9t ! ,h]oic ,nude2 h[ he 
mix$ up = imitation ! mann]s ( ,rub5s1  
,rib]a1 ,mantegna1 & ,correggio2 h[ he  
/ruggl$ all 8 life ) neglect1 & endur$ )
 8 family e agony ( pov]ty2 ow$ 8 but*] 
& 8 groc]1 0 expos$ to endless worry &  
annoyance f writs & executions2 & :5    
fir/ 8 gr&mo!r di$1 & !n 8 "m1 nei!r    
dea?-b$ 0 able to raise ! money t w\ld h
 c>ri$ him f ,b>bizon to ,gru*y4  ,! "w 
n[ laid be=e ! public by ! ,f9e ,art    
,society is to be consid]$1             
!re=e--:atev] its m]its or defects may  
be--z an expression ( ! influ5ce ( !    
,inf9ite & ,mi*ael ,angelo on a m9d     
innoc5tly prep>$ = _! reception4 ,& 9   
ano!r place ,i may take occasion to po9t
 out ! peculi> adaptability ( mod]n et*+
 to ! expression ( ! ,inf9ite1 by !     
multitude ( scrat*es x c put on a       
surface )\t repres5t+ any?+ 9 p>ticul>2 

& to illu/ration ( ! maje/y ( ,mi*ael   
,angelo by pref]5ce ( ! backs & legs ( p
 to _! faces4  #ajg4 ,b ,i ref] to !    
book 9 ?is pap]1 p>tly inde$ because my 
m9d is full ( its sorr[1 & ,i may n be  
able to f9d ano!r opportunity ( say+ s2 
b *iefly1 because ! au?or ( ! preface   
has summ$ ! pr9cipal au?ors ( deprav$   
,fiction 9 a s+le s5t5ce2 & ,i want !   
read] to ask himself :y1 among all ! =ms
 ( ! picturesque :i* 7 sugge/$ by ?is   
body ( lit]>y lead]s1 none 7 acceptable 
by1 none helpful to1 ! m9d ( a y\? tra9$
 9 purity & fai?4  ,he w f9d1 if he     
reflect1 t x is n 9 romantic1 or any o!r
 heal?y aim1 t ! s*ool deta*es itself f 
^? call$ sometimes by rec5t writ]s      
classical2 b fir/ by ,infidelity1 & an  
abs5ce ( ! religi\s elem5t s total t at 
la/ x passes into ! hatr$ ( prie/hood   
:i* has become *>act]i/ic (             
,republicanism2 & secondly1 by ! ta9t & 
leprosy ( animal passion idealiz$ z a   
gov]n+ p[] ( humanity1 or at lea/ us$ z 
! *ief elem5t ( int]e/ 9 ! conduct ( its

 hi/ories4 ,x is ) ! ,s9 ( ,ma/] ,an?ony
 t ,georges ,s& 7:o is ! be/ ( !m7      
ov]%ad[s ! entire c\rse ( a novel meant 
to recomm5d simplicity ( life--& by !   
weakness ( ,consuelo t ! same au?oress  
?9ks x natural to set (f ! spl5dor ( !  
mo/ exalt$ musical g5ius4  ,i am n able 
to judge ( ! degree ( moral purpose1 or 
conviction1 ) :i* any ( ! noveli/s      
wrote4 ,b ,i am able to say ) c]ta9ty t1
 :atev] _! purpose1 _! me?od is mi/ak51 
& t no good is ev] done to society by ! 
pictorial repres5tation ( its diseases4 
#ajh4 ,all heal?y & helpful lit]ature   
sets simple b>s betwe5 "r & wrong2      
assumes ! possibility1 9 m5 & wom51 (   
hav+ heal?y m9ds 9 heal?y bodies1 &     
loses no "t 9 ! diagnosis ( fev] or     
dyspepsia 9 ei!r2 lea/ ( all 9 !        
p>ticul> k9d ( fev] :i* signifies !     
ungov]n$ excess ( any appetite or       
passion4 ,! dullness :i* _m mod]n read]s
 inevitably feel1 & "s mod]n blockheads 
?9k x cr$itable to allege1 9 ,scott1    
consi/s n a little 9 8 absolute purity f

 e loa?some elem5t or excitem5t ( ! l[] 
passions2 s t p :o live habitually 9    
,satyric or hirc9e conditions ( ?\ght   
f9d him z insipid z !y w\ld a picture ( 
,angelico's4 ,! accurate & tr5*ant      
sep>ation betwe5 him & ! common         
railroad-/ation noveli/ is t1 9 8 total 
me?od ( conception1 only l(ty "* is wor?
 describ+ at all2 & x becomes int]e/+1 n
 by its faults1 b by ! difficulties &   
accid5ts ( ! =tune ?r\gh :i* x passes1  
:ile1 9 ! railway novel1 int]e/ is      
obta9$ ) ! vulg> read] = ! vile/ "*1    
because ! au?or describes c>efully to 8 
recognition ! blot*es1 burrs & pimples 9
 :i* ! paltry nature resembles 8 own4 ,!
 ,mill on ! ,floss is p]haps ! mo/ /rik+
 in/ance extant ( ?is /udy ( cutane\s   
disease4 ,!re is n a s+le p]son 9 ! book
 ( ! smalle/ importance to anybody 9 !  
_w b !mselves1 or ^: qualities des]v$ s 
mu* z a l9e ( pr9t]'s type 9 _!         
description4 ,!re is no girl alive1     
fairly clev]1 half educat$1 & unluckily 
relat$1 ^: life has n at lea/ z mu* 9 x 

z ,maggie's1 to be describ$ & to be     
piti$4 ,tom is a clumsy & cruel l\t1 ) !
 mak+ ( bett] ?+s 9 him 7& ! same may be
 said ( ne>ly e ,engli%man at pres5t    
smok+ & elb[+ 8 way ?r\gh ! ugly _w 8   
blund]s h contribut$ to ! mak+ (72 :ile 
! re/ ( ! *>act]s are simply ! sweep+s  
out ( a ,p5tonville omnibus4#ajj  #aji4 
,& x is v necess>y t we %\ld di/+ui% ?is
 ess5tially ,cockney lit]ature1 develop$
 only 9 ! ,london suburbs1 & fe$+ ! dem&
 ( ! r[s ( simil> brick h\ses1 :i* bran*
 9 dev\r+ canc] r\nd e manufactur+      
t[n1--f ! really romantic lit]ature (   
,france4 ,georges ,s& is (t5 immoral2 b 
%e is always beautiful1 & 9 ! *>act]i/ic
 novel ,i h nam$1 ,le ,p* de ,mons4     
,anto9e1 ! five pr9cipal *>act]s1 ! old 
,cavali] ,m>quis1--! ,c>p5t]1--,m4 de   
,*ateaubrun1--,gilb]te1--& ! really     
passionate & g5]\s lov]1 are all z h]oic
 & radiantly ideal z ,scott's ,colonel  
,mann]+1 ,ca!r9e ,seyton1 & ,rol&       
,graeme2 :ile ! l&scape is ri* & true ) 
! emotion ( ye>s ( life pass$ 9 gl5s (  

,norman granite & beside bays ( ,italian
 sea4 ,b 9 ! ,engli% ,cockney s*ool1 :i*
 consummates itself 9 ,george ,eliot1 ! 
p]sonages are pick$ up f beh9d ! c\nt] &
 out ( ! gutt]2 & ! l&scape1 by         
excursion tra9 to ,graves5d1 ) return   
ticket = ! ,city-road4  #aaj4 ,b !      
second reason = ! dullness ( ,scott to !
 un$ucat$ or mis$ucat$ read] lies f>    
deep]2 & its analysis is relat$ to ! mo/
 subtle que/ions 9 ! ,arts ( ,design4   
,! mix$ gayety & gloom 9 ! plan ( any   
mod]n novel fairly clev] 9 ! make ( x1  
may be lik5$1 almo/ ) precision1 to !   
pat*work ( a ,h>lequ9's dress1 well     
spangl$2 a pretty ?+ en\gh1 if ! human  
=m b5ea? x be graceful & active4 ,few   
p]sonages on ! /age are m delightful to 
me ?an a good ,h>lequ92 also1 if ,i     
*ance to h no?+ bett] to d1 ,i c /ill   
read my ,georges ,s& or ,alfr$ de       
,musset ) mu* cont5tm5t1 if only ! /ory 
end well4  ,b we mu/ n dress ,cordelia  
or ,rosal9d 9 robes ( triangul> pat*es1 
cov]$ ) spangles1 by way ( mak+ ! c\p   

d'oeil ( !m less dull2 & s ! /ory-tell+ 
( ,scott is l ! robe ( ! ,si/9e         
,zipporah--embroid]$ only on ! edges )  
gold & blue1 & ! embroid]y involv+ a    
leg5d writt5 9 my/ic lett]s4  ,& !      
int]e/ & joy :i* he int5ds 8 read] to   
f9d 9 8 tale1 are 9 tak+ up ! gold5     
?read "h & !re 9 its int5d$ recurr5ce--&
 foll[+1 z x rises aga9 & aga91 8 melody
 ?r\gh ! discipl9$ & unacc5t$ m>* ( !   
fugue4  #aaa4 ,?us ! entire *>m & mean+ 
( ! /ory ( ! ,mona/]y dep5d on ! degree 
( sympa?y ) :i* we comp>e ! fir/ & la/  
incid5ts ( ! appe>ance ( a "*1 :om      
p]haps n "o 9 tw5ty read]s w\ld rememb] 
z belong+ to ! dramatis p]son--,/aw>?   
,bolton4  ,*ildless1 he assures safety 9
 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! op5+ tale to ! wid[ (  
,gl5d9n+ & h] two *ildr5--! eld] boy    
*all5g+ him at ! mom5t1 ,i w w> on !e to
 ! dea?1 :5 ,i c draw my fa!r's sword4  
,9 virtually ! la/ sc5e1 ! gr[n y\?1 n[ 
9 comm& ( a small company ( spe>m5 9 !  
,reg5t ,murray's s]vice1 is on foot1 9 !
 fir/ pause aft] ! battle at            

,k5naquhair1 beside ! dead bodies (     
,julian ,av5el & ,*ri/ie1 & ! dy+       
,ca!r9e4#aja  ,gl5d9n+ =got = a mom5t 8 
own situation & duties1 & 0 fir/ recall$
 to !m by a trampl+ ( horse1 & ! cry (  
,/4 ,george = ,engl&1 :i* ! ,engli%     
soldi]s /ill cont9u$ to use4 ,8 h&ful ( 
m51 = mo/ ( ! /raggl]s _h wait$ =       
,murray's com+ up1 rema9$ on horseback1 
hold+ _! lances upright1 hav+ no comm&  
ei!r to submit or resi/4  ,!re /&s our  
capta91 said "o ( !m1 z a /rong p>ty (  
,engli% came up1 ! vangu>d ( ,fo/]'s    
troop4  ,y\r capta96 ) 8 sword %ea!d1 & 
on foot 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 enemy8 a raw    
soldi]1 ,i w>rant him1 said ! ,engli%   
lead]4 ,s6 ho6 "y man1 is y\r dream out1
 & w y n[ answ] me if y w fight or fly8 
,nei!r1 answ]$ ,halb]t ,gl5d9n+1 ) great
 tranquillity4  ,!n ?r[ d[n ?y sword &  
yield !e1 answ]$ ! ,engli%man4  ,n till 
,i c help myself no o!rwise1 said       
,halb]t1 ) ! same mod]ation ( tone &    
mann]4  ,art ?\ = ?9e own h&1 fri5d1 or 
to :om do/ ?\ owe s]vice8 dem&$ !       

,engli% capta94  ,to ! noble ,e>l (     
,murray4  ,!n ?\ s]ve/1 said ! ,s\?ron1 
! mo/ disloyal nobleman :o brea!s--false
 bo? to ,engl& & ,scotl&4  ,?\ lie/1    
said ,gl5d9n+1 reg>dless ( all          
consequ5ces4  ,ha6 art ?\ s hot n[1 &   
w]t s cold b a m9ute s9ce8 ,i lie1 d ,i8
 ,wilt ?\ d battle ) me on t qu>rel8  ,)
 "o to "o1 "o to two1 or two to five1 z 
y li/1 said ,halb]t ,gl5d9n+2 grant me b
 a fair field4  ,t ?\ %alt h4 ,/& back1 
my mates1 said ! brave ,engli%man4 ,if  
,i fall1 give him fair play1 & let him g
 (f free ) 8 p4  ,long life to ! noble  
capta96 cri$ ! soldi]s1 z impati5t to   
see ! duel z if x _h be5 a bull4  ,he w 
h a %ort life ( x1 ?\gh1 said ! s]geant1
 if he1 an old man ( sixty1 is to fight 
= any reason1 or = no reason1 ) e man he
 meets1 & especially ! "y fell[s he     
might be fa!r to4 ,& "h comes ! w>d51   
besides1 to see ! sword-play4  ,9 fact1 
,sir ,john ,fo/] came up ) a consid]able
 body ( 8 horsem51 j z 8 capta91 ^: age 
r5d]$ him unequal to ! combat ) s /rong 

& active a y\? z ,gl5d9n+1 lo/ 8        
sword4#ajb  ,take x up = %ame1 old      
,/aw>? ,bolton1 said ! ,engli% w>d52 &  
?\1 "y man1 get y gone to y\r own       
fri5ds1 & loit] n "h4  ,not)/&+ ?is     
p]emptory ord]1 ,halb]t ,gl5d9n+ c\ld n 
help /opp+ to ca/ a look ^u ! un=tunate 
,ca!r9e1 :o lay ins5sible ( ! dang] & ( 
! trampl+ ( s _m horses ar\nd           
h]--ins5sible1 z ! second glance assur$ 
him1 ( all & =ev]4 ,gl5d9n+ almo/       
rejoic$ :5 he saw t ! la/ mis]y ( life 0
 ov]1 & t ! ho(s ( ! w>-horses1 among/  
:i* he 0 compell$ to leave h]1 c\ld only
 injure & deface a s5seless corpse4 ,he 
caught ! infant f h] arms1 half a%am$ ( 
! %\t ( laught] :i* rose on all sides1  
at see+ an arm$ man 9 su* a situation   
assume su* an unwont$ & inconv5i5t      
burd54  ,%\ld] y\r infant6 cri$ a       
h>quebusi]4  ,port y\r infant6 said a   
pikeman4  ,peace1 ye brutes6 said ,/aw>?
 ,bolton1 & respect humanity 9 o!rs1 if 
y h none y\rselves4 ,i p>don ! lad hav+ 
done "s discr$it to my gray hairs1 :5 ,i

 see him take c>e ( t helpless creature1
 :i* ye w\ld h trampl$ ^u z if ye _h be5
 litt]$ ( bit*-wolves1 n born ( wom54   
,! infant ?us sav$ is ! heir ( ,av5el1 &
 ! intricacy & fateful be>+ ( e incid5t 
& ^w 9 ! sc5e1 knitt+ into "o c5tral    
mom5t all ! clews to ! plot ( two       
romances1 z ! ri* boss ( a ,go?ic vault 
ga!rs ! %aft mold+s ( x1 c only be felt 
by an entirely att5tive read]2 j z 7to  
foll[ out ! lik5ess on ,scott's own     
gr\nd7 ! will[-wrea?s *ang$ to /one (   
,melrose trac]y c only be caught 9 _!   
plight+ by ! ke5e/ eyes4 ,! me%es are   
aga9 ga!r$ by ! ma/]'s own h& :5 ! *ild 
n[ 9 ,halb]t's arms1 tw5ty ye>s h5ce1   
/oops ov] him to unlace 8 helmet1 z !   
fall5 knight lies s5seless on ! field ( 
,c>b]ry ,hill4#ajc  #aab4 ,b !re is     
ano!r1 & a /ill m hidd5 me?od 9 ,scott's
 design+ ( /ory1 9 :i*1 tak+ extreme    
pa9s1 he c\nts on mu* sympa?y f ! read]1
 & c assur$ly f9d none 9 a mod]n /ud5t4 
,! moral purpose ( ! :ole1 :i* he ass]t$
 9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition (        

,wav]ley1 0 involv$ always ) ! m9ute/   
/udy ( ! effects ( true & false religion
 on ! conduct2--:i* subject be+ always  
t\*$ ) 8 utmo/ lightness ( h& &         
/eal?9ess ( art1 & f\nd$ on a k ( !     
,scot* "* & ! human he>t1 su* z no o!r  
liv+ man possess$1 8 purpose (t5 escapes
 fir/ obs]vation z completely z ! inn]  
feel+s ( liv+ p d2 & ,i am myself amaz$1
 z ,i take any s+le piece ( 8 "w up =   
exam9ation1 to f9d h[ _m ( its po9ts ,i 
_h be=e miss$ or disreg>d$4  #aac4 ,!   
gr\ps ( p]sonages ^: conduct 9 ! ,scott 
romance is def9itely affect$ by religi\s
 conviction1 may be arrang$ broadly1 z  
^? ( ! actual _w1 "u ^! foll[+ heads3   
#a4 ,! l[e/ gr\p consi/s ( p]sons :o1   
believ+ 9 ! g5]al tru?s ( ,evangelical  
religion1 accommodate !m to _! passions1
 & are capable1 by gradual increase 9   
depravity1 ( any crime or viol5ce4 ,i am
 n go+ to include ^! 9 our pres5t /udy4 
,trumbull 7,r$ ,gauntlet71 ,tru/y       
,tomkyns 7,wood/ock71 ,burley 7,old     
,mortality71 are ?ree ( ! pr9cipal      

types4  #b4 ,! next rank above ^!       
consi/s ( m5 :o believe firmly & truly  
en\gh to be re/ra9$ f any conduct :i* !y
 cle>ly recognize z crim9al1 b ^:       
natural selfi%ness r5d]s !m incapable ( 
und]/&+ ! morality ( ! ,bible above a   
c]ta9 po9t2 & ^: imp]fect p[]s ( ?\ght  
leave !m liable 9 _m directions to !    
w>p+ ( self-int]e/ or ( small           
temptations4  ,fairs]vice4 ,blatt]g[l4  
,kettl$rummle4 ,gift$ ,gilfillan4  #c4  
,! ?ird ord] consi/s ( m5 naturally j & 
hone/1 b ) little sympa?y & mu* pride1 9
 :om _! religion1 :ile 9 ! dep? ( x     
support+ _! be/ virtues1 br+s out on !  
surface all _! wor/ faults1 & makes !m  
c5sori\s1 tiresome1 & (t5 fe>fully      
mis*iev\s4  ,ri*ie ,moniplies4 ,davie   
,deans4 ,mause ,h$rigg4  #d4 ,!         
en?usia/ic type1 lead+ to mission>y     
ef=t1 (t5 to m>tyrdom4  ,w>d51 9        
,mona/]y4 ,colonel ,g>d9]4 ,ephraim     
,macbri>4 ,jo%ua ,g$des4  #e4 ,highe/   
type1 fulfill+ daily duty2 always g5tle1
 entirely firm1 ! com=t & /r5g? ( all   

ar\nd !m2 m]ciful to e human fault1 &   
submissive )\t ang] to e human          
oppression4  ,ra*el ,g$des4 ,jeanie     
,deans4 ,bessie ,maclure1 9 ,old        
,mortality--! ,que5 ( all4  #aad4 ,9 !  
pres5t pap]1 ,i ask ! read]'s pati5ce   
only ) my fulfillm5t ( a promise long   
s9ce made1 to m>k ! opposition ( !      
effects ( an entirely simil> religi\s   
fai? 9 two m5 ( inf]ior position1       
repres5t+ 9 p]fectness ! commone/ types 
9 ,scotl& ( ! second & ?ird ord] (      
religioni/s "h di/+ui%$1 ,&rew          
,fairs]vice 7,rob ,roy71 & ,ri*ie       
,moniplies 7,nigel74  ,! names ( bo? !  
m5 imply deceitfulness ( "o k9d or      
ano!r--,fairs]vice1 z s]v+ fairly only 9
 pret5se2 ,moniplies1 z hav+ _m w9d+s1  
turns1 & ways ( escape4 ,scott's names  
are !mselves s ,monipli$ t !y ne$ z mu* 
foll[+ out z ,%akespe>e's2 & z _! roots 
are pure ,scot*1 & few p h a good       
,scotti% gloss>y beside !m1 or w\ld use 
x if !y _h1 ! novels are usually read   
)\t any turn+ ( ! fir/ keys to !m4 ,i   

did n myself "k till v lately ! root (  
,d&ie ,d9mont's "n--,d9mont1 a          
two-ye>-old %eep2 /ill less t (         
,moniplies1 :i* ,i _h be5 always cont5t 
to take ,ma/] ,george ,h]iot's r5d]+ (3 
,?is fell[ is n ill-nam$--he has m plies
 ?an "o 9 8 cloak4 7,nigel1 i4 #gb47 ,9 
its fir/ s5se1 x is ! ,scot* ^w = tripe1
 ,moniplies be+ a but*]'s son4  #aae4   
,cunn+1 !n1 !y bo? are1 9 a high        
degree--b ,fairs]vice only = himself1   
,moniplies = himself & 8 fri5d2 or1 9   
grave bus9ess1 ev5 = 8 fri5d fir/4 ,b x 
is "o ( ,scott's fir/ pr9ciples ( moral 
law t cunn+ nev] %all succe$1 unless    
def9itely employ$ aga9/ an enemy by a   
p]son ^: ess5tial "* is :olly frank &   
true2 z by ,rol& aga9/ ,lady ,lo*lev51  
or ,mysie ,happ] aga9/ ,dan ( !         
,h[let-hir/2 b consi/5t cunn+ 9 ! "*    
always fails3 ,scott all[s no ,ulyssean 
h]o4  ,!re=e ! cunn+ ( ,fairs]vice fails
 always1 & totally2 b t ( ,moniplies    
precisely accord+ to ! degree ( its     
selfi%ness3 :olly1 9 ! affair ( !       

petition--7,i am sure ,i _h a' ! "r & a'
 ! risk1 i4 #gc7--p>tially1 9 t ( !     
c>canet4 ,?is he himself at la/         
recognizes ) complac5cy3--  ,i ?9k y    
might h left me1 says ,nigel 9 _! p>t+  
sc5e 7i4 #bhf71 to act accord+ to my own
 judgm5t4  ,mickle bett] n1 answ]$      
,ri*ie2 mickle bett] n4 ,we are a' frail
 creatures1 & c judge bett] = ilk i!r   
?an 9 our own cases4 ,& = me--ev5       
myself--,i h always obs]v$ myself to be 
mu* m prud5tial 9 :at ,i h done 9 y\r   
lord%ip's behalf1 ?an ev5 9 :at ,i h be5
 able to transact = my own int]e/--:ilk 
la/1 ,i h1 inde$1 always po/pon$1 z 9   
duty ,i ought4  ,i d believe ?\ ha/1    
answ]$ ,"l ,nigel1 hav+ ev] f\nd !e true
 & fai?ful4  ,& 8 f9al success is       
entirely ow+ to 8 c\rage & fidelity1 n  
to 8 cunn+4  ,to ?is subtlety bo? ! m5  
jo9 consid]able p[] ( p5etration into ! 
weaknesses ( "*2 b ,fairs]vice only sees
 ! surface-fail+s1 & has no respect =   
any k9d ( nobl5ess2 :ile ,ri*ie wat*es !
 gradual l[]+ ( 8 ma/]'s "* & reputation

 ) e>ne/ sorr[4       ,my "l1 said      
,ri*ie1 to be r\nd ) y1 ! grace ( ,god  
is      bett] ?an gold pieces1 &1 if !y 
7 my la/ words1 he said1      rais+ 8   
voice1 ,i w\ld say y are misl$1 & are   
=sak+      ! pa?s y\r honorable fa!r    
trode 92 & :at is m1 y are              
go+--/ill "u correction--to ! devil ) a 
di%cl\t1 =      ye are laugh$ at by !m t
 lead y into ^! disord]$      bypa?s 7i4
 #bhb74  #aaf4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 note t !
 p5etration ( ,moniplies1--?\gh1 z      
a=esaid1 m into faults ?an virtues1--be+
 yet f\nd$ on ! tru? ( 8 own nature1 is 
undeceivable4 ,no rogue c escape him =  
an in/ant2 & he sees ?r\gh all !        
ma*9ations ( ,"l ,gl5v>lo*'s enemies f !
 fir/2 :ile ,fairs]vice1 %rewd en\gh 9  
detect+ ! follies ( good p1 is q        
helpless be=e knaves1 & is deceiv$ ?ree 
times ov] by 8 own *os5 fri5ds--fir/ by 
! lawy]'s cl]k1 ,t\?ope 7ii4 #ba71 !n by
 ! hypocrite ,mac,vittie1 & f9ally by 8 
true blue ,presbyt]ian fri5d ,laurie4   
,9 ^! fir/ elem5ts ( "* ! m5 are ?us    

broadly di/+ui%$2 b 9 ! next1 requir+   
analysis1 ! diff]5ces are mu* m subtle4 
,bo? ( !m h1 9 ne>ly equal degree1 !    
peculi> love ( do+ or say+ :at is       
provok+1 by an exact contr>iety to !    
wi%es ( ! p]son !y are deal+ )1 :i* is a
 fault inh]5t 9 ! r\gh side ( un$ucat$  
,scotti% "*2 b 9 ,&rew1 ! habit is *eck$
 by 8 self-int]e/1 s t x is only beh9d 8
 ma/]'s back t we he> 8 op9ion ( him2 & 
only :5 he has lo/ 8 temp] t ! inh]5t   
provocativ5ess comes out--7see ! d>k    
ride into ,scotl&74  ,on ! contr>y1     
,moniplies nev] speaks b 9 praise ( 8   
abs5t ma/]2 b exults 9 mortify+ him 9   
direct colloquy3 yet nev] indulges ?is  
amiable disposition except ) a really   
k9d purpose1 & entirely kn[+ :at he is  
ab\t4 ,fairs]vice1 on ! o!r h&1         
gradually falls into an unconsci\s      
fatality ( v>i$ blund] & provocation2 & 
at la/ causes ! entire cata/rophe ( !   
/ory by br++ 9 ! c&les :5 he has be5    
ord]$ to /ay d[n/airs4  #aag4 ,we h next
 to rememb] t ) ,scott1 ,tru? & ,c\rage 

are "o4 ,he some:at ov]valu$ animal     
c\rage--hold+ x ! basis ( all o!r       
virtue--9 8 own words1 ,)\t c\rage !re c
 be no tru?1 & )\t tru? no virtue4 ,he  
w\ld1 h[ev]1 sometimes all[ 8 villa9s to
 possess ! basis1 )\t ! sup]-/ructure1 &
 ?us ,ra%leigh1 ,dalg>no1 ,balf\r1      
,v>ney1 & o!r m5 ( t /amp are to be     
c>efully di/+ui%$ f 8 err+ h]oes1       
,m>mion1 ,b]tram1 ,*ri/ie ( ! ,cl9?ill1 
or ,nanty ,ew>t1 9 :om loyalty is always
 ! real /r5g? ( ! "*1 & ! faults ( life 
are ow+ to tempor>y passion or evil     
fate4 ,scott diff]s 9 ?is /&>d ( h]oism 
mat]ially f ,byron1#ajd 9 ^: eyes m]e   
c\rage1 ) /rong affections1 are en\gh = 
admiration3 :ile ,b]tram1 & ev5 ,m>mion1
 ?\gh loyal to 8 c\ntry1 are meant only 
to be piti$--n honor$4 ,b nei!r ,scott  
nor ,byron w ev] all[ any gra9 ( m]cy to
 a c[>d2 & ! f9al diff]5ce1 !re=e1      
betwe5 ,fairs]vice & ,moniplies1 :i*    
decides _! fate 9 ,scott's h&s1 is t    
betwe5 _! c\rage & c[>dice4 ,fairs]vice 
is driv5 out at ! kit*5 door1 nev] to be

 he>d ( m1 :ile ,ri*ie rises into ,sir  
,ri*ie ( ,ca/le-,collop--! read] may    
p]haps at ! mom5t ?9k by too c>eless    
grace on ! ,k+'s "p2 :i*1 inde$1 ,scott 
9 "s measure meant2--b ! grotesqu5ess & 
(t5 evasiv5ess ( ,ri*ie's common mann]  
make u =get h[ surely 8 bitt] ^w is     
back$ by 8 ready bl[1 :5 ne$ is4 ,8 fir/
 introduction to u 7i4 #cc71 is because 
8 quick temp] ov]comes 8 caution1--     
,i ?\ght to mysel'1 ',ye are owre mony =
 me to mell )2 b      let me cat* ye 9  
,b>=d's ,p>k1 or at ! fit ( ! v5nel1 ,i 
c\ld g> "s ( ye s+ ano!r sang4' ,sae1 ae
 auld hirpl+      deevil ( a pott]      
behov$ j to /ep 9 my way & (f] me a     
pig1 z he said1 j to pit my ,scot*      
o9tm5t 91 & ,i gave him      a pu%1 z b 
natural1 & ! tott]+ deevil c\p$ owre    
amang      8 a9 pigs1 & damag$ a score (
 !m4 ,& !n !      reird#aje raise--     
:ile 9 ! close ( ! ev5ts 7ii4 #cfe71 he 
w9s 8 wife by a piece ( h&-to-h& fight+1
 ( ! value ( :i* 8 cool & /]n e/imate1 9
 answ] to ! gay ,templ>1 is "o ( ! great

 s5t5ces m>k+ ,scott's und]curr5t ( two 
feel+s ab\t w>1 9 spite ( 8 love ( its  
h]oism4  ,bravo1 ,ri*ie1 cri$ ,l[e/(fe1 
:y1 man1 !re lies ,s9 /ruck d[n l an ox1
 & ,iniquity's ?roat cut l a calf4  ,i  
"k n :y y %\ld upbraid me ) my upbr++1  
,ma/] ,l[e/(fe1 answ]$ ,ri*ie1 ) great  
composure2 b ,i c tell y1 ! %ambles is n
 a bad place = tra9+ "o to ?is "w4      
#aah4 ,^! !n be+ ! radical conditions ( 
native "* 9 ! two m51 :olly irrespective
 ( _! religi\s p]suasion1 we h to note  
:at =m _! ,presbyt]ian fai? takes 9 ea*1
 & :at effect x has on _! consci5ces4   
,9 ,ri*ie1 x has little to d2 8         
consci5ce be+1 9 ! deep ( x1 frank &    
cle>4 ,8 religion comm&s him no?+ :i* he
 is n at once ready to d1 or has n      
habitually done2 & x =bids him no?+ :i* 
he is unwill+ to =ego4 ,he pleads no    
p>don f x = kn[n faults2 he seeks no    
evasions 9 ! lett] ( x = violations (   
its _s4 ,we are sc>cely !re=e aw>e ( its
 vital p[] 9 him1 unless at mom5ts ( v  
grave feel+ & its necess>y expression4  

,:]e=e1 z ! lett] w n avail y ) him to  
:om x is      direct$1 y may believe t  
,heav5 ha? s5t x to me1 :o      h a     
special reg>d = ! writ]--h besides1 z   
mu* m]cy      & hone/y )9 me z man c    
weel mak' 8 bread )1 & am      will+ to 
aid any di/ress$ creature1 t is my      
fri5d's      fri5d4  ,s1 aga91 9 ! deep 
feel+ :i* rebukes 8 ma/]'s c>eless ru9 (
 ! poor appr5tice--       ,i say1 !n1 z 
,i am a true man1 :5 ,i saw t puir      
creature      come ?r\gh ! ha' at t     
ord9>y1 :ilk is accur/ 7,heav5          
=give me = swe>+7 ( ,god & man1 ) 8 tee?
 set1 &      8 h&s cl5*$1 & 8 bonnet    
drawn ov] 8 br[s4444 ,he      /opp$ a   
mom5t1 & look$ fix$ly 9 8 ma/]'s face4  
--& aga9 9 sav+ ! poor lad himself :5 he
 takes ! /reet to 8 la/ de/ruction )    
burn+ he>t & blood%ot eye3       ,:y d y
 /op my way8 he said fi]cely4           
,because x is a bad "o1 ,ma/] ,j5k91    
said ,ri*ie4       ,nay1 nev] />t ab\t  
x1 man2 y see y are kn[n4               
,alack-a-day6 t an hone/ man's son %\ld 

live to />t at      he>+ himself call$  
by 8 own "n4       ,i pray y 9 good     
fa%ion to let me g1 said ,j5k94 ,i am 9 
! humor to be dang]\s to myself1 or to  
anyone4       ,i w abide ! risk1 said ! 
,scot1 if y w b come )      me4 ,y are !
 v lad 9 ! _w :om ,i mo/ wi% to         
meet4#ajf       ,& y1 answ]$ ,v9c5t1 or 
any ( y\r begg>ly c\ntrym51      are !  
la/ sight ,i %\ld ev] wi% to see4 ,y    
,scots are ev]      fair & false4       
,z to our pov]ty1 fri5d1 repli$ ,ri*ie1 
t is z ,heav5      pleases2 b t\*+ our  
falsity1 ,i'll prove to y t a           
,scotsman be>s z leal & true a he>t to 8
 fri5d z ev] beat      9 an ,engli%     
d\blet4  #aai4 ,9 ^!1 & o!r su*         
passages1 x w be felt t ,i h done ,ri*ie
 "s inju/ice 9 class+ him among !       
religioni/s :o h little sympa?y6 ,= all 
real di/ress1 8 compassion is in/ant2 b 
8 doctr9al religion becomes imm$iately  
to him a cause ( failure 9 *>ity4       
,yon div9e has ano!r air f p[]ful ,ma/] 
,rollock1 & ,mess      ,david ,black (  

,nor? ,lei?1 & sic l4 ,alack-a-day1 :a c
 k51      if x please y\r lord%ip1 :e!r 
sic pray]s z ! ,s\?rons      read out ( 
_! auld ble!r+ black mess-book !re1 may 
n be      z p[]ful to invite fi5ds1 z a 
"r r$-het pray] w>m f      ! he>t may be
 p[]ful to drive !m away2 ev5 z ! evil  
_s 0 driv5 by ! smell ( ! fi%'s liv] f !
 bridal      *amb] ( ,s>a1 ! daught] (  
,raguel6  ,! sc5e 9 :i* ?is spee* occurs
 is "o ( ,scott's mo/ f9i%$ pieces1 %[+ 
) supreme art h[ f> ! weakness (        
,ri*ie's sup]/iti\s =mality is increas$ 
by 8 be+ at ! "t p>tially drunk6  ,x is 
on ! o!r h& to be not$ to 8 cr$it1 = an 
e>ne/ & se>*+ ,bible-read]1 t he quotes 
! ,apocrypha4 ,n s gift$ ,gilfillan1--  
,b if y\r honor wad consid] ! case (    
,tobit--6       ,tobit6 exclaim$        
,gilfillan ) great heat2 ,tobit & 8 dog 
bai? are altoge!r hea!ni% & apocryphal1 
& none b a      prelati/ or a papi/ w\ld
 draw !m into "q4 ,i d\bt ,i hae        
be5 mi/a'en 9 y1 fri5d4  ,gilfillan &   
,fairs]vice are exactly alike1 & bo? are

 di/+ui%$ f ,moniplies 9 _! scornfully  
exclusive dogmatism1 :i* is inde$ !     
di/9ctive plague-spot ( ! l[]           
evangelical sect ev]y:]e1 & ! wor/      
blight ( ! n>r[ natures1 capable ( its  
zeal\s pr(ession4 ,9 ,blatt]g[l1 on !   
contr>y1 z 8 "n implies1 ! doctr9al     
tea*+ has become m]e ,bla!r1 ,blatt]1 or
 patt]--a /r+ ( commonplaces spok5      
habitually 9 p]=mance ( 8 cl]ical       
function1 b ) no p]sonal or sect>ian    
int]e/ 9 !m on 8 "p4  ,he said f9e ?+s  
on ! duty o' resignation to ! w (       
,god--t did he2 b 8 own m9d is fix$ "u  
ord9>y circum/ances only on ! income &  
privilege ( 8 position4 ,scott h[ev]    
indicates ?is )\t sev]ity z "o ( !      
weaknesses ( an e/abli%$ *ur*1 to !     
g5]al pr9ciple ( :i*1 z to all o!r      
e/abli%$ & mon>*ic law1 he is :olly     
submissive1 & usually affectionate 7see 
! description ( ,colonel ,mann]+'s      
,ed9burgh ,sunday71 s t ,blatt]g[l1 out 
( ! pulpit1 does n fail 9 8 s]i\s       
pa/oral duty1 b gives real com=t by 8   

pres5ce & exhortation 9 ! cottage ( !   
,mucklebackits4  ,on ! o!r h&1 to all   
k9ds ( ,indep5d5ts & ,noncon=mi/s       
7unless ( ,rod]ick ,dhu type7 ,scott is 
adv]se ) all 8 p[]s2 & accord+ly1 ,&rew 
& ,gilfillan are mu* m /]nly &          
scornfully drawn ?an ,blatt]g[l4  #abj4 
,9 all ! ?ree1 h[ev]1 ! read] mu/ n = an
 in/ant suspect :at is commonly call$   
hypocrisy4 ,_! religion is no assum$    
mask or advanc$ pret5se4 ,x is 9 all a  
confirm$ & intimate fai?1 mis*iev\s by  
its error1 9 proportion to its s9c]ity  
7comp>e ,ariadne ,flor5t9a1 p>agraph    
#hg71 & al?\gh by 8 c[>dice1 petty      
l>c5y1#ajg & l[ cunn+1 ,fairs]vice is   
absolutely sep>at$ into a diff]5t class 
( m5 f ,moniplies--9 8 fix$ religi\s    
pr9ciple & prim>y conception ( moral    
conduct1 he is exactly l him4 ,?us :51 9
 an agony ( t]ror1 he speaks = once to 8
 ma/] ) entire s9c]ity1 "o might = a    
mom5t ?9k x 0 a lecture by ,moniplies to
 ,nigel4       ,o1 ,mai/] ,frank1 a' y\r
 uncle's follies & y\r c\s9's           

fliskies1 7 no?+ to ?is6 ,dr9k clean    
cap-out1 l ,sir      ,hildebr&2 beg9 !  
bless$ morn+ ) br&y-taps l ,squire      
,p]cy2 r9 wud among ! lasses l ,squire  
,john2 gamble l      ,ri*>d2 w9 s\ls to 
! ,pope & ! deevil1 l ,ra%leigh2        
rive1 rant1 break ! ,sabba?1 & d !      
,pope's bidd+1 l      !m a' put !gi!r--b
 m]ciful ,provid5ce6 tak' c>e o' y\r    
"y bluid1 & gang na ne> ,rob ,roy4  ,i  
said1 "o might = a mom5t ?9k x 0 a      
,moniplies' lecture to ,nigel4 ,b n =   
two mom5ts1 if we inde$ c ?9k at all4   
,we c\ld n f9d a passage m conc5trat$ 9 
expression ( ,&rew's total "*2 nor m    
*>act]i/ic ( ,scott 9 ! calculat$       
precision & delib]ate appliance ( e ^w4 
#aba4 ,obs]ve fir/1 ,ri*ie's rebuke1    
quot$ above1 fa/5s ,nigel's m9d in/antly
 on ! nobl5ess ( 8 fa!r4 ,b ,&rew's to  
,frank fa/5s z in/antly on ! follies ( 8
 uncle & c\s9s4  ,secondly1 ! sum (     
,&rew's lesson is--d any?+ t is         
rascally1 if only y save y\r sk94 ,b    
,ri*ie's is summ$ 9 ! grace ( ,god is   

bett] ?an gold pieces4  ,?irdly1 ,ri*ie 
takes little note ( cre$s1 except :5 he 
is drunk1 b looks to conduct always2    
:ile ,&rew cl9*es 8 catalogue ( wrong ) 
do+ ! ,pope's bidd+ & ,sabba?-break+2 ^!
 def9itions ( ! unp>donable be+ ! wor/  
absurdity ( all ,scot* wick$ness to ?is 
h\r--ev]y?+ be+ =giv5 to p :o g to *ur* 
on ,sunday1 & curse ! ,pope4 ,scott nev]
 loses sight ( ?is m>vel\s plague-spot (
 ,presbyt]ian religion1 & ! la/ words ( 
,&rew ,fairs]vice are3--       ,! villa9
 ,laurie6 to betray an auld fri5d t sang
 aff !      same psalm-book wi' him e   
,sabba? = tw5ty ye>s1  & ! trag$y ( ^!  
la/ words ( 81 & ( 8 expulsion f 8 =m]  
happy home--a j>gonelle pe>-tree at "o  
end ( ! cottage1 a rivulet & fl[] plot (
 a rood 9 ext5t 9 front1 a kit*5 g>d5   
beh9d1 & a paddock = a c[ 7viii4 #f1 ( !
 #ahcj edition7 c only be und]/ood by ! 
read+ ( ! *apt] he quotes on t la/      
,sabba? ev5+ he passes 9 x--! #e? (     
,nehemiah4  #abb4 ,=--& ,i mu/ aga9 &   
aga9 po9t out ?is to ! mod]n read]1 :o1 

liv+ 9 a _w ( affectation1 suspects     
hypocrisy 9 e creature he sees--! v     
plague ( ?is l[] evangelical piety is t 
x is n hypocrisy2 t ,&rew & ,laurie d   
bo? expect to get ! grace ( ,god by s++ 
psalms on ,sunday1 :atev] rascality !y  
practice dur+ ! week4 ,9 ! mod]n popul> 
drama ( ,s*ool1#ajh ! only religi\s     
figure is a dirty & malici\s u%] :o     
appe>s fir/ read+ ,h]vey's ,m$itations1 
& ?r[s away ! book z soon z he is out ( 
sight ( ! company4 ,b :5 ,&rew is f\nd  
by ,frank p]*$ up l a /atue by a range (
 beehives 9 an attitude ( dev\t         
contemplation1 ) "o eye wat*+ ! motions 
( ! little irritable citiz5s1 & ! o!r   
fix$ on a book ( devotion1 y w please   
obs]ve1 suspici\s read]1 t ! dev\t g>d5]
 has no expectation :atev] ( ,frank's   
approa*1 nor has he any design ^u him1  
nor is he read+ or attitud9iz+ = effect 
( any k9d on any p]son4 ,he is foll[+ 8 
own ord9>y cu/oms1 & 8 book ( devotion  
has be5 already s well us$ t mu*        
attrition _h depriv$ x ( its corn]s1 &  

worn x into an oval %ape2 its           
attractiv5ess to ,&rew be+ tw(old--!    
fir/1 t x conta9s doctr9e to 8 m9d2 !   
second1 t su* s\nd doctr9e is set =? "u 
figures prop]ly belong+ to 8 craft4 ,i 0
 e'en tak+ a spell o' wor?y ,mess ,john 
,quackleb5's ',fl[] ( a ,sweet ,sav\r   
s[n on ! ,midd5/ead ( ?is ,_w' 7note 9  
pass+ ,scott's easy1 in/ant1 exquisite  
inv5tion ( ! "n ( au?or & title ( book72
 & x is a "q ( v curi\s int]e/ h[ f> ^! 
sweet spells 9 ,quackleb51 & ! l        
religi\s ex]cises ( a nature compatible 
) worldly bus9ess 7comp>e ,luckie       
,macle>y1 ) eyes employ$ on ,bo/on's    
',crook 9 ! ,lot1' :ile h] ideas 7      
engag$ 9 summ+ up ! reckon+--,wav]ley1  
i4 #aab7--;d inde$ modify 9 ,scotl& !   
national "* = ! bett] or ! worse2 or1 n 
mat]ially alt]+1 d at lea/ solemnize &  
confirm x 9 :at good x may be capable (4
 ,my own ,scotti% nurse describ$ 9 ,=s  
,clavig]a = ,april1 #ahgc1 w\ld1 ,i d\bt
 n1 h be5 z fai?ful & affectionate )\t  
h] little libr>y ( ,puritan !ology2 nor 

7 h] m9or faults1 s f> z ,i c\ld see1   
abat$ by its exhortations2 b ,i _c b    
believe t h] uncompla9+ endurance ( mo/ 
pa9ful disease1 & /ead9ess ( temp] "u n 
unfrequ5t misappreh5sion by ^? :om %e   
be/ lov$ & s]v$1 7 9 great degree aid$  
by s mu* ( ,*ri/ian fai? & hope z %e _h 
succe$$ 9 obta9+1 ) little talk ab\t x4 
#abc4 ,i knew h[ev] 9 my e>li] days a "r
 old ,cov5ant] 9 my ,scotti% aunt's     
h\se1 ( :om1 ) ,mause ,h$rigg & ,david  
,deans1 ,i may be able p]haps to speak  
fur!r 9 my next pap]4#aji ,b ,i c only  
n[ write c>efully ( :at be>s on my      
imm$iate "w3 & mu/ ask ! read]'s        
indulg5ce = ! ha/y ?r[+ toge!r (        
mat]ials int5d$1 be=e my illness la/    
spr+1 to h be5 f> m ?or\ghly h&l$4 ,!   
fri5ds :o are fe>ful = my reputation z  
an criva9 w p]haps k9dly recollect t a  
s5t5ce ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s 0 (t5 writt5 f\r
 or five times ov] 9 my own h&1 & tri$ 9
 e ^w = p]haps an h\r--p]haps a         
=5oon--be=e x 0 pass$ = ! pr9t]4 ,i     
r>ely n[ fix my m9d on a s5t5ce1 or a   

?\ght1 = five m9utes 9 ! quiet ( morn+1 
b a telegram comes ann\nc+ t somebody or
 o!r w d !mselves ! pleasure ( call+ at 
elev5 o'clock1 & t !re's two %ill+s to  
pay4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ih3     
,octob] #ahha4  ,footnote #ii3 ,jean    
,franois ,millet4 ,tw5ty ,et*+'s &      
,woodcuts reproduc$ 9 ,facsimile1 &     
,biographical ,notice by ,william ,erne/
 ,h5ley4 ,london1 #ahha4  ,footnote     
#ajj3 ,i am sorry to f9d t my =m]       
allusion to ! boat+ exp$ition 9 ?is     
novel has be5 miscon/ru$ by a "y        
au?oress ( promise into disp>agem5t ( h]
 own "w2 n suppos+ x possible t ,i c\ld 
only h be5 =c$ to look at ,george       
,eliot's by a fri5d's imp]fect acc\nt ( 
x4  ,footnote #aja3 ,i am a%am$ to      
exemplify ! mis]able "w ( review by     
mangl+ & mumbl+ ?is noble clos+ *apt] ( 
! ,mona/]y1 b ,i _c %[ ! web ( "w )\t   
unweav+ x4  ,footnote #ajb3 ,)          
ludicr\sly fatal ret\* 9 ! lat] edition 
0 depriv$ ( 8 sword4  ,footnote #ajc3   
,aga9 ,i am oblig$1 by review necessity1

 to omit half ! po9ts ( ! sc5e4         
,footnote #ajd3 ,i mu/ deeply & e>ne/ly 
express my ?anks to my fri5d ,mr4 ,hale 
,:ite = 8 v9dication ( ,goe!'s real     
op9ion ( ,byron f ! mangl$ repres5tation
 ( x by ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold             
7,contempor>y ,review1 ,augu/1 #ahha74  
,footnote #aje3 ,reirde1 r]de1          
,anglo-,saxon reord1 l+ua1 s]mo1 clamor1
 %\t+ 7,d\glas gloss>y74 ,no ,scotti%   
s5t5ce 9 ! ,scott novels %\ld be pass$  
)\t exam9+ e ^w 9 x1 8 dialect1 z       
already notic$1 be+ always pure &       
classic 9 ! highe/ degree1 & 8 mean+    
always ! full]1 ! fur!r x is trac$4     
,footnote #ajf3 ,! read] mu/ obs]ve t 9 
quot+ ,scott = illu/ration ( p>ticul>   
po9ts ,i am oblig$ sometimes to alt] !  
succession & omit mu* ( ! context ( !   
pieces ,i want1 = ,scott nev] lets y see
 8 h&1 nor get at 8 po9ts )\t rememb]+ &
 comp>+ f>-away pieces c>efully4 ,to    
collect ! evid5ce ( any "o phase ( "*1  
is l pull+ up ! deta*$ roots ( a creep]4
  ,footnote #ajg3 ,note ! wee bus9ess ( 

my a91 i4 #bac4  ,footnote #ajh3 ,its   
h]o is a tall y\? ) h&some calves to 8  
legs1 :o %oots a bull ) a f[l+-piece1   
eats a l>ge lun*1 ?9ks x witty to call  
,o!llo a nigg]1 &1 hav+ no?+ to live on1
 & be+ capable ( do+ no?+ = 8 liv+1     
e/abli%es himself 9 lun*es & cig>s =ev]1
 by m>ry+ a girl ) a =tune4 ,! h]o9e is 
an amiable gov]ness1 :o1 = ! g5]al      
enc\ragem5t ( virtue 9 gov]nesses1 is   
rew>d$ by m>ry+ a "l4  ,footnote #aji3  
,! pres5t pap] 01 h[ev]1 ! la/4--,,ed4  
,,fairy ,,/ories4#aaj   #abd4 ,long     
s9ce1 long] ago ?an ! op5+ ( "s fairy   
tales1 ,i 0 ask$ by ! publi%] :o has be5
 ra% en\gh1 at my reque/1 to repr9t ^!  
my favorite old /ories 9 _! e>lie/      
,engli% =m1 to set d[n = him my reasons 
= pref]r+ !m to ! m poli%$ leg5ds1 moral
 & satiric1 :i* are n[1 ) ri* adornm5t (
 e page by v admirable art1 pres5t$ to !
 acceptance ( ! ,nurs]y4  ,b x seem$ to 
me to matt] s little to ! maje/ic       
indep5d5ce ( ! *ild-public1 :o1 beside  
!mselves1 lik$1 or :o dislik$1 :at !y   

pron\nc$ ent]ta9+1 t x is only on /rict 
claims ( a promise unw>ily giv5 t ,i    
v5ture on ! imp]t95ce ( eulogy2 & my    
reluctance is ! great]1 because !re is 9
 fact no?+ v notable 9 ^! tales1 unless 
x be _! fre$om f faults :i* = "s "t h   
be5 held to be q ! rev]se ( faults by ! 
majority ( read]s4  #abe4 ,9 ! be/      
/ories rec5tly writt5 = ! "y1 !re is a  
ta9t :i* x is n easy to def9e1 b :i*    
inevitably foll[s on ! au?or's address+ 
himself to *ildr5 br$ 9 s*oolrooms &    
draw+-rooms1 in/ead ( fields &          
woods--*ildr5 ^: favorite amusem5ts are 
premature imitations ( ! vanities ( eld]
 p1 & ^: conceptions ( beauty are       
dep5d5t p>tly on co/l9ess ( dress4 ,!   
fairies :o int]f]e 9 ! =tunes ( ^!      
little ones are apt to be respl5d5t     
*iefly 9 mill9]y & sat9 slipp]s1 &      
appall+ m by _! airs ?an _! en*antm5ts4 
,! f9e satire :i*1 gleam+ ?r\gh e       
playful ^w1 r5d]s "s ( ^! rec5t /ories z
 attractive to ! old z to ! "y1 seems to
 me no less to unfit !m = _! prop]      

function4 ,*ildr5 %\ld laugh1 b n mock2 
& :5 !y laugh1 x %\ld n be at !         
weaknesses & ! faults ( o!rs4 ,!y %\ld  
be taught1 z f> z !y are p]mitt$ to     
conc]n !mselves ) ! *>act]s ( ^? ar\nd  
!m1 to seek fai?fully = good1 n to lie 9
 wait malici\sly to make !mselves m]ry )
 evil3 !y %\ld be too pa9fully s5sitive 
to wrong to smile at x2 & too mode/ to  
con/itute !mselves its judges4  #abf4 ,)
 ^! m9or errors a f> grav] "o is        
involv$4 ,z ! simplicity ( ! s5se (     
beauty has be5 lo/ 9 rec5t tales =      
*ildr51 s also ! simplicity ( _!        
conception ( love4 ,t ^w :i*1 9 ! he>t (
 a *ild1 %\ld repres5t ! mo/ con/ant &  
vital "p ( its be+2 :i* ought to be !   
sign ( ! mo/ solemn ?\ghts t in=m its   
awak5+ s\l &1 9 "o wide my/]y ( pure    
sunrise1 %\ld flood ! z5i? ( its heav51 
& gleam on ! dew at its feet2 ?is ^w1   
:i* %\ld be consecrat$ on its lips1     
toge!r ) ! ,"n :i* x may n take 9 va91 &
 ^: mean+ %\ld s(t5 & animate e emotion 
?r\gh :i* ! inf]ior ?+s & ! feeble      

creatures1 set b5ea? x 9 its n>r[ _w1   
are reveal$ to its curiosity or         
companion%ip2 ?is ^w1 9 mod]n *ild-/ory1
 is too (t5 re/ra9$ & d>k5$ into !      
hi]oglyph ( an evil my/]y1 tr\bl+ !     
sweet peace ( y\? ) premature gleams (  
uncompreh5d$ passion1 & flitt+ %ad[s (  
unrecogniz$ s94  ,^! great faults 9 ! _s
 ( rec5t *ild-fiction are connect$ ) a  
p>allel folly ( purpose4 ,p>5ts :o are  
too indol5t & self-indulg5t to =m _!    
*ildr5's *>act]s by :olesome discipl9e1 
or 9 _! own habits & pr9ciples ( life   
are consci\s ( sett+ be=e !m no         
faultless example1 va9ly endeavor to    
sub/itute ! p]suasive influ5ce ( moral  
precept1 intrud$ 9 ! guise ( amusem5t1 =
 ! /r5g? ( moral habit compell$ by      
righte\s au?ority3--va9ly ?9k to in=m ! 
he>t ( infancy ) delib]ative wisdom1    
:ile !y abdicate ! gu>dian%ip ( its     
unque/ion+ innoc5ce2 & w>p into !       
agonies ( an immature philosophy (      
consci5ce ! once fe>less /r5g? ( its    
unsulli$ & unhesitat+ virtue4  #abg4 ,a 

