file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core
 ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture   
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7           
,riv]side ,educational ,monographs      
,,edit$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,suzzallo          
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,(     
,,education ,,tea*]s ,,college1         
,,columbia ,,univ]sity  ,,new ,,ideals  
,,9 ,,rural ,,s*ools  ,,by  ,,george    
,,h]b]t ,,betts1 ,,ph4 ,d4  ,,pr(essor  
,,( ,,psy*ology ,,cornell ,,college1    
,,i[a  ,illu/ration  ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 
,,company ,,bo/on1 ,,new ,,york ,,&     
,,*icago  ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge
  ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,george     
,,h]b]t ,,betts  ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$
     ,,cont5ts        ,,editor',s       
,,introduction                          
v       ,,preface                       
ix    ,i4 ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,& ,,its 
,,problem                    #a   ,,ii4 
,,! ,,social ,,organization ,,( ,,!     
,,rural ,,s*ool        #be  ,,iii4 ,,!  
,,curriculum ,,( ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool    
#eg   ,,iv4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,rural 

,,s*ool                   #ib           
,,outl9e                                
#aba     ,,editor',s ,,introduction   ,9
 pres5t+ a second monograph on ! rural  
s*ool problem 9 ?is s]ies we regi/] our 
s5se ( ! importance ( rural education4  
,too long h ! rural s*ools suff]$ f     
neglect4 ,bo? ! local communities & !   
,/ate h ov]look$ ! ne$s ( ! rural s*ool 
sy/em4 ,at ! pres5t h\r !re is an e>ne/ 
awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 rural life & its      
in/itutions4 ,already !re is a small b  
c]ta9 movem5t ( p t[>d ! c\ntry & !     
vocation ( agriculture4 ,a p]iod (      
agricultural prosp]ity1 ! reaction ( m5 
& wom5 aga9/ ! artificialities ( city   
life1 ! developm5t ( f>m+ ?r\gh !       
application ( sci5ce1 & num]\s o!r      
factors h made c\ntry life m cong5ial & 
h focus$ att5tion ^u its fur!r ne$s4 ,x 
is natural1 !re=e1 t ! rural s*ool %\ld 
receive an increas$ %>e ( att5tion4     
,educational adm9i/rators1 legislators1 
& publici/s h become aw>e ( _!          
responsibility to provide ! f9ancial    

support & ! effici5t organization t is  
ne$$ to develop c\ntry s*ools4 ,! m     
progressive ( !m are /riv+ e>ne/ly to   
provide laws t w aid r ?an hamp] ! rural
 s*ool sy/em4 ,9 8 monograph on ,!      
,improvem5t ( ! ,rural ,s*ool1 ,pr(essor
 ,cubb]ley has done mu* to int]pret     
curr5t ef=ts ( ?is type4 ,f ! /&po9t (  
/ate adm9i/ration he has contribut$ mu* 
def9ite in=mation & con/ructive         
sugge/ion z to h[ ! ,/ate %all respond  
to ! fundam5tal ne$ = 7#a7 m money1 7#b7
 bett] organization1 & 7#c7 real        
sup]vision = rural s*ools4  ,x is n s   
cle>1 h[ev]1 t rural patrons1 s*ool     
directors1 & tea*]s h become fully aw>e 
( _! duty 9 ! matt] ( rural s*ool       
improvem5t4 ,to be sure mu* has be5 done
 by way ( exp]im5t 9 _m rural           
communities2 b x c sc>cely be said t    
rural communities 9 g5]al are ?or\ghly  
awake to ! importance ( _! s*ools4 ,!   
evid5ce to ! contr>y is cumulative4 ,!  
fir/ imm$iate ne$ is to reawak5 int]e/ 9
 ! s*ool z a c5t] ( rural life1 & to    

sugge/ ways & means ( transmut+ ?is     
communal int]e/ into effective          
in/itutional me?ods4 ,to ?is end1       
,pr(essor ,betts has be5 ask$ to treat !
 rural s*ool problem f a /&po9t some:at 
diff]5t f t assum$ by ,pr(essor         
,cubb]ley2 t is1 f ! po9t ( view ( !    
local community imm$iately relat$ to1 & 
conc]n$ )1 ! rural s*ool4 ,9 consequ5ce 
8 pres5tation emphasizes ! ?+s t ought  
to be done by ! local au?orities1--p>5t1
 tru/ee1 & tea*]4 ,its s\ndness may well
 be judg$ by ! p]t95t ord] ( 8          
discussion4 ,hav+ /at$ 8 problem1 he    
initiates 8 discussion by sugge/+ h[ !  
social relations ( ! s*ool are to be    
reorganiz$2 only lat] does he pass to ! 
detail ( curricula & tea*+ me?ods4 ,x is
 a cle> recognition ( ! fact t !        
community is ! crucial factor 9 ! mak+ (
 a s*ool4 ,! ,/ate by s\nd fiscal &     
legislative policies may d mu* to make  
possible a bett] c\ntry s*ool2 b only ! 
local au?orities c realize x4 ,! tra9$  
tea*] ) mod]n notions ( effici5cy may   

attempt to enl>ge ! curriculum & to     
employ new] me?ods ( tea*+1 b 8 tal5ts  
are useless if he is hamp]$ by a        
cons]vative1 unappreciative1 & indiff]5t
 community4 ,:5 ! s*ool becomes a social
 c5t] ( ! community's int]e/ & life1 !re
 w be no difficulty 9 a*iev+ any policy 
:i* ! ,/ate p]mits or :i* a skill$ tea*]
 urges4 ,scatt]$ s*ools w be            
consolidat$1 & isolat$ ungrad$ s*ools w 
be improv$4 ,giv5 an int]e/$ community1 
! mod]n tea*] c vitalize e feature ( !  
s*ool1 *ang+ ! =mal curriculum into an  
int]e/+ & lib]aliz+ int]pretation (     
c\ntry life & ! p$antic drills & tasks (
 in/ruction into a skillful m9i/ry to   
real & abid+ human wants4     ,,preface 
,no rural population has yet be5 able   
p]man5tly to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! lure 
( ! t[n or ! city4 ,ea* civilization at 
"o /age ( its developm5t comprises a    
l>ge proportion ( rural p4 ,b ! urban   
movem5t soon beg9s1 & cont9ues until all
 are liv+ 9 villages1 t[ns1 & cities4   
,su* has be5 ! movem5t ( population 9   

all ! old] c\ntries ( high indu/rial    
developm5t1 z ,engl&1 ,france1 &        
,g]many4 ,a simil> movem5t is at pres5t 
go+ on rapidly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,no  
great social movem5t ev] comes by *ance2
 x is always to be expla9$ by deep-seat$
 & adequate causes4 ,! causes ly+ back (
 ! rapid gr[? ( our cities at ! exp5se (
 our rural di/ricts are v f> f simple4  
,!y involve a great complex ( social1   
educational1 & economic =ces4 ,z ! _s ( 
adv5ture & pione]+ f9ds less to /imulate
 x1 ! greg>i\s impulse1 ! t5d5cy to     
flock toge!r = our "w & our play1 ga9s 9
 asc5dancy4 ,gr[+ out ( ! great]        
intellectual opportunities & dem&s (    
mod]n times1 ! /&>d ( education has     
greatly advanc$4 ,& "u ! inc5tive (     
pres5t-day economic success & luxury1   
com=table circum/ances & a mod]ate      
compet5ce no long] satisfy our p4 ,h5ce 
!y turn to ! city1 look+ to f9d !re !   
covet$ social1 educational1 or economic 
opportunities4  ,x is d\btful1 !re=e1   
:e!r1 ev5 ) improv$ conditions ( c\ntry 

life1 ! urbanization ( our rural p c be 
:olly *eck$4 ,b x c be greatly ret>d$ if
 ! "r ag5cies are set at "w4 ,! rural   
s*ool %\ld be made & c be made "o ( !   
mo/ important ( ^! ag5cies1 al?\gh at ! 
pres5t "t its influ5ce is *iefly        
negative4 ,) ! hope ( (f]+ "s help1     
h[ev] slight1 9 adju/+ ! rural s*ool to 
its problem1 ?is little volume is writt5
 by "o :o himself belongs to ! rural    
community by bir? & e>ly education &    
occupation4  ,g4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,cornell      
,,college1 ,febru>y1 #aiac4     ,,new   
,,ideals ,,9 ,,rural ,,s*ools     ,i    
,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,& ,,its ,,problem 
,! g5]al problem ( ! rural s*ool   ,!   
g5]al problem ( ! rural s*ool is ! same 
z t ( any o!r type ( s*ool--to r5d] to !
 community ! l>ge/ possible returns ^u  
its inve/m5t 9 education ) ! lea/       
possible wa/e4 ,s*ools are great        
education factories set up at public    
exp5se4 ,! raw mat]ial consi/s ( !      
*ildr5 ( succe$+ g5]ations1 helpless &  
ineffici5t because ( ignorance &        

immaturity4 ,! s*ool is to turn out z   
its product m5 & wom5 ready & able to   
take up _! "p 9 ! great _w ( activities 
go+ on ab\t !m4 ,x is 9 ?is way1 9      
effici5t education1 t society gets its  
return = its inve/m5t 9 ! s*ools4  ,! ^w
 education has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 tak+ on 
a new & m vital mean+4 ,9 e>li] times ! 
value ( education 0 assum$1 or vaguely  
tak5 on fai?4 ,education 0 suppos$ to   
consi/ ( s mu* le>n+1 or a giv5 am\nt ( 
discipl9e1 or a c]ta9 quantity (        
culture4 ,"u ! new] def9ition1 education
 may include all ^! ?+s1 b x mu/ d m2 x 
mu/ relate itself imm$iately &          
concretely to ! bus9ess ( liv+4 ,we no  
long] inquire ( "o h[ mu* he kn[s1 or ! 
degree to :i* 8 p[]s h be5 cultivat$2 b 
r to :at ext5t 8 education has l$ to a m
 fruitful life 9 ! home1 ! /ate1 ! *ur*1
 & o!r social in/itutions2 h[ l>gely x  
has help$ him to m effective "w 9 a     
wor?y occupation2 & :e!r x has result$ 9
 great] enjoym5t & appreciation ( ! f9] 
values ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1--9 %ort1 :e!r

 = him education spells effici5cy4  ,we 
are ?us com+ to see t education mu/     
enable ! individual to meet ! real      
problems ( actual exp]i5ce z !y are     
confront$ 9 ! day's life4 ,nor c ! help 
r5d]$ be indef9ite1 intangible1 or 9 any
 degree unc]ta94 ,x mu/ def9itely adju/ 
"o to 8 place1 & cause him to gr[ 9 x1  
accompli%+ ! mo/ = himself & = society2 
x mu/ add to ! l>g5ess ( 8 p]sonal life1
 & at ! same "t increase 8 work+        
effici5cy4  ,?is is to say t "o's       
education mu/ 7#a7 furni% him ) !       
p>ticul> k requir$ = ! life t he is to  
live1 :e!r x be 9 ! %op1 on ! f>m1 or 9 
! pr(ession4 ,= k lies at ! basis ( all 
effici5cy & success 9 :atev] occupation4
 ,education mu/ 7#b7 %ape ! attitude1 s 
t ! individual w confront 8 "p ( ! _w's 
"w or its play 9 ! "r _s4 ,x mu/ n leave
 him a p>asite1 :e!r f weal? or f       
pov]ty1 ready to prey ^u o!rs2 b mu/    
make him will+ & glad to d 8 %>e4       
,education mu/ 7#c7 also give !         
individual tra9+ 9 te*nique1 or ! skill 

requir$ 9 8 diff]5t activities2 n to d  
?is is at be/ b to leave him a          
well-in=m$ & well-int5tion$ bungl]1     
fall+ f> %ort ( effici5cy4  ,! great    
function ( ! s*ool1 !re=e1 is to supply 
! means by :i* ! requisite k1 attitude1 
& skill c be develop$4 ,x is true t !   
*ild does n dep5d on ! s*ool alone = 8  
k1 8 attitude1 & 8 skill4 ,= ! s*ool is 
only "o ( _m influ5ces op]at+ on 8 life4
 ,mu* ( ! mo/ vital k is n taught 9 !   
s*ool b pick$ up outside2 a great "p ( !
 *ild's attitude t[>d life is =m$ ?r\gh 
! relations ( ! home1 ! community1 & !  
v>i\s o!r po9ts ( contact ) society2 &  
mu* ( 8 skill 9 do+ is develop$ 9 a ?\s&
 ways )\t be+ taught4 ,yet ! fact rema9s
 t ! s*ool is organiz$ & support$ by    
society to make sure ab\t ^! ?+s1 to see
 t ! *ild does n lack 9 k1 attitude1 or 
skill4 ,!y mu/ n be left to *ance2 :]e !
 educative influ5ces outside ! s*ool h n
 be5 suffici5t1 ! s*ool mu/ take hold4  
,its "p is to supplem5t & organize )    
consci\s purpose :at ! o!r ag5cies h    

accompli%$ 9 ! education ( ! *ild4 ,!   
ultimate purpose ( ! s*ool is to make   
c]ta9 ( effici5cy4  ,! means by :i* !   
s*ool is to accompli% ^! ends are 7#a7 !
 social organization ( ! s*ool1 or !    
life & activities t g on 9 ! s*ool f day
 to day2 7#b7 ! curriculum1 or !        
subject-matt] :i* ! *ild is giv5 to     
ma/]2 & 7#c7 ! in/ruction or ! "w ( !   
tea*] 9 help+ ! pupils to ma/] !        
subject-matt] ( ! curriculum & adju/    
!mselves to ! organization ( ! s*ool4   
,^! factors w ( necessity diff]1 h[ev]1 
accord+ to ! p>ticul> type ( s*ool 9 "q4
 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to inquire into 
! special problem ( ! rural s*ool be=e  
ent]+ into a discussion ( ! means by :i*
 x is to accompli% its aim4   ,! special
 problem ( ! rural s*ool  ,ea* type (   
s*ool has n only its g5]al problem :i*  
is common to all s*ools1 b also its     
special problem :i* makes x diff]5t f e 
o!r class ( s*ools4 ,! special problem (
 any type ( s*ool gr[s out ( ! nature & 
ne$s ( ! community :i* supports ! s*ool4

 ,?us ! city s*ool1 ^: pupils are to    
live ! indu/rial & social life ( an     
urban community1 confronts a diff]5t    
problem f t ( a rural s*ool1 ^: pupils  
are to live 9 a f>m+ community4 ,ea*    
type ( s*ool mu/ suit its curriculum1   
its organization1 & its in/ruction to ! 
dem&s to be met by its pupils4 ,! k     
taught1 ! attitudes & ta/es develop$1 & 
! skill acquir$ mu/ be relat$ to ! life 
to be liv$ & ! responsibilities to be   
und]tak54  ,! rural s*ool mu/ !re=e be  
diff]5t 9 _m respects f ! t[n & city    
s*ool4 ,9 its organization1 its         
curriculum1 & its _s1 x mu/ be adapt$ to
 ! requirem5ts ( ! rural community4 ,=1 
:ile _m pupils f ! rural s*ools         
ultimately foll[ o!r occupations ?an    
f>m+1 yet ! prim>y function ( ! rural   
s*ool is to educate = ! life ( ! f>m4 ,x
 ?us becomes evid5t t ! only way to     
und]/& ! problem ( ! rural s*ool is fir/
 to und]/& ! rural community4 ,:at are  
its indu/ries1 ! "* ( its p1 _! economic
 /atus1 _! /&>ds ( liv+1 _! ne$s1 _!    

social life8  ,! rural community is     
indu/rially homog5e\s4 ,!re exi/s "h no 
su* a div]sifi$ mixture ( indu/ries z 9 
! city4 ,all are engag$ 9 ! same l9e (  
"w4 ,agriculture is ! sole occupation4  
,h5ce ! economic int]e/s & problems all 
c5t] ar\nd ?is "o l9e4 ,! success or    
failure ( crops1 ! introduction ( a     
diff]5t me?od ( cultivation or a new    
v>iety ( gra91 or ! inv5tion ( an       
agricultural implem5t int]e/s all alike4
 ,! f>m] engag$ 9 plant+ 8 corn kn[s t =
 miles ar\nd all o!r f>m]s are simil>ly 
employ$2 if he is cutt+ 8 hay or h>ve/+ 
8 gra91 hundr$s ( o!r m[+ ma*9es &      
h>ve/]s are at "w on surr\nd+ f>ms4     
,?is fund ( common int]e/ & exp]i5ce    
t5ds to social z well z indu/rial       
homog5eity4 ,good-fell[%ip1 social      
responsiv5ess & neighborl9ess re/ on a  
basis ( common labor1 common problems1 &
 common welf>e4 ,l-m9d$ness & ! _s (    
cop]ation are aft] all m a matt] (      
simil> occupational int]e/s ?an (       
nationality4  ,ano!r factor t5d+ to make

 ! rural community socially m homog5e\s 
?an ! city community is its relatively  
/able population1 & ! fact t ! /ream (  
immigration is sl[ 9 rea*+ ! f>m4 ,x is 
true t ! ,european nations are well     
repres5t$ among our agricultural        
population2 b = ! mo/ "p !y are n       
=eign]s ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,!y h        
assimilat$ ! ,am]ican _s1 & become      
famili> ) ,am]ican in/itutions4 ,! great
 flood ( raw immigrants fre% f widely   
div]se nations /ops 9 ! l>ge c5t]s (    
population1 & does n rea* ! f>m4  ,!    
prevail+ _s ( democracy is /ill ano!r   
influ5ce favor+ homog5eity 9 ! rural    
community4 ,mu* less ( social           
/ratification exi/s 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 !  
city4 ,social planes are n s cle>ly     
def9$ nor s rigidly ma9ta9$4 ,f9ancial  
prosp]ity is m likely to take !         
direction ( l>g] b>ns & m acres ?an (   
social o/5tation & exclusiv5ess4        
,am]ica has no s]vile & ignorant        
peasantry4 ,! agricultural class        
con/itut+ our rural population repres5ts

 a high grade ( natural intellig5ce &   
integrity4 ,great political & moral     
re=ms f9d m favorable soil 9 ! rural    
regions ?an 9 ! cities4 ,! demagogue & !
 boss f9d f>m]s impossible to control to
 _! selfi% ends4 ,vagabonds & idl]s are 
out ( place among !m4 ,!y are a         
h>d-head$1 capable1 & indu/ri\s class4  
,z a rule1 ,am]ican f>m]s are well-to-d1
 n only e>n+ a good liv+ = _! families1 
b con/antly ext5d+ _! hold+s4 ,_! f>ms  
are increas+ly well improv$1 /ock$1 &   
suppli$ ) labor-sav+ & effici5t ma*9]y4 
,_! l& is con/antly gr[+ 9 value1 & at !
 same "t yield+ l>g] returns = ! money &
 labor inve/$ 9 x4  ,! /&>d ( liv+ is   
di/9ctly l[] 9 f>m homes ?an 9 t[n &    
city homes ( ! same f9ancial /atus4 ,!  
h\se is g5]ally com=table1 b small4 ,x  
is beh9d ! times 9 _m easily accessible 
mod]n conv5i5ces possess$ by ! great    
majority ( city dwell]s4 ,! ba?1 mod]n  
plumb+ & heat+1 ! refrig]ator1 & o!r    
k9dr$ appliances c be _h 9 ! c\ntry home
 z well z ! city4 ,_! lack is a matt] ( 

