,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,cotton ,,fabrics ,a ,,practical ,,handbook ,,for ,,the ,,dyer ,,and ,,student ,,by ,,franklin ,,beech ,,practical ,,colourist ,,and ,,chemist ,,illustrated ,,by ,,forty-,,four ,,engravings ,,london ,,scott1 ,,greenwood ,,co4 #ai ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 #aija ,all rights reserved ,,preface4 ,in writing this little book the author believes he is supplying a want which most ,students and ,dyers of ,cotton ,fabrics have felt--that of a small handbook clearly describing the various processes and operations of the great industry of dyeing ,cotton4 ,the aim has not been to produce a very elaborate treatise but rather a book of a convenient size1 and in order to do so it has been necessary to be brief and to omit many matters that would rightfully find a place in a larger treatise1 but the author hopes that nothing of importance has been omitted4 ,the most modern processes have been described in some detail2 care has been taken to select those which experience shows to be thoroughly reliable and to give good results4 ,,franklin ,,beech4 ,may1 #aija4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,structure ,,and ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,cotton ,,fibre #a ,action of ,alkalies #f ,action of ,acids on ,cellulose #i ,action of ,sulphuric ,acid on ,cotton #aj ,action of ,hydrochloric ,acid #aa ,action of ,nitric ,acid #ab ,action of ,oxidising ,agents on ,cellulose or ,cotton #af ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,scouring ,,and ,,bleaching ,,of ,,cotton #bc ,stains and ,damages in ,bleached ,goods #ej ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,dyeing ,,machinery ,,and ,,dyeing ,,manipulations #ec ,hand ,dyeing #ec ,dyeing ,machines #eg ,dyeing1 ,slubbing1 ,sliver or ,carded ,cotton and ,wool #eh ,cop ,dyeing #fd ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,cotton ,,dyeing #hb 7#a7 ,direct ,dyeing #he 7#b7 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,metallic ,salts #aab 7#c7 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,developers #abh 7#d7 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,couplers #aci 7#e7 ,dyeing on ,tannic ,mordant #adg 7#f7 ,dyeing on ,metallic ,mordants #aef 7#g7 ,production of ,colour ,direct upon ,cotton ,fibres #aha 7#h7 ,dyeing ,cotton by ,impregnation with ,dye-stuff ,solution #aih ,,chapter ,v4 ,,dyeing ,,union 7,,mixed ,,cotton ,,and ,,wool7 ,,fabrics #bjh ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,dyeing ,,half ,,silk 7,,cotton-,,silk1 ,,satin7 ,,fabrics #bbe ,method of ,dyeing #bbe ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,operations ,,following ,,dyeing #bci ,washing1 ,soaping1 ,drying #bci ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,testing ,,of ,,the ,,colour ,,of ,,dyed ,,fabrics #beg ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,experimental ,,dyeing ,,and ,,comparative ,,dye ,,testing #bfb ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,cotton ,fibre #e #a;,a4 ,cross-section of ,cotton ,fibre #e #b4 ,mercerised ,cotton ,fibre #g #b;,a4 ,cross-section of ,mercerised ,cotton ,fibre #g #c4 ,silkified ,cotton ,fibre #i #c;,a4 ,cross-section of ,silkified ,cotton ,fibre #i #d4 ,mather ,platt's ,low-pressure ,bleaching ,kier #ca #e4 ,mather ,platt's ,yarn-bleaching ,kier #di #f4 ,rectangular ,dye-tank #ed #g4 ,round ,dye-tub #ed #h4 ,section of ,dye-vat #ef #i4 ,delahunty's ,dyeing ,machine #eh #aj4 ,obermaier ,dyeing ,machine #ei #aa4 ,holliday's ,yarn-dyeing ,machine #fj #ab4 ,klauder-,weldon ,dyeing ,machine #fb #ac4 ,graemiger ,cop-dyeing ,machine #fe #ad4 ,graemiger ,cop-dyeing ,machine #ff #ae4 ,beaumont's ,cop-dyeing ,machine #fg #af4 ,warp-dyeing ,machine #gj #ag4 ,warp-dyeing ,machine #ga #ah4 ,dye-jiggers #gb #ai4 ,dye-jigger #gc #bj4 ,jig ,wince #ge #ba4 ,cloth-dyeing ,machine #gf #bb4 ,dye ,beck #gg #bc4 ,holliday's ,machine for ,hawking ,cloth #gh #bd4 ,continuous ,dyeing ,machine #gi #be4 ,padding ,machine #hj #bf4 ,padding ,machine #ha #bg4 ,dye-tub for ,paranitroaniline ,red #aia #bh4 ,padding ,machine for ,paranitroaniline ,red #aib #bi4 ,developing ,machine for ,paranitroaniline ,red #aid #cj4 ,indigo ,dye-vat for ,cloth #aii #ca4 ,squeezing ,rollers #bdj #cb4 ,yarn-washing ,machine #bdc #cc4 ,dye-house ,washing ,machine #bdd #cd4 ,cloth-washing ,machine #bde #ce4 ,cloth-washing ,machine #bdg #cf4 ,washing and ,soaping ,vats #bdh #cg4 ,steaming ,cottage #bdi #ch4 ,steaming and ,ageing ,chamber #bej #ci4 ,hydro-extractor #bea #dj4 ,hydro-extractor #beb #da4 ,automatic ,yarn-dryer #bec #db4 ,truck ,yarn-dryer #bed #dc4 ,drying ,cylinders #bee #dd4 ,experimental ,dye-bath #bfc ,,chapter ,i4 ,,structure ,,and ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,cotton ,,fibre4 ,there is scarcely any subject of so much importance to the bleacher1 textile colourist or textile manufacturer as the structure and chemistry of the cotton fibre with which he has to deal4 ,by the term chemistry we mean not only the composition of the fibre substance itself1 but also the reactions it is capable of undergoing when brought into contact with various chemical substances--acids1 alkalies1 salts1 etc4 ,these reactions have a very important bearing on the operations of bleaching and dyeing of cotton fabrics4 ,a few words on vegetable textile fibres in general may be of interest4 ,fibres are met with in connection with plants in three ways4 ,first1 as cuticle or ciliary fibres or hairs2 these are of no practical use1 being much too short for preparing textile fabrics from1 but they play an important part in the physiology of the plant4 ,second1 as seed hairs2 that is fibres that are attached to the seeds of many plants1 such1 for instance1 as the common thistle and dandelion2 the cotton fibre belongs to this group of seed hairs1 while there are others1 kapok1 etc41 that have been tried from time to time in spinning and weaving1 but without much success4 ,these seed hairs vary much in length1 from #a_/d inch to #a-a_/b inches or even #b inches2 each fibre consists of a single unit4 ,whether it is serviceable as a textile fibre depends upon its structure1 which differs in different plants1 and also upon the quantity available4 ,the third class of fibre1 which is by far the most numerous1 consists of those found lying between the bark or outer cuticle and the true woody tissues of the plant4 ,this portion is known as the bast1 and hence these fibres are known as bast fibres4 ,they are noticeable on account of the great length of the fibres1 in some cases upwards of #f feet1 which can be obtained2 but it should be pointed out that these long fibres are not the unit fibres1 but are really bundles of the ultimate fibres aggregated together to form one long fibre1 as found in and obtained from the plant4 ,thus the ultimate fibres of jute are really very short--from #a_/aj to #a_/h of an inch in length2 those of flax are somewhat longer4 ,jute1 flax1 ,china grass and hemp are common fibres which are derived from the bast of the plants4 ,there is an important point of difference between seed fibres and bast fibres1 that is in the degree of purity4 ,while the seed fibres are fairly free from impurities--cotton rarely containing more than #e per cent4--the bast fibres contain a large proportion of impurity1 from #be to #cj per cent4 as they are first obtained from the plant1 and this large quantity has much influence on the extent and character of the treatments to which they are subjected4 ,as regards the structure of the fibres1 it will be sufficient to say that while seed hairs are cylindrical and tubular and have thin walls1 bast fibres are more or less polygonal in form and are not essentially tubular1 having thick walls and small central canals4 ,the ,cotton ,fibre4--,the seed hairs of the cotton plant are separated from the seeds by the process of ginning1 and they then pass into commerce as raw cotton4 ,in this condition the fibre is found to consist of the actual fibrous substance itself1 containing1 however1 about #h per cent4 of hygroscopic or natural moisture1 and #e per cent4 of impurities of various kinds1 which vary in amount and in kind in various descriptions of cotton4 ,in the process of manufacture into cotton cloths1 and as the material passes through the operations of bleaching1 dyeing or printing1 the impurities are eliminated4 ,impurities of the ,cotton ,fibre4--,dr4 ,e4 ,schunck made an investigation many years ago into the character of the impurities1 and found them to consist of the following substances3-- ,cotton ,wax4--,this substance bears a close resemblance to carnauba wax4 ,it is lighter than water1 has a waxy lustre1 is somewhat translucent1 is easily powdered1 and melts below the boiling point of water4 ,it is insoluble in water1 but dissolves in alcohol and in ether4 ,when boiled with weak caustic soda it melts but is not dissolved by the alkali2 it can1 however1 be dissolved by boiling with alcoholic caustic potash4 ,this wax is found fairly uniformly distributed over the surface of the cotton fibre1 and it is due to this fact that raw cotton is wetted by water only with difficulty4 ,fatty ,acids4--,a solid1 fatty acid1 melting at #ee ,c4 is also present in cotton4 ,probably stearic acid is the main constituent of this fatty acid4 ,colouring ,matter4--,two brown colouring matters1 both containing nitrogen1 can be obtained from raw cotton4 ,one of these is readily soluble in alcohol1 the other only sparingly so4 ,the presence in relatively large quantities of these bodies accounts for the brown colour of ,egyptian and some other dark-coloured varieties of cotton4 ,pectic ,acid4--,this is the chief impurity found in raw cotton4 ,it can be obtained in the form of an amorphous substance of a light yellow colour1 not unlike gum in appearance4 ,it is soluble in boiling water1 and the solution has a faint acid reaction4 ,acids and many metallic salts1 such as mercury1 chloride and lead acetate1 precipitate pectic acid from its solutions4 ,alkalies combine with it1 and these compounds form brown substances1 are but sparingly soluble in water1 and many of them can be precipitated out by addition of neutral salts1 like sodium and ammonium chlorides4 ,albumens4--,a small quantity of albuminous matter is found among the impurities of cotton4 ,structure of the ,cotton ,fibre4--,the cotton fibre varies in length from #a to #b inches1 not only in fibres of the same class but also in fibres from different localities--,indian fibres varying from #j4h in the shortest to #a4d in the longest stapled varieties2 ,egyptian cotton fibres range from #a4a to #a4f inches long2 ,american cotton ranges from #j4h in the shortest to #b inches in the longest fibres4 ,the diameter is about #a_/abfj of an inch4 ,when seen under the microscope fully ripe cotton presents the appearance of irregularly twisted ribbons1 with thick rounded edges4 ,the thickest part is the root end1 or point of attachment to the seed4 ,the free end terminates in a point4 ,the diameter is fairly uniform through #c_/d to #g_/h of its length1 the rest is taper4 ,in ,fig4 #a is given some illustrations of the cotton fibre1 showing this twisted and ribbon-like structure1 while in ,fig4 #a;,a is given some transverse sections of the fibre4 ,these show that it is a collapsed cylinder1 the walls being of considerable thickness when compared with the internal bore or canal4 ,perfectly developed1 well-formed cotton fibres always present this appearance4 ,but all commercial cottons contain more or less of fibres which are not perfectly developed or are unripe4 ,these are known as dead fibres2 they do not spin well and they do not dye well4 ,on examination under the microscope it is seen that these fibres have not the flattened1 twisted appearance of the ripe fibres1 but are flatter1 and the central canal is almost obliterated and the fibres are but little twisted4 ,dead fibres are thin1 brittle and weak4 ,composition of the ,cotton ,fibres4--,of all the vegetable textile fibres cotton is found to have the simplest chemical composition and to be1 as it were1 the type substance of all such fibres1 the others differing from it in several respects4 ,when stripped of the comparatively small quantities of impurities1 cotton is found to consist of a substance to which the name of cellulose has been given4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,cotton ,fibre4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a;,a4 ,cellulose is a compound of the three elements1 carbon1 hydrogen and oxygen1 in the proportions shown in the following analysis3-- ,carbon1 #dd4b per cent41 ,hydrogen1 #f4c per cent41 ,oxygen1 #di4e per cent41 which corresponds to the empirical formula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 which shows it to belong to the group of carbo-hydrates1 that is1 bodies which contain the hydrogen and oxygen present in them in the proportion in which they are present in water1 namely ,h#b,o4 ,cellulose may be obtained in a pure condition from cotton by treatment with alkalies1 followed by washing1 and by treatment with alkaline hypochlorites1 acids1 washing and1 finally1 drying4 ,as thus obtained it is a white substance having the form of the fibre from which it is procured1 showing a slight lustre1 and is slightly translucent4 ,the specific gravity is #a4e1 it being heavier than water4 ,it is characterised by being very inert1 a property of considerable value from a technical point of view1 as enabling the fibres to stand the various operations of bleaching1 dyeing1 printing1 finishing1 etc4 ,nevertheless1 by suitable means1 cellulose can be made to undergo various chemical decompositions which will be noted in some detail4 ,cellulose on exposure to the air will absorb moisture or water4 ,this is known as hygroscopic moisture1 or water of condition4 ,the amount in cotton is about #h per cent41 and it has a very important bearing on the spinning properties of the fibre1 as it makes the fibre soft and elastic1 while absolutely dry cotton fibre is stiff1 brittle and non-elastic2 hence it is easier to spin and weave cotton in moist climates or weather than in dry climates or weather4 ,cotton cellulose is insoluble in all ordinary solvents1 such as water1 ether1 alcohol1 chloroform1 benzene1 etc41 and these agents have no influence in any way on the material1 but it is soluble in some special solvents that will be noted later on4 ,,action ,,of ,,alkalies4 ,the action of alkalies on cellulose or cotton is one of great importance in view of the universal use of alkaline liquors made from soda or caustic soda in the scouring1 bleaching and dyeing of cotton1 while great interest attaches to the use of caustic soda in the mercerising of cotton4 ,dilute solutions of the caustic alkalies1 caustic soda or caustic potash1 of from #b to #g per cent4 strength1 have no action on cellulose or cotton1 in the cold1 even when a prolonged digestion of the fibre with the alkaline solution takes place4 ,caustic alkali solutions of from #a to #b per cent4 strength have little or no action even when used at high temperatures and under considerable pressure--a fact of very great importance from a bleacher's point of view1 as it enables him to subject cotton to a boil in kiers1 with such alkaline solutions at high pressures1 for the purpose of scouring the cotton1 without damaging the fibre itself4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,mercerised ,cotton ,fibre4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b;,a4 ,solutions of caustic soda of greater strength than #c per cent4 tend1 when boiled under pressure1 to convert the cellulose into soluble bodies1 and as much as #bj per cent4 of the fibre may become dissolved under such treatment4 ,the action of strong solutions of caustic soda or caustic potash upon cellulose or cotton is somewhat different4 ,mercer found that solutions containing #aj per cent4 of alkali had a very considerable effect upon the fibre1 causing it to swell up and become gelatinous and transparent in its structure1 each individual cotton fibre losing its ribbon-like appearance1 and assuming a rod-like form1 the central canal being more or less obliterated4 ,this is shown in ,fig4 #b and #b;,a1 where the fibre is shown as a rod and the cross section in ,fig4 #b;,a has no central canal4 ,the action which takes place is as follows3 ,the cellulose enters into a combination with the alkali and there is formed a sodium cellulose1 which has the formula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#eb,na,o,h4 ,this alkali cellulose1 however1 is not a stable body2 by washing with water the alkali is removed1 and hydrated cellulose is obtained1 which has the formula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e;,h#b,o4 ,water removes the whole of the alkali1 but alcohol only removes one half4 ,it has been observed that during the process of washing with water the fibre shrinks very much4 ,this shrinkage is more particularly to be observed in the case of cotton4 ,as ,john ,mercer was the first to point out the action of the alkaline solutions on cotton1 the process has become known as mercerisation4 ,solutions of caustic soda of #a4jjj or #bj ,tw4 in strength have very little mercerising action1 and it is only by prolonged treatment that mercerisation can be effected4 ,it is interesting to observe that the addition of zinc oxide to the caustic solution increases its mercerising powers4 ,solutions of #a4bbe to #a4bge 7that is from #de to #ee ,tw4 in strength7 effect the mercerisation almost immediately in the cold1 and this is the best strength at which to use caustic soda solutions for this purpose4 ,in addition to the change brought about by the shrinking and thickening of the material1 the mercerised fibres are stronger than the untreated fibres1 and at the same time they have a stronger affinity for dyes1 a piece of cloth mercerised taking up three times as much colouring matter as a piece of unmercerised cloth from the same dye-bath4 ,the shrinkage of the cotton1 which takes place during the operation of washing with water1 was for a long time a bar to any practical application of the mercerising process1 but some years ago ,lowe ascertained that by conducting the operation while the cotton was stretched or in a state of tension this shrinkage did not take place2 further1 ,thomas and ,prevost found that the cotton so treated gained a silky lustre1 and it has since been ascertained that this lustre is most highly developed with the long-stapled ,egyptian and ,sea ,island cottons4 ,this mercerising under tension is now applied on a large scale to produce silkified cotton4 ,when viewed under the microscope1 the silkified cotton fibres have the appearance shown in ,fig4 #c1 long rod-like fibres nearly if not quite cylindrical2 the cross section of those fibres has the appearance shown in ,fig4 #c;,a4 ,this structure fully accounts for the silky lustre possessed by the mercerised fibres4 ,silky mercerised cotton has very considerable affinity for dye-stuffs1 taking them up much more readily from dye-baths1 and it is dyed in very brilliant shades4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,silkified ,cotton ,fibre4 ,illustration3 ,,fig #c;,a4 ,in the chapter on ,scouring and ,bleaching of ,cotton1 some reference will be made to the action of alkalies on cotton4 ,,action ,,of ,,acids ,,on ,,cellulose4 ,the action of acids on cellulose is a very varied one1 being dependent upon several factors1 such as the particular acid used1 the strength of the acid1 duration of action1 temperature1 etc4 ,as a rule1 organic acids--for example acetic1 oxalic1 citric1 tartaric--have no action on cellulose or cotton4 ,solutions of sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid of #b per cent4 strength have practically no action in the cold1 and if after immersion the cotton or cellulose be well washed there is no change of any kind4 ,this is important1 as in certain operations of bleaching cotton and other vegetable fibres it is necessary to sour them1 which could not be done if acids acted on them1 but it is important to thoroughly wash the goods afterwards4 ,when the acid solutions are used at the boil they have a disintegrating effect on the cellulose1 the latter being converted into hydrocellulose4 ,when dried1 the cellulose is very brittle and powdery1 which in the case of cotton yarn being so treated would show itself by the yarn becoming tender and rotten4 ,the degree of action varies with the temperature 7the higher this is the stronger the action71 and also according to the strength of the acid solution4 ,thus a #aj per cent4 solution of sulphuric acid used at a temperature of #hj ,c4 begins to act on cotton after about five minutes' immersion1 in half an hour there is a perceptible amount of disintegration1 but the complete conversion of the cotton into hydrocellulose requires one hour's immersion4 ,a dilute acid with #h volumes of water1 used in the cold1 takes three hours' immersion before any action on the cotton becomes evident4 ,,action ,,of ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,on ,,cotton4 ,when cellulose 7cotton7 is immersed in strong sulphuric acid the cotton becomes gradually dissolved2 as the action progresses cellulose sulphates are formed1 and some hydrolytic action takes place1 with the formation of sugar4 ,this fact has long been known1 but only recently has it been shown that dextrose was the variety of sugar which was formed4 ,on diluting the strong acid solution with water there is precipitated out the hydro or oxycelluloses that have been formed1 while the cellulose sulphates are retained in solution4 ,by suitable means the calcium1 barium1 or lead salts of these cellulose-sulphuric acids can be prepared4 ,analysis of them shows that these salts undergo hydrolysis1 and lose half their sulphuric acid4 ,the action of strong sulphuric acid has a practical application in the production of parchment paper2 unsized paper is immersed in strong acid of the proper strength for about a minute1 and then immediately rinsed in water4 ,the acid acts upon the surface of the paper and forms the cellulose-sulphuric acid which remains attached to the surface4 ,on passing into the water this is decomposed1 the acid is washed away1 and the cellulose is deposited in an amorphous form on the paper1 filling up its pores and rendering it waterproof and grease-proof4 ,such papers are now largely used for packing purposes4 ,,action ,,of ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 ,dilute hydrochloric acid of from #a to #b ,tw4 in strength1 used in the cold1 has no action on cellulose4 ,cotton immersed in acids of the strength named and then well washed in water is not materially affected in any way1 which is a feature of some value in connection with the bleaching of cotton1 where the material has to be treated at two points in the process with weak acids4 ,boiling dilute hydrochloric acid of #aj ,tw4 disintegrates cellulose very rapidly4 ,the product is a white very friable powder1 which if viewed under the microscope appears to be fragments of the fibre that has been used to prepare it4 ,the product has the composition ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa1 and is therefore a hydrate of cellulose1 the latter having undergone hydrolysis by taking up the elements of water according to the equation #b;,c#f;,h#aj,o#e ,h#b,o ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,by further digestion with the acid1 the hydrocellulose1 as it is called1 undergoes molecular change1 and is converted into dextrine4 ,in composition hydrocellulose resembles the product formed by the addition of sulphuric acid which has received the name of amyloid4 ,it differs from cellulose in containing free carboxyl1 ,,co1 groups1 while its hydroxyl groups1 ,,ho1 are much more active in their chemical reactions4 ,hydrocellulose is soluble in nitric acid1 #a4e specific gravity1 without undergoing oxidation4 ,nitrates are formed varying in composition4 ,the formation of hydrocellulose has a very important bearing in woollen manufacture4 ,it is practically impossible to obtain wool free from vegetable fibres1 and it is often desirable to separate these vegetable fibres4 ,for this purpose the goods are passed into a bath of hydrochloric acid or of weak sulphuric acid4 ,on drying the acid converts the cotton or vegetable fibre into hydrocellulose which1 being friable or powdery1 can be easily removed1 while the wool not having been acted on by the acid remains quite intact4 ,the process is known as carbonising4 ,it may not only be done by means of the acids named but also by the use of acid salts1 such as aluminium chloride1 which on being heated are decomposed into free acid and basic oxide4 ,for the same reason it is important to avoid the use of these bodies1 aluminium chloride and sulphate1 zinc and magnesium chlorides1 etc41 in the treatment of cotton fabrics2 as in finishing processes1 where the goods are dried afterwards1 there is a great liability to form hydrocellulose with the accompaniment of the tendering of the goods4 ,,action ,,of ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,the action of nitric acid on cellulose is a variable one1 depending on many factors1 strength of acid1 duration of action and temperature4 ,naturally as nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent the action of nitric acid on cellulose is essentially in all cases that of an oxidant1 but the character of the product which is obtained varies very much according to the conditions just noted4 ,when cellulose or cotton in any form is immersed in nitric acid of #a4d to #a4e specific gravity for a moment1 and the fibre be well washed1 there is a formation of hydrate of cellulose which has a gelatinous nature4 ,this is deposited on the rest of the material1 which is not materially affected so far as regards strength and appearance1 but its power of affinity for dyes is materially increased4 ,there is some shrinkage in the size of the cotton or paper acted upon4 ,nitric acid changes all kinds of cellulose into nitro products1 the composition of which depends upon the strength of the acid1 the duration of treatment1 and one or two other factors4 ,the nitrocelluloses are all highly inflammable bodies1 the more highly nitrated burning with explosive force4 ,they are produced commercially and are known as gun cotton or pyroxyline4 ,the most highly nitrated body forms the basis of the explosive variety2 the least highly nitrated forms that of the soluble gun cotton used for making collodion for photographic and other purposes4 ,the products formed by the action of nitric acid are usually considered to be nitrocelluloses4 ,it would appear that they are more correctly described as cellulose-nitrates1 for analysis indicates the presence of the ,,no#c group1 which is characteristic of nitrates1 and not of the ,,no#b group1 which is the feature of nitro bodies in general4 ,further1 nitro compounds1 when subject to the action of reducing agents1 are converted into amido compounds1 as is the case1 for instance1 with nitro-benzene1 ,c#f;,h#e,,no#b1 into aniline1 ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b1 or with nitro-naphthalene1 ,c#aj;,h#g,,no#b1 which changes into naphthylamine1 ,c#aj;,h#g,,nh#b4 ,but the nitric acid derivatives of cellulose are not capable of conversion by reducing agents into similar amido compounds4 ,they have the following properties1 which accord more closely with nitrates than with nitric bodies3 alkalies remove the nitric acid2 cold sulphuric acid expels the nitric acid1 cellulose sulphates being formed2 boiling with ferrous sulphate and hydrochloric acid causes the elimination of the nitric acid as nitric oxide 7on which reaction a method for determining the degree of nitration of gun cotton is based74 ,it is best therefore to consider them as cellulose nitrates4 ,several well-characterised cellulose nitrates have been prepared1 but is an exceedingly difficult matter to obtain any one in a state of purity1 the commercial articles being always mixtures of two or three4 ,those that are best known and of the most importance are the following3-- ,cellulose ,hexa-nitrate1 ,c#f;,h#d,o#e7,,no#c7f4 ,this forms the principal portion of the commercial explosive gun cotton1 and is made when a mixture of strong nitric acid and strong sulphuric acid is allowed to act on cotton at from #ej to #ee ,f4 for twenty-four hours4 ,the longer the action is prolonged1 the more completely is the cotton converted into the nitrate1 with a short duration the finished product contains lower nitrates4 ,this hexa-nitrate is insoluble in ether1 alcohol1 or in a mixture of those solvents1 likewise in glacial acetic acid or in methyl alcohol4 ,cellulose ,penta-nitrate1 ,c#f;,h#e,o#e7,,no#c7e1 is found in explosive gun cotton to a small extent4 ,when gun cotton is dissolved in nitric acid and sulphuric acid is added1 the penta-nitrate is thrown down as a precipitate4 ,it is not soluble in alcohol1 but is so in a mixture of ether and alcohol1 it is also slightly soluble in acetic acid4 ,solutions of caustic potash convert it into the di-nitrate4 ,cellulose ,tetra-nitrate1 ,c#f;,h#f,o#e7,,no#c7d1 and ,cellulose ,tri-nitrate1 ,c#f;,h#g,o#e17,,no#c7c1 form the basis of the pyroxyline or soluble gun cotton of commerce4 ,it has not been found possible to separate them owing to their behaviour to solvents being very similar4 ,these nitrates are obtained by treating cotton with nitric acid for twenty or thirty minutes4 ,they are characterised by being more soluble than the higher nitrates and less inflammable4 ,they are freely soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol1 from which solutions they are precipitated in a gelatinous form on adding chloroform4 ,acetic ether1 methyl alcohol1 acetone and glacial acetic acid1 will also dissolve these nitrates4 ,cellulose ,di-nitrate1 ,c#f;,h#h,o#e7,,no#c7b1 is obtained when cellulose is treated with hot dilute nitric acid1 or when the high nitrates are boiled with solutions of caustic soda or caustic potash4 ,like the last-mentioned nitrates it is soluble in a mixture of alcohol and ether1 in acetic ether1 and in absolute alcohol4 ,the solution of the pyroxyline nitrates in ether and alcohol is known as collodion1 and is used in photography and in medical and surgical work4 ,one of the most interesting applications of the cellulose nitrates is in the production of artificial silk4 ,several processes1 the differences between which are partly chemical and partly mechanical1 have been patented for the production of artificial silk1 those of ,lehner and of ,chardonnet being of most importance4 ,they all depend upon the fact that when a solution of cellulose nitrate is forced through a fine aperture or tube1 the solvent evaporates almost immediately1 leaving a gelatinous thread of the cellulose nitrate which is very tough and elastic1 and possesses a brilliant lustre4 ,chardonnet dissolves the cellulose nitrate in a mixture of alcohol and ether1 and the solution is forced through fine capillary tubes into hot water1 when the solvents immediately evaporate1 leaving the cellulose nitrate in the form of very fine fibre1 which by suitable machinery is drawn away as fast as it is formed4 ,lehner's process is very similar to that of ,chardonnet4 ,lehner uses a solution of cellulose nitrate in ether and alcohol1 and adds a small quantity of sulphuric acid2 by the adoption of the latter ingredient he is able to use a stronger solution of cellulose nitrate1 #aj to #ae per cent41 than would otherwise be possible1 and thereby obtains a stronger thread which resists the process of drawing much better than is the case when only a weak solution in alcohol and ether is employed4 ,by subsequent treatment the fibre can be denitrated and so rendered less inflammable4 ,the denitrated fibres thus prepared very closely resemble silk in their lustre2 they are not quite so soft and supple1 nor are they in any way so strong as ordinary silk fibre of the same diameter4 ,artificial silk can be dyed in the same manner as ordinary silk4 ,,action ,,of ,,oxidising ,,agents ,,on ,,cellulose ,,or ,,cotton ,cellulose resists fairly well the action of weak oxidising agents2 still too prolonged an action of weak oxidising agents has some influence upon the cotton fibre1 and it may be worth while to point out the action of some bodies having an oxidising effect4 ,nitric acid of about #a4ae specific gravity has little action in the cold1 and only slowly on it when heated4 ,the action is one of oxidation1 the cellulose being transformed into a substance known as oxycellulose4 ,this oxycellulose is white and flocculent4 ,it tends to form gelatinous hydrates with water1 and has a composition corresponding to the formula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#f4 ,it is soluble in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids1 and on diluting this solution with water a tri-nitrate precipitates out4 ,a weak solution of soda dissolves this oxycellulose with a yellow colour1 while strong sulphuric acid forms a pink colouration4 ,it is important to note that nitric acid of the strength given does not convert all the cellulose into oxycellulose1 but there are formed also carbonic and oxalic acids4 ,when cotton is passed into strong solutions of bleaching powder and of alkaline hypochlorites and then dried1 it is found to be tendered very considerably4 ,this effect of bleaching powder was first observed some thirteen years ago by ,george ,witz1 who ascribed the tendering of the cotton to the formation of an oxycellulose4 ,although the composition of this particular oxycellulose so formed has not yet been ascertained1 there is reason to think that it differs somewhat from the oxycellulose formed by the action of the weak nitric acid4 ,a notable property of the oxycellulose now under consideration is its affinity for the basic coal-tar dyes1 which it will absorb directly4 ,the oxycellulose is soluble in alkaline solutions4 ,in the ordinary bleaching process there is considerable risk of the formation of oxycellulose by the employment of the bleaching solutions of too great a strength1 or in allowing the goods to lie too long before the final washing off4 ,the presence of any oxycellulose in bleached cotton may be readily determined by immersing it in a weak solution of ,methylene blue1 when1 if there be any oxycellulose present1 the fibre will take up some of the dye-stuff4 ,permanganate of potash is a very powerful oxidising agent4 ,on cellulose neutral solutions have but little action1 either in the cold or when heated4 ,they may1 therefore1 be used for the bleaching of cotton or other cellulose fibres4 ,alkaline solutions of permanganate convert the cellulose into oxycellulose1 which resembles the oxycellulose obtained by the action of the nitric acid4 ,chromic acid1 when used in the form of a solution1 has but little action on cellulose4 ,in the presence of mineral acids1 and used warm or boiling1 chromic acid oxidises cellulose into oxycellulose and other products4 ,it is therefore always advisable in carrying out any technical process connected with cotton which involves its treatment with oxidising agents of any kind1 and where it is desired not to alter the cotton1 to allow these actions to be as short as possible4 ,dyes and ,cotton ,dyeing4--,an account of the chemistry of the cotton fibre would not be complete unless something is said about the reactions involved in the processes of dyeing and printing cotton4 ,this is a most interesting subject and opens up quite a number of problems relating to the combination of the fibre with colouring matter of various kinds1 but here only a brief outline of the principles that present themselves in considering the behaviour of the cotton fibre as regards colouring matter will be given4 ,when the question is considered from a broad point of view1 and having regard to the various affinities of the dyes for cotton2 we notice 7#a7 that there is a large number of dye-stuffs--the ,benzo1 ,congo1 ,diamine1 ,titan1 ,mikado1 etc41 dyes--that will dye the cotton from a plain bath or from a bath containing salt1 sodium sulphate1 borax or similar salts2 7#b7 that there are dyes which1 like ,magenta1 ,safranine1 ,auramine and ,methyl violet1 will not dye the cotton fibre direct1 but require it to be mordanted or prepared with tannic acid2 7#c7 that there are some dyes or rather colouring matters which1 like ,alizarine1 ,nitroso-resorcine1 barwood1 logwood1 etc41 require alumina1 chrome and iron mordants2 7#d7 that there are some dyes which1 like the azo scarlet and azo colours in general1 cannot be used in cotton dyeing2 7#e7 that there are a few dyes1 i4e41 indigo1 which do not come under this grouping4 ,from the results of recent investigations into the chemistry of dyeing it is now considered that for perfect dyeing to take place there must be formed on the fibre a combination which is called a colour lake1 which consists of at least two constituents2 one of these is the dye-stuff or the colouring matter itself1 the other being either the fibre or a mordant1 if such has to be used4 ,the question of the formation of colour lakes is one connected with the molecular constitution of the colouring matter1 but much yet remains to be done before the proper functions and mode of action of the various groups or radicles in the dye-stuffs can be definitely stated4 ,while the constitution of the dye-stuff is of importance1 that of the substance being dyed is also a factor in the question of the conditions under which it is applied4 ,in dealing with the first of the above groups of dyes1 the direct dyes1 the colourist is somewhat at a loss to explain in what manner the combination with the cotton fibre is brought about4 ,the affinity of cellulose for dyes appears to be so small and its chemical activities so weak1 that to assume the existence of a reaction between the dye-stuff and the fibre1 tending to the formation of a colour lake1 seems to be untenable4 ,then1 again1 the chemical composition and constitution of the dyes of this group are so varied that an explanation which would hold good for one might not do so for another4 ,the relative fastness of the dyes against washing and soaping precludes the idea of a merely mechanical absorption of the dye by the fibre2 on the other hand the great difference in the fastness to soaping and light between the same dyes on cotton and wool would show that there has not been a true formation of colour lake4 ,the dyeing of cotton with the second group of dyes is more easily explained4 ,the cotton fibre has some affinity for the tannic acid used in preparing it and absorbs it from the mordanting bath4 ,the tannic acid has the property of combining with the basic constituents of these dyes and forms a true colour lake1 which is firmly fixed on the fibre4 ,the colour lake can be formed independently of the fibre by bringing the tannic acid and the dye into contact with one another4 ,in the case of the dyes of the third group1 the formation of a colour lake between the metallic oxide and the colouring matter can be readily demonstrated4 ,in dyeing with these colours the cotton is first of all impregnated with the mordanting oxide1 and afterwards placed in the dye-bath1 the mordant already fixed on the fibre then reacts with the dye1 and absorbs it1 thus dyeing the cotton4 ,to some extent the dyeing of cotton with the basic dyes of the second group and the mordant dyes of the third group is almost a mechanical one1 the cotton fibre taking no part in it from a chemical point of view1 but simply playing the part of a base or foundation on which the colour lake may be formed4 ,in the case of the dyes of the fourth group1 there being no chemical affinity of the cotton known for them1 these dyes cannot be used in a successful manner2 cotton will1 if immersed in a bath containing them1 more or less mechanically take up some of the colour from the liquor1 but such colour can be almost completely washed out again1 hence these dyes are not used in cotton dyeing1 although many attempts have been made to render them available4 ,indigo is a dye-stuff that stands by itself4 ,its combination with the cotton fibre is chiefly of a physical rather than a chemical nature2 it does not form colour lakes in the same way as ,alizarine and ,magenta do4 ,cellulose can be dissolved by certain metallic solutions and preparations3-- 7#a7 ,zinc ,chloride4--,when cotton or other form of cellulose is heated with a strong solution1 #dj to #ej per cent41 it slowly dissolves to a syrupy liquid4 ,on diluting this liquid with water the cellulose is thrown down in a gelatinous form1 but more or less hydrated1 and containing some zinc oxide1 #ah to #be per cent41 in combination4 7#b7 ,zinc ,chloride and ,hydrochloric ,acid4--,when zinc chloride is dissolved in hydrochloric acid a liquid is obtained which dissolves cellulose2 on dilution the cellulose is re-precipitated in a hydrated form4 ,it is worth noting that the solution is not a stable one3 on keeping1 the cellulose changes its character and undergoes hydrolysis to a greater or less extent4 7#c7 ,ammoniacal ,copper4--,when ammonia is added to a solution of copper sulphate1 there is formed at first a pale blue precipitate of copper hydroxide1 which on adding excess of ammonia dissolves to a deep blue solution--a reaction highly characteristic of copper4 ,the ammoniacal copper solution thus prepared has1 as was first observed by ,john ,mercer1 the property of dissolving cellulose fairly rapidly1 even in the cold4 ,if instead of preparing the ammoniacal copper solution in the manner indicated above1 which results in its containing a neutral ammonium salt1 the copper hydroxide be prepared separately and then dissolved in ammonia a solution is obtained which is stronger in its action4 ,the cupra-ammonium solutions of cellulose are by no means stable but change on keeping4 ,when freshly prepared1 the cellulose may be precipitated from them almost unchanged by the addition of such bodies as alcohol1 sugar and solutions of neutral alkaline salts4 ,on keeping the cellulose undergoes more or less hydrolysis or even oxidation1 for it has been observed that oxycellulose is formed on prolonged digestion of cellulose with cupra-ammonium solutions1 while there is formed a fairly large proportion of a nitrite4 ,on adding lead acetate to the cupra-ammonium solution of cellulose1 a compound of lead oxide and cellulose of somewhat variable composition is precipitated4 ,it is of interest also to note that on adding metallic zinc to the cupra-ammonium solution the copper is thrown out and a solution containing zinc is obtained4 ,this action of cupra-ammonium solutions on cellulose has been made the basis for the production of the ,willesden waterproof cloths4 ,cotton cloths or paper are passed through these solutions of various degrees of strength according to requirements1 they are then passed through rollers which causes the surface to become more compact4 ,there is formed on the surface of the goods a deposit of a gelatinous nature which makes the surface more compact1 and the fabric becomes waterproof in character while the copper imparts to them a green colour and acts as a preservative4 ,the ,willesden fabrics have been found very useful for a variety of purposes4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,scouring ,,and ,,bleaching ,,of ,,cotton4 ,preparatory to the actual dyeing operations1 it is necessary to treat cotton in any condition--loose cotton1 yarn1 or piece--so that the dyeing shall be properly done4 ,raw cotton contains many impurities1 mechanical and otherwise2 cotton yarns accumulate dirt and impurities of various kinds during the various spinning operations1 while in weaving a piece of cotton cloth it is practically impossible to keep it clean and free from dirt1 etc4 ,before the cotton can be dyed a perfectly level and uniform shade1 free from dark spots or light patches1 these impurities must be removed1 and therefore the cotton is subjected to various scouring or cleansing operations with the object of effecting this end4 ,then again cotton naturally1 especially ,egyptian cotton1 contains a small quantity of a brown colouring matter1 and this would interfere with the purity of any pale tints of blue1 rose1 yellow1 green1 etc41 which may be dyed on the cotton1 and so it becomes necessary to remove this colour and render the cotton quite bright4 ,this is commonly called bleaching4 ,it is these preparatory processes that will be dealt with in this chapter4 ,scouring ,cotton4--,when dark shades--blacks1 browns1 olives1 sages1 greens1 etc41 are to be dyed it is not needful to subject the cotton to a bleaching operation1 but simply to a scouring by boiling it with soda or caustic soda4 ,this is very often-carried out in the same machine as the goods will be dyed in2 thus1 for instance1 in the case of pieces1 they would be charged in a jigger1 this would be filled with a liquor made from soda or from caustic soda1 and the pieces run from end to end1 while the liquor is being heated to the boil--usually half to three-quarters of an hour is sufficient4 ,then the alkali liquor is run out1 clean water run into the jigger and the pieces washed1 after which the dyes1 etc41 are run into the jigger and the dyeing done4 ,there is usually used #b lb4 to #c lb4 of caustic soda1 or #c lb4 to #d lb4 of soda for each #ajj lb4 of goods so treated4 ,if the ordinary dyeing machines are not used for this purpose1 then the ordinary bleachers' kiers may be used4 ,these will be described presently4 ,bleaching of ,cotton4--,cotton is bleached in the form of yarn1 or in the finished pieces4 ,in the latter case the method depends very largely on the nature of the fabric2 it is obvious that fine fabrics1 like muslins or lace curtains1 cannot stand the same rough treatment as a piece of twilled calico will4 ,then1 again1 the bleaching process is varied according to what is going to be done with the goods after they are bleached2 sometimes they are sent out as they leave the bleach-house2 again1 they may have to be dyed or printed4 ,in the first case the bleach need not be of such a perfect character as in the last case1 which again must be more perfect than the second class of bleach4 ,there may be recognised3-- 7#a7 ,market or white bleach4 7#b7 ,dyers or printers' bleach4 7#c7 ,madder bleach4 ,as the madder bleach is by far the most perfect of the three1 and practically includes the others1 this will be described in detail1 and differences between it and the others will be then pointed out4 ,a piece is subjected to the madder bleach which has afterwards to be printed with madder or alizarine4 ,usually in this kind of work the cloths are printed with mordant colours1 and then dyed in a bath of the dye-stuff4 ,this stains the whole of the piece1 and to rid the cloth of the stain where it has to be left white1 it is subjected to a soap bath4 ,now1 unless the bleach has been thorough1 the whites will be more or less stained permanently1 and to avoid this cloths which are to be printed with alizarine colours are most thoroughly bleached4 ,the madder bleach of the present day generally includes the following series of operations3-- 7#a7 ,stitching4 7#b7 ,singeing4 7#c7 ,singeing wash4 7#d7 ,lime boil4 7#e7 ,lime sour4 7#f7 ,lye boil4 7#g7 ,resin boil4 7#h7 ,wash4 7#i7 ,chemicing4 7#aj7 ,white sour4 7#a7 ,stitching4--,the pieces are fastened together by stitching into one long rope1 which is passed in a continuous manner through all operations in which such a proceeding is possible4 ,this stitching is done by machines1 the simplest of which is the donkey machine1 whereby the ends of the pieces1 which are to be stitched together1 are forced by a pair of cogwheels working together on to the needle carrying a piece of thread1 this is then pulled through and forms a running stitch1 a considerable length of thread being left on each side so as to prevent as far as possible the pulling asunder of the pieces by an accidental drawing out of the thread4 ,birch's sewing machine is very largely used in bleach works4 ,it consists essentially of a ,wilcox ,gibb machine fitted on a stand so as to be driven by power4 ,the pieces are carried under the needle by a large wheel1 the periphery of which contains a number of projecting pins that1 engaging in the cloth1 carry it along4 ,there is also a contrivance by which these pieces to be sewn can be kept stretched1 this takes the form of an arm with clips at the end1 which hold one end of the cloth while it is running through the machine4 ,the clip arrangement is automatic1 and just before the end passes under the needle it is released1 and the arm flies back ready for the next piece2 it is1 however1 not necessary to use this arm always4 ,this machine gives a chain stitch sufficiently firm to resist a pull in the direction of the length of the pieces1 but giving readily to a pull at the end of the thread4 ,the ,rayer ,lincoln machine is an ,american invention1 and is much more complicated than ,birch's4 ,it consists of a sewing machine mounted on the periphery of a large revolving wheel4 ,this carries a number of pins1 which1 engaging in the cloth to be stitched1 carry it under the needle of the machine4 ,besides sewing the pieces together this machine is fitted with a pair of revolving cutters which trim the ends of the pieces as they pass through in a neat clean manner4 ,there is also an arrangement to mark the pieces as they are being stitched4 ,like ,birch's it produces a chain stitch4 ,what is important in sewing the ends of pieces together is to get a firm uniform stitch that lies level with the cloths without any knots projecting1 which would catch in the bleaching machinery during the processes of bleaching1 and this might lead to much damage being done4 ,should it be necessary to mark the pieces so that they can be recognised after bleaching1 the best thing to use is printers' ink4 ,gas tar is also much used1 and is very good for the purpose4 ,coloured inks do not resist the bleaching sufficiently well to be used satisfactory4 ,vermilion and ,indian red are used for reds1 yellow ochre is the fastest of the yellows1 there is no blue which will stand the process1 and ,guignet's green is the only green that will at all resist the process1 umber will serve for brown4 ,all these colours are used in the form of printing ink4 ,the next operation is a very important one1 which cannot be too carefully carried out1 that is3-- 7#b7 ,singeing4--,for printing bleaches the cloths are singed4 ,this has for its object the removal from the surface of the cloth of the fine fibres with which it is covered1 and which would1 if allowed to remain1 prevent the designs printed on from coming out with sufficient clearness1 giving them a blurred appearance4 ,singeing is done in various ways1 by passing the cloth over a red-hot copper plate1 or over a red-hot revolving copper cylinder1 or through a coke flame1 or through gas flames1 and more recently over a rod of platinum made red hot by electricity4 ,plate singeing is the oldest of these methods and is still largely used4 ,in this method a semi-cylindrical copper plate is heated in a suitable furnace to a bright red heat1 the cloths are rapidly passed over it1 and the loose fibres thereby burnt off4 ,one great trouble is to keep the plate at one uniform heat over the whole of its surface1 some parts will get hotter than others1 and it is only by careful attention to the firing of the furnace that this can be obtained4 ,to get over these difficulties ,worral introduced a roller singeing machine in which the plate was replaced by a revolving copper roller1 heated by a suitable furnace2 the roller can be kept at a more uniform temperature than the plate4 ,the singe obtained by the plate and roller is good1 the principal fault being that if the cloths happen to get pressed down too much on the hot plate the loose ends are not burnt off as they should be4 ,with both plate and roller the cloths are singed only on one side1 and if both sides require to be singed a second passage is necessary4 ,both systems still retain their hold as the principal methods in use1 notwithstanding the introduction of more modern methods4 ,singeing by passing the cloths over a row of ,bunsen burners has come largely into use4 ,this has the great advantage of being very cleanly1 and of doing the work very effectually1 much more thoroughly than any other method1 which is due to the fact that while in the methods described above only the loose fibres on the surface are burnt off2 with gas all the loose fibres are burnt off4 ,this is brought about by the gas flame passing straight through the cloth4 ,it is not necessary to describe the gas singeing machine in detail4 ,singeing machines should be kept scrupulously clean and free from fluff1 which is liable to collect round them1 and very liable to fire4 ,some machines are fitted with a flue having a powerful draught which carries off this fluff1 away from any source of danger4 7#c7 ,singeing ,wash4--,after being singed the cloths are run through a washing machine to remove by water as much of the loose charred fibres as possible4 ,the construction of a washing machine is well known4 ,it consists of a pair of large wooden rollers set above a trough containing water and into which a constant stream of water flows4 ,in the trough is also fixed another wooden roller and the pieces are passed round this bottom roller and between the top rollers4 ,the cloth is passed through and round the rollers several times in a spiral form so that it passes through the water in the trough frequently1 which is a great advantage1 as the wash is thus much more effectual4 ,the pressure between the two top rollers presses out any surplus water4 ,the operation scarcely needs any further description4 7#d7 ,lime ,boil4--,after the cloth leaves the singeing or grey wash1 as it is often called1 it passes through the liming machine1 which is made very similar to the washing machine4 ,in this it passes through milk of lime1 which should be made from freshly slaked lime4 ,the latter maybe prepared in a pasty form in a stone cistern4 ,the lime used should be of good quality1 free from stones1 badly burnt pieces or any other insoluble material1 so that when slaked it should give a fine smooth pasty mass4 ,lime should not be slaked too long before using1 as it absorbs carbonic acid from the atmosphere1 whereby carbonate of lime is formed1 and this is useless for liming cloth4 ,the pasty slaked lime may be mixed with water to form the milk of lime1 and this can be run from the cistern in which it is prepared into the liming machine as it is required2 the supply pipe should be run into the bottom of the trough of the liming machine and not over the top1 in which latter case it may splash on to the cloths and lead to overliming1 which is not to be desired on account of its liability to rot the cloth4 ,the amount of lime used varies in different bleachworks1 and there is no rule on the subject2 about #e lb4 to #g lb4 of dry lime to #ajj lb4 of cloth may be taken as a fair quantity to use4 ,the lime boil has for its object the removal or rather the saponification of the resinous and fatty matters present in the grey cloth1 either naturally or which have been added in the process of weaving1 or have got upon the cloth accidentally during the processes of spinning and weaving4 ,with these bodies the lime forms insoluble lime soaps2 these remain in the cloth1 but in a form easily decomposable and removable by treatment with acids and washing4 ,soda or potash is not nearly so good for this first boiling as lime--for what reason is somewhat uncertain1 but probably because they form with the grease in the cloths soluble soaps1 which might float about the kier and accumulate in places where they are not required and thus lead to stains1 whereas the insoluble lime soap remains where it was formed4 ,the lime also seems to attack the natural colouring matter of the cotton1 and although the colour of the limed cloth is darker than before boiling1 yet the nature of the colour is so altered that it is more easily removed in the after processes4 ,besides these changes the starchy matters put into the cloth in the sizing are dissolved away4 ,great care should be taken to see that the goods are evenly laid in the kiers1 not too tight1 or the liquor will not penetrate properly2 and not too slack1 or they will float about and get entangled and more or less damaged4 ,then again care should be taken1 especially when using low-pressure kiers1 to see that the supply of liquor does not get too low1 in which case the goods in the upper part of the kier are liable to get dry and are tendered thereby4 ,so long as the goods in the kiers are not allowed to get dry there is no risk of damage2 this trouble rarely arises with the ,barlow and injector kiers4 ,the inside of the kiers should be kept well limed1 so that the goods shall not come in contact with the bare iron or metal of which the kier is constructed1 as this would be very likely to lead to stains being produced which are by no means easy to remove4 ,it is usual1 and it is a good plan with almost all kinds of kiers1 except the ,mather and ,edmeston kiers1 to put a number of large pebbles or small stones at the bottom of the kier1 which serves to make a false bottom on which the goods rest and through which the liquor penetrates and flows away4 ,before using1 the stones should be well washed to free them from dirt and grit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,mather ,platt's ,low-pressure ,bleaching ,kier4 ,the lime boil is carried out in what are called kiers4 ,many forms of kiers have been devised1 but the one in most general use is that known as the injector kier1 of which a drawing is given in ,fig4 #d1 of the form made by ,messrs4 ,mather ,platt of ,salford4 ,injector kiers are made to work either under a pressure of #dj lb4 to #ej lb4 of steam per square inch1 when they are called high-pressure kiers1 or at a pressure of #ae lb4 to #bj lb41 when they are called low-pressure kiers4 ,the one shown in the drawing is intended for low-pressure kiers4 ,the principle of construction is the same in all1 the details varying somewhat with different makers4 ,injector kiers consist of a hollow1 upright iron cylinder made of plates riveted together2 the top is made to lift off1 but can be fastened down tightly by means of bolts and nuts as shown in the drawing4 ,from the bottom1 and placed centrally1 rises a pipe1 known as the puffer pipe2 this terminates at the top in a rose arrangement4 ,the lower end of the pipe is perforated4 ,a jet of steam is sent in at the bottom of this pipe1 and by its force any liquor at the bottom of the kier is forced up the puffer pipe and distributed in a spray over any goods which may be in the kier4 ,the liquor ultimately finds its way to the bottom of the kier ready to be blown up again4 ,this circulation of the liquor can be maintained for any length of time and through its agency every part of the goods gets thorough and effectual treatment4 ,the length of the boil depends upon the kiers2 with the open kier about ten hours are usually given1 with the ,barlow and injector kiers1 working at a pressure of #dj lb4 to #ej lb41 six to seven hours are given4 7#e7 ,lime or ,grey ,sour4--,after the lime boil1 the next operation is that of the lime sour or grey sour as it is often called to distinguish it from a subsequent souring4 ,the souring is done in a machine constructed in the same way as a washing machine2 the trough of the machine is filled with hydrochloric acid at #b ,tw41 which is kept ready prepared in a stone cistern and run into the machine as required 7it is not advisable to use acid stronger than this74 ,after passing through the sour the goods are piled in a heap on the stillage for a few hours4 ,the acid attacks the lime soap which was formed during the lime boil1 decomposes it and dissolves out the lime with the formation of calcium chloride1 while the fat of the soap is liberated1 the former is washed away in the subsequent washing1 while the latter remains to a large extent on the goods1 and is removed by the lye boil that follows4 ,sulphuric acid is not so satisfactory to use for the lime sour as hydrochloric acid1 because it forms with the lime the insoluble sulphate of calcium1 which is difficult to entirely remove from the goods1 whereas the chloride is very soluble and is entirely eliminated from the goods by the washing that follows4 ,it is advisable to keep the acid at a uniform strength in the machine4 ,the ,twaddell is here of no use as an indicator of the actual strength1 because the lime which the acid dissolves1 while it neutralises and reduces the strength of the acid1 actually raises the ,twaddell1 under which circumstance the only safe method is a chemical test4 ,this can be carried out very simply and with a sufficient degree of accuracy by the workmen1 and if it be done at regular intervals during the souring1 and the supply of the fresh acid be regulated1 the sour will be kept at a more uniform strength and more uniform results will be obtained than if the souring were done in a more empirical fashion4 ,the test is best and most easily done as follows3-- ,prepare a solution of #a oz4 of the powdered high strength #ih per cent4 caustic soda in #a pint of water1 weighing and measuring these quantities very carefully4 ,now take a tall1 narrow1 white bottle of about #e oz4 capacity and make a mark on the neck4 ,fill this bottle with the test solution4 ,now take exactly #e ozs4 of freshly prepared sour of #b ,tw41 pour into a jar1 and add carefully some of the soda-test solution until a piece of cloth dyed with turmeric is turned brown1 when the acid is neutralised4 ,now make a mark on the bottle of soda to show how much has been used4 ,in all subsequent tests of the sour #e ozs4 should always take the same quantity of soda solution2 if it takes less it is too weak1 if more it is too strong2 the remedy in each case is obvious4 ,it is worth while to graduate the test bottle for #a1 #c1 #d1 #e ,twaddell1 as well as for #b ,tw4 acid4 ,after the souring it is often the custom to pile the goods on to a wooden stillage1 but the goods should not be left too long so piled up for they may become dry1 either entirely or in parts4 ,in any case1 as the goods dry the acid becomes concentrated and attacks them and makes them tender1 which is not at all desirable4 ,therefore1 if it is not convenient to proceed with them for some time after souring1 they should be moistened with water from time to time1 but it is best to wash them off at once1 whereby they are made ready for the next operation4 7#f7 ,lye ,boil4--,this is1 perhaps1 the most important operation in the whole process of bleaching1 especially if the cloths are going to be printed in the so-called madder style with alizarine colours1 or otherwise stains are liable to occur in the final stage1 and it is then sometimes difficult to put the blame for these upon the right shoulders4 ,in principle the lye boil is simple1 consisting in boiling the goods with a solution of soda ash1 or caustic soda4 ,the quantity of ash used varies in different works1 as might naturally be expected2 from #agj lb4 to #bjj lb4 of ash to #aj1jjj lb4 of cloth is a fair proportion to use4 ,the length of boil averages about four hours1 certainly not less than three should be given1 and it is not necessary to give more than five hours in either ordinary kiers1 with central puffer pipe1 or in injector kiers4 ,care should be taken to see that the goods are well packed into the kiers1 not too tightly or the lye will fail to penetrate equally all through1 and this is important if a uniform bleach is desired2 neither should they be too loose1 or they will float about and get torn4 ,it is not necessary to be particular about the quantity of water used1 except that it must be sufficient to keep the goods well covered1 and still have enough to keep the circulation energetic4 ,when the water is not sufficient in amount the goods get somewhat dry2 there is then a liability to tendering1 but with plenty of water there is no fear of any damage being done during a boil with alkali4 ,some works use caustic soda instead of soda ash in which case less is required1 from #abj lb4 to #aej lb4 to #aj1jjj lb4 of cloth1 otherwise no alteration is made in the mode of boiling4 ,this lye boil clears away the fatty and waxy matter left in the goods after the lime sour1 and thus prepares the way for the next boil4 ,there is no advantage in using caustic soda in this preliminary boil1 soda ash being just as effective and cheaper4 7#g7 ,resin ,boil4--,following the lye boil is the resin boil which consists in boiling the goods in a resin soap liquor4 ,this is made as follows3 a soda ash liquor of about #ae to #bj ,tw4 is prepared1 and into this is thrown resin1 broken up into small pieces4 ,the whole is boiled up until the resin is dissolved1 and then as much more is added in small quantities as the alkali will take up4 ,the soda liquor should not be much weaker than #bj ,tw41 it will then be heavier than the resin which will float on the top1 it is found to dissolve quicker and better than when the liquor is weak1 in which case1 the resin would sink to the bottom of the boiler and would there melt into a single mass difficult to dissolve4 ,the resin soap liquor when made is ready to be used4 ,the proportions of resin and alkali used in the boil vary in different works1 but1 as a rule1 the quantities for #aj1jjj lb4 of goods are #dcj lb4 of #eh per cent4 soda ash1 #ahj lb4 of resin1 and #hj lb4 of #gj per cent4 caustic soda4 ,too much resin should be avoided1 as it is found that with an excess the whites obtained are not nearly so good as when the right quantity is used2 on the other hand1 too little acts much in the same way4 ,it may be taken that from #a-a_/b to #a-c_/d per cent4 of the weight of the goods is about the right proportion2 #a per cent4 being too little1 and #b per cent4 too much4 ,the quantity of soda used should be rather more than twice that of the resin1 from #c-a_/b to #d per cent4 ,the length of boil is usually about twelve hours in a low-pressure kier2 in a high-pressure kier about seven hours is sufficient4 ,what the special function of the resin is in this boil is not definitely known2 but experience1 both on a large and small scale1 proves that it is essential to obtaining a good white for alizarine printing2 without it1 when the goods are dyed with alizarine after the mordants have been printed on1 they frequently take a brown stain--with the resin this never or but rarely happens4 7#h7 ,wash4--,after the lye boils the goods must be washed1 and it is important that this be done in as thorough a manner as possible4 ,with the object of accomplishing this most thoroughly many washing machines have been invented1 the main idea in all being to bring every part of the goods into contact with as much water as possible4 ,bridson's is an old form1 and a very good one1 the principle of this machine is to cause the cloth to pass to and fro1 and to flap upon the surface of the water in the trough of the machine4 ,furnival's square beater works on much the same principle1 and does its work effectively4 ,more modern washing machines are those of ,birch1 ,farmer1 ,mather ,platt1 and ,hawthorne1 where by the peculiar construction of the rollers and the use of beaters the cloth is very effectually washed4 ,these machines are much more economical in the use of water than the older forms1 and yet they do their work as well1 if not better4 7#i7 ,chemicing4--,this is the actual bleaching operation1 familiarly known as chemicing1 that is1 the treatment of the goods with bleaching powder4 ,the previous operations have resulted in obtaining a cloth free from grease1 natural or acquired1 and from other impurities1 but it still has a slight brownish colour4 ,this has to be removed before the goods can be considered a good white1 which it is the aim of every bleacher they should be4 ,to get rid of this colour they are subjected to some final operations1 the first of which is now to be considered4 ,the chemicing consists in running the goods through a weak solution of bleaching powder 7chloride of lime71 piling the goods up into heaps1 and allowing them to lie overnight1 the next day they are finished4 ,as the cloth has received1 or ought to have received1 a thorough bottoming1 only a weak bath of chemic is required1 about #a_/b to #a ,tw4 is quite sufficient4 ,the solution is prepared in a stone cistern4 ,there is very little difficulty in making it1 the only precaution necessary is to have the solution quite clear and free from undissolved particles1 for if these get upon the cloth they will either lead to the production of minute holes1 or they may overbleach the fibre1 which in such case will have the power of attracting excess of colour in any subsequent dyeing process and thus lead to stains1 the origin of which may not be readily grasped at the first sight4 ,it is best1 therefore1 either to allow the solution to settle in the cistern till quite clear1 which is the simplest way1 or to filter through cloth4 ,the chemicing is best done cold and with weak solution1 at #a_/b ,tw4 rather than #a ,tw4 ,warming the liquor increases the rapidity of the bleaching action1 but there is a risk of over-chloring1 which must be avoided as far as possible1 because there is then danger of tendering the fibre1 moreover1 such over-chlored cloth has an affinity for colouring matters that is not at all desirable1 as it leads to the production of stains and patches in the dyeing operations4 ,it is much better1 when a single chemicing does not bleach the cloth sufficiently and give a white1 to run the cloth twice through a weak liquor rather than once through a strong liquor4 ,although the chemicing is followed by a sour1 which1 acting on the bleaching powder1 liberates chlorine that bleaches the fabric1 yet the greatest proportion of the bleaching effect is brought about while the pieces are being piled up into heaps between the chemicing and the sour4 ,in this state they should be left for some hours1 covered over with a damp sheet1 care being taken that they are not left piled so long as to become dry1 as in this event there is a great risk of tendering the cloth or fabric2 it is1 therefore1 a good plan to moisten them with a little water from time to time4 ,they should not be tightly piled up1 but be as loose as possible1 so that the air can get to them1 as it is the carbonic acid and other acid vapours in the air1 that by acting on the chemic causes slow liberation of chlorine1 which effects the bleaching of the goods4 7#aj7 ,white ,sour4--,after the chemicing the goods are treated to a sour1 for which purpose either hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid may be used4 ,hydrochloric acid possesses the advantage of forming a more soluble salt of lime 7calcium chloride7 than does sulphuric acid 7calcium sulphate71 and it has a more solvent action upon any traces of iron and other metallic oxide stains which may be present in the goods4 ,on the other hand1 on account of its fuming properties1 it is unpleasant to work with4 ,the souring is done by passing the goods through an acid liquor at #b ,tw4 strong and piling for two or three hours1 after which it is washed4 ,this final washing must be thorough1 so that all traces of acid and chemic are washed out1 otherwise there is a tendency for the goods to acquire a yellowish colouration4 ,so far the routine has been described of the so-called madder bleach1 the most perfect kind of bleach applied to cotton cloths4 ,besides this two other kinds of bleach are distinguished in the trade4 ,turkey red and market bleach4 ,the former is used when the cloth or yarn is to be dyed plain or self-coloured with delicate shades with ,alizarine2 the latter is used for cloth sold in the white4 ,as the operations involved in producing these are identical in their method of manipulation to those already described1 it will only be necessary to give an outline of the process for each one4 ,turkey ,red ,bleach--7#a7 ,rinse through water into a kier and boil for two hours4 7#b7 ,lime boil for three to four hours4 ,the amount of lime required is rather less than what is used with the madder bleach1 from #b-a_/b lb4 to #c lb1 lime to each #a cwt4 of goods being quite sufficient4 7#c7 ,souring as in the madder bleach4 7#d7 ,lye boil1 using about #ajj lb4 caustic soda to a ton of goods1 and giving ten hours' boil4 7#e7 ,second lye boil using about #ej lb4 soda ash to a ton of goods1 after which the goods are well washed4 7#f7 ,chemicing as with the madder bleach4 7#g7 ,souring as with the madder bleach1 then washing well4 ,this represents an average process1 but almost every bleacher has his own methods1 differing from the above in some of the details and this applies to all bleaching processes4 ,it is obvious that the details may be varied to a great extent without changing the principles on which the process depends4 ,market ,bleach--,here all that requires to be done is to get the cloth of a sufficient degree of whiteness to please the eye of the customer4 ,market bleachers have1 however1 to deal with a wider range of goods than is dealt with in the former kinds of bleaches1 from very fine muslins to very heavy sheetings4 ,now it is obvious from a merely mechanical point of view1 that the former could not stand as rough a process as the latter1 therefore there must be some differences in the details of muslin bleaching and sheeting bleaching4 ,then again with goods sold in the white1 it is customary to weave coloured headings or markings1 and as these have to be preserved1 to do so will cause some slight alteration of the details of the bleach with this object4 ,on all these points it is difficult to lay down general rules because of the very varying feature of the conditions which are met with by the market bleacher4 ,the resin boil may be omitted1 only two lye boils being required1 and these need not be so long or of such a searching character as the corresponding boils of the madder bleach4 ,outlines of two or three such processes1 which are now in use in bleach works1 will serve to show the general routine of a market bleach4 ,the proportions given are calculated for #aj1jjj lb4 of goods3-- 7#a7 ,lime boil1 using #ejj lb4 of lime1 and giving a twelve-hours' boil4 7#b7 ,grey sour1 hydrochloric acid of #b ,tw41 then wash well4 7#c7 ,lye boil1 #ajj lb4 caustic soda1 #gj per cent4 solid1 ten to twelve hours' boil2 wash4 7#d7 ,second lye boil1 #ajj lb41 #eh per cent4 soda ash1 twelve-hours' boil4 7#e7 ,chemic1 bleaching powder liquor at #a ,tw41 boil for three hours2 wash4 7#f7 ,white sour1 sulphuric acid at #b ,tw42 wash well4 ,the length of boil with the lime and lyes will depend upon the quality of the goods1 heavy goods will require from two to three hours longer than will light goods1 such as cambrics1 the time given above being that for heavy goods1 sheetings1 etc4 ,another process is the following3-- 7#a7 ,lime boil1 using #dhj lb4 lime1 and boiling for ten hours4 7#b7 ,grey sour1 hydrochloric acid at #b ,tw42 wash4 7#c7 ,lye boil1 #cjj lb4 soda ash1 #eh per cent42 #ej lb4 caustic soda1 #gj per cent41 and #cj lb4 soft soap1 giving ten hours' boil2 wash4 7#d7 ,chemic as above4 7#e7 ,white sour as above2 wash well4 ,a smaller quantity of lime is used here1 but on the other hand the lye boil is a stronger one4 ,this process gives good results4 ,some bleachers do not use lime in their market bleaches1 but give two lye boils1 in which case the process becomes3-- 7#a7 ,lye boil1 using #adj lb4 caustic soda1 of #gj per cent41 giving ten hours' boil and washing well4 7#b7 ,second lye boil1 using #abj lb4 soda ash1 #eh per cent41 and giving ten hours' boil2 wash4 7#c7 ,chemic as above4 7#d7 ,white sour as above2 wash well4 ,light fabrics1 such as laces1 lace curtains1 muslins1 etc41 cannot stand the strain of the continuous process1 and they are therefore subjected to a different bleaching process1 which varies much at different bleach works4 ,one method is to lime by steeping for an hour in a weak lime liquor1 using about #b lb4 of lime to #ajj lb4 of goods2 they are then boiled in the kier for eight hours1 after which they are washed4 ,this washing is done in what are called dash wheels1 large hollow wheels1 the interior of each being divided into four compartments4 ,into these the goods are put1 and the wheel is caused to revolve1 while at the same time a current of water flows with some force into the interior of the wheel and washes the goods4 ,the wheels do their work well1 and the action being gentle the finest fabrics can be washed without fear of any damage4 ,it is necessary that the speed at which they are driven should be such that as the wheel revolves the goods are thrown from side to side of each compartment2 if the speed be too slow they will simply slide down1 and then they do not get properly washed2 on the other hand1 if the speed be too great then centrifugal action comes into play and the goods remain in a stationary position in the wheels with the same result4 ,as to the amount of washing1 it should be as before4 ,after this washing they are boiled again in the kier with soda ash1 using about #h lb4 ash for #ajj lb4 goods and giving seven hours' boil1 which1 after washing1 is followed by a second boil with #e lb4 ash and #d lb4 soft soap for each #ajj lb4 of goods1 giving eight hours' boil4 ,they are then washed and entered into the chemic4 ,the chemicing is done in stone cisterns1 which are fitted with false bottoms1 on which the goods can rest1 and which allow any insoluble particles of bleaching powder to settle out and prevent them from getting on the goods4 ,the liquor is used at the strength of about #a_/b ,tw41 and the goods are allowed to steep about two hours2 they are then placed in a hydro-extractor and the surplus chemic is whizzed out1 after which they are steeped in sour of hydrochloric acid at #a ,tw41 kept in a stone cistern1 the goods being allowed to steep for two hours4 ,next they are washed1 well whizzed1 passed through a blueing water1 whizzed again1 and dried4 ,the remarks made when describing similar operations of the madder bleach as to the action1 testing1 etc41 of the chemicals1 are equally applicable here4 ,another plan of bleaching fine fabrics is shown in outline in the following scheme3-- 7#a7 ,wash2 boil in water for two hours4 7#b7 ,boil in soda for five hours1 using #hj lb4 soda ash of #eh per cent41 and #cj lb4 soft soap for #a1jjj lb4 of goods4 7#c7 ,second soda boil1 using from #dj lb4 to #ej lb4 soda ash1 and #ae lb4 to #bj lb4 soft soap1 giving four hours' boil2 after each soda boil the goods should be washed4 7#d7 ,chemic1 using bleaching powder liquor at #a_/b ,tw41 allowing them to steep for two hours1 then wash and whiz4 7#e7 ,white sour1 using hydrochloric acid at #b ,tw41 steeping two hours2 wash4 ,a further extension of the same process is sometimes given for the best goods1 which consists1 after the above1 in giving3-- 7#f7 ,a third soda boil1 using #be lb4 to #cj lb4 soda ash and #ae lb4 to #bj lb4 soft soap1 giving one hour's boil2 washing4 7#g7 ,chemic as before4 7#h7 ,sour as before1 after which the goods are well washed4 ,in the bleaching of ,nottingham lace curtains for the soda boils there is used what is called the dolly1 which consists of a large round wooden tub about #e feet to #f feet in diameter and about #b feet #f inches to #c feet deep2 this is made to revolve slowly at about one revolution per minute4 ,above the tub on a strong frame are arranged four stampers or beaters1 which are caused to rise and fall by means of cams4 ,the goods are placed in the tub with the scouring liquors and the dolly is set in motion1 the beaters force the liquor into the goods1 and the revolution of the tub causes the beaters to work on a fresh portion of the goods at every fall4 ,this is rather an old-fashioned form of machine1 and is being replaced by more modern forms of boiling kiers4 ,in bleaching certain kinds of muslins in which the warp threads are double1 and in the case of lace curtains1 it is necessary to endeavour to keep the threads as open and prominent as possible4 ,this cannot be done with the continuous process1 which puts a strain on the threads and thus effaces their individuality4 ,to avoid this the fabrics have to be dealt with in bundles or lumps1 and on these no strain is put1 therefore every thread retains its individuality4 ,the process above described is applicable4 ,yarn ,bleaching4--,yarn is supplied to the bleacher in two forms3 7#a7 warps in which the length of the threads may vary from as little as #ej to as much as #e1jjj yards2 these can be dealt with in much the same manner as a piece of cloth1 that is1 a continuous system can be adopted2 7#b7 hanks1 which are too well known to require description4 ,sometimes yarn is bleached in the form of cops1 but as the results of cop bleaching are not very satisfactory it is done as little as possible4 ,warp ,bleaching4--,the warp1 if very long1 is doubled two1 three or four times upon itself1 so as to reduce its length4 ,care should be taken that the ends of the warp are tied together to prevent any chance of entangling1 which would very likely happen if the ends were left loose to float about4 ,as a rule1 warps are not limed1 but the adoption of the liming would assist the bleaching4 ,in outline warp bleaching consists of the following operations3-- 7#a7 ,lye boil1 using #cj lb4 caustic soda1 #gj per cent41 and #ej lb4 soda ash1 #eh per cent41 giving six hours' boil1 and washing4 7#b7 ,sweeting1 boil with #hj lb4 soda ash1 #eh per cent41 for two hours4 7#c7 ,washing4 7#d7 ,chemicing1 bleaching powder liquor at #a ,tw41 washing4 7#e7 ,sour1 sulphuric acid at #b ,tw14 washing well4 7#f7 ,hydro extracting and drying4 ,about #b1jjj to #c1jjj lb4 of warps are usually treated at one time4 ,the machinery used may be the same as that used in the cloth bleach1 and each operation may be conducted in the same manner4 ,in some warp bleachworks1 while the kiers are made in the same way1 the other machines are made differently4 ,the chemicing and souring is done in strong cisterns provided with a false bottom2 in these the warps are allowed to remain for about two hours4 ,a more complicated form of chemicing cistern is also in use4 ,this is made of stone1 and is provided with a false bottom4 ,above is a tank or sieve1 as it is called1 having a perforated bottom through which the liquor flows on the warp in the cistern below4 ,under the chemicing cistern is a tank into which the liquor flows1 and from which it is pumped up into the sieve above4 ,a circulation of liquor is thus kept up during the whole of the operation4 ,owing to the action of the chemic or acid on the metal work of the pump there is great wear and tear of the latter1 necessitating frequent repairs4 ,this is a defect in this form of chemicing machine4 ,for drying the warps a hydro-extractor is first used to get the surplus liquor from the goods4 ,this machine is now well known1 and is in use in every bleachworks1 where it is familiarly known as the whiz1 and the operation is generally called whizzing4 ,hydro-extractors are described under the head of ,dyeing ,machinery4 ,the actual drying of the warps is done over the tins as they are called4 ,these are a number of large cylinders measuring about #bj inches in diameter and about--for warp drying--#e feet long4 ,usually they are arranged vertically in two tiers1 each tier consisting of about five cylinders1 not arranged directly one above another but in a zig-zag manner1 the centres of the first1 third and fifth being in one line1 and the centres of the others in another line4 ,the cylinders are made to revolve by suitable driving mechanism1 and into them is sent steam at about #e lb4 to #aj lb4 pressure1 which heats up the cylinders1 whereby the warp passing over them is dried4 ,this drying may be partial or complete1 being regulated by the speed at which the warps pass over the cylinders and by the quantity of steam passed into the same4 ,the quicker the speed and the smaller the amount of steam1 the less the warps are dried2 while1 on the other hand1 the slower the speed and the larger the amount and greater the pressure of the steam1 the quicker and more thoroughly are the warps dried4 ,as there is a great deal of water formed in the cylinders by the condensation of the steam1 means are always provided for carrying off this water1 as its retention in the cylinders often leads to serious results and damage to the machine4 ,hank ,bleaching4--,so far as the chemical part of hank bleaching is concerned it does not differ from that of warp bleaching2 the same operations and proportions of chemicals may be used and in the same order1 but there is some difference in the machinery which is used4 ,the hanks may be manipulated in two ways3 they may be either kept in separate hanks1 which is the method mostly in vogue in modern bleach-houses1 or they may be linked together in the form of a chain4 ,in the latter case the operations and the machinery may be the same as used in the madder bleach1 with a few unimportant minor differences4 ,in the final washing the dumping machine is used1 which consists of two wooden bowls set over a wooden trough containing the wash waters4 ,the top bowl is covered with a thick layer of rope and merely rests on the bottom bowl by its own weight1 and is driven by friction from the latter4 ,the chain of hanks passing through between the two bowls has the surplus liquor squeezed out of it1 and as there is considerable increase in the thickness at the points of linkage between the hanks1 when these pass through the bowls they lift up the top bowl1 which1 when the thick places have passed through1 falls down with a sudden bump upon the thin places1 and this bumping drives out all the surplus liquor and drives the liquor itself into the very centre of the hanks1 which is sometimes an advantage4 ,in modern bleach-houses the chain form is gradually giving place to the method of bleaching separate hanks1 partly because so many improvements have been made in the hank-bleaching machinery of late years1 which enables bleachers to handle the yarn in the form of separate hanks better than they could do formerly2 and as bleaching in separate hanks means that the cotton is kept in a more open form1 and is thus more easily penetrated by the various liquors which are used1 it follows that the bleach will be better and more thorough1 which is what the bleacher aims at4 ,at the same time weaker liquors or1 what is the same thing1 less material can be used1 which means a saving in the cost of the process4 ,for bleaching yarn in the hank the following process may be followed with good results3-- 7#a7 ,lye boil1 using #a1jjj lb4 yarn1 #dj lb4 caustic soda of #gj per cent41 and #ej lb4 of soda ash of #eh per cent41 giving five to six hours' boil at low pressure4 7#b7 ,wash through washing machine4 7#c7 ,second lye boil1 using #dj lb4 soda ash of #eh per cent41 and giving two to three hours' boil1 wash again through a washing machine4 7#d7 ,chemic as in warp bleaching4 7#e7 ,sour as in warp bleaching4 7#f7 ,wash well4 7#g7 ,hydro extract and dry4 ,sometimes1 if the yarn is to be sold in thread form1 before the last operation it passes through another1 viz41 treating with soap and blue liquors1 which will be dealt with presently4 ,the lye boils are done in the ordinary kiers1 and do not call for further notice1 except that in