*ild %\ld n ne$ to *oose betwe5 "r &    
wrong4 ,x %\ld n be capable ( wrong2 x  
%\ld n conceive ( wrong4 ,ob$i5t1 z b>k 
to helm1 n by sudd5 /ra9 or ef=t1 b 9 ! 
fre$om ( its bright c\rse ( con/ant     
life2 true1 ) an undi/+ui%$1 praiseless1
 unboa/ful tru?1 9 a cry/all9e h\sehold 
_w ( tru?2 g5tle1 ?r\gh daily entreat+s 
( g5tl5ess1 & honorable tru/s1 & pretty 
prides ( *ild-fell[%ip 9 (fices ( good2 
/rong1 n 9 bitt] & d\btful conte/ )     
temptation1 b 9 peace ( he>t1 & armor ( 
habitual "r1 f :i* temptation falls l   
?aw+ hail2 self-comm&+1 n 9 sick re/ra9t
 ( mean appetites & covet\s ?\ghts1 b 9 
vital joy ( unluxuri\s life1 & cont5tm5t
 9 n>r[ possession1 wisely e/eem$4      
,*ildr5 s tra9$ h no ne$ ( moral fairy  
tales2 b !y w f9d 9 ! app>5tly va9 &    
fitful c\rses ( any tradition ( old "t1 
hone/ly deliv]$ to !m1 a tea*+ = :i* no 
o!r c be sub/itut$1 & ( :i* ! p[] _c be 
measur$2 animat+ = !m ! mat]ial _w )    
inext+ui%able life1 =tify+ !m aga9/ !   
glacial cold ( selfi% sci5ce1 & prep>+  

!m submissively1 & ) no bitt]ness (     
a/oni%m5t1 to behold1 9 lat] ye>s1 !    
my/]y--div9ely appo9t$ to rema9 su* to  
all human ?\ght--( ! fates t happ5 alike
 to ! evil & ! good4  #abh4 ,& ! effect 
( ! endeavor to make /ories moral ^u !  
lit]>y m]it ( ! "w itself1 is z h>mful z
 ! motive ( ! ef=t is false4 ,= e fairy 
tale wor? record+ at all is ! remnant ( 
a tradition possess+ true hi/orical     
value2--hi/orical1 at lea/ 9 s f> z x   
has naturally aris5 out ( ! m9d ( a p "u
 special circum/ances1 & ris5 n )\t     
mean+1 nor remov$ altoge!r f _! sph]e ( 
religi\s fai?4 ,x su/a9s aft]w>ds       
natural *anges f ! s9c]e action ( ! fe> 
or fancy ( successive g5]ations2 x takes
 new color f _! mann] ( life1 & new =m f
 _! *ang+ moral temp]s4 ,z long z ^!    
*anges are natural & ef=tless1 accid5tal
 & inevitable1 ! /ory rema9s ess5tially 
true1 alt]+ its =m1 inde$1 l a fly+     
cl\d1 b rema9+ a sign ( ! sky2 a %ad[y  
image1 z truly a "p ( ! great firmam5t (
 ! human m9d z ! light ( reason :i* x   

seems to int]rupt4 ,b ! fair deceit &   
innoc5t error ( x _c be int]pret$ nor   
re/ra9$ by a willful purpose1 & all     
additions to x by act d b defile1 z !   
%eph]d di/urbs ! flakes ( morn+ mi/ )   
smoke f 8 fire ( dead leaves4  #abi4    
,!re is also a deep] collat]al mis*ief 9
 ?is indulg5ce ( lic5ti\s *ange & ret\*+
 ( /ories to suit p>ticul> ta/es1 or    
inculcate favorite doctr9es4 ,x directly
 de/roys ! *ild's p[] ( r5d]+ any su*   
belief z x w\ld o!rwise h be5 9 8 nature
 to give to an imag9ative vision4 ,h[ f>
 x is exp$i5t to occupy 8 m9d ) ideal   
=ms at all may be que/ionable to _m1    
?\gh n to me2 b x is q beyond "q t if we
 d all[ ( ! fictiti\s repres5tation1 t  
repres5tation %\ld be calm & complete1  
possess$ to ! full1 & read d[n its utmo/
 dep?4 ,! little read]'s att5tion %\ld  
nev] be confus$ or di/urb$1 :e!r he is  
possess+ himself ( fairy tale or hi/ory4
 ,let him "k 8 fairy tale accurately1 & 
h p]fect joy or awe 9 ! conception ( x z
 if x 7 real2 ?us he w always be ex]cis+

 8 p[] ( grasp+ realities3 b a confus$1 
c>eless1 or discr$it+ t5ure ( ! fiction 
w lead to z confus$ & c>eless read+ (   
fact4 ,let ! circum/ances ( bo? be      
/rictly p]ceiv$ & long dwelt ^u1 & let !
 *ild's own m9d develop fruit ( ?\ght f 
bo?4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance e>ly  
to secure ?is habit ( contemplation1 &  
!re=e x is a grave error1 ei!r to       
multiply unnecess>ily1 or to illu/rate )
 extravagant ri*ness1 ! incid5ts pres5t$
 to ! imag9ation4 ,x %\ld multiply &    
illu/rate !m = itself2 &1 if ! intellect
 is ( any real value1 !re w be a my/]y &
 wond]fulness 9 its own dreams :i* w\ld 
only be ?w>t$ by ext]nal illu/ration4   
,yet ,i d n br+ =w>d ! text or ! et*+s 9
 ?is volume z examples ( :at ei!r ought 
to be 9 works ( ! k9d3 !y are 9 _m      
respects common1 imp]fect1 vulg>2 b _!  
vulg>ity is ( a :olesome & h>mless k9d4 
,x is n1 = in/ance1 graceful ,engli%1 to
 say t a ?\ght popp$ into ,ca!r9e's     
head2 b x nev]!less is f> bett]1 z an   
initiation into lit]>y /yle1 t a *ild   

%\ld be told ?is ?an t a subject        
attract$ ,ca!r9e's att5tion4 ,& 9 g5u9e 
=ms ( m9or tradition1 a rude & m or less
 illit]ate tone w always be disc]nible2 
= all ! be/ fairy tales h ow$ _! bir?1 &
 ! great] "p ( _! p[]1 to n>r[ness (    
social circum/ances2 !y belong$ prop]ly 
to di/ricts 9 :i* wall$ cities are      
surr\nd$ by bright & unblemi%$ c\ntry1 &
 9 :i* a heal?y & bu/l+ t[n life1 n     
highly ref9$1 is reliev$ by1 & contra/$ 
)1 ! calm en*antm5t ( pa/oral & woodl&  
sc5]y1 ei!r "u humble cultivation by    
peasant ma/]s1 or left 9 its natural    
solitude4 ,"u conditions ( ?is k9d !    
imag9ation is en\gh excit$ to inv5t     
in/9ctively 7& rejoice 9 ! inv5tion (7  
spiritual =ms ( wildness & beauty1 :ile 
yet x is re/ra9$ & made *e]ful by !     
famili> accid5ts & relations ( t[n life1
 m+l+ always 9 its fancy humor\s & vulg>
 circum/ances ) pa!tic ones1 & nev] s   
mu* impress$ ) its sup]natural fantasies
 z to be 9 dang] ( reta9+ !m z any "p ( 
its religi\s fai?4 ,! good _s desc5ds   

gradually f an angel into a fairy1 & !  
demon %r9ks into a playful grotesque (  
dim9utive malevol5ce1 :ile yet bo? keep 
an accr$it$ & vital influ5ce ^u ! "* &  
m9d4 ,b ! language 9 :i* su* ideas w be 
usually clo!d1 mu/ necess>ily p>take (  
_! n>r[ness2 & art is sy/ematically     
incognizant ( !m1 hav+ only /r5g? "u !  
conditions :i* awake !m to express      
itself 9 an irregul> & gross grotesque1 
fit only = ext]nal ar*itectural         
decoration4  #acj4 ,! illu/rations ( ?is
 volume are almo/ ! only exceptions ,i  
"k to ! g5]al rule4 ,!y are ( q /]l+ &  
admirable art1 9 a class precisely      
p>allel 9 elevation to ! "* ( ! tales   
:i* !y illu/rate2 & ! orig9al et*+s1 z  
,i h be=e said 9 ! ,app5dix to my       
,elem5ts ( ,draw+1 7 q unrival$ 9       
ma/]fulness ( t\* s9ce ,rembr&t 79 "s   
qualities ( del9eation unrival$ ev5 by  
him74 ,^! copies h be5 s c>efully       
execut$1 t at fir/ ,i 0 deceiv$ by !m1 &
 suppos$ !m to be late impressions f !  
plates 7& :at is m1 ,i believe ! ma/]   

himself 0 deceiv$ by !m1 & suppos$ !m to
 be 8 own72 & al?\gh on c>eful comp>ison
 ) ! fir/ pro(s !y w be f\nd no         
exception to ! t]rible law t lit]al     
repetition ( entirely f9e "w %all be1   
ev5 to ! h& t produc$ x1--mu* m to any  
o!r1--=ev] impossible1 !y /ill repres5t1
 ) suffici5t fidelity to be 9 ! highe/  
degree in/ructive1 ! h>moni\s light &   
%ade1 ! manly simplicity ( execution1 & 
! easy1 un9cumb]$ fancy1 ( designs :i*  
belong$ to ! be/ p]iod ( ,cruik%ank's   
g5ius4 ,to make some:at enl>g$ copies ( 
!m1 look+ at !m ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 
& nev] putt+ two l9es :]e ,cruik%ank has
 put only "o1 w\ld be an ex]cise 9      
decision & sev]e draw+ :i* w\ld leave   
aft]w>ds little to be le>nt 9 s*ools1 ,i
 w\ld gladly also say mu* 9 _! praise z 
imag9ative designs2 b ! p[] ( g5u9e     
imag9ative "w1 & its diff]5ce f t :i* is
 comp\nd$ & pat*$ toge!r f borr[$       
s\rces1 is ( all qualities ( art ! mo/  
difficult to expla92 & ,i mu/ be cont5t 
) ! simple ass]tions ( x4  ,& s ,i tru/ 

! good old book1 & ! hone/ "w t adorns  
x1 to su* favor z !y may f9d ) *ildr5 ( 
op5 he>ts & l[ly lives4    ,,d5m>k      
,,hill1 ,ea/]1 #ahfh4   ,,footnotes3    
,footnote #aaj3 ,?is pap] =ms !         
introduction to a volume entitl$ ,g]man 
,popul> ,/ories1 ) ,illu/rations aft] ! 
orig9al designs ( ,george ,cruik%ank1   
edit$ by ,edg> ,taylor1 ) ,introduction 
by ,john ,rusk91 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,*atto 
& ,w9dus1 #ahfh4 ,! book is a repr9t (  
,mr4 ,edg> ,taylor's orig9al 7#ahbc7    
selections ( ! ,hausmr*51 or ,g]man     
,popul> ,/ories ( ! ,bro!rs ,grimm4 ,!  
orig9al selections 7 9 two octavo       
volumes2 ! repr9t 9 "o ( small] size1 x 
be+ 7! publi%] /ates 9 8 preface7 ,mr4  
,rusk9's wi% t ! new edition %\ld appeal
 to "y read]s r ?an to adults4--,,ed4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,economy4   ,,home1 ,,& ,,its          
,,economies4  7,contempor>y ,review1    
,may #ahgc47   ,,usury4 ,a ,,reply ,,&  
,a ,,rejo9d]4  7,contempor>y ,review1   
,febru>y #ahhj47   ,,usury4 ,a          

,,preface4  7,pamphlet1 #ahhe47         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,home1 ,,& ,,its ,,economies4#aaa      
#aca4 ,9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ! ,contempor>y  
,review appe>$ two pap]s1#aab by writ]s 
( reputation1 :i* ,i _c b hope _! au?ors
 w p]ceive ^u reflection to h involv$   
errors only ! m grave 9 t !y h become1 (
 late1 9 ! m9ds ( ne>ly all public m51  
facile & famili>4 ,i h1 !re=e1 reque/$ !
 editor's p]mission to (f] "s reply to  
bo? ( ^! essays1 _! subjects be+        
intimately connect$4  ,! fir/ ( :i* ,i  
speak 0 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s1 :i* appe>$
 "u ! title ( ,! ,bias ( ,patriotism4 ,b
 ! real subject ( ! pap] 7discuss$ 9 its
 special ext5t1 ) s+ul> c>e & equity7 0 
only ! bias ( ,national vanity2 & !     
debate 0 op5$ by ?is v curi\s           
s5t5ce1--,patriotism is nationally1 t   
:i* ,egoism is individually4  ,mr4      
,sp5c] w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 himself accept   
?is /atem5t1 if put into ! cle> =m1 ,:at
 is ,egoism 9 "o man1 is ,patriotism 9  
two or m1 & ! vice ( an individual1 !   

virtue ( a multitude4#aac ,b x is       
/range1--h[ev] /rictly ,mr4 ,sp5c] may (
 late h conf9$ 8 att5tion to            
metaphysical or sci5tific subjects1     
disreg>d+ ! language ( hi/orical or     
imag9ative lit]ature--x is /range1 ,i   
repeat1 t s c>eful a /ud5t %\ld be      
unaw>e t ! t]m patriotism _c1 9         
classical usage1 be ext5d$ to ! action (
 a multitude4 ,no writ] ( au?ority ev]  
speaks ( a nation z hav+ felt1 or act$1 
patriotically4 ,patriotism is1 by       
def9ition1 a virtue ( individuals2 & s  
f> f be+ 9 ^? individuals a mode (      
egoism1 x is precisely 9 ! sacrifice (  
_! egoism t x consi/s4 ,x is ! temp] (  
m9d :i* det]m9es !m to def] _! own      
int]e/s to ^? ( _! c\ntry4  #acb4       
,suppos+ x possible = any p>allel       
s5tim5t to animate a nation z "o body1 x
 c\ld h ref]5ce only to ! position x    
held among o!r families ( ! _w4 ,! "n ( 
! emotion w\ld !n be prop]ly ,cosmism1 &
 w\ld signify ! resolution ( su* a p to 
sacrifice its own special int]e/s to ^? 

( ,mank9d4 ,cosmism hi!rto has inde$    
g5]ally ass]t$ itself only 9 ! desire ( 
! ,cosmic nation t all o!rs %\ld adopt  
its !ological op9ions1 & p]mit x to     
adopt _! p]sonal prop]ty2 b ,patriotism 
has truly exi/$1 & ev5 z a dom9ant      
feel+1 9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons :o h be5    
greatly influ5tial on ! fates ( _!      
races1 & t "o ( our lead+ philosoph]s   
%\ld be unconsci\s ( ! nature ( ?is     
s5tim5t1 & ignorant ( its political p[]1
 is to be not$ z pa9fully *>act]i/ic ( !
 pres5t /ate ( ,engl& itself4  ,x does n
 inde$ foll[ t a feel+ ( :i* we are     
unaw>e is necess>ily ext+ui%$ 9 u2 & !  
faculties ( p]ception & analysis are    
always s p>alyz$ by ! l+ual +5uities (  
logic t x is impossible to say1 ( any   
pr(ess$ logician1 :e!r he may n yet be  
act+ "u ! real =ce ( ideas ( :i* he has 
lo/ bo? ! consci\sness & conception4 ,no
 man :o has once entangl$ himself 9 :at 
,mr4 ,sp5c] def9es1 f>!r on1 z ! sci5ce 
( ! relations impli$ by ! conclusions1  
exclusions1 & ov]lapp+s ( classes1 c be 

expect$ dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life to p]ceive m
 ( any "o ?+ ?an t x is includ$1        
exclud$1 or ov]lapp$ by some?+ else2 :i*
 is 9 itself a suffici5tly confus$ /ate 
( m9d1 & especially h>mful 9 t x p]mits 
u to avoid consid]+ :e!r our            
intellectual l95 is itself clean1 :ile  
we conc]n ourselves only to asc]ta9 :e!r
 x is includ$1 exclud$1 or ov]lapp$ by  
our coat coll>4 ,b x is a grave ph5om5on
 ( ! "t t patriotism--( all o!rs--%\ld  
be ! s5tim5t :i* an ,engli% logician is 
n only unable to def9e1 b attempts to   
def9e z its precise contr>y4 ,9 e epo* (
 decl9e1 m5 ev5 ( high intellectual     
en]gy h be5 swept d[n 9 ! diluvium (    
public life1 & ! cry/all9e edges ( _!   
m9ds worn away by friction ) blunt$     
ones2 b ,i _h n believ$ t ! :ole weight 
( ! deprav$ mob ( mod]n ,engl&1 ?\gh !y 
h become incapable alike ( fidelity to  
_! own c\ntry1 & alliance ) any o!r1    
c\ld s f> h p]plex$ "o ( our exacte/    
/ud5ts z to make him confuse h]oism )   
conceit1 & ! loves ( c\ntry & ( home ) !

 iniquities ( selfi%ness4 ,c x be only a
 qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ! ,la/ ,m9/rel   
di$--& h we already answ]$ 8 ,lives !re 
a man8 ) ! calm ass]tion t !re live no  
o!r ?an su*2 & t ! wret* conc5t]$ all 9 
self is ! ,patriot ( our g5]ation8      
#acc4 ,be x s4 ,let x ev5 be admitt$ t  
egoism is ! only p[] conceivable by a   
mod]n metaphysician to be ! spr+ ( m5tal
 en]gy2 j z *emical excitem5t may be !  
only p[] traceable by ! mod]n physician 
z ! s\rce ( muscul> en]gy4 ,& /ill ,mr4 
,sp5c]'s subsequ5t analysis is          
inaccurate1 & uns*ol>ly4 ,= egoism does 
n necess>ily imply ei!r misappreh5sion  
or mismeasurem5t4 ,!re are modes ( !    
love ( our c\ntry :i* are def9itely     
selfi%1 z a cat's ( ! he>?rug1 yet      
entirely balanc$ & calm 9 judicial      
faculty2 passions :i* det]m9e conduct1 b
 h no influ5ce on op9ion4 ,= in/ance1 ,i
 h b\ght = my own exclusive             
gratification1 ! cottage 9 :i* ,i am    
writ+1 ne> ! lake-bea* on :i* ,i us$ to 
play :5 ,i 0 sev5 ye>s old4 ,7 ,i a     

public-spirit$ sci5tific p]son1 or a    
b5evol5tly pi\s "o1 ,i %\ld d\btless1   
in/ead1 be survey+ ! geographical       
relations ( ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 or    
translat+ ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ into       
,t>t>-,*9ese4 ,b ,i hate ! v "n ( !     
public1 & labor "u no oppressive anxiety
 ei!r = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 or !     
salvation ( mank9d4 ,i !re=e pref] amus+
 myself ) ! lake-pebbles1 ( :i* ,i "k   
no?+ b t !y are pretty2 & conv]s+ ) p   
:om ,i c und]/& )\t pa9s1 & :o1 s f> f  
ne$+ to be conv]t$1 seem to me on ! :ole
 bett] ?an myself4 ,?is is moral egoism1
 b x is n intellectual error4 ,i nev]   
=m1 mu* less express1 any op9ion z to ! 
relative beauties ( ,yewdale crag & !   
,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon2 nor d ,i please     
myself by contemplat+1 9 any exagg]at$  
light1 ! spiritual advantages :i* ,i    
possess 9 my famili>ity ) ! ,?irty-n9e  
,articles4 ,i "k ! height ( my neighbor+
 m\nta9s to a foot2 & ! ext5t ( my real 
possessions1 !ological & mat]ial1 to an 
article4 ,patriotic egoism atta*es me to

 ! "o2 p]sonal egoism satisfies me 9 !  
o!r2 & ! calm selfi%ness ) :i* ,nature  
has bless$ all h] unphilosophical       
creatures1 bl9ds me to ! attractions--z 
to ! faults--( ?+s ) :i* ,i h no conc]n1
 & saves me at once f ! folly (         
contempt1 & ! discom=t ( envy4 ,i might 
h writt51 z accurately1 ,! discom=t (   
contempt2 = inde$ ! =ms ( petulant      
rivalry & self-ass]tion :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
assumes to be developm5ts ( egoism1 are 
m]ely its diseases2 7tak+ ! ^w disease 9
 its mo/ lit]al mean+74 ,a man ( s5se is
 m an egoi/ 9 mode/y ?an a blockhead is 
9 boa/+2 & x is nei!r pride nor         
self-respect1 b only ignorance &        
ill-bre$+1 t ei!r disguise ! facts (    
life1 or violate its c\rtesies4  #acd4  
,x w n1 ,i tru/1 be ?\ght violation (   
c\rtesy to a writ] ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s      
ext5d+ influ5ce1 if ,i urge on 8        
att5tion ! dang] "u :i* metaphysicians  
are always plac$ ( suppos+ t !          
inve/igation ( ! processes ( ?\ght w    
enable !m to di/+ui% its =ms4 ',z well  

might ! *emi/1 :o _h exhau/ively exam9$ 
! conditions ( vitre\s fusion1 imag9e   
himself !re=e qualifi$ to numb] or class
 ! vases b5t by ! brea? ( ,v5ice4 ,mr4  
,sp5c] has det]m9$1 ,i believe1 to !    
satisfaction ( 8 read]s1 9 :at mann]    
?\ghts & feel+s are con/ruct$2 x is "t =
 him n[ to obs]ve ! results ( !         
con/ruction1 :e!r native to 8 own m9d1  
or discov]able 9 o!r intellectual       
t]ritories4 ,patriotism is1 h[ev]1      
p]haps ! la/ emotion he c n[ conv5i5tly 
/udy 9 ,engl&1 = ! temp] :i* cr[ns ! joy
 ( life ) ! sweetness & decorum ( dea? c
 sc>cely be manife/$ cle>ly 9 a c\ntry  
:i* is fa/ r5d]+ h]self "o ^: peace is  
pollution1 & ^: battle1 crime2 )9 ^:    
conf9es x is loa?some to live1 & 9 ^:   
cause x is disgraceful to die4  #ace4 ,!
 *ief causes ( h] degradation 7 def5d$1 
) delicate apology1 9 ! second pap] to  
:i* ,i h above ref]r$2 ! modification by
 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg ( a lett] :i* he _h 
address$1 on ! subject ( luxuri\s       
exp5diture & its economical results1 to 

! ,pall ,mall ,gazette2 & :i* ,mr4 ,greg
 /ates to h giv5 rise 9 t j\rnal to a   
controv]sy 9 :i* f\r or five combatants 
took "p1 ! loos5ess ( ^: notions induc$ 
him to express 8 own m coh]5t ones 9 !  
,contempor>y ,review4#aad  ,i am sorry  
to f9d t ,mr4 ,greg look$ ^u my own poor
 "p 9 t correspond5ce z controv]sial4 ,i
 m]ely ask$ him a "q :i* he decl>$ to be
 insidi\s & irrelevant 7n consid]+ t if 
x 7 ! "o1 x c\ld n be ! o!r71 & ,i /at$ 
a few facts respect+ :i* no controv]sy 0
 possible1 & :i* ,mr4 ,greg1 9 8 own    
t]ms1 s$ul\sly ab/a9$ f notic+4  ,b ,mr4
 ,greg felt my "q to be insidi\s because
 x made him p>tly consci\s t he _h only 
exam9$ "o half ( ! subject he 0         
discuss+1 & ev5 t half )\t precision4   
,mr4 ,goldw9 ,smi? _h spok5 ( a ri* man 
z consum+ ! means ( liv+ ( ! poor4 ,mr4 
,greg1 9 reply1 po9t$ out h[ b5eficially
 ! ri* man sp5t :at he _h got4 ,^u :i*  
,i v5tur$ to inquire h[ he got x2 :i* is
 inde$ precisely ! fir/ ( all que/ions  
to be ask$ :5 ! economical relations (  

any man ) 8 neighbor are to be exam9$4  
,dick ,turp9 is blam$--suppose--by "s   
pla9-m9d$ p]son = consum+ ! means ( o!r 
p's liv+4 ,nay1 says ,dick to !         
pla9-m9d$ p]son1 obs]ve h[ b5efic5tly & 
pleasantly ,i sp5d :atev] ,i get6  ,yes1
 ,dick1 p]si/s ! pla9-m9d$ p]son2 b h[ d
 y get x8  ,! "q1 says ,dick1 is        
insidi\s & irrelevant4  ,d n let x be   
suppos$ t ,i mean to ass]t any          
irregul>ity or impropriety 9 ,dick's    
pr(ession--,i m]ely ass]t ! necessity = 
,mr4 ,greg's exam9ation1 if he w\ld be  
ma/] ( 8 subject1 ( ! mann] ( ,ga9 9 e  
case1 z well z ! mann] ( ,exp5diture4   
,su* acc\nts mu/ always be accurately   
r5d]$ 9 a well-regulat$ society4        
#acf4 ,le lieut5ant adressa la p>ole au 
capita9e1 et lui dit      qu'il v5ait   
d'enlev] ces mannequ9s1 remplis de      
sucre1 de      cannelle1 d'am&es1 et de 
rais9s sees1  un pici] de ,bnav5te4     
,aprs qu'il eut r5du compte de son      
expdition au bureau1 les      dp\illes  
de l'pici] fur5t portes dans l'(fice4   

,alors il ne      fut plus "q que de se 
rj\ir2 je dbutai p> le buffet1 que      
je p>ai de plusieurs b\teilles de ce bon
 v9 que le ,seigneur      ,rol&o m'avoit
 vant4  ,mr4 ,greg /rictly conf9es      
himself to an exam9ation ( ! b5efits    
conf]r$ on ! public by ?is s agreeable  
fe/ivity2 b he mu/ n be surpris$ or     
indignant t "s inquiry %\ld be made z to
 ! result+ condition ( ! pici] de       
,bnav5te4  ,& x is all ! m necess>y t   
su* inquiry be in/itut$ :5 ! capta9 ( ! 
exp$ition is a m9ion1 n ( ! moon1 b ( ! 
sun2 & dazzl+1 !re=e1 to all behold]s4  
,x is heav5 :i* dictates :at ,i ought to
 d ^u ?is occasion1#aae says ,h5ry (    
,nav>re2 my retreat out ( ?is city1#aaf 
be=e ,i h made myself ma/] ( x1 w be !  
retreat ( my s\l out ( my body4         
,accord+ly all ! qu>t] :i* /ill held    
out1 we =c$1 says ,m4 de ,rosny1 aft]   
:i* ! inhabitants1 f9d+ !mselves no     
long] able to resi/1 laid d[n _! arms1 &
 ! city 0 giv5 up to plund]4 ,my good   
=tune ?rew a small iron *e/ 9 my way1 9 

:i* ,i f\nd ab\t f\r ?\s& gold cr[ns4   
,i _c d\bt t ! ,b>on's exp5diture ( ?is 
sum w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree           
advantage\s to ,france & to ! ,prote/ant
 religion4 ,b complete economical sci5ce
 mu/ /udy ! effect ( its ab/raction on !
 imm$iate prosp]ity ( ! t[n ( ,cahors2 &
 ev5 beyond ?is--! mode ( its =m]       
acquisition by ! t[n itself1 :i* p]haps1
 9 ! economies ( ! ne!r _w1 may h       
delegat$ "s ( its citiz5s to ! sev5?    
circle4#aag  #acg4 ,& ! mo/ curi\s po9ts
 9 ! p>tiality ( mod]n economical sci5ce
 are t :ile x always waives ?is "q (    
ways & means ) respect to ri* p]sons1 x 
/udi\sly pu%es x 9 ! case ( poor ones2 &
 :ile x ass]ts ! consumption ( su* an   
article ( luxury z w9e 7to take t :i*   
,mr4 ,greg himself in/ances7 to be      
economically exp$i5t1 :5 ! w9e is drunk 
by p]sons :o are n ?ir/y1 x ass]ts !    
same consumption to be altoge!r         
inexp$i5t1 :5 ! privilege is ext5d$ to  
^? :o are4 ,?us ,mr4 ,greg dismisses1 9 
"o place1 ) compassionate disda91 !     

extremely vulg> notion t a man :o dr9ks 
a bottle ( *ampagne wor? five %ill+s1   
:ile 8 neighbor is 9 want ( actual food1
 is 9 "s way wrong+ 8 neighbor2 & yet   
,mr4 ,greg himself1 else:]e1#aah        
evid5tly rema9s "u ! equally vulg>      
impression t ! tw5ty-f\r millions ( su* 
?ir/i] p]sons :o sp5d fifte5 p] c5t ( _!
 incomes 9 dr9k & tobacco1 are wrong+ _!
 neighbors by t exp5diture4  #ach4 ,x   
_c1 surely1 be ! diff]5ce 9 degree (    
ref9em5t betwe5 malt liquor & *ampagne  
:i* causes ,mr4 ,greg's undef9$ s5sation
 ( moral del9qu5cy & economical error 9 
! "o case1 & ( none 9 ! o!r2 if t be    
all1 ,i c relieve him f 8 emb>rassm5t by
 putt+ ! cases 9 m p>allel =m4 ,a       
cl]gyman writes to me1 9 di/ress ( m9d1 
because ! able-bodi$ labor]s :o come    
begg+ to him 9 w9t]1 dr9k port w9e out (
 buckets 9 summ]4 ,( c\rse ,mr4 ,greg's 
logical m9d w at once admit 7z a        
consequ5ce ( 8 own v j argum5tum ad     
hom9em 9 a previ\s page#aai7 t !        
consumption ( port w9e out ( buckets mu/

 be z mu* a b5efit to society 9 g5]al z 
! consumption ( *ampagne out ( bottles2 
& yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,i am c]ta9 he w 
feel my "q1 ,:]e does ! dr9k] get !     
means = 8 dr9k+8 m relevant 9 ! case ( !
 imbib]s ( port ?an 9 t ( ! imbib]s (   
*ampagne4 ,& al?\gh ,mr4 ,greg proce$s1 
) t l(ty contempt = ! dictates ( nature 
& ,*ri/ianity :i* radical economi/s _c b
 feel1 to obs]ve t :ile ! natural man & 
! ,*ri/ian w\ld h ! *ampagne dr9k] =ego 
8 bottle1 & give ! value ( x to ! fami%+
 wret* beside him1 ! radical economi/   
w\ld condemn su* behavior z di/9ctly    
crim9al & p]nici\s1 he w\ld sc>cely1 ,i 
?9k1 c>ry out ) ! same triumphant       
confid5ce ! conclusions ( ! unnatural   
man & ! anti-*ri/ian1 ) respect to !    
labor] z well z ! idl]2 & decl>e t :ile 
! extremely simple p]sons :o /ill       
believe 9 ! laws ( nature1 & ! m]cy (   
,god1 w\ld h ! port-dr9k] =ego 8 bucket1
 & give ! value ( x to ! fami%+ wife &  
*ild beside him1 ! radical economi/ w\ld
 condemn su* behavior z di/9ctly crim9al

 & p]nici\s4  ,mr4 ,greg has x inde$ 9 8
 p[] to reply t x is prop] to economize 
= ! sake ( "o's own wife & *ildr51 b n =
 ! sake ( anybody else's4 ,b s9ce1      
accord+ to ano!r expon5t ( ! pr9ciples (
 ,radical ,economy1 9 ! ,cornhill       
,magaz9e1#abj a well-conduct$           
agricultural labor] mu/ n m>ry till he  
is =ty-five1 8 economies1 if any1 9 e>ly
 life1 mu/ be z (f5sive to ,mr4 ,greg on
 ! score ( _! ab/ract humanity1 z ^? ( !
 ri*e/ ba*elor ab\t t[n4  #aci4 ,!re is 
ano!r %ort s5t5ce 9 ?is same page1 ( :i*
 x is difficult to ov]rate ! accid5tal  
significance4  ,! sup]ficial obs]v]1    
says ,mr4 ,greg1 recollects a text :i*  
he he>d 9 8 y\?1 b ( :i* he nev]        
consid]$ ! precise applicability--',he t
 ha? two coats1 let him imp>t to him t  
ha? none4'  ,! assumptions t no educat$ 
,engli%man c ev] h he>d t text except 9 
8 y\?1 & t ^? :o are old en\gh to       
rememb] hav+ he>d x1 nev] consid]$ its  
precise applicability1 are surely ra%1 9
 ! treatm5t ( a sci5tific subject4 ,i c 

assure ,mr4 ,greg t a few gray-head$    
vot>ies ( ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom /ill       
read--?\gh p]haps "u _! brea?--! words  
:i* e>ly associations h made preci\s to 
!m2 & t 9 ! bygone days1 :5 t ,s]mon on 
! ,m\nt 0 /ill li/5$ to ) respect by _m 
n illit]ate p]sons1 its mean+ 0 n only  
consid]$1 b v delib]ately act$ ^u4 ,ev5 
! read]s ( ! ,contempor>y ,review may   
p]haps h "s pleasure 9 retreat+ f !     
sun%9e ( contempor>y sci5ce1 = a few    
quiet mom5ts1 into ! %ad[s ( t ( ! pa/1 
& he>+ 9 ! foll[+ extracts f two lett]s 
( ,scott's 7! fir/ describ+ ! mann] (   
life ( 8 "m1 ^: dea? x ann\nces to a    
fri5d1 ! second1 anticipat+ ! v]dict ( !
 future on ! managem5t ( 8 e/ate by a   
,scotti% nobleman7 :at relations betwe5 
ri* & poor 7 possible1 :5 philosoph]s _h
 n yet ev5 lisp$ 9 ! sweet numb]s (     
,radical ,sociology4         99       99
       99       99       99  #adj4 ,%e 0
 a /rict economi/1 :i* %e said1 enabl$  
h] to be lib]al2 out ( h] little income 
( ab\t #cjj a ye> %e be/[$ at lea/ a    

?ird 9 well-*os5 *>ities1 & ) ! re/1    
liv$ l a g5tlewoman1 & ev5 ) hospitality
 m g5]al ?an seem$ to suit h] age2 yet  
,i c\ld nev] prevail on h] to accept (  
any assi/ance4 ,y _c conceive h[ affect+
 x 0 to me to see ! little prep>ations (
 pres5ts :i* %e _h assort$ = ! ,new     
,ye>1 = %e 0 a great obs]v] ( ! old     
fa%ions ( h] p]iod--& to ?9k t ! k9d    
he>t 0 cold :i* delight$ 9 all ^! arts (
 k9dly affection4  #ada4 ,! ,duke is "o 
( ^? retir$ & high-spirit$ m5 :o w nev] 
be kn[n until ! _w asks :at became ( !  
huge oak t grew on ! br[ ( ! hill1 &    
%elt]$ su* an ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,dur+ !    
late di/ress1 ?\gh 8 own imm5se r5ts    
rema9$ 9 arre>s1 & ?\gh ,i "k he 0 p9*$ 
= money1 z all m5 71 b m especially !   
possessors ( entail$ e/ates1 he abs5t$  
himself f ,london 9 ord] to pay1 ) ease 
to himself1 ! labor]s employ$ on 8 v>i\s
 e/ates4 ,^! am\nt$ 7= ,i h (t5 se5 !   
roll & help$ to *eck x7 to n9e hundr$ & 
fifty m51 work+ at day wages1 ea* ( :om 
on a mod]ate av]age might ma9ta9 ?ree   

p]sons1 s9ce ! s+le m5 h mo!rs1 si/]s1 &
 ag$ or v "y relations to protect &     
assi/4 ,inde$ x is wond]ful h[ mu* ev5 a
 small sum1 comp>atively1 w d 9 support+
 ! ,scotti% labor]1 :o 9 8 natural /ate 
is p]haps "o ( ! be/1 mo/ intellig5t1 & 
k9d-he>t$ ( human be+s2 & 9 tru? ,i h   
limit$ my o!r habits ( exp5se v mu* s9ce
 ,i fell into ! habit ( employ+ m9e     
hone/ p4 ,i wi% y c\ld h se5 ab\t a     
hundr$ *ildr51 be+ almo/ entirely       
support$ by _! fa!rs' or bro!rs' labor1 
come d[n ye/]day to dance to ! pipes1 & 
get a piece ( cake & bannock1 & p5ce    
apiece 7no v deadly l>gess7 9 honor (   
hogmanay4 ,i decl>e to y1 my de> fri5d1 
t :5 ,i ?\ght ! poor fell[s1 :o kept ^! 
*ildr5 s neat1 & well taught1 & well    
behav$1 7 slav+ ! :ole day = eighte5    
p5ce or tw5ty p5ce at mo/1 ,i 0 a%am$ ( 
_! gratitude1 & ( _! becks & b[s4 ,b    
aft] all1 "o does :at "o c1 & x is bett]
 tw5ty families %\ld be com=table       
accord+ to _! wi%es & habits1 ?an t half
 t numb] %\ld be rais$ above _!         

situation4         99       99       99 
99       99  #adb4 ,i mu/ pray ,mr4     
,greg f>!r to obs]ve1 if he has         
condesc5d$ to glance at ^! rema9s (     
almo/ prehi/oric ?\ght1 t al?\gh ! mod]n
 philosoph] w nev] h reason to blu% =   
any man's gratitude1 & has totally      
ab&on$ ! romantic idea ( mak+ ev5 s mu* 
z "o family com=table accord+ to _!     
wi%es & habits1 ! alt]native sugge/$ by 
,scott1 t half ! numb] %\ld be rais$    
above _! situation may become a v       
inconv5i5t "o if ! doctr9es ( ,mod]n    
,equality & competition %\ld r5d] ! o!r 
half desir\s ( p>allel promotion4  #adc4
 ,x is n[ j sixte5 ye>s s9ce ,mr4       
,greg's pres5t philosophy ( ,exp5diture 
0 express$ ) great precision by !       
,common ,c\ncilm5 ( ,new ,york1 9 _!    
report on ! comm]cial crisis ( #aheg1 9 
! foll[+ t]ms3--#aba       ,ano!r       
errone\s idea is t luxuri\s liv+1       
extravagant      dress+1 spl5did        
turn-outs & f9e h\ses1 are ! cause (    
di/ress to a nation1 ,no m errone\s     

impression c\ld exi/4      ,e           
extravagance t ! man ( #ajj4jjj or      
#a1jjj1jjj doll>s      indulges 91 adds 
to ! means1 ! support1 ! weal? ( t5 or a
      hundr$ :o _h little or no?+ else b
 _! labor1 _!      intellect1 or _!     
ta/e4 ,if a man ( #a1jjj1jjj doll>s     
sp5ds      pr9cipal & int]e/ 9 t5 ye>s1 
& f9ds himself begg>$ at      ! end ( t 
"t1 he has actually made a hundr$ :o h  
cat]$ to 8 extravagance1 employ]s or    
employ$1 s mu* ri*]      by ! division (
 8 weal?4 ,he may be ru9$1 b ! nation is
      bett] (f & ri*]1 = "o hundr$ m9ds 
& h&s1 ) #aj1jjj      doll>s apiece1 are
 f> m productive ?an "o ) ! :ole4  ,n[ t
 is precisely ! view also tak5 ( ! matt]
 by a l>ge numb] ( ,radical ,economi/s 9
 ,engl& z well z ,am]ica2 only !y feel t
 ! "t1 h[ev] %ort1 :i* ! ri* g5tleman   
takes to divide 8 prop]ty among !m 9 8  
own way1 is practically wa/$2 & ev5     
worse1 because ! me?ods :i* ! g5tleman  
himself is likely to adopt = !          
depression ( 8 =tune w n1 9 all         

probability1 be conducive to ! elevation
 ( 8 "*4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 on moral z   
well z economical gr\nds1 desirable t ! 
division & di/ribution %\ld at once be  
summ>ily effect$2 & ! only po9t /ill op5
 to discussion 9 ! views ( ! ,common    
,c\ncilm5 is to :at degree ( m9ut5ess !y
 w\ld ?9k x advisable to c>ry !         
subsequ5t subdivision4  #add4 ,i d n    
suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! conclusion   
:i* ,mr4 ,greg is desir\s t ! g5]al     
,anti-,*ri/ian public %\ld adopt2 & 9 t 
case1 z ,i see by 8 pap] 9 ! la/ numb] (
 ! ,contempor>y1#abb t he consid]s !    
,*ri/ian life itself virtually          
impossible1 may ,i recomm5d 8 exam9ation
 ( ! mann]s ( ! ,pre-,*ri/ian8 ,= ,i c  
c]tify him t ?is important subject1 (   
:i* he has only himself imp]fectly      
inve/igat$ "o side1 _h be5 ?or\ghly     
inve/igat$ on all sides1 at lea/ sev5   
hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & f t day to    
?is1 all m5 ( wit1 s5se1 & feel+ h held 
precisely ! same views on ! subjects (  
economy & *>ity1 9 all nations "u ! sun4

 ,x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r ,mr4 ,greg  
*ooses ! exp]i5ce ( ,boeotia1 ,lomb>dy1 
or ,york%ire1 nor :e!r he /udies !      
relation ( "w to-day or "u ,hesiod1     
,virgil1 or ,sydney ,smi?4 ,b x is      
desirable t at lea/ he %\ld acqua9t     
himself ) ! op9ions ( "s su* p]sons1 z  
well z ) ^? ( ! ,common ,c\ncilm5 ( ,new
 ,york2 = ?\gh a man ( sup]ior sagacity 
may be p>don$ = ?9k+1 ) ! fri5ds ( ,job1
 t ,wisdom w die ) him1 x c only be     
?r\gh neglect ( ! exi/+ opportunities ( 
g5]al culture t he rema9s di/9ctly "u ! 
impression t %e 0 born ) him4  #ade4 ,x 
may p]haps be well t 9 conclusion1 ,i   
%\ld /ate briefly ! causes & t]ms ( !   
economical crisis ( our own day1 :i* has
 be5 ! subject ( ! debate betwe5 ,mr4   
,goldw9 ,smi? & ,mr4 ,greg4  ,no man ev]
 became1 or c become1 l>gely ri* m]ely  
by labor & economy4#abc ,all l>ge =tunes
 7putt+ treasure-trove & gambl+ out (   
consid]ation7 are f\nd$ ei!r on         
occupation ( l&1 usury1 or taxation (   
labor4 ,:e!r op5ly or occultly1 !       

l&lord1 money-l5d]1 & capitali/ employ]1
 ga!r into _! possession a c]ta9        
quantity ( ! means ( exi/5ce :i* o!r p  
produce by ! labor ( _! h&s4 ,! effect (
 ?is impo/ ^u ! condition ( life ( !    
t5ant1 borr[]1 & workman1 is ! fir/ po9t
 to be /udi$2--! results1 t is to say1 (
 ! mode 9 :i* ,capta9 ,rol& fills 8     
purse4  ,secondly1 we h to /udy !       
effects ( ! mode 9 :i* ,capta9 ,rol&    
empties 8 purse4 ,! l&lord1 usur]1 or   
labor-ma/]1 does n1 & _c1 himself       
consume all ! means ( life he collects4 
,he gives !m to o!r p]sons1 :om he      
employs = 8 own beho(--gr[]s ( *ampagne1
 jockeys1 footm51 jewel]s1 build]s1     
pa9t]s1 musicians1 & ! l4 ,! division ( 
! labor ( ^! p]sons f ! production (    
food to ! production ( articles ( luxury
 is v frequ5tly1 & at ! pres5t day1 v   
griev\sly ! cause ( fam9e4 ,b :5 !      
luxuries are produc$1 x becomes a q     
sep>ate "q :o is to h !m1 & :e!r !      
l&lord & capitali/ are entirely to      
monopolize ! music1 ! pa9t+1 !          

ar*itecture1 ! h&-s]vice1 !             
horse-s]vice1 & ! sp>kl+ *ampagne ( !   
_w4  #adf4 ,& x is gradually1 9 ^! days1
 becom+ manife/ to ! t5ants1 borr[]s1 & 
labor]s1 t in/ead ( pay+ ^! l>ge sums   
into ! h&s ( ! l&lords1 l5d]s1 &        
employ]s1 = !m to pur*ase music1 pa9t+1 
etc41 )1 ! t5ants1 borr[]s1 & work]s _h 
bett] buy a little music & pa9t+ =      
!mselves4 ,t1 = in/ance1 in/ead ( !     
capitali/-employ] pay+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds
 = a full-l5g? portrait ( himself1 9 !  
attitude ( inve/+ 8 capital1 ! unit$    
workm5 _h bett] !mselves pay ! ?ree     
hundr$ p\nds into ! h&s ( ! +5i\s arti/1
 = a pa9t+ 9 ! antiquat$ mann] (        
,leon>do or ,raphael1 ( "s subject m    
religi\sly or hi/orically int]e/+ to !m2
 & plac$ :]e !y c always see x4 ,& aga9 
in/ead ( pay+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds to !    
oblig+ l&lord1 = him to buy a box at !  
op]a )1 :5ce to /udy ! ref9em5ts ( music
 & danc+1 ! t5ants are beg9n+ to ?9k t  
!y may z well keep _! r5ts to !mselves1 
& !re) pay "s ,w&]+ ,willie to fiddle at

 _! own doors1 or bid "s gray-hair$     
m9/rel    ,tune1 to please a peasant's  
e>1   ,! h>p a k+ _h lov$ to he>4  ,&   
simil>ly ! dwell]s 9 ! hut ( ! field &  
g>ret ( ! city are beg9n+ to ?9k t      
in/ead ( pay+ half a cr[n = ! loan (    
half a fire-place1 !y _h bett] keep _!  
half-cr[n 9 _! pockets till !y c buy =  
!mselves a :ole "o4  #adg4 ,^! are !    
views :i* are ga9+ gr\nd among ! poor2 &
 x is entirely va9 to endeavor to       
repress !m by equivocations4 ,!y are    
f\nd$ on et]nal laws2 & al?\gh _!       
recognition w long be refus$1 & _!      
promulgation1 resi/$ z x w be1 p>tly by 
=ce1 p>tly by falsehood1 c only be ?r\gh
 incalculable confusion & mis]y1        
recogniz$ !y mu/ be ev5tually2 & ) ^!   
?ree ultimate results3--t ! usur]'s     
trade w be aboli%$ utt]ly1--t ! employ] 
w be paid ju/ly = 8 sup]9t5d5ce ( labor1
 b n = 8 capital1 & ! l&lord paid = 8   
sup]9t5d5ce ( ! cultivation ( l&1 :5 he 
is able to direct x wisely3 t bo? he1 & 
! employ] ( me*anical labor1 w be       

recogniz$ z belov$ ma/]s1 if !y des]ve  
love1 & z noble guides :5 !y are capable
 ( giv+ discreet guidance2 b nei!r w be 
p]mitt$ to e/abli% !mselves any m z     
s5seless conduits ?r\gh :i* ! /r5g? &   
ri*es ( _! native l& are to be p\r$ into
 ! cup ( ! =nication ( its capital4     
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #aaa3           
,contempor>y ,review1 ,may #ahgc4       
,footnote #aab3 ,^! 71 fir/1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]'s ,bias ( ,patriotism1 be+ ! n9?
 *apt] ( 8 ,/udy ( ,sociology1 fir/     
publi%$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review2 &1    
secondly1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg's ,:at is  
culpable luxury8 ,see bel[1 p4 #cjc1    
#ace4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #aac3 ,i take  
due note t ,mr4 ,sp5c] p>tly means by 8 
adv]bial s5t5ce t ,patriotism is        
individual ,egoism1 expect+ its own     
c5tral b5efit ?r\gh ! ,nation's         
circumf]5t b5efit1 z ?r\gh a funnel3 b1 
?r\gh\t1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] confuses ?is       
s5tim5t1 :i* he calls reflex egoism1 ) !
 action ( corporate consci5ce4          
,footnote #aad3 ,see ! lett]s on ,h[ !  