/&>ds r ?an ( necessity4 ,!y w be       
introduc$ into ?\s&s ( rural homes z    
soon z _! ne$ is realiz$4  ,!           
possibilities = mak+ ! rural home       
beautiful & attractive are unequal$ 9 ! 
city = any except ! v ri*4 ,x is n      
necess>y t ! f>mh\se %all be cr[d$ =    
space2 its outlook & surr\nd+s c be     
arrang$ to give x an /hetic quality     
:olly impossible 9 ! ord9>y city home4  
,t ?is is true is prov$ by _m inexp5sive
 f>mh\ses t are a delight to ! eye4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t a l>ge     
proportion ( f>mh\ses are lack+ 9 bo?   
ar*itectural attractiv5ess &            
environm5tal effect4 ,n infrequ5tly !   
b>ns & %$s are s plac$ z to cr[d ! h\se 
into ! backgr\nd1 & ! y>ds = /ock all[$ 
to infr+e ^u ! doma9 ( ! g>d5 & ! lawn4 
,all ?is c be easily rem$i$ & w be :5 ! 
/hetic ta/e ( ! dwell]s on ! f>m comes  
to be (f5d$ by ! incongru\s & ugly4  ,no
 /9t+ 9 ! abundance ( food is kn[n on ! 
f>m4 ,! f>m] supplies ! tables ( ! _w1 &
 c himself live (f ! fat ( ! l&4 ,gra9s1

 vegetables1 meats1 eggs1 butt]1 milk1 &
 fruits are 8 /ock 9 trade4 ,if !re is  
any lack 9 ! f>m]'s table1 x is due to  
c>elessness 9 provid+ or prep>+ ! food1 
& n to =c$ economy4  ,:ile ! f>m+       
population 9 g5]al live well1 yet _m    
tables are lack+ 9 v>iety1 especially 9 
fruit & vegetables4 ,"t & int]e/ are s  
tak5 up ) ! l>g] affairs ( crops & /ock1
 t ! g>d5 goes by default 9 _m in/ances4
 ,!re is no m>ket readily at h& (f]+    
fruit & vegetables = sale z 9 ! city1 & 
h5ce ! f>m table loses 9 attractiv5ess  
to ! appetite & 9 hygi5ic excell5ce4 ,x 
is probable t ! prosp]\s city workman   
sits d[n to a bett] table ?an does !    
f>m]1 9 spite ( ! great advantage       
possess$ by ! latt]4  ,! population (   
rural communities is necess>ily scatt]+4
 ,! nature ( f>m+ r5d]s x impossible = p
 to h]d toge!r z is ! case 9 _m o!r     
indu/ries4 ,?is has its good side1 b    
also its bad4 ,!re are no rural slums = 
! bre$+ ( pov]ty & crime2 b on ! o!r h&1
 !re is an isolation & monotony t t5d to

 become dead5+ 9 _! effects on !        
individual4 ,/ress & ov]-/ra9 does n all
 come f excitem5t & ! ru% ( competition2
 x may equally well orig9ate 9 lack (   
v>iety & unreliev$ r\t9e4 ,h[ true ?is  
is is se5 9 ! fact t insanity1 caus$ 9  
?is in/ance *iefly by ! /ress (         
monotony1 prevails among ! f>m+ p (     
fronti] communities out ( all proportion
 to ! normal ratio4  ,f>m+ is naturally 
! mo/ heal?ful ( ! indu/rial            
occupations4 ,! "w is = ! great] "p done
 9 ! op5 air & sun%9e1 & possesses      
suffici5t v>iety to be int]e/+4 ,! rural
 population con/itutes ! high vitality  
class ( ! nation1 & mu/ be con/antly    
drawn ^u to supply ! bra91 brawn1 & n]ve
 = ! "w ( ! city4 ,! f>m] is1 on ! :ole1
 prosp]\s2 he is !re=e hopeful & *e]ful1
 & labors 9 good _s4 ,t s _m f>m]s &    
f>m]s' wives break d[n or age           
prematurely is due1 n to ! inh]5t nature
 ( _! "w1 b to a lack ( balance 9 ! life
 ( ! f>m4 ,x is n s mu* ! "w t kills1 z 
! cont9uity ( ! "w unreliev$ by p]iods (

 re/ & recreation4 ,) ! opportunities   
highly favorable = ! be/ type ( heal?ful
 liv+1 no inconsid]able proportion ( our
 agricultural population are %ort5+ _!  
lives & l[]+ _! effici5cy by unnecess>y 
ov]-/ra9 & failure to con=m to ! mo/    
fundam5tal & elem5t>y laws ( hygi5ic    
liv+1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! relief f
 labor t comes ?r\gh *ange & recreation4
  ,! rural community af=ds few          
opportunities = social recreations &    
amusem5ts4 ,n only are ! p widely       
sep>at$ f ea* o!r by di/ance1 b ! "w ( !
 f>m is exact+1 & (t5 requires all !    
h\rs ( ! day n dem&$ = sleep4 ,:ile !   
city (f]s _m opportunities = *oice (    
recreation or amusem5t1 ! c\ntry af=ds  
almo/ none4 ,! city work] has 8 ev5+s1  
usually ,saturday aft]noon1 & all day   
,sunday free to use z he *ooses4 ,su* is
 n ! case on ! f>m2 = aft] ! day 9 !    
field ! *ores mu/ be done1 & ! /ock c>$ 
=4 ,& ev5 on ,sunday1 ! r\t9e mu/ be    
c>ri$ out4 ,! "w ( ! f>m has a t5d5cy1  
!re=e1 to become mu* ( a gr9d1 & c]ta9ly

 w become s unless "s limit is set to ! 
exactions ( f>m labor on ! "t & /r5g? ( 
! work]4 ,x sep>ates ! individual f 8   
fell[s 9 ! great] "p ( ! f>m "w & gives 
him little opportunity = social         
recreations or play4  ,"o ( ! be/       
evid5ces t ! conditions ( life & "w on !
 f>m ne$ to be improv$ is ! numb] ( p :o
 are leav+ ! f>m = ! city4 ,?is movem5t 
has be5 especially rapid dur+ ! la/     
?irty ye>s ( our hi/ory1 & has cont9u$  
until approximately "o half our p n[    
live 9 t[ns or cities4 ,n only is ?is   
loss ( agricultural population s]i\s to 
f>m+ itself1 creat+ a %ortage ( labor = 
! "w ( ! f>m1 b x results 9 cr[d+ o!r   
occupations already too full4 ,!re is no
 d\bt t we h too _m lawy]s1 doctors1    
m]*ants1 cl]ks1 & ! l = ! numb] ( work]s
 engag$ 9 fundam5tal productive         
vocations4 ,small] f>ms1 cultivat$      
int5sively1 w\ld be a great economic    
advantage to ! c\ntry1 & w\ld take c>e (
 a f> l>g] proportion ( our p ?an are n[
 engag$ 9 agriculture4  ,all /ud5ts (   

social affairs agree t ! movem5t ( our p
 to t[ns & cities %\ld be *eck$ & ! tide
 turn$ ! o!r way4 ,s important is !     
matt] consid]$ t a conc]t$ national     
movem5t has rec5tly be5 und]tak5 to /udy
 ! conditions ( rural life ) a view to  
mak+ x m attractive & s /opp+ ! dra9 to 
! city4  ,middle-ag$ f>m]s move to ! t[n
 or city = two pr9cipal reasons3 to     
educate _! *ildr5 & to escape f !       
monotony ( rural life4 ,"y p des]t ! f>m
 = ! city = a v>iety ( reasons1 prom95t 
among :i* are a desire = bett]          
education1 escape f ! monotony & gr9d ( 
! f>m life1 & ! opportunity = ! social  
advantages & recreations ( ! city4 ,t ! 
retir$ f>m] is usually disappo9t$ &     
unhappy 9 8 t[n home1 & t ! y\? (t5 f9ds
 ! glam\r ( ! city soon to fade1 is     
true4 ,b ?is does n solve ! problem4 ,! 
flux to ! t[n or city /ill goes on1 & w 
cont9ue to d s until ! natural desire = 
social & intellectual opportunities & = 
recreation & amusem5t is adequately met 
9 rural life4  ,f>m+ z an indu/ry has   

already felt ! effects ( a new int]e/ 9 
rural life4 ,probably no o!r indu/rial  
occupation has und]gone su* rapid *anges
 )9 ! la/ g5]ation z has agriculture4 ,!
 rapid advance 9 ! value ( l&1 !        
introduction ( new =ms ( f>m ma*9]y1 &  
above all ! application ( sci5ce to !   
rais+ ( crops & /ock1 h almo/           
recon/ruct$ ! "w ( ! f>m )9 a decade4   
,special corn tra9s & dairy tra9s h     
trav]s$ ne>ly e c\nty 9 _m ,/ates1 tea*+
 ! f>m]s sci5tific me?ods4 ,lectur]s on 
sci5tific agriculture h f\nd _! way into
 _m communities4 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t has
 enc\rag$ 9 e way ! spread ( in=mation &
 ! developm5t ( en?usiasm 9 agriculture4
 ,! agricultural s*ools h giv5 c\rses ( 
in/ruction dur+ ! w9t] to f>m]s4 ,f>m]s'
 in/itutes h be5 organiz$2 corn-judg+ & 
/ock-judg+ conte/s h be5 held2 prizes h 
be5 (f]$ = ! be/ results 9 ! rais+ (    
gra9s1 vegetables1 or /ock4 ,new        
v>ieties ( gra9s h be5 introduc$1       
improv$ me?ods ( cultivation discov]$1 &
 means ( enri*+ & cons]v+ ! soil devis$4

 ,/ock-bre$+ & ! c>e ( animals is       
rapidly becom+ a sci5ce4 ,f>m+ bids fair
 soon to become "o ( ! skill$           
occupations4  ,su*1 !n1 is a brief view 
( ! situation ( :i* ! rural s*ool is a  
"p4 ,x m9i/]s to ! education ( almo/    
half ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,?is indu/rial gr\p
 are engag$ 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all    
occupations1 ! "o ^u :i* all national   
welf>e & progress dep5d4 ,!y control a  
l>ge "p ( ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 ! capital 
inve/$ 9 agriculture be+ m ?an d\ble t  
inve/$ 9 manufactures4 ,agricultural    
weal? is rapidly increas+1 bo? ?r\gh !  
rise 9 ! value ( l& & ?r\gh improv$     
me?ods ( f>m+4 ,! conditions ( life on !
 f>m h greatly improv$ dur+ ! la/       
decade4 ,rural telephones rea* almo/ e  
home2 free mail deliv]y is be+ rapidly  
ext5d$ 9 almo/ e section ( ! c\ntry2 !  
automobile is com+ to be a "p ( !       
equipm5t ( _m f>ms2 & ! trolley is      
rapidly pu%+ out along ! c\ntry roads4  
,yet1 9 spite ( ^! hopeful t5d5cies1 !  
rural community %[s signs ( det]ioration

 9 _m places4 ,rural population is      
/eadily decreas+ 9 proportion to ! total
 aggregate ( population4 ,int]e/ 9      
education is at a l[ ebb1 ! f>m *ildr5  
hav+ educational opportunities bel[ ^? (
 any o!r class ( our p4 ,=1 :ile t[n &  
city s*ools h be5 improv+ until !y %[ a 
high type ( effici5cy1 ! rural s*ool has
 b>ely held its own1 or has1 9 _m       
places1 ev5 gone backw>d4 ,! rural      
community confronts a puzzl+ problem :i*
 is /ill f> f solution4  ,c]ta9 po9ts ( 
attack ^u ?is problem are1 h[ev]1       
p]fectly cle> & obvi\s4 ,fir/1          
educational facilities mu/ be improv$ = 
rural *ildr51 & _! education be bett]   
adapt$ to f>m life2 second1 great]      
opportunities mu/ be provid$ =          
recreation & social int]c\rse = bo? "y &
 old2 ?ird1 ! program ( f>m "w mu/ be   
arrang$ to all[ reasonable "t = re/ &   
recreation2 f\r?1 books1 pictures1      
lectures1 conc]ts1 & ent]ta9m5ts mu/ be 
z accessible to ! f>m z to ! t[n4 ,^!   
conditions mu/ be met1 n because ( !    

dictum ( any p]son1 b because !y are a  
fundam5tal dem& ( human nature1 & mu/ be
 reckon$ )4  ,:at1 !n1 is ! relation ( !
 rural s*ool to ^! problems ( ! rural   
community8 ,h[ c x be a factor 9 _!     
solution8 ,:at are its opportunities &  
responsibilities8   ,! adju/m5t ( !     
rural s*ool to its problem  ,z has be5  
already /at$1 ! problem ( any type (    
s*ool is to s]ve its con/itu5cy4 ,?is is
 to be done ?r\gh relat+ ! curriculum1 !
 organization1 & ! tea*+ ( ! s*ool to ! 
imm$iate int]e/s & ne$s ( ! p dep5d5t on
 ! s*ool = _! education4 ,t ! rural     
s*ool has n yet fully adju/$ itself to  
its problem ne$ h>dly be argu$4  ,x has 
z good mat]ial to "w ^u 9 ! boys & girls
 f ! f>m z any type ( s*ools 9 ! c\ntry4
 ,!y come ( good /ock2 !y are heal?y &  
vigor\s2 & !y are e>ly tra9$ to s]i\s "w
 & responsibility4 ,yet a v l>ge        
proportion ( ^! *ildr5 possess h>dly !  
rudim5ts ( an education :5 !y quit !    
rural s*ool4 ,_m ( !m g to s*ool = only 
a few mon?s 9 ! ye>1 compulsory         

education laws ei!r be+ laxly en=c$ or  
else altoge!r lack+4 ,a v small p]c5tage
 ( ! *ildr5 ( ! f>m ev] complete eight  
grades ( s*ool+1 & n a l>ge proportion  
f9i% m ?an half ( ?is am\nt4  ,?is      
leaves ! *ild :o has to dep5d on ! rural
 s*ool greatly h&icapp$ 9 education4 ,he
 has b a d\btful pr(ici5cy 9 ! me*anics 
( read+1 & has read b little4 ,he kn[s !
 elem5ts ( spell+1 writ+1 & numb]1 b has
 small skill 9 any ( !m4 ,he kn[s little
 ( hi/ory or lit]ature1 less ( music1   
no?+ ( art1 & has b a sup]ficial smatt]+
 ( sci5ce4 ,( matt]s relat+ to 8 life & 
activities on ! f>m he has he>d almo/   
no?+4 ,! rural *ild is n illit]ate1 b he
 is too close to ! bord] ( illit]acy = !
 dem&s ( a tw5tie?-c5tury civilization2 
x is fair nei!r to ! *ild nor to        
society4  ,! rural s*ool seems 9 "s way 
relatively to h lo/ gr\nd 9 our         
educational sy/em4 ,! grades ( ! t[n    
s*ool h felt ! /imulus ( ! high s*ool = 
:i* !y are prep>+1 & h _h ! c>e &       
sup]vision ( compet5t adm9i/rators4 ,!  

rural s*ool is isolat$ & deta*$1 & has  
_h no adequate adm9i/rative sy/em to c>e
 = its int]e/s4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t c]ta9  
grave faults 9 adju/m5t h gr[n up4 ,a   
few ( ! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! faults may next 
claim our att5tion4  ,! rural s*ool is  
inadequate 9 its scope4 ,! *ildr5 ( !   
f>m h z mu* ne$ = education & z mu* "r  
to x z ^? :o live 9 t[ns & cities4 ,yet 
! rural s*ool z a rule nev] attempts to 
(f] m ?an ! eight grades ( ! elem5t>y   
curriculum1 & seldom rea*es ?is am\nt4  
,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t no pupils are 
9 att5dance beyond ! fif? or ! six?     
grade4 ,?is may be due ei!r to ! small  
numb] ( *ildr5 9 ! di/rict1 or1 m (t51  
to lack ( int]e/ to cont9ue 9 s*ool     
beyond ! simple/ elem5ts ( read+1 writ+1
 & numb]4 ,x is true t c]ta9 ,/ates1 su*
 z ,ill9ois & ,wiscons91 h e/abli%$ a   
sy/em ( t[n%ip high s*ools1 :]e second>y
 education equal to t to be _h 9 !      
cities is available to rural *ildr54 ,9 
o!r ,/ates a c\nty high s*ool is ma9ta9$
 = ! b5efit ( rural s*ool graduates4 ,9 

/ill o!rs1 arrangem5ts are made by :i*  
^? :o complete ! eight grades ( rural   
s*ools are receiv$ into ! t[n high      
s*ools ) ! tuition paid by ! rural s*ool
 di/ricts4 ,! movem5t t[>d second>y     
education suppli$ by ! rural community =
 its *ildr5 is yet 9 its infancy1 h[ev]1
 & has h>dly t\*$ ! l>g] problem ( af=d+
 adequate opportunities = ! education ( 
f>m *ildr54  ,! grad+ & organization ( !
 rural s*ool is haphaz>d & faulty4 ,?is 
is p>tly because ( ! small enrollm5t &  
irregul> att5dance1 & p>tly because ( ! 
inexp]i5ce & lack ( sup]vision ( !      
tea*]4 ,*ildr5 are (t5 f\nd pursu+      
/udies 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t grades at !
 same "t4 ,& ev5 m (t5 !y omit altoge!r 
c]ta9 fundam5tal /udies because !y or _!
 p>5ts h a notion t ^! /udies are       
unnecess>y4 ,sometimes1 ow+ to ! small  
numb] 9 att5dance1 or to ! poor         
classification1 sev]al grades are       
entirely lack+1 or else !y are ma9ta9$ =
 only "o or two pupils4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
classes are (t5 f\nd foll[+ ea* o!r at  

an int]val ( only a few weeks1 !reby    
multiply+ classes until ! tea*] is      
frequ5tly attempt+ ! impossible task (  
tea*+ tw5ty-five or ?irty classes a day4
 ,*ildr5 diff]+ 9 age by five or six    
ye>s1 & possess+ correspond+ degrees (  
ability1 are (t5 f\nd recit+ 9 ! same   
classes4 ,t effici5t "w is impossible "u
 ^! conditions is too obvi\s to require 
discussion4  ,! rural s*ools possess    
inadequate build+s & equipm5t4 ,! av]age
 rural s*oolh\se consi/s ( "o room1 )   
p]haps a small hallway4 ,! build+ is    
con/ruct$ )\t ref]5ce to ar*itectural   
effect1 resembl+ no?+ s mu* z a l>ge box
 ) a ro( on x4 ,x is b>r5 & un9vit+ z to
 its int]ior4 ,! walls are (t5 ( lumb]  
pa9t$ "s dull color1 & d+y ?r\gh ye>s ( 
use4 ,! w9d[s are frequ5tly dirty1 &    
cov]$ only by worn & tatt]$ %ades4 ,!re 
is usually no attempt to decorate ! room
 ) pictures1 or to relieve its ugl9ess &
 monotony 9 any way4 ,! libr>y consi/s (
 a few doz5s ( volumes1 n always suppli$
 ) a case = _! protection4 ,( app>atus  

!re is almo/ none4 ,! "w ( ! f>m is done
 ) effici5t mod]n equipm5t1 ! "w ( !    
f>m]'s s*ool ) inadequate & antiquat$   
equipm5t4  ,:ile ! l5g? ( ! s*ool ye> is
 increas+ 9 ! rural di/ricts1 ! t]m is  
yet mu* %ort] ?an 9 t[n & city s*ools4  
,_m communities h n m ?an six mon?s (   
s*ool1 & few m ?an eight4 ,?is %ortage  
is r5d]$ all ! m s]i\s by ! irregul>    
att5dance ( ! rural s*ool *ildr54 ,a    
consid]able am\nt ( abs5ce on ! "p ( !  
y\ng] ones is unavoidable "u pres5t     
conditions :5 ! di/ance is great & !    
wea!r bad4 ,aft] all all[ance is made = 
?is fact1 h[ev]1 !re is /ill an imm5se  
am\nt ( unnecess>y wa/e ( "t ?r\gh      
non-att5dance4 ,_m rural s*ools %[ an   
av]age att5dance = ! ye> ( n m ?an sixty
 p] c5t ( ! enrollm5t4 ,go+ to s*ool is 
n yet consid]$ a s]i\s bus9ess by _m ( !
 rural patrons1 & truant (fic]s are n s 
easily available 9 ! c\ntry z 9 ! city4 
,9 f9ancial support ! rural s*ool has ( 
necessity be5 beh9d ! city s*ool4 ,weal?
 is n pil$ up on a small area 9         

agricultural communities z is ! case 9 !
 city4 ,x w\ld (t5 require squ>e miles (
 l& to equal 9 value c]ta9 city blocks4 
,b mak+ full all[ance = ?is diff]5ce1 ! 
f>m]s h n support$ _! s*ools z well z is
 done by ! patrons ( t[n & city s*ools4 
,! s*ool taxes = rural di/ricts are mu* 
l[] ?an 9 city di/ricts1 9 mo/ in/ances 
n m ?an half z high4 ,x is ?is          
cons]vatism 9 exp5diture t is           
responsible = _m ( ! defects 9 ! rural  
s*ool1 & p>ticul>ly = ! relatively      
ineffici5t tea*+ t is done4 ,! rural    
tea*]s are ! lea/ educat$1 ! lea/       
exp]i5c$1 & ! mo/ poorly paid ( any     
class ( our tea*]s4 ,!y consi/ almo/    
:olly ( girls1 a l>ge proportion ( :om  
are "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & :o cont9ue   
tea*+ n m ?an a ye> or two4 ,n only is  
?is ! case1 b effective sup]vision ( !  
tea*+ is :olly impossible because ( !   
l>ge area assign$ to ! c\nty or di/rict 
sup]9t5d5t ( rural s*ools4 ,9 no great  
indu/rial project %\ld we ?9k ( plac+   
our y\nge/ & mo/ inexp]i5c$ work]s 9 !  