filling the goods into the kiers care should be taken that while sufficiently loose to permit of the alkaline liquors penetrating through the hanks properly1 yet they should be so packed that they will not float about and thus become entangled and damaged4 ,the washing is nowadays done in a special form of washing machine1 designed to wash the hanks quickly and well with as little expenditure of labour and washing liquor as possible4 ,there are now several makes of these washing machines on the market1 most of them do their work well1 and it is difficult to say which is the best4 ,some machines are made to wash only one bundle at once1 while others will do several bundles4 ,generally the principle on which they are constructed is the same in all1 a trough containing the ash liquor1 over which is suspended a revolving reel or bobbin1 usually made of wood or enamelled iron1 the bobbin being polygonal in form so that it will overcome readily any resistance the yarn may offer and carry the hank round as it revolves4 ,the hank dips into the wash liquor in the trough1 and as it is drawn through by the revolution of the bobbin it is washed very effectually4 ,the moving of the hank opens out the threads1 and thus the wash liquor thoroughly penetrates to every part of the hank1 so that a few minutes' run through this machine thoroughly washes the yarn4 ,a constant stream of clean water is passed through the trough4 ,this machine may also be used for soaping and sizing the hanks if required4 ,by extending the trough in a horizontal direction1 and increasing the number of reels or bobbins1 the quantity of material that can be washed at one time can be extended1 although not to an indefinite extent4 ,the workman can start at one end of the machine and fill all the bobbins with yarn1 by the time he has finished this the first bobbinful will have been washed sufficiently and can be taken off and replaced with another quantity of yarn1 and thus one by one the bobbins may be emptied and refilled1 which means that a considerable amount of material can be got through in the course of a day4 ,to avoid the labour of walking to and fro to fill and refill the bobbins1 washing machines are constructed in which the trough is made in a circular form4 ,the bobbins are placed at the ends of radial arms which are caused to revolve round over the trough1 the workman is stationed constantly at one part of the circle1 and as the arms pass him in their motion round the trough he takes off the washed hanks and puts on the unwashed hanks4 ,by this machine he is saved a very considerable amount of labour1 and is able to do his work in a more convenient manner4 ,the yarn is well washed in such a machine4 ,the trough may be entire or it may be divided into a number of compartments1 each of which may contain a different kind of wash liquor if necessary4 ,of course it goes almost without saying that in all these machines the liquors in them may be heated up by means of steam pipes if required4 ,the chemicing and souring of the hanks does not call for special mention1 beyond the fact that these operations are done in the same manner as warp bleaching4 ,in ,fig4 #e is shown ,mather ,platt's yarn-bleaching kier1 which is designed to bleach cotton yarn1 either in hanks or in the warp forms1 without removing it from the vessel into which it is first placed4 ,the process is as follows3 ,the hot alkali solution is circulated by means of a distributing pipe through the action of an injector or centrifugal pump to scour the yarn2 then water is circulated by means of a centrifugal pump for washing4 ,the chemic and sour liquors are circulated also by means of pumps1 so that without the slightest disturbance to the yarn it is quickly and economically bleached4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,mather ,platt's ,yarn-bleaching ,kier4 ,,stains ,,and ,,damages ,,in ,,bleached ,,goods4 ,some of the stains in bleached goods which are met are beyond the control of the bleacher to avoid1 while others are due to various defects in the process4 ,now the subject of stains can only be dealt with in a very general way1 because of the varying manner in which they arise4 ,the recognition of the particular way in which the stains have been formed is sometimes difficult to discover4 ,first1 there are iron stains1 which are the most common kind of stains that a bleacher is troubled with4 ,these generally make their appearance in the form of red spots of greater or less extent4 ,as a rule they are not visible before the pieces are fully bleached4 ,their origin is varied4 ,sometimes they arise from the machinery2 if the kiers are not kept thoroughly whitewashed out1 there is a great liability to produce iron stains4 ,every other machine which is used in the process is made of iron1 and should be kept free from rust1 or the chances of stains are considerably increased4 ,the water used in the bleaching must be free from iron4 ,a small trace will not make much difference1 but some waters contain a great deal of iron1 so much so that they are absolutely unusable for bleaching purposes4 ,iron stains are often due to a very curious cause3 the dropping of the oil used in the spinning or weaving machinery on to the cotton during the process of manufacture4 ,this oil is often charged with iron derived from the wear and tear of the machinery1 and which often gets fixed in the form of red spots of oxide on the fibre4 ,iron stains cannot readily be extracted4 ,oil stains are also common4 ,these take the form of bright yellow stains in various shapes1 sometimes extending along the piece in streaks1 at other times in patches in various places about the piece4 ,generally these oil stains do not make their appearance as soon as the piece is bleached1 and often the bleacher sends out his goods quite white and apparently all right1 and yet soon afterwards comes a complaint that the goods are stained yellow4 ,one cause of these yellow oil stains can be traced to the use of paraffin wax in the sizing of the warps4 ,in this case the stains are more or less streaky in form1 and extend along the length of the piece4 ,they are due to the fact that paraffin wax is not saponifiable by the action of the alkalies used in the process1 and is therefore not extracted4 ,when the goods are chemiced the chlorine acts upon the paraffin and forms chlorine compounds1 which are acted upon by light1 and turn yellow by exposure to that agent and to the atmosphere4 ,paraffin1 when used for the sizing of warps1 may sometimes be completely extracted from the fabric1 but this depends upon the proportion of tallow or other fat which is used in the composition of the sizing grease4 ,if the paraffin is only present in small quantities1 and the grease well mixed1 then it may be possible to extract all the paraffin out of the fabric during the bleaching process1 but if the paraffin is in large proportion1 or the grease not well mixed1 it is scarcely possible to extract it all out1 and stains must be the result4 ,these stains can hardly be considered the fault of the bleacher1 but are due to the manufacturer of the cloth using cheap sizing compositions on his warps4 ,there are no means which can be adopted before bleaching to ascertain whether paraffin exists in the cloth4 ,if found to be present1 the remedy which is the easiest practically is to saturate the cloth with a little olive oil1 or better1 pale oleic acid4 ,allow the fatty matter to soak well in1 and then boil the goods in a little caustic soda4 ,another cause of oil stains is the use of mineral oils in the lubrication of cotton machinery4 ,these mineral oils partake of the nature of paraffin in their properties1 and therefore they are unsaponifiable by the action of alkalies4 ,like paraffin wax1 they resist the bleaching process1 and much in the same manner produce stains4 ,oil stains show themselves in various forms--sometimes as spots4 ,these may be due to the splashing of oil from the spindles during the process of spinning1 or they may be in patches of a comparatively large size over the pieces4 ,these are perhaps due to the oil dropping on to the piece during the process of weaving when in the loom4 ,the oils used for the lubrication of spinning and weaving machinery should contain a fair proportion of some fatty oil1 such as olive or rape or cocoanut oil4 ,not less than #aj per cent4 should be used4 ,more would be better1 but the cost of course would be greater and oil is an item with spinners and manufacturers4 ,stains are occasionally due to other causes rather too numerous to be dealt with in detail1 and sometimes these stains only appear once in a lifetime1 and often do not make their appearance during the bleaching process1 but only in after dyeing or calico printing processes in curious ways the causes of which are very baffling to find out4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,dyeing ,,machinery ,,and ,,dyeing ,,manipulations4 ,cotton is dyed in a variety of forms3 raw1 loose cotton1 partly manufactured fibre in the form of slubbing or sliver1 spun fibres or yarns wound in cop or bobbin forms1 in hanks or skeins and in warps1 and lastly in the form of woven pieces4 ,these different forms necessitate the employment of different forms of machinery and different modes of handling2 it is evident to the least unobservant that it would be quite impossible to subject slubbing or sliver to the same treatment as yarn or cloth1 otherwise the slubbing would be destroyed and rendered valueless4 ,in the early days all dyeing was done by hand in the simplest possible contrivances1 but during the last quarter of a century there has been a great development in the quantity of dyeing that has been done1 and this has really necessitated the application of machinery1 for hand work could not possibly cope with the amount of dyeing now done4 ,consequently there has been devised during the past two decades a great variety of machines for dyeing every description of textile fabrics1 some have not been found a practical success for a variety of reasons and have gone out of use1 others have been successful and are in use in dye-works4 ,,hand ,,dyeing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,rectangular ,dye-tank4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,round ,dye-tub4 ,dyeing by hand is carried on in the simplest possible appliances2 much depends upon whether the work can be done at the ordinary temperature or at the boil4 ,figs4 #f and #g show respectively a rectangular vat and a round tub much in use in dye-houses4 ,these are made of wood1 but copper dye-vats are also made4 ,these may be used for all kinds of material1 loose fibre1 yarns or cloth4 ,in the case of loose fibre this is stirred about either with poles or with rakes1 care being taken to turn every part over and over and open out the masses of fibre as much as possible in order to avoid matting or clotting together4 ,in the case of yarns or skeins1 these are hung on sticks resting on the edges of the tub or vat4 ,these sticks are best made of hickory1 but ash or beech or any hard wood that can be worked smooth and which does not swell much when treated with water may be used4 ,the usual method of working is to hang the skein on the stick1 spreading it out as much as possible1 then immerse the yarn in the liquor1 lift it up and down two or three times to fully wet out the yarn1 then turn the yarn over on the stick and repeat the dipping processes1 then allow to steep in the dye-liquor4 ,this is done with the batch of yarn that is to be dyed at a time4 ,when all the yarn has been entered into the dye-bath1 the first stickful is lifted out1 the yarn turned over and re-entered in the dye-liquor1 this operation is carried out with all the sticks of yarn until the cotton has become dyed of the required depth4 ,in the case of long rectangular vats it is customary for two men1 one on each side of the vat to turn the yarns1 each man taking charge of the yarn which is nearest to him4 ,the turning over one lot of yarn is technically called one turn and the dyer often gives three turns or four turns as may be required4 ,woven goods may be dyed in the tub or vat1 the pieces being drawn in and out by poles1 but the results are not altogether satisfactory and it is preferable to use machines for dyeing piece goods4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,section of ,dye-vat4 ,plain tubs or vats1 such as those shown in ,figs4 #f and #g1 are used for dyeing1 and otherwise treating goods in the cold1 or at a lukewarm heat1 when the supply of hot water can be drawn from a separate boiler4 ,when1 however1 it is necessary to work at the boil1 then the vat must be fitted with a steam coil4 ,this is best laid along the bottom in a serpentine form4 ,above the pipe should be an open lattice-work bottom1 which1 while it permits the free circulation of boiling water in the vat1 prevents the material being dyed from coming in contact with the steam pipe4 ,this is important if uniform shades are to be dyed1 for any excessive heating of any portion of the bath leads to stains being produced on the material in that part of the bath4 ,fig4 #h shows a vat fitted with a steam pipe4 ,that portion of the steam pipe which passes down at the end of the vat is in a small compartment boxed off from the main body of the vat1 so that no part of the material which is being dyed can come in contact with it4 ,a closed steam coil will1 on the whole1 give the best results1 as then no weakening of the dye-liquor can take place through dilution by the condensation of the steam4 ,many dye-vats are1 however1 fitted with perforated1 or1 as they are called1 open steam coils1 in which case there is1 perhaps1 better circulation of the liquor in the dye-vat1 but as some of the steam must condense1 there is a little dilution of the dye-liquor in the vat4 ,,dyeing ,,machines4 ,dye tubs and vats1 such as those described above1 have been largely superseded by machines in which the handling1 or working of the materials being dyed is effected by mechanical means4 ,there have been a large number of dyeing machines invented1 some of these have not been found to be very practical1 and so they have gone out of use4 ,space will not admit of a detailed account of every kind of machine1 but only of those which are in constant use in dye-works4 ,dyeing ,loose1 or ,raw ,cotton4--,few machines have been designed for this purpose1 and about the only successful one is3 ,delahunty's ,dyeing ,machine4--,this is illustrated in ,fig4 #i4 ,it consists of a drum made of lattice work1 which can revolve inside an outer wooden casing4 ,the interior of the revolving drum is fitted with hooks or fingers1 whose action is to keep the material open4 ,one segment of the drum is made to open1 so that the loose cotton or wool to be dyed can be inserted4 ,by suitable gearing the drum can be revolved2 and the dye-liquor1 which is in the lower half of the wooden casing1 penetrates through the lattice work of the drum1 and dyes the material contained in it4 ,the construction of the machine is well shown in the drawing1 while the mode of working is obvious from it and the description just given4 ,the machine is very successful1 and well adapted for dyeing loose1 or raw wool and cotton4 ,the material may be scoured1 bleached1 dyed1 or otherwise treated in this machine4 ,the ,obermaier machine1 presently to be described1 may also be used for dyeing loose cotton or wool4 ,,dyeing1 ,,slubbing1 ,,sliver ,,or ,,carded ,,cotton ,,and ,,wool4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,delahunty's ,dyeing ,machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,obermaier ,dyeing ,machine4 ,it is found in practice that the dyeing of loose wool or cotton is not altogether satisfactory--the impurities they naturally contain interfere with the purity of the shade they will take4 ,then again the dyes and mordants used in dyeing them are found to have some action on the wire of the carding engine through which they are passed2 at any rate a card does not last as long when working dyed cotton or wool as when used on undyed cotton or wool fibres4 ,yet for the production of certain fancy yarns for weaving some special classes of fabrics1 it is desirable to dye the cotton or wool before it is spun into thread4 ,the best plan is undoubtedly to dye the fibre after it has been carded and partly spun into what is known as slubbing or sliver4 ,all the impurities have been removed1 the cotton fibres are laid1 straight1 and so it becomes much easier to dye4 ,on the other hand1 as it is necessary to keep the sliver or slubbing straight and level1 no working about in the dye-liquors can be allowed to take place1 and so such must be dyed in specially constructed machines1 and one of the best of these is the ,obermaier dyeing machine which is illustrated in ,fig4 #aj4 ,the ,obermaier apparatus consists of a dye vat ,a4 ,in this is placed a cage consisting of an inner perforated metal cylinder ,c1 and an outer perforated metal cylinder ,d1 between these two is placed the material to be dyed4 ,c is in contact with the suction end of a centrifugal pump ,p1 the delivery end of which discharges into the dye-vat ,a4 ,the working of the machine is as follows3 ,the slubbing or sliver is placed in the space between ,c and ,d rather tightly so that it will not move about4 ,then the inner cage is placed in the dye-vat as shown4 ,the vat is filled with the dye-liquor which can be heated up by a steam pipe4 ,the pump is set in motion1 the dye liquor is drawn from ,a to ,c1 and1 in so doing1 passes through the material packed in ,b and dyes it4 ,the circulation of the liquor is carried on as long as experience shows to be necessary4 ,the dye-liquor is run off1 hot water is run in to wash the dyed material1 and the pump is kept running for some time to ensure thorough rinsing2 then the water is run off1 and by keeping the pump running and air going through a certain amount of drying can be effected4 ,this machine works very well1 and1 with a little experience1 constant results can be obtained4 ,the slubbing or sliver may be scoured1 bleached1 rinsed1 dyed1 washed1 soaped1 or otherwise treated without removing it from the machine1 which is a most decided advantage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,holliday's ,yarn-dyeing ,machine4 ,holliday's ,yarn-dyeing ,machine4--,in ,fig4 #aa is given an illustration of a machine for dyeing yarn in the hank form made by ,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons1 of ,huddersfield4 ,the illustration gives a very good idea of the machine4 ,it consists of a wooden dye-vat which can be heated by steam pipes in the usual way4 ,extending over the vat are a number of reels or bobbins2 these are best made of wood or enamelled iron2 these reels are in connection with suitable gearing so that they can be revolved4 ,there is also an arrangement by means of which the reels can be lifted bodily in and out of the dye-vat for the purpose of taking on and off1 doffing1 the hanks of yarn for the reels4 ,a reel will hold about two pounds of yarn4 ,the working of the machine is simple4 ,the vat is filled with the requisite dye-liquor4 ,the reels1 which are lifted out of the vat1 are then charged with the yarn1 which has been previously wetted out4 ,they are then set in revolution and dropped into the dye-vat and kept there until it is seen that the yarn has acquired the desired shade4 ,the reels are lifted out and the hanks removed1 when the machine is ready for another lot of yarn4 ,there are several makes of hank-dyeing machines of this type1 and as a rule they work very well4 ,the only source of trouble is a slight tendency for the yarn on one reel if hung loosely of becoming entangled with the yarn on one of the other reels4 ,this is to some extent obviated by hanging in the bottom of the hank a roller which acts as a weight and keeps the yarn stretched and so prevents it flying about4 ,to some makes of these machines a hank wringer is attached4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,klauder-,weldon ,dyeing ,machine4 ,klauder-,weldon ,hank-dyeing ,machine4--,this is illustrated in ,fig4 #ab1 which shows the latest form4 ,this machine consists of a half-cylindrical dye-vat built of wood4 ,on a central axis is built two discs or rod carriers which can revolve in the dye-vat1 the revolution being given by suitable gearing1 which is shown at the side of the machine4 ,on the outer edge of the discs are clips for carrying rods1 on which one end of the hanks of yarn is hung1 while the other end is placed on a similar rod carried near the axle4 ,the revolution of the discs carries the yarn through the dye-liquor contained in the lower semi-cylindrical part of the machine previously alluded to4 ,at a certain point1 every revolution of the discs1 the rods carrying the yarns are turned a little2 this causes the yarn to move on the rods1 and this motion helps to bring about greater evenness of dyeing4 ,the most modern form of this machine is provided with an arrangement by means of which the whole batch of yarn can be lifted out of the dye-liquor4 ,arrangements are made by which from time to time fresh quantities of dye can be added if required to bring up the dyed yarn to any desired shade4 ,this machine works well and gives good results4 ,beyond the necessary labour in charging and discharging1 and a little attention from time to time1 as the operation proceeds1 to see if the dyeing is coming up to shade1 the machine requires little attention4 ,many other forms of hank-dyeing machines have been devised3 there is ,corron's1 in which an ordinary rectangular dye-vat is used4 ,round this is a framework which carries a lifting and falling arrangement that travels to and fro along the vat4 ,the hanks of yarn are hung on rods of a special construction designed to open them out in a manner as nearly approaching handwork as is possible4 ,the machine works in this way3 the lifting arrangement is at one end of the vat1 the hanks are hung on the rods and placed in the vat4 ,then the lifter is set in motion and moves along the vat2 as it does so it lifts up each rod full of yarn1 turns it over1 opening out the yarn in so doing1 then it drops it again in the vat4 ,when it has travelled to the end of the vat it returns1 picking up the rods of yarn in so doing1 and this motion is kept up until the dyeing is completed4 ,this machine is very ingenious4 ,a type of machine which has been made by several makers consists of an ordinary rectangular dye-vat surrounded with a framework carrying a number of sets of endless chains1 the links of which carry fingers4 ,the hanks of yarn are hung on rods at one end of which is a tooth wheel that when in position fits into a rack on the side of the vat4 ,the action of the machine is this3 the hanks are hung on the rods and placed at the entrance end of the vat1 by the moving of the chains it is carried along the vat and at the same time revolves1 thus turning over the yarn which hangs in the dye-liquor2 when it reaches the opposite end of the vat1 the rod full of yarn is lifted out1 carried upwards and then towards the other end of the vat when it is again dropped into the dye-vat to go through the same cycle of movements which is continued until the yarn is properly dyed4 ,,cop ,,dyeing4 ,in weaving fancy-coloured fabrics the ordinary mode is to dye the yarn in the hank form1 then those which have to be used for the weft are wound into the cop form for placing in the shuttles4 ,the cop form is that in which the yarn leaves the spinning frame1 and necessarily apart from the dyeing there is labour involved in reeling it into hanks and winding it back again into the cop form1 not only so but there is necessarily some waste made in these operations4 ,many attempts have been made1 with more or less success1 to dye the yarn while in the cop form and so save the cost of the hanking and copping above referred to as well as the waste which occurs4 ,cops cannot be satisfactorily dyed by simple immersion in a boiling dye-bath1 the outside becomes dyed but the central portions as often as not remain quite white1 and there is a distinct grading of colour or shade throughout the cop1 the outer portions being deeply dyed while the middle portion will only have a medium shade and the central portions either not being dyed at all or only faintly tinted1 much depending on the firmness with which the cop has been wound4 ,a soft1 loosely wound cop is much more thoroughly dyed than a hard1 tightly wound cop4 ,this uneven dyeing of the cops is not satisfactory1 and must be avoided if cop dyeing is to be a success4 ,many dyers have turned their attention to this question of dyeing yarn in the cop form1 and many machines have been devised for the purpose2 some of these have not been a success1 but a few have been found to yield satisfactory results and proved in practice very successful4 ,in all machines for dyeing cops one principle has been adopted--that of drawing or forcing the dye-liquor through the cop4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,graemiger ,cop-dyeing ,machine4 ,graemiger's ,cop-dyeing ,machine4--,this is shown in section in ,figs4 #ac and #ad4 ,although simple in its work it is somewhat complex in its construction and difficult to describe4 ,the machine consists of a dye-vat to hold the requisite dye-liquors4 ,in the upper portions of this is an iron casting formed with four chambers1 the two lower ones of which are immersed in the dye-liquor while the upper chambers are above it4 ,the sides of this casting are formed of metal plates which fit tightly against the casting and form as nearly air-and water-tight joints with it as it is possible to make4 ,these metal plates are on a spindle and can be rotated4 ,they are perforated and made to carry spindles1 on which are placed the cops to be dyed4 ,the two lower chambers are in connection with a pump which draws the air from them and so creates a vacuum inside the chambers4 ,to fill this1 liquor from the dye-vat passes through the cops and into the chambers1 and is in turn drawn through the pump and returned to the dye-vat4 ,in this way there is a continual circulation of dye-liquors from the vat through the cops1 chambers and pump back to the vat again4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,graemiger ,cop-dyeing ,machine4 ,the left upper chamber is practically a blank chamber4 ,those portions of the cop carriers in contact with it are filled with cops1 which are placed on perforated spindles2 the discs are given a quarter revolution which brings the cops into the dye-liquor and in connection with the left lower chamber and are dyed4 ,at the same time the section of the cop carriers now in contact with the left top chamber is filled with a new lot of cops1 another quarter of a revolution is given to the cop carriers1 which immerse the new lot of cops in the dye-liquor4 ,the third quarter of the cop plates is filled with cops4 ,a third movement of the cop plates now takes place2 this brings the first lot of cops out of the dye-liquor and in contact with the right upper chamber1 where the surplus liquor is drawn out of them and returned to the dye-vat4 ,another revolution brings the cops back to their first position1 they are now removed and a new lot substituted4 ,these proceedings go on continuously4 ,although not quite free from defects the machine gives very good results1 the cops being very uniformly dyed through4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--- ,beaumont's ,cop-dyeing ,machine4 ,beaumont's ,cop-dyeing ,machine4--,this is illustrated in ,fig4 #ae4 ,it consists of a copper hemispherical dye-vessel1 which is provided with a tightly fitting lid1 although this is not needed in all cases4 ,the bottom of the vessel is in communication with the suction end of a centrifugal pump1 while the delivery end of the pump is attached to the upper end of the dye-vessel1 the action of the pump being to secure a constant circulation of dye-liquor from the bottom to the top of the dye-vessel4 ,arrangements are provided by a peculiar and ingenious contrivance fitted in one side of the dye-kettle for introducing steam to heat the dye-liquor to any required degree4 ,as in most forms of cop-dyeing machines1 the cops are placed on perforated metal spindles4 ,the cops and spindles are inserted in holes in a perforated metal plate1 and over them is placed a thin metal plate1 technically called the antifloater1 whose object is to prevent the cops from becoming detached from the plate4 ,this plate1 full of cops1 is now placed in the dye-vessel and rests upon a flange which is provided for that purpose4 ,when the cop plate is in position the dye-vessel is divided into two chambers--a lower chamber and an upper one1 in the latter being the cops4 ,the pump draws liquor from the chamber under the cop plate and so creates a vacuum1 which during the working of the machines ranges from #aj to #bj inches in degree4 ,to supply this vacuum1 dye-liquor is drawn from the upper chamber through the cops4 ,the pump returns the liquor to the dye-vessel4 ,a very rapid circulation of dye-liquor takes place1 from #be to #ej gallons per minute passing through the cops and pump4 ,from five to ten minutes is sufficient to dye the cops4 ,the machine is simple in its construction and gives good results1 the cops being completely dyed through4 ,one important consideration in cop dyeing is to be able to dye successive batches of cops to exactly the same shade1 and this is quite possible with this machine4 ,young ,crippin's ,cop-dyeing ,machine4--,so far as simplicity of construction is concerned this lies between the two preceding machines4 ,it consists of four parts with some accessory mechanism4 ,there is first a dye-liquor storage tank at the base of the apparatus in which the liquor is kept stored and boiling 7if necessary7 ready for use1 above this and at the front end is the dye-chamber1 this communicates at its lower end by a pipe with the dye-liquor in the dye-vat4 ,then there is a large vacuum chamber1 in which by means of an injector a vacuum can be formed1 this directly communicates with a liquor-receiving chamber which again in turn is in communication with the upper part of the dye-chamber4 ,the cops are placed on perforated spindles as usual1 and these on a perforated plate and are kept in place by a plate which is screwed down on them4 ,the charged cop plate is placed in the dye-chamber on which a cover is placed and screwed down4 ,by means of a lever the injector is set at work1 a vacuum created in the vacuum and receiving chambers1 the consequence being that dye-liquor is drawn from the vat through the cops in the dye-chamber into the receiving chamber4 ,when a certain quantity of liquor has passed through1 by a movement of a lever1 the vacuum is destroyed1 and the dye-liquor runs back into the dye-vat2 these operations are repeated until from past experience of the working of the machine it is thought sufficient has passed through to dye the cops1 when the dye-chamber is opened and the cops taken out4 ,this machine works very well4 ,mommer's ,cop-dyeing ,machine4--,this is in use in several continental dye-works4 ,the central portion of this machine is a rectangular dye-chamber1 which can be hermetically closed by hinged doors1 the cops are placed side by side on trays provided with perforated bottoms1 the trays being placed one on the top of the other in the dye-chamber4 ,from the top of the dye-chamber passes a pipe to a centrifugal pump1 and a similar pipe passes from the bottom of the chamber to the pump4 ,a separate vat contains the dye-liquor which is used4 ,the pump forces the dye-liquor through the cops which take up the dye4 ,arrangements are provided by which the direction of the flow of the dye-liquor can be changed4 ,this machine gives fairly good results1 not perhaps equal to those with the machines previously described4 ,warp-dyeing ,machines4--,although many warps1 especially for fancy fabrics1 are prepared from yarns dyed in the hank or cop form1 yet it is found advantageous when a warp is of one colour1 a self-colour as it is called1 to form the warp from grey or white yarns and to dye it after warping4 ,if the warp were so wound as to be able to go into a ,obermaier dyeing machine1 it would be possible to dye it in that machine1 but generally warps are dyed in the open form and are passed through a dyeing vat1 commonly called a warp-vat which is constructed as shown in ,fig4 #af4 ,these warp-dyeing machines generally consist of a long rectangular wooden dye-vat1 divided by two partitions into three compartments1 each provided with steam pipes to heat up its contents2 between the first and second and between the second and third compartments is fitted a pair of squeezing rollers1 while the third compartment is fitted with a heavier pair of squeezing rollers4 ,motion is given to these rollers by suitable gearing1 and they serve to draw the warp through the machine4 ,guide rollers are fitted in the compartment1 and the warp being taken round these1 it passes several times up and down and through the dye-liquors contained in the compartments4 ,these warp-dyeing machines may be made of sufficient width to take one1 two1 three or more warps at one time as desired4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,warp-dyeing ,machine4 ,the three compartments of the machine may contain different liquids or all the same liquid according as the nature of the shade to be dyed demands4 ,the passage is done slowly so as to give the warp time to absorb the liquors and take up the dye4 ,when all the length of warp has been sent through1 it is said to have been dyed one end4 ,sometimes this will be enough1 but often it is not1 and so the warp is sent through again1 given another end1 and still again if the full shade has not been attained4 ,after being dyed in this machine the warp is sent through another one containing various wash liquors to finish the process4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,warp-dyeing ,machine4 ,fig4 #ag shows a warp-dyeing machine similar to1 but a little more elaborate in construction than1 the vats just described4 ,piece-dyeing ,machines4--,wherever it is possible it is far more preferable to dye textile fabrics in the form of woven pieces rather than in the yarn from which they are woven4 ,during the process of weaving it is quite impossible to avoid the material getting dirty and somewhat greasy1 and the operations of scouring necessary to remove this dirt and grease has an impairing action on the colour if dyed yarns have been used in weaving it4 ,this is avoided when the pieces are woven first and dyed afterwards1 and this can always be done when the cloths are dyed in one colour only4 ,of course when the goods are fancy goods containing several colours they have to be woven from dyed yarns4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,dye-jiggers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,dye-jigger4 ,the most common form of machine in which pieces are dyed is ,the ,jigger1 commonly called the jig4 ,this is shown in ,figs4 #ah and #ai4 ,it consists of a dye-vessel made sufficiently long to take the piece full width--wide at the top and narrow at the bottom4 ,at the top at each side is placed a large winding roller on which the cloth is wound4 ,at the bottom of the jig is placed a guide roller round which passes the cloth4 ,in some makes of jigs 7,fig4 #ai7 there are two guide rollers at the bottom and one at the top1 as shown in the illustration1 so that the cloth passes several times through the dye-liquor4 ,in working1 the cloth is first wound on one of the rollers1 then threaded through the guide rollers and attached to the other winding roller4 ,when this is done dye-liquor is run into the jig1 the gearing set in motion1 and the cloth wound from the full on to the empty roller4 ,with the object of keeping the piece tight1 a heavy press roller is arranged to bear on the cloth on the full roller4 ,when all the cloth has passed from one roller to the other it is said to have been given one end4 ,the direction of motion is now changed1 and the cloth sent in the opposite direction through the jig1 and the piece has now received another end4 ,this alternation from one roller to the other is continued as long as is deemed necessary1 much depending on the depth of colour which is being dyed--some pale shades may only take two or three ends1 deeper shades may take more4 ,when dyeing wool with acid colours which are all absorbed from the dye-liquor1 or the bath is exhausted1 it is a good plan to run the pieces several more ends so as to ensure thorough fixation of the dye on the cloth4 ,it is not advisable in working these jigs to add the whole of the dye to the liquor at the commencement1 but only a part of it2 then when one end is given1 another portion of the dye may be added2 such portions being always in the form of solution4 ,adding dyes in powder form inevitably leads to the production of colour specks on the finished goods4 ,the reason for thus adding the dye-stuff in portions is that with some dyes the affinity for the fibre is so great that if all were added at once it would all be absorbed before the cloth had been given one end2 and1 further1 the cloth would be very deep at the front end1 while it would shade off to no colour at the other end4 ,by adding the dye in portions this difficulty is overcome and more level shades are obtained2 it is met with in all cases of jigger dyeing1 but it is most common in dyeing cotton or wool with basic dyes like magenta1 auramine1 methyl violet or brilliant green1 and in dyeing wool with acid dyes like acid green1 formyl violets1 azo scarlet1 or acid yellow4 ,some attempts have been made to make jiggers automatic in their reversing action1 but they have not been successful2 owing to the greatly varying conditions of length of pieces1 their thickness1 etc41 which have to be dyed1 and it is next to impossible to make all allowances for such varying conditions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj--;,jig ,wince4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,cloth-dyeing ,machine4 ,the ,jig ,wince or ,wince ,dye ,beck4--,this dyeing machine is very largely used1 particularly in the dyeing of woollen cloths4 ,it is made by many makers1 and varies somewhat in form accordingly4 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba and #bb1 show three forms by different makers4 ,in any make the jig wince1 or wince dye beck1 consists of a large rectangular1 or1 in some cases1 hemicylindrical dye-vat4 ,probably the best shape would be to have a vat with one straight side at the front1 and one curved side at the back4 ,in some a small guide roller is fitted at the bottom1 under which the pieces to be dyed pass4 ,steam pipes are provided for heating the dye-liquors4 ,the becks should be fitted with a false bottom made of wood1 perforated with holes1 or of wooden lattice work1 and below which the steam pipes are placed2 the object being to prevent the pieces from coming in contact with the steam pipe1 and so preventing the production of stains4 ,above the dye-vat1 and towards the back1 is the wince1 a revolving skeleton wheel1 which draws the pieces out of the dye-vat at the front1 and delivers them into it again at the back4 ,the construction of this wince is well shown in the drawings4 ,the wince will take the pieces full breadth1 but often they are somewhat folded1 and so several pieces1 four1 five or six strings as they are called1 can be dealt with at one time4 ,in this case a guide rail is provided in the front part of the machine4 ,in this rail are pegs which serve to keep the pieces of cloth separate1 and so prevent entanglements4 ,the pieces are stitched end to end so as to form an endless band4 ,when running through the vat they fall down in folds at the back part of the beck1 and are drawn out of the bottom and up in the front4 ,each part thus remains for some time in the dye-liquor1 during which it necessarily takes up the dye4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,dye ,beck4 ,in the jig and wince dyeing machines the pieces necessarily are for a part of the time1 longer in the case of the jigger than in that of the wince1 out of the dye-liquor and exposed to the air4 ,in the case of some dyes1 indigo especially1 this is not desirable1 and yet it is advisable to run the cloth open for some time in the liquor1 so as to get it thoroughly impregnated with the dye-liquor1 or to become dyed4 ,this may be done on such a machine1 as is shown in ,fig4 #bd1 page #gi1 but having all the guide rollers below the liquor1 so that at no time is the piece out of the liquor1 except1 of course1 when entering and leaving4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,holliday's ,machine for ,hawking ,cloth4 ,the so-called hawking machines have also this object in view1 and ,fig4 #bc is an illustration of ,holliday's hawking machine1 made by ,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons1 of ,huddersfield4 ,there is the dye-vat as usual2 in this is suspended the drawing mechanism1 whose construction is well shown in the drawing4 ,this is a pair of rollers driven by suitable gearing1 between which the cloth passes1 and by which it is drawn through the machine4 ,a small roller ensures the cloth properly leaving the large rollers2 then there is a lattice-work arrangement over which the pieces are drawn4 ,in actual work the whole of this arrangement is below the surface of the dye-liquor in the vat4 ,the piece to be dyed is threaded through the machine1 the ends stitched together4 ,then the arrangement is lowered into the dye-vat and set into motion1 whereby the cloth is drawn continuously in the open form through the dye-liquor1 this being done as long as experience shows to be necessary4 ,this hawking machine will be found useful in dyeing indigo on cotton or wool1 or in dyeing cotton cloths with such dyes as ,immedial blacks1 ,cross-dye blacks1 ,amidazol blacks1 ,vidal blacks1 where it is necessary to keep the goods below the surface of the dye-liquor during the operation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,continuous ,dyeing ,machine4 ,fig4 #bd shows a form of cloth-dyeing machine much used in the cotton trade4 ,it consists of a number of compartments fitted with guide rollers at top and bottom1 and round which the cloth is threaded1 so that it passes up and down in the dye-liquor several times4 ,between each two compartments is a pair of squeezing rollers to press out all surplus liquors4 ,all the compartments may be filled with the same dye-liquor1 or with different dye-liquors and developing liquors1 as may be most convenient and required for the work in hand4 ,such a machine is used in dyeing logwood black1 aniline black1 and many of the direct colours1 etc4 ,from the direct colours a large number of light shades are dyed on to cotton cloth by the process known as padding2 this consists in passing the cloth through a liquor containing the dye-stuff1 usually a little phosphate of soda is added1 then between squeezing rollers1 and finally drying the cloth4 ,for this process there is used what is called a padding machine4 ,this is shown in ,figs4 #be and #bf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,padding ,machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,padding ,machine4 ,it consists essentially of a trough1 which contains two or more guide rollers1 and in this is placed the padding liquor4 ,above the trough is fitted squeezing rollers1 sometimes two as in ,fig4 #be1 or three as in ,fig4 #bf4 ,besides these1 there are winding and beaming and other guide rollers4 ,fig4 #be shows the simplest padding machine1 where the cloth passes once through the liquor and through the squeezing rollers4 ,in ,fig4 #bf the cloth passes several times through the liquor and twice through the squeezing rollers1 thus ensuring a more perfect impregnation of the cloth with the dye-liquor1 and therefore a more uniform dyeing of the cloth4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,cotton ,,dyeing4 ,students of cotton dyeing should have a good knowledge of the principles that underlie the processes of dyeing cotton fabrics4 ,it is only by recognising these principles and then endeavouring to apply them to each individual case of dyeing1 that the dyer or student will obtain a thorough grasp of his subject4 ,it is the aim of the author to lay down these principles in a clear and intelligible form4 ,cotton is dyed in its loose raw condition1 as yarn in the form of hanks1 yarn in the form of cops1 and in the woven pieces of every kind4 ,formerly the idea was prevalent among cotton dyers that the process which succeeds with piece goods would not answer with yarns4 ,it is now recognised however that this is not so1 that a process which will dye cotton yarn will also dye cotton piece goods or loose cotton4 ,the differences which do exist in the practical working of the processes entirely arise from the difference in the form in which the cotton is presented to the dyer1 for it must be obvious to any one that the mode of handling a piece of cotton cloth during the time it is in the dye-bath must be different from that of a hank of yarn1 a parcel of loose cotton or a number of cops4 ,the various machines used for dyeing all these forms and the manner of working them have been already described4 ,the dyes1 whether natural--derived from the various dye-woods1 etc4--or artificial--prepared from coal tar--may according to their varied chemical composition and constitution be divided into seventeen or eighteen distinct groups1 but it is not intended here to give any account of them2 the reader is referred to other books such as ,the ,dictionary of ,coal ,tar ,colours1 by ,george ,h4 ,hurst2 ,the ,chemistry of ,coal ,tar ,colours1 by ,benedikt and ,knecht2 or ,the ,chemistry of ,organic ,colouring ,matters1 by ,nietzki1 where the composition and properties of the dyes are fully described4 ,from the manner in which the various dyes are applied to cotton1 linen1 wool and other fibres we can divide them into five groups1 thus3-- ,group #a4 ,direct dyes4 #b4 ,basic dyes4 #c4 ,acid dyes4 #d4 ,mordant dyes4 #e4 ,miscellaneous dyes4 ,first group1 direct dyes1 are now very numerous2 they dye cotton1 linen and other vegetable fibres from a plain bath1 and do not require those fibres to be prepared in any way4 ,hence the reason of their being named direct1 or by some the substantive colours4 ,they will also dye wool and silk4 ,the second group1 basic dyes1 comprise some of the oldest of the coal-tar dyes2 they dye wool and silk direct from plain baths1 but require cotton1 linen and other vegetable fibres to be previously prepared in baths of tannic acid1 sumach or other tanning material4 ,the third group1 acid dyes1 are very numerous1 and from both their chemical composition and mode of dyeing can be divided into several sub-groups4 ,their principal feature is that they dye wool and silk from baths containing ,glauber's salt and some acid1 hence their name of acid dyes4 ,they do not dye cotton or linen well1 some not at all1 others are absorbed to a slight extent by the cotton1 but only pale tints are produced1 while others may be used along with metallic mordants to dye bright but pale and fugitive shades4 ,the acid dyes comprise such as ,acid green1 ,formyl violet1 ,acid magenta1 ,azo scarlet1 ,orange4 ,thiocarmine ,r41 ,patent blues1 ,wool greens1 indigo extract1 ,eosines1 etc4 ,the fourth group1 mordant dyes1 includes the alizarine series of coal-tar colours1 logwood1 ,brazil wood and most natural colours1 and some others4 ,the principal feature of these dyes is that they require the cotton to be prepared with some metallic oxide1 like those of chrome1 alumina and iron1 before dyeing1 and the colour which is got depends partly upon the particular dye-stuff used and partly upon the oxide with which the cotton has been prepared4 ,the fifth group includes a few dyes like indigo1 which are dyed on to cotton by various and special processes4 ,the processes of cotton dyeing employed to-day may be comprised under eight heads1 namely3-- 7#a7 ,direct dyeing4 7#b7 ,direct dyeing followed by fixation with metallic salts4 7#c7 ,direct dyeing followed by fixation with developers4 7#d7 ,direct dyeing followed by fixation with couplers4 7#e7 ,dyeing on tannic mordant4 7#f7 ,dyeing on metallic mordant4 7#g7 ,developing the colour direct on fibre4 7#h7 ,dyeing by impregnating the cotton with the dye-stuff1 followed by oxidation or steaming4 ,it is of course not easy to elaborate a simple scheme of grouping the processes that shall definitely include all processes1 but the above grouping will be found as successful as any1 and each will be considered as fully as is deemed necessary4 7#a7 ,,direct ,,dyeing4 ,nothing in the history of cotton dyeing caused such a revolution in the methods of working as did the introduction some fifteen years ago of the forerunners 7,congo red1 ,benzo purpurine1 ,chrysamine1 ,azo blue7 of the now numerous group of direct dyes1 followed as they were by the ,benzo1 ,congo1 ,diamine1 ,titan1 ,chicago and ,zambesi members of the group4 ,prior to their introduction cotton dyeing was always more or less complicated and mordanting methods had to be employed4 ,with the introduction of the direct dyes cotton dyeing has become even more simple than wool or silk dyeing1 and now all that is necessary is to prepare a dye liquor containing the necessary amount of dye-stuff and ,glauber's salt1 or common salt or soda1 or some similar body1 or a combination thereof4 ,the method of working is to place the cotton in a lukewarm or even in a hot bath1 raise to the boil1 allow the goods to remain in the boiling bath for half an hour to an hour1 then take them out1 wring1 wash and dry4 ,this method is simple and will answer for all the dyes of this group4 ,there are some that do not require the working to be done boiling2 it is simply needful to enter the cotton into a boiling bath and work without steam until the bath has cooled down4 ,furious boiling is not needed--a gentle simmer gives the best results4 ,uneven dyeing seems to be an impossibility in this group of dyes1 unless the cotton is dirty2 no matter how the operations are carried on1 level dyeing is the rule not the exception4 ,an enormous variety of shades and tints can be obtained from these dyes1 and they can be combined together in every conceivable manner and proportions4 ,no satisfactory explanation has yet been given as to what feature in the chemical composition of these dye-stuffs give them such an affinity for the cotton fibre as to enable them to dye in so simple a manner such fast shades as they do2 it is a fact there is such an affinity and there the matter must rest4 ,it has been found in practice that the efficiency of the dyeing operation depends1 primarily of course1 on the particular dye-stuff used1 but also upon other factors1 that a certain assistant be used4 ,some dyes work on the cotton better from a bath containing ,glauber's salt1 while with others common salt works best1 while a little soda along with the salt facilitates the dyeing in some cases4 ,it is practically impossible to specify here the best assistant for all the direct colours1 on account of the great number of such dyes which are known1 but in the practical recipes given below much useful advice will be found4 ,then the quantity of such assistants used is of much importance2 there is one proportion at which the best results are obtained for each dye4 ,the dyer should find out for himself by experiment and the use of the dyes he employs in his work what assistant and how much is best1 and make his baths up to that strength4 ,with some dyes #aj per cent4 of the assistant will be found sufficient1 while with others1 #be to #cj per cent4 will not be too much4 ,the percentage refers to the weight of the cotton that is taken4 ,one function of the assistants must be pointed out here3 it is that in some cases they--especially the alkaline ones1 soda1 potash1 borax1 phosphate of soda--help the dyeing by promoting the solubility of the dye-stuff in the bath1 thereby retarding the exhaustion of the bath and ensuring the production of level shades4 ,the following formulas show the application of the foregoing principles to the dyeing of numerous shades on to cotton and also the dyes which are applicable1 some of the combinations which are possible with these direct dyes1 and give some idea of the tints and shades of the colours that can be got by their means4 ,the best assistants to use are also indicated in the formul4 ,all the formul here given and all that will be given in future chapters are intended for #ajj lb4 weight of cotton fabrics in any condition1 whether of loose cotton1 yarn in cops1 hanks or wraps and woven fabrics of every kind4 ,bright ,red4--,dye with #c lb4 ,benzo purpurine #d ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,this dye may also be used with #c lb4 soap and #aj lb4 soda in the bath with equally good results4 ,pale ,salmon4--,prepare a dye-bath with #c lb4 salt1 #e lb4 phosphate of soda1 #a lb4 soap1 #a_/b oz4 ,benzo orange ,r4 ,for a pale shade like this it is not necessary to heat to the boil1 a temperature of #agj to #ahj ,f4 is sufficient4 ,dark ,plum4--,prepare a dye-bath with #bj lb4 of ,glauber's salt1 #b-a_/b lb4 soap1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o4 and #b lb4 ,diamine red ,n4 ,enter at #ahj ,f41 work for a few minutes1 then raise to boil and dye to shade2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,turkey ,red4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a-a_/b lb4 ,benzo purpurine #d ,b1 #a lb4 ,brilliant purpurine1 #b lb4 soap1 #aj lb4 borax4 ,enter the cotton at the boil and work for one hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,lilac ,red4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 soap1 #e lb4 soda1 #c lb4 ,rose azurine ,g4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,pink4--,prepare a bath containing #aj lb4 soda1 #a oz4 ,rose azurine ,b4 ,enter at a boil and work for one hour1 boiling to shade2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,bordeaux4--,prepare a dye-bath with #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #e lb4 soda crystals1 #c lb4 ,diamine fast red ,f1 #a lb4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #a lb4 ,rose azurine ,g4 ,enter cold1 then raise to the boil1 and work for one and a half hours2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,rose ,pink4--,the dye-bath is made with #b lb4 ,erika ,b1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt and #c lb4 soap1 working at near the boil to shade4 ,brilliant ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #bd lb4 ,brilliant purpurine ,r and #be lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,pink4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine rose ,b ,d1 #a_/b lb4 soda1 #a lb4 soap and #e lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at #aej ,f4 for half an hour4 ,dark ,red4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine red #e ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,pink4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d oz4 ,diamine rose ,b ,d1 #a lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #dj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,scarlet4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,diamine scarlet #c ,b1 #a lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,scarlet4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,titan scarlet ,c1 #a_/b lb4 ,titan orange1 #ej lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for thirty minutes1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,the dye-bath is not exhausted and may be used for further lots4 ,crimson ,red4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,titan scarlet ,d and #ej lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for fifty minutes1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,the bath is not exhausted1 the cotton taking up only about #c lb4 of the dye-stuff2 it may therefore be kept for further use1 when for each succeeding lot #c to #c-a_/b lb4 of colour and #be lb4 of salt only need be added4 ,scarlet4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,rosophenine #e ,b1 dissolved in #ej gallons hot water1 #b gallons caustic soda lye 7#fj ,tw474 ,when thoroughly dissolved add #aej lb4 salt4 ,make up the bath to #ajj gallons4 ,enter the yarn and work for a quarter to half an hour at about #ahj ,f2 squeeze off and wash thoroughly in cold water until the water runs off clean4 ,rose ,red4--,use #a lb4 ,diamine red #aj ,b1 #c lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,deep ,crimson4--,use #c lb4 ,diamine red #aj ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,claret4--,use #c lb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,pink4--,the dye-bath is made with #e oz4 ,dianil red #d ,b1 #e lb4 salt and #c lb4 soda4 ,scarlet4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,dianil red #d ,b1 #ae lb4 salt and #e lb4 soda4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,claret4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,dianil claret ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,maroon4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil claret ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,bright ,scarlet4--,use in the dye-bath #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil red #d ,b #e oz4 ,dianil orange ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 salt4 ,dark ,maroon4--,make the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,dianil red #d ,b1 #b lb4 ,dianil claret ,g1 #ac oz4 ,dianil claret ,b1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,crimson4--,dye with #c lb4 ,congo rubine1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,maroon4--,use in the dye-bath #a lb4 ,benzo purpurine #d ,b1 #c lb4 ,congo ,corinth ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil to shade4 ,pale ,fawn ,red4--,use in the dye-bath #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine red #e ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,rose ,red4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c_/d lb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #c oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,crimson4--,use in the dye-bath #c_/d lb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #c oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,salmon4--,dye with #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast red ,f1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,terra-,gotta ,red4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast red ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,lilac ,red4--,dye with #d lb4 ,heliotrope ,b ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,bright ,pink4--,use in the dye-bath #b oz4 ,rose azurine ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,nearly all the direct reds give good pink tints when used in proportion1 varying from #j4a to #j4be per cent4 of dye-stuff4 ,bright ,straw4--,dye in a bath made of #a_/d lb4 ,titan yellow ,g ,g1 #aj lb4 salt1 for three-quarters of an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,yellow4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a lb4 ,titan yellow ,y1 #aj lb4 salt4 ,heat to #ahj ,f41 enter the goods1 raise to boil1 and dye for one hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,yellow4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #a lb4 ,turkey red oil1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,sun ,yellow4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,sun yellow1 #cj lb4 common salt4 ,dye at the boil4 ,the bath is kept for further lots4 ,yellow4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,direct yellow ,r1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,yellow4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,curcuphenine1 #bj lb4 common salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour2 lift1 rinse and dry4 ,old ,gold4--,make the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,diamine yellow ,n powder1 #bj lb4 phosphate of soda1 #aj lb4 soap4 ,work at the boil for one hour2 finish in the usual way4 ,the bath may be kept for other lots of goods4 ,dark ,yellow4--,the bath is made from #b lb4 ,toluylene orange ,g1 #aj lb4 phosphate of soda1 and #b-a_/b lb4 soap1 working at the boil to shade4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use #a lb4 ,chrysophenine1 #b lb4 phosphate of soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,lemon ,yellow4--,use #a oz4 ,chrysamine ,g1 #b lb4 phosphate of soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,yellow4--,dye with #b lb4 ,oxyphenine and #bj lb4 salt4 ,yellow ,olive4--,use in the dye-bath #b oz4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #d-a_/b oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #d-a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,green ,yellow4--,dye with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b4 #b oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,gold ,yellow4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,columbia yellow1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,cream4--,dye with #a_/b oz4 ,toluylene orange ,g1 #bd grains ,brilliant orange ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,primrose4--,dye with #c oz4 ,dianil yellow #c ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 salt4 ,gold ,yellow4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil yellow ,g1 #a_/b lb4 soda and #ae lb4 salt4 ,buff ,yellow4--,dye with #c-a_/b oz4 ,dianil yellow #b ,r1 #a_/b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 salt4 ,orange4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,chlorophenine orange ,r1 #bj lb4 common salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour2 lift1 rinse and dry4 ,red ,orange4--,make the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,mikado orange #d ,r and #be lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,orange4--,make the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,mikado orange ,g and #be lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,pale ,orange4--,the dye-bath contains #f oz4 ,diamine ,orange ,g1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a_/d oz4 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,olive ,yellow4--,dye with #c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a oz4 ,oxydiamine black ,n1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,orange4--,dye with #c lb4 ,columbia orange ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,bright ,orange4--,use #c lb4 ,congo orange ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,pale ,orange4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil orange #b ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,brilliant ,orange4--,dye with #d lb4 ,dianil orange ,g and #bj lb4 salt for one hour4 ,deep ,orange4--,dye with #b lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,r1 #c_/d lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt for an hour4 ,pale ,orange4--,dye with #c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,bright ,orange4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,benzo orange ,r1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,chrysamine ,r1 #aj lb4 phosphate of soda and #b lb4 soap4 ,green4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,benzo green ,g1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter lukewarm1 bring slowly to the boil1 dye for one hour at the boil4 ,russian ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #af oz4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #d oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #c lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,olive4--,prepare a dye-bath with #c-a_/b lb4 ,benzo olive1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,o1 #b lb4 ,diamine yellow1 #bj lb4 common salt1 #b lb4 soap4 ,the goods are entered into the bath at #afj ,f41 then heat is raised to the boil1 and the dyeing continued for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,olive4--,dye in a bath of #b lb4 ,titan yellow ,y1 #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,y1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,b1 #b lb4 soda4 ,work for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,olive4--,prepare a dye-bath with #ae lb4 phosphate of soda1 #c lb4 soap1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine yellow ,n1 #d oz4 ,diamine blue #c ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine brown ,v4 ,dye at the boil to shade2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,green ,olive4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #a lb4 ,chrysamine1 #a_/d lb4 ,benzo brown1 #e lb4 soda1 #e lb4 salt1 #b lb4 soap4 ,the goods are entered at about #ahj ,f4 and worked for a short time1 then the temperature is raised to the boil1 and the goods are worked for one hour1 lifted1 washed and dried4 ,reseda4--,prepare a bath with #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soap1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b lb4 ,diamine yellow ,n4 ,enter at #abj ,f41 heat to boil and dye for one hour at that temperature2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,sage ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b lb4 ,diamine yellow ,n4 ,enter at about #aej ,f4 and then raise to boil and dye boiling for one hour1 wash and dry4 ,drab4--,prepare the dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,cross dye drab1 #e lb4 soda crystals4 ,enter at the boil and work at this temperature for half an hour4 ,whilst dyeing add gradually #ge lb4 salt4 ,rinse well and dry4 ,olive4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,dianil olive1 #e lb4 phosphate of soda1 #e lb4 common salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,olive4--,the dyeing is done in a bath containing #d oz4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #e lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,grass ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,chrysamine ,g1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,benzo azurine ,g1 #c lb4 soap and #aj lb4 borax1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,titan yellow ,y1 #a lb4 ,titan blue #c ,b and #bj lb4 salt4 ,bright ,grass ,green4--,dye for an hour at the boil with #a lb4 ,sulphon azurine ,d1 #b lb4 ,thiazole yellow and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine green ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil to shade4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine dark green ,n1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,green4--,use in the bath #c lb4 ,benzo green ,b ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,sea ,green4--,dye with #e oz4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #c oz4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #c oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,pale ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b oz4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,bright ,pea ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #a oz4 ,thioflavine ,s1 #a_/d oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,green4--,use #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine green ,g1 #c_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine yellow ,g ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,green4--,use #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine green ,g1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine yellow ,g ,g1 #c lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,sea ,green4--,use #b oz4 ,dianil yellow ,r1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,dianil blue ,b1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 salt1 working at the boil4 ,leaf ,green4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,dianil yellow #c ,g1 #a lb4 ,dianil blue ,b1 #aa oz4 ,dianil blue #b ,r1 #c lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,green4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil yellow #c ,g1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil blue #b ,r1 #f oz4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #c lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,greens are largely produced by mixing yellows and blues together as will be seen from the recipes given above2 the particular shade of green which is got from a combination of blue and green depends upon the quality of the dye-stuffs used3 thus1 to produce bright greens of a pure tone1 it is essential that the yellow used shall have a greenish tone like ,thioflavine ,s1 ,thiazole yellow1 or ,dianil yellow #c ,g1 while the blue must also have a greenish tone like ,diamine sky blue1 ,benzo blue #c ,b1 etc4 ,by using yellows like ,diamine fast yellow ,r1 and dark blues like ,benzo azurine #c ,r1 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 the green which is got is darker and duller in tone4 ,the addition of such a dye as ,diamine black ,b ,h throws the shade more on to an olive1 while a brown dye-stuff1 like ,diamine brown ,m1 or an orange dye1 like ,titan orange ,n1 throws the green on to a sage tone4 ,examples of these effects will be found among the recipes given above4 ,it may be added here that by using smaller quantities1 but in the same proportions as given in the above recipes1 a great range of tints and shades of green can be dyed from very pale to very deep4 ,bright ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a_/b lb4 ,congo blue #b ,b1 #e lb4 salt1 #e lb4 phosphate of soda1 #b lb4 soap4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then rinse and dry4 ,dark ,navy4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #h lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soap4 ,enter the cotton at #ahj ,f41 and boil for one hour4 ,pale ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 salt1 #c lb4 soda1 #c oz4 diamine blue #c ,r4 ,work for one hour at the boil1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,sky ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #b lb4 ,titan como ,g1 #bj lb4 common salt1 #b oz4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for half an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,bright ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a-a_/b lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #c lb4 soap4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,sky ,blue4--,make the dye-bath with #a oz4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soap4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,sky ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #a lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamineral blue ,r1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine deep black ,cr1 #a lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #dj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,triamine black ,b1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 in #ej gallons of water4 ,enter at #aej ,f41 and boil for one hour4 ,allow the goods to remain until the water is cold1 when the dye-bath will be completely exhausted4 ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 #b lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,diamine blue ,b ,g1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,in shade this is very similar to that got with ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 which however should be used for light shades on account of its brightness4 ,for deep shades ,diamine blue ,b ,g1 is preferable1 because of its greater tinctorial power4 ,light ,indigo ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,paramine indigo blue1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter at about #aej ,f41 and dye at the boil for one hour4 ,navy ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,paramine navy blue ,r1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter at about #aej ,f41 and dye at the boil for one hour4 ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,paramine navy blue ,r1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter at about #aej ,f41 and dye at the boil for one hour4 ,navy ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,benzo chrome black blue ,b1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #c lb4 soda4 ,work at the boil for one hour2 lift1 rinse and dry4 ,grey ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,paramine blue black ,s1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter at #aej ,f41 and dye for one hour at boil4 ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,paramine blue ,b1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter at about #aej ,f41 and dye at the boil for one hour4 ,slate ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/d lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #c_/d oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b lb4 soda1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil to shade4 ,deep ,blue4--,use #c-a_/d lb4 ,diamine blue ,b ,x1 #a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,n1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,blue4--,dye at the boil for one hour with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 #b oz4 ,diamine green ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,navy4--,dye with #a lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #h oz4 ,dianil black ,c ,r1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,navy4--,use #b lb4 ,dianil blue ,b1 #b lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #c_/d lb4 ,dianil black ,c ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,blue4--,dye with #c-a_/b lb4 ,diamine blue black ,e1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,zambesi black ,b ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,navy4--,use #c lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #c lb4 caustic soda #gj ,tw41 and #be lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,violet ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil dark blue #c ,r and #be lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,bright ,blue4--,use #a lb4 ,dianil blue ,b1 and #bj lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,full ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,brilliant azurine #e ,g1 #e lb4 common salt1 #e lb4 phosphate of soda and #b lb4 soap at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,erie blue ,b ,x1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,pale ,blue4--,dye with #a lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,blue4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,a1 #b lb4 ,diamine deep blue ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,blue4--,dye with #f oz4 ,diamine blue #c ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,navy4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine new blue ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,navy4--,dye with #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamineral blue ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,sky ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #f oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,blue4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,triamine black ,b ,t1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt2 work at the boil to shade4 ,blue4--,use #b lb4 ,direct indigo blue and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt2 work at the boil4 ,bright ,blue4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,titan como ,s ,n1 #b lb4 acetic acid and #bj lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,turquoise ,blue4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 #a oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil to shade4 ,dark ,navy4--,use #d lb4 ,titan navy ,r1 and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,green ,blue4--,dye with #a lb4 ,dianil blue ,g1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,dianil yellow ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,many more formul could have been given1 but the above will perhaps suffice2 they include all the best of the direct blues4 ,paler tints of blue may be got by using from #a to #b per cent4 of any of these blues and also of the many direct blacks now on the market4 ,the direct blues as a rule have a good degree of fastness to light4 ,lilac4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a_/d lb4 ,hessian brown #b ,m1 #a oz4 ,azo mauve ,a ,m1 #a lb4 soap1 #b lb4 soda1 #aj lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,plum4--,dye with #c lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,dark ,plum4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil4 ,violet4--,make the dye-bath with #c_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and dye at the boil to shade4 ,violet4--,dye with #ab oz4 ,dianil blue #d ,r1 #b oz4 ,dianil blue ,b and #aj lb4 salt at the boil4 ,lilac4--,dye with #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine rose ,g ,d1 #c_/d oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil to shade4 ,red ,violet4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #a_/b oz4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil4 ,red ,violet4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,bright ,red ,lilac4--,dye with #a-c_/d lb4 ,erika ,b ,n1 #d oz4 ,chicago blue #d ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil4 ,grey ,lilac4--,dye with #ab oz4 ,neutral grey ,g1 #c oz4 erika ,b ,n1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,pale ,lilac4--,dye with #b-a_/b oz4 ,dianil claret ,b1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,dianil blue #d ,r1 and #aj lb4 salt4 ,light ,plum4--,dye with #aj oz4 ,dianil claret ,b1 #aj oz4 ,dianil blue and #bj lb4 salt4 ,dull ,lilac4--,dye with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,heliotrope4--,dye with #d oz4 ,heliotrope #b ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,plum4--,dye with #c lb4 ,congo ,corinth ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dull ,violet4--,use in the dye-bath #a-a_/b lb4 ,chicago blue #d ,r1 #ad oz4 ,erika ,b ,n1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,red ,lilac4--,dye with #f oz4 ,oxydiamine violet ,g1 #b oz4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,violet4--,dye with #c oz4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #b oz4 diamine blue #c ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,fawn ,drab4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a lb4 ,cachou de laval1 #a_/d oz4 ,benzo purpurine ,b4 ,enter the cotton into this bath in the cold and heat to the boil1 taking about one hour for the operation1 then add #d lb4 common salt and boil for three-quarters of an hour longer2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,olive ,brown4--,the dye-bath is made with #a lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #a oz4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #c oz4 ,diamine gold1 #e lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,red ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a-c_/d lb4 ,cotton yellow1 #d lb4 ,hessian brown #b ,b ,n1 #b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #a lb4 soda1 #b lb4 salt4 ,enter the goods at #ahj ,f41 then raise to the boil and work to the shade2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,brown ,drab4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a_/d lb4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #c_/d oz4 ,diamine yellow ,n1 #c_/d oz4 ,diamine black ,b ,o1 #ae lb4 phosphate of soda1 #c lb4 soap4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,gold ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #af-a_/d oz4 ,toluylene orange ,g1 #i-a_/b oz4 ,toluylene orange ,r1 #d-c_/d oz4 azo mauve1 #b-a_/b lb4 soap1 #e lb4 soda4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,chestnut ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 common salt1 #b lb4 ,benzo brown ,g1 #a_/b lb4 ,benzo azurine ,g1 #a_/b lb4 ,chrysophenine4 ,enter the goods at #aej ,f41 raise to the boil and dye boiling for one hour4 ,purple ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 common salt1 #b lb4 ,benzo brown ,n ,b1 #a lb4 ,azo violet4 ,enter the cotton at #aej ,f41 raise to the boil and dye boiling for an hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #e lb4 soda1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #ab oz4 ,chrysamine1 #a oz4 ,benzo purpurine1 #f-a_/d oz4 ,benzo azurine4 ,dye at the boil for one hour1 rinse and dry4 ,the brown thus got is fast to washing4 ,dark ,chestnut ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 salt1 #c lb4 ,benzo brown ,n ,b ,x1 raise to #aej ,f41 enter goods1 heat to boil1 and work for one hour2 lift1 rinse and dry4 ,dark ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #bj oz4 ,glauber's salt per gallon of water used1 #b-a_/b lb4 soap1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b lb4 ,cotton brown ,n4 ,enter the yarn at #ahj ,f41 give three turns1 raise temperature to boil1 and work to shade2 lift1 rinse and wash4 ,gold ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,titan gold1 #ej lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for thirty minutes1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,the dye-bath is not exhausted1 only about #c lb4 of the colour being taken up by the cotton4 ,it may1 therefore1 be kept for further lots1 adding #c lb4 more colour and about #bj lb4 more salt for each batch of cotton1 or if it is not desired to keep the bath1 add less colour to start with1 and towards the end of the operation add more salt4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,paramine brown ,g1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,light ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #c lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,diamine catechine ,b1 #c lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,drab4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,titan brown ,y1 #c oz4 ,columbia green1 #cb-c_/d oz4 ,diamine bronze1 #ag lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,brown4--,the dye-bath is made with #b lb4 ,mikado orange #d ,r1 #c oz4 ,benzo fast grey1 #cj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 ash and dry4 ,gold ,brown4--,make a dye-bath with #a lb4 ,titan gold1 #ej lb4 common salt4 ,enter at the boil1 work for an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,keep the bath for another lot of goods2 it will only require the addition of about #ad oz4 of colour and #aj lb4 salt4 ,buff ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #c_/d lb4 ,titan gold1 #a_/d lb4 ,titan brown ,r1 #e oz4 ,titan blue #c ,b1 #dj lb4 common salt4 ,work at the boil to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,deep ,chestnut ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,titan brown ,r1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,titan blue ,r1 #be lb4 common salt4 ,work at the boil for an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,light ,seal ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #aj lb4 salt1 #b lb4 soda1 #ad oz4 ,oxyphenine1 #c_/d lb4 ,atlas red ,r1 #f oz4 ,diamine blue ,b ,x4 ,work at the boil to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,orange ,brown4--,make a dye-bath with #aj lb4 salt1 #b lb soda1 #ad oz4 ,oxyphenine1 #a lb4 ,atlas red ,r1 #a oz4 ,diamine blue ,b ,x4 ,work at the boil to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,nut ,brown4--,use in the dye-bath #d-a_/b oz4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #a oz4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a oz4 ,diamine catechine ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,walnut ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c oz4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #b oz4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,black ,brown4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine blue black ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil4 ,reddish ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,dianil brown ,r1 #e lb4 salt and #e lb4 phosphate of soda at the boil for one hour4 ,chocolate ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,dianil brown ,t1 #e lb4 phosphate of soda and #e lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,dianil dark brown1 #e lb4 salt and #e lb4 phosphate of soda at the boil for one hour4 ,light ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,brown4--,dye with #b-a_/d lb4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #d oz4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,walnut ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #c-a_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #f oz4 ,diamine catechine ,b1 #f oz4 ,diamine red #e ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 work at the boil4 ,dark ,chestnut ,brown4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil brown ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt at the boil4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #b lb4 ,dianil brown ,b ,d1 #a lb4 ,dianil red #d ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt at the boil for one hour4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,mikado brown ,m and #be lb4 salt2 work the cotton in this at the boil for one hour4 ,nut ,brown4--,use in the dye-bath #b-a_/b lb4 ,benzo brown ,g and #ae lb4 salt1 working at the boil4 ,dark ,brown4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,benzo brown ,n ,b and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil4 ,dark ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,diphenyl brown ,b ,n1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt and #d lb4 soap1 working at the boil to shade4 ,black ,brown4--,use in the dye-bath #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,dianil brown ,g1 #c_/d lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,brilliant orange ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil to shade4 ,gold ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,curcumine ,s1 #a lb4 ,columbia orange ,r1 #e oz4 ,columbia black ,f ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil4 ,dark ,chestnut4--,dye at the boil with #b lb4 ,columbia ,orange ,r1 #h oz4 ,columbia black ,f ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,sage ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #a lb4 ,curcumine ,s1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine orange ,g ,d1 #c lb4 soda and #cj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil4 ,deep ,brown4--,dye #c-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,g1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil4 ,chestnut4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,g1 #c_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,pale ,walnut ,brown4--,dye with #c-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,g1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,various other browns may be obtained by combining the various direct browns together or with other direct dyes4 ,the use of a yellow or orange will brighten them2 that of a red will redden the shade2 the addition of a dark blue or a black will darken the shade considerably4 ,it may be useful to remember that a combination of red1 orange and blue or black produces a brown1 and by using various proportions a great range of