,ri* ,sp5d _! ,money 7repr9t$ f ! ,pall 
,mall7 9 ,arr[s ( ! ,*ace1 vol4 ii41 :]e
 ! orig9 ( ! discussion is              
expla9$4--,,ed4  ,footnote #aae3 ,i use 
! curr5t ,engli% ( ,mrs4 ,l5nox's       
translation1 b ,h5ry's real say+ 0 7see 
! fir/--gre5 leaf--edition ( ,sully71 ,x
 is writt5 above :at is to happ5 to me  
on e occasion4 ,t\te occasion becomes   
cette occasion 9 ! subsequ5t editions1 &
 f9ally :at is to happ5 to me 7ce que   
doit tre fait de moi7 becomes :at ,i    
ought to d 9 ! ,engli%4  ,footnote #aaf3
 ,cahors4 ,see ! ,memoirs ( ! ,duke (   
,sully1 ,book #a4 7,bohn's #ahef        
,edition1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aah-i47--;,,ed4 
,footnote #aag3 ,:]e viol5ce & brutality
 are puni%$4 ,see ,dante's ,inf]no1     
,canto xii4--,,ed4  ,footnote #aah3 ,see
 ! ,contempor>y ,review at pp4 #fah &   
#fbd4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #aai3          
,viz43--,t if ! exp5diture ( an income (
 #cj1jjj a ye> ^u luxuries is to rob !  
poor1 s pro tanto is ! exp5diture ( s   
mu* ( an income ( #cjj z is sp5t on     

any?+ beyond ! simple/ necess>ies (     
life4--,,ed4  ,footnote #abj3 ,ref]r+ to
 two anonym\s articles on ,!            
,agricultural ,labor]1 9 ! ,cornhill    
,magaz9e1 vol4 #bg1 ,jan4 & ,june #ahgc1
 pp4 #bae & #cjg4--;,,ed4  ,footnote    
#aba3 ,see ! ,times ( ,novemb] #bcrd ( t
 ye>4  ,footnote #abb3 ,is a ,*ri/ian   
life feasible 9 ^! days8--,,ed4         
,footnote #abc3 ,see ,mun]a ,pulv]is1   
#aci3 ,no man c become l>gely ri* by 8  
p]sonal w4444 ,x is only by ! discov]y (
 "s me?od ( tax+ ! labor ( o!rs t he c  
become opul5t4 ,& see also ,"t & ,tide1 
#ha4--;,,ed4     ,,usury4#abd  ,a       
,,reply ,,& ,a ,,rejo9d]4   #adh4 ,i h  
be5 honor$ by ! receipt ( a lett] f !   
,bi%op ( ,man*e/]1 :i*1 ) 8 ,lord%ip's  
p]mission1 ,i h reque/$ ! editor ( !    
,contempor>y ,review to place be=e !    
l>ge circle ( 8 read]s1 ) a brief       
accompany+ /atem5t ( ! circum/ances by  
:i* ! lett] has be5 call$ =?1 & su*     
imp]fect reply z x is 9 my p[] )\t delay
 to r5d]4    ,j4 ,,rusk94    ,,man*e/]1 

,decemb] #h1 #ahgi4  ,,de> ,,sir1--,9 a 
lett] f y\rself to ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4      
,malleson1#abe publi%$ 9 ! ,contempor>y 
,review ( ! curr5t mon?1 ,i obs]ve !    
foll[+ passage3--,i h nev] yet he>d s   
mu* z "o 7prea*]7 he>tily proclaim+     
aga9/ all ^? 'deceiv]s ) va9 words1' t  
no 'covet\s p]son1 :i* is an idolat]1   
ha? any inh]itance 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,*ri/ & 
( ,god2' & on myself p]sonally &        
publicly *all5g+ ! ,bi%ops ( ,engl&     
g5]ally1 & by "n ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]1 to
 say :e!r usury 01 or 0 n1 accord+ to ! 
w ( ,god1 ,i h receiv$ no answ] f any "o
 ( !m4 ,i confess1 = myself1 t until ,i 
saw ?is passage 9 pr9t a few days ago1  
,i 0 unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* *all5ge1 &
 !re=e ,i c\ld n answ] x4 ,x appe>s to h
 be5 deliv]$ 7,a7 9 ,no4 #hb ( a s]ies (
 lett]s :i*1 "u ! title ( ,=s ,clavig]a1
 y h = "s "t be5 address+ to ! work+    
classes ( ,engl&1 b :i*1 f ! peculi>    
mode ( _! publication1 are n easily     
accessible to ! g5]al read] & :i* ,i h  
only caught a glimpse (1 on !           

libr>y-table ( ! ,a!num ,club1 on ! r>e 
occasions :5 ,i am able to use my       
privileges z a memb] ( t ,society4 ,i h 
no idea :y ,i _h ! honor ( be+ specially
 m5tion$ by "n 7,b72 b ,i beg to assure 
y t my sil5ce did n arise f any         
disc\rtesy t[>ds my *all5g]1 nor f t    
discretion :i*1 "s p may ?9k1 is usually
 ! bett] "p ( episcopal valor1 & :i*    
consi/s 9 ignor+ inconv5i5t que/ions f a
 s5se ( inability to answ] !m2 b simply 
f ! fact t ,i 0 n consci\s t y\r lance  
_h t\*$ my %ield4  #adi4 ,! "q y h ask$ 
is j "o ( ^? to :i* ,ari/otle's wise    
caution applies3 ,we mu/ di/+ui% & def9e
 su* words1 if we w\ld "k h[ f>1 & 9 :at
 s5se1 ! opposite views are true 7,e?4  
,nic41 ix1 c4 viii4  #c74 ,:at d y mean 
by usury8 7,c7 ,d y compreh5d "u x any  
paym5t ( money z int]e/ = ! use ( borr[$
 capital8 or only exorbitant1           
inequitable1 gr9d+ int]e/1 su* z !      
money-l5d]1 ,fufidius1 extort$8         
,qu9as hic capiti m]c$es exsecat1 atque 
,quanto p]ditior quisque e/1 tanto      

acrius urget3   ,nom9a sectatur modo    
sumta ve/e virili   ,sub patribus duris 
tironum4 ,maxime1 quis non1   ,jupit]1  
exclamat1 simul atque audivit8          
--,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #b1 #ad-ah4  ,usury1 9 
itself1 is a purely neutral ^w1 c>ry+ ) 
x1 9 its prim>y mean+1 nei!r praise nor 
blame2 & a usur] is def9$ 9 our         
diction>ies z a p]son accu/om$ to l5d   
money & take int]e/ = x--:i* is ! ord9>y
 function ( a bank]1 )\t ^: help great  
comm]cial und]tak+s c\ld n be c>ri$ out2
 ?\gh x is obvi\s h[ easily ! ^w may    
pass into a t]m ( reproa*1 s t to h be5 
call$ a usur] 0 "o ( ! bitt] memories t 
rankl$ mo/ 9 ,%ylock's catalogue ( 8    
wrongs4  #aej4 ,i d n believe t any?+   
has done m h>m to ! practical efficacy (
 religions sanctions ?an ! extravagant  
attempts t are frequ5tly made to impose 
!m 9 cases :i* !y nev] orig9ally        
contemplat$1 or to read into ord9ances1 
evid5tly impos$ = a "t--,greek3         
dikaimata me*ri kair\ 7,heb4 ix4        
#aj7--;a law ( et]nal & immutable       

obligation4 ,j z we are told 7,d7 n to  
expect to f9d 9 ! ,bible a s*eme (      
physical sci5ce1 s ,i d n expect to f9d 
!re a s*eme ( political economy4 ,:at ,i
 d expect to f9d1 9 relation to my duty 
to my neighbor1 are ^? unalt]able       
pr9ciples ( equity1 fairness1           
tru?fulness1 hone/y 7,e71 :i* are !     
indisp5sable bases ( civil society4 ,i  
am sure ,i h no ne$ to rem9d y t1 :ile a
 ,jew 0 =bidd5 by 8 law to take         
usury--i4e41 int]e/ = ! loan ( money--f 
8 bro!r1 if he 7 wax5 poor & fall5 into 
decay ) him1 & ?is g5]\s provision 0    
ext5d$ ev5 to /rang]s & soj\rn]s 9 ! l& 
7,lev4 xxv4 #ce-ch71 & ! int]e/+ /ory 9 
,nehemiah 7v4 #a-ac71 tells u h[ ?is    
pr9ciple 0 recogniz$ 9 ! late/ days ( ! 
commonweal?--/ill 9 t old law !re is no 
d5unciation ( usury 9 g5]al1 & x 0      
expressly p]mitt$ 9 ! case ( ord9>y     
/rang]s#abf 7,deut4 xxiii4 #bj74  ,x    
seems to me pla9 also t our ,bless$     
,"l's precept ab\t l5d+1 hop+ = no?+    
aga9 7,luke vi4 #ce71 has ! same1 or a  

simil>1 class ( circum/ances 9 view1 & 0
 int5d$ simply to gov]n a ,*ri/ian man's
 conduct to ! poor & ne$y1 & su* z h no 
help]1 & _c1 )\t a viol5t twi/ 7,f71 be 
con/ru$ into a g5]al law det]m9+ =ev] & 
9 all cases ! legitimate use ( capital4 
,inde$1 on ano!r occasion1 & 9 a v      
memorable p>able1 ! great ,f\nd] (      
,*ri/ianity recognizes1 & impli$ly      
sanctions1 ! practice ( l5d+ money at   
int]e/4 ,?\ oughte/1 says ! ma/]1       
address+ 8 unpr(itable s]vant1 ?\       
oughte/--,greek3 edei se--to h put my   
money to ! ex*ang]s2 & !n1 at my com+1  
,i %\ld h receiv$ m9e own ) usury4      
#aea4 ,/4 ,paul1 no d\bt1 d5\nces !     
covet\s4 7,g7 ,b :o is ! ,greek3        
pleonekts8 ,n ! man :o may happ5 to h   
money out on loan at a fair rate (      
int]e/2 b1 z ,liddell & ,scott give !   
mean+ ( ! ^w1 "o :o has or claims m ?an 
8 %>e2 h5ce1 gre$y1 grasp+1 selfi%4 ,(  
su* m51 ^: affections are :olly set on  
?+s ( ! e>?1 & :o are n v scrupul\s h[  
!y gratify !m1 x may1 p]haps1 n         

improp]ly be said 7,h7 t !y h no        
inh]itance 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ & ( ,god4  
,b "h1 aga91 x w\ld be a manife/ wre/+ (
 ! words to make !m apply to a case :i* 
we h no pro( t ! ,apo/le _h 9           
contemplation :5 he utt]$ !m4 ,rapacity1
 gre$ ( ga91 h>% & oppressive deal+1    
tak+ unfair advantage ( our own sup]ior 
k & ano!r's ignorance1 %utt+ up ! b[els 
( compassion t[>ds a bro!r :o we see has
 ne$--all ^! & ! l ?+s are =bidd5 by ! v
 _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & are manife/ly n    
accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 = !y are all ( !m
 =ms ( inju/ice or wrong4 ,b money may  
be l5t at int]e/ )\t "o ( ^! bad        
passions be+ br\ght 9 to play1 & 9 ^!   
cases ,i confess my inability to see    
:]e1 ei!r 9 t]ms or 9 _s1 su* use (     
money is condemn$ ei!r by ! ,*ri/ian    
code ( *>ity1 or by t natural law (     
consci5ce :i* we are told 7,i7 is writt5
 on ! he>ts ( m54  #aeb4 ,let me take   
two or ?ree simple in/ances by way (    
illu/ration4 ,! foll[+ has happ5$ to    
myself4 ,all my life ?r\gh--f ! "t :5 my

 income 0 n a t5? "p ( :at x is n[--,i h
 felt x a duty1 :ile endeavor+ to       
dis*>ge all prop] claims1 to live )9 t  
income1 s to adju/ my exp5diture to x t 
!re %\ld be a m>g9 on ! "r side4 ,?is   
m>g91 ( c\rse1 accumulat$1 & rea*$ 9 "t1
 say1 #ajjj4 ,j !n1 say1 ! ,london &    
,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company propos$  
to issue ,deb5ture ,/ock1 be>+ f\r p]   
c5t4 int]e/1 = ! purpose ( ext5d+ !     
communications1 & s increas+ ! weal?1 ( 
! c\ntry4 ,:om 9 ! _w am ,i injur+--:at 
conceivable wrong am ,i do+--:]e or h[  
am ,i ?w>t+ ! ,w ( ,god--if ,i let !    
,company h my #ajjj1 & h be5 receiv+ f  
!m #dj a ye> = ! use ( x ev] s9ce8      
,unless ! money _h be5 =?com+ f "s qu>t]
 or o!r1 a "w :i* 0 absolutely necess>y 
= ! prosp]ity ( ! nation1 & :i* f9ds    
remun]ative employm5t 7,k7 = an imm5se  
numb] ( ,engli%m51 enabl+ !m to br+ up  
_! families 9 respectability & com=t1   
w\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$4 ,w y tell me
 t ?is me?od ( c>ry+ out great comm]cial
 ent]prises1 sanction$ by exp]i5ce 7,l7 

z ! mo/1 if n ! only1 practicable "o1 is
 n accord+ to ! ,w ( ,god8  #aec4 ,take 
ano!r in/ance4 ,9 ,lanca%ire a l>ge     
numb] ( cotton mills h be5 erect$ on !  
jo9t-/ock pr9ciple ) limit$ liability4  
,! ?+ has be5 pu%$ too f> probably1 & at
 "o "t !re 0 a good deal ( un:olesome   
speculation 9 float+ companies4 ,b t is 
n ! "q be=e u2 & ! ent]prises gave work+
 m5 an opportunity ( inve/+ _! sav+s1   
:i* 0 a great /imulus to ?rift1 &1 s f>1
 an advantage to ! c\ntry4 ,9 a mill1   
:i* x w\ld p]haps co/ #ej1jjj to build &
 fit ) ma*9]y1 ! subscrib$ capital1 :i* 
w\ld be entitl$ to a division ( pr(its  
aft] all o!r dem&s _h be5 satisfi$1 w\ld
 n am\nt probably to m ?an #bj1jjj4 ,!  
re/ w\ld be borr[$ at rates ( int]e/    
v>y+ accord+ to ! conditions ( ! m>ket4 
,y surely w\ld n ma9ta9 t ^? :o l5t _!  
money = su* a purpose1 & 7 cont5t ) #e  
or #f p] c5t1 = ! use ( x1 ?us enabl+1 9
 good times1 ! %>ehold]s to realize #bj 
or #be p] c5t1 on _! subscrib$ capital1 
7 do+ wrong ei!r to ! %>ehold]s or      

anyone else1 or c\ld 9 any s5se be *>g$ 
) act+ n accord+ to ! w ( ,god8  #aed4  
,take yet "o case m4 ,a f>m] asks 8     
l&lord to dra9 8 l&4 ,gladly1 says 8    
squire1 if y w pay me five p] c5t on !  
outlay4 ,9 o!r words1 if y w let me %>e 
! increas$ pr(its to ?is ext5t4 ,! b>ga9
 is agreeable to bo? sides2 !           
productiv5ess ( ! l& is l>gely increas$2
 :o is wrong$8 ,surely su* a transaction
 c\ld n fairly be describ$ z n accord+  
to ! w ( ,god2 surely1 unless ! comm]ce 
& productive indu/ries ( ! c\ntry are to
 be de/roy$1 &1 ) ! de/ruction1 its     
population is to be r$uc$ to :at x 0 9 !
 days ( ,elizabe?1 ^! & simil>          
transactions--:i* c be kept entirely    
cle> ( ! s9 ( covet\sness1 & re/ ^u !   
well-und]/ood basis ( mutual advantage1 
ea* & all be+ ga9]s by !m--are n only   
legitimate1 b inevitable 7,m74 ,& n[ t  
,i h tak5 up y\r *all5ge1 &1 s f> z my  
ability goes1 answ]$ x1 may ,i1 )\t /ay+
 to inquire h[ f> y\r *>ge aga9/ ! cl]gy
 c be sub/antiat$1 t !y g5]ally         

patronize & enc\rage all ! iniquity ( ! 
_w by /eadily prea*+ away ! p5alties ( x
 7,n71 be at lea/ all[$ to demur to y\r 
:olesale d5unciation ( ! great cities ( 
! e>?1 :i* y say h become loa?some c5t]s
 ( =nication & covet\sness1 ! smoke ( _!
 s9 go+ up into ! face ( ,heav51 l !    
furnace ( ,sodom1 & ! pollution ( x     
rott+ & rag+ ?r\gh ! bones & s\ls ( !   
peasant p r\nd !m1 z if !y 7 ea* a      
volcano1 ^: a%es brake out 9 bla9s ^u   
man & bea/4#abg ,surely1 ,sir1 y\r      
righte\s indignation at evil has caus$ y
 to ov]*>ge y\r language4 ,no "o c h    
liv$ 9 a great city1 z ,i h = ! la/ t5  
ye>s1 )\t be+ aw>e ( its s9s & its      
pollutions4 ,b unless y c prev5t !      
aggregation ( human be+s into great     
cities1 ^! are evils :i* mu/ necess>ily 
exi/2 at any rate1 :i* always h exi/$4  
,! great cities ( to-day are n worse ?an
 great cities always h be5 7,o74 ,9 "o  
capital respect1 ,i believe !y are      
bett]4 ,!re is an increas+ numb] ( _!   
citiz5s :o are aw>e ( ^! evils1 & :o are

 try+ _! be/1 ) ! help ( ,god1 to rem$y 
!m4 ,9 ,sodom !re 0 b "o righte\s man :o
 vex$ 8 s\l at ! unlawful de$s t he     
witness$ day by day1 on e side2 & he1   
app>5tly1 did no m ?an vex 8 s\l4 ,9    
,man*e/]1 ! m5 & wom51 ( all ranks &    
p]suasions1 :o are actively engag+ 9 "s 
,*ri/ian or philan?ropic "w1 to battle  
aga9/ ^! gigantic evils1 are to be      
reckon$ by hundr$s4 ,n[h]e h ,i se5 m   
conspicu\s in/ances ( ,*ri/ian ef=t1 & (
 s+le-he>t$ devotion to ! highe/ int]e/s
 ( mank9d4 ,& ?\gh1 no d\bt1 if ^! ef=ts
 7 bett] organiz$1 m might be a*iev$1 & 
elem5ts1 :i* "o c\ld wi% abs5t1         
sometimes m+le ) & m> ! "w1 /ill a great
 city1 ev5 ) ! smoke ( its s9 go+ up    
into ! face ( ,heav51 is ! noble/ field 
( ! noble/ virtues1 because x gives !   
ample/ scope = ! mo/ v>i$ ex]cise ( !m4 
,if y w tea* u cl]gy h[ bett] to dis*>ge
 our (fice z m9i/]s ( a ,k+dom ( ,tru? &
 ,righte\sness1 we %all all owe y a deep
 debt ( gratitude2 :i* no "o w be m =w>d
 to ackn[l$ge ?an1 my de> ,sir1 y\rs    

fai?fully & ) mu* respect1    ,j4       
,,man*e/]4    ,,john ,,rusk91 ,esq4     
#aee4 ,! =ego+ lett]1 to :i* ,i w\ld fa9
 h giv5 my undivid$ & unwe>i$ att5tion1 
rea*$ my h&s1 z w be se5 by its date1   
only 9 ! close ( ! ye>1 :5 my g5]al     
correspond5ce always f> ov]passes my    
p[]s ( deal+ ) x1 & my /r5g?--su* z n[  
is left me--_h be5 sp5t1 ne>ly to l[e/  
ebb1 9 totally unexpect$ bus9ess aris+  
out ( ! ?reat5$ mis*ief at ,v5ice4 ,b ,i
 am cont5t t su* fragm5t>y reply z1 "u  
?is pressure1 has be5 possible to me1   
%\ld close ! debate z f> z ,i am myself 
conc]n$4 ,! "q at issue is n "o (       
private int]pretation2 & ! int]e/s      
conc]n$ are too va/ to all[ its decision
 to be long delay$4  ,! ,bi%op w1 ,i    
tru/1 n attribute to disrespect ! mode (
 reply 9 ! =m ( notes atta*$ to special 
passages1 indicat$ by ins]t$ lett]s1 :i*
 0 adopt$ 9 ,=s ,clavig]a 9 all cases ( 
important correspond5ce1 z m cle>ly     
def9+ ! sev]al po9ts "u debate4  #aef4  
7,a7 ,! *all5ge appe>s to h be5 deliv]$4

 ,may ,i respectfully express my regret 
t y\r lord%ip %\ld n h read ! lett] y h 
honor$ me by answ]+4 ,! numb] ( ,=s     
ref]r$ to does n deliv]--x only         
reit]ates--! *all5ge giv5 9 ! ,=s =     
,janu>y #a/1 #ahge1 ) ref]5ce to ! pray]
 ,h m]cy ^u all ,jews1 ,turks1 infidels1
 & h]etics1 & s fet* !m home1 bless$    
,"l1 to ,?y flock1 t !y may be sav$     
among ! remnant ( ! true ,israelites1 9 
^! foll[+ t]ms3 ,:o are ! true          
,israelites1 my ,"l ( ,man*e/]1 on y\r  
,ex*ange8 ,d !y /ret* _! clo?1 l o!r    
p8--h !y any und]h& deal+s ) !          
liable-to-be-damn$ false                
,israelites--,ro?s*ilds & ! l8 or are !y
 duly solicit\s ab\t ^? w&]]s' s\ls8 &  
h[ (t51 on ! av]age1 d y\r ,man*e/]     
cl]gy prea* f ! delici\s p>able1        
savorie/ ( all ,scripture to rogues 7at 
lea/ s9ce ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ,i f9d x  
to h be5 specially head$ ) gold5 title 9
 my be/ ,greek ,,ms47 ( ! ,ph>isee &    
,publican1--& h[ (t51 on ! av]age1 f ^? 
objectionable ,fir/ & ,fifte5? ,psalms8 

7,b7 ,i h no idea :y ,i _h ! honor ( be+
 specially m5tion$ by "n4 ,by diocese1  
my ,"l2 n "n1 please obs]ve2 & = ?is v  
simple reason3 t ,i h already fairly    
accurate k ( ! div9ity ( ! old s*ools ( 
,cant]bury1 ,york1 & ,ox=d2 b ,i look$  
to y\r ,lord%ip z ! au?oritative expon5t
 ( ! m advanc$ div9ity ( ! s*ool (      
,man*e/]1 ) :i* ,i am n yet famili>4    
#aeg4 7,c7 ,:at d y mean by usury8 ,:at 
,i mean by t ^w1 my ,"l1 is surely ( no 
consequ5ce to anyone b my few read]s1 & 
few] disciples4 ,:at ,david & 8 ,son    
meant by x ,i h pray$ y\r ,lord%ip to   
tell y\r flock1 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* :i*    
dictates daily to !m ! songs ( ! "o1 &  
pr(esses to int]pret to !m ! comm&s ( ! 
o!r4  ,& al?\gh ,i c easily conceive t a
 ,bi%op at ! c\rt ( ! ,?ird ,ri*>d might
 h paus$ 9 reply to a too curi\s        
layman's "q ( :at 0 meant by ,murd]2 & c
 also conceive a ,bi%op at ! c\rt ( !   
,second ,*>les hesitat+ z to !          
significance ( ! ^w ,adult]y2 & f>!r1 9 
! pres5t climact]ic ( ! ,briti%         

,con/itution1 an eld] ( ! ,*ur* (       
,glasg[ debat+ )9 himself :e!r !        
,comm&m5t :i* 0 sev]ely prohibitory (   
,!ft might n be mildly p]missive (      
,misappropriation2--at no "t1 nor "u any
 conditions1 c ,i conceive any "q exi/+ 
z to ! mean+ ( ! words ,greek3 tokos1   
fo5us2 usura1 or usury3 & ,i tru/ t y\r 
,lord%ip w at once acquit me ( wi%+ to  
atta* any o!r significance to ! ^w ?an t
 :i* x 0 to ! full int5d$ to convey on e
 occasion ( its use by ,moses1 by       
,david1 by ,*ri/1 & by ! ,doctors ( !   
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 d[n to ! sev5te5?       
c5tury4  ,nor1 ev5 s9ce t date1 al?\gh !
 comm]cial phrase int]e/ has be5 adopt$ 
9 ord] to di/+ui% an op5 & unoppressive 
rate ( usury f a surreptiti\s &         
tyrannical "o1 has ! debate ( lawfulness
 or unlawfulness ev] turn$ s]i\sly on t 
di/9ction4 ,x is nei!r ju/ifi$ by its   
def5d]s only 9 its mildness1 nor        
condemn$ by its accus]s only 9 its      
sev]ity4 ,usury 9 any degree is ass]t$  
by ! ,doctors ( ! e>ly ,*ur* to be      

s9ful1 j z !ft & adult]y are ass]t$ to  
be s9ful1 ?\gh nei!r may h be5          
accompani$ ) viol5ce2 & al?\gh ! !ft may
 h be5 on ! mo/ spl5did scale1 & !      
=nication ( ! mo/ c\rtly ref9em5t4  ,s  
also1 9 mod]n days1 ?\gh ! voice ( !    
,bank ( ,engl& 9 ,p>liam5t decl>es a    
loan )\t int]e/ to be a mon/]1#abh & a  
loan made bel[ ! curr5t rate ( int]e/1 a
 mon/] 9 its degree1 ! increase (       
divid5ds above t curr5t rate is n1 z f> 
z ,i am aw>e1 %unn$ by %>ehold]s ) an   
equally religi\s horror4  #aeh4 ,b--?is 
/range "q be+ ask$--,i give its simple &
 broad answ] 9 ! words ( ,*ri/3 ,! tak+ 
up t ?\ lay$/ n d[n2--or1 9 expla9$ &   
lit]al t]ms1 usury is any money paid1 or
 o!r advantage giv51 = ! loan ( any?+   
:i* is re/or$ to its possessor un9jur$ &
 undim9i%$4 ,= simple/ in/ance1 tak+ a  
cabman ! o!r day on a long drive1 ,i l5t
 him a %ill+ to get 8 d9n]4 ,if ,i _h   
kept ?irte5 p5ce out ( 8 f>e1 ! odd p5ny
 w\ld h be5 usury4  ,or aga94 ,i l5t "o 
( my s]vants1 a few ye>s ago1 elev5     

hundr$ p\nds1 to build a h\se )1 & /ock 
its gr\nd4 ,aft] "s ye>s he paid me !   
elev5 hundr$ p\nds back4 ,if ,i _h tak5 
elev5 hundr$ p\nds & a p5ny1 ! extra    
p5ny w\ld h be5 usury4  ,i d n "k :e!r  
by ! phrase1 pres5tly aft] us$ by y\r   
,lord%ip1 religi\s sanctions1 ,i am to  
und]/& ! ,law ( ,god :i* ,david lov$1 & 
,*ri/ fulfill$1 or :e!r ! spl5dor1 !    
comm]cial prosp]ity1 & ! famili>        
acqua9tance ) all ! secrets ( sci5ce &  
treasures ( art1 :i* we admire 9 ! ,city
 ( ,man*e/]1 mu/ 9 y\r ,lord%ip's view  
be consid]$ z cases :i* ! intellig5ce ( 
! ,div9e ,lawgiv] c\ld n h orig9ally    
contemplat$4 ,)\t attempt+ to disguise !
 n>r[ness ( ! horizon grasp$ by ! glance
 ( ! ,"l f ,s9ai1 nor ! inconv5i5ce ( ! 
comm&m5ts :i* ,*ri/ has direct$ ^? :o   
love ,him to keep1 am ,i too tr\blesome 
or too exig5t 9 ask+ f "o ( ^? :om !    
,holy ,gho/ has made our ov]se]s1 at    
lea/ a di/9ct *>t ( ! ,old ,_w z        
contemplat$ by ! ,almighty2 & a cle>    
def9ition ( ev5 ! inappropriate t5or ( !

 ord]s ( ,*ri/3 if only t ! mod]n       
sci5tific ,*ur*man may triumph m        
securely 9 ! circumf]5ce ( 8 heav5ly    
vision1 & accept m gratefully ! glori\s 
lib]ty ( ! free-?9k+ *ildr5 ( ,god8     
#aei4 ,to take a def9ite1 & n imp]t95t1 
in/ance1 ,i obs]ve 9 ! cont9u+ portion (
 y\r lett] t y\r ,lord%ip recognizes 9  
,*ri/ ,himself1 z d\btless all o!r human
 p]fections1 s also ! p]fection ( an    
usur]2 & t1 confid5tly expect+ "o day to
 he> f ,8 lips ! convict+ s5t5ce1 ,?\   
knewe/ t ,i 0 an au/]e man1 y\r ,lord%ip
 prep>es = y\rself1 by ! disposition (  
y\r capital no less ?an ( y\r tal5ts1 a 
bett] answ] ?an ! b>r51 ,behold1 !re ?\ 
ha/ t is ?9e6 ,i w\ld only obs]ve 9     
reply1 t al?\gh ! conception ( ! ,good  
,%eph]d1 :i* 9 y\r ,lord%ip's language  
is impli$ 9 ?is p>able1 may inde$ be    
less t ( "o :o lays d[n 8 life = 8 %eep1
 ?an ( "o :o takes up 8 money = !m1 !   
passages ( our ,ma/]'s in/ruction1 ( :i*
 ! mean+ is n implicit1 b explicit1 are 
p]haps ^? :i* ,8 simpl] disciples w be  

saf] 9 foll[+4 ,( :i* ,i f9d1 e>ly 9 ,8 
tea*+1 ?is1 almo/1 z x 71 9 words ( "o  
syllable3 ,give to him t aske? !e1 & f  
him t w\ld borr[ ( !e turn n ?\ away4   
,!re is no?+ m impli$ 9 ?is s5t5ce ?an !
 probable disposition to turn away1 :i* 
might be ! fir/ impulse 9 ! m9d ( a     
,*ri/ian ask$ to l5d = no?+1 z di/+ui%$ 
f ! disciple ( ! ,man*e/] s*ool1 ^:     
pr9cipal c>e is r to f9d1 ?an to avoid1 
! en?usia/ic & ent]pris+ him t w\ld     
borr[ ( !e4 ,we ( ! old] tradition1 my  
,"l1 ?9k t prud5ce1 no less ?an *>ity1  
=bids ! provocation or temptation ( o!rs
 into ! /ate ( debt1 :i* "s "t or o!r we
 might be call$ ^u1 n only to all[ !    
paym5t ( )\t usury1 b ev5 altoge!r to   
=give4  #afj4 7,d7 ,j z we are told4    
,:]e1 my ,"l1 & by :om8 ,x is possible t
 "s ( ! s*em]s 9 physical sci5ce1 ( :om1
 only a few days s9ce1 ,i he>d "o ( !   
lead+ doctors expla9 to a pleas$ audi5ce
 t s]p5ts once _h legs1 & _h dropp$ !m  
(f 9 ! process ( developm5t1 may h      
advis$ ! mod]n disciple ( progress ( a  

new mean+ 9 ! simple phrase1 ^u ?y belly
 %alt ?\ g2 & t ! wisdom ( ! s]p5t may  
h5ce=? consi/1 = true believ]s ( !      
sci5tific ,gospel1 9 ! provid+ ( meats =
 t spiritual organ ( motion4 ,x is      
d\btless also true t we %all look va9ly 
among ! say+s ( ,solomon = any          
expression ( ! op9ions ( ,mr4 ,john     
,/u>t ,mill2 b at lea/ ?is mu* (        
,natural sci5ce1 en\gh = our highe/ ne$1
 we may f9d 9 ! ,scriptures--t by ! ,^w 
( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made1 & all ! ho/ (  
!m by ! brea? ( ,8 m\?2--& ?is mu* (    
,political1 t ! ,bless+ ( ! ,"l1 x make?
 ri*--& ,he adde? no sorr[ ) x4  7,e7   
,:at ,i d expect to f9d4 ,has y\r       
,lord%ip no expectations l(ti] ?an ^!1 f
 sev]] scrut9y ( ! ,gospel8 ,z =        
in/ance1 ( "s ord9ance ( ,love1 built on
 ! f\ndation ( ,hone/y8  #afa4 7,f7 ,_c 
)\t a viol5t twi/4 ,i h nev] myself f\nd
 any p]son s9c]ely desir\s ( obey+ ! ,^w
 ( ! ,"l1 :o _h ! lea/ wi%1 or occasion1
 to twi/ x2 nay1 ev5 ^? :o /udy x only t
 !y may discov] me?ods ( p>donable      

disob$i5ce1 recognize ! unturnable edge 
( its sword--& 9 ! wor/ extremity ( _!  
ne$1 /rive n to av]t1 b to evade4 ,!    
utmo/ deceivabl5ess ( unrighte\sness _c 
deceive itself into satisfactory        
mis9t]pretation2 x is r$uc$ always to a 
tremul\s omission ( ! texts x is resolv$
 to disobey4 ,b a little :ile s9ce1 ,i  
he>d an entirely well-mean+ cl]gyman1   
tak5 by surprise 9 ! c\rse ( family     
wor%ip 9 ! h\se ( a weal?y fri5d1 & f9d+
 himself "u ! pa9ful necessity ( read+ !
 fifte5? ,psalm1 omit ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! 
clos+ v]se4 ,i *anc$ aft]w>ds to h an   
opportunity ( ask+ him :y he _h done s1 
& receiv$ = answ]1 t ! l[l9ess (        
,*ri/ian atta9m5t 0 n yet up to t v]se4 
,! h>monies ( iniquity are ?us curi\sly 
p]fect3--! economies ( spiritual        
n\ri%m5t approve ! same me?ods (        
adult]ation :i* are f\nd pr(itable 9 !  
c>nal2 until ! prud5t pa/or foll[s !    
example ( ! well-in/ruct$ dairyman2 &   
provides = 8 new-born babes ! 9s9c]e    
,milk ( ! ,^w1 t !y may n gr[ !reby4    

#afb4 7,g7 ,/4 ,paul1 no d\bt1 d5\nces !
 covet\s4 ,am ,i to und]/& y\r ,lord%ip 
z consid]+ ?is und5iable d5unciation an 
orig9al & peculi> view tak5 by ! lea/ ( 
! ,apo/les--p]haps1 9 ?is p>ticul>      
op9ion1 n wor?y to be call$ an ,apo/le8 
,! traditions ( my e>li] days 7 wont to 
ref] me to an e>li] s\rce ( ! idea2 :i* 
does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h occurr$ to y\r
 ,lord%ip's m9d--else ! ref]5ce to !    
au?ority ( ,liddell & ,scott1 = !       
significance ( ! n\n ,greek3 pleonekts1 
ought to h be5 made also = t ( ! v]b    
,greek3 epi?ume ,& y\r ,lord%ip's       
frankness 9 ref]r+ me to ! in/ances (   
y\r own practice 9 ! disposal ( y\r     
income1 mu/ plead my excuse = :at might 
h o!rwise seem$ imp]t95t--9 not+ t !    
blamelessness ( episcopal "*1 ev5 by t  
lea/ ( ! ,apo/les1 requir$ 9 8 fir/     
,epi/le to ,timo?y1 consi/s n m]ely 9   
cont5tm5t ) an episcopal %>e ( ,*ur*    
prop]ty1 b 9 be+ 9 no respect ei!r      
,greek3 ais*rokords--a tak] ( ga9 9 a   
base or vulg> mann]1 or ,greek3         

phil>guros--a lov] ( silv]1 ?is latt] ^w
 be+ ! common & prop] ^w = covet\s1 9 ! 
,gospels & ,epi/les2 z ( ! ,ph>isees 9  
,luke xvi4 #ad2 & associat$ ) ! o!r     
*>act]s ( m5 9 p]il\s times1 #b ,timo?y 
iii4 #b1 & its relative n\n ,greek3     
phil>guria1 giv5 9 sum = ! root ( all   
evil 9 #b ,timo?y vi4 #aj1 :ile ev5 !   
au?ority ( ,liddell & ,scott 9 !        
int]pretation ( ,greek3 pleonexia itself
 z only ! desire ( gett+ m ?an our %>e1 
may p]haps be bett]$ by ! au?ority ( !  
tea*]1 :o1 decl9+ ! appeal made to him z
 an equitable ,greek3 m]i/s 7,luke xii4 
#ad-df71 tells 8 disciples to bew>e (   
covete\sness1 simply z ! desire ( gett+ 
m ?an we h got4 ,= a man's life consi/e?
 n 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s :i* he         
possesse?4  #afc4 ,believe me1 my ,"l1 x
 is n )\t "s difficulty t ,i *eck my    
natural impulse to foll[ y1 z a s*ol>1  
into ! int]e/+ analysis ( ! di/9ctions  
:i* may be drawn betwe5 ,rapacity &     
,acquisitiv5ess2 betwe5 ! ,av>ice1 or ! 
prud5t c>e1 ( possession2 betwe5 ! gre$1

 & ! mode/ expectation1 ( ga92 betwe5 ! 
love ( money1 :i* is ! root ( all evil2 
& ! comm]cial _s1 :i* is 9 ,engl& held  
to be ! f\nta9 ( all good4 ,^! delicate 
adju/m5ts ( ! balance1 by :i* we /rive  
to weigh to a gra9 ! relative quantities
 ( devotion :i* we may r5d] 9 ! s]vice (
 ,mammon & ( ,god1 are :olly ( rec5t    
inv5tion & application2 nor h !y !      
slighte/ be>+1 ei!r on ! spiritual      
purport ( ! f9al comm&m5t ( !           
,decalogue1 or on ! di/9ctness ( !      
subsequ5t prohibition ( practical usury4
  ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 also1 h[ difficult
 x has become to def9e ! t]m fil?y )    
precision1 9 ! pres5t /ate1 moral &     
physical1 ( ! ,engli% atmosph]e2 & /ill 
m s1 to judge h[ f>1 9 t heal?y elem5t1 
a mod]ate & delicately sanctifi$        
appetite = gold may be develop$ into    
liveli] qualms ( hung] = righte\sness4  
,x may be matt] ( private op9ion h[ f> !
 lucre d]iv$ by y\r ,lord%ip f          
commission on ! f>es & refre%m5ts ( !   
pass5g]s by ! ,nor?-,we/]n may be       

odorif]\s or preci\s1 9 ! same s5se z ! 
o9tm5t on ! head ( ,a>on2 or h[ f> t    
receiv$ by ! ,primate ( ,engl& 9        
royalties on ! circulation ( improv+    
lit]ature#abi may enri*--z ) p]fumes out
 ( brok5 alaba/]--! empyreal air (      
,add+ton4 ,b ! high] class ( labor]s 9 !
 ,"l's v9ey>d might surely1 ) true      
grace1 receive1 f ! la/ unto ! fir/1 !  
reflect$ in/ruction s (t5 giv5 by ! fir/
 unto ! la/1 ,be cont5t ) y\r wages4    
7,h7 ,x may1 p]haps1 n improp]ly be     
said1 ,! ,bible ,society w d\btless 9   
future gratefully prefix ?is gu>antee to
 _! publications4  7,i7 ,:i* we are     
told4 ,c we !n no m f9d = ourselves ?is 
writ+ on our he>ts--or has x ceas$ to be
 legible8  #afd4 7,k7 ,remun]ative      
employm5t4 ,i _c easily express !       
a/oni%m5t ) :i* ,i f9d a man ( y\r      
,lord%ip's intellig5ce tak+ up ! common 
phrase ( giv+ employm5t1 z if1 inde$1   
labor 7 ! be/ gift :i* ! ri* c\ld be/[  
on ! poor4 ,( c\rse1 e idle vagabond1 be
 he ri* or poor1 gives employm5t to "s  

o!rwise en\gh burd5$ wret*1 to provide 8
 d9n] & clo!s = him2 & e vici\s         
vagabond1 9 ! de/ructive p[] ( 8 vice1  
gives sorr[ful occupation to ! en]gies (
 resi/+ & r5ovat+ virtue4 ,! idle *ild  
:o litt]s its nurs]y & te>s its frock1  
gives employm5t to ! h\semaid &         
seam/ress2 ! idle woman1 :o litt]s h]   
draw+-room ) tr9kets1 & is a%am$ to be  
se5 twice 9 ! same dress1 is1 9 y\r     
,lord%ip's view1 ! enlight5$ support] ( 
! arts & manufactures ( h] c\ntry4 ,at !
 close ( y\r lett]1 my ,"l1 y1 ?\gh 9   
measur$ t]ms1 indignantly diss5t f my   
/atem5t ( ! p[] ( great cities = evil1 &
 inde$ ,i h p]haps be5 l$1 by my        
prolong$ /udy ( ! causes ( ! ,fall (    
,v5ice1 into cle>] recognition ( "s ( ^!
 urban influ5ces ?an may h be5 possible 
to y\r ,lord%ip 9 ! c5t] ( ! virtues &  
proprieties :i* h be5 bless$ by         
,provid5ce 9 ! rise ( ,man*e/]4 ,b !    
,scriptural symbol ( ! p[] ( temptation 
9 ! h& ( ! spiritual ,babylon--all k+s h
 be5 drunk ) ! w9e ( h] ,=nication--is  

p]fectly lit]al 9 its exposition ( !    
special influ5ce ( cities ov] a vici\s1 
t is to say1 a decl9+1 p4 ,!y are ! foci
 ( its =nication1 & ! practical mean+ is
 t ! lords ( ! soil take ! food & labor 
( ! peasants1 :o are _! slaves1 & sp5d  
!m especially 9 =ms ( luxury p]fect$ by 
! def9itely s-call$ wom5 ( ! t[n :o1    
:e!r ,ea/-*eap ,doll1 or ,we/--mu* !    
rev]se ( *eap--,nell1 are1 bo? 9 ! color
 :i* !y give to ! ,arts1 & 9 ! tone :i* 
!y give to ! ,mann]s1 ( ! ,/ate1 a      
lit]al plague1 pe/il5ce & burd5 to x1 q 
o!rwise malignant & malefic5t ?an ! poor
 c\ntry lassie :o loses h] snood among !
 hea!r4 ,& :51 at la/1 real political   
economy %all exhibit ! exact s\rces &   
consequ5ces ( ! exp5diture ( ! great    
capitals ( civilization on _! own       
indulg5ces1 y\r ,lord%ip w be furni%$1 9
 ! /ati/ics ( _! mo/ spl5did & mo/      
impi\s pleasure1 ) record ( precisely ! 
l>ge/ exi/+ s\rce ( remun]ative         
employm5t--7if t 7 all ! poor _h to ask 
=71 next aft] ! prep>ation & practice ( 

w>4 ,i believe x is1 inde$1 probable t  
facility ( int]c\rse gives ! next l>ge/ 
quantity ( occupation2 &1 z y\r ,lord%ip
 rightly obs]ves1 to mo/ respectable    
p]sons4 ,& if ! entire population (     
,man*e/] lo/ ! use ( its legs1 y\r      
,lord%ip w\ld simil>ly h ! satisfaction 
( obs]v+1 & might %>e 9 ! pr(its (      
provid+1 ! ne$ful ma*9]y ( port]age &   
/ret*]s4 ,b obs]ve1 my ,"l--& obs]ve z a
 f9al & inevitable tru?--t :e!r y l5d   
y\r money to provide an invalid$        
population ) crut*es1 /ret*]s1 he>ses1  
or ! railroad accommodation :i* is s (t5
 synonym\s ) ! ?ree1 ! tax on ! use (   
^!1 :i* con/itutes ! %>ehold]'s divid5d1
 is a p]man5t burd5 ^u !m1 exact$ by    
av>ice1 & by no means an aid grant$ by  
b5evol5ce4  #afe4 7,l7 ,sanction$ by    
exp]i5ce4 ,! exp]i5ce ( tw5ty-?ree ye>s1
 my ,"l1 & ) ! foll[+ result3--  ,we h  
n[ _h an opportunity ( practically te/+ 
! !ory4 ,n m ?an sev5te5 7n[            
tw5ty-?ree--,i quote f a lett] dat$     
#ahge7 ye>s h pass$ s9ce 7by ! f9al     

abolition ( ! ,usury laws7 all re/ra9t 0
 remov$ f ! gr[? ( :at ,"l ,coke calls  
'?is pe/il5t we$1' & we see ,bacon's    
words v]ifi$--! ri* becom+ ri*]1 & !    
poor poor]1 ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4      
,lett] f ,mr4 ,r4 ,sill>1 quot$ 9 ,=s   
,clavig]a1 ,no4 #dc4  7,m7 ,inevitable4 
,nei!r impossible nor inevitable 7 words
 ( old ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,b see ! clos+   
p>agraph ( my lett]4  7,n7 ,be=e y call 
on me to sub/antiate ?is *>ge1 my ,"l1  
,i %\ld l to ins]t aft] ! words1 /eadily
 prea*+1 ! phrase1 & politely expla9+--)
 ! ,paul9e qualification1 :e!r by ^w1 or
 our epi/le4  #aff4 7,o7 ,! great cities
 ( to-day are n worse ?an great cities  
always h be51 ,i d n rememb] hav+ said t
 !y 71 my ,"l2 ,i h nev] anticipat$ =   
,man*e/] a worse fate ?an t ( ,s>dis or 
,sodom2 nor h ,i yet obs]v$ any s mighty
 works %[n =? 9 h] by h] m9i/]s1 z to   
make h] imp5it5ce less p>donable ?an t (
 ,sidon or ,tyre4 ,b ,i us$ ! p>ticul>  
expression :i* y\r ,lord%ip supposes me 
to h ov]*>g$ 9 righte\s indignation1 a  

boil break+ =? ) bla9s on man & bea/1   
because t p>ticul> plague 0 ! "o :i*    
,moses 0 ord]$1 9 ! ,et]nal ,wisdom1 to 
connect ) ! a%es ( ! ,furnace--lit]ally1
 no less ?an spiritually1 :5 he br\ght !
 ,israelites =? out ( ,egypt1 f ! mid/ (
 ! ,furnace ( ,iron4 ,h[ lit]ally1 no   
less ?an 9 fai? & hope1 ! smoke ( !     
great city1 :i* spiritually is call$    
,sodom & ,egypt1 has poison$ ! e>?1 !   
wat]s1 & ! liv+ creatures1 flocks &     
h]ds1 & ! babes t "k n _! "r h& f _!    
left--nei!r ,memphis1 ,gomorrah1 nor    
,cahors are !mselves likely to          
recognize3 b1 z ,i pause 9 front ( !    
inf9itude ( ! evil t ,i _c f9d s mu* z  
?\ght to foll[--h[ mu* less words to    
speak6--a lett] is br\ght to me :i*     
gives :at p]haps may be m impressive 9  
its s+le & hi/orical example1 ?an all ! 
g5]al evid5ce ga!r$ already 9 ! pages ( 
,=s ,clavig]a4         99       99      
99       99       99  #afg4 ,i c\ld nev]
 und]/& =m]ly :at y meant ab\t usury1 & 
ab\t its be+ wrong to take int]e/4 ,i   

said1 truly1 !n t ,i 'tru/$ y1' mean+ ,i
 knew t 9 su* matt]s y did n 'op9e'--& t
 innum]able ?+s 7 )9 y\r horizon :i* _h 
no place )9 m9e4  ,b z ,i did n und]/&  
,i c\ld only wat* & pond]4 ,gradually ,i
 came to see a little--z :5 ,i read     
curr5t facts ab\t ,india--ab\t almo/ e  
c\ntry1 & ab\t our own trade1 etc4 ,!n  
7"o ( sev]al circum/ances t c\ld be se5 
m closely7 among my "m's k9dr$ 9 ! nor?1
 ,i wat*$ ! ru9 ( two lives4 ,!y began  
m>ri$ life toge!r1 ) good prospects &   
suffici5t means1 9 a lovely little ne/  
among ! hills1 beyond ! ,ro*dale smoke4 
,soon ?is became too n>r[4 ',a spl5did  
trade1' m mills1 frequ5t *anges into ev5
 f9] dwell+s1 luxuri\s liv+1 o/5tation1 
extravagance1 increas+ ye> by ye>1 all1 
z n[ appe>s1 made possible by           
usury--borr[$ capital4 ,! wife 0 laid 9 
h] grave lately1 & h] fri5ds are        
?ankful4 ,! husb&1 ) ru9 ?reat5+ 8      
affairs1 is 9 a worse1 & liv+1 grave (  
evil habits4       ,^! are "s ( !       
loopholes ?r\gh :i* light has fall5     

^u y\r words1 giv+ !m a new mean+1 &    
mak+ me wond]      h[ ,i c\ld h miss$   
see+ x f ! fir/4 ,once alive to x1      
,i recognize ! evil on all sides1 & h[  
we are entangl$ by x2      & ?\gh ,i am 
/ill puzzl$ at "o or two po9ts1 ,i am v 
cle>      ab\t ! pr9ciple--t usury is a 
deadly ?+1  ,yes2 & deadly always ) !   
vile/ =ms ( de/ruction bo? to s\l &     
body4  #afh4 ,x happ5s /rangely1 my ,"l1
 t al?\gh ?r\gh\t ! sev5 volumes ( ,=s  
,clavig]a1 ,i nev] h set d[n a s5t5ce   
)\t *a/is+ x fir/ into t]ms :i* c\ld be 
lit]ally z well z 9 _! wide/ be>+       
ju/ifi$ aga9/ all controv]sy1 y c\ld    
p]haps n h f\nd 9 ! :ole book1 _h y\r   
,lord%ip read x = ! purpose1 any say+ q 
s lit]ally & t]rifically demon/rable z  
?is :i* y h *anc$ to select = attack4   
,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( all ! calamities  
:i* 9 _! app>5tly m]ciless infliction   
p>alyz$ ! wav]+ fai? ( m$ival ,*ri/5dom1
 ! boil break+ =? into bla9s1 9 ! black 
plagues ( ,flor5ce & ,london1 0 !       
fatale/ mess5g] ( ! fi5ds3 &1 9 ! second

 place1 ! broad result ( ! ,mission>y   
labors ( ! cities ( ,madrid1 ,p>is1 &   
,london1 = ! salvation ( ! wild tribes (
 ! ,new ,_w1 s9ce ! vaunt$ discov]y ( x1
 may be summ$ 9 ! /em s5t5ce--,dea?1 by 
drunk5ness & smallpox4  ,! b5efic5t     
influ5ce ( rec5t comm]cial ent]prise 9 !
 communication ( su* div9e grace1 &     
div9e bless+ 7n to speak ( o!r m        
dreadful & %ameful conditions (         
disease71 may be /udi$ to be/ advantage 
9 ! hi/ory ( ! two great ,fr5* & ,engli%
 ,companies1 :o h enjoy$ ! monopoly (   
clo?+ ! nak$ness ( ! ,old ,_w ) coats ( 
sk9s f ! ,new4  ,! *>t] ( ! ,engli% "o1 
obta9$ f ! ,cr[n 9 #afgj1 0 9 ! language
 ( mod]n ,lib]alism-- wond]fully        
lib]al1#acj compris+ n only ! grant ( ! 
exclusive trade1 b also ( full          
t]ritorial possession1 to all p]petuity1
 ( ! va/ l&s )9 ! wat]%$ ( ,hudson's    
,bay4 ,! ,company at once e/abli%$ "s   
=ts along ! %ores ( ! great inl& sea f  
:i* x d]iv$ its "n1 & op5$ a v lucrative
 trade ) ! ,indians1 s t x nev] ceas$   

pay+ ri* divid5ds to ! =tunate          
%>ehold]s1 until t[>ds ! close ( ! la/  
c5tury4  ,up to ?is "t1 ) ! exception ( 
! voyage ( discov]y :i* ,h]ne 7#aggj-ga7
 made "u its auspices to ! m\? ( !      
,copp]m9e ,riv]1 x _h done b little = ! 
promotion ( geographical discov]y 9 its 
va/ t]ritory4  #afi4 ,mean:ile1 !       
,canadian 7,fr5*7 fur trad]s _h become s
 hateful to ! ,indians1 t ^! savages =m$
 a conspiracy = _! total extirpation4   
,=tunately = ! :ite m51 ! smallpox broke
 out ab\t ?is "t among ! r$sk9s1 & swept
 !m away z ! fire consumes ! p>*$ grass 
( ! prairies4 ,_! unburi$ corpses 7 torn
 by ! wolves & wild dogs1 & ! survivors 
7 too weak & dispirit$ to be able to    
und]take any?+ aga9/ ! =eign intrud]s4  
,! ,canadian fur trad]s n[ also saw !   
necessity ( comb9+ _! ef=ts = _! mutual 
b5efit1 in/ead ( ru9+ ea* o!r by an     
insane competition2 & consequ5tly =m$ 9 
#aghc a society :i*1 "u ! "n ( !        
,nor?-,we/ ,company ( ,canada1 rul$ ov] 
! :ole cont95t f ! ,canadian lakes to ! 

,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & 9 #ahjf x ev5 cross$ 
! b>ri] & e/abli%$ its =ts on ! nor!rn  
tribut>ies ( ! ,columbia riv]4 ,to !    
nor? x likewise ext5d$ its op]ations1   
encroa*+ m & m ^u ! privileges ( !      
,hudson's ,bay ,company1 :i*1 r\s$ to   
en]gy1 n[ also pu%$ on its po/s fur!r & 
fur!r into ! int]ior1 & e/abli%$1 9     
#ahab1 a colony on ! ,r$ ,riv] to ! s\? 
( ,w9nipeg ,lake1 ?us driv+1 z x 71 a   
%>p ?orn into ! side ( its rival4 ,b a  
p[] l ! ,nor?-,we/ ,company1 :i* _h no  
less ?an #ej ag5ts1 #gj int]pret]s1 &   
#aabj voyageurs 9 its pay1 & ^: *ief    
manag]s us$ to appe> at _! annual meet+s
 at ,=t ,william1 on ! banks ( ,lake    
,sup]ior1 ) all ! pomp & pride ( feudal 
b>ons1 0 n incl9$ to tol]ate ?is        
encroa*m5t2 & ?us1 aft] _m qu>rels1 a   
regul> w> broke out betwe5 ! two p>ties1
 :i*1 aft] two ye>s' duration1 l$ to !  
expulsion ( ! ,r$ ,riv] coloni/s1 & !   
murd] ( _! gov]nor ,semple4 ,?is ev5t   
took place 9 ! ye> #ahaf1 & is b "o     
episode ( ! bloody feuds :i* cont9u$ to 

reign betwe5 ! two rival ,companies     
until #ahba4  #agj4 ,! diss5sion's ( !  
fur trad]s _h mo/ deplorable consequ5ces
 = ! r$sk9s2 = bo? ,companies1 to swell 
! numb] ( _! adh]5ts1 lavi%ly di/ribut$ 
spiritu\s liquors--a temptation :i* no  
,indian c resi/4 ,! :ole ( !            
meet+-gr\nds ( ! ,saskat*ewan &         
,a?abasca 7 b "o sc5e ( revelry &       
blood%$4 ,already decimat$ by !         
smallpox1 ! ,indians n[ became ! victims
 ( drunk5ness & discord1 & x 0 to be    
fe>$ t if ! w> & its consequ5t          
demoralization cont9u$1 ! mo/ important 
tribes w\ld soon be utt]ly swept away4  
,at l5g? wisdom prevail$ ov] passion1 & 
! enemies came to a resolution :i*1 if  
tak5 f ! v beg9n+1 w\ld h sav$ !m bo? a 
great deal ( treasure & _m crimes4      
,in/ead ( cont9u+ to sw+ ! tomahawk1 !y 
n[ smok$ ! calumet1 & amalgamat$ 9      
#ahba1 "u ! "n ( ,hudson's ,bay         
,company1 & "u ! w+ ( ! ,*>t]4  ,!      
,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 z a d[ry to !        
impov]i%$ c\ple1 pres5t$ !m ) a lic5se (

 exclusive trade ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t     
t]ritory :i*1 "u ! "n ( ! ,hudson's ,bay
 & ,nor?-,we/ t]ritories1 ext5ds f      
,labrador to ! ,pacific1 & f ! ,r$ ,riv]
 to ! ,pol> ,ocean4  #aga4 ,su*1 my ,"l1
 h be5 ! triumphs ( ! mod]n ,evangel (  
,usury1 ,competition1 & ,private        
,ent]prise1 9 a p]fectly cle> in/ance ( 
_! action1 *os5 ,i hope ) suffici5t     
c&or1 s9ce ,hi/ory1 says ,pr(essor ,h9d1
 does n furni% ano!r example ( an       
association ( private individuals ex]t+ 
a p[]ful influ5ce ov] s l>ge an ext5t ( 
! e>?'s surface & adm9i/]+ _! affairs ) 
su* consummate skill1 & unwav]+ devotion
 to ! orig9al objects ( _!              
incorporation4  ,t orig9al object be+1 (
 c\rse1 t poor nak$ ,am]ica1 hav+ yet 9 
a mann] two coats1 might be induc$ by ^!
 ,*ri/ian m]*ants to give to him t _h   
none8  ,9 l mann]1 may any ,*ri/ian     
h\sehold]1 :o has two h\ses or p]*ance  
two p>ks1 ev] be induc$ to give to him t
 ha? none8 ,my temp] & my c\rtesy       
sc>cely s]ve me1 my ,"l1 to reply to y\r

 ass]tion ( ! inevitabl5ess t1 :ile half
 ( ,great ,brita9 is laid out 9         
hunt+-gr\nds = sport m savage ?an !     
,indians1 ! poor ( our cities mu/ be    
swept into ince/u\s heaps2 or into d5s &
 caves :i* are only tombs disquiet$1 s  
*ang+ ! :it5ess ( ,jewi% sepul*]s into !
 blackness ( ,*ri/ian ones1 9 :i* !     
he>ts ( ! ri* & ! homes ( ! poor are    
alike z graves t appe> n2--only _!      
murmur1 t saye? x is n en\gh1 s\nds     
deep] b5ea? u e h\r2 nay1 ! :ole e>?1 & 
n only ! cities ( x1 s5ds =? t gha/ly   
cry2 & h] fruitful pla9s h become       
slime-pits1 & h] fair e/u>ies1 gulfs (  
dea?2 = u1 ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,"l has become 
only ,golgo?a1 & ! s\nd ( ! new song    
be=e ! ,?rone is dr[n$ 9 ! roll+        
dea?-rattle ( ! nations1 ,oh ,*ri/2 :]e 
is ?y victory8  ,^! are ?y glori\s      
works1 ,mammon p>5t ( ,good1--& ?is !   
true debate1 my ,"l ( ,man*e/]1 betwe5 !
 two ,angels ( y\r ,*ur*1--:e!r !       
,dreaml& ( its s\ls be n[1 or           
h]eaft]1--n[1 ! firelight 9 ! cave1 or  

h]eaft]1 ! sunlight ( ,heav54  #agb4    
,h[1 my ,"l1 am ,i to receive1 or reply 
to1 ! n>r[ concessions ( y\r clos+      
s5t5ce8 ,! ,_s ( ,tru? 0 brea!d ev5 f ! 
,a!nian ,acropolis1 & ! ,law ( ,ju/ice  
?und]$ ev5 f ! ,cretan ,s9ai2 b = u1 ,he
 :o said1 ,i am ! ,tru?1 said also1 ,i  
am ! ,way1 & ! ,life2 & = u1 ,he :o     
reason$ ( ,righte\sness1 reason$ also ( 
,temp]ance & ,judgm5t to come4 ,is ?is !
 s9c]e milk ( ! ,^w1 :i* takes ! hope f 
! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 & ! fe> f ! *>ge ( ,8 
apo/le1 & =bids to ,engli% h]oism !     
p]il\s vision ( ,immortality8 ,god be ) 
y1 my ,"l1 & exalt y\r tea*+ to t       
quality ( ,m]cy :i*1 di/ill+ z ! ra9 f  
,heav5--n /ra9$ z ?r\gh *annels f a     
sull5 res]voir-may s(t5 ! he>ts ( y\r p 
to receive ! ,new ,comm&m5t1 t !y ,love 
"o ano!r4 ,s1 r\nd ! ca!dral ( y\r city1
 %all ! m]*ant's law be j1 & 8 weights  
true2 ! table ( ! money-*ang] n ov]?r[n1
 & ! b5* ( ! money-l5d] unbrok54  ,& to 
z _m z walk accord+ to ?is rule1 ,peace 
%all be on !m1 & ,m]cy1 & ^u ! ,israel (

 ,god4         99       99       99     
99       99  #agc4 ,) ! prec$+ lett] mu/
 assur$ly end--= ! pres5t1 if n =ev]--my
 own notes on a subject ( :i* my /r5g?  
no long] s]ves me to endure ! /ress &   
sorr[2 b ,i may possibly be able to     
collect1 ev5tually1 into m close =m1 !  
already manifold & suffici5t ref]5ces   
scatt]$ ?r\gh ,=s ,clavig]a3 & p]haps to
 repr9t = ! ,/4 ,george's ,guild !      
admirable comp5dium ( ,briti%           
ecclesia/ical & lay au?ority on !       
subject1 collect$ by ,john ,blaxton1    
prea*] ( ,god's ,^w at ,osm+ton 9       
,dorset%ire1 pr9t$ by ,john ,norton "u !
 title ( ,! ,engli% ,usur]1 & sold by   
,francis ,b[man1 9 ,ox=d1 #afca4 ,a /ill
 m preci\s record ( ! fi]ce /ruggle (   
usury into life among ,*ri/ians1 & ( !  
resi/ance to x by ,v5ice & h]           
,an?ony1#aca w be f\nd 9 ! dialogue     
della ,usura1 ( ,mess] ,sp]on ,sp]one   
7,aldus1 9 ,v9egia1 ,,mdxiii471 foll[$  
by ! dialogue del ,ca?aio1 betwe5       
,portia1 sola1 e fanciulla1 fame1 e     

cibo1 vita1 e morte1 di ciascuno *e la  
conosce1 & h] lov] ,mores9i1 :i* is !   
s\rce ( all t is lovelie/ 9 ! ,m]*ant ( 
,v5ice4 ,read]s :o seek m mod]n & m     
sci5tific in/ruction may consult ! able 
ab/ract ( ! triumph ( usury1 drawn up by
 ,dr4 ,&rew ,dickson ,:ite1 ,presid5t ( 
,cornell ,univ]sity 7,! ,w>f>e (        
,sci5ce1 ,h4 ,s4 ,k+  ,co41 #ahgg71 9   
:i* ! victory ( ! great mod]n sci5tific 
pr9ciple1 t two & two make five1 is     
trac$ exult+ly to ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ,/4   
,*ryso/om1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4  
,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,lu!r1 & ,bossuet1 by ! 
e/abli%m5t ( ! ,torlonia family 9 ,rome4
 ,a bett] collection ( ! mo/ cru%+      
evid5ce _c be f\nd ?an ?is1 furni%$ by  
an adv]s>y2 a less petulant & pomp\s1 b 
m e>ne/ voice f ,am]ica1 ,usury ! ,giant
 ,s9 ( ! ,age1 by ,edw>d ,palm] 7,p]?   
,amboys1 #ahfe71 %\ld be read toge!r )  
x4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! sub/ance ( ! tea*+ (
 ! =m] ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 ! great s]mon  
aga9/ usury ( ,bi%op ,jewell1 may p]haps
 n uselessly occupy "o additional page (

 ! ,contempor>y ,review3--  #agd4 ,usury
 is a k9d ( l5d+ ( money1 or corne1 or  
oyle1 or w9e1 or ( any o!r ?+1 :]e91 ^u 
cov5ant & b>ga9e1 we receive aga9e !    
:ole pr9cipall :i* we deliv]$1 & some:at
 m1 = ! use & occupy+ ( ! same2 z if ,i 
l5d #ajj p\nd1 & = x cov5ant to receive 
#aje p\nd1 or any o!r summe1 great] !n 0
 ! summe :i* ,i did l5d3 ?is is t :i* we
 call usury3 su* a k9d ( b>ga9+ z no    
good man1 or godly man ev] us$4 ,su* a  
k9d ( b>ga9+ z all m5 t ev] fe>$ ,god's 
judgm5ts h alwaies abhorr$ & condemn$4  
,x is fil?y ga9es1 & a worke ( d>k5esse1
 x is a mon/] 9 nature3 ! ov]?r[ (      
mighty k+doms1 ! de/ruction ( fl\ri%+   
,/ates1 ! decay ( weal?y cities1 !      
plagues ( ! _w1 & ! mis]y ( ! p3 x is   
!ft1 x is ! mur!r+ ( our bre?r51 its !  
curse ( ,god1 & ! curse ( ! p4 ,?is is  
,usury4 ,by ^! signes & tok5s y may "k  
x4 ,= :]esoev] x raigne? all ^?         
mis*iefes ensue4  ,:5ce spr+e? usury8   
,soone %ew$4 ,ev5 !nce :5ce !ft1 murd]1 
adult]y1 ! plagues1 & de/ruction ( ! p  

doe spr+4 ,all ^! are ! workes ( !      
divell1 & ! workes ( ! fle%4 ,*ri/      
telle? ! ,ph>isees1 ,y are ( y\r fa!r ! 
divell1 & ! lu/s ( y\r fa!r y w doe4    
,ev5 s may x truely be sayd to ! usur]1 
,?\ art ( ?y fa!r ! divell1 & ! lu/s (  
?y fa!r ?\ wilt doe1 & !re=e ?\ ha/     
pleasure 9 8 workes4 ,! divell ent]$    
into ! he>t ( ,judas1 & put 9 him ?is   
gre$9esse1 & covet\snesse ( game1 = :i* 
he 0 cont5t to sell 8 ma/]4 ,judas's    
he>t 0 ! %op1 ! divell 0 ! =eman to     
worke 9 x4 ,!y t w be ri* fall into     
t5tation & sn>es1 & into _m fooli% &    
noysome lu/s1 :i* dr[ne m5 9 p]dition & 
de/ruction4 ,= ! desire ( money is !    
roote ( all evil4 ,& ,/4 ,john sai?1    
,:osoev] committe? s9ne is ( ! ,divell1 
#a ,joh4 #c-h4 ,?us we see t ! divell is
 ! plant]1 & ! fa!r ( usury4  ,:at are !
 fruits ( usury8 ,a4 #a4 ,x dissolve? ! 
knot & fell[%ip ( mank9d4 #b4 ,x h>d5e? 
man's he>t4 #c4 ,x make? m5 unnaturall1 
& b]eave? !m ( *>ity1 & love to _! de>e/
 fri5ds4 #d4 ,x bre$e? mis]y & provoke? 