h>de/ & mo/ important positions1 & ?is  
)\t sup]vision ( _! "w4  ,! rural s*ool 
has n1 !re=e1 yet be5 adju/$ to its     
problem4 ,x has a spl5did field ( "w1 b 
is n develop+ x4 ,our f>m+ population h 
capacity = education & ne$ x1 b !y are n
 secur+ x4 ,!re is pl5ty ( money        
available = ! support ( ! rural s*ool1 b
 ! s*ool is n gett+ x4 ,en\gh           
well-equipp$ tea*]s c be _h = ! rural   
s*ools1 b ! /&>ds h n yet requir$       
adequate prep>ation1 nor ! pay be5      
suffici5t to w>rant ext5sive exp5diture 
= x4  ,9 ! rural s*ool is f\nd ! mo/    
important & puzzl+ educational problem (
 ! pres5t day4 ,if our agricultural     
population are n to fall beh9d o!r      
favor$ classes ( indu/rial work]s 9     
intellig5ce & prep>ation = ! activities 
t are to engage !m1 ! rural s*ool mu/   
beg9 work+ out a bett] adju/m5t to its  
problem4 ,its curriculum mu/ be broad] &
 ri*]1 & m closely relat$ to ! life &   
int]e/s ( ! f>m4 ,! organization ( !    
s*ool1 bo? on ! intellectual & ! social 

side1 mu/ br+ x m closely into t\* ) !  
int]e/s & ne$s ( ! rural community4 ,!  
support & adm9i/ration ( rural education
 mu/ be improv$4 ,tea*]s = ! rural      
s*ools mu/ be bett] educat$ & bett]     
paid1 & _! tea*+ mu/ be correspond+ly m 
effici5t4 ,! foll[+ pages w be giv5 to a
 discussion ( ^! problems ( adju/m5t4   
,,ii  ,,! ,,social ,,organization ,,(   
,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool   ,e s*ool possesses
 two types ( organization3 7#a7 an      
intellectual organization involv+ !     
selection & arrangem5t ( a curriculum1 &
 its pres5tation ?r\gh in/ruction2 &    
7#b7 a social organization involv+1 on !
 "o h&1 ! int]-relations ( ! s*ool & !  
community1 & on ! o!r ! relations ( !   
pupils ) ea* o!r & ! tea*]4   ,! rural  
s*ool & ! community  ,! rural s*ool &   
community are n at pres5t 9 vital t\* ) 
ea* o!r4 ,! community is n gett+ en\gh f
 ! s*ool t[>d mak+ life l>g]1 happi]1 & 
m effici5t2 x is n giv+ en\gh to ! s*ool
 ei!r 9 helpful cop]ation or f9ancial   
support4  ,9 g5]al1 x mu/ be said t mo/ 

( our rural p1 ! patrons ( ! rural      
s*ool1 h n yet conceiv$ education       
broadly4 ,!y ?9k ( ! s*ool z hav+       
fulfill$ its function :5 x has suppli$ !
 simple/ rudim5ts ( read+1 writ+1 &     
numb]4 ,&1 naturally en\gh1 ! rural     
s*ool has conceiv$ its function 9 ! same
 n>r[ light2 = x is controll$ v         
completely by its patrons1 & a /ream _c 
rise high] ?an its s\rce4  ,because (   
its isolation1 ! press+ insi/5ce ( its  
toil1 & ! monotony ( its environm5t1 !  
rural community is 9 con/ant dang] (    
intellectual & social /agnation4 ,x has 
f> m ne$ t its s*ool %all be a /imulat+1
 organiz+1 socializ+ =ce ?an has ! t[n  
or city4 ,= ! city has a doz5 social    
c5tres entirely outside ! s*ool3 its    
public p>ks1 !atres1 clubs1 *ur*es1 &   
/reets1 ev51 s]ve to /imulate1 ent]ta91 
& educate4 ,b ! rural community is want+
 9 all ^! social =ces2 x is lack+ 9 bo? 
intellectual & social /imulus & v>iety4 
,"o ( ! mo/ press+ ne$s ( c\ntry        
di/ricts is a common neighborhood c5t] =

 bo? "y & old1 :i* %all /& z an         
organiz+1 weld+1 vitaliz+ =ce1 unit+ !  
community on a basis ( common int]e/s & 
activities4 ,= :ile1 z we h se51 ! rural
 population z a :ole are m>k$ly         
homog5e\s1 !re is aft] all b little (   
common acqua9tance%ip & m+l+ among !m4  
,?\s&s ( rural families live lives (    
almo/ complete social isolation & lack (
 contact ) neighbors4  ,?is condition is
 "o ( ! grave/ drawbacks to f>m life4 ,!
 social impulse & ! natural desire =    
recreation & amusem5t are z /rong 9     
c\ntry boys & girls z 9 _! city c\s9s1  
yet ! c\ntry (f]s "y p few opportunities
 = satisfy+ ^! impulses & desires4 ,!   
normal social t5d5cies ( y\? are        
altoge!r too /rong to be cru%$ out by   
repression2 !y are too valuable to be   
neglect$2 & !y are too dang]\s to be    
left to take _! own c\rse :olly unguid$4
 ,! rural community c nev] hope to hold 
its boys & girls p]man5tly to ! life ( !
 f>m until x has recogniz$ ! necessity =
 provid+ = ! expression & developm5t ( !

 spontane\s social impulses ( y\?4      
,fur!rmore1 ! social monotony & lack (  
v>iety ( ! rural community is a grave   
moral dang] to its "y p4 ,x is a common 
impression t ! great city is /rewn ?ick 
) sn>es & pitfalls ?reat5+ to morals1 b 
t ! c\ntry is free f su* temptations4 ,!
 public dance halls & *eap !at]s ( !    
city are beyond d\bt a great & con/ant  
m5ace to y\?ful ideals & purity4 ,b !   
c\ntry1 go+ to ! opposite extreme1 ) its
 almo/ utt] lack ( recreation & amusem5t
 places1 (f]s temptations no less       
insidi\s & fatal4  ,! great difficulty  
at ?is po9t is t "y p 9 rural           
communities are ?r[n toge!r almo/ :olly 
9 isolat$ pairs in/ead ( 9 social gr\ps2
 & t !re are no objective res\rces (    
amusem5t or ent]ta9m5t to claim _!      
int]e/ & att5tion away f !mselves4 ,!y  
are fre$ f all *ap]onage & ! re/ra9ts ( 
! conv5tions obta9+ 9 social gr\ps at ! 
v "t 9 _! lives :5 ^! are mo/ ne$$ z    
/eady+ & controll+ =ces4 ,! result is t 
! c\ntry di/ricts1 :i* ought to be ( all

 places 9 ! _w ! free/ f temptation &   
p]il to ! morals ( our "y p1 are really 
m dang]\s ?an ! cities4 ,! sequel is    
f\nd 9 ! fact t a l>g] proportion (     
c\ntry girls ?an ( city girls g a/ray4  
,nor is ! rural community m successful 9
 ! morals ( its boys ?an its girls4 ,9  
o!r words1 ! lack ( opportunities = free
 & normal social exp]i5ce1 ! consequ5t  
ignorance ( social conv5tions1 & !      
abs5ce ( heal?ful amusem5t & recreation1
 make ! rural community a mo/ unsafe    
place 9 :i* to re> a family4  ,b !      
necessity = social recreation & amusem5t
 does n apply to ! "y p alone4 ,_! fa!rs
 & mo!rs are suff]+ f ! same            
limitations1 ?\gh ( c\rse ) entirely    
diff]5t results4 ,! dang] "h is t (     
premature ag+ & /agnation4 ,:ile ! toil 
( ! city work] is reliev$ by *ange &    
v>iety1 8 m9d re/$ & 8 mood enliv5$ by !
 /imulus f _m l9es ( div]sion1 ! lives (
 ! dwell]s on ! f>m are con/antly       
?reat5$ by a deadly sam5ess & monotony4 
,! indisputable t5d5cy ( f>m]s & _!     

wives to age s rapidly1 & s e>ly to fall
 into ! ranks ( fogyism1 is due f> m to 
lack ( v>iety & recreation & to de>? (  
intellectual /imulus ?an to h>d labor1  
sev]e z ?is (t5 is4 ,age is m ?an !     
flight ( ! ye>s1 ! /oop ( ! =m1 or !    
h>d5+ ( ! art]ies2 x is also ! atrophy (
 ! intellect & ! fad+ away ( ! emotions 
result+ f disuse4 ,! f>m] ne$s          
occasionally to h some?+ m excit+ ?an ! 
alt]nation ( ! day's "w ) ! nightly     
*ores4 ,& 8 wife %\ld n[ & !n h an      
opportunity to meet p o!r ?an ^? = :om  
%e cooks & sews4  ,b :at has all ?is to 
d ) ! social organization ( ! rural     
s*ool8 ,mu*4 ,! c\ntry _c h its !at]s1  
p>ks1 & cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es l ! city4 ,b x 
ne$s & mu/ h "s social c5t]1 :]e its p  
may assemble = recreation1 ent]ta9m5t1 &
 intellectual gr[? & developm5t4 ,& :at 
is m natural & feasible ?an t ! public  
s*ool %\ld be ?is c5t]8 ,"h is an       
in/itution already belong+ to ! :ole p1 
& set ap>t = ! intellectual tra9+ ( !   
"y4 ,:y %\ld x n also be made to m9i/]  

to ! intellectual ne$s ( _! eld]s z     
well1 & to ! social ne$s ( all8 ,:y %\ld
 n ! public s*ool build+1 n[ 9 use b six
 h\rs a day = little m ?an half ! ye>1  
be op5 at all times :5 x c be helpful to
 any portion ( ! community8  ,if "y p   
are to develop naturally1 if !y are to  
make full use ( _! social z well z _!   
intellectual p[]s1 if !y are to be      
satisfi$ ) _! surr\nd+s1 !y mu/ be      
provid$ ) suitable opportunities =      
social m+l+ & recreation 9 gr\ps4 ,?is  
is nature's way2 !re is no o!r way4 ,!  
s*ool might & %\ld af=d ?is opportunity4
 ,!re is n ! lea/ reason :y ! s*ool     
build+1 :5 x is adapt$ to ?is purpose1  
%\ld n be ! common neighborhood meet+   
place = all sorts ( "y p's p>ties1      
picnics1 ent]ta9m5ts1 a?letic conte/s1 &
 e o!r =m ( amusem5t approv$ 9 !        
community4  ,su* a use ( ! s*ool prop]ty
 w\ld yield l>ge returns to ! community 
= ! small additional exp5se requir$4 ,x 
w\ld s]ve to weld ! s*ool & community m 
closely toge!r4 ,x w\ld va/ly *ange !   

attitude ( ! "y t[>d ! s*ool4 ,x w\ld   
save mu* ( ! dissatisfaction ( "y p ) ! 
life ( ! f>m4 ,x w\ld prove a great     
safegu>d to y\?ful morals4 ,x w\ld lead 
! community itself to a new s5se ( its  
duty t[>d ! social life ( ! "y1 & to a  
new concept ( ! s*ool z a "p ( !        
community organization4 ,f9ally1 ?is    
broad5$ s]vice ( ! s*ool to its         
community w\ld h a reflex influ5ce on ! 
s*ool itself1 vitaliz+ e dep>tm5t ( its 
activities1 & giv+ x a new vision ( its 
opportunities4  ,! fir/ ob/acle t w     
appe> 9 ! way ( su* a plan is !         
inadequacy ( ! pres5t type ( c\ntry     
s*oolh\se4 ,& ?is is a s]i\s matt]2 = ! 
b>r51 squalid little build+ ( ! pres5t  
day w\ld nev] fit into su* a project4 ,b
 ?is type ( s*oolh\se mu/ g--is go+4 ,x 
is a hundr$ ye>s beh9d our civilization1
 & :olly inadequate to pres5t ne$s4     
,pass+ = lat] discussion ! me?od by :i* 
^! build+s are to be supplant$ by bett] 
ones1 let u consid] fur!r ! details ( ! 
plan ( mak+ ! s*ool ! neighborhood c5t]4

  ,fir/ ( all1 ea* s*ool mu/ supply a   
l>g] area & a great] numb] ( p ?an at   
pres5t4 ,x is f9ancially impossible to  
erect good build+s to ! numb] ( our     
pres5t s*ools4 ,nor are !re pupils en\gh
 9 ! small di/rict z n[ organiz$ to make
 a s*ool1 nor p en\gh successfully to   
use ! s*ool z a neighborhood c5t]4  ,let
 ea* t[n%ip1 or p]haps some:at small]   
area1 select a c5tral1 well-adapt$ site 
& !reon erect a mod]n1 well-equipp$     
s*ool build+4 ,b ?is build+ mu/ n be j !
 traditional s*oolh\se ) its classrooms 
& r[s ( desks4 ,= x is to be m ?an a    
place :]e ! *ildr5 w /udy & recite      
lessons f books2 x is to be ! place :]e 
all ! p ( ! neighborhood1 old & "y1 w   
assemble = ent]ta9m5t1 amusem5t1 &      
in/ruction4 ,"h w be held community     
picnics1 social ent]ta9m5ts1 "y p's     
p>ties1 lectures1 conc]ts1 debat+       
conte/s1 agricultural c\rses = ! f>m]s1 
s*ool programs1 spreads & banquets1 &   
:atev] else may belong to ! common      
social & intellectual life ( !          

community4  ,! mod]n rural s*ool build+ 
w !re=e be home-l z well z s*ool-l4 ,9  
addition to its classrooms x w conta9 an
 assembly room capable ( seat+ sev]al   
hundr$ p4 ,! seat+ ( ?is room may be    
removable s t ! floor c be cle>$ =      
social purposes or ! room us$ = a       
d9+-room4 ,"o or two small] rooms w be  
ne$$ = social functions1 club &         
committee meet+s4 ,^! rooms %\ld be made
 attractive ) good furniture1 rugs1     
c\*es1 & pictures4 ,! build+ w conta9   
well-equipp$ laboratories = manual tra9+
 & dome/ic sci5ce1 ! latt] ( :i* w be   
f\nd s]viceable 9 connection ) s]v+     
picnics1 spreads1 & ! l4 ,! entire      
build+ %\ld be ar*itecturally           
attractive1 well heat$ & v5tilat$1      
commodi\s1 well furni%$1 & decorat$ )   
good pictures4 ,9 x %\ld be h\s$ a      
libr>y conta9+ sev]al ?\s& well-select$ 
books1 besides magaz9es & newspap]s4 ,! 
laboratories & equipm5t %\ld be fully   
equal to ^? f\nd 9 ! t[n s*ools1 b %\ld 
be adapt$ to ! "w ( ! rural s*ool4  ,!  

gr\nds surr\nd+ ! rural s*ool build+ c  
easily be ample 9 area1 & beautiful 9   
outlook & decoration4 ,"h w be !        
neighborhood a?letic gr\nds = bo? boys &
 girls1 %ade trees = picnics1 fl[]s &   
%rubs1 & gr\nd en\gh = a s*ool g>d5     
connect$ ) ! in/ruction 9 agriculture4  
,nor is x too mu* to believe t ! di/rict
 w 9 ! future erect on ! s*ool gr\nds a 
cottage = ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool & 8      
family1 & ?us (f] an additional         
inducem5t = /rong1 able m5 to devote _! 
en]gies to education 9 ! rural          
communities4  ,n[ contra/ ?is s*oolh\se 
& equipm5t ) ! typical rural build+ ( ! 
pres5t4 ,adjo9+ a prosp]\s f>m1 ) its   
l>ge h\se1 its accompany+ b>ns1 silos1  
ma*9e h\ses1 & all ! equipm5t necess>y  
to mod]n f>m+1 is ! little s*oolh\se4 ,x
 is a dilapidat$ %ell ( a rectangul>    
box1 b>r5 ( e ve/ige ( beauty or        
attractiv5ess bo? inside & out4 ,at !   
re> are two outbuild+s :i* are an (f5se 
to dec5cy & a m5ace to morals4 ,)9 !    
s*oolh\se ! pa9t$ walls are d+y ) smoke 

& grime4 ,! w9d[s are brok5 & dirty1 no 
pictures adorn ! walls4 ,! floor is wa%$
 b once or twice a ye>4 ,! room is heat$
 by an ugly box ( a /ove1 & v5tilat$    
only by means ( w9d[s :i* frequ5tly are 
nail$ %ut4 ,! gr\nds pres5t a wild]ness 
( we$s1 rubbi%1 & piles ( a%es4 ,x is   
all an outrage aga9/ ! rights ( ! c\ntry
 *ild1 & an indictm5t ( ! intellig5ce & 
ideals ( a l>ge proportion ( our p4  ,if
 x is said t ! plan propos$ to rem$y ?is
 situation is revolution>y1 x w be      
admitt$4 ,:at our rural s*ools ( to-day 
ne$ is n improvem5t b reorganization4 ,=
 only 9 ?is radical way c !y be made a  
factor 9 ! vitaliz+ & cons]v+ ( ! rural 
community :i*1 unless "s new leav5 is   
introduc$1 is surely de/9$ to           
disorganization & decay4   ,!           
consolidation ( rural s*ools  ,! fir/   
/ep 9 reorganiz+ ! rural s*ools is      
consolidation4 ,our rural s*ool         
organization1 build+s1 & equipm5t are a 
full c5tury beh9d our indu/rial & social
 advancem5t4 ,! pres5t plan ( attempt+  

to run a s*ool on approximately e f\r   
squ>e miles ( t]ritory orig9at$ at a "t 
( pov]ty1 & :5 ! manufactur+ indu/ries 7
 all c>ri$ on 9 ! homes & small %ops4   
,our rural p are n[ well-to-d1 &        
manufactur+ has mov$ ov] into a         
well-organiz$ set ( factories2 b !      
isolat$ little s*ool1 %amefully h\s$1   
meag]ly equipp$1 poorly att5d$1 &       
unskillfully taught1 /ill rema9s4  ,su* 
a sy/em ( s*ools leaves our rural p     
educationally on a p> ) ! days ( cradl+ 
! gra9 & ?re%+ x ) a flail2 ( plant+    
corn by h& & cultivat+ x ) a hoe2 (     
light+ ! h\se ) a tall[ dip1 & travel+  
by /age-coa*4  ,! well-meant attempts to
 improve ! rural s*ool z n[ organiz$ are
 futile4 ,! proposal to solve ! problem 
by rais+ ! /&>ds = tea*]s1 desirable z  
?is is2 by ! rais+ ( sal>ies2 or by     
bett]+ ! type ( ! little s*oolh\se1 are 
at be/ b tempor>y make%ifts1 & d n t\* !
 root ( ! problem4 ,! fir/ & mo/        
fundam5tal /ep is to elim9ate ! little  
%acks ( h\ses t dot our prairies e two  

miles along ! c\ntry roads4  ,= n only  
is x impossible to supply adequate      
build+s s ne> toge!r1 b x is ev5 m      
impossible to f9d *ildr5 en\gh to       
con/itute a real s*ool 9 su* small      
di/ricts4 ,!re is no way ( secur+ a full
 head ( int]e/ & en?usiasm ) f five to  
t5 or twelve pupils 9 a s*ool4 ,!       
classes are too small & ! numb] ( *ildr5
 too limit$ to p]mit ! organization (   
prop] games & plays1 or a reasonable    
v>iety ( association ?r\gh m+l+ toge!r4 
,fur!rmore1 x w nev] be possible to pay 
adequate sal>ies to ! tea*]s 9 ^! small 
s*ools4 ,nor w any ambiti\s &           
well-prep>$ tea*] be will+ to rema9 9   
su* a position1 :]e he is oblig$ to     
inve/ 8 "t & influ5ce ) s few pupils1 & 
:]e all conditions are s adv]se4  ,!    
*ief b>ri] to ! c5tralization ( rural   
education has be5 local prejudice &     
pride4 ,9 _m cases a true s5tim5tal     
value has atta*$ to ! little r$         
s*oolh\se4 ,its praises h be5 sung1 &   
orator & writ] h exp&$ ^u ! glories (   

our common s*ools1 until x is no wond] t
 _! pitiful inadequacy has be5 ov]look$ 
by _m ( _! patrons4  ,9 o!r cases       
opposition has aris5 to giv+ up ! small 
local s*ool because ( ! selfi% fe> t !  
loss ( ! s*ool w\ld l[] ! value (       
adjac5t prop]ty4 ,/ill o!rs h fe>$ t    
consolidation w\ld mean high] s*ool     
taxes1 & h oppos$ x ^u ?is gr\nd4  ,b   
:atev] ! causes ( ! opposition to       
consolidation1 ?is opposition mu/ cease 
be=e ! rural s*ool c fulfill its        
function & be=e ! rural *ild c h        
educational opportunities ev5           
approximat+ ^? giv5 ! t[n *ild4 ,& until
 ?is is accompli%$1 ! exodus f ! f>m w  
cont9ue & ought to cont9ue4 ,pride1     
prejudice1 & p5ury mu/ n be all[$ to    
deprive ! f>m boys & girls ( _! "r to   
education & normal developm5t4  ,!      
movem5t t[>d consolidation ( rural      
s*ools & transportation ( ! *ildr5 to a 
c5tral s*ool has already atta9$         
consid]able headway 9 _m regions ( !    
c\ntry4#a ,x is n[ a "p ( ! rural s*ool 

sy/em 9 ?irty-two ,/ates4 ,massa*usetts1
 ! lead] 9 consolidation1 began 9 #ahfi4
 ,! movem5t at fir/ grew sl[ly 9 all !  
,/ates1 n only hav+ local opposition to 
ov]come1 b also meet+ ! problem ( bad   
c\ntry roads int]f]+ ) ! transportation 
( pupils4  ,dur+ ! pa/ half-doz5 ye>s1  
h[ev]1 consolidation has be5 ga9+       
headway1 & is n[ go+ on at lea/ five    
times z fa/ z ! av]age = ! tw5ty-five   
ye>s prec$+ #aijf4 ,indiana is at pres5t
 ! bann] ,/ate 9 ! rapidity (           
consolidation1 ! exp5diture = conveyance
 hav+ consid]ably m ?an trebl$ s9ce     
#aijd4 ,! broad & g5]al sweep ( !       
movem5t1 toge!r ) ! fact t x is         
practically unhe>d ( = s*ools t h once  
tri$ consolidation to g back to ! old   
sy/em1 seems to indicate t ! rural      
education ( ! n di/ant future w1 except 
9 a few regions1 be c>ri$ on 9          
consolidat$ s*ools4  ,! relative co/ (  
ma9ta9+ di/rict & consolidat$ s*ools is 
an important factor4 ,yet ?is factor mu/
 n be giv5 undue prom95ce4 ,x is true t 