shades can be dyed4 ,black4--,prepare a dye-bath with #f lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b oz4 ,thioflavine ,s1 #b lb4 soap1 #aj lb4 salt4 ,enter the cotton at the boil and dye for one hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,direct deep black ,e extra1 and #a_/b to #a-a_/b oz4 common salt per gallon of water4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e-a_/b lb4 ,diamine deep black ,r ,b1 #b lb4 soda1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,direct triamine black ,g ,x1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye for one hour at the boil2 lift1 rinse and dry4 ,in working for from two to three hours the dye-bath will exhaust completely4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,a1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #f lb4 ,pluto black ,b4 ,dye at the boil for one hour with the addition of #c_/d to #a-a_/d oz4 ,glauber's salt1 #a_/b to #c_/d oz4 soda ash per gallon of liquor4 ,to develop the shade it is necessary to dye in a boiling liquor4 ,black4--,use #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine jet black ,cr1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine jet black ,r ,b1 #b lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,black4--,use #f lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,n ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,black4--,use #f lb4 ,columbia ,black ,f ,b ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil to shade4 ,besides the blacks given in the above recipes1 there are other brands which are used in the same way1 and vary slightly in the shade of black they give4 ,all the direct blacks require working in strong baths to give anything like black shades2 they all have1 more or less1 a bluish tone1 which can be changed to a jetter shade by the addition of a yellow or green dye in small proportions1 which has been done in one of the recipes given above4 ,by coupling1 chroming or developing1 the direct blacks can be made to give full1 deep and fast blacks1 and examples of their use in this manner will be found in following sections4 ,by using all the direct blacks in proportions varying from #a_/d to #a per cent4 of dye-stuff to the weight of the cotton they give greys of various tints and depths2 a few examples of such greys will now be given4 ,blue ,grey4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,a1 #a lb4 soda1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,bright ,grey4--,prepare a dye-bath with #d-a_/b oz4 ,azo mauve ,a ,m1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,direct yellow ,g1 #c lb4 soda1 #ae lb4 common salt4 ,silver ,grey4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/b oz4 ,neutral grey ,g1 #aj lb4 sulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,slate4--,dye in a bath with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #c oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for three-quarters of an hour4 ,bronze ,grey4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #c lb4 soap4 ,enter at about #afj ,f41 raise to boil and work for one hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,slate4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #a-a_/b lb4 soap1 #a lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b lb4 ,cotton brown ,n4 ,heat to about #aej ,f4 ,enter the goods1 work for a short time1 then raise to the boil and work for one hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,green ,grey4--,prepare a dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #a lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #c_/d oz4 ,thioflavine ,s4 ,enter at from #aej ,tw4 to #ahj ,f41 raise to boil and dye for one hour2 wash and dry4 ,light ,slate4--,prepare a dye-bath containing #b-a_/d lb4 soap1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #f oz4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #a_/b oz4 thioflavine ,s4 ,enter cotton at #adj ,f41 work a little1 then heat to boil and dye to shade2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,grey4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine grey ,g1 #a_/b oz4 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 #a lb4 soda1 #a lb4 soap1 #e lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye for one hour at the boil4 ,light ,grey4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,diamine grey ,g1 #a lb4 soda1 #a lb4 soap1 #e lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye for one hour at the boil2 lift1 rinse and dry4 ,it may be convenient here to deal with the question of the fastness of the direct dyes to such influences as light1 air1 acids1 alkalies1 washing and soaping1 that have a very material influence on the use of these dyes in dyeing various fabrics4 ,this matter can only be dealt with here in very general terms1 for space is limited and the dyes are too numerous for detailed mention4 ,they vary very greatly in degrees of fastness1 some are absolutely fast to all influences2 the blacks are among the fastest1 generally these resist washing and soaping1 stand acids well and are fast to alkalies1 light however affects them more or less1 though they cannot be reckoned fugitive colours4 ,the few direct greens known are good colours2 they stand washing1 soaping and light well1 but they are affected by acids and alkalies4 ,the blues vary very much1 generally they stand soaping and have a fair degree of fastness to light1 acids have but little action1 alkalies tend to redden the shade1 while heat also affects them4 ,the direct browns are very variable2 they are in general not fast to light2 they stand washing and soaping and resist alkalies1 but are altered by acids slightly4 ,the yellows rank among the fastest of colours to light and washing and soaping2 acids have but little effect2 they are reddened by alkalies4 ,among the reds there is great variation in properties1 generally they are not fast to light1 standing washing and soaping well and resisting weak alkalies2 some of them1 such as the ,benzo purpurines and ,congo reds are very sensitive to acids1 being turned blue with very weak acids1 but on washing or soaping the original colour comes back2 others1 like the ,titan reds1 ,diamine reds and ,delta purpurines are not so sensitive1 but these are affected by moderately strong acids2 there are one or two reds like ,benzo fast scarlet #d ,b ,s and ,purpuramine ,d ,h1 which are fast to acids4 ,the depth of shade which is dyed has some considerable influence on the degree of fastness1 the deeper shades of a colour are always faster than the paler shades1 particularly as regards light1 a difference of #a_/b per cent1 of dye-stuff has been known to make a very appreciable degree of difference as regards the fastness of a colour to light4 ,in dyeing cotton with all the direct dyes1 it is found that the whole of the dye-stuff is not removed from the dye-bath1 how much is taken up by the cotton1 and the depth of the shade which is dyed upon the cotton chiefly depends upon three factors3-- 7#a7 ,volume of water used4 7#b7 ,quantity of saline salts used4 7#c7 ,degree of affinity of the dye-stuff for the fibre4 ,there may also be some minor factors such as temperature at which the dyeing is carried on1 the character and condition of the fabrics being dyed1 etc4 ,the volume of water used in making the dye-bath has a very great influence upon the amount of dye taken up by the cotton1 the greater the volume of water the less dye is absorbed and the paler the colour which is produced upon the fibre4 ,it is therefore important to use as little water as possible in making up the dye-bath1 indeed1 for anything like good results to be obtained with some dyes1 especially those of the sulphur series like ,vidal black1 ,immedial blacks1 ,katigen browns1 ,cross-dye blacks1 ,amidazol blacks1 etc41 it is necessary to employ what is called a short bath1 that is making it as strong as possible4 ,the proportion of water with such dyes should not exceed fifteen times the weight of the cotton being dyed1 that is1 for every pound of cotton1 #a-a_/b gallons of water can be allowed4 ,this will suit the dyeing of yarns and loose fabrics like knitted stockings and hosiery goods very well4 ,in the case of dyeing piece goods on a jigger or continuous dyeing machines even stronger liquors can be used with advantage4 ,with some of the older1 direct dyes like ,congo red1 ,benzo azurine1 ,diamine scarlets1 the proportion of water may be increased to twenty times the weight of the cotton4 ,in any case the quantity of water used should not exceed twenty-five times the weight of the cotton4 ,the second factor1 the quantity of saline salts1 like ,glauber's salt1 soda1 borax1 etc41 added in the dyeing1 is not without influence1 generally the more that is added the more dye there is left in the bath1 but here again much depends upon the salt and the colouring matters used4 ,some salts1 more particularly ,glauber's salt and common salt1 tend to throw some dye-stuffs out of the bath1 and so the more there is used of them the deeper the shade produced on the fabric4 ,it is quite impossible1 having regard to the scope of this book1 to deal with this question in detail4 ,the dyer should ascertain for himself the best salts and the best proportions of these to use with the particular dyes he is using4 ,the recipes given above will give him some ideas on this point4 ,the third factor1 the degree of affinity of the dye for the cotton fibre1 has some influence on the depth of shade which can be dyed from any given strength of the dye-bath4 ,there is a very considerable difference among the direct dyes in this respect4 ,there are some which have a fair degree of affinity1 while there are others which have but little affinity1 and while in the former case there is little dye left in the bath1 in the latter case there is a good deal4 ,when dyeing plain shades with single dye-stuffs this is not of much moment1 because if the bath be kept for further use1 as will be spoken of presently1 the bath may be brought up to its original strength by adding a proportionate amount of dye-stuff1 but when compound shades are being dyed1 using two or more dyes1 then this feature has some influence1 for they will not be absorbed by the fibre in the same proportion as they were put in the bath1 and so when making up the dye-bath for the second lot1 and adding the same proportion of dyes1 the shade which is produced will not be quite the same1 for the first lot of cotton in taking up the dyes in varying quantities has altered their relative proportions1 and so the bath for the second lot of cotton will actually contain more of one dye than did the first bath1 and the influence of this excess of the one constituent will show itself in the shade ultimately dyed4 ,the more lots of cotton there are dyed in the bath the greater will this influence be4 ,the dyer must by practical experience find out for himself in what direction this feature of the direct dyes exerts its influence on the particular dyes he is working with and make due allowance4 ,it is found in practice that from one-fourth to one-half of the original weight of dye-stuff is left in the bath1 and in order to be as economical as possible a custom has arisen of keeping the bath and using it again for dyeing further lots of cotton4 ,in thus making a continuous use of dye-baths it is important in preparing the baths for the next lot of cotton to add first the requisite quantities of dye-stuffs1 how much will depend upon the factors and conditions already detailed1 but from one-half to three-fourths of the original quantities are added4 ,practical experience alone is the guide to be followed4 ,having added the dye-stuff1 then sufficient water must be added to bring up the volume of the bath to the proper amount1 for it will have lost some4 ,the loss of water arises from two sources3 first there is the evaporation1 which always occurs when dye-baths are heated up1 and1 second1 there is the mechanical loss due to its absorption by the material which is being dyed4 ,when a piece of cotton or other textile fabric is immersed in a dye liquor it absorbs mechanically some of it1 and this amount may be roughly put down as about its own weight2 thus #ajj lb4 weight of cotton will take up #aj gallons of liquor and carry that quantity out of the bath4 ,to some extent this may be minimised by a previous wetting out of the cotton1 which will then have in it as much liquor as it will take up1 and so practically no more will be taken up from the dye-bath4 ,any loss of volume which may thus occur can be remedied by the addition of water4 ,the dye-baths containing in solution1 in addition to the dye-stuff1 salt1 or ,glauber's salt1 or any other added substance1 the cotton in taking up the dye liquor will of course take up some of these in proportion to the volume of liquor absorbed4 ,the amount may range from #d oz4 to #a lb4 per gallon of liquor1 and if #ajj lb4 cotton is being dyed and takes up from #aj to #ae gallons of liquor1 it is obvious that it must absorb from #c to #aj lb4 of saline matter1 and as the salinity of the dye liquor is of some importance in dyeing direct colours1 in making up the bath for the next lot of cotton this must be allowed for and suitable additions made4 ,in order to do this properly it is a good plan to rely upon the ,twaddell4 ,the dyer should take the ,twaddell of his bath before use and always make up his baths to that strength4 ,this will be found to range from #c to #ab ,tw4 ,thus1 for instance1 a dye-bath made from #abj gallons of water with #bj lb4 to #be lb4 common salt or ,glauber's salt with the dye-stuffs will stand at #d ,tw41 one made with #ej lb4 common salt or ,glauber's salt at #h ,tw41 while one which is made with #hj lb4 to #ajj lb4 salt will stand at #ab to #ac ,tw4 ,if the dyer always maintains his liquors at one uniform degree ,twaddell he can invariably depend upon getting uniform shades from his dye-baths4 ,this uniform strength is attained by adding more salt or more water as the case may require4 ,of course the continuous working of dye-baths cannot go on for ever2 sooner or later the baths become thick and dirty1 and then they must be thrown away and a new bath started4 7#b7 ,,direct ,,dyeing ,,followed ,,by ,,fixation ,,with ,,metallic ,,salts4 ,it is an acknowledged principle in dyeing that to produce colours fast to washing1 soaping and rubbing1 there must be produced on the fibre an insoluble coloured substance4 ,now as the direct dyes do not essentially produce such insoluble bodies when dyed on the cotton1 the colours they form are not always fast to washing and soaping4 ,it has been ascertained1 however1 that some of the direct dyes1 e4g41 ,benzo azurine1 ,chicago blue1 ,catechu browns1 ,diamine blues1 ,diamine browns1 etc41 are capable of uniting with metallic bodies to form insoluble colour lakes1 and this combination can take place on the fibre4 ,fast shades may be dyed with the dye-stuffs named above1 and with others of this group1 by first dyeing them in the usual way1 then passing through a boiling bath containing bichromate of potash or copper sulphate1 either together or separately4 ,the two fixing agents here named have been found to be the best1 although others1 as1 for instance1 zinc sulphate1 chromium fluoride and iron sulphate have been tried4 ,with some dyes there is little or no alteration in shade1 but in others there is some change1 thus the blues as a rule tend to become greener in tone1 and browns also tend to acquire a greener tone and deeper shade4 ,the treated shades thus obtained are notable for considerable fastness to washing1 soaping and light4 ,it is to be noted that bichromate of potash exercises both a fixing and an oxidising action on dye-stuffs1 hence it is needful to use it with some degree of caution and not in too great an amount1 otherwise with some dyes there is a risk of over-oxidation1 and in consequence poor shades will be developed4 ,the following recipes will serve to show what dyes may thus be used1 and the colours that can be obtained with them4 ,dark ,red4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine fast red ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 rinse and pass into a boiling bath containing #c lb4 fluoride of chromium for ten to fifteen minutes1 then lift1 rinse and dry4 ,by using #a lb4 of the dye-stuff in the same way a light red shade is got4 ,orange4--,dye at the boil for one hour with #a lb4 ,chrysamine ,g1 #c lb4 soap and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then rinse and fix in a fresh boiling bath with #a lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,yellow4--,dye with #c-a_/b lb4 ,diamine yellow ,n1 #c lb4 soap and #ae lb4 phosphate of soda1 then fix with #d lb4 fluoride of chromium4 ,gold ,yellow4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,benzo chrome brown #e ,g1 #a lb4 soda ash1 #ab lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour and rinse4 ,this gives an orange brown4 ,to get the yellow shade1 afterwards chrome with #c lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper1 #a lb4 acetic acid1 in a fresh bath4 ,enter at about #acj ,f41 bring to the boil1 and boil for half an hour4 ,pale ,leaf ,green4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil yellow #c ,g1 #a lb4 ,dianil yellow ,r1 #a lb4 ,dianil blue ,g1 and #bj lb4 salt1 then fix with #c lb4 copper sulphate and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,leaf ,green4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil yellow #c ,g1 #c lb4 ,dianil blue ,g1 and #bj lb4 salt1 fixing with #d lb4 copper sulphate and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,dianil yellow ,r1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt1 fixing with #c lb4 copper sulphate4 ,pale ,olive ,green4--,dye with #b-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine catechine ,g2 fix with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,russia ,green4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #aj oz4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,blue ,green4--,dye with #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #f oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,bronze ,green4--,use in the bath at the boil #d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix with #d lb4 fluoride of chromium4 ,pea ,green4--,dye in a boiling bath with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #b-a_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix in a fresh bath with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,leaf ,green4--,dye at the boil for one hour in a bath containing #b-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #g oz4 ,diamine catechine ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix in a new bath with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,light ,green4--,prepare the dye-bath with #g-a_/d oz4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #e-a_/b oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 work at the boil for one hour1 then treat in a fresh bath with #c lb4 sulphate of copper4 ,olive ,green4--,dye with #b-a_/d lb4 ,chicago blue ,r ,w1 #ae oz4 ,chrysamine ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #a lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,pea ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,chrysophenine ,g1 #a lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then fix in a fresh boiling bath with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,green4--,dye with #b-c_/d lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #e oz4 ,chrysamine ,g1 #b lb4 soap and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #a lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine green ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #a lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 rinse and fix in a fresh boiling bath with #c lb4 fluoride of chromium for one to fifteen minutes4 ,dark ,bronze4--,use in the dye-bath #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 rinse and fix with #c lb4 fluoride of chromium as above4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,benzo blue ,r ,w1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 dye for one hour at the boil1 then treat in fresh bath with #a lb4 sulphate of copper at the boil for half an hour4 ,blue4--,dye with #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix in a bath with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,light ,navy4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #b-a_/d lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #bj lb4 acetic acid4 ,bright ,navy4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,chicago blue ,r ,w1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,blue4--- ,dye with #c lb4 ,chicago blue ,r ,w1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,zambesi black ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,deep ,slate ,blue4--,dye with #a-a_/d lb4 ,zambesi black ,f1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,chicago blue ,b1 #f oz4 ,columbia yellow1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,light ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #c_/d oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #a_/b lb4 soda1 #b lb4 soap and #e lb4 ,glauber's salt2 dye for one hour at the boil1 then treat in a fresh bath with #a-a_/b lb4 sulphate of copper for half an hour4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,benzo chrome black blue ,b1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt and #c lb4 soda4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then chrome in a fresh bath with #a lb4 bichromate of potash1 #a lb4 sulphate of copper and #a_/b lb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamineral blue ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #b lb4 sulphate of copper1 #b lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,turquoise ,blue4--,dye with #a lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and fix with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,turquoise ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,chicago blue #d ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and fix with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lbs4 acetic acid4 ,black ,blue4--,dye with #d-a_/d lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #a lb4 ,diamine new blue ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #e lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,by mixing together the various ,diamine blues a very great range of shades can be produced1 from pale sky-blue tints to the deepest of blues4 ,bright ,blue4--,dye with #b-a_/d lb4 ,dianil blue ,b and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #c lb4 of fluoride of chromium4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil blue ,b1 #a lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt1 fixing with #c lb4 fluoride of chromium4 ,red ,violet4--,dye with #a lb4 ,dianil blue #d ,r and #aj lb1 salt1 fixing with #d lb4 fluoride of chromium4 ,dark ,plum4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil blue #d ,r and #ae lb4 salt1 fixing with #d lb4 fluoride of chromium4 ,red ,violet4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #a-a_/b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,red ,plum4--,use #c-c_/d lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #e lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,diamine catechine ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt and dye at the boil for one hour1 then treat with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 bichromate of potash4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,paramine brown ,c1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda and dye at the boil for one hour2 treat with #c lb4 copper sulphate4 ,light ,brown4--,dye at the boil for one hour in a bath containing #e lb4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then treat in a fresh bath with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 bichromate of potash4 ,dark ,chestnut ,brown4--,dye for an hour in a boiling bath with #b-a_/d lb4 ,diamine catechine ,g1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 then fix in a fresh boiling bath with #b lb4 sulphate of copper1 #b lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic acid1 working for fifteen to twenty minutes1 then rinsing and drying4 ,brown4--,use #c lb4 ,catechu brown ,g ,k1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt and #a_/b lb4 soap2 after dyeing for one hour at the boil treat in a fresh boiling bath with #c lb4 copper sulphate4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye at the boil for one hour with #c lb4 ,catechu brown ,f ,k1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt and #a lb4 soap1 then treat in a fresh boiling bath with #c lb4 copper sulphate4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #i oz4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #ab-a_/b oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 after working for one hour at the boil treat in a fresh boiling bath with #d lb4 sulphate of copper4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,benzo chrome brown #b ,r1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt 7crystals7 and dye at the boil for one hour2 afterwards treat with bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper4 ,nut ,brown4--,dye in a bath with #d lb4 ,benzo chrome brown ,g and #bj lb4 salt1 then treat in a fresh bath with #d lb4 bichromate of potash1 #d lb4 copper sulphate and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,chestnut ,brown4--,dye at the boil for one hour in a bath containing #d lb4 ,benzo chrome brown ,r1 and boiling bath with #d lb4 bichromate of potash1 #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,olive ,brown4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #a lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #e lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,deep ,brown4--,use in the ,dye-bath #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a_/b oz4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,the fixing bath contains #b lb4 sulphate of copper1 #b lb4 bichromate of potash1 and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a lb4 ,diamine fast red ,f1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine jet black ,cr1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,the fixing bath contains #b lb4 sulphate of copper1 #b lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,black ,brown4--,dye with #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #e lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,light ,sage ,brown4--,dye with #c_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,b1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c oz4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,pale ,brown4--,use in the dye-bath #a lb4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #d oz4 ,dianil brown ,e1 #d oz4 ,dianil black ,n1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt1 fixing with #a-a_/b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,walnut ,brown4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix with #e lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,pale ,fawn ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix with #e lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,pale ,fawn ,brown4--,dye with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,sage ,brown4--,dye with #i oz4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,the fixing is done with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,red ,chocolate4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,chestnut4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #ac oz4 ,dianil brown ,r1 #ac oz4 ,dianil brown ,b ,d1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt1 fixing with #c lb4 copper sulphate and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,brown4--,dye with #b-a_/d lb4 ,chrysophenine ,g1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,g1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,chicago blue ,r ,w1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,nut ,brown4--,dye with #c lb4 ,chromanil brown #b ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #a lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,grey4--,dye at the boil for one hour with #a lb4 ,zambesi black ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix in a fresh boiling bath with #c lb4 sulphate of copper1 #a lb4 bichromate of potash and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,grey4--,dye with #c lb4 ,chromanil black #d ,r ,f1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #a lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,grey4--,use in the dye-bath #a lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a_/d lb4 ,diamine new blue ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #d lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,pale ,greenish ,grey4--,dye with #a_/d oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #c oz4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 #a_/b lb4 soda1 #b lb4 soap and #e lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #a lb4 sulphate of copper and #a_/b lb4 acetic acid4 ,slate ,blue4--,dye with #a_/d lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #b oz4 ,diamine new blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 fix with #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,grey4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,cross-dye black #b ,b1 #e lb4 soda ash1 #ae lb4 common salt2 after rinsing leave the cotton in the air to age overnight1 rinse again and work for half to three-quarters of an hour at from #aej to #afj ,f4 in a bath containing #e lb4 bichromate of potash and #e lb4 sulphuric acid1 then thoroughly rinse and dry4 ,dark ,grey4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine jet black ,cr1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #a lb4 bichromate of potash and #a_/b lb4 acetic acid4 ,green ,grey4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #b oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #d oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #c lb4 sulphate of copper and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,grey4--,dye with #d oz4 ,dianil black ,n1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 salt1 fixing with #a lb4 copper sulphate and #a_/b lb4 acetic acid4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e-a_/b lb4 ,diamine jet black ,r ,b1 #a lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 dye at the boil for one hour1 rinse and then treat the goods simmering for twenty minutes with #d lb4 bichromate of potash4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #h lb4 ,chromanil black ,r ,f and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 dye at the boil for one hour1 then treat boiling hot for about thirty minutes in a fresh bath with #a lb4 bichromate of potash and #c lb4 sulphate of copper4 ,add #f lb4 only of the dye-stuff to the bath for a second batch4 ,black4--,use #e lb4 ,dianil black ,n1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt2 then fix with #c lb4 copper sulphate1 #c lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,black4--,use in the dye-bath #e lb4 ,dianil black ,c ,r4 #c lb4 caustic soda1 #cf ,tw4 and #bj lb4 salt1 fixing with #c lb4 copper sulphate1 #c lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,jet ,black4--,dye with #e lb4 ,diamine jet black ,cr1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 fixing with #d lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,it will be convenient here to deal with a small but growing and important class of dye-stuffs which contain sulphur in their composition1 and which1 therefore1 are named3-- ,sulphur or ,sulphyl ,colours4 ,the original type of this group is ,cachou de laval1 sent out a good many years ago1 but of late years ,vidal black1 ,st4 ,dennis black1 ,cross-dye blacks and drab1 ,immedial blacks1 blues and browns1 ,amidazol blacks1 browns and olives1 ,sulfaniline black and brown1 ,katigen blacks1 greens and browns1 etc41 have been added1 and the group is likely to become a very numerous one in the future4 ,all these colours are dyed on to the cotton or linen from baths containing soda and salt1 while some require the addition of sodium sulphide or caustic soda in order to have the dye-stuff properly dissolved4 ,they are very weak dyes compared with the direct colours1 and require from #bj to #fj per cent4 to produce full shades1 although of this fully one-third remains in the bath unabsorbed by the cotton4 ,it is1 therefore1 important in order to work as economically as possible to retain the bath1 bringing it up to strength by the addition of fresh dye-stuffs1 etc4 ,most of the dyes require the dyed goods to pass through a second bath of some reagent1 bichromate of potash1 sulphate of copper1 etc41 in order to fully develop and fix the dye on the fabric4 ,the best method of using the various dyes of this group will be given in the form of formul4 ,two points of importance are to use as strong a dye liquor as possible1 and to expose the cotton as little as possible to the air during the dyeing operation4 ,the dye-stuffs when exposed to the air readily become oxidised1 and are thereby converted into insoluble products which become fixed on the fibre in a loose form1 and in that case the dyed fibre rubs rather badly4 ,pale ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #ae lb4 ,cachou de laval1 #aj lb4 of soda1 and #aj lb4 salt4 ,the bath is not exhausted of colouring matter1 and by adding one-half of the above quantities of dye-stuff and salt may be used again for another lot of cotton4 ,after the dyeing the cotton is passed into a fixing bath of #b lb4 bichromate of potash and #a lb4 acetic acid1 working at #ahj ,f4 ten to fifteen minutes4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #bjj gallons of water1 #aj lb4 soda1 #aj lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #fj lb4 salt and #af lb4 ,immedial black ,v extra4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 keeping the cotton well under the surface during the operation1 in the case of yarns this is effected by using bent iron rods on which to hang the hanks in the vat1 in the case of pieces by working with vats the guide rollers of which are below the surface of the dye liquor4 ,after the dyeing the yarn or pieces are squeezed1 well rinsed in water1 then passed into the fixing bath1 which contains #b lb4 sulphate of copper1 #b lb4 bichromate of potash and #c lb4 of acetic acid1 for half an hour at #agj to #ahj ,f4 ,bichromate of potash used alone gives a reddish shade of black1 sulphate of copper a greenish shade1 a mixture of the two gives a greenish shade4 ,there are three brands of ,immedial black1 viz41 ,v extra1 ,g extra and ,f ,f1 which vary a little in the tone of black they produce4 ,the method of using is identical for all three4 ,the dye-bath is not exhausted of colour and so should be kept standing1 for each subsequent lot of cotton add #h lb4 ,immedial black and #c lb4 sulphide of soda1 and to every #aj gallons of water added to bring the bath up to volume #a_/b lb4 soda and #c lb4 salt4 ,these blacks are very fast to washing1 light1 etc4 ,by using smaller quantities of dye-stuff good greys can be dyed4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #aj lb4 soda1 #aj lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #fj lb4 salt and #be lb4 ,vidal black1 work at the boil for one hour1 then rinse and fix with #c lb bichromate of potash and #b lb4 sulphuric acid4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #cj lb4 ,cross-dye black ,b1 #aj lb4 soda1 #aej lb4 salt4 ,dissolve the dye-stuff in boiling water1 then add the soda crystals and finally the salt4 ,enter the previously well-boiled cotton at about #age ,f4 ,after a few turns raise the temperature to the boil as quickly as possible1 and work for one hour 7just at the boil74 ,lift and thoroughly rinse without delay4 7,the better the cotton is washed the clearer the ultimate shade47 ,after washing1 wring up and let air age for about one hour2 the intensity of the black is thereby increased4 ,meanwhile prepare a bath with #e lb4 bichromate of potash1 #d lb4 sulphuric acid 7#afh ,tw474 ,enter at #aej to #afj ,f41 and work at this for about ten minutes4 ,after chroming1 wash thoroughly to remove all traces of acid4 ,at this stage1 the usual softening may take place if desirable1 and finally dry at a low temperature4 ,the bath is kept up for further lots1 and three-fourths the quantity of colouring matter1 and about half soda and one fourth salt are used4 ,wood1 or iron cisterns are most suitable1 and copper pans or pipes must be avoided4 ,the dye-bath should be kept as short as possible1 about twelve to fifteen times the amount of water on the weight of cotton is advisable4 ,the cotton when in the dye-bath should be exposed as little as possible to the air4 ,there are several brands of these ,cross-dye blacks varying in the tone of black they give4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 soda ash1 #bjj lb4 salt and #bj lb4 ,amidazol black ,g1 this is heated to #aej ,f41 the cotton is entered1 the heat raised to the boil1 and the dyeing done for an hour at that heat4 ,lift1 rinse well1 then pass into a chroming bath1 made from #e lb4 bichromate of potash and #c lb4 sulphuric acid1 used at #afj ,f4 for twenty minutes1 then lift1 wash well and dry4 ,the bath may be kept standing and used for other lots of cotton by replenishing with about two-thirds of the original weight of dye-stuff and a little soda4 ,there are four brands of these ,amidazol blacks which dye from a jet black with the ,g to a deep blue black with the #f ,g brand4 ,the ,g1 #b ,g1 and #d ,g1 used in small quantities1 #b-a_/b to #c lb41 dye good greys of a bluish tone1 the #f ,g gives a dull blue1 the #d ,g and #f ,g1 used in the proportions of #g-a_/b to #aj per cent41 give dark blues4 ,all these blacks may be combined with aniline black with good results as shown in the following recipe3-- ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,amidazol black #b ,g1 #e lb4 soda and #ajj lb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for an hour1 then rinse1 pass into a cold bath made from #b-a_/b lb4 aniline oil1 #b-a_/b lb4 hydrochloric acid1 #f-a_/b lb4 sulphuric acid1 #g-a_/b lb4 bichromate of potash1 and #e-a_/b lb4 perchloride of iron1 #ff ,tw4 ,this is used cold for an hour1 then the heat is slowly raised to #afj ,f41 when the operation is finished1 and the cotton is taken out well rinsed and finished as usual4 ,any of this class of black may be so topped with aniline black if thought necessary ,a very fast black is thus got4 ,black4--,make the dye-bath with #ae lb4 ,sulfaniline black ,g1 #fj lb4 salt1 #aj lb4 soda1 and #e lb4 sulphide of sodium4 ,work at a little under the boil1 then lift1 rinse well and pass into a hot bath of #c lb4 bichromate of potash1 #c lb4 sulphate of copper1 and #d lb4 acetic acid for half an hour1 then lift1 rinse well and dry4 ,it has been observed in the practical application on a large scale of these sulphur blacks that the cotton is liable to become tendered on being stored1 although there are few signs of such after the dyeing is finished4 ,the exact cause of this is somewhat uncertain1 the most probable reason is that during the process of dyeing a deposit of sulphur in a fine state of division has been thrown down on the cotton by decomposition of the dye-stuff1 and that this sulphur has in time become oxidised to sulphuric acid which then exerts its well-known tendering action on the cotton4 ,the remedy for this evil lies partly with the dye manufacturer and chiefly with the dyer4 ,the dye manufacturer should see that his product is made as free from sulphur as possible1 while the dyer by careful attention to thorough washing1 thorough fixation in the chrome1 etc4 baths1 tends to eliminate all sulphur from the goods1 and so prevent all possibility of the cotton becoming affected4 ,blue4--,make the dye-bath with #bb lb4 ,immedial blue ,c1 #ac lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #ej lb4 salt and #ae lb4 caustic soda lye at #gj ,tw4 ,work at just under the boil for one hour1 keeping the goods well under the surface of the liquor4 ,after the dyeing the goods are well rinsed in the water and then passed into a vat which contains #a lb4 peroxide of sodium and #a lb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this is started cold1 after about fifteen minutes heat slowly to about #aej1 work for twenty minutes1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,for subsequent lots of cotton there only need be used #g lb4 ,immedial blue ,c4 #b lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #c lb4 salt and #a-a_/b lb4 caustic soda lye at #gj ,tw4 ,the blue may also be developed by steaming with air in a suitable chest or steaming chamber4 ,by topping with #a_/d lb4 ,new methylene blue ,n1 very bright blue shades can be dyed4 ,dark ,navy4--,prepare the dye-bath with #be lb4 ,immedial blue ,c1 #bd lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #ce lb4 common salt and #ab lb4 caustic soda lye1 working at the boil for one hour1 then rinse and develop in a bath made from #b-a_/b lb4 peroxide of sodium and #b-a_/b lb4 sulphuric acid1 started cold1 then after twenty minutes heated to #afj ,f41 twenty minutes longer at that heat will be sufficient4 ,for second and subsequent lots of cotton there is added to the old bath #ae lb4 ,immedial blue ,c1 #d lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #e lb4 salt and #b lb4 caustic soda lye of #gj ,tw4 ,blue4--,a pale but not very bright shade of blue is dyed in a bath of #c lb4 ,amidazol black #f ,g1 #e lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt4 ,after working for one hour at the boil1 lift1 rinse and pass into a bath which contains #b-a_/b lb4 peroxide of sodium and #b-a_/b lb4 sulphuric acid2 this is started cold1 then heated to #aej ,f41 and kept at that heat for twenty minutes1 when the cotton is taken out1 well washed and dried4 ,deep ,blue4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,amidazol black #f ,g1 #e lb4 soda and #bjj lb4 salt2 develop with #b lb4 peroxide of sodium and #b-a_/b lb4 sulphuric acid1 working as noted above4 ,dark ,drab4--,prepare the dye-bath with #bj lb4 ,cross-dye drab1 #e lb4 soda crystals and #hj lb4 salt1 work at the boil for an hour1 then lift1 wash well and dry2 this can be chromed if desired4 ,brown4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,amidazol cutch1 #e lb4 soda ash and #aej lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash thoroughly and dry4 ,by after treatment in a bath of #c lb4 potassium bichromate and #c lb4 sulphuric acid the colour is made fast to washing4 ,the shade is not altered4 ,buff4--,dye with #b-a_/b lb4 ,amidazol cutch1 #e lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,sea ,green4--,dye with #d lb4 ,amidazol green ,y1 #e lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash well and dry4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,amidazol green ,b1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt2 work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash thoroughly and dry4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,amidazol cachou1 #e lb4 soda and #bjj lb4 salt1 working for an hour at the boil1 then lift1 rinse well and pass into a chrome bath of #d lb4 potassium bichromate and #c lb4 sulphuric acid at #ej ,f4 for half an hour1 then wash well and dry4 ,dark ,sage4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,amidazol drab1 #e lb4 soda ash and #aej lb4 salt for an hour at the boil1 then lift and chrome with #d lb4 potassium bichromate and #h lb4 sulphuric acid for thirty minutes at #aej ,f41 washing well afterwards4 ,all the ,amidazol dyes are very fast to washing1 acids1 etc4 ,they can be treated with sulphate of copper or peroxide of sodium when they produce good shades4 ,they may even be diazotised and developed with beta-naphthol and phenylene diamine4 ,the pale tints got by using from #b to #d per cent4 of dye-stuff are useful ones1 as also are the medium shades with #aj per cent4 of dye-stuff4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,sulfaniline brown #d ,b1 #ej lb4 salt1 #aj lb4 soda and #e lb sulphide of sodium2 work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and treat in a fresh bath with #c lb4 potassium bichromate and #b lb4 acetic acid at #afj ,f4 for half an hour1 then wash well and dry4 ,olive4--,dye with #aj lb4 ,katigen olive ,g1 #ej lb4 salt1 #aj lb4 soda and #f lb4 sulphide of sodium2 work for one hour at the boil1 then lift1 wash and treat in a fresh bath with #b lb4 bichromate of potash1 #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid for half an hour at the boil1 then wash4 ,dark ,olive4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,katigen olive ,g1 #ej lb4 salt1 #aj lb4 soda1 and #f lb4 sulphide of sodium1 working at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,by chroming a darker and faster olive is got4 ,brown4--,dye with #bj lb4 ,katigen dark brown1 #ej lb4 salt1 #aj lb4 soda and #f lb4 sulphide of sodium at the boil for one hour1 then treat in a fresh bath with #b lb4 bichromate of potash1 #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid for half an hour at the boil1 then wash well4 ,pale ,brown4--,dye with #h lb4 ,immedial bronze ,a1 #b lb4 soda1 #b lb4 sulphide of sodium and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 rinse and pass into a fresh bath containing #a lb4 bichromate of potash and #b lb4 acetic-acid at #aej ,f4 for half an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #ab lb4 ,immedial brown ,b1 #e lb4 sulphide of sodium1 #e lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt at the boil for one hour1 then lift and treat in a fresh bath with #b lb4 bichromate of potash1 #b lb4 sulphate of copper and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,the ,immedial blacks1 blue1 bronze and brown dye very fast shades1 standing soaping1 acids and light4 ,they may be combined together to produce a great range of shades of blue1 brown1 green1 grey1 etc4 ,these examples will perhaps suffice to show how this new but important class of sulphyl colours are applied to the dyeing of cotton4 ,they may be topped with aniline black1 indigo1 basic dyes1 or combined with such direct dyes as produce shades fast to chroming to form a very great range of shades which have the merit of fastness4 7#c7 ,,direct ,,dyeing ,,followed ,,by ,,fixation ,,with ,,developers4 ,a large number of the dyes prepared from coal tar are called azo colours1 such for instance are the ,biebrich and ,croceine scarlets and oranges1 ,naphthol black1 ,congo red1 etc41 just to name a few4 ,the preparation of these is about the simplest operation of colour chemistry1 and consists in taking as the base an amido compound as the chemist calls such4 ,these amido compounds1 of which aniline1 toluidine1 benzidine1 naphthylamine are familiar examples1 are characterised by containing the molecular group ,,nh#b1 which radicle is built up of the two elements nitrogen and hydrogen4 ,all compounds which contain this group are basic in character and combine with acids to form well-defined salts4 ,when these amido bodies are treated with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid they undergo a chemical change1 the feature of which is that the nitrogen atoms present in the amido compound and in the nitrite unite together and a new compound is produced which is called a diazo compound1 and the operation is called diazotisation4 ,for example when paranitroaniline is subjected to this reaction it undergoes a change indicated in the chemical equation3-- ,c#f;,h#d,,no#b,,nh#b1 ,na,n,o#b1 #b;,h,cl ,paranitroaniline1 ,sodium nitrite1 ,hydrochloric acid4 ,c#f;,h#d,,no#b,n3 ,n,cl ,na,cl #b;,h#bj ,paranitro benzene ,sodium chloride1 ,water1 diazo chloride4 ,the above1 put into words1 means that when paranitroaniline is dissolved with hydrochloric acid and treated with nitrite of soda it forms diazonitro benzene chloride1 sodium chloride and water4 ,now the diazo compounds are rather unstable bodies1 but they have a great affinity for other compounds1 such as naphthol1 phenylene diamine1 phenol1 and combine easily with them when brought into contact with them4 ,the new compounds thus made form the dye-stuffs of commerce4 ,the azo dyes contain the characteristic group of two nitrogen atoms shown in the formula ,n3 ,n4 ,in dealing with the production of colours direct on the fibre this subject will be elaborated more fully4 ,now many of the direct dyes1 ,diamine blacks1 ,diamine cutch1 ,primuline1 ,diazo brown1 ,zambesi blues1 browns1 etc41 contain amido groups1 by reason of having been made from such bodies as phenylene diamine1 amido naphthol1 toluidine1 etc41 and it has been found that when dyed on the fibre they are capable of being diazotised by passing the dyed fibre into a bath of sodium nitrite acidified with hydrochloric acid1 and if then they are placed into a bath containing such a body as beta-naphthol1 phenylene diamine1 etc41 new compounds or dyes are produced1 which are characterised by being insoluble in water1 and therefore as formed on the fibre in the manner indicated are very fast to washing1 soaping and similar agencies4 ,often the new or developed dye formed on the fibre differs markedly in colour from the original dye4 ,perhaps in no case is this more strongly shown than with ,primuline4 ,the original colour is a greenish yellow1 but by using various developers1 as they are called1 a great variety of shade can be got1 as shown in this table4 ,developer4 ,colour produced4 ,beta-naphthol ,bright scarlet4 ,alpha-naphthol ,crimson4 ,phenylene diamine ,brown4 ,phenol ,gold yellow4 ,resorcine ,orange4 ,naphthylamine ether ,blue4 ,blue developer ,a ,n ,green4 ,as regards the dyeing operation1 it no way differs from that described for simple direct colours4 ,it should1 however1 be noted that if good results are required full shades must be dyed4 ,the cotton must be rinsed in cold water1 and be quite cold before it is subjected to the diazotising operation4 ,diazotising is a simple operation1 yet it must be carried out with care if good results are desired4 ,it consists essentially in the use of an acidulated bath of sodium nitrite4 ,to make the bath for diazotising there is taken 7for each #ajj lb4 of goods7 sufficient water to handle them in comfortably1 #h lb4 of sodium nitrite and #f lb4 hydrochloric acid4 ,this bath must be quite cold otherwise it does not work well4 ,the goods are handled in this for from fifteen to twenty minutes1 when they are ready for the next operation4 ,the bath is not exhausted of nitrite1 etc41 hence it can be kept standing1 and for each succeeding lot of cotton it is strengthened up by adding one-third of the quantities of nitrite and acid originally used4 ,of course the bath cannot be kept for ever1 sooner or later it will get dirty1 and then it must be thrown away and a new bath be made up4 ,the diazo compounds formed on the fibre are not very stable bodies4 ,they decompose on being exposed for any great length of time to the air1 while light has a strong action on most1 if not all of them2 hence it follows that the diazotising process should not be carried out in a room where direct1 strong sunlight can enter or fall upon the goods4 ,then again1 after diazotising1 the treated goods should not be allowed to lie about exposed to air and light1 but the operation of developing should be proceeded with at once1 otherwise the diazo body will decompose1 and weak and defective colours are liable to be obtained on subsequent development4 ,for developing1 quite a large number of substances are used4 ,some of these are regular articles of commerce1 others are the special productions of certain firms1 who advise their use with the dyes that they also manufacture4 ,these latter are sent out under such designations as ,developer ,b1 ,developer ,a ,n1 or ,fast-blue developer4 ,those most in use are beta-naphthol for red from ,primuline1 and for bluish blacks from ,diamine blacks1 ,diazo blacks1 ,zambesi blacks1 etc42 for dark blues from ,diamine blues1 ,diazo blues1 etc42 for greys from ,diamine blues1 ,neutral grey1 etc4 ,alpha-naphthol for dark reds from ,primuline1 greys from ,diamine blues1 ,neutral grey1 etc4 ,phenylene diamine for blacks from ,diamine blacks1 ,diazo blacks1 ,zambesi blacks1 ,triamine blacks1 etc42 for dark browns from ,diamine browns1 ,diazo browns1 etc42 for light browns from ,cotton browns1 ,diamine cutch1 ,primuline1 etc4 ,naphthylamine ether for blues from ,diamine blacks1 etc4 ,phenol for claret from ,diamine cutch1 and for gold yellow from ,primuline1 etc4 ,resorcine for orange from ,primuline1 etc4 ,soda for browns from ,diamine cutch1 ,diazo browns1 ,zambesi browns1 for orange from ,diamine orange1 and yellow from ,primuline4 ,beta-naphthol4--,this is by far the most important of the developers4 ,it is a white body1 insoluble in water1 but readily soluble in soda lye1 and a solution is easily made by taking #aj lb4 beta-naphthol and heating it with #aj lb4 caustic soda lye of #gj ,tw4 and #fj gallons of water4 ,this bath may be used as the developing bath1 or it may be diluted with more water4 ,it is not desirable to use any more caustic soda than is necessary to dissolve the beta-naphthol1 so that the bath is not too alkaline4 ,to produce full shades it usually takes #a per cent4 of the weight of the cotton of the beta-naphthol1 but it is best to use the bath as a continuous one and for the first lot of cotton use #b per cent4 of naphthol1 while for each succeeding lot only #a per cent4 more naphthol need be added to the same bath4 ,this bath is alkaline1 while the diazotising bath is acid1 unless1 therefore1 the cotton be well washed when it is taken from the latter bath there is a risk of the alkali of the one being neutralised by the acidity of the other1 and the naphthol being thrown out in an insoluble form4 ,this1 of course1 is easily remedied should it occur4 ,developer ,a 7,bayer7 is a mixture of beta-naphthol and caustic soda in the powder form1 so that a solution is obtained by simply adding water4 ,rather more 7about #a-a_/b per cent47 of this is required than of beta-naphthol4 ,alpha-naphthol has similar properties to1 and is used in the same way as1 beta-naphthol2 it develops much darker and rather duller colours1 which are less fast to washing4 ,resorcine1 like naphthol1 is insoluble in water1 but it can be dissolved by using either soda ash or caustic soda4 ,the latter is preferable1 as the former is liable to give a developing bath that froths in working1 especially if much acid has been left in the cotton from the diazotising bath4 ,the proportions are3 #aj lb4 resorcine1 #be lb4 caustic soda lye of #gj ,tw41 and #fj gallons of water2 or #aj lb4 resorcine1 #bj lb4 soda ash1 and #fj gallons of water1 heated until a solution is obtained4 ,in the developing bath #a per cent4 of resorcine is usually sufficient to use4 ,it develops an orange with ,primuline4 ,developer ,f 7,bayer7 is a mixture of resorcine and soda ash4 ,it requires #a-a_/b per cent1 to make a developing bath4 ,phenol1 better known as carbolic acid1 finds a use as a developer4 ,it is dissolved in caustic soda1 #aj lb4 phenol1 #ae lb4 caustic soda lye of #gj ,tw41 and #fj gallons of water4 ,generally #a per cent4 is sufficient to use as a developer4 ,it is often called yellow developer4 ,naphthylamine ether is used as a developer for blues in conjunction with the ,diamine blacks4 ,it is prepared for use by dissolving in hydrochloric acid1 #aj lb4 naphthylamine ether powder heated with #e lb4 hydrochloric acid and #ej gallons water4 ,about #a-a_/d per cent4 is required to form a developing bath4 ,naphthylamine ether is also sent out in the form of a paste mixed with acid1 and containing about #be per cent4 of the actual developer4 ,fast blue developer ,a ,d 7,cassella71 is amidodiphenylamine4 ,it is insoluble in water1 but soluble in dilute acid1 #aj lb4 fast blue developer ,a ,d1 #e lb4 hydrochloric acid and #ce gallons of water making the bath4 ,to develop full shades #a to #a-a_/b per cent1 is required4 ,blue developer ,a ,n 7,cassella74 ,the base of this is insoluble in water1 but dissolves in soda1 and is probably a naphthol-sulpho acid4 ,the product1 as met with in the market1 is soluble in water1 and #bg lb4 dissolved in #bj gallons of water form the bath4 ,to produce full shades #a-a_/b per cent1 is usually required4 ,phenylene diamine is a most important developer4 ,it comes into the market in two forms1 as a powder1 very nearly pure1 made into a solution by dissolving #aj lb4 with #bj gallons of water and #e lb4 hydrochloric acid1 and as a solution prepared ready for use4 ,developer ,c 7,bayer7 and developer ,e 7,bayer7 are preparations of diamine1 the former in a powder1 the latter in a solution4 ,phenylene diamine can be used with the addition to the developing bath of acetic acid or soda4 ,schaeffer's acid is a sulpho acid of beta-naphthol1 and is dissolved by taking #aj lb4 of the acid and #g-a_/b lb4 soda1 boiling with #ej gallons of water4 ,about #a-a_/d per cent4 is required for developing full shades4 ,developer ,b 7,bayer7 is ethyl beta-naphthylamine1 in the form of its hydrochloric acid compound4 ,the bath is made from #aj lb4 of the developer and #ej gallons of water1 #a-a_/d per cent4 being used to obtain full shades4 ,developer ,d 7,bayer7 is dioxy-naphthalene-sulpho acid1 and simply requires dissolving in water to make the bath4 ,toluylene diamine is a homologue of phenylene diamine and is used in precisely the same way4 ,generally the special developers issued by the various colour firms simply require dissolving in water to form the developing bath4 ,the cotton1 previously being passed through the diazotising bath1 is then run into the developing bath1 in which it is kept for from twenty to thirty minutes or until the required shade is fully developed1 after which it is taken out1 rinsed and dried4 ,the method of working is the same for all the developers1 and may be carried out in any kind of vessels4 ,as is indicated above1 the developing baths may be kept standing and be freshened up as required2 they are used cold4 ,sometimes two developers are mixed together1 in which case care should be taken that an alkaline developer naphthol or phenol be not mixed with an acid developer 7phenylene diamine1 naphthylamine1 etc471 unless the acidity of the latter has been neutralised with soda2 otherwise the developer might be thrown out of the bath in an insoluble and hence useless form4 ,the advantages of the diazotising and developing process just described may be summed as--easy and quick working1 superior fastness to washing1 soaping and milling1 increased fastness to light and softness of the dyed fibre4 ,scarlet4--,dye with #c lb4 ,primuline and #bj lb4 salt1 at the boil for one hour1 diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,crimson4--,dye with #c lb4 ,primuline and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with alpha-naphthol4 ,red ,brown4--,dye with #d lb4 ,primuline and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,deep ,orange4--,dye with #c lb4 ,primuline and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with resorcine4 ,pale ,orange4--,dye with #c lb4 ,primuline and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenol4 ,sage ,brown4--,dye with #f lb4 ,primuline1 #c lb4 ,titan ingrain blue and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with resorcine4 ,dark ,maroon4--,dye with #f lb4 ,primuline1 #c lb4 ,titan ingrain blue and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,dark ,crimson4--,dye with #e-c_/d lb4 ,primuline1 #a_/d lb4 ,titan ingrain blue and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #c lb4 ,zambesi blue ,b ,x1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with amidonaphthol ether4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #h lb4 ,zambesi brown #b ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with toluylene diamine4 ,blue ,black4--,dye with #d lb4 ,zambesi blue ,b ,x1 #b lb4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with #c_/d lb4 toluylene diamine and #a_/b lb4 beta-naphthol4 ,red4--,dye with #d-a_/b lb4 ,primuline1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #d lb4 ,primuline1 #a lb4 ,diamine azo blue ,r ,r1 and #bj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-napthol4 ,deep ,chestnut ,brown4--,dye with #e lb4 ,diamine cutch1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop by passing for twenty minutes in a boiling bath of soda4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine cutch1 #a lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenol4 ,black ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,primuline1 #a oz4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,blue4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diaminogene blue ,b ,b1 #a_/b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,a dark blue is got by using #h lb4 of ,diaminogene blue ,b ,b in the same way4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diaminogene blue ,b ,b1 #a-a_/aj lb4 ,diamine azo blue ,r ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour1 rinse slightly in cold water1 then enter into a fresh cold bath prepared with #d lb nitrite of soda previously dissolved in water1 and #ab-a_/b lb4 hydrochloric acid4 ,for subsequent lots in the same bath one-third of these additions is sufficient4 ,after diazotising rinse the goods in a bath weakly acidulated with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid1 and then immediately develop with beta-naphthol4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,triamine black ,b1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 in fifty gallons of water4 ,dye exactly as in the preceding recipe4 ,wash and rinse very thoroughly after lifting1 then diazotise in a bath of about #bej gallons of cold water1 to which add separately #b-a_/b lb4 sodium nitrite dissolved in five times its bulk of water and #h lb4 hydrochloric acid diluted4 ,enter the damp cotton and treat it for about half an hour4 ,lift1 pass through a weak acid bath1 rinse1 and develop immediately in a bath of about #bej gallons of cold water1 containing #a lb4 developer ,t1 #a lb4 soda1 previously dissolved together in hot water4 ,enter the damp goods1 work well for half an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,blue ,black4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with naphthylamine ether4 ,dark ,navy4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine azo blue ,r ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,light ,chestnut ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #a lb4 diamine fast yellow ,a1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #e lb4 ,diamine cutch1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with fast blue developer ,a ,d4 ,black4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 diazotise and develop with #b lb4 resorcine and #a lb4 phenylene diamine4 ,blue ,black4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diaminogene ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,black4--,dye with #d-a_/b lb4 ,diaminogene ,b1 #a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with #c lb4 resorcine and #a lb4 phenylene diamine4 ,light ,blue4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diaminogene blue ,b ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotised and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,maroon4--,dye with #f lb4 ,primuline and #bj lb4 salt1 diazotise and develop with blue developer ,a ,n4 ,olive ,brown4--,dye with #e-a_/b lb4 ,diamine cutch1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with fast blue developer ,a ,d4 ,gold ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,walnut ,brown4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,brown4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a lb4 cotton brown ,n1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,dark ,plum4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,black ,brown4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine cutch1 #c lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #h lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotised and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,blue ,black4--,dye with #d-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,blue ,black4--,dye with #d-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with naphthylamine ether4 ,blue ,black4--,dye with #e lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,o1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with beta-naphthol4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #d lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with blue developer ,a ,n4 ,black4--,dye with #e lb4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #a oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine4 ,the ,diamine blacks are a range of very useful dye-stuffs1 and by their means alone and in conjunction with the various developers as seen in the examples given above a range of useful shades of blue1 navy blue1 and blacks of every tone can be obtained4 ,it may also be added that many of the direct dyes1 although not diazotisable1 are not altered by the process and so may be used along with diazotisable dyes for the purpose of shading them1 and in that way a great range of shades can be produced1 particularly by combining ,primuline with other dyes4 7#d7 ,,direct ,,dyeing ,,followed ,,by ,,fixation ,,with ,,couplers4 ,a further development in the application of the direct dyes has of late years been made4 ,this is a two-bath method4 ,the cotton is dyed with certain of the direct dyes3 ,primuline1 ,diamine jet blacks1 ,diazo blacks1 ,toluylene orange and brown1 ,diazo brown1 ,diamine nitrazol dyes1 ,benzo nitrol dyes1 etc41 in the usual way4 ,then a bath is prepared by diazotising paranitroaniline1 benzidine1 metanitraniline1 dianisidine1 etc41 or by using the ready diazotised preparations which are now on the market1 ,nitrazol ,c1 ,azophor red ,p ,n1 ,azophor blue ,p ,n1 etc41 and immersing the dyed cotton in this bath4 ,combination takes place between the dye on the fibre and the diazo compound in this bath1 and a new product is produced direct on the fibre1 which being insoluble is very resistant to washing and soaping4 ,these coupled shades1 as they will probably come to be called1 differ from those produced on the fibre by the original dye-stuff1 thus the ,diamine jet blacks and some of the ,diazo blacks give1 with paranitroaniline1 browns of various shades4 ,in this section also may be considered the method of dyeing cotton by using the direct colours in the ordinary way1 and then topping1 as it is called1 with a basic dye in a fresh bath4 ,practically in the coupling process of dyeing only diazotised paranitroaniline is used as the coupler1 although other amido bases of a similar nature are available4 ,when paranitroaniline is used as the source for the coupling bath it is well to prepare a stock bath of diazotised paranitroaniline1 which may be done in the following manner3-- ,preparation of diazotised paranitroaniline4--,take #a lb4 paranitroaniline1 mix with #a gallon boiling water and #a quart hydrochloric acid1 stir well1 when the paranitroaniline will dissolve the solution may if necessary be assisted by a little heat4 ,now add #a-a_/b gallons of cold water1 and set aside to cool1 when the hydrochloride of paranitroaniline will separate out in the form of fine crystals2 when the mixture is quite cold 7it cannot be too cold7 there is added #a_/b lb4 sodium nitrite dissolved in #a_/b gallon cold water1 stir well for fifteen to twenty minutes1 by the end of which time the paranitroaniline will have become fully diazotised1 cold water is added to bring up the volume of the mixture to #aj gallons4 ,this stock bath well prepared and kept in a cool1 dark place will keep good for three to four weeks4 ,this bath contains #a lb4 of paranitroaniline in #aj gallons1 and it is a good rule to allow #a_/b lb41 or #e gallons of this stock bath to each pound of dye-stuff used in dyeing the ground colour to be developed up4 ,to prepare the coupling bath there is taken #e gallons of the stock bath1 #a lb4 sodium acetate with sufficient water for each #a lb4 of dye that has been used4 ,this bath is used cold1 and the cotton is worked in it for half an hour1 then it is taken out1 washed well and dried4 ,nitrazol ,c is a ready prepared diazotised paranitroaniline in a powder form which keeps well if stored in a dry place4 ,the method of using is to take #h lb4 ,nitrazol ,c1 stir into a paste with water and then add this paste to the coupling bath1 together with #b lb4 soda and #c_/d lb4 acetate of soda4 ,this bath is used cold and the dyed cotton is immersed in it for half an hour1 then taken out1 well washed and dried4 ,the quantity of ,nitrazol ,c given will suffice for all shades dyed with from #b to #d per cent1 of dye-stuff1 but when paler shades are dyed1 using less than say #a_/b per cent4 of dye-stuff1 about #d lb4 ,nitrazol ,c1 with the soda and acetate of soda in proportionate quantities1 may be used4 ,azophor red ,p ,n is also a preparation of diazotised paranitroaniline in the form of a dry powder which keeps well4 ,to prepare the coupling bath there is taken #b lb4 of ,azophor red ,p ,n1 which is dissolved in water and added to the bath along with #a lb4 acetate of soda4 ,the dyed goods are worked in the cold bath for half an hour1 then taken out1 well washed and dried4 ,the quantities given are sufficient for shades dyed with #b to #d per cent4 of dye-stuff2 for weaker shades half the quantities may be taken4 ,benzo-nitrol developer is sold in the form of a yellow paste4 ,to use it take #e lb41 stir into a smooth paste with water1 then add to the coupling bath4 ,there is then added #c pints of hydrochloric acid1 with some stirring4 ,allow to stand for half an hour1 add #a-a_/b lb4 acetate of soda and #f-a_/b oz4 soda1 when the bath is ready for use4 ,the cotton is entered and worked for half an hour1 then lifted out1 washed and dried4 ,it may be mentioned that solutions of the three couplers just named may be kept for some time without decomposition1 but as soon as soda and acetate of soda are added they begin to decompose and then cannot be kept more than a few hours in a good condition4 ,it is a good plan therefore not to add the acetate of soda until the bath is to be used4 ,an excess of coupler in the bath does no harm1 but a deficiency may lead to poor and weak shades being developed4 ,the following recipes show the dyes which may be applied by this method and give some idea of the colours that can be got4 ,only the dye-stuffs are given4 ,any of the above couplers can be used with them as may be most convenient4 ,black4--,dye with #e lb4 ,benzo-nitrol black ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,olive ,green4--,dye with #f lb4 ,primuline1 #c lb4 ,titan ingrain blue and #bj lb4 salt4 ,black4--,dye with #d lb4 ,dianil black ,c ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #b lb4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #a lb4 ,dianil dark blue #c ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt4 ,gold ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,primuline1 #h oz4 ,dianil brown ,r and #bj lb4 salt4 ,chestnut4--,dye with #c lb4 ,primuline1 #c_/d lb4 ,dianil brown ,g ,o1 #a lb4 ,dianil brown ,e1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #c lb4 ,dianil brown ,d1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #d lb4 ,primuline1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,dianil black ,c ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,walnut ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #h oz4 ,dianil brown ,r1 #c lb4 ,dianil brown ,b ,d1 #a lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 salt4 ,light ,green4--,dye with #c lb4 ,primuline1 #h oz4 ,dianil blue ,b1 #e oz4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 salt4 ,orange ,yellow4--,dye with #c-a_/d lb4 ,primuline1 #a lb4 ,oxydianil yellow1 and #be lb4 salt4 ,olive4--,dye with #c-a_/b lb4 ,primuline1 #h oz4 ,dianil brown #c ,g ,o1 #h oz4 ,dianil blue ,b1 #d oz4 ,dianil dark blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda1 and #be lb4 salt4 ,bright ,yellow4--,dye with #b lb4 ,primuline1 and #bj lb4 salt4 ,gold ,yellow4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #a lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 salt4 ,bright ,walnut4--,dye with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,b1 #a lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,r1 #a lb4 soda1 and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,gold ,brown4--,dye with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,g1 #a lb4 ,primuline1 and #bj lb4 salt4 ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,primuline1 #a lb4 ,diamine nitrazol black ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,pale ,chestnut4--,dye with #a lb4 ,primuline1 #a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,r and #bj lb4 salt4 ,moss ,brown1--,dye with #b lb4 ,primuline1 #a lb4 diamine jet black ,o ,o and #bj lb4 salt4 ,chocolate4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,r ,d1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,olive ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,g1 #a lb4 ,diamine nitrazol black ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,russian ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diaminogene extra1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,bronze ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine grey ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,terra-cotta ,bed4--,dye with #b lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,terra-cotta ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,r ,d1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,olive ,green4--,dye with #a lb4 ,primuline1 #b lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #a lb4 ,primuline1 #b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol black ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,sage ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,primuline1 #b lb4 ,diamine jet black ,o ,o1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,black ,brown4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #b lb4 ,diamine nitrazol black ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,walnut4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #b lb4 ,oxydiamine orange ,r1 #b lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,pale ,sage4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #b lb4 ,primuline1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 salt4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c lb4 ,diamine jet black ,o ,o1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #c_/d lb4 ,benzo nitrol brown ,g1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye for one hour at the boil4 ,dark ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,benzo nitrol dark brown ,n1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye for one hour at the boil4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d lb4 ,direct fast brown ,b1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye for one hour at the boil4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a lb4 #aa oz4 ,diamine jet black ,o ,o1 #b lb4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #a lb4 #e oz4 ,diamine brown ,v1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye at the boil for one hour4 ,brown4--,prepare the dye-bath with #b lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #f-a_/b oz4 ,cotton brown ,n1 #i-c_/d oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e lb4 ,pluto black ,b1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b lb4 soda4 ,dye for one hour at the boil4 ,solidogen ,a is a new coupler that has latterly been applied4 ,it is a syrupy liquid1 and the coupling bath is made by taking from #d lb4 to #f lb4 of the ,solidogen ,a1 and #a lb4 to #b lb4 of hydrochloric acid1 in place of which #c lb4 to #e lb4 alum may be used4 ,this bath is used at the boil1 the goods being treated for half an hour1 then well rinsed and dried4 ,it increases the fastness of the colours to washing and soaping4 ,the following recipes show its application3-- ,bright ,bed4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil red #d ,b1 #b lb4 soap1 #c lb4 soda and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix with ,solidogen ,a4 ,scarlet4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil scarlet ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #be lb4 salt2 fix with ,solidogen ,a4 ,plum4--,dye with #c lb4 ,dianil claret ,b1 #e lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then fix with ,solidogen ,a4 ,topping with ,basic ,dyes4--,the shades dyed with the direct dyes may be materially brightened and new shades produced by topping with any of the basic dyes1 which are applied in a fresh warm bath4 ,a great variety of effects may be thus got of which the following recipes give a few examples3-- ,green4--,dye with #a lb4 ,titan yellow ,g and #bj lb4 salt2 top with #a_/b lb4 ,brilliant green4 ,blue4--,dye with #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine azo blue ,r1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top with #b oz4 ,new ,methylene blue ,n4 ,bright ,blue4--,dye with #c_/d lb4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 top with #b oz4 ,new ,methylene blue #c ,r4 ,blue4--,dye with #a lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and top with #d oz4 ,brilliant green4 ,bose ,lilac4--,dye with #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top with #b oz4 ,tannin heliotrope4 ,green4--,dye at the boil for one hour with #b lb4 ,benzo green ,g and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top in a fresh bath with #a_/b lb4 ,turquoise blue ,b ,b4 ,violet4--,dye with #e oz4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #b oz4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 #a lb4 soda and #aj lb4 salt1 and top with #a oz4 ,methyl violet #b ,b4 ,plum4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b1 #e oz4 ,diamine red #aj ,b1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top with #a-a_/b oz4 ,methyl violet ,r4 ,bright ,green4--,dye with #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine green ,g1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine yellow ,g ,g1 #b lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top with #b oz4 ,brilliant green4 ,blue4--,dye with #b lb4 ,benzo azurine ,g1 #c oz4 ,brilliant azurine ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 topping with #f oz4 ,turquoise blue ,g and #c oz4 ,new ,victoria blue ,b4 ,dark ,lilac4--,dye with #c-c_/d lb4 ,heliotrope ,b ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top with #a lb4 ,methyl violet ,r1 and #a_/b lb4 ,methyl violet #c ,r4 ,scarlet4--,dye with #c lb4 ,brilliant ,congo ,r1 #c lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then top with #h oz4 ,safranine4 ,bright ,green4--,dye with #c lb4 ,chrysamine ,g1 #b lb4 soap and #aj lb4 phosphate of soda1 topping with #c_/d lb4 ,malachite green4 ,bright ,violet4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #a lb4 soda and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 topping with #aj oz4 ,methyl violet ,b4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,columbia green1 #c lb4 soda and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 topping with #aj oz4 ,malachite green4 ,claret4--,prepare a dye-bath with #c_/d oz4 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,benzo purpurine #f ,b1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dye at the boil for one hour1 then enter in a fresh cold bath of #a_/b lb4 ,safranine ,g4 ,work for twenty minutes1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,seal ,brown4--,make up a dye-bath with #b lb4 ,benzo azurine ,g1 #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter yarn at #ahj ,f41 dye at the boil for one hour1 lift1 wring1 and enter into a fresh bath of #a-a_/b lb4 ,bismarck brown4 ,work for one hour at about #ahj ,f41 lift1 rinse well and dry4 7#f7 ,,dyeing ,,on ,,tannic ,,mordant4 ,the oldest group of coal-tar dyes are the basic dyes1 of which ,magenta1 ,brilliant green1 ,chrysoidine1 ,bismarck brown1 ,auramine are typical representatives4 ,for a long time these dyes were only used for dyeing wool and silk2 for cotton1 linen1 and some other vegetable fibres they have little or no affinity1 and hence cannot dye them direct4 ,however1 it was found out that if the cotton be prepared or mordanted 7as it is called7 with tannic acid or with any substance containing that compound they could be used for dyeing cotton4 ,the mordant used1 tannic acid1 has the property of combining with the dyes of this group to form insoluble coloured tannates4 ,now tannic acid has a certain amount of affinity for cotton1 if the latter be immersed in solution of tannic acid or any material containing it some of the latter is taken up and more or less fixed by the cotton fibre4 ,tannic acid is a vegetable product found in a large number of plants1 and plant products1 such as sumac1 myrabolams1 divi-divi1 galls1 oak bark1 gambier1 cutch1 algarobilla1 valonia1 etc41 which are commonly known as tannins1 or tannin matters1 on account of their use in the conversion of animal skins or hides into leather1 which is done in the tanning industry4 ,by itself the tannin-colour lake1 which may be formed on the cotton fibre by immersion first in a bath of tannin and then in a dye-bath1 is not fast to washing and soaping1 but by taking advantage of the fact with such metals as tin1 iron1 antimony1 etc41 it combines to form insoluble tannates2 the tannic acid can be fixed on the cotton by immersion in a bath containing such fixing salts as tartar emetic1 tin crystals1 copperas1 antimony fluoride1 and antimony oxalate4 ,the dyeing of cotton with the basic colours therefore resolves itself into three operations3-- 7#a7 ,tanning with tannic acid or some tanning matters4 7#b7 ,fixation with tartar emetic or other fixing agent4 7#c7 ,dyeing with the required colour or mixture of colours4 7#a7 ,the ,tanning ,operation4--,the practice of tanning or mordanting cotton with tannin is variously carried on by dyers4 ,some steep the cotton in the tannin bath over night1 others immerse it from two to three hours in a lukewarm bath1 while some enter it in a boiling bath1 which is then allowed to cool down and the cotton is lifted out4 ,the last is perhaps the quickest method1 and experiments have shown that it is as good as any other method1 if the quantity of tannic acid taken up be regarded as the criterion of success4 ,in the natural products which have just been enumerated1 the tannic acid is accompanied by some colouring matter1 which is also absorbed by the cotton2 in some 7sumac and galls7 this colour is present in but small quantities2 in others 7divi-divi1 myrabolams1 algarobilla71 there is a large quantity2 therefore cotton treated with these comes out more or less coloured4 ,now it is obvious that such forms of tannin cannot be used when light tints are to be dyed1 for such the acid itself must be used1 for medium shades sumac or galls may be used2 while when dark shades--browns1 maroons1 dark greens1 navy blues1 etc41 are to be dyed1 then such tannin matters as divi-divi or myrabolams may be conveniently and economically adopted4 ,the quantity used varies according to circumstances2 the character of the shades that are to be dyed1 the dye-stuff used1 the quality and character of the tannin matter used4 ,for pale shades about #a per cent4 of tannic acid may be used1 deep shades require from #c to #d per cent4 ,of tannin matters from #e per cent4 may be used for pale shades1 from #bj to #be per cent4 for deep shades4 ,the tannin baths are not exhausted1 and may be kept standing1 adding for each succeeding lot of cotton from #a_/b to #c_/d of the above quantities of tannin matters4 ,of course sooner or later the baths become unusable from various causes1 and then they may be thrown away2 but old tannin baths often work better than the new ones4 7#b7 ,the ,fixing ,bath4--,following on the tannin bath comes the fixing bath to fix the tannin on the cotton in the form of insoluble metallic tannates4 ,a variety of metallic salts may be used for this purpose1 those of antimony1 tin1 iron1 lead1 etc41 the substances most commonly used being tartar emetic1 antimony fluoride1 oxalate of antimony1 tin crystals and copperas4 ,beyond forming the insoluble tannate of antimony or tin1 as the case may be1 the salts of antimony and tin have no further effect on the tanned cotton1 and they may be used to fix the tannin for all tints or shades1 from very pale to very deep4 ,of all these salts tartar emetic has been found to be the best1 probably because it is the least acid in its reactions1 and therefore there is no tendency to remove any tannin from the fibre1 as is the case with the other salts4 ,tin salt is little used for this purpose1 because of its acidity1 which prevents it from fixing the tannin as completely as is the case with tartar emetic4 ,with copperas or iron liquor the question comes up not only of the mere fixation of the tannin1 but also the fact that iron forms with tannin grey to black compounds1 hence cotton which has been tanned and then immersed in a bath of copperas becomes coloured grey to black1 according to the quantity of the tannin matter used4 ,the property is useful when dark shades of maroons1 clarets1 greens1 browns1 blues1 etc41 are to be dyed1 and is frequently employed4 7#c7 ,dyeing4--,after the tannin and fixing operations comes the dyeing4 ,this is not by any means a difficult operation4 ,it is best carried out by preparing a cold bath1 entering the prepared or mordanted cotton in this and heating slowly up4 ,it is not necessary to raise to the boil nor to maintain the dye-bath at that heat1 a temperature of #ahj ,f4 being quite sufficient in dyeing with the basic colours1 and the operation should last only until the colouring matter is extracted from the dye-bath4 ,working in this way1 level uniform shades can be got4 ,one source of trouble in the dyeing of basic dyes1 more especially with magentas1 violets and greens1 lies in their slight solubility and great strength4 ,in preparing solutions of such dyes it is best to dissolve the dye-stuff by pouring boiling water over it1 and stirring well until all appears to be dissolved4 ,this solution should be strained through a fine cloth1 as any undissolved specks will be sure to fix themselves on the cloth and lead to dark spots and stains1 as1 owing to the weak solubility of the dye1 and this being also fixed as insoluble tannate by the tannic acid on the fibre1 there is no tendency for the dye to diffuse itself over the cloth1 as occasionally happens in other methods of dyeing4 ,no advantage is gained by adding to the dye-bath such substances as common salt or ,glauber's salt4 ,some few of the dyes1 e4g41 ,soluble blue1 ,victoria blue1 which will dye on a tannic mordant1 are sulphonated compounds of the colour base4 ,these can be dyed in medium or light shades on