! wra? ( ,god f heav54 #e4 ,x consume?  
ri* m51 x eate? up ! poore1 x make?     
bankrupts1 & undoe? _m h\sehold]s4 #f4  
,! poore occupi]s are driv5 to flee1 _! 
wives are left alone1 _! *ildr5 are     
hopelesse1 & driv5 to beg _! bread1     
?r\gh ! unm]cifull deal+ ( ! covet\s    
usur]4  #age4 ,he t is an usur]1 wi%e? t
 all o!rs may lacke & come to him &     
borr[ ( him2 t all o!rs may lose1 s t he
 may h ga9e4 ,!re=e our old =efa!rs s   
mu* abhorr$ ?is trade1 t !y ?\ght an    
usur] unwor?y to live 9 ! company (     
,*ri/ian m54 ,!y suff]$ n an usur] to be
 witnesse 9 matt]s ( ,law4 ,!y suff] him
 n to make a ,te/am5t1 & to be/[ 8 goods
 by w4 ,:5 an usur] dy$1 !y w\ld n suff]
 him to be buri$ 9 places appo9t$ = !   
buriall ( ,*ri/ians4 ,s highly did !y   
mislike ?is unm]cifull spoyl+ & deceiv+ 
our bre?r54  ,b :at speak ,i ( ! anci5t 
,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*8 ,!re 0 nev] any       
religion1 nor sect1 nor /ate1 nor       
degree1 nor pr(ession ( m51 b !y h      
dislik$ x4 ,philosoph]s1 ,greekes1      

,lat9s1 lawy]s1 div9es1 ,ca?olikes1     
h]etics2 all tongues & nations h ev]    
?\ght an usur] z dang]\s z a !efe4 ,! v 
s5se ( nature proves x to be s4 ,if !   
/ones c\ld speak !y w\ld say z mu*4 ,b  
"s w say all k9des ( usury are n =bidd54
 ,!re may be cases :]e usury may /& )   
reason & equity1 & h]e9 !y say s mu* z  
by wit may be devis$ to pa9t out a f\le 
& ugly idoll1 & to %ad[ !mselves 9      
manife/ & op5 wick$nesse4 ,:atsoev] ,god
 saye?1 yet ?is or ?is k9d ( usury1 say 
!y1 :i* is done 9 ?is or ?is sort1 is n 
=bidd54 ,x pr(fite? ! ,commonweal?1 x   
relieve? great numb]s1 ! poore %\ld     
o!rwise p]i%1 none w\ld l5d !m4 ,by l   
good reason1 !re are "s t def5d !ft &   
murd]2 !y say1 !re may be "s case :]e x 
is lawful to kill or to /eale2 = ,god   
will$ ! ,hebrews to rob ! gyptians1 &   
,abraham to kill 8 owne sonne ,isaac4 ,9
 ^! cases ! robb]y & ! kill+ ( 8 sonne 7
 lawfull4 ,s say !y4 ,ev5 s by ! l      
reason doe "s ( our c\ntrym5 ma9tayne   
concub9es1 curtizans1 & bro!l-h\ses1 &  

/& 9 def5ce ( op5 /ewes4 ,!y are 7say   
!y7 = ! b5efit ( ! c\ntry1 !y keepe m5 f
 m dang]\s inconv5i5ces2 take !m away1 x
 w be worse4 ,al?\gh ,god say1 !re %all 
be no :ore ( ! daught]s ( ,israel1 nei!r
 %all !re be a :orekeep] ( ! sonnes (   
,israel3 yet ^! m5 say all mann] (      
:or$om is n =bidd54 ,9 ^! & ^! cases x  
is n amisse to al[ x4       ,z ,samuel  
sayd to ,saul1 s may we say to ! usur]1 
,?\ ha/      devis$ cases & col\rs to   
hide ?y %ame1 b :at reg>d ha?      ,god 
to ?y cases8 ,:at c>e? ,he = ?y reasons8
 ! ,"l w\ld      h m pleasure1 if :5 ?\ 
he>e? ,8 voyce ?\ w\lde/      obey ,him4
 ,= :at is ?y device aga9/ ! c\nsell1 & 
ord9ance ( ,god8 ,:at bold presumption  
is x = a mortall man to      contr\le ! 
comm&m5ts ( immortall ,god8 ,& to weigh 
8      heav5ly wisdome 9 ! ballance (   
humane fooli%nesse8 ,:5 ,god      say?1 
,?\ %alt n take usury1 :at creature (   
,god art ?\      :i* can/ take usury8   
,:5 ,god make? x unlawfull1 :at art     
?\1 oh man1 t say/1 x is lawfull8 ,?is  

is a tok5 ( a      desp]ate m9d4 ,x is  
f\nd true 9 !e1 t ,paul sayd1 ! love    
( money is ! root ( all ill4 ,?\ art s  
giv5 ov] unto !      wick$ ,mammon1 t ?\
 c>e/ n to doe ! w ( ,god4  ,?us f>1 !  
!ology ( ,old ,engl&4 ,let x close ) !  
calm law1 spok5 f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e    
,*ri/1 ,greek3 a m kate?\1 m anel4      
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #abd3           
,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahhj4   
,footnote #abe3 ,see bel[ 7p4 #cic1     
#bcf71 9 ! eigh? lett] on ! ,"l's       
,pray]4--,,ed4  ,footnote #abf3 ,9      
,prov]bs xxviii4 #h1 usury is c\pl$ )   
unju/ ga91 & a pitiless _s t[>ds ! poor1
 :i* %[s 9 :at s5se ! ^w is to be       
und]/ood !re1 & 9 su* o!r passages z    
,ps4 xv4 #e & ,ezek4 xviii4 #h1 #i4     
,footnote #abg3 ,see po/1 p4 #cid1      
#bcg4--;,,ed4  ,footnote #abh3 ,spee* ( 
,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hubb>d1 ,m4,p4 = ,london1 
report$ 9 ,/&>d ( #bf? ,july1 #ahgi4    
,footnote #abi3 ,see ! ,articles (      
,association ( ! ,ea/ ,surrey ,hall1    
,museum1 & ,libr>y ,company4 7,=s       

,clavig]a1 ,lett] lxx47  ,footnote #acj3
 ,! ,pol> ,_w1 p4 #cdb1 ,longmans1      
#ahgd4  ,footnote #aca3    ,! de>e/     
fri5d to me1 ! k9de/ man1   ,! be/      
condition$ & unwe>i$ _s1   ,9 do+       
c\rtesies2 & "o 9 :om   ,! anci5t ,roman
 honor m appe>s1   ,?an any t draws     
brea? 9 ,italy4  ,?is is ! ,%akespe>ian 
description ( t ,an?ony1 :om ! mod]n    
,briti% public1 ) its new critical      
lights1 calls a s5tim5tali/ &           
speculator6--hold+ ,%ylock to be ! real 
h]o1 & innoc5t victim ( ! drama4        
,,usury4#acb  ,a ,,preface4   #agf4 ,9 !
 wise1 practical1 & affectionate s]mon1 
giv5 f ,/4 ,m>y's pulpit la/ autumn to !
 y\? ( ,ox=d1 by ! good ,bi%op (        
,c>lisle1 8 ,lord%ip took occasion to   
w>n 8 eag]ly att5tive audi5ce1 ) deep   
e>ne/ness1 aga9/ ! crime ( debt2 dwell+ 
) p[]ful invective on ! cruelty &       
selfi%ness ) :i*1 too (t51 ! son wa/$ 9 
8 follies ! fruits ( 8 fa!r's labor1 or 
! means ( 8 family's subsi/5ce2 &       
involv$ himself 9 emb>rassm5ts :i*1 said

 ! ,bi%op1 ,i h aga9 & aga9 kn[n to     
cause ! mis]y ( all subsequ5t life4  ,! 
s9 0 *>g$1 ! appeal press$1 only on !   
prea*]'s und]graduate he>]s4 ,b5ea? !   
gall]y1 ! ,heads ( ,h\ses sate1         
remorseless2 nor f ! pulpit 0 a s+le h9t
 p]mitt$ t any measures c\ld be         
rationally tak5 = ! protection1 no less 
?an ! w>n+1 ( ! y\? "u _! c>e4 ,no su*  
sugge/ion w\ld h be5 receiv$1 if ev5    
und]/ood1 by any ,engli% congregation ( 
?is "t2--a /range & p]il\s "t1 9 :i* !  
greate/ comm]cial p ( ! _w h be5 br\ght 
to ?9k ,usury ! mo/ honorable & fruitful
 bran*1 or r p]5nial /em1 ( comm]cial   
indu/ry4  #agg4 ,b ^: ! fault t ,engli% 
congregations are 9 ?is temp]1 & ?is    
ignorance8 ,! say+ ( m9e1#acc :i* !     
au?or ( ?is book quotes 9 ! close ( 8   
introduction1 0 writt5 by me ) a mean+  
altoge!r opposite1 & f> m =cible1 ?an t 
:i* x might seem to be> to a c>eless    
int]pret]4#acd ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( popul>
 revolt aga9/ all conception & mann] (  
au?ority1 b m especially spiritual      

au?ority1 ! s5t5ce reads z if x 7 writt5
 by an adv]s>y ( ! ,*ur*1--a hat] ( its 
,prelacy1--an advocate ( univ]sal lib]ty
 ( ?\ght & lic5se ( crime3 :]eas !      
s5t5ce is really writt5 9 ! conviction  
7,i might say k1 if ,i spoke )\t def]5ce
 to ! read]'s incr$ulity7 t ! ,pa/oral  
,(fice mu/ =ev] be ! highe/1 = good or  
evil1 9 e ,*ri/ian l&2 & t :5 x fails 9 
vigilance1 fai?1 or c\rage1 ! %eep mu/  
be scatt]$1 & nei!r ,k+ nor law avail   
any m to protect !m aga9/ ! fury ( _!   
own passions1 nor any human sagacity    
aga9/ ! deception ( _! own he>ts4  #agh4
 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! ?+s are in/antly s1 & 
! ,bi%ops ( ,engl& h n[ ) "o accord     
cons5t$ to become m]ely ! highly sal>i$ 
v]g]s ( h] ,ca!drals1 tak+ c>e t !      
*ori/]s d n play at leapfrog 9 !        
,*ur*y>d1 t ! ,prec9cts are elegantly   
iron-rail$ f ! pr(ane p>ts ( ! t[n1 & t 
! doors ( ! build+ be duly lock$1 s t   
nobody may pray 9 x at improp]          
times1--^! ?+s be+ s1 may we n turn to !
 e-man-8-own-,bi%op p>ty1 ) its ,bible  

,society1 ,mission>y zeal1 & "r (       
infallible private int]pretation1 to ask
 at lea/ = "s small exposition to !     
inhabitants ( _! own c\ntry1 ( ^?       
,scriptures :i* !y are s fa9 to put 9 ! 
possession ( o!rs2 & ?is ! r1 because ! 
popul> famili> v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 
among u1 unwritt51 seems to be n[ !     
exact contr>y ( t :i* we 7 once taught  
to be ( ,div9e au?ority4  #agi4 ,i      
place1 side by side1 ! anci5t & mod]n   
v]sions ( ! sev5 v]ses ( ! ,new ,te/am5t
 :i* 7 ! beg9n+1 & are inde$ ! heads1 ( 
all ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/3--    ,anci5t4      
,bless$ are ! ,poor 9   ,_s1 = _!'s is !
   k+dom ( ,heav54    ,bless$ are !y t  
m\rn1   = !y %all be com=t$4    ,bless$ 
are ! meek1 =   !y %all inh]it !   e>?4 
,bless$ are !y :i* d   hung] =          
righte\sness1   = !y %all be fill$4     
,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 =   !y %all obta9
 m]cy4    ,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1   =
 !y %all see ,god4    ,bless$ are !     
,peacemak]s1   = !y %all be call$ !     
*ildr5 ( ,god4     ,mod]n4    ,bless$   

are ! ,ri* 9   ,fle%1 = _!'s is !       
k+dom ( ,e>?4    ,bless$ are !y t are   
m]ry1 & laugh ! la/4    ,bless$ are !   
pr\d1 9 t   !y h inh]it$ !   e>?4       
,bless$ are !y :i* hung]   =            
unrighte\sness1 9   t !y %all divide its
   mammon4    ,bless$ are ! m]ciless1 = 
!y %all obta9 money4    ,bless$ are !   
f\l 9 he>t1   = !y %all see no ,god4    
,bless$ are ! ,w>-mak]s1   = !y %all be 
ador$ by   ! *ildr5 ( m54  #ahj4 ,:o are
 ! true ,mak]s ( ,w>1 ! promot]s &      
supports ( x1 ,i %[$ long s9ce 9 ! note 
to ! brief s5t5ce ( ,unto ?is la/4 ,x is
 entirely capitali/s' 7i4e41 ,usur]s'7  
weal?#ace :i* supports unju/ ,w>s4 ,b to
 :at ext5t ! adoration ( ! ,usur]1 & !  
slav]y consequ5t ^u x1 has p]v]t$ ! s\l 
or b\nd ! h&s ( e man 9 ,europe1 ,i w   
let ! read] he>1 f au?ority he w less   
d\bt ?an m9e3--  ,f9anci]s are !        
mis*iev\s feudalism ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,a 
h&ful ( m5 h inv5t$ di/ant1 s$uctive    
loans1 h introduc$ national debts 9     
c\ntries happily ignorant ( !m1 h       

advanc$ money to unsophi/icat$ ,p[]s on 
ru9\s t]ms1 & !n1 by appeal+ to small   
inve/ors all ov] ! _w1 got rid ( !      
bonds4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 !
 advances & ! sale ( bonds1 !y caus$ a  
fall 9 ! securities :i* !y _h issu$1 &1 
hav+ sold at #hj1 !y b\ght back at #aj1 
tak+ advantage ( ! public panic4 ,aga91 
) ! money ?us obta9$1 !y b\ght up       
consci5ces1 :]e consci5ces are          
m>ketable1 & "u ! pret5se ( provid+ !   
c\ntry ?us trad$ ^u ) new means (       
communication1 !y pass$ money into _!   
own c(f]s4 ,!y h _h pupils1 imitators1 &
 plagi>i/s2 & at ! pres5t mom5t1 "u     
diff]5t names1 ! f9anci]s rule ! _w1 are
 a sore ( society1 & =m "o ( ! *ief     
causes ( mod]n crises4  ,unlike ! ,nile1
 :]ev] !y pass !y r5d] ! soil dry &     
b>r54 ,! treasures ( ! _w fl[ into _!   
cell>s1 & !re rema94 ,!y sp5d "o-t5? (  
_! rev5ues2 ! rema9+ n9e-t5?s !y ho>d & 
div]t f circulation4 ,!y di/ribute      
favors1 & are great political lead]s4   
,!y h n assum$ ! place ( ! old nobility1

 b h tak5 ! latt] into _! s]vice4       
,pr9ces are _! *amb]la9s1 dukes op5 _!  
doors1 & m>quises act z _! equ]ries :5  
!y deign to ride4  ,^! new gr&ees cant] 
on _! spl5did ,arabs along ,rott5 ,ron1 
! ,bois de ,b\logne1 ! ,prospect1 !     
,prat]1 or ,unt] d5 ,l9d54 ,! %opkeep]s1
 & all :o save money1 b[ l[ to ^! m51 :o
 repres5t _! sav+s1 :i* !y w nev] aga9  
see "u any o!r =m4 ,pro( aga9/ s>casms1 
sure ( ! respect ( ! ,cont95tal ,press1 
protect+ ea* o!r ) a sort ( freemasonry1
 ! f9anci]s dictate laws1 det]m9e ! fate
 ( nations1 & r5d] ! clev]e/ political  
comb9ations abortive4 ,!y are ev]y:]e   
receiv$ & li/5$ to1 & all ! ,cab9ets    
feel _! influ5ce4 ,gov]nm5ts wat* !m )  
uneas9ess1 & ev5 ! ,iron ,*ancellor has 
8 gild$ ,eg]ia1 :o reports to him !     
wi%es ( ?is ! sole mod]n                
,autocrat--,lett] f ,p>is ,correspond5t1
 ,times1 #cj? ,janu>y1 #ahhe4         99
       99       99       99       99    
#aha4 ,b to ?is /atem5t1 ,i mu/ add ! "o
 made to  #adi 7see note7 ( ,mun]a      

,pulv]is1 t if we c\ld trace ! inn]mo/ (
 all causes ( mod]n w>1 !y w\ld be f\nd1
 n 9 ! av>ice or ambition1 b ! idl5ess (
 ! upp] classes4 ,!y h no?+ to d b to   
tea* ! peasantry to kill ea* o!r--:ile t
 ! peasantry are ?us tea*able1 is fur!r 
aga9 dep5d5t on _! n hav+ be5 educat$   
prim>ily 9 ! common law ( ju/ice4 ,see  
aga9 ,mun]a ,pulv]is1 ,app5dix ,i43     
,precisely accord+ to ! numb] ( j m5 9 a
 nation is _! p[] ( avoid+ ei!r inte/9e 
or =eign w>4  ,i rejoice to see my old  
fri5d ,mr4 ,sill> ga!r+ f9ally toge!r ! 
evid5ce he has s indu/ri\sly collect$ on
 ! guilt ( usury1 & support+ x by !     
always impressive language ( symbolical 
art2#acf = inde$ ,i _h myself no idea1  
till ,i read ! connect$ /atem5t :i* ^!  
pictures illu/rate1 h[ /eadily ! sy/em (
 money-l5d+ _h ga9$ on ! nation1 & h[   
fatally e h& & foot 0 n[ entangl$ by x4 
,yet 9 comm5d+ ! /udy ( ?is book to e   
virtu\s & patriotic ,engli%man1 ,i mu/  
firmly rem9d ! read]1 t all ^! s9s &    
errors are only ! bran*es f "o root (   

bitt]ness--mortal ,pride4 ,= ?is we     
ga!r1 = ?is we w>1 = ?is we die--"h &   
h]eaft]2 :ile all ! :ile ! ,wisdom :i*  
is f above /&s va9ly tea*+ u ! way to   
,e>?ly ,ri*es & to ,heav5ly ,peace1 ,:at
 do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b to d 
ju/ice1 to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly )
 ?y ,god8    ,,brantwood1 #g? ,m>*1     
#ahhe4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #acb3  
,introduction to a pamphlet entitl$     
,usury & ! ,engli% ,bi%ops1 or m fully1 
,usury1 its p]nici\s effects on ,engli% 
agriculture & comm]ce3 ,an allegory     
d$icat$ )\t p]mission to ! ,bi%ops (    
,man*e/]1 ,pet]bor\gh & ,ro*e/]         
7,london3 ,a4 ,s\!y1 #adf1 ,f5*ur*      
,/reet1 #ahhe74 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,sill>4     
7,see ,=s ,clavig]a1 vol4 v4 ,lett]     
#ef47--;,,ed4  ,footnote #acc3 ,ev]y?+  
evil 9 ,europe is prim>ily ! fault ( h] 
,bi%ops4  ,footnote #acd3 ,i knew1 9 us+
 x1 p]fectly well :at y meant4 7,note by
 ,mr4 ,sill>47  ,footnote #ace3 ,ca%1 ,i
 %\ld h said1 9 accuracy--n weal?4      
,footnote #acf3 ,mr4 ,sill>'s pamphlet  

consi/s ( a collection ( p>agraphs1 all 
condemnatory ( usury1 f ! writ+s ( !    
,engli% bi%ops1 f ! sixte5? c5tury d[n  
to ! pres5t "t2 & is illu/rat$ by five  
emblematic woodcuts repres5t+ an oak    
tree 7,engli% comm]ce7 gradually ov]gr[n
 & de/roy$ by an ivy-plant              
7usury74--,,ed4          99       99    
99       99       99   ,,!ology4        
,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,(      
,,%eepfolds4  7,pamphlet1 #ahea47   ,,! 
,,"l',s ,,pray] ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*4         
7,lett]s & ,epilogue1 #ahgi-ahha47   ,,!
 ,,nature ,,& ,,au?ority ,,( ,,miracle4 
7,contempor>y ,review1 ,m>* #ahgc47     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,(      
,,%eepfolds4#acg   ,,preface 7,,call$   
,,adv]tisem5t7 ,,to ,,! ,,fir/          
,,edition4  ,_m p]sons w probably f9d   
fault ) me = publi%+ op9ions :i* are n  
new3 b ,i %all be> ?is blame cont5t$ly1 
believ+ t op9ions on ?is subject c\ld   
h>dly be j if !y 7 n #ahjj ye>s old4    
,o!rs w blame me = mak+ proposals :i*   

are altoge!r new3 to :om ,i w\ld answ]1 
t ?+s 9 ^! days seem n s f> "r b t !y   
may be m5d$4 ,& o!rs w simply call !    
op9ions false & ! proposals fooli%--to  
^: goodwill1 if !y take x 9 h& to       
contradict me1 ,i mu/ leave :at ,i h    
writt5--hav+ no purpose ( be+ drawn1 at 
pres5t1 into religi\s controv]sy4 ,if1  
h[ev]1 any %\ld admit ! tru?1 b regret !
 tone ( :at ,i h said1 lean only pray !m
 to consid] h[ mu* less h>m is done 9 ! 
_w by ungraceful boldness1 ?an by       
untimely fe>4    ,,d5m>k ,,hill1        
,febru>y1 #ahea4   ,,preface ,,to ,,!   
,,second 7#ahea7 ,,edition4  ,s9ce !    
publication ( ^! ,notes1 ,i h receiv$ _m
 lett]s ^u ! affairs ( ! ,*ur*1 f p]sons
 ( ne>ly e d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians2 = all
 ^! lett]s ,i am grateful1 & 9 _m ( !m  
,i h f\nd valuable in=mation1 or        
sugge/ion3 b ,i h n leisure at pres5t to
 foll[ out ! subject f>!r2 & no reason  
has be5 %[n me = modify+ or alt]+ any "p
 ( ! text z x /&s4 ,x is republi%$1     
!re=e1 )\t *ange or addition4  ,i mu/1  

h[ev]1 especially ?ank "o ( my          
correspond5ts = s5d+ me a pamphlet1     
call$ ,sect>ianism1 ! ,bane ( ,religion 
& ! ,*ur*1#ach :i* ,i w\ld recomm5d1 9 !
 /ronge/ t]ms1 to ! read+ ( all :o reg>d
 ! cause ( ,*ri/2 &1 = help 9 read+ !   
,scriptures1 ,i w\ld "n also ! %ort &   
admirable arrangem5t ( p>allel passages 
relat+ to ! (fices ( ! cl]gy1 call$ ,!  
,te/imony ( ,scripture conc]n+ !        
,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry4#aci   ,,preface ,,to  
,,?ird 7,,call$ ,,second7 ,,edition4  ,i
 h only to add to ?is fir/ preface1 t ! 
boldness ( ! pamphlet1--ungraceful      
en\gh1 x mu/ be admitt$1--has done no "o
 any h>m1 t ,i "k (2 b on ! contr>y1 "s 
def9ite good1 z f> z ,i c judge2 & t ,i 
republi% ! :ole n[1 lett] = lett]1 z    
orig9ally pr9t$1 believ+ x likely to be 
/ill s]viceable1 &1 on ! gr\nd x takes =
 argum5t1 7,scriptural au?ority17       
incontrov]tible z f> z x rea*es2 ?\gh x 
amazes me to f9d on re-read+ x1 t1 s    
late z #ahea1 ,i _h only got ! l5g? (   
p]ceiv+ ! s*ism betwe5 sects (          

,prote/ants to be crim9al1 & ridicul\s1 
:ile ,i /ill suppos$ ! s*ism betwe5     
,prote/ants & ,ca?olics to be virtu\s & 
sublime4  ,! mo/ valuable "p ( ! :ole is
 ! analysis ( gov]nm5ts1  #bac-ae2 !    
passages on ,*ur* discipl9e1  #bjd-e1   
be+ also anticipatory ( mu* t ,i h to   
say 9 ,=s1 :]e ,i hope to re-ass]t !    
sub/ance ( ?is pamphlet on wid] gr\nds1 
& ) m mode/y4    ,,brantwood1    #crd   
,augu/1 #ahge4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote
 #acg3 ,?is pamphlet 0 orig9ally publi%$
 9 #ahea1 "u ! title ( ,notes on !      
,con/ruction ( ,%eepfolds1 by ,john     
,rusk91 ,m4,a41 au?or ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps (
 ,ar*itecture1 etc4 7,smi?1 ,eld]1      
,co474 ,a second edition1 ) an          
additional preface1 foll[$ 9 ! same ye>1
 aft] :i* ! pamphlet rema9$ out ( pr9t  
till #ahge1 :5 x 0 repr9t$ 9 a ?ird1    
errone\sly call$ a second1 edition      
7,george ,all51 ,sunnyside1 ,orp+ton1   
,k5t74--,,ed4  ,footnote #ach3 ,london3 
#ahdf4 ,nisbet  ,co41 ,b]n]s ,/reet4    
,footnote #aci3 ,london3 #ahdg4 ,t4 ,k4 

,campbell1 #a1 ,w>wick ,squ>e4          
,,notes1  ,,etc41 ,,etc4   #ahb4 ,!     
foll[+ rem>ks 7 int5d$ to =m "p ( !     
app5dix to an essay on ,ar*itecture3 b x
 seem$ to me1 :5 ,i _h put !m into ord]1
 t !y might be useful to p]sons :o w\ld 
n c>e to possess ! "w to :i* ,i propos$ 
to atta* !m3 ,i publi% !m1 !re=e1 9 a   
sep>ate =m2 b ,i h n "t to give !m m    
consi/5cy ?an !y w\ld h _h 9 !          
subord9ate position orig9ally int5d$ =  
!m4 ,i d n pr(ess to tea* ,div9ity1 & ,i
 pray ! read] to und]/& ?is1 & to p>don 
! slightness & insuffici5cy ( notes set 
d[n ) no m int5tion ( connect$ treatm5t 
( _! subject ?an might regulate an      
accid5tal conv]sation4 ,"s ( !m are     
simply copi$ f my private di>y2 o!rs are
 deta*$ /atem5ts ( facts1 :i* seem to me
 significative or valuable1 )\t comm5t2 
all are writt5 9 ha/e1 & 9 ! int]vals ( 
occupation ) an entirely diff]5t        
subject4 ,x may be ask$ ( me1 :e!r ,i   
hold x "r to speak ?us ha/ily &         
insuffici5tly respect+ ! matt] 9 "q8    

,yes4 ,i hold x "r to speak ha/ily2 n to
 ?9k ha/ily4 ,i h n ?\ght ha/ily ( ^!   
?+s2 &1 besides1 ! ha/e ( spee* is      
confess$1 t ! read] may ?9k ( me only z 
talk+ to him1 & say+1 z %ortly & simply 
z ,i c1 ?+s :i*1 if he e/eem !m fooli%  
or idle1 he is welcome to ca/ aside2 b  
:i*1 9 v tru?1 ,i _c help say+ at ?is   
"t4  #ahc4 ,! passages 9 ! essay :i*    
requir$ notes1 describ$ ! repression ( !
 political p[] ( ! ,v5etian ,cl]gy by ! 
,v5etian ,s5ate2 & x became necess>y =  
me--9 support+ an ass]tion made 9 !     
c\rse ( ! inquiry1 t ! idea ( sep>ation 
( ,*ur* & ,/ate 0 bo? va9 & impi\s--to  
limit ! s5se 9 :i* x seem$ to me t ! ^w 
,*ur* %\ld be und]/ood1 & to note "o or 
two consequ5ces :i* w\ld result f !     
acceptance ( su* limitation4 ,?is ,i may
 z well d 9 a sep>ate pap]1 readable by 
any p]son int]e/$ 9 ! subject2 = x is   
high "t t "s def9ition ( ! ^w %\ld be   
agre$ ^u4 ,i d n mean a def9ition       
involv+ ! doctr9e ( ?is or t division ( 
,*ri/ians1 b limit+1 9 a mann] und]/ood 

by all ( !m1 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w %\ld     
!nce=w>d be us$4 ,!re is griev\s        
inconv5i5ce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,=   
in/ance1 9 a s]mon lately publi%$ at    
,ox=d1 by an anti-,tract>ian div9e1 ,i  
f9d ?is s5t5ce1--,x is cle>ly )9 !      
prov9ce ( ! ,/ate to e/abli% a national 
*ur*1 or ext]nal in/itution ( c]ta9 =ms 
( wor%ip4 ,n[ suppose "o 7 to take ?is  
int]pretation ( ! ^w ,*ur*1 giv5 by an  
,ox=d div9e1 & sub/itute x = ! simple ^w
 9 "s ,bible texts1 z1 = in/ance1 ,unto 
! angel ( ! ext]nal in/itution ( c]ta9  
=ms ( wor%ip ( ,ephesus1 write1 etc4    
,or1 ,salute ! bre?r5 :i* are 9         
,laodicea1 & ,nymphas1 & ! ext]nal      
in/itution ( c]ta9 =ms ( wor%ip :i* is 9
 8 h\se1--:at awkw>d results we %\ld h1 
"h & !re6 ,n[ ,i d n say x is possible =
 m5 to agree ) ea* o!r 9 _! religi\s    
op9ions1 b x is c]ta9ly possible = !m to
 agree ) ea* o!r ^u _! religi\s         
expressions2 & :5 a ^w occurs 9 ! ,bible
 a hundr$ & f\rte5 times1 x is surely n 
ask+ too mu* ( cont5d+ div9es to let x  

/& 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x !re occurs2 & :5 !y 
want an expression ( some?+ = :i* x does
 n /& 9 ! ,bible1 to use "s o!r ^w4 ,!re
 is no compromise ( religi\s op9ion 9   
?is2 x is simply prop] respect = !      
,que5's ,engli%4  #ahd4 ,! ^w occurs 9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 z ,i said1 a hundr$ &   
f\rte5 times4#adj ,9 e "o ( ^?          
occurr5ces1 x be>s "o & ! same gr& s5se3
 t ( a congregation or assembly ( m54 ,b
 x be>s ?is s5se "u f\r diff]5t         
modifications1 giv+ f\r sep>ate mean+s  
to ! ^w4 ,^! are--  ,i4 ,! entire       
,multitude ( ! ,elect2 o!rwise call$ !  
,body ( ,*ri/2 & sometimes ! ,bride1 !  
,lamb's ,wife2 includ+ ! ,fai?ful 9 all 
ages2--,adam1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,adam yet    
unborn4  ,9 ?is s5se x is us$ 9         
,ephesians v4 #be1 #bg1 #cb2 ,colossians
 i4 #ah2 & sev]al o!r passages4  ,,ii4  
,! entire multitude ( pr(ess+ believ]s 9
 ,*ri/1 exi/+ on e>? at a giv5 mom5t2   
includ+ false bre?r51 wolves 9 %eep's   
clo?+1 goats & t>es1 z well z %eep &    
:eat1 & o!r =ms ( bad fi% ) good 9 !    

net4  ,9 ?is s5se x is us$ 9 #a ,cor4 x4
 #cb1 xv4 #i2 ,galatians i4 #ac2 #a     
,tim4 iii4 #e1 etc4  ,,iii4 ,! multitude
 ( pr(ess$ believ]s1 liv+ 9 a c]ta9     
city1 place1 or h\se4 ,?is is ! mo/     
frequ5t s5se 9 :i* ! ^w occurs1 z 9     
,acts vii4 #ch1 xiii4 #a2 #a ,cor4 i4   
#b1 xvi4 #ai1 etc4  ,,iv4 ,any assembly 
( m53 z 9 ,acts xix4 #cb1 #da4  #ahe4 ,t
 9 a hundr$ & twelve out ( ! hundr$ &   
f\rte5 texts1 ! ^w be>s "s "o ( ^! f\r  
mean+s1 is indisputable4#ada ,b !re are 
two texts 9 :i*1 if ! ^w _h alone       
occurr$1 its mean+ might h be5 d\btful4 
,^! are ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 & xviii4 #ag4  
,! absurdity ( f\nd+ any doctr9e ^u !   
inexpressibly m9ute possibility t1 9 ^! 
two texts1 ! ^w might h be5 us$ ) a     
diff]5t mean+ f t :i* x bore 9 all !    
o!rs1 c\pl$ ) ! assumption t ! mean+ 0  
?is or t1 is self-evid5t3 x is n s mu* a
 religi\s error z a philological        
solecism2 unp>allel$1 s f> z ,i "k1 9   
any o!r sci5ce b t ( div9ity4  ,nor is x
 ev]1 ,i ?9k1 committ$ ) op5 front by   

,prote/ants4 ,no ,engli% div9e1 ask$ 9 a
 /raight=w>d mann] = a ,scriptural      
def9ition ( ! ,*ur*1 w\ld1 ,i suppose1  
be bold en\gh to answ] ! ,cl]gy4 ,nor is
 !re any h>m 9 ! common use ( ! ^w1 s   
only t x be di/9ctly und]/ood to be n ! 
,scriptural "o2 & !re=e to be unfit =   
sub/itution 9 a ,scriptural text4 ,!re  
is no h>m 9 a man's talk+ ( 8 son's go+ 
into ! ,*ur*2 mean+ t he is go+ to take 
ord]s3 b !re is mu* h>m 9 8 suppos+ ?is 
a ,scriptural use ( ! ^w1 & !re=e1 t :5 
,*ri/ said1 ,tell x to ! ,*ur*1 ,he     
might possibly h meant1 ,tell x to !    
,cl]gy4  #ahf4 ,x is "t to put an end to
 ! *ance ( su* misund]/&+4 ,let x b be  
decl>$ pla9ly by all m51 :5 !y beg9 to  
/ate _! op9ions on matt]s ecclesia/ical1
 t !y w use ! ^w ,*ur* 9 "o s5se or !   
o!r2--t !y w accept ! s5se 9 :i* x is   
us$ by ! ,apo/les1 or t !y d5y ?is s5se1
 & propose a new def9ition ( _! own4 ,we
 %all !n "k :at we are ab\t ) !m--we may
 p]haps grant !m _! new use ( ! t]m1 &  
argue ) !m on t und]/&+2 s only t !y w n

 pret5d to make use ( ,scriptural       
au?ority1 :ile !y refuse to employ      
,scriptural language4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x is 
n my purpose to d at pres5t4 ,i desire  
only to address ^? :o are will+ to      
accept ! ,apo/olic s5se ( ! ^w ,*ur*2 & 
) !m1 ,i w\ld endeavor %ortly to asc]ta9
 :at consequ5ces mu/ foll[ f an         
acceptance ( t ,apo/olic s5se1 & :at mu/
 be our fir/ & mo/ necess>y conclusions 
f ! common language ( ,scripture#adb    
respect+ ^! foll[+ po9ts3--    7#a7 ,!  
di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! ,*ur*1   7#b7 ,!  
,au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4   7#c7 ,! ,au?ority
 ( ! ,cl]gy ov] ! ,*ur*4   7#d7 ,!      
,connection ( ! ,*ur* ) ! ,/ate4  #ahg4 
,^! are f\r sep>ate subjects ( "q2 b we 
%all n h to put ^! que/ions 9 succession
 ) ea* ( ! f\r ,scriptural mean+s ( ! ^w
 ,*ur*1 = evid5tly its second & ?ird    
mean+ may be consid]$ toge!r1 z m]ely   
express+ ! g5]al or p>ticul> conditions 
( ! ,visible ,*ur*1 & ! f\r?            
signification is entirely indep5d5t (   
all que/ions ( a religi\s k9d4 ,s t we  

%all only put ! above inquiries         
successively respect+ ! ,invisible &    
,visible ,*ur*2 & z ! two la/--(        
au?ority ( ,cl]gy1 & connection )       
,/ate--c evid5tly only h ref]5ce to !   
,visible ,*ur*1 we %all h1 9 all1 ^! six
 que/ions to consid]3--    7#a7 ,!      
di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! ,invisible ,*ur*4 
7#b7 ,! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! ,visible  
,*ur*4   7#c7 ,! ,au?ority ( !          
,invisible ,*ur*4   7#d7 ,! ,au?ority ( 
! ,visible ,*ur*1   7#e7 ,! ,au?ority ( 
,cl]gy ov] ! ,visible ,*ur*4   7#f7 ,!  
,connection ( ! ,visible ,*ur* ) !      
,/ate4  #ahh4 7#a7 ,:at are ! di/9ctive 
*>act]s ( ! ,invisible ,*ur*8 ,t is to  
say1 ,:at is x :i* makes a p]son a memb]
 ( ?is ,*ur*1 & h[ is he to be kn[n =   
su*8 ,wide "q--if we _h to take         
cognizance ( all t has be5 writt5       
respect+ x1 rem>kable z x has be5 always
 = quantity r ?an c>efulness1 & full (  
confusion betwe5 ,visible & ,invisible3 
ev5 ! ,article ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& be+   
ambigu\s 9 its fir/ clause3 ,! ,visible 

,*ur* is a congregation ( ,fai?ful m54  
,z if ev] x _h be5 possible1 except =   
,god1 to see ,fai?1 or to "k a ,fai?ful 
man by sight6 ,& !re is little else     
writt5 on ?is "q1 )\t "s su* quick      
confusion ( ! ,visible & ,invisible     
,*ur*2--ne$less & unacc\ntable          
confusion4 ,= evid5tly1 ! ,*ur* :i* is  
compos$ ( ,fai?ful m5 is ! "o true1     
indivisible1 & indisc]nible ,*ur*1 built
 on ! f\ndation ( ,apo/les & ,prophets1 
,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself be+ ! *ief        
corn]-/one4 ,x includes all :o h ev]    
fall5 asleep 9 ,*ri/1 & all yet unborn1 
:o are to be sav$ 9 ,him3 its ,body is z
 yet imp]fect2 x w n be p]fect$ till !  
la/ sav$ human _s is ga!r$ to its ,god4 
,a man becomes a memb] ( ?is ,*ur* only 
by believ+ 9 ,*ri/ ) all 8 he>t2 nor is 
he positively recognizable = a memb] (  
x1 :5 he has become s1 by any "o b ,god1
 n ev5 by himself4 ,nev]!less1 !re are  
c]ta9 signs by :i* ,*ri/'s %eep may be  
guess$ at4 ,n by _! be+ 9 any def9ite   
,fold--= _m are lo/ %eep at times2 b by 

_! %eeplike behavior2 & a great _m are  
inde$ %eep1 :i*1 on ! f> m\nta9 side1 9 
_! peacefulness1 we take = /ones4 ,to   
!mselves1 ! be/ pro( ( _! be+ ,*ri/'s   
%eep is to f9d !mselves on ,*ri/'s      
%\ld]s2 &1 betwe5 !m1 !re are c]ta9     
sympa?ies 7express$ 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ 
by ! t]m communion ( ,sa9ts71 by :i* !y 
may 9 a sort recognize ea* o!r1 & s     
become v]ily visible to ea* o!r = mutual
 com=t4  #ahi4 7#b7 ,! ,limits ( !      
,visible ,*ur*1 or ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,second
 ,scriptural ,s5se1 are n s easy to     
def9e3 !y are awkw>d que/ions1 ^!1 (    
/ake-nets4 ,x has be5 +5i\sly &         
plausibly endeavor$ to make ,baptism a  
sign ( admission into ! ,visible ,*ur*3 
b absurdly en\gh2 = we "k t half !      
baptiz$ p 9 ! _w are v visible rogues1  
believ+ nei!r 9 ,god nor devil2 & x is  
flat blasphemy to call ^! ,visible      
,*ri/ians2 we also "k t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 
sometimes giv5 be=e ,baptism1#adc & x   
w\ld be absurdity to call a man1 on :om 
! ,holy ,gho/ _h fall51 an ,invisible   

,*ri/ian4 ,! only rational di/9ction is 
t :i* practically1 ?\gh n pr(ess$ly1 we 
always assume4 ,if we he> a man pr(ess  
himself a believ] 9 ,god & 9 ,*ri/1 &   
detect him 9 no gl>+ & willful violation
 ( ,god's law1 we speak ( him z a       
,*ri/ian2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if we he> him 
or see him d5y+ ,*ri/1 ei!r 9 8 words or
 conduct1 we tacitly assume him n to be 
a ,*ri/ian4 ,a mawki% *>ity prev5ts u f 
outspeak+ 9 ?is matt]1 & f e>ne/ly      
endeavor+ to disc]n :o are ,*ri/ians &  
:o are n2 & ?is ,i hold#add to be "o ( !
 *ief s9s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! pres5t day2 =   
?us wick$ m5 are put to no %ame2 & bett]
 m5 are enc\rag$ 9 _! fail+s1 or caus$  
to hesitate 9 _! virtues1 by ! example (
 ^? :om1 9 false *>ity1 !y *oose to call
 ,*ri/ians4 ,n[1 x be+ grant$ t x is    
impossible to "k1 det]m9$ly1 :o are     
,*ri/ians inde$1 t is no reason = utt]  
neglig5ce 9 sep>at+ ! nom9al1 app>5t1 or
 possible ,*ri/ian1 f ! pr(ess$ ,pagan  
or enemy ( ,god4 ,we sp5d mu* "t 9 argu+
 ab\t efficacy ( sacram5ts & su* o!r    

my/]ies2 b we d n act ^u ! v c]ta9 te/s 
:i* are cle> & visible4 ,we "k t ,*ri/'s
 p are n ?ieves--n li>s--n busybodies--n
 di%one/--n av>ici\s--n wa/eful--n      
cruel4 ,let u !n get ourselves well cle>
 ( ?ieves--li>s--wa/eful p--av>ici\s    
p--*eat+ p--p :o d n pay _! debts4 ,let 
u assure !m t !y1 at lea/1 d n belong to
 ! ,visible ,*ur*2 & hav+ ?us got t     
,*ur* into dec5t %ape & cohesion1 x w be
 "t to ?9k ( draw+ ! /ake-nets clos]4   
,i hold x = a law1 palpable to common   
s5se1 & :i* no?+ b ! c[>dice &          
fai?lessness ( ! ,*ur* prev5ts x f putt+
 9 practice1 t ! conviction ( any       
di%onorable conduct or willful crime1 ( 
any fraud1 falsehood1 cruelty1 or       
viol5ce1 %\ld be gr\nd = !              
excommunication ( any man3--= 8 publicly
 decl>$ sep>ation f ! ackn[l$g$ body ( !
 ,visible ,*ur*3 & t he %\ld n be       
receiv$ aga9 !re9 )\t public confession 
( 8 crime & decl>ation ( 8 rep5tance4   
,if ?is 7 vigor\sly en=c$1 we %\ld soon 
h great] purity ( life 9 ! _w1 & few]   

discussions ab\t high & l[ *ur*es4 ,b   
be=e we c obta9 any idea ( ! mann] 9 :i*
 su* law c\ld be en=c$1 we h to consid] 
! second respect+ ! ,au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4
 ,n[ au?ority is tw(old3 to decl>e      
doctr9e1 & to en=ce discipl9e2 & we h to
 inquire1 !re=e1 9 ea* k9d1--  #aij4    
7#c7 ,:at is ! au?ority ( ! ,invisible  
,*ur*8 ,evid5tly1 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1   
all memb]s ( ! ,invisible ,*ur* mu/ h   
be51 & mu/ ev] be1 at ! "t ( _! dea?s1  
"r 9 ! po9ts ess5tial to ,salvation4 ,b1
 7,a71 we _c tell :o are memb]s ( !     
,invisible ,*ur*4  7,b7 ,we _c collect  
evid5ce f dea?-b$s 9 a cle>ly /at$ =m4  
7,c7 ,we c collect evid5ce1 9 any =m1   
only f "s "o or two out ( e seal$ ?\s& (
 ! ,invisible ,*ur*4 ,elijah ?\ght he 0 
alone 9 ,israel2 & yet !re 7 sev5 ?\s&  
invisible ones ar\nd him4 ,grant t we _h
 ,elijah's intellig5ce2 & we c\ld only  
calculate on collect+ "o sev5-?\s&? "p (
 ! evid5ce or op9ions ( ! "p ( !        
,invisible ,*ur* liv+ on e>? at a giv5  
mom5t3 t is to say1 ! sev5-million? or  

trillion? ( its collective evid5ce4 ,x  
is v cle>1 !re=e1 we _c hope to get rid 
( ! contradictory op9ions1 & keep !     
consi/5t ones1 by a g5]al equation4 ,b1 
x has be5 said1 ^! are no contradictory 
op9ions2 ! ,*ur* is infallible4 ,!re 0  
"s talk ab\t ! infallibility ( ! ,*ur*1 
if ,i recollect "r1 9 t lett] ( ,mr4    
,b5nett's to ! ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,if any
 ,*ur* is infallible1 x is assur$ly !   
,invisible ,*ur*1 or ,body ( ,*ri/3 &   
infallible 9 ! ma9 s5se x mu/ ( c\rse be
 by its def9ition4 ,an ,elect p]son mu/ 
be sav$1 & !re=e _c ev5tually be deceiv$
 on ess5tial po9ts3 s t ,*ri/ says ( !  
deception ( su*1 ,if x 7 possible imply+
 x to be impossible4 ,!re=e1 z we said1 
if "o c\ld get rid ( ! v>iable op9ions (
 ! memb]s ( ! ,invisible ,*ur*1 !       
con/ant op9ions w\ld assur$ly be        
au?oritative3 b1 = ! ?ree reasons above 
/at$1 we _c get at _! con/ant op9ions3 &
 z = ! feel+s & ?\ghts :i* !y daily     
exp]i5ce or express1 ! "q (             
,infallibility -:i* is practical only 9 

?is be>+--is soon settl$4 ,obs]ve1 ,/4  
,paul1 & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 write ne>ly
 all _! epi/les to ! ,invisible         
,*ur*3--^? epi/les are head$1--,romans1 
,to ! belov$ ( ,god1 call$ to be sa9ts2 
#a ,cor9?ians1 ,to !m t are sanctifi$ 9 
,*ri/ ,jesus2 #b ,cor9?ians1 ,to ! sa9ts
 9 all ,a*aia2 ,ephesians1 ,to ! sa9ts  
:i* are at ,ephesus1 & to ! fai?ful 9   
,*ri/ ,jesus2 ,philippians1 ,to all !   
sa9ts :i* are at ,philippi2 ,colossians1
 ,to ! sa9ts & fai?ful bre?r5 :i* are at
 ,colosse2 #a & #b ,!ssalonians1 ,to !  
,*ur* ( ! ,!ssalonians1 :i* is 9 ,god ! 
,fa!r1 & ! ,"l ,jesus2 #a & #b ,timo?y1 
,to 8 own son 9 ! fai?2 ,titus1 to !    
same2 #a ,pet]1 ,to ! ,/rang]s1 ,elect  
accord+ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god2 #b ,pet]1
 ,to !m t h obta9$ l preci\s fai? ) u2  
#b ,john1 ,to ! ,elect lady2  ,jude1    
,to !m t are sanctifi$ by ,god ! ,fa!r1 
& pres]v$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & call$4      
#aia4 ,!re are ?us fifte5 epi/les1      
expressly direct$ to ! memb]s ( !       
,invisible ,*ur*4 ,philemon & ,hebrews1 

& #a & #c ,john1 are evid5tly also s    
writt51 ?\gh n s expressly inscrib$4 ,t 
( ,james1 & t to ! ,galatians1 are z    
evid5tly to ! ,visible ,*ur*3 ! "o be+  
g5]al1 & ! o!r to p]sons remov$ f ,him t
 call$ !m4 ,miss+ out1 !re=e1 ^! two    
epi/les1 b includ+ ,*ri/'s words to ,8  
disciples1 we f9d 9 ! ,scriptural       
addresses to memb]s ( ! ,invisible      
,*ur*1 f\rte51 if n m1 direct           
injunctions n to be deceiv$4#ade ,s mu* 
= ! ,infallibility ( ! ,*ur*4  ,n[1 "o  
c\ld put up ) ,puseyism m pati5tly1 if  
its fallacies arose m]ely f peculi>     
temp]am5ts yield+ to peculi>            
temptations4 ,b its bold refusals to    
read pla9 ,engli%2 its elaborate        
adju/m5ts ( tight b&ages ov] its own    
eyes1 z :olesome prep>ation = a walk    
among traps & pitfalls2 its d>+         
tru/fulness 9 its own clairvoyance all !
 "t1 & decl>ations t e pit x falls into 
is a sev5? heav52 & t x is pleasant &   
pr(itable to break its legs2--) all ?is 
x is difficult to h pati5ce4 ,"o ?9ks ( 

! highwayman ) 8 eyes %ut 9 ! ,arabian  
,nights2 & wond]s :e!r any k9d ( sc\rg+ 
w\ld prevail ^u ! ,anglican highwayman  
to op5 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r4  #aib4 7#d7  
,s mu*1 !n1 ,i repeat1 = ! infallibility
 ( ! ,9visible ,*ur*1 & = its consequ5t 
au?ority4 ,n[1 if we want to asc]ta9 :at
 infallibility & au?ority !re is 9 !    
,visible ,*ur*1 we h to alloy ! small   
wisdom & ! light weight ( ,invisible    
,*ri/ians1 ) ! l>ge p]c5tage ( ! false  
wisdom & contr>y weight ( ,undetect$    
,anti-,*ri/ians4 ,:i* alloy makes up !  
curr5t co9 ( op9ions 9 ! ,visible ,*ur*1
 hav+ su* value z we may *oose--its     
nature be+ prop]ly assay$--to atta* to  
x4  ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 
no su* ?+ z ! ,au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we  
might z well talk ( ! au?ority ( a morn+
 cl\d4 ,!re may be light 9 x1 b ! light 
is n ( x2 & x dim9i%es ! light t x gets2
 & lets less ( x ?r\gh ?an x receives1  
,*ri/ be+ its sun4 ,or1 we might z well 
talk ( ! au?ority ( a flock ( %eep--= ! 
,*ur* is a body to be taught & f$1 n to 

tea* & fe$3 & ( all %eep t are f$ on !  
e>?1 ,*ri/'s ,%eep are ! mo/ simple1 7! 
*ildr5 ( ?is g5]ation are wis]73 always 
los+ !mselves2 do+ little else 9 ?is _w 
b lose !mselves2--nev] f9d+ !mselves2   
always f\nd by ,"s ,"o else2 gett+      
p]petually into sl\ghs1 & sn[s1 &       
bramble ?ickets1 l to die !re1 b = _!   
,%eph]d1 :o is =ev] f9d+ !m & be>+ !m   
back1 ) torn fleeces & eyes full ( fe>4 
#aic4 ,?is1 !n1 be+ ! ,no-,au?ority ( ! 
,*ur* 9 matt] ( ,doctr9e1 :at ,au?ority 
has x 9 matt]s ( ,discipl9e8  ,mu*1 e   
way4 ,! %eep h natural & :olesome p[]   
7h[ev] f> scatt]$ !y may be f _! prop]  
fold7 ( gett+ toge!r 9 ord]ly knots2    
foll[+ ea* o!r on trodd5 %eepwalks1 &   
hold+ _! heads all "o way :5 !y see     
/range dogs com+2 z well z ( ca/+ out ( 
_! company any :om !y see reason to     
suspect ( n be+ "r %eep1 & be+ among !m 
= no good4 ,all :i* ?+s mu/ be done z ! 
"t & place require1 & by common cons5t4 
,a pa? may be good at "o "t ( day :i* is
 bad at ano!r1 or aft] a *ange ( w9d2 & 

a position may be v good = sudd5 def5se1
 :i* w\ld be v /iff & awkw>d = fe$+ 94  
,& common cons5t mu/ (t5 be ( su* & su* 
a company on ?is or t hillside1 9 ?is or
 t p>ticul> dang]1--n ( all ! %eep 9 !  
_w3 & ! cons5t may ei!r be lit]ally     
common1 & express$ 9 assembly1 or x may 
be to appo9t (fic]s ov] ! re/1 ) su* &  
su* tru/s ( ! common au?ority1 to be us$
 = ! common advantage4 ,conviction (    
crimes1 & excommunication1 = in/ance1   
c\ld nei!r be effect$ except be=e1 or by
 means (1 (fic]s ( "s appo9t$ au?ority4 
#aid4 7#e7 ,?is !n br+s u to our fif?   
"q4 ,:at is ! ,au?ority ( ! ,cl]gy ov] !
 ,*ur*8  ,! fir/ clause ( ! "q mu/      
evid5tly be1--,:o are ! ,cl]gy8 ,& x is 
n easy to answ] ?is )\t begg+ ! re/ ( ! 
"q4  ,= in/ance1 ,i ?9k ,i c he> c]ta9 p
 answ]+1 t ! ,cl]gy are folk ( ?ree     
k9ds2--,bi%ops1 :o ov]look ! ,*ur*2     
,prie/s1 :o sacrifice = ! ,*ur*2        
,deacons1 :o m9i/] to ! ,*ur*3 ?us      
assum+ 9 _! answ]1 t ! ,*ur* is to be   
sacrific$ =1 & t ! p _c ov]look & m9i/] 

to h] at ! same "t2--:i* is go+ mu* too 
fa/4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 if we def9e ! ,cl]gy
 to be ! ,spiritual ,(fic]s ( !         
,*ur*1--mean+1 by ,(fic]s1 m]ely ,p 9   
(fice1--we %all h a title safe en\gh &  
g5]al en\gh to beg9 )1 & correspond+    
too1 pretty well1 ) ,/4 ,paul's g5]al   
expression ,greek3 proi/am5oi1 9 ,rom4  
xii4 #h1 & #a ,!ss4 v4 #ac4  ,n[1       
respect+ ^! ,spiritual ,(fic]s1 or      
(fice-be>]s1 we h to inquire1 fir/1 ,:at
 _! ,(fice or ,au?ority is1 or %\ld be8 
secondly1 ,:o gave1 or %\ld give1 !m t  
,au?ority8 ,t is to say1 fir/1 ,:at is1 
or %\ld be1 ! nature ( _! (fice8 &      
secondly1 ,:at ! ext5t1 or =ce1 ( _!    
au?ority 9 x8 = ?is la/ dep5ds ma9ly on 
its d]ivation4  #aie4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,:at   
%\ld be ! (fices1 & ( :at k9d %\ld be ! 
au?ority1 ( ! ,cl]gy8  ,i h hi!rto      
ref]r$ to ! ,bible = an answ] to e "q4  
,i d s aga92 &1 behold1 ! ,bible gives  
me no answ]4 ,i defy y to answ] me f !  
,bible4 ,y c only guess1 & dimly        
conjecture1 :at ! (fices ( ! ,cl]gy 7 9 

! fir/ c5tury4 ,y _c %[ me a s+le comm& 
z to :at !y %all be4 ,/range1 ?is2 !    
,bible gives no answ] to s app>5tly     
important a "q6 ,god surely w\ld n h    
left ,8 ^w )\t an answ] to any?+ ,8     
*ildr5 ought to ask4 ,surely x mu/ be a 
ridicul\s "q--a "q we ought nev] to h   
put1 or ?\ght ( putt+4 ,let u ?9k ( x   
aga9 a little4 ,to be sure1--,x is a    
ridicul\s "q1 & we %\ld be a%am$ (      
ourselves = hav+ put x3--,:at %\ld be ! 
(fices ( ! ,cl]gy8 ,t is to say1 ,:at   
are ! possible spiritual necessities :i*
 at any "t may arise 9 ! ,*ur*1 & by :at
 means & m5 are !y to be                
suppli$8--evid5tly an inf9ite "q4       
,diff]5t k9ds ( necessities mu/ be met  
by diff]5t au?orities1 con/itut$ z !    
necessities arise4 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 9 8
 isl&1 wants no ,bi%op1 & makes a       
?und]/orm d = an ,evangeli/4 ,!         
,univ]sity ( ,ox=d w\ld be ill (f )\t   
its ,bi%op2 b wants an ,evangeli/       
besides2 & t =?)4 ,! au?ority :i* !     
,vaudois %eph]ds ne$ is ( ,b>nabas1 !   