! co/ ( education mu/ be kept at a      
reasonable ratio ) ! /&>d ( liv+ ( a    
community4 ,b x is also true t !        
consolidat$ rural s*ool mu/ be look$ ^u 
z an indisp5sable c\ntry-life           
in/itution1 & h5ce z hav+ claim to a m  
g5]\s basis ( support ?an t accord$ !   
di/rict s*ool4  ,:ile x is impossible1  
ow+ to su* widely v>y+ conditions1 to   
make an absolutely exact /atem5t ( !    
relative exp5se ( ! two types ( s*ools1 
yet x has be5 %[n 9 _m diff]5t in/ances 
t ! co/ ( s*ool+ p] day 9 consolidat$   
s*ools is b slightly1 if any1 above t 9 
mo/ di/rict s*ools4  ,! aggregate annual
 co/ is usually some:at high] 9 !       
consolidat$ s*ools1 ow+ to ! fact ( a   
greatly increas$ att5dance4 ,a comp>ison
 made betwe5 ! co/ p] day's s*ool+ 9 !  
small] di/rict s*ools & consolidat$     
s*ools almo/ inv>iably %[s a l[]        
exp5diture = ! latt]4 ,= example1 !     
fifte5 di/ricts 9 ,h>d9 ,c\nty1 ,i[a1   
hav+ 9 #aijh an enrollm5t ( n9e or less1
 av]ag$ a co/ ( #bg4e c5ts a day = ea*  

pupil4#b ,at ! same "t ! co/ p] day 9 ! 
consolidat$ rural s*ools ( nor!a/]n     
,ohio 0 only #ag4d c5ts a day1 ! di/rict
 s*ools be+ m ?an fifty-sev5 p] c5t     
high] ?an ! consolidat$4 ,simil>        
comp>isons %[ ! same tr5d 9 _m o!r      
localities4 ,9 a great _m ( ! small     
di/rict s*ools ! co/ p] pupil is z high 
z 9 consolidat$ s*ools :]e a high s*ool 
c\rse is also provid$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t
 ! av]age co/ p] ye> ( s*ool+ a *ild 9 a
 consolidat$ s*ool is b little above    
?irty doll>s1 :ile 9 practically all    
small] di/rict s*ools x f> exce$s ?is   
am\nt1 n infrequ5tly go+ above fifty    
doll>s4 ,?is means t av]age rural       
di/ricts t are putt+ at lea/ ?irty      
doll>s a ye> into ! s*ool+ ( ea* *ild c1
 by consolidat+ _! s*ools1 secure       
greatly improv$ educational facilities )
 no heavi] f9ancial burd54  ,n ! lea/   
important ( ! advantages gr[+ out (     
rural s*ool consolidation is ! improv$  
att5dance4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t fully    
tw5ty-five p] c5t m *ildr5 ( s*ool age  

are enroll$ "u ! consolidat$ ?an "u !   
di/rict sy/em4 ,! advantage ( ?is "o    
factor alone c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$1 b !
 increase 9 regul>ity ( att5dance is    
also z great4 ,! av]age daily att5dance 
( rural s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry is      
approximately sixty p] c5t ( !          
enrollm5t1 & 9 entire ,/ates falls bel[ 
fifty p] c5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd t         
consolidation1 ) its att5dant conveyance
 ( pupils1 commonly increases ! av]age  
daily att5dance by z mu* z tw5ty-five p]
 c5t4  ,x is true t 9 _m regions x may  
at pres5t prove impossible to           
consolidate all ! rural s*ools4 ,9      
places :]e ! population is s sp>se z to 
require transportation = v long         
di/ances1 or :]e ! c\ntry roads are /ill
 9 su* a condition 9 wet seasons z to be
 practically impassable1 consolidation  
mu/ ( necessity be delay$4 ,9 su*       
communities1 h[ev]1 ! rural s*ool ne$ n 
be completely at a /&/ill4 ,mu* c be    
done to make ev5 ! "o-room s*oolh\se    
attractive & hygi5ic4 ,) almo/ no       

exp5se1 ! gr\nds c be set ) %ade trees1 
%rubs1 & p]5nial fl[]+ plants4 ,! y>d c 
be made into a lawn 9 front1 & into an  
a?letic gr\nd at ! sides or ! re>4      
,en\gh gr\nd c be add$ to provide = all 
^! ?+s1 & a s*ool g>d5 besides4 ,!      
build+ c be r5d]$ m invit+ ?r\gh bett]  
ar*itecture1 & m att5tion to decoration 
& cleanl9ess4 ,an adequate supply (     
books & o!r equipm5t c be provid$4 ,:ile
 ! isolat$ rural s*ool c nev] take !    
place ( ! consolidat$ s*ool1 :ile x %\ld
 always be look$ ^u z only tempor>ily   
occupy+ a place lat] to be fill$ by a m 
effici5t type ( s*ool1 x c aft] all be  
r5d]$ mu* m effici5t ?an x is at pres5t4
 ,& s9ce ! "o-room s*ool w )\t d\bt =   
ye>s to come be requir$ z a supplem5t ( 
! consolidat$ s*ool1 x %\ld receive !   
same c>eful ?\ght & ef=t t[>d its       
improvem5t t is be+ accord$ ! s*ool (   
bett] type4   ,f9ancial support ( !     
rural s*ool  ,! rural s*ool has nev] _h 
adequate f9ancial support4 ,!re has be5 
good reason = ?is 9 _m regions ( !      

c\ntry :]e f>m prop]ty 0 l[ 9 value1 !  
l& sp>sely settl$ & n all improv$1 or   
else cov]$ by heavy mortgages4 ,z ^!    
conditions h gradually disappe>$ & !    
agricultural population become m        
prosp]\s1 ! s*ool has 9 "s degree %>$ ! 
g5]al prosp]ity4 ,b n fully4 ,a small]  
proportion ( ! m>g9 ( weal? above liv+  
necessities is go+ into rural education 
n[ ?an 9 ! e>li] days ( less prosp]ity4 
,:ile ! f>m] has va/ly improv$ 8 f>m1 he
 has improv$ 8 s*ool b little4 ,:ile he 
has be5 add+ mod]n ma*9]y & adopt+      
sci5tific me?ods 9 c>+ = 8 gra9 & /ock1 
8 *ildr5 h n _h ! advantage ( an        
increas+ly effici5t s*ool4  ,! pov]ty ( 
! rural s*ool f9ds its explanation 9 two
 facts3 7#a7 ! relatively l[ value ( !  
taxable prop]ty ( ! rural z comp>$ ) !  
t[n or city di/rict1 & 7#b7 ! l[] rate (
 local s*ool tax paid 9 c\ntry ?an 9    
urban di/ricts4 ,! fir/ ( ^!            
disadvantages ( ! rural di/rict _c be   
rem$i$2 b = ! second1 !re seems to be no
 valid economic reason4  ,! approximate 

diff]5ce 9 ! local s*ool-tax rate paid 9
 urban & rural di/ricts is %[n 9 !      
foll[+ in/ances1 :i* might be duplicat$ 
f o!r ,/ates3--  ,9 ,kansas1 ! local    
s*ool tax paid 9 #aiaj by t[ns & cities 
0 above eighty p] c5t m ?an t paid by   
c\ntry di/ricts4 ,9 ,miss\ri1 ! curr5t  
report ( ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t %[s t[ns & 
cities sev5ty-five p] c5t high] ?an !   
c\ntry4 ,9 ,m9nesota1 t[ns & cities     
av]age ne>ly ?ree times ! rate paid by  
rural di/ricts4 ,9 ,ohio1 t[ns & cities 
are m ?an t5 p] c5t high] ?an rural     
di/ricts1 ev5 :]e ! rural di/rict       
ma9ta9s a full elem5t>y & high s*ool    
c\rse4 ,9 ,nebraska & ,i[a1 ! t[n & city
 rate is ab\t d\ble t ( c\ntry di/ricts4
  ,:5 !re is add$ to ?is diff]5ce !     
fur!r fact t t[n & city prop]ty is      
commonly assess$ at m ne>ly its full    
value ?an rural prop]ty1 ! discrepancy  
becomes all ! great]4  ,x is n meant1 ( 
c\rse1 t f>m]s %\ld pay z high a        
s*ool-tax rate = ! elem5t>y rural s*ool 
z t paid by t[n patrons :o also h a high

 s*ool available4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if   
bett] s*ool facilities are to be furni%$
 ! c\ntry *ildr51 rural prop]ty %\ld be>
 its full %>e ( ! taxes requir$4 ,! f>m]
 %\ld be will+ to pay z mu* = !         
education ( 8 *ild z ! city dwell] pays 
= a simil> education = 84  ,dur+ ! la/  
g5]ation f>m]s h be5 increas+ 9 weal?   
fa/] ?an any o!r class ( indu/rial      
work]s4 ,_! l& has d\bl$ 9 value1 b>ns h
 be5 built1 ma*9]y has be5 add$1        
automobiles pur*as$1 & l>ge bank cr$its 
e/abli%$4 ,yet v little ( ?is increas$  
prosp]ity has rea*$ ! s*ool4 ,libr>y1   
ref]5ce works1 maps1 *>ts1 & o!r        
app>atus are usually lack+4 ,9 ,i[a1 z a
 fair example1 a sum ( n less ?an t5 nor
 m ?an fifte5 c5ts a ye> = ea* pupil (  
s*ool age 9 ! di/rict is requir$ by law 
to be exp5d$ = libr>y books4 ,yet 9 n a 
few di/ricts ! law is a dead lett] or ! 
money grudg+ly sp5t6 ,9 _m rural s*ools 
! tea*] has to dep5d on ! proce$s ( a   
social1 an exhibition1 or a box p>ty to 
secure a few doll>s = books or pictures 

= ! neighborhood s*ool1 & sometimes ev5 
buys brooms & du/ pans f ! fund secur$ 9
 ?is way4  ,?is is all wrong4 ,! s*ool  
%\ld be put on a bus9ess basis4 ,x %\ld 
h ! necess>y tools ) :i* to accompli%   
its "w1 & n be =c$ to wa/e ! "t &       
opportunity ( *ildhood = want ( a few   
doll>s exp5d$ = equipm5t4 ,its patrons  
%\ld realize t j z x pays to supply     
factory1 %op1 or f>m ) ! be/ ( in/rum5ts
 = c>ry+ on ! "w1 s x pays 9 ! s*ool4   
,*eap economy is always wa/eful1 & nev] 
m wa/eful ?an :5 x cripples ! effici5cy 
( education4  ,/ate aid = rural s*ools  
has be5 propos$ & 9 "s in/ances tri$1 z 
a mode ( solv+ _! f9ancial problem4 ,:]e
 ?is sy/em has be5 giv5 a fair trial1 z 
= example 9 ,m9nesota1 x has result$ 9  
two great advantages3 7#a7 x has        
enc\rag$ ! local community to fre]      
exp5diture ( _! own money = s*ool       
purposes1 s9ce ! contribution ( ! ,/ate 
is condition$ on ! am\nt exp5d$ by !    
di/rict4 ,?is is an important a*ievem5t1
 s9ce x s]ves to tra9 ! community to !  

idea ( m lib]al local taxation = s*ool  
purposes1 & x is probable t ! great] "p 
( ! support ( our s*ools w cont9ue to   
come f ?is s\rce4 ,ano!r advantage (    
/ate aid is 7#b7 t x s]ves to equalize  
educational opportunities1 & h5ce to    
ma9ta9 a true educational democracy4    
,weal?i] localities are caus$ to        
contribute to ! educational facilities (
 ^? less favor$1 & a common advancem5t  
!reby secur$4  ,:ile ! !ory ( /ate aid  
to rural education is :olly def5sible1 &
 :ile x has work$ well 9 practice1 yet  
!re is "o safegu>d t ne$s to be         
consid]$4 ,x is manife/ly unfair to ask 
! p ( t[ns & cities to help pay = !     
support ( ! rural s*ools ?r\gh ! m$ium (
 ! ,/ate treasury except on condition t 
! patrons ( ! rural s*ools !mselves d _!
 fair %>e4 ,mr4 ,a1 liv+ 9 a t[n :]e he 
pays tw5ty mills s*ool tax1 ought n to  
be ask$ to help improve ,mr4 ,b's rural 
s*ool1 :ile ,mr4 ,b is himself pay+ b t5
 mills ( s*ool tax4 ,! f>m] is z able z 
any "o else to pay a fair rate (        

taxation = 8 s*ool1 & %\ld be will+ to d
 s be=e ask+ = aid f o!r taxation       
s\rces4 ,rural education mu/ n be plac$ 
on ! basis ( a mission>y ent]prise4     
,/ate aid %\ld be us$ to comp5sate = !  
diff]5ce 9 ! economic basis = taxation 9
 diff]5t localities1 & n = a diff]5ce 9 
! rates ( taxation betwe5 localities    
equally able to pay ! same rate4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,we may conclude1 !n1 t :ile nei!r !    
rural s*ool nor ! community has be5     
fully aw>e ( ! possibilities = mutual   
helpfulness & cop]ation1 yet !re are _m 
hopeful signs t bo? are awak5+ to a s5se
 ( responsibility4 ,f$]al & /ate        
commissions h be5 creat$ to /udy ! rural
 problem1 national & /ate tea*]s'       
associations are seek+ a solution ( !   
rural s*ool "q1 &1 bett] /ill1 ! patrons
 ( ! rural s*ools are 9 _m places alive 
to ! press+ ne$ = bett] educational     
facilities = _! *ildr54  ,gr[+ out ( ^! 
influ5ces & ! fai?ful "w ( _m /ate &    
c\nty sup]9t5d5ts1 & n a few ( ! rural  

tea*]s !mselves1 a _s ( progress is ga9+
 headway4 ,sev]al ?\s& consolidat$      
s*ools are n[ r5d]+ excell5t s]vice to  
_! patrons & at ! same "t act+ z a      
/imulus to o!r communities to foll[ _!  
example4 ,/ate aid to rural education is
 no long] an exp]im5t4 ,! p are 9 _m    
localities volunt>ily & gladly increas+ 
_! taxes 9 ord] t !y may improve _!     
s*ools4 ,tea*]s' sal>ies are be+        
increas$1 bett] equipm5t provid$1 &     
build+s r5d]$ m habitable4  ,! great    
educational problem ( ! imm$iate future 
w be to enc\rage & guide ! movem5t :i*  
is n[ gett+ "u way4 ,= mi/akes made n[ w
 h&icap bo? community & s*ool = ye>s to 
come4 ,! attempt to secure bett] s*ools 
by improv+ conditions 9 local di/ricts  
%\ld be def9itely ab&on$ except 9       
localities :]e conditions make          
consolidation impracticable = ! pres5t4 
,! new consolidat$ s*ool build+ %\ld    
take def9itely into acc\nt ! fact t !   
s*ool is to become ! neighborhood social
 c5t]1 & ! /ructure %\ld be plann$ z mu*

 ) ?is function 9 view z ) its uses =   
s*ool purposes4 ,! new type ( rural     
s*ool is n to aim simply to give a bett]
 intellectual tra9+1 b is at ! same "t  
to relate ?is tra9+ to ! conditions &   
ne$s ( our agricultural population4 ,&  
all :o h to d ) ! rural s*ools 9 any way
 are to seek to make ! s*ool a true     
vitaliz+ factor 9 ! community--a leav51 
^: influ5ce %all p]meate e l9e ( int]e/ 
& activity ( its patrons & lead to a    
full] & ri*] life4   ,! rural s*ool &   
its pupils  ,"o ( ! sure/ te/s ( any    
s*ool is ! attitude ( ! pupils--! _s (  
loyalty1 cop]ation1 & devotion !y       
manife/ ) ref]5ce to _! education4 ,d   
!y1 on ! :ole1 look ^u ! s*ool z an     
opportunity or an imposition8 ,d !y     
consid] x _! s*ool1 & make its int]e/s &
 welf>e _! conc]n1 or d !y ?9k ( x z !  
tea*]'s s*ool1 or ! bo>d's s*ool or !   
di/rict's s*ool8 ,^! que/ions are (     
supreme importance1 = ! "q ( attitude1 q
 z mu* z t ( ability1 det]m9es ! use    
made ( opportunity4  ,x mu/ be admitt$ t

 ?r\gh\t our entire s*ool sy/em !re     
rema9s some?+ to be desir$ 9 ! _s (     
cop]ation betwe5 pupils & s*ools4 ,!    
feel+ ( loyalty :i* ! *ild has = 8 home 
does n ext5d comm5surately to ! s*ool4  
,too (t5 ! s*ool is look$ ^u z some?+   
=c$ ^u ! *ild1 = 8 welf>e1 p]haps1 b    
aft] all n z =m+ an int]e/+ & vital "p (
 8 pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,x is (t5 r a place 
:]e s mu* "t & ef=t & inconv5i5ce mu/ be
 paid = s _m grades & promotions1 & :]e1
 incid5tally1 prep>ation is suppos$ to  
be made = "s future dem&s v dimly       
conceiv$4 ,at be/1 !re is frequ5tly a   
lack ( feel+ ( full id5tity ( int]e/s   
betwe5 ! *ild & ! s*ool4  ,! y\?1       
immaturity1 & bl9dness ( *ildhood make x
 impossible1 ( c\rse1 = *ildr5 to       
conceive ( _! s*ool 9 a _s ( full       
appreciation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v nature (
 *ildhood is responsiv5ess & read9ess ( 
cop]ation 9 any =m ( int]e/+            
activity1--is loyalty ( attitude t[>d   
:at is felt to m9i/] to p]sonal happ9ess
 & well-be+4 ,9 s f>1 !re=e1 z !re exi/s

 any lack ( loyalty & cop]ation ( pupils
 t[>d _! s*ool1 ! reasons = su*         
defection are to be s\ght fir/ ( all 9 !
 s*ool1 & n 9 ! *ild4  ,:ile ?is        
negative attitude ( ! pupils exi/s 9 "s 
degree 9 all our s*ools1 x is und\bt$ly 
m m>k$ 9 our rural s*ools ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9
 a negligible numb] ( cases does ?is    
lack ( cop]ation take ! =m ( ov]t       
rebellion aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! s*ool4 ,x
 is manife/$ 9 o!r ways1 _m ( !m :olly  
unconsci\s to ! *ild1 z1 = example1 lack
 ( desire to att5d s*ool1 & indiff]5ce  
to its activities :5 pres5t4  ,att5d+   
s*ool is ! mo/ important occupation t c 
engage ! *ild4 ,yet ! indiff]5ce (      
*ildr5 & _! p>5ts alike to ! necessity =
 s*ool+ makes ! small & irregul>        
att5dance ( rural s*ool pupils "o ( !   
mo/ s]i\s problems ) :i* educators h to 
deal4 ,c\nty sup]9t5d5ts h 9 _m places  
(f]$ prizes & diplomas ) ! hope ( bett]+
 att5dance1 b su* inc5tives d n rea* !  
s\rce ( ! difficulty4 ,! rem$y mu/      
f9ally lie 9 a fundam5tal *ange (       

attitude t[>d ! s*ool & its             
opportunities4 ,good att5dance mu/ spr+ 
f int]e/ 9 ! s*ool "w & a feel+ ( its   
value1 r ?an f any artificial inc5tives4
  ,h[ great a problem poor att5dance at 
rural s*ools is1 may be realiz$ f ! fact
 t1 9 spite ( compulsory education laws1
 n m ?an sev5ty p] c5t ( ! *ildr5       
accessible to ! rural s*ool are enroll$1
 & ( ?is numb] only ab\t sixty p] c5t   
are 9 daily att5dance4 ,?is is to say t 
"u "o half ( our f>m *ildr5 are daily   
receiv+ ! advantages ( ev5 ! rural      
s*ool4 ,9 "s ,/ates ?is proportion w    
fall z l[ z ?ree t5?s in/ead ( "o half4 
,9 _m ri* agricultural c\nties ( !      
,middle ,we/1 hav+ a f>m+ population (  
approximately t5 ?\s&1 n m ?an =ty or   
fifty pupils p] ye> complete ! eight    
grades ( ! rural s*ool4  ,if ! rural    
s*ool is to be able to claim ! regul>   
att5dance & spontane\s cop]ation ( !    
*ildr5 x mu/ 7#a7 be reasonably         
accessible to !m1 7#b7 be attractive &  
int]e/+ 9 itself1 & 7#c7 (f] "w ! value 