to unmordanted cotton from a bath containing alum1 and in the ordinary method of dyeing the addition of alum is beneficial1 as tending to result in the production of deep shades4 ,these are somewhat faster to washing and soaping1 which is owing to the dye-stuff combining with the alumina in the alum to form an insoluble colour lake of the sulphuric acid groups it contains4 ,many recipes can be given for the dyeing of basic dyes on cotton2 for the range of tints and shades of all colours that can be produced by their means is truly great4 ,typical recipes will be given showing what basic dyes are available and how they can be combined together4 ,the dyer1 however1 who knows how to produce shades by combining one dye-stuff with another is able to get many more shades than space will permit to be given here4 ,sky ,blue4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #b-a_/b oz4 ,victoria blue ,b1 and #a_/b oz4 ,turquoise blue ,g4 ,bright ,blue4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,new ,victoria blue ,b1 and #c_/d lb4 ,turquoise blue ,g4 ,pale ,green4--,mordant with #a-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a_/d lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a_/d oz4 ,brilliant green and #a_/b oz4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,bright ,green4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #f oz4 ,brilliant green and #h oz4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,turquoise ,blue4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #a lb4 ,turquoise blue ,g4 ,crimson4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a-a_/d lb4 ,brilliant rhoduline red ,b and #e oz4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,bright ,violet4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #a-a_/d lb4 ,rhoduline violet and #c oz4 ,methyl violet ,b4 ,rose ,lilac4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #c_/d lb4 ,rhoduline violet4 ,yellow4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #b lb4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,orange4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b-a_/d lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #b lb4 ,chrysoidine4 ,green4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #b lb4 ,brilliant green4 ,red ,violet4--,mordant with #a-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/d lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #h oz4 ,methyl violet #d ,r4 ,the same method may be followed with all the brands of ,methyl1 ,paris and ,hoffmann violets1 and so a range of shades from a purple to a pure violet can be dyed4 ,the #d ,r to ,r brands of these violets dye reddish shades1 the redness decreasing according to the mark1 the ,b to #f ,b brands dye bluish shades1 the blueness increasing till the #f ,b brand dyes a very blue shade of violet4 ,bright ,sea-,green4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #b oz4 ,turquoise blue ,g and #a_/d oz4 ,new ,victoria blue ,b4 ,with these two blues a very great variety of tints and shades of blue can be dyed4 ,sea ,green4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #c_/d lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b oz4 ,malachite green4 ,dark ,green4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a-a_/d lb4 ,malachite green and #c_/d oz4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,by combination of ,brilliant green or ,malachite green 7which are the principal basic greens7 with ,auramine in various proportions a great range of greens of all tints and shades1 from pale to deep and from very yellow to very green tints1 can be dyed4 ,scarlet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,rhodamine #f ,g and #a_/d lb4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,pink4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #c_/d lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a_/d lb4 ,rhodamine ,g4 ,pink4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #c_/d lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a_/b lb4 ,irisamine ,g4 ,slate ,blue4--,mordant with #a-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #c_/d lb4 ,victoria blue ,b and #b oz4 ,malachite green4 ,indigo ,blue4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a lb4 ,methylene blue #b ,b and #a_/b lb4 ,malachite green4 ,dark ,scarlet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a lb4 ,safranine prima and #a_/b lb4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,grey4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a_/b lb4 ,new ,methylene grey ,b4 ,bluish ,rose4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #a lb4 ,rhodamine ,b4 ,maroon4--,mordant with #d lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b lb4 ,magenta and #a_/b lb4 ,auramine4 ,dark ,green4--,mordant with #e lb4 tannic acid and #b-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a_/b lb4 ,methylene blue ,b ,b1 #a_/b lb4 ,methyl violet #b ,b and #b-a_/b lb4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,orange4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a lb4 ,new ,phosphine ,g4 ,lilac ,grey4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a_/d lb4 ,methylene grey ,b ,f4 ,gold ,brown4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #c_/d lb4 ,thioflavine ,t and #c_/d lb4 ,bismarck brown4 ,orange4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a lb4 ,auramine and #a_/d lb4 ,safranine4 ,dark ,blue4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b-a_/d lb4 ,new ,methylene blue ,r and #c_/d lb4 ,naphtindone ,b ,b4 ,olive ,green4--,mordant with #e lb4 sumac extract and #b lb4 copperas1 and dye with #a lb4 ,auramine4 ,russian ,green4--,mordant with #e lb4 sumac extract and #b lb4 copperas1 and dye with #b lb4 ,malachite green4 ,scarlet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,thioflavine ,t and #a_/b lb4 ,irisamine ,g4 ,with these two dye-stuffs it is possible to produce a variety of useful shades from a pure greenish yellow1 with ,thioflavine ,t alone1 to a bright bluish pink1 with the ,irisamine alone1 through orange1 scarlet1 etc41 with combinations of the two dye-stuffs4 ,dark ,grey4--,mordant with #e lb4 sumac extract and #c lb4 copperas1 then dye with #a lb4 ,new ,methylene grey ,g4 ,blue ,black4--,mordant with #h lb4 sumac extract and #d lb4 copperas1 or better with iron liquor1 then dye with #b lb4 ,indamine blue ,n4 ,olive ,brown4--,mordant with #e lb4 sumac extract and #c lb4 copperas1 and dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,new ,phosphine ,g4 ,indigo ,blue4--,mordant with #a-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #a_/b lb4 ,new ,methylene blue ,n4 ,sky ,blue4--,mordant with #a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #c_/d lb4 tartar emetic2 dye with #a-a_/b oz4 ,new ,methylene blue ,g ,g4 ,dark ,violet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #d lb4 ,fast neutral violet ,b4 ,bright ,yellow4--,mordant with #b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b lb4 ,thioflavine ,t4 ,primrose ,yellow4--,mordant with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a_/d lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b oz4 ,thioflavine ,t4 ,navy ,blue4--,mordant with #e lb4 sumac extract and #c lb4 copperas1 then dye with #b lb4 ,new ,methylene blue ,r4 ,violet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b lb4 ,new ,methylene blue #c ,r4 ,dark ,blue4--,mordant with #e lb4 sumac extract and #c lb copperas1 and dye with #b lb4 ,new ,methylene blue ,n ,x4 ,blue ,black4--,mordant with #h lb4 sumac extract and iron liquor1 then dye with #c lb4 ,metaphenylene blue ,b4 ,emerald ,tint4--,mordant the cotton in the usual way with #a lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic2 dye to shade at #ahj ,f4 in a bath containing #ad oz4 ,auramine ,g1 #b oz4 ,brilliant green1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,orange4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 then dye with #d lb4 ,tannin orange ,r4 ,scarlet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #b lb4 ,tannin orange ,r and #a lb4 ,safranine ,s4 ,dark ,scarlet4--,mordant with #c lb4 tannic acid and #b lb4 tartar emetic1 and dye with #a_/b lb4 ,tannin orange ,r and #b lb4 ,safranine ,s4 ,the ,janus colours are a series of dyes of a basic nature which can be applied somewhat differently to the ordinary basic dyes1 although the ordinary method can be followed4 ,with these ,janus dyes a two-bath process is followed4 ,a dye-bath is prepared containing the dye-stuff1 sulphuric acid and common salt1 and this is used at the boil from half to three-quarters of an hour1 and the goods are allowed to remain in another three-quarters of an hour while the bath cools down4 ,next the dyed goods are run in a fixing bath of sulphuric acid1 tannic acid and tartar emetic1 this is used at the boil from half to one hour1 after which the dyed goods are taken out and washed4 ,if necessary the goods may be now topped with basic colours in order to produce any desired shade4 ,the following recipes will show how the ,janus dyes may be used3-- ,blue4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #h oz4 ,janus blue ,g1 and #e lb4 common salt2 fix with #c_/d lb4 sulphuric acid1 #h oz4 tannic acid and #d oz4 tartar emetic4 ,turquoise ,blue4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 ,janus green ,b and #aj lb4 salt1 fixing with #c_/d lb4 sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 tannin and #a_/b lb4 tartar emetic4 ,dark ,blue4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,janus blue ,r and #ae lb4 common salt2 fix with #c_/d lb4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/d lb4 tartar emetic4 ,buff4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #b oz4 ,janus yellow ,r and #c lb4 salt2 fix with #c_/d lb4 sulphuric acid1 #c oz4 tannic acid and #c lb4 tartar emetic4 ,crimson4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,janus red ,b and #ae lb4 salt1 fixing with #c_/d lb4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/d lb4 tartar emetic4 ,red ,violet4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 ,janus claret red ,b and #aj lb4 salt2 fix with #ab oz4 sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 tannic acid and #a_/b lb4 tartar emetic4 ,orange4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 ,janus yellow ,r and #aj lb4 salt2 fix with #ab oz4 sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 tannic acid and #a_/b lb4 tartar emetic4 ,dark ,violet4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #b lb4 ,janus grey ,b and #ae lb4 salt2 fix with #ab oz4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a-a_/d lb4 tartar emetic4 ,chocolate ,brown4--,dye with #i oz4 sulphuric acid1 #c-a_/b lb4 ,janus brown ,b and #ae lb4 salt1 fixing with #b oz4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b lb4 tannic acid and #a lb4 tartar emetic4 7#f7 ,,dyeing ,,on ,,metallic ,,mordants4 ,there are a number of dye-stuffs or colouring matters like alizarine1 logwood1 fustic1 barwood1 cutch1 resorcine green1 etc41 which have no affinity for the cotton fibre1 and of themselves will not dye it4 ,they have the property of combining with metallic oxides such as those of iron1 chromium1 aluminium1 tin1 lead1 calcium1 etc41 to form coloured bodies which are more or less insoluble in water4 ,these coloured bodies are called colour lakes1 and the metallic compounds used in connection with their production mordants1 hence often the dye-stuffs applied by this method are termed mordant dyes4 ,in the case of the natural dye-stuffs--logwood1 fustic1 ,persian berries1 ,brazil wood1 camwood1 cochineal1 quercitron1 cutch1 etc4--which belong to this group of mordant dyes1 the whole of the material does not enter into the operation1 but only a certain constituent contained therein1 which is commonly soluble in boiling water1 and extracted out by boiling4 ,this constituent is called the colouring principle of the dye-stuff or wood1 and naturally varies with each4 ,it is not intended here to deal in detail with these colouring principles4 ,the methods of applying and the colours which can be got from these dyes varies very much4 ,roughly1 the modes of application fall under three heads3 7#a7 the particular metallic mordant is first fixed on the fibre by any suitable method1 and then the fibre is dyed2 7#b7 the dye-stuff is first applied to the fibre1 and then the colour is fixed and developed by treatment with the mordant2 and 7#c7 the dye-stuff and the mordant are applied at the same time4 ,this last method is not much used4 ,in the following sections many examples of these methods will be given4 ,the dyes fixed with metallic mordant vary in their composition and properties4 ,there is first the group of eosine dyes1 which are acid derivatives of a colour-base1 and1 in virtue of being so1 will combine with the metallic oxides4 ,the colour of these colour lakes is quite independent of what oxide is used1 depending only on that of the particular eosine dye employed4 ,then there are some members of the azo dyes1 particularly the croceine scarlets1 which can also be dyed on the cotton by the aid of tin1 lead or alum mordants4 ,here1 again1 the mordant has no influence on the colour1 but only fixes it on the cotton4 ,the most important class of dye-stuffs which are dyed on to cotton with a metallic mordant is that to which the term mordant dyes is now given4 ,this includes such dyes as logwood1 fustic1 madder1 alizarine1 and all the dyes derived from anthracene4 ,many of these are not really dyes1 that is1 they will not of themselves produce or develop a colour on to any fibre when used alone2 it is only when they combine with the mordant oxide which is used1 and then the colour varies with the mordant4 ,thus1 for instance1 logwood with iron produces a bluish black2 with chrome1 a blue2 with alumina1 a reddish blue4 ,alizarine with iron produces a dark violet2 with alumina1 a scarlet2 with chrome1 a red2 with tin1 a bright scarlet4 ,fustic gives with tin and alumina1 bright yellows2 with chrome1 a dark yellow2 with iron1 an olive1 and so on with other members of this group1 of which more will be said later on4 ,dyeing with ,eosines4 ,at one time a fairly large quantity of cotton was dyed with the eosines1 owing to the brightness of the shades given by them2 but the introduction of such direct dyes as the ,erikas1 ,ceranines1 etc41 has thrown the eosines out of use4 ,the method adopted for the production of eosine pinks and scarlets on cotton involves three operations3 7#a7 impregnating the cloth with sodium stannate2 7#b7 fixing oxide of tin by a bath of weak sulphuric acid2 and 7#c7 dyeing with the eosine4 7#a7 ,preparing with ,sodium ,stannate4--,a bath of #h ,tw4 is prepared1 and the cotton is allowed to steep in this bath until it becomes thoroughly impregnated1 after which it is taken out and wrung4 7#b7 ,fixing the ,tin ,oxide4--,a bath of sulphuric acid of #b to #d ,tw4 is prepared1 and the cotton is sent through it1 after which it is washed well with water1 when it is ready for dyeing4 ,stannate of soda is easily decomposed by acids2 even the carbonic acid present in the air will bring about this change4 ,the tin contained in the stannate is deposited on the cotton in the form of stannic oxide1 or1 more strictly1 stannic acid4 ,as this is somewhat soluble in acids1 it is important that the sulphuric acid bath be not too strong1 or there will be a tendency for the tin oxide to be dissolved off the cotton1 and then but weak shades will be obtained in the final operation of dyeing4 ,further1 owing to the decomposition of the stannate by exposure to the air1 it is important that the substance should be used while fresh1 and that only fresh baths should be used4 7#c7 ,dyeing with ,eosine ,colours4--,after the treatment with stannate of soda and sulphuric acid the prepared cotton is ready for dyeing4 ,this process is carried out by preparing a cold bath with the required dye-stuff1 entering the cotton therein1 and then slowly raising to about #ahj ,f41 and maintaining at that heat until the desired shade is obtained4 ,it is not needful to raise to the boil and work at that heat4 ,no better results are obtained1 while there is even a tendency for colours to be produced that rub badly1 which is due to the too rapid formation of the colour lake2 and it is worthy of note that when a colour lake is rapidly formed on the fibre in dyeing it is apt to be but loosely fixed1 and the colour is then loose to both washing and rubbing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dyeing with ,acid and ,azo ,dyes4 ,in dyeing with this class of colours stannate of soda1 acetate of lead or alum may be used as mordants4 ,the stannate of soda is employed in the same manner as when the eosines are used1 and1 therefore1 does not require to be further dealt with4 ,acetate of lead is used in a similar way4 ,the cotton is first steeped in a bath of acetate of lead of about #aj ,tw4 strong1 used cold1 and from half an hour to an hour is allowed for the cotton to be thoroughly impregnated with the lead solution1 it is then wrung and passed a second time into a bath of soda1 when lead oxide or lead carbonate is deposited on the cotton4 ,after this treatment the cotton is ready for dyeing with any kind of acid1 azo and even eosine dyes1 and this is done in the same manner as is used in dyeing the eosines on a stannate mordant4 ,the shades obtained on a lead mordant cannot be considered as fast2 they bleed on washing and rub off badly4 ,when alum is used as the mordant it may be employed in the same way as acetate of lead1 but as a rule it is added to the dye-bath direct1 and the dyeing is done at the boil4 ,this latter method gives equally good results1 and is more simple4 ,the eosines and erythrosines1 water blues1 soluble blues1 croceine scarlets1 cloth scarlets1 and a few other dyes of the azo and acid series are used according to this method4 ,the results are by no means first class1 deep shades cannot be obtained1 and they are not fast to washing1 soaping and rubbing4 ,the methods of employing the much more important group of colouring matters known as the mordant dyes1 which comprise such well-known products as logwood1 fustic and alizarine1 require more attention4 ,with these1 alumina1 iron1 and chromium mordants are used as chief mordants1 either alone or in combination with one another1 and with other bodies4 ,the principal point is to obtain a good deposit of the mordant on the cotton fibre1 and this is by no means easy4 ,there are several methods by the use of which a deposit is formed of the mordant1 either in the form of metallic oxide 7or1 perhaps1 hydroxide7 or of a basic salt4 ,in some cases the cotton is passed through alternate baths containing1 on one hand1 the mordanting salt1 e4g41 alum1 copperas1 etc41 and1 on the other1 a fixing agent1 such as soda or phosphate of soda4 ,or a mordanting salt may be used1 containing some volatile acid that on being subjected to a subsequent steaming is decomposed4 ,both these methods will be briefly discussed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,methods of ,mordanting4 ,the cotton is first steeped in a bath containing ,turkey-red oil1 and is then dried4 ,by this means there is formed on the fibre a deposit of fatty acid1 which is of great value in the subsequent dyeing operations to produce bright and fast shades4 ,after the oiling comes a bath of alum or alumina sulphate1 either used as bought1 or made basic by the addition of soda4 ,the result is to bring about on the fibre a combination of the fatty acid with the alumina4 ,following on the alum bath comes a bath containing soda or phosphate of soda1 which brings about a better fixation of the alumina4 ,these operations may be repeated several times1 especially when a full shade having a good degree of fastness is desired1 as1 for instance1 ,turkey-reds from ,alizarine4 ,this method of mordanting is subject to considerable variations as regards the order in which the various operations are carried out1 the strength of the baths1 and their composition4 ,a great deal depends upon the ultimate result desired to be obtained1 and the price to be paid for the work4 ,iron is much easier to fix on cotton than is either alumina or chrome4 ,it is usually sufficient to pass the cotton through a bath of either copperas or iron liquor1 hang up to dry or age1 and then pass into a bath of lime1 soda or even phosphate of soda4 ,the other mordants require two passages to ensure proper deposition of the mordant on the fibre4 ,following on the mordanting operations comes the dyeing1 which is carried out in the following manner4 ,the bath is made cold with the required amount of dye-stuff and not too small a quantity of water1 the cotton is immersed and worked for a short time to ensure impregnation1 then the temperature is slowly raised to the boil4 ,this operation should be carefully carried out1 inasmuch as time is an important element in the dyeing with mordant colours2 the colouring principle contained in the dye-stuff must enter into a chemical combination with the mordant that has been fixed on the fibre4 ,heat greatly assists this being brought about1 but if the operation is carried on too quickly1 then there is a tendency for uneven shades to be formed4 ,this can only be remedied by keeping the temperature low until the dye-stuff has been fairly well united with the mordant1 and then maintaining the heat at the boil to ensure complete formation of the colouring lake on the fibre1 and therefore the production of fast colours4 ,it has been noticed in the dyeing of alizarines on both cotton and wool that when1 owing to a variety of circumstances1 local overheating of the bath happens to take place dark strains or streaks are sure to be formed4 ,to avoid these care should be taken that no such local heating can occur4 ,it only remains to add that it is possible to dye a great range of shades by this method1 reds with alizarine and alumina2 blacks with logwood and iron2 greens from logwood1 fustic1 or ,persian berries1 with chrome and iron2 blues from alizarine blues2 greens from ,coeruleine or ,dinitrosoresorcine1 etc4 ,another method of mordanting cotton for the mordant group of dye-stuffs is that in which the cotton is impregnated with a salt of the mordant oxide derived from a volatile acid such as acetic acid1 and then subjected to heat or steaming4 ,this method is largely taken advantage of by calico printers for grounds1 and dyers might make use of it to a much larger extent than they do4 ,there are used in this process the acetates of iron1 chromium and aluminium1 and bisulphites of the same metals and a few other compounds4 ,baths of these are prepared1 and the cotton is impregnated by steeping in the usual way2 then it is gently wrung out and aged1 that is1 hung up in a warm room overnight4 ,during this time the mordant penetrates more thoroughly into the substance of the fabric1 while the acid1 being more or less volatile1 passes off--probably not entirely1 but at any rate some of the metal is left in the condition of oxide and the bulk of it as a basic salt4 ,instead of ageing the cotton may be subjected to a process of steaming with the same results4 ,after this the cotton is ready for dyeing1 which is done by the method described in the last section4 ,there is still another method to be noticed here1 that is1 one in which a bath is prepared containing both the mordant and the dye-stuff4 ,in this case the character of the mordant must be such that1 under the conditions that prevail1 it will not form a colour lake with the dye-stuff4 ,such substances are the bisulphites1 if used with the bisulphite compounds of the dye-stuffs2 the acetates1 if mixed with some acetic acid1 may also be used4 ,the process consists in preparing the dye-bath containing both the mordant and the dye-stuff1 entering the cotton1 steeping for some time1 then wringing and steaming4 ,during the latter operation the acid combined with the mordant1 being volatile1 passes away1 and the colouring matter and mordant enter into combination to form the colour lake1 which is firmly fixed upon the fibre4 ,very good results may be obtained by this method4 ,lastly1 in connection with the mordant colours1 attention may be directed to the process of using some of them1 which consists in making a solution of the dye-stuff in ammonia1 impregnating the cotton with this alkaline solution1 and subjecting it to a steaming operation1 during which the alkali1 being volatile1 passes away1 leaving the colouring matter behind in an insoluble form4 ,the cotton is next passed into a weak bath of the mordant 7preferably the acetates of iron1 etc4741 this being used first cold and then gradually heated up4 ,the dye on the fibre and the mordant combine to form the desired colour1 which is fixed on the fibre4 ,the chrome mordants are those which are most commonly applied by the methods here sketched out1 and with the large and increasing number of mordant dyes available1 the processes should be worth attention from the cotton dyer4 ,the following recipes give fuller details than the outline sketches of the methods given above for the use of the various dyes produced with the mordant dyes and metallic mordants4 ,in some cases as will be seen other dyes may be added to produce special shades3-- ,dark ,olive4--,prepare a bath from #h lb4 cutch1 #d lb4 logwood extract1 #g lb4 fustic extract1 #b lb4 copper sulphate4 ,work in this for one to one and a half hours at the boil4 ,this bath may be kept standing1 adding new ingredients from time to time1 and works best when it gets old4 ,then pass into a cold bath of #c lb4 copperas for one hour1 then wash and enter into a new bath of #aj lb4 salt1 #f oz4 ,titan blue #c ,b1 #f oz4 ,titan brown ,r1 #f oz4 ,titan yellow ,y1 work for one hour at the boil1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,brown4--,prepare a bath with #bj lb4 cutch1 #b lb4 copper sulphate1 #d lb4 quercitron extract4 ,work for one and a quarter hours at the boil1 then allow to lie for a day1 when the goods are passed into a bath containing #c lb4 bichromate of potash and #a lb4 alum4 ,work at #aej to #afj ,f4 in this for a few minutes1 then allow to lie for four to five hours1 wash well and dry4 ,olive4--,work for twenty minutes at #hj ,f4 in a bath of #aj lb4 fustic extract1 #e lb4 quercitron extract1 #b lb4 logwood extract2 heat to boil1 work for half an hour1 then enter in a cold bath of #b lb4 sodium bichromate and #e lb4 copper sulphate2 work for twenty minutes1 then heat to boil2 work for twenty minutes more1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,brown4--,treat in a hot bath of #be lb4 cutch1 #a-c_/d lb4 bluestone2 work for half an hour in this bath1 then lift1 wring1 and work in a bath of #a-c_/d lb4 bichromate of potash for twenty to thirty minutes4 ,dye in a bath of #b-a_/d lb4 alum1 #g oz4 ,chrysoidin1 #ad oz4 ,ponceau ,b4 ,fast ,brown4--,the cotton is heated in a boiling bath containing #bj lb4 cutch1 #d oz4 copper sulphate for one hour1 it is then treated in a bath containing #h oz4 bichromate of potash for half an hour1 then dyed in a bath containing #b oz4 ,benzo black blue1 #f oz4 ,benzo brown ,n ,b1 #b lb4 soap1 #h lb4 salt1 for one hour at the boil1 washed and dried4 ,drab4--,dissolve #a_/b lb4 cutch1 #g lb4 bluestone1 #h lb4 extract of fustic2 enter goods at #abj ,f41 give six turns1 lift and drain4 ,prepare a fresh bath containing #b lb4 copperas2 enter goods1 give three turns1 lift1 and enter fresh bath at #abj1 containing #b lb4 bichromate of potash1 give four turns1 drain1 wash and dry4 ,coffee ,brown4--,for one piece1 wet out in hot water1 run for half an hour upon a jigger in a bath of #f lb4 good cutch1 take up and drain in a bath of #h lb4 black iron liquor2 drain1 run again through each bath and rinse well4 ,prepare a fresh bath with ,bismarck brown1 enter at #ajj ,f41 heat slowly to #bjj ,f41 drain1 rinse and dry4 ,dark ,brown ,olive4--,prepare the dye-bath with #ab lb4 cutch1 #b lb4 bluestone1 #b-a_/b lb4 alum1 #aj lb4 quercitron extract1 #b lb4 indigo carmine #d lb4 turmeric1 #a_/d lb4 ,bismarck brown2 boil for one and a half hours1 then lift and add #a lb4 copperas2 re-enter the goods1 give another half-hour1 boil1 then add #a-a_/b lb4 bichromate of potash1 work two hours more1 then wash and dry4 ,red ,drab4--,boil up #aj lb4 cutch and #e lb4 sumac2 enter the cotton at #adj ,f41 work fifteen minutes and lift4 ,prepare a fresh bath of #d lb4 black iron liquor2 enter the cotton cold1 work ten minutes and lift4 ,prepare another bath with #c lb4 bichromate of potash2 enter cotton at #afj ,f41 work fifteen minutes1 lift and wash4 ,finish in a fresh bath containing #c lb4 logwood1 #f lb4 red liquor2 enter cotton at #ajj ,f41 work ten minutes1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,fawn4--,boil up #e lb4 cutch and #e oz4 bluestone1 cool to #ajj ,f42 enter1 give six turns1 lift1 and add #b lb4 copperas2 re-enter cotton1 give four turns1 lift and wring4 ,prepare a fresh bath with #a lb4 bichromate of potash2 enter cotton at #aaj ,f41 give five turns1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,grey ,slate4--,boil up #aj lb4 sumac1 #c lb4 fustic extract2 cool down to #abj ,f41 give eight turns1 lift and wring4 ,prepare a fresh bath with #e lb4 copperas2 enter cotton cold1 give five turns1 lift and wash4 ,dark ,plum4--,lay down overnight in #cj lb4 sumac4 ,next morning wring and enter in a fresh bath of oxy-muriate of tin #bj ,tw41 give four turns1 lift and wash well in two waters4 ,boil out #dj lb4 ground logwood1 #aj lb4 ground fustic1 cool bath down to #adj ,f42 enter cotton1 give eight turns1 lift and add #a-a_/b gallons red liquor2 re-enter yarn1 give four turns1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,pale ,chamois4--,work the cotton seven turns in a cold bath of #c lb4 copperas1 then wring and pass into a cold bath of #c lb4 soda ash2 work well1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,brown ,olive4--,prepare a bath of #bh lb4 fustic1 #c_/d lb4 logwood1 #ah lb4 cutch1 #d lb4 turmeric1 #b lb4 copper sulphate1 #c_/d lb4 alum2 work for an hour at the boil1 then sadden in a new bath of #a lb4 bichromate of potash for half an hour1 then sadden in a new bath of #a_/d lb4 nitrate of iron1 working in the cold for half an hour1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,havana ,brown4--,prepare a bath with #d lb4 cutch and #a lb4 bluestone2 work at the boil for one hour1 then pass through a warm bath of #a_/b lb4 bichromate of potash1 #a lb4 sulphuric acid4 ,wash and dye in a bath of #c_/d lb4 ,bismarck brown and #d lb4 alum2 work for one hour at about #ahj ,f41 wash and dry4 ,black4--,prepare a dye-bath with #bj lb4 extract of logwood1 #d lb4 cutch1 #e lb4 soda ash1 #e lb4 copper sulphate4 ,heat to the boil1 enter the cotton1 and work well for three hours1 then lift1 and allow to lie overnight in a wet condition1 wash and pass into a bath of #a lb4 bichromate of potash for half an hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,the dye-bath is not exhausted1 and only about one-third of the various drugs need be added for further batches of cotton4 ,reseda ,green4--,prepare a bath with #ae lb4 cutch1 #h lb4 turmeric2 work in this for fifteen minutes at about #aej ,f41 then pass through a hot bath of #b lb4 bichromate of potash for one hour1 then re-enter into a cutch bath to which has been added1 #a lb4 sulphate of iron2 work for one hour1 then add #b lb4 alum and work half an hour longer1 rinse1 wash and dry4 ,fawn ,brown4--,prepare a dye-bath with #d lb4 cutch1 #b lb4 fustic extract2 work for one hour at hand heat1 then lift1 and pass through a bath of #a-a_/d lb4 bichromate of potash2 work for a quarter of an hour1 rinse and pass into a fresh bath of #a oz4 ,bismarck brown for ten minutes1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,beige4--,prepare a bath with #bj lb4 sumac2 enter cotton at #abj ,f41 give six turns1 lift and add #a_/b lb4 copperas2 re-enter cotton1 give four turns and wring4 ,prepare a fresh bath containing #b lb4 extract of fustic1 #c oz4 extract of indigo2 enter cotton at #abj ,f41 give three turns1 raise temperature to #adj ,f41 and turn to shade1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,turkey ,red4--,one of the most important colours dyed on cotton is that known as ,turkey red1 a bright red of a bluish tone1 characterised by its great fastness to light1 washing1 etc4 ,strong alkalies turn it more yellowish1 but weak acids and alkalies have little action4 ,into the history of the dyeing of ,turkey red it is not intended to enter1 those who are interested in the subject should refer to old works on dyeing2 nor is it intended to speak of old methods of producing it with the aid of madder1 but rather to give some of the most modern methods for dyeing it with alizarine4 ,many processes differing somewhat in detail have been devised for dyeing ,turkey red on cotton1 and it is probable that no two ,turkey-red dyers work exactly alike4 ,it is difficult to produce the most perfect red1 and a very great deal of care in carrying out the various operations is necessary to obtain it4 ,this care and the number of operations makes ,turkey red an expensive colour to dye1 and so shorter methods are in use which dye a red on cotton that is cheaper1 but not so brilliant or fast as a true ,turkey red4 ,process #a4--,this process is perhaps the most elaborate of all processes1 but it yields a fine red4 ,the process is applicable to cloth or yarn1 although naturally the machinery used will vary to suit the different conditions of the material4 ,bleached yarn or cloth may be treated1 although a full bleach is not necessary1 but the cloth or yarn must be clean or well scoured1 so that it is free from grease and other impurities4 ,operation #a4 ,boil the cotton for six to eight hours with a carbonate of soda lye at #a ,tw4 in a kier at ordinary pressure1 then wash well1 wring1 or1 better1 hydro-extract4 ,operation #b4 ,first greening3 ,what is called the first green liquor is prepared by taking #ae lb4 of gallipoli oil1 #c lb4 phosphate of soda and #ae lb4 carbonate of soda1 the liquor to stand at #b ,tw4 ,originally this liquor was made with sheep dung1 but this is now omitted4 ,the cotton is worked in this liquor1 which is kept at #ajj ,f41 until it is thoroughly impregnated1 then it is taken out1 squeezed and dried1 or in some cases piled overnight and then stoved4 ,operation #c4 ,second green liquor4 ,as before4 ,operation #d4 ,third green liquor4 ,as before4 ,operation #e4 ,a carbonate of soda liquor of #b ,tw4 strength is prepared1 and the cotton steeped in this until it is thoroughly impregnated1 then it is wrung out and stoved4 ,this is called white liquor treatment4 ,operation #f4 ,second white liquor4 ,as before4 ,operation #g4 ,steeping3 ,prepare a bath of water at #aej ,f41 and steep for twelve hours1 then wring and dry4 ,operation #h4 ,sumacing3 ,a liquor is made from #ab lb4 sumac with water1 and after straining from undissolved sumac leaves the liquor is made to stand at #b ,tw41 this is kept at about a #ajj ,f41 and the cotton is well worked in it and allowed to steep for four hours1 after which it is taken out and wrung4 ,operation #i4 ,mordanting or aluming3 #bj lb4 of alum are dissolved in hot water1 and #e lb4 of soda crystals are slowly added in order to prepare a basic alum solution2 this is now made by the addition of water to stand at #h ,tw4 ,the sumaced cotton is worked in this bath and allowed to steep for twenty-four hours1 when it is taken out and wrung4 ,some dyers add a little tin crystals to this bath2 others add a small quantity of red liquor4 ,operation #aj4 ,the dyeing3 ,a cold bath is prepared with #aj lb4 to #ab lb4 alizarine1 #c lb4 sumac extract1 and #b oz4 lime4 ,the cotton is entered into the cold bath1 worked from fifteen to twenty minutes so as to get it thoroughly impregnated2 then the heat is slowly raised to the boil and the dyeing carried on at that heat until the full shade is obtained1 which usually takes about an hour4 ,according to the brand of alizarine used so will the shade that is obtained vary1 as will be mentioned later on4 ,operation #aa4 ,first clearing3 ,the dyed cotton is placed in a boiler and boiled for four hours with #c lb4 soda crystals and #c lb4 palm oil soap1 afterwards washing well4 ,operation #ab4 ,second clearing3 ,the dyed cotton is again boiled for two hours with #b-a_/b lb4 soap and #a_/b lb4 tin crystals1 then give a good washing and dry4 ,this process is a long one--indeed1 some dyers by repeating some of the operations lengthen it--and it takes at least two weeks1 in some cases three weeks1 to carry out4 ,the first idea is to get the cotton thoroughly impregnated with the oil1 and this oxidised to some extent on the fibre1 and to this end the oil treatments are carried out4 ,in this process experience has shown that olive oil is the best to use1 although other oils have been tried from time to time4 ,the sumacing enables the alumina to be more firmly fixed on to the cotton4 ,the alumina combines with both the oil and the sumac1 and the resulting mordant produces a better and more brilliant red with the alizarine4 ,the clearing operations serve to remove impurities1 to brighten the colour1 and to more fully fix it on the cotton4 ,process #b4--,operation #a4 ,the cotton is well bleached or scoured with soda in the usual way4 ,operation #b4 ,oiling or preparing3 ,a liquor is made from #aj lb4 alizarine oil or ,turkey-red oil in #aj gallons water4 ,this oil is prepared from castor oil by a process of treatment with sulphuric acid1 washing with water and neutralising with caustic soda4 ,the cotton is thoroughly impregnated with this oil by steeping1 then it is wrung out and dried4 ,operation #c4 ,steaming3 ,the cotton is put into a steaming cottage or continuous steaming chamber and steamed for from one to one and a half hours at about #e lb4 pressure4 ,operation #d4 ,a bath of red liquor 7acetate of alumina7 at #h ,tw4 is prepared4 ,some dyers use basic alum at the same strength4 ,in this bath the cotton is steeped at #ajj ,f4 for two hours2 then it is wrung out and dried4 ,this aluming bath can be repeated4 ,next it is run through a bath of chalk and water containing #b lb4 chalk in #aj gallons water4 ,this helps to fix the alumina on the cotton4 ,phosphate of soda also makes a good fixing agent4 ,operation #e4 ,dyeing3 ,this is carried out in precisely the same way as in the other process4 ,operation #f4 ,oiling3 ,a second oiling is now given in a bath of #e lb4 alizarine oil1 or ,turkey-red oil1 in #aj gallons water1 after which the cotton is dried1 when it is ready for further treatment4 ,in place of giving a second oiling after the dyeing1 it is1 perhaps1 better to give it after the mordanting and before dyeing4 ,operation #g4 ,clearing3 ,the dyed cotton is cleared with soap in the same manner as the clearing operations of the first process1 which see4 ,any of the treatments preparatory to1 and following the actual dyeing of1 any of these processes may be repeated if deemed necessary4 ,the text-books on dyeing and the technical journals devoted to the subject frequently contain accounts of methods of dyeing ,turkey red1 but when these come to be dissected the methods are but little more than variants of those which have just been given4 ,seeing that the theory or theories involved in this rather complex process of dyeing ,turkey red1 and that colourists are not agreed as to the real part played by the oil1 the sumac and the clearing operations in the formation of a ,turkey red on cotton1 nothing will be said here as to the theory of ,turkey-red dyeing4 ,alizarine ,red4--,it is possible to dye a red with alizarine on cotton which1 while being a good colour1 is not quite so fast to washing1 etc41 as a ,turkey red4 ,this is done by using fewer treatments1 as shown in the following process3-- ,process #a4--;,boil the cotton in soda4 ,process #b4--,oil with ,turkey-red oil1 as in the ,turkey-red process ,no4 #b above4 ,process #c4--,mordant with alum or acetate of alumina4 ,process #d4--;,dye with alizarine as before4 ,process #e4--,soap4 ,there are three distinct colouring matters which are sold commercially under the name of alizarine4 ,these are3 alizarine itself1 which produces a bluish shade of red2 anthra-purpurine1 which gives a similar but less blue red than alizarine2 and flavo-purpurine1 which produces the yellowest reds4 ,the makers send out all these various products under various marks4 ,for dyeing ,turkey reds the flavo-and anthra-purpurine brands or yellow alizarines are to be preferred2 for pinks and rose shades the alizarine or blue shade brands are best4 ,alizarine ,pink4--,this can be dyed in the same way as ,turkey red1 only using for full pinks #d per cent1 of alizarine in the dye-bath1 or for pale pinks #a to #b per cent4 ,it is advisable to reduce the strength of the oiling and mordanting baths down to one-half4 ,alizarine ,violet4--,alizarine has the property of combining with iron to form a dark violet colour1 and advantage is taken of this fact to dye what are called in the dyeing and calico printing trades alizarine purples and lilacs1 although these do not resemble in hue or brilliance the purples and lilacs which can be got from the direct dyes4 ,they have not the importance which they formerly possessed1 and but a mere outline of two processes for their production will be given4 ,alizarine ,purple4--,process #a4 7#a7 ,boil with soda1 7#b7 prepare with ,turkey red oil1 7#c7 mordant by steeping in copperas liquor at #d ,tw4 for twenty minutes1 take out1 allow to lie on stillages overnight1 then wash and dry4 ,for deep purples it may be advisable to repeat these treatments2 for pale lilacs using them at half strength is advisable4 7#d7 ,dye with #h to #aj per cent4 of alizarine blue shade1 working as described under ,turkey red4 ,the best results are obtained when #a per cent1 of chalk is added to the dye-bath4 7#e7 ,soap as in red dyeing4 ,process #b4 7#a7 ,boil with soda1 7#b7 oil with ,turkey-red oil1 7#c7 steep in pyrolignite of iron 7iron liquor7 for one hour1 then age by hanging in the air4 7#d7 ,dye as before4 7#e7 ,soap4 ,fine blacks are got if after oiling the cotton is treated with sumac or tannic acid1 then mordanted with iron and dyed with alizarine as usual4 ,chocolate ,browns4--,fine fast chocolate browns can be got from alizarine by using a mixed mordant of iron and alumina1 either the acetate or the sulphate4 ,by varying the relative proportions various shades can be obtained4 ,alizarine ,orange--,prepare the cotton as if for dyeing a ,turkey red1 but use in the dye-bath #h to #aj per cent4 of ,alizarine orange4 ,alizarine ,blue--,the cotton is boiled three hours with #c per cent4 ammonia soda at #cj lb4 pressure1 and then washed thoroughly4 ,the boiled1 washed and hydro-extracted yarn is oiled with a solution containing from #a_/d lb4 to #a-a_/b lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #ej per cent4 for every gallon of water4 ,it is then wrung out evenly and dried for twelve hours at #aej ,f4 ,tannin ,grounding4 ,the oiled and dried cotton is worked three-quarters of an hour in a vat containing a tannin solution 7#a oz4 per gallon74 ,the cotton remains in this liquid1 which is allowed to cool off for twelve hours1 then it is hydro-extracted4 ,sumac turns the shade somewhat greener1 which is noticed especially after bleaching1 therefore tannin is given the preference4 ,chromium ,mordant4 ,the cotton treated with tannin and then hydro-extracted is worked cold for one hour in a vat containing a solution of chromium chloride at #cb ,tw41 and remains in this solution twelve hours4 ,the cotton is then hydro-extracted and washed directly2 it is best to employ running water4 ,a special fixation does not take place4 ,the cotton is now ready for dyeing4 ,the solution of chromium chloride and the tannin solution can be used continuously1 adding fresh liquor to keep the baths up to strength4 ,dyeing--,for dyeing1 water free from lime must be used4 ,water having not more than #b4e hardness can be employed if it is corrected with acetic acid1 thereby converting the carbonate of lime into acetate of lime4 ,very calcareous water must be freed from lime before use4 ,the dye-bath contains for #ajj lb4 cotton #ae lb4 ,alizarine blue paste 7,a ,r or ,f1 according to the shade desired71 #ce lb4 acetic acid 7#ab ,tw471 #ae-a_/b lb4 ammonia 7#be per cent471 #b-a_/d oz4 tannin4 ,the cotton is worked a quarter of an hour in the cold2 the temperature is raised slowly to a boil1 taking about one hour1 and the cotton is worked three-quarters of an hour at that heat4 ,finally the cotton is washed and hydro-extracted4 ,the dyed and washed cotton is steamed two hours at #ae lb4 to #bb lb4 pressure4 ,steaming turns the shade greener and darker1 and increases the fastness4 ,after steaming the cotton it is soaped one or two hours at the boil1 with or without pressure4 ,according to the quality of water employed1 #b to #e parts soap per #a1jjj parts water are taken4 ,brown4--,a fine brown is got by a similar process to this1 if instead of ,alizarine blue1 ,alizarine orange is used in the dye-bath4 ,a deeper brown still if ,anthracene brown1 or a mixture of ,anthracene brown and ,alizarine blue1 be used4 ,claret ,red4--,clarets to maroon shade of red are got by preparing the cotton as for blue given above1 then dyeing with alizarine4 ,logwood ,black4--,one of the most important colours that come under this section is logwood black1 the formation of which on the fibre depends upon the fact that the colouring principle of logwood forms a black colour lake with iron and also one with chromium4 ,there are many ways of dyeing logwood blacks on cotton1 whether that be in form of hanks of yarns1 warps or pieces4 ,while these blacks may be1 and in the case of hanks are1 dyed by what may be termed an intermittent process1 yet for warps and piece goods a continuous process is preferred by dyers4 ,examples of both methods will be given4 ,as in the dyeing of ,turkey reds it is probable that no two dyers of logwood blacks quite agree in the details of their process1 there may be variations in the order of the various baths and in their relative strengths4 ,typical methods will be noted here4 ,dyeing ,logwood ,black on ,yarn in ,hanks4--,operation #a4 ,sumacing3 ,prepare a bath with #aj lb4 sumac extract in hot water4 ,work the yarn in this for half an hour1 then allow to steep for six hours or overnight1 lift and wring4 ,the liquor which is left may be used again for another lot of yarn by adding #e lb4 sumac extract for each successive lot of yarn4 ,in place of using sumac the cheaper myrabolam extract may be used4 ,operation #b4 ,ironing or ,saddening3 ,prepare a bath with #c-a_/b gallons nitrate of iron1 #hj ,tw4 ,work the yarn in this for fifteen minutes1 then wring out4 ,the bath may be used again when #a gallon of nitrate of iron is added for each lot of yarn worked in it4 ,in place of the nitrate of iron1 the pyrolignite of iron or iron liquor may be used4 ,operation #c4 ,liming3 ,work for ten minutes in a weak bath of milk of lime4 ,operation #d4 ,dyeing3 ,this is done in a bath made from #aj lb4 logwood extract and #a lb4 fustic extract4 ,the yarn is entered into the cold or tepid bath1 the heat slowly raised to about #aej ,f1 then kept at this heat until a good black is got1 when the yarn is taken out1 rinsed and wrung4 ,the addition of the fustic extract enables a much deeper and jetter shade of black to be dyed4 ,operation #e4 ,saddening3 ,to obtain a fuller black the dyed cotton is sent through a bath of #a-a_/b lb4 of copperas1 then washed well4 ,operation #f4 ,soaping3 ,work for twenty minutes in a bath of #b lb4 soap at #adj to #aej ,f4 ,then wash well4 ,much the same process may be followed for dyeing logwood black on warps and piece goods1 jiggers being used for each operation4 ,another method is to first work the cotton in pyrolignite 7iron liquor7 at #aj ,tw41 until it is thoroughly impregnated1 then to dry and hang in the air for some hours1 next to pass through lime water to fix the iron1 and then to dye as before4 ,continuous ,process4--,in this case a continuous dyeing machine is provided1 fitted with five to six compartments4 ,the cotton is first of all prepared by steeping in a bath of #ab lb4 myrabolam extract for several hours1 then it is taken to the continuous machine and run in succession through nitrate of iron liquor1 lime water1 logwood and fustic1 iron liquor and water4 ,the nitrate of iron bath contains #b gallons of the nitrate to #aj gallons of water1 and as the pieces go through fresh additions of this liquor are made from time to time to keep up the volume and strength of the liquor to the original points4 ,the logwood bath is made from #aj lb4 logwood extract and #a lb4 fustic extract1 and it is used at about #afj ,f4 ,the quantities here given will serve for #ajj lb4 of cotton1 and it is well to add them dissolved up in hot water in small quantities from time to time as the cotton goes through the bath4 ,the iron liquor given after the dyeing contains #b lb4 of copperas in #aj gallons of water4 ,between the various compartments of the machine is fitted squeezing rollers to press out any surplus liquor1 which is run back into the compartment4 ,the rate of running the warp or pieces through should not be too rapid1 and the dyer must adapt the rate to the speed with which the cloth dyes up in the dye-bath4 ,the addition of a little red liquor 7alumina acetate7 to the iron bath is sometimes made1 this is advantageous1 as it results in the production of a finer black4 ,iron by itself tends to give a rusty-looking1 or brownish black1 but the violet1 or lilac shade that alumina gives with logwood1 tones the black and makes it look more pleasant4 ,some dyers add a small quantity1 #a per cent41 of the weight of the cotton of sulphate of copper to the iron bath1 others add even more than this4 ,some use nitrate of copper2 the copper giving a greenish shade of black with logwood1 and this tones down the iron black and makes it more bloomy in appearance4 ,single bath methods of dyeing logwood blacks are in use1 such methods are not economical as a large quantity1 both of dye-wood and mordants1 remain in the bath unused4 ,although full intense blacks can be dyed with them1 the black is rather loosely fixed and tends to rub off4 ,this is because as both the dye-stuff and the mordant are in the same bath together they tend to enter into combination and form a colour lake that precipitates out in the dye-bath1 causing the loss of material alluded to above1 while some of it gets mechanically fixed on the cotton1 in a more or less loose form1 and this looseness causes the colour to rub off4 ,for a chrome-logwood black1 a dye-bath is made with #c lb4 bichromate of potash1 #ajj gallons logwood decoction at #c ,tw41 and #f-a_/b lb4 hydrochloric acid4 ,enter the cotton into the cold bath1 raise slowly to the boil and work until the cotton has acquired a full black blue colour1 then take it out and rinse in a hot lime water when a blue black will be got4 ,a copper-logwood black is got by taking #ajj gallons logwood decoction at #c ,tw41 and #f lb4 copper acetate 7verdigris72 the cotton is entered cold and brought up to the boil4 ,copper nitrate may be used in the place of the copper acetate1 when it is a good plan to add a little soda to the bath4 ,some dyers in working a copper-logwood black make the dye-bath from #ajj gallons logwood liquor at #b ,tw41 #d lb4 copper sulphate 7bluestone7 and #d lb4 soda4 ,this bath is used at about #ahj to #aij ,f41 for three-quarters of an hour1 then the cotton is lifted out1 wrung and aged or as it is sometimes called smothered for five hours4 ,the operations are repeated two or three times to develop a full black4 ,logwood black dyeing has lost much of its importance of late years owing to the introduction of the many direct blacks1 which are much easier of application and leave the cotton with a fuller and softer feel4 ,logwood ,greys4--,these are much dyed on cotton and are nothing more than weak logwood blacks1 and may be dyed by the same processes only using baths of about one-tenth the strength4 ,by a one-bath process #e lb4 of logwood are made into a decoction and to this #a lb4 of copperas 7ferrous sulphate7 is added and the cotton is dyed at about #aej ,f4 in this bath4 ,by adding to the dye-bath small quantities of other dye-woods1 fustic1 peach wood1 sumach1 etc41 greys of various shades are obtained4 ,some recipes bearing on this point are given in this section4 ,logwood is not only used for dyeing blacks and greys as the principal colouring matter1 but is also used as a shading colour along with cutch1 fustic1 quercitron1 etc41 in dyeing olives1 browns1 etc41 and among the recipes given in this section examples of its use in this direction will be found4 ,the dye-woods--fustic1 ,brazil wood1 bar wood1 ,lima wood1 cam wood1 cutch1 peach wood1 quercitron bark1 ,persian berries--have since the introduction of the direct dyes lost much of their importance and are now little used4 ,cutch is used in the dyeing of browns and several recipes have already been given4 ,their production consists essentially in treating the cotton in a bath of cutch1 either alone or for the purpose of shading with other dye-woods when the cotton takes up the tannin and colouring matter of the cutch1 etc4 ,the colour is then developed by treatment with bichromate of potash1 either with or without the addition of an iron salt to darken the shade of brown4 ,the usual methods of applying all the other dye-woods1 to obtain scarlets to reds with ,brazil wood1 ,lima wood1 peach wood2 or yellows with fustic1 quercitron or ,persian berries1 is to first prepare the cotton with sumac1 then mordant with alumina acetate or tin crystals 7the latter gives the brightest shades71 then dye in a decoction of the dye-woods4 ,sometimes the cotton is boiled in a bath of the wood when it takes up some of the dye-wood1 next there is added alumina acetate or tin crystals and the dyeing is continued when the colour becomes developed and fixed upon the cotton4 ,iron may be used as a mordant for any of these dye-woods but it gives dull sad shades4 ,chrome mordants can also be used and these produce darker shades than tin or alumina mordants4 ,as practically all these dye-woods are now not used by themselves it has not been deemed necessary to give specific recipes for their application1 on previous pages several are given showing their use in combination with other dyes4 ,the dye-stuff ,dinitroso-resorcine or ,solid green ,o is used along with iron mordants for producing fast greens and with chrome mordants for producing browns to a limited extent in cotton dyeing4 ,the following recipes give the details of the process4 ,green4--,steep the cotton yarn or cloth in the following liquor until well impregnated1 then dry3 #c gallons iron liquor 7pyrolignite of iron71 #bb ,tw4 gallons of water1 #c_/d gallon acetic acid1 #ab ,tw41 #b lb4 ammonium chloride4 ,then pass the cotton through a warm bath of #c oz4 phosphate of soda and #d oz4 chalk per gallon1 then enter into a dye-bath containing #f lb4 ,solid green ,o4 ,work as described for dyeing alizarine red4 ,for darker greens of a ,russian green shade use #aj lb4 of solid green ,o1 in the dye-bath4 ,brown4--,a fine brown is got by steeping the cotton in a bath of #h lb4 ,solid green ,o1 #f-c_/d gallons water1 #a-a_/b gallons ammonia and #b lb4 acetate of chrome2 dry1 then pass through a soap-bath1 wash and dry4 ,deep ,olive ,brown4--,mix #h lb4 ,solid green ,o and #d-a_/b lb4 borax with #f gallons water1 add #a_/b lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #e lb4 ammonia1 then #b gallons water and #a-a_/b lb4 copper-soda solution and another #b gallons water4 ,steep the cotton in this1 dry1 soap well and wash4 ,the copper-soda solution is made from #aj lb4 chloride of copper 7#ge ,tw471 #e lb4 tartaric acid1 #ab lb4 caustic soda 7#ge ,tw47 and #d lb4 glycerine4 ,khaki4--,make the dye liquor from #ad lb4 ,solid green ,o1 #a_/b lb4 ,alizarine yellow ,n1 #a lb4 caustic soda 7#cf ,tw471 #a_/b lb4 ,turkey-red oil and #h gallons water4 ,to this add #b-a_/b lb4 acetate of chrome 7#cb ,tw471 #b-a_/d lb4 copper-soda solution and #d gallons water4 ,sage ,green4--,use #a-a_/d lb4 ,solid green ,o1 #c lb4 caustic soda 7#cf ,tw471 #a_/b lb4 ,ceruleine1 #a_/b lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #a gallon water to which is added #b-a_/b lb4 acetate of chrome 7#cb ,tw47 and #b-a_/d lb4 copper-soda solution dissolved in #d gallons water4 ,pale ,brown4--,use #d lb4 ,solid green ,o1 #b-a_/b lb4 borax1 #c lb4 ammonia1 #a_/b lb4 ,turkey-red oil1 #f gallons of water and #a-a_/b lb4 copper-soda solution dissolved in #b gallons water4 ,pale ,fawn ,brown4--,the dye-bath is made from #a_/b lb4 ,alizarine1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,solid green ,o1 #a-a_/b lb4 borax1 #a_/b lb4 ,turkey-red oil and #e gallons of water to which is added #a-a_/b lb4 acetate of chrome 7#cb ,tw471 #a-a_/b lb4 copper-soda solution and #d gallons water4 ,in all cases the cotton is steeped in the dye liquors until thoroughly impregnated1 then the excess liquor is wrung out1 the cotton dried1 then passed through a soap bath1 washed well and dried4 ,dark ,brown4--,place the cotton in a lukewarm bath of #be lb4 cutch and #a-a_/b lb4 copper sulphate2 work for half an hour1 then steep for six hours1 then lift1 wring and enter into a bath of #c-a_/d lb4 bichromate of potash at #afj ,f4 for twenty minutes4 ,then wash and dry4 ,yellow ,brown4--,make a bath with #ad lb4 cutch and #a_/b lb4 copper sulphate2 work in this bath for four hours at #abj ,f41 then pass into a bath of #b lb4 copperas and #a_/b lb4 chalk1 work for half an hour in the cold1 then pass into a hot bath of #b-a_/b lb4 bichromate of potash at #aej ,f4 for half an hour4 ,dark ,brown4--,make a dye-bath with #ae lb4 cutch1 #b lb4 logwood extract and #b lb4 fustic extract2 work the cotton in this at #afj ,f4 for three hours1 then pass into a cold bath of #a lb4 copperas and #a_/d lb4 chalk for half an hour1 then into a bath of #c lb4 bichromate of potash for half an hour at #aej ,f41 then wash and dry4 7#g7 ,,production ,,of ,,colour ,,direct ,,upon ,,cotton ,,fibres4 ,by the action of nitrous acid upon the salts of the primary organic amines the so-called diazo compounds are formed4 ,an example of this important process is that of nitrous acid on aniline hydrochloride shown in the following equation3-- ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b ,h,cl ,,hno#b #b;,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#e,n3,n,cl ,hydrochloric acid ,nitrous ,water1 ,diazo-benzene aniline1 acid1 chloride4 ,these diazo compounds are distinguished by their active properties1 especially in combining with amines in acid solutions1 or with phenols in alkaline solution to form the azo dyes1 thus diazobenzene chloride will combine with naphthol to form naphthol-azo-benzene1 thus3-- ,c#f;,h#e,n3,n,cl ,c#aj;,h#g,,oh ,na,o,h ,diazo-benzene chloride1 ,naphthol1 ,caustic soda4 ,c#aj;,h#f,,ohn3,,nc#f;,h#e ,na,cl ,h#b,o ,naphthol-azo-benzene1 ,salt1 ,water4 ,these azo compounds are coloured1 but are perfectly insoluble in water1 alkalies1 or acids2 on the other hand the sulphonates of these bodies are easily soluble and form the numerous azo dyes now so largely made and used in wool and silk dyeing1 but which on account of their being sulphonates cannot be used for cotton dyeing4 ,methods have been devised for producing the insoluble azo colours direct upon the fibres4 ,they are also called naphthol colours from the use of beta-and alpha-naphthol in their production4 ,although these azo dyes1 when produced on the fibre1 do not possess the fastness of the alizarine dyes1 yet1 on account of their cheapness and relative great fastness to soap and the action of sunlight1 they are better than many of the newer cotton dyes4 ,by this method 7first introduced in ,england by ,holliday7 colours of exceptional brightness and fastness can be obtained which were not obtainable with the dyes then known4 ,those which are obtained from phenols are of the first importance4 ,the ,diazotisation of the ,amido ,bases4 ,with most bases this must be accomplished as cold as possible below #fe ,f4 ,at a higher temperature1 and when allowed to stand1 most diazo compounds decompose quickly with evolution of nitrogen1 which decomposition results in the mixture losing its power of producing colour1 or at the most gives unsatisfactory results4 ,for this reason it is therefore always necessary to work as cold and as quickly as possible4 ,the amido-azo bodies1 whose compounds with the phenols are also distinguished by their great fastness1 are in this respect an exception4 ,they can be diazotised at the ordinary temperature1 and their diazo compounds are much stabler than those1 for example1 of alpha-and beta-naphthylamine or of aniline1 which must always be used as quickly as possible4 ,from anisidine1 phenetidine and amido-diphenylamine1 still more stable diazo compounds can be obtained1 but the prices of these bases are rather high1 and the colours produced with them are not fast to light4 ,the cheapest and most convenient method of obtaining nitrous acid for diazotising is by the action of a mineral acid1 preferably hydrochloric acid1 upon nitrite of soda4 ,for diazotising one molecule of base requires one molecule of hydrochloric acid to form a salt of the base1 a molecule of nitrite of soda1 and another molecule of hydrochloric acid to decompose the nitrite4 ,the diazotisation is better carried out and the diazo solution rendered more stable if another molecule of hydrochloric acid and an excess of nitrite of soda are used4 ,the presence of an excess of nitrite can be determined by testing the diazo solution with potassium iodide starch paper1 which in the presence of excess of nitrite gives the blue iodine starch reaction4 ,in carrying out the diazotisation1 the base is first dissolved in the whole amount of hydrochloric acid which has to be used1 and the solution is filtered4 ,the diazotisation takes place in the manner shown in the equation3-- ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b ,h,cl ,h,cl ,na,n,o#b ,aniline hydrochloride1 ,hydrochloric acid1 ,sodium nitrite1 ,na,cl ,c#f;,h#e,n3,n,cl ,h#bj ,salt1 ,diazo-benzene chloride1 ,water4 ,the bases which form salts soluble with difficulty1 such as nitroaniline and the amido-azo bodies1 offer special difficulties in diazotising4 ,it has been found that the operation with these is best carried out if the chemically pure bases in paste form are mixed with the requisite amount of nitrite1 and the diluted paste then poured into the hydrochloric acid4 ,it has been found by experience that the colour is developed much brighter upon the fibre when the diazo solution contains acetic acid and no free mineral acid4 ,however1 the diazotisation is better carried out with hydrochloric acid1 and the presence of the latter is necessary to give stability to the solution4 ,if before the diazo solution is used a quantity of acetate of soda be added to it1 the free hydrochloric acid liberates acetic acid from the acetate1 and the chloride of the diazo body changes into its acetate4 ,it is better to add an excess above the two molecules of acetate of soda which are required4 ,the combination when aniline and beta-naphthol are used1 as the amine and phenol respectively1 is shown in the following equations3-- ,c#f;,h#e,n3,n,cl ,c#aj;,h#g,,oh ,diazo-benzene chloride1 ,b4 naphthol1 ,na,o,h #b,na,cl ,c#f;,h#e,n3,,nc#aj;,h#f,,oh ,h#b,o ,caustic soda1 ,benzene- azo-naphthol1 ,water4 ,or1 with naphthylamine and naphthol1 thus3-- ,c#aj;,h#g,n3,n,cl ,c#aj;,h#g,,oh ,na,o,h ,na,cl ,c#aj;,h#g,n3,,nc#aj;,h#f,,oh ,h#b,o ,naphthalene azo-naphthol4 ,by the action of nitrous acid upon amido-azo bodies a group of bodies called diazo-azo compounds are obtained which contain the group ,n3,n twice over1 thus3-- ,c#f;,h#e,n3,,nc#f;,h#d,,nh#b;,h,cl ,na,n,o#b #b;,h,cl ,benzene-azo-aniline-hydrochloride1 ,na,cl ,c#f;,h#e,n3,,nc#f;,h#d,n3,n,cl #b;,h#b,o4 ,diazo-azo-benzene-chloride4 ,when this compound is combined with naphthol diazo-azo dyes are produced4 ,c#f;,h#e,n3,,nc#f;,h#d,n3,,nc#aj;,h#f,, oh4 ,benzene-azo-benzene-azo-naphthol4 ,the molecular weights of the bases1 phenols and chemicals employed are the following3-- #a4 ,hydrochloric acid1 ,h,cl--#cf4e4 #b4 ,caustic soda1 ,na,o,h--#dj4 #c4 ,nitrite of soda1 ,na,n,o#b--fi4 #d4 ,acetate of soda1 ,na,c#b;,h#c,o#bc;,h#b,o--#acf4 #a4 ,commercial hydrochloric acid at #cb ,tw4 contains about #cfe grams of ,h,cl in a litre1 or #c-a_/b lb4 in a gallon4 #b4 ,the commercial #gg per cent4 soda must always be used1 and for practical purposes it may be taken as pure4 ,it is best to make a solution which contains #afj grams ,na,o,h in a litre of water4 #c4 ,the nitrite supplied is almost chemically pure1 and is easily soluble in water4 ,in order to make a solution #adj or #bij grams are dissolved per litre4 #d4 ,crystallised acetate of soda contains #c molecules of water of crystallisation1 and is usually somewhat moist4 ,instead of #acf grams #adj are taken to allow for moisture4 ,the amount is dissolved in about #ejj cubic centimetres of water4 ,bases4 #a4 ,aniline1 ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b--ic4 #b4 ,toluidine1 ,c#g;,h#g,,nh#b--ajg4 #c4 ,alpha-and beta-naphthylamine1 ,c#aj;,h#g,,nh#b--adc4 #d4 ,para-or meta-nitroaniline1 ,c#f;,h#d,,no#b,,nh#b--ach4 #e4 ,nitro-para-toluidine1 ,c#g;,h#f,,no#b,,nh#b--aeb4 #f4 ,amidoazobenzene 7base71 ,c#f;,h#e,n3,,nc#f;,h#d,,nh#b--aig4 #g4 ,orthoamidoazotoluol 7base71 ,c#g;,h#g,n3,,nc#g;,h#f,,nh#b--bbe4 #h4 ,alpha-or beta-naphthol ,c#aj;,h#g,,oh--#add4 ,example of ,quantities ,taken4 ,molecular ,weight4 #a4 ,molecule nitrite #fi grams4 #b4 ,molecule aniline #ic #c4 ,molecule hydrochloric acid #cfe #d4 ,molecule acetate of soda #acf #e4 ,molecule of naphthol #add #f4 ,molecule caustic soda #dj ,applying the principles which have just been described to the dyeing of cotton1 it is found that the cotton may be dyed by taking the base and preparing the diazo body1 impregnating the cotton with this1 and developing the colour by passing into a bath of the phenol4 ,on the other hand1 the cotton can be prepared with the phenol and the colour developed by passing into a bath of the diazotised base1 and practice has shown that this latter proceeding is the best4 ,practically the only phenol that is used is the beta-naphthol2 alpha-naphthol is occasionally used1 but not often4 ,the purer the beta-naphthol the better1 especially for producing the paranitroaniline red4 ,various preparations of beta-naphthol have been brought out by colour makers4 ,the process of dyeing cotton with a naphthol colour takes place in two stages1 the first being the grounding or preparing with the naphthol1 the second the developing with the diazotised base4 ,some of the effects which can be obtained from the two naphthols and various bases are given in the following table3-- ,base4 ,with beta-naphthol1 gives ,with alpha-naphthol1 gives #a4 ,aniline1 ,orange yellow2 ,cutch brown4 #b4 ,paratoluidine1 ,full yellow orange2 ,cutch brown4 #c4 ,metanitroaniline1 ,fiery yellowish red2 ,brownish orange4 #d4 ,paranitroaniline1 ,bright scarlet2 #e4 ,nitroparatoluidine1 ,orange2 ,very bright catechu4 #f4 ,alpha-naphthylamine1 ,bluish claret red2 ,reddish puce4 #g4 ,beta-naphthylamine1 ,turkey red2 #h4 ,amidoazobenzene1 ,red2 #i4 ,orthoamidoazotoluene1 ,yellowish claret red2 ,by mixing alpha-and beta-naphthols together a variety of grenat and claret reds and browns can be obtained4 ,with regard to the fastness of the shades produced the following may be considered3-- ,fast to ,soaping4 ,combination of ,a-,naphthol with ,toluidine4 ,a-,naphthylamine4 ,b-,naphthylamine4 ,amidoazobenzene4 ,b-,naphthol with ,toluidine4 ,paranitroaniline4 ,nitroparatoluidine4 ,b-,naphthylamine4 ,a-,naphthylamine4 ,moderately ,fast4 ,combination of ,a-,naphthol with ,aniline4 ,paranitroaniline4 ,orthoamidoazotoluene4 ,b-,naphthol with ,metanitroaniline4 ,amidoazobenzene4 ,very ,loose4 ,combination of ,a-,naphthol with ,paratoluidine4 ,metanitroaniline4 ,nitroparatoluidine4 ,b-,naphthol with ,aniline4 ,paratoluidine4 ,orthoamidoazotoluene4 ,the samples were tested for fastness to light by exposing them for nine days with the following results3-- ,fast4 ,combination of ,a-,naphthol with ,aniline4 ,toluidine4 ,metanitroaniline4 ,paranitroaniline4 ,nitroparatoluidine4 ,b-,naphthylamine4 ,amidoazobenzol4 ,orthoamidoazotoluol4 ,b-,naphthol with ,aniline4 ,paratoluidine4 ,metanitroaniline4 ,paranitroaniline4 ,b-,naphthylamine4 ,a-,naphthylamine4 ,moderately ,fast4 ,combination of ,b- ,naphthol with ,nitroparatoluidine4 ,very ,loose4 ,combination of ,a-,naphthol with ,toluidine4 ,a-,naphthylamine ,b-,naphthol with ,toluidine4 ,amidoazobenzene4 ,orthoamidoazotoluene4 ,the most important of the naphthol colours is undoubtedly paranitroaniline red1 produced by the combination of paranitroaniline and beta-naphthol4 ,in order to produce the best and brightest shades these two bodies must be quite pure4 ,the following directions may be followed3-- ,dyeing ,paranitroaniline ,red on ,yarn4 ,it unfortunately happens that this red does not admit of being worked in large quantities at a time1 particularly in the diazo bath where the colour is developed1 as the previous operations seem to render the yarn slightly waterproof1 and hence if large quantities of yarn were dealt with at one time some would be found to be dyed all right1 others would be defective4 ,it has1 therefore1 been found best to work only about #b lb4 of yarn at a time1 carefully carrying out each operation with this quantity4 ,as1 however1 the process can be quickly worked it follows that in the course of a day a fairly large quantity of yarn can be treated4 #a4 ,grounding4 ,the grounding or preparing bath for #ajj lb4 of yarn is best made in the following manner3 #d lb4 of beta-naphthol are stirred in #b-a_/b lb4 of caustic soda liquor #gj ,tw41 then #a-a_/b quarts of boiling water is added1 when dissolved #a-a_/b quarts of cold water4 ,in a separate vessel dissolve #e lb4 ,turkey-red oil in #aa quarts of water1 then mix the two liquors together and add sufficient water to make up the whole to #ab gallons4 ,in working sufficient of this liquor is taken and put into a deep tub in which #b lb4 of yarn can be conveniently worked4 ,it is best to work at a tepid heat1 say #ajj to #aaj ,f42 #b lb4 of the yarn are worked in this liquor1 so that it becomes thoroughly impregnated1 then it is gently wrung out and hung up4 ,this operation is repeated with each #b lb4 until the whole #ajj lb4 has been treated1 adding from time to time some of the naphthol liquor to make up for that taken up by the cotton4 ,when all the yarn has been through the liquor1 give it another dip through the same liquor4 ,place the yarn in a hydro-extractor for five to seven minutes4 ,next open out the yarn well1 and hang on sticks and dry in a stove at #adj to #aej ,f4 ,the stove should be heated with iron pipes1 through which steam at #cj lb4 to #dj lb4 pressure passes4 ,this stove should be reserved entirely for this work1 for if other goods be dried in it along with the naphthol-prepared cotton1 any steam or acid vapours which might be given off from the former might damage the latter4 ,when thoroughly dry the yarn is ready for the next operation4 #b4 ,developing4 ,the developing bath is made in the following manner3 #a-a_/b lb4 paranitroaniline is mixed with #a-a_/b gallons of boiling water1 and #a-c_/d quarts of hydrochloric acid at #cj to #cb ,tw4 ,stir well until the paranitroaniline is completely dissolved1 add #c-a_/b gallons of cold water1 which will cause a precipitation of the hydrochlorate of paranitroaniline as a yellow powder4 ,let the mixture thoroughly cool off1 best by allowing to stand all night2 #a-a_/d lb4 of nitrite of soda is dissolved in #d quarts of cold water1 and this solution is added to the paranitroaniline solution slowly and with constant stirring2 in about fifteen to twenty minutes the diazotisation will be complete4 ,at this and following stages the temperature of working should be kept as low as possible4 ,some dyers use ice in preparing their diazo solutions1 and certainly the best results are attained thereby1 but with paranitroaniline the ice can be dispensed with4 ,after the end of the time sufficient cold water is added to bring the volume of the liquor up to #aj gallons4 ,this diazo liquor will keep for some days1 but it decomposes in time1 so that it should not be kept too long4 ,another liquor is made by dissolving #d lb4 acetate of soda in #aa quarts of water4 ,the developing bath is made by taking #d gallons of the diazo liquor and #a gallon of the acetate liquor and mixing together1 and in this bath the prepared yarn1 #b lb4 at a time1 is worked4 ,the colour develops immediately4 ,the yarn when dyed is lifted out1 wrung1 and then it is well washed with water1 soaped in a bath at #abj ,f41 with a liquor containing #a_/b oz4 soap per gallon1 then dried4 ,as the cotton yarn is being passed through the developing bath1 the latter is freshened up from time to time by suitable additions of the diazo and acetate liquors in the proportions given above4 ,some dyers use a special form of dye vat for dyeing paranitroaniline red on yarn1 whose construction can be seen from ,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,dye-tub for ,paranitroaniline ,red4 ,the beta-naphthol bath does not keep well and in time tends to grow brown1 and when this occurs stains are invariably produced on the cotton4 ,when the yarn or cloth has been prepared with the beta-naphthol1 and dried1 the developing should be immediately proceeded with1 for it is found that by allowing the prepared cotton to lie about it becomes covered with brown stains1 and when such stained cotton is passed through the developing bath stains and defective dyeing result4 ,it has been found that by adding a little tartar emetic to the beta-naphthol bath this is largely if not entirely prevented1 and the prepared cloth may be kept for a reasonable length of time before proceeding with the development without fear of stains being formed4 ,various additions have been made from time to time to the naphthol bath4 ,some of these take the form of special preparations of the colour manufacturers1 and are sold as naphthol ,d1 naphthol ,x1 red developer ,c1 etc41 sometimes gum tragacanth has been added1 at others in place of ,turkey-red oil there is used a soap made from castor oil with soda and ammonia1 but such complicated baths do not yield any better results than the simple preparing liquor given above4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,padding ,machine for ,paranitroaniline ,red4 ,dyeing ,paranitroaniline ,red on ,piece ,goods4 ,the dyeing of this red on to piece goods only differs from that on yarn by reason of the difference in the form of material that is dealt with4 #a4 ,preparing or ,grounding4--,the same liquor may be used4 ,this operation is best done on a padding machine1 a sketch of which is given in ,fig4 #bf1 showing the course of the cloth through the liquor4 ,this is contained in the box of the machine1 and this is kept full by a constant stream flowing in from a store vat placed beside the machine4 ,after going through the liquor1 the cloth passes between a pair of squeezing rollers which squeeze out the surplus liquor4 ,fig4 #bh shows a view of a padding machine adapted for grounding paranitroaniline reds4 ,after the padding1 the cloth is dried by being sent over a set of drying cylinders1 or through what is known as the hot flue4 #b4 ,the ,developing4--,after being dried1 the pieces are sent through a padding machine charged with the developing liquor made as described above1 after which the cloth is rinsed1 then soaped1 and then washed4 ,some dyers use a continuous machine for these operations1 such as shown in ,fig4 #bi4 ,while the developing bath used for piece goods may be the same as that used for yarns1 some dyers prefer to use one made somewhat differently1 thus #f-a_/d lb4 paranitroaniline are mixed with #g gallons boiling-water and #a-a_/b gallons hydrochloric acid2 when dissolved #af gallons of cold water are added1 then1 after completely cooling1 #c-a_/b lb4 sodium nitrite dissolved in #c gallons cold water4 ,after twenty minutes1 when the diazotisation is complete1 water is added to make the whole up to #dj gallons4 ,the acetate liquor is made from #ac-a_/d lb4 acetate of soda in #ac-a_/b gallons of water4 ,equal quantities of these two liquors are used in making the developing bath4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi--;,developing ,machine for ,paranitroaniline ,red4 ,of late years1 under the names of ,azophor red ,p ,n1 ,nitrazol ,c1 ,nitrosamine1 etc41 there has been offered to dyers preparations of diazotised paranitroaniline in the form of a powder or paste1 readily soluble in water1 that will keep in a cool and dry place for any reasonable length of time4 ,these are prepared in various ways1 and to any dyer who does not want the trouble of diazotising the paranitroaniline they offer some advantages4 ,they produce a red equal in every respect to that obtained from paranitroaniline4 ,the following details show the method to be followed with some of these products1 others are very similar to make the developing baths4 ,paranitroaniline ,red with ,nitrazol ,c4--,dissolve #be lb4 ,nitrazol ,c in #ab gallons of cold water with constant stirring1 then add sufficient cold water to make #cg gallons4 ,in another vessel dissolve #aa lb4 of acetate of soda in #e-a_/b gallons water1 then add #a-a_/b gallons caustic soda1 #cf ,tw41 mixed with #e-a_/b gallons water4 ,the developing bath is made by mixing both these solutions4 ,it will suffice for both yarn and piece goods4 ,paranitroaniline ,red with ,azophor ,red ,p ,n4--,dissolve #e-a_/b lb4 of ,azophor red ,p ,n in #d gallons of water--it dissolves almost completely but usually a few particles of a flocculent character remain undissolved1 these can be removed2 #b-a_/d gallons of caustic soda lye of #cf ,tw4 are diluted with water to #aj gallons1 and this is added with constant stirring to the azophor red ,p ,n solution4 ,when all is mixed and a clear solution obtained1 the developing bath is ready for use1 and is used in the same way as the paranitroaniline bath4 ,metanitroaniline ,orange4--,this orange is produced in the same way as the paranitroaniline red1 using metanitroaniline or ,azophor orange ,m ,n in place of the paranitroaniline or the ,azophor red ,p ,n given for the red4 ,the quantities of all the materials used are identical4 ,nitrosamine ,red4--,dissolve #e lb4 ,nitrosamine red in #e gallons of water and #b-a_/d lb4 hydrochloric acid1 when well mixed there is added #b-a_/b lb4 acetate of soda1 when all is dissolved add sufficient water to make #f-a_/b gallons4 ,this bath is used exactly in the same way as the paranitroaniline developing bath1 and it produces identical results in every way4 ,paranitroaniline ,brown4--,by boiling the paranitroaniline red dyed cotton in a weak bath of copper sulphate a very fine fast brown resembling a cutch brown is produced4 ,a better plan1 however1 is to prepare the cotton with a ground containing an alkaline solution of copper1 #c lb4 beta-naphthol are dissolved in #e pints of caustic soda lye of #cf ,tw41 to which is added #e lb4 ,turkey-red oil and #aj pints alkaline copper solution1 water being added to make #ac gallons of liquor4 ,the cotton is treated in this way as with the ordinary beta-naphthol preparation4 ,the alkaline copper solution is made by taking #e pints of copper chloride solution at #gf ,tw41 adding #c-a_/d lb4 tartaric acid1 #f pints caustic soda lye1 #gj ,tw41 and #b pints of glycerine4 ,the developing bath for the brown is the same as for the paranitroaniline red1 or the ,azophor red ,p ,n bath may be used4 ,toluidine ,orange4--,for this colour the cotton is prepared with the beta-naphthol in the ordinary way4 ,the developing bath is made from #b lb4 orthonitrotoluidine mixed with #ab pints boiling water and #b-a_/d pints hydrochloric acid2 when dissolved allow to cool and then add #ab-a_/b lb4 ice4 ,when thoroughly cold stir in #b-a_/b pints of sodium nitrite solution containing #c lb4 per gallon4 ,stir well for twenty minutes1 then filter2 add #d lb4 sodium acetate and sufficient ice-cold water to make #ac gallons4 ,use this bath in the same way as the paranitroaniline bath4 ,beta-naphthylamine ,red4--,this red is a good one1 but is not so bright or so fast as the paranitroaniline red1 hence although somewhat older in point of time it is not dyed to the same extent4 ,the developing bath is made from #a-c_/d lb4 beta-naphthylamine dissolved with the aid of #aj pints boiling water and #a pint hydrochloric acid4 ,when dissolved allow to cool2 add #bg lb4 ice and #b pints hydrochloric acid4 ,when cooled to #cb to #cf ,tw41 add #c pints sodium nitrite solution 7#c lb4 per gallon7 and #d lb4 sodium acetate1 making up to #ac gallons with water4 ,this also is used in precisely the same way as the paranitroaniline red developing liquor4 ,alpha-,naphthylamine ,claret4--,this is a very fine and fairly fast red1 and next to the paranitroaniline red may be considered the most important of the naphthol colours4 ,the developing bath is a little more difficult to make1 owing to the fact that it is more difficult to get the alpha-naphthylamine into solution4 ,the best way of proceeding is the following3 ,heat #a-c_/d lb4 of alpha-naphthylamine in #aj pints of boiling water1 agitating well until the base is very finely divided in the water1 then #a-a_/d pints of hydrochloric acid is added1 and the heat and stirring continued until the base is dissolved1 then the mass is allowed to cool1 #bg lb4 of ice is added and #a-a_/b pints of hydrochloric acid4 ,when cooled down to #cb to #cf ,f41 there is added #c pints sodium nitrite solution 7#c lb4 per gallon71 and after allowing the diazotisation to be completed1 #d lb4 sodium acetate and sufficient water to make #ac gallons of liquor4 ,the bath is used in the same manner as the previous developing baths4 ,dianisidine ,blue4--,dianisidine develops with beta-naphthol1 a violet blue1 which is not very fast1 but by the addition of some copper to the developing bath a very fine blue is got which has a fair degree of fastness4 ,the developing bath is made as follows3 ,mix #aj-a_/b oz4 dianisidine with #g oz4 hydrochloric acid and #g-a_/b pints of boiling water1 when complete solution is obtained it is allowed to cool1 then #bj lb4 of ice is added4 ,next #a-c_/d pints of nitrite of soda solution1 containing #a-a_/b lb4 per gal4 and #b-a_/b pints of cold water4 ,stir for thirty minutes1 then add #a-a_/d pints copper chloride solution at #gb ,tw41 and sufficient water to make up #f-a_/b gallons4 ,the cotton is prepared with beta-naphthol in the usual way1 and then passed through this developing bath4 ,amidoazotoluol ,garnet4--,amidoazotoluol produces with beta-naphthol a fine garnet red in the usual way4 ,the developing bath is made from #ad oz4 amidoazotoluol1 mixed with #a-a_/b pints of sodium nitrite solution containing #a-a_/b lb4 per gallon1 when well mixed add #a pint of hydrochloric acid diluted with #b pints water1 when this is well mixed add sufficient water to make up a gallon1 then add #a lb4 acetate of soda4 ,the cotton is passed through this dye-bath1 then washed well1 passed through a weak acid bath1 then soaped well1 washed and dried4 7#h7 ,,dyeing ,,cotton ,,by ,,impregnation ,,with ,,dye-,,stuff ,,solution4 ,indigo is a dye-stuff which requires special processes for its application to the cotton or wool fibre4 ,its peculiarity is that in the form in which it comes to the dyer it is insoluble in water1 and to enable it to be dissolved and therefore to be used as a dye1 the indigo has to go under a special treatment4 ,the colouring principle of indigo is a body named indigotin1 to which the formula ,c#af;,h#af,n#b,o#b has been given4 ,when indigo is mixed with substances like lime and copperas1 lime and zinc1 zinc and bisulphite of soda1 which cause the evolution of nascent hydrogen1 it takes up this body and passes into another substance which is called indigo white that has the formula ,c#af;,h#ab,n#b,o#b1 leuco1 or white indigo2 this substance is soluble in water1 and so when it is formed the indigo passes into solution and can then be used for dyeing4 ,but indigo white is an unstable substance on exposure to air1 the oxygen of the latter attacks the hydrogen which it has taken up1 and indigotin is reformed1 the indigo white changing again into indigo blue4 ,indigo dyeing consists of three operations3-- 7#a7 ,preparation of the indigo solution1 or1 as it is called1 setting the dye vat4 7#b7 ,steeping the cotton in this vat4 7#c7 ,exposing to the air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,indigo ,dye-vat for ,cloth4 ,there are several methods of preparing1 or setting the dye vat1 and of each of these modifications are in use in every indigo dye-house3-- 7#a7 ,with lime and copperas4 7#b7 ,zinc and lime vat4 7#c7 ,zinc and bisulphite of soda4 ,in all cases it is necessary for the indigo to be ground to the form of a fine paste with water2 this is usually done in what is known as the ball-grinding mill4 ,the finer it is ground the more easy is it to make the dye-vats4 ,the dye-vats may be either round tubs or square wooden tanks2 when cloths or warps are being dyed these may be fitted with winces and guide rollers1 so as to draw the materials through the liquor4 ,in the case of yarns in hanks these appliances are not necessary4 ,fig4 #cj is a sketch of an indigo dye-vat for cloth or warps4 7#a7 ,lime and ,copperas ,vat4--,to prepare this vat take #ge gallons of water1 #d lb4 of indigo1 #h lb4 copperas1 and #aj lb4 of good quicklime4 ,put these into the vat in the order shown4 ,the amount of indigo is added in proportion to the shade which is required to be dyed3 for pale shades1 #b lb4 to #c lb4 will be sufficient2 while for deep shades1 #f lb4 to #g lb4 may be used4 ,the amount of copperas should be from one and a half to twice that of the indigo4 ,the vat should be stirred very well and then left to stand4 ,the changes which occur are probably the following3 ,the lime acts upon the copperas and produces ferrous hydrate--this is unstable and tends to take up oxygen and hydrogen from the water1 particularly when there is some indigo present1 and forms ferric hydrate2 hydrogen is at the same time liberated1 and combines with the indigo to form the soluble indigo white4 ,it takes about twenty-four hours to make an indigo vat4 ,when properly made and in good condition1 the liquor will be clear and of a brownish-yellow colour1 a bluish scum may collect on the surface4 ,if the liquor appears at all greenish it is an indication that the indigo has not been completely reduced1 and the vat needs a further addition of lime and copperas1 which should be of good quality4 ,too much of each should not be used1 because with them there is formed at the bottom of the vat a sediment of calcium sulphate and ferric hydrate1 and it is not wise to increase this to too great an extent1 which would be the case if too much lime and copperas were added4 ,to ,use this ,vat4--,any scum on the surface is raked on one side1 the cotton yarn immersed for a few minutes1 then it is taken out1 wrung1 allowing the excess liquor to flow back into the vat1 and the yarn hung up in