,son ( ,consolation2 ! au?ority :i* !   
city ( ,london ne$s is ( ,james1 ! ,son 
( ,?und]4 ,let u !n alt] ! =m ( our "q1 
& put x to ! ,bible ?us3 ,:at are !     
necessities mo/ likely to arise 9 !     
,*ur*8 & may !y be be/ met by diff]5t   
m51 or 9 great "p by ! same m5 act+ 9   
diff]5t capacities8 & are ! names atta*$
 to _! (fices ( any consequ5ce8 ,ah1 !  
,bible answ]s n[1 & t l\dly4 ,! ,*ur* is
 built on ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,apo/les &   
,prophets1 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself be+ !  
corn]-/one4 ,well2 we _c h two          
f\ndations1 s we c h no m ,apo/les nor  
,prophets3--!n1 z = ! o!r ne$s ( ! ,*ur*
 9 its edify+ ^u ?is f\ndation1 !re are 
all mann] ( ?+s to be done              
daily2--rebukes to be giv52 com=t to be 
br\ght2 ,scripture to be expla9$2 w>n+  
to be en=c$2 ?reat5+s to be execut$2    
*>ities to be adm9i/]$2 & ! m5 :o d ^!  
?+s are call$1 & call !mselves1 )       
absolute indiff]5ce1 ,deacons1 ,bi%ops1 
,eld]s1 ,evangeli/s1 accord+ to :at !y  
are do+ at ! "t ( speak+4 ,/4 ,paul     

almo/ always calls himself a deacon1 ,/4
 ,pet] calls himself an eld]1 #a ,pet]  
v4 #a2 & ,timo?y1 g5]ally und]/ood to be
 address$ z a bi%op1 is call$ a deacon 9
 #a ,tim4 iv4 #f--;=bidd5 to rebuke an  
eld]1 9 v4 #a1 & exhort$ to d ! "w ( an 
evangeli/1 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #e4 ,b !re is 
"o ?+ :i*1 z (fic]s1 or z sep>ate f !   
re/ ( ! flock1 !y nev] call             
!mselves1--:i* x w\ld h be5 impossible1 
z s sep>ate1 !y ev] %\ld h call$        
!mselves2 t is--,prie/s4  #aif4 ,x w\ld 
h be5 j z possible = ! ,cl]gy ( ! e>ly  
,*ur* to call !mselves ,levites1 z to   
call !mselves 7ex-(ficio7 ,prie/s4 ,!   
:ole function ( ,prie/hood 01 on        
,*ri/mas morn+1 at once & =ev] ga!r$    
into ,8 ,p]son :o 0 born at ,be?lehem2 &
 !nce=w>d1 all :o are unit$ ) ,him1 & :o
 ) ,him make sacrifice ( !mselves2 t is 
to say1 all memb]s ( ! ,invisible ,*ur* 
become1 at ! in/ant ( _! conv]sion1     
,prie/s2 & are s call$ 9 #a ,pet] ii4   
#e1 & ,rev4 i4 #f1 & xx4 #f1 :]e1       
obs]ve1 !re is no possibility ( limit+ !

 expression to ! ,cl]gy2 ! conditions ( 
,prie/hood be+ simply hav+ be5 lov$ by  
,*ri/1 & wa%$ 9 ,8 blood4 ,! blasphem\s 
claim on ! "p ( ! ,cl]gy ( be+ m ,prie/s
 ?an ! godly laity--t is to say1 ( hav+ 
a high] ,hol9ess ?an ! ,hol9ess ( be+ "o
 ) ,*ri/1--is altoge!r a ,romani/ h]esy1
 dragg+ aft] x1 or hav+ its orig9 91 !  
o!r h]esies respect+ ! sacrificial p[] (
 ! ,*ur* (fic]1 & 8 repeat+ ! oblation (
 ,*ri/1 & s hav+ p[] to absolve f s93--)
 all ! o!r endless & mis]able falsehoods
 ( ! ,papal hi]>*y2 falsehoods = :i*1 t 
!re might be no %ad[ ( excuse1 x has be5
 orda9$ by ! ,holy ,_s t no ,*ri/ian    
m9i/] %all once call himself a ,prie/ f 
"o end ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! o!r1      
except toge!r ) 8 flock2 & s f> f ! idea
 ( any peculi> sanctification1 belong+  
to ! ,cl]gy1 ev] ent]+ ! ,apo/les' m9ds1
 we actually f9d ,/4 ,paul def5d+       
himself aga9/ ! possible imputation (   
inf]iority3 ,if any man tru/ to himself 
t he is ,*ri/'s1 let him ( himself ?9k  
?is aga91 t1 z he is ,*ri/'s1 ev5 s are 

we ,*ri/'s 7#b ,cor4 x4 #g74 ,z = !     
unhappy ret5tion ( ! t]m ,prie/ 9 our   
,engli% ,pray]-book1 s long z x 0       
und]/ood to mean no?+ b an upp] ord] (  
,*ur* (fic]1 lic5s$ to tell !           
congregation f ! read+-desk1 :at 7= !   
re/7 !y might1 "o w\ld ?9k1 h kn[n )\t  
be+ told1--t ,god p>done? all !m t truly
 rep5t1--!re 0 little h>m 9 x2 b1 n[ t  
?is ord] ( ,cl]gy beg9s to presume ^u a 
title :i*1 if x mean any?+ at all1 is   
simply %ort = ,presbyt]1 & has no m to d
 ) ! ^w ,hi]eus ?an ) ! ^w ,levite1 x is
 "t t "s ord] %\ld be tak5 bo? ) ! book 
& ! ,cl]gy4 ,= in/ance1 9 t dang]\s     
comp\nd ( halt+ poetry ) holl[ ,div9ity1
 call$ ! ,lyra ,apo/olica1 we f9d mu*   
v]sification on ! s9 ( ,korah & 8       
company3 ) sugge/$ p>allel betwe5 !     
,*ri/ian & ,levitical ,*ur*es1 & ?reat5+
 t !re are ,judgm5t ,fires1 = high-voic$
 ,korahs 9 _! day4 ,!re are inde$ su*   
fires4 ,b :5 ,moses said1 a ,prophet    
%all ! ,"l raise up unto y1 l unto me1  
did he mean ! writ] :o signs ,greek3 g 9

 ! ,lyra ,apo/olica8 ,! (fice ( !       
,lawgiv] & ,prie/ is n[ =ev] ga!r$ into 
,"o ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man2 & ,,!y  
are guilty ( ! s9 ( ,korah :o           
blasphem\sly w\ld associate !mselves 9  
,8 ,m$iator%ip4  #aig4 ,z = ! passages 9
 ! ,ord]+ ( ,prie/s & ,visitation ( !   
,sick respect+ ,absolution1 !y are      
evid5tly pure ,romanism1 & might z well 
n be !re1 = any practical effect :i* !y 
h on ! consci5ces ( ! ,laity2 & _h mu*  
bett] n be !re1 z reg>ds _! effect on ! 
m9ds ( ! ,cl]gy4 ,x is inde$ true t     
,*ri/ promis$ absolv+ p[]s to ,8        
,apo/les3 ,he also promis$ to ^? :o     
believ$1 t !y %\ld take up s]p5ts2 & if 
!y drank any deadly ?+1 x %\ld n hurt   
!m4 ,8 words 7 fulfill$ lit]ally2 b ^?  
:o w\ld ext5d _! =ce to beyond !        
,apo/olic times1 mu/ ext5d bo? promises 
or nei!r4  ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! ,prote/ant 
laity d n (t5 admit ! absolv+ p[] ( _!  
cl]gy1 !y are b too apt to yield1 9 "s  
sort1 to ! impression ( _! great]       
sanctification2 & f ?is in/antly results

 ! unhappy consequ5ce t ! sacr$ "* ( !  
,layman himself is =gott51 & 8 own      
,m9i/]ial duty is neglect$4 ,m5 n 9     
(fice 9 ! ,*ur* suppose !mselves1 on t  
gr\nd1 9 a sort unholy2 & t1 !re=e1 !y  
may s9 ) m excuse1 & be idle or impi\s )
 less dang]1 ?an ! ,cl]gy3 especially !y
 consid] !mselves reliev$ f all m9i/]ial
 function1 & z p]mitt$ to devote _! :ole
 "t & en]gy to ! bus9ess ( ?is _w4 ,no  
mi/ake c possibly be great]4 ,e memb] ( 
! ,*ur* is equally b\nd to ! s]vice ( ! 
,head ( ! ,*ur*2 & t s]vice is          
pre-em95tly ! sav+ ( s\ls4 ,!re is n a  
mom5t ( a man's active life 9 :i* he may
 n be indirectly prea*+2 & ?r\gh\t a    
great "p ( 8 life he ought to be        
directly prea*+1 & tea*+ bo? /rang]s &  
fri5ds2 8 *ildr51 8 s]vants1 & all :o 9 
any way are put "u him1 be+ giv5 to him 
z special objects ( 8 m9i/ration4 ,s t !
 only diff]5ce betwe5 a ,*ur* (fic] & a 
lay memb] is ei!r a wid] degree (       
au?ority giv5 to ! =m]1 z app>5tly a    
wis] & bett] man1 or a special appo9tm5t

 to "s (fice m easily dis*>g$ by "o     
p]son ?an by _m3 z1 = in/ance1 ! s]v+ ( 
tables by ! deacons2 ! au?ority or      
appo9tm5t be+1 9 ei!r case1 commonly    
signifi$ by a m>k$ sep>ation f ! re/ ( !
 ,*ur*1 & ! privilege or p[]#adf ( be+  
ma9ta9$ by ! re/ ( ! ,*ur*1 )\t be+ =c$ 
to labor ) 8 h&s1 or incumb] himself )  
any temporal conc]ns4  #aih4 ,n[1 putt+ 
out ( ! "q ! s]v+ ( tables1 & o!r su*   
duties1 respect+ :i* !re is no debate1  
we %all f9d ! (fices ( ! ,cl]gy1 :atev] 
names we may *oose to give to ^? :o     
dis*>ge !m1 fall+ ma9ly into two great  
heads3--,tea*+2 includ+ doctr9e1 w>n+1 &
 com=t3 ,discipl9e2 includ+ repro( &    
direct adm9i/ration ( puni%m5t4 ,ei!r ( 
:i* functions w\ld naturally become ve/$
 9 s+le p]sons1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 z
 a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce3 :e!r ^? p]sons
 7 wis] & bett] ?an o!rs or n2 &        
respect+ ea* ( :i*1 & ! au?ority requir$
 = its fitt+ dis*>ge1 a %ort inquiry mu/
 be sep>ately made4  #aii4 ,i4          
,tea*+4--,x appe>s natural & wise t     

c]ta9 m5 %\ld be set ap>t f ! re/ ( !   
,*ur* t !y may make ,!ology ! /udy ( _! 
lives3 & t !y %\ld be !reto in/ruct$    
specially 9 ! ,hebrew & ,greek tongues2 
& h entire leisure grant$ !m = ! /udy ( 
! ,scriptures1 & = obta9+ g5]al k ( !   
gr\nds ( ,fai?1 & be/ modes ( its def5se
 aga9/ all h]etics3 & x seems evid5tly  
"r1 also1 t ) ?is ,s*ola/ic duty %\ld be
 jo9$ ! ,pa/oral duty ( con/ant         
visitation & exhortation to ! p2 =1     
cle>ly1 ! ,bible1 & ! tru?s ( ,div9ity 9
 g5]al1 c only be und]/ood rightly 9 _! 
practical application2 & cle>ly1 also1 a
 man sp5d+ 8 "t con/antly 9 spiritual   
m9i/rations1 mu/ be bett] able1 on any  
giv5 occasion1 to deal p[]fully ) !     
human he>t ?an "o unpractic$ 9 su*      
matt]s4 ,! unity ( ,k & ,love1 bo?      
devot$ altoge!r to ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ & ,8
 ,*ur*1 m>ks ! true ,*ri/ian ,m9i/]2 :o1
 ,i believe1 :5ev] he has exi/$1 has    
nev] fail$ to receive due & fitt+       
rev]5ce f all m51--( :atev] "* or       
op9ion2 & ,i believe t if all ^? :o     

pr(ess to be su* 7 su* inde$1 !re w\ld  
nev] be "q ( _! au?ority m4  #bjj4 ,b1  
:atev] influ5ce !y may h ov] ! ,*ur*1 _!
 au?ority nev] sup]s$es t ( ei!r !      
intellect or ! consci5ce ( ! simple/ (  
its lay memb]s4 ,!y c assi/ ^? memb]s 9 
! se>* = tru?1 or com=t _! ov]-worn &   
d\btful m9ds2 !y c ev5 assure !m t !y   
are 9 ! way ( tru?1 or t p>don is )9 _! 
rea*3 b !y c nei!r manife/ ! tru?1 nor  
grant ! p>don4 ,tru? is to be discov]$1 
& ,p>don to be won1 = e man by himself4 
,?is is evid5t f innum]able texts (     
,scripture1 b *iefly f ^? :i* exhort e  
man to seek aft] ,tru?1 & :i* connect   
kn[+ ) do+4 ,we are to seek aft] k z    
silv]1 & se>* = h] z = hid treasures2   
!re=e1 f e man %e mu/ be naturally hid1 
& ! discov]y ( h] is to be ! rew>d only 
( p]sonal se>*4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is z    
treasure hid 9 a field2 & ( ^? :o pr(ess
 to help u to seek = x1 we are n to put 
confid5ce 9 ^? :o say1--,"h is !        
treasure1 we h f\nd x1 & h x1 & w give y
 "s ( x2 b 9 ^? :o say1--,we ?9k t is a 

good place to dig1 & y w dig mo/ easily 
9 su* & su* a way4  #bja4 ,f>!r1 x has  
be5 promis$ t if su* e>ne/ se>* be made1
 ,tru? %all be discov]$3 z mu* tru?1 t  
is1 z is necess>y = ! p]son seek+4 ,^!1 
!re=e1 ,i hold1 = two fundam5tal        
pr9ciples ( religion1--t1 )\t seek+1    
tru? _c be kn[n at all2 & t1 by seek+1 x
 may be discov]$ by ! simple/4 ,i say1  
)\t seek+ x _c be kn[n at all4 ,x c     
nei!r be decl>$ f pulpits1 nor set d[n 9
 ,articles1 nor 9 anywise prep>$ & sold 
9 packages1 ready = use4 ,tru? mu/ be   
gr\nd = e man by himself out ( its husk1
 ) su* help z he c get1 inde$1 b n )\t  
/]n labor ( 8 own4 ,9 :at sci5ce is k to
 be _h *eap8 or tru? to be told ov] a   
velvet cu%ion1 9 half an h\r's talk e   
sev5? day8 ,c y le>n *emi/ry            
s8--zoology8--anatomy8 & d y expect to  
p5etrate ! secret ( all secrets1 & to "k
 t ^: price is above rubies2 & ( :i* !  
dep? sai?1--,x is n 9 me1--9 s easy     
fa%ion8 ,!re are d\bts 9 ?is matt] :i*  
evil spirits d>k5 ) _! w+s1 & t is true 

( all su* d\bts :i* we 7 told long      
ago--!y c be end$ by action alone4#adg  
#bjb4 ,z surely z we live1 ?is tru? (   
tru?s c only s be disc]n$3 to ^? :o act 
on :at !y "k1 m %all be reveal$2 & ?us1 
if any man w d ,8 w1 he %all "k !       
doctr9e :e!r x be ( ,god4 ,any man1--n !
 man :o has mo/ means ( kn[+1 :o has !  
subtle/ bra9s1 or sits "u ! mo/ or?odox 
prea*]1 or has 8 libr>y fulle/ ( mo/    
or?odox books1--b ! man :o /rives to "k1
 :o takes ,god at ,8 ^w1 & sets himself 
to dig up ! heav5ly my/]y1 roots & all1 
be=e sunset1 & ! night come1 :5 no man c
 "w4 ,beside su* a man1 ,god /&s 9 m & m
 visible pres5ce z he toils1 & tea*es   
him t :i* no prea*] c tea*--no e>?ly    
au?ority ga9say4 ,by su* a man1 ! prea*]
 mu/ himself be judg$4  #bjc4 ,d\bt y   
?is8 ,!re is no?+ m c]ta9 nor cle>      
?r\gh\t ! ,bible3 ! ,apo/les !mselves   
appeal con/antly to _! flocks1 &        
actually claim judgm5t f !m1 z des]v+ x1
 & hav+ a "r to x1 r ?an disc\rag+ x4   
,b1 fir/ notice ! way 9 :i* ! discov]y (

 tru? is spok5 ( 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3     
,evil m5 und]/& n judgm5t2 b !y t seek !
 ,"l und]/& all ?+s1 ,prov]bs xxviii4   
#e4 ,god ov]?r[e?1 n m]ely !            
transgressor or ! wick$1 b ev5 ! words (
 ! transgressor1 ,prov]bs xxii4 #ab1 & !
 c\nsel ( ! wick$1 ,job v4 #ac1 xxi4    
#af2 obs]ve aga91 9 ,prov]bs xxiv4 #ad1 
,my son1 eat ?\ honey1 because x is     
good--s %all ! k ( wisdom be unto ?y    
s\l1 :5 ?\ ha/ f\nd x1 !re %all be a    
rew>d2 & aga91 ,:at man is he t fe>e? ! 
,"l8 him %all ,he tea* 9 ! way t ,he    
%all *oose2 s ,job xxxii4 #h1 &         
multitudes ( places m2 & !n1 ) all ^!   
places1 :i* express ! def9ite & p]sonal 
op]ation ( ! ,_s ( ,god on e "o ( ,8 p1 
comp>e ! place 9 ,isaiah1 :i* speaks ( !
 contr>y ( ?is human tea*+3 a passage   
:i* seems z if x _h be5 writt5 = ?is v  
day & h\r4 ,because _! fe> t[>ds me is  
taught by ! precept ( m52 !re=e1 behold1
 ! wisdom ( _! wise m5 %all p]i%1 & !   
und]/&+ ( _! prud5t m5 %all be hid      
7xxix4 #ac1ad74 ,!n take ! ,new         

,te/am5t1 & obs]ve h[ ,/4 ,paul himself 
speaks ( ! ,romans1 ev5 z h>dly ne$+ 8  
epi/le1 b able to admoni% "o ano!r3     
,nev]!less1 bre?r51 ,i h writt5 ! m     
boldly unto y 9 "s sort1 z putt+ y 9 m9d
 7xv4 #ae74 ,anyone1 we %\ld h ?\ght1   
might h done z mu* z ?is1 & yet ,/4     
,paul increases ! mode/y ( x z he goes  
on2 = he claims ! "r ( do+ z mu* z ?is1 
only because ( ! grace giv5 to me (     
,god1 t ,i %\ld be ! m9i/] ( ,jesus     
,*ri/ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,!n comp>e #b ,cor4
 v4 #aa1 :]e he appeals to ! consci5ces 
( ! p = ! manife/ation ( 8 hav+ done 8  
duty2 & obs]ve 9 v]se #ba ( t1 & ,i ( ! 
next *apt]1 ! pray & besee*1 n comm&2 & 
aga9 9 *apt] vi4 v]se #d1 approv+       
ourselves z ! m9i/]s ( ,god4 ,b ! mo/   
rem>kable passage ( all is #b ,cor4 iii4
 #a1 :5ce x appe>s t ! *ur*es 7 actually
 9 ! habit ( giv+ lett]s ( recomm5dation
 to _! m9i/]s2 & ,/4 ,paul disp5ses )   
su* lett]s1 n by virtue ( 8 ,apo/olic   
au?ority1 b because ! p[] ( 8 prea*+ 0  
en\gh manife/$ 9 ! ,cor9?ians !mselves4 

,& ^! passages are all ! m =cible1      
because if 9 any ( !m ,/4 ,paul _h      
claim$ absolute au?ority ov] ! ,*ur* z a
 tea*]1 x 0 no m ?an we %\ld h expect$  
him to claim1 nor c\ld 8 do+ s h 9      
anywise ju/ifi$ a successor 9 ! same    
claim4 ,b n[ t he has n claim$ x1--:o1  
foll[+ him1 %all d>e to claim x8 ,& !   
consid]ation ( ! necessity ( jo9+       
expressions ( ! mo/ exempl>y humility1  
:i* 7 to be ! example ( succe$+ m9i/]s1 
) su* ass]tion ( ,div9e au?ority z %\ld 
secure acceptance = ! epi/le itself 9 ! 
sacr$ canon1 suffici5tly acc\nts = !    
app>5t inconsi/5cies :i* occur 9 #b     
,!ss4 iii4 #ad1 & o!r su* texts4  #bjd4 
,s mu*1 !n1 = ! au?ority ( ! ,cl]gy 9   
matt]s ( ,doctr9e4 ,next1 :at is _!     
au?ority 9 matt]s ( ,discipl9e8 ,x mu/  
evid5tly be v great1 ev5 if x 7 d]iv$ f 
! p alone1 & m]ely ve/$ 9 ! cl]ical     
(fic]s z ! executors ( _! ecclesia/ical 
judgm5ts1 & g5]al ov]se]s ( all ! ,*ur*4
 ,b grant+1 z we mu/ pres5tly1 ! m9i/]  
to hold (fice directly f ,god1 8        

au?ority ( discipl9e becomes v great    
inde$2 h[ great1 x seems to me mo/      
difficult to det]m9e1 because ,i d n    
und]/& :at ,/4 ,paul means by deliv]+ a 
man to ,satan = ! de/ruction ( ! fle%4  
,leav+ ?is "q1 h[ev]1 z mu* too h>d =   
casual exam9ation1 x seems indisputable 
t ! au?ority ( ! ,m9i/]s or c\rt (      
,m9i/]s %\ld ext5d to ! pron\nc+ a man  
,excommunicate = c]ta9 crimes aga9/ !   
,*ur*1 z well z = all crimes puni%able  
by ord9>y law4 ,!re ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be
 an ecclesia/ical code ( laws2 & a man  
ought to h jury trial1 accord+ to ?is   
code1 be=e an ecclesia/ical judge2 9    
:i*1 if he 7 f\nd guilty1 z ( ly+1 or   
di%one/y1 or cruelty1 mu* m ( any       
actually committ$ viol5t crime1 he %\ld 
be pron\nc$ excommunicate2 refus$ !     
,sacram5t2 & h 8 "n writt5 9 "s public  
place z an excommunicate p]son until he 
_h publicly confess$ 8 s9 & bes\ght     
p>don ( ,god = x4 ,! jury %\ld always be
 ( ! laity1 & no p5alty %\ld be en=c$ 9 
an ecclesia/ical c\rt except ?is (      

excommunication4  #bje4 ,?is proposal   
may seem /range to _m p]sons2 b assur$ly
 ?is1 if n mu* m ?an ?is1 is comm&$ 9   
,scripture1 fir/ 9 ! 7mu*-abus$7 text1  
,tell x unto ! ,*ur*2 & mo/ cle>ly 9 #a 
,cor4 v4 #aa-ac2 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #f & #ad2
 #a ,tim4 v4 #h & #bj2 & ,titus iii4    
#aj2 f :i* passages we also "k ! two    
prop] degrees ( ! p5alty4 ,= ,*ri/ says1
 ,let him :o refuses to he> ! ,*ur*1 be 
unto !e z an hea!n man & a publican1 ,b 
,*ri/ m9i/]$ to ! hea!n1 & sat at meat )
 ! publican2 only always ) decl>$ or    
impli$ expression ( _! inf]iority2 "h1  
!re=e1 is "o degree ( excommunication = 
p]sons :o (f5d _! bre?r51 committ+ "s   
m9or fault aga9/ !m2 & :o1 hav+ be5     
pron\nc$ 9 error by ! body ( ! ,*ur*1   
refuse to confess _! fault or repair x2 
:o are !n to be no long] consid]$ memb]s
 ( ! ,*ur*2 & _! recov]y to ! body ( x  
is to be s\ght exactly z x w\ld be 9 !  
case ( an hea!n4 ,b covet\s p]sons1     
rail]s1 extortion]s1 idolat]s1 & ^?     
guilty ( o!r gross crimes1 are to be    

entirely cut (f f ! company ( !         
believ]s2 & we are n s mu* z to eat )   
!m4 ,?is la/ p5alty1 h[ev]1 w\ld require
 to be /rictly gu>d$1 t x might n be    
abus$ 9 ! infliction ( x1 z x has be5 by
 ! ,romani/s4 ,we are n1 inde$1 to eat )
 !m1 b we may ex]cise all ,*ri/ian *>ity
 t[>ds !m1 & give !m to eat1 if we see  
!m 9 hung]1 z we ought to all our       
enemies2 only we are to consid] !m      
di/9ctly z our enemies3 t is to say1    
enemies ( our ,ma/]1 ,*ri/2 & s]vants ( 
,satan4  #bjf4 ,z = ! rank or "n ( !    
(fic]s 9 :om ! au?orities1 ei!r ( tea*+ 
or discipl9e1 are to be ve/$1 !y are    
left undet]m9$ by ,scripture4 ,i h he>d 
x said by m5 :o "k _! ,bible f> bett]   
?an ,i1 t c>eful exam9ation may detect  
evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ?ree ord]s (      
,cl]gy 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?is may be2 b "o ?+  
is v cle>1 )\t any labori\s exam9ation1 
t bi%op & eld] sometimes mean ! same ?+2
 z1 indisputably1 9 ,titus i4 #e & #g1 &
 ,i ,pet] v4 ,i & #b1 & t ! (fice ( !   
bi%op or ov]se] 0 "o ( consid]ably less 

importance ?an x is ) u4 ,?is is        
palpably evid5t f ,i ,timo?y iii41 = :at
 div9e among u1 writ+ ( episcopal       
proprieties1 w\ld ?9k ( say+ t bi%ops   
mu/ n be giv5 to w9e1 mu/ be no /rik]s1 
& mu/ n be novices8 ,we are n 9 ! habit 
( mak+ bi%ops ( novices 9 ^! days2 & x  
w\ld be mu* bett] t1 l ! e>ly ,*ur*1 we 
sometimes ran ! risk ( do+ s2 = ! fact  
is we h n bi%ops en\gh--by "s hundr$s4  
,! idea ( ov]se]%ip has be5 practically 
lo/ sight (1 its fulfillm5t hav+        
gradually become physically impossible1 
= want ( m bi%ops4 ,! duty ( a bi%op is1
 )\t d\bt1 to be accessible to ! humble/
 cl]gym5 ( 8 diocese1 & to desire v     
e>ne/ly t all ( !m %\ld be 9 ! habit (  
ref]r+ to him 9 all cases ( difficulty2 
if !y d n d ?is ( _! own accord1 x is   
evid5tly 8 duty to visit !m1 live ) !m  
sometimes1 & jo9 9 _! m9i/rations to _! 
flocks1 s z to "k exactly ! capacities &
 habits ( life ( ea*2 & if any ( !m     
compla9$ ( ?is or t difficulty ) _!     
congregations1 ! bi%op %\ld be ready to 

g d[n to help !m1 prea* = !m1 write     
g5]al epi/les to _! p1 & s on3 besides  
?is1 he %\ld ( c\rse be wat*ful ( _!    
errors--ready to he> compla9ts f _!     
congregations ( ineffici5cy or aught    
else2 besides hav+ g5]al sup]9t5d5ce (  
all ! *>itable in/itutions & s*ools 9 8 
diocese1 & good k ( :atev] 0 go+ on 9   
!ological matt]s1 bo? all ov] ! k+dom & 
on ! ,cont95t4 ,?is is ! "w ( a "r      
ov]se]2 & ,i leave ! read] to calculate 
h[ _m additional bi%ops--& ^? h>d-work+ 
m51 too--we %\ld ne$ to h x done1 ev5   
dec5tly4 ,!n our pres5t bi%ops might all
 become ar*bi%ops ) advantage1 & h g5]al
 au?ority ov] ! re/4#adh  #bjg4 ,z to ! 
mode 9 :i* ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be   
elect$ or appo9t$1 ,i d n feel x my     
bus9ess to say any?+ at pres5t1 nor mu* 
respect+ ! ext5t ( _! au?ority1 ei!r ov]
 ea* o!r or ov] ! congregation1 ?is be+ 
a mo/ difficult "q1 ! "r solution ( :i* 
evid5tly lies betwe5 two mo/ dang]\s    
extremes--insubord9ation & radicalism on
 "o h&1 & ecclesia/ical tyranny & h]esy 

on ! o!r3 ( ! two1 insubord9ation is f> 
! lea/ to be dread$--= ?is reason1 t    
ne>ly all real ,*ri/ians are m on ! wat*
 aga9/ _! pride ?an _! indol5ce1 & w\ld 
soon] obey _! cl]gyman1 if possible1 ?an
 cont5d ) him2 :ile ! v pride !y suppose
 conqu]$ (t5 returns mask$1 & causes !m 
to make a m]it ( _! humility & _!       
ab/ract ob$i5ce1 h[ev] unreasonable3 b  
!y _c s easily p]suade !mselves !re is a
 m]it 9 ab/ract disob$i5ce4  #bjh4      
,ecclesia/ical tyranny has1 = ! mo/ "p1 
f\nd$ itself on ! idea ( ,vic>ianism1 "o
 ( ! mo/ pe/il5t ( ! ,romani/ !ories1 & 
mo/ pla9ly d5\nc$ 9 ,scripture4 ,( ?is  
,i h a ^w or two to say to ! mod]n      
,vic>ian4 ,all p[]s t be are            
unque/ionably orda9$ ( ,god2 s t !y t   
resi/ ! ,p[]1 resi/ ! ord9ance ( ,god4  
,!re=e1 say "s 9 ^! (fices1 ,we1 be+    
orda9$ ( ,god1 & hav+ our cr$5tials1 &  
be+ 9 ! ,engli% ,bible call$ ambassadors
 = ,god1 d1 9 a sort1 repres5t ,god4 ,we
 are ,vic>s ( ,*ri/1 & /& on e>? 9 place
 ( ,*ri/4 ,i h he>d ?is said by         

,prote/ant cl]gym54  #bji4 ,n[ ! ^w     
ambassador has a peculi> ambiguity ab\t 
x1 ow+ to its use 9 mod]n political     
affairs2 & ^! cl]gym5 assume t ! ^w1 z  
us$ by ,/4 ,paul1 means an ,ambassador  
,pl5ipot5ti>y2 repres5tative ( 8 ,k+1 & 
capable ( act+ = 8 ,k+4 ,:at "r h !y to 
assume t ,/4 ,paul meant ?is8 ,/4 ,paul 
nev] uses ! ^w ambassador at all4 ,he   
says1 simply1 ,we are 9 embassage f     
,*ri/2 & ,*ri/ besee*es y ?r\gh u4 ,mo/ 
true4 ,& let x fur!r be grant$1 t e ^w t
 ! cl]gyman speaks is lit]ally dictat$  
to him by ,*ri/2 t he c make no mi/ake 9
 deliv]+ 8 message2 & t1 !re=e1 x is    
inde$ ,*ri/ ,himself :o speaks to u ! ^w
 ( life ?r\gh ! mess5g]'s lips4 ,does1  
!re=e1 ! mess5g] repres5t ,*ri/8 ,does !
 *annel :i* conveys ! wat]s ( ! ,f\nta9 
repres5t ! ,f\nta9 itself8 ,suppose1 :5 
we w5t to draw wat] at a ci/]n1 t all at
 once ! ,lead5 ,sp\t %\ld become        
animat$1 & op5 its m\? & say to u1 ,see1
 ,i am ,vic>i\s = ! ,f\nta94 ,:atev]    
respect y %[ to ! ,f\nta91 %[ "s "p ( x 

to me4 ,%\ld we n answ] ! ,sp\t1 & say1 
,sp\t1 y 7 set !re = our s]vice1 & may  
be tak5 away & ?r[n aside#adi if any?+  
goes wrong ) y8 ,b ! ,f\nta9 w fl[ =ev]4
  #baj4 ,obs]ve1 ,i d n d5y a mo/ solemn
 au?ority ve/$ 9 e ,*ri/ian mess5g] f   
,god to m54 ,i am prep>$ to grant ?is to
 ! utt]mo/2 & all t ,george ,h]b]t says1
 9 ! end ( ,! ,*ur*-por*1 ,i w\ld en=ce1
 at ano!r "t ?an ?is1 to ! utt]mo/4 ,b !
 ,au?ority is simply t ( a ,k+'s        
,mess5g]2 n ( a ,k+'s ,repres5tative4   
,!re is a wide diff]5ce2 all ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 humble s]vice & blasphem\s       
usurpation4  ,well1 ! congregation might
 ask1 grant him a ,k+'s mess5g] 9 cases 
( doctr9e1--9 cases ( discipl9e1 an     
(fic] be>+ ! ,k+'s ,commission4 ,h[ f>  
are we to obey him8 ,h[ f> is x lawful  
to dispute 8 comm&s8  ,=1 9 grant+1     
above1 t ! ,mess5g] always gave 8       
message fai?fully1 ,i grant$ too mu* to 
my adv]s>ies1 9 ord] t _! argum5t might 
h all ! weight x possibly c\ld4 ,!      
,mess5g]s r>ely deliv] _! message       

fai?fully2 & sometimes h decl>$1 z f !  
,k+1 messages ( _! own inv5tion4 ,h[ f> 
are we1 kn[+ !m = ,k+'s mess5g]s1 to    
believe or obey !m8  #baa4 ,suppose1 =  
in/ance1 9 our ,engli% army1 on ! eve ( 
"s great battle1 "o ( ! colonels 7 to   
give 8 ord] to 8 regim5t3 ,my m51 tie   
y\r belts ov] y\r eyes1 ?r[ d[n y\r     
muskets1 & foll[ me z /eadily z y c1    
?r\gh ?is m>%1 into ! middle ( ! enemy's
 l9e1 7?is be+ precisely ! ord] issu$ by
 our ,puseyite ,*ur* (fic]s74 ,x might  
be que/ion$1 9 ! real battle1 :e!r x    
w\ld be bett] t a regim5t %\ld %[ an    
example ( insubord9ation1 or be cut to  
pieces4 ,b happily 9 ! ,*ur* !re is no  
su* difficulty2 = ! ,k+ is always ) ,8  
army3 n only ) ,8 army1 b at ! "r h& ( e
 soldi] ( x4 ,!re=e1 if any ( _!        
colonels give !m a /range comm&1 all !y 
h to d is to ask ! ,k+2 & nev] yet any  
,*ri/ian ask$ guidance ( 8 ,k+1 9 any   
difficulty :atsoev]1 )\t m5tal          
res]vation or secret resolution1 b he _h
 x =?)4 ,we conclude !n1 f9ally1 t !    

au?ority ( ! ,cl]gy is1 9 matt]s (      
discipl9e1 l>ge 7be+ executive1 fir/1 ( 
! writt5 laws ( ,god1 & secondly1 ( ^?  
det]m9$ & agre$ ^u by ! body ( ! ,*ur*71
 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 dep5d5t on _!      
recomm5d+ !mselves to e man's consci5ce1
 bo? z mess5g]s ( ,god1 & z !mselves m5 
( ,god1 p]fect1 & in/ruct$ to good      
works4#aej  #bab4 7#f7 ,! la/ subject   
:i* we _h to inve/igate 01 x w be       
rememb]$1 :at is usually call$ !        
connection ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,b1 by our  
def9ition ( ! t]m ,*ur*1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole 
( ,*ri/5dom1 ! ,*ur* 7or society (      
pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians7 is ! ,/ate1 & our    
subject is !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 !     
connection ( lay & cl]ical (fic]s ( !   
,*ur*2 t is to say1 ! degrees 9 :i* !   
civil & ecclesia/ical gov]nm5ts ought to
 int]f]e ) or influ5ce ea* o!r4  ,x w\ld
 ( c\rse be va9 to attempt a =mal       
inquiry into ?is intricate subject2--,i 
h only a few deta*$ po9ts to notice     
respect+ x4  #bac4 ,!re are ?ree degrees
 or k9ds ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,! fir/ &    

l[e/1 executive m]ely2 ! gov]nm5t 9 ?is 
s5se be+ simply ! ,national ,h&1 &      
compos$ ( individuals :o adm9i/] ! laws 
( ! nation1 & execute its e/abli%$      
purposes4  ,! second k9d ( gov]nm5t is  
delib]ative2 b 9 its delib]ation1       
repres5tative only ( ! ?\ghts & w ( ! p 
or nation1 & liable to be depos$ !      
in/ant x ceases to express ^? ?\ghts & t
 w4 ,?is1 :atev] its =m1 :e!r c5t]$ 9 a 
k+ or 9 any numb] ( m51 is prop]ly to be
 call$ ,democratic4 ,! ?ird & highe/ k9d
 ( gov]nm5t is delib]ative1 n z         
repres5tative ( ! p1 b z *os5 to take   
sep>ate c\nsel = !m1 & hav+ p[] committ$
 to x1 to en=ce ^u !m :atev] resolution 
x may adopt1 :e!r consi/5t ) _! w or n4 
,?is gov]nm5t is prop]ly to be call$    
,mon>*ical1 :atev] its =m4  #bad4 ,i see
 t politicians & writ]s ( hi/ory        
cont9ually run into hopeless error1     
because !y confuse ! ,=m ( a ,gov]nm5t )
 its ,nature4 ,a ,gov]nm5t may be       
nom9ally ve/$ 9 an individual2 & yet if 
t individual be 9 su* fe> ( ^? b5ea?    

him1 t he does no?+ b :at he supposes w 
be agreeable to !m1 ! ,gov]nm5t is      
,democratic2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gov]nm5t   
may be ve/$ 9 a delib]ative assembly ( a
 ?\s& m51 all hav+ equal au?ority1 & all
 *os5 f ! l[e/ ranks ( ! p2 & yet if t  
assembly act indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! p1 & 
h no fe> ( !m1 & en=ce its det]m9ations 
^u !m1 ! ,gov]nm5t is ,mon>*ical2 t is  
to say1 ! ,assembly1 act+ z ,"o1 has p[]
 ov] ! ,_m1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! weak k+1 !
 ,_m h p[] ov] ! ,"o4  ,a ,mon>*ical    
,gov]nm5t1 act+ = its own int]e/1 in/ead
 ( ! p's1 is a tyranny4 ,i said !       
,executive ,gov]nm5t 0 ! h& ( !         
nation3--! ,republican ,gov]nm5t is 9 l 
mann] its tongue4 ,! ,mon>*ical         
,gov]nm5t is its head4  ,all true & "r  
gov]nm5t is ,mon>*ical1 & ( ! head4 ,:at
 is its be/ =m1 is a totally diff]5t "q2
 b unless x act = ! p1 & n z            
repres5tative ( ! p1 x is no gov]nm5t at
 all2 & "o ( ! grosse/ blockheadisms ( !
 ,engli% 9 ! pres5t day1 is _! idea (   
s5d+ m5 to ,p>liam5t to repres5t _!     

op9ions4 ,:]eas _! only true bus9ess is 
to f9d out ! wise/ m5 among !m1 & s5d !m
 to ,p>liam5t to repres5t _! own        
op9ions1 & act ^u !m4 ,( all puppet-%[s 
9 ! ,satanic ,c>nival ( ! e>?1 ! mo/    
contemptible puppet-%[ is a ,p>liam5t ) 
a mob pull+ ! /r+s4  #bae4 ,n[1 ( ^!    
?ree /ates ( ,gov]nm5t1 x is cle> t !   
m]ely executive c h no prop] influ5ce   
ov] ecclesia/ical affairs4 ,b ( ! o!r   
two1 ! fir/1 be+ ! voice ( ! p1 or voice
 ( ! ,*ur*1 mu/ h su* influ5ce ov] !    
,cl]gy z is prop]ly ve/$ 9 ! body ( !   
,*ur*4 ,! second1 :i* /&s 9 ! same      
relation to ! p z a fa!r does to 8      
family1 w h su* f>!r influ5ce ov]       
ecclesia/ical matt]s1 z a fa!r has ov] !
 consci5ces ( 8 adult *ildr54 ,no       
absolute au?ority1 !re=e1 to en=ce _!   
att5dance at any p>ticul> place (       
wor%ip1 or subscription to any p>ticul> 
,cre$4 ,b indisputable au?ority to      
procure = !m su* religi\s in/ruction z  
he deems fitte/1#aea & to recomm5d x to 
!m by e means 9 8 p[]2 he n only has    

au?ority1 b is "u obligation to d ?is1 z
 well z to e/abli% su* discipl9es & =ms 
( wor%ip 9 8 h\se z he deems mo/        
conv5i5t = 8 family3 ) :i* !y are inde$ 
at lib]ty to refuse compliance1 if su*  
discipl9es appe> to !m cle>ly oppos$ to 
! law ( ,god2 b n )\t mo/ solemn        
conviction ( _! be+ s1 nor )\t deep     
sorr[ to be compell$ to su* a c\rse4    
#baf4 ,b x may be said1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( a 
p nev] does /& to !m 9 ! relation ( a   
fa!r to 8 family4 ,if x d n1 x is no    
,gov]nm5t4 ,h[ev] grossly x may fail 9  
its duty1 & h[ev] little x may be fitt$ 
= its place1 if x be a ,gov]nm5t at all1
 x has pat]nal (fice & relation to ! p4 
,i f9d x writt5 on ! "o h&1--,honor ?y  
,fa!r2 on ! o!r1--,honor ! ,k+3 on ! "o 
h&1--,:oso smite? 8 ,fa!r1 %all be put  
to dea?2#aeb on ! o!r1--,!y t resi/ %all
 receive to !mselves damnation4 ,well1  
b1 x may be f>!r argu$1 ! ,cl]gy are 9 a
 /ill m solemn s5se ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,p1 & !
 ,p are _! belov$ ,sons2 :y %\ld n1     
!re=e1 ! ,cl]gy h ! p[] to gov]n ! civil

 (fic]s8  #bag4 ,= two v cle> reasons4  
,9 all human in/itutions c]ta9 evils are
 grant$1 z ( necessity2 &1 9 organiz+   
su* in/itutions1 we mu/ all[ = !        
consequ5ces ( su* evils1 & make         
arrangem5ts su* z may be/ keep !m 9     
*eck4 ,n[1 9 bo? ! civil & ecclesia/ical
 gov]nm5ts !re w ( necessity be a c]ta9 
numb] ( bad m54 ,! wick$ civilian has   
comp>atively little int]e/ 9 ov]?r[+    
ecclesia/ical au?ority2 x is (t5 a      
useful help to him1 & pres5ts 9 itself  
little :i* seems covetable4 ,b ! wick$  
ecclesia/ical (fic] has mu* int]e/ 9    
ov]?r[+ ! civilian1 & gett+ ! political 
p[] into 8 own h&s4 ,z f> z wick$ m5 are
 conc]n$1 !re=e1 x is bett] t ! ,/ate   
%\ld h p[] ov] ! ,cl]gy1 ?an ! ,cl]gy   
ov] ! ,/ate4  ,secondly1 suppos+ bo? !  
,civil & ,ecclesia/ical (fic]s to be    
,*ri/ians2 !re is no fe> t ! civil (fic]
 %\ld und]rate ! dignity or %ort5 !     
s]viceabl5ess ( ! m9i/]2 b !re is       
consid]able dang] t ! religi\s en?usiasm
 ( ! m9i/] might dim9i% ! s]viceabl5ess 

( ! civilian4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s   
,en?usiasm %\ld be writt5 by someone :o 
_h a life to give to its inve/igation2 x
 is "o ( ! mo/ melan*oly pages 9 human  
records1 & "o ( ! mo/ necess>y to be    
/udi$47 ,!re=e1 z f> z good m5 are      
conc]n$1 x is bett] ! ,/ate %\ld h p[]  
ov] ! ,cl]gy ?an ! ,cl]gy ov] ! ,/ate4  
#bah4 ,?is we might1 x seems to me1     
conclude by unassi/$ reason4 ,b surely !
 :ole "q is1 )\t any ne$ ( human reason1
 decid$ by ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,if ev] a
 body ( ,cl]gy %\ld h receiv$ indep5d5t 
au?ority1 ! ,levitical ,prie/hood %\ld2 
= !y 7 inde$ a ,prie/hood1 & m holy ?an 
! re/ ( ! nation4 ,b ,a>on is always    
subject to ,moses4 ,all solemn          
revelation is made to ,moses1 ! civil   
magi/rate1 & he actually comm&s ,a>on z 
to ! fulfillm5t ( 8 prie/ly (fice1 & t 9
 a necessity ( life & dea?3 ,g1 & make  
an atonem5t = ! p4 ,nor is any?+ m      
rem>kable ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,jewi%     
hi/ory ?an ! p]fect subjection ( !      
,prie/ly to ! ,k+ly ,au?ority4 ,?us     