& application ( :i* are evid5t4  ,!     
inaccessibility ( ! rural s*ool has     
always be5 "o ( its greate/             
disadvantages4 ,9 a l>ge proportion (   
cases1 a walk ( f a mile to a mile & a  
half along c\ntry roads or across       
cultivat$ fields has be5 requir$ to rea*
 ! s*oolh\se4 ,dur+ inclem5t wea!r1 or  
:5 deep sn[ cov]s ! gr\nd1 ?is di/ance  
proves almo/ prohibitive = all ! small] 
*ildr54 ,wet feet & dr5*$ clo?+ h be5   
foll[$ by sev]e colds1 c\ghs1 bron*itis1
 or worse1 & ! *ildr5 h n only suff]$   
educationally1 b be5 endang]$ physically
 z well4  ,x has be5 f\nd 9 all in/ances
 t public conveyance ( pupils to !      
consolidat$ s*ools greatly increases    
rural s*ool patronage4 ,x makes ! s*ool 
accessible4 ,! regul> wagon s]vice does 
away ) ! hit-&-miss me?od ( det]m9+ =   
ea* succe$+ day :e!r x is advisable = ! 
*ild to />t = s*ool4 ,s important is ?is
 factor 9 secur+ att5dance1 t a c>eful  
/udy by ,knorr#c ( ! att5dance 9 ,ohio  
di/rict & consolidat$ s*ools %[s        

tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t m ( ! total s*ool     
population 9 s*ool "u ! influ5ce (      
public conveyance & o!r features peculi>
 to consolidation ?an "u ! di/rict      
sy/em4 ,he concludes t1 broadly speak+1 
by a sy/em ( consolidat$ s*ools ) public
 conveyance1 rural s*ool att5dance c be 
increas$ by at lea/ "o f\r?4  ,! life 9 
! typical rural s*ool is n suffici5tly  
int]e/+ & attractive to secure a /rong  
hold ^u ! pupils4 ,! dre>y ugl9ess ( !  
physical surr\nd+s has already be5      
ref]r$ to4 ,& ev5 9 di/ricts :]e !      
build+ & gr\nds h be5 made reasonably   
attractive1 !re is yet want+ a p[]ful   
factor--! influ5ce ( ! social inc5tive t
 comes f numb]s4 ,9 hundr$s ( our rural 
s*ools ! daily att5dance is less ?an a  
doz5 pupils1 frequ5tly n repres5t+ m ?an
 ?ree or f\r families4 ,! classes c     
!re=e conta9 n m ?an two or ?ree pupils1
 & (t5 only "o4 ,!re is no possibility (
 organiz+ games1 or hav+ ! fun & frolic 
possible to l>g] gr\ps ( *ildr54 ,add to
 ?is ! fact t ! tea*+ is (t5 spiritless 

& un9spir+1 & ! reason becomes /ill m   
pla9 :y s _m rural *ildr5 drop out (    
s*ool ) sc>cely ! rudim5ts ( an         
education4  ,"h1 aga91 ! consolidat$    
s*ool1 ) its attractive build+1 its     
improv$ equipm5t1 its l>g] body (       
pupils1 & its bett] tea*+1 appe>s z a   
solution ( ! difficulty4 ,= x does :at !
 pres5t type ( di/rict s*ool c nev] d--x
 makes s*ool life int]e/+ & attractive  
to its pupils1 & ?is br+s to be> ^u !m  
"o ( ! /ronge/ inc5tives to cont9ue 9   
s*ool & secure an education4  ,f9ally1  
mu* ( ! "w ( ! s*ool has n appeal$ to ! 
pupils z int]e/+ or valuable4 ,?is has n
 be5 altoge!r ! fault ( ! curriculum1 b 
(t5 has come f ! lack ( adaptability ( !
 "w to ! pupils /udy+ x4 ,?r\gh frequ5t 
*anges ( tea*]s1 poor classification1 & 
irregul>ity ( att5dance1 rural pupils h 
(t5 be5 =c$ to g ov] & ov] ! same gr\nd1
 )\t any ref]5ce to :e!r !y 7 ready to  
advance or n4 ,9 o!r cases1 c>eless     
grad+ has plac$ *ildr5 9 /udies = :i* !y
 7 utt]ly unprep>$1 & f :i* !y c\ld get 

no?+ b disc\ragem5t & dislike = s*ool4  
,9 /ill o!r in/ances ! c\rse pursu$ has 
be5 ill-balanc$1 & 9 no degree          
correlat$4 ,(t5 ! :im ( ! *ild det]m9es 
:e!r he w or w n /udy c]ta9 subjects1 ! 
tea*] lack+ ei!r ! k or insi/5ce to br+ 
ab\t a bett] organization ( ! "w4  ,!   
unskill$ "* ( ! rural s*ool-tea*+ =ce1 &
 ! impossibility ( secur+ any reasonable
 sup]vision z ! sy/em is at pres5t      
organiz$1 make u aga9 turn to !         
consolidat$ s*ool z ! rem$y = ^! adv]se 
conditions4 ,= ) its improv$ att5dance1 
its skill$ tea*+1 & its bett]           
sup]vision1 x easily & naturally r5d]s  
su* conditions impossible4 ,give !      
consolidat$ s*ool1 9 addition1 ! greatly
 enri*$ curriculum :i* x w f9d possible 
to (f] its pupils1 & ! vex+ "q ( !      
relation ( ! rural s*ool to its pupils w
 be f> t[>d solution4  ,let u next      
consid] some:at 9 detail ! curriculum ( 
! rural s*ool4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote
 #a3 ,see ,consolidat$ ,rural ,s*ools1  
,bullet9 #bcb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (      

,agriculture4  ,footnote #b3 ,bullet9   
#bcb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 
p4 #ch4  ,footnote #c3 ,bullet9 #bcb1   
,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4    
#ea4     ,,iii  ,,! ,,curriculum ,,( ,,!
 ,,rural ,,s*ool   ,if we grant !       
economic ability to support good s*ools1
 !n ! curriculum (f]$ by any type (     
s*ool1 ! scope ( subject-matt] giv5 !   
pupils to ma/]1 is a measure ( !        
educational ideals ( ^? ma9ta9+ & us+ ! 
s*ools4 ,if ! curriculum is broad1 &    
repres5tative ( ! v>i\s great fields (  
human culture2 if x relates itself to ! 
life & ne$s ( its patrons2 if x is      
adapt$ to ! int]e/s & activities ( its  
pupils1 x may be said t ! p believe 9   
education z a "r ( ! individual & z a   
prep>ation = successful liv+4 ,b if1 on 
! o!r h&1 ! curriculum is meag] & n>r[1 
consi/+ only ( ! rudim5ts ( k1 & n      
relat$ to ! life ( ! p or ! int]e/s ( ! 
pupils1 !n x may well be conclud$ t     
education is n highly priz$1 t x is n   
und]/ood1 or t x is look$ ^u z an       

incid5tal4   ,! scope ( ! rural s*ool   
curriculum  ,mod]n conditions require a 
broad] & m ?or\gh education ?an t dem&$ 
by =m] times1 & f> m ?an ! typical      
di/rict rural s*ool af=ds4 ,! old-"t    
s*ool (f]$ only ! ?ree ,r's1 & ?is 0    
?\ght suffici5t = an education4 ,b ^!   
times h pass$4 ,n only has society      
greatly increas$ 9 weal? dur+ ! la/     
half-c5tury1 b x has also gr[n mu* 9    
intellig5ce4 ,_m m p are be+ educat$ n[ 
?an =m]ly1 & !y are also be+ va/ly bett]
 educat$4 ,= ! concept ( :at con/itutes 
an education has *ang$1 & ! curriculum  
has gr[n correspond+ly broad] & ri*]4   
,x is !re=e no long] possible to express
 ! educational /atus ( a community 9 !  
p]c5tage ( p :o c m]ely read & write4   
,educational progress has become a      
national ideal4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools 9    
t[ns & cities h be5 greatly /r5g!n$ bo? 
9 curriculum & tea*+4 ,high s*ools h be5
 organiz$ & spl5didly equipp$1 & _!     
att5dance has rapidly increas$4  ,b all 
?is developm5t has h>dly t\*$ ! rural   

s*ool4 ,! curriculum (f]$ is pitifully  
n>r[ ev5 = an elem5t>y s*ool1 & v few   
high s*ools are support$ by rural       
communities4 ,9 fact1 a l>ge proportion 
( our rural population are receiv+ an   
education b little 9 advance ( t (f]$ a 
hundr$ ye>s ago 9 simil> s*ools4 ,?is is
 n fair to ! *ildr5 born & re>$ on !    
f>m2 x is n fair to "o ( ! greate/ & mo/
 important indu/ries ( our c\ntry2 & x  
_c b result disa/r\sly 9 ! end4  ,if !  
rural s*ool is to meet its problem1 x   
mu/ ext5d ! scope ( its curriculum4 ,x 0
 =m]ly ?\ght by _m t education1 except 9
 its simple/ elem5ts1 0 only = ^? plann+
 to ent] ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,b ?is idea
 has giv5 way be=e ! onw>d sweep ( ! _s 
( democracy1 & we n[ conceive education 
z ! "r & duty ( all4 ,nor by education d
 we mean ! simple ability to read1      
write1 & numb]4  ,our pres5t-day        
civilization dem&s n only t ! *ild %all 
be taught to read1 b also t he %all be  
suppli$ ) books & guid$ 9 8 read+4      
,?r\gh read+ z a tool he is to become   

famili> ) ! be/ 9 ! _w's lit]ature & its
 hi/ory4 ,he is n only to le>n numb]1 b 
is to be s educat$ t he may employ 8    
numb] concepts 9 fruitful ways4 ,he mu/ 
n only be famili> ) ! me*anics ( writ+1 
b mu/ h k1 int]e/s1 exp]i5ce t w give   
him some?+ to write ab\t4 ,! ?ree ,r's  
are necess>y tools1 b !y are only tools1
 & mu/ be utiliz$ 9 putt+ ! *ild into   
possession ( ! be/ & mo/ fruitful       
culture ( ! race4 ,&1 practically1 !y   
mu/ put him into comm& ( su* phases (   
culture z t\* 8 own life & exp]i5ce &   
make him m effici5t4  ,! rural s*ool _c 
ext5d ! scope ( its curriculum simply by
 ins]t+ 9 ! pres5t curriculum new /udies
 relat$ to ! life & "w ( ! f>m4 ,!      
modification mu/ be deep] & m ?or\ghgo+ 
?an ?is4 ,a full elem5t>y c\rse ( eight 
ye>s & a high s*ool c\rse ( f\r ye>s    
%\ld be easily accessible to e rural    
*ild4 ,less ?an ?is am\nt ( education is
 inadequate to prep>e = ! life ( ! f>m1 
& fails to put ! individual into full   
possession ( 8 p[]s4 ,nor1 9 mo/        

in/ances1 %\ld ! high s*ool+ be left to 
"s adjac5t t[n1 :i* is to receive !     
rural pupils ^u paym5t ( tuition to !   
t[n di/rict4 ,unless ! t[n is small1 &  
practically a "p ( ! rural community1 x 
_c supply1 ei!r 9 ! subject-matt] ( !   
curriculum or ! _s ( ! s*ool1 ! type (  
education t ! rural *ildr5 %\ld h4 ,= 9 
s f> z ! t[n or city high s*ool leads to
 any specific vocation1 x c]ta9ly does n
 lead t[>d indu/rial occupations1 & lea/
 ( all t[>d agriculture4 ,x r prep>es = 
! pr(essions1 or = bus9ess c>e]s4 ,its  
t5d5cy is v /rongly to draw ! boys &    
girls away f ! f>m in/ead ( prep>+ !m = 
x4  ,:ile ! rural *ild1 !re=e1 mu/ be   
provid$ ) a bett] & broad] education1 he
 %\ld usually n be s5t to t[n to get x4 
,if he is1 ! *ances are t he w /ay 9 t[n
 & be lo/ to ! f>m4 ,inde$1 ?is is      
precisely :at has be5 happ5+2 ! t[n or  
city high s*ool has be5 turn+ ! c\ntry  
boy away f ! f>m4 ,= n only does :at "o 
/udies supply 8 k2 x also det]m9es 8    
attitude4  ,if ! curriculum conta9s no  

subject-matt] relat$ to ! imm$iate      
exp]i5ce & occupation ( ! pupil1 8      
education is c]ta9 to entice him away f 
8 old int]e/s & activities4 ,! f>m boy  
^: /udies lack all po9t ( contact ) 8   
life & "w w soon ei!r lose int]e/ 9 !   
curriculum or turn 8 back ^u ! f>m4 ,if 
! boys & girls born on ! f>m are to be  
reta9$ 9 ?is =m ( indu/ry1 ! rural s*ool
 mu/ be broad5$ to give !m an education 
equal to t af=d$ by t[n or city = its   
y\?4 ,if ! rural community _c accompli% 
?is end1 x has no claim on ! loyalty &  
s]vice ( its y\?4 ,rural *ildr5 h a "r  
to a well-organiz$1 well-equipp$1 &     
well-taught elem5t>y s*ool ( eight ye>s 
& a high s*ool ( f\r ye>s1 ) a          
curriculum adapt$ especially to _!      
int]e/s & ne$s4  ,x is n meant1 ( c\rse1
 t ! rural s*ool1 ) its pres5t          
organization & adm9i/ration1 c ext5d !  
scope ( its curriculum to make x ! equal
 ( t (f]$ 9 ! grades ( ! t[n or city    
s*ool4 ,radical *anges1 su* z ^?        
discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 w h to be    

made 9 ! rural di/rict sy/em be=e ?is is
 possible4 ,t ^! *anges are be+ made & !
 full elem5t>y & high s*ool c\rse (f]$ 9
 _m consolidat$ rural s*ools1 scatt]$ f 
,florida to ,idaho1 is pro( bo? ( !     
feasibility ( ! plan & ( an awak5$      
public dem& = bett] rural education4  ,!
 broad5$ curriculum ( ! rural s*ool mu/ 
conta9 subject-matt] especially relat$  
to ! int]e/s & activities ( ! f>m2 ^u   
?is all are agre$4 ,b x mu/ n /op )     
vocational subjects alone4 ,=1 :ile "o's
 vocation is fundam5tal1 x is n all (   
life4 ,education %\ld help directly 9   
mak+ a liv+2 x mu/ also help to live4   
,broad & p]man5t l9es ( int]e/ mu/ be   
set up & tra9$ to include _m =ms (      
exp]i5ce4 ,! *ild mu/ come to "k some?+ 
( ! great social in/itutions ( 8 day & (
 ! hi/ory lead+ to _! developm5t4 ,he   
mu/ become famili> ) ! m>vel\s sci5tific
 discov]ies & inv5tions und]ly+ our     
mod]n civilization4 ,he mu/ be l$ to    
feel appreciation = ! beautiful 9 art1  
lit]ature1 & music2 & mu/ h nurtur$ 9 8 

life a love = goodness & tru? 9 e =m4 ,9
 %ort1 ?r\gh ! curriculum ! lat5t p[]s  
con/itut+ ! life capital ( e normal *ild
 are to be /imulat$ & develop$ to ! end 
t 8 life %all be m ?an m]e physical     
exi/5ce--to ! end t x %all be cr[n$ )   
fullness ( k1 ri*ness ( feel+1 & !      
victory ( wor?y a*ievem5t4 ,?is is ! "r 
( e *ild 9 ^! prosp]\s & enlight5$      
times1--! "r ( ! c\ntry *ild z well z ! 
city *ild4 ,& society w n h done its    
duty 9 provid+ = ! education ( its y\?  
until ! *ildr5 ( ! f>m h full           
opportunities = su* developm5t4   ,!    
rural elem5t>y s*ool curriculum  ,by !  
elem5t>y s*ool is meant ! eight grades (
 "w bel[ ! high s*ool :i* ! rural s*ool 
is n[ meant to cov]4  ,:atev] is put    
into ! curriculum ( a nation's s*ools   
f9ally becomes a "p ( national "* &     
a*ievem5t4 ,:at ! *ildr5 /udy 9 s*ool   
comes to det]m9e _! attitudes & %ape _! 
aptitudes4 ,! old ,greek philosoph]s1   
becom+ tea*]s ( y\?1 turn$ ! nation into
 a set ( /ud5ts & disputants ov]        

philosophical que/ions4 ,sp>ta taught h]
 boys ! arts ( w>1 & became ! *ief      
milit>y nation ( h] "t4 ,g]many         
introduces te*nological /udies into h]  
s*ools1 & becomes ! lead+ c\ntry 9 ! _w 
9 ! arts ( manufacture4 ,let any p      
emphasize 9 _! s*ools ! /udies t lead to
 comm]cial & pr(essional int]e/s1 &     
neglect ^? t prep>e = indu/rial         
vocations1 & ! indu/rial welf>e ( !     
nation is sure to suff]4  ,! curriculum 
( ! rural s*ool mu/1 !re=e1 conta9 !    
basic subjects t belong to all          
culture1--! /udies t e normal1          
intellig5t p]son %\ld h j because he    
belongs to ! tw5tie?-c5tury             
civilization1 & 9 addition mu/ include !
 subjects t af=d ! k & develop !        
attitude & te*nique belong+ to ! life ( 
! f>m4 ,let u n[ consid] ?is curriculum 
some:at m 9 detail4  ,! "m tongue4      
,ma/]y ( 8 "m tongue is ! bir?right ( e 
*ild4 ,he %\ld fir/ ( all be able to    
speak x correctly & ) ease4 ,he %\ld    
next be able to read x ) compreh5sion & 

enjoym5t1 & %\ld become famili> ) ! be/ 
9 its lit]ature4 ,he %\ld be able to    
write x ) facility1 bo? z to its spell+ 
& its composition4 ,f9ally1 he %\ld "k  
some?+ ( ! /ructure1 or gramm>1 ( !     
language4  ,?is requirem5t sugge/s !    
cont5t ( ! curriculum z to ,engli%4 ,!  
*ild mu/ be giv5 opportunity to use !   
language orally2 he mu/ be l$ to talk4  
,b ?is implies t he mu/ h some?+ to say1
 & be int]e/$ 9 say+ x4 ,=mal language  
lessons1 divorc$ f all ! *ild's int]e/s 
& activities1 w n meet ! purpose4       
,facility 9 spee* gr[s out ( en?usiasm 9
 speak+4 ,e recitation is a lesson 9    
,engli%1 & %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose2   
nor %\ld ! aim be correctness only1 b   
ease & flu5cy z well4  ,! *ild mu/ also 
le>n to read2 n alone to pron\nce !     
pr9t$ words ( a page1 b to grasp ! ?\ght
 & feel+1 & express !m 9 oral read+4    
,?is presupposes a ma/]y ( ! me*anics ( 
read+1 ! lett]s1 words1 & m>ks employ$4 
,! only way to le>n to read is by read+4
 ,?is is true :e!r we ref] to le>n+ !   