the air for the blue to develop4 ,the depth of shade which is dyed depends chiefly upon the amount of indigo in the vat1 and also upon the time during which the hanks are dipped in the liquor4 ,light and medium shades can be readily and conveniently got by a single dip1 but deep shades are best got by repeating the dipping once or twice as occasion demands4 ,deep shades got by using a strong bath at a single dip are found to rub badly1 while by repeated dips the dye gets more into the substance of the fibre1 and therefore the colour is more firmly fixed and it rubs less4 ,some indigo dyers have quite a range of vats1 using those fresh made for dyeing deep shades1 while the old vats being nearly exhausted are used only for light shades and finally when completely exhausted are thrown away4 ,after the day's work the vat should be stirred up and then allowed to stand4 ,if necessary it may be strengthened by the addition of fresh quantities of indigo1 lime and copperas1 the next morning it will be ready for use4 ,generally a lime-copperas vat will remain in good working order for about a month1 when it will be necessary to throw it away4 7#b7 ,zinc and ,lime ,vat4--,zinc dust is a bye-product in the process of zinc extraction4 ,it is a grey1 very heavy powder1 consisting mostly of finely divided metallic zinc1 with traces of oxide and sulphide of zinc4 ,of these only the metallic zinc is active in reducing the indigo1 the rest of the ingredients are not of any consequence4 ,the valuation of zinc dust is a very difficult operation1 but it is desirable that this be done1 as the product is liable to be very variable in the proportion of actual zinc it contains1 and it will pay large buyers always to have it tested4 ,zinc dust must always be kept in a dry place4 ,for the reduction of zinc powder lime is chiefly used4 ,the following are two good mixtures4 ,vat with zinc and lime3-- #aj lb4 indigo1 dry and ground fine2 #e-a_/b lb4 zinc dust2 #bb lb4 slaked lime1 dry4 ,the vat is set as follows1 a part of the lime is mixed with the indigo1 and the two bodies are well mixed together and allowed to stand for ten minutes1 then the zinc powder is added4 ,it is best to make this into a smooth paste with water before adding it to the other ingredients1 then the rest of the lime is added and the whole is thoroughly stirred together with the necessary quantity of water4 ,vat with zinc powder1 lime and soda3-- #aj lb4 indigo1 dry and ground fine2 #aj lb4 zinc powder2 #aj lb4 slaked lime1 dry2 #ce lb4 caustic soda at #aa ,tw4 ,add the lime to the ground indigo1 then add the zinc and finally the soda lye4 ,soon after the various ingredients of the vats are added together the whole mass becomes hot1 when it must be well stirred4 ,it soon begins to evolve gas and the mixture froths4 ,in from two to four hours the evolution of gas ceases4 ,the dark blue solution now becomes yellow and the liquor shows all the characteristics of the indigo vat4 ,it is necessary to keep the vat well stirred up during the time of setting1 which takes from five to six hours4 ,if there is much evolution of gas after this time it indicates that too much zinc powder has been added2 this is a common fault with dyers1 and such excess causes the vat to be too much disturbed and to work dirty4 ,a lime-zinc vat1 with occasional additions of new materials1 keeps good for three months1 and even then is in a better condition than the copperas vat4 ,this vat is used in precisely the same way as the copperas vat2 as it contains no sediment1 or but little1 it works cleaner than the copperas vat and as a rule the indigo blues dyed in it are faster to rubbing4 ,after a day's work it can be well stirred up and fresh additions of lime1 zinc and indigo made to bring it up to its original dyeing strength4 7#c7 ,zinc-,bisulphite ,indigo ,vat4--,when zinc dust and bisulphite of soda are mixed together a reaction sets in1 the zinc dissolves1 and there is formed sodium hydrosulphite and zinc and sodium sulphites4 ,if now indigo is mixed with this solution the sodium hydrosulphite exerts a reducing action on it1 forming white indigo and sodium sulphite1 a perfectly clear solution being obtained1 which may be used in dyeing cotton or wool4 ,with this vat it is customary to prepare a strong stock solution of reduced indigo1 and to add this to the dyeing vats as may be required4 ,to ,make the ,stock ,liquor4--,take #bj lb4 of indigo1 grind into a paste with #bj gallons of boiled water1 then add #be lb4 lime slaked into a milk4 ,in a separate tub there is mixed #hj lb4 bisulphite of soda1 #gj ,tw41 with #i lb4 zinc dust2 this mixture is well stirred and every care taken to prevent it getting hot4 ,when the zinc has dissolved and the mixture is free from any sulphurous smell it is run into the indigo mixture given above4 ,the whole is well stirred together for some time1 and then at intervals1 until the indigo has become dissolved1 sufficient water is added to make up #ej gallons1 when the stock liquor will be ready4 ,it should have a deep yellow colour4 ,the surface may have a scum of a bronzy colour collect on it4 ,this stock liquor should be kept in casks free from exposure to the air4 ,to make the working vat from this stock liquor the following is the method of proceeding3-- ,water is run into the vat1 and this is heated from #gj to #hj ,c4 in order to expel air from it1 after which it may be allowed to cool1 then for each #a1jjj gallons contained in the vat there is added #cj lb4 bisulphite of soda1 #c lb4 zinc dust and #c lb4 lime1 made into a cream4 ,when all these ingredients are dissolved a quantity of the stock liquor is added in proportion to the shade that it is desired to dye4 ,the whole is well stirred1 then the vat is allowed to rest for half an hour to enable any sediment to settle1 and then the dyeing is proceeded with4 ,should the vat show signs of becoming green in colour it is a good plan to add a mixture of #a lb4 zinc dust and #aj lb4 bisulphite of soda4 ,the vat should be kept alkaline1 and so a little lime may be added from time to time4 ,after a day's work it is well to add a little of the zinc and bisulphite mixture1 to stir well and allow to stand overnight2 the next morning strengthen up the vat by adding fresh stock liquor4 ,in place of using lime in making up the vat it is possible to use a mixture of caustic soda and ammonia4 ,the lime will tend to cause some sediment to form in the vat1 whereas the soda and ammonia will not4 ,when they are used the following mode of working may be followed3-- ,stock ,liquor4--,soda zinc vat3 ,put in a tub #bf gallons cold water1 #ae lb4 zinc powder ground into a paste with #f gallons water1 then stir in #h gallons bisulphite of soda at #fj ,tw41 stir well1 keeping the heat down as much as possible1 after which add #h pints caustic soda lye at #gj ,tw4 and #ad pints #bj per cent4 liquor ammonia4 ,when all is thoroughly mixed add #cj lb4 indigo1 ground into a paste with #g gallons water1 allow to stand for half an hour1 then add water to make #ajj gallons1 stir at intervals for twelve hours or so1 when the stock liquor will be ready for use4 ,this is used to make the vat in the same way as the first above described4 ,it is needful before adding the stock liquor in making a vat to destroy any oxygen or air which is present in the vat4 ,this may most conveniently be done by adding thereto a solution of hydrosulphite of soda1 which may be made by mixing #d-a_/b lb4 zinc dust with #e gallons of water and #c gallons bisulphite of soda at #gj ,tw41 stirring well1 so that the temperature does not rise too high1 there is then added #b pints caustic soda and #c pints liquor ammonia1 #bj per cent42 when all is dissolved1 water is added to make up #ac gallons4 ,should the vat show signs of becoming charged with indigo1 indicated by its becoming of a green colour1 a little of this hydrosulphite added from time to time will correct it4 ,the hydrosulphite-indigo vat made by either of the two methods indicated above works well1 and with due care may be kept in work for months4 ,it gives good shades of indigo1 although some dyers consider that these have not the rich bronze hue got from the lime and copperas vat4 ,the shades are rather faster to rubbing4 ,it has been proposed to employ the dye-stuff indophenol in conjunction with indigo1 in which case the method of making the vat is with zinc1 bisulphite of soda1 caustic soda and ammonia as last described1 only in place of using all indigo a mixture of #bb lb4 indigo and #g-a_/b lb4 indophenol is used4 ,good blue shades of considerable fastness can thus be got4 ,aniline ,black4--,this black is produced direct upon the cotton fibre by various processes which entail the oxidation of aniline4 ,the chemical composition and constitution of aniline black has not yet been worked out4 ,it is not by any means an easy colour to dye1 but still with careful attention to carrying out the various operations in detail excellent results can be attained4 ,aniline black is the fastest black which is known1 it resists when well dyed exposure to air and light1 is quite fast to washing and soaping4 ,its disadvantages are that there is1 with some methods of working1 a tendency to tender the cotton fibre1 making it tear easily2 secondly1 on exposure to air it tends to turn green1 this however only happens when the black has not been dyed properly4 ,at the present day it is perhaps without doubt the most used of all blacks4 ,the methods for producing it are many and varied1 the following recipes show how some of the finest aniline blacks can be dyed3-- ,ungreenable black is formed when the aniline is by the action of the oxidising agents converted into a substance named nigraniline4 ,this compound when formed will not turn green on the fibre under the influence of acids4 #a4 ,the most usual oxidising agent employed for dyeing aniline black is bichromate of soda1 which salt will be found much better for all purposes than bichromate of potash4 ,two separate solutions are prepared3 7#a7 #fa lb4 aniline1 #i lb4 hydrochloric acid and #aj gallons of water2 and 7#b7 #ab lb4 bichromate of soda and #bj gallons of water4 ,after cooling1 equal quantities of these solutions are mixed and the cotton worked rapidly through the mixture1 in a few minutes it assumes a bronze black4 ,the material is then wrung out and steamed for twenty minutes at #c-a_/b lb4 pressure1 which process renders it jet black and also ungreenable4 #b4 ,another aniline black3 ,for #ajj lb4 cotton use #aa lb4 aniline oil1 #ae lb4 bichromate of soda1 #dj lb4 hydrochloric acid and #afj gallons water or #ab lb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the dye-bath is filled with the water and the cold solution of aniline oil and a part of the hydrochloric acid in water is first added1 afterwards the bichromate is dissolved in a small quantity of water1 working cold at first and gradually rising to the boil4 #c4 ,another method is the following and gives a black that is fast and ungreenable and will not rub3 #aj lb4 chlorate of soda1 #aj lb4 ammonium chloride1 #aj lb4 copper sulphate1 #ce lb4 aniline salt1 #aja lb4 aniline oil and #bj gallons water4 ,the sodium chlorate and ammonium chloride are dissolved in #f-a_/b gallons and the copper sulphate separately in #e-a_/b gallons water4 ,the aniline salt is dissolved in as little hot water as possible and neutralised with a small amount of aniline oil 7#aj lb474 ,the solution of aniline salt is first added to the bath1 then the sodium chlorate and ammonium chloride1 and lastly the copper sulphate1 dilute the whole to #ad ,tw4 and then enter the goods4 ,next steam1 then run through a solution containing #aj lb4 bichromate and #e lb4 soda per #ajj gallons water at #afj ,f41 after which the goods are washed and dry steamed at #ae lb4 pressure4 #d4 ,a very good black is the prussiate or steam aniline black whose cheapness should recommend it4 ,prepare concentrated solutions of #a-c_/d lb4 aniline salt in #a gallon water1 #a-a_/b lb4 ferrocyanide of potash in #c_/d gallons water and #a-a_/b lb4 potassium chlorate in #a-a_/b gallons water4 ,mix the solutions and work in a jigger1 then steam in a ,mather ,platt apparatus for two minutes1 then work hot in a jigger in a solution of #b lb4 bichromate per #ej gallons water1 dry and finish4 ,either of these methods yields a good full black2 with a little experience and care perfectly uniform shades will be got4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,dyeing ,,union 7,,mixed ,,cotton ,,and ,,wool7 ,,fabrics4 ,there is now produced a great variety of textile fabrics of every conceivable texture by combining the two fibres1 cotton and wool1 in a number of ways2 the variety of these fabrics has of late years considerably increased1 which increase may be largely ascribed to the introduction of the direct dyeing colouring matters--the ,diamine dyes1 the ,benzo dyes1 the ,congo and the ,zambesi dyes1 for in the dyeing of wool-cotton fabrics they have made a revolution4 ,the dyer of union fabrics1 that is1 fabrics composed of wool and cotton1 was formerly put to great straits to obtain uniform shades on the fabrics supplied to him1 owing to the difference in the affinity of the two fibres for the dye-stuffs then known4 ,now the direct dyes afford him a means of easily dyeing a piece of cotton-wool cloth in any colour of a uniform shade1 while the production of two coloured effects is much more under his control1 and has led to the increased production of figured-dress fabrics1 with the ground in one fibre 7wool7 and colour1 and the design in another fibre 7cotton7 and colour4 ,the number of direct dyes issued by the various colour manufacturers is so great that it would take a fairly considerable space to discuss them all4 ,to obtain good results it is needful that the dyer of union fabrics should have a thorough knowledge of the dyes he is using1 for each dye makes a rule to itself as regards its power of dyeing wool and cotton--some go better on to the cotton than on to the wool1 and vice versa4 ,some dye wool best at the boil1 others equally well below that heat2 some go on the cotton at a moderate temperature1 others require the dye-bath to be boiling2 some will go on to the cotton only1 and appear to ignore the wool4 ,the presence or absence in the dye-bath of such bodies as carbonate of soda1 ,glauber's salt1 etc41 has a material influence on the degree of the affinity of the dye-stuff for the two fibres1 as will perhaps be noted hereafter4 ,again1 while some of the dyes produce equal colours on both fibres1 there are others where the tone is different4 ,with all these peculiarities of the ,diamine and other direct dyes the union dyer must make himself familiar4 ,these dyes are used in neutral baths1 that is1 along with the dye-stuff4 ,it is often convenient to use1 along with the direct dyes1 some azo or acid dyes1 which have the property of dyeing the wool from neutral baths1 many examples of such will be found in the practical recipes given below4 ,the dyes now under consideration may be conveniently classed into five groups4 #a4 ,those dyes which dye the cotton and wool from the same bath to the same shade1 or nearly so4 ,among such are ,thioflavine ,s1 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 ,diamine orange ,b1 ,diamine rose ,b ,d1 ,diamine reds #d ,b1 #e ,b1 #f ,b and #aj ,b1 ,diamine fast red ,f1 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 ,diamine brown ,n1 ,diamine browns #c ,g1 ,b and ,g1 ,diamine blues ,r ,w1 ,b ,x1 ,diamine blue ,g1 ,diamine greens ,g and ,b1 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 ,union blacks ,b and ,s1 ,oxydiamine blacks ,b1 ,m1 ,d and ,a1 ,diamine catechine ,g1 ,union blue ,b ,b1 ,oxyphenine1 ,chloramine yellow1 ,alkali yellow ,r1 ,chromine ,g1 ,titan scarlet ,s1 ,mimosa1 ,curcumine1 ,primuline1 ,auroline1 ,congo ,corinth ,b1 ,thiazole yellow1 ,columbia yellow1 ,oxydiamine yellow ,g ,g1 ,oxydiamine oranges ,g and ,r1 ,diamine orange ,f1 ,oxydiamine red ,s4 #b4 ,dyes which dye the cotton a deeper shade than the wool4 ,the following belong to this group3 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 ,diamine oranges ,g and ,d1 ,diamine catechine ,g1 ,diamine catechine ,b1 ,diamine sky blue1 ,diamine blue #b ,b1 ,diamine blue #h ,b1 ,diamine blue ,b ,g1 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 ,diamine new blue ,r1 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 ,diamine black ,b #j1 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 and ,oxydiamine black ,s ,o ,o ,o1 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,g1 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 ,diamine violet ,n1 ,oxydiamine violet ,b1 ,columbia blacks ,b and ,f ,b1 ,zambesi black ,b1 ,congo brown ,g1 ,direct yellow ,g1 ,direct orange ,b1 ,clayton yellow1 ,cotton yellow1 orange ,t ,a1 ,benzo purpurine ,b1 ,brilliant ,congo ,r1 ,chicago blues ,b and #d ,b and #f ,b4 #c4 ,dyes which dye wool a deeper shade than the cotton4 ,the dyes in this group are not numerous4 ,they are ,diamine gold1 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 ,diamine scarlet #c ,b1 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,s1 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 and ,diamine green ,g1 ,diamine reds ,n #j and ,b1 ,chicago blues ,g and ,r1 ,brilliant purpurine ,r1 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 ,delta purpurine #e ,b1 ,chrysamine1 ,titan blue1 ,titan pink1 ,congo oranges ,g and ,r1 ,erie blue #b ,g1 ,congo ,r1 ,brilliant ,congo ,r1 ,erika ,b ,n1 ,benzo purpurines #d ,b and #aj ,b1 ,chrysophenine1 ,titan yellow1 ,titan browns ,y1 ,r and ,o1 ,congo brown ,g1 ,sulphon azurine ,b1 ,zambesi black ,b4 #d4 ,dyes which produce different shades on the two fibres4 ,diamine brown ,g1 and ,diamine blue #c ,r1 ,diamine brown ,v1 ,diamine brown ,s1 ,diamine nitrazol brown ,b1 ,diamine blues ,b ,x and #c ,r1 ,diamine blue black ,e1 ,benzo blue black ,g1 ,benzo purpurine #aj ,b1 ,benzo azurines ,r1 ,g and #c ,g1 ,columbia red ,s1 ,brilliant azurine #e ,g1 ,titan marine blue1 ,congo ,corinths ,g and ,b1 ,azo blue1 ,hessian violet1 ,titan blue1 ,azo mauve1 ,congo brown1 ,diamine bronze ,g1 ,zambesi browns ,g and #b ,g1 ,zambesi black ,f4 #e4 ,azo-acid dyes1 which dye wool from neutral baths1 and are therefore suitable for shading up the wool to the cotton in union fabric dyeing4 ,among the dyes thus available may be enumerated3 ,naphthol blues ,g and ,r1 ,naphthol blue black1 ,formyl violet #aj ,b1 ,lanacyl blue ,b ,b1 ,lanacyl blue ,r1 ,alkaline blue1 ,formyl violets ,s #d ,b and #f ,b1 ,rocceleine1 ,azo red ,a1 ,croceine ,a ,z1 ,brilliant scarlet1 ,orange extra1 ,orange ,e ,n ,z1 ,indian yellow ,g1 ,indian yellow ,r1 ,tropoline ,o ,o1 ,naphthylamine black #d ,b and ,naphthol blue black1 ,brilliant scarlet ,g1 ,lanacyl violet ,b1 ,brilliant milling green ,b1 ,thiocarmine ,r1 ,formyl blue ,b1 ,naphthylamine blacks ,d1 #d ,b and #f ,b2 ,azo-acid yellow1 ,curcumine extra1 ,mandarine ,g1 ,ponceau #c ,r ,b1 ,acid violet #f ,b1 ,guinea violet #d ,b1 ,guinea green ,b1 ,wool black #f ,b4 ,regarding the best methods of dyeing1 that in neutral baths yields the most satisfactory results in practical working4 ,it is done in a boiling hot or in a slightly boiling bath1 with the addition of #f-a_/d oz4 crystallised ,glauber's salt per gallon water for the first bath1 and when the baths are kept standing #bj per cent4 crystallised ,glauber's salt1 reckoned upon the weight of the goods1 for each succeeding lot4 ,in dyeing unions1 the dye-baths must be as concentrated as possible1 and must not contain more than from #be to #cj times as much water as the goods weigh4 ,in this respect it may serve as a guide that concentrated baths are best used when dyeing dark shades1 while light shades can be dyed in more diluted baths4 ,the most important factor for producing uniform dyeings is the appropriate regulation of the temperature of the dye-bath4 ,concerning this1 the dyer must bear in mind that the direct colours possess a greater affinity for the cotton if dyed below the boiling point1 and only go on the wool when the bath is boiling1 especially so the longer and more intensely the goods are boiled4 ,the following method of dyeing is perhaps the best one3 ,charge the dye-bath with the requisite dye-stuff and ,glauber's salt1 boil up1 shut off the steam1 enter the goods and let run for half an hour without steam1 then sample4 ,if the shade of both cotton and wool is too light add some more of the dye-stuffs used for both fibres1 boil up once more and boil for a quarter to half an hour4 ,if the wool only is too light1 or its shade different from that of the cotton1 add some more of the dye-stuff used for shading the wool and bring them again to the boil4 ,if1 however1 the cotton turns out too light1 or does not correspond in shade to the wool1 add some more of the dye-stuffs used for dyeing the cotton1 without1 however1 raising the temperature4 ,prolonged boiling is only necessary very rarely1 and generally only if the goods to be dyed are difficult to penetrate1 or contain qualities of wool which only with difficulty take up the dye-stuff4 ,in such cases1 in making up the bath dye-stuffs are to be selected some of which go only on the wool and others which go only on the cotton 7those belonging to the second group74 ,the goods can then be boiled for some time1 and perfect penetration and level shades will result4 ,if the wool takes up the dye-stuff easily 7as is frequently the case with goods manufactured from shoddy71 and are therefore dyed too dark a shade1 then dye-stuffs have to be used which principally dye the cotton1 and a too high temperature should be avoided4 ,in such cases it is advisable to diminish the affinity of the wool by the addition of one-fifth of the original quantity of ,glauber's salt 7about #c_/h oz4 per gallon water71 and from three-quarters to four-fifths of the dye-stuff used for the first lot4 ,care has to be taken that not much of the dye liquor is lost when taking out the dyed goods1 otherwise the quantities of ,glauber's salt and dye-stuff will have to be increased proportionately4 ,wooden vats1 such as are generally used for piece dyeing1 have proved the most suitable4 ,they are heated with direct1 or1 still better1 with indirect steam4 ,the method which has proved most advantageous is to let the steam run into a space separated from the vat by a perforated wall1 into which space the required dye-stuffs and salt are placed4 ,the mode of working is rather influenced by the character of the goods1 and the following notes will be found useful by the union dyer3-- ,very little difficulty will be met with in dyeing such light fabrics as ,italians1 cashmere1 serges and similar thin textiles lightly woven from cotton warp and woollen weft4 ,when deep shades 7blacks1 dark blues1 browns and greens71 are being dyed it is not advisable to make up the dye-bath with the whole of the dyes at once4 ,it is much better to add these in quantities of about one-fourth at a time at intervals during the dyeing of the piece4 ,it is found that the affinity of the wool for the dyes at the boil is so much greater than is that of the cotton that it would1 if the whole of the dye were used1 take up too much of the colour1 and then would come up too deep in shade4 ,never give a strong boil with such fabrics1 but keep the bath just under the boil1 which results in the wool dyeing much more nearly like to cotton4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use #b lb4 ,thioflavine ,s in a bath which contains #d lb4 ,glauber's salt per #aj gallons of dye liquor4 ,good ,yellow4--,a very fine deep shade is dyed with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine gold and #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 in the same way as the last4 ,here advantage is taken of the fact that while the ,diamine gold dyes the wool better than the cotton1 the yellow dyes the cotton the deeper shade1 and between the two a uniform shade of yellow is got4 ,pale ,gold ,yellow4--,use a dye liquor containing #d lb4 ,glauber's salt in every #aj gallons1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #b oz4 ,indian yellow ,g and #c-a_/b oz4 ,indian yellow ,r4 ,in this recipe there is used in the two last dyes purely wool yellows1 which dye the wool the same tint as the fast yellow ,a dyes the cotton4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use in the same way as the last1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b and #c oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,gold ,orange4--,use as above #b lb4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #e-a_/b oz4 ,indian yellow ,k and #a-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z4 ,deep ,orange4--,use #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c1 #f-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z1 and #c-a_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,r4 ,black4--,use #d-a_/b lb4 ,union black ,s1 #b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #e oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #c-a_/d oz4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b1 with #d lb4 ,glauber's salt in each #aj gallons dye liquor4 ,navy ,blue4--,use #a-a_/d lb4 ,union black ,s1 #c lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a_/b oz4 ,naphthol blue black1 #a_/b lb4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b and #b-a_/b oz4 alkaline blue ,b4 ,red ,plum4--,use a dye-bath containing #b-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b and #c-a_/d oz4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,dark ,green4--,a fine shade can be dyed in a bath containing #c lb4 ,diamine green ,b and #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w4 ,dark ,slate4--,use #d lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #b oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #c oz4 ,azo red ,a4 ,sage4--,use a dye-bath containing #d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g and #a-a_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,dark ,brown4--,a fine dark shade is got from #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,v and #b oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,peacock ,green4--,use #c-c_/d lb4 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 #ac oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #ad-a_/b oz4 ,thiocarmine ,k and #b-a_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,g in a bath of #d lb4 ,glauber's salt per gallon dye liquor4 ,dark ,sea ,green4--,use #i oz4 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 #c-c_/d oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a_/b oz4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #a-a_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #c_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,dark ,brown4--,use #a lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a lb4 ,diamine ,fast yellow ,s1 #ac-c_/d oz4 ,union black ,s1 #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m and #a_/b lb4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,fix in an alum bath after dyeing4 ,dark ,stone4--,use #a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #c-c_/d oz4 ,union black1 #a_/d oz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,azo red ,a and #c_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,black4--,a very fine black can be got from #c-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,b ,m1 #b lb4 ,union black ,s1 #i-a_/b oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #d oz4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,dark ,grey4--,a fine bluish shade of grey is got from #g oz4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #b-a_/d oz4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #a oz4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z4 ,dark ,blue4--,a fine shade is got by using #b lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 and #c-a_/b oz4 ,alkaline blue #f ,b4 ,drab4--,use #c-a_/b oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #c_/d oz4 ,union black1 #a_/h oz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #c_/d oz4 ,azo red ,a and #a_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,plum4--,use #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine violet ,n1 #i-a_/b oz4 ,union black and #a lb4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use a dye-bath containing #d lb4 ,thioflavine ,s1 #b lb4 ,naphthol yellow ,s1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,pink4--,use #a_/f oz4 ,diamine ,rose ,b ,d1 #a_/d oz4 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 #a_/b oz4 ,rhodamine ,b and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,scarlet4--,a fine shade is got from #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 #a_/b oz4 ,diamine red #e ,b and #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,orange4--,use a dye-bath containing #c-a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #ad-a_/b oz4 ,tropoline ,o ,o1 and #b-c_/d oz4 ,orange extra4 ,sky ,blue4--,use #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine sky blue and #a-a_/d oz4 ,alkaline blue ,b4 ,bright ,blue4--,a fine shade similar to that formerly known as royal blue is got by using #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g and #i-a_/d oz4 ,alkaline blue #f ,b4 ,maroon4--,use #c lb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #b lb4 ,diamine violet ,n and #c-a_/d oz4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,green4--,a fine green similar in shade to that used for billiard-table cloth is got from #b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #b lb4 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 #ad-a_/b oz4 ,thiocarmine ,r and #g-a_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,gold ,brown--,a fine brown is got from #c lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a_/b lb4 ,union black1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,diamine brown1 #c_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #a_/b lb4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,navy ,blue4--,use #c-a_/d lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g and #a_/b lb4 ,alkaline blue4 ,fawn ,drab4--,a fine shade is got by dyeing in a bath containing #f-c_/d oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,union black1 #a_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black1 #a_/d oz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b and #a oz4 ,azo red ,a4 ,in all these colours the dye-baths contain ,glauber's salt at the rate of #d lb4 per #aj gallons4 ,dark ,brown4--#b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #ac oz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,union black and #c-a_/b oz4 ,naphthol black4 ,drab4--#a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,r1 #c-a_/d oz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,union black1 #a_/b oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #a-a_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,dark ,blue4--,use in the dye-bath #d-a_/d lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 #c_/d lb4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b and #e oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,blue ,black---,use #c-a_/b lb4 ,union black ,s1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,b ,m1 #f-a_/b oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #a_/d lb4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,dark ,walnut4--#b-c_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,union black ,s1 and #aa-a_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,peacock ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 #e-a_/f oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,thiocarmine ,r and #a-a_/f oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,slate ,blue4--,use in the dye-bath #f-a_/b oz4 ,diamine carechine ,b1 #d-c_/d oz4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,union black1 #b-c_/d oz4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z1 and #a-c_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,dark ,sage4--,a good shade is dyed with #a lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #f-a_/b oz4 ,union black1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #c-a_/d oz4 azo red ,a and #b-a_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,navy ,blue4--,use #b lb4 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,lanacyl violet ,b1 and #g oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,bronze ,green4--,a good shade is dyed with #b lb4 ,diamine orange ,b1 #e oz4 ,diamine brown ,n1 #c_/d lb4 ,union black ,s1 #a lb4 ,indian yellow ,g and #b-a_/b oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,black4--,use #b-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,b ,m and #a-a_/b lb4 ,naphthylamine black #f ,b4 ,another recipe1 #b-a_/d lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,b ,m1 #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a lb4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z and #b oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,dark ,brown4--,use #a-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,b ,m1 #ae-a_/b oz4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,indian yellow ,g and #b-c_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,another combination1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,b ,m1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z1 #a lb4 ,indian yellow ,g and #e oz4 ,naphthol blue black4 ,scarlet4--#c lb4 ,benzo purpurine #d ,b1 #c_/d oz4 ,ponceau #c ,r ,b and #a_/b lb4 ,curcumine ,s4 ,crimson4--#a_/b lb4 ,congo ,corinth ,g1 #b lb4 ,benzo purpurine #aj ,b and #a_/b lb4 ,curcumine ,s4 ,bright ,blue4--#b lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b1 #c oz4 ,alkali blue #f ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,zambesi blue ,r ,x4 ,after dyeing rinse and develop in a bath of #h oz4 sulphuric acid in #aj gallons of water1 then rinse well4 ,dark ,blue4--#b-a_/b lb4 ,columbia fast blue #b ,g1 #c oz4 ,sulphon azurine ,d1 #h oz4 ,alkali blue #f ,b4 ,after dyeing rinse and develop in a bath of #h oz4 sulphuric acid in #bj gallons of water4 ,orange4--#i oz4 ,congo brown ,g1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,mikado orange #d ,r ,o and #a-a_/b oz4 ,mandarine ,g4 ,dark ,green4--#b lb4 ,columbia green1 #a_/b lb4 ,sulphon azurine ,d1 #a lb4 ,zambesi blue ,b ,x1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,curcumine ,s4 ,black4--#d lb4 ,columbia black ,f ,b and #b lb4 ,wool black #f ,b4 ,pale ,sage ,green4--#e oz4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #c_/d lb4 ,chrysophenine ,g and #a-a_/b lb4 ,curcumine ,s4 ,slate4--#a_/b lb4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #c_/d oz4 ,zambesi blue ,r ,x1 #a_/b oz4 ,mikado orange #d ,r #j and #a-a_/b oz4 ,acid violet #f ,b4 ,dark ,grey4--#a lb4 ,columbia black ,f ,b1 #c oz4 ,zambesi black ,b and #c_/d oz4 ,sulphon azurine ,d4 ,drab4--#a-a_/b oz4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #c_/d oz4 ,mandarine ,g extra1 #a_/d oz4 ,curcumine extra and #c oz4 ,mikado orange #d ,r ,o4 ,brown4--#e oz4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #c_/d oz4 ,mandarine ,g extra1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,t ,a and #b oz4 ,mikado orange #d ,r #j4 ,nut ,brown4--#c_/d lb4 ,congo brown ,g1 #a_/d lb4 ,chicago blue ,r ,w and #c_/d lb4 ,mikado orange #d ,r #j4 ,dark ,brown4--#a lb4 ,congo brown ,g1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,benzo purpurine #d ,b1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,zambesi black ,f and #a_/b lb4 ,wool black #f ,b4 ,stone4--#a oz4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #a_/d oz4 ,mandarine ,g1 #a_/d oz4 ,curcumine extra and #a-a_/d oz4 ,mikado orange #d ,r #j4 ,slate ,green4--#c oz4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,guinea green ,b4 ,sage ,brown4--#a_/b lb4 ,zambesi black ,d1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,mandarine ,g extra1 #c oz4 ,curcumine extra1 #c oz4 ,acid violet #f ,b1 #f oz4 ,mikado orange #d ,r #j and #d-a_/b oz4 ,curcumine ,s4 ,cornflower ,blue4--#c oz4 ,chicago blue #d ,r1 #a_/d lb4 ,zambesi blue ,r ,x1 #a_/d lb4 ,acid violet #f ,b and #c_/d oz4 ,zambesi brown ,g4 ,dark ,brown4--#a-a_/b lb4 ,brilliant orange ,g1 #a_/b lb4 ,orange ,t ,a1 #a lb4 ,columbia black ,f ,b and #a_/d lb4 ,wool black #f ,b4 ,dark ,blue4--#b lb4 ,chicago blue ,w1 #a lb4 ,zambesi blue ,r ,x1 #a_/b lb4 ,columbia black ,f ,b1 #aj oz4 ,guinea green ,b and #a_/b lb4 ,guinea violet #d ,b4 ,the ,janus dyes may be used for the dyeing of half wool 7union7 fabrics4 ,the best plan of working is to prepare a bath with #e lb4 of sulphate of zinc2 in this the goods are worked at the boil for five minutes1 then there is added the dyes previously dissolved in water1 and the working continued for a quarter of an hour2 there is then added #bj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and the working at the boil continued for one hour1 at the end of which time the dye-bath will be fairly well exhausted of colour4 ,the goods are now taken out and put into a fixing-bath of sumac or tannin1 in which they are treated for fifteen minutes2 to this same bath there is next added tartar emetic and #a lb4 sulphuric acid1 and the working continued for a quarter of an hour1 then the bath is heated to #afj ,f41 when the goods are lifted1 rinsed and dried4 ,in the recipes the quantities of the dyes1 sumac or tannin and tartar emetic are given only1 the other ingredients and processes are the same in all4 ,dark ,blue4--#b-a_/d lb4 ,janus dark blue ,b and #a_/d lb4 ,janus green ,b in the dye-bath1 and #af lb4 sumac extract and #b lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,blue ,black4--#c-a_/b lb4 ,janus black ,i and #a_/b lb4 ,janus black ,,ii in the dye-bath1 and #af lb4 sumac extract and #b lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,dark ,brown4--#b-a_/b lb4 ,janus brown ,b1 #a lb4 ,janus black ,i1 #c-a_/b oz4 ,janus yellow ,g and #e oz4 ,janus red ,b in the dye-bath1 with #af lb4 sumac extract and #b lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,drab4--#a-a_/b oz4 ,janus yellow ,r1 #c_/d oz4 ,janus red ,b1 #a oz4 ,janus blue ,r and #a_/d oz4 ,janus grey ,b ,b in the dye-bath1 and #d lb4 sumac extract and #a lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,grey4--#e oz4 ,janus blue ,r1 #c-a_/d oz4 ,janus grey ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,janus yellow ,r and #a_/d oz4 ,janus red ,b in the dye-bath1 with #d lb4 sumach extract and #a lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,nut ,brown4--#a lb4 ,janus brown ,r1 #h oz4 ,janus yellow ,r and #a-a_/b oz4 ,janus blue ,b in the dye-bath1 and #h lb4 sumac extract and #a lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,walnut ,brown4--#c lb4 ,janus brown ,b1 #a lb4 ,janus red ,b1 #a lb4 ,janus yellow ,r1 #a-a_/d oz4 ,janus green ,b in the dye-bath1 with #h lb4 sumac extract and #a lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,crimson4--#b-a_/b lb4 ,janus red ,b and #h oz4 ,janus claret red ,b in the dye-bath1 with #h lb4 sumac extract and #a lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,dark ,green4--#a-a_/b lb4 ,janus green ,b1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,janus yellow ,r and #h oz4 ,janus grey ,b ,b in the dye-bath1 with #ab lb4 sumac extract and #a-a_/d lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,chestnut ,brown4--#a lb4 ,janus brown ,r and #a lb4 ,janus yellow ,r in the dye-bath1 and #h lb4 sumac extract and #a lb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,before the introduction of the direct dyes the method usually followed1 and1 indeed still used to a great extent1 is that known as cross dyeing4 ,the goods were woven with dyed cotton threads of the required shade1 and undyed woollen threads4 ,after weaving and cleansing the woollen part of the fabric was dyed with acid dyes1 such as ,acid magenta1 ,scarlet ,r1 ,acid yellow1 etc4 ,in such methods care has to be taken that the dyes used for dyeing the cotton are such as stand acids1 a by no means easy condition to fulfil at one time4 ,many of the direct dyes are fast to acids and1 therefore1 lend themselves more or less readily to cross dyeing4 ,for details of the dyes for cotton reference may be made to the sections on dyeing with the direct colours1 page #he1 etc41 while information as to methods of dyeing the wool will be found in the companion volume to this on ,dyeing of ,woollen ,fabrics4 ,shot ,effects4--,a pleasing kind of textile fabric which is now made1 and is a great favourite for ladies' dress goods1 is where the cotton of a mixed fabric is thrown up to form a figured design4 ,it is possible to dye the two fibres in different colours1 and so produce a variety of shot effects4 ,these latter are so endless that it is impossible here to enumerate all that may be produced4 ,it will have to suffice to lay down the lines which may be followed to the best advantage1 and then give some recipes to illustrate the remarks that have been made4 ,the best plan for the production of shot effects upon union fabrics is to take advantage of the property of certain acid dyes which dye only the wool in an acid bath1 and of many of the direct colours which will only dye the cotton in an alkaline bath4 ,the process1 working on these lines1 becomes as follows3 ,the wool is first dyed in an acid bath with the addition of ,glauber's salt and bisulphate of soda1 or sulphuric acid1 the goods are then washed with water containing a little ammonia to free them from the acid1 and afterwards dyed with the direct colour in an alkaline bath4 ,fancy or the mode shades are obtained by combining suitable dye-stuffs4 ,if the cotton is to be dyed in light shades it is advantageous to dye on the liquor at #fe to #hj ,f41 with the addition of #c-a_/d oz4 ,glauber's salt1 and from #bj to #dj grains borax per gallon water4 ,the addition of an alkali is advisable in order to neutralise any slight quantities of acid which may have remained in the wool1 and to prevent the dye-stuff from dyeing the cotton too deep a shade4 ,very light shades can also be done on the padding machine4 ,the dye-stuffs of ,group ,,ii41 which have been previously enumerated1 do not stain the wool at all1 or only very slightly1 and are1 therefore1 the most suitable4 ,less bright effects can be produced by simply dyeing the goods in one bath4 ,the wool is first dyed at the boil with the respective wool dye-stuff in a neutral bath1 the steam is then shut off and the cotton dyed by adding the cotton dye-stuff to the bath1 and dyeing without again heating4 ,by passing the goods through cold water to which some sulphuric or acetic acid is added1 the brightness of most effects is greatly increased4 ,gold and ,green4--,first bath1 #a lb4 ,cyanole extra1 #g-a_/d oz4 ,acid green1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,g ,g1 and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda2 work at the boil for one hour1 then lift and rinse well4 ,second bath1 #d lb4 ,diamine orange ,g and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt2 work in the cold or at a lukewarm heat4 ,third bath1 at #abj ,f41 #d oz4 ,chrysoidine and #a_/d oz4 ,safranine4 ,black and ,blue4--,first bath1 #c-a_/b lb4 ,naphthol black #c ,b and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #b lb4 ,diamine sky blue and #ac lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,third bath1 #f-a_/b oz4 ,new ,methylene blue ,n4 ,work as in the last recipe4 ,green and ,claret4--,first bath1 #c-a_/b lb4 ,naphthol red ,c and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #b lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,thioflavine ,s1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,gold ,brown and ,blue4--,first bath1 #b-a_/b oz4 orange ,e ,n ,z1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,g ,g1 #a_/d oz4 ,cyanole extra and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #ad oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,brown and ,blue4--,first bath1 #a_/b lb4 ,orange ,g ,g1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,cyanole extra and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #ab oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,green ,blue4--,first bath1 #c lb4 ,orange ,g ,g1 #a lb4 ,brilliant cochineal #d ,r1 #a lb4 ,fast acid green ,b ,n and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,second bath1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #c-a_/d lb4 ,thioflavine ,s and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,we may here note that in all the above recipes the second bath 7for dying the cotton7 should be used cold or at lukewarm heat and as strong as possible4 ,it is not completely exhausted of colour1 only about one-half going on the fibre4 ,if kept as a standing bath this feature should be borne in mind1 and less dye-stuff used in the dyeing of the second and following lots of goods4 ,blue and ,gold ,yellow4--#c lb4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #ac oz4 ,naphthol blue ,g1 #ad-a_/b oz4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at just under the boil4 ,brown and ,blue4--#a lb4 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 #i-a_/b oz4 ,diamine sky blue1 #a lb4 ,orange ,e ,n ,z1 #a lb4 ,indian yellow ,g1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,naphthol blue black and #ae lb4 ,glauber s salt4 ,work at #agj to #ahj ,f4 ,in these two last recipes only one bath is used1 all the dyes being added at once4 ,this is possible if care be taken that dye-stuffs of two kinds are used1 one or more which will dye wool and not cotton from neutral baths1 and those direct dyes which dye cotton better than wool4 ,the temperature should also be kept below the boil and carefully regulated as the operation proceeds and the results begin to show themselves4 ,grey and ,orange4--,first bath1 #c oz4 ,orange extra1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,cyanole extra1 #a lb4 ,azo red ,a and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #e oz4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c and #c oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b4 ,green and ,red4--,first bath1 #b lb4 ,croceine ,a ,z1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,second bath1 #a lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #a_/b lb4 ,thioflavine ,s1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,brown and ,violet4--,first bath1 #c_/d lb4 ,orange extra1 #c_/d lb4 ,cyanole extra1 and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #e oz4 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,yellow4--,first bath1 #g lb4 ,naphthol black ,b1 #a_/b lb4 ,fast yellow ,s1 and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath #c lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,pink4--,black as above4 ,pink with ,diamine rose ,b ,d 7see above74 ,green and ,buff4--,first bath1 #a_/d lb4 ,orange extra1 #c_/d oz4 ,fast yellow ,s1 and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 #a_/b lb4 ,thioflavine ,s1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,orange and ,violet4--,first bath1 #i oz4 ,orange extra1 and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine violet ,n1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,blue4--,first bath1 ,naphthol black as given above4 ,second bath1 ,diamine sky blue as given above4 ,black and ,yellow4--,add first #a lb4 ,wool black #f ,b1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then1 when the wool has been dyed1 add #b lb4 ,curcumine ,s to dye the cotton in the same bath4 ,green and ,red4--,dye the wool by using #c lb4 ,guinea green ,b1 #a_/d lb4 ,curcumeine extra1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then add to the bath #c_/d lb4 ,erika ,b ,n1 and #c_/d lb4 ,congo ,corinth ,g4 ,orange and ,blue4--,dye the wool first with #a-a_/d lb4 ,mandarine ,g1 #b oz4 ,wool black #f ,b1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 then the cotton with #b lb4 ,columbia blue ,g4 ,blue and ,orange4--,dye the wool first with #c_/d lb4 ,guinea violet ,b1 #c_/d lb4 ,guinea green ,b1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt2 then dye the cotton with #b lb4 ,mikado orange #d ,r ,o4 ,green and ,orange4--,dye the wool with #c lb4 ,guinea green ,b1 #a_/d lb4 ,curcumeine extra1 and #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 then dye the cotton in the same bath with #a-a_/b lb4 ,mikado orange #d ,r ,o4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,dyeing ,,half ,,silk 7,,cotton-,,silk1 ,,satin7 ,,fabrics4 ,the direct dyes of the ,diamine1 ,benzo and ,congo types have been of late years increasingly used for dyeing satin 7silk and cotton71 and they have quite displaced the old methods of dyeing this class of fabrics1 which consisted in first dyeing the silk with an acid dye and then dyeing the cotton with a basic dye4 ,for details of the method of applying acid dyes to silk reference may be made to ,mr4 ,g4,h4 ,hurst's book on ,silk ,dyeing4 ,most of the direct colours are exceedingly well adapted for this purpose1 some under certain conditions possess the property of dyeing the cotton a deeper shade than the silk1 which is an advantage rather than otherwise4 ,the dyeing of goods composed of silk and cotton is generally done in winch dye-vats1 in some cases also on the jigger4 ,,method ,,of ,,dyeing4 ,the direct colours are as a rule dyed in a soap-bath with addition of phosphate of soda1 ,glauber's salt or common salt and a little soda4 ,the addition of these salts effects a better exhaustion of the baths2 they are therefore principally used for dark and full shades1 whilst pale shades are dyed with the addition of soap only or in combination with phosphate of soda4 ,dark or pale shades may thus be produced at will by selecting the proper additions1 but the fact should not be overlooked that the greater exhaustion of the baths not only increases the depth of shade of the cotton but also causes the silk to absorb more dye-stuff4 ,too large a proportion of salt would cause the dye-stuffs to go on the fibre too quickly and thus make the dyeing liable to turn out uneven4 ,a large proportion of soap counteracts the effects of the salts1 causing the dye-stuff to go on less quickly and tending to leave the silk lighter than the cotton1 in some cases even almost white1 a property which is valuable in many cases1 especially as enabling the silk and cotton to be dyed in different colours to obtain shot effects4 ,it is thus obvious that a general method applicable in all cases cannot be given2 it will vary according to the effect desired1 and partly also depend on the material to be dyed4 ,the following particulars may serve as a guide for the first bath3-- ,for pale shades each #aj gallons dye-liquor should contain #c-a_/d to #f-a_/b oz4 soap and #d to #g drs4 soda or #c-a_/d to #f-a_/b oz4 soap1 #d to #e-a_/b drs4 soda and #c-a_/d to #f-a_/b oz4 phosphate of soda4 ,for medium and dark shades each #aj gallons dye-liquor may contain #c-a_/d to #f-a_/b oz4 soap1 #d to #g drs4 soda1 #c-a_/d to #f-a_/b oz4 phosphate of soda and #f-a_/b to #ac oz4 cryst4 ,glauber's salt4 ,for two coloured effects or dyeings1 in which the silk is intended to remain as pale as possible or even white1 each #aj gallons dye-liquor may contain #d-c_/d to #h oz4 soap1 #d to #f drs4 soda1 #c-a_/d to #h oz4 phosphate of soda and #d-c_/d to #i-a_/b oz4 cryst4 ,glauber's salt4 ,the temperature of the dye-baths is generally #age to #aie ,f42 in practical dyeing it is usual to boil up the fully charged dye-bath1 shut off the steam1 enter the goods and dye for about three-quarters of an hour4 ,for obtaining level dyeings in pale shades it is advisable not to enter the goods too hot1 but to raise the temperature gradually4 ,raising the temperature1 or dyeing for some time at the boil will deepen the shade of the cotton1 but at the same time will have the same effect on the silk which may sometimes be an advantage when dyeing dark shades4 ,as a complete exhaustion of the baths does not take place1 especially when dyeing dark shades1 it is advantageous1 nay1 even imperative1 to preserve the baths for further use1 they are then replenished with only about three-fourths of the quantities of dye-stuffs used for the first bath1 of the soap only about one fourth1 of ,glauber's salt1 soda and phosphate of soda only about one-fifth1 of the first quantities are necessary4 ,the first bath should be prepared with condensed water4 ,if none is at hand ordinary water should be boiled up with soda and soap and the scum removed4 ,clear soap baths are absolutely necessary for the production of pure shades and clean pieces4 ,after dyeing1 the pieces must be very well rinsed1 and the colour raised or brightened with #a pint of acetic acid in #aj gallons of water4 ,many of the ,diamine and ,titan colours being very fast to acids1 but few of them will be affected by this treatment4 ,in the following tables are given those ,diamine1 etc41 colours especially adapted for the dyeing of goods composed of silk and cotton1 divided into three groups according to their relation to silk and cotton3-- #a4 ,dye-stuffs possessing a great affinity to cotton and tinting the silk not at all or only very little4 ,to this class belong ,chicago blues1 ,benzo blues1 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 ,diamine orange ,g ,g1 ,diamine orange ,d ,c1 ,diamine blue ,b ,b1 ,diamine blue #c ,b1 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f1 ,diamine brilliant blue ,g1 ,diamineral blue ,e1 ,diamine black ,b1 ,mikado browns1 ,mikado oranges1 ,mikado yellows4 #b4 ,dye-stuffs producing on cotton and silk the same or nearly the same shade but covering the cotton better than the silk4 ,these are ,thioflavine ,s1 ,diamine yellow ,n1 ,diamine gold1 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 ,diamine orange ,b1 ,diamine grey ,g1 ,diamine rose ,b ,d1 ,diamine scarlet ,s1 ,diamine scarlet ,b1 ,diamine scarlet #c ,b1 ,diamine red #e ,b1 ,diamine fast red ,f1 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,b1 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,s1 ,diamine violet ,n1 ,oxydiamine violet ,b1 ,diamine blue ,r ,w1 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 ,diamine steel blue ,l1 ,diamine dark blue ,b1 ,union black ,s1 ,oxydiamine black ,d1 ,diaminogene extra1 ,diaminogene ,b1 ,diamine brown ,m1 ,diamine brown #c ,g1 ,diamine green ,b1 ,diamine green ,g4 #c4 ,dye-stuffs producing on cotton more or less different shades than on silk4 ,this group comprises ,diamine blue ,c ,b1 ,diamine blue ,b ,g1 ,diamine blue ,b ,x1 ,diamine azo blue #b ,r1 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 ,diamine blue black ,e1 ,diamine black ,r ,o1 ,oxydiamine black ,s ,o ,o ,o1 ,diamine brown ,v1 ,diamine brown ,b1 ,diamine bronze ,g4 ,cotton brown ,n produces on silk darker shades than on cotton4 ,of course this classification cannot be taken as absolutely correct1 as by raising or lowering the temperature during the dyeing process or by a larger or smaller addition of soap or ,glauber's salt 7common salt1 phosphate of soda71 the dye-stuffs are more or less influenced in one or the other direction4 ,diamine violet ,n1 for instance1 when dyed with an increased addition of soap would dye the cotton somewhat lighter1 but at the same time leave the silk perfectly white4 ,topping with ,basic and ,acid ,dye-stuffs4--,as in very few cases only the desired shade can be obtained in the first instance by bottoming with direct colours1 topping generally has to be resorted to4 ,this is best done with basic dyes1 in some cases also with acid dye-stuffs in cold or tepid bath with addition of sulphuric acid1 hydrochloric or acetic acid4 ,the use of acid dye-stuffs is restricted to cases where the silk alone is to be shaded4 ,in most cases basic dye-stuffs are made use of1 which dye silk and cotton the same shade and deepen the shade of the cotton if the latter has a sufficiently good bottom1 thus giving the goods a better and fuller appearance4 ,it is not advisable to employ basic and acid dye-stuffs in the same bath except when the quantities of either class are very small4 ,should it be necessary to dye with large quantities of both classes1 the acid dye-stuffs are first dyed in a tepid acid bath and then the goods are topped with the basic dye-stuffs in a fresh cold bath with the addition of a little hydrochloric or acetic acid4 ,of the basic dye-stuffs which are available1 the following are the most suitable for topping3 ,new methylene blue ,n1 and other brands2 ,new blue ,d and other brands2 ,cresyl blue1 ,methylindone ,b and ,r1 ,metaphenylene blue1 ,indazine2 the various brands of ,brilliant green1 ,solid green and ,malachite green1 ,capri green1 ,cresyl violet1 ,thioflavine ,t1 ,new phosphine ,g1 ,tannin orange ,r1 and the various brands of ,bismarck brown2 ,safranine1 ,magenta all brands1 ,tannin heliotrope1 all brands of ,neutral violet1 ,methyl violet4 ,of the acid dye-stuffs1 the following are good for topping or shading the silk3 ,cyanole extra1 ,indigo blue ,n1 ,indigo blue ,s ,g ,n1 and the various brands of ,water blue1 ,soluble blue1 ,solid blue1 and ,induline2 the various brands of ,acid green and ,fast acid green2 ,indian yellow ,g and ,r1 ,naphthol yellow ,s1 ,tropoline ,o and ,o ,o1 and the various brands of ,milling yellow and ,orange2 ,azo red ,a1 ,azo rubine ,a1 ,archil substitute ,n1 ,azo orseille ,b ,b1 ,brilliant orseille ,c1 and the various brands of ,eosine1 ,erythrosine1 ,rose bengale1 ,rhodamine1 ,brilliant croceine and ,brilliant scarlet2 the various brands of ,formyl violet and ,acid violet2 ,aniline grey ,b and ,nigrosine1 soluble in water4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use #b lb4 ,thioflavine ,s4 ,deep ,orange ,yellow4--,this can be dyed by using #b lb4 ,diamine yellow ,n4 ,gold ,yellow4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine gold4 ,some care must be taken with this1 especially not to dye too hot or the silk will be dyed deeper than the cotton4 ,deep ,orange4--,use #b lb4 ,diamine orange ,b4 ,bright ,rose4--,use #b lb4 ,diamine ,rose ,b ,d4 ,do not work too high1 especially when dyeing light rose shades1 as then the silk is apt to take up too much colour4 ,scarlet4--,use in the dye-bath #b lb4 ,diamine scarlet ,h ,s4 ,the heat of the dye-bath should not be allowed to exceed #afj to #agj ,f41 or there is a risk of the shades becoming somewhat duller4 ,crimson4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine fast red ,f4 ,violet4--,use #b lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b4 ,bright ,blue4--,a fine shade is dyed with #b lb4 ,diamine blue ,r ,w4 ,dark ,green4--,use #b lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w4 ,this gives a fine shade of bluish green4 ,gold ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine brown #c ,g at a low heat1 from #aej to #afj ,f41 otherwise the silk takes up too much colour4 ,dark ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine green ,b4 ,deep ,rose4--,dye with #b lb4 ,diamine red #aj ,b4 ,brilliant ,yellow4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,mikado golden yellow #h ,g2 then enter into a cold bath which contains #a-a_/b per cent4 ,auramine ,,ii4 ,this gives a very bright shade of yellow4 ,dark ,brown4--,dye a bottom with #b lb4 ,mikado brown #c ,g ,o1 and then top with #c lb4 ,bismarck brown and #a_/b lb4 ,capri blue ,g ,o ,n4 ,crimson4--,dye with #b lb4 ,mikado orange #e ,r ,o and #b lb4 ,hessian purple ,n4 ,sage ,green4--,dye a bottom with #b lb4 ,mikado yellow ,g1 #ad oz4 ,eboli green ,t and #c oz4 ,mikado brown ,m1 then top in a fresh cold bath with #a_/b lb4 ,auramine ,,ii and #a_/b oz4 ,acridine ,orange ,n #j4 ,leaf ,green4--,dye a bottom with #c lb4 ,mikado golden yellow #h ,g and #a lb4 ,eboli blue ,b2 then top with #a-a_/b lb4 ,capri green #b ,g in a cold bath4 ,deep ,brown4--,dye with #b lb4 ,mikado orange #c ,r ,o1 #c lb4 ,hessian grey ,s and #a lb4 ,hessian brown #b ,b ,n2 then top with #g oz4 ,azine green ,t #j and #b-a_/d lb4 ,acridine orange ,n #j4 ,dark ,cream4--,bottom with #a oz4 ,diamine orange ,g2 then top in a fresh warm bath with #a oz4 ,orange ,g ,g1 #a_/b oz4 ,indian yellow ,r1 #e lb4 ,glauber's salt and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,brilliant ,violet4--,give a bottom with #a lb4 ,diamine violet ,n2 then top in a fresh warm bath with #d oz4 ,methyl violet ,b and #b oz4 ,rhodamine4 ,slate4--,bottom in a hot bath with #f oz4 ,diamine dark blue ,b and #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine brown ,m2 then top in a fresh bath at #agj ,f4 with #d oz4 ,aniline grey ,b1 #a oz4 ,cyanole extra1 #e lb4 ,glauber's salt and #a lb4 acetic acid4 ,black ,brown4--,give a bottom with #b lb4 ,cotton brown ,a1 #a lb4 ,diamine gold and #c-a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,s ,o ,o ,o2 then top in a fresh bath at #abj ,f4 with #d oz4 ,new methylene blue ,n1 #a oz4 ,safranine and #a_/b oz4 ,indian yellow ,g4 ,bright ,violet4--,use #a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b and #c_/d oz4 ,diamine dark blue ,b2 top after dyeing with #a_/b oz4 ,safranine1 #a_/d oz4 ,methylindone ,b and #a_/d oz4 ,cyanole extra4 ,drab4--,dye with #f oz4 ,diamine orange ,g1 #a lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g and #c_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 topping afterwards in a bath of #a_/d oz4 ,aniline grey ,b and #a_/d oz4 ,bismarck brown ,f ,f4 ,leaf ,green4--,dye with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w1 and #a lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b2 top with #a_/d oz4 ,brilliant green1 #a_/d oz4 ,indian yellow ,r1 #a_/b oz4 ,thioflavine ,t and #a_/b oz4 ,cyanole extra4 ,dark ,crimson4--,use in the dye-bath #c lb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,s1 #c_/d lb4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c and #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,v1 topping with #a oz4 ,magenta and #a_/b oz4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,turquoise ,blue4--,use to dye the ground1 #f oz4 ,diamine sky blue ,f ,f and #a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a2 top with #a-a_/b oz4 ,cyanole extra and #a_/d oz4 ,brilliant green4 ,dark ,grey4--,dye with #a_/b oz4 ,diamine grey ,g1 and #a-a_/b oz4 ,diamine brown ,m2 top with #a_/d oz4 ,orange extra and #a oz4 ,cyanole extra4 ,brilliant ,orange4--,dye with #a lb4 ,mikado orange ,r ,o1 and top with #f oz4 ,acridine orange ,n ,o and #ab oz4 ,auramine ,i ,i4 ,brown4--,dye a bottom colour with #c lb4 ,mikado brown ,m1 and top with #b lb4 ,bismarck brown and #f oz4 ,cresyl fast violet #b ,r ,n4 ,deep ,crimson4--,dye with #a lb4 ,columbia black ,r and top with #f oz4 ,magenta4 ,pale ,sea ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #a_/b oz4 ,chrysophenine ,g1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,chicago blue #f ,b and #a-a_/b oz4 ,alkali blue #f ,b4 ,bright ,crimson4--,dye with #c lb4 ,congo ,corinth and top with #a lb4 ,magenta4 ,dark ,russian ,green4--,dye with #c lb4 ,columbia black ,b2 then top with #a lb4 ,malachite green4 ,gold ,drab4--,dye with #e oz4 ,columbia black1 and top with #e oz4 ,chrysoidine ,r4 ,bright ,olive ,yellow4--,dye with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine gold1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a and #c_/d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g2 top with #a_/b lb4 ,thioflavine ,t and #a_/d lb4 ,chrysoidine4 ,moss ,brown4--,dye with #a oz4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #f oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #f oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 topping with #a oz4 new ,methylene blue ,n and #d oz4 ,orange ,g ,g4 ,dark ,sea ,green--,dye a bottom with #i oz4 ,diamine black ,b and #d-a_/b oz4 ,diamine fast yellow ,b1 then top with #b oz4 ,new methylene blue ,m and #b oz4 ,new phosphine ,g4 ,old ,gold4--,dye a ground with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine gold1 #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 and #f oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 topping with #h oz4 ,thioflavine ,t1 #a oz4 ,indian yellow ,r and #a oz4 ,brilliant green4 ,cornflower ,blue4--,dye the ground with #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine azo blue #b ,b1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,alkali blue #c ,b1 #a_/b lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,s ,o ,o ,o1 and top with #a oz4 ,metaphenylene blue ,b1 #b oz4 ,new methylene blue ,r and #a oz4 ,indigo blue ,n4 ,slate4--,dye with #g oz4 ,diamine dark blue ,b and #a oz4 ,diamine brown ,m2 top with #a oz4 ,aniline grey ,b and #a oz4 ,cyanole extra4 ,pale ,drab4--,dye the ground with #a oz4 ,diamine orange ,g ,c1 #c_/d oz4 ,diamine bronze ,g and #a_/b oz4 ,diamine brown ,m2 top with #c_/d oz4 ,new methylene blue ,n1 #a oz4 ,bismarck brown and #a oz4 ,cyanole extra4 ,deep ,leaf ,green4--,dye a ground colour with #a-a_/d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a and #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,h ,w2 the topping bath is made with #a_/b lb4 ,brilliant green1 #a_/b lb4 ,chrysoidine and #a_/d lb4 ,new methylene blue ,n4 ,maroon4--,dye with #c lb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux ,s1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c and #a_/b lb4 ,diamine brown ,v2 top with #a_/b lb4 ,magenta and #a_/d lb4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,heliotrope4--,dye with #a lb4 ,heliotrope #b ,b4 ,lilac ,rose4--,dye with #h lb4 ,columbia black ,r and #a lb4 ,alkali blue ,b2 after dyeing pass through a weak acetic acid bath1 then wash well4 ,pea ,green4--,dye with #b lb4 ,chrysophenine1 #a lb4 ,chicago blue #f ,b and #a lb4 ,alkali blue #f ,b2 pass1 after dyeing1 through a weak acetic acid bath1 then wash well4 ,dark ,drab4--,dye with #a_/d lb4 ,diamine brown ,m1 #a lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a and #c_/d lb4 ,diamine bronze ,g2 top with #a_/b lb4 ,orange ,g ,g and #a_/b lb4 ,cyanole extra4 ,deep ,rose4--,dye the bottom colour with #a_/b lb4 ,diamine rose ,b ,d and top with #a_/d lb4 ,rhodamine ,b and #a oz4 ,safranine4 ,walnut ,brown4--,dye the bottom colour with #a lb4 ,oxydiamine black ,d1 #a lb4 ,diamine brown ,m and #a lb4 ,oxydiamine violet ,b2 the topping is done with #d oz4 ,safranine1 #b oz4 ,new methylene blue ,n and #b oz4 ,chrysoidine4 ,dyeing of ,plain ,black4--,diamine blacks find a very extensive application for dyeing blacks on satin1 either dyed direct in one bath1 or dyed1 diazotised and developed4 ,union black ,s and ,oxydiamine black ,d are particularly suitable for direct blacks1 and are used either alone or in a combination with ,diamine jet black ,s ,s1 which produces a better covering of the silk1 or with ,oxydiamine black ,s ,o ,o ,o1 which deepens the shade of the cotton4 ,according to the shade required ,diamine fast yellow ,a and ,b1 ,diamine green ,b or ,g1 or ,alkaline blue may be used for shading4 ,dye for about one hour at about #age to #aie ,f4 in as concentrated a bath as possible1 with about #g to #h lb4 dye per #ajj lb4 of satin1 #h to #af oz4 ,glauber's salt and #e to #h oz4 soap per #aj gallons dye liquor2 keep cool in the bath for some time and rinse4 ,the raising is either done in a tepid soap bath with the addition of some new methylene blue1 or in an acid bath to which ,naphthol1 blue black1 ,acid green1 etc41 is added for shading the silk4 ,direct dyed blacks are especially suitable for cheap goods 7ribbons1 light linings1 etc471 for which special fastness to water is not required2 also for tram and tussar silk plushes1 which are afterwards topped with logwood4 ,if greater fastness is required1 and more especially if it is a case of replacing aniline black1 ,diaminogene diazotised and developed is a good dye-stuff4 ,it is extensively used for dyeing umbrella cloths and linings4 ,against aniline black it has the great advantage of not tendering the fibre in the least1 and not turning green during storage4 ,diaminogene ,b and ,diaminogene extra are mostly used for this purpose1 the former for jet blacks1 the latter for blue-black shades4 ,proceed as follows3 ,enter the boiled off and acidulated goods in a boiling bath as concentrated as possible1 charged with #af oz4 ,glauber's salt per #aj gallons liquor1 and #a lb4 acetic acid per #ajj lb4 dry goods4 ,for jet black add for #ajj lb4 satin1 #f to #h lb4 ,diaminogene1 #a to #b lb4 ,naphthylamine black ,d1 #a_/b to #a lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a or ,diamine green ,b2 for very deep shades about #a_/e of the quantity of ,diaminogene ,b may be replaced with ,diamine jet black ,s ,s4 ,for blue black1 #f to #h lb4 ,diaminogene ,b1 or #c to #d lb4 ,diaminogene ,b1 and #c to #d lb4 ,diaminogene extra4 ,dye for three-quarters to one hour at the boil1 allow to cool in the bath for about thirty minutes1 then rinse1 diazotise and develop4 ,phenylene diamine 7#ic per cent47 serves for developing jet blacks mixed with resorcine for greenish shades4 ,beta-naphthol is used for blue blacks 7#a lb4 #e oz4 per #ajj lb4 of dry material1 dissolved in its own weight of soda lye1 #ge ,tw474 ,the three developers may also be mixed with each other in any proportions4 ,after developing soap hot with addition of new methylene blue1 by choosing a reddish or a bluish brand of new methylene1 blue and black may be shaded at will in the soap bath2 finally rinse and raise with acetic acid4 ,if properly carried out this process will give a black almost equal to aniline black2 but having1 as already mentioned1 the advantage of not impairing the strength of the fibre1 and not turning green during storage4 ,as the dye-baths for blacks are charged with a proportionately high percentage of dye-stuff for the first bath1 and will not exhaust completely1 it is advisable to preserve them for further use4 ,for subsequent lots only two-thirds to three-fourths of the quantities of dye-stuffs used for the first baths are required1 which fact has to be taken into consideration when calculating the cost of dyeing4 ,dyeing ,shot ,effects on ,satin4--,not all direct colours are equally well adapted for the production of shot effects2 those enumerated in ,group ,i4 are most suitable for the purpose1 and should be dyed with a larger quantity of soap than is usual for solid shades1 in order to leave the silk as little tinted as possible4 ,dye-stuffs of the other groups may be used if the dyeing is conducted with proper care1 i4e41 keeping the baths more alkaline and lowering the temperature4 ,the goods are dyed with the addition for the two coloured effects previously mentioned1 then they are well rinsed1 and afterwards the silk is dyed with the suitable acid dye-stuffs1 with addition of sulphuric acid at a temperature of about #aej ,f4 ,care should be taken not to use too much acid1 and to keep the temperature of the bath sufficiently low1 as otherwise the acid may cause some of the dye-stuff to go off the cotton and tint the silk4 ,it is best to work at a temperature of about #aej ,f41 with addition of about #c oz4 concentrated sulphuric acid per #aj gallons dye-liquor4 ,for shading the silk all acid dye-stuffs can be used which have been mentioned in the foregoing tables4 ,if in shot effects the cotton is to be dyed bright and full shades1 this is best achieved by dyeing with direct colours first1 and then topping with basic colours as follows3-- ,bottom the cotton first with the suitable direct colours1 then dye the silk and then treat the pieces for about two hours in a cold tannin bath 7about #h oz4 tannin per #aj gallons of water71 then rinse once and pass through a tartar emetic bath 7about #c oz4 per #aj gallons71 rinse thoroughly and dye the cotton to shade with basic colours in a cold bath to which some acetic acid has been added4 ,should the silk become a little dull after this process1 this may be remedied by a slight soaping4 ,after dyeing rinse well and raise with acetic acid4 ,shot ,effects with ,black ,cotton ,warp4--,effects much in favour are designs composed of black cotton and light or coloured silk4 ,the most suitable black dye for this purpose is ,diamine black ,b ,h1 diazotised and developed4 ,dye in as concentrated a bath as possible at about #afj ,f4 with about #f lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 pat41 per #ajj lb4 of dry goods1 #a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c1 pat41 with an addition of #f-a_/b oz4 soap1 #d to #e dr4 soda per #aj gallons liquor1 #af oz4 ,glauber's salt4 ,after dyeing rinse well in a bath containing #f dr4 soda and #c oz4 soap per #aj gallons water1 diazotised in a fresh bath with #d lb4 nitrite of soda and #ab lb4 hydrochloric acid 7per #ajj lb4 of dry goods71 rinse thoroughly and develop with #c to #af oz4 phenylene diamine 7#ic per cent471 with addition of #a to #b lb4 soda4 ,these two operations should follow each other as quickly as possible1 also care has to be taken that the diazotised goods are not exposed to direct sunlight or heat1 which causes unlevel dyeings4 ,the silk is then cleaned as far as possible by hot soaping1 and dyed at about #abj to #adj ,f41 with acid dye-stuffs and the addition of sulphuric acid4 ,after dyeing rinse as usual and brighten4 ,yellow and ,violet1--,dye the cotton with #b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 the silk with #a lb4 ,cyanole extra1 and #a lb4 ,forinyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,black and ,blue4--,dye the cotton with #e lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 and #a_/d lb4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c4 ,after dyeing1 diazotise and develop with phenylene diamine as described above4 ,then dye the silk with #a_/b lb4 ,pure soluble blue and #a lb4 ,cyanole extra4 ,black and ,crimson4--,dye the black as in the previous recipe1 then dye the silk with #b lb4 ,brilliant croceine #c ,b and #a_/b lb4 ,rhodamine ,s4 ,blue and ,gold4--,dye the cotton with #b lb4 ,diamine sky blue and the silk with #a lb4 ,fast yellow ,s4 ,dark ,blue and ,green4--,dye the cotton with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine black ,b ,h1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine sky blue and #a_/b lb4 ,diamine azo blue #b ,r2 the silk with #b lb4 ,naphthol yellow ,s and #a lb4 ,new methylene blue ,g ,g4 ,violet and ,yellow4--,dye the cotton with #b oz4 ,diamine violet ,n and the silk with #a lb4 ,fast yellow ,s4 ,orange and ,violet4--,dye the cotton with #b lb4 ,diamine orange ,d ,c and the silk with #a lb4 ,formyl violet ,s #d ,b4 ,dark ,blue and ,olive4--,dye the cotton with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamineral blue ,r and #a_/b lb4 ,diamine azo blue #b ,r1 and the silk with #a lb4 ,naphthol yellow ,b and #a lb4 ,orange ,g ,g4 ,green and ,pink4--,dye the cotton with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a and #a_/d lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 and the silk with #a lb4 ,erythrosine ,b4 ,brown and ,blue4--,dye the cotton with #c lb4 ,mikado brown #b ,b1 and the silk with #a_/b lb4 ,pure blue4 ,it is quite possible to produce two coloured effects containing blue in one bath by using ,alkali blue as a constituent with a direct dye which works only on to the cotton1 the alkali blue going on to the silk1 as1 for example1 in the following recipes3-- ,orange and ,blue4--,the dye-bath is made with #c lb4 ,mikado orange #e ,r ,o and #a-a_/d lb4 ,alkali blue #f ,b4 ,after the dyeing the goods are rinsed1 then passed through a bath of #a-a_/b lb4 sulphuric acid in #aj gallons water1 washed well and dried4 ,olive and ,blue4--,the dye-bath is made with #a-a_/b lb4 ,diamine fast yellow ,a1 #b-a_/b lb4 ,diamine orange ,,dc1 #a_/d lb4 ,diamine sky blue1 and #a lb4 ,alkali blue #f ,b1 ,after dyeing rinse1 then acidulate as above and wash well4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,operations ,,following ,,dyeing4 ,,washing1 ,,soaping1 ,,drying4 ,after loose cotton or wool1 or cotton and woollen yarns1 or piece goods of every description have been dyed1 before they can be sent out for sale they have to pass through various operations of a purifying character4 ,there are some operations through which cloths pass that have as their object the imparting of a certain appearance and texture to them1 generally known as finishing processes2 of these it is not intended here to speak1 but only of those which precede these1 but follow on the dyeing operations4 ,these processes are usually of a very simple character1 and common to most colours which are dyed1 and here will be noticed the appliances and manipulation necessary in the carrying out of these operations4 ,squeezing or ,wringing4--,it is advisable when the goods are taken out of the dye-bath to squeeze or wring them according to circumstances1 in order to press out all surplus dye-liquor1 which can be returned to the dye-bath if needful to be used again4 ,this is an economical proceeding in many cases1 especially in working with many of the old tannin materials like sumac1 divi-divi1 myrobolams1 and the modern direct dyes which in the dyeing operations are not completely extracted out of the bath1 or in other words1 the dye-bath is not exhausted of colouring matter1 and1 therefore1 it can be used again for another lot of goods1 simply by adding fresh material to make up for that absorbed by the first lot of goods4 ,loose wool and loose cotton are somewhat difficult to deal with by squeezing or wringing1 but the material may be passed through a pair of squeezing rollers1 such as are shown in ,fig4 #ca1 which will be more fully dealt with later on4 ,the machine shown is made by ,messrs ,read ,holliday ,sons4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,squeezing ,rollers4 ,yarns in ,hanks4--,in the hank-dyeing process the hanks are wrung by placing one end of the hank on a wringing horse placed over the dye-tub1 a dye stick on the other end of the hank giving two or three sharp pulls to straighten out the yarn1 and then twisting the stick round1 the twisting of the yarns puts some pressure on the fibres1 thoroughly and uniformly squeezing out the surplus liquor from the yarn4 ,hank-wringing ,machines4--,several forms of hank-wringing machines have been devised4 ,one machine consists of a pair of discs fitted on an axle2 these discs carry strong hooks on which the hanks are placed4 ,the operator places a hank on a pair of the hooks4 ,the discs revolve and carry round the hank1 during the revolution the hank is twisted and the surplus liquor wrung out1 when the revolution of the discs carries the hank to the spot where it entered the machine the hooks fly back to their original position1 the hank unwinds1 it is then removed and a new hank put in its place1 and so the machine works on1 hanks being put on and off as required4 ,the capacity of such a machine is great1 and the efficiency of its working good4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,spencer of ,whitefield makes a hank-wringing machine which consists of a pair of hooks placed over a vat4 ,one of the hooks is fixed1 the other is made to rotate4 ,a hank hung between the hooks is naturally twisted1 and all the surplus liquor wrung out4 ,the liquor falling into the vat4 ,roller ,squeezing ,machines for ,yarn4--,hanks may be passed through a pair of indiarubber squeezing rollers1 which may be so arranged that they can be fixed as required on the dye-bath4 ,such a pair of rollers is a familiar article1 and quite common and in general use in dye houses4 ,piece ,goods4--,these are generally passed open through a pair of squeezing rollers which are often attached to the dye-vat in which the pieces are dyed4 ,read ,holliday's ,squeezing ,machine4--,in ,fig4 #ca is shown a squeezing machine very largely employed for squeezing all kinds of piece goods and cotton warps after dyeing or washing4 ,it consists of a pair of heavy rollers on which1 by means of the screws shown at the top1 a very considerable pressure can be brought to bear4 ,the piece is run through the eye shown on the left1 by which it is made into a rope form1 then over the guiding rollers and between the squeezing rollers1 and into waggons for conveyance to other machines4 ,this machine is effective4 ,another plan on which roller1 or rather in this case disc1 squeezing machines is made1 is to make the bottom roller with a square groove in the centre1 into this fits a disc1 the cloth passing between them4 ,the top disc can by suitable screws be made to press upon the cloth in the groove1 and thus squeeze the water out of it4 ,washing4--,one of the most important operations following that of dyeing is the washing with water to free the goods1 whether cotton or woollen1 from all traces of loose dye1 acids1 mordanting materials1 etc41 which it is not desirable should be left in1 as they might interfere with the subsequent finishing operations4 ,for this purpose a plentiful supply of good clean water is required2 this should be as soft as possible1 free from any suspended matter which might settle upon the dyed goods1 and stain or speck them4 ,washing may be done by hand1 as it frequently was in olden days1 by simply immersing the dyed fabrics in a tub of water1 shaking1 then wringing out1 again placing in fresh water to finish off4 ,or if the dye-works were on the banks of a running stream of clean water the dyed goods were simply hung in the stream to be washed in a very effectual manner4 ,in these days it is best to resort to washing machines adapted to deal with the various kinds of fibrous materials and fabrics in which they can be subjected to a current of water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,yarn-washing ,machine4 ,loose ,wool and ,cotton4--,if this has been dyed by hand then the washing may also be done in the same way by hand in a plain vat4 ,if the dyeing has been done on a machine1 then the washing can be done on the same machine4 ,yarns4--,yarn in the cop form is best washed in the machine in which it is dyed4 ,yarns in ,hanks4--,a very common form of washing machine is shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,as will be seen it consists of a wooden vat1 over which are arranged a series of revolving reels on which the hanks are hung4 ,the hanks are kept in motion through the water1 and so every part of the yarn is thoroughly washed4 ,guides keep the hanks of yarn separate and prevent any entanglement one with another4 ,a pipe delivers constantly a current of clean water1 while another pipe carries away the used water4 ,motion is given to the reels in this case by a donkey engine attached to the machine1 but it may also be driven by a belt from the main driving shaft of the works4 ,this machine is very effective4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,dye-house ,washing ,machine4 ,piece ,goods4--,piece goods are mostly washed in machines1 of which two broad types may be recognised2 first1 those where the pieces are dealt with in the form of ropes in a twisted form1 and1 second1 those where the pieces are washed open4 ,there are some machines in which the cloths may be treated either in the open or rope form as may be thought most desirable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,cloth-washing ,machine4 ,fig4 #cc represents a fairly well-known machine1 made by ,messrs4 ,mather ,platt1 in which the pieces are treated in a rope-like form4 ,it consists of a trough in which a constant current of water is maintained4 ,at one end of this trough is a square beating roller1 at the other a wooden lattice roller4 ,above the square beater1 and out of the trough1 are a pair of rollers whose purpose is to draw the cloth through the machine and also partly to act as squeezing rollers4 ,as will be seen the cloth is threaded in rope form spirally round the rollers1 passing in at one end and out at the other1 pegs in a guide rail serving to keep the various portions separate4 ,the square beater in its revolutions has a beating action on the cloth tending to more effectual washing4 ,the lattice roller is simply a guide roller4 ,fig4 #cd shows a washing machine very largely used in the wool-dyeing trade4 ,the principal portion of this machine is of wood4 ,the internal parts consist of a large wooden bowl1 or oftener1 as in the machine under notice1 of a pair of wooden bowls which are pressed together by springs with some small degree of force4 ,between these bowls the cloth is placed1 more or less loosely twisted up in a rope form1 and the machines are made to take four1 six or eight pieces1 or lengths of pieces1 at one time1 the ends of the pieces being stitched together4 ,a pipe running along the front of the machine conveys a constant current of clean water which is caused to impinge in the form of jets on the pieces of cloth as they run through the machine1 while an overflow carries away the used water4 ,the goods are run in this machine until they are considered to be sufficiently washed1 which may take half to one and a half hours4 ,in ,fig4 #ce is shown a machine designed to wash pieces in the broad or open state4 ,the machine contains a large number of guide rollers1 built more or less open1 round which the pieces are guided--the ends of the pieces being stitched together4 ,pipes carrying water are so arranged that jets of clean water impinge on and thoroughly wash the cloth as it passes through--the construction of the guide rollers facilitating the efficient washing of the goods4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,cloth-washing ,machine4 ,soaping4--- ,sometimes yarns or cloths have to be passed through a soap bath after being dyed in order to brighten up the colours or develop them in some way4 ,in the case of yarns this can be done on the reel washing machine such as is shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,in the case of piece goods1 a continuous machine1 in which the washing1 soaping1 etc41 can be carried on simultaneously1 is often employed4 ,such a machine is shown in ,fig4 #cf4 ,it consists of a number of compartments fitted with guide rollers so that the cloth passes up and down several times through the liquors in the compartments4 ,between one compartment and another is placed a pair of squeezing rollers4 ,the cloth is threaded in a continuous manner1 well shown in the drawing1 through the machine4 ,in one compartment it is treated with water1 in another soap liquor1 in another water1 and so on2 and these machines may be made with two1 three or more compartments as may be necessary for the particular work in hand4 ,as seen in the drawing1 the cloth passes in at one end and out at the other finished4 ,it is usually arranged that a continuous current of the various liquors used flows through the various compartments1 thus ensuring the most perfect treatment of the cloths4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,washing and ,soaping ,vats4 ,steaming4--,sometimes it becomes necessary to subject dyed goods to a process of steaming1 as1 for instance1 with steam aniline blacks1 khaki shades1 alizarine reds1 etc41 for the purpose of more fully developing and fixing the dye upon the fibre4 ,in the case of yarns1 this operation is carried out in the steaming cottage1 one form of which is shown in ,fig4 #cg4 ,it consists of a horizontal cylindrical iron vessel like a steam boiler1 one end is entirely closed1 while the other is made to open and be closed tightly and hermetically4 ,the cottage is fitted with the necessary