,solomon ?ru/s out ,abia?> f be+ prie/1 
,i ,k+s ii4 #bg2 & ,jehoahaz adm9i/]s ! 
funds ( ! ,"l's ,h\se1 #b ,k+s xii4 #d1 
?\gh t money 0 actually ! ,atonem5t     
,money1 ! ,hansom = ,s\ls 7,exod4 xxx4  
#ab74  #bai4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 also !       
beautiful in/ance ( ,samuel unit+ 9     
himself ! (fices ( ,prie/1 ,prophet1 &  
,judge2 nor d ,i insi/ on any special   
mann] ( subjection ( ,cl]gy to civil    
(fic]s1 or vice v]s2 b only on !        
necessity ( _! p]fect unity & influ5ce  
^u ea* o!r 9 e ,*ri/ian k+dom4 ,^? :o   
endeavor to effect ! utt] sep>ation (   
ecclesia/ical & civil (fic]s1 are /riv+1
 on ! "o h&1 to expose ! ,cl]gy to ! mo/
 griev\s & mo/ subtle ( temptations f _!
 own spiritual en?usiasm & spiritual    
pride2 on ! o!r1 to deprive ! civil     
(fic] ( all s5se ( religi\s             
responsibility1 & to introduce ! fe>ful1
 godless1 consci5celess1 & s\lless      
policy ( ! ,radical & ! 7s-call$7       
,sociali/4 ,:]eas1 ! ideal ( all        
gov]nm5t is ! p]fect unity ( ! two      

bodies ( (fic]s1 ea* support+ & correct+
 ! o!r2 ! ,cl]gy hav+ due weight 9 all !
 national c\ncils2 ! civil (fic]s hav+ a
 solemn rev]5ce = ,god 9 all _! acts2 ! 
,cl]gy hall[+ all worldly policy by _!  
influ5ce2 & ! magi/racy repress+ all    
religi\s en?usiasm by _! practical      
wisdom4 ,to sep>ate ! two is to endeavor
 to sep>ate ! daily life ( ! nation f   
,god1 & to map out ! dom9ion ( ! s\l    
into two prov9ces--"o ( ,a!ism1 ! o!r ( 
,en?usiasm4 ,^!1 !n1 7 ! reasons :i*    
caus$ me to speak ( ! idea ( sep>ation (
 ,*ur* & ,/ate z ,fatuity2 = :at        
,fatuity c be s great z ! n hav+ ,god 9 
our ?\ghts2 &1 9 any act or (fice (     
life1 say+ 9 our he>ts1 ,!re is no ,god8
  #bbj4 ,mu* m ,i w\ld fa9 say ( ^! ?+s1
 b n n[3 ?is only ,i mu/ emphatically   
ass]t1 9 conclusion3--,t ! s*ism betwe5 
! s-call$ ,evangelical & ,high ,*ur*    
,p>ties 9 ,brita91 is en\gh to %ake _m  
m5's fai? 9 ! tru? or exi/5ce (         
,religion at all4 ,x seems to me "o ( ! 
mo/ disgraceful sc5es 9 ,ecclesia/ical  

hi/ory1 t ,prote/antism %\ld be p>alyz$ 
at its v he>t by jeal\sies1 bas$ on     
little else ?an m]e diff]5ce betwe5 high
 & l[ bre$+4 ,= ! ess5tial diff]5ces 9 !
 religi\s op9ions ( ! two p>ties are    
suffici5tly m>k$ 9 two m5 :om we may    
take z ! highe/ repres5tatives (        
ea*--,george ,h]b]t & ,john ,milton2 &  
,i d n ?9k !re w\ld h be5 mu* difficulty
 9 aton+ ^? two1 if "o c\ld h got !m    
toge!r4 ,b ! real difficulty1 n[adays1  
lies 9 ! s9 & folly ( bo? p>ties2 9 !   
sup]cili\sness ( ! "o1 & ! rud5ess ( !  
o!r4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ! s9 lies mo/ at 
! ,high ,*ur* door1 = ! ,evangelicals   
are mu* m ready to act ) ,*ur*m5 ?an !y 
) ! ,evangelicals2 & ,i believe t ?is   
/ate ( ?+s _c cont9ue mu* long]2 & t if 
! ,*ur* ( ,engl& does n =?) unite )     
h]self ! entire ,evangelical body1 bo? (
 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & take h] /& ) !m    
aga9/ ! ,papacy1 h] h\r has /ruck4 ,%e  
_c any long] s]ve two ma/]s2 nor make   
c\rtesies alt]nately to ,*ri/ &         
,anti*ri/4 ,t %e has done ?is is visible

 en\gh by ! /ate ( ,europe at ?is       
in/ant4 ,?ree c5turies s9ce ,lu!r--?ree 
hundr$ ye>s ( ,prote/ant k--& ! ,papacy 
n yet ov]?r[n6 ,*ri/'s tru? /ill        
re/ra9$1 9 n>r[ dawn1 to ! :ite cliffs (
 ,engl& & :ite cre/s ( ! ,alps2--! morn+
 /> paus$ 9 its c\rse 9 heav52--! sun & 
moon /ay$1 ) ,satan = _! ,jo%ua4  #bba4 
,b h[ to unite ! two great sects (      
p>alyz$ ,prote/ants8 ,by keep+ simply to
 ,scripture4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,scotti%     
,*ur* h n a %ad[ ( excuse = refus+      
,episcopacy2 x has inde$ be5 abus$ among
 !m1 griev\sly abus$2 b x is 9 ! ,bible2
 & t is all !y h a "r to ask4  ,!y h    
also no %ad[ ( excuse = refus+ to employ
 a writt5 =m ( pray]4 ,x may n be to _! 
ta/e--x may n be ! way 9 :i* !y l to    
pray2 b x is no "q1 at pres5t1 ( likes  
or dislikes1 b ( duties2 & ! acceptance 
( su* a =m on _! "p w\ld g half-way to  
reconcile !m ) _! bre?r54 ,let !m allege
 su* objections z !y c reasonably       
advance aga9/ ! ,engli% =m1 & let ^! be 
c>efully & humbly weigh$ by ! pa/ors (  

bo? *ur*es3 "s ( !m ought to be at once 
=e/all$4 ,= ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 on ! o!r   
h&1 mu/ cut ! t]m ,prie/ entirely out ( 
h] ,pray]-book1 & sub/itute = x t (     
,m9i/] or ,eld]2 ! passages respect+    
,absolution mu/ be ?r[n out also1 except
 ! d\btful "o 9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice1 9 :i* 
!re is no h>m2 & !n !re w\ld be only !  
,baptismal "q left1 :i* is "o ( words r 
?an ( ?+s1 & might easily be settl$ 9   
,synod1 turn+ ! refractory ,cl]gy out ( 
_! (fices1 to g to ,rome if !y *ose4    
,!n1 :5 ! ,articles ( ,fai? & =m (      
wor%ip _h be5 agre$ ^u betwe5 ! ,engli% 
& ,scotti% ,*ur*es1 ! writt5 =ms &      
articles %\ld be c>efully translat$ into
 ! ,european languages1 & (f]$ to !     
acceptance ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es on !   
,cont95t1 ) e>ne/ entreaty t !y w\ld    
receive !m1 & due ent]ta9m5t ( all su*  
objections z !y c\ld reasonably allege2 
& ?us ! :ole body ( ,prote/ants1 unit$ 9
 "o great ,fold1 w\ld inde$ g 9 & out1 &
 f9d pa/ure2 & ! "w appo9t$ = !m w\ld be
 done quickly1 & ,anti*ri/ ov]?r[n4     

#bbb4 ,impossible3 a ?\s& times         
impossible6--,i he> x exclaim$ aga9/ me4
 ,no--n impossible4 ,*ri/ does n ord]   
impossibilities1 & ,he has ord]$ u to be
 at peace "o ) ano!r4 ,nay1 x is        
answ]$--,he came n to s5d peace1 b a    
sword4 ,yes1 v]ily3 to s5d a sword ^u   
e>?1 b n )9 ,8 ,*ur*2 = to ,8 ,*ur* ,he 
said1 ,my ,peace ,i leave ) y4          
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #adj3 ,i may1   
p]haps1 h miss$ c\nt ( "o or two        
occurr5ces ( ! ^w2 b n1 ,i ?9k1 9 any   
important passages4  ,footnote #ada3 ,! 
expression ,h\se ( ,god1 9 #a ,tim4 iii4
 #ae1 is %[n to be us$ ( ! congregation 
by #a ,cor4 iii4 #af1 #ag4  ,i h n      
notic$ ! ^w ,greek3 kyriak 7oikia7 f :i*
 ! ,g]man ,kir*e1 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 & !  
,scot* ,kirk are d]iv$1 z x is n us$ ) t
 signification 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4       
,footnote #adb3 ,any ref]5ce except to  
,scripture1 9 notes ( ?is k9d w\ld1 (   
c\rse1 be useless3 ! argum5t f1 or )1 ! 
,fa!rs is n to be compress$ into fifty  
pages4 ,i h some?+ to say ab\t ,hook]2 b

 ,i res]ve t = ano!r "t1 n wi%+ to say x
 ha/ily1 or to leave x )\t support4     
,footnote #adc3 ,acts x4 #dd4  ,footnote
 #add3 ,let n ! read] be displeas$ ) me 
= ^! %ort & app>5tly insol5t /atem5ts ( 
op9ion4 ,i am n writ+ insol5tly1 b z    
%ortly & cle>ly z ,i c2 & :5 ,i s]i\sly 
believe a ?+1 ,i say s 9 a few words1   
leav+ ! read] to det]m9e :at my belief  
is wor?4 ,b ,i d n *oose to temp] d[n e 
expression ( p]sonal op9ion into c\rte\s
 g5]alities1 & s lose space1 & "t1 &    
intelligibility at once4 ,we are utt]ly 
oppress$ 9 ^! days by our c\rtesies1 &  
consid]ations1 & compliances1 &         
proprieties4 ,=give me !m1 ?is once1 or 
r let u all =give !m to ea* o!r1 & le>n 
to speak pla9ly fir/1 &1 if x may be1   
gracefully aft]w>ds2 & n only to speak1 
b to /& by :at we h spok54 ,"o ( my     
,ox=d fri5ds he>d1 ! o!r day1 t ,i 0    
employ$ on ^! notes1 & =?) wrote to me1 
9 a panic1 n to put my "n to !m1 = fe>  
,i %\ld compromise myself4 ,i ?9k we are
 mo/ ( u compromis$ to "s ext5t already1

 :5 ,engl& has s5t a ,roman ,ca?olic    
m9i/] to ! second city 9 ,italy1 &      
rema9s h]self = a week )\t any gov]nm5t1
 because h] *ief m5 _c agree ^u !       
position :i* a ,popi% c>d9al is to h    
leave to occupy 9 ,london4  ,footnote   
#ade3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #d2 ,m>k xiii4 #e2   
,luke xxi4 #h2 #a ,cor4 iii4 #ah1 vi4   
#i1 xv4 #cc2 ,eph4 iv4 #ad1 v4 #f2 ,col4
 ii4 #h2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #c2 ,heb4 iii4    
#ac2 #a ,john i4 #h1 iii4 #g2 #b ,john  
#g1 #h4  ,footnote #adf3 ,greek3 ex\sia 
9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #ab4 #b ,!ss1 iii4 #i4   
,footnote #adg3 7,c>lyle1 ,pa/ &        
,pres5t1 *apt] xi47 ,c any?+ be m /rik+ 
?an ! repeat$ w>n+s ( ,/4 ,paul aga9/   
/rife ( words2 & 8 di/9ct sett+ =? (    
,action z ! only true means ( atta9+ k (
 ! tru?1 & ! only sign ( m5's possess+ !
 true fai?8 ,comp>e #a ,timo?y vi4 #d1  
#bj1 7! latt] v]se especially1 9        
connection ) ! previ\s ?ree17 & #b      
,timo?y ii4 #ad1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 trac+ ! 
connection "h also2 add ,titus i4 #aj1  
#ad1 #af1 not+ 9 works !y d5y him1 &    

,titus iii4 #h1 #i1 affirm con/antly t  
!y be c>eful to ma9ta9 good works2 b    
avoid fooli% que/ions2 & f9ally1 #a     
,timo?y i4 #d-g3 a passage :i* seems to 
h be5 especially writt5 = ^! times4     
,footnote #adh3 ,i leave1 9 ! ma9 text1 
! ab/ract "q ( ! fitness ( ,episcopacy  
unapproa*$1 n feel+ any call to speak ( 
x at l5g? at pres5t2 all t ,i feel      
necess>y to be said is1 t bi%ops be+    
grant$1 x is cle> t we h too few to d _!
 "w4 ,b ! argum5t f ! practice ( !      
,primitive ,*ur* appe>s to me to be (   
enorm\s weight1--nor h ,i ev] he>d any  
rational plea alleg$ aga9/ ,episcopacy1 
except t1 l o!r ?+s1 x is capable (     
abuse1 & has sometimes be5 abus$2 & z1  
altoge!r cle>ly & indisputably1 !re is  
describ$ 9 ! ,bible an episcopal (fice1 
di/9ct f ! m]ely m9i/]ial "o2 &1        
app>5tly1 also an episcopal (fic] atta*$
 to ea* *ur*1 & di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,revelation
 z an ,angel1 ,i hold ! resi/ance ( !   
,scot* ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* to ,episcopacy
 to be unscriptural1 futile1 &          

s*ismatic4  ,footnote #adi3 ,by j       
judgm5t be depos$1 ,art4 #bf4  ,footnote
 #aej3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! au?ority (  
doctr9e & discipl9e is beautifully m>k$ 
9 #b ,timo?y ii4 #be1 & ,titus ii4      
#ab-ae4 ,9 ! fir/ passage1 ! s]vant (   
,god1 tea*+ div9e doctr9e1 mu/ n /rive1 
b mu/ 9 meekness in/ruct ^? t oppose    
!mselves2 9 ! second passage1 tea*+ u t 
d5y+ ungodl9ess & worldly lu/s he is to 
live sob]ly1 righte\sly1 & godly 9 ?is  
pres5t _w1 ! m9i/] is to speak1 exhort1 
& rebuke ) ,,all ,,au?ority--bo?        
functions be+ express$ z unit$ 9 #b     
,timo?y iv4 #c4  ,footnote #aea3        
,obs]ve1 ?is & ! foll[+ conclusions     
dep5d entirely on ! supposition t !     
,gov]nm5t is "p ( ! ,body ( ! ,*ur*1 & t
 "s pa9s h be5 tak5 to compose x (      
religi\s & wise m54 ,if we *oose1 kn[+ly
 & delib]ately1 to compose our          
,p>liam5t1 9 great "p1 ( infidels &     
,papi/s1 gambl]s & debtors1 we may well 
regret its p[] ov] ! ,cl]ical (fic]2 b t
 we %\ld1 at any "t1 s compose our      

,p>liam5t1 is a sign t ! ,cl]gy !mselves
 h fail$ 9 _! duty1 & ! ,*ur* 9 its     
wat*fulness2--?us ! evil accumulates 9  
reaction4 ,:atev] ,i say ( !            
responsibility or au?ority ( ,gov]nm5t1 
is !re=e to be und]/ood only z sequ5t on
 :at ,i h said previ\sly ( ! necessity (
 closely circumscrib+ ! ,*ur*1 & !n     
compos+ ! ,civil ,gov]nm5t out ( !      
circumscrib$ ,body4 ,?us1 all ,papi/s   
w\ld at once be r5d]$ incapable ( %>e 9 
x be+ subject$ to ! second or mo/ sev]e 
degree ( excommunication--fir/1 z       
idolat]s1 by #a ,cor4 v4 #aj2 !n z      
covet\s & extortion]s 7sell+            
absolution17 by ! same text2 &1 f9ally1 
z h]etics & ma9ta9]s ( falsehoods1 by   
,titus iii4 #aj1 & #a ,tim4 iv4 #a4  ,i 
d n write ?is ha/ily1 nor )\t e>ne/     
consid]ation bo?1 ( ! difficulty & !    
consequ5ces ( su* ,*ur* ,discipl9e4 ,b  
ei!r ! ,bible is a sup]annuat$ book1 &  
is only to be read z a record ( pa/     
days2 or ^! ?+s foll[ f x1 cle>ly &     
inevitably4 ,t we live 9 days :5 !      

,bible has become impracticable1 is 7if 
x be s7 ! v ?+ ,i desire to be consid]$4
 ,i am n sett+ d[n ^! plans or s*emes z 
at pres5t possible4 ,i d n "k h[ f> !y  
are possible2 b x seems to me t ,god has
 pla9ly comm&$ !m1 & t1 !re=e1 _!       
impracticability is a ?+ to be m$itat$  
on4  ,footnote #aeb3 ,exod4 xxi4 #ae4   
,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray] ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*4#aec 
,,lett]s4   ,i4#aed    ,,brantwood1     
,,coni/on1 ,,lanca%ire1   #bj? ,june1   
#ahgi4  #bbc4 ,,de> ,,mr4               
,,malleson1--,i c\ld n at once answ] y\r
 important lett]2 =1 ?\gh ,i felt at    
once ! impossibility ( my v5tur+ to     
address su* an audi5ce z y propos$1 ,i  
am unwill+ to fail 9 answ]+ to any call 
relat+ to matt]s respect+ :i* my feel+s 
h be5 long 9 e>ne/1 if 9 any wise x may 
be possible = me to be ( s]vice !re94   
,my heal?--or want ( x--n[ utt]ly =bids 
my engagem5t 9 any duty involv+         
excitem5t or acute intellectual ef=t2 b 
,i ?9k1 be=e ! fir/ ,tuesday 9 ,augu/1  
,i might be able to write "o or two     

lett]s to y\rself1 ref]r+ to1 & m or    
less complet+1 "s passages already pr9t$
 9 ,=s & else:]e1 :i* might1 on y\r     
read+ any portions y ?\ght available1   
become matt] ( discussion dur+ ! meet+  
at "s leisure "t1 aft] its own ma9      
purposes _h be5 answ]$4  ,at all ev5ts1 
,i w ?9k ov] :at ,i %\ld l1 & be able1  
to repres5t to su* a meet+1 & only beg y
 n to ?9k me ins5sible ( ! honor done me
 by y\r wi%1 & ( ! gravity ( ! tru/     
repos$ 9 me4    ,ev] mo/ fai?fully y\rs1
   ,j4 ,,rusk94    ,,! ,,rev4 ,f4 ,a4   
,,malleson4   ,,ii4    ,,brantwood1     
,,coni/on1 #bcrd ,june1 #ahgi4  #bbd4   
,,de> ,,mr4 ,,malleson1--,walk+1 &      
talk+1 are n[ alike impossible to       
me2#aee my /r5g? is gone = bo?2 nor d ,i
 believe talk+ on su* matt]s to be ( !  
lea/ use except to promote1 betwe5      
s5sible p1 k9dly feel+ & k ( ea* o!r's  
p]sonal *>act]s4 ,i h e tru/ 9 y\r      
k9dness & tru?2 nor d ,i fe> be+ myself 
misund]/ood by y2 :at ,i may be able to 
put into writt5 =m1 s z to admit ( be+  

laid be=e y\r fri5ds 9 c\ncil1 mu/ be   
set d[n )\t any "q ( p]sonal feel+--z   
simply z a ma!matical "q or             
demon/ration4  #bbe4 ,! fir/ exact "q   
:i* x seems to me su* an assembly may be
 e>ne/ly call$ ^u by laym5 to solve1 is 
surely axiomatic3 ! def9ition ( !mselves
 z a body1 & ( _! bus9ess z su*4        
,namely3 z cl]gym5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 d
 !y consid] !mselves to be s call$ m]ely
 z ! atta*$ s]vants ( a p>ticul> /ate8  
,d !y1 9 _! quality ( guides1 hold a    
position simil> to t ( ! guides (       
,*am\ni or ,gr9delwald1 :o1 be+ a numb]$
 body ( exam9$ & tru/wor?y p]sons       
belong+ to ^? sev]al villages1 h        
nev]!less no ,*am\ni/ or ,gr9delwaldi/  
op9ions on ! subject ( ,alp9e geography 
or glaci] walk+2 b are prep>$ to put    
into practice a common & univ]sal sci5ce
 ( ,locality & ,a?letics1 f\nd$ on sure 
survey & successful practice8 ,are !    
cl]gym5 ( ! ,ecclesia ( ,engl& ?us      
simply ! atta*$ & sal>i$ guides ( ,engl&
 & ! ,engli%1 9 ! way1 kn[n ( all good  

m51 t leade? unto life8--or are !y1 on !
 contr>y1 a body ( m5 hold+1 or 9 any   
legal mann] requir$1 or compell$ to     
hold1 op9ions on ! subject--say1 ( !    
height ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 !        
crevasses :i* g d[n quicke/ to ! pit1 & 
o!r cognate po9ts ( sci5ce--diff]+ f1 or
 ev5 contr>y to1 ! t5ets ( ! guides ( ! 
,*ur* ( ,france1 ! ,*ur* ( ,italy1 & o!r
 ,*ri/ian c\ntries8  ,is n ?is ! fir/ ( 
all que/ions :i* a ,cl]ical ,c\ncil has 
to answ] 9 op5 t]ms8    ,ev]            
affectionately y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94     
,,iii4    ,,brantwood1 #f? ,july4  #bbf4
 ,my fir/ lett] conta9$ a ,layman's plea
 = a cle> answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is a      
cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&8 ,suppos+ ! 
answ] to ?is fir/ to be1 t ! cl]gy ( !  
,*ur* ( ,engl& are tea*]s1 n ( ! ,gospel
 to ,engl&1 b ( ! ,gospel to all        
nations2 & n ( ! ,gospel ( ,lu!r1 nor ( 
! ,gospel ( ,augu/9e1 b ( ! ,gospel (   
,*ri/1--!n ! ,layman's second "q w\ld   
be3  ,c ?is ,gospel ( ,*ri/ be put into 
su* pla9 words & %ort t]ms z t a pla9   

man may und]/& x8--&1 if s1 w\ld x n be1
 9 a q primal s5se1 desirable t x %\ld  
be s1 r ?an left to be ga!r$ out (      
,?irty-n9e ,articles1 writt5 by no means
 9 cle> ,engli%1 & ref]r+1 = fur!r      
explanation ( exactly ! mo/ important   
po9t 9 ! :ole t5or ( _! tea*+1#aef to a 
,homily ( ,ju/ification1#aeg :i* is n   
g5]ally 9 ! possession1 or ev5 probably 
)9 ! compreh5sion1 ( simple p]sons8     
,ev] fai?fully y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94     
,,iv4    ,,brantwood1 #h? ,july4  #bbg4 
,i am s v glad t y approve ( ! lett]    
plan1 z x enables me to build up :at ,i 
w\ld fa9 try to say1 ( little /ones1 )\t
 lift+ too mu* = my /r5g? at once2 & !  
s5se ( address+ a fri5d :o und]/&s me & 
sympa?izes ) me prev5ts my be+ br\ght to
 a /& by cont9ual ne$ = apology1 or fe> 
( giv+ (f5se4  ,b yet ,i d n q see :y y 
%\ld feel my ask+ = a simple &          
compreh5sible /atem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian      
,gospel at />t+4 ,are y n bid to g into 
all ! _w & prea* x to e creature8 7,i   
%\ld myself ?9k ! cl]gyman mo/ likely to

 d good :o accept$ ! ,greek3 pas ?      
ktisei s lit]ally z at lea/ to sympa?ize
 ) ,/4 ,francis' s]mon to ! birds1 & to 
feel t fe$+ ei!r %eep or f[ls1 or       
unmuzzl+ ! ox1 or keep+ ! wr5s alive 9 !
 sn[1 w\ld be receiv$ by _! ,heav5ly    
,fe$] z ! p]fect fulfillm5t ( ,8 ,fe$ my
 %eep 9 ! high] s5se47#aeh  #bbh4 ,t's  
all a p>5!sis2 = al?\gh ,i %\ld ?9k t   
y\r good company w\ld all agree t       
k9dness to animals 0 a k9d ( prea*+ to  
!m1 & t hunt+ & vivisection 7 a k9d (   
blasphemy to !m1 ,i want only to put !  
/]n] "q be=e y\r c\ncil1 h[ ?is ,gospel 
is to be prea*$ ei!r ,greek3 panta*\ or 
to ,greek3 panta ta e?n if fir/ its     
prea*]s h n det]m9$ q cle>ly :at x is8  
,& might n su* def9ition1 acceptable to 
! entire body ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 be     
arriv$ at by m]ely expla9+1 9 _!        
complet5ess & life1 ! t]ms ( ! ,"l's    
,pray]--! fir/ words taught to *ildr5   
all ov] ! ,*ri/ian _w8  ,i w try to     
expla9 :at ,i mean ( its sev]al         
articles1 9 foll[+ lett]s2 & 9 answ] to 

! "q ) :i* y close y\r la/1 ,i c only   
say t y are at p]fect lib]ty to use any1
 or all1 or any p>ts ( !m1 z y ?9k good4
 ,usually1 :5 ,i am ask$ if lett]s ( m9e
 may be pr9t$1 ,i say3 ,assur$ly1       
provid$ only t y pr9t !m entire4 ,b 9   
y\r h&s1 ,i )draw ev5 ?is condition1 &  
tru/ gladly to y\r judgm5t1 rema9+      
always    ,fai?fully & affectionately   
y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94    ,,! ,,rev4 ,f4  
,a4 ,,malleson4   ,v4    ,greek3 pat]   
hmon ho en tois ouranois    ,pat] no/]  
qui es 9 clis4    ,,brantwood1 #aj?     
,july4  #bbi4 ,my mean+1 9 say+ t !     
,"l's ,pray] might be made a f\ndation (
 ,gospel-tea*+1 0 n t x conta9$ all t   
,*ri/ian m9i/]s h to tea*2 b t x conta9s
 :at all ,*ri/ians are agre$ ^u z fir/  
to be taught2 & t no good p>i%-work+    
pa/or 9 any di/rict ( ! _w b w\ld be    
glad to take 8 "p 9 mak+ x cle> & liv+  
to 8 congregation4  ,& ! fir/ clause (  
x1 ( c\rse rightly expla9$1 gives u !   
gr\nd ( :at is surely a mighty "p ( !   
,gospel--its fir/ & great comm&m5t1     

namely1 t we h a ,fa!r :om we c love1 & 
are requir$ to love1 & to desire to be )
 ,him 9 ,heav51 :]ev] t may be4  ,& to  
decl>e t we h su* a lov+ ,fa!r1 ^: m]cy 
is ov] all ,8 works1 & ^: w & law is s  
lovely & lovable t x is sweet] ?an      
honey1 & m preci\s ?an gold1 to ^? :o c 
ta/e & see t ! ,"l is ,good--?is1       
surely1 is a mo/ pleasant & glori\s good
 message & spell to br+ to m5--z        
di/+ui%$ f ! evil message & accurs$     
spell t ,satan has br\ght to ! nations (
 ! _w in/ead ( x1 t !y h no ,fa!r1 b    
only a consum+ fire ready to dev\r !m1  
unless !y are deliv]$ f its rag+ flame  
by "s s*eme ( p>don = all1 = :i* !y are 
to be ?ankful1 n to ! ,fa!r1 b to !     
,son4  ,suppos+ ?is fir/ article ( !    
true ,gospel agre$ to1 h[ w\ld ! bless+ 
t closes ! epi/les ( t ,gospel become   
intelligible & liv+1 in/ead ( d>k &     
dead3 ,! grace ( ,*ri/1 & ! love ( ,god1
 & ! fell[%ip ( ! ,holy ,gho/1--! mo/   
t5d] ^w be+ t us$ ( ! ,fa!r8   ,,vi4    
,greek3 hagia/ht to onoma s\            

,sanctificetur nom5 tuum4               
,,brantwood1 #ab? ,july1 #ahgi4  #bcj4  
,i wond] h[ _m1 ev5 ( ^? :o hone/ly &   
att5tively jo9 9 our ,*ur* s]vices1     
atta* any di/9ct idea to ! second clause
 ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! fir/ petition ( x1 
! fir/ ?+ t !y are ord]$ by ,*ri/ to    
seek ( _! ,fa!r8  ,am ,i unju/ 9 ?9k+ t 
mo/ ( !m h little m notion on ! matt]   
?an t ,god has =bidd5 bad language1 &   
wi%es !m to pray t ev]ybody may be      
respectful to ,him8  ,is x any o!rwise )
 ! ,?ird ,comm&m5t8 ,d n mo/ look on x  
m]ely 9 ! light ( ! /atute ( swe>+8 &   
read ! words w n hold him guiltless     
m]ely z a passionless intimation t h[ev]
 c>elessly a man may let out a r\nd oa?1
 !re really is some?+ wrong 9 x8  ,on ! 
o!r h&1 c any?+ be m trem5d\s ?an !     
words !mselves--d\ble-negativ$3         
,greek3 ou g> m ka?>is 444 kurios  ,=   
o!r s9s !re is wa%+2--= ?is1 none6 !    
sev5? v]se1 ,ex4 xx41 9 ! ,septuag9t1   
m>k+ ! real p[] r ?an ! ,engli%1 :i* 7,i
 suppose7 is lit]al to ! ,hebrew4  ,to  

my layman's m9d1 ( practical ne$s 9 !   
pres5t /ate ( ! ,*ur*1 no?+ is s        
imm$iate z t ( expla9+ to ! congregation
 ! mean+ ( be+ ga!r$ 9 ,8 "n1 & hav+    
,him 9 ! mid/ ( !m2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 (   
be+ ga!r$ 9 blasphemy ( ,8 "n1 & hav+ ! 
devil 9 ! mid/ ( !m--presid+ ov] !      
pray]s :i* h become an abom9ation4      
#bca4 ,= ! entire body ( ! texts 9 !    
,gospel aga9/ hypocrisy are "o & all    
no?+ b ! expansion ( ! ?reat5+ t closes 
! ,?ird ,comm&m5t4 ,= z ! "n :]eby ,he  
%all be call$ is ,,! ,,"l ,,our         
,,righte\sness1--s ! tak+ t "n 9 va9 is 
! sum ( ! deceivabl5ess ( unrighte\sness
 9 !m t p]i%4  ,)\t dwell+ on !         
possibility--:i* ,i d n myself1 h[ev]1 =
 a mom5t d\bt--( an hone/ cl]gyman's be+
 able actually to prev5t ! entrance     
among 8 congregation ( p]sons lead+     
op5ly wick$ lives1 c\ld any subject be m
 vital to ! purposes ( y\r meet+s ?an ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t & ! probable   
/ate ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* w\ld result1
 7 x m ! ef=t ( zeal\s p>i% prie/s1     

in/ead ( gett+ wick$ poor p to come to  
*ur*1 to get wick$ ri* ones to /ay out (
 x8  ,le/1 9 any discussion ( su* "q1 x 
might be1 z x too (t5 is1 alleg$ t ! ,"l
 looke? ^u ! he>t1 etc41 let me be      
p]mitt$ to say--) z mu* positiv5ess z   
may express my deepe/ conviction--t1    
:ile inde$ x is ! ,"l's bus9ess to look 
^u ! he>t1 x is ! pa/or's to look ^u !  
h&s & ! lips2 & t ! f\le/ oa?s ( ! ?ief 
& ! /reet-walk] are1 9 ! e>s ( ,god1    
s9less z ! hawk's cry1 or ! gnat's      
murmur1 comp>$ to ! responses 9 ! ,*ur* 
s]vice1 on ! lips ( ! usur] & ! adult]]1
 :o h de/roy$1 n _! own s\ls only1 b ^? 
( ! outca/ ones :om !y h made _!        
victims4  ,x is = ! meet+ ( cl]gym5     
!mselves--n = a layman address+ !m--to  
ask fur!r1 h[ mu* ! "n ( ,god may be    
tak5 9 va91 & pr(an$ in/ead ( hall[$--9 
! pulpit1 z well z "u x4    ,ev]        
affectionately y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94     
,,vii    ,greek3 el!t  basilheia s\     
,adv5iat regnum tuum4    ,,brantwood1   
#ad? ,july1 #ahgi4  #bcb4 ,,de> ,,mr4   

,,malleson1--,s9c]e ?anks = bo? y\r     
lett]s & ! pro(s#aei s5t4 ,y\r comm5t & 
conduct+ l9k1 :5 ne$$1 w be ( ! greate/ 
help & value1 ,i am well assur$1 sugge/+
 :at y "k w be ! probable feel+ ( y\r   
he>]s1 & ! po9t t w come into "q4  ,yes1
 c]ta9ly1 t ,8 9 ! f\r? l9e 0 meant to  
imply t et]nal pres5ce ( ,*ri/2 z 9     
ano!r passage1#afj ref]r+ to !          
,creation1 :5 ,8 "r h& /rew$ ! sn[ on   
,lebanon1 & smoo!d ! slopes ( ,calv>y1 b
 9 s f> z we dwell on t tru?1 ,ha/ ?\   
se5 ,me1 ,philip1 & n ! ,fa!r8#afa we   
are n tea*+ ! p :at is specially !      
,gospel ( ,*ri/ z hav+ a di/9ct         
function--namely1 to s]ve ! ,fa!r1 & d !
 ,fa!r's w4 ,& 9 all ,8 human relations 
to u1 & comm&s to u1 x is z ! ,son (    
,man1 n z ! p[] ( ,god & wisdom ( ,god1 
t ,he acts & speaks4 ,n z ! ,p[]2 = ,he 
mu/ pray1 l "o ( u4 ,n z ! ,wisdom2 =   
,he mu/ n "k if x be possible ,8 pray]  
%\ld be he>d4  #bcc4 ,& 9 :at ,i want to
 say ( ! ?ird clause ( ,8 pray] 7,81 n  
m]ely z ,8 ord]+1 b ,8 us+71 x is       

especially ?is comp>ison betwe5 ,8      
k+dom1 & ,8 ,fa!r's1 t ,i want to see ! 
disciples gu>d$ aga9/4 ,i believe v few1
 ev5 ( ! mo/ e>ne/1 us+ t petition1     
realize t x is ! ,fa!r's--n !           
,son's--k+dom1 t !y pray may            
come1--al?\gh ! :ole pray] is           
f\ndational on t fact3 ,= ,?9e is !     
k+dom1 ! p[]1 & ! glory4 ,& ,i fancy t !
 m9d ( ! mo/ fai?ful ,*ri/ian is q l$   
away f its prop] hope1 by dwell+ on !   
reign--or ! com+ aga9--( ,*ri/2 :i*1    
inde$1 !y are to look =1 & wat* =1 b n  
to pray =4 ,_! pray] is to be = ! great]
 k+dom to :i* ,he1 ris5 & hav+ all ,8   
enemies "u ,8 feet1 is to surr5d] ,81 t 
,god may be ,all 9 ,all4  ,&1 ?\gh !    
greate/1 x is t ev]la/+ k+dom :i* !     
poore/ ( u c advance4 ,we _c ha/5       
,*ri/'s com+4 ,( ! day & h\r1 kn[e?     
none4 ,b ! k+dom ( ,god is z a gra9 (   
mu/>d se$3--we c s[ ( x2 x is z a       
foam-globe ( leav53--we c m+le x2 & its 
glory & its joy are t ev5 ! birds ( !   
air c lodge 9 ! bran*es !re(4  ,=give me

 = gett+ back to my sp>r[s2 b truly1 9 !
 pres5t /ate ( ,engl&1 ! f[ls ( ! air   
are ! only creatures1 torm5t$ & murd]$ z
 !y are1 t yet h "h & !re ne/s1 & peace1
 & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& x w\ld be    
well if _m ( u1 9 read+ t text1 ,! k+dom
 ( ,god is n meat & dr9k1 _h ev5 got s  
f> z to ! und]/&+ t x 0 at lea/ z mu*1 &
 t until we _h f$ ! hungry1 !re 0 no p[]
 9 u to inspire ! unhappy4    ,ev]      
affectionately y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94  ,i 
w write my feel+ ab\t ! pieces ( ! ,life
 ( ,*ri/ y h s5t me1 9 a private lett]4 
,i may say at once t ,i am sure x w d   
mu* good1 & w be upright & intelligible1
 :i* h[ few religi\s writ+s are6        
,,viii4    ,greek3 g5?t to !lma s\ hs en
 ouran1 ka ep gs4    ,fiat voluntas tua 
sicut 9 caelo et 9 t]ra4    ,,brantwood1
 #i? ,augu/1 #ahgi4  #bcd4 ,i 0 read+ ! 
second *apt] ( ,mala*i ?is morn+ by     
*ance1 & wond]+ h[ _m cl]gym5 ev] read  
x1 & took to he>t ! comm&m5t = !m4  ,=  
!y are always ready en\gh to call       
!mselves prie/s 7?\gh !y "k !mselves to 

be no?+ ( ! sort7 :5ev] !re is any      
dignity to be got out ( ! title2 b1     
:5ev] !re is any good1 hot scold+ or    
unpleasant advice giv5 !m by ! prophets1
 9 t self-assum$ "* ( !irs1 !y are z    
ready to quit x z ev] ,dionysus 8       
lion-sk91 :5 he f9ds ! "* ( ,h]akles    
inconv5i5t4 ,ye h we>i$ ! ,"l ) y\r     
words 7yes1 & "s ( ,8 p1 too1 9 y\r "t73
 yet ye say1 ,:]e9 h we we>i$ ,him8 ,:5 
ye say1 ,ev]yone t doe? evil is good 9 !
 sight ( ! ,"l1 & ,he delighte? 9 !m2   
or1 ,:]e is ! ,god ( judgm5t8  ,h[ _m1  
aga9 & aga9 ,i wond]1 ( ! lively "y     
ecclesia/ics suppli$ to ! increas+ dem& 
( our we/-ends ( fl\ri%+ ,cities ( !    
,pla91 ev] consid] :at sort ( s9 x is = 
:i* ,god 7unless !y lay x to he>t7 w    
curse _! bless+s1 & spread dung ^u _!   
faces1 or h und]/ood1 ev5 9 ! dimme/    
mann]1 :at "p !y _h tak51 & 7 tak+1 9   
corrupt+ ! cov5ant ( ! ,"l ) ,levi1 &   
caus+ _m to /umble at ! ,law8  #bce4    
,p]haps ! mo/ subtle & unconsci\s way   
:i* ! religi\s tea*]s ^u :om ! ends ( ! 

_w are come1 h done ?is1 is 9 nev] tell+
 _! p ! mean+ ( ! clause 9 ! ,"l's      
,pray]1 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 _! mo/ e>ne/   
he>]s h (t5e/ on _! lips3 ,?y w be done4
 ,!y all[ _! p to use x z if _! ,fa!r's 
w 7 always to kill _! babies1 or d      
some?+ unpleasant to !m1 in/ead (       
expla9+ to !m t ! fir/ & int5se/ article
 ( _! ,fa!r's w 0 _! own sanctification1
 & foll[+ com=t & weal?2 & t ! "o only  
pa? to national prosp]ity & to dome/ic  
peace 0 to und]/& :at ! w ( ! ,"l 01 &  
to d all !y c\ld to get x done4 ,:]eas  
"o w\ld ?9k1 by ! tone ( ! eag]e/       
prea*]s n[adays1 t !y held _! bless$    
(fice to be t1 n ( %[+ m5 h[ to d _!    
,fa!r's w on e>?1 b h[ to get to heav5  
)\t do+ any ( x ei!r "h or !re6  #bcf4  
,i say1 especially1 ! mo/ eag] prea*]s2 
= ne>ly ! :ole ,mission>y body 7) !     
hotte/ ,evangeli/ic sect ( ! ,engli%    
,*ur*7 is at ?is mom5t compos$ ( m5 :o  
?9k ! ,gospel !y are to c>ry to m5d ! _w
 )1 =soo?1 is t1 ,if any man s91 he ha? 
an ,advocate ) ! ,fa!r2 :ile ,i h nev]  

yet1 9 my own exp]i5ce1 met ei!r ) a    
,mission>y or a ,t[n ,bi%op :o s mu* z  
pr(ess$ himself to und]/& :at ! w ( !   
,"l 01 f> less to tea* anybody else to d
 x2 & = fifty prea*]s1 yes1 & fifty     
hundr$s :om ,i h he>d proclaim+ !       
,m$iator ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t !y :i* 7  
call$ might receive ! promise ( et]nal  
inh]itance1 ,i h nev] yet he>d s mu* z  
"o he>tily proclaim+ aga9/ all ^?       
deceiv]s ) va9 words 7,eph4 v4 #f71 t no
 covet\s p]son :i* is an idolat] ha? any
 inh]itance 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 or (     
,god2 & on myself p]sonally & publicly  
*all5g+ ! ,bi%ops ( ,engl& g5]ally1 & by
 "n ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]1 to say :e!r    
usury 01 or 0 n1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 
,i h receiv$ no answ] f any "o ( !m4#afb
    #ac? ,augu/4  #bcg4 ,i h all[$      
myself1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is lett]1 to dwell
 on ! equivocal use ( ! ^w ,prie/ 9 !   
,engli% ,*ur* 7see ,*ri/oph] ,h>vey1    
,gros>t's edition1 p4 #ch71 because !   
assumption ( ! m$iatorial1 9 defect ( ! 
pa/oral1 (fice by ! cl]gy fulfill       

itself1 naturally & always1 9 _! pret5d+
 to absolve ! s9n] f 8 puni%m5t1 in/ead 
( purg+ him f 8 s92 & practically1 9 _! 
g5]al patronage & enc\ragem5t ( all !   
iniquity ( ! _w1 by /eadily prea*+ away 
! p5alties ( x4 ,s t ! great cities ( ! 
e>?1 :i* ought to be ! places set on its
 hills1 ) ! temple ( ! ,"l 9 ! mid/ (   
!m1 to :i* ! tribes %\ld g              
up1#afc--;c5t]s to ! ,k+doms & ,prov9ces
 ( ,honor1 ,virtue1 & ! ,k ( ! law (    
,god1--h become1 in/ead1 loa?some c5t]s 
( =nication & covet\sness--! smoke ( _! 
s9 go+ up into ! face ( ,heav5 l !      
furnace ( ,sodom1 & ! pollution ( x     
rott+ & rag+ ?r\gh ! bones & ! s\ls ( ! 
peasant p r\nd !m1 z if !y 7 ea* a      
volcano ^: a%es broke out 9 bla9s ^u man
 & ^u bea/4#afd  ,& 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 _!   
fre%ly-set-tip /eeples r+ ! cr[d to a   
weekly pray] t ! re/ ( _! lives may be  
pure & holy1 :ile !y h n ! slighte/     
int5tion ( purify+1 sanctify+1 or *ang+ 
_! lives 9 any ! smalle/ p>ticul>2 & _! 
cl]gy ga!r1 ea* into himself1 ! curi\s  

dual p[]1 & ,janus-fac$ maje/y 9        
mis*ief1 ( ! prophet t prophesies       
falsely1 & ! prie/ t be>s rule by 8     
means4  ,& ! p love to h x s4           
,,brantwood1 #ab? ,augu/4  ,i am v glad 
( y\r little note f ,brighton4 ,i ?\ght 
x ne$less to s5d ! two lett]s !re1 :i* y
 w f9d at home2 & !y pretty ne>ly end   
all ,i want to say2 = ! rema9+ clauses (
 ! pray] t\* on ?+s too high = me4 ,b ,i
 w s5d y "o conclud+ lett] ab\t !m4     
,,ix4    ,greek3 ton arton mn ton       
epi\sion dos hm9 sm]on4    ,panem no/rum
 quotidianum da nobis hodie4            
,,brantwood1 #ai? ,augu/4  #bch4 ,i     
reta9$ ! =ego+ lett] by me till n[1 le/ 
y %\ld ?9k x writt5 9 any ha/e or       
petulance2 b x is e ^w ( x delib]ate1   
?\gh express+ ! bitt]ness ( tw5ty ye>s (
 va9 sorr[ & plead+ conc]n+ ^! ?+s4 ,nor
 am ,i able to write1 o!rwise1 any?+ ( !
 next foll[+ clause ( ! pray]2--= no    
words c\ld be burn+ en\gh to tell !     
evils :i* h come on ! _w f m5's us+ x   
?\ghtlessly & blasphem\sly1 pray+ ,god  

to give !m :at !y are delib]ately       
resolv$ to /eal4 ,= all true ,*ri/ianity
 is kn[n--z its ,ma/] 0--9 break+ (     
bread1 & all false ,*ri/ianity 9 /eal+  
x4  ,let ! cl]gyman only apply--)       
imp>tial & level sweep--to 8            
congregation ! great pa/oral ord]3 ,!   
man t w n "w1 nei!r %\ld he eat2 & be   
resolute 9 requir+ ea* memb] ( 8 flock  
to tell him :at--day by day--!y d to e>n
 _! d9n]s2--& he w f9d an entirely new  
view ( life & its sacram5ts op5 ^u him &
 !m4  #bci4 ,= ! man :o is n--day by    
day--do+ "w :i* w e>n 8 d9n]1 mu/ be    
/eal+ 8 d9n]2#afe & ! actual fact is t !
 great mass ( m51 call+ !mselves        
,*ri/ians1 d actually live by robb+ !   
poor ( _! bread1 & by no o!r trade      
:atsoev]3 & ! simple exam9ation ( ! mode
 ( ! produce & consumption ( ,european  
food--:o digs = x1 & :o eats x--w prove 
t to any hone/ human s\l4  ,nor is x    
possible = any ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to exi/ b 
9 pollutions & hypocrisies beyond all   
words1 until ! virtues ( a life mod]ate 

9 its self-indulg5ce1 & wide 9 its      
(fices ( temporal m9i/ry to ! poor1 are 
insi/$ on z ! normal conditions 9 :i*1  
only1 ! pray] to ,god = ! h>ve/ ( ! e>? 
is o!r ?an blasphemy4  ,9 ! second      
place4 ,s9ce 9 ! p>able 9 ,luke1 ! bread
 ask$ = is %[n to be also1 & *iefly1 !  
,holy ,_s 7,luke xi4 #ac71 & ! pray]1   
,give u ea* day our daily bread1 is1 9  
its fullness1 ! disciples'1 ,"l1 ev]more
 give u ?is bread1--! cl]gyman's "q to 8
 :ole flock1 prim>ily lit]al3 ,*ildr51 h
 ye "h any meat8 mu/ ultimately be      
always ! great] spiritual "o3 ,*ildr51 h
 ye "h any ,holy ,_s8 or1 ,h ye n he>d  
yet :e!r !re be any8 &1 in/ead ( a ,holy
 ,gho/ ! ,"l & ,giv] ( ,life1 d y only  
believe 9 an unholy mammon1 ,"l & ,giv] 
( ,dea?8  ,! opposition betwe5 ! two    
,lords has be51 & w be z long z ! _w    
la/s1 absolute1 irreconcilable1 mortal2 
& ! cl]gyman's fir/ message to 8 p ( ?is
 day is--if he be fai?ful--,*oose ye ?is
 day :om ye w s]ve4    ,ev] fai?fully   
y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94   ,x4    ,greek3   

kai aphes hm9 ta opheilmata hmn1 s kai  
hmeis aphiem5   tois opheiletais hmn4   
,et dimitte nobis debita no/ra1 sicut et
 nos dimittimus debitoribus   no/ris4   
,,brantwood1 #crd ,septemb]4  #bdj4     
,,de> ,,mr4 ,,malleson1--,i h be5 v long
 be=e try+ to say s mu* z a ^w ab\t !   
six? clause ( ! ,pat]2 = :5ev] ,i began 
?9k+ ( x1 ,i 0 /opp$ by ! sorr[ful s5se 
( ! hopeless task y poor cl]gym5 _h1    
n[adays1 9 recomm5d+ & tea*+ p to love  
_! enemies1 :5 _! :ole en]gies 7 already
 devot$ to sw9dl+ _! fri5ds4  ,b1 9 any 
days1 pa/ or n[1 ! clause is "o ( su*   
difficulty1 t1 to und]/& x1 means almo/ 
to "k ! love ( ,god :i* passe? k4  ,b1  
at all ev5ts1 x is surely ! pa/or's duty
 to prev5t 8 flock f misund]/&+ x2 &    
above all ?+s to keep !m f suppos+ t    
,god's =giv5ess is to be _h simply = !  
ask+1 by ^? :o willfully s9 aft] !y h   
receiv$ ! k ( ! tru?4  #bda4 ,!re is "o 
v simple lesson also1 ne$$ especially by
 p 9 circum/ances ( happy life1 :i* ,i h
 nev] he>d fully en=c$ f ! pulpit1 & :i*

 is usually ! m lo/ sight (1 because !  
f9e & inaccurate ^w trespasses is s (t5 
us$ in/ead ( ! s+le & accurate "o debts4
 ,among p well educat$ & happily        
circum/anc$ x may easily *ance t long   
p]iods ( _! lives pass )\t any su*      
consci\s s9 z c\ld1 on any discov]y or  
memory ( x1 make !m cry out1 9 tru? & 9 
pa91--,i h s9n$ aga9/ ! ,"l4 ,b sc>cely 
an h\r ( _! happy days c pass ov] !m )\t
 leav+--7 _! he>ts op5--"s evid5ce      
writt5 !re t !y h left undone ! ?+s t !y
 ought to h done1 & giv+ !m bitt]] &    
heavi] cause to cry1 & cry aga9--=ev]1 9
 ! pure words ( _! ,ma/]'s pray]1       
,dimitte nobis debita no/ra4  ,9        
connection ) ! m accurate translation ( 
debts r ?an trespasses1#aff x w\ld      
surely be well to keep con/antly 9 ! m9d
 ( complac5t & in(f5sive congregations t
 9 ,*ri/'s own prophecy ( ! mann] ( !   
la/ judgm5t1 ! condemnation is pron\nc$ 
only on ! s9s ( omission3 ,i 0 hungry1 &
 ye gave ,me no meat4  #bdb4 ,b1 :atev] 
! mann] ( s91 by (f5se or defect1 :i* ! 

prea*] fe>s 9 8 p1 surely he has ( late 
be5 :olly remiss 9 compell+ _! def9ite  
recognition ( x1 9 its sev]al & p]sonal 
p>ticul>s4 ,no?+ 9 ! v>i\s inconsi/5cy (
 human nature is m grotesque ?an its    
will+ness to be tax$ ) any quantity (   
s9s 9 ! gross1 & its res5tm5t at !      
ins9uation ( hav+ committ$ ! smalle/    
p>cel ( !m 9 detail4 ,& ! ,engli%       
,liturgy1 evid5tly drawn up ) ! amiable 
int5tion ( mak+ religion z pleasant z   
possible1 to a p desir\s ( sav+ _! s\ls 
) no great degree ( p]sonal inconv5i5ce1
 is p]haps 9 no po9t m un:olesomely     
l5i5t ?an 9 its concession to ! popul>  
conviction t we may obta9 ! pres5t      
advantage1 & escape ! future puni%m5t1 (
 any sort ( iniquity1 by dext]\sly      
conceal+ ! mann] ( x f man1 &           
triumphantly confess+ ! quantity ( x to 
,god4  #bdc4 ,f9ally1 :atev] !          
advantages & dec5cies ( a =m ( pray]1 & 
h[ wide soev] ! scope giv5 to its       
collect$ passages1 x _c be at "o & !    
same "t fitt$ = ! use ( a body (        

well-taught & exp]i5c$ ,*ri/ians1 su* z 
%\ld jo9 ! s]vices ( a ,*ur* n9ete5     
c5turies old1--& adapt$ to ! ne$s ( !   
timid s9n] :o has t day fir/ ent]$ its  
por*1 or ( ! remorseful publican :o has 
only rec5tly become s5sible ( 8 call to 
a pew4  ,& surely our cl]gy ne$ n be    
surpris$ at ! daily increas+ di/ru/ 9 ! 
public m9d ( ! efficacy ( ,pray]1 aft]  
hav+ s long insi/$ on _! (f]+           
supplication1 at lea/ e ,sunday morn+ at
 elev5 o'clock1 t ! re/ ( _! lives      
h]eaft] might be pure & holy1 leav+ !m  
consci\s all ! :ile t !y w\ld be        
simil>ly requir$ to in=m ! ,"l next     
week1 at ! same h\r1 t !re 0 no heal? 9 
!m6  ,among1 ! mu*-rebuk$ follies &     
abuses ( s-call$ ,ritualism1 none t ,i h
 he>d ( are inde$ s dang]\sly & d>kly   
,ritual z ?is piece ( au?oriz$ mock]y ( 
! mo/ solemn act ( human life1 & only   
entrance ( et]nal life--,rep5tance4     
,believe me1 de> ,mr4 ,malleson1    ,ev]
 fai?fully & respectfully y\rs1   ,j4   
,,rusk94   ,,xi4  ,greek3 kai m eis55ks 

hmas eis peirasmon1 alla rhysai hmas apo
 t\ ponr\2 hoti s\ e/9 h basileia1 kai h
 dynamis1 kai h doxa1 eis t\s ainas4    
,amn4  ,et ne nos inducas 9 t5tationem2 
s$ lib]a nos a malo2 quia tuum e/       
regnum1 pot5tia1 et gloria 9 sceeula    
sceculorum4 ,am54    ,,brantwood1 #ad?  
,septemb]1 #ahgi4  #bdd4 ,,de> ,,mr4    
,,malleson1--,! g5tle words 9 y\r la/   
lett] ref]r+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5       
y\rself & me 9 ! degree ( hope ) :i* y  
c\ld reg>d :at c\ld n b appe> to ! g5]al
 m9d ,utopian 9 designs = ! action ( !  
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 surely might be/ be     
answ]$ by appeal to ! consi/5t tone ( ! 
pray] we h be5 exam9+4  ,is n e "o ( its
 petitions = a p]fect /ate8 & is n ?is  
la/ clause ( x1 ( :i* we are to ?9k     
to-day--if fully und]/ood--a petition n 
only = ! re/oration ( ,p>adise1 b (     
,p>adise 9 :i* !re %all be no deadly    
fruit1 or1 at lea/1 no tempt] to praise 
x8 ,& may we n admit t x is probably    
only = want ( ! e>ne/ use ( ?is la/     
petition t n only ! prec$+ ones h become

 =mal ) u1 b t ! private & simply       
re/rict$ pray] = ! little ?+s we ea*    
sev]ally desire1 has become by "s       
,*ri/ians dread$ & unus$1 & by o!rs us$ 
fai?lessly1 & !re=e ) disappo9tm5t8     
#bde4 ,& is x n = want ( ?is special    
directness & simplicity ( petition1 & ( 
! s5se ( its acceptance1 t ! :ole nature
 ( pray] has be5 d\bt$ 9 our he>ts1 &   
disgrac$ by our lips2 t we are afraid to
 ask ,god's bless+ on ! e>?1 :5 !       
sci5tific p tell u ,he has made previ\s 
arrangem5ts to curse x2 & t1 in/ead (   
obey+1 )\t fe> or debate1 ! pla9 ord]1  
,ask1 & ye %all receive1 t y\r joy may  
be full1 we sorr[fully s9k back into !  
apology = pray]1 t x is a :olesome      
ex]cise1 ev5 :5 fruitless1 & t we ought 
pi\sly always to suppose t ! text really
 means no m ?an ,ask1 & ye %all n       
receive1 t y\r joy may be empty8        
,suppos+ we 7 fir/ all ( u q sure t we  
_h pray$1 hone/ly1 ! pray] aga9/        
temptation1 & t we w\ld ?ankfully be    
refus$ any?+ we _h set our he>ts ^u1 if 

inde$ ,god saw t x w\ld lead u into     
evil1 might we n h confid5ce aft]w>ds t 
,he 9 ^: h& ! k+'s he>t is1 z ! riv]s ( 
wat]1 w\ld turn our t9y little he>ts    
also 9 ! way t !y %\ld g1 & t !n !      
special pray] = ! joys ,he taught !m to 
seek w\ld be answ]$ to ! la/ syllable1 &
 to ov]fl[+8  #bdf4 ,x is surely sc>cely
 necess>y to say1 f>!r1 :at ! holy      
tea*]s ( all nations h inv>iably        
concurr$ 9 %[+1--t fai?ful pray] implies
 always correlative ex]tion2 & t no man 
c ask hone/ly or hopefully to be deliv]$
 f temptation1 unless he has himself    
hone/ly & firmly det]m9$ to d ! be/ he c
 to keep out ( x4 ,b1 9 mod]n days1 !   
fir/ aim ( all ,*ri/ian p>5ts is to     
place _! *ildr5 9 circum/ances :]e !    
temptations 7:i* !y are apt to call     
opportunities7 may be z great & z _m z  
possible2 :]e ! sight & promise ( all ^!
 ?+s 9 ,satan's gift may be brilliantly 
ne>2 & :]e ! act ( fall+ d[n to wor%ip  
me may be p>tly conceal$ by ! %elt]1 &  
p>tly excus$1 z involunt>y1 by !        