me*anics ( read+1 to le>n+ ! appreh5sion
 & expression ( ?\ght1 or to le>n+ ! art
 ( appreciat+ & enjoy+ good lit]ature4  
,yet1 trite & self-evid5t z ?is truism  
is1 x is con/antly violat$ 9 tea*+ read+
 9 ! rural s*ool4 ,= ! c\rse 9 read+    
usually consi/s ( a s]ies ( five read]s1
 expect$ to cov] sev5 or eight ye>s (   
/udy4 ,^! read]s conta9 less ?an "o     
hundr$ pages ( read+ matt] to ! ye>1 or 
b little m ?an half a page a day = ! "t 
! *ild %\ld be 9 s*ool4 ,! result is t !
 same read] is read ov] & ov]1 to no    
purpose4 ,) a ri* lit]ature available = 
ea* ( ! eight ye>s ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1  
comp>atively few ( ! rural s*ools h     
suppli$ ei!r supplem5t>y read]s or o!r  
read+ books = ! use ( ! *ildr54  ,!     
result is t mo/ rural s*ool *ildr5 le>n 
to read b /umbl+ly1 & seldom atta9      
suffici5t skill & ta/e 9 read+ s t x    
becomes a pleasure4 ,su* a situation z  
?is indicates ! same lack ( wisdom t    
w\ld be %[n 9 employ+ will+ & skillful  
workm5 to g>n] a ri* h>ve/1 & !n s5d+ !m

 into ! fields ) :olly insuffici5t &    
inadequate tools4 ,! rural s*ool mu/ n  
only tea* ! *ild ! me*anics ( read+1 b  
lead him to read & love good books4 ,?is
 c be done only by supply+ ! books &    
giv+ ! *ild an opportunity to read !m4  
,comp>atively few p l to write4 ,!      
pa?way ( expression f9ds its way out m  
easily ?r\gh ! tongue ?an ?r\gh ! h&4   
,yet x is highly necess>y t e "o %\ld 9 
?is day be able to write4 ,nor does ?is 
mean m]ely ! ability to =m lett]s into  
words & put !m d[n ) a p5 s t !y are    
legible4 ,?is is a fundam5tal requisite1
 b ! ma/]y ( p5man%ip1 spell+1 &        
punctuation is1 h[ev]1 only a beg9n+4   
,"o mu/ be able to =mulate 8 ?\ghts     
easily1 to con/ruct 8 s5t5ces correctly1
 & to make 8 writ+ effective2 he mu/    
le>n ! art ( composition4  ,"h aga9 !   
pr9ciple already /at$ applies4 ,! way to
 le>n to write is by writ+2 n j by !    
dre>y treadmill ( practic+ ^u =mal      
compositions1 b by hav+ some?+ to write 
t "o c>es to express4 ,! writt5 language

 lessons %\ld1 !re=e1 always gr[ out ( !
 real int]e/s & activities ( ! *ild 9 ! 
home1 ! s*ool1 or on ! f>m1 & %\ld      
include ! art ( lett]-writ+1            
argum5tation & exposition1 z well z     
n>ration & description4  ,! subject (   
=mal gramm> has little or no place 9 !  
grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,!           
grammatical relations ( ! language are  
complicat$ & beyond ! p[] ( ! *ild at an
 e>ly age4 ,nor does ! /udy ( su*       
relations result 9 effici5cy 9 ! use (  
language1 z is commonly suppos$4 ,*ildr5
 are compell$ 9 _m s*ools to wa/e we>y  
ye>s 9 ! /udy ( logical relations !y are
 too "y to compreh5d1 :5 !y %\ld be     
read+1 speak+1 & writ+ _! "m tongue "u !
 /imulus & guidance ( a tea*] :o is     
himself a wor?y & en?usia/ic model 9 !  
use ( spee*4 ,only ! simpl] grammatical 
=ms & relations %\ld be taught 9 !      
grades1 & ^! %\ld h imm$iate application
 to oral & writt5 spee*4  ,ari?metic4   
,ari?metic has = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s  
=m$ an important "p ( ! elem5t>y s*ool  

curriculum4 ,x has be5 taught ) ! d\ble 
object ( af=d+ m5tal discipl9e = ! *ild1
 & ( putt+ him into possession ( an     
important tool ( practical k4 ,x is safe
 to say t a l>ge proportion ( ! patrons 
( ! rural s*ools ( ! pres5t look ^u     
ari?metic z ! mo/ important subject     
taught 9 ! s*ool aft] ! simple me*anics 
( read+4 ,ability to ciph] has be5 ?\ght
 ( z con/itut+ a l>ge & important "p ( !
 educational equipm5t ( ! practical man4
  ,)\t d\bt1 numb] is an ess5tial "p ( !
 education ( ! *ild4 ,yet !re is no?+ 9 
! m]e art ( numb]+ ?+s z we meet !m 9   
daily exp]i5ce t %\ld make ari?metic    
require s l>ge a proportion ( "t z x has
 be5 receiv+4 ,! *ild is usually />t$ 9 
numb] 9 ! fir/ grade1 & cont9ues x !    
full eight ye>s ( ! elem5t>y c\rse1     
f9ally devot+ ?ree or m ye>s ( ! high   
s*ool c\rse to its cont9u$ /udy4 ,?us1  
ne>ly "o f\r? ( ! entire s*ool "t ( !   
pupil is dem&$ by ! v>i\s phases ( !    
numb] concept4  ,! only gr\nd ^u :i* !  
exp5diture ( ?is l>ge proportion ( "t ^u

 numb] c be def5d$ is t ( discipl9e4 ,& 
mod]n psy*ology & exp]im5tal p$agogy h  
%[n ! folly & wa/e ( sett+ up empty     
discipl9e z an educational aim4         
,education "t is too %ort1 & ! am\nt (  
ri* & valuable mat]ial wait+ to be ma/]$
 too great1 to devote gold5 ye>s to a   
relatively b>r5 gr9d4  ,x is probable t 
at lea/ half ! "t at pres5t devot$ to   
ari?metic 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool c\ld be    
giv5 to o!r subjects ) no loss to !     
*ild's ability 9 numb]1 & ) great ga9 to
 8 education z a :ole4 ,n t ! *ild kn[s 
numb] any too well n[4 ,he does n4 ,9   
fact1 few *ildr5 f9i%+ ! elem5t>y s*ool 
possess any consid]able degree ( ability
 9 ari?metic4 ,!y c "w r h>d problems1  
if !y h a textbook1 & ! answ]s by :i* to
 te/ _! results4 ,b give !m a practical 
problem f ! home1 ! f>m1 or ! %op1 & !  
*ances are two to "o t !y _c secure a   
correct result4 ,?is is n ! fault ( !   
*ild1 b ! fault ( ! k9d ( ari?metic he  
has be5 giv51 & ! way x has be5 taught4 
,we h taught him ! solution ( v>i\s     

difficult1 analytical problems n 9 !    
lea/ typical ( ! concrete problems to be
 met daily outside ( s*ool2 b we h n    
taught him to add1 subtract1 multiply1 &
 divide ) rapidity & accuracy4 ,we h    
requir$ him to solve problems conta9+   
fractions ) l>ge & irr$ucible d5om9ators
 su* z are nev] met 9 ! bus9ess _w1 b he
 _c readily & ) c]ta9ty h&le numb]s     
express$ 9 halves1 ?irds1 qu>t]s1 fif?s1
 & eigh?s4 ,he has be5 compell$ to      
sacrifice practical bus9ess effici5cy 9 
numb] to an attempt to tra9 8 p[]s (    
logical analysis4  ,! ari?metic ( !     
di/rict s*ool %\ld be greatly simplifi$ 
& r$uc$ 9 quantity4 ,its quality %\ld be
 greatly improv$ bo? z to accuracy &    
spe$ 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations & 9 !     
v>i\s concrete types ( problems to be   
met 9 ! home1 on ! f>m1 & 9 ! %op4 ,!re 
ne$ be no fe> t ! m5tal tra9+ w be less 
effici5t ) ?is type ( ari?metic4 ,=     
m5tal developm5t comes only :]e !re is  
ma/]y1 & !re is no ma/]y ( ! ari?metic z
 x is taught 9 ! rural s*ool to-day4    

,hi/ory & civics4 ,e ,am]ican *ild %\ld 
"k ! hi/ory & mode ( gov]nm5t ( 8       
c\ntry4 ,?is is true fir/ ( all because 
?is k is necess>y to intellig5t         
p>ticipation 9 ! affairs ( a republic2 b
 x is also necess>y to ! "r developm5t (
 ! individual t he %all realize some?+ (
 ! h]oism & sacrifice requir$ to produce
 ! civilization :i* he enjoys4 ,e p]son 
ne$s to ext5d 8 ?\ght & appreciation    
until x is l>ge en\gh to include o!r    
peoples & times ?an 8 own4 ,= only 9 ?is
 way c he come to feel k9%ip ) ! race at
 l>ge1 & ?us save himself f prov9cialism
 & n>r[ness4  ,?is is equival5t to say+ 
t ! curriculum %\ld af=d ample          
opportunity = ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,nor %\ld
 ! hi/ory giv5 ! *ild deal *iefly ) !   
milit>y & political activities ( !      
nation4 ,_m text books h be5 little m   
?an an acc\nt ( w>s & politics4 ,^! are 
n ! aspects ( national life t mo/ int]e/
 & conc]n ! *ild1 especially at ! age :5
 he is 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,he %\ld at  
?is "t be told ab\t ! p ( 8 c\ntry1--_! 

home life1 _! indu/ries1 _! s*ools &    
*ur*es1 _! brav]y1 _! h>d%ips1          
adv5tures1 & a*ievem5ts4 ,he mu/ come to
 "k some?+ ( ! great m5 & wom5 ( 8      
,nation & ,/ate1 ! writ]s1 inv5tors1    
explor]s1 sci5ti/s1 arti/s1 & musicians1
 z well z ! soldi]s & /atesm54  ,n only 
does ?is require t ! *ild %all h        
suitable textbooks 9 hi/ory1 b t he %all
 also h an adequate libr>y ( int]e/+    
hi/ories1 biographies1 & hi/orical      
fiction adapt$ to 8 age & int]e/s4 ,= x 
is n en\gh t ! *ild %all le>n ! elem5t>y
 facts ( hi/ory :ile he is 9 ! elem5t>y 
s*ool2 m important /ill is x t he %all  
develop a real int]e/ 9 hi/ory1 & =m !  
ta/e = read+ hi/orical matt]4  ,! c\rse 
9 hi/ory mu/1 !re=e1 conta9 su* matt] z 
! *ild w love to read2 = only !n w x    
leave ! desire to read4 ,x mu/ s put a  
premium ^u patriotism1 loyalty to       
c\ntry1 & high-grade citiz5%ip t ! *ild 
%all feel ! impulse to emulate ! noble  
m5 & wom5 :o h contribut$ to our        
happ9ess & welf>e4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory1 ev5

 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 %\ld ev5tuate 9    
loyal1 effici5t citiz5%ip4  ,! civics   
taught 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld be v     
practical & concrete4 ,! age has n yet  
come = a /udy ( ! f$]al or /ate         
con/itution4 ,x is r ! functional aspect
 ( gov]nm5t t %\ld be pres5t$ at ?is    
"t--! po9ts ( contact ( s*ool di/rict1  
t[n%ip1 c\nty1 /ate & f$]al gov]nm5t ) !
 individual4 ,h[ ! s*ool is support$ &  
controll$2 h[ ! bridges are built &     
roads repair$2 ! "w ( t[n%ip & c\nty    
affairs2 ! p[]s & duties ( bo>ds (      
heal?2 ! "r ( fran*ise & ! use ( !      
ballot2 ! "w ( ! po/al sy/em2 ! mak+ &  
en=c+ ( laws1--^! & simil> topics sugge/
 :at ! *ild %\ld come to "k f ! /udy (  
civics4 ,! great problem "h is to       
influ5ce conduct 9 ! direction ( upright
 citiz5%ip1 & to give su* a k ( !       
ma*9]y1 especially ( local gov]nm5t1 z w
 lead to effici5t p>ticipation 9 its    
activities4  ,geography & nature /udy4  
,! rural s*ool has a great advantage ov]
 ! city s*ool 9 ! tea*+ ( geography &   

nature /udy4 ,= ! c\ntry *ild is clos]  
to ! e>? & its products ?an ! city *ild4
 ,! broad expanse ( nature is always    
be=e him2 life 9 its multiple =ms       
con/antly appeals to 8 eye & e>4 ,he    
wat*es ! se$s plant$1 & sees ! crops    
cultivat$ & h>ve/$4 ,he has a v concrete
 s5se ( ! e>? z ! home ( man1 &         
possesses a basis ( practical k =       
und]/&+ ! res\rces & products ( 8 own & 
o!r c\ntries4  ,geography %\ld1 !re=e1  
be "o ( ! mo/ vital & useful bran*es 9 !
 rural s*ool4 ,x is to beg9 :]ev] ! life
 ( ! *ild t\*es nature 9 8 imm$iate     
environm5t1 & proce$ f ?is on out to o!r
 p>ts ( 8 home l&1 & f9ally to all l&s4 
,b ! geography taught mu/ n be ( ! old  
cate*ism type1 :i* result$ 9 *ildr5     
committ+ to memory ! def9itions (       
geographical t]ms in/ead ( /udy+ ! real 
objects ready at h&4 ,x mu/ n conc]n    
itself ) ! pupil's le>n+ ! names &      
locations ( doz5s ( places &            
geographical =ms ( no p>ticul>          
importance1 in/ead ( com+ into imm$iate 

t\* ) natural environm5t & ) ! e>? 9 !  
l>g] s5se z x be>s ^u 8 own life4 ,!    
au?or has express$ ?is idea 9 ano!r     
place z foll[s3--  ,! cont5t ( geography
 is1 !re=e1 synonym\s ) ! cont5t ( !    
exp]i5ce ( ! *ild z relat$ to 8 own     
int]e/s & activities1 9 s f> z !y gr[   
out ( ! e>? z 8 home4 ,t[ns & cities    
beg9 ) ! ones ne>e/ at h&4 ,! concept ( 
riv]s has its rise 9 ! "o t fl[s pa/ !  
*ild's home4 ,valleys1 m\nta9s1 capes1 &
 bays are b modifications ( ^? t lie )9 
! circle ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4            
,g5]alizations mu/ come to be made1 b !y
 mu/ re/ ^u concrete & p>ticul> in/ances
 if !y are to con/itute a reality to !  
le>n]4  ,:at k9d ( p live 9 a c\ntry1   
:at !y "w at1 :at !y eat1 & h[ !y live 9
 _! homes & _! s*ools1 :at wea!r !y h1 &
 :at !y we>1 h[ !y travel & speak &     
read1--^! are m vital que/ions to ! *ild
 ?an ! names & locations ( unimportant  
/reams1 t[ns1 capes1 & bays4 ,= !y are !
 ?+s t t\* 8 own exp]i5ce1 & h5ce appeal
 to 8 int]e/4 ,only z geography is giv5 

?is social backgr\nd1 & conc]ns itself )
 ! e>? z relat$ to social activities1 c 
x fulfill its function 9 ! elem5t>y     
s*ool4#d  ,hygi5e & heal?4 ,s9ce heal?  
is at ! basis ( all success & happ9ess1 
no?+ c be m important 9 ! education ( ! 
*ild ?an ! subject ( practical hygi5e4  
,x has be5 ! cu/om 9 our s*ools until   
rec5tly1 h[ev]1 to give ! *ild a        
difficult & un9t]e/+ text book deal+ )  
physiology & anatomy1 b conta9+ almo/   
no?+ on hygi5e & ! laws ( heal?4  ,n    
only %\ld ! c\rse 9 physiology emphasize
 ! laws ( hygi5e1 b ?is hygi5e %\ld 9 "p
 h p>ticul> be>+ on "r liv+ "u !        
conditions impos$ by ! f>m4 ,food1 its  
v>iety1 adaptability1 & prep>ation2     
clo?+ = ! diff]5t seasons2 "w1          
recreation1 & play2 c>e ( ! eyes & tee?2
 ba?+2 ! v5tilation ( ! home1 &         
especially ( sleep+-rooms2 ! effects (  
tobacco & cig>ettes 9 *eck+ gr[? & r$uc+
 effici5cy2 ! m simple & obvi\s facts   
be>+ on ! relation ( bact]ia to ! gr[?1 
prep>ation1 & spoil+ ( foods2 ! means to

 be tak5 to prev5t bact]ial contagion ( 
diseases1--^! are "s ( ! practical      
matt]s t e *ild %\ld "k z a result ( 8  
/udy ( physiology & hygi5e4  ,b we mu/ g
 "o /ep fur!r /ill4 ,x is n en\gh to    
tea* ^! ?+s z matt]s ( ab/ract !ory or  
tru?4 ,pl5ty ( p "k bett] hygi5e ?an !y 
are practic+4 ,! subject mu/ be pres5t$ 
s concretely & effectively & be support$
 by su* inc5tives t x w actually lead to
 bett] habits ( liv+--t x w result 9    
high] physical effici5cy4  ,agriculture4
 ,agriculture is ( c\rse preem95tly a   
subject = ! rural s*ool4 ,n only is x ( 
imm$iate & direct practical importance1 
b x is com+ to be look$ ^u z s useful a 
cultural /udy t x is be+ introduc$ into 
_m city s*ools4  ,x has be5 object$ t   
agriculture z a sci5ce _c be taught 9 ! 
elem5t>y s*ool because ( ! lack ( age & 
developm5t ( ! pupils4 ,?is is true1 b  
nei!r c any o!r subject be taught to    
*ildr5 ( ?is age z a complete sci5ce4 ,x
 is possible1 h[ev]1 to give *ildr5 9 ! 
rural elem5t>y s*ool mu* useful         

in=mation conc]n+ agriculture4 ,p]haps  
bett] /ill1 x is possible to develop a  
sci5tific attitude & int]e/ t w lead to 
fur!r /udy ( ! subject 9 ! high s*ool or
 agricultural college1 & t w 9 ! mean-"t
 s]ve to atta* ! boys & girls to ! f>m4 
,! rural s*ool pupils c be made famili> 
) ! be/ modes ( plant+ & cultivat+ !    
v>i\s crops1 & ) ! diseases & insect    
enemies :i* ?reat5 !m2 ! selection (    
se$2 ! rotation ( crops1 & _m o!r       
practical ?+s apply+ directly to _! home
 life4 ,s*ool g>d5s ( vegetables & fl[]s
 con/itute ano!r c5t] ( int]e/ &        
in=mation1 & s]ve to unite ! s*ool & !  
home4  ,simil>ly ! animal life ( ! f>m c
 be /udi$1 & a k ga9$ ( ! be/ v>ieties (
 f>m /ock1 _! bre$+ & c>e4 ,insects &   
bird life c be obs]v$1 & _! "p 9 ! gr[? 
or de/ruction ( crops und]/ood4 ,all ?is
 is n only practicable1 b necess>y z "p 
( ! rural s*ool curriculum4 ,any?+ less 
?an ?is am\nt ( practical agriculture   
leaves ! rural s*ool 9 "s degree %ort ( 
fulfill+ its function4  ,dome/ic sci5ce 

& manual tra9+4 ,9 g5]al :at is true (  
agriculture is true ( dome/ic sci5ce &  
manual tra9+4 ,!y c be pres5t$ 9 !      
elem5t>y s*ool only 9 ! mo/ concrete &  
appli$ =m4 ,b !y c be successfully      
pres5t$ 9 ?is =m1 & mu/ be if ! rural   
s*ool *ild is to h an equal opportunity 
) ! t[n & city *ild4 ,! girls c be      
taught ! art ( sew+1 cook+1 & s]v+1 if  
only ! necess>y equipm5t & in/ruction   
are available4 ,!y are ready to le>n1 ! 
subject-matt] is adapt$ to _! age &     
und]/&+1 & no?+ c\ld be m vital to _!   
int]e/s & welf>e4  ,likewise ! boys c be
 taught ! use ( tools1 ! value & f9i%+ (
 diff]5t k9ds ( woods1 & c develop no   
little skill ) _! h&s1 :ile !y are at ! 
same "t receiv+ m5tal developm5t & !    
cultivation ( practical int]e/s f ?is   
l9e ( "w4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ a "q ( !     
read9ess ( ! boys to take up & pr(it by 
?is subject1 b is only a matt] (        
equipm5t & tea*+4  ,music & art4 ,nor   
%\ld ! f9] aspects ( culture be left out
 ( ! education ( ! c\ntry *ild4 ,he w   

le>n music z readily z ! city *ild1 &   
love x n less4 ,inde$1 he ne$s x ev5 m z
 a "p ( 8 s*ool+1 s9ce ! opportunities  
to he> & enjoy music are always at h& 9 
! city1 & ne>ly always lack+ 9 ! c\ntry4
 ,! *ild %\ld be taught to s+ & at lea/ 
to und]/& & appreciate music ( wor?y    
type4  ,! same pr9ciple w apply to art4 
,! great ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ & sculpture 
h z mu* ( beauty & inspiration 9 !m z ! 
great ma/]pieces ( lit]ature4 ,yet mo/  
rural *ildr5 complete _! s*ool+ h>dly   
hav+ se5 9 ! s*oolroom a wor?y copy ( a 
great picture1 & mu* less h !y be5      
taught ! significance ( great works (   
art or be5 l$ to appreciate & love !m4  
,physical tra9+4 ,x has be5 argu$ by _m 
t ! rural *ild has en\gh ex]cise & h5ce 
does n ne$ physical tra9+4 ,b ?is       
position entirely misconceives ! purpose
 ( physical tra9+4 ,"o may h pl5ty (    
ex]cise1 ev5 too mu* ex]cise1 )\t secur+
 a well-balanc$ physical developm5t4    
,inde$1 c]ta9 =ms ( f>m "w done by      
*ildr5 are (t5 s sev]e a tax on _! /r5g?

 t a corrective ex]cise is necess>y 9   
ord] to save /oop$ =ms1 curv$ sp9es1 &  
holl[ *e/s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! f>m *ild1     
lack+ ! opportunities ( ! city *ild =   
ga9+ social ease & control1 ne$s !      
developm5t t comes f physical tra9+ to  
give poise1 ease ( be>+1 & grace (      
movem5t4  ,nor mu/ ! a?letic phase (    
physical tra9+ be ov]look$4 ,:ile x is  
und\bt$ly true t a?letics h come to     
occupy too l>ge a "p ( ! "t & absorb too
 great a proportion ( ! int]e/ 9 _m     
s*ools1 yet ?is is no reason = omitt+   
avocational tra9+ :olly f ! rural s*ool4
 ,*ildr5 require ! tra9+ & developm5t t 
come f games & play q z mu* z !y ne$ t  
com+ f "w4 ,! s*ool owes a duty to !    
avocational side ( life z well z to !   
vocational4  ,! curriculum "h propos$ is
 s mu* broad] & ri*] ?an t n[ (f]$ 9 !  
rural di/rict s*ool t x w appe> to _m to
 be vision>y & impossible4 ,t x is      
impossible = ! old type ( rural s*ool w 
be readily admitt$4 ,b x is entirely    
practicable & possible 9 ! reorganiz$   

consolidat$ s*ool1 & is be+ successfully
 pres5t$1 9 its g5]al aspects1 at lea/1 
9 _m ( ^! s*ools4 ,x is only su* an     
education z e rural *ild is entitl$ to1 
& is no m ?an ! urban *ild is already   
receiv+ 9 ! bett] class ( t[n & city    
elem5t>y s*ools4 ,if ! rural s*ool _c   
give ! f>m *ild an elem5t>y education   
approximat+ ! "o out-l9$1 x has no claim
 on 8 loyalty or "t2 & he %\ld 9 ju/ice 
to himself be tak5 :]e he c receive a   
wor?y education1 ev5 if he is !reby lo/ 
to ! f>m4  ,b ! rural boy & girl ne$ n  
only a good elem5t>y education1 b a high
 s*ool education z well4 ,let u next    
consid] ! rural high s*ool curriculum4  
,! rural high s*ool curriculum  ,?is    
section is pres5t$ 9 ! full k t         
comp>atively few localities h z yet     
e/abli%$ ! rural high s*ool4 ,x n[ =ms1 
h[ev]1 an integral "p ( ! consolidat$   
rural s*ool 9 n a few places1 & is      
abundantly ju/ify+ ! exp5diture made ^u 
x4 ,9 o!r localities ! t5d5cy is gr[+ to
 s5d ! rural *ild to ! t[n high s*ool1  

or ev5 = ! family to move to t[n to     
secure high s*ool+ = ! *ildr54 ,9 /ill  
o!r cases1 & we are oblig$ to admit t ^!
 yet con/itute ! rule r ?an ! exception1
 ! f>m boy or girl has no opportunity = 
a high s*ool education4  ,if we succe$ 9
 work+ out ! s-call$ rural problem ( our
 c\ntry1 9 ma9ta9+ a high /&>d (        
agricultural population & rural life1 ! 
rural high s*ool mu/ be an important    
factor 9 our problem4 ,= ! *ildr5 ( our 
f>ms ne$ & mu/ h an education rea*+     
beyond t ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,& ?is     
s*ool+ mu/ prep>e !m to f9d ! mo/       
satisfactory & successful type ( life on
 ! f>m1 in/ead ( draw+ !m away f ! f>m4 
,x goes )\t say+ t ! rural high s*ool   
%\ld be an agricultural high s*ool4 ,?is
 does n mean t x %all devote itself     
exclusively to tea*+ agriculture2 b r t1
 :ile x (f]s a broad range ( culture &  
in=mation1 x %all emphasize ^? phases ( 
subject-matt] t w be/ fit into ! int]e/s
 & activities ( f>m life1 in/ead ( ^?   
phases t t5d to lead t[>d ! city or !   