steam inlet and outlet pipes1 drain pipes for condensed water1 pressure gauges4 ,the yarn to be steamed is hung on rods placed on a skeleton frame waggon on wheels which can be run in and out of the steaming cottage as is required4 ,the drawing shows well the various important parts of the machine4 ,in the case of piece goods these also can be hung from rods in folds on such a waggon1 but it is much more customary to employ a continuous steaming chamber1 very similar to the ageing and oxidising machine shown in ,fig4 #ch1 and also used in the dyeing of aniline black4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,steaming ,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,steaming and ,ageing ,chamber4 ,drying4--,following on the washing comes the final operation of the dyeing process1 that of drying the dyed and washed goods4 ,textile fabrics of all kinds after they have passed through dye-baths1 washing machines1 etc41 contain a large amount of water1 often exceeding in weight that of the fibre itself1 and to take the goods direct from the preceding operations to the drying plant means that a considerable amount of fuel must be expended to drive off this large amount of water4 ,it is therefore very desirable that the goods be freed from as much of this water as possible before they are sent into any drying chambers1 and this may be done in three ways1 by wringing1 squeezing and hydro-extracting4 ,the first two methods have already been described 7p4 #bci1 etc47 and need not again be alluded to2 the last needs some account4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,hydro-extractor4 ,hydro-extractors are a most efficient means for extracting water out of textile fabrics4 ,they are made in a variety of forms by several makers4 ,essentially they consist of a cylindrical vessel1 or basket1 as it is called1 with perforated sides so constructed that it can be revolved at a high speed4 ,this vessel is enclosed in an outer cage4 ,the goods are placed in the basket1 as it is termed1 and then this is caused to revolve at high speed1 when centrifugal action comes into play1 and the water contained in the goods finds its way to the outside of the basket through the perforations1 and so away from the goods4 ,hydro-extractors are made in a variety of sizes and forms--in some the driving gear is above1 in others below the basket2 in some the driving is done by belt-gearing1 in others a steam engine is directly connected with the basket4 ,figs4 #ci and #dj show two forms which are much in use in the textile industry4 ,they are very efficient1 and extract water from textile goods more completely than any other means1 as will be obvious from a study of the table below4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,hydro-extractor4 ,the relative efficiency of the three systems of extracting the moisture out of textile fabrics has been investigated by ,grothe1 who gives in his ,appretur der ,gewebe1 published in #ahhb1 the following table showing the percentage amount of water removed in fifteen minutes3-- ,yarns4 ,wool4 ,silk4 ,cotton4 ,linen4 ,wringing #dd4e #de4d #de4c #ej4c ,squeezing #fj4j #ga4d #fj4j #gc4f ,hydro-extracting #hc4e #gg4j #ha4b #hb4h ,pieces4 ,wringing #cc4d #dd4e #dd4e #ed4f ,squeezing #fd4j #fi4g #gb4b #hc4j ,hydro-extracting #gg4h #ge4e #hb4c #hf4j ,in the practical working of hydro-extractors it is of the utmost importance that the goods be carefully and regularly laid in the basket--not too much in one part and too little in another4 ,any unevenness in this respect at the speed at which they are driven lays such a strain on the bearings as to seriously endanger the safety of the machine4 ,after being wrung1 squeezed or hydro-extracted the goods are ready to be dried4 ,in the case of yarns1 this may be done in rooms heated by steam pipes placed on the floor1 the hanks being hung on rods suspended from racks arranged for the purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,automatic ,yarn-dryer4 ,where large quantities of yarn have to be dried1 it is most economical to employ a yarn-drying machine1 and one form of such is shown in ,fig4 #da4 ,the appearance of the machine is that of one long room from the outside2 internally it is divided into compartments1 each of which is heated up by suitably arranged steam pipes1 but the degree of heating in each compartment varies--at the entrance end it is high1 at the exit end lower4 ,the yarn is fed in at one end1 being hung on rods1 and by suitable gearing it is carried directly through the various chambers or sections1 and in its passage the heat to which it is subjected drives off the water it contains4 ,the yarn requires no attention from the time it passes in wet at the one end of the machine and comes out dry at the other end4 ,the amount of labour required is slight1 only that represented by filling the sticks with wet yarn and emptying them of the dried yarn4 ,the machine works regularly and well4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,truck ,yarn-dryer4 ,the drying is accomplished by circulating heated air through the yarns1 this heating being effected by steam coils1 fresh air continually enters the chambers1 while water-saturated air is as continually being taken out at the top of the chamber4 ,one of the great secrets in all drying operations is to have a constant current of fresh hot air playing on the goods to be dried2 this absorbs the moisture they contain1 and the water-charged air thus produced must be taken away as quickly as possible4 ,illustration3 ,,fig #dc4--;,drying ,cylinders4 ,fig4 #db shows what is called a truck yarn-dryer1 which consists of a chamber heated with steam pipes and fitted with an exhausting fan to draw out the air and water vapour which is produced4 ,the yarns are hung on trucks which can be run in and out of the chamber for filling and emptying4 ,piece ,goods4--,the most convenient manner of drying piece goods is to employ the steam cylinder drying machine1 such as is shown in ,fig4 #dc4 ,this consists of a number of hollow tin or copper cylinders which can be heated by steam passing in through the axles of the cylinders1 which are made hollow on purpose4 ,the cloth to be dried passes round these cylinders1 which revolve while the cloth passes4 ,they work very effectually4 ,the cylinders are arranged sometimes1 as in the drawing1 vertically2 at other times horizontally4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,testing ,,of ,,the ,,colour ,,of ,,dyed ,,fabrics4 ,it is frequently desirable that dyers should be able to ascertain with some degree of accuracy what dyes have been used to dye any particular samples of dyed cloth that has been offered to them to match4 ,in these days of the thousand and one different dyes that are known it is by no means an easy thing to do2 and when1 as is most often the case1 two or three dye-stuffs have been used in the production of a shade1 the difficulty is materially increased4 ,the only available method is to try the effect of various acid and alkaline reagents on the sample1 noting whether any change of colour occurs1 and judging accordingly4 ,it would be a good thing for dyers to accustom themselves to test the dyeings they do1 and so accumulate a fund of practical experience which will stand them in good stead whenever they have occasion to examine a dyed pattern of unknown origin4 ,the limits of this book does not permit of there being given a series of elaborate tables showing the action of various chemical reagents on fabrics dyed with various colours2 and such1 indeed1 serve very little purpose1 for it is most difficult to describe the minor differences which often serve to distinguish one colour from another4 ,instead of doing so1 we will point out in some detail the methods of carrying out the various tests1 and advise all dyers to carry these out for themselves on samples dyed with known colours1 and when they have an unknown colour to test to make tests comparatively with known colours that they think are likely to have been used in the production of the dyed fabric they are testing4 ,one very common method is to spot the fabric1 that is1 to put a drop of the reagent on it1 usually with the end of the stopper of the reagent bottle1 and to observe the colour changes1 if any1 which ensue4 ,this is a very useful test and should not be omitted1 and it is often employed in the testing of indigo dyed goods with nitric acid1 those of logwood with hydrochloric acid1 alizarine with caustic soda1 and many others4 ,it is simple and easy to carry out1 and only takes a few minutes4 ,to make a complete series of tests of dyed fabrics there should be provided the following reagents3-- #a4 ,strong sulphuric acid1 as bought4 #b4 ,dilute sulphuric acid1 being the strong acid diluted with twenty times its volume of water4 #c4 ,concentrated hydrochloric acid4 #d4 ,dilute hydrochloric acid1 #a acid to #bj water4 #e4 ,concentrated nitric acid4 #f4 ,dilute nitric acid1 #a acid to #bj water4 #g4 ,acetic acid4 #h4 ,caustic soda solution1 #e grams in #ajj c4c4 water4 #i4 ,ammonia 7strong74 #aj4 ,dilute ammonia1 #a strong ammonia to #aj water4 #aa4 ,carbonate of soda solution1 #f grams in #ajj c4c4 water4 #ab4 ,bleaching powder solution1 #b ,tw4 #ac4 ,bisulphite of soda1 #gb ,tw4 #ad4 ,stannous chloride1 #aj grams crystals in #ajj c4c4 water1 with a little hydrochloric acid4 #ae4 ,methylated spirit4 ,small swatches of the dyed goods are put in clean porcelain basins1 and some of these solutions poured over them4 ,any change of colour of the cloth is noted1 as well as whether any colour is imparted to the solutions4 ,after making observations of the effects in the cold the liquids may be warmed and the results again noted4 ,after being treated with the acids the swatches should be well washed with water1 when the original colour may be wholly or partially restored4 ,to give tables showing the effects of these reagents on the numerous dyes now known would take up too much room and not serve a very useful purpose1 as such tables1 if too much relied on1 leave the operator somewhat uncertain as to what he has before him4 ,the reader will find in ,hurst's ,dictionary of ,coal-tar ,colours some useful notes as to the action of acids and alkalies on the various colours that may be of service to him4 ,alizarine and the series of dye-stuffs to which it has given its name1 fustic1 cochineal1 logwood and other dyes of a similar class require the fabric to be mordanted1 and the presence of such mordant is occasionally an indirect proof of the presence of these dyes4 ,to detect these mordants1 a piece of the swatch should be burnt in a porcelain or platinum crucible over a ,bunsen burner1 care being taken that all carbonaceous matter be burnt off4 ,a white ash will indicate the presence of alumina mordants1 red ash that of iron mordants1 and a greenish ash chrome mordants4 ,to confirm these the following chemical tests may be applied3 ,boil the ash left in the crucible with a little strong hydrochloric acid and dilute with water4 ,pass a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through the solution2 if there be any tin present a brown precipitate of tin sulphide will be obtained4 ,this can be filtered off4 ,the filtrate is boiled for a short time with nitric acid1 and ammonia is added to the solution when alumina is thrown down as a white gelatinous precipitate2 iron is thrown down as a brown red bulky precipitate2 while chrome is thrown down as a greyish-looking gelatinous precipitate4 ,the precipitate obtained with the ammonia is filtered off1 and a drop of ammonium sulphide added1 when any zinc present will be thrown down as white precipitate of zinc sulphide3 to the filtrate from this ammonium oxalate may be added1 when if lime is present a white precipitate of calcium oxalate is obtained4 ,a test for iron is to dissolve some of the ash in a little hydrochloric acid1 and add a few drops of potassium ferrocyanide solution1 when if any iron be present a blue precipitate will be obtained4 ,to make more certain of the presence of chrome1 heat a little of the ash of the cloth with caustic soda and chlorate of soda in a porcelain crucible until well fused1 then dissolve in water1 acidify with acetic acid and add lead acetate2 a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of chrome4 ,a book on qualitative chemical analysis should be referred to for further details and tests for metallic mordants4 ,the fastness of colours to light1 air1 rubbing1 washing1 soaping1 acids and alkalies is a feature of some considerable importance4 ,there are indeed few colours that will resist all these influences1 and such are fully entitled to be called fast4 ,the decree of fastness varies very considerably4 ,some colours will resist acids and alkalies well1 but are not fast to light and air2 some will resist washing and soaping1 but are not fast to acids2 ,some may be fast to light1 but are not so to washing4 ,the following notes will show how to test these features3-- ,fastness to ,light and ,air4--,this is simply tested by hanging a piece of the dyed cloth in the air1 keeping a piece in a drawer to refer to1 so that the influence on the original colour can be noted from time to time4 ,if the piece is left out in the open one gets not only the effect of light but also that of climate on the colour1 and there is no doubt wind1 rain1 hail and snow have some influence on the fading of the colour4 ,if the piece is exposed under glass1 the climatic influences do not come into play1 and one gets the effect of light alone4 ,in making tests of fastness1 the dyer will and does pay due regard to the character of the influences that the material will be subjected to in actual use1 and these vary very considerably2 thus the colour of underclothing need not be fast to light1 for it is rarely subjected to that agent of destruction4 ,on the other hand it must be fast to washing1 for that is an operation to which underclothing is subjected week by week4 ,window curtains are much exposed to light and air1 and1 therefore1 colours in which they are dyed should be fast to light and air4 ,on the other hand these curtains are rarely washed1 and so the colour need not be quite fast to washing4 ,and so with other kinds of fabrics1 there are scarcely two kinds which are subjected to the same influences1 and require the colours to have the same degree of fastness4 ,the fastness to rubbing is generally tested by rubbing the dyed cloth on a piece of white paper4 ,fastness to ,washing4--,this is generally tested by boiling a swatch of the cloth in a solution of soap containing #d grams of a good neutral curd soap per litre for ten minutes and noting the effect--whether the soap solution becomes coloured and to what degree1 or whether it remains colourless1 and also whether the colour of the swatch has changed at all4 ,one very important point in connection with the soaping test is whether a colour will run into a white fabric that may be soaped along with it4 ,this is tested by twisting strands of the dyed yarn or cloth with white yarn or cloth and boiling them in the soap liquor for ten minutes and then noting the effect1 particularly observing whether the white pieces have taken up any colour4 ,fastness to acids and fastness to alkalies is observed while carrying out the various acid and alkali tests given above4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,experimental ,,dyeing ,,and ,,comparative ,,dye ,,testing4 ,every dyer ought to be able to make experiments in the mordanting and dyeing of textile fibres for the purpose of ascertaining the best methods of applying mordants or dye-stuffs1 the best methods of obtaining any desired shade1 and for the purpose of making comparative tests of dyes or mordanting materials with the object of determining their strength and value4 ,this is not by any means difficult1 nor does it involve the use of any expensive apparatus1 so that a dyer need not hesitate to set up a small dyeing laboratory for fear of the expense which it might entail4 ,in order to carry out the work indicated above there will be required several pieces of apparatus4 ,first1 a small chemical balance1 one that will carry #ajj grams in each pan is quite large enough2 and such a one1 quite accurate enough for this work1 can be bought for #bes4 to #cjs41 while if the dyer be too poor even for this1 a cheap pair of apothecaries' scales might be used4 ,it is advisable to procure a set of gram weights1 and to get accustomed to them1 which is not a very difficult task4 ,in using the balance always put the substance to be weighed on the left-hand pan1 and the weights on the right-hand pan4 ,never put chemicals of any kind direct on the pan1 but weigh them in a watch glass1 small porcelain basin1 or glass beaker1 which has first been weighed1 according to the nature of the material which is being weighed4 ,the sets of weights are always fitted into a block or box1 and every time they are used they should be put back into their proper place4 ,the experimenter will find it convenient to provide himself with a few small porcelain basins1 glass beakers1 cubic centimetre measures1 two or three #bjj c4c4 flasks with a mark on the neck1 a few pipettes of various sizes1 #aj c4c41 #bj c4c41 #be c4c4 ,the most important feature is the dyeing apparatus4 ,where only a single dye test is to be made1 a small copper or enamelled iron saucepan1 such as can be bought at any ironmonger's1 may be used2 this may conveniently be heated by a gas boiling burner1 such as can also be bought at an ironmonger's or plumber's for #bs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,experimental ,dye-bath4 ,it is1 however1 advisable to have means whereby several dyeing experiments can be made at one time and under precisely the same conditions1 and this cannot be done by using the simple means noted above4 ,to be able to make perfectly comparative dyeing experiments it is best to use porcelain dye-pots--these may be bought from most dealers in chemical apparatus--and to heat them in a water-bath arrangement4 ,the simplest arrangement is sketched in ,fig4 #dd2 it consists of a copper bath measuring #ae inches long by #aj-a_/b inches broad and #f-a_/b inches deep--this is covered by a lid in which are six apertures to take the porcelain dye-baths4 ,the bath is heated by two round gas boiling burners of the type already referred to4 ,the copper bath is filled with water1 which1 on being heated to the boil by the gas burners1 heats up the dye liquids in the dye-pots4 ,the temperature in the dye-pots under such conditions can never reach the boiling point2 where it is desirable1 as in some cases of wool mordanting and dyeing1 that it should boil1 there should be added to the water in the copper bath a quantity of calcium chloride1 which forms a solution that has a much higher boiling point than that of water1 and so the dye liquors in the dye-pots may be heated up to the boil4 ,an objection might be raised that with such an apparatus the temperature in every part of the bath may not be uniform1 and so the temperature of the dye-liquors in the pots may vary also1 and differences of temperature often have a considerable influence on the shade of the colour which is being dyed4 ,this is a minor objection1 which is more academic in its origin than of practical importance4 ,to obviate this ,mr4 ,william ,marshall of the ,rochdale ,technical ,school has devised a circular form of dye-bath1 in which the temperature in every part can be kept quite uniform4 ,the dyeing laboratories of technical schools and colleges are generally provided with a more elaborate set of dyeing appliances4 ,these1 in the latest constructed1 consist of a copper bath supported on a hollow pair of trunnions1 that the bath can be turned over if needed4 ,into the bath are firmly fixed three earthenware or porcelain dye-pots2 steam for heating can be sent through the trunnions4 ,after the dyeing tests have been made the apparatus can be turned over1 and the contents of the dye-pots emptied into a sink which is provided for the purpose4 ,many other pieces of apparatus have been devised and made for the purpose of carrying on dyeing experiments on the small scale1 but it will not be needful to describe these in detail4 ,after all no more efficient apparatus can be desired than that described above4 ,dyeing experiments can be made with either yarns or pieces of cloth--swatches1 as they are commonly called--a very convenient size is a small skein of yarn or a piece of cloth having a weight of #e grams4 ,these test skeins or pieces ought to be well washed in hot water before use1 so that they are clean and free from any size or grease4 ,a little soda or soap will facilitate the cleansing process4 ,in carrying out a dyeing test the dye-pot should be filled with the water required1 using as little as can be consistent with the dye swatch being handled comfortably therein1 then there is added the required mordants1 chemicals1 dyes1 etc41 according to the character of the work which is being done4 ,of such chemicals as soda1 caustic soda1 sodium sulphate 7,glauber's salt71 tartar1 bichromate of potash1 it will be found convenient to prepare stock solutions of known strength1 say #ej grams per litre1 and then by means of a pipette any required quantity can be conveniently added4 ,the same plan might be followed in the case of dyes which are constantly in use1 in this case1 #e grams per litre will be found strong enough4 ,supposing it is desired to make a test of a sample of direct red1 using the following proportions3 #b per cent4 dye-stuff1 #c per cent4 soda1 #ae per cent4 ,glauber's salt1 and the weight of the swatch which is being used is #e grams4 ,the following calculations are to be made to give the quantities of the ingredients required4 ,for the dye-stuff3-- #e 7weight of swatch7 multiplied by #b 7per cent4 of dye7 and divided by #ajj equals-- #e x #b ------- #j4a gram dye #ajj ,for the soda we have similarly3-- #e x #c ------- #j4ae gram soda4 #ajj ,for the ,glauber's salt3-- #e x #ae -------- #j4ge gram ,glauber's salt4 #ajj ,these quantities may be weighed out and added to the dye-bath1 or if solutions are kept1 a calculation can be made as to the number of cubic centimetres which contain the above quantities1 and these measured out and added to the dye-bath4 ,when all is ready1 the bath is heated up1 the swatch entered1 and the work of the test entered upon4 ,students are recommended to make experiments on such points as3-- ,the shades obtained by using various proportions of dye-stuffs4 ,the influence of various assistants--common salt1 soda1 ,glauber's salt1 borax1 phosphate of soda--in the bath4 ,the influence of varying proportions of mordants on the shade of dyeing4 ,the value of various assistants1 tartar1 oxalic acid1 lactic acid1 sulphuric acid1 on the fixation of mordants4 ,the relative value of different tannin matters1 etc4 ,each dyer should make himself a pattern-book into which he should enter his tests1 with full particulars as to how they have been produced at the side4 ,it is important that a dyer should be able to make comparative dye tests to ascertain the relative strength of any two1 or more samples of dyes which may be sent to him4 ,this is not difficult1 but requires considerable care in carrying out the various operations involved4 ,of each of the samples of dyes #j4e gram should be weighed out and dissolved in #ajj c4c4 of water1 care being taken that every portion of the dye is dissolved before any of the solution is used in making up the dye-vats4 ,care should also be taken that the skeins of yarn or swatches of cloth are exactly equal in weight2 that the same volume of water is placed in each of the dye-pots2 that the same amount of sulphate of soda or other dye assistants are added2 that the quantities of dye-stuff and solutions used are equal2 in fact1 that in all respects the conditions of dyeing are exactly the same1 such1 in fact1 being the vital conditions in making comparative dye tests of the actual dyeing strength of several samples of dyes4 ,after the swatches have been dyed they are rinsed and then dried1 when the depth of shade dyed on them may be compared one with another4 ,to prevent any mistakes1 it is well to mark the swatches with one1 two1 three or more cuts as may be required4 ,it is easier to ascertain if two dyes are different in strength of colour than to ascertain the relative difference between them4 ,there are two plans available for this purpose--one is a dyeing test1 the other is a colorimetric test made with the solutions of the dyes4 ,dyeing ,test4--,this method of ascertaining the relative value of two dyes as regards strength of colour is carried out as follows3 ,a preliminary test will show which is stronger than the other4 ,then there is prepared a series of dye-vats--one contains a swatch with the deepest of the two dyes1 which is taken as the standard2 the others1 swatches with the other dye1 but containing #b1 #e and #aj per cent4 more dye-stuff1 and all these swatches are dyed together1 and after drying a comparison can be made between them and the standard swatch and a judgment formed as to the relative strength of the two dyes4 ,a little experience will soon enable the dyer to form a correct judgment of the difference in strength between two samples of dye-stuff4 ,colorimetric ,test4--,this is based on the principle that the colour of a solution of dye-stuff will be proportionate to its strength4 ,two white glass tubes equal in diameter are taken4 ,solutions of the dye-stuff1 #j4e gram in #ajj c4c4 of water1 are prepared1 care being taken that the solution is complete4 ,of one of these solutions #e c4c4 is taken and placed in one of the glass tubes1 and #e c4c4 of the other solution is placed in the other glass tube4 ,of water #be c4c4 is now added to each tube1 and then the colour of the diluted liquids is compared by looking through them in a good light4 ,that sample which gives the deeper solution is the stronger in colouring power4 ,by diluting the stronger solution with water until it is of the same depth of colour as the weaker1 it may be assumed that the depth of the columns of liquid in the two tubes is in proportion to the relative strength of the two samples4 ,thus1 if in one tube there are #cj c4 of liquid and in the other #be c41 then the relative strength is as #cj to #be2 and if the first is taken as the standard at #ajj1 a proportion sum gives #cj 3 #be 3 3 #ajj 3 #hc4c1 that is1 the weaker sample has only #hc4c per cent1 of the strength of the stronger sample4 ,,index4 ,,compiled ,,by ,,miss ,,grace ,,greenwood1 ,b4,a4 7,,lond47 ,a4 ,acetate liquor1 #aij1 #aic4 -- of alumina1 #agj4 -- of chrome1 #ahj4 -- of lead1 #aei4 ,acetic acid1 #agd1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #bbg1 #bca4 ,acid dyes21 #hc1 #aei4 -- dye-stuffs1 topping with1 #bbh4 -- green1 #hd1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bcd4 -- magenta1 #hd4 #bbj4 -- violet1 #bbi4 -- --#f ,b1 #baa1 #bah4 -- yellow1 #bbj4 ,acids1 action of1 on cellulose1 #i4 ,acridine orange ,,no1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,affinity of dye-stuff for fibre1 #aji4 ,albumens1 #d4 ,algarobilla1 #adg1 #adh4 ,alizarine1 #ah1 #aej1 #aeg1 #afi1 #ahj1 #bei4 -- blue1 #agc1 #agd4 -- --paste1 #agd4 -- dyed goods1 test of1 #beh4 -- dyes1 #hd4 -- oil1 #agj4 -- orange1 #agc4 #agd4 -- pink1 #agb4 -- purple1 #agb4 -- red1 #aga1 #bdh4 -- violet1 #agb4 -- yellow ,n1 #ahj4 ,alkali blue ,b1 #bcc4 -- --#c ,b1 #bcc4 -- --#f ,b1 #bag1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bch4 -- yellow ,r1 #bji4 ,alkalies1 action of1 on cotton1 #f4 ,alkaline blue1 #baa1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf4 -- copper solution1 #aif4 ,alpha-naphthol1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,alpha-naphthylamine1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh4 -- claret1 #aig4 ,alum1 #aei1 #afd1 #afe4 #aff1 #afg4 ,alumina1 #aeg4 -- acetate1 #agi4 -- mordants1 #bei4 ,amidazol blacks1 #gi1 #aba1 #agi4 -- black ,g1 #abd1 #abf4 -- brown1 #aba4 -- cachou1 #abg4 -- cutch1 #abf4 -- drab1 #abg4 -- green ,b1 #abg4 -- -- ,y1 #abg4 -- olive1 #aba4 ,amidoazobenzene1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,amido-azo bodies1 #ahc4 -- compounds1 #ahb4 ,amidoazotoluol1 #aih4 -- garnet1 #aih4 ,amido bases1 diazotisation of1 #ahb4 -- groups1 #acj4 ,amido-diphenylamine1 #ahc4 ,amido-phenylamine1 #acc4 ,amines1 #aha4 ,ammonia1 #agd1 #ahj4 -- soda1 #agc4 ,ammoniacal copper1 #ba4 ,ammonium chloride1 #ahj1 #bjg4 ,amyloid1 #ab4 ,aniline1 #ac1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh4 -- black1 #gi1 #bje1 #bcd4 -- grey ,b1 #bbi1 #bca1 #ccc4 -- hydrochloride1 #aha4 -- oil1 #bjf1 #bjg4 -- salt1 #bjg4 ,anisidine1 #ahc4 ,anthracene brown1 #agd4 ,anthrapurpurine1 #aga4 ,antimony fluoride1 #adg4 ---- oxalate1 #adg4 ,appretur der ,gewebe1 #beb4 ,archil substitute ,n1 #bbi4 ,artificial silk1 #ae4 ,atlas red ,r1 #ajb4 ,auramine1 #ah1 #adg1 #aec4 ---- ,g4 #aed4 ---- ,i ,i1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,auroline1 #bji4 ,automatic yarn-dryer1 #bec4 ,azine green1 ,t ,o1 #bca4 ,azo-acid dyes1 #baj4 ---- yellow1 #baa4 ,azo blue1 #he1 #baa4 ---- ---- #b ,r1 #bbh4 ---- compounds1 #ahb4 ---- dyes1 #ah1 #abi1 #aei1 #aha4 ---- mauve4 #ajj1 #baj4 ---- ---- ,a ,m1 #ii1 #ajf4 ---- orseille ,b ,b1 #bbi4 ---- red ,a1 #baa1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbi4 ---- rubine ,a1 #bbi4 ---- scarlet1 #hd4 ---- violet1 #ajj4 ,azophor orange ,m ,n1 #aie4 ---- red ,p ,n1 #aci1 #ada1 #aic1aie4 ,b4 ,barlow kiers1 #cj1 #cb4 ,barwood1 #ah1 #aef1 #agh4 ,basic dyes1 #hc4 ---- ---- topping with1 #ade4 ---- dye-stuffs1 topping with1 #bbh4 ,bast fibre1 #b4 ,bayer developer1 #acc4 ,beaumont's cop-dyeing machine1 #fg4 ,beige1 #afg4 ,benzo azurine1 #aja1 #ajg1 #aab4 ---- ---- ,g1 #ic1 #aja1 #adf1 #bja4 ---- ---- #c ,g1 #baa4 ---- ---- ,r1 #baj4 ---- black blue1 #afd4 ---- blue1 #bbg4 ---- ---- #c ,b1 #id4 ---- ---- black ,g1 #baj4 ---- ---- ,r ,w1 #aae4 ---- brown1 #ib4 ---- ---- ,g1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ---- ---- ,n ,b1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ---- ---- ,n ,b ,x1 #aja4 ---- chrome black blue ,b1 #if1 #aah4 ---- ---- brown ,g1 #aah4 ---- ---- ---- #e ,g1 #aac4 ---- ---- ---- ,r1 #aah4 ---- ---- ---- #b ,r1 #aag4 ---- dyes1 #ah1 #he1 #bjh1 #bbe4 ---- fast grey1 #ajb4 ---- ---- scarlet #d ,b ,s1 #ajg4 ---- green1 ,b ,b1 #ic4 ---- ---- ,g1 #ib1 #ade4 ,benzo-nitrol black ,b1 #adb4 ---- brown ,g1 #add4 ---- dark brown ,n1 #add4 ---- developer1 #ada4 ---- dyes1 #aci4 ,benzo olive1 #ib4 ---- orange ,r1 #hg1 #ib4 ---- purpurine1 #he1 #aja1 #ajg4 ---- ---- ,b1 #ajj1 #baj4 ---- ---- #d ,b1 #hg1 #hi1 #baj1 #bag4 ---- ---- #f ,b1 #adf4 ---- ---- #aj ,b1 #baj1 #bag4 ,beta-naphthol1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aif1 #bce4 ,beta-naphthylamine1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ---- red1 #aif4 ,bichromate of potash1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agg1 #agi1 #aha4 ---- of soda1 #bjf4 ,biebrich orange1 #abh4 ---- scarlet1 #abh4 ,birch's sewing machine1 #be4 ---- washing machine1 #cf4 ,bismarck brown1 #adf1 #adg1 #aec1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ---- ---- ,f ,f1 #bca4 ,bisulphate of soda1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,black1 #ajd1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb1 #add1 #aff1 #bad1 #bae1 #bag4 ---- and blue shot1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ---- and crimson shot dyes1 #bcg4 ---- and green blue shot1 #bbb4 ---- and pink shot1 #bbc4 ---- and yellow shot1 #bbc4 ---- blue1 #aaf4 ---- brown1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aah1 #acf1 #ach4 ---- dyeing of1 #bcd4 ---- iron liquor1 #afe4 ,bleaching of cotton1 #bd4 -- of fine fabrics1 #db4 -- of yarn1 #dc4 ,blue1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #aae1 #abe1 #abf1 #acj1 #acf1 #ade1 #adf1 #aee4 -- and gold shot dyes1 #bcg4 -- and gold yellow shot1 #bbb4 -- and orange shot1 #bbd4 -- black1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #aed1 #baf1 #bai4 -- developer ,a1 #acj4 -- -- ,,an1 #acd4 -- green1 #aad4 -- grey1 #aje4 ,bluestone1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #agh4 ,bluish claret red1 #ahg4 -- rose1 #aec4 ,borax1 #hf1 #ahj1 #bba4 ,brazil wood1 #hd1 #aef1 #agh1 #agi4 ,bridson's washing machine1 #cf4 ,bright blue1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #ade1 #aea1 #bae1 #bag1 #bcj4 -- crimson1 #bcb4 -- grass green1 #ic4 -- green1 #adf1 #aea4 -- grey1 #ajf4 -- navy1 #aae1 #aaf4 -- olive yellow1 #bcb4 -- orange1 #ib4 -- pea green1 #id4 -- pink1 #ij4 -- red1 #hg1 #ade4 -- --lilac1 #ii4 -- rose1 #bcj4 -- scarlet1 #hi1 #acj1 #ahf4 -- sea green1 #aea4 -- straw1 #ij4 -- violet1 #bca4 -- walnut1 #adc4 -- yellow1 #ij1 #adc1 #aed1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbi4 ,brilliant azurine ,b1 #adf4 -- --#e ,g1 #ig1 #baa4 -- cochineal #d ,r1 #bbb4 -- ,congo ,r1 #baj4 -- croceine1 #bbi4 -- -- #c ,b1 #bcg4 -- green1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #aea1 #aed1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc4 -- milling green ,b1 #baa4 -- orange1 #ib4 -- -- ,g1 #ajc1 #bah1 #bcb4 -- orseille ,c1 #bbi4 -- purpurine1 #hg4 -- -- ,r1 #baj4 -- red1 #hh4 -- rhoduline red ,b1 #aea4 -- scarlet1 #baa1 #bbi4 -- -- ,g1 #baa -- violet1 #bca4 -- yellow1 #bcj4 ,bronze green1 #aad1 #bag4 -- grey1 #ajf4 ,brown1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aag1 #abj1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 #add1 #afd1 #agd1 #ahj1 #bah1 #bcb4 -- and blue shot dyes1 #bbb1 #bch4 -- and violet shot1 #bbc4 -- drab1 #ajj4 ,brownish orange1 #ahf4 ,buff brown1 #ajb1 #aah1 #abf1 #ace4 -- yellow1 #ia4 ,c4 ,cachou de laval1 #ajj1 #aba4 ,camwood1 #aef1 #agh4 ,capri blue1 #bcj4 -- green1 #bbi4 -- -- #b ,g1 #bca4 ,carbonate of soda1 #afh1 #bji1 -- of soda lye1 #afh4 ,carbonising of woollen goods1 #ab4 ,catechu1 #ahg4 -- brown1 #aab4 -- -- ,f ,k1 #aag4 -- -- ,g ,k1 #aag4 ,caustic soda1 #ahj4 -- -- liquor1 #ahi4 -- -- lye1 #aif4 ,cellulose1 #e1 #f4 -- di-nitrate1 #ad1 #ae4 -- hexa-nitrate1 #ad4 -- penta-nitrate1 #ad4 -- tetra-nitrate1 #ad4 ,ceruleine1 #ahj4 ,chalk1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,chardonnet's process for making silk1 #ae4 ,chemical reagents1 action of1 #beg4 ,chemicing of cotton1 #cf4 ,chemistry of cotton fibre1 #a4 ,chestnut1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aah1 #adb1 #bai4 ,chicago blue1 #aab1 #bbg4 -- -- ,b1 #aae1 #baj4 -- -- #d ,b1 #aaf1 #baj4 -- -- #f ,b1 #ie1 #ig1 #aad1 #aaf1 #adf1 #baj1 #bag1 #bcb1 #bcc4 -- -- ,r1 #baj4 ,chicago blue ,g1 #baj4 ---- ---- #d ,r1 #ii1 #ajj4 ---- ---- ,r ,w1 #aad1 #aae1 #aai4 ---- dyes1 #he4 ,chloramine yellow1 #bji4 ,chloride of copper1 #ahj4 ---- of lime1 #cg4 ---- of soda1 #bjg4 ,chlorophenine orange ,r1 #ia4 ,chocolate brown1 #ajb1 #adc1 #aee1 #agb4 ,chromanil black ,r ,f1 #abj4 ---- ---- #d ,r ,f1 #aai4 ---- brown #b ,g1 #aai4 ,chrome1 #aeg4 ,chrome-logwood black1 #agg4 ,chrome mordants1 #bei4 ,chromic acid1 #ag4 ,chromine ,g1 #bji4 ,chromium chloride1 #agc4 ---- fluoride1 #aab4 ---- mordant1 #agc4 ,chrysamine1 #he1 #ib1 #aja1 #baj4 ---- ,g1 #ia1 #ic1 #aac1 #aad1 #adf4 ---- ,r1 #ib4 ,chrysoidine1 #adg1 #aea1 #afd1 #bba1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ---- ,r1 #bcb4 ,chrysophenine1 #ij1 #ajj1 #baj1 #bag1 #bcc4 ---- ,g1 #aad1 #aai1 #bcb4 ,ciliary fibres1 #a4 ,claret1 #hi1 #adf4 ---- red1 #agd4 ,clayton yellow1 #baj4 ,cloth-dyeing machine1 #gf4 ,cloth scarlet1 #afj4 -----washing machine1 illustration of1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,cochineal1 #aef1 #bei4 ,coffee brown1 #afe4 ,collodion1 #ae4 ,colorimetric test for relative value of dyes1 #bfh4 ,colouring matter1 #c4 ---- principle of dye-stuff1 #aef4 ,colour lake1 #ah4 ---- lakes1 #aef4 ,columbia black ,b1 #baj1 #bcb4 ---- ---- ,f ,b1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #baj1 #bah4 ---- ---- ,f ,b ,b1 #aje4 ---- ---- ,r1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ---- blue ,g1 #bbd4 ---- green1 #aja1 #adf4 ,columbia orange ,r1 #ia1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ---- red ,s1 #baa4 ---- yellow1 #ia1 #aae1 #bji4 ,comparative dye testing1 #bfb4 ,condensed water1 #bbg4 ,congo blue #b ,b1 #ie4 ---- brown1 #baj4 ---- ---- ,g1 #baj1 #bag1 #bah4 ---- ,corinth1 #bcb4 ---- ---- ,b1 #ii1 #bji1 #baa4 ---- ---- ,g4 #hi1 #baa1 #bag1 #bbd4 ---- dyes1 #ah1 #he1 #bjh1 #bbe4 ---- orange ,g1 #baj4 ---- ---- ,r1 #ib1 #baj4 ---- ,r1 #baj4 ---- red1 #he1 #ajg1 #abh4 ---- rubine1 #hi4 ,continuous dyeing machine1 #gi4 ,cop dyeing1 #fd4 ,cop-dyeing machine1 ,beaumont's1 #fg4 ---- ---- ,graemiger1 #fe1 #ff4 ---- ---- ,mommer's1 #fi4 ---- ---- ,young ,crippin1 #fh4 ,copper acetate1 #agg4 ---- logwood black1 #agg4 ---- nitrate1 #agg4 ---- soda solution1 #ahj4 ---- sulphate1 #aab1 #afd1 #aff1 #agg1 #aha4 ,copperas1 #adg1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agb1 #age1 #agh1 #aha1 #bjj4 ,cornflower blue1 #bah1 #bcc4 ,corron's hank-dyeing machine1 #fc4 ,cotton bleaching1 #bc4 ---- brown ,a1 #bca4 ---- ---- #ia1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #acb1 #acg1 #ach1 #add1 #bbh4 ---- dyeing1 #ah4 ---- fibre1 #b4 ---- ---- illustration of1 #e4 ---- ---- impurities of1 #c4 ---- ---- structure of1 #d4 ---- ---- structure and chemistry of1 #a4 ---- fibres1 composition of1 #e4 ---- ---- production of colour direct on1 #aha4 ---- scouring1 #bc4 ,cotton-silk fabrics1 dyeing of1 #bbe4 ,cotton wax1 #c4 ---- yellow1 #ajj1 #baj4 ,coupling process1 #aci4 ,cream1 #ia4 ,cresyl blue1 #bbi4 -- fast violet #b ,,rn1 #bcb4 -- violet1 #bbi4 ,crimson1 #acj1 #ace1 #aea1 #aee1 #bag1 #bai1 #bcj4 -- red1 #hh1 #acj4 ,croceine ,,az1 #bbc4 -- orange1 #abh1 #baa4 -- scarlet1 #abh1 #afj4 ,cross-dye black1 #gi1 #ajg1 #aba4 -- -- ,b1 #abc4 -- -- #b;,b1 #abj4 -- drab1 #ic1 #aba1 #abf4 ,cross dyeing1 #bbj4 ,curcumeine1 extra1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbd4 ,curcumine1 #bji1 #bag4 -- ,s1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #bbc4 ,curcuphenine1 #ij4 ,cutch1 #adg1 #aef1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahf4 ,cuticle fibres1 #a4 ,cyanole extra1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcg4 ,d4 ,damages in bleached goods1 #ej4 ,dark blue1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #aae1 #aaf1 #acf1 #aci1 #adb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai4 -- -- and green shot dyes1 #bcg4 -- -- and olive shot dyes1 #bch4 -- bronze1 #aae4 -- brown1 #ahj1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bca4 -- -- and blue shot1 #bbb4 -- -- olive1 #afe1 #aff4 -- chestnut1 #ajd4 -- -- brown1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aag1 #aai4 -- cream1 #bca4 -- crimson1 #acf1 #bca4 -- drab1 #ajb1 #abf1 #bcc4 -- green1 #ic1 #id1 #aac1 #aae1 #abg1 #adb1 #add1 #adf1 #aea1 #aec1 #bad1 #bag1 #bai1 #bcj4 -- grey1 #aai1 #abj1 #aed1 #bae1 #bah1 #bcb4 -- lilac1 #adf4 -- maroon1 #hi1 #ace4 -- navy1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #aae1 #abf1 #acg4 -- olive1 #ib1 #abg1 #afd4 -- -- brown1 #aah4 -- orange1 #ia4 -- plum1 #hg1 #ii1 #aaf1 #ach1 #aff4 -- red1 #hh1 #aac4 -- ,russian green1 #bcb4 -- sage1 #abg1 #baf4 -- scarlet1 #aec1 #aee4 -- sea green1 #id1 #bad1 #bcb4 -- slate1 #ajf1 #bad4 -- stone1 #bad4 -- turquoise blue1 #aaf4 -- violet1 #aef4 -- walnut1 #baf4 -- -- brown1 #ajc4 -- yellow1 #ij4 ,dead cotton fibres1 #d4 ,deep black1 #ajd4 -- blue1 #ig1 #abf4 -- brown1 #ajd1 #aah1 #bca4 -- chestnut brown1 #ajb1 #acf4 -- crimson1 #hi1 #bcb4 -- green1 #id4 -- leaf green1 #bcc4 -- olive brown1 #ahj4 -- orange1 #ib1 #ace1 #bad1 #bcj4 -- -- yellow1 #bcj4 -- pink1 #hh4 -- rose1 #bcj1 #bcc4 ,delahunty's dyeing machine1 #eg1 #eh4 ,delta purpurine1 #ajg4 -- -- #e ,b1 #baj4 ,developing1 #aca4 --machine for paranitroaniline red1 #aid4 ,diamine azo blue1 #b ,b1 #bcc4 -- -- -- ,r1 #ade4 -- -- -- #b ,r1 #bcg1 #bch4 -- -- -- ,,rr1 #acf1 #acg4 -- black ,b1 #bbg1 #bcb4 -- -- ,b ,h4 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aah1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #baj1 #bae1 #baf1 #bcg4 -- -- ,b ,o1 #ib1 #ajj1 #aci1 #baj4 -- -- ,h ,w1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #acj1 #acb1 #bji1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- -- ,r ,o1 #hg1 #ib1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adf1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- blue1 #aab4 #acb4 -- -- #b ,b1 #baj4 -- -- #c ,b1 #ib1 #ih1 #baj1 #bbg4 -- -- ,b ,b1 #bbg4 -- -- ,b ,g1 #if1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- -- ,b ,x1 #ajb1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- -- ,c ,b1 #bbh4 -- -- ,g1 #bji4 ,diamine blue #c ,r1 #ie1 #ajj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- -- ,r ,w1 #ie1 #ih1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #abj1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbh1 #bcj4 -- -- black ,e1 #ig1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- -- -- ,r1 #ajb4 -- ,bordeaux1 #hg4 -- -- ,b1 #hi1 #baj1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbh4 -- -- ,s1 #baj1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- brilliant blue ,g1 #if1 #ii1 #aae1 #ade1 #baj1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbc1 #bbg4 -- bronze ,g1 #ia1 #ic1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #aci1 #add1 #baj1 #bad1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc4 -- brown1 #aab1 #acb4 -- -- ,b1 #bji1 #bbh4 -- -- ,g1 #ajd1 #aai1 #bji1 #baj4 -- -- #c ,g1 #bji1 #bbh1 #bcj4 -- -- ,m1 #ij1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aah1 #aai1 #ach1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcb4 -- -- ,n1 #bji1 #bag1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- -- ,s1 #baj4 -- -- ,v1 #ib1 #ih1 #ach1 #adc1 #add1 #baj1 #bbh1 #bcc4 -- -- ,y1 #ib4 -- catechine ,b1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aag1 #baj1 #baf4 -- -- ,g1 #hi1 #id1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aac1 #aag1 #bji1 #baj4 -- colours1 #bbg4 -- cutch1 #acj1 #acb1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach4 -- dark blue ,b1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj1 #bji1 #baj1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- -- green ,n1 #ic4 -- deep black ,cr1 #if4 -- -- -- ,,rb1 #ajd4 -- dyes1 #ah1 #he1 #bjh1 #bbe4 -- fast red1 ,f1 #hg1 #hi1 #ij1 #aac1 #aah1 #bji1 #bbh1 #bcj4 -- -- yellow ,a1 #ij1 #ib1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #acf1 #acg1 #adc1 #add1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bch4 -- -- -- ,b1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #ach1 #bji1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcb4 -- gold1 #ajj1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb4 -- green ,b1 #ic1 #ig1 #aae1 #adf1 #bji1 #bad1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bce4 -- -- ,g1 #id1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- grey ,g1 #ajf1 #adc1 #bbh1 #bcb4 -- jet black1 #aci4 -- -- -- ,cr1 #aje1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba4 -- -- -- ,o ,o1 #add4 -- -- -- ,r ,b1 #aje1 #abj4 -- new blue ,r1 #ih1 #aaf1 #abj1 #baj4 -- nitrazol black ,b1 #adc1 #add4 -- -- brown ,b1 #adc1 #baj4 -- -- -- ,g1 #adc1 #baj4 -- -- dye1 #aci4 -- orange1 #acb4 -- -- ,b1 #hi1 #ib1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #bji1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbh1 #bcj4 -- -- ,d1 #baj4 -- -- ,d ,c1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bch4 -- -- ,f1 #bji4 -- -- ,g1 #ia1 #ajb1 #baj1 #bad1 #bae1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bca4 -- -- ,g ,d1 #ajd4 -- -- ,g ,g1 #bbg1 #bcc4 -- red1 #ajg4 -- -- ,b1 #baj4 -- -- #d ,b1 #bji4 -- -- #e ,b1 #hh1 #hi1 #ajc1 #bji1 #bae1 #bbh4 -- -- #f ,b1 #bji4 -- -- #aj ,b1 #hh1 #hi1 #adf1 #bji1 #bcj4 -- -- ,n1 #hg4 -- -- ,n ,o1 #baj4 -- rose1 #bbc4 -- -- ,b ,d1 #hh1 #bji1 #bae1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bcc4 -- -- ,g ,d1 #ii4 -- scarlet1 #ajg4 -- -- ,b1 #ia1 #ajf1 #baj1 #bae1 #bbh4 -- -- #c ,b1 #hh1 #baj1 #bbh4 -- -- ,h ,s1 #bcj4 -- -- ,s1 #bbh4 -- sky blue1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #ade1 #baj1 #bae1 #bbb1 #bcg1 #bch4 -- -- -- ,f ,f1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #aad1 #aae1 #baj1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bcb4 -- steel blue ,l1 #if1 #baj1 #bad1 #bbb1 #bbh4 -- violet ,n1 #hg1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ade1 #adf1 #baj1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bch4 -- yellow1 #ib4 -- yellow ,n1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aac1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,diamineral blue ,r1 #ie1 #aaf1 #bbg1 #bch4 ,diaminogene1 #bcd1 #bce4 -- ,b1 #ach1 #bbh1 #bcd1 #bce4 -- blue ,b ,b1 #acf1 #ach4 -- extra1 #adc1 #bbh1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,dianil black ,c ,r1 #ig1 #aai1 #adb4 -- -- ,n1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba4 -- blue ,b1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #aaf1 #adb4 -- -- ,g1 #ih1 #aac4 -- -- #b ,k1 #id4 -- -- #d ,r1 #ii1 #aaf4 -- brown ,b ,d1 #aai1 #adb4 -- -- ,g #j1 #adb4 -- -- #c ,g ,o1 #ajc1 #aah1 #aai1 #adb1 #adc4 -- -- ,r1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aah1 #aai1 #adb4 -- -- ,t1 #ajb4 -- claret ,b1 #hi1 #ii1 #ade4 -- -- ,g1 #hi4 -- dark blue ,r1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #aaf1 #adb1 #adc4 -- -- -- #c ,r1 #ig1 #adb4 -- -- brown1 #ajc4 -- olive1 #ic4 -- orange ,g1 #hi1 #ib4 -- -- #b ,r1 #ib4 -- red #d ,b1 #hi1 #ade4 -- scarlet ,g1 #ade4 -- yellow1 #id4 -- -- ,g1 #ia1 #ih4 -- -- #c ,g1 #ia1 #id1 #aac4 -- -- ,r1 #id1 #aac4 -- -- #b ,r1 #ia4 ,dianisidine blue1 #aig4 ,diazo-benzene chloride1 #aha4 ,diazo black4 #acb1 #aci4 -- blue1 #acb4 -- brown1 #acj1 #aci4 -- compounds1 #aha4 -- liquor1 #aij4 ,diazotisation1 #abi4 -- of amido bases1 #ahb4 ,diazotised paranitroaniline1 #adj4 ,dictionary of ,coal-tar ,colours1 #bei4 ,dinitroso-resorcine1 #agi4 ,diphenyl brown ,b ,n1 #ajc4 ,direct deep black ,e extra1 #ajd4 ,direct dyeing1 #he4 -- dyes1 #hc4 -- -- fastness of1 #ajf4 -- fast brown ,b1 #add4 -- indigo blue1 #ih4 -- orange ,r1 #baj4 -- red1 test of1 #bfe4 -- triamine black ,g ,x1 #ajd4 -- yellow ,g1 #ij1 #ajf1 #baj4 ,divi-divi1 #adg1 #adh1 #bci4 ,drab1 #ic1 #afe1 #baf1 #bah1 #bai1 #bca4 ,drying cylinders1 #bee4 -- of dyed goods1 #bdi4 ,dull lilac1 #ii4 -- violet1 #ajj4 ,dye-beck1 #gg4 ,dye-house washing machine1 #bdd1 #bdf4 ,dyeing apparatus1 #bfc4 -- of basic dyes1 #adi4 -- machinery1 #ec1 #eg4 -- on metallic mordants1 #aef4 -- test for relative value of dyes1 #bfg4 ,dye-jigger1 #gb1 #gc4 ,dyers' bleach1 #bd4 ,dye-tank1 illustration of1 #ed4 ,dye-tub1 illustration of1 #ed4 ,dye-vat1 section of1 #ef4 ,e4 ,eboli blue ,b1 #bca4 -- green ,t1 #bcj4 ,emerald tint1 #aed4 ,eosine1 #hd1 #bbi4 ,eosines1 dyeing with1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,erie blue ,b ,x1 #ig4 -- -- #b ,g1 #baj4 ,erika ,b1 #hg4 -- ,b ,n1 #ii1 #ajj1 #baj1 #bbd4 ,erythrosine1 #bbi4 -- ,b1 #bch4 ,erythrosines1 #afj4 ,experimental dye-bath1 #bfc4 -- dyeing1 #bfb4 ,f4 ,farmer's washing machine1 #cf4 ,fast acid green1 #bbi4 -- -- -- ,b ,n1 #bbb4 -- blue developer ,a ,d1 #acc4 -- brown1 #afd4 -- neutral violet ,b1 #aed1 -- yellow ,s1 #bbc1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,fastness of colours1 #bfj4 -- of colours to light and air1 #bfj -- of colours to rubbing1 #bfa4 -- of colours to washing1 #bfa4 -- of direct dyes1 #ajf4 ,fatty acids1 #c4 ,fawn1 #afe4 -- brown1 #afg4 -- drab1 #ajj1 #baf4 ,fiery yellowish red1 #ahf4 ,first green liquor1 #afh4 ,fixation1 #adi4 -- with couplers1 #aci4 -- -- developers1 #abh4 -- -- metallic salts1 #aab4 ,flavo-purpurine1 #aga4 ,formyl blue ,b1 #baa4 -- violet1 #hd1 #bbi1 #bcc4 -- -- #f ,b1 #baa4 -- -- #aj ,b1 #baa4 -- -- ,s #d ,b1 #baa1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,full blue1 #dc1 #ig4 -- yellow orange1 #ahf4 ,furnival's ,square beater1 #cj4 ,fustic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aff1 #agh1 #bei4 -- extract1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #age1 #agf1 #aha4 ,g4 ,gallipoli oil1 #afh4 ,galls1 #adg1 #adh4 ,gambier1 #adg4 ,glauber's salt1 #hc1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #bji1 #bad1 #bae1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,glycerine1 #ahj4 ,gold and green shot dyes1 #bba4 -- brown1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ach1 #adb1 #adc1 #aec1 #baf1 #bcj4 -- -- and blue shot1 #bbb4 -- drab1 #bcb4 -- orange1 #bad4 -- yellow1 #ia1 #aac1 #acj1 #adb1 #bcj4 ,good yellow1 #bac4 ,graemiger cop-dyeing machine1 #fe1 #ff4 ,grass green1 #ic4 ,green1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #aad1 #acj1 #adc1 #ade1 #aea1 #ahj1 #bae4 -- and buff shot1 #bbc4 -- and claret shot1 #bbb4 -- and pink shot dyes1 #bch4 -- and orange shot1 #bbd4 -- and red shot1 #bbc1 #bbd4 -- blue1 #ih4 -- grey1 #ajf1 #abj4 -- olive1 #ib4 -- yellow1 #ia4 ,greening operation1 #afh4 ,grey1 #ajf1 #abj1 #aec1 #bai4 -- and orange shot1 #bbc4 -- blue1 #if4 -- lilac1 #ii1 #aec4 -- slate1 #aff4 -- sour operation1 #cb4 ,grothe1 #beb4 ,ground fustic1 #aff4 ,guinea green ,b1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbd4 -- violet ,b1 #bbd4 -- -- #d ,b1 #baa1 #bah4 ,gum tragacanth1 #aib4 ,gun cotton1 #ac4 ,h4 ,half-silk fabrics1 dyeing of1 #bbe4 ,hand dyeing1 #ec4 ,hank bleaching1 #de4 ,hank-dyeing machine4 ,corron's1 #fc4 -- -- ,klauder-,weldon's1 #fa1 #fb4 ,hank-wringing machines1 #bda4 ,havanna brown1 #aff4 ,hawking machine1 ,holliday's1 #gh4 ,hawthorne's washing machine1 #cf4 ,heliotrope1 #ii1 #bcc4 -- ,b ,b1 #ij1 #adf4 -- #b ,b1 #ii1 #bcc4 ,hessian brown #b ,m1 #ih4 -- -- #b ,b ,n1 #ajj1 #bca4 -- grey ,s1 #bca4 -- purple ,n1 #bcj4 -- violet1 #baa4 ,hoffman violet1 #aeb4 ,holliday1 #ahb4 ,holliday's hawking machine1 #gh4 -- yarn-dyeing machine1 #fj4 ,hurst's ,silk ,dyeing1 #bbe4 ,hydrocellulose1 #ab4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #agg1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aij4 -- -- action of1 #aa4 ,hydro-extractors1 #bea1 #beb4 ,hydrosulphite indigo vat1 #bjd4 ,i4 ,immedial black1 #ajg1 #aba4 -- blacks1 #gi4 -- blue1 #aba4 -- -- ,c1 #abe4 ,immedial bronze ,a1 #abh4 -- -- ,b1 #abh4 -- brown1 #aba4 ,impregnation with dye-stuff solution1 #aih4 ,indamine blue ,n1 #aed4 ,indazine1 #bbi4 ,indian yellow ,g1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bca4 -- -- ,r1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,indigo1 #ah1 #bj1 #aih4 -- blue1 #aeb1 #aed4 -- -- ,n1 #bbi1 #bcc4 -- -- ,s ,g ,n1 #bbi4 -- carmine1 #afe4 -- dyed goods1 test of1 #beh4 -- dyeing1 #aii4 -- dye-vat for cloth1 #aii4 -- extract1 #hd1 #afg4 -- white1 #bjj4 ,indigotin1 #aih4 ,indophenol1 #bje4 ,induline1 #bbi4 ,irisamine ,g1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,iron1 #aeg4 -- liquor1 #agb1 #age1 #agf1 #ahj4 -- mordants1 #bei4 -- stains1 #ej4 -- sulphate1 #aab4 ,j4 ,janus black ,i1 #bai4 -- -- ,,ii1 #bai4 -- blue ,g1 #aee4 -- -- ,r1 #aee1 #bai4 -- brown ,b1 #aef1 #bai4 -- -- ,r1 #bai1 #bbj4 -- claret red ,b1 #aef1 #bai4 -- dark blue ,b1 #bai4 -- dyes1 #aee1 #bah4 -- green ,b1 #aee1 #bai1 #bbj4 -- grey ,b1 #aef4 -- -- ,,bb1 #bai1 #bbj4 -- red ,b1 #aee1 #bai4 -- yellow ,g1 #bai4 -- -- ,r1 #aee1 #aef1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,jet black1 #aba4 ,jigger1 #gb4 ,jig-wince1 #gd1 #ge4 ,k4 ,katigen black1 #aba4 -- brown1 #ajg1 #aba4 -- dark brown1 #abh4 -- green1 #aba4 -- olive ,g1 #abg4 ,khaki1 #ahj4 -- shades1 #bdh4 ,kiers1 #cj4 ,klauder-,weldon hank-dyeing machine1 #fa1 #fb4 ,l4 ,lanacyl blue ,b ,b1 #baa4 -- violet ,b1 #baa1 #bag4 ,leaf green1 #id1 #aac1 #aad1 #bca4 ,lehner's process for making silk1 #ae4 ,lemon yellow1 #ia4 ,leuco1 #aih4 ,light blue1 #aae1 #ach4 -- brown1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aag4 -- chestnut brown1 #acg4 -- green1 #aad1 #adc4 -- grey1 #ajf4 -- indigo blue1 #if4 -- plum1 #ii4 -- sage brown1 #aah4 -- seal brown1 #ajb4 -- slate1 #ajf4 ,lilac1 #ih1 #ii4 -- red1 #hg4 -- rose1 #bcc4 ,lima wood1 #agh1 #agi4 ,lime1 #afi1 #bjb4 -- and copperas vat for indigo dyeing1 #bjj4 -- boil for cotton1 #bh4 -- sour operation1 #cb4 ,logwood1 #ah1 #hd1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afe1 #afg1 #bcd1 #bei4 -- black1 #gi1 #agd4 -- -- dyeing on yarn in hanks1 #age4 -- decoction1 #agg4 -- dyed goods1 test of1 #beh4 -- extract1 #afd1 #age1 #agf1 #aha4 -- greys1 #agh4 ,loose wool and cotton1 washing of1 #bdd4 ,lye boil operation4 #cd4 ,m4 ,machinery for dyeing1 #ec1 #eg4 ,madder1 #aeg4 -- bleach1 #bd4 ,magenta1 #ah1 #adg1 #aec1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,malachite green1 #adf1 #aeb1 #aec1 #bbi1 #bcb4 ,mandarine ,g1 #baa1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbd4 ,market bleach1 #bd1 #ch1 #ci4 ,maroon1 #hi1 #ach1 #aec1 #bae1 #bcc4 ,mather ,platt's apparatus1 #bjg4 -- -- bleaching kier1 #cj1 #ca4 -- -- machine1 #bdf4 -- -- washing machine1 #cf4 -- -- yarn-bleaching kier1 #di4 ,mercerisation of cotton1 #h4 ,mercerised cotton fibres1 illustrations of1 #g1 #i4 ,mercer1 ,john1 #h1 #ba4 ,metallic mordants1 #aef4 ,metanitroaniline1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh4 -- orange1 #aie4 ,metaphenylene blue1 #bbi4 -- -- ,b1 #aed1 #bcc4 ,methylene blue1 #ag4 -- -- ,b ,b1 #aec4 -- -- #b ,b1 #aec4 -- -- ,n1 #bcb4 -- grey ,b ,f1 #aec4 ,methylindone ,b1 #bbi1 #bca4 -- ,r1 #bbi4 ,methyl violet1 #ah1 #bbi4 -- -- ,b1 #adf1 #aea1 #bca4 -- -- #b ,b1 #adf4 -- -- ,r1 #adf4 -- -- #c,r1 #adf4 -- -- #d,r1 #aeb4 ,mikado brown1 #bbg4 -- -- #b ,b1 #bch4 -- -- #c ,g ,o1 #bcj4 -- -- ,m1 #ajc1 #bcj1 #bcb4 -- dyes1 #ah4 -- golden yellow #h ,g1 #bcj1 #bca4 -- orange1 #bbg4 -- -- ,g1 #ia4 -- -- #d ,r1 #ia1 #ajb4 -- -- ,r ,o1 #bcb4 -- -- #c ,r ,o1 #bca4 -- -- #d ,r ,o1 #bah1 #bbd4 -- -- #e ,r ,o1 #bcj1 #bch4 -- yellow1 #bbg4 -- -- ,g1 #bcj4 ,milk of lime1 #bh1 #age4 ,milling orange1 #bbi4 -- yellow1 #bbi4 ,mimosa1 #bji4 ,mixed cotton and wool fabrics1 dyeing of1 #bjh4 ,mommer's cop-dyeing machine1 #fi4 ,mordant dyes1 #hd4 ,mordants1 #aef4 -- detection of1 #bei4 ,moss brown1 #adc1 #bcb4 ,muslin bleaching1 #da4 ,myrabolam1 #adg1 #adh1 #bci4 -- extract1 #age1 #agf4 ,n4 ,naphthol1 #ahd4 -- -azo-benzene1 #aha4 -- black1 #abh4 -- -- ,b1 #bbc4 -- -- #c ,b1 #bbb4 -- blue black1 #baa1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bcd4 -- -- ,g1 #baa1 #bbb4 -- -- ,r1 #baa4 -- colours1 #ahb4 -- ,d1 #aib4 -- ,x1 #aib4 -- yellow ,s1 #bbi1 #bch1 #bgh4 ,naphthylamine1 #ac1 #acb1 #acc1 #ahd4 -- black1 #bce4 -- -- #d ,b1 #baa4 -- -- #f ,b1 #baa1 #bag4 -- -- ,d1 #baa4 -- ether1 #acj4 ,naphtindone ,b ,b1 #aec4 ,navy1 #ig1 #ih1 #aed4 -- blue1 #if1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag4 ,neutral grey1 #acb4 -- -- ,g1 #ii1 #ajf4 -- violet1 #bbi4 ,new blue ,d1 #bbi4 -- methylene blue1 #bcd1 #bce4 -- -- -- ,g ,g1 #bch4 -- -- -- ,m1 #bcb4 -- -- -- ,n1 #abf1 #ade1 #aed1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- -- -- ,n ,x1 #aed4 -- -- -- ,r1 #aec1 #aed1 #bcc4 -- -- -- #c ,r1 #ade1 #aec4 -- -- grey ,b1 #aec4 -- -- -- ,g1 #aed4 -- phosphine ,g4 #aec1 #aed1 #bbi1 #bcb4 -- ,victoria blue ,b1 #adf1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,nigraniline1 #bjf4 ,nigrosine1 #bbi4 ,nitrate of copper1 #agg4 -- of iron1 #aff1 #age4 ,nitrazol ,c1 #aci1 #ada1 #aic4 ,nitric acid1 action of1 on cotton1 #ab4 ,nitrite of soda1 #ahc4 ,nitro-aniline1 #ahc4 ,nitro-benzene1 #ac4 ,nitro-naphthalene1 #ac4 ,nitro-para-toluidine1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,nitrosamine1 #aic4 -- red1 #aie4 ,nitroso-resorcine1 #ah4 ,nitrous acid1 #ahd4 ,nut brown1 #ajc1 #aah1 #aai1 #bah1 #bai4 ,o4 ,oak bark1 #adg4 ,obermaier machine1 #eg1 #ei4 ,oil stains1 #ej4 ,old gold1 #ij1 #bcb4 ,olive1 #ib1 #ic1 #abg1 #adc1 #afd4 -- and blue shot dyes1 #bch4 -- brown1 #adc1 #aed4 -- green1 #aad1 #adb1 #add1 #aec4 -- oil1 #agj4 -- yellow1 #ia4 ,orange1 #hd1 #ia1 #aac1 #acj1 #acg1 #aea1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #bae1 #bag4 -- and blue shot1 #bbd1 #bch4 -- and violet shot1 #bbc1 #bch4 -- brown1 #ajb4 -- ,e ,n ,z1 #baa1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbb4 -- extra1 #baa1 #bbc1 #bcb4 -- ,g ,g1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bch4 -- ,t ,a1 #bah4 -- yellow1 #adc1 #ahf4 ,orthoamidoazotoluol1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,orthonitrotoluidine1 #aif4 ,oxidising agents1 action of1 on cotton1 #af4 ,oxycellulose1 #af4 ,oxydiamine black ,a1 #ig1 #aje1 #bji4 -- -- ,b ,m1 #bji1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag4 -- -- ,d1 #bji1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bcd4 -- -- ,m1 #bji4 -- -- ,n1 #ia1 #ig4 -- -- ,n ,r1 #aje4 -- -- ,s ,o ,o ,o1 #baj1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- orange ,g1 #ajd1 #bji4 -- -- ,r1 #ib1 #ajd1 #adc1 #add1 #bji4 -- red ,s1 #bji4 -- violet ,b1 #ii1 #ajj1 #baj1 #bad1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- -- ,g1 #ii1 #ajj4 -- yellow ,g ,g1 #id1 #adf1 #bji4 ,oxydianil yellow1 #adc4 ,oxymuriate of tin1 #aff4 ,oxyphenine1 #ia1 #ajb1 #bji4 ,p4 ,padding machine1 #hj1 #ha1 #aic1 #bba4 ,pale blue1 #ie1 #ig4 -- brown1 #ajb1 #aai1 #abb1 #abh1 #afd1 #ahj4 -- chamois1 #aff4 -- chestnut1 #adc4 -- drab1 #bcc4 -- fawn brown1 #aai1 #acj4 -- -- red1 #hi4 -- gold yellow1 #bac4 -- green1 #id1 #aea4 -- greenish grey1 #abj4 -- leaf green1 #aac4 -- lilac1 #ii4 -- nut brown1 #ajb4 -- olive brown1 #ajj4 -- -- green1 #aac4 -- orange1 #ia1 #ib1 #ace4 -- sage1 #add4 -- -- green1 #bag4 -- salmon1 #hg4 -- sea green1 #abg1 #bcb4 -- sky blue1 #ie4 -- walnut brown1 #ajd4 ,palm oil soap1 #afi4 ,paramine blue ,b1 #if4 -- -- black ,s1 #if4 -- brown ,c1 #aag4 -- -- ,g1 #aja4 -- indigo blue1 #if4 -- navy blue ,r1 #if4 ,paranitroaniline1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aij4 -- brown1 #aif4 -- red1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi4 -- -- dyed cotton1 #aif4 -- -- dye-tub1 #aia4 -- -- on piece goods1 #aib4 -- -- on yarn1 #ahi4 -- -- with azophor red ,p ,n1 #aie4 -- -- with nitrazol ,c1 #aie4 ,paratoluidine1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,parchment paper1 #aa4 ,paris violet1 #aeb4 ,patent blue1 #hd4 ,peach wood1 #agh4 ,peacock green1 #bad1 #baf4 ,pea green1 #aad1 #bcc4 ,pectic acid1 #c4 ,permanganate of potash1 #ag4 ,persian berries1 #aef1 #agh1 #agi4 ,phenetidine1 #ahc4 ,phenol1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #aha4 ,phenylene diamine1 #acj1 #acb1 #acd1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,phosphate of soda1 #hf1 #ij1 #ia1 #afh1 #agj1 #ahj1 #bbe4 ,piece-dyeing machines1 #ga4 ,piece goods1 drying of1 #bef4 -- -- washing of1 #bdd4 -- -- wringing of1 #bda4 ,pink1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #aeb1 #bae4 ,plate singeing1 #bg4 ,plum1 #ii1 #ade1 #adf1 #bae4 ,pluto black ,b1 #ajh1 #add4 ,ponceau ,b1 #afd4 -- #c ,r ,b1 #baa1 #bag4 ,potash1 #hf4 ,primrose1 #ia1 #aed4 ,primuline1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #bji4 ,production of colour direct on cotton fibres1 #aha4 ,prussiate black1 #bjg4 ,pure blue1 #bch4 -- soluble blue1 #bcg4 ,purple brown1 #ajj4 ,purpuramine1 ,d ,h1 #ajg4 ,pyrolignite of iron1 #agb4 ,pyroxyline1 #ac4 ,q4 ,quercitron1 #aef1 #agh1 #agi4 -- bark1 #agh4 -- extract1 #afd1 #afe4 ,quicklime1 #bjj4 ,r4 ,rayer ,lincoln machine1 #bf4 ,read ,holliday's squeezing machine1 #bda4 ,red1 #acf1 #ahg4 -- brown1 #ajj1 #ace4 -- chocolate1 #aai4 -- developer ,c1 #aib4 -- drab1 #afe4 -- lilac1 #ajj4 -- liquor1 #afe1 #aff1 #afi1 #agj1 #agf1 -- orange1 #ia4 -- plum1 #aag1 #bad4 -- violet1 #ii1 #aaf1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aef4 ,reddish brown1 #ajb4 -- puce1 #ahg4 ,reseda1 #ic4 -- green1 #afg4 ,resin boil1 #ce4 -- soap liquor1 #ce4 ,resorcine1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #bce4 -- green1 #aef4 ,rhodamine1 #bbi1 #bca4 -- ,b1 #aec1 #bcc4 -- ,g1 #aeb4 -- #f ,g1 #aeb4 -- ,s1 #bcg4 ,rhoduline violet1 #aea4 ,rocceleine1 #baa4 ,roller squeezing machines for yarn1 #bda4 ,rose azurine ,b1 #hg4 -- ,g1 #hg1 #ij4 -- bengale1 #bbi4 -- lilac1 #ade1 #aea4 -- pink1 #hg4 -- red1 #hh1 #hi4 ,rosophenine1 #e ,b1 #hh4 ,russia green1 #ib1 #aac1 #adc1 #aec4 ,s4 ,safranine1 #ah1 #adf1 #aec1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- ,g1 #adf4 -- prima1 #aec4 -- ,s1 #aee4 ,sage1 #bad4 -- brown1 #ajd1 #aai1 #ace1 #add1 #bah4 -- green1 #ic1 #ahj1 #bcj4 ,st4 ,dennis black1 #aba4 ,saline salts1 quantity used1 #ajh4 ,salmon1 #hi4 ,salt1 #afe4 ,satin fabrics1 dyeing of1 #bbe4 ,scarlet1 #hh1 #hi1 #ace1 #ade1 #adf1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #bae1 #bag1 #bcj4 -- ,r1 #bbj4 ,schaeffer's acid1 #acd4 ,scouring cotton1 #bc4 ,sea green1 #id1 #aea4 ,seal brown1 #adf4 ,seed hairs1 #a4 ,shot effects1 #bbj4 -- on satin1 dyeing of1 #bce4 -- with black cotton warp1 #bcf4 ,silver grey1 #ajf4 ,singeing of cotton1 #bg4 -- wash of cotton1 #bh4 ,sky blue1 #ie1 #ih1 #aea1 #bae4 ,slate1 #ajf1 #bah1 #bca1 #bcc4 -- blue1 #ig1 #abj1 #aeb1 #baf4 -- green1 #bah4 ,sliver dyeing1 #eh4 ,slubbing dyeing1 #eh4 ,soap1 #afe4 -- effect on dye-stuffs1 #bbf4 ,soaping of dyed goods1 #bdg4 ,soda1 #hf1 #acb1 #agh4 -- ash1 #cd1 #aff4 -- crystals1 #afi4 -- lye1 #bjb1 #bce4 -- zinc vat for indigo dyeing1 #bjd4 ,sodium acetate1 #aif4 -- bichromate1 #afd4 -- nitrite solution1 #aif1 #aih4 -- stannate1 preparing with1 #aeh4 ,solid blue1 #bbi4 -- green1 #bbi4 -- ,o1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,solidogen ,a1 #ade4 ,soluble blue1 #aej1 #afj1 #bbi4 ,spencer's hank-wringing machine1 #bda4 ,squeezing rollers1 #bdj4 ,stains in bleached goods1 #ej4 ,steam aniline black1 #bjg4 -- -- blacks1 #bdh4 ,steaming and ageing chamber1 #bej4 -- cottage1 illustration of1 #bdi4 -- of dyed goods1 #bdh4 ,stearic acid1 #c4 ,stitching of cotton1 #be4 ,stone1 #bah4 ,structure of cotton fibre1 #a4 ,sulfaniline black1 #aba4 -- -- ,g1 #abd4 -- brown1 #aba4 -- -- #d ,b1 #abg4 ,sulphate of copper1 #agg4 -- of iron1 #afg4 ,sulphonates1 #ahb4 ,sulphon azurine ,b1 #baj1 #bag1 #bah4 -- ,d1 #ic4 ,sulphur colours1 #aba4 ,sulphuric acid1 #aff4 -- action of1 on cotton1 #aj4 ,sulphyl colours1 #aba4 ,sumac1 #hc1 #adg1 #adh1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agb1 #agc1 #agh1 #bci4 -- extract1 #afi1 #age1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,sun yellow1 #ij4 ,t4 ,tannic acid1 #ah1 #bj1 #hc1 #adg1 #agb4 -- mordant1 dyeing on1 #adg4 ,tannin1 #agc1 #agd1 #bcf4 -- grounding1 #agc4 -- heliotrope1 #ade1 #aec1 #bbi4 -- orange ,r1 #aed1 #aee1 #bbi4 ,tanning1 #adh4 ,tartar emetic1 #adg1 #aib1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,tartaric acid1 #ahj4 ,temperature of dye-baths1 #bbf4 ,terra-cotta brown1 #adc4 -- red1 #ij1 #adc4 ,testing of the colour of dyed fabrics1 #beg4 ,thiazole yellow1 #ic1 #id1 #bji4 ,thiocarmine ,r1 #hd1 #baa1 #bad4 ,thioflavine ,s1 #id1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #bji1 #bac1 #bae1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bbi4 -- ,t1 #aec1 #aed1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,tin crystals1 #adg1 #afi1 #agi4 -- oxide1 fixing1 #aeh4 ,titan blue1 #baj1 #baa4 -- -- #c ,b1 #ic1 #ajb1 #afd4 -- -- ,r1 #ajb4 -- brown ,o1 #baj4 -- -- ,p1 #afd4 -- -- ,r1 #ajb1 #baj4 -- -- ,y1 #afa1 #baj4 -- colours1 #bbg4 -- como ,g1 #ie4 -- -- ,s ,n1 #ih4 -- dyes1 #ah1 #he4 -- gold1 #aja1 #ajb4 -- ingrain blue1 #ace1 #acf1 #adb4 -- marine blue1 #baa4 -- navy ,r1 #ih4 -- orange1 #hh4 -- -- ,n1 #ie4 -- pink1 #baj4 -- red1 #ajg4 -- scarlet ,c1 #hh4 -- -- ,d1 #hh4 -- -- ,s1 #bji4 -- yellow1 #baj4 -- -- ,g1 #ade4 -- -- ,g ,g1 #ij4 ,titan yellow ,y1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #afd4 ,toluidine1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh4 -- orange1 #aif4 ,toluylene brown1 #aci4 -- diamine1 #acd4 -- orange1 #aci4 -- --,g1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajj4 -- --,k1 #ajj4 ,topping1 #adj4 -- with acid and basic dye-stuffs1 #bbh4 -- with basic dyes1 #ade4 ,triamine black1 #acb4 -- -- ,b1 #if1 #acg4 -- -- ,b ,t1 #ih4 ,tropoline ,o1 #bbi4 -- ,o ,o1 #baa1 #bbi4 ,truck yarn-dyer1 #bed1 #bee4 ,turkey red1 #hg1 #afg1 #aha4 -- -- bleach1 #ch1 #ci4 -- -- oil1 #hh1 #ij1 #ie1 #if1 #afj1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aif4 ,turmeric1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg4 ,turquoise blue1 #ih1 #aaf1 #aea1 #aee1 #bcb4 -- -- ,g1 #adf1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,u4 ,union black ,b1 #bji1 #bad4 -- -- ,s1 #bji1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbh1 #bcd4 -- blue ,b ,b1 #bji4 ,v4 ,valonia1 #adg4 ,verdigris1 #agg4 ,victoria blue1 #aej4 -- -- ,b1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,vidal black1 #ajg1 #aba1 #abc4 -- blacks1 #gi4 ,violet1 #ii1 #ajj1 #adf1 #aed1 #bcj4 -- and yellow shot dyes1 #bch4 -- blue1 #ig4 ,w4 ,walnut brown1 #ajb1 #aai1 #ach1 #adb1 #bai1 #bcc4 ,warp bleaching1 #dc4 ,warp-dyeing machines1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga4 ,washing after dyeing1 #bci4 ,washing and soaping vats1 illustration of1 #bdh4 -- of cotton in bleaching1 #cf4 -- operations after dyeing1 #bdb4 ,water blue1 #bbi4 -- of condition1 #f4 -- volume used in dyeing1 #ajg4 ,white indigo1 #aih4 -- liquor treatment1 #afh4 -- sour operation1 #ch4 ,whizzing1 #de4 ,willesden waterproof cloths1 #bb4 ,wince dye beck1 #gd4 ,witz1 ,george1 #ag4 ,wool black #f ,b1 #baa1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbd4 -- green1 #hd4 ,worral's singeing machine1 #bg4 ,wringing of dyed goods1 #bci4 ,y4 ,yarn bleaching1 #dc4 -- -washing machine1 illustration of1 #bdc4 ,yarns in cop form1 washing of1 #bdd4 -- in hanks1 washing of1 #bdd4 -- in hanks1 wringing of1 #bdj4 ,yellow1 #ij1 #ia1 #aac1 #aea4 -- and violet shot dyes1 #bcg4 -- olive1 #ia4 ,yellowish claret red1 #ahg4 ,young ,crippin's cop-dyeing machine1 #fh4 ,z4 ,zambesi black1 #acb4 -- -- ,b1 #baj1 #bah4 -- -- ,b ,r1 #ig4 -- -- ,d1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #bah4 -- -- ,f1 #aae1 #aai1 #baj4 -- blue1 #acj1 -- -- ,b ,x1 #acf4 -- -- ,r ,x1 #bag1 #bah4 -- brown1 #acj4 -- -- ,g1 #baj4 -- -- #b ,g1 #acf1 #baj4 -- dyes1 #he1 #bjh4 ,zinc and lime vat for indigo dyeing1 #bja4 -- bisulphite indigo vat1 #bjc4 -- chloride1 #bj4 -- sulphate1 #aab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,aberdeen ,,university ,,press ,,limited4 ,,september1 #aija4 ,this ,catalogue cancels all former editions4 ,the ,publishers seek to issue thoroughly helpful works4 ,these books in every instance will1 they believe1 be found of good value4 ,employers will do well to place copies of these books in the hands of the bright and promising young men in their employ1 in order the better to equip them to become increasingly useful as employees4 ,a workman who uses his brains must be preferable to one who does not think about his work4 ,brains require stimulus4 ,these books provide that stimulus4 ,a ,catalogue ,,of ,special ,technical ,works ,,for ,,manufacturers1 ,,professional ,,men1 ,,students1 ,,colleges ,,and ,,technical ,,schools ,,by ,,expert ,,writers ,,for ,,the ,,oil1 ,,paint1 ,,colour ,,varnish1 ,,soap1 ,,chemical1 ,,textile1 ,,leather1 ,,paper1 ,,colliery1 ,,pottery1 ,,glass1 ,,plumbing ,,and ,,decorating ,,trades ,,and ,,scientific ,,professions4 ,,published ,,by ,,scott1 ,,greenwood ,,co41 ,,publishers ,,of ,,technical ,,books1 #ai ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,tel4 ,address3 ,,printeries1 ,,london4 ,tel4 ,no4 #edjc1 ,bank4 ,n4,b4--,full ,particulars of ,contents of any of the following books sent post free on application4 ,messrs4 ,scott1 ,greenwood 4 ,co4 are open to make offers for the publication of technical works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books on ,oils1 ,soaps1 ,colours1 ,chemicals1 ,glue1 ,varnishes1 etc4 ,,the ,,practical ,,compounding ,,of ,,oils1 ,,tallow ,,and ,,grease ,,for ,,lubrication1 ,,etc4 ,by ,,an ,,expert ,,oil ,,refiner4 #ajj pp4 #ahih4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introductory ,remarks on the ,general ,nomenclature of ,oils1 ,tallow and ,greases suitable for ,lubrication4--,,ii41 ,hydrocarbon ,oils4--,,iii41 ,animal and ,fish ,oils4--,,iv41 ,compound ,oils4--,v41 ,vegetable ,oils4--,,vi41 ,lamp ,oils4--,,vii41 ,engine ,tallow1 ,solidified ,oils and ,petroleum ,jelly4--,,viii41 ,machinery ,greases3 ,loco and ,anti-friction4--,,ix41 ,clarifying and ,utilisation of ,waste ,fats1 ,oils1 ,tank ,bottoms1 ,drainings of ,barrels and ,drums1 ,pickings ,up1 ,dregs1 etc4--,x41 ,the ,fixing and ,cleaning of ,oil ,tanks1 etc4--,appendix and ,general ,information4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this work is written from the standpoint of the oil trade1 but its perusal will be found very useful by users of machinery and all who have to do with lubricants in any way4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,the properties of the different grades of mineral oil and of the animal and vegetable non-drying oils are carefully described1 and the author justly insists that the peculiarities of the machinery on which the lubricants are to be employed must be considered almost before everything else4444 ,the chapters on grease and solidified oils1 etc41 are excellent4--,the ,ironmonger4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,soaps4 ,a ,practical ,manual of the ,manufacture of ,domestic1 ,toilet and other ,soaps4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,illustrated with ,sixty-six ,engravings4 #cij pp4 #ahih4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introductory4--,,ii41 ,soap-maker's ,alkalies4--,,iii41 ,soap ,fats and ,oils4--,,iv41 ,perfumes4--,v41 ,water as a ,soap ,material4--,,vi41 ,soap ,machinery4--,,vii41 ,technology of ,soap-making4--,,viii41 ,glycerine in ,soap ,lyes4--,,ix41 ,laying out a ,soap ,factory4--,x41 ,soap ,analysis4--,appendices4 ,press ,opinions4 ,we think it is the most practical book on these subjects that has come to us from ,england so far4--,american ,soap ,journal4 ,much useful information is conveyed in a convenient and trustworthy manner which will appeal to practical soap-makers4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,works that deal with manufacturing processes1 and applied chemistry in particular1 are always welcome4 ,especially is this the case when the material presented is so up-to-date as we find it here4--,bradford ,observer4 ,the best and most reliable methods of analysis are fully discussed1 and form a valuable source of reference to any works' chemist4444 ,our verdict is a capitally produced book1 and one that is badly needed4--,birmingham ,post4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,animal ,,fats ,,and ,,oils3 ,their ,practical ,production1 ,purification and ,uses for a great ,variety of ,purposes4 ,their ,properties1 ,falsification and ,examination4 ,a ,handbook for ,manufacturers of ,oil and ,fat ,products1 ,soap and ,candle ,makers1 ,agriculturists1 ,tanners1 ,margarine ,manufacturers1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,louis ,,edgar ,,and,s4 ,sixty-two ,illustrations4 #bdj pp4 #ahih4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,introduction4 ,occurrence1 ,origin1 ,properties and ,chemical ,constitution of ,animal ,fats ,preparation of ,animal ,fats and ,oils4 ,machinery4 ,tallow-melting ,plant4 ,extraction ,plant4 ,presses4 ,filtering ,apparatus4 ,butter3 ,raw ,material and ,preparation1 ,properties1 ,adulterations4 ,beef ,lard or ,remelted ,butter1 ,testing4 ,candle-fish ,oil4 ,mutton-,tallow4 ,hare ,fat4 ,goose ,fat4 ,neatsfoot ,oil4 ,bone ,fat3 ,bone ,boiling1 ,steaming ,bones14 ,extraction1 ,refining4 ,bone ,oil4 ,artificial ,butter3 ,oleomargarine1 ,margarine ,manufacture in ,france1 ,grasso's ,process1 ,kaiser's ,butter1 ,jahr ,mnzberg's ,method1 ,filbert's ,process1 ,winter's ,method4 ,human ,fat4 ,horse ,fat4 ,beef ,marrow4 ,turtle ,oil4 ,hog's ,lard3 ,raw ,material1 ,preparation1 ,properties1 ,adulterations1 ,examination4 ,lard ,oil4 ,fish ,oils4 ,liver ,oils4 ,artificial ,train ,oil4 ,wool ,fat3 ,properties1 ,purified ,wool ,fat4 ,spermaceti3 ,examination of ,fats and ,oils in ,general4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the descriptions of technical processes are clear1 and the book is well illustrated and should prove useful4--,manchester ,guardian4 ,it is a valuable work1 not only for the student1 but also for the practical manufacturer of oil and fat products4--,journal of the ,american ,chemical ,society4 ,the work is very fully illustrated1 and the style throughout is in strong contrast to that employed in many such treatises1 being simple and clear4--,shoe and ,leather ,record4 ,an important handbook for the 'fat industry1' now a large one4 ,the explanation of the most scientific processes of production lose nothing of their clearness in the translation4--,newcastle ,chronicle4 ,the latest and most improved forms of machinery are in all cases indicated1 and the many advances which have been made during the past years in the methods of producing the more common animal fats--lard1 tallow and butter--receive due attention4--,glasgow ,herald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vegetable ,,fats ,,and ,,oils3 ,their ,practical ,preparation1 ,purification and ,employment for ,various ,purposes1 their ,properties1 ,adulteration and ,examination4 ,a ,handbook for ,oil ,manufacturers and ,refiners1 ,candle1 ,soap and ,lubricating ,oil ,makers1 and the ,oil and ,fat ,industry in ,general4 ,translated from the ,german of ,,louis ,,edgar ,,and,s4 #id ,illustrations4 #cbj pp4 #ahig4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,statistical ,data4 ,general ,properties of the ,vegetable ,fats and ,oils4 ,estimation of the ,amount of ,oil in ,seeds4 ,table of ,vegetable ,fats and ,oils1 with ,french and ,german ,nomenclature1 ,source and ,origin and ,percentage of ,fat in the ,plants from which they are ,derived4 ,the ,preparation of ,vegetable ,fats and ,oils3 ,storing ,oil ,seeds3 ,cleaning the ,seed4 ,apparatus for ,grinding ,oil ,seeds and ,fruits4 ,installation of ,oil and ,fat ,works4 ,extraction ,method of ,obtaining ,oils and ,fats4 ,oil ,extraction ,installations1 ,press ,moulds1 ,non-drying ,vegetable ,oils4 ,vegetable drying ,oils4 ,solid ,vegetable ,fats4 ,fruits ,yielding ,oils and ,fats4 ,wool-softening ,oils4 ,soluble ,oils4 ,treatment of the ,oil after ,leaving the ,press4 ,improved ,methods of ,refining with ,sulphuric ,acid and ,zinc ,oxide or ,lead ,oxide4 ,refining with ,caustic ,alkalies1 ,ammonia1 ,carbonates of the ,alkalies1 ,lime4 ,bleaching ,fats and ,oils4 ,practical ,experiments on the ,treatment of ,oils with regard to ,refining and ,bleaching4 ,testing ,oils and ,fats4 ,press ,opinions4 ,concerning that and all else within the wide and comprehensive connection involved1 this book must be invaluable to every one directly or indirectly interested in the matters it treats of4--,commerce4 ,the proprietors of the ,oil and ,colourman's ,journal have not only placed a valuable and highly interesting book of reference in the hands of the fats and oils industry in general1 but have rendered no slight service to experimental and manufacturing chemists4--,manufacturing ,chemist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron-,,corrosion1 ,,anti-,,fouling ,,and ,,anti-,,corrosive ,,paints4 ,by ,,louis ,,edgar ,,and,s4 #fb ,illustrations4 #bge pp4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,ironrust and its ,formation--,protection from ,rusting by ,paint--,grounding the ,iron with ,linseed ,oil1 etc4--,testing ,paints--,use of ,tar for ,painting on ,iron--,anti-corrosive ,paints--,linseed ,varnish--,chinese ,wood ,oil--,lead ,pigments--,iron ,pigments--,artificial ,iron ,oxides--,carbon--,preparation of ,anti-corrosive ,paints--,results of ,examination of ,several ,anti-corrosive ,paints--,paints for ,ship's ,bottoms--,anti-fouling ,compositions--,various ,anti-corrosive and ,ship's ,paints--,official ,standard ,specifications for ,ironwork ,paints--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this is a very valuable book1 translated from the ,german1 discussing in detail anti-fouling and anti-corrosive paints4--,british ,mercury4 ,will be of great service to paint manufacturers1 engineering contractors1 ironfounders1 shipbuilders and others4--,engineer and ,iron ,trades ,advertiser4 ,the book before us deals with the subject in a manner at once practical and scientific1 and is well worthy of the attention of all builders1 architects and engineers4--,the ,builder4 ,the book is very readable and full of valuable information1 and bearing in mind the importance of the subject treated1 it is one which engineers will be well advised to procure at an early date4--,railway ,engineer4 ,the author goes fully into his subject1 and the translator has been successful in reproducing in another language what he has to say4 ,there are given in the text numerous illustrations of the rusting of iron1 prepared in the course of a series of personal experiments on the formation of rust4--,journal of ,gas ,lighting4 ,this work is a very elaborate and useful record of the various phenomena in connection with the corrosion of iron and its protection against corrosion4444 ,the book is an exceedingly useful record of what has been done in connection with iron preservation1 and will undoubtedly prove to be of much value to railway engineers1 shipowners1 etc4--,fairplay4 ,herr ,ands' book1 written purely from a scientific standpoint1 will be particularly useful to iron manufacturers1 shipbuilders and shipowners4444 ,the book is beautifully printed on good paper1 and its appearance does credit to the publishers2 the work of translation has been remarkably well done1 the language bearing none of those irritating traces of ,teutonism which disfigure so many ,english versions of ,german technical works4--,the ,ironmonger4 ,this knowledge is conveyed with characteristic ,german thoroughness in this useful work of ,herr ,ands1 which loses nothing of clearness in ,mr4 ,salter's excellent translation4 ,the causes of rust formation are examined1 the proper methods of cleansing the ironwork detailed1 and the constitution and application of suitable preventative coverings explained4444 ,the book is a welcome contribution to technological literature1 and will be found worthy of the careful study of all who are professionally engaged in the arrangement or superintendence of the class of work dealt with4--,western ,daily ,mercury4 ,the author explains the nature of rust and its formation1 and the text is illustrated from about fifty photographs4 ,an immense amount of carefully arranged information follows as to the best methods of applying anti-corrosive substances and the various pigments most efficacious for use under all circumstances4 ,the author has evidently thoroughly investigated and mastered the subject of iron corrosion1 its cause and its prevention2 and we regard his book as of the greatest importance to bridge-builders and makers and users of structural iron and steel4 ,the book is illustrated throughout and is admirably indexed and arranged4--,iron and ,steel ,trades ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,alum ,,and ,,the ,,sulphates ,,and ,,other ,,salts ,,of ,,alumina ,,and ,,iron4 ,their ,uses and ,applications as ,mordants in ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing1 and their other ,applications in the ,arts1 ,manufactures1 ,sanitary ,engineering1 ,agriculture and ,horticulture4 ,translated from the ,french of ,,lucien ,,geschwind4 #aie ,illustrations4 ,nearly #djj pp4 ,royal #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,theoretical ,study of ,aluminium1 ,iron1 and ,compounds of these ,metals4--,chapters ,i41 ,aluminium and its ,compounds4--,,ii41 ,iron and ,iron ,compounds4 ,part ,,ii41 ,manufacture of ,aluminium ,sulphates and ,sulphates of ,iron4--,chapters ,,iii41 ,manufacture of ,aluminium ,sulphate and the ,alums4--,,iv41 ,manufacture of ,sulphates of ,iron4 ,part ,,iii41 ,uses of the ,sulphates of ,aluminium and ,iron4--,chapters ,v41 ,uses of ,aluminium ,sulphate and ,alums--,application to ,wool and ,silk--,preparing and using ,aluminium ,acetates--,employment of ,aluminium ,sulphate in ,carbonising ,wool--,the ,manufacture of ,lake ,pigments--,manufacture of ,prussian ,blue--,hide and ,leather ,industry--,paper ,making--,hardening ,plaster--,lime ,washes--,preparation of ,non-inflammable ,wood1 etc4--,purification of ,waste ,waters4--,,vi41 ,uses and ,applications of ,ferrous ,sulphate and ,ferric ,sulphates4--,dyeing--,manufacture of ,pigments--,writing ,inks--,purification of ,lighting ,gas--,agriculture--,cotton ,dyeing--,disinfectant--,purifying ,waste ,liquors--,manufacture of ,nordhausen ,sulphuric ,acid--,fertilising4 ,part ,,iv41 ,chemical ,characteristics of ,iron and ,aluminium4--,analysis of ,various ,aluminous or ,ferruginous ,products4--,chapter ,,vii41 ,aluminium4--,analysing ,aluminium ,products4--,alunite ,alumina--,sodium ,aluminate--,aluminium ,sulphate4 ,chapter ,,viii41 ,iron4--,analytical ,characteristics of ,iron ,salts--,analysis of ,pyritic ,lignite--,ferrous and ,ferric ,sulphates--,rouil ,mordant--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,manual ,,of ,,agricultural ,,chemistry4 ,by ,,herbert ,,ingle1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,lecturer on ,agricultural ,chemistry1 the ,yorkshire ,college2 ,lecturer in the ,victoria ,university4 ,in the press4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introduction4--,,ii41 ,the ,atmosphere4--,,iii41 ,the ,soil4--,,iv41 ,the ,reactions occurring in ,soils4--,v41 ,the ,analysis of ,soils4--,,vi41 ,manures1 ,natural4--,,vii41 ,manures 7continued74--,,viii41 ,the ,analysis of ,manures4--,,ix41 ,the ,constituents of ,plants4--,x41 ,the ,plant4--,,xi1 ,crops4--,,xii41 ,the ,animal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lubricating ,,oils1 ,,fats ,,and ,,greases3 ,their ,origin1 ,preparation1 ,properties1 ,uses and ,analyses4 ,a ,handbook for ,oil ,manufacturers1 ,refiners and ,merchants1 and the ,oil and ,fat ,industry in ,general4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,second ,edition4 ,sixty-five ,illustrations4 #cac pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introductory4 ,oils and ,fats1 ,fatty ,oils and ,fats1 ,hydrocarbon ,oils1 ,uses of ,oils4--,,ii41 ,hydrocarbon ,oils4 ,distillation1 ,simple ,distillation1 ,destructive ,distillation1 ,products of ,distillation1 ,hydrocarbons1 ,paraffins1 ,olefins1 ,napthenes4--,,iii41 ,scotch ,shale ,oils4 ,scotch ,shales1 ,distillation of ,scotch ,oils1 ,shale ,retorts1 ,products of ,distilling ,shales4 ,separating ,products1 ,treating ,crude ,shale ,oil1 ,refining ,shale ,oil1 ,shale ,oil ,stills1 ,shale ,naphtha ,burning ,oils1 ,lubricating ,oils1 ,wax4--,,iv41 ,petroleum4 ,occurrence1 ,geology1 ,origin1 ,composition1 ,extraction1 ,refining1 ,petroleum ,stills1 ,petroleum ,products1 ,cylinder ,oils1 ,russian ,petroleum1 ,deblooming ,mineral ,oils4--,v41 ,vegetable and ,animal ,oils4 ,introduction1 ,chemical ,composition of ,oils and ,fats1 ,fatty ,acids1 ,glycerine1 ,extraction of ,animal and ,vegetable ,fats and ,oils1 ,animal ,oils1 ,vegetable ,oils1 ,rendering1 ,pressing1 ,refining1 ,bleaching1 ,tallow1 ,tallow ,oil1 ,lard ,oil1 ,neatsfoot ,oil1 ,palm ,oil1 ,palm ,nut ,oil1 ,cocoa-nut ,oil1 ,castor ,oil1 ,olive ,oil1 ,rape and ,colza ,oils1 ,arachis ,oil1 ,niger ,seed ,oil1 ,sperm ,oils1 ,whale ,oil1 ,seal ,oil1 ,brown ,oils1 ,lardine1 ,thickened ,rape ,oil4--,,vi41 ,testing and ,adulteration of ,oils4 ,specific ,gravity1 ,alkali ,tests1 ,sulphuric ,acid ,tests1 ,free ,acids in ,oils1 ,viscosity ,tests1 ,flash and ,fire ,tests1 ,evaporation ,tests1 ,iodine and ,bromide ,tests1 ,elaidin ,test1 ,melting ,point of ,fat1 ,testing ,machines4--,,vii41 ,lubricating ,greases4 ,rosin ,oil1 ,anthracene ,oil1 ,making ,greases1 ,testing and ,analysis of ,greases4--,,viii41 ,lubrication4 ,friction and ,lubrication1 ,lubricant1 ,lubrication of ,ordinary ,machinery1 ,spontaneous ,combustion of ,oils1 ,stainless ,oils1 ,lubrication of ,engine ,cylinders1 ,cylinder ,oils4--,appendices4 ,a4 ,table of ,baume's ,hydrometer--,b4 ,table of ,thermometric ,degrees--,c4 ,table of ,specific ,gravities of ,oils--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the book is well printed1 and is a credit alike to author1 printer and publisher4--,textile ,mercury4 ,it will be a valuable addition to the technical library of every steam user's establishment4 --,machinery ,market4 ,mr4 ,hurst has in this work supplied a practical treatise which should prove of especial value to oil dealers1 and also1 though in a less degree1 to oil users4--,textile ,manufacturer4 ,this is a clear and concise treatment of the method of manufacturing and refining lubricating oils4444 ,the book is one which is well worthy the attention of readers who are users of oil4--,textile ,recorder4 ,we have no hesitation in saying that in our opinion this book ought to be very useful to all those who are interested in oils1 whether as manufacturers or users of lubricants1 or to those chemists or engineers whose duty it may be to report upon the suitability of the same for any particular class of work4--,engineer4 ,the author is widely known and highly respected as an authority on the chemistry of oils and the technics of lubrication1 and it is safe to say that no work of similar interest or equal value to the general oil-selling and consuming public has heretofore appeared in the ,english language4--,drugs1 ,oils and ,paints1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,this valuable and useful work1 which is both scientific and practical1 has been written with a view of supplying those who deal in and use oils1 etc41 for the purpose of lubrication1 with some information respecting the special properties of the various products which cause these various oils to be of value as lubricants4--,industries and ,iron4 ,a mere glance at the table of contents is sufficient to show how various are the conditions to which these materials have to be applied1 how much knowledge is required for the selection of the right kind for each particular purpose1 and how by processes of mixture or manufacture the requisite qualities are obtained in each case4--,manchester ,guardian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ammonia ,,and ,,its ,,compounds3 ,their ,manufacture and ,uses4 ,by ,,camille ,,vincent1 ,professor at the ,central ,school of ,arts and ,manufactures1 ,paris4 ,translated from the ,french by ,m4 ,j4 ,,salter4 ,royal #hvo4 #aac pp4 #aija4 ,thirty-two ,illustrations4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,general ,considerations3 ,sections #a4 ,various ,sources of ,ammoniacal ,products2 #b4 ,human ,urine as a ,source of ,ammonia4 ,,ii41 ,extraction of ,ammoniacal ,products from ,sewage3 ,sections #a4 ,preliminary ,treatment of ,excreta in the ,settling ,tanks--,the ,lencauchez ,process1 ,the ,bilange ,process1 ,the ,kuentz ,process2 #b4 ,treatment of the ,clarified ,liquors for the ,manufacture of ,ammonium ,sulphate--,the ,figuera ,process and ,apparatus1 ,apparatus of ,margueritte and ,sourdeval1 ,the ,lair ,apparatus1 ,apparatus of ,sintier and ,muhe1 ,apparatus of ,bilange1 ,the ,kuentz ,process1 ,process and ,apparatus of ,hennebutte and ,de ,vaural2 #c4 ,treatment of ,entire ,sewage--,chevalet's ,apparatus1 ,paul ,mallet's ,apparatus1 ,lencauchez's ,apparatus4 ,,iii41 ,extraction of ,ammonia from ,gas ,liquor3 ,sections #a4 ,clarification of ,gas ,liquor2 #b4 ,manufacture of ,ammonium ,sulphate--,a4 ,mallet's ,apparatus1 ,a4 ,mallet's ,modified ,apparatus1 ,paul ,mallet's ,apparatus1 ,chevalet's ,apparatus1 ,grneberg's ,apparatus2 #c4 ,concentration of ,gas ,liquor--,solvay's ,apparatus1 ,kuentz's ,apparatus1 ,grneberg's ,apparatus4 ,,iv41 ,manufacture of ,ammoniacal ,compounds from ,bones1 ,nitrogenous ,waste1 ,beetroot ,wash and ,peat3 ,sections #a4 ,ammonia from ,bones3 #b4 ,ammonia from ,nitrogenous ,waste ,materials2 #c4 ,ammonia from ,beetroot ,wash 7,vinasse73 #d4 ,ammonia from ,peat--,treatment of the ,ammoniacal ,liquors4 ,v41 ,manufacture of ,caustic ,ammonia1 and ,ammonium ,chloride1 ,phosphate and ,carbonate3 ,sections #a4 ,manufacture of ,caustic ,ammonia2 #b4 ,manufacture of ,ammonium ,chloride--,from ,fermented ,urine1 ,process of the ,lesage ,company1 ,kuentz's ,process2 ,from ,gas ,liquor1 ,english ,process1 ,kuentz's ,process2 ,from the ,dry ,distillation of ,animal ,matter2 ,from ,ammonium ,sulphate1 ,sublimation2 #c4 ,ammonium ,phosphates2 #d4 ,carbonates of ,ammonium--,sesquicarbonate from ,animal ,matter1 ,english ,process4 ,uses4 ,,vi41 ,recovery of ,ammonia from the ,ammonia-,soda ,mother ,liquors3 ,sections #a4 ,general ,considerations2 #b4 ,apparatus of ,schloesing and ,rolland2 #c4 ,apparatus of the ,socit ,anonyme de l',est4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,varnishes1 ,,oil ,,refining ,,and ,,boiling1 ,,and ,,kindred ,,industries4 ,describing the ,manufacture of ,spirit ,varnishes and ,oil ,varnishes2 ,raw ,materials3 ,resins1 ,solvents and ,colouring ,principles2 ,drying ,oils3 their ,properties1 ,applications and ,preparation by both ,hot and ,cold ,processes2 ,manufacture1 ,employment and ,testing of ,different ,varnishes4 ,translated from the ,french of ,,ach4 ,,livache1 ,ingnieur ,civil des ,mines4 ,greatly ,extended and ,adapted to ,english ,practice1 with numerous ,original ,recipes4 ,by ,,john ,,geddes ,,mcintosh1 ,lecturer on ,oils1 ,colours and ,varnishes1 ,regent ,street ,polytechnic4 ,twenty-seven ,illustrations4 #djj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahii4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,i4 ,resins3 ,gum ,resins1 ,oleo ,resins and ,balsams1 ,commercial ,varieties1 ,source1 ,collection1 ,characteristics1 ,chemical ,properties1 ,physical ,properties1 ,hardness1 ,adulterations4 ,appropriate ,solvents1 ,special ,treatment1 ,special ,use4--,,ii4 ,solvents3 ,natural1 ,artificial1 ,manufacture1 ,storage1 ,special ,use4--,,iii4 ,colouring3 ,principles1 7#a7 ,vegetable1 7#b7 ,coal ,tar1 7#c7 ,coloured ,resinates1 7#d7 ,coloured ,oleates and ,linoleates4--,gum ,running3 ,furnaces1 ,bridges1 ,flues1 ,chimney ,shafts1 ,melting ,pots1 ,condensers1 ,boiling or ,mixing ,pans1 ,copper ,vessels1 ,iron ,vessels 7,cast71 ,iron ,vessels 7,wrought71 ,iron ,vessels 7,silvered71 ,iron ,vessels 7,enamelled71 ,steam ,superheated ,plant1 ,hot-air ,plant4--,spirit ,varnish ,manufacture3 ,cold ,solution ,plant1 ,mechanical ,agitators1 ,hot ,solution ,plant1 ,jacketted ,pans1 ,mechanical ,agitators1 ,clarification and ,filtration1 ,bleaching ,plant1 ,storage ,plant4--,manufacture1 ,characteristics and ,uses of the ,spirit ,varnishes yielded by3 ,amber1 ,copal1 ,dammar1 ,shellac1 ,mastic1 ,sandarac1 ,rosin1 ,asphalt1 ,india ,rubber1 ,gutta ,percha1 ,collodion1 ,celluloid1 ,resinates1 ,oleates4--,manufacture of ,varnish ,stains4--,manufacture of ,lacquers4--,manufacture of ,spirit ,enamels4--,analysis of ,spirit ,varnishes4--,physical and ,chemical ,constants of ,resins4 --,table of ,solubility of ,resins in different ,menstrua4--,systematic qualitative ,analysis of ,resins1 ,hirschop's tables4--,drying ,oils3 ,oil ,crushing ,plant1 ,oil ,extraction ,plant1 ,individual ,oils1 ,special ,treatment of ,linseed ,oil1 ,poppyseed ,oil1 ,walnut ,oil1 ,hempseed ,oil1 ,llamantia ,oil1 ,japanese ,wood ,oil1 ,gurjun ,balsam1 ,climatic ,influence on ,seed and ,oil4--,oil ,refining3 ,processes1 ,thenard's1 ,liebig's1 ,filtration1 ,storage1 ,old ,tanked ,oil4--,oil ,boiling3 ,fire ,boiling ,plant1 ,steam ,boiling ,plant1 ,hot-,air ,plant1 ,air ,pumps1 ,mechanical ,agitators1 ,vincent's ,process1 ,hadfield's ,patent1 ,storer's ,patent1 ,walton's ,processes1 ,continental ,processes1 ,pale ,boiled ,oil1 ,double ,boiled ,oil1 ,hartley and ,blenkinsop's ,process4--,driers3 ,manufacture1 ,special ,individual ,use of 7#a7 ,litharge1 7#b7 ,sugar of ,lead1 7#c7 ,red ,lead1 7#d7 ,lead ,borate1 7#e7 ,lead ,linoleate1 7#f7 ,lead ,resinate1 7#g7 ,black ,oxide of ,manganese1 7#h7 ,manganese ,acetate1 7#i7 ,manganese ,borate1 7#aj7 ,manganese ,resinate1 7,,ii7 ,manganese ,linoleate1 ,mixed ,resinates and ,linoleates1 ,manganese and ,lead1 ,zinc ,sulphate1 ,terebine1 ,liquid ,driers4--,solidified ,boiled ,oil4--,manufacture of ,linoleum4--,manufacture of ,india ,rubber ,substitutes4--,printing ,ink ,manufacture--,lithographic ,ink ,manufacture4--,manufacture of ,oil ,varnishes4--,running and ,special ,treatment of ,amber1 ,copal1 ,kauri1 ,manilla4--,addition of ,oil to ,resin4--,addition of ,resin to ,oil4--,mixed ,processes4--,solution in ,cold of previously ,fused ,resin4--,dissolving ,resins in ,oil1 etc41 under pressure4--,filtration4--,clarification4 --,storage4--,ageing4--,coach-makers' ,varnishes and ,japans4--,oak ,varnishes4--,japanners' ,stoving ,varnishes4--,japanners' ,gold ,size4--,brunswick ,black4--,various ,oil ,varnishes4--,oil-,varnish ,stains4--,varnishes for ,enamels4-,india ,rubber ,varnishes4--,varnishes ,analysis3 ,processes1 ,matching4--,faults in ,varnishes3 ,cause1 ,prevention4--,experiments and ,exercises4 ,press ,opinions4 ,there is no question that this is a useful book4--,chemist and ,druggist4 ,the different formul which are quoted appear to be far more 'practical' than such as are usually to be found in text-books3 and assuming that the original was published two or three years ago1 and was only slightly behindhand in its information1 the present volume gives a fair insight into the position of the varnish industry4--,the ,ironmonger4 ,letter from the ,teacher of a ,technical ,class4 ,as a teacher ,i have often been consulted as to the best work on ,varnish ,manufacture and kindred industries1 and have been at a loss in recommending a really practical one4 ,it is therefore with pleasure that ,i can now testify as to the merits of the book on these subjects by ,a4 ,livache and ,j4,g4 ,mc,intosh recently published by ,messrs4 ,scott1 ,greenwood ,co4 ,in my opinion no varnish maker ought to be without it2 moreover1 it is the best text-book that could be put into the hands of trade students or beginners4 ,it has also the merits of being thoroughly up-to-date and of possessing a remarkably comprehensive index4 ,i can conscientiously recommend it to my students and trade friends4--,,charles ,,harrison1 ,lecturer on the ,manufacture of ,painters' ,oils1 ,colours and ,varnishes1 ,borough ,polytechnic1 ,borough ,road1 ,s4,e4 #bcrd ,may1 #ahii 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,lake ,,pigments ,,from ,,artificial ,,colours4 ,by ,,francis ,h4 ,,jennison1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,sixteen ,coloured ,plates1 showing ,specimens of ,eighty-nine ,colours1 specially prepared from the ,recipes given in the ,book4 #acf pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introduction4--,,ii41 ,the ,groups of the ,artificial ,colouring ,matters4--,,iii41 ,the ,nature and ,manipulation of ,artificial ,colours4--,,iv41 ,lake-forming ,bodies for ,acid ,colours4 --,v41 ,lake-forming ,bodies' ,basic ,colours4--,,vi41 ,lake ,bases4--,,vii41 ,the ,principles of ,lake ,formation4--,,viii41 ,red ,lakes4--,,ix41 ,orange1 ,yellow1 ,green1 ,blue1 ,violet and ,black ,lakes4 --,x41 ,the ,production of ,insoluble ,azo ,colours in the ,form of ,pigments4--,,xi41 ,the ,general ,properties of ,lakes ,produced from ,artificial ,colours4--,,xii41 ,washing1 ,filtering and ,finishing4 --,,xiii41 ,matching and ,testing ,lake ,pigments4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,it is evidently the result of prolonged research1 and cannot but prove a valuable consulting work to those engaged in the industry4--,derby ,mercury4 ,the practical portion of the volume is the one which will especially commend itself1 as that is the part of the subject which most readers would buy the book for4--,chemist and ,druggist4 ,this work just issued is a very valuable treatise on the manufacture of lake pigments of the coal-tar series principally4 ,the plan adopted by the author in writing up the subject enables the manufacture to be very readily understood4444 ,the general properties of lakes produced from artificial colours1 washing1 filtering and finishing1 and matching and testing lake pigments are well and exhaustively described1 so that no manufacturer or user of lake pigments can well afford to be without this work4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,this is undoubtedly a book which will occupy a very high place amongst technical works1 and will prove of exceptional value to all whom it immediately concerns4 ,we have no hesitation in recommending it as one of the best works of its class we have ever read4 ,mr4 ,jennison has set about his task with a lucid style1 and with a complete mastery of his subject4 44 ,we do not think students of the technical side of the paint and colour industry can possibly spend #gs4 #f;d4 in a more profitable way than by buying this publication4--,eastern ,morning ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,testing ,,and ,,valuation ,,of ,,raw ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,paint ,,and ,,colour ,,manufacture4 ,by ,m4,w4 ,,jones1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,a ,book for the ,laboratories of ,colour ,works4 #hh pp4 ,crown #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,aluminium ,compounds4 ,china ,clay4 ,iron ,compounds4 ,potassium ,compounds4 ,sodium ,compounds4 ,ammonium ,hydrate4 ,acids4 ,chromium ,compounds4 ,tin ,compounds4 ,copper ,compounds4 ,lead ,compounds4 ,zinc ,compounds4 ,manganese ,compounds4 ,arsenic ,compounds4 ,antimony ,compounds4 ,calcium ,compounds4 ,barium ,compounds4 ,cadmium ,compounds4 ,mercury ,compounds4 ,ultramarine4 ,cobalt and ,carbon ,compounds4 ,oils ,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,though this excellent little work can appeal only to a limited class1 the chemists in colour works1 yet it will appeal to them very strongly indeed1 for it will put them on the track of short1 rapid1 and yet approximately1 accurate methods of testing the comparative value of competing samples of raw material used in paint and colour manufacture4--,north ,british ,daily ,mail4 ,this little text-book is intended to supplement the larger and more comprehensive works on the subject1 and it embodies the result of ,mr4 ,jones' experiments and experiences1 extending over a long period4 ,it gives1 under separate headings1 the principal ingredients and impurities found in the raw materials1 and is a handy work of reference for ascertaining what is valuable or detrimental in the sample under examination4--,blackburn ,times4 ,there is no attempt at literary adornment nor straining after literary effect1 but the lessons are imparted in simple and concise language4 ,this is just what a text-book should be4444 ,the treatise is certainly most useful1 and bears internal evidence of being the results of actual work in a busy manufactory and not of ephemeral cramming in a technical school4 ,the chapter arrangement is good1 the index satisfactory1 and the book is altogether one which the practical chemist should keep as accessible to his crucibles and filter paper4--,manchester ,courier4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,essential ,,oils ,,and ,,artificial ,,perfumes4 ,by ,,ernest ,j4 ,,parry1 ,b4,,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,illustrated with ,twenty ,engravings4 #djj pp4 #ahii4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,the ,general ,properties of ,essential ,oils4--,,ii41 ,compounds occurring in ,essential ,oils4--,,iii41 ,the ,preparation of ,essential ,oils4--,,iv41 ,the ,analysis of ,essential ,oils4--,v41 ,systematic ,study of the ,essential ,oils4--,,vi41 ,terpeneless ,oils4--,,vii41 ,the ,chemistry of ,artificial ,perfumes4--,appendix3 ,table of ,constants4 ,press ,opinions4 ,there can be no doubt that the publication will take a high place in the list of scientific text-books4--,london ,argus ,we can heartily recommend this volume to all interested in the subject of essential oils from the scientific or the commercial standpoint4--,british and ,colonial ,druggist4 ,mr4 ,parry has done good service in carefully collecting and marshalling the results of the numerous researches published in various parts of the world4--,pharmaceutical ,journal4 ,at various times monographs have been printed by individual workers1 but it may safely be said that ,mr4 ,parry is the first in these latter days to deal with the subject in an adequate manner4 ,his book is well conceived and well written4444 ,he is known to have sound practical experience in analytical methods1 and he has apparently taken pains to make himself au fait with the commercial aspects of the subject4--,chemist and ,druggist4 ,mr4 ,parry's reputation as a scientist is fully established1 and we can therefore accept any work emanating from his pen as being of the greatest practical value4 ,we have perused the work before us with much care1 and are convinced that the contents will be found most serviceable and its publication most opportune4444 ,he avoids unnecessary details1 but includes everything that is essential to systematic treatment1 while he attempts no more 'than to give an outline of the principles involved'4444 ,we congratulate ,mr4 ,parry on the scientific value of his work1 and hope that if the progress of the colonies in the manufacture of essential oils and perfumes equals what we are justified in expecting1 it will become an ,australian handbook1 everywhere appreciated4--,the ,australian ,brewers' ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,drying ,,oils1 ,,boiled ,,oil ,,and ,,solid ,,and ,,liquid ,,driers4 ,by ,l4,e4 ,,and,s4 ,a ,practical ,work for ,manufacturers of ,oils1 ,varnishes1 ,printing ,inks1 ,oilcloth and ,linoleum1 ,oilcakes1 ,paints1 etc4 ,expressly ,written for this ,series of ,special ,technical ,books1 and the ,publishers hold the ,copyright for ,english and ,foreign ,editions4 ,forty-two ,illustrations4 #cfj pp4 #aija4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,general ,chemical and ,physical ,properties of the ,drying ,oils2 ,cause of the ,drying ,property2 ,absorption of ,oxygen3 ,behaviour towards ,metallic ,oxides1 etc4--,,ii41 ,the ,properties of and ,methods for obtaining the ,drying ,oils4--,,iii41 ,production of the ,drying ,oils by ,expression and ,extraction3 ,refining and ,bleaching2 ,oil ,cakes and ,meal3 ,the ,refining and ,bleaching of the ,drying ,oils2 ,the ,bleaching of ,linseed ,oil4--,,iv41 ,the ,manufacture or ,boiled ,oil2 ,the ,preparation of ,drying ,oils for ,use in the ,grinding of ,paints and ,artists' ,colours and in the ,manufacture of ,varnishes by ,heating over a ,fire or by ,steam1 by the ,cold ,process1 by the ,action of ,air1 and by ,means of the ,electric ,current2 ,the ,driers used in ,boiling ,linseed ,oil2 ,the ,manufacture of ,boiled ,oil and the ,apparatus therefor2 ,livache's ,process for ,preparing a ,good ,drying ,oil and its ,practical ,application4--,v41 ,the ,preparation of ,varnishes for ,letterpress1 ,lithographic and ,copperplate ,printing1 for ,oilcloth and ,waterproof ,fabrics3 ,the ,manufacture of ,thickened ,linseed ,oil1 ,burnt ,oil1 ,stand ,oil by ,fire ,heat1 ,superheated ,steam1 and by a ,current of ,air4--,,vi41 ,behaviour of the ,drying ,oils and ,boiled ,oils towards ,atmospheric ,influences1 ,water1 ,acids and ,alkalies4--,,vii41 ,boiled ,oil ,substitutes4--,,viii41 ,the ,manufacture of ,solid and ,liquid ,driers from ,linseed ,oil and ,rosin2 ,linolic ,acid ,compounds of the ,driers4--,,ix41 ,the ,adulteration and ,examination of the ,drying ,oils and ,boiled ,oil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reissue ,,of ,,chemical ,,essays ,,of ,c4,w4 ,,scheele4 ,first ,published in ,english in #aghf4 ,translated from the ,academy of ,sciences at ,stockholm1 with ,additions4 #cjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,memoir2 ,c4,w4 ,scheele and his work 7written for this edition74--,chapters ,i41 ,on ,fluor ,mineral and its ,acid4--,,ii41 ,on ,fluor ,mineral4--,,iii41 ,chemical ,investigation of ,fluor ,acid1 with a ,view to the ,earth which it ,yields1 by ,mr4 ,wiegler4--,,iv41 ,additional ,information ,concerning ,fluor ,minerals4--,v41 ,on ,manganese1 ,magnesium1 or ,magnesia ,vitrariorum4--,,vi41 ,on ,arsenic and its ,acid4--,,vii41 ,remarks upon ,salts of ,benzoin--,,viii41 ,on ,silex1 ,clay and ,alum4--,,ix41 ,analysis of the ,calculus ,vesical4--,x41 ,method of ,preparing ,mercurius4 ,dulcis ,via ,humida4--,,xi41 ,cheaper and more ,convenient ,method of ,preparing ,pulvis ,algarothi4--,,xii41 ,experiments upon ,molybdaena4--,,xiii41 ,experiments on ,plumbago4--,,xiv41 ,method of ,preparing a ,new ,green ,colour4--,,xv41 ,of the ,decomposition of ,neutral ,salts by ,unslaked ,lime and ,iron4--,,xvi41 ,on the4 ,quantity of ,pure ,air which is ,daily ,present in our ,atmosphere4--,,xvii41 ,on ,milk and its ,acid4--,,xviii41 ,on the ,acid of ,saccharum ,lactis4 --,,xix41 ,on the ,constituent ,parts of ,lapis ,ponderosus or ,tungsten4--,,xx41 ,experiments and ,observations on ,ether4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glue ,,and ,,glue ,,testing4 ,by ,,samuel ,,rideal1 ,d4,,sc4 ,lond41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,fourteen ,engravings4 #add pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,constitution and ,properties3 ,definitions and ,sources1 ,gelatine1 ,chondrin and ,allied ,bodies1 ,physical and ,chemical ,properties1 ,classification1 ,grades and ,commercial ,varieties4--,,ii41 ,raw ,materials and ,manufacture3 ,glue ,stock1 ,lining1 ,extraction1 ,washing and ,clarifying1 ,filter ,presses1 ,water ,supply1 ,use of ,alkalies1 ,action of ,bacteria and of ,antiseptics1 ,various ,processes1 ,cleansing1 ,forming1 ,drying1 ,crushing1 etc41 ,secondary ,products4 --,,iii41 ,uses of ,glue3 ,selection and ,preparation for ,use1 ,carpentry1 ,veneering1 ,paper-,making1 ,bookbinding1 ,printing ,rollers1 ,hectographs1 ,match ,manufacture1 ,sandpaper1 etc41 ,substitutes for other ,materials1 ,artificial ,leather and ,caoutchouc4--,,iv41 ,gelatine3 ,general ,characters1 ,liquid ,gelatine1 ,photographic ,uses1 ,size1 ,tanno-1 ,chrome and ,formo-,gelatine1 ,artificial ,silk1 ,cements1 ,pneumatic ,tyres1 ,culinary1 ,meat ,extracts1 ,isinglass1 ,medicinal and other ,uses1 ,bacteriology4--,v41 ,glue ,testing3 ,review of ,processes1 ,chemical ,examination1 ,adulteration1 ,physical ,tests1 ,valuation of ,raw ,materials4--,,vi41 ,commercial ,aspects4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this work is of the highest technical character1 and gives not only a full and practical account of the raw materials and manufacture of glues1 gelatines and similar substances1 but gives many hints and information on the use of such substances in veneering1 carpentry and many other purposes4 ,many tests are given for glue in different stages of the progress of its manufacture1 and the commercial value of a commodity so much in general use is exemplified by statistics and figures4 ,it is certainly a valuable treatise upon an article for which very little literature in any form has previously been obtainable4--,carpenter and ,builder4 ,books on the art of glue making are more than usually scarce1 and users of that article1 as well as those who may be tempted to embark in the industry1 should therefore welcome this book by ,dr4 ,samuel ,rideal1 a ,fellow of the ,institute of ,chemistry1 and a leading authority4 ,in this book he has collected the more important facts connected with the manufacture of glue and allied products1 and stated the experience he has gained in examining various commercial samples during the past ten years4444 ,dr4 ,rideal's book must be regarded as a valuable contribution to other technical literature1 which manufacturers1 merchants and users may study with profit4--,british ,trade ,journal4 ,this volume is the latest addition to the excellent series of special technical works for manufacturers and professional and commercial men issued by the well-known publishers of ,the ,oil and ,colourman's ,journal4 ,the volume in every way fully maintains the high standard of excellence of the whole series1 and deals with the subject of glue making and glue testing in a thoroughly exhaustive manner4 ,chapters are given on the constitution and properties1 and raw material and manufacture1 and of the uses of glue1 and in this latter respect it will doubtless be information to many readers to learn to what extent glue enters into the manufacture of many commercial products not apparently associated with glue4 ,exhaustive chapters on the processes and methods of glue testing1 and on its commercial aspects1 complete this useful and most carefully prepared volume4--,carriage ,builders' ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,technology ,,of ,,petroleum3 ,oil ,fields of the ,world--,their ,history1 ,geography and ,geology--,annual ,production and ,development--,oil-well ,drilling--,transport4 ,by ,,henry ,,neuberger and ,,henry ,,noalhat4 ,translated from the ,french by ,j4 ,g4 ,,mcintosh4 #eej pp4 #aec ,illustrations4 #bf ,plates4 ,royal #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #bas42 ,india and ,colonies1 #bbs42 ,other ,countries1 #bcs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,study of the ,petroliferous ,strata--,chapters ,i41 ,petroleum--,definition4--,,ii41 ,the ,genesis or ,origin of ,petroleum4--,,iii41 ,the ,oil ,fields of ,galicia1 their ,history4--,,iv44 ,physical ,geography and ,geology of the ,galician ,oil ,fields4--,v44 ,practical ,notes on ,galician ,land ,law--,economic ,hints on ,working1 etc4--,,vi41 ,roumania--,history1 ,geography1 ,geology4 --,,vii41 ,petroleum in ,russia--,history4--,,viii41 ,russian ,petroleum 7continued7--,geography and ,geology of the ,caucasian ,oil ,fields4--,,ix44 ,russian ,petroleum 7continued74--,x41 ,the ,secondary ,oil ,fields of ,europe4 ,northern ,germany1 ,alsace1 ,italy1 etc4--,,xi41 ,petroleum in ,france4--,,xii41 ,petroleum in ,asia--,transcaspian and ,turkestan ,territory--,turkestan--,persia--,britis h ,india and ,burmah--,british ,burmah or ,lower ,burmah--,china--,chinese ,thibet--,japan1 ,formosa and ,saghalien4--,,xiii41 ,petroleum in ,oceania--,sumatra4 ,java1 ,borneo--,isle of ,timor--,philippine ,isles--,new ,zealand4--,,xiv41 ,the ,united ,states of ,america--,history4 --,,xv41 ,physical ,geology and ,geography of the ,united ,states ,oil ,fields4--,,xvi41 ,canadian and other ,north ,american ,oil ,fields4--,,xvii41 ,economic ,data of ,work in ,north ,america4 --,,xviii41 ,petroleum in the ,west ,indies and ,south ,america4--,,xix41 ,petroleum in the ,french ,colonies4 ,part ,,ii41 ,excavations4--,chapter ,,xx41 ,hand ,excavation or ,hand ,digging of ,oil ,wells4 ,part ,,iii41 ,methods of ,boring4--,chapters ,,xxi41 ,methods of ,oil-well ,drilling or ,boring4--,,xxii41 ,boring ,oil ,wells with the ,rope4--,,xxiii41 ,drilling with ,rigid ,rods and a ,free-fall--,fabian ,system4--,,xxiv41 ,free-fall ,drilling by ,steam ,power4--,,xxv41 ,oil-well ,drilling by the ,canadian ,system4--,,xxvi41 ,drilling ,oil ,wells on the ,combined ,system4--,,xxvii41 ,comparison between the ,combined ,fauck ,system and the ,canadian4--,,xxviii41 ,the ,american ,system of ,drilling with the ,rope4--,,xxix41 ,hydraulic ,boring with the ,drill by ,hand and ,steam ,power4--,,xxx41 ,rotary ,drilling of ,oil ,wells1 ,bits1 ,steel-crowned ,tools1 ,diamond ,tools--,hand ,power and ,steam ,power--,hydraulic ,sand-pumping4--,,xxxi41 ,improvements in and different ,systems of ,drilling ,oil ,wells4 ,part ,,iv41 ,accidents4--,chapters ,,xxxii41 ,boring ,accidents--,methods of preventing them--,methods of remedying them4--,,xxxiii41 ,explosives and the use of the ,torpedo ,levigation4--,,xxxiv41 ,storing and ,transport of ,petroleum4--,,xxxv41 ,general ,advice--,prospecting1 ,management and carrying on of ,petroleum ,boring ,operations4 ,part ,v41 ,general ,data4--,customary ,formul4--,memento4 ,practical ,part4 ,general ,data bearing on ,petroleum4--,glossary or ,technical ,terms used in the ,petroleum ,industry4--,copious ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,chemicals ,,and ,,raw ,,products ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,paints1 ,,colours1 ,,varnishes ,,and ,,allied ,,preparations4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,demy #hvo4 #chj pp4 #aija4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,the names of the ,chemicals and ,raw ,products are arranged in alphabetical order1 and the description of each varies in length from half to eight pages4 ,the following are some of the articles described and explained3 ,acetates--,acetic ,acid--,acidimetry--,alcohol--,alum--,am monia--,amber--,animi-- ,arsenic--,beeswax--,benzol--,bichromate s of ,potash and ,soda--,bleaching ,powder--,bone ,black--,boric ,acid--,brunswick ,green--,cadmium ,yellow--,carbonates--,carmine--,carnaub a ,wax--,caustic ,potash and ,soda--,chrome ,colours--,clay--,coal ,tar ,colours--,copal--,dammar--,drying ,oils--,emerald ,green--,gamboge--,glue--,glycerine--,gu ms--,gypsum--,indian ,red--,japanese ,lacquer--,lac--,lakes--,lamp ,black--,lead ,compounds--,linseed ,oil--,magnesia--,manganese ,compounds--,mica--,nitric ,acid--,ochres--,orange ,lead--,orr's ,white--,paraffin--,prussian ,blue--,rosin ,oil--,sepia--,sienna--,smalts--,sodium ,carbonate--,sublimed ,white ,lead--,sulphuric ,acid--,terra ,verte--,testing ,pigments--,turpentine--,ultramarine--,u mbers--,vermilionettes--,white ,lead--,whiting--,zinc ,compounds4--,appendix3 ,comparison of ,baume ,hydrometer and ,specific ,gravity for ,liquids ,lighter than ,water--,hydrometer ,table for ,liquids ,heavier than ,water--,comparison of ,temperature ,degrees--,tables for ,converting ,french ,metric ,weights and ,measures into ,english--,table of the ,elements--etc41 etc4--,copious ,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this treatise will be welcomed by those interested in this industry who have not secured the full advantage of a course of scientific training4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,in concise and lucid terms almost every ingredient used in paint and colour manufacture is described1 together with the methods of testing their intrinsic and chemical value4--,pontefract ,express4 ,such a book of reference for paint1 colour and varnish manufacturers has long been needed1 and in ,mr4 ,hurst the publishers have secured a compiler who is not only a well-known authority and expert1 but who has the gift of communicating his knowledge in a concise and lucid form4--,manchester ,courier4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pure ,,air1 ,,ozone ,,and ,,water4 ,a ,practical ,treatise of their ,utilisation and ,value in ,oil1 ,grease1 ,soap1 ,paint1 ,glue and other ,industries4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,cowell4 ,twelve ,illustrations4 #aijj4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d43 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,atmospheric ,air2 ,lifting of ,liquids3 ,suction ,process2 ,preparing ,blown ,oils2 ,preparing ,siccative ,drying ,oils4--,,ii41 ,compressed ,air2 ,whitewash4--,,iii41 ,liquid ,air2 ,retrocession4--,,iv41 ,purification of ,water2 ,water ,hardness4--,v41 ,fleshings and ,bones4--,,vi41 ,ozonised ,air in the ,bleaching and ,deodorising of ,fats1 ,glues1 etc43 ,bleaching ,textile ,fibres4--,appendix3 ,air and ,gases3 ,pressure of ,air at ,various ,temperatures2 ,fuel2 ,table of ,combustibles2 ,saving of ,fuel by ,heating ,feed ,water2 ,table of ,solubilities of ,scale ,making ,minerals3 ,british ,thermal ,units ,tables2 ,volume of the ,flow of ,steam into the ,atmosphere2 ,temperature of ,steam4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this is a valuable work in little space4444 ,in arrangement it is a commendable work1 and its value is increased by the index which brings the little volume to a close4--,newcastle ,daily ,journal4 ,the book is written solely for manufacturers1 who1 without doubt1 will find it exceedingly practical and useful4 ,the volume contains an appendix wherein is given a great many tables1 etc41 which manufacturers in the trades referred to will find of inestimable value ,blackburn ,times4 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,mineral ,,and ,,lake ,,pigments4 ,containing ,directions for the ,manufacture of all ,artificial1 ,artists and ,painters' ,colours1 ,enamel1 ,soot and ,metallic ,pigments4 ,a ,text-book for ,manufacturers1 ,merchants1 ,artists and ,painters4 ,by ,dr4 ,,josef ,,bersch4 ,translated from the ,second ,revised ,edition by ,,arthur ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 formerly ,assistant ,lecturer and ,demonstrator in ,chemistry at the ,yorkshire ,college1 ,leeds4 ,forty-three ,illustrations4 #dgf pp41 demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies4 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introduction4--,,ii41 ,physico-chemical ,behaviour of ,pigments4--,,iii41 ,raw ,materials ,employed in the ,manufacture of ,pigments4--,,iv41 ,assistant ,materials4--,v41 ,metallic ,compounds4--,,vi41 ,the ,manufacture of ,mineral ,pigments4--,,vii41 ,the ,manufacture of ,white ,lead4--,,viii41 ,enamel ,white4--,,ix41 ,washing ,apparatus4--,x41 ,zinc ,white4--,,xi44 ,yellow ,mineral ,pigments4--,,xii41 ,chrome ,yellow4--,,xiii41 ,lead ,oxide ,pigments4--,,xiv41 ,other ,yellow ,pigments4--,,xv41 ,mosaic2 ,gold4--,,xvi41 ,red ,mineral ,pigments4--,,xvii41 ,the ,manufacture of ,vermilion4--,,xviii41 ,antimony ,vermilion4--,,xix41 ,ferric ,oxide ,pigments4--,,xx41 ,other ,red ,mineral ,pigments4--,,xxi41 ,purple of ,cassius4--,,xxii41 ,blue ,mineral ,pigments4 --,,xxiii41 ,ultramarine4--,,xxiv41 ,manufacture of ,ultramarine4--,,xxv41 ,blue ,copper ,pigments4 --,,xxvi41 ,blue ,cobalt ,pigments4--,,xxvii41 ,smalts4--,,xxviii41 ,green ,mineral ,pigments4--,,xxix41 ,emerald ,green4--,,xxx41 ,verdigris4--,,xxxi41 ,chromium ,oxide4--,,xxxii41 ,other ,green ,chromium ,pigments4--,,xxxiii41 ,green ,cobalt ,pigments4--,,xxxiv41 ,green ,manganese ,pigments4--,,xxxv41 ,compounded ,green ,pigments4--,,xxxvi41 ,violet ,mineral ,pigments4--,,xxxvii44 ,brown ,mineral ,pigments4--,,xxxviii41 ,brown ,decomposition ,products4--,,xxxix41 ,black ,pigments4--,,xl41 ,manufacture of ,soot ,pigments4--,,xli41 ,manufacture of ,lamp ,black4--,,xlii41 ,the ,manufacture of ,soot ,black without ,chambers4--,,xliii41 ,indian ,ink4--,,xliv41 ,enamel ,colours4--,,xlv41 ,metallic ,pigments4--,,xlvi41 ,bronze ,pigments--,,xlvii41 ,vegetable ,bronze ,pigments4 ,,pigments ,,of ,,organic ,,origin4--,chapters ,,xlviii41 ,lakes4--,,xlix41 ,yellow ,lakes4--,l41 ,red ,lakes4--,,li41 ,manufacture of ,carmine4--,,lii41 ,the ,colouring ,matter of ,lac4--,,liii41 ,safflower or ,carthamine ,red4--,,liv41 ,madder and its ,colouring ,matters4--,,lv41 ,madder ,lakes4--,,lvi41 ,manjit 7,indian ,madder74--,,lvii41 ,lichen ,colouring ,matters4--,,lviii41 ,red ,wood ,lakes4 --,,lix41 ,the ,colouring ,matters of ,sandal ,wood and ,other ,dye ,woods4--,,lx41 ,blue ,lakes4--,,lxi41 ,indigo ,carmine4--,,lxii41 ,the ,colouring ,matter of ,log ,wood4--,,lxiii41 ,green ,lakes4--,,lxiv41 ,brown ,organic ,pigments4--,,lxv41 ,sap ,colours4--,,lxvi41 ,water ,colours4--,,lxvii41 ,crayons4--,,lxviii41 ,confectionery ,colours4--,,lxix41 ,the ,preparation of ,pigments for ,painting4--,,lxx41 ,the ,examination of ,pigments4--,,lxxi41 ,examination of ,lakes4--,,lxxii41 ,the ,testing of ,dye-,woods4--,,lxxiii41 ,the ,design of a ,colour ,works4--,,lxxiv4--,commercial ,names of ,pigments4--,appendix3 ,conversion of ,metric to ,english ,weights and ,measures4--,centigrade and ,fahrenheit ,thermometer ,scales4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bone ,,products ,,and ,,manures3 ,an ,account of the most recent ,improvements in the ,manufacture of ,fat1 ,glue1 ,animal ,charcoal1 ,size1 ,gelatine and ,manures4 ,by ,,thomas ,,lambert1 ,technical and ,consulting ,chemist4 ,illustrated by ,twenty-one ,plans and ,diagrams4 #afb pp41 demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,chemical ,composition of ,bones--,arrangement of ,factory--,crushing of ,bones --,treatment with ,benzene--,benzene in ,crude ,fat--,analyses of ,clarified ,fats--,mechanical ,cleansing of ,bones--,animal ,charcoal--,tar and ,ammoniacal ,liquor1 ,char and ,gases1 from good quality ,bones--,method of ,retorting the ,bones--,analyses of ,chars--,spent ,chars--,cooling of ,tar and ,ammoniacal ,vapours--,value of ,nitrogen for ,cyanide of ,potash--,bone ,oil--,marrow ,bones--,composition of ,marrow ,fat--,premier ,juice--,buttons4--,,ii41 ,properties of ,glue--,glutin and ,chondrin--,skin ,glue--,liming of ,skins--,washing--,boiling of ,skins--,clarification of ,glue ,liquors--,acid ,steeping of ,bones--,water ,system of ,boiling ,bones--,steam ,method of ,treating ,bones--,nitrogen in the ,treated ,bones--,glue-,boiling and ,clarifying-,house--,plan showing ,arrangement of ,clarifying ,vats--,plan showing ,position of ,evaporators--,description of ,evaporators--,sulphurous ,acid ,generator--,clarification of ,liquors--,section of ,drying-,house--,specification of a ,glue--,size--,uses and ,preparation and ,composition of ,size--,concentrated ,size4--,,iii41 ,properties of ,gelatine--,preparation of ,skin ,gelatine --,washing--,bleaching--,boiling--,clari fication--,evaporation--,drying--,bone ,gelatine--,selecting ,bones--,crushing--,dissolving--,bleachi ng--,boiling--,properties of ,glutin and ,chondrin --,testing of ,glues and ,gelatines4--,,iv41 ,the ,uses of ,glue1 ,gelatine and ,size in ,various ,trades--,soluble and ,liquid ,glues--,steam and ,waterproof ,glues4--,v41 ,manures--,importation of ,food ,stuffs--,soils--,germination--,plant ,life4--,,vi41 ,natural ,manures--,water and ,nitrogen in ,farmyard ,manure--,full ,analysis of ,farmyard ,manure--,action on ,crops--,water-,closet4 ,system--,sewage ,manure--,green ,manures4--,,vii41 ,artificial ,manures--,bones--,boiled and ,steamed ,bones--,mineral ,phosphates--,english ,coprolites--,french and ,spanish ,phosphorites--,german and ,belgian ,phosphates--,basic ,slag--,guanos ,proper--,guano ,phosphates4--,,viii41 ,mineral ,manures--,common ,salt--,potash ,salts--,calcareous ,manures--,prepared ,nitrogenous ,manures--,ammoniacal ,compounds--,sodium ,nitrate--,potassium ,nitrate--,organic ,nitrogenous ,matters--,shoddy--,hoofs and ,horns--,leather ,waste--,dried ,meat--,dried ,blood--,superphosphates--,composition-- ,manufacture--,section of ,manure-,shed--,first and ,ground ,floor ,plans of ,manure-,shed--,quality of ,acid ,used--,mixings--,special ,manures--,potato ,manure--,dissolved ,bones--,dissolved ,bone ,compound--,enriched ,peruvian ,guano--,special ,manure for ,garden ,stuffs1 etc4--,special ,manure for ,grass ,lands--,special ,tobacco ,manures--,sugar-,cane ,manure--,compounding of ,manures--,valuation of ,manures4--,,ix41 ,analyses of ,raw and ,finished ,products--,common ,raw ,bones--,degreased ,bones--,crude ,fat--,refined ,fat--,degelatinised ,bones--,animal ,charcoal--,bone ,superphosphates--,guanos--,dried ,animal ,products--,potash ,compounds--,sulphate of ,ammonia--,extraction in ,vacuo--,description of a ,vacuum ,pan--,french and ,british ,gelatines compared4--,index4 ,press ,opinion4 ,we can with confidence recommend the perusal of the book to all persons interested in the manufacture of artificial manures1 and also to the large number of farmers and others who are desirous of working their holdings on the most up-to-date methods1 and obtaining the best possible results1 which scientific research has placed within their reach4--,wigan ,observer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,analysis ,,of ,,resins ,,and ,,balsams4 ,demy #hvo4 #cdj pp4 #aija4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,definition of ,resins in ,general--,definition of ,balsams1 and especially the ,gum ,resins--,external and ,superficial ,characteristics of ,resinous ,bodies--,distinction between ,resinous ,bodies and ,fats and ,oils--,origin1 ,occurrence and ,collection of ,resinous ,substances--,classification--,chemical ,constituents of ,resinous ,substances--,resinols--,resinot ,annols--,behaviour of ,resin ,constituents towards the ,cholesterine ,reactions--,uses and ,identification of ,resins--,melting-point--,solvents--,aci d ,value--,saponification ,value--,resin ,value--,ester and ,ether ,values--,acetyl and ,corbonyl ,value--,methyl ,value--,resin ,acid--,systematic ,rsum of the ,performance of the ,acid and ,saponification ,value ,tests4 ,part ,,ii41 ,balsams--,introduction--,definitions--, canada ,balsam--,copaiba ,balsam--,angostura ,copaiba ,balsam--,bahia ,copaiba ,balsam--,carthagena ,copaiba ,balsam--,maracaibo ,copaiba ,balsam--,maturin ,copaiba ,balsam--,gurjum ,copaiba ,balsam--,para ,copaiba ,balsam--,surinam ,copaiba ,balsam--,west ,african ,copaiba ,balsam--,mecca ,balsam--,peruvian ,balsam--,tolu ,balsam--,acaroid ,resin--,amine--,amber--,african and ,west ,indian ,kino--,bengal ,kino--,labdanum--,mastic--,pine ,resin--,sandarach--,scammonium--,shella c--,storax--,adulteration of ,styrax ,liquidus ,crudus--,purified ,storax--,styrax ,crudus ,colatus--,tacamahac--,thapsia ,resin--,turpentine--,chios ,turpentine--,strassburg ,turpentine--,turpeth ,turpentine4 ,gum ,resins--,ammoniacum--,bdellium--,euphor bium--,galbanum--,gamboge--,lactucarium- - ,myrrh--,opopanax--,sagapenum--,olibanum or ,incense--,acaroid ,resin--,amber-- ,thapsia ,resin4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,paint4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for ,paint ,manufacturers1 ,merchants and ,painters4 ,by ,j4 ,,cruickshank ,,smith1 ,b4,sc4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 #bjj pp4 #fj ,illustrations and #a ,large ,diagram4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,chapters ,i41 ,preparation of ,raw ,material4--,,ii41 ,storing of ,raw ,material4--,,iii41 ,testing and ,valuation of ,raw ,material--,paint ,plant and ,machinery4 ,part ,,ii41 ,chapter ,v41 ,the ,grinding of ,white ,lead4--,,vi41 ,grinding of ,white ,zinc4--,,vii41 ,grinding of other ,white ,pigments4--,,viii41 ,grinding of ,oxide ,paints4--,,ix41 ,grinding of ,staining ,colours4--,x41 ,grinding of ,black ,paints4--,,xi41 ,grinding of ,chemical ,colours--,yellows4--,,xii41 ,grinding of ,chemical ,colours--,blues4--,,xiii41 ,grinding ,greens4--,,xiv41 ,grinding ,reds4--,,xv41 ,grinding ,lakes4--,,xvi41 ,grinding ,colours in ,water4--,,xvii41 ,grinding ,colours in ,turpentine4 ,part ,,iii41 ,chapters ,,xviii41 ,the ,uses of ,paint4--,,xix41 ,testing and ,matching ,paints4--,,xx41 ,economic ,considerations4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,pigments4 ,by ,,ernest ,j4 ,,parry1 ,b4,sc1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 and ,j4,h4 ,,coste1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,in the press4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,introductory--,composition of ,white ,light--,theory of ,colour1 etc4--,,ii41 ,the ,application of ,pigments--,artistic1 ,decorative1 ,protective ,methods of ,applying ,pigments4--,,iii41 ,white ,pigments4--,,iv41 ,inorganic ,coloured ,pigments4--,v41 ,organic ,pigments4 ,,notes ,,on ,,lead ,,ores3 ,their ,distribution and ,properties4 ,by ,,jas4 ,,fairie1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 #aija4 #fd pages4 ,price #bs4 #f;d42 ,abroad1 #cs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,definitions--,properties--,occurrence4- -,,ii41 ,galena--,johnstonite--,cerussite--,crus e 7,white ,lead7--,minium--,red ,lead4-- ,,iii41 ,pyromorphite--,mimetene--,hediphane--,c rocoise--,wulfenite4--,vanadinite-- ,,iv41 ,bleiglatte--,anglesite--,caledonite--,l inarite--,lanarkite--,leadhillite --,susannite--,clausthalite--,cotunnite4 --,v41 ,mendipite--,matlockite-- ,cromfordite--,nagyagite--,altaite--,mel anochroite--,vauguelinite-- ,scheeletine4--,,vi41 ,plattnerite--,tilkerodite--,raphanosmit e-- ,deckenite--,descloezite--,dufrenaysite- -,bleinierite--,moffrasite --,geocronite--,kilbrechenite--,schulzit e--,boulangerite--,heteromorphite-- ,meneghinite--,jamesonite--,plagionite-- ,zinkenite4--,,vii41 ,kobellite-- ,bournonite--,selenkupferblei--,nussieri te--,percylite--,wolchite-- ,polysphracrite--,miesite4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,risks ,,and ,,dangers ,,of ,,various ,,occupations ,,and ,,their ,,prevention4 ,by ,,leonard ,a4 ,,parry1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,s4 7,lond474 #aif pp41 demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,occupations which are ,accompanied by the ,generation and ,scattering of ,abnormal ,quantities of ,dust4--,,ii41 ,trades in which there is ,danger of ,metallic ,poisoning4--,,iii41 ,certain ,chemical ,trades4--,,iv41 ,some ,miscellaneous ,occupations4--,v41 ,trades in which ,various ,poisonous ,vapours are ,inhaled4--,,vi41 ,general ,hygienic ,considerations4--,index4 ,this book contains valuable information for the following trades--,aerated ,water ,manufacture1 ,alkali ,manufacture1 ,aniline ,manufacture1 ,barometer ,making1 ,brass ,founders1 ,bromine ,manufacture1 ,bronze ,moulders1 ,brush ,making1 ,builders1 ,cabinet ,makers1 ,calico ,printing1 ,chloride of ,lime ,manufacture1 ,coal ,miners1 ,cocoa-nut ,fibre ,making1 ,colour ,grinders1 ,copper ,miners1 ,cotton ,goods ,manufacture1 ,cotton ,yarn ,dyeing1 ,cutlery ,trades1 ,dry ,cleaning1 ,electricity ,generating1 ,electroplaters1 ,explosives ,manufacture1 ,file ,making1 ,flint ,milling1 ,floor ,cloth ,makers1 ,furriers1 ,fustian ,clothing ,making1 ,galvanised ,iron ,manufacture1 ,gassing ,process1 ,gilders1 ,glass ,making1 ,glass ,paper ,making1 ,glass ,polishing and ,cutting1 ,grinding ,processes1 ,gunpowder ,manufacturing1 ,gutta-percha ,manufacture1 ,hat ,makers1 ,hemp ,manufacture1 ,horn ,goods ,making1 ,horse-hair ,making1 ,hydrochloric ,acid ,manufacture1 ,india-rubber ,manufacture1 ,iodine ,manufacture1 ,ivory ,goods ,making1 ,jewellers1 ,jute ,manufacture1 ,knife ,grinders1 ,knife ,handle ,makers1 ,lace ,makers1 ,lacquering1 ,lead ,melters1 ,lead ,miners1 ,leather ,making1 ,linen ,manufacture ,linoleum ,making1 ,lithographic ,printing and ,bronzing1 ,lithographing1 ,masons1 ,match ,manufacture1 ,melanite ,making1 ,mirror ,making1 ,needle ,grinders1 ,needle ,making1 ,nitro-benzole ,making1 ,nitro-glycerine ,making1 ,paint ,makers1 ,paper ,making1 ,philosophical ,instrument ,makers1 ,photographers1 ,pieric ,acid ,making1 ,portland ,cement ,making1 ,pottery ,manufacture1 ,printers1 ,quicksilver ,mining1 ,rag ,pickers1 ,razor ,grinders1 ,red ,lead ,making1 ,rope ,making1 ,sand ,paper ,making1 ,saw ,grinders1 ,scissors ,grinders1 ,shoddy ,manufacture1 ,shot ,making1 ,silk ,making1 ,silver ,mining1 ,skinners1 ,slag1 ,wood ,manufacture1 ,steel ,makers1 ,steel ,pen ,making1 ,stereotypers1 ,stone ,masons1 ,straw ,hat ,makers1 ,sulphuric ,acid ,manufacture1 ,sweeps1 ,table-knife ,grinders1 ,tanners1 ,telegraphists1 ,textile ,industries1 ,tin ,miners1 ,turners1 ,type ,founders1 ,umbrella ,makers1 ,wall ,paper ,making1 ,white ,lead ,making1 ,wood ,working1 ,woollen ,manufacture1 ,wool ,sorters1 ,zinc ,oxide ,manufacture4 ,zinc ,working1 etc41 etc4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the language used is quite simple1 and can be understood by any intelligent person engaged in the trades dealt with4--,the ,clarion4 ,this is an appalling book4 ,it shows that there is scarcely a trade or occupation that has not a risk or a danger attached to it4--,local ,government ,journal4 ,dr4 ,parry has not only pointed out the 'risks and dangers of various occupations'3 he has suggested means for their prevention4 ,the work is primarily a practical one4--,colliery ,manager4 ,this is a most useful book which should be in the hands of all employers of labour1 foremen1 and intelligent workmen1 and is one of great utility to sanitary inspectors1 and even on occasion to medical men4--,health4 ,the writer has succeeded in collecting a large amount of information1 and though one could wish he had presented it in a rather more attractive style1 he has certainly condensed it into a very small space4--,physician and ,surgeon4 ,the little book before us is one which will be found exceedingly useful to manufacturers and even factory inspectors4444 ,no attempt is made to show how diseases when originated are to be cured1 but1 acting on the sound principle that prevention is better than cure1 means are stated how to avoid the harm4--,bristol ,mercury4 ,the author has endeavoured to treat the question in simple rather than in technical language1 and he has lucidly catalogued the most dangerous trades and their symptoms1 and in each case specified the best methods of dealing with them4444 ,to those for whom the volume is specially designed1 ,dr4 ,parry's treatise should be a useful handbook4--,sheffield ,independent4 ,a very useful manual for employers of labour1 foremen1 intelligent workmen1 and1 in spite of the author's modesty1 for medical men4 ,we have the peculiar risks and dangers of all the dangerous trades carefully described2 the mode of action of various chemicals1 etc41 used in different industries given1 with full directions how to minimise unavoidable risks4--,leeds ,mercury4 ,most of the trades in the country are alluded to1 and upon those that are dangerous the necessary attention is bestowed1 and means are recommended whereby danger may be prevented or lessened4 ,the author has evidently studied his subject with care1 and has made full use of the experience of others who have had a larger insight into the industries of the country4--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,the work is well written and printed1 and its verbiage such as to be comprehensible to the workman no less than to the master4 ,the careful and general perusal of a work of this nature cannot but be attended by beneficial results of a far-reaching nature1 and we therefore heartily recommend the book to our readers4 ,medical ,officers of ,health and ,sanitary ,inspectors especially should find the work of great interest4--,sanitary ,record4 ,it is written in simple language1 and its instructions can be easily followed4444 ,there are some employers1 at any rate1 who are more ignorant of1 than indifferent to1 the slow murder of their workpeople1 and if the facts so succinctly set forth in this book were brought to their notice1 and if the ,trade ,unions made it their business to insist on the observance of the better conditions ,dr4 ,parry described1 much might be done to lessen the workman's peril4--,weekly ,times and ,echo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,x ,,ray ,,work4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,addyman1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,member of the ,roentgen ,society of ,london2 ,radiographer to ,st4 ,george's ,hospital2 ,demonstrator of ,physics and ,chemistry1 and ,teacher of ,radiography in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital ,medical ,school4 ,demy #hvo4 #ab ,plates from ,photographs of ,x ,ray ,work4 #eb ,illustrations4 #bjj pp4 #aija4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,historical--,chapters ,i41 ,introduction4--,,ii41 ,work leading up to the ,discovery of the ,x ,rays4--,,iii41 ,the ,discovery4 ,part ,,ii41 ,apparatus and its ,management--,chapters ,i41 ,electrical ,terms4--,,ii41 ,sources of ,electricity4--,,iii41 ,induction ,coils4--,,iv41 ,electrostatic ,machines4--,v41 ,tubes4--,,vi41 ,air ,pumps4--,,vii41 ,tube ,holders and ,stereoscopic ,apparatus4--,,viii41 ,fluorescent ,screens4 ,part ,,iii41 ,practical ,x ,ray ,work--,chapters ,i41 ,installations4--,,ii41 ,radioscopy4--,,iii41 ,radiography4--,,iv41 ,x ,rays in ,dentistry4--,v41 ,x ,rays in ,chemistry4--,,vi41 ,x ,rays in ,war4--,index4 ,list of ,plates4 ,frontispiece--,congenital ,dislocation of ,hip-,joint4--,i41 ,needle in ,finger4--,,ii41 ,needle in ,foot4--,,iii41 ,revolver ,bullet in ,calf and ,leg4--,,iv41 ,a ,method of ,localisation4--,v41 ,stellate ,fracture of ,patella showing shadow of ,strapping4--,,vi41 ,sarcoma4--,,vii41 ,six-weeks'-old ,injury to ,elbow showing new ,growth of ,bone4--,,viii41 ,old ,fracture of ,tibia and ,fibula badly set4--,,ix41 ,heart ,shadow4--,x41 ,fractured ,femur showing ,grain of ,splint4--,,xi41 ,barrell's ,method of ,localisation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,drying ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,air ,,and ,,steam4 ,explanations1 ,formul1 and ,tables for ,use in ,practice4 ,translated from the ,german of ,e4 ,,hausbrand4 ,two ,diagrams and ,thirteen ,tables4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 #gb pp4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,preface4--,british and ,metric ,systems ,compared--,centigrade and ,fahr4 ,thermometers4--,chapters ,i1 ,introduction4--,,ii41 ,estimation of the ,maximum ,weight of ,saturated ,aqueous ,vapour which can be contained in #a kilo4 of ,air at ,different ,pressure and ,temperatures4--,,iii41 ,calculation of the ,necessary ,weight and ,volume of ,air1 and of the ,least ,expenditure of ,heat1 per ,drying ,apparatus with ,heated ,air1 at the ,atmospheric ,pressure3 ,a1 ,with the ,assumption that the ,air is ,completely ,saturated with ,vapour both before ,entry and after ,exit from the ,apparatus4--,b1 ,when the ,atmospheric ,air is ,completely ,saturated before entry1 but at its exit is only #c_/d1 #a_/b or #a_/d ,saturated4--,c1 ,when the ,atmospheric ,air is not ,saturated with ,moisture before ,entering the ,drying ,apparatus4--,,iv41 ,drying ,apparatus1 in which1 in the ,drying ,chamber1 a ,pressure is ,artificially ,created1 ,higher or ,lower than that of the ,atmosphere4--,v41 ,drying by ,means of ,superheated ,steam1 without ,air4--,,vi41 ,heating ,surface1 ,velocity of the ,air ,current1 ,dimensions of the ,drying ,room1 ,surface of the ,drying ,material1 ,losses of ,heat4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,leather ,trades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,leather ,,worker',s ,,manual4 ,being a ,compendium of ,practical ,recipes and ,working ,formul for ,curriers1 ,bootmakers1 ,leather ,dressers1 ,blacking ,manufacturers1 ,saddlers1 ,fancy ,leather ,workers1 and all ,persons engaged in the ,manipulation of ,leather4 ,by ,h4,c4 ,,standage4 #afe pp4 #aijj4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,blackings1 ,polishes1 ,glosses1 ,dressings1 ,renovators1 etc41 for ,boot and ,shoe ,leather4--,,ii41 ,harness ,blackings1 ,dressings1 ,greases1 ,compositions1 ,soaps1 and ,boot-top ,powders and ,liquids1 etc41 etc4--,,iii41 ,leather ,grinders' ,sundries4--,,iv41 ,currier's ,seasonings1 ,blacking ,compounds1 ,dressings1 ,finishes1 ,glosses1 etc4--,v41 ,dyes and ,stains for ,leather4--,,vi41 ,miscellaneous ,information4--,,vii41 ,chrome ,tannage4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the book being absolutely unique1 is likely to be of exceptional value to all whom it concerns1 as it meets a long-felt want4--,birmingham ,gazette4 ,this is a valuable collection of practical receipts and working formul for the use of those engaged in the manipulation of leather4 ,we have no hesitation in recommending it as one of the best books of its kind1 an opinion which will be endorsed by those to whom it appeals4--,liverpool ,mercury4 ,we think we may venture to state1 so far as the opinion of the leather trade under the ,southern ,cross is concerned1 that it will be one of approval4 ,as practical men1 having a long and wide experience of the leather trade in ,australia1 we are certain that there are many tanners and curriers carrying on business in remote townships of the colonies to whom such a manual of practical recipes will be invaluable4444 ,this manual is not a mere collection of recipes for the various purposes to which they may be applied1 but it is also replete with instructions concerning the nature of the materials recommended to be used in making up the recipes4444 ,we think every intelligent leather man should avail himself of the manual4 ,it is undoubtedly a valuable contribution to the technology of the leather trade4--,australian ,leather ,journal and ,boot and ,shoe ,recorder4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,leather ,,industry4 ,by ,a4,m4 ,,villon4 ,a ,translation of ,villon's ,trait ,pratique de la ,fabrication des cuirs et du ,travail des ,peaux4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,addyman1 ,b4,,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s42 and ,corrected by an ,eminent ,member of the ,trade4 #ejj pp41 royal #hvo4 #aija4 #abc ,illustrations4 ,price #bas42 ,india and ,colonies1 #bbs42 ,other ,countries1 #bcs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,preface--,translator's ,preface--,list of ,illustrations4 ,part ,i41 ,materials used in ,tanning--,chapter ,i41 ,skins3 ,i41 ,skin and its ,structure2 ,,ii41 ,skins used in ,tanning2 ,,iii41 ,various ,skins and their ,uses--,chapter ,,ii41 ,tannin and ,tanning ,substances3 ,i41 ,tannin2 ,,ii41 ,barks 7,oak72 ,,iii41 ,barks other than ,oak2 ,,iv41 ,tanning ,woods2 ,v41 ,tannin-bearing ,leaves2 ,,vi41 ,excrescences2 ,,vii41 ,tan-bearing ,fruits2 ,,viii41 ,tan-bearing ,roots and ,bulbs2 ,,ix41 ,tanning ,juices3 ,x41 ,tanning ,substances used in ,various ,countries2 ,,xi41 ,tannin ,extracts2 ,,xii41 ,estimation of ,tannin and ,tannin ,principles4 ,part ,,ii41 ,tanning--,chapter ,i41 ,the ,installation of a ,tannary3 ,i41 ,tan ,furnaces2 ,,ii41 ,chimneys1 ,boilers1 etc42 ,,iii41 ,steam ,engines--,chapter ,,ii41 ,grinding and ,trituration of ,tanning ,substances3 ,i41 ,cutting up ,bark3 ,,ii41 ,grinding ,bark2 ,,iii41 ,the ,grinding of ,tan ,woods2 ,,iv41 ,powdering ,fruit1 ,galls and ,grains2 ,v41 ,notes on the ,grinding of ,bark--,chapter ,,iii41 ,manufacture of ,sole ,leather3 ,i41 ,soaking2 ,,ii41 ,sweating and ,unhairing2 ,,iii41 ,plumping and ,colouring2 ,,iv41 ,handling2 ,v41 ,tanning2 ,,vi41 ,tanning ,elephants' ,hides2 ,,vii41 ,drying2 ,,viii41 ,striking or ,pinning--,chapter ,,iv41 ,manufacture of ,dressing ,leather3 ,i41 ,soaking2 ,,ii41 ,depilation2 ,,iii41 ,new ,processes for the ,depilation of ,skins2 ,,iv41 ,tanning2 ,v41 ,cow ,hides2 ,,vi41 ,horse ,hides2 ,,vii41 ,goat ,skins2 ,manufacture of ,split ,hides--,chapter ,v41 ,on ,various ,methods of ,tanning3 ,i41 ,mechanical ,methods2 ,,ii41 ,physical ,methods2 ,,iii41 ,chemical ,methods2 ,,iv41 ,tanning with ,extracts--,chapter ,,vi41 ,quantity and ,quality3 ,i41 ,quantity2 ,,ii41 ,net ,cost2 ,,iii41 ,quality of ,leather--,chapter ,,vii41 ,various ,manipulations of ,tanned ,leather3 ,i41 ,second ,tanning2 ,,ii41 ,grease ,stains3 ,,iii41 ,bleaching ,leather2 ,,iv41 ,waterproofing ,leather2 ,v41 ,weighting ,tanned ,leather2 ,,vi41 ,preservation of ,leather--,chapter ,,viii41 ,tanning ,various ,skins4 ,part ,,iii41 ,currying--,chapter ,i41 ,waxed ,calf3 ,i41 ,preparation2 ,,ii41 ,shaving2 ,,iii41 ,stretching or ,slicking2 ,,iv41 ,oiling the ,grain3 ,v41 ,oiling the ,flesh ,side2 ,,vi41 ,whitening and ,graining2 ,,vii41 ,waxing2 ,,viii41 ,finishing2 ,,ix41 ,dry ,finishing2 ,x41 ,finishing in ,colour2 ,,xi41 ,cost--,chapter ,,ii41 ,white ,calf3 ,i41 ,finishing in ,white--,chapter ,,iii41 ,cow ,hide for ,upper ,leathers3 ,i41 ,black ,cow ,hide2 ,,ii41 ,white ,cow ,hide2 ,,iii41 ,coloured ,cow ,hide4--,chapter ,,iv41 ,smooth ,cow ,hide--,chapter ,v41 ,black ,leather--,chapter ,,vi41 ,miscellaneous ,hides3 ,i41 ,horse2 ,,ii41 ,goat2 ,,iii41 ,waxed ,goat ,skin3 ,,iv41 ,matt ,goat ,skin--,chapter ,,vii41 ,russia ,leather3 ,i41 ,russia ,leather2 ,,ii41 ,artificial ,russia ,leather4 ,part ,,iv41 ,enamelled1 ,hungary and ,chamoy ,leather1 ,morocco1 ,parchment1 ,furs and ,artificial ,leather--,chapter ,i41 ,enamelled ,leather3 ,i41 ,varnish ,manufacture2 ,,ii41 ,application of the ,enamel2 ,,iii41 ,enamelling in ,colour--,chapter ,,ii41 ,hungary ,leather3 ,i41 ,preliminary2 ,,ii41 ,wet ,work or ,preparation2 ,,iii41 ,aluming2 ,,iv41 ,dressing or ,loft ,work2 ,v41 ,tallowing2 ,,vi41 ,hungary ,leather from ,various ,hides--,chapter ,,iii41 ,tawing3 ,i41 ,preparatory ,operations2 ,,ii41 ,dressing2 ,,iii41 ,dyeing ,tawed ,skins2 ,,iv41 ,rugs--,chapter ,,iv41 ,chamoy ,leather--,chapter ,v41 ,morocco3 ,i41 ,preliminary ,operations2 ,,ii41 ,morocco ,tanning2 ,,iii41 ,mordants used in ,morocco ,manufacture2 ,,iv41 ,natural ,colours used in ,morocco ,dyeing2 ,v41 ,artificial ,colours2 ,,vi4 ,different ,methods of ,dyeing2 ,,vii41 ,dyeing with ,natural ,colours2 ,,viii41 ,dyeing with ,aniline ,colours2 ,,ix41 ,dyeing with ,metallic ,salts2 ,x41 ,leather ,printing2 ,,xi41 ,finishing ,morocco2 ,,xii41 ,shagreen2 ,,xiii41 ,bronzed ,leather--,chapter ,,vi41 ,gilding and ,silvering3 ,i41 ,gilding2 ,,ii41 ,silvering2 ,,iii41 ,nickel and ,cobalt--,chapter ,,vii41 ,parchment--,chapter ,,viii41 ,furs and ,furriery3 ,i41 ,preliminary ,remarks2 ,,ii41 ,indigenous ,furs2 ,,iii41 ,foreign ,furs from ,hot ,countries2 ,,iv41 ,foreign ,furs from ,cold ,countries2 ,v41 ,furs from ,birds' ,skins2 ,,vi41 ,preparation of ,furs2 ,,vii41 ,dressing2 ,,viii41 ,colouring2 ,,ix41 ,preparation of ,birds' ,skins2 ,x41 ,preservation of ,furs--,chapter ,,ix41 ,artificial ,leather3 ,i41 ,leather made from ,scraps2 ,,ii41 ,compressed ,leather2 ,,iii41 ,american ,cloth2 ,,iv41 ,papier ,mch2 ,v41 ,linoleum3 ,,vi41 ,artificial ,leather4 ,part ,v41 ,leather ,testing and the ,theory of ,tanning--,chapter ,i41 ,testing and ,analysis of ,leather3 ,i41 ,physical ,testing of ,tanned ,leather3 ,,ii41 ,chemical ,analysis--,chapter ,,ii41 ,the ,theory of ,tanning and the other ,operations of the ,leather and ,skin ,industry3 ,i41 ,theory of ,soaking2 ,,ii41 ,theory of ,unhairing2 ,,iii41 ,theory of ,swelling2 ,,iv41 ,theory of ,handling2 ,v41 ,theory of ,tanning2 ,,vi41 ,theory of the ,action of ,tannin on the ,skin2 ,,vii41 ,theory of ,hungary ,leather ,making2 ,,viii41 ,theory of ,tawing2 ,,ix41 ,theory of ,chamoy ,leather ,making2 ,x41 ,theory of ,mineral ,tanning4 ,part ,,vi41 ,uses of ,leather--,chapter ,i41 ,machine ,belts3 ,i41 ,manufacture of ,belting2 ,,ii41 ,leather ,chain ,belts2 ,,iii41 ,various ,belts1 ,,iv41 ,use of ,belts--,chapter ,,ii41 ,boot and ,shoe-making3 ,i41 ,boots and ,shoes2 ,,ii41 ,laces--,chapter ,,iii41 ,saddlery3 ,i41 ,composition of a ,saddle2 ,,ii41 ,construction of a ,saddle--,chapter ,,iv41 ,harness3 ,i41 ,the ,pack ,saddle2 ,,ii41 ,harness--,chapter ,v41 ,military ,equipment--,chapter ,,vi41 ,glove ,making--,chapter ,,vii41 ,carriage ,building--,chapter ,,viii41 ,mechanical ,uses4 ,appendix1 ,the ,world's ,commerce in ,leather--,i41 ,europe2 ,,ii41 ,america2 ,,iii41 ,asia2 ,,iv41 ,africa2 ,australasia--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the book is well and lucidly written4 ,the writer is evidently a practical man1 who also has taken the trouble to make himself acquainted with the scientific and technical side of his trade 444 ,french methods differ largely from our own3 sometimes we think our ways the best1 but not always4 ,the practical man may pick up many useful hints which may help him to improve his methods4 --,shoe ,manufacturers' ,monthly ,journal4 ,this book cannot fail to be of great value to all engaged in the leather trades 444 ,the ,british may believe that the ,french can teach them nothing in the work of leather tanning generally1 but a comparison of the methods of the two countries will certainly yield a few wrinkles which may lead to advantageous results4 ,only a man understanding the science and technique of the trade could have written the book1 and it is well done4 --,midland ,free ,press4 ,gives much useful and interesting information concerning the various processes by which the skins of animals are converted into leather4 ,written by a ,french ,chemist after five years of constant study and application3 it shows all that detail of analysis which we are accustomed to find in scientists1 and which the practical tanner is too much in the habit of ignoring1 sometimes to his own loss4 --,leeds ,mercury4 ,nor can there be much doubt that this expectation will be fully justified by the result4 ,thanks to the conspicuous painstaking with which ,mr4 ,addyman has discharged his duty1 and the #abc illustrations by which the text is elucidated1 the volume can hardly fail to prove a very valuable standard work of its class4 ,it can thus be confidently recommended to all who are more or less practically interested in the technology of a very important subject4--,leicester ,post4 ,this is1 in every respect1 an altogether admirable1 practical1 clear and lucid treatise on the various and numerous branches of the great leather industry1 of which it deals in an exhaustive1 highly intelligent1 workmanlike and scientific manner 444 ,it is a handsome addition to every man's knowledge of his trade1 whether he be a leading director of a large public company1 or an industrious employee in the works1 wishing to improve his services by the addition of his brains to his work4 --,shoe and ,leather ,trader4 ,m4 ,villon writes as one having a very full knowledge of all branches of the subject1 and in days when foreign competition has enforced on ,english manufacturers the importance of no longer being content with rule-of-thumb methods which have come down to them from their forefathers it certainly should be worth the while of ,english tanners to see what lessons they can learn from ,french practice1 and ,french practice1 we should imagine1 could hardly have a better exponent than the author of this large volume4 --,western ,daily ,press and ,bristol ,times4 ,at a time when all or nearly all our ,british industries are to a greater or less extent hampered by the pressure of continental and ,american competition1 any hints that can be obtained as to the methods pursued by competitors must necessarily be of value 444 ,that it will be of interest and value1 not merely to ,english tanners1 but to those associated with many kindred industrial branches1 goes without saying 444 ,as a work of reference the volume will be extremely useful in the trade1 and where leisure affords sufficient opportunity a careful perusal and study of it would afford ample reward4 --,kettering ,guardian4 ,this is a very handsomely got up and elaborate work just issued by this well-known technical book-publishing firm 444 ,when we say that the work consists of over #ejj large pages with about #abj illustrations1 and almost innumerable tables1 it will be seen at once that we cannot attempt anything like an exhaustive resume of its contents1 and even if we did the details would be of little interest to our general readers1 while those who are engaged in the leather industry will probably obtain the book for themselves--at least they would do well to do so4444 ,altogether the ',treatise' has evidently been very carefully prepared1 and by a man who thoroughly knows the subject1 and hence it will be a very valuable technical book for ,english firms and workers4'--,walsall ,observer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books on ,pottery1 ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,glass1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manual ,,of ,,practical ,,potting4 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,third ,edition4 #bjj pp4 #aija4 ,price #ags4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #ahs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #bjs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,introduction4 ,the ,rise and ,progress of the ,potter's ,art4--,chapters ,i41 ,bodies4 ,china and ,porcelain ,bodies1 ,parian ,bodies1 ,semi-porcelain and ,vitreous ,bodies1 ,mortar ,bodies1 ,earthenwares ,granite and ,c4,c4 ,bodies1 ,miscellaneous ,bodies1 ,sagger and ,crucible ,clays1 ,coloured ,bodies1 ,jasper ,bodies1 ,coloured ,bodies for ,mosaic ,painting1 ,encaustic ,tile ,bodies1 ,body ,stains1 ,coloured ,dips4--,,ii41 ,glazes4 ,china ,glazes1 ,ironstone ,glazes1 ,earthenware ,glazes1 ,glazes without ,lead1 ,miscellaneous ,glazes1 ,coloured ,glazes1 ,majolica ,colours4--,,iii41 ,gold and ,cold ,colours4 ,gold1 ,purple of ,cassius1 ,marone and ,ruby1 ,enamel ,coloured ,bases1 ,enamel ,colour ,fluxes1 ,enamel ,colours1 ,mixed ,enamel ,colours1 ,antique and ,vellum ,enamel ,colours1 ,underglaze ,colours1 ,underglaze ,colour ,fluxes1 ,mixed ,underglaze ,colours1 ,flow ,powders1 ,oils and ,varnishes4--,,iv41 ,means and ,methods4 ,reclamation of ,waste ,gold1 ,the ,use of ,cobalt1 ,notes on ,enamel ,colours1 ,liquid or ,bright ,gold4--,v41 ,classification and ,analysis4 ,classification of ,clay ,ware1 ,lord ,playfair's ,analysis of ,clays1 ,the ,markets of the ,world1 ,time and ,scale of ,firing1 ,weights of ,potter's ,material1 ,decorated ,goods ,count4--,,vi41 ,comparative ,loss of ,weight of ,clays4--,,vii41 ,ground ,felspar ,calculations4--,,viii41 ,the ,conversion of ,slop ,body ,recipes into ,dry ,weight4--,,ix41 ,the ,cost of ,prepared ,earthenware ,clay4--,x41 ,forms and ,tables4 ,articles of ,apprenticeship1 ,manufacturer's ,guide to ,stocktaking1 ,table of ,relative ,values of ,potter's ,materials1 ,hourly ,wages ,table1 ,workman's ,settling ,table1 ,comparative ,guide for ,earthenware and ,china ,manufacturers in the use of ,slop ,flint and ,slop ,stone1 ,foreign ,terms applied to ,earthenware and ,china ,goods1 ,table for the ,conversion of ,metrical ,weights and ,measures on the ,continent of ,south ,america4 ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ceramic ,,technology3 ,being some ,aspects of ,technical ,science as ,applied to ,pottery ,manufacture4 ,edited by ,,charles ,f4 ,,binns4 #ajj pp4 #ahig4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,preface4--,introduction4--,chapters ,i41 ,the ,chemistry of ,pottery4--,,ii41 ,analysis and ,synthesis4--,,iii41 ,clays and their ,components4--,,iv41 ,the ,biscuit ,oven4--,v41 ,pyrometry4--,,vi41 ,glazes and their ,composition4--,,vii41 ,colours and ,colour-making4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recipes ,,for ,,flint ,,glass ,,making4 ,by a ,british ,glass ,master and ,mixer4 ,sixty ,recipes4 ,being ,leaves from the ,mixing ,book of several experts in the ,flint ,glass ,trade1 containing up-to-date recipes and valuable information as to ,crystal1 ,demi-crystal and ,coloured ,glass in its many varieties4 ,it contains the recipes for cheap metal suited to pressing1 blowing1 etc41 as well as the most costly crystal and ruby4 ,british manufacturers have kept up the quality of this glass from the arrivals of the ,venetians to ,hungry ,hill1 ,stourbridge1 up to the present time4 ,the book also contains remarks as to the result of the metal as it left the pots by the respective metal mixers1 taken from their own memoranda upon the originals4 #aijj4 ,price for ,united ,kingdom1 #ajs4 #f;d42 ,abroad4 #aes42 ,united ,states1 #hd2 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,ruby--,ruby from ,copper--,flint for using with the ,ruby for ,coating--,a ,german ,metal --,cornelian1 or ,alabaster--,sapphire ,blue--,crysophis--,opal--,turquoise ,blue--,gold ,colour --,dark ,green--,green 7common7--,green for ,malachite--,blue for ,malachite--,black for ,melachite --,black--,common ,canary ,batch--,canary--,white ,opaque ,glass--,sealing-wax ,red --,flint--,flint ,glass 7,crystal and ,demi7--,achromatic ,glass--,paste ,glass--,white ,enamel --,firestone--,dead ,white 7for moons7--,white ,agate--,canary--,canary ,enamel--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colouring ,,and ,,decoration ,,of ,,ceramic ,,ware4 ,by ,,alex4 ,,brongniart4 ,with ,notes and ,additions by ,,alphonse ,,salvetat4 ,translated from the ,french4 #bjj pp4 #ahih4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,the ,pastes1 ,bodies or ,ceramic ,articles ,capable of being ,decorated by ,vitrifiable ,colours--,the ,chemical ,preparation of ,vitrifiable ,colours--,composition and ,preparation of ,vitrifiable ,colours--,the ,oxides--,preparation of ,oxides--,preparation of ,chromates--,preparation of other ,colours--,composition and ,preparation of ,fluxes--,muffle ,colours--,recipes for ,colours--,use of ,metals--,lustres--,preparation and ,application of ,colours--,composition of ,coloured ,pastes--,underglaze ,colours--,colours in the ,glaze--,overglaze ,colours--,painting in ,vitrifiable ,colours--,gilding--,burnishing--,printi ng--,enlarging and ,reducing ,gelatine ,prints--,muffle ,kilns for ,vitrifiable ,colours--,influence of the ,material on the ,colour--,changes ,resulting from the ,actions of the ,fire--,alterations ,resulting from the ,colours--,alterations in ,firing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,to ,,analyse ,,clay4 ,practical ,methods for ,practical ,men4 ,by ,,holden ,m4 ,,ashby1 ,professor of ,organic ,chemistry1 ,harvey ,medical ,college1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,twenty ,illustrations4 #ahih4 ,price #bs4 #f;d42 ,abroad1 #cs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,list of ,apparatus--,list of ,atomic ,weights--,use of ,balance1 and ,burette1 ,sand ,bath1 and ,water ,bath--,dessicator--,drying ,oven--,filtering--,fusion--,determinati on of ,water1 ,organic ,matter1 ,iron1 ,calcium1 ,alkalies1 ,limestone1 ,silica1 ,alumina1 ,magnesium1 etc4--,mechanical ,analysis--,rational ,analysis--,standard ,solutions--,volumetric ,analysis--,standards for ,clay ,analysis--,sampling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,architectural ,,pottery4 ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,pipes1 ,enamelled ,terra-cottas1 ,ordinary and ,incrusted ,quarries1 ,stoneware ,mosaics1 ,faiences and ,architectural ,stoneware4 ,by ,,leon ,,louvre4 ,with ,five ,plates4 #iej ,illustrations in the ,text1 and numerous estimates4 #ejj pp41 royal #hvo4 #aijj4 ,translated from the ,french by ,k4 ,h4 ,,bird1 ,m4,a41 and ,w4 ,,moore ,,binns4 ,price #aes42 ,india and ,colonies1 #afs42 ,other ,countries1 #ags4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i4 ,plain ,undecorated ,pottery4--,chapter ,i41 ,clays3 #a1 ,classification1 ,general ,geological ,remarks4--,classification1 ,origin1 ,locality2 #b1 ,general ,properties and ,composition3 ,physical ,properties1 ,contraction1 ,analysis1 ,influence of ,various ,substances on the ,properties of ,clays2 #c1 ,working of ,clay-,pits--,i4 ,open ,pits3 ,extraction1 ,transport1 ,cost--,,ii4 ,underground ,pits--,mining ,laws4 ,chapter ,,ii41 ,preparation of the ,clay3 ,weathering1 ,mixing1 ,cleaning1 ,crushing and ,pulverising--,crushing ,cylinders and ,mills1 ,pounding ,machines--,damping3 ,damping ,machines--,soaking1 ,shortening1 ,pugging3 ,horse and ,steam ,pug-,mills1 ,rolling ,cylinders--,particulars of the ,above ,machines4 ,chapter ,,iii41 ,bricks3 #a1 ,manufacture--7#a7 ,hand and ,machine ,moulding1--,i4 ,machines ,working by ,compression3 on ,soft ,clay1 on ,semi-,firm ,clay1 on ,firm ,clay1 on ,dry ,clay4--,,ii4 ,expression ,machines3 with ,cylindrical ,propellers1 with ,screw ,propellers--,dies--,cutting-tables--,pa rticulars of the ,above ,machines--,general ,remarks on the ,choice of ,machines--,types of ,installations--,estimates--,plenishing1 ,hand and ,steam ,presses1 ,particulars--7#b7 ,drying1 by ,exposure to ,air1 ,without ,shelter1 and ,under ,sheds--,drying-rooms in ,tiers1 ,closed ,drying-rooms1 in ,tunnels1 in ,galleries--,detailed ,estimates of the ,various ,drying-rooms1 ,comparison of ,prices--,transport from the ,machines to the ,drying-rooms1 ,barrows1 ,trucks1 ,plain or with ,shelves1 ,lifts--7#c7 ,firing--,i4 ,in ,clamps--,,ii4 ,in ,intermittent ,kilns4 ,a1 ,open3 a1 using ,wood2 b ,coal2 b1 in ,clamps2 b1 ,flame--,b1 ,closed3 c1 ,direct ,flame2 c1 ,rectangular2 c1 ,round2 d1 ,reverberatory--,,iii4 ,continuous ,kilns3 ,c1 with ,solid ,fuel3 ,round ,kiln1 ,rectangular ,kiln1 ,chimneys 7,plans and ,estimates7--,d1 ,with ,gas ,fuel1 ,fillard ,kiln 7,plans and ,estimates71 ,schneider ,kiln 7,plans and ,estimates71 ,water-gas ,kiln--,heat ,production of the ,kilns2 #b1 ,dimensions1 ,shapes1 ,colours1 ,decoration1 and ,quality of ,bricks--,hollow ,bricks1 ,dimensions and ,prices of ,bricks1 ,various ,shapes1 ,qualities--,various ,hollow ,bricks1 ,dimensions1 ,resistance1 ,qualities2 #c1 ,applications --,history--,asia1 ,africa1 ,america1 ,europe3 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,byzantine1 ,turkish1 ,romanesque1 ,gothic1 ,renaissance1 ,architecture--,architecture of the ,nineteenth ,century3 in ,germany1 ,england1 ,belgium1 ,spain1 ,holland1 ,france1 ,america--,use of ,bricks--,walls1 ,arches1 ,pavements1 ,flues1 ,cornices--,facing with ,coloured ,bricks--,balustrades4 ,chapter ,,iv41 ,tiles3 #a1 ,history2 #b1 ,manufacture--7#a7 ,moulding1 by ,hand1 by ,machinery3 ,preparation of the ,clay1 ,soft ,paste1 ,firm ,paste1 ,hard ,paste--,preparation of the ,slabs1 ,transformation into ,flat ,tiles1 into ,jointed ,tiles--,screw1 ,cam and ,revolver ,presses--,particulars of ,tile-presses--7#b7 ,drying--,planchettes1 ,shelves1 ,drying-barrows and ,trucks--7#c7 ,firing--,divided ,kilns--,installation of ,mechanical ,tileworks--,estimates2 #c1 ,shapes1 ,dimensions and ,uses of the ,principal ,types of ,tile--,ancient ,tiles3 ,flat1 ,round1 ,roman1 ,flemish--,modern ,tiles--,with ,vertical ,interrupted ,join3 ,gilardoni's1 ,martin's2 ,hooked1 ,boulet's ,villa2 with ,vertical ,continuous ,join3 ,muller's1 ,alsace1 ,pantile--,foreign ,tiles--,special ,tiles--,ridge ,tiles1 ,coping ,tiles1 ,border ,tiles1 ,frontons1 ,gutters1 ,antefixes1 ,membron1 ,angular--,roofing ,accessories3 ,chimney-pots1 ,mitrons1 ,lanterns1 ,chimneys--,qualities of ,tiles--,black ,tiles--,stoneware ,tiles--,particulars of ,tiles4 ,chapter ,v41 ,pipes3 ,i4 ,conduit ,pipes--,manufacture--,moulding3 ,horizontal ,machines1 ,vertical ,machines1 ,worked by ,hand and ,steam--,particulars of these ,machines--,drying--,firing--,,ii4 ,chimney ,flues--,ventiducts and ,boisseaux1 ,waggons--,particulars of these ,products4 ,chapter ,,vi41 ,quarries3 #a1 ,plain ,quarries of ,ordinary ,clay2 #b1 of ,cleaned ,clay--,machines1 ,cutting1 ,mixing1 ,polishing--,drying and ,firing--,applications--,particulars of ,quarries4 ,chapter ,,vii41 ,terra-cotta3 ,history--,manufacture--,application3 ,balustrades1 ,columns1 ,pilasters1 ,capitals1 ,friezes1 ,frontons1 ,medallions1 ,panels1 ,rose-windows1 ,ceilings--,appendix3 ,official ,methods of ,testing ,terra-cottas4 ,part ,,ii4 ,made-up or ,decorated ,pottery4--,chapter ,i41 ,general ,remarks on the ,decoration of ,pottery3 ,dips--,glazes3 ,composition1 ,colouring1 ,preparation1 ,harmony with ,pastes--,special ,processes of ,decoration--,enamels1 ,opaque1 ,transparent1 ,colours1 ,underglaze1 ,overglaze--,other ,processes3 ,crackling1 ,mottled1 ,flashing1 ,metallic ,iridescence1 ,lustres4 ,chapter ,,ii41 ,glazed and ,enamelled ,bricks--,history3 ,glazing--,enamelling--,applications3 ,ordinary ,enamelled ,bricks1 ,glazed ,stoneware1 ,enamelled ,stoneware--,enamelled ,tiles4 ,chapter ,,iii41 ,decorated ,quarries3 ,i4 ,paving ,quarries--#a1 ,decorated with ,dips--#b1 ,stoneware3 ,a1 ,fired to ,stoneware3 a1 of ,slag ,base--,applications2 b1 of ,melting ,clay--,applications--,b1 ,plain or ,incrusted ,stoneware2 a1 of ,special ,clay 7,stoke-on-,trent7--,manufacture--,appli cation--b1 of ,felspar ,base--,colouring1 ,manufacture1 ,moulding1 ,drying1 ,firing--,applications4--,,ii4 ,facing ,quarries--#a1 in ,faience--,a1 of ,limestone ,paste--,b1 of ,silicious ,paste--,c1 of ,felspar ,paste--,manufacture1 ,firing--#b1 of ,glazed ,stoneware--#c1 of ,porcelain--,applications of ,facing ,quarries4--,,iii4 ,stove ,quarries--,preparation of the ,pastes1 ,moulding1 ,firing1 ,enamelling1 ,decoration--,applications--,faiences for ,fireplaces4 ,chapter ,,iv41 ,architectural ,decorated ,pottery3 #a1 ,faiences2 #b1 ,stoneware2 #c1 ,porcelain4 ,chapter ,v41 ,sanitary ,pottery3 ,stoneware ,pipes3 ,manufacture1 ,firing--,applications--,sinks--,applica tions--,urinals1 ,seats and ,pans--,applications--,drinking-fountain s1 ,washstands4 ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,ceramic ,,industries4 ,a ,complete ,manual for ,pottery1 ,tile and ,brick ,works4 ,by ,,emile ,,bourry1 ,ingnieur des ,arts et ,manufactures4 ,translated from the ,french by ,,wilton ,p4 ,,rix1 ,examiner in ,pottery and ,porcelain to the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,technical ,institute1 ,pottery ,instructor to the ,hanley ,school ,board4 ,royal #hvo4 #aija4 ,over #gjj pp4 ,price #bas42 ,india and ,colonies1 #bbs42 ,other ,countries1 #bcs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,general ,pottery ,methods4 ,chapters ,i41 ,definition and ,history4 ,definitions and ,classification of ,ceramic ,products--,historic ,summary of the ,ceramic ,art4--,,ii41 ,raw ,materials of ,bodies4 ,clays3 ,pure ,clay and ,natural ,clays--,various ,raw ,materials3 ,analogous to ,clay--,agglomerative and ,agglutinative--,opening--,fusible--,ref ractory--,trials of ,raw ,materials4--,,iii41 ,plastic ,bodies4 ,properties and ,composition--,preparation of ,raw ,materials3 ,disaggregation--,purification--,prepara tion of ,bodies3 ,by ,plastic ,method--,by ,dry ,method--,by ,liquid ,method4--,,iv41 ,formation4 ,processes of ,formation3 ,throwing--,expression--,moulding by ,hand1 on the ,jolley1 by ,compression1 by ,slip ,casting--,slapping--,slipping4--,v41 ,drying4 ,drying of ,bodies--,processes of ,drying3 ,by ,evaporation--,by ,aeration--,by ,heating--,by ,ventilation--,by ,absorption4--,,vi41 ,glazes4 ,composition and ,properties--,raw ,materials--,manufacture and ,application4--,,vii41 ,firing4 ,properties of the ,bodies and ,glazes during ,firing--,description of the ,kilns--,working of the ,kilns4--,,viii41 ,decoration4 ,colouring ,materials--,processes of ,decoration4 ,part ,,ii41 ,special ,pottery ,methods4 ,chapters ,,ix41 ,terra ,cottas4 ,classification3 ,plain ,ordinary1 ,hollow1 ,ornamental1 ,vitrified1 and ,light ,bricks--,ordinary and ,black ,tiles--,paving ,tiles--,pipes--,architectural ,terra ,cottas--,vases1 ,statues and ,decorative ,objects--,common ,pottery--,pottery for ,water and ,filters--,tobacco ,pipes--,lustre ,ware--,properties and ,tests for ,terra ,cottas4--,x41 ,fireclay ,goods4 ,classification3 ,argillaceous1 ,aluminous1 ,carboniferous1 ,silicious and ,basic ,fireclay ,goods--,fireclay ,mortar 7,pug7--,tests for ,fireclay ,goods4--,,xi4 ,faiences4 ,varnished ,faiences--,enamelled ,faiences--,silicious ,faiences--,pipeclay ,faiences--,pebble ,work--,feldspathic ,faiences--,composition1 ,processes of ,manufacture and ,general ,arrangements of ,faience ,potteries4--,,xii41 ,stoneware4 ,stoneware ,properly ,so-called3 ,paving ,tiles--,pipes--,sanitary ,ware--,stoneware for ,food ,purposes and ,chemical ,productions--,architectural ,stoneware--,vases1 ,statues and other ,decorative ,objects--,fine ,stoneware4--,,xiii41 ,porcelain4 ,hard ,porcelain for ,table ,ware and ,decoration1 for the ,fire1 for ,electrical ,conduits1 for ,mechanical ,purposes2 ,architectural ,porcelain1 and ,dull or ,biscuit ,porcelain--,soft ,phosphated or ,english ,porcelain--,soft ,vitreous ,porcelain1 ,french and ,new ,sevres--,argillaceous ,soft or ,seger's ,porcelain--,dull ,soft or ,parian ,porcelain--,dull ,feldspathic ,soft ,porcelain4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,riveting ,,glass1 ,,china ,,and ,,earthenware4 ,by ,j4 ,,howarth4 ,second ,edition4 #aijj4 ,price #as4 net2 by post1 home or abroad1 #as4 #a;d4 ,contents4 ,tools and ,materials ,required--,wire ,used for ,rivets--,soldering ,solution--,preparation for ,drilling--,commencement of ,drilling--,cementing--,preliminaries to ,riveting--,rivets to ,make--,to ,fix the ,rivets--,through-and-through ,rivets--,soldering--,tinning a ,soldering-iron--,perforated ,plates1 ,handles1 etc4--,handles of ,ewers1 etc4--,vases and ,comports--,marble and ,alabaster ,ware--,decorating--,how to ,loosen ,fast ,decanter ,stoppers--,china ,cements4 ,,notes ,,of ,,pottery ,,clays4 ,their ,distribution1 ,properties1 ,uses and ,analyses of ,ball ,clays1 ,china ,clays and ,china ,stone4 ,by ,,jas4 ,,fairie1 ,f4,g4,s4 #aija4 #acb pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #ds42 ,other ,countries1 #ds4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,definitions--,occurrence--,brick ,clays--,fire ,clays--,analyses of ,fire ,clays4--,ball ,clays--,properties--,analyses--,occurre nce--,pipe ,clay--,black ,clay--,brown ,clay--,blue ,clay--,dorsetshire and ,devonshire ,clays4--,china ,clay or ,kaolin--,occurrence--,chinese ,kaolin--,cornish ,clays--,hensbarrow ,granite--,properties1 ,analyses and ,composition of ,china ,clays--,method of ,obtaining ,china ,clay--,experiments with ,chinese ,kaolin--,analyses of ,chinese and ,japanese ,clays and ,bodies--,irish ,clays4--,chinese ,stone--,composition--,occurrence--,anal yses4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,painting ,,on ,,glass ,,and ,,porcelain ,,and ,,enamel ,,painting4 ,a ,complete ,introduction to the ,preparation of all the ,colours and ,fluxes used for ,painting on ,porcelain1 ,enamel1 ,faience and ,stoneware1 the ,coloured ,pastes and ,coloured ,glasses1 together with a ,minute ,description of the ,firing of ,colours and ,enamels4 ,on the ,basis of ,personal ,practical ,experience of the ,condition of the ,art up to ,date4 ,by ,,felix ,,hermann1 ,technical ,chemist4 ,with ,eighteen ,illustrations4 #cjj pp4 ,translated from the ,german second and enlarged ,edition4 #ahig4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,history of ,glass ,painting4--,chapters ,i41 ,the ,articles to be ,painted3 ,glass1 ,porcelain1 ,enamel1 ,stoneware1 ,faience4--,,ii41 ,pigments3 #a1 ,metallic ,pigments3 ,antimony ,oxide1 ,naples ,yellow1 ,barium ,chromate1 ,lead ,chromate1 ,silver ,chloride1 ,chromic ,oxide4--,,iii41 ,fluxes3 ,fluxes1 ,felspar1 ,quartz1 ,purifying ,quartz1 ,sedimentation1 ,quenching1 ,borax1 ,boracic ,acid1 ,potassium and ,sodium ,carbonates1 ,rocaille ,flux4--,,iv41 ,preparation of the ,colours for ,glass ,painting4--,v41 ,the ,colour ,pastes4--,,vi41 ,the ,coloured ,glasses4--,,vii41 ,composition of the ,porcelain ,colours4--,,viii41 ,the ,enamel ,colours3 ,enamels for ,artistic ,work4--,,ix41 ,metallic ,ornamentation3 ,porcelain ,gilding1 ,glass ,gilding4--,x41 ,firing the ,colours3 #a1 ,remarks on ,firing3 ,firing ,colours on ,glass4 ,firing ,colours on ,porcelain2 #b1 ,the ,muffle4--,,xi41 ,accidents occasionally ,supervening during the ,process of ,firing4--,,xii41 ,remarks on the ,different ,methods of ,painting on ,glass1 ,porcelain1 etc4--,appendix3 ,cleaning ,old ,glass ,paintings4 ,press ,opinions4 ,mr4 ,hermann1 by a careful division of his subject1 avoids much repetition1 yet makes sufficiently clear what is necessary to be known in each art4 ,he gives very many formul2 and his hints on the various applications of metals and metallic lustres to glass and porcelains will be found of much interest to the amateur4--,art ,amateur1 ,new ,york4 ,for the unskilled and amateurs the name of the publishers will be sufficient guarantee for the utility and excellence of ,mr4 ,hermann's work1 even if they are already unacquainted with the author4444 ,the whole cannot fail to be both of service and interest to glass workers and to potters generally1 especially those employed upon high-class work4--,staffordshire ,sentinel4 ,in ,painting on ,glass and ,porcelain the author has dealt very exhaustively with the technical as distinguished from the artistic side of his subject1 the work being entirely devoted to the preparation of the colours1 their application and firing4 ,for manufacturers and students it will be a valuable work1 and the recipes which appear on almost every page form a very valuable feature4 ,the author has gained much of his experience in the celebrated ,sevres manufactory1 a fact which adds a good deal of authority to the work4--,builders ,journal4 ,the compiler displays that painstaking research characteristic of his nation1 and goes at length into the question of the chemical constitution of the pigments and fluxes to be used in glass-painting1 proceeding afterwards to a description of the methods of producing coloured glass of all tints and shades4444 ,very careful instructions are given for the chemical and mechanical preparation of the colours used in glass-staining and porcelain-painting2 indeed1 to the china painter such a book as this should be of permanent value1 as the author claims to have tested and verified every recipe he includes1 and the volume also comprises a section devoted to enamels both opaque and translucent1 and another treating of the firing of porcelain1 and the accidents that occasionally supervene in the furnace4--,daily ,chronicle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,reissue of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,staffordshire ,,potteries2 ,,and ,,the ,,rise ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain4 ,with ,references to ,genuine ,specimens1 and ,notices of ,eminent ,potters4 ,by ,,simeon ,,shaw4 7,originally ,published in #ahbi47 #bfe pp4 #aijj4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,introductory ,chapter showing the position of the ,pottery ,trade at the present time 7#ahii74--;,chapters ,i41 ,preliminary ,remarks4--,,ii41 ,the ,potteries1 comprising ,tunstall1 ,brownhills1 ,greenfield and ,new ,field1 ,golden ,hill1 ,latebrook1 ,green ,lane1 ,burslem1 ,longport and ,dale ,hall1 ,hot ,lane and ,cobridge1 ,hanley and ,shelton1 ,etruria1 ,stoke1 ,penkhull1 ,fenton1 ,lane ,delph1 ,foley1 ,lane ,end4--,,iii41 ,on the ,origin of the ,art1 and its ,practice among the early ,nations4--,,iv41 ,manufacture of ,pottery1 prior to #agjj4--,v41 ,the ,introduction of ,red ,porcelain by ,messrs4 ,elers1 of ,bradwell1 #afij4--,,vi41 ,progress of the ,manufacture from #agjj to ,mr4 ,wedgwood's commencement in #agfj4--,,vii4 ,introduction of ,fluid ,glaze4--,extension of the ,manufacture of ,cream ,colour4--,mr4 ,wedgwood's ,queen's ,ware4--,jasper1 and ,appointment of ,potter to ,her ,majesty4--,black ,printing4--,,viii41 ,introduction of ,porcelain4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,littler's ,porcelain4--,mr4 ,cookworthy's ,discovery of ,kaolin and ,petuntse1 and ,patent4--,sold to ,mr4 ,champion--resold to the ,new ,hall ,com4--,extension of ,term4--,,ix41 ,blue ,printed ,pottery4 ,mr4 ,turner1 ,mr4 ,spode 7#a71 ,mr4 ,baddeley1 ,mr4 ,spode 7#b71 ,messrs4 ,turner1 ,mr4 ,wood1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,minton4--,great ,change in ,patterns of ,blue ,printed4--,x41 ,introduction of ,lustre ,pottery4 ,improvements in ,pottery and ,porcelain subsequent to #ahjj4 ,press ,opinions4 ,there is much curious and useful information in the work1 and the publishers have rendered the public a service in reissuing it4--,burton ,mail4 ,copies of the original work are now of considerable value1 and the facsimile reprint now issued cannot but prove of considerable interest to all interested in the great industry4--,derby ,mercury4 ,the book will be especially welcomed at a time when interest in the art of pottery manufacture commands a more widespread and general interest than at any previous time4--,wolverhampton ,chronicle4 ,this work is all the more valuable because it gives one an idea of the condition of affairs existing in the north of ,staffordshire before the great increase in work and population due to modern developments4--,western ,morning ,news4 ,the ,history gives a graphic picture of ,north ,staffordshire at the end of the last and the beginning of the present century1 and states