pressure1 ( ! concurr5t cr[d4  ,9 :at   
respect ! k+doms ( ! _w1 & ! glory ( !m1
 diff] f ! ,k+dom1 ! ,p[]1 & ! ,glory1  
:i* are ,god's =ev]1 is seldom1 z f> z  
,i h he>d1 intelligibly expla9$ f !     
pulpit2 & /ill less ! irreconcilable    
ho/ility betwe5 ! two royalties & realms
 ass]t$ 9 its /]nness ( decision4  ,:e!r
 x be1 inde$1 ,utopian to believe t !   
k+dom we are taught to pray = may       
come--v]ily come--= ! ask+1 x is surely 
n = man to judge2 b x is at lea/ at 8   
*oice to resolve t he w no long] r5d]   
ob$i5ce1 nor ascribe glory & p[]1 to !  
,devil4 ,if he _c f9d /r5g? 9 himself to
 advance t[>ds ,heav51 he may at lea/   
say to ! p[] ( ,hell1 ,get !e beh9d me2 
& /ay+ himself on ! te/imony ( ,him :o  
sai?1 ,surely ,i come quickly1 ratify 8 
happy pray] ) ! fai?ful ,am51 ev5 s1    
come1 ,"l ,jesus4    ,ev]1 my de> fri5d1
   ,believe me affectionately &         
gratefully y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94         
,,note4--,! foll[+ fur!r lett]s f ,mr4  
,rusk9 to ,mr4 ,malleson 7 pr9t$ 9      

,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy4    ,sept4 #ac?4    
#bdg4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,malleson1--,i am s v
 grateful = y\r proposal to edit !      
lett]s )\t any fur!r ref]5ce to me4 ,i  
?9k t w be exactly ! "r way2 & ,i       
believe ,i c put y at real ease 9 ! do+ 
( x1 by expla9+1 z ,i c 9 v few words1 !
 k9d ( c>te blan*e ,i %\ld rejoic+ly    
give y4  ,int]rupt$ to-day6 m to-morr[  
)1 ,i hope1 ! la/ lett]4    ,j4 ,,rusk94
    #ad? ,sept4  ,i've ne>ly done ! la/ 
lett]1 b w keep x till to-morr[1 r ?an  
f9i% hurri$ly1 = ! fir/ po/4 ,y\r nice  
little note has j come2 & ,i c only say 
t y _c please me bett] ?an by act+ )    
p]fect fre$om 9 all ways2 & t ,i only   
want to see1 or reply to1 :at y wi% me =
 ! matt]'s sake4 ,& surely !re is no    
occasion = any ?\ght or wa/e ( type ab\t
 me p]sonally1 except only to express   
y\r k ( my real desire = ! heal? & p[] (
 ! ,*ur*1 ,m ?an ?is praise y mu/ n give
 me2 = ,i h le>n$ almo/ ev]y?+1 ,i may  
say1 t ,i "k1 by my errors4    ,i am    
affectionately y\rs1   ,j4 ,,rusk94     

#ag? ,oct4  #bdh4 ,i am ?ankful to see t
 ! lett]s read cle>ly & easily1 & conta9
 all t 0 9 my m9d to get said2 & no?+ c 
possibly be m "r 9 e way ?an ! pr9t+ &  
b9d+1#afg nor m c\rte\s & firm ?an y\r  
preface4  ,yes1 !re w be a *asm to      
cross--a tauri=mis ,aufidus#afh--;great]
 ?an ,rubicon1 & ! ro> ( x = _m a ye>   
has be5 he>d 9 ! di/ance1 ?r\gh ! ga!r+ 
fog on ! e>?1 m l\dly4  ,! ,riv] (      
spiritual ,dea? to ?is _w1 & entrance to
 ,purgatory 9 ! o!r1 come d[n to u4  ,:5
 w ! feet ( ! ,prie/s be dipp$ 9 ! /ill 
brim ( ! wat]8 ,jordan ov]fl[s 8 banks  
already4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,:5 y h put y\r l>ge       
edition1 ) its correspond5ce1 into      
press1 ,i %\ld l to read ! %eets z !y   
are issu$2 & put m]ely lett]s ( ref]5ce 
to be tak5 up 9 a %ort ,epilogue4 ,b ,i 
don't want to d or say any?+ m till y h 
all 9 p]fect read9ess = publication4 ,i 
%\ld m]ely add my ref]5ce lett]s 9 !    
m>g91 & ! %orte/ possible notes at !    
end4    ,j4 ,,rusk94   ,,footnotes3     

,footnote #aec3 ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 by  
,mr4 ,rusk9 to ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4          
,malleson1 ,vic> ( ,br\ghton-9-,furness1
 by :om !y 7 read1 aft] a few           
introductory rem>ks1 be=e ! ,furness    
,cl]ical ,society4 ,!y orig9at$1 z may  
be ga!r$ f ! fir/ ( !m1 9 a reque/ by   
,mr4 ,malleson t ,mr4 ,rusk9 w\ld       
address ! society on ! subject4 ,!y h   
be5 pr9t$ 9 ?ree =ms3--7#a7 9 a small   
pamphlet 7,octob] #ahgi7 = private      
circulation only1 among ! memb]s ( !    
,furness & "o or two o!r cl]ical        
societies2 7#b7 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review
 ( ,decemb] #ahgi2 7#c7 9 a volume      
7,/rahan  ,co41 #ahhj7 entitl$ ,! ,"l's 
,pray] & ! ,*ur*1 & conta9+ also v>i\s  
replies to ,mr1 ,rusk9's lett]s1 & an   
epilogue by way ( rejo9d] by ,mr4 ,rusk9
 himself4 ,?is volume 0 edit$ by ,mr4   
,malleson1 ) ^: concurr5ce ,mr4 ,rusk9's
 contributions to x are repr9t$         
"h4--,,ed4  ,footnote #aed3 ,call$      
,lett] ,,ii4 9 ! ,furness pamphlet1--:]e
 a note is add$ to ! effect t !re 0 a   

previ\s unpubli%$ lett]4--,,ed4         
,footnote #aee3 ,9 answ] to ! proposal (
 discuss+ ! subject dur+ a m\nta9       
walk4--,f4 ,a4 ,m4  ,footnote #aef3     
,art1 xi4  ,footnote #aeg3 ,homily xi4 (
 ! ,second ,table4  ,footnote #aeh3     
,arr[s ( ! ,*ace4  ,footnote #aei3 ,see 
po/script to ?is lett]4--,,ed4          
,footnote #afj3 ,ref]r+ to ! clos+      
s5t5ce ( ! ?ird p>agraph ( ! fif? 't]1  
:i* seem$ to express :at ,i felt c\ld n 
be ,mr4 ,rusk9's full mean+1 ,i po9t$   
out to him ! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 ,mod]n     
,pa9t]s3--  ,:51 9 ! des]t1 ,jesus 0    
gird+ ,himself = ! "w ( life1 angels (  
life came & m9i/]$ unto ,him2 n[1 9 !   
fair _w1 :5 ,he is gird+ ,himself = ! "w
 ( dea?1 ! m9i/rants come to ,him f !   
grave2 b f ! grave conqu]$4 ,"o f ! tomb
 "u ,ab>im1 :i* ,8 own h& _h seal$ long 
ago2 ! o!r f ! re/ :i* ,he _h ent]$ )\t 
see+ corruption4  ,on ?is ,i made a     
rem>k some:at to ! foll[+ effect3 t ,i  
felt sure ,mr4 ,rusk9 reg>d$ ! lov+ "w (
 ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son to be equal 9 !     

=giv5ess ( s9s & r$emption ( mank9d2 t  
:at is done by ! ,fa!r is 9 reality done
 also by ! ,son2 & t x is by a m]e      
accommodation to human infirmity (      
und]/&+ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is      
reveal$ to u 9 language1 inadequate     
inde$ to convey div9e tru?s1 b /ill !   
only language possible2 & ,i ask$ :e!r  
"s su* feel+ 0 n pres5t 9 8 m9d :5 he   
us$ ! pron\n ,81 9 ! above passage f    
,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 ( ! ,son1 :]e x w\ld be 
usually und]/ood ( ! ,fa!r2 & z a       
coroll>y1 :e!r1 9 ! lett]1 he does n    
himself fully recognize ! fact ( !      
r$emption ( ! _w by ! lov+              
self-sacrifice ( ! ,son 9 entire        
concurr5ce ) ! equally lov+ w ( ! ,fa!r4
 ,?is1 z well z ,i c recollect1 is !    
orig9 ( ! passage 9 ! second p>agraph 9 
! sev5? lett]4--,f4 ,a4 ,m4  ,footnote  
#afa3 ,! ,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy adds note3 
,yet ha/ ?\ n kn[n ,me1 ,philip8 he t   
ha? se5 ,me ha? se5 ! ,fa!r 7,john xiv4 
#i74--;,,ed4  ,footnote #afb3 ,=s       
,clavig]a1 ,lett] lxxxii4 7,see ante1   

#adh4--;,,ed47  ,footnote #afc3         
,biblio!ca ,pa/orum1 ,vol4 i4 ,!        
,economi/ ( ,x5ophon1 ,pref41 p4        
xii--,,ed4  ,footnote #afd3 ,see ante1  
p4 #cai1  #aed2 p4 #ccj1  #aff4--;,,ed4 
,footnote #afe3 ,arr[s ( ! ,*ace4       
,footnote #aff3 ,arr[s ( ! ,*ace4       
,footnote #afg3 ,ref]r+ to ! fir/       
edition1 pr9t$ = private                
circulation4--,f4 ,a4 ,m4  ,footnote    
#afh3    ,sic tauri=mis volvitur        
,aufidus1   ,qua regna ,dauni praefluit 
,appuli     ,quum saevit1 horr5damque   
cultis      ,diluviem m$itatur agris4   
--,,hor41 ,c>m41 iv4 #ad4               
,,epilogue4     ,,brantwood1 ,,coni/on1 
,june #ahhj4  #bdi4 ,,my ,,de>          
,,malleson1--,i h glanc$ at ! pro(s y   
s5d2 & c d no m ?an glance1 ev5 if x    
seem$ to me desirable t ,i %\ld d       
m1--:i*1 aft] said glance1 x does 9 no  
wise4 ,let me rem9d y ( :at x is        
absolutely necess>y t ! read]s ( ! book 
%\ld cle>ly und]/&--t ,i wrote ^!       
,lett]s at y\r reque/1 to be read &     

discuss$ at ! meet+ ( a private society 
( cl]gym54 ,i decl9$ !n to be pres5t at 
! discussion1 & ,i decl9e /ill4 ,y      
aft]w>ds ask$ leave to pr9t ! ,lett]s1  
to :i* ,i repli$ t !y 7 y\rs1 = :atev]  
use y saw good to make ( !m3 aft]w>ds   
y\r plans exp&$1 :ile my own notion     
rema9$ precisely :at x _h be5--t !      
discussion %\ld h be5 private1 & kept )9
 ! limits ( ! society1 & t its          
conclusions1 if any1 %\ld h be5 ann\nc$ 
9 a few pages ( cle> pr9t1 = !          
p>i%ion]s' exclusive read+4  ,i am1 (   
c\rse1 flatt]$ by ! wid] c\rse y h      
obta9$ = ! ,lett]s1 b am n 9 ! slighte/ 
degree int]e/$ by ! debate ^u !m1 nor by
 any religi\s debates :atev]1 und]tak5  
)\t s]i\s conviction t !re is a jot     
wrong 9 matt]s z !y are1 or s]i\s       
resolution to make !m a tittle bett]4   
,:i*1 s f> z ,i c read ! m9ds ( y\r     
correspond5ts1 appe>s to me ! sub/antial
 /ate ( !m4#afi  #bej4 ,"o ?+ ,i _c pass
 )\t prote/--! quantity ( talk ab\t !   
writ] ( ! ,lett]s4 ,:at ,i am1 or am n1 

is ( no mom5t :atev] to ! matt]s 9 h&4  
,i obs]ve ) com=t1 or at lea/ )         
complac5cy1 t on ! /r5g? ( a c\ple (    
h\rs' talk1 at a "t :5 ,i 0 ?9k+ *iefly 
( ! wea!r+s ( slate y 7 good en\gh to %[
 me above ,goat's ,wat]1 y w\ld h v5tur$
 to baptize me 9 ! little lake--z n a   
goat1 b a %eep4 ,! be/ ,i c be sure (1  
myself1 is t ,i am no wolf1 & h nev]    
aspir$ to ! dignity ev5 ( a ,dog ( !    
,"l4  ,y told me1 if ,i rememb] rightly1
 t "o ( ! memb]s ( ! orig9al meet+      
d5\nc$ me z an ar*-h]etic#agj--mean+1   
d\btless1 an ar*-pagan2 = a h]etic1 or  
sect-mak]1 is ( all t]ms ( reproa* ! la/
 t c be us$ ( me4 ,& ,i ?9k he %\ld h   
be5 answ]$ t x 0 precisely z an         
ar*-pagan t ,i v5tur$ to reque/ a m     
intelligible & m unanim\s acc\nt ( !    
,*ri/ian ,gospel f its prea*]s4  #bea4  
,if any?+ 9 ! ,lett]s (f5d$ ^? ( y :o   
hold me a bro!r1 surely x _h be5 be/ to 
tell me betwe5 ourselves1 or to tell x  
to ! ,*ur*1 or to let me be ,ana!ma     
,m>ana?a 9 peace1--9 any case1 ,i mu/ at

 pres5t s abide1 correct+ only ! mi/akes
 ab\t myself :i* h l$ to grav] ones ab\t
 ! ?+s ,i want$ to speak (4#aga  ,! mo/ 
s+ul> "o1 p]haps1 9 all ! ,lett]s is t (
 ,mr4 ,wan/all's1 t ,i d n atta* en\gh  
weight to antiquity4 ,i h only come ^u !
 s5t5ce to-day 7#bi? ,may71 b my reply  
to x is p>tly writt5 already1 ) ref]5ce 
to ! wi%es ( "s o!r ( y\r correspond5ts 
to "k m ( my reasons = f9d+ fault ) !   
,engli% ,liturgy4  #beb4 ,if p are      
taught to use ! ,liturgy rightly &      
rev]5tly1 x w br+ !m all good2 & = "s   
?irty ye>s ( my life ,i us$ to read x   
always ?r\gh to my s]vant & myself1 if  
we _h no ,prote/ant *ur* to g to1 9     
,alp9e or ,italian villages4 ,"o c      
always tacitly pray ( x :at "o wants1 & 
let ! re/ pass4 ,b1 z ,i h gr[n old]1 & 
wat*$ ! decl9e 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai? ( all  
nations1 ,i h got m & m suspici\s ( !   
effect ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( words on !   
tru?fulness ( ! ,engli% m9d 7n[ fa/     
becom+ a salt :i* has lo/ 8 savor1 & is 
fit only to be trodd5 und]foot ( m574 ,&

 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 9 :i* my position  
at ,ox=d has compell$ me to exam9e :at  
au?ority !re 0 = ! code ( pray]1 ( :i* !
 ,univ]sity is n[ s a%am$ t x no m d>es 
compel its y\?s s mu* z to he>1 mu* less
 to utt] x1 ,i got necess>ily into !    
habit ( always look+ to ! orig9al =ms ( 
! pray]s ( ! fully develop$ ,*ri/ian    
,*ur*4 ,nor did ,i ?9k x a m]e *ance :i*
 plac$ 9 my own possession a manuscript 
( ! p]fect ,*ur* s]vice ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury1 writt5 by ! monks ( ! ,sa9te    
,*apelle = ,/4 ,l\is2 toge!r ) "o ( !   
same date1 writt5 9 ,engl&1 probably = !
 ,diocese ( ,l9coln2 add+ "s ( !        
,collects1 9 :i* x corresponds ) ,/4    
,l\is's1 & ! ,lat9 hymns s mu* belov$ by
 ,dante1 ) ! appo9t$ music = !m4  #bec4 
,& my wond] has be5 great] e h\r1 s9ce  
,i exam9$ closely ! text ( ^! & o!r e>ly
 books1 t 9 any /ate ( decl9+1 or       
captive1 en]gy1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& %\ld h 
cont5t$ itself ) a s]vice :i* ca/ out1 f
 beg9n+ to end1 all ^! int5sely         
spiritual & passionate utt]ances ( *ant$

 pray] 7! :ole body1 t is to say1 ( !   
au!ntic ,*ri/ian ,psalms71 & 9 adopt+   
:at x timidly pres]v$ ( ! ,collects1    
mangl$ or blunt$ !m d[n to ! exact      
degree :i* w\ld make !m ei!r            
un9telligible or in(f5sive--s vague t   
ev]ybody might use !m1 or s po9tless t  
nobody c\ld be (f5d$ by !m4 ,= a special
 in/ance3 ,! pray] = our bi%ops &       
curates1 & all congregations committ$ to
 _! *>ge1 is1 9 ! ,l9coln ,s]vice-book1 
= our bi%op1 & all congregations        
committ$ to 8 *>ge4 ,! *ange f s+ul> to 
plural seems a slight "o4 ,b x suffices 
to take ! eyes ( ! p (f _! own bi%op    
into inf9ite space2 to *ange a pray] :i*
 0 int5d$ to be utt]$ 9 p]sonal anxiety 
& affection1 into "o = ! g5]al good ( ! 
,*ur*1 ( :i* nobody c\ld judge1 & = :i* 
nobody w\ld p>ticul>ly c>e2 &1 f9ally1  
to *ange a pray] to :i* ! answ]1 if     
giv51 w\ld be visible1 into "o ( :i*    
nobody c\ld tell :e!r x 7 answ]$ or n4  
#bed4 ,9 ! ,collects1 ! *ange1 ?\gh     
v]bally slight1 is ?us trem5d\s 9 issue4

 ,b 9 ! ,litany--^w & ?\ght g all wild  
toge!r4 ,! fir/ pray] ( ! ,litany 9 !   
,l9coln ,s]vice-book is = ! ,pope & all 
ranks b5ea? him1 imply+ a v notewor?y   
piece ( !ology--t ! ,pope might err 9   
religi\s matt]s1 & t ! pray] ( ! humble/
 s]vant ( ,god w\ld be useful to        
him3--,ut ,dompnum ,apo/olicum1 et omnes
 gradus ecclesie 9 sancta religione     
cons]v>e dign]is4 ,mean+ t :atev] errors
 p>ticul> p]sons might1 & mu/1 fall     
into1 !y pray$ ,god to keep ! ,pope "r1 
& ! collective te/imony & conduct ( !   
ranks bel[ him4 ,!n foll[s ! pray] = _! 
own bi%op & 8 flock--!n = ! k+ & !      
pr9ces 7*ief lords71 t !y 7n all        
nations7 might be kept 9 concord--& !n =
 our bi%ops & abbots1--! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 
prop]2 e "o ( ^! petitions be+ direct1  
limit$1 & p]sonally he>tfelt2--& !n ?is 
lovely "o = !mselves3--  ,ut obsequium  
s]vitutis no/re rationabile facias4--,t 
,?\ w\ld/ make ! ob$i5ce ( our s]vice   
reasonable 7:i* is y\r reasonable       
s]vice74  ,?is glori\s pray] is1 ,i     

believe1 accurately an e>ly ,engli% "o4 
,x is n 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,litany1 nor 9 a  
lat] elaborate ,fr5* f\rte5? c5tury "o2 
b ,i f9d x s(t5$ 9 an ,italian ,,ms4 ( !
 fifte5? c5tury into ut nosmet ipsos 9  
tuo sancto s]vitio con=t>e et cons]v>e  
dign]is1--t ,?\ w\ld/ deign to keep &   
com=t u ourselves 9 ,?y sacr$ s]vice 7! 
com=t1 obs]ve1 be+ "h ask$ = :e!r       
reasonable or n672 & 9 ! be/ & fulle/   
,fr5* s]vice-book ,i h1 pr9t$ at ,r\5 9 
#aebj1 x becomes1 ut congregationes     
omnium sanctorum 9 tuo sancto s]vitio   
cons]v>e dign]is2 :ile victory z well z 
concord is ask$ = ! k+ & ! pr9ces1--?us 
lead+ ! way to t = our own ,que5's      
victory ov] all h] enemies1 a pray] :i* 
might n[ be advis$ly alt]$ into "o t    
%e--& 9 h]1 ! mon>*y ( ,engl&--might f9d
 m fidelity 9 _! fri5ds4  #bee4 ,i give 
"o m example ( ! corruption ( our       
,pray]-,book1 ) ref]5ce to ! objections 
tak5 by "s ( y\r correspond5ts to !     
di/9ction impli$ 9 my ,lett]s betwe5 !  
,p]sons ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,*ri/4  ,!        

,memoria de ,sancta ,tr9itate1 9 ! ,/4  
,l\is s]vice-book1 runs ?us3--          
,omnipot5s sempit]ne ,deus1 qui d$i/i   
famulis tuis 9 confessione v]e fidei    
et]ne ,tr9itatis gloriam agnosc]e1 et 9 
pot5tia maje/atis ador>e unitatem1      
quesumus ut ejus fidei firmitate ab     
omnibus semp] muniemur adv]sis4 ,qui    
vivis et regnas ,deus1 p] omnia secula  
seculorum4 ,am54  ,almighty & ev]la/+   
,god1 :o has giv5 to ,?y s]vants1 9     
confession ( true fai? to recognize !   
glory ( ! ,et]nal ,tr9ity1 & 9 ! p[] (  
,maje/y to pray to ! ,unity2 we ask t by
 ! firmness ( t fai? we may be always   
def5d$ f all adv]se ?+s1 :o live/ &     
reigne/ ,god ?r\gh all ages4 ,am54      
#bef4 ,turn+ to our ,collect1 we f9d we 
h fir/ slipp$ 9 ! ^w u be=e ,?y s]vants1
 & by t little ins]tion h slipp$ 9 !    
squire & 8 jockey1 & ! public-h\se      
l&lord--& anyone else :o may *ance to h 
be5 coax$1 swept1 or ?reat5$ into ,*ur* 
on ,tr9ity ,sunday1 & requir$ ! entire  
company ( !m to pr(ess !mselves s]vants 

( ,god1 & believ]s 9 ! my/]y ( !        
,tr9ity4 ,& we ?9k we h done ,god a     
s]vice6  ,grace4 ,n a ^w ab\t grace 9 ! 
orig9al4 ,y don't believe by hav+ grace1
 b by hav+ wit4  ,to ackn[l$ge4 ,agnosco
 is to recognize1 n to ackn[l$ge4 ,to   
see t !re are ?ree lights 9 a *&eli] is 
a great deal m ?an to ackn[l$ge t !y are
 !re4  ,to wor%ip4 ,ador>e is to pray   
to1 n to wor%ip4 ,y may wor%ip a m]e    
magi/rate2 b y pray to ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & 
,holy ,gho/4  ,! la/ s5t5ce 9 ! ,engli% 
is too horribly mutilat$ to be dealt ) 9
 any pati5ce4 ,! mean+ ( ! great old    
collect is t by ! %ield ( t fai? we may 
qu5* all ! fi]y d>ts ( ! devil4 ,!      
,engli% pray] means1 if x means any?+1  
,please keep u 9 our fai? )\t our tak+  
any tr\ble2 &1 besides1 please don't let
 u lose our money1 nor cat* cold4  ,:o  
live/ & reigne/4 ,"r2 b h[ _m ( any     
extant or in/ant congregations und]/&   
:at ! two words mean8 ,t ,god is a liv+ 
,god1 n a dead ,law2 & t ,he is a reign+
 ,god1 putt+ wrong ?+s to rights1 & t1  

soon] or lat]1 ) a /rong h& & a rod (   
iron2 & n at all ) a s(t sponge & w>m   
wat]1 wa%+ ev]ybody z clean z a baby e  
,sunday morn+1 :atev] dirty "w !y may h 
be5 ab\t all ! week4  #beg4 ,on :i*     
latt] supposition y\r mod]n ,liturgy1 9 
s f> z x has supplem5t$ in/ead (        
correct$ ! old "o1 has entirely model$  
itself1--produc+ 9 its fir/ address to !
 congregation be=e ! ,almighty precisely
 ! faultfule/ & fooli%e/ piece ( ,engli%
 language t ,i "k 9 ! :ole compass (    
,engli% or ,am]ican lit]ature4 ,9 !     
sev5te5 l9es ( x 7z pr9t$ 9 my          
old-fa%ion$1 l>ge-pr9t ,pray]-,book71   
!re are sev5 times ov] two words = "o   
idea4    #a4 ,ackn[l$ge & confess4      
#b4 ,s9s & wick$ness4    #c4 ,dissemble 
nor cloke4    #d4 ,goodness & m]cy4     
#e4 ,assemble & meet4    #f4 ,requisite 
& necess>y4    #g4 ,pray & besee*4  ,!re
 is1 inde$1 a %ade ( diff]5ce 9 "s ( ^! 
ideas = a good s*ol>1 none = a g5]al    
congregation2#agb & :at diff]5ce !y c   
guess at m]ely muddles _! heads3 to     

ackn[l$ge s9 is inde$ diff]5t f confess+
 x1 b x _c be done at a m9ute's notice2 
& goodness is a diff]5t ?+ f m]cy1 b x  
is by no means ,god's inf9ite goodness t
 =gives our badness1 b t judges x4      
#beh4 ,! faultfule/1 ,i said1 & !       
fooli%e/4 ,aft] us+ f\rte5 words :]e    
sev5 w\ld h done1 :at is x t ! :ole     
spee* gets said ) its mu* speak+8 ,?is  
,morn+ ,s]vice ( all ,engl& beg9s ) !   
ass]tion t ! ,scripture move? u 9 sundry
 places to confess our s9s be=e ,god4   
,does x s8 ,h y\r congregations ev] be5 
ref]r$ to ^? sundry places8 ,or d !y    
take ! ass]tion on tru/1 or rema9 "u !  
impression t1 unless ) ! advantage ( _! 
own c&or1 ,god mu/ rema9 ill-in=m$ on ! 
subject ( _! s9s8  ,t we %\ld n         
dissemble nor cloke !m4 ,c we !n8 ,are  
^! gr[n-up congregations ( ! enlight5$  
,engli% ,*ur* 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury /ill s 
"y 9 _! nurs]ies t ! ,?\1 ,god1 see/ me 
is /ill n believ$ by !m if !y get "u !  
b$8  #bei4 ,let u look up ! sundry mov+ 
passages ref]r$ to4  7,i suppose myself 

a simple lamb ( ! flock1 & only able to 
use my ,engli% ,bible47  ,i f9d 9 my    
concordance 7confess & confession       
toge!r7 =ty-two occurr5ces ( ! ^w4      
,sixte5 ( ^!1 includ+ ,john's confession
 t he 0 n ! ,*ri/1 & ! confession ( !   
fai?ful fa!rs t !y 7 pilgrims on ! e>?1 
d inde$ move u /rongly to confess ,*ri/ 
be=e m54 ,h y ev] taught y\r            
congregations :at t confession means8   
,!y are ready en\gh to confess ,him 9   
*ur*1 t is to say1 9 _! own private     
synagogue4 ,w !y 9 ,p>liam5t8 ,w !y 9 a 
ballroom8 ,w !y 9 a %op8 ,sixte5 ( !    
texts are to en=ce _! do+ t4  ,! mo/    
important "o 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #ac7 ref]s to
 ,*ri/'s own good confession1 :i* ,i    
suppose 0 n ( ,8 s9s1 b ( ,8 ob$i5ce4   
,h[ _m ( y\r congregations c make any   
su* k9d ( confession1 or wi% to make x8 
,! eighte5?1 n9ete5?1 & tw5tie? 7#a ,k+s
 viii4 #cc1 #b ,*ron4 vi4 #bf1 ,heb4    
xiii4 #ae7 speak ( confess+ ?ankfully t 
,god is ,god 7& n a putrid plasma nor a 
!ory ( developm5t71 & ! tw5ty-fir/ 7,job

 xl4 #ad7 speaks ( ,god's own           
confession1 t no d\bt we are ! p1 & t   
wisdom %all die ) u1 & on :at conditions
 ,he w make x4  #bfj4 ,!re rema9s       
tw5ty-"o texts :i* d speak ( !          
confession ( our s9s--v mov+ ones       
inde$--& ,heav5 grant t "s day ! ,briti%
 public may be mov$ by !m4  7#a47 ,!    
fir/ is ,lev4 v4 #e1 ,he %all confess t 
he ha? s9n$ 9 t ?+4 ,& if y c get any   
s\l ( y\r congregation to say he has    
s9n$ 9 any?+1 he may d x 9 two words =  
"o if he likes1 & x w yet be good       
liturgy4  7#b47 ,! second is inde$      
g5]al--,lev4 xvi4 #ba3 ! comm& t ! :ole 
nation %\ld afflict its s\l on ! great  
day ( atonem5t once a ye>4 ,! ,*ur* (   
,engl&1 ,i believe1 enjo9s no su*       
unpleasant c]emony4 ,h] fe/ivals are    
pass$ by h] p (t5 inde$ 9 ! ext9ction ( 
_! s\ls1 b by no means 9 _! int5tional  
affliction4  7#c1 #d1 #e47 ,! ?ird1     
f\r?1 & fif? 7,lev4 xxvi4 #dj1 ,numb4 v4
 #g1 ,nehem4 i4 #f7 ref] all to national
 humiliation = def9ite idolatry1        

accompani$ ) an entire ab&onm5t ( t     
idolatry1 & ( idolatr\s p]sons4 ,h[ soon
 t =m ( confession is likely to f9d a   
place 9 ! ,engli% congregations !       
def5ses ( _! ma9 idol1 mammon1 9 ! vile/
 & cruele/ %ape ( x--usury--) :i* ?is   
book has be5 defil$1 %[ v suffici5tly4  
#bfa4 7#f47 ,! six? is ,psalm xxxii4    
#e--virtually ! :ole ( t psalm1 :i*     
does1 inde$1 entirely ref] to ! great]  
confession1 once = all op5+ ! he>t to   
,god1 :i* c be by no means done         
fifty-two times a ye>1 & :i*1 once done1
 puts m5 into a /ate 9 :i* !y w nev]    
aga9 say !re is no heal? 9 !m2 nor t _! 
he>ts are desp]ately wick$2 b w obey    
=ev] ! in/antly foll[+ ord]1 ,rejoice 9 
! ,"l1 ye righte\s1 & %\t = joy1 all ye 
t are true ( he>t4  7#g47 ,! sev5?      
7,acts xxiv4 #ad7 is ! "o confession 9  
:i* ,i c myself %>e3--,aft] ! way :i* !y
 call h]esy1 s wor%ip ,i ! ,"l ,god ( my
 fa!rs4  7#h47 ,! eigh? 7,james v4 #af7 
tells u to confess our faults--n to     
,god1 b "o to ano!r--a practice n favor$

 by ,engli% cate*um5s--7by ! way1 :at d 
y all mean by auricul>                  
confession--confession t c be he>d8 & is
 ! ,prote/ant pleasant] =m "o t c't be87
  7#i47 ,! n9? is t passage ( ,/4 ,john 
7i4 #i71 ! favorite evangelical text1   
:i* is read & prea*$ by ?\s&s ( false   
prea*]s e day1 )\t once go+ on to read  
its great companion1 ,belov$1 if our    
he>t condemn u1 ,god is great] ?an our  
he>t1 & kn[e? all ?+s2 b if our he>t    
condemn u n1 !n h we confid5ce t[>d     
,god4 ,make y\r p und]/& ! second text1 
& !y w und]/& ! fir/4 ,at pres5t y leave
 !m und]/&+ nei!r4  #bfb4 ,& ! entire   
body ( ! rema9+ texts is summ$ 9 ,jo%ua 
vii4 #ai & ,ezra x4 #aa1 9 :i*1 :e!r x  
be ,a*an1 ) 8 ,babyloni% g>m5t1 or ! p (
 ,israel1 ) _! ,babyloni% lu/s1 ! mean+ 
( confession is simply :at x is to e    
brave boy1 girl1 man1 & woman1 :o kn[s !
 mean+ ( ! ^w honor be=e ,god or        
man--namely1 to say :at !y h done wrong1
 & to take ! puni%m5t ( x 7n to get x   
blan*$ ov] by any means71 & to d x no   

m--:i* is s f> f be+ a tone ( m9d       
g5]ally en=c$ ei!r by ! ,engli%1 or any 
o!r extant ,liturgy1 t1 ?\gh all my     
maids are exce$+ly pi\s1 & insi/ on !   
privilege ( go+ to *ur* z a q inviolable
 "o1 ,i ?9k x a sc>cely to be hop$ =    
cr[n & consummation ( virtue 9 !m t !y  
%\ld tell me :5 !y h brok5 a plate2 & ,i
 %\ld expect to be met only ) looks (   
indignation & a/oni%m5t if ,i v5tur$ to 
ask "o ( !m h[ %e _h sp5t h] ,sunday    
aft]noon4  ,)\t c\rage1 said ,sir ,walt]
 ,scott1 !re is no tru?2 & )\t tru? !re 
is no virtue4 ,! s5t5ce w\ld h be5      
itself m true if ,sir ,walt] _h writt5  
c&or = tru?1 = x is possible to be true 
9 insol5ce1 or true 9 cruelty4 ,b 9     
look+ back f ! ridges ( ! ,hill         
,difficulty 9 my own pa/ life1 & 9 all !
 vision t has be5 giv5 me ( ! w&]+s 9 ! 
ways ( o!rs--?is1 ( all pr9ciples1 has  
become to me sure/--t ! fir/ virtue to  
be requir$ ( man is frankness ( he>t &  
lip3 & ,i believe t e y\? ( s5se &      
honor1 putt+ himself to fai?ful "q1 w\ld

 feel t he _h ! devil = confessor1 if he
 _h n 8 fa!r or 8 fri5d4  #bfc4 ,t a    
cl]gyman %\ld ev] be s truly ! fri5d ( 8
 p>i%ion]s z to des]ve _! confid5ce f   
*ildhood upw>ds1 may be fl\t$ z a       
s5tim5tal ideal2 b he is assur$ly only  
_! enemy 9 %[+ 8 ,lu!ran dete/ation ( ! 
sale ( indulg5ces by broadca/+ ^! gratis
 f 8 pulpit4  ,! inconv5i5ce &          
unpleasantness ( a cate*ism conc]n+     
itself ) ! p]sonal practice z well z !  
g5]al !ory ( duty1 are inde$ p]fectly   
conceivable by me3 yet ,i am n conv9c$ t
 su* mann] ( cate*ism w\ld !re=e be less
 m$ic9al2 & dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s x has (t5
 be5 matt] ( amaz$ ?\ght ) me1 :ile our 
,presid5t at ,corpus read pray]s to !   
*apel b5*es1 :at might by ?is "t h be5 !
 effect on ! le>n+ z well z ! cre$ ( !  
,univ]sity1 if1 =ty ye>s ago1 our /]n   
old ,dean ,gais=d1 ( ! ,h\se ( ,*ri/1   
in/ead ( s5d+ u to *apel z to ! h\se (  
correction1 :5 we miss$ a lecture1 _h   
inquir$1 be=e he all[$ u to come to     
*apel at all1 :e!r we 7 gambl]s1        

h>lot-mong]s1 or 9 conceal$ & selfi%    
debt4  #bfd4 ,i obs]ve ) extreme        
surprise 9 ! prec$+ lett]s !            
unconsci\sness ( "s ( y\r correspond5ts1
 t !re ev] 0 su* a ?+ z discipl9e 9 !   
,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 ! la/ :olesome  
in/ance ( x ,i c rememb] 0 :5 my own    
great-great uncle ,maitl& lift$ ,lady   
---- f 8 alt>-rails1 & l$ h] back to h] 
seat be=e ! congregation1 :5 %e (f]$ to 
take ! ,sacram5t1 be+ at enmity ) h]    
son4#agc ,b ,i believe a few h\rs       
hone/ly sp5t by any cl]gyman on 8 ,*ur* 
hi/ory w\ld %[ him t ! ,*ur*'s confid5ce
 9 h] pray] has be5 always exactly      
proportionate to ! /rictness ( h]       
discipl9e2 t h] pres5t fright at be+    
caught pray+ by a *emi/ or an           
electrician1 results ma9ly f h] hav+    
all[$ h] twos & ?rees ga!r$ 9 ! "n (    
,*ri/ to become sixes & sev5s ga!r$ 9 ! 
"n ( ,belial2 & t !re=e h] n[ ne$fule/  
duty is to expla9 to h] /amm]+ vot>ies1 
extremely d\btful z !y are ( ! effect ( 
_! supplications ei!r on politics or !  

wea!r1 t al?\gh ,elijah 0 a man subject 
to l passions z we are1 he _h !m bett]  
"u comm&2 & t :ile ! effectual f]v5t    
pray] ( a righte\s man availe? mu*1 !   
=mal & lukew>m "o ( an iniquit\s man    
availe?--mu* ! o!r way4  ,su* an        
in/ruction1 c\pl$ ) due explanation ( ! 
nature ( righte\sness & iniquity1       
direct$ ma9ly to ^? :o h ! p[] ( bo? 9  
_! own h&s1 be+ mak]s ( law1 & hold]s ( 
prop]ty1 w\ld1 )\t any fur!r debate1 br+
 ab\t a v s+ul> *ange 9 ! position &    
respectability ( ,engli% cl]gym54  #bfe4
 ,h[ f> !y may at pres5t be consid]$ z  
m]ely ! ,squire's left h&1 b\nd to "k   
no?+ ( :at he is do+ ) 8 "r1 x is = _!  
own consci5ces to det]m9e4  ,= in/ance1 
a fri5d wrote to me ! o!r day1 ,w y n   
come "h8 ,y w see a noble duke de/roy+ a
 village z old z ! ,conque/1 & driv+ out
 doz5s ( families ^: names are 9        
,domesday ,book1 because1 ow+ to !      
neglect ( 8 ance/ors & rackr5t+ = a     
hundr$ ye>s1 ! place has fall5 out (    
repair1 & ! p are poor1 & may become    

paup]s4 ,a local pap] v5tur$ to tell !  
tru?4 ,! duke's ag5t call$ on ! editor1 
& ?reat5$ him ) de/ruction if he did n  
hold 8 tongue4 ,! noble duke1 d\btless1 
has prop] ,prote/ant horror ( auricul>  
confession4 ,b suppose1 in/ead ( ! local
 editor1 ! local p>son _h v5tur$ to tell
 ! tru? f 8 pulpit1 & ev5 to intimate to
 8 ,grace t he might no long] receive ! 
,body & ,blood ( ! ,"l at ! alt> ( t    
p>i%6 ,! p>son w\ld sc>cely--9 ^!       
days--h be5 !re=e made bonfire (1 & _h a
 pretty m>tyr's memorial by ,mr4        
,scott's pupils2 b he w\ld h light$ a   
goodly light1 nev]!less1 9 ?is ,engl& ( 
ours1 ^: pettifogg+ piety has n[ nei!r !
 c\rage to d5y a duke's grace 9 its     
*ur*1 nor to decl>e ,*ri/'s 9 its       
,p>liam5t4  #bff4 ,la/ly4 ,sev]al ( y\r 
contributors1 ,i obs]ve1 h ra%ly dipp$  
_! feet 9 ! brim ( ! wat] ( t rag+ "q ( 
,usury2 & ,i _c b express my extreme    
regret t y %\ld y\rself h yield$ to !   
temptation ( express+ op9ions :i* y h _h
 no leisure ei!r to s\nd or to te/4 ,my 

ass]tion1 h[ev]1 t ! ri* liv$ ma9ly by  
robb+ ! poor1 ref]r$ n to ,usury1 b to  
,r5t2 & ! facts respect+ bo? ^! me?ods (
 extortion are p]fectly & indubitably   
asc]ta9able by any p]son :o himself     
wi%es to asc]ta9 !m1 & is able to take !
 necess>y "t & pa9s4 ,i see no sign1    
?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ^! lett]s1 ( any wi%   
:atev]1 on ! "p ( "o ( _! writ]s1 to    
asc]ta9 ! facts1 b only to def5d        
practices :i* !y hold to be conv5i5t 9 !
 _w1 & are afraid to blame 9 _!         
congregations4 ,( ! presumption ) :i*   
sev]al ( ! writ]s utt] _! notions on !  
subject1 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be "r to     
speak f>!r1 9 an epilogue to :i* !re is 
no reply1 9 ! t]ms :i* o!rwise w\ld h   
be5 des]v$4 ,9 _! be>+ on o!r topics1   
let me e>ne/ly ?ank y 7s f> z my own    
feel+s may be p]mitt$ voice 9 ! matt]7 =
 ! att5tion ) :i* y h exam9$1 & ! c\rage
 ) :i* y h ratifi$1 or at lea/ endur$1  
lett]s :i* c\ld n b be> at fir/ ! aspect
 ( be+ writt5 9 a ho/ile--sometimes ev5 
9 a mock+ _s4 ,t aspect is untrue1 nor  

am ,i answ]able = x3 ! ?+s ( :i* ,i _h  
to speak c\ld n be %ortly describ$ b 9  
t]ms :i* might s\nd satirical2 = all    
error1 if frankly %[n1 is precisely mo/ 
ridicul\s :5 x is mo/ dang]\s1 & ,i h   
writt5 no ^w :i* is n *os5 z ! exacte/ =
 its occasion1 :e!r x move sigh or      
smile4 ,9 my e>li] days ,i wrote mu* ) !
 desire to please1 & ! hope ( influ5c+ !
 read]4 ,z ,i gr[ old] & old]1 ,i       
recognize ! tru? ( ! ,prea*]'s say+1    
,desire %all fail1 & ! m\rn]s g ab\t !  
/reets2 & ,i cont5t myself ) say+1 to   
:oso x may conc]n1 t ! ?+ is v]ily ?us1 
:e!r !y w he> or :e!r !y w =be>4 ,no man
 m ?an ,i has ev] lov$ ! places :]e     
,god's honor dwells1 or yield$ tru]     
allegiance to ! tea*+ ( ,8 evid5t       
s]vants4 ,no man at ?is "t grieves m = !
 dang] ( ! ,*ur* :i* supposes him h]    
enemy1 :ile %e :isp]s procra/9at+ pax   
vobiscum 9 answ] to ! spuri\s kiss ( ^? 
:o w\ld fa9 toll curfew ov] ! la/ fires 
( ,engli% fai?1 & wat* ! sp>r[ f9d ne/  
:]e %e may lay h] "y1 ar\nd ! alt>s ( ! 

,"l4    ,ev] affectionately y\rs1   ,j4 
,,rusk94   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #afi3
 ,! foll[+ extracts f lett]s ( ,mr4     
,rusk9 to ,mr4 ,malleson 7 pr9t$ 9 !    
,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy3--  #ad? ,may1      
#ahhj4--,my de> ,malleson1 444 ,i _h    
nev] se5 y\rs at all :5 ,i wrote la/4 ,i
 fell fir/ on ----1 :om ,i read ) "s    
att5tion1 & comm5t$ on ) little favor2  
w5t on to ! next1 & rema9$ cont5t ) t   
ta/e till ,i _h done my ,scott 7,n9ete5?
 ,c5tury74  ,i h ?is morn+ be5 read+ y\r
 own1 on :i* ,i v e>ne/ly congratulate  
y4 ,god kn[s x is n because !y are      
fri5dly or complim5t>y1 b because y d   
see :at ,i mean2 & p h>dly ev] d2 & ,i  
?9k x ne$s v consid]able p[] & feel+ to 
=give & und]/& z y d4 ,y h said ev]y?+  
,i want to say1 & mu* m1 except on ! "o 
po9t ( excommunication1 :i* w be ! *ief1
 almo/ ! only1 subject ( my f9al note4  
#af? ,may4--,yes1 ! omission ( ! ',mr4' 
meant mu* *ange 9 all my feel+s t[>ds y 
& e/imates ( y2 = :i* *ange1 believe me1
 ,i am m glad & ?ankful ?an ,i c well   

tell y4  ,j4 ,,rusk94  ,footnote #agj3  
,only a h]etic6--,f4 ,a4 ,m4  ,footnote 
#aga3 ,i may p]haps be p>don$ =         
v9dicat+-at lea/ my ari?metic1 :i*1 )   
,bi%op ,col5so1 ,i r pride myself ^u4   
,"o ( y\r correspond5ts greatly d\bts my
 hav+ he>d five ?\s& ass]t]s (          
evangelical pr9ciples 7,ca?olic-absolv5t
 or ,prote/ant-det]g5t are virtually !  
same74 ,i am n[ sixty ye>s old1 & =     
=ty-five ( !m 0 9 *ur* at lea/ once on !
 ,sunday1--say once a mon? also 9       
aft]noons1--& y h above ?ree ?\s& *ur*  
s]vices4 ,:5 ,i am abroad ,i am (t5 9   
half-a-doz5 *ur*es 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le   
day1 & nev] lose a *ance ( li/5+ to     
any?+ t is go+ on4 ,add ! conv]sations  
pursu$1 n une>ne/ly1 ) e sort ( rev]5d  
p]son ,i c get to talk to me--f ! ,bi%op
 ( ,/rasburg 7z good a specim5 ( a t[n  
bi%op z ,i h kn[n71 ) :om ,i 0 /udy+    
ec/atic pa9t+s 9 ! ye> #ahej--;d[n to ! 
simple/ travel+ t9k] incl9$ ,gospelw>ds1
 :om ,i p]ceive to be s9c]e1 & y\r      
correspond5t w p]ceive t my rapid       

num]ical expression mu/ be f> b5ea? !   
tru?4 ,he subjo9s 8 m rational d\bt ( my
 acqua9tance ) _m t[n mission>ies2 to   
:i* ,i c only answ]1 t z ,i d n live 9  
t[n1 nor set up = a mission>y myself1 my
 spiritual advantages h c]ta9ly n be5   
great 9 t direction4 ,i simply ass]t t (
 ! few ,i h kn[n1--beg9n+ ) ,mr4        
,spurgeon1 "u :om ,i sat ) mu*          
edification = a ye> or two1--,i h n kn[n
 any su* tea*+ z ,i speak (4  ,footnote 
#agb3 ,! only explanation ev] (f]$ = ?is
 exub]ant word9ess is t if wor%ip]s did 
n und]/& "o t]m !y w\ld ! o!r1 & 9 "s   
cases1 9 ! ,exhortation & else:]e1 "o ^w
 is ( ,lat9 & ! o!r ( ,saxon            
d]ivation4#a ,b ?is is surely a v feeble
 excuse = bad composition4 ,( a v       
diff]5t k9d is t beautiful climax :i* is
 rea*$ 9 ! ?ree admirably *os5 pairs (  
words 9 ! ,pray] = ! ,p>liam5t1 peace & 
happ9ess1 tru? & ju/ice1 religion &     
piety4--,f4 ,a4 ,m4  7,note #a3 ,!      
repetition ( synonym\s t]ms is ( v      
frequ5t occurr5ce 9 sixte5? c5tury      

writ+1 z = ev] & aye1 ,"t & ! h\r run   
?r\gh ! r\ghe/ day 7,macbe?1 i4 #c747   
,footnote #agc3 ,9 "s ( ! c\ntry        
di/ricts ( ,scotl& ! "r ( ! ,*ur* to    
int]f]e ) ! lives ( private individuals 
is /ill ex]cis$4 ,only two ye>s ago1 a  
weal?y g5tleman f>m] 0 rebuk$ by ! ,kirk
 ,session ( ! ,diss5t+ ,*ur* to :i* he  
belong$1 = infidelity to 8 wife4  ,at ! 
,scotti% half-ye>ly ,communion ! c]emony
 ( f5c+ ! tables us$ to be obs]v$2 t is1
 turn+ away all ^? ^: lives 7 suppos$ to
 h made !m unfit to receive ! ,sacram5t4
     ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,au?ority ,,(    
,,miracle4#agd   #bfg4 ,e age ( ! _w has
 its own special s9s1 & special         
simplicities2 & among our own mo/       
p>ticul> humors 9 bo? k9ds mu/ be       
reckon$ ! t5d5cy to p>ade our discov]ies
 ( ! laws ( ,nature1 z if nobody _h ev] 
he>d ( a law ( ,nature be=e4  ,! mo/    
curi\s result ( ?is extremely absurd    
condition ( m9d is p]haps ! al>m (      
religi\s p]sons on subjects ( :i* "o    
w\ld h fanci$ mo/ ( ! palpable          

difficulties _h be5 settl$ be=e !       
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! !ory ( pray]1 =      
in/ance1 & ( ,miracles4 ,i notic$ a     
l5g?y discussion 9 ! newspap]s a mon? or
 two ago1 on ! propriety ( pray+ =1 or  
aga9/ ra94 ,x _h sudd5ly1 x seems1      
occurr$ to ! public m9d1 & to t ( !     
g5tlem5 :o write ! !ology ( !           
breakfa/-table1 t ra9 0 ow+ to natural  
causes2 & t x mu/ be unreasonable to    
expect ,god to supply on our imm$iate   
dem& :at c\ld n be provid$ b by previ\s 
evaporation4 ,i notic$ f>!r t ?is al>m+ 
difficulty 0 at lea/ s(t5$ to "s ( our  
,metropolitan congregations by !        
assurances ( _! m9i/]s1 t1 al?\gh1 s9ce 
! la/ lecture by ,pr(essor ,tyndall at !
 ,royal ,in/itution1 x _h become        
impossible to ?9k ( ask+ ,god = any     
temporal bless+1 !y might /ill hope _!  
applications = spiritual advantages w\ld
 occasionally be successful2--?us imply+
 t ?\gh mat]ial processes 7 necess>ily  
sl[1 & ! laws ( ,heav5 respect+ matt]1  
inviolable1 m5tal processes might be    

in/antane\s1 & m5tal laws at any mom5t  
disreg>d$ by _! ,in/itutor3 s t ! _s ( a
 man might be br\ght to maturity 9 a    
mom5t1 ?\gh ! res\rces ( ,omnipot5ce    
w\ld be ov]tax$1 or its consi/5cy       
ab&on$1 9 ! endeavor to produce ! same  
result ,on a gre5gage4  ,m logically1   
?\gh n m wisely1 o!r div9es h ass]t$ t  
pray] is m$ic9ally b5eficial to         
ourselves1 :e!r we obta9 :at we ask = or
 n2 & t our moral /ate is gradually     
elevat$ by ! habit ( pray+ daily t !    
,k+dom ( ,god may come1--?\gh no?+ w\ld 
m a/oni% u ?an its com+4  #bfh4 ,) ^!   
d\bts respect+ ! possibility or         
propriety ( miracle1 a m imm$iate       
difficulty occurs z to its actual nature
 or def9ition4 ,:at is ! quality ( any  
ev5t :i* may be prop]ly call$ miracul\s8
 ,:at are ! degrees ( wond]fulness8--:at
 ! surpass+ degree ( x1 :i* *anges !    
wond] into ! sign1 or may be positively 
recogniz$ by human intellig5ce z an     
int]ruption1 in/ead ( a new op]ation1 ( 
^? laws ( ,nature ) :i*1 ( late1 we h   

become s exhau/ively acqua9t$8 ,= my own
 "p1 ,i c only say t ,i am s haunt$ by  
d\bt ( ! security ( our be/ k1 & by     
discont5t 9 ! range ( x1 t x seems to me
 contr>y to mode/y1 :e!r 9 a religi\s or
 sci5tific po9t ( view1 to reg>d any?+ z
 miracul\s4 ,i "k s little1 & ?is little
 ,i "k is s inexplicable1 t ,i d>e n say
 any?+ is wond]ful because x is /range  
to me1 or n wond]ful because x is       
famili>4 ,i h n ! slighte/ idea h[ ,i   
compel my h& to write ^! words1 or my   
lips to read !m3 & ! "q :i* 0 ! !sis (  
,mr4 ,w>d's v int]e/+ pap]1 ,c ,exp]i5ce
 prove ! ,uni=mity ( ,nature8#age is1 9 
my m9d1 s assur$ly answ]able ) !        
negative :i* ! writ] appe>$ to desire1  
t1 precisely on t gr\nd1 ! p]=mance (   
any s-call$ miracle :atev] w\ld be      
morally unimpressive to me4 ,if a second
 ,jo%ua to-morr[ comm&$ ! sun to /&     
/ill1 & x obey$ him2 & he !re=e claim$  
def]5ce z a miracle-work]1 ,i am afraid 
,i %\ld answ]1 ,:at6 a miracle t ! sun  
/&s /ill8--n at all4 ,i 0 always expect+

 x w\ld4 ,! only wond]1 to me1 0 its go+
 on4  #bfi4 ,b ev5 assum+ ! demon/rable 
uni=mity ( ! laws or cu/oms ( ,nature   
:i* are kn[n to u1 x rema9s a difficult 
"q :at mann] ( int]f]5ce ) su* law or   
cu/om we might logically hold miracul\s1
 & :at1 on ! contr>y1 we %\ld treat only
 z pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( "s o!r law1 hi!rto
 undiscov]$4  ,= in/ance1 !re is a case 
au!nticat$ by ! signatures ( sev]al     
lead+ physici/s 9 ,p>is1 9 :i* a peasant
 girl1 "u c]ta9 conditions ( morbid     
excitem5t1 0 able to move objects at "s 
di/ance f h] )\t t\*+ !m4 ,tak+ !       
evid5ce = :at x may be wor?1 ! discov]y 
( su* a faculty w\ld only1 ,i suppose1  
ju/ify u 9 conclud+ t "s new vital en]gy
 0 develop+ itself "u ! conditions (    
mod]n bodily heal?2 & n t any int]f]5ce 
) ! laws ( ,nature _h tak5 place4 ,yet !
 g5]ally ob/9ate refusal ( m5 ( sci5ce  
to receive any v]bal witness ( su* facts
 is a pro( t !y believe !m contr>y to a 
code ( law :i* is m or less complete 9  
_! exp]i5ce1 & altoge!r complete 9 _!   

conception2 & ,i ?9k x is !re=e _!      
prov9ce to lay d[n = u ! true pr9ciple  
by :i* we may di/+ui% ! miracul\s       
violation ( a kn[n law f ! sudd5        
manife/ation ( an unkn[n "o4  #bgj4 ,9 !
 meantime1 suppos+ ourselves ev] s      
incapable ( def9+ law1 or disc]n+ its   
int]ruption1 we ne$ n !re=e lose our    
conception ( ! "o1 nor our fai? 9 ! o!r4
 ,"s ( u may no m be able to "k a g5u9e 
miracle1 :5 we see x1 ?an o!rs to "k a  
g5u9e picture2 b ! ord9>y impulse to    
reg>d1 !re=e1 all claim to miracul\s p[]
 z impo/ure1 or self-deception1 rem9ds  
me always ( ! spee* ( a ,fr5* lady to   
me1 ^: husb&'s collection ( old pictures
 _h br\ght unexpect$ly l[ prices 9 !    
auction-room1--,h[ c y be s s5seless1 %e
 said1 z to atta* y\rself to ! /udy ( an
 art 9 :i* y see t all excell5ce is a   
m]e matt] ( op9ion8 ,"s ( u h ?us come  
to imag9e t ! laws ( ,nature1 z well z  
^? ( ,art1 may be matt]s ( op9ion2 & ,i 
recollect an +5i\s pap] by ,mr4 ,fr$]ic 
,h>rison1 "s two ye>s ago1 on !         