m>ket-place4 ,its f\r ye>s ( "w mu/ be  
fully equal to t ( ! be/ t[n or city    
high s*ools1 b mu/ 9 "s degree be       
diff]5t "w4 ,x mu/ result 9 effici5cy1 &
 effici5cy "h mu/ relate itself to      
agricultural life & pursuits4  ,a       
detail$ discussion ( ! rural high s*ool 
curriculum w n be requir$4 ,! pr9ciples 
already sugge/$ z apply+ to ! elem5t>y  
s*ool w gov]n "h z well4 ,! /udies mu/  
cultivate bread? ( view & a wide range (
 int]e/s1 & mu/ at ! same "t be> ^u !   
imm$iate life & exp]i5ce ( ! pupils4 ,! 
l9es ( /udy begun 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool w  
be cont9u$1 ) ! purpose ( secur+ deep]  
insight1 m detail$ k1 & great]          
indep5d5ce ( judgm5t & action4  ,engli% 
%\ld =m an important "p ( ! curriculum1 
) ! d\ble aim ( secur+ facility 9 ! use 
( ! "m tongue & ( develop+ a love = its 
lit]ature4 ,! rural high s*ool graduate 
%\ld be able to write ,engli% correctly 
z to spell+1 punctuation1 & gramm>2 he  
%\ld be able to express himself         
effectively1 ei!r 9 writ+1 conv]sation1 

or ! m =mal spee* ( ! ro/rum4 ,above    
all1 he %\ld be an en?usia/ic &         
discrim9at+ read]1 ) a ca?olicity ( ta/e
 & int]e/ t w lead him beyond !         
agricultural j\rnal & newspap]1         
important z ^! are1 to ! works (        
fiction1 mat]ial & social sci5ce1 travel
 & biography1 curr5t magaz9es & j\rnals1
 & :atev] else belongs to ! intellectual
 life ( an intellig5t1 educat$ man (    
affairs4  ,?is is ask+ m ?an is be+     
accompli%$ at pres5t by ! c\rse 9       
,engli% 9 ! t[n high s*ool1 b n m ?an is
 easily )9 ! range ( possibility4 ,!    
av]age high s*ool graduate ( to-day _c  
always spell & punctuate correctly1 &   
commonly _c write well ev5 an ord9>y    
bus9ess lett]2 nor1 x mu/ be fe>$1 has 8
 /udy ( lit]ature _h a v great influ5ce 
9 develop+ him into a good read] ( wor?y
 books4  ,b all ?is c be rem$i$ by      
vitaliz+ ! tea*+ ( ! "m tongue2 by      
less5+ ! proportion ( "t & emphasis     
plac$ ^u critical analysis & te*nical   
lit]>y criticism1 & increas+ t giv5 to !

 drill & practice t alone c make sure ( 
! fundam5tals ( spell+1 punctuation1 & !
 common =ms ( composition emphasiz$ by  
all2 & by ! sympa!tic1 en?usia/ic tea*+ 
( good lit]ature adapt$ to ! age &      
int]e/s ( ! pupils f ! /&po9t ( syn!tic 
appreciation & enjoym5t1 r ?an f !      
/&po9t ( me*anical analysis4  ,! rural  
high s*ool c\rse 9 social sci5ce %\ld be
 broad & ?or\gh4 ,! c\rse 9 hi/ory %\ld 
n give an undue proportion ( "t to      
anci5t & m$ieval hi/ory1 nor to w> &    
politics4 ,emphasis %\ld be plac$ on !  
social1 indu/rial1 & economic phases (  
human developm5t 9 mod]n times & 9 our  
own c\ntry4  ,political economy %\ld =m 
an important bran*4 ,especially %\ld x  
deal ) ! problems ( production1         
di/ribution1 & consumption z !y relate  
to agriculture4 ,matt]s ( f9ance1       
taxation1 & inve/m5t1 :ile re/+ on g5]al
 pr9ciples1 %\ld be appli$ to ! problems
 ( ! f>m4 ,nor %\ld ! economic basis (  
support & exp5diture 9 ! home be        
ov]look$4  ,! c\rse 9 civics %\ld n only

 pres5t ! g5]al !ory ( gov]nm5t1 b %\ld 
apply concretely to ! civic relations & 
duties ( a rural population4 ,especially
 %\ld x appeal to ! civic consci5ce &   
s5se ( responsibility :i* we ne$ among  
our rural p to make ! c\ntry an antidote
 to ! political corruption ( ! city4    
,mat]ial sci5ce %\ld con/itute an       
important section ( ! rural high s*ool  
curriculum4 ,n only does its /udy af=d  
"o ( ! be/ means ( m5tal developm5t1 b !
 subject-matt] ( sci5ce has a v direct  
be>+ on ! life & indu/ries ( ! f>m4 ,to 
a*ieve ! be/ results1 h[ev]1 ! sci5ce   
taught mu/ be pres5t$ f ! concrete &    
appli$ po9t ( view r ?an f ! ab/ract &  
g5]al4 ,?is does n mean t a hodge-podge 
( unrelat$ facts %all be taught 9 !     
place ( sci5ce2 inde$1 su* a me?od w\ld 
defeat ! :ole purpose ( ! c\rse4 ,x     
means1 h[ev]1 t ! g5]al laws & pr9ciples
 ( sci5ce %all be c>ri$ out to _!       
practical be>+ on ! problems ( ! home & 
! f>m1 & n be left j z g5]al laws or    
ab/ract pr9ciples unappli$4  ,! botany &

 zology ( ! rural high s*ool w1 ( c\rse1
 h a /rong agricultural tr5d4 ,x w      
sacrifice ! old logical classifications 
& /udy ( g5]ic types ( animals & plants 
= ! m int]e/+ & useful /udy ( ! fauna & 
flora ( ! locality4 ,! v>i\s f>m crops1 
_! we$ enemies1 ! helpful & h>mful      
insects & birds1 ! animal life ( !      
b>ny>d1 horticulture & floriculture1 & !
 elem5ts ( bact]iology1 w con/itute     
important elem5ts 9 ! c\rse4  ,! c\rse 9
 physics w develop ! g5]al pr9ciples ( !
 subject1 & w !n apply ^! pr9ciples to !
 ma*9]y ( ! f>m1 to ! heat+1 light+1 &  
v5tilation ( h\ses1 to ! dra9age ( soil1
 ! plumb+ ( build+s1 & a hundr$ o!r     
practical problems be>+ on ! life ( !   
f>m4 ,*emi/ry w be taught z relat$ to ! 
home1 foods1 soils1 & crops4 ,a concrete
 geology w lead to a bett] und]/&+ (    
soils1 build+ mat]ials1 & dra9age4      
,physiology & hygi5e w seek z _! aim    
long] life & high] p]sonal effici5cy4   
,! c\rse 9 agriculture1 :e!r pres5t$    
sep>ately or 9 conjunction ) botany &   

zology1 mu/ be compreh5sive & ?or\gh4 ,n
 only %\ld x give a complete & practical
 k ( ! selection ( se$2 ! plant+1       
cultivat+1 & h>ve/+ ( crops2 !          
improvem5t & cons]vation ( ! soil2 !    
bre$+ & c>e ( /ock1 etc41 b x mu/ s]ve  
to create & develop a sci5tific attitude
 t[>d f>m+4 ,! f>m] %\ld come to look ^u
 8 "w z (f]+ ! l>ge/ opportunities = !  
employm5t ( te*nical k1 judgm5t1 &      
skill4 ,t su* an attitude w yield l>ge  
returns 9 success is atte/$ by _m f>m]s 
to-day :o are apply+ sci5tific me?ods to
 _! "w4  ,manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce 
%\ld receive especial emphasis 9 ! rural
 high s*ool4 ,bo? subjects h und\bt$    
educational value 9 !mselves1 & _!      
practical value & importance to ^? look+
 =w>d to f>m life c h>dly be            
ov]-e/imat$4 ,& 9 ^! z 9 o!r subjects1 !
 c\rse (f]$ w ne$ to be modifi$ f t ( ! 
city s*ool 9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts 
( ! p>ticul> problems to :i* ! k & tra9+
 secur$ are to be appli$4  ,ma!matics   
%\ld =m a "p ( ! rural high s*ool       

curriculum1 b ! traditional c\rses 9    
algebra & geometry d n meet ! ne$4 ,!   
ideal c\rse w\ld probably be a skillful 
comb9ation ( algebra1 geometry1 &       
trigonometry occupy+ ! "t ( "o or two   
ye>s1 & appli$ directly to ! problems ( 
me*anics1 measurem5ts1 survey+1 eng9e]+1
 & build+ on ! f>m4 ,su* an idea is n   
new1 & textbooks are n[ "u way provid+  
mat]ial = su* a c\rse4  ,9 addition1 !re
 %\ld be a ?or\gh c\rse 9 practical     
bus9ess ari?metic4 ,by ?is is n meant ! 
ab/ract1 analytical matt] s (t5 taught z
 high s*ool ari?metic1 b concrete &     
appli$ comm]cial & indu/rial ari?metic1 
) p>ticul> ref]5ce to f>m problems4 ,9  
connection ) ?is subject %\ld be giv5 a 
c\rse 9 h\sehold acc\nts1 & book-keep+1 
includ+ comm]cial =ms & comm]cial law4  
,x is d\btful :e!r =eign language has   
any place 9 ! rural high s*ool4 ,if (f]$
 at all1 x %\ld be only 9 high s*ools   
/rong en\gh to (f] p>allel c\rses =     
election1 & %\ld nev] displace !        
subjects ly+ clos] to ! int]e/s & ne$s (

 ! /ud5ts4  ,! /udy ( music & art begun 
9 ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld be cont9u$ 9 !  
high s*ool1 & a love = ! beautiful      
cultivat$ n only by ! matt] taught1 b   
also by ! /hetic qualities ( ! s*ool    
build+s & gr\nds & _! decoration4 ,on ! 
practical sides ^! subjects w rea* out  
to ! beautify+ ( ! f>m homes & ! life !y
 %elt]4  ,:5 a well-taught curriculum ( 
"s su* scope ( elem5t>y & high s*ool "w 
z t sugge/$ is z freely available to !  
f>m *ild z 8 s*ool is available to !    
city *ild1 w ! c\ntry boys & girls h a  
fair *ance = education4 ,& :5 ?is comes 
ab\t1 ! greate/ s+le ob/acle to keep+   
our "y p on ! f>m w h be5 remov$4       
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #d3 ,social     
,pr9ciples ( ,education1 p4 #bfd4       
,,iv  ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,rural       
,,s*ool  ,! importance ( tea*+   ,tea*+ 
is ! fundam5tal purpose = :i* ! s*ool is
 run4 ,taxes are levi$ & collect$1      
build+s erect$ & equipp$1 & curriculum  
organiz$ solely t tea*+ may g on4       
,*ildr5 are clo!d & f$ & s5t to s*ool   

in/ead ( be+ put at "w 9 ord] t !y may  
be taught4 ,! s*ool is classifi$ into   
grades1 programs are arrang$1 &         
regulations are en=c$ only to make tea*+
 possible4 ,normal s*ools are e/abli%$1 
tea*]s are tra9$1 & c]tificates requir$ 
9 ord] t tea*+ may be m effici5t4  ,!   
tea*] confronts a great task4 ,on ! "o  
h& are ! *ildr51 ignorant1 immature1 &  
undevelop$4 ,9 !m lie ready to be call$ 
=? all ! p[]s & capacities t w *>act]ize
 _! fully rip5$ manhood & womanhood4    
,giv5 ! "r /imulus & direction1 ^! p[]s 
w gr[ into spl5did /r5g? & capacity2    
lack+ ?is /imulus & guidance1 ! p[]s are
 left crippl$ & incomplete4  ,on ! o!r  
h& is ! subject-matt] ( education1 !    
h]itage ( culture :i* has be5 accumulat+
 ?r\gh ! ages4 ,9 ! sl[ process ( human 
exp]i5ce1 runn+ ?r\gh c\ntless          
g5]ations1 m5 h made _! discov]ies 9 !  
fields ( ma!matics & sci5ce2 !y h liv$  
great ev5ts & a*ievem5ts :i* h become   
hi/ory2 !y h develop$ ! social          
in/itutions :i* we call ! ,/ate1 ! *ur*1

 ! home1 & ! s*ool2 !y h organiz$ great 
indu/ries & c>ri$ on complex vocations2 
!y h cry/alliz$ _! ideals1 _! hopes1 &  
_! aspirations 9 lit]ature2 & h ) bru% &
 *isel express$ 9 art _! concepts ( tru?
 & beauty4 ,! be/ ( all ?is human       
exp]i5ce we h collect$ 9 :at we call a  
curriculum1 & plac$ x be=e ! *ild = him 
to ma/]1 z ! g5]ations be=e him h ma/]$ 
x 9 _! common lives4 ,= only 9 ?is way c
 ! *ild come into full possession ( 8   
p[]s1 & set !m at "w 9 a fruitful way 9 
accompli%+ 8 own life-purpose4  ,x is ! 
function ( ! tea*]1 !re=e1 to /& z an   
int]m$i>y1 z an int]pret]1 betwe5 ! *ild
 & ?is great mass ( subject-matt] t lies
 ready = him to le>n4 ,! race has liv$  
its ?\s&s or millions ( ye>s2 !         
individual lives b a few score4 ,:at =m]
 g5]ations took c5turies to "w out !    
*ild c sp5d only a few mon?s or a few   
ye>s ^u4 ,h5ce he mu/ wa/e no "t &      
opportunity2 he mu/ make no false /ep 9 
8 le>n+1 = he _c 9 8 %ort life retrieve 
8 mi/akes4 ,x is ! "w ( ! tea*]1 ?r\gh  

in/ruction & guidance1 t is1 ?r\gh      
tea*+1 to save ! *ild "t 9 8 le>n+ &    
developm5t1 & to make sure t he does n  
lose 8 opportunity4 ,& ?is is a great   
responsibility4  ,?us ! tea*] confronts 
a problem t has two great factors1 !    
*ild & ! subject-matt]4 ,he mu/ h a k ( 
bo? ^! factors if 8 "w is to be         
effective2 = he _c tea* matt] t he does 
n "k1 & nei!r c he tea* a p]son ^:      
nature he does n und]/&4 ,b 9 addition  
to a k ( ^! factors1 ! tea*] mu/ also   
ma/] a te*nique ( in/ruction1 he mu/    
tra9 himself 9 ! art ( tea*+4  ,! tea*] 
mu/ "k ! *ild4 ,x has be5 a r common    
impression t if "o kn[s a c]ta9 field ( 
subject-matt]1 he w surely be able to   
tea* x to o!rs4 ,b no?+ c\ld be fur!r f 
! tru? ?an su* an assumption4 ,inde$1 x 
is prov]bial t ! great speciali/s are ! 
mo/ wret*$ tea*]s ( _! subjects4 ,!     
nature ( ! *ild's m5tal p[]s1 ! ord] (  
_! unfoldm5t1 ! evolution ( 8 int]e/s1 !
 inc5tives t appeal to him1 ! dang]     
po9ts 9 bo? 8 intellectual & 8 moral    

developm5t1--^! & _m o!r ?+s ab\t *ild  
nature ! intellig5t tea*] mu/ cle>ly    
und]/&4  ,& ! tea*] ( ! y\ng] *ildr5    
ne$s ?is k ev5 m ?an ! tea*] ( old]     
ones4 ,= ! e>li] ye>s ( ! *ild's s*ool+ 
are ! mo/ important ye>s4 ,x is at ?is  
"t t he lays ! f\ndation = all lat]     
le>n+1 t he =ms 8 habits ( /udy & 8     
attitude t[>d education1 & t 8 life is  
giv5 ! b5t = all its lat] developm5t4   
,no?+ c be m irrational1 !re=e1 ?an to  
put ! mo/ untra9$ & inexp]i5c$ tea*]s 9 
*>ge ( ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,! fallaci\s     
notion t anyone c tea* little *ildr5 has
 borne tragic fruit 9 ! /agnation &     
m$iocrity ( _m lives ^: p[]s 7 capable (
 great a*ievem5ts4  ,! tea*] mu/ "k !   
subject-matt]4 ,! bl9d _c successfully  
lead ! bl9d4 ,"o ^: grasp ( a subject   
ext5ds only to ! simple/ rudim5ts _c    
tea* ^! rudim5ts4 ,he :o has nev]       
himself explor$ a field c h>dly guide   
o!rs ?r\gh t field2 at lea/1 progress   
?r\gh ! field w be at ! co/ ( great wa/e
 ( "t & failure to grasp ! significance 

or beauty ( :at ! field conta9s4        
,express$ m concretely1 x is impossible 
to transplant ari?metic1 or geography1  
or hi/ory1 or any?+ else t "o w\ld tea*1
 imm$iately f ! textbook into ! m9d ( ! 
*ild4 ,! subject mu/ fir/ come to be v  
fully & completely a true possession ( !
 tea*]4 ,! successful tea*] mu/ also "k 
va/ly m ( a subject ?an he is requir$ to
 tea*4 ,= only !n has he fre$om2 only !n
 has he outlook & p]spective2 only !n c 
he tea* ! subject1 & n "s p>ticul>      
textbook2 only !n c he inspire o!rs to  
ef=t & a*ievem5t ?r\gh 8 own ma/]y &    
int]e/4 ,en?usiasm is caught & n taught4
  ,! tea*] mu/ "k ! te*nique (          
in/ruction4 ,= tea*+ is an art1 bas$ ^u 
sci5tific pr9ciples & requir+ practice  
to secure skill4 ,"o ( ! greate/ tasks (
 ! tea*] is to psy*ologize !            
subject-matt] = 8 pupils1--t is1 s to   
select1 organize1 & pres5t x t ! *ild's 
m9d naturally & easily grasps &         
appropriates x4 ,tea*+1 :5 x has become 
an art1 :i* is to say1 :5 ! tea*] has   

become an arti/1 is "o ( ! mo/ highly   
skill$ vocations4 ,x is z mu* m         
difficult ?an m$ic9e z ! human m9d is m 
baffl+ ?an ! human body2 x is z mu* m   
difficult ?an prea*+ z ! *ild is h>d] to
 compreh5d & guide ?an ! adult2 x is z  
mu* m difficult ?an ! law z life is m   
complex ?an logic4  ,yet1 :ile we       
require ! highe/ type ( prep>ation =    
m$ic9e1 ! m9i/ry1 or ! law1 we require b
 little = tea*+4 ,we pay enorm\s sal>ies
 to tra9$ exp]ts to apply ! pr9ciples ( 
sci5tific managem5t to our indu/ries or 
our bus9ess1 b we h be5 satisfi$ )      
inexp]t s]vice = ! tea*+ ( our *ildr54  
,we are mak+ =tunes out ( ! /oppage (   
wa/e 9 our factories1 b all[+ enorm\s   
wa/e to cont9ue 9 our s*ools4 ,if we 7  
to put into practice 9 tea*+ ! ?or\ghly 
demon/rat$ & accept$ sci5tific pr9ciples
 ( education z we "k !m1 we c\ld beyond 
d\bt d\ble ! educational results atta9$ 
by our *ildr54   ,tea*+ 9 ! rural s*ool 
,! criticisms j made on our /&>ds (     
tea*+ w apply 9 "s degree to all our    

s*ools f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! univ]sity2 b !y
 apply m /rongly to ! rural s*ools ?an  
to any o!r class4 ,= ! rural s*ools are 
! tra9+-gr\nd = "y1 inexp]i5c$1 &       
relatively unprep>$ tea*]s4 ,except = ! 
comp>atively small proportion ( ! t[n or
 city tea*]s :o are normal s*ool or     
college tra9$1 ne>ly all h s]v$ an      
appr5tice%ip 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,?us !   
rural s*ool1 besides its o!r h&icaps1 is
 call$ ^u to tra9 tea*]s = ! m favor$   
urban s*ools4  ,c>eful /ati/ical        
/udies#e h %[n t _m rural tea*]s1 bo? m5
 & wom51 h _h no tra9+ beyond t ( !     
elem5t>y s*ool4 ,& n infrequ5tly ?is    
tra9+ has tak5 place 9 ! rural s*ool ( !
 type 9 :i* !y !mselves take up tea*+4  
,! av]age s*ool+ ( ! m5 tea*+ 9 ! rural 
s*ools ( ! entire c\ntry is less ?an two
 ye>s above ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & ( wom51 
slightly m ?an two ye>s4 ,?is is to say 
t our rural s*ools are taught by ^? :o h
 _h only ab\t half ( a high s*ool c\rse4
  ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! rural tea*]  
_c meet ! requirem5t urg$ above 9 ! way 