that in #ahbi there was 'a busy and enterprising community' in the ,potteries of fifty thousand persons4444 ,we commend it to our readers as a most entertaining and instructive publication1--,staffordshire ,sentinel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,reissue of ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,several ,,natural ,,and ,,artificial ,,heterogeneous ,,compounds ,,used ,,in ,,manufacturing ,,porcelain1 ,,glass ,,and ,,pottery4 ,by ,,simeon ,,shaw4 7,originally published in #ahcg47 #gej pp4 #aijj4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #ads42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aes42 ,other ,countries1 #afs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,,part ,i41 ,,analysis ,,and ,,materials4--,chapters ,i41 ,introduction3 ,laboratory and ,apparatus2 ,elements3 ,combinative ,potencies1 ,manipulative ,processes for ,analysis and ,reagents1 ,pulverisation1 ,blow-pipe ,analysis1 ,humid ,analysis1 ,preparatory ,manipulations1 ,general ,analytic ,processes1 ,compounds ,soluble in ,water1 ,compounds ,soluble only in ,acids1 ,compounds 7,mixed7 ,soluble in ,water1 ,compounds 7,mixed7 ,soluble in ,acids1 ,compounds 7,mixed7 ,insoluble1 ,particular ,analytic ,processes4--,,ii41 ,temperature3 ,coal1 ,steam ,heat for ,printers' ,stoves4--,,iii41 ,acids and ,alkalies3 ,boracic ,acid1 ,muriatic ,acid1 ,nitric ,acid1 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,potash1 ,soda1 ,lithia1 ,calculation of ,chemical ,separations4--,,iv41 ,the ,earths3 ,alumine1 ,clays1 ,silica1 ,flint1 ,lime1 ,plaster of ,paris1 ,magnesia1 ,barytes1 ,felspar1 ,grauen 7or ,china ,stone71 ,china ,clay1 ,chert4--,v41 ,metals3 ,reciprocal ,combinative ,potencies of the ,metals1 ,antimony1 ,arsenic1 ,chromium1 ,green ,oxide1 ,cobalt1 ,chromic ,acid1 ,humid ,separation of ,nickel from ,cobalt1 ,arsenite of ,cobalt1 ,copper1 ,gold1 ,iron1 ,lead1 ,manganese1 ,platinum1 ,silver1 ,tin1 ,zinc4 ,,part ,,ii41 ,,synthesis ,,and ,,compounds4--,chapters ,i41 ,sketch of the ,origin and ,progress of the ,art4--,,ii41 ,science of ,mixing3 ,scientific ,principles of the ,manufacture1 ,combinative ,potencies of the ,earths4--,,iii41 ,bodies3 ,porcelain--,hard1 ,porcelain--,fritted ,bodies1 ,porcelain--,raw ,bodies1 ,porcelain--,soft1 ,fritted ,bodies1 ,raw ,bodies1 ,stone ,bodies1 ,ironstone1 ,dry ,bodies1 ,chemical ,utensils1 ,fritted ,jasper1 ,fritted ,pearl1 ,fritted ,drab1 ,raw ,chemical ,utensils1 ,raw ,stone1 ,raw ,jasper1 ,raw ,pearl1 ,raw ,mortar1 ,raw ,drab1 ,raw ,brown1 ,raw ,fawn1 ,raw ,cane1 ,raw ,red ,porous1 ,raw ,egyptian1 ,earthenware1 ,queen's ,ware1 ,cream ,colour1 ,blue and ,fancy ,printed1 ,dipped and ,mocha1 ,chalky1 ,rings1 ,stilts1 etc4--,,iv41 ,glazes3 ,porcelain--,hard ,fritted1 ,porcelain--,soft ,fritted1 ,porcelain--,soft ,raw1 ,cream ,colour ,porcelain1 ,blue ,printed ,porcelain1 ,fritted ,glazes1 ,analysis of ,fritt1 ,analysis of ,glaze1 ,coloured ,glazes1 ,dips1 ,smears and ,washes3 ,glasses3 ,flint ,glass1 ,coloured ,glasses1 ,artificial ,garnet1 ,artificial ,emerald1 ,artificial ,amethyst1 ,artificial ,sapphire1 ,artificial ,opal1 ,plate ,glass1 ,crown ,glass1 ,broad ,glass1 ,bottle ,glass1 ,phosphoric ,glass1 ,british ,steel ,glass1 ,glass-,staining and ,painting1 ,engraving on ,glass1 ,dr4 ,faraday's ,experiments4--,v41 ,colours3 ,colour ,making1 ,fluxes or ,solvents1 ,components of the ,colours3 ,reds1 etc41 from ,gold1 ,carmine or ,rose ,colour1 ,purple1 ,reds1 etc41 from ,iron1 ,blues1 ,yellows1 ,greens1 ,blacks1 ,white1 ,silver for ,burnishing1 ,gold for ,burnishing1 ,printer's ,oil1 ,lustres4 ,,part ,,iii41 ,,tables ,,of ,,the ,,characteristics ,,of ,,chemical ,,substances4--,preliminary ,remarks1 ,oxygen 7,tables71 ,sulphur and its ,compounds1 ,nitrogen ditto1 ,chlorine ditto1 ,bromine ditto1 ,iodine ditto1 ,fluorine ditto1 ,phosphorous ditto1 ,boron ditto1 ,carbon ditto1 ,hydrogen ditto1 ,observations1 ,ammonium and its ,compounds 7,tables71 ,thorium ditto1 ,zirconium ditto1 ,aluminium ditto1 ,yttrium ditto1 ,glucinum ditto1 ,magnesium ditto1 ,calcium ditto1 ,strontium ditto1 ,barium ditto1 ,lithium ditto1 ,sodium and its ,compounds ,potassium ditto1 ,observations1 ,selenium and its ,compounds 7,tables71 ,arsenic ditto1 ,chromium ditto1 ,vanadium ditto1 ,molybdenum ditto1 ,tungsten ditto1 ,antimony ditto1 ,tellurium ditto1 ,tantalum ditto1 ,titanium ditto1 ,silicium ditto1 ,osmium ditto1 ,gold ditto1 ,iridium ditto1 ,rhodium ditto1 ,platinum ditto1 ,palladium ditto1 ,mercury ditto1 ,silver ditto1 ,copper ditto1 ,uranium ditto1 ,bismuth and its ,compounds1 ,tin ditto1 ,lead ditto1 ,cerium ditto1 ,cobalt ditto1 ,nickel ditto1 ,iron ditto1 ,cadmium ditto1 ,zinc ditto1 ,manganese ditto1 ,observations1 ,isomorphous ,groups1 ,isomeric ditto1 ,metameric ditto1 ,polymeric ditto1 ,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this interesting volume has been kept from the pencil of the modern editor and reprinted in its entirety by the enterprising publishers of ,the ,pottery ,gazette and other trade journals4444 ,there is an excellent historical sketch of the origin and progress of the art of pottery which shows the intimate knowledge of classical as well as 7the then7 modern scientific literature possessed by the late ,dr4 ,shaw2 even the etymology of many of the ,staffordshire place-names is given4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,the historical sketch of the origin and progress of pottery is very interesting and instructive4 ,the science of mixing is a problem of great importance1 and the query how the natural products1 alumina and silica can be compounded to form the best wares may be solved by the aid of chemistry instead of by guesses1 as was formerly the case4 ,this portion of the book may be most suggestive to the manufacturer1 as also the chapters devoted to the subject of glazes1 glasses and colours4--,birmingham ,post4 ,messrs4 ,scott1 ,greenwood ,co4 are doing their best to place before the pottery trades some really good books1 likely to aid the ,staffordshire manufacturers1 and their spirited enterprise is worthy of encouragement1 for the utility of technical literature bearing upon the practical side of potting goes without saying4444 ,they are to be congratulated on their enterprise in republishing it1 and we can only hope that they will meet with the support they deserve4 ,it seems to be a volume that is worth looking through by both manufacturers and operatives alike1 and all local institutions1 at any rate1 should secure copies4--,staffordshire ,sentinel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,paper ,making4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,paper ,,pulp4 ,a ,practical ,treatise for the use of ,papermakers1 ,paperstainers4 ,students and others4 ,by ,,julius ,,erfurt1 ,manager of a ,paper ,mill4 ,translated into ,english and ,edited with ,additions by ,,julius ,h,,bner1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,lecturer on ,papermaking at the ,manchester ,municipal ,technical ,school4 ,with ,illustrations and #aeg patterns of paper dyed in the pulp4 ,royal #hvo1 #ahj pp4 #aija4 ,price #aes42 ,india and ,colonies1 #afs42 ,other ,countries1 #bjs42 strictly net4 ,limited edition4 ,contents4 ,i41 ,behaviour of the ,paper ,fibres during the ,process of ,dyeing1 ,theory of the ,mordant--,cotton3 ,flax and ,hemp2 ,esparto2 ,jute2 ,straw ,cellulose3 ,chemical and ,mechanical ,wood ,pulp2 ,mixed ,fibres3 ,theory of ,dyeing4--,,ii41 ,colour ,fixing ,mediums 7,mordants7--,alum3 ,aluminium ,sulphate2 ,aluminium ,acetate2 ,tin ,crystals 7,stannous ,chloride72 ,copperas 7,ferrous ,sulphate72 ,nitrate of ,iron 7,ferric ,sulphate72 ,pyrolignite of ,iron 7,acetate of ,iron72 ,action of ,tannic ,acid2 ,importance of ,materials containing ,tannin2 ,treatment with ,tannic ,acid of ,paper ,pulp intended for dyeing2 ,blue ,stone 7,copper ,sulphate73 ,potassium ,bichromate3 ,sodium ,bichromate2 ,chalk 7,calcium ,carbonate72 ,soda ,crystals 7,sodium ,carbonate73 ,antimony ,potassium ,tartrate 7,tartar ,emetic74--,,iii41 ,influence of the ,quality of the ,water ,used4--,,iv41 ,inorganic ,colours--#a4 ,artificial ,mineral ,colours3 ,iron ,buff2 ,manganese ,bronze3 ,chrome ,yellow 7,chromate of ,lead73 ,chrome ,orange 7,basic ,chromate of ,lead73 ,red ,lead2 ,chrome ,green3 ,blue with ,yellow ,prussiate3 ,prussian ,blue3 ,method for ,producing ,prussian ,blue free from ,acid3 ,ultramarine--#b4 ,natural ,mineral ,colours 7,earth ,colours73 ,yellow ,earth ,colours3 ,red ,earth ,colours2 ,brown ,earth ,colours2 ,green1 ,grey and ,black ,earth ,colours3 ,white ,earth ,colours3 ,white ,clay 7,china ,clay73 ,white ,gypsum2 ,baryta3 ,magnesium ,carbonate3 ,talc1 ,soapstone4--,v41 ,organic ,colours--#a4 ,colours of ,vegetable and ,animal ,origin3 7a7 ,substantive 7,direct ,dyeing7 ,colouring ,matters3 ,annatto2 ,turmeric3 ,safflower2 7b7 ,adjective 7,indirect ,dyeing7 ,colouring ,matters3 ,redwood2 ,cochineal2 ,weld3 ,persian ,berries2 ,fustic ,extract2 ,quercitron3 ,catechu 7,cutch72 ,logwood ,extract--#b4 ,artificial ,organic 7,coal ,tar7 ,colours3 ,acid ,colours2 ,basic ,colours3 ,substantive 7,direct ,dyeing7 ,colours2 ,dissolving of the ,coal ,tar ,colours3 ,auramine ,o ,o2 ,naphthol ,yellow ,s ,o2 ,quinoline ,yellow ,o3 ,metanil ,yellow ,o3 ,paper ,yellow ,o3 ,azoflavine ,,rs ,o1 ,s ,o2 ,cotton ,yellow ,g ,x ,x and ,r ,x ,x3 ,orange #aa ,o3 ,chrysoidine ,a ,o ,o1 ,,rl ,o ,o3 ,vesuvine ,extra ,o ,o2 ,vesuvine ,,bc ,o ,o2 ,fast4 ,brown ,o1 ,naphthylamine ,brown ,o2 ,water ,blue ,,in ,o2 ,water ,blue ,,tb ,o2 ,victoria ,blue ,b ,o ,o2 ,methylene ,blue ,,md ,o ,o2 ,nile ,blue ,r ,o ,o2 ,new ,blue ,s ,o ,o2 ,indoine ,blue ,,bb ,o ,o2 ,eosine #ddb ,nx2 ,phloxine ,b ,b ,n2 ,rhodamine ,b ,o ,o2 ,rhodamine #f;,g ,o ,o3 ,naphthylamine ,red ,g ,o2 ,fast ,red ,a ,o2 ,cotton ,scarlet ,o2 ,erythrine ,,rr ,o2 ,erythrine ,x ,o2 ,erythrine ,p ,o2 ,ponceau #b ,r ,o2 ,fast ,ponceau ,g ,o and ,b ,o2 ,paper ,scarlet ,p ,o ,o2 ,saffranine ,,pp ,o ,o2 ,magenta ,powder ,a ,o ,o2 ,acetate of ,magenta ,o ,o2 ,cerise ,d #aj ,o ,o2 ,methyl ,violet ,,bb ,o ,o2 ,crystal ,violet ,o ,o2 ,acid ,violet #c ,,bn ,o1 #d ,r ,o2 ,diamond ,green ,b ,o ,o2 ,nigrosine ,,wl ,o2 ,coal ,black ,o ,o2 ,brilliant ,black ,b ,o4--,,vi41 ,practical ,application of the ,coal ,tar ,colours according to their ,properties and their ,behaviour towards the ,different ,paper ,fibres--,coal ,tar ,colours1 which rank foremost1 as far as their fastness to light is concerned2 ,colour ,combinations with which colourless or nearly colourless ,backwater is obtained2 ,colours which do not bleed into ,white ,fibres1 for ,blotting and ,copying ,paper ,pulp2 ,colours which produce the best results on ,mechanical ,wood and on ,unbleached ,sulphite ,wood2 ,dyeing of ,cotton1 ,jute and ,wool ,half-stuff for ,mottling ,white or ,light ,coloured ,papers2 ,colours suitable for ,cotton2 ,colours specially suitable for ,jute ,dyeing2 ,colours suitable for ,wool ,fibres4--,,vii41 ,dyed ,patterns on ,various ,pulp ,mixtures--,placard and ,wrapping ,papers2 ,black ,wrapping and ,cartridge ,papers2 ,blotting ,papers2 ,mottled and ,marbled ,papers made with ,coloured ,linen1 ,cotton and ,union ,rags1 or with ,cotton1 ,jute1 ,wool and ,sulphite ,wood ,fibres1 dyed specially for this purpose2 ,mottling with ,dark ,blue ,linen2 ,mottling with ,dark ,blue ,linen and ,dark ,blue ,cotton2 ,mottling with ,dark ,blue ,cotton2 ,mottling with ,dark ,blue and ,red ,cotton2 ,mottling with ,dark ,red ,cotton2 ,mottling of ,bleached ,stuff1 with #c to #d per cent4 of ,dyed ,cotton ,fibres2 ,mottling with ,dark ,blue ,union 7,linen and ,wool or ,cotton ,warp with ,wool ,weft72 ,mottling with ,blue ,striped ,red ,union2 ,mottling of ,bleached ,stuff with #c to #d per cent4 of ,dyed ,wool ,fibres2 ,mottling of ,bleached ,stuff with #c to #d per cent4 of ,dyed ,jute ,fibres2 ,mottling of ,bleached ,stuff with #c to #d per cent4 of ,dyed ,sulphite ,wood ,fibres3 ,wall ,papers2 ,packing ,papers4--,,viii41 ,dyeing to ,shade--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the book is one that is of value to every one connected with the colouring of paper4--,paper ,trade ,journal4 ,the great feature of the volume is undoubtedly the series of actual patterns of dyed papers1 #aeg in all--twelve of which1 made in ,england1 have been added to the original ,german series4 ,detailed formul are given for the preparation of the pulp for each1 and the tints of the samples practically form a key1 by means of which the accuracy of the student's or practitioner's experiments can be tested4444 ,on the whole the publication is one of distinct importance to the trade1 and will no doubt speedily become a standard work of reference amongst papermakers1 both in the 'lab4' and the office1 as well as being an excellent text-book for the use of students in the increasing number of technical institutes in which papermaking is taught4--,world's ,paper ,trade ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,enamelling on ,metal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,enamels ,,and ,,enamelling4 ,an ,introduction to the ,preparation and ,application of all ,kinds of ,enamels for ,technical and ,artistic ,purposes4 ,for ,enamel ,makers1 ,workers in ,gold and ,silver1 and ,manufacturers of ,objects of ,art4 ,by ,,paul ,,randau4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,with ,sixteen ,illustrations4 #ahj pp4 #aijj4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,i41 ,introduction4--,,ii41 ,composition and ,properties of ,glass4--,,iii41 ,raw ,materials for the ,manufacture of ,enamel4--,,iv41 ,substances ,added to ,produce ,opacity4--,v41 ,fluxes4--,,vi41 ,pigments4--,,vii41 ,decolorising ,agents4--,,viii41 ,testing the ,raw ,materials with the ,blow-pipe ,flame4--,,ix41 ,subsidiary ,materials4--,x41 ,preparing the ,materials for ,enamel ,making4--,,xi41 ,mixing the ,materials4--,,xii41 ,the ,preparation of ,technical ,enamels1 ,the ,enamel ,mass4--,,xiii41 ,appliances for ,smelting the ,enamel ,mass4--,,xiv41 ,smelting the ,charge4--,,xv41 ,composition of ,enamel ,masses4--,,xvi41 ,composition of ,masses for ,ground ,enamels4--,,xvii41 ,composition of ,cover ,enamels4--,,xviii41 ,preparing the ,articles for ,enamelling4--,,xix41 ,applying the ,enamel4--,,xx41 ,firing the ,ground ,enamel4--,,xxi41 ,applying and ,firing the ,cover ,enamel or ,glaze4--,,xxii41 ,repairing ,defects in ,enamelled ,ware4--,,xxiii41 ,enamelling ,articles of ,sheet ,metal4--,,xxiv41 ,decorating ,enamelled ,ware4--,,xxv41 ,specialities in ,enamelling4--,,xxvi41 ,dial-plate ,enamelling4--,,xxvii41 ,enamels for ,artistic ,purposes1 ,recipes for ,enamels of ,various ,colours4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,should prove of great service to all who are either engaged in or interested in the art of enamelling4--,jewellers and ,watchmakers' ,trade ,advertiser4 ,i must inform you that this is the best book ever ,i have come across on enamels1 and it is worth double its cost4--,j4 ,,minchin1 ,jr41 ,porto1 ,portugal1 #bbnd ,july1 #aijj4 ,this is a very useful and thoroughly practical treatise1 and deals with every branch of the enameller's art4 ,the manufacture of enamels of various colours and the methods of their application are described in detail4 ,besides the commoner enamelling processes1 some of the more important special branches of the business1 such as cloisonne work are dealt with4 ,the work is well got up1 and the illustrations of apparatus are well executed4 ,the translator is evidently a man well acquainted both with the ,german language and the subject-matter of the book4--,invention4 ,this is a most welcome volume1 and one for which we have long waited in this country4 ,for years we have been teaching design applied to enamelling as well as to several other crafts1 but we have not risen to the scientific side of the question4 ,here is a handbook dealing with the composition and making of enamels for application to metals for the most part1 but also for other allied purposes4 ,it is written in a thoroughly practical way ,transcribers ,note3 ,text source unreadable1 and its author--,paul ,randau--has made its subject a very particular study4 ,the ,transcribers ,note3 ,text source unreadable almost all things which come from the ,german chemical expert1 is a model of good workmanship ,transcribers ,note3 ,text source unreadable and arrangement1 and no one who is in search of a handbook to enamelling1 ,transcribers ,note3 ,text source unreadable whether he is a craftsman producing his beautiful translucent colours on gold1 silver and copper1 or the hollow-ware manufacturer making enamelled saucepans and kettles1 can wish for a more useful practical manual4--,birmingham ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,enamelling ,,on ,,metal4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,brown4 ,twenty-eight ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fj pp4 #aijj4 ,price #bs4 #f;d42 ,abroad1 #cs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,history--,cloisonn--,champs ,lev--,translucent ,enamel--,surface ,painted ,enamels4--,,ii41 ,cloisonn--,champs ,levs--,translucent--,painted4--,,iii41 ,painted ,enamel--,apparatus--,furnaces and ,muffles for ,firing4--,,iv41 ,the ,copper ,base or ,plate--,planishing--,cloisons--,champ ,lev ,plates4--,v41 ,enamels--,trituration--,washing--,coati ng a ,plate with ,enamel--,firing ,ordinary ,plaques for ,painting--,designing--,squaring off4--,,vi41 ,designs for ,cloisonn--,designs for ,painted ,enamels--,technical ,processes--,brushes1 etc41--,colours--,grisaille--,full-colou red ,designs4 ,press ,opinion4 ,the information conveyed in ,the ,art of ,enamelling on ,metal is as complete as can be expected in a manual of ordinary length1 and is quite ample in all respects to start students in a most interesting branch of decorative art4 ,all necessary requisites are fully described and illustrated1 and the work is one1 indeed1 which any one may pursue with interest1 for those who are interested artistically in enamels are a numerous body4--,hardware ,metals and ,machinery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books on ,textile and ,dyeing ,subjects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,technical ,,testing ,,of ,,yarns ,,and ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,with ,reference to ,official ,specifications4 ,translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,j4 ,,herzfeld4 ,second ,edition4 ,sixty-nine ,illustrations4 #bjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,yarn ,testing34 ,,iii41 ,determining the ,yarn ,number4--,,iv41 ,testing the ,length of ,yarns4--,v41 ,examination of the ,external ,appearance of ,yarn4--,,vi41 ,determining the ,twist of ,yarn and ,twist4--,,vii41 ,determination of ,tensile ,strength and ,elasticity4--,,viii41 ,estimating the ,percentage of ,fat in ,yarn4--,,ix41 ,determination of ,moisture 7,conditioning74--,appendix4 ,press ,opinions4 ,it would be well if our ,english manufacturers would avail themselves of this important addition to the extensive list of ,german publications which1 by the spread of technical information1 contribute in no small degree to the success1 and sometimes to the supremacy1 of ,germany in almost every branch of textile manufacture4--,manchester ,courier4 ,this is probably the most exhaustive book published in ,english on the subject dealt with4444 ,we have great confidence in recommending the purchase of this book by all manufacturers of textile goods of whatever kind1 and are convinced that the concise and direct way in which it is written1 which has been admirably conserved by the translator1 renders it peculiarly adapted for the use of ,english readers4--,textile ,recorder4 ,a careful study of this book enables one to say with certainty that it is a standard work on the subject4 ,its importance is enhanced greatly by the probability that we have here1 for the first time in our own language1 in one volume1 a full1 accurate1 and detailed account1 by a practical expert1 of the best technical methods for the testing of textile materials1 whether in the raw state or in the more or less finished product4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,the author has endeavoured to collect and arrange in systematic form for the first time all the data relating to both physical and chemical tests as used throughout the whole of the textile industry1 so that not only the commercial and textile chemist1 who has frequently to reply to questions on these matters1 but also the practical manufacturer of textiles and his subordinates1 whether in spinning1 weaving1 dyeing1 and finishing1 are catered for4444 ,the book is profusely illustrated1 and the subjects of these illustrations are clearly described4--,textile ,manufacturer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,decorative ,,and ,,fancy ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,with ,designs and ,illustrations4 ,by ,r4,t4 ,,lord4 ,a ,valuable ,book for ,manufacturers and ,designers of ,carpets1 ,damask1 ,dress and all ,textile ,fabrics4 #bjj pp4 #ahih4 ,demy #hvo4 #acb ,designs and ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,a ,few ,hints on ,designing ,ornamental ,textile ,fabrics4--,,ii41 ,a ,few ,hints on ,designing ,ornamental ,textile ,fabrics 7continued74--,,iii41 ,a ,few ,hints on ,designing ,ornamental ,textile ,fabrics 7continued74--,,iv41 ,a ,few ,hints on ,designing ,ornamental ,textile ,fabrics 7continued74--,v41 ,hints for ,ruled-paper ,draughtsmen4--,,vi41 ,the ,jacquard ,machine4--,,vii41 ,brussels and ,wilton ,carpets4--,,viii41 ,tapestry ,carpets4--,,ix41 ,ingrain ,carpets4--,x41 ,axminster ,carpets4--,,xi41 ,damask and ,tapestry ,fabrics4--,,xii41 ,scarf ,silks and ,ribbons4--,,xiii41 ,silk ,handkerchiefs4--,,xiv41 ,dress ,fabrics4--,,xv41 ,mantle ,cloths4--,,xvi41 ,figured ,plush4--,,xvii41 ,bed ,quilts4--,,xviii41 ,calico ,printing4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the book can be strongly recommended to students and practical men4--,textile ,colourist4 ,those engaged in the designing of dress1 mantle tapestry1 carpet and other ornamental textiles will find this volume a useful work of reference4--,leeds ,mercury4 ,the book is to be commended as a model manual1 appearing at an opportune time1 since every day is making known a growing desire for development in ,british industrial art4--,dundee ,advertiser4 ,designers especially1 who desire to make progress in their calling1 will do well to take the hints thrown out in the first four chapters on ',designing ,ornamental ,textile ,fabrics'4--,nottingham ,daily ,guardian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,power-,,loom ,,weaving ,,and ,,yarn ,,numbering4 ,according to ,various ,systems1 with ,conversion ,tables4 ,an ,auxiliary and ,text-book for ,pupils of ,weaving ,schools1 as well as for ,self-,instruction and for ,general ,use by those engaged in the ,weaving ,industry4 ,translated from the ,german of ,,anthon ,,gruner4 ,with ,twenty-six ,diagrams in ,colours4 #aej pp4 #aijj4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,i41 ,power-,loom ,weaving in ,general4 ,various ,systems of ,looms4--,,ii41 ,mounting and ,starting the ,power-,loom4 ,english ,looms4--,tappet or ,treadle ,looms4--,dobbies4--,,iii41 ,general ,remarks on the ,numbering1 ,reeling and ,packing-of ,yarn4--,appendix4--,useful ,hints4 ,calculating ,warps4--,weft ,calculations4--,calculations of ,cost ,price in ,hanks4 ,press ,opinions4 ,a long-felt want in the weaving industry has been supplied by the issue of a cheap volume dealing with the subject4--,belfast ,evening ,telegraph4 ,the work has been clearly translated from the ,german and published with suitable illustrations4444 ,the author has dealt very practically with the subject4--,bradford ,daily ,telegraph4 ,the book1 which contains a number of useful coloured diagrams1 should prove invaluable to the student1 and its handy form will enable it to become a companion more than some cumbrous work4 --,cotton ,factory ,times4 ,the book has been prepared with great care1 and is most usefully illustrated4 ,it is a capital text-book for use in the weaving schools or for self-instruction1 while all engaged in the weaving industry will find its suggestions helpful4--,northern ,daily ,telegraph4 ,the various systems are treated in a careful manner2 also the different looms and their manufacture1 as well as the whole processes of the work4 ,yarn numbering according to various systems1 with conversion tables and numerous coloured diagrams1 materially assist to a clear comprehension of the subject4--,northern ,whig4 ,the 'inside' managers of our textile mills in which the work is complex or greatly varied1 and where yarns of different materials are in use1 will find this work convenient for reference in case of novelty or difficulty4 ,we may also say the same in relation to the textile student4 ,its description of the parts of the loom and their functions will be of use to the latter1 being of the most elementary kind4--,textile ,mercury4 ,the author attempts to fill a gap in weaving literature caused by the neglect of many obscure points connected with the industry4 ,a short review is given of the power-loom as a whole1 followed by a description of the different parts of the machinery with their advantages and defects4444 ,the book is severely technical1 but must on that account be very valuable to the pupil who is determined to master this industrial art4--,cheshire ,county ,news4 ,it is clear and concise1 and gives just that knowledge in quality and amount which any student of the weaving industry ought to consider as a minimum necessary for his thorough comprehension of his future profession4 ,the handiness and variety of the information comprised in ,section ,,iii41 dealing with the numbering and reeling of yarns employed in the various systems in different countries1 struck us as particularly useful4--,north ,british ,daily ,mail4 ,this work brings before weavers who are actually engaged in the various branches of fabrics1 as well as the technical student1 the different parts of the general run of power-looms in such a manner that the parts of the loom and their bearing to each other can be readily understood4444 ,the work should prove of much value1 as it is in every sense practical1 and is put before the reader in such a clear manner that it can be easily understood4--,textile ,industries4 ,the book under notice is intended as an instructor to those engaged in power-loom weaving1 and1 judging by its compilation1 the author is a thorough master of the craft4 ,it is not overloaded with details1 and he manages to compress in a book of some #aej pages all that one can possibly wish to know about the different parts of the machinery1 whether of ,english or foreign make1 and for whatever kind of cloth required4 ,a comprehensive summary is also included of the various yarns and methods of numbering them1 as well as a few useful hints and a number of coloured diagrams for mandarin weavings4 ,the book is printed in bold1 legible type1 on good paper1 has a copious index1 and is well and strongly bound4--,ashton-under-,lyne ,herald4 ,in dealing with the complicated parts of various classes of power-looms1 the writer1 who is one of the professors at the ,royal ,weaving ,school of ,asch1 brings to the work a thorough knowledge of the subject1 and1 what is of great value1 he has the gift of communicating his knowledge in a way which is easily understood4 ,the smallest details of loom-setting are entered into1 and a full explanation of problems1 which are a source of anxiety to many engaged in overlooking1 is given4 ,students will find the work an admirable text-book1 and all who are interested in weaving will see in it a valuable addition to the literature on this subject4444 ,the book is in small compass1 and is crowded with valuable information4--,bradford ,observer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colour3 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,colour4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,with ,ten ,coloured ,plates and ,seventy-two ,illustrations4 #afj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,colour and ,its ,production4 ,light1 ,colour1 ,dispersion of ,white ,light ,methods of ,producing the ,spectrum1 ,glass ,prism and ,diffraction ,grating ,spectroscopes1 ,the ,spectrum1 ,wave ,motion of ,light1 ,recomposition of ,white ,light1 ,hue1 ,luminosity1 ,purity of ,colours1 ,the ,polariscope1 ,phosphorescence1 ,fluorescence1 ,interference4--,,ii41 ,cause of ,colour in ,coloured ,bodies4 ,transmitted ,colours1 ,absorption ,spectra of ,colouring ,matters4--,,iii41 ,colour ,phenomena and ,theories4 ,mixing ,colours1 ,white ,light from ,coloured ,lights1 ,effect of ,coloured ,light on ,colours1 ,complementary ,colours1 ,young-,helmholtz ,theory1 ,brewster ,theory1 ,supplementary ,colours1 ,maxwell's ,theory1 ,colour ,photography4--,,iv41 ,the ,physiology of ,light4 ,structure of the ,eye1 ,persistence of ,vision1 ,subjective ,colour ,phenomena1 ,colour ,blindness4--,v41 ,contrast4 ,contrast1 ,simultaneous ,contrast1 ,successive ,contrast1 ,contrast of ,tone4 ,contrast of ,colours1 ,modification of ,colours by ,contrast1 ,colour ,contrast in ,decorative ,design4--,,vi41 ,colour in ,decoration and ,design4 ,colour ,harmonies1 ,colour ,equivalents1 ,illumination and ,colour1 ,colour and ,textile ,fabrics1 ,surface ,structure and ,colour4--,,vii41 ,measurement of ,colour4 ,colour ,patch ,method1 ,the ,tintometer1 ,chromometer4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this useful little book possesses considerable merit1 and will be of great utility to those for whom it is primarily intended4--,birmingham ,post4 ,it will be found to be of direct service to the majority of dyers1 calico printers and colour mixers1 to whom we confidently recommend it4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,it is thoroughly practical1 and gives in simple language the why and wherefore of the many colour phenomena which perplex the dyer and the colourist4--,dyer and ,calico ,printer4 ,we have found the book very interesting1 and can recommend it to all who wish to master the different aspects of colour theory1 with a view to a practical application of the knowledge so gained4--,chemist and ,druggist4 ,mr4 ,hurst's ,handbook on the ,theory of ,colour will be found extremely useful1 not only to the art student1 but also to the craftsman1 whose business it is to manipulate pigments and dyes4--,nottingham ,daily ,guardian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,textile ,,raw ,,materials ,,and ,,their ,,conversion ,,into ,,yarns4 7,the ,study of the ,raw ,materials and the ,technology of the ,spinning ,process47 ,text-book for ,textile1 ,trade and ,higher ,technical ,schools4 ,by ,,julius ,,zipser4 ,translated from ,german by ,,charles ,,salter4 #cjb ,illustrations4 #dhj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,raw ,materials3 ,cotton--,wool--,flax--,hemp--,jute--,ha ir--,shearing ,sheep--,goat ,wool--,silk--,detection and ,estimation of ,textile ,raw ,materials in ,yarns and ,fabrics--,tests4--,the ,technology of ,spinning4 ,cotton ,spinning3 ,bale ,breakers--,carding--,combing--,roving-- ,mule ,frames--,yarn ,testing--,humidifiers4 ,flax ,spinning3 ,tow ,spinning--,string ,spinning--,carded ,woollen ,yarn--,belt ,condenser--,fine ,spinning--,yarn ,numbering4--,manufacture of ,true ,worsted ,yarn3 ,semi-,worsted ,yarns4--,artificial ,wool or ,shoddy ,spinning3 ,spinning ,shoddy4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,colour ,,printing ,,of ,,carpet ,,yarns4 ,a ,useful ,manual for ,colour ,chemists and ,textile ,printers4 ,by ,,david ,,paterson1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,seventeen ,illustrations4 #acb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs4 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,structure and ,constitution of ,wool ,fibre4--,,ii41 ,yarn ,scouring4--,,iii41 ,scouring ,materials4--,,iv41 ,water for ,scouring4--,v41 ,bleaching ,carpet ,yarns4--,,vi41 ,colour ,making for ,yarn ,printing4--,,vii41 ,colour ,printing ,pastes4--,,viii41 ,colour ,recipes for ,yarn ,printing4--,,ix41 ,science of ,colour ,mixing4--,x41 ,matching of ,colours4--,,xi41 ,hank ,printing4--,,xii41 ,printing ,tapestry ,carpet ,yarns4--,,xiii41 ,yarn ,printing4--,,xiv41 ,steaming ,printed ,yarns4--,,xv41 ,washing of ,steamed ,yarns4--,,xvi41 ,aniline ,colours ,suitable for ,yarn ,printing4--,,xvii41 ,glossary of ,dyes and ,dye-wares used in ,wood ,yarn ,printing4--,appendix4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the book is worthy the attention of the trade4--,worcester ,herald4 ,the treatise is arranged with great care1 and follows the processes described in a manner at once clear and convincing4--,glasgow ,record4 ,a most useful manual dealing in an intelligible and interesting manner with the colour printing of carpet yarns4--,kidderminster ,times4 ,an eminent expert himself1 the author has evidently strained every effort in order to make his work the standard guide of its class4--,leicester ,post4 ,the book1 which is admirably printed and illustrated1 should fulfil the need of a practical guide in the colour printing of carpet yarns4--,nottingham ,express4 ,the subject is very exhaustively treated in all its branches4444 ,the work1 which is very well illustrated with designs1 machines1 and wool fibres1 will be a useful addition to our textile literature4--,northern ,whig4 ,it gives an account of its subject which is both valuable and instructive in itself1 and likely to be all the more welcome because books dealing with textile fabrics usually have little or nothing to say about this way of decorating them4--,scotsman4 ,the work shows a thorough grasp of the leading characteristics as well as the minutiae of the industry1 and gives a lucid description of its chief departments4444 ,as a text-book in technical schools where this branch of industrial education is taught1 the book is valuable1 or it may be perused with pleasure as well as profit by any one having an interest in textile industries4--,dundee ,courier4 ,the book bears every mark of an extensive practical knowledge of the subject in all its bearings1 and supplies a real want in technical literature4 ,chapters ,,ix4 and ,x41 on the science of colour mixing and colour matching respectively1 are especially good1 and we do not remember to have seen the bearing of various kinds of light1 and of the changes from one kind of light to another on the work of the colourist1 so well treated elsewhere4--,dyer and ,calico ,printer4 ,it is thoroughly practical1 and contains much information which has not hitherto appeared in book form4 ,it is pleasing to note that the practical part is not crowded out with purely 'practical recipes'4 ,a few typical examples are given1 and the rest is left to the common sense and judgment of the printer or works' chemist4 ,another pleasing feature is the accounts given here and there of the author's own researches on the subject4 ,the work will be of interest to printers of wool generally1 and to those engaged in the dyeing of this fibre4--,journal of the ,society of ,dyers and ,colourists4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,bleaching ,,of ,,linen ,,and ,,cotton ,,yarn ,,and ,,fabrics4 ,by ,l4 ,,tailfer1 ,chemical and ,mechanical ,engineer4 ,translated from the ,french by ,,john ,,geddes ,,mcintosh1 ,lecturer on ,chemical ,technology1 ,london4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d2 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapter ,i4 ,general ,considerations on ,bleaching4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,steeping4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,washing3 ,its ,end and ,importance--,roller ,washing ,machines--,wash ,wheel 7,dash ,wheel7--,stocks or ,wash ,mill--,squeezing4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,lye ,boiling--,lye ,boiling with ,milk of ,lime--,lye ,boiling with ,soda ,lyes--,description of ,lye ,boiling ,keirs--,operations of ,lye ,boiling--,concentration of ,lyes4 ,chapter ,v4 ,mather and ,platt's ,keir--,description of the ,keir--,saturation of the ,fabrics--,alkali used in ,lye ,boiling--,examples of ,processes4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,soap--,action of ,soap in ,bleaching--,quality and ,quantity of ,soaps to use in the ,lye--,soap ,lyes or ,scalds--,soap ,scouring ,stocks4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,bleaching on ,grass or on the ,bleaching ,green or ,lawn4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,chemicking--,remarks on ,chlorides and their ,decolourising ,action--,chemicking ,cisterns--,chemicking--,strengths1 etc4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,sours--,properties of the ,acids--,effects ,produced by ,acids--,souring ,cisterns4 ,chapter ,x4 ,drying--,drying by ,steam--,drying by ,hot ,air--,drying by ,air4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,damages to ,fabrics in ,bleaching--,yarn ,mildew--,fermentation--,iron ,rust ,spots--,spots from ,contact with ,wood--,spots incurred on the ,bleaching ,green--,damages arising from the ,machines4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,examples of ,methods used in ,bleaching--,linen--,cotton4 ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,the ,valuation of ,caustic and ,carbonated ,alkali 7,soda7 and ,general ,information ,regarding these ,bodies--,object of ,alkalimetry--,titration of ,carbonate of ,soda--,comparative ,table of ,different ,degrees of ,alkalimetrical ,strength--,five ,problems relative to ,carbonate of ,soda --,caustic ,soda1 its ,properties and ,uses--,mixtures of ,carbonated and ,caustic ,alkali--,note on a ,process of ,manufacturing ,caustic ,soda and ,mixtures of ,caustic and ,carbonated ,alkali 7soda74 ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,chlorometry--,titration--,wagner's ,chlorometric ,method--,preparation of ,standard ,solutions--,apparatus for ,chlorine ,valuation--,alkali in ,excess in ,decolourising ,chlorides4 ,chapter ,,xv4 ,chlorine and ,decolourising ,chlorides--,synopsis--,chlorine--,chlor ide of ,lime--,hypochlorite of ,soda--,brochoki's ,chlorozone--,various ,decolourising ,hypochlorites--,comparison of ,chloride of ,lime and ,hypochlorite of ,soda4 ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,water--,qualities of ,water--,hardness--,dervaux's ,purifier--,testing the ,purified ,water--,different ,plant for ,purification--,filters4 ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,bleaching of ,yarn--,weight of ,yarn--,lye ,boiling--,chemicking--,washing--,bleach ing of ,cotton ,yarn4 ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,the ,installation of a ,bleach ,works--,water ,supply--,steam ,boilers--,steam ,distribution ,pipes--,engines--,keirs--,washing ,machines--,stocks--,wash ,wheels--,chemicking and ,souring ,cisterns--,various--,buildings4 ,chapter ,,xix4 ,addenda--,energy of ,decolourising ,chlorides and ,bleaching by ,electricity and ,ozone--,energy of ,decolourising ,chlorides--,chlorides--,production of ,chlorine and ,hypochlorites by ,electrolysis--,lunge's ,process for increasing the intensity of the ,bleaching ,power of ,chloride of ,lime--,trilfer's ,process for ,removing the ,excess of ,lime or ,soda from ,decolourising ,chlorides--,bleaching by ,ozone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,colour ,,mixing4 ,a ,manual intended for the use of ,dyers1 ,calico ,printers and ,colour ,chemists4 ,by ,,david ,,paterson1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,forty-one ,illustrations1 ,five ,coloured ,plates1 and ,four ,plates showing ,eleven ,dyed ,specimens of ,fabrics4 #acb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,colour a ,sensation2 ,colours of ,illuminated ,bodies2 ,colours of ,opaque and ,transparent ,bodies2 ,surface ,colour4--,,ii41 ,analysis of ,light2 ,spectrum2 ,homogeneous ,colours2 ,ready ,method of ,obtaining a ,spectrum4--,,iii41 ,examination of ,solar ,spectrum2 ,the ,spectroscope and ,its ,construction2 ,colourists' ,use of the ,spectroscope4--,,iv41 ,colour by ,absorption2 ,solutions and ,dyed ,fabrics2 ,dichroic ,coloured ,fabrics in ,gaslight4--,v41 ,colour ,primaries of the ,scientist versus the ,dyer and ,artist2 ,colour ,mixing by ,rotation and ,lye ,dyeing3 ,hue1 ,purity1 ,brightness2 ,tints3 ,shades1 ,scales1 ,tones1 ,sad and ,sombre ,colours4--,,vi41 ,colour ,mixing3 ,pure and ,impure ,greens1 ,orange and ,violets2 ,large ,variety of ,shades from few ,colours2 ,consideration of the ,practical ,primaries3 ,red1 ,yellow and ,blue4--,,vii41 ,secondary ,colours2 ,nomenclature of ,violet and ,purple ,group2 ,tints and ,shades of ,violet2 ,changes in ,artificial ,light4--,,viii41 ,tertiary ,shades2 ,broken ,hues2 ,absorption ,spectra of ,tertiary ,shades4--,appendix3 ,four ,plates with ,dyed ,specimens ,illustrating ,text4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the work has evidently been prepared with great care1 and1 as far as we can judge1 should be very useful to the dyer and colourist4--,halifax ,courier4 ,the volume1 which is clearly and popularly written1 should prove of the utmost service to all who are concerned with the practical use of colours1 whether as dyers or painters4--,scotsman4 ,to the practical colourist1 and also to technical students1 ,mr4 ,paterson's new work will be very welcome4 ,we are often asked to recommend books on different subjects1 and have no hesitation in advising the purchase of the present volume by dyers and calico printers1 as containing a mass of most useful information at a nominal price4--,irish ,textile ,journal4 ,mr4 ,paterson's work not only clearly deals with the theory of colour1 but supplies lucid directions for the practical application of the theory4 ,his work will be found exceedingly helpful1 not only to the practical colourist1 but also to students in our textile colleges1 by forming a useful complement to their class lectures4 ,there are several exquisitely coloured plates and a large number of other illustrations of theory and practice in colour blending1 and also a series of plates with specimens of dyed fabrics attached1 in explication of the author's views4--,wakefield ,express4 ,mr4 ,paterson has little to say upon the experimental aspect or on its sthetics1 but much upon the theory of colour1 especially as it bears upon the question--an all-important one to dyers1 calico printers and artists1 who have to produce such a variety of shades and tints--of the admixture of one colour upon another4444 ,the author is a dyer1 and in his concluding chapters keeps well before him the special wants and requirements of dyers4 ,he writes pleasantly and lucidly1 and there is no difficulty in following him1 although here and there a lapse into ambiguousness occurs4 ,the book is well printed1 generously supplied with coloured plates1 very nicely if not brightly got up2 and the dyed patterns at the end enhance the value of the book to the dyer4--,textile ,mercury4 ,for some time the proprietors of ,the ,oil and ,colourman's ,journal have been engaged in the publication of a series of practical handbooks intended for the use of those interested in certain branches of technology1 and the present volume is the latest addition to their list4 ,the feature which the works have in common--and it is an all-important one in treatises of this sort--is their eminently practical character4 ,the primary aim of the publishers is to provide scientific text-books which will be helpful to those who are either actively engaged in the practice of the arts in question1 or who are studying with that immediate end in view4444 ,mr4 ,paterson speaks with that assured knowledge of an expert1 and in the present volume1 as in that which he has already contributed to the same series1 he sets forth the true foundation of the art of colouring in a manner at once comprehensive and judicious4444 ,for dyers1 calico printers and colourists in general1 whose desire it is to work with accuracy in their respective branches1 the treatise will prove an invaluable guide-book1 provided the principles and methods it describes are studied with intelligence and care4 ,to this end1 every encouragement has been given that well-chosen examples1 carefully executed plates and diagrams1 and an exhaustive index can supply4--,glasgow ,herald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colour ,,matching ,,on ,,textiles4 ,a ,manual intended for the use of ,students of ,colour ,chemistry1 ,dyeing and ,textile ,printing4 ,by ,,david ,,paterson1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,coloured ,frontispiece4 ,twenty-nine ,illustrations and ,fourteen ,specimens of ,dyed ,fabrics ,illustrating ,text4 ,demy #hvo4 #acb pp4 #aija4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,colour ,vision and ,structure of the ,eye--,perception of ,colour--,primary and ,complementary ,colour ,sensations4--,,ii41 ,daylight for ,colour ,matching--,selection of a ,good ,pure ,light--,diffused ,daylight1 ,direct ,sunlight1 ,blue ,skylight1 ,variability of ,daylight1 etc41 etc4--,,iii41 ,matching of ,hues--,purity and ,luminosity of ,colours--,matching ,bright ,hues --,aid of ,tinted ,films--,matching ,difficulties ,arising from ,contrast4--,,iv41 ,examination of ,colours by ,reflected and ,transmitted ,lights--,effect of ,lustre and ,transparency of ,fibres in ,colour ,matching4--,v41 ,matching of ,colours on ,velvet ,pile--,optical ,properties of ,dye-stuffs1 ,dichroism4 ,fluorescence4--,,vi41 ,use of ,tinted ,mediums--,orange ,film--,defects of the ,eye--,yellowing of the ,lens--,colour ,blindness1 etc4--,,vii41 ,matching of ,dyed ,silk ,trimmings and ,linings and ,bindings--,its ,difficulties--,behaviour of ,shades in ,artificial ,light--,colour ,matching of ,old ,fabrics1 etc4--,,viii41 ,examination of ,dyed ,colours under the ,artificial ,lights --,electric ,arc1 ,magnesium and ,dufton1 ,gardner ,lights1 ,welsbach1 ,acetylene1 etc4--,testing ,qualities of an ,illuminant4--,,ix41 ,influence of the ,absorption ,spectrum in ,changes of ,hue under the ,artificial ,lights--,study of the ,causes of ,abnormal ,modifications of ,hue1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,reissue of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,dyeing ,,wool1 ,,silk ,,and ,,cotton4 ,translated from the ,french of ,m4 ,,hellot1 ,m4 ,,macquer and ,m4 ,,le ,,pileur ,d',,apligny4 ,first ,published in ,english in #aghi4 ,six ,plates4 ,demy #hvo4 #ddf pp4 #aija4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,the ,art of ,dyeing ,wool and ,woollen ,cloth1 ,stuffs1 ,yarn1 ,worsted1 etc43 ,introduction4--,chapters ,i41 ,of the ,vessels and ,utensils used in ,dyeing4--,,ii41 ,of the ,fixed and ,fugitive1 commonly called ,great and ,little ,dye4--,,iii41 ,of ,colours in ,grain4 ,dyeing ,wool3 ,,iv41 ,of ,blue4--,v41 ,of the ,pastel ,vat--,directions for the ,proper ,management of the ,vat--,indications when the ,vat has ,suffered by too much or too little ,lime1 the two extremes which ought carefully to be avoided--,the ,preparations of ,indigo for the ,pastel ,vat4--,,vi41 ,of the ,woad ,vat4--,,vii41 ,of the ,indigo ,vat4--,,viii41 ,of the ,cold ,indigo ,vat with ,urine--,a ,hot ,indigo ,vat with ,urine--,to ,reheat a ,urine ,vat4--,,ix41 ,a ,cold ,indigo ,vat without ,urine4 --,x41 ,of the ,method of ,dyeing ,blue4--,,xi41 ,of ,red4--,,xii41 ,of ,scarlet in ,grain1 or ,venetian ,scarlet4--,,xiii41 ,of ,fire ,scarlet4--,,xiv41 ,of ,crimson4--,,xv41 ,of ,gum ,lac ,scarlet4--,,xvi41 ,of the ,coccus polonicus1 a ,colouring ,insect4--,,xvii41 ,of ,madder ,red4--,,xviii41 ,of ,yellow4--,,xix41 ,of ,brown or ,fawn ,colour4--,,xx41 ,of ,black4--,,xxi41 ,of the ,colours obtained from a ,mixture of ,blue and ,red4--,,xxii41 ,of the ,mixture of ,blue and ,yellow4--,,xxiii41 ,of the ,mixture of ,blue and ,fawn ,colour4--,,xxiv41 ,of the ,mixture of ,blue and ,black4--,,xxv41 ,of the ,mixture of ,red and ,yellow4--,,xxvi41 ,of the ,mixture of ,red and ,fawn4--,,xxvii41 ,of the ,mixture of ,red and ,black4--,,xxviii41 ,of the ,mixture of ,yellow and ,fawn ,colours4--,,xxix41 ,of the ,mixture of ,yellow and ,black4--,,xxx41 ,of the ,mixture of ,fawn ,colour and ,black4--,,xxxi41 ,of the ,principal ,mixtures of the ,primitive ,colours by ,three and ,three4--,,xxxii41 ,the ,method of ,blending ,wool of ,different ,colours for mixed ,cloth or ,stuffs4--,,xxxiii41 ,the ,method of ,preparing ,felts for ,trial4--,,xxxiv41 ,the ,method of ,dyeing ,woollens ,false ,colours4--,,xxxv41 ,of ,flock or ,goats' ,hair4--,,xxxvi41 ,of ,archil1 and the ,method of ,using ,it4--,,xxxvii41 ,of ,logwood4--,,xxxviii41 ,of ,brazil ,wood4--,,xxxix41 ,of ,fustic--,,xl41 ,roucou4--,,xli41 ,of ,french ,berries4 --,,xlii41 ,of ,turmeric4--,,xliii41 ,instructions for the ,proof ,liquor for ,wool and ,woollen ,stuffs4 ,part ,,ii41 ,the ,art of ,dyeing ,silk3 ,ungumming and ,boiling for ,white4--,for ,boiling of ,silks ,intended to be ,dyed4--,observations on ,ungumming and ,boiling4--,of ,white4--,of ,whitening4--,sulphuring4 --,observations on ,whitening and ,sulphuring4--,of ,aluming4--,remarks on ,aluming4--,of ,blue4--,remarks on the ,blue of ,indigo4--,of ,yellow4--,remarks on ,yellow4--,aurora1 ,orange1 ,mordore1 ,gold ,colour and ,chamois4--,red and ,crimson4--,remarks on ,crimson4--,of ,false ,crimson or the ,red of ,brazil4--,remarks on the ,red1 or ,crimson of ,brazil ,wood4--,of ,scarlet1 ,orange1 ,red and ,cherry ,colour4--,preparation of the ,carthamus or ,bastard ,saffron4--,remarks on the ,dye of ,carthamus or ,bastard ,saffron4--,of the ,false ,poppy or ,fire ,colour ,produced with ,brazil ,wood4--,false ,rose ,colour4--,of ,green4 --,remarks4--,of ,olives4--,remarks4--,of ,violet4--,of ,fine ,violet1 or ,violet in ,grain4--,of ,false or ,common ,violets or ,lilac4--,of the ,violet of ,logwood4--,remarks4--,violet of ,logwood and ,verdigris4--,violets of ,brazil and ,logwood4--,remarks4--,violets from ,brazil ,wood and ,archil4 --,of ,purple1 ,gillyflower1 and of ,fine ,cochineal or ,purple4--,of ,false ,purple4--,of ,maroons1 ,cinnamons and ,white ,lees4--,remarks4--,of ,nut ,greys4 ,thorn ,greys1 ,black and ,iron ,greys and others of the same ,species4--,of ,black4--,softening of ,black4--,black in the ,raw4--,remarks on ,black4--,particular ,process ,communicated by ,m4 ,hellot4--,genoa ,crimson1 a ,process ,proved in ,may1 #agdc4--,violet ,crimson of ,italy4--,half ,violet4--,genoa ,black for ,velvets4 ,part ,,iii41 ,the ,art of ,dyeing ,cotton and ,linen ,thread1 together with the ,method of ,stamping ,silks1 ,cottons1 etc43 ,of ,dyeing in ,general4--,inquiry concerning ,wool1 ,silk1 ,cotton and ,flax4--,of ,wool4--,of ,silk4--,of ,cotton4--,of ,flax4--,conclusion from the ,examination of ,substances ,commonly ,dyed4--,of ,bleaching4--,preparation for ,stuffs to be ,dyed4--,astringents4--,theory of ,dyeing ,stuffs ,prepared with ,alum4--,of ,colouring ,substances4--,of ,cochineal and ,colouring ,insects4--,of ,madder4--,of ,vegetables ,furnishing a ,yellow ,dye4--,of the ,colouring ,drugs ,used in ,dyeing without ,astringents4--,of ,indigo4--,of ,substances ,used in ,dyeing ,fawn and ,root ,colour4--,of ,carthamus1 ,roucou1 etc4--,of ,black4 ,of ,dyeing of ,cotton ,thread3 ,of ,cleansing4--,of the ,colours ,employed for the ,dyeing of ,cotton ,thread4--,of ,blue4--,of ,red4--,adrianople ,red4--,observations on this ,dye4--,of ,yellow4--,of ,green4--,of ,violet4--,of ,red ,cinnamon4--,of ,black4--,black for ,linen and ,cotton ,thread by a ,combination of ,colours4--,of ,grey4--,of ,more ,durable ,greys4--,of ,musk ,colour4--,olive and ,duck ,greens4--,of ,browns1 ,maroons1 ,coffee ,colours1 etc4--,of ,silk ,stuffs ,dyed of ,several ,colours4--,the ,manner of ,stamping ,silk1 etc41 in ,europe4--,of a ,linen with a ,blue ,ground and ,white ,pattern4--,of ,saxon ,blue4--,observations on this ,dye4--,indexes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,cotton ,,fabrics3 ,a ,practical ,handbook for the ,dyer and ,student4 ,by ,,franklin ,,beech1 ,practical ,colourist and ,chemist4 #bgb pp4 ,forty-four ,illustrations of ,bleaching and ,dyeing ,machinery4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs43 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,structure and ,chemistry of the ,cotton ,fibre4--,,ii41 ,scouring and ,bleaching of ,cotton4--,,iii41 ,dyeing ,machinery and ,dyeing ,manipulations4--,,iv41 ,principals and ,practice of ,cotton ,dyeing--#a1 ,direct ,dyeing2 #b1 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,metallic ,salts2 #c1 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,developers2 #d1 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,couplers2 #e1 ,dyeing on ,tannic ,mordant2 #f1 ,dyeing on ,metallic ,mordant2 #g1 ,production of ,colour ,direct upon ,cotton ,fibres2 #h1 ,dyeing ,cotton by ,impregnation with ,dye-stuff ,solution4--,v41 ,dyeing ,union 7,mixed ,cotton and ,wool7 ,fabrics4--,,vi41 ,dyeing ,half ,silk 7,cotton-,silk1 ,satin7 ,fabrics4--,,vii41 ,operations following ,dyeing--,washing1 ,soaping1 ,drying4--,,viii41 ,testing of the ,colour of ,dyed ,fabrics4--,,ix41 ,experimental ,dyeing and ,comparative ,dye ,testing4--,index4 ,the book contains numerous recipes for the production on ,cotton ,fabrics of all kinds of a great range of colours1 thus making it of great service in the ,dye-house1 while to the ,student it is of value in that the scientific principles which underlie the operations of dyeing are clearly laid down4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cotton ,,spinning 7,first ,year74 ,by ,,thomas ,,thornley1 ,spinning ,master1 ,bolton ,technical ,school4 #afj pp4 #hd ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #cs42 ,abroad1 #cs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,syllabus and ,examination ,papers of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4--,chapters ,i41 ,cultivation1 ,classification1 ,ginning1 ,baling and ,mixing of the ,raw ,cotton4--,,ii41 ,bale-,breakers1 ,mixing ,lattices and ,hopper ,feeders--,,iii41 ,opening and ,scutching4--,,iv41 ,carding4--,index to ,illustrations4--,general ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cotton ,,spinning 7,intermediate1 or ,second ,year74 ,by ,,thomas ,,thornley4 #ahj pp4 #gj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,british ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,syllabuses and ,examination ,papers of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4--,chapters ,i41 ,the ,combing ,process4--,,ii41 ,the ,drawing ,frame4--,,iii41 ,bobbin and ,fly ,frames4--,,iv41 ,mule ,spinning4--,v41 ,ring ,spinning4--,index to ,illustrations4--,general ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cotton ,,spinning 7,honours1 or ,third ,year74 ,by ,,thomas ,,thornley4 #baf pp4 #gd ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #es42 ,india and ,british ,colonies1 #es4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #fs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,syllabuses and ,examination ,papers of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4--,chapters ,i41 ,cotton4--,,ii41 ,the ,practical ,manipulation of ,cotton ,spinning ,machinery4--,,iii41 ,doubling and ,winding4--,,iv41 ,reeling4--,v41 ,warping4--,,vi41 ,production and ,costs4--,,vii41 ,main ,driving4--,,viii41 ,arrangement of ,machinery and ,mill ,planning4--,,ix41 ,waste and ,waste ,spinning4--,index to ,illustrations4--,general ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books for ,mining ,engineers and ,steam ,users4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recovery ,,work ,,after ,,pit ,,fires4 ,a ,description of the ,principal ,methods ,pursued1 especially in ,fiery ,mines1 and of the ,various ,appliances ,employed1 such as ,respiratory and ,rescue ,apparatus1 ,dams1 etc4 ,by ,,robert ,,lamprecht1 ,mining ,engineer and ,manager4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,illustrated by ,six large ,plates1 containing ,seventy-six ,illustrations4 #age pp41 demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #aas42 ,other ,countries1 #abs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,preface4--,i41 ,causes of ,pit ,fires3 #a1 ,fires ,resulting from the ,spontaneous ,ignition of ,coal2 #b1 ,fires ,caused by ,burning ,timber2 #c1 ,fires ,caused by ,fire-damp ,explosions4--,,ii41 ,preventive ,regulations3 #a1 ,the ,outbreak and ,rapid ,extension of a ,shaft ,fire can be most reliably prevented by ,employing little or no ,combustible ,material in the ,construction of the ,shaft2 #b1 ,precautions for ,rapidly ,localising an ,outbreak of ,fire in the ,shaft2 #c1 ,precautions to be ,adopted in case those under #a and #b ,fail or ,prove ,inefficient ,precautions against ,spontaneous ,ignition of ,coal4 ,precautions for ,preventing ,explosions of ,fire-damp and ,coal ,dust4 ,employment of ,electricity in ,mining1 particularly in ,fiery ,pits4 ,experiments on the ,ignition of ,fire-damp ,mixtures and ,clouds of ,coal ,dust by ,electricity4--,,iii41 ,indications of an ,existing-or ,incipient ,fire4--,,iv41 ,appliances for ,working in ,irrespirable ,gases3 #a1 ,respiratory ,apparatus2 #b1 ,apparatus with ,air ,supply ,pipes1 7a7 ,the ,bremen ,smoke ,helmet1 7b7 ,the ,mller ,smoke ,helmet1 7c7 ,the ,stolz ,rescue ,mask2 #c1 ,reservoir ,apparatus3 #d1 ,oxygen ,apparatus4 ,the ,schwann ,respiratory ,apparatus4 ,the ,fleuss ,respiratory ,apparatus4 ,the ,improved ,walcher-,grtner ,pneumatophor1 7a7 ,the ,single ,bottle ,apparatus1 ,instructions for using the ,pneumatophor1 ,taking to ,pieces and ,resetting the ,apparatus ready for ,use2 7b7 ,two ,bottle ,apparatus 7,shamrock ,type74 ,the ,neupert ,rescue ,apparatus 7,the ,mayer-,pilar ,system74--,v4 ,extinguishing-,pit ,fires3 7a7,chemical ,means3 7b7 ,extinction with ,water4 ,dragging down the ,burning ,masses and ,packing with ,clay3 7c7 ,insulating the ,seat of the ,fire by ,dams4 ,dam ,building4 ,dam ,work in the ,fiery ,pits of ,southern ,hungary3 7a7 ,cross-dams of ,clay2 7b7 ,masonry ,dams1 ,gallery ,linings4 ,wagner's ,portable ,safety ,dam4 ,analyses of ,fire ,gases4 ,isolating the ,seat of a ,fire with ,dams3 ,working in ,irrespirable ,gases 7,gas-diving73 #a1 ,air-,lock ,work 7,horizontal ,advance7 on the ,mayer ,system as ,pursued at ,karwin in #ahid2 #b1 ,air-,lock ,work 7,horizontal ,advance7 by the ,mauerhofer ,modified ,system4 ,vertical ,advance4 ,mayer ,system4 ,complete ,isolation of the ,pit4 ,flooding a ,burning ,section isolated by means of ,dams4 ,wooden ,dams3 7a7 ,upright ,balk ,dams2 7b7 ,horizontal ,balk ,dams2 7c7 ,wedge ,dams1 ,masonry ,dams4 ,examples of ,cylindrical and ,dome-shaped ,dams4 ,dam ,doors3 ,flooding the ,whole ,pit4--,,vi41 ,rescue ,stations3 7a7 ,stations above ,ground2 7b7 ,underground ,rescue ,stations4--,,vii41 ,spontaneous ,ignition of ,coal in ,bulk4--,index4 ,illustrations4 ,sheet ,i41 ,respiratory and ,rescue ,appliances--,precautions against ,fire4 ,figs4 #a1 ,smoke ,helmet2 #b1 ,muller's ,smoke ,helmet2 #c1 ,low-pressure ,respiration ,apparatus2 #d1 ,high-pressure ,respiration ,apparatus2 #e1 ,the ,stolz ,mask for ,rescue ,work3 #f1 ,precautions against ,fire4--,sheet ,,ii41 ,respiratory and ,rescue ,apparatus4 ,figs4 #a1 ,recovery ,work with ,muller's ,smoke ,helmet after a ,fire3 #b-h1 ,the ,fleuss ,respiration ,apparatus3 #i1 ,the ,walcher-,grtner ,pneumatophor3 #aj-ab1 ,pneumatophor 7,shamrock ,type74--,sheet ,,iii41 ,respiratory and ,rescue ,apparatus--,stretchers4 ,figs4 #a-h1 ,rescue ,apparatus manufactured by ,o4 ,neupert's ,successor 7,mayer-,pilar ,system72 #a1 ,front ,view2 #b1 ,section through ,bag and ,mask2 #c1 ,rear ,view3 #d1 ,apparatus and ,mask laid out ,flat 7view from above72 #e1 ,apparatus and ,mask laid out ,flat 7view from below73 #f1 ,locking ,device for ,closing ,bag2 #g1 ,apparatus ,complete1 ,mounted for ,rescue ,work2 #h1 ,improved ,valve in the ,respiration ,tubes2 #i-ab1 ,stretchers4 ,fig4 #i1 ,stretcher ,covered with ,brown ,canvas3 #aj1 ,stretcher ,covered with ,brown ,canvas1 fitted with ,adjustable ,head-rest3 #aa1 ,folding ,stretcher ,covered with ,brown ,canvas2 #ab1 ,rupprecht's ,stretcher ,covered with ,brown ,canvas2 #ac1 ,dr4 ,rhlmann's ,stretcher4--,sheet ,,iv41 ,dams4 ,figs4 #a-g1 ,r4 ,wagners ,portable ,safety ,dam4--,sheet ,v41 ,signalling ,appliances --,dam ,construction--,cable ,laying4 ,figs4 #a-c1 ,signalling ,appliances3 #a1 ,small ,induction ,apparatus for ,pit ,work2 #b1 ,bell ,signal for ,pit ,work2 #c1 ,pit ,telephone2 #d-ah1 ,dam ,construction2 #d1 #e1 ,upright ,timber ,dam2 #f1 #g1 ,timber ,dam with ,wooden ,door2 #h1 #i1 ,dome-shaped ,dams2 #aj1aa1 ,dome-shaped ,dam with ,iron ,door2 #ab1ac1 ,the ,wenker and ,berninghaus ,locking ,device for ,dam ,doors2 #ad-ag1 ,dam ,construction3 #ah1 ,damming a ,gallery ,lined with ,iron3 #ai1 ,support for ,cable4--,sheet ,,vi41 ,working with ,diving ,gear in ,irrespirable ,gases--,gallery ,work4 ,figs4 #a-d1 ,air-,lock ,work 7,mayer ,system72 #e-g4 ,air-,lock 7,mauerhofer's ,modification of the ,mayer ,system72 #h-aa1 ,construction of ,dams at the ,pluto ,shaft4--,sheet ,,vii41 ,working with ,diving ,gear in ,irrespirable ,gases 7,mayer ,system7--,appliances in the ,shaft4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 ,sections of ,shaft and ,air ,apparatus2 #c1 ,salzmann ,reducing ,valve for ,reserve ,air ,supply2 #d1e1 ,l4 v4 ,bremen's ,respiration ,apparatus with ,karwin ,reserve ,appliance3 #f1 ,cross ,section of the ,franziska ,shaft2 #g1 ,method of ,supplying ,air to ,main ,pipe and ,winding same on ,drum2 #h1 ,clamp4 ,press ,opinions4 ,a work of this extremely valuable character deserves to be made widely known amongst colliery managers and mining engineers at home and abroad4--,coal and ,iron4 ,this book is1 in a manner1 unique4 ,the literature of mining accidents is fairly extensive1 but it consists largely of departmental ,blue ,books4--,sheffield ,daily ,telegraph4 ,a concise and lucid description of the principal methods pursued1 especially in fiery mines1 and of the various appliances employed1 such as respiratory and rescue apparatus1 dams1 etc4--,staffs ,advertiser4 ,the prevention of spontaneous combustion in collieries and the extinction of underground fires are duties that fall heavily on many colliery managers4 ,they should1 therefore1 welcome this translation of ,mr4 ,lamprecht's ,german treatise4--,ironmonger4 ,the book under notice supplies the needed full description1 drawings1 and mode of using these new appliances in actual fires1 and should be studied by every colliery manager1 seeing that even our best managed collieries have not been free from fires1 more or less disastrous to life and property4--,colliery ,manager4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,smoke4 ,combined with the ,economical ,combustion of ,fuel4 ,by ,w4,c4 ,,popplewell1 ,m4,sc1 ,a4,m4,inst41 ,c4,e41 ,consulting ,engineer4 #df ,illustrations4 #aij pp4 #aija4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,introductory4--,chapters ,i41 ,fuel and ,combustion4--,,ii41 ,hand ,firing in ,boiler ,furnaces4--,,iii41 ,stoking by ,mechanical ,means4--,,iv41 ,powdered ,fuel4--,v41 ,gaseous ,fuel4--,,vi41 ,efficiency and ,smoke ,tests of ,boilers4--,,vii41 ,some ,standard ,smoke ,trials4--,,viii41 ,the ,legal ,aspect of the ,smoke ,question4--,,ix41 ,the ,best ,means to be adopted for the ,prevention of ,smoke4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gas ,,and ,,coal ,,dust ,,firing4 ,a ,critical ,review of the ,various ,appliances ,patented in ,germany for this purpose since #ahhe4 ,by ,,albert ,p,,tsch4 #acj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,with #ajc ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,generators--,generators ,employing ,steam--,stirring and ,feed ,regulating ,appliances--,direct ,generators--,burners--,regenerators and ,recuperators--,glass ,smelting ,furnaces--,metallurgical ,furnaces--,pottery ,furnace--,coal ,dust ,firing4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the work is worthy of perusal by all consumers of fuel4 ,it is exceedingly well printed and illustrated4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,the book will appeal with force to the manufacturer as well as to the technical student1 whilst it is also of far more than average interest to the general reader4--,halifax ,guardian4 ,the importance that gas and coal dust firing have attained of recent years1 and especially the great interest attaching of late to the question of coal dust firing1 makes the appearance of the present volume most opportune4--,iron and ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,the ,german author has long followed the development of various systems of gas firing1 and in the present treatise he discusses the merits of appliances patented since #ahhe4 ,his text and the numerous illustrations indispensable to it will be found useful by all who are engaged in practical work in the same field4--,north ,british ,daily ,mail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books on ,plumbing1 ,decorating1 ,metal ,work1 etc41 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,external ,,plumbing ,,work4 ,a ,treatise on ,lead ,work for ,roofs4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,hart1 ,r4,p4,c4 #ahj ,illustrations4 #bgj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahif4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,cast ,sheet ,lead4--,,ii41 ,milled ,sheet ,lead4--,,iii41 ,roof ,cesspools4--,,iv41 ,socket ,pipes4--,v41 ,drips4--,,vi41 ,gutters4--,,vii41 ,gutters 7continued74--,,viii41 ,breaks4--,,ix41 ,circular ,breaks4--,x41 ,flats--,,xl1 ,flats 7continued74--,,xii41 ,rolls on ,flats4--,,xiii41 ,roll ,ends4--,,xiv41 ,roll ,intersections4--,,xv41 ,seam ,rolls4--,,xvi41 ,seam ,rolls 7continued74--,,xvii41 ,tack ,fixings4--,,xviii41 ,step ,flashings4--,,xix41 ,step ,flashings 7continued74--,,xx41 ,secret ,gutters4--,,xxi41 ,soakers4--,,xxii41 ,hip and ,valley ,soakers4--,,xxiii41 ,dormer ,windows4--,,xxiv41 ,dormer ,windows 7continued74--,,xxv41 ,dormer ,tops4--,,xxvi41 ,internal ,dormers4--,,xxvii41 ,skylights4--,,xxviii41 ,hips and ,ridging4--,,xxix41 ,hips and ,ridging 7continued74--,,xxx41 ,fixings for ,hips and ,ridging4--,,xxxi41 ,ornamental ,ridging4--,,xxxii41 ,ornamental ,curb ,rolls4--,,xxxiii41 ,curb ,rolls4--,,xxxiv41 ,cornices4--,,xxxv41 ,towers and ,finials4--,,xxxvi41 ,towers and ,finials 7continued74--,,xxxvii41,towers and ,finials 7continued74--,,xxxviii41 ,domes4--,,xxxix41 ,domes 7continued74--,,xl41 ,ornamental ,lead ,work4--,,xli41 ,rain ,water ,heads4--,,xlii41 ,rain ,water ,heads 7continued74--,,xliii41 ,rain ,water ,heads 7continued74 ,press ,opinions4 ,this is an eminently practical and well-illustrated volume on the management of external lead work4--,birmingham ,daily ,post4 ,it is thoroughly practical1 containing many valuable hints1 and cannot fail to be of great benefit to those who have not had large experience4--,sanitary ,journal4 ,works on sanitary plumbing are by no means rare1 but treatises dealing with external plumbing work are sufficiently scarce to ensure for ,mr4 ,hart's new publication a hearty reception4--,the ,ironmonger4 ,with ,mr4 ,harts treatise in his hands the young plumber need not be afraid of tackling outside work4 ,he would do well to study its pages at leisure1 so that he may be ready for it when called upon4--,ironmongery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hints ,,to ,,plumbers ,,on ,,joint ,,wiping1 ,,pipe ,,bending ,,and ,,lead ,,burning4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,corrected4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,hart1 ,r4,p4,c4 #ahd ,illustrations4 #cac pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aija4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,introduction4--,chapters ,i41 ,pipe ,bending4--,,ii41 ,pipe ,bending 7continued74--,,iii41 ,pipe ,bending 7continued74--,,iv41 ,square ,pipe ,bendings4--,v41 ,half-circular ,elbows4--,,vi41 ,curved ,bends on ,square ,pipe4--,,vii41 ,bossed ,bends4--,,viii41 ,curved ,plinth ,bends4--,,ix41 ,rain-water ,shoes on ,square ,pipe4--,x41 ,curved and ,angle ,bends4--,,xl1 ,square ,pipe ,fixings4--,,xii41 ,joint-wiping4--,,xiii41 ,substitutes for ,wiped ,joints4--,,xiv41 ,preparing ,wiped ,joints4--,,xv41 ,joint ,fixings4--,,xvi41 ,plumbing ,irons4--,,xvii41 ,joint ,fixings4--,,xviii41 ,use of ,touch in ,soldering4--,,xix41 ,underhand ,joints4--,,xx41 ,blown and ,copper ,bit ,joints4--,,xxl1 ,branch ,joints4--,,xxii41 ,branch ,joints 7continued74--,,xxiii41 ,block ,joints4--,,xxiv41 ,block ,joints 7continued74--,,xxv41 ,block ,fixings4--,,xxvi41 ,astragal ,joints--,pipe ,fixings4--,,xxvii41 ,large ,branch ,joints4--,,xxviii41 ,large ,underhand ,joints4--,,xxix41 ,solders4--,,xxx41 ,autogenous ,soldering or ,lead ,burning4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,rich in useful diagrams as well as in hints4--,liverpool ,mercury4 ,the papers are eminently practical1 and go much farther into the mysteries they describe than the title ',hints' properly suggests4--,scotsman4 ,the articles are apparently written by a thoroughly practical man4 ,as a practical guide the book will doubtless be of much service4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,so far as the practical hints in this work are concerned1 it will be useful to apprentices and students in technical schools1 as it deals mainly with the most important or difficult branches of the plumber's craft1 viz41 joint wiping1 pipe bending and lead burning4444 ',hints' are the most useful things to an apprentice1 and there are many in this work which are not to be found in some of the text-books4--,english ,mechanic4 #bb ,,pryme ,,street1 ,,hull1 #bdth ,november1 #ahid4 ,gentlemen1--,your books to hand for which accept my best thanks1 also for circulars4 ,i myself got one of ,j4,w4 ,hart's books on ,plumbing from your traveller1 and having looked through the same ,i can safely recommend it as being the best book ,i have seen4 ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,hart treats exhaustively upon soldering and pipe bending1 which are two of the most essential branches in the plumbing trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,dipping1 ,,burnishing1 ,,lacquering ,,and ,,bronzing ,,brass ,,ware4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,brown4 #ce pp4 ,crown #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #bs42 ,abroad1 #bs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,cleansing and ,dipping2 ,boiling up and ,cleansing3 ,dipping4--,,ii41 ,scratch-brushing and ,burnishing2 ,polishing2 ,burnishing4--,,iii41 ,lacquering2 ,tools2 ,lacquers4--,,iv41 ,bronzing2 ,black ,bronzing2 ,florentine ,red ,bronzing2 ,green ,bronzing4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,mr4 ,brown is clearly a master of his craft1 and has also the immense advantage of being able to convey his instructions in a manner at once clear and concise4--,leicester ,post4 ,a thoroughly practical little treatise on the subject in all its branches1 and one which should be in the hands of every tradesman or amateur who has lacquering to do4--,irish ,builder4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,workshop ,,wrinkles for ,decorators1 ,painters1 ,paperhangers and ,others4 ,by ,w4,n4 ,,brown4 ,crown #hvo4 #abh pp4 #aija4 ,price #bs4 #f;d42 ,abroad1 #cs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,parts ,i41 ,decorating4--,,ii41 ,painting4--,,iii41 ,paper-hanging4--,,iv41 ,miscellaneous4 ,arranged in alphabetical order4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,house ,,decorating ,,and ,,painting4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,brown4 ,eighty-eight ,illustrations4 #aej pp4 ,crown #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #cs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #ds42 ,other ,countries1 #ds4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,tools and ,appliances4--,,ii41 ,colours and ,their ,harmony4--,,iii41 ,pigments and ,media4--,,iv41 ,pigments and ,media4--,v41 ,pigments and ,media4--,,vi41 ,pigments and ,media4--,,vii41 ,preparation of ,work1 etc4--,,viii41 ,application of ,ordinary ,colour4--,,ix41 ,graining4--,x41 ,graining4--,,xi41 ,graining4--,,xii41 ,gilding4--,,xiii41 ,writing and ,lettering4--,,xiv41 ,sign ,painting4--,,xv41 ,internal ,decoration4--,index4 ,press ,opinion4 ,the author is evidently very thoroughly at home in regard to the technical subjects he has set himself to elucidate1 from the mechanical rather than the artistic point of view1 although the matter of correctness of taste is by no means ignored4 ,mr4 ,brown's style is directness itself1 and there is no tyro in the painting trade1 however mentally ungifted1 who could fail to carry away a clearer grasp of the details of the subject after going over the performance4--,building ,industries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,decorative ,,art4 ,by ,w4 ,,norman ,,brown4 ,thirty-nine ,illustrations4 #if pp4 ,crown #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #bs4 #f;d42 ,abroad1 #cs42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,primitive and ,prehistoric ,art4--,,ii41 ,egyptian ,art4--,,iii41 ,assyrian ,art4--,,iv41 ,the ,art of ,asia ,minor4--,v41 ,etruscan ,art4--,,vi41 ,greek ,art4--,,vii41 ,roman ,art4--,,viii41 ,byzantine ,art4--,,ix41 ,lombard or ,romanesque ,art4--,x41 ,gothic ,art4--,,xi41 ,renaissance ,art4--,,xii41 ,the ,victorian ,period4--,index4 ,press ,opinion4 ,in the course of a hundred pages with some forty illustrations ,mr4 ,brown gives a very interesting and comprehensive survey of the progress and development of decorative art4 ,it cannot1 of course1 be pretended that in the limited space named the subject is treated exhaustively and in full detail1 but it is sufficiently complete to satisfy any ordinary reader2 indeed1 for general purposes1 it is1 perhaps1 more acceptable than a more elaborate treatise4--,midland ,counties ,herald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,handbook ,,on ,,japanning ,,and ,,enamelling ,,for ,,cycles1 ,,bedsteads1 ,,tinware1 ,,etc4 ,by ,,william ,,norman ,,brown4 ,price #bs4 net4 ,ready4 ,contents4 ,a ,few ,words on ,enamelling--,appliances and ,apparatus--,japans or ,enamels--,to ,test ,enamel for ,lead--,japanning or ,enamelling ,metals--,japanning ,tin1 such as ,tea ,trays1 and similar ,goods--,enamelling ,old ,work--,enamel for ,cast ,iron--,enamel for ,copper ,cooking ,utensils--,the ,enamelling ,stove--,enamelling ,bedsteads1 ,frames and similar large pieces--,paints and ,varnishes for ,metallic ,surfaces--,varnishes for ,ironwork--,blacking for ,iron--,processes for ,tin ,plating--,galvanising--,metal ,polishes--,colours for ,polished ,brass--,a ,golden ,varnish for ,metal--,painting on ,zinc--,carriage ,varnish--,japanese ,varnish and its ,application4--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,hot ,,water ,,supply4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,hart1 ,r4,p4,c4 ,with #abi ,illustrations4 #aijj4 #agg pp41 demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #hs42 ,other ,countries1 #hs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,chapters ,i41 ,water ,circulation4--,,ii41 ,the ,tank ,system4--,,iii41 ,pipes and ,joints4--,,iv41 ,the ,cylinder ,system4--,v41 ,boilers for the ,cylinder ,system4--,,vi41 ,the ,cylinder ,system4--,,vii41 ,the ,combined ,tank and ,cylinder ,system4--,,viii41 ,combined ,independent and ,kitchen ,boiler4--,,ix41 ,combined ,cylinder and ,tank ,system with ,duplicate ,boilers4--,x41 ,indirect ,heating and ,boiler ,explosions4--,,xi41 ,pipe ,boilers4--,,xii41 ,safety ,valves4--,,xiii41 ,safety ,valves4--,,xiv41 ,the ,american ,system4--,,xv41 ,heating ,water by ,steam4--,,xvi41 ,steam ,kettles and ,jets4--,,xvii41 ,heating ,power of ,steam4--,,xviii41 ,covering for ,hot ,water ,pipes4--,index4 ,press ,opinion4 ,if all plumbers were to read this book1 and if they followed the instructions given1 there would1 we are sure1 be fewer accidents from household boiler explosions1 and many lives might be saved4 ,no doubt the majority of householders know or care little about the subject1 but any one who wishes to adopt the most up-to-date system of supplying hot water throughout his house will be able to do so if he reads ,mr4 ,hart's book and follows the instruction given4 ,it is a work that all who have charge of domestic water supply should study4 ,it is a practical and profitable book4--,wigar ,observer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brewing and ,botanical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hops ,,in ,,their ,,botanical1 ,,agricultural ,,and ,,technical ,,aspect1 ,,and ,,as ,,an ,,article ,,of ,,commerce4 ,by ,,emmanuel ,,gross1 ,professor at the ,higher ,agricultural ,college1 ,tetschen-,liebwerd4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,seventy-eight ,illustrations4 #aijj4 #cdj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d42 ,india and ,colonies1 #acs4 #f;d42 ,other ,countries1 #aes42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,,part ,i41 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,hop4 ,,part ,,ii41 ,,the ,,hop ,,plant4 ,introductory4--,the ,roots4--,the ,stem and ,leaves4--,inflorescence and ,flower3 ,inflorescence and ,flower of the ,male ,hop3 ,inflorescence and ,flower of the ,female ,hop4--,the ,fruit and its ,glandular ,structure3 ,the ,fruit and ,seed4--,propagation and ,selection of the ,hop4--,varieties of the ,hop3 7a7 ,red ,hops2 7b7 ,green ,hops2 7c7 ,pale ,green ,hops4--,classification according to the ,period of ,ripening3 #a4 ,early ,august ,hops2 #b4 ,medium ,early ,hops2 #c4 ,late ,hops4--,injuries to ,growth3 ,malformations2 ,diseases ,produced by ,conditions of ,soil and ,climate3 #a4 ,leaves ,turning ,yellow1 #b4 ,summer or ,sun-brand1 #c4 ,cones ,dropping ,off1 #d4 ,honey ,dew1 #e4 ,damage from ,wind1 ,hail and ,rain2 ,vegetable ,enemies of the ,hop3 ,animal ,enemies of the ,hop4--,beneficial ,insects on ,hops4 ,,part ,,iii41 ,,cultivation4 ,the ,requirements of the ,hop in ,respect of ,climate1 ,soil and ,situation3 ,climate2 ,soil2 ,situation1--,selection of ,variety and ,cuttings4--,planting a ,hop ,garden3 ,drainage2 ,preparing the ,ground2 ,marking-out for ,planting2 ,planting2 ,cultivation and ,cropping of the ,hop ,garden in the ,first ,year4--,work to be ,performed ,annually in the ,hop ,garden3 ,working the ,ground2 ,cutting2 ,the ,non-cutting ,system2 ,the ,proper ,performance of the ,operation of ,cutting3 ,i4 ,method of ,cutting3 ,close ,cutting1 ,ordinary ,cutting1 ,the ,long ,cut1 ,the ,topping ,cut2 ,,ii4 ,proper ,season for ,cutting3 ,autumn ,cutting1 ,spring ,cutting3 ,manuring2 ,training the ,hop ,plant3 ,poled ,gardens1 ,frame ,training2 ,principal ,types of ,frames3 ,pruning1 ,cropping1 ,topping1 and ,leaf ,stripping the ,hop ,plant2 ,picking1 ,drying and ,bagging4--,principal and ,subsidiary ,utilisation of ,hops and ,hop ,gardens4--,life of a ,hop ,garden2 ,subsequent ,cropping4--,cost of ,production1 ,yield and ,selling ,prices4 ,,part ,,iv4--,preservation and ,storage4--,physical and ,chemical ,structure of the ,hop ,cone4--,judging the ,value of ,hops4 ,,part ,v4--,statistics of ,production4--,the ,hop ,trade4--,index4 ,press ,opinions4 ,the subject is dealt with fully in every little detail2 consequently1 even the veriest tyro can take away some useful information from its pages4--,irish ,farming ,world4 ,farmers are but little given to reading2 but nowadays brewers have to study their trade and keep abreast of its every aspect1 and as far as regards our trade1 to them this book especially appeals1 and will be especially useful4--,licensed ,victuallers' ,gazette4 ,like an oasis in the desert comes a volume upon the above subject1 by the ,professor at the ,higher ,agricultural ,college1 ,tetschen-,liebwerd1 ,germany1 who has been fortunate enough to obtain an excellent translator from the ,german in the person of ,mr4 ,charles ,salter4 ,the paucity of works upon the history and cultivation of hops is surprising considering the scope it gives for an interesting and useful work4--,hereford ,times4 ,we can safely say that this book deals more comprehensively and thoroughly with the subject of hops than any work previously published in this country4444 ,no one interested in the hop industry can fail to extract a large amount of information from ,professor ,gross's pages1 which1 although primarily intended for ,continental readers1 yet bear very closely on what may be termed the cosmopolitan aspects of the science of hop production4--,south ,eastern ,gazette4 ,this is1 in our opinion1 the most scholarly and exhaustive treatise on the subject of hops1 their culture and preservation1 etc41 that has been published1 and to the hop grower especially will its information and recommendations prove valuable4 ,brewers1 too1 will find the chapter devoted to ',judging the ,value of ,hops' full of useful hints1 while the whole scope and tenor of the book bear testimony to the studious and careful manner in which its contents have been elaborated4--,brewers' ,journal4 ,considering the extent to which this country draws its hop supplies from abroad1 this translation of ,professor ,gross's volume will prove an interesting and instructive addition to the library of any brewer or brewers' chemist1 the more so as the work of translation has been admirably carried out in simple and vigorous ,english4444 ,the volume is one of a valuable series of special technical works for trades and professions the publishers are issuing1 and is the first so far dealing with the brewing industry4--,burton ,mail4 ,a work upon the above subject must be welcomed if for no other reason than the dearth of books dealing with so interesting a theme1 but fortunately apart from this the book will afford excellent reading to all interested in hops and their culture4 ,professor ,gross takes one over the whole field1 by commencing with the earliest history of the plant--so far back as the days of ancient ,greece--and from both practical1 theoretical and scientific standpoints1 deals with the cultivation1 classification and formation of the hop4444 ,in speaking of the production of new varieties sound information is given1 and should be of value to those who are always in search of improvements4--,hereford ,journal4 ,this work is1 without doubt1 the most thorough and extensive compilation on hops ever yet offered to the public1 and for this reason should be warmly welcomed and appreciated by men interested in the subject4 ,although primarily written for those engaged in the industry abroad1 and mainly ,continental in theory and practice1 it nevertheless appeals to those connected with the hop growing and brewing business in ,england1 not only by way of a comparison1 but also as an instruction4 ,the volume is at once practical and scientific1 is well got up1 and teems with illustrations and statistics4 ,in a word1 it is a book that should find its way into the hands of all who are occupied in hop production and distribution at home2 and it also contains valuable information and suggestions for the brewers themselves4--,brewers' ,guardian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,public ,libraries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,british ,,library ,,year ,,book1 #aijj-aija4 ,a ,record of ,library ,progress and ,work4 #ed ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #cde pp4 #aijj4 ,edited by ,,thomas ,,greenwood4 ,price #cs42 abroad1 #cs4 #f;d42 strictly net4 ,contents4 ,notes for ,library ,committees4 ,contributed ,articles3 ,the ,library ,rate4 ,some ,points in ,library ,planning--,mr4 ,burgoyne4 ,library ,classification--,mr4 ,jast4 ,developments in ,library ,cataloguing--,mr4 ,quinn4 ,children and ,public ,libraries--,mr4 ,ballinger4 ,fire ,prevention and ,insurance--,mr4 ,davis4 ,the ,educational ,work of the ,library ,association--,mr4 ,roberts4 ,the ,library ,assistants' ,association--,mr4 ,chambers4 ,british ,municipal ,libraries established under the various ,public ,libraries or ,special ,acts1 and those supported out of ,municipal ,funds giving particulars of ,establishment1 ,organisation1 ,staff1 ,methods and ,librarians4 ,table showing the ,rate1 ,income1 ,work and ,hours of the ,rate-supported ,libraries4 ,statistical ,abstracts4 ,british non-,municipal ,libraries1 ,endowed1 ,collegiate1 ,proprietary and others1 showing date of ,establishment1 number of ,volumes1 ,particulars of ,administration1 and ,librarians4 ,library ,associations and ,kindred ,societies4 ,press ,opinions4 ,this is a handbook which tells the reader everything about public libraries1 great and small1 in the ,united ,kingdom4444 ,the book is decidedly one of the best arranged volumes ever published1 and there is no doubt that the editor has been at great pains to obtain the latest and most accurate information from all places4 ,county1 district and parish councils1 ministers of religion1 and schoolmasters everywhere should make themselves acquainted with its contents4 ,its perusal cannot fail to serve the ends of the library movement4 ,the illustrations1 of which there is a large number1 are very good4--,western 7,cardiff7 ,mail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,in ,,preparation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,principles ,,of ,,siderology 7,the ,science of ,iron74 ,translated from the ,german of ,,hanks ,,freiherr v4 ,z,,ptner4 ,,stained ,,glass 7,ancient and ,modern7 and ,,fret ,,lead ,,glazing4 ,by ,e4,r4 ,,suffling4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,cloth ,,finishing4 ,by ,,robert ,,beaumont1 of ,yorkshire ,college1 ,leeds4 ,,india-,,rubber2 ,,gutta ,,percha4 ,,evaporation1 ,,condensation ,,and ,,cooling4 ,calculations of ,dimensions of ,apparatus4 ,by ,e4 ,,hausbrand4 ,tables4 ,for ,chemists1 ,chemical and ,mechanical ,engineers4 ,,the ,,chemical ,,technology ,,of ,,textile ,,fibres4 ,spinning1 ,washing1 ,bleaching1 ,dyeing1 ,printing and ,finishing4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 von ,,georgievics4 ,in the ,press4 ,,weaving ,,machinery4 ,three ,vols4 ,by ,,harry ,,nisbet4 ,,colour ,,terms3 ,,their ,,proper ,,use ,,and ,,meaning4 ,by ,,david ,,paterson4 ,,lead ,,and ,,its ,,compounds4 ,by ,,thos4 ,,lambert4 ,,cotton ,,combers ,,and ,,the ,,combing ,,process4 ,by ,,thos4 ,,thornley4 ,in the ,press4 ,,timber4 ,its ,physical and ,chemical ,properties1 ,description1 ,distribution throughout the ,world1 ,forests1 ,preservation of ,timber1 and ,applications4 ,from the ,french of ,paul ,charpentier4 #agi ,illustrations4 ,about #ejj pp4 ,,use ,,of ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,industrial ,,arts4 ,composition--,influences--,residual ,water--,purification--,analysis4 ,from the ,french of ,h4 de la ,coux4 #ace ,illustrations4 ,about #ejj pp4 ,,dyers' ,,materials3 ,an ,introduction to the ,examination1 ,evaluation and ,application of the ,most ,important ,substances ,used in ,dyeing1 ,printing1 ,bleaching and ,finishing4 ,by ,,paul ,,heermann1 ,ph4,d4 ,translated by ,,arthur ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,in the ,press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,handy ,,guides ,,to ,,the ,,choice ,,of ,,books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,prose ,,fiction4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,technical1 ,,trade ,,and ,,commercial ,,books4 ,others to follow4 ,in ,preparation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,publishers will advise when any of the above books are ready to firms sending their addresses4