,subjective ,syn!sis1--:i*1 aft] prov+1 
:at does n seem to /& 9 ne$ ( s         
elaborate pro(1 t we c only "k1 ( !     
univ]se1 :at we c see & und]/&1 w5t on  
to /ate t ! laws ( ,nature 7 n objective
 realities1 any m ?an !y 7 absolute     
tru?s4#agf ,:i* decision1 x seems to me1
 is z if "s mode/ & rational gnat1 :o _h
 submitt$ to ! humiliat+ conviction t x 
c\ld "k no m ( ! _w ?an might be trav]s$
 by flight1 or ta/$ by puncture1 yet1 9 
! c\rse ( an exp]im5t on a philosoph] ) 
its proboscis1 he>+ him speak ( !       
,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian1 %\ld obs]ve1 on  
its return to ! society ( gnats1 t !    
,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian 7 n objective     
realities1 any m ?an !y 7 absolute      
tru?s4 ,&1 inde$1 ! c>eless use ( ! ^w  
,tru? itself1 (t5 misleads ev5 ! mo/    
accurate ?9k]s4 ,a law _c be spok5 ( z a
 tru?1 ei!r absolute or concrete4 ,x is 
a law ( nature1 t is to say1 ( my own   
p>ticul> nature1 t ,i fall asleep aft]  
d9n]1 & my confession ( ?is fact is a   
tru?2 b ! bad habit is no m a tru? ?an !

 /atem5t ( x is a bad habit4  #bga4     
,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! trea*]y ( our   
conceptions & language1 & 9 j conclusion
 ev5 f our n>r[ exp]i5ce1 ! conviction  
is fa/5$ 9 our he>ts t ! habits or laws 
( ,nature are m con/ant ?an our own &   
su/a9$ by a firm] ,intellig5ce3 s t1 )\t
 9 ! lea/ claim+ ! faculty ( recognition
 ( miracle1 we may securely def9e its   
ess5ce4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se ) :i* we 
are acqua9t$ are assum$ to be1 "u g5]al 
conditions1 con/ant1 b to be ma9ta9$ 9 t
 con/ancy by a supreme p]sonal ,m9d2 & x
 is f>!r suppos$ t1 "u p>ticul>         
conditions1 ?is rul+ ,p]son int]rupts ! 
con/ancy ( ^! ph5om5a1 9 ord] to e/abli%
 a p>ticul> relation ) inf]ior          
creatures4  #bgb4 ,x is1 inde$1 s+ul> h[
 ready ! inf]ior creatures are to imag9e
 su* a relation1 )\t any v decisive     
evid5ce ( its e/abli%m5t4 ,! entire "q (
 miracle is involv$ ) t ( ! special     
provid5ces :i* are suppos$1 9 "s !ories 
( religion1 sometimes to conf\nd !      
enemies1 & always to protect ! d>l+s (  

,god3 & 9 ! m9ds ( amiable p]sons1 !    
natural & v ju/ifiable s5se ( _! own    
importance to ! well-be+ ( ! _w may (t5 
enc\rage ! pleasant supposition t !     
,deity1 h[ev] improvid5t = o!rs1 w be   
provid5t = !m4 ,i recollect a pap] on   
?is subject by ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 publi%$ n  
long ago 9 "s religi\s p]iodical1 9 :i* 
! writ] m5tion$1 z a /rik+ly            
,provid5tial circum/ance1 ! cat*+ ( 8   
foot on a l$ge ( rock :i* av]t$ :at     
might o!rwise h be5 a fatal fall4 ,"u ! 
s5se ( ! loss to ! cause ( religion & ! 
society ( ,ed9burgh1 :i* might h be5 !  
consequ5ce ( ! accid5t1 x is natural t  
,dr4 ,gu?rie %\ld ref] to x ) /rongly   
excit$ devotional feel+s3 yet1 p]haps1 )
 bett] reason1 a junior memb] ( ! ,alp9e
 ,club1 less secure ( ! value ( 8 life1 
w\ld h be5 likely on ! same occasion r  
to be provok$ by 8 own awkw>dness1 ?an  
impress$ by ! provid5tial /ructure ( !  
rock4 ,at ! root ( e error on ^!        
subjects we may trace ei!r an imp]fect  
conception ( ! univ]sality ( ,deity1 or 

an exagg]at$ s5se ( individual          
importance3 & yet x is no less c]ta9 t e
 tra9 ( ?\ght likely to lead u 9 a "r   
direction mu/ be f\nd$ on ! ackn[l$gm5t 
t ! p]sonality ( a ,deity :o has comm&$ 
! do+ ( ,ju/ice & ! %[+ ( ,m]cy c be no 
o!rwise manife/$ ?an 9 ! signal support 
( causes :i* are j1 & favor ( p]sons :o 
are k9d4 ,! beautiful tradition ( !     
dea?s ( ,cleobis & ,bito1 inde$1        
expresses ! s5se prop] to ! wise/ m51 t 
we are unable ei!r to disc]n or decide =
 ourselves 9 :at ! favor ( ,god consi/s3
 b ! promises ( ! ,*ri/ian religion     
imply t its true disciples w be enabl$  
to ask ) prud5ce :at is to be infallibly
 grant$4  #bgc4 ,&1 inde$1 ! relations  
betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures :i* x is !   
function ( miracle to e/abli%1 dep5d f> 
m on ! correspond5ce ( ev5ts ) human    
volition ?an on ! m>vel\s "* ( ! ev5ts  
!mselves4 ,^! relations are1 9 ! ma91   
tw(old4 ,miracles are ei!r to conv9ce1  
or to assi/4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( !m z  
meant only to e/abli% fai?1 b _m are =  

m]e conv5i5ce ( life4 ,eli%a's mak+ !   
ax-head swim1 & ! poison$ s\p :olesome1 
7 n to conv9ce anybody1 b m]ely to give 
help 9 ! quicke/ way4 ,conviction is1   
inde$1 9 _m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ miracles1 q 
a second>y end1 & (t5 an unatta9$ "o4 ,!
 hungry multitude are f$1 ! %ip 9 dang] 
reliev$ by sudd5 calm4 ,! disciples     
disreg>d ! multiply+ ( ! loaves1 yet are
 /rongly affect$ by ! *ange 9 ! wea!r4  
,b :e!r = conviction1 aid 7or aid 9 !   
t]rific =m ( puni%m5t71 ! ess5ce (      
miracle is z ! manife/ation ( a ,p[] :i*
 c direct or modify ! o!rwise con/ant   
ph5om5a ( ,nature2 & x is1 ,i ?9k1 by   
atta*+ too great importance to :at may  
be t]m$ ! mission>y "w ( miracle1 in/ead
 ( :at may 9 di/9ction be call$ its     
pa/oral "w1 t _m pi\s p]sons1 no less   
?an infidels1 are apt to despise1 &     
!re=e to d5y1 miracul\s p[] altoge!r4   
#bgd4 ,we d n ne$ to be conv9c$1 !y say1
 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god by ! caprici\s      
ex]tion ( ,8 p[]4 ,we are satisfi$ 9 !  
normal ex]tion ( x2 & x is contr>y to ! 

idea ( ,8 ,excell5t ,maje/y t !re %\ld  
be any o!r4  ,b all argum5ts & feel+s   
mu/ be di/ru/$ :i* are f\nd$ on our own 
ideas ( :at x is prop] = ,deity to d4   
,nor c ,i1 ev5 accord+ to our human     
modes ( judgm5t1 f9d any impropriety 9 !
 ?\ght t an en]gy may be natural )\t be+
 normal1 & ,div9e )\t be+ con/ant4 ,!   
wise mission>y may inde$ require no     
miracle to confirm 8 au?ority2 b !      
despis$ pa/or may ne$ miracle to en=ce  
x1 or ! compassionate gov]nor to make x 
b5eficial4 ,& x is q possible to        
conceive ( ,pa/oral ,miracle z result+ f
 a p[] z natural z any o!r1 ?\gh n z    
p]petual4 ,! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?1 & "s
 ( ! en]gies grant$ to m5 born ( ! ,_s  
may be manife/$ only on c]ta9 conditions
 & on r>e occasions2 & !re=e be always  
wond]ful or miracul\s1 ?\gh nei!r       
disord]ly nor unnatural4  ,?us ,/4      
,paul's argum5t to ,agrippa1 ,:y %\ld x 
be ?\ght ) y a ?+ impossible t ,god %\ld
 raise ! dead8 w\ld be suicidal1 if he  
meant to appeal to ! miracle z a pro( ( 

! au?ority ( 8 mission4 ,b1 claim+ no   
au?ority1 he ann\nces z a probable &    
acceptable fact ! op5+ ( a disp5sation 9
 :i* x 0 z natural = ! dead to be rais$ 
z = ! ,gospel to be prea*$ to ! poor1   
?\gh bo? ! "o & ! o!r 7 miracul\s signs 
t ! ,ma/] ( ,nature _h come d[n to be   
,emmanuel among m51 & t no prophet 0 9  
future to look = ano!r4  ,we h inde$    
fall5 into a c>eless habit ( us+ ! words
 sup]natural & sup]human1 z if          
equival5t4 ,a human act may be          
sup]-doggi%1 & a ,div9e act sup]human1  
yet all ?ree acts absolutely ,natural4  
,x is1 p]haps1 z mu* ! virtue ( a ,_s to
 be incon/ant z ( a poison to be sure1 &
 !re=e always impossible to weigh !     
elem5ts ( moral =ce 9 ! balance ( an    
apo!c>y4  #bge4 ,x is true t1 9 any     
ab/ract reflection on ^! ?+s1 "o is     
in/antly br\ght to pause by que/ions ( !
 reasonabl5ess1 ! necessity1 or !       
exp$i5t degree ( miracle4 ,*ri/ walks on
 ! wat]1 ov]com+ gravity to t ext5t4 ,:y
 n h fl[n1 & ov]come x altoge!r8 ,he    

fe$s ! multitude by break+ exi/5t       
loaves2 :y n h comm&$ ! /ones into      
bread8 ,or1 in/ead ( miracul\sly fe$+   
ei!r an assembly or a nation1 :y n      
enable !m1 l ,himself1 miracul\sly to   
fa/1 = ! ne$ful "t8 ,& 9 g5]ally admitt+
 ! !ories ( pa/oral miracle ! in/ant "q 
submits itself1--,suppos+ a nation      
wisely ob$i5t to div9ely appo9t$ m9i/]s 
( a s5sible ,!ocracy1 h[ mu* w\ld its   
gov]nm5t be miracul\sly assi/$1 & h[ _m 
( its affairs br\ght to miracul\s       
prosp]ity ( issue8 ,w\ld its enemies be 
de/roy$ by angels1 & its food p\r$ d[n  
^u x f ! skies1 or w\ld ! sup]natural   
aid be limit$ to dim9i%+ ! numb]s ( its 
sla9 9 battle1#agg or to conduct+ its   
m]*ant %ips safely1 or in/antane\sly1 to
 ! l& :i!r !y w\ld g8  ,b no progress c 
be made1 & mu* may be prev5t$1 9 !      
exam9ation ( any really difficult human 
problem1 by ?us approa*+ x on !         
hypo!tical side4 ,su* approa* is easy to
 ! fooli%1 pleasant to ! pr\d1 &        
conv5i5t to ! malici\s1 b absolutely    

fruitless ( practical result4 ,our      
mode/y & wisdom consi/ alike 9 ! simple 
regi/ry ( ! facts cognizable by u1 & our
 duty1 9 mak+ active use ( !m = !       
pres5t1 )\t conc]n+ ourselves z to !    
possibilities ( ! future4 ,& ! two ma9  
facts we h to deal ) are t ! hi/orical  
record ( miracle is always ( incon/ant  
p[]1 & t our own actual en]gies are     
incon/ant almo/ 9 exact proportion to _!
 wor?9ess4  #bgf4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 !      
hi/ory ( miracle is ( incon/ant p[]4 ,/4
 ,paul raises ,euty*us f dea?1 & 8      
g>m5ts effect miracul\s cure2 yet he    
leaves ,trophimus sick at ,miletum1     
recognizes only ! m]cy ( ,god 9 !       
recov]y ( ,epaphroditus1 &1 l any       
un9spir$ physician1 recomm5ds ,timo?y   
w9e = 8 infirmities4 ,& 9 ! second      
place1 our own en]gies are incon/ant    
almo/ 9 proportion to _! nobl5ess4 ,we  
brea! ) regul>ity1 & c calculate ^u !   
/r5g? necess>y = common tasks4 ,b !     
record ( our be/ "w1 & ( our happie/    
mom5ts1 is always "o ( success :i* we   

did n expect1 & ( en?usiasm :i* we c\ld 
n prolong4  #bgg4 ,& !re=e we c only    
look = an imp]fect & int]rupt$1 b may   
surely insi/ on an occasional1          
manife/ation ( miracul\s cr$5tials by e 
m9i/] ( religion4 ,!re is no practical  
difficulty 9 ! disc]nm5t ( m>vel prop]ly
 to be held sup]human4 ,x is inde$      
frequ5tly alleg$ by ! admir]s (         
sci5tific discov]y t _m ?+s :i* 7       
wond]ful fifty ye>s ago1 h ceas$ to be s
 n[2 & ,i am p]fectly ready to conc$e to
 !m t :at !y n[ !mselves imag9e to be   
admirable1 w n 9 ! future be admir$4 ,b 
! petty sign1 said to h be5 wr\ght by ! 
augur ,attus be=e ,t>qu91 w\ld be z     
impressive at ?is in/ant z x 0 !n2 :ile 
! utmo/ a*ievem5ts ( rec5t sci5tific    
miracle h sc>cely yet a*iev$ ! fe$+ (   
,laz>us _! begg>1 /ill less !           
resurrection ( ,laz>us _! fri5d4 ,our   
,*ri/ian fai?1 at all ev5ts1 /&s or     
falls by ?is te/4 ,^! signs %all foll[  
!m t believe1 are words :i* admit nei!r 
( qualification nor misund]/&+2 & x is  

f> less arrogant 9 any man to look = su*
 ,div9e atte/ation ( 8 au?ority z a     
tea*]1 ?an to claim1 )\t x1 any au?ority
 to tea*4 ,& assur$ly x is no pro( ( any
 unfitness or unwisdom 9 su*            
expectations1 t1 = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1     
miracul\s p[]s seem to h be5 )drawn f1  
or at lea/ indemon/rably possess$1 by a 
,*ur* :i*1 hav+ be5 aga9 & aga9 w>n$ by 
its ,ma/] t ,ri*es 7 deadly to          
,religion1 & ,love ess5tial to x1 has   
nev]!less made weal? ! rew>d (          
,!ological le>n+1 & controv]sy its      
occupation4 ,!re are /ates ( moral dea? 
no less amaz+ ?an physical resurrection2
 & a *ur* :i* p]mits its cl]gy to prea* 
:at !y h ceas$ to believe1 & its p to   
tru/ :at !y refuse to obey1 is p]haps m 
truly miracul\s 9 impot5ce1 ?an x w\ld  
be miracul\s 9 p[]1 if x c\ld move !    
fatal rocks ( ,cali=nia to ! ,pole1 &   
plant ! sycamore & ! v9e betwe5 ! ridges
 ( ! sea4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote     
#agd3 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,m>*1 #ahgc4
  ,footnote #age3 ,read at ! ,novemb]   

meet+ ( ! ,metaphysical ,society4       
,footnote #agf3 ,i quote f memory b am  
sure ( ! purport ( ! s5t5ce1 ?\gh n (   
its expression4   ,footnote #agg3 ,& be 
x dea? proclaimd ?r\gh our ho/ to boa/ (
 ?is4--,h5ry ,v4          99       99   
99       99       99   ,,an ,,ox=d      
,,lecture4  7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,janu>y  
#ahgh47          99       99       99   
99       99   ,,an ,,ox=d ,,lecture4#agh
   #bgh4 ,i am sure t all 9 ?is audi5ce 
:o 7 pres5t ye/]day at ,dr4 ,acl&'s     
e>ne/ & impressive lecture mu/ h felt h[
 deeply ,i %\ld be mov$ by 8 clos+      
ref]5ce to ! fri5d%ip begun 9 our       
und]graduate days2--( :i* ,i w b say t1 
if x alone 7 all ,i ow$ to ,ox=d1 ! mo/ 
graci\s k9dness ( ! ,alma ,mat] w\ld 9 t
 gift h be5 fulfill$ to me4  ,b 8       
affectionate words1 9 _! v mode/y1 z if 
ev5 /&+ on ! def5se ( 8 pr(ession1 !    
noble/ ( human occupations6 & ( 8       
sci5ce--! mo/ wond]ful & awful ( human  
intellig5ces6 %[$ me t ,i _h yet n :olly
 made cle> to y ! exactly limit$ measure

 9 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to dispute ! fitness 
( me?od ( /udy n[ assign$ to y 9 ?is    
,univ]sity4  #bgi4 ,( ! dignity (       
physical sci5ce1 & ( ! happ9ess ( ^? :o 
are devot$ to x = ! heal+ & ! help (    
mank9d1 ,i nev] h meant to utt]1 & ,i d 
n ?9k ,i h utt]$1 "o irrev]5t ^w4 ,b    
aga9/ ! curiosity ( sci5ce1 lead+ u to  
call virtually no?+ ga9$ b :at is new   
discov]y1 & to despise e use ( our k 9  
its acquisition2 ( ! insol5ce ( sci5ce1 
9 claim+ = itself a sep>ate function ( t
 human m9d :i* 9 its p]fection is "o &  
indivisible1 9 ! image ( its ,creator2 &
 ( ! p]v]sion ( sci5ce1 9 hop+ to       
discov] by ! analysis ( dea?1 :at c only
 be discov]$ by ! wor%ip ( life1--( ^!  
,i h spok51 n only ) sorr[1 b ) a fe>   
:i* e day ,i p]ceive to be m surely     
gr\nd$1 t su* labor1 9 effac+ f )9 y !  
s5se ( ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! g>d5 ( !    
e>?1 may awak5 )9 y ! prevail+ e*o ( !  
fir/ voice ( its ,de/roy]1 ,ye %all be z
 gods4  #bhj4 ,to-day ,i h little en\gh 
"t to conclude1--none to review--:at ,i 

h endeavor$ ?us to say2 b "o in/ance1   
giv5 me directly 9 conv]sation aft]     
lecture1 by "o ( y\rselves1 w enable me 
to expla9 to y precisely :at ,i mean4   
,aft] la/ lecture1 9 :i* y rememb] ,i   
*all5g$ our physiologi/s to tell me h[ a
 bird flies1 "o ( y1 ^: p>don1 if he    
?9ks x ne$ful1 ,i ask = ?is use ( 8 mo/ 
timely & illu/rative /atem5t1 came to   
me1 say+1 ,y "k ! way 9 :i* we are %[n  
h[ a bird flies1 is1 t any "o1 a dove = 
in/ance1 is giv5 to u1 pluck$1 & p>tly  
sk9n$1 & incis$ at ! ins]tion ( ! w+    
bone2 & !n1 ) a /eel po9t1 ! ligam5t ( !
 muscle at ! %\ld] is pull$ up1 & out1 &
 made di/9ct f o!r ligam5ts1 & we are   
told 't is ! way a bird flies1' & on t  
matt] x is ?\ght we h be5 told en\gh4   
,i say t ?is in/ance giv5 me 0 timely2  
,i w say m--9 ! *oice ( ?is p>ticul>    
bird1 provid5tial4 ,let me take1 9 _!   
ord]1 ! two subjects ( inquiry &        
in/ruction1 :i* are inde$ (f]$ to u 9 ! 
aspect & =m ( t "o liv+ creature4  #bha4
 ,( ! spl5dor ( y\r own true life1 y are

 told1 9 ! words :i*1 to-day1 let me    
call1 z y\r ,fa!rs did1 words (         
inspiration--,yet %all ye be z ! w+s ( a
 dove1 t is cov]$ ) silv] w+s & h]      
fea!rs ) gold4 ,( ! manifold iris (     
color 9 ! dove's plumage1 wat*$ c>efully
 9 sun%9e z ! bird moves1 ,i _c hope to 
give y any conception by words2 b t x is
 ! mo/ exquisite1 9 ! mode/y ( its      
light1 & 9 ! myriad m+l+ ( its hue1 (   
all plumage1 ,i may p>tly prove to y 9  
?is "o fact1 t out ( all /udies ( color1
 ! "o :i* ,i w\ld desire mo/ to place )9
 y\r rea* 9 ^! s*ools1 is ,turn]'s draw+
 ( a dove1 done :5 he 0 9 happy y\? at  
,f>nley4 ,b ( ! causes ( ?is color1 & ( 
! peculi> subtlety 9 its iridesc5ce1    
no?+ is told y 9 any sci5tific book ,i h
 ev] se5 on orni?ology4  #bhb4 ,( ! p[] 
( flight 9 ^! w+s1 & ! t5d] purpose ( _!
 flight1 y he> also 9 y\r ,fa!rs' book4 
,to ! ,*ur*1 fly+ f h] enemies into     
desolate wild]ness1 !re 7 inde$ giv5 two
 w+s z ( a great eagle4 ,b ! we>y sa9t (
 ,god1 look+ =w>d to 8 home 9 calm (    

et]nal peace1 prays r--,oh t ,i _h w+s l
 a dove1 = !n %\ld ,i flee away1 & be at
 re/4 ,& ( ^! w+s1 & ?is m9d ( h]s1 ?is 
is :at rev]5t sci5ce %\ld tea* y3 fir/1 
) :at p>t+ ( plume1 & :at s(t pressure &
 rhy?mic beat+ ( divid$ air1 %e rea*es t
 miracul\s swiftness ( undubi\s motion1 
comp>$ ) :i* ! tempe/ is sl[1 & ! arr[  
unc]ta92 & secondly1 :at clew !re is1   
visible1 or conceivable to ?\ght ( man1 
by :i*1 to h] liv+ consci5ce & errorless
 po9t+ ( magnetic s\l1 h] di/ant home is
 felt af> beyond ! horizon1 & ! /raight 
pa?1 ?r\gh conceal+ cl\ds1 & ov]        
trackless l&s1 made pla9 to h] desire1 &
 h] duty1 by ! f+] ( ,god4  #bhc4 ,&    
la/ly1 s9ce 9 ! tradition ( ! ,old      
,cov5ant %e 0 made ! mess5g] ( =giv5ess 
to ^? eight s\ls sav$ ?r\gh ! baptism   
unto dea?1 & 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,new       
,cov5ant1 "u h] image1 0 manife/$ !     
well-pleas+ ( ,god1 9 ! fulfillm5t ( all
 righte\sness by ,8 ,son 9 ! ,baptism   
unto life1--surely alike all ,*ri/ian p1
 old & "y1 %\ld be taught to be gladd5$ 

by h] sweet pres5ce2 & 9 e city &       
village 9 ,*ri/5dom %e %\ld h su* home z
 9 ,v5ice %e has _h = ages1 & be1 among 
! sculptur$ m>bles ( ! temple1 ! sweete/
 sculpture2 &1 flutt]+ at y\r *ildr5's  
feet1 _! nev]-ang]$ fri5d4 ,& surely    
also1 !re=e1 ( ! ?\s& evid5ces :i* any  
c>efully ?\ghtful p]son may see1 n only 
( ! m9i/ration ( good1 b ( ! deceiv+ &  
deadly p[] ( ! evil angels1 !re is no "o
 m di/9ct 9 its gratuit\s1 &            
unreconcilable s91 ?an t ?is--( all !   
liv+ creatures betwe5 e>? & sky--%\ld be
 ! "o *os5 to amuse ! apa?y ( our       
murd]\s idl5ess1 ) skill-less1 ef=tless1
 m]ciless slaught]4  #bhd4 ,i pass to ! 
direct subject on :i* ,i h to speak     
f9ally to-day2--! reality ( t m9i/ration
 ( ! good angels1 & ( t real adv]sity ( 
! pr9cipalities & p[]s ( ,satan1 9 :i*1 
)\t exception1 all e>ne/ ,*ri/ians h    
believ$1 & ! appe>ance ( :i*1 to !      
imag9ation ( ! greate/ & holie/ ( !m1   
has be5 ! root1 )\t exception1 ( all !  
greate/ art produc$ by ! human m9d or h&

 9 ?is _w4  ,t y h at pres5t no art     
prop]ly s call$ 9 ,engl& at all--:e!r ( 
pa9t+1 sculpture1 or                    
ar*itecture#agi--;,i1 = "o1 d n c>e4 ,9 
mid/ ( ,scotti% ,lo?ians1 9 ! days (    
,scott1 !re 01 by h[ mu* less art1 by s 
mu* pur] life1 ?an 9 ! mid/ ( ,italy 9 !
 days ( ,raphael4 ,b t y %\ld h lo/1 n  
only ! skill ( ,art1 b ! simplicity (   
,fai? & life1 all 9 "o1 & n only "h     
deface y\r anci5t /reets by ! ,=d ( !   
wat]s ( sacr$ le>n+1 b also deface y\r  
anci5t hills ) guilt ( m]c5>y           
desolation1 driv+ _! anci5t %eph]d life 
into exile1 & div]t+ ! waves ( _!       
/reamlets into ! cities :i* are ! v     
c5t]s ( pollution1 ( av>ice1 & impiety3 
= ?is ,i d c>e1--= ?is y h blam$ me =   
c>+1 in/ead ( m]ely try+ to tea* y      
draw+4 ,i h nev]!less yet done my be/ to
 %[ y :at real draw+ is2 & mu/ yet aga9 
be> y\r blame = try+ to %[ y1 ?r\gh t1  
some:at m4  #bhe4 ,i 0 ask$1 z we came  
out ( *apel ?is morn+1 by "o ( ! ,fell[s
 ( my college1 to say a ^w to !         

,und]graduates1 ab\t ,?irlm]e4 ,8       
reque/1 be+ t ( a fai?ful fri5d1 came to
 en=ce on me ! connection betwe5 ?is =m 
( spoliation ( our native l& ( its runn+
 wat]s1 & ! ga9+ disbelief 9 ! p[] (    
pray] ov] ! di/ribution ( ! elem5ts (   
our bread & wat]1 9 ra91 &              
sun%9e1--se$time1 & h>ve/4 ,respect+    
:i*1 ,i mu/ ask y to ?9k ) me to-day :at
 is ! mean+ ( ! my?1 if y call x s1 ( ! 
great prophet ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :o is  
to be aga9 s5t be=e ! com+ ( ! day ( !  
,"l4 ,= truly1 y w f9d t if any "p ( y\r
 anci5t fai? be true1 x is ne$ful = e   
s\l :i* is to take up its cross1 )      
,*ri/1 to be also fir/ transfigur$ 9 !  
light ( ,*ri/1--talk+ ) ,moses & )      
,elias4  ,! conte/ ( ,moses is ) !      
temporal s]vitude1--( ,elijah1 ) !      
spiritual s]vitude1 ( ! p2 & ! w> (     
,elijah is ) _! s]vitude ess5tially to  
two ,gods1 ,baal1 or ! ,sun ,god1 9 ^:  
h& !y ?\ght 0 _! life1 & ,baalzebub--!  
,fly ,god1--( ,corruption1 9 ^: h& !y   
?\ght 0 ! arbitration ( dea?4  ,! entire

 conte/ is summ$ 9 ! fir/ ass]tion by   
,elijah1 ( 8 au?ority z ! ,s]vant (     
,god1 ov] ^? elem5tal p[]s by :i* ! he>t
 ( ,man1 :e!r ,jew or hea!n1 0 fill$ )  
food & gladness4  ,& ,elijah ! ,ti%bite2
 :o 0 ( ! inhabitants ( ,gilead1 said   
unto ,ahab1 ,z ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel     
live?1 be=e :om ,i /&1 !re %all n be dew
 nor ra9 ^! ye>s1 b accord+ to my ^w4   
#bhf4 ,y\r mod]n philosoph]s h expla9$  
to y ! absurdity ( all t3 y ?9k8 ,( all 
! %all[ follies ( ?is age1 t            
proclamation ( ! vanity ( pray] = !     
sun%9e & ra92 & ! c[>dly equivocations1 
to meet x1 ( ! cl]gy :o nev] 9 _! lives 
really pray$ = any?+1 ,i ?9k1 excel4 ,d 
^! mod]n sci5tific g5tlem5 fancy t      
nobody1 be=e !y 7 born1 knew ! laws (   
cl\d & /orm1 or t ! mighty human s\ls ( 
=m] ages1 :o e "o ( !m liv$ & di$ by    
pray]1 & 9 x1 did n "k t 9 e petition   
fram$ on _! lips !y 7 ask+ = :at 0 n    
only =e-orda9$1 b j z probably =e-done8 
or t ! "m paus+ to pray be=e %e op5s !  
lett] f ,alma or ,balaclava1 does n "k t

 already he is sav$ = :om %e prays1 or  
already lies fe/]+ 9 8 %r\d8 ,! :ole    
confid5ce & glory ( pray] is 9 its      
appeal to a ,fa!r :o kn[s our           
necessities be=e we ask1 :o kn[s our    
?\ghts be=e !y rise 9 our he>ts1 & ^:   
decrees1 z unalt]able 9 ! et]nal future 
z 9 ! et]nal pa/1 yet 9 ! close v]ity ( 
visible fact1 b5d1 l re$s1 be=e !       
=e-orda9$ & fai?ful pray]s ( ,8 *ildr54 
#bhg4 ,( ,elijah's conte/ on ,c>mel ) t 
,sun-p[] 9 :i*1 lit]ally1 y aga9 n[ are 
seek+ y\r life1 y "k ! /ory1 h[ev]      
little y believe x4 ,b ( 8 conte/ ) !   
,dea?-p[]1 on ! ,hill ( ,sam>ia1 y read 
less frequ5tly1 & m d\btfully4  ,oh1 ?\ 
,man ( ,god1 ! ,k+ ha? said1 ,come d[n4 
,& ,elijah answ]$ & said1 ,if ,i be a   
man ( ,god1 let fire come d[n f ,heav51 
& consume !e1 & ?y fifty4  ,h[ mon/r\s1 
h[ revolt+1 cries y\r mod]n religioni/1 
t a prophet ( ! ,"l %\ld invoke dea? on 
fifty m54 ,& he sits himself1 enjoy+ 8  
muff9 & ,times1 & cont5t$ly all[s !     
slaught] ( fifty ?\s& m51 s x be 9 !    

int]e/s ( ,engl&1 & ( 8 own /ock on     
,ex*ange4  ,b note ,elijah's message4   
,because ?\ ha/ s5t to inquire (        
,baalzebub ! ,god ( ,ekron1 !re=e1 ?\   
%alt n g d[n f ! b$ on :i* ?\ art gone  
up1 b %alt surely die4  ,because ?\ ha/ 
s5t to inquire3 he _h n s5t to pray to !
 ,god ( ,ekron1 only to ask ( him4 ,!   
prie/s ( ,baal pray$ to ,baal1 b        
,ahaziah only que/ions ! fly-god4  ,he  
does n pray ,let me recov]1 b he asks   
,%all ,i recov] ( ?is disease8  ,!      
sci5tific m9d aga91 y p]ceive1--,sanit>y
 inve/igation2 by oracle ( ! ,god (     
,dea?4 ,:atev] c be produc$ ( disease1  
by flies1 by aphides1 by lice1 by       
communication ( corruption1 %all n we   
mod]ns also wisely inquire1 & s recov] (
 our diseases8  ,all :i* may1 = aught ,i
 "k1 be well2 & :5 ,i he> ( ! v9e       
disease or potato disease be+ /ay$1 ,i w
 hope also t plague may be1 or diph!ria1
 or aught else ( human plague1 by due   
sanit>y measures4  #bhh4 ,9 ! meantime1 
,i see t ! common cleanl9ess ( ! e>? &  

its wat] is despis$1 z if x 7 a plague2 
& aft] myself labor+ = ?ree ye>s to     
purify & protect ! s\rce ( ! lovelie/   
/ream 9 ! ,engli% midl&s1 ! ,w&el1 ,i am
 f9ally beat51 because ! road           
commission]s insi/ on c>ry+ ! road wa%+s
 into x1 at its s\rce4 ,b t's no?+4 ,two
 ye>s ago1 ,i w5t1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce e>ly
 y\?1 to see ,scott's c\ntry by ! %ores 
( ,y>r[1 ,teviot1 & ,gala wat]s4 ,i w   
read y once aga91 ?\gh y w rememb] x1 8 
description ( "o ( ^? pools :i* y are   
ab\t sanit>ily to draw (f into y\r      
eng9e-boil]s1 & !n ,i w tell y :at ,i   
saw myself 9 t sacr$ c\ntry4    ,(t 9 my
 m9d su* ?\ghts awake1   ,by lone ,sa9t 
,m>y's sil5t lake2   ,?\ "k'/ x         
well1--nor f51 nor s$ge1   ,pollute !   
pure lake's cry/al edge2   ,abrupt &    
%e]1 ! m\nta9s s9k   ,at once ^u ! level
 br9k2   ,& j a trace ( silv] s&   ,m>ks
 :]e ! wat] meets ! l&4    ,f> 9 !      
mirror1 bright & blue1   ,ea* hill's    
huge outl9e y may view2   ,%aggy ) hea?1
 b lonely1 b>e1   ,nor tree1 nor bu%1   

nor brake1 is !re1   ,save :]e1 ( l&1   
yon sl5d] l9e   ,be>s ?w>t ! lake !     
scatt]'d p9e4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,& sil5ce       
aids--?\gh ! /eep hills   ,s5d to ! lake
 a ?\s& rills   ,9 summ] tide1 s s(t !y 
weep1   ,! s\nd b lulls ! e> asleep2    
,y\r horse's ho(-tread s\nds too rude1  
,s /illy is ! solitude4    ,n\ght liv+  
meets ! eye or e>1   ,b well ,i we5 !   
dead are ne>2   ,= ?\gh1 9 feudal /rife1
 a foe   ,ha? laid ,our ,lady's *apel   
l[1   ,yet /ill b5ea? ! hall['d soil1   
,! peasant re/s him f 8 toil1   ,&1 dy+1
 bids 8 bones be laid1   ,:]e er/ 8     
simple fa!rs pray'd4  #bhi4 ,:at ,i saw 
myself1 9 t fair c\ntry1 ( :i* ! sight  
rema9s ) me1 ,i w next tell y4 ,i saw ! 
,teviot ooz+1 n fl[+1 betwe5 its wood$  
banks1 a m]e sluggi% injection1 among ! 
fil?y /ones1 ( poison\s pools (         
scum-cov]$ ink2 & 9 front ( ,j$burgh    
,abbey1 :]e ! foam+ riv] us$ to da% r\nd
 ! sweet ru9s z if ! rod ( ,moses _h    
fre%ly cleft ! rock = x1 b>e & f\l      

nak$ness ( its b$1 ! :ole /ream c>ri$ to
 "w 9 ! mills1 ! dry /ones & crags ( x  
fe/]+ unseemly 9 ! ev5+ sun1 & ! c>cass 
( a %eep1 br\ght d[n 9 ! la/ flood1 ly+ 
!re 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ildr5 at _! play1     
lit]al & gha/ly symbol1 9 ! sweete/     
pa/oral c\ntry 9 ! _w1 ( ! lo/ %eep ( ! 
h\se ( ,israel4  ,t is y\r symbol       
to-day1 ( ! ,lamb z x _h be5 sla92 & t !
 "w ( y\r pray]less sci5ce2--! issues1  
^!1 ( y\r enlight5$ tea*+1 & ( all !    
toils & ! dea?s ( ! ,cov5ant]s on ^?    
b>r5 hills1 ( ! prophetic m>tyrs "h 9   
y\r cross+ /reets1 & ( ! highe/1 s9c]e/1
 simple/ patriot ( ,ca?olic ,engl&1 ,sir
 ,?omas ,m1 )9 ! walls ( ,engl&'s c5tral
 ,t[]4 ,s is end$1 ) pray] = ! bread (  
?is life1 also ! hope ( ! life t is to  
come4 ,yet ,i w take leave to %[ y !    
light ( t hope1 z x %one on1 & guid$1 ! 
*ildr5 ( ! ages ( fai?4  #bij4 ,( t     
leg5d ( ,/4 ,ursula :i* ,i read to y s  
lately1 y rememb]1 ,i d\bt n1 t ! "o    
great mean+ is ! victory ( h] fai? ov]  
all fe>s ( dea?4 ,x is ! lay+ d[n ( all 

! joy1 ( all ! hope1 nay ( all ! ,love1 
( ?is life1 9 ! eag] appreh5sion ( !    
rejoic+ & ! love ( ,et]nity4 ,:at tru?  
!re 0 9 su* fai? ,i d>e n say t ,i "k2 b
 :at mann] ( human s\ls x made1 y may = 
y\rselves see4 ,"h are en\gh br\ght to  
y1 ( ! ?\ghts ( a believ+ p4#ahj ,?is   
maid 9 h] purity is no fable2 ?is is a  
,v5etian maid1 z %e 0 se5 9 ! e>?ly     
dawn1 & brea!d on by ! breeze ( h]      
native sea4 ,& "h %e is 9 h] womanhood1 
9 h] c\rage & p]fect peace1 wait+ = h]  
dea?4  ,i h s5t = ?is draw+ = y1 f      
,%effield1 :]e x is to /ay1 !y ne$+ x m 
?an y4 ,x is ! be/ ( all t my fri5d did 
) me at ,v5ice1 = ,/4 ,george1 & ) ,/4  
,george's help & ,/4 ,ursula's4 ,x %[s y
 only a piece ( ! great picture ( !     
m>tyrdom--ne>ly all h fall5 ar\nd !     
maid1 & %e kneels ) h] two s]vant       
pr9cesses1 wait+ = h] own dea?4 ,fai?ful
 beh9d _! mi/ress1 !y wait ) h]1--n     
feebl]1 b less rais$ 9 ?\ght1 z less    
conceiv+ _! immortal de/9y2 ! "o1 a     
g5tle girl1 conceiv+ n 9 h] quiet he>t  

any horror ( dea?1 b[s h] fair head     
t[>ds ! e>?1 almo/ ) a smile2 ! o!r1    
fe>ful le/ h] fai? %\ld = an in/ant     
fail1 bur/s into passion ( pray] ?r\gh  
burn+ te>s4 ,/4 ,ursula kneels1 z daily 
%e knelt1 be=e ! alt>1 giv+ h]self up to
 ,god =ev]4  ,& s y see h]1 "h 9 ! days 
( *ildhood1 & "h 9 h] sacr$ y\?1 & "h 9 
h] p]fect womanhood1 & "h borne to h]   
grave4  ,su* creatures z ^! h liv$--d   
live yet1 ?ank ,god1 9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/4  
#bia4 ,y he> x op5ly said t ?is1 _!     
fai?1 0 a fooli% dream4 ,d y *oose to   
f9d out :e!r x 0 or n8 ,y may if y w1 b 
y c f9d x out 9 "o way only4  ,take !   
dilemma 9 p]fect simplicity4 ,ei!r      
,*ri/ianity is true or n4 ,let u suppose
 x fir/ "o1 !n ! o!r1 & see :at foll[s4 
,let x fir/ be suppos$ untrue4 ,!n      
rational inve/igation w 9 all           
probability discov] t untru?2 :ile1 on !
 o!r h&1 irrational submission to :at we
 are told may lead u into any =m (      
absurdity or insanity2 &1 z we read     
hi/ory1 we %all f9d t ?is insanity has  

p]v]t$1 z 9 ! ,crusades1 half ! /r5g? ( 
,europe to its ru91 & be5 ! s\rce (     
manifold diss5sion & mis]y to society4  
,/>t ) ! supposition t ,*ri/ianity is   
untrue1 mu* m ) ! desire t x %\ld be1 & 
t is ! conclusion at :i* y w c]ta9ly    
arrive4  ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 let u suppose 
t x is1 or may be1 true4 ,!n1 9 ord] to 
f9d out :e!r x is or n1 we mu/ att5d to 
:at x says ( itself4 ,& its fir/ say+ is
 an ord] to adopt a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct4
 ,d t fir/1 & y %all "k m4 ,its promise 
is ( bless+ & ( tea*+1 m ?an tongue c   
utt]1 or m9d conceive1 if y *oose to d  
?is2 & x refuses to tea* or help y on   
any o!r t]ms ?an ^!4  #bib4 ,y may ?9k x
 /range t su* a trial is requir$ ( y4   
,surely ! evid5ces ( our future /ate    
might h be5 grant$ on o!r t]ms--nay1 a  
pla9 acc\nt might h be5 giv51 ) all     
my/]y expla9$ away 9 ! cle>e/ language4 
,!n1 we %\ld h believ$ at once4  ,yes1  
b1 z y see & he>1 t1 if x be our way1 is
 n ,god's4 ,he has *os5 to grant k ( ,8 
tru? to u on "o condition & no o!r4 ,if 

we refuse t condition1 ! rational       
evid5ce ar\nd u is all 9 pro( ( our     
dea?1 & t pro( is true1 = ,god also     
tells u t 9 su* refusal we %all die4  ,y
 see1 !re=e1 t 9 ei!r case1 be          
,*ri/ianity true or false1 dea? is      
demon/rably c]ta9 to u 9 refus+ x4 ,z   
philosoph]s1 we c expect only dea?1 & z 
unbeliev]s1 we are condemn$ to x4  ,!re 
is b "o *ance ( life--9 admitt+ s f> !  
possibility ( ! ,*ri/ian v]ity z to try 
x on its own t]ms4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ 
possibility ( f9d+ out :e!r x be true1  
or n1 fir/4  ,%[ me a sign fir/ & ,i w  
come1 y say4 ,no1 answ]s ,god4 ,come    
fir/1 !n y %all see a sign4  ,h>d1 y    
?9k8 ,y w f9d x is n s1 on ?9k+ m4 ,=   
?is1 :i* y are comm&$1 is n a ?+        
unreasonable 9 itself4 ,s f> f t1 x is  
m]ely ! wise/ ?+ y c\ld d = y\r own & = 
o!rs' happ9ess1 if !re 7 no et]nal tru? 
to be discov]$4  ,y are call$ simply to 
be ! s]vant ( ,*ri/1 & ( o!r m5 = ,8    
sake2 t is to say1 to hold y\r life &   
all its faculties z a means ( s]vice to 

y\r fell[s4 ,all y h to d is to be sure 
x is ! s]vice y are do+ !m1 & n ! s]vice
 y d y\rself1 :i* is upp]mo/ 9 y\r m9ds4
  #bic4 ,n[ y cont9ually he> appeals to 
y made 9 a vague way1 :i* y don't "k h[ 
f> y c foll[4 ,y %all n say t1 to-day2  
,i bo? c & w tell y :at ,*ri/ianity     
requires ( y 9 simple/ t]ms4  ,read y\r 
,bible z y w\ld any o!r book--) /ricte/ 
criticism1 frankly det]m9+ :at y ?9k    
beautiful1 & :at y ?9k false or fooli%4 
,b be sure t y try accurately to und]/& 
x1 & transf] its tea*+ to mod]n ne$ by  
putt+ o!r names = ^? :i* h become       
sup]s$$ by "t4 ,= in/ance1 9 su* a      
passage z t :i* foll[s & supports ! ,lie
 n "o to ano!r ( ,colossians iii4--see+ 
t ye h put on ! new man1 :i* is r5ew$ 9 
k aft] ! _s ( ,him t creat$ him1 :]e    
7mean+ 9 t great creation :]e7 !re is   
nei!r ,greek nor ,jew1 circumcision nor 
uncircumcision1 b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 bond 
nor free4 ,9 apply+ t v]se to ! conduct 
& spee* ( mod]n policy1 x falls ne>ly   
dead1 because we suff] ourselves to     

rema9 "u a vague impression--vague1 b   
practically p>alyz+1--t ?\gh x 0 v      
necess>y to speak ! tru? 9 ! c\ntries ( 
,scy?ians & ,jews1 !re is no objection  
to any quantity ( ly+ 9 manag+ ! affairs
 ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,b n[ m]ely sub/itute     
mod]n = anci5t names1 & see :at a       
diff]5ce x w make 9 ! =ce & appeal ( !  
passage1 ,lie n "o to ano!r1 bre?r51    
see+ t ye h put (f ! old man1 ) 8 de$s1 
& h put on ! new man1 :i* is r5ew$ to k1
 ,greek3 eis epigns91 accord+ to ! k (  
,him t creat$ him1 9 t great creation   
:]e !re is nei!r ,engli%man nor ,g]man1 
baptism nor want ( baptism1 ,turk nor   
,russian1 slave nor free1 b ,*ri/ is    
all1 & 9 all4  #bid4 ,read y\r ,bible1  
!n1 mak+ x ! fir/ morn+ bus9ess ( y\r   
life to und]/& "s piece ( x cle>ly1 &   
y\r daily bus9ess to obey ( x all t y   
und]/&1 beg9n+ fir/ ) ! mo/ human & mo/ 
de> ob$i5ce--to y\r fa!r & "m4 ,do+ all 
?+s z !y w\ld h y d1 = ! pres5t3 if !y  
want y to be lawy]s--be lawy]s2 if      
soldi]s--soldi]s2 if to get on 9 !      

_w--ev5 to get money--d z !y wi%1 & t   
*e]fully1 aft] di/9ctly expla9+ to !m 9 
:at po9ts y wi% o!rwise4 ,!irs is = !   
pres5t ! voice ( ,god to y4  ,b1 at !   
same "t1 be q cle> ab\t y\r own purpose1
 & ! c>ry+ out ( t s f> z "u !          
conditions ( y\r life y c4 ,& any ( y :o
 are happy en\gh to h wise p>5ts w f9d  
!m cont5t$ 9 see+ y d z ,i n[ tell y4   
#bie4 ,fir/ cultivate all y\r p]sonal   
p[]s1 n competitively1 b pati5tly &     
usefully4 ,y h no bus9ess to read 9 !   
long vacation4 ,come "h to make s*ol>s (
 y\rselves1 & g to ! m\nta9s or ! sea to
 make m5 ( y\rselves4 ,give at lea/ a   
mon? 9 ea* ye> to r\gh sailor's "w & sea
 fi%+4 ,don't l\nge & flirt on ! bea*1 b
 make y\rselves good seam54 ,!n1 on !   
m\nta9s1 g & help ! %eph]d at 8 "w1 !   
wood-m5 at !irs1 & le>n to "k ! hills by
 night & day4 ,if y are /ay+ 9 level    
c\ntry1 le>n to pl[1 & :atev] else y c t
 is useful4 ,!n "h 9 ,ox=d1 read to !   
utmo/ ( y\r p[]1 & practice s++1 f5c+1  
wre/l+1 & rid+4 ,no rifle practice1 & no

 rac+--boat or o!r4 ,leave ! riv] quiet 
= ! naturali/1 ! angl]1 & ! we>y /ud5t l
 me4  ,y may ?9k all ^! matt]s ( no     
consequ5ce to y\r /udies ( art &        
div9ity2 & t ,i am m]ely crot*ety &     
absurd4 ,well1 t is ! way ! devil       
deceives y4 ,x is n ! s9s :i* we feel   
s9ful1 by :i* he cat*es u2 b ! app>5tly 
heal?y ones1--^? :i* nev]!less wa/e !   
"t1 h>d5 ! he>t1 conc5trate ! passions  
on mean objects1 & prev5t ! c\rse (     
g5tle & fruitful ?\ght4  #bif4 ,hav+ ?us
 cultivat$1 9 ! "t ( y\r /ud5t%ip1 y\r  
p[]s truly to ! utmo/1 !n1 9 y\r        
manhood1 be resolv$ !y %all be sp5t 9 ! 
true s]vice ( m5--n 9 be+ m9i/]$ unto1 b
 9 m9i/]+4 ,beg9 ) ! simple/ ( all      
m9i/ries--break+ ( bread to ! poor4 ,?9k
 fir/ ( t1 n ( y\r own pride1 le>n+1    
com=t1 prospects 9 life3 nay1 n n[1 once
 come to manhood1 may ev5 ! ob$i5ce to  
p>5ts *eck y\r own consci5ce ( :at is   
y\r ,ma/]'s "w4 ,:oso love? fa!r & "m m 
?an me is n wor?y ( me4 ,take ! p]fectly
 simple words ( ! ,judgm5t1 ,inasmu* z  

ye did x unto "o ( ! lea/ ( ^!1 ye did x
 unto me3 b y mu/ d x1 n prea* x4 ,& y  
mu/ n be resolv$ t x %all be done only 9
 a g5tlemanly mann]4 ,y\r pride mu/ be  
laid d[n1 z y\r av>ice1 & y\r fe>4 ,:e!r
 z fi%]m5 on ! sea1 pl[m5 on ! e>?1     
labor]s at ! =ge1 or m]*ants at !       
%op-c\nt]1 y mu/ break & di/ribute bread
 to ! poor1 set d[n 9 companies--= t    
also is lit]ally told y--^u ! gre5      
grass1 n cru%$ 9 heaps "u ! pavem5t (   
cities4 ,take ,*ri/ at ,8 lit]al ^w1 &1 
s sure z ,8 ^w is true1 ,he w be kn[n ( 
y 9 break+ ( bread4 ,refuse t s]vant's  
duty because x is pla91--seek ei!r to   
s]ve ,god1 or "k ,him1 9 any o!r way3   
y\r s]vice w become mock]y ( ,him1 & y\r
 k d>kness4 ,e day y\r virtues w be us$ 
by ! evil spirits to conceal1 or to make
 respectable1 national crime2 e day y\r 
felicities w become baits = ! iniquity (
 o!rs2 y\r h]oisms1 wreck]s' beacons1   
betray+ !m to de/ruction2 & be=e y\r own
 deceiv$ eyes & w&]+ he>ts e false      
meteor ( k w fla%1 & e p]i%+ pleasure   

gl[1 to lure y into ! gulf ( y\r grave4 
#big4 ,b obey ! ^w 9 its simplicity1 9  
:ol5ess ( purpose & ) s]5ity (          
sacrifice1 l ?is ( ! ,v5etian maids'1 & 
truly y %all receive sev5fold into y\r  
bosom 9 ?is pres5t life1 z 9 ! _w to    
come1 life ev]la/+4 ,all y\r k w become 
to y cle> & sure1 all y\r foot/eps safe2
 9 ! pres5t brightness ( dome/ic life y 
w =eta/e ! joy ( ,p>adise1 & to y\r     
*ildr5's *ildr5 bequea?1 n only noble   
fame1 b endless virtue4 ,he %all give 8 
angels *>ge ov] y to keep y 9 all y\r   
ways2 & ! peace ( ,god1 :i* passe? all  
und]/&+1 %all keep y\r he>ts & m9ds     
?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus4   ,,footnotes3      
,footnote #agh3 ,left1 at ! ,editor's   
reque/1 ) only "s absolutely ne$ful     
cle>+ ( un9telligible s5t5ces1 z x 0    
writt5 = free deliv]y4 ,x 0 ! la/ ( a   
c\rse ( twelve giv5 ?is autumn2--ref]s  
p>tly to ?+s already said1 p>tly to     
draw+s on ! walls2 & ne$s ! read]'s     
p>don ?r\gh\t1 = faults & abruptness    
incurable b by re-writ+ ! :ole z an     

essay in/ead ( a lecture4--7,n9ete5?    
,c5tury1 ,janu>y1 #ahgh47  ,footnote    
#agi3 ,( c\rse1 ?is /atem5t is m]ely a  
g5]alization ( _m made 9 ! prec$+       
lectures1 ! t5or ( :i* any read]s       
acqua9t$ ) my rec5t writ+s may easily   
conceive4  ,footnote #ahj3 ,! ref]5ces 7
 to ! s]ies ( draw+s lately made1 9     
,v5ice1 = ! ,ox=d & ,%effield s*ools1 f 
! works ( ,c>paccio1 by ,mr4 ,fairfax   
,murray4