( prep>ation4 ,he does n "k 8           
subject-matt]4 ,n only has he n gone f> 
en\gh 9 8 education to h a sub/antial   
f\ndation1 bread? ( view1 & m5tal       
p]spective1 b he frequ5tly lacks 9 !    
simple/ rudim5ts ( ! imm$iate           
subject-matt] :i* he is suppos$ to tea*4
 ,! exam9ation pap]s writt5 by          
applicants = c]tificates to beg9 rural  
s*ool tea*+ (t5 betray a w(ul ignorance 
( ! mo/ fundam5tal k4 ,inability to     
spell1 punctuate1 or effectively use !  
,engli% language is common4 ,! mo/      
elem5t>y sci5tific tru?s are frequ5tly  
unkn[n4 ,a connect$ view ( our nation's 
hi/ory & k ( curr5t ev5ts are n always  
possess$4 ,! great _w ( lit]ature is too
 (t5 a clos$ book4 ,& n seldom ! simple 
relations ( ari?metical numb] are beyond
 ! grasp ( ! applicant4 ,9 %ort1 our    
rural s*ools1 z !y av]age1 require no   
adequate prep>ation ( ! tea*]1 & d n    
repres5t z mu* education 9 _! tea*+ =ce 
z t ne$$ by ! intellig5t f>m]1 m]*ant1  
or tradesman4  ,! rural tea*] does n "k 

! *ild4 ,b little m ?an *ildr5 !mselves1
 & ) little *ance = obs]vation or =     
exp]i5ce 9 life1 x w\ld be /range if !y 
did4 ,!y h _h no opportunity =          
pr(essional /udy1 & psy*ology & ! sci5ce
 ( education are unkn[n to !m4 ,!       
attempts made to rem$y ?is fatal        
weakness by ! desultory read+ ( a volume
 or two 9 a volunt>y read+-circle c\rse 
d n s]ve ! purpose4 ,! tea*] ne$s a     
?or\gh c\rse ( in/ruction 9 g5]al &     
appli$ psy*ology1 "u ! tutelage ( an    
en?usia/ic exp]t :o n only kn[s 8       
subject1 b also und]/&s ! problems ( !  
tea*]4  ,! rural tea*] does n "k !      
te*nique ( ! s*oolroom4 ,! organiz+ ( a 
s*ool1 ! prop] classification ( pupils1 
! assignm5t ( /udies1 ! arrangem5t ( a  
program ( /udies & recitation1 !        
applications ( suitable regulations &   
rules = ! runn+ ( ! s*ool1 are all      
matt]s requir+ exp]t k & skill4 ,yet !  
rural tea*] has to und]take !m )\t      
in/ruction 9 _! pr9ciples & )\t         
sup]visory guidance or help4 ,no wond] t

 ! rural s*ool is poorly organiz$ &     
manag$4 ,x pres5ts problems (           
adm9i/ration m puzzl+ ?an ! t[n s*ool1 &
 yet "h is :]e we put out our novices1  
boys & girls n yet out ( _! te5s--"y p  
:o !mselves h no concept ( ! problems ( 
! s*ool1 no k ( its complex ma*9]y1 & no
 exp]i5ce to s]ve z a guide 9 confront+ 
_! "w4 ,no indu/rial ent]prise c\ld exi/
 "u su* irrational conditions2 & nei!r  
c\ld ! s*ools1 except t m5tal wa/e &    
bankruptcy are h>d] to measure ?an      
economic4  ,nor does ! rural tea*] "k ! 
te*nique ( in/ruction any bett] ?an t ( 
organization & managem5t4 ,! skillful   
conduct+ ( a recitation is at lea/ z    
sev]e a te/ ^u m5tal res\rcefulness &   
skill z mak+ a spee*1 prea*+ a s]mon1 or
 conduct+ a lawsuit4 ,= n only mu/ !    
subject-matt] be organiz$ = immature    
m9ds unus$ to ! =mal processes ( le>n+1 
b ! effects ( in/ruction ^u ! *ild's m9d
 mu/ con/antly be wat*$ by ! tea*] &    
int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to fur!r in/ruction4
 ,?is skill _c be atta9$ empirically1 by

 ! cut-&-dri$ me?od1 except at a        
frightful co/ to ! *ildr54 ,x is z if we
 7 to turn a set ( intellig5t b untra9$ 
m5 loose 9 ! community ) _! scalpels &  
_! m$ic9e cases to le>n to be surgeons &
 doctors by exp]im5t+ ^u _! fell[s4  ,z 
w\ld naturally be expect$1 !re=e1 !     
tea*+ 9 ! av]age rural s*ool is a dre>y 
r\nd ( ineffici5cy4 ,h&icapp$ to beg9 ) 
by classes too small to be int]e/+1 !   
rural tea*] is me*anically he>+ !       
recitations ( "s tw5ty-five to ?irty (  
^! classes p] day4 ,lack+ at ! beg9n+ ! 
bread? ( education t w\ld make tea*+    
easy1 he f9ds x impossible to prep>e = s
 _m diff]5t ex]cises daily4 ,! result is
 t ! recitations are dull1 spiritless1  
un9t]e/+4 ,! lessons are poorly prep>$  
by ! pupils1 poorly recit$1 & h5ce v    
imp]fectly ma/]$4 ,! m advanc$ "w _c /& 
on su* a f\ndation ( s&1 & s1 disc\rag$1
 ! *ild soon drops out ( s*ool4  ,:5 x  
is also rememb]$ t ! t5ure ( s]vice ( ! 
tea*] is v %ort 9 ! rural s*ools1 !     
problem becomes all ! m grave4 ,! av]age

 t]m ( s]vice 9 ! rural s*ools is       
probably n above two ye>s1 & 9 _m ,/ates
 consid]ably bel[ ?is am\nt4 ,?is       
requires t half ( ! rural tea*]s ea* ye>
 %all be beg9n]s4 ,x w be impossible1 ( 
c\rse1 z long z tea*+ is done s l>gely  
by girls1 :o naturally w1 & %\ld1 soon  
quit tea*+ = m>riage1 to secure a long  
p]iod ( s]vice 9 ! vocation4 ,yet !     
rural s*ool is1 z we h se51 also        
con/antly los+ its tra9$ tea*]s to ! t[n
 & city1 & h5ce break+ 9 m ?an its %>e (
 novices4  ,add$ to ! disadvantage      
inevitably com+ f ! brief p]iod ( s]vice
 9 tea*+ is a simil> "o gr[+ out ( a    
faulty me?od ( adm9i/ration4 ,9 a l>ge  
majority ( our rural s*ools ! contract  
is made = b "o t]m ( n m ?an ?ree mon?s4
 ,?is leaves ! tea*] free to accept     
ano!r s*ool at ! end ( ! t]m1 & n       
infrequ5tly a s*ool w h two or ev5 ?ree 
diff]5t tea*]s )9 ! same ye>4 ,!re is a 
great s\rce ( wa/e at ?is po9t1 ow+ to a
 *ange ( me?ods1 repetition ( "w1 & !   
necessity ( />t+ a new sy/em ( s*ool    

ma*9]y4 ,indu/rial conc]ns w\ld h>dly   
f9d x pr(itable to *ange sup]9t5d5ts &  
=em5 sev]al times a ye>4 ,we d ?is 9 our
 s*ools only because we h n yet le>n$ t 
x pays to apply rational bus9ess me?ods 
to education4  ,no?+ t has be5 said 9   
criticism ( rural tea*+ ought to be     
con/ru$ z a reflection on ! rural tea*]s
 p]sonally4 ,! fact t !y c succe$ z well
 z !y d "u conditions t are s adv]se is 
! be/ w>rant = _! intellig5ce &         
devotion4 ,x is n _! fault t !y beg9    
tea*+ ) inadequate k ( subject-matt]1 ) 
ignorance ( ! nature ( *ildhood1 & )\t  
skill 9 ! te*nique ( ! s*oolroom4 ,!    
sy/em1 & n ! individual1 is at fault4 ,!
 public dem&s a pitifully l[ /&>d (     
effici5cy 9 rural tea*+1 & ! excell5ce (
 ! product (f]$ is n likely greatly to  
surpass :at society asks & is ready to  
pay =4  ,once aga9 we mu/ turn to !     
consolidat$ s*ool z ! solution ( our    
difficulty4 ,! isolat$ di/rict s*ool w n
 be able to dem& & secure a wor?y grade 
( prep>ation = tea*+4 ,! educational    

/&>ds w n rise high en\gh "u ?is sy/em  
to create a public dem& = skill$ tea*]s4
 ,nor c su* sal>ies be paid z w enc\rage
 ?or\gh & ext5sive /udy & prep>ation =  
tea*+4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! pr(essional        
inc5tives are n suffici5tly /rong 9 su* 
s*ools to create a true craft _s t[>d   
tea*+4  ,:ile x is impossible to measure
 ! improv$ results 9 tea*+ com+ f !     
consolidat$ s*ool 9 ! same objective way
 t we c measure increas$ att5dance1 yet 
!re is no d\bt t "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts
 = ! consolidat$ s*ool is its m skillful
 & inspir+ tea*+4 ,! increas$ sal>ies1 !
 possibility ( pr(essional association )
 o!r tea*]s1 ! improv$ equipm5t1 ! bett]
 sup]vision1 & above all1 ! _s (        
progress & en?usiasm 9 ! s*ool itself1  
all s]ve to trans=m tea*+ f a treadmill 
r\t9e into a joyful opportunity =       
inspiration & s]vice4   ,! tra9+ ( rural
 tea*]s  ,! tra9+ ( ! rural tea*] has   
nev] be5 giv5 ! same consid]ation z t ( 
t[n or city tea*]s4 ,x is true t normal 
s*ools are available to all alike1 & t 9

 a few ,/ates ! rural s*ools secure a   
consid]able numb] ( tea*]s :o h _h "s   
normal tra9+4 ,b ?is is ! exception r   
?an ! rule4 ,9 ! ,middle ,we/]n ,/ates1 
= example1 :]e !re is a ri* agricultural
 population1 :ole c\nties c be f\nd 9   
:i* no rural tea*] has ev] _h any       
special tra9+ = 8 "w4 ,pr(essional      
requirem5ts h be5 on a p> ) ! meag]     
sal>ies paid1 & o!r inc5tives h n be5   
/rong en\gh to insure adequate          
prep>ation4  ,/ate normal s*ools h1     
!re=e1 be5 ( comp>atively little        
assi/ance 9 fitt+ tea*]s = ! rural      
s*ool4 ,fir/ ( all ! rural s*ool tea*]  
ord9>ily does n g to ! normal s*ool1 = x
 is n dem&$ ( him4 ,aga91 if p]*ance a  
prospective rural tea*] %\ld att5d a    
normal s*ool1 a t[n or city grade       
position is usually wait+ = him :5 he   
graduates4 ,=1 9 spite ( ! gr[? ( our   
normal s*ools1 !y are z yet f> f be+    
able to supply all ! tea*]s requir$ = ! 
urban grade positions1 to say no?+ ab\t 
! rural s*ools4 ,! colleges &           

univ]sities are1 ( c\rse1 /ill fur!r    
remov$ f ! rural s*ool1 s9ce ! high     
s*ools /& ready to employ ^? ( _!       
graduates :o ent] ^u tea*+4  ,9 "s      
,/ates1 z = example1 ,wiscons91 c\nty   
normal s*ools h be5 e/abli%$ ) ! special
 aim ( prep>+ tea*]s = ! rural s*ools4  
,:ile ?is movem5t has help$1 x does n   
promise to secure wide acceptance z a   
me?od ( deal+ ) ! problem4 ,great]      
possibilities und\bt$ly exi/ 9 !        
comp>atively rec5t movem5t t[>d comb9+  
normal tra9+ ) ! regul> high s*ool      
c\rse4 ,provision = su* c\rses n[ exi/s 
9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1      
,texas1 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1       
,nebraska1 & a numb] ( o!r ,/ates4      
,comb9+ normal tra9+ ) high s*ool       
education has fir/ ( all ! advantage (  
br++ su* tra9+ to prospective tea*]s1   
in/ead ( requir+ ! tea*]s to leave home 
& incur additional exp5se 9 seek+ _!    
tra9+4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! public x has !   
m]it ( economy1 9 t x utilizes build+s1 
equipm5t1 & organization already 9      

exi/5ce in/ead ( requir+ new4  ,b :atev]
 may be ! me?od employ$1 ! rural tea*]s 
%\ld receive bett] prep>ation = _! "w   
?an !y n[ h4 ,?is means1 fir/1 t ! ,/ate
 mu/ make adequate provision = ! tea*]  
to receive 8 tra9+ at a m9imum ( exp5se 
& tr\ble2 & second1 t ! /&>d (          
requirem5t mu/ be su* t ! tea*] w be    
oblig$ to secure adequate prep>ation    
be=e be+ admitt$ to ! s*ool4 ,ev5 ) !   
pres5t /atus ( our rural s*ools x is n  
too mu* to require t e tea*] %all h _h  
at lea/ a f\r-ye> high s*ool education1 
& t a reasonable am\nt ( normal tra9+ be
 _h ei!r 9 conjunction ) ! high s*ool   
c\rse1 or subsequ5t to its completion4  
,indiana1 = example1 has f\nd ?is       
requirem5t entirely feasible1 & a great 
influ5ce 9 bett]+ ! tone ( ! rural      
s*ool4  ,:]ev] ! rural tea*] secures 8  
tra9+1 h[ev]1 "o condition mu/ obta93   
?is prep>ation mu/ famili>ize him ) ! _s
 & ne$s ( ! agricultural community1 &   
imbue him ) en?usiasm = s]vice 9 ?is    
field4 ,x is n infrequ5tly ! case t t[n 

high s*ool graduates1 !mselves nev] hav+
 liv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 possess nei!r !       
sympa?y nor ! und]/&+ necess>y to enable
 !m to (f] a high grade ( s]vice 9 !    
rural s*ool4 ,n a few ( !m feel above ! 
"w ( su* a position1 & look ) contempt  
or pity ^u ! life ( ! f>m4 ,! successful
 rural tea*] mu/ be able to id5tify     
himself v completely ) ! int]e/s &      
activities ( ! community2 nor c ?is be  
done 9 any half-he>t$1 s5tim5tal1 or    
pr(essional mann]4 ,x mu/ be a          
spontane\s & natural response aris+ f a 
true int]e/ 9 ! p1 a k ( _! lives1 & a  
s9c]e desire = _! welf>e4 ,any          
prep>ation t does n result 9 ?is _s1 &  
tra9 9 ! ability to realize x 9 action1 
does n fit = ! rural s*ool4   ,sal>ies (
 rural tea*]s  ,! sal>ies paid tea*]s 9 
g5]al 9 diff]5t types ( s*ools are "o   
measure1 ?\gh n a p]fect "o1 ( _!       
effici5cy4 ,sal>y is n a p]fect measure 
( effici5cy1 7#a7 because economic      
ability to pay is a modify+ influ5ce4   
,:5 ! e>ly ,new ,engl& tea*] 0 receiv+  

t5 or twelve doll>s a mon? & bo>d+ r\nd1
 he 0 probably gett+ all t ! community  
c\ld af=d to pay him1 al?\gh he 0 (t5 a 
college /ud5t1 & n infrequ5tly a        
well-tra9$ graduate4 ,! sal>ies paid 9 !
 v>i\s occupations are n 7#b7 bas$ ^u   
any def9ite /&>ds ( ! value ( s]vice4 ,=
 example1 ! *ef 9 a hotel may receive m 
?an ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 & ! football 
coa* m ?an ! college presid5t2 yet we   
w\ld h>dly want to conclude t ! s]vices 
( ! cook & ! a?lete are wor? m to       
society ?an ! s]vices ( educators4 ,& )9
 ! vocation ( tea*+ itself !re is 7#c7  
no fix$ /&>d = judg+ tea*+ effici5cy4   
,nev]!less1 9 g5]al1 tea*+ effici5cy is 
9 consid]able degree measur$ by         
diff]5ces 9 sal>ies paid 9 diff]5t      
localities & 9 ! v>i\s levels ( s*ool   
"w4  ,bas$ on ! /&>d ( sal>y z a        
measure1 ! tea*+ effici5cy ( rural      
tea*]s is1 z we %\ld expect f />t+ ne>ly
 all ( our beg9n]s "h1 consid]ably bel[ 
t 9 t[ns or cities4 ,a /udy by ,c(fman#f
 ( m ?an five ?\s& widely di/ribut$     

tea*]s z to age1 sex1 sal>y1 etc41 %[s t
 ! av]age man 9 ! rural s*ool receives  
an annual sal>y ( #cij2 9 t[n s*ools1 ( 
#fac2 & 9 city s*ools1 ( #iai4 ,! av]age
 woman 9 ! rural s*ool receives an      
annual sal>y ( #cff2 9 t[n s*ools1 (    
#dib2 & 9 city s*ools1 ( #eia4 ,m5 9    
t[ns1 !re=e1 receive "o & "o half times 
z mu* z m5 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 cities1 two &
 "o half times z mu* z 9 ! c\ntry4 ,wom5
 9 t[ns receive a little m ?an "o & "o  
?ird times z mu* z wom5 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 
! cities almo/ "o & two ?irds times z   
mu* z wom5 9 ! c\ntry4  ,! actual am\nt 
( sal>y paid rural tea*]s is p]haps m   
in/ructive ?an ! comp>ative am\nts4 ,!  
income ( ! rural tea*] is b>ely a liv+  
wage1 & n ev5 t if ! tea*] has no p>5tal
 home1 or a ga9ful occupation dur+      
vacation times4 ,out ( an am\nt ( less  
?an f\r hundr$ doll>s a ye> ! tea*] is  
expect$ to pay = a c]tificate1 a few    
s*ool j\rnals & pr(essional books1 &    
att5d tea*]s in/itutes or conv5tions1   
besides support+ himself z a tea*] ought

 to live4 ,x does n ne$ argum5t to %[ t 
?is meag] sal>y =ces a /&>d ( liv+ too  
l[ = effici5cy4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be      
unfair to ask = effici5cy ) ! pres5t    
/&>d ( sal>ies4  ,nor is x to be        
ov]look$ t effici5cy & sal>ies mu/ m\nt 
upw>d toge!r4 ,x w\ld be z unju/ to ask 
= high] sal>ies )\t increas+ ! grade (  
effici5cy z to ask = effici5cy on !     
pres5t sal>y basis4 ,x is probable t !  
eighte5- or n9ete5-ye>-old boys & girls 
/>t+ 9 to tea* ! rural s*ool1 ) b little
 prep>ation above ! elem5t>y grades1 are
 receiv+ all !y are wor?1 at lea/ z     
comp>$ ) :at !y c\ld e>n 9 o!r l9es4 ,! 
great po9t ( difficulty is t !y are n   
wor? en\gh4 ,! community _c af=d to buy 
! k9d ( educational s]vice !y are       
qualifi$ to (f]2 x w\ld be a va/ly bett]
 inve/m5t = ! public to buy high] tea*+ 
effici5cy at l>g] sal>ies4  ,no /ati/ics
 are available to %[ ! exact p]c5tage ( 
increase 9 rural tea*]s' sal>ies dur+   
rec5t ye>s1 b ?is increase has be5      
consid]able2 & ! t5d5cy is /ill upw>d4  

,9 ?is z 9 o!r features ( ! rural s*ool 
problem1 h[ev]1 x w be impossible to    
meet reasonable dem&s )\t =sak+ ! rural 
di/rict sy/em = a m c5traliz$ sy/em (   
consolidat$ s*ools4 ,to pay adequate    
sal>ies to ! numb] ( tea*]s n[ requir$ =
 ! ?\s&s ( small rural s*ools w\ld be   
too heavy a dra9 on our economic        
res\rces4 ,"u ! consolidat$ sy/em a     
consid]ably small] numb] ( tea*]s is    
requir$1 & ^! c receive high] sal>ies   
)\t greatly increas+ ! am\nt exp5d$ =   
tea*+4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r phases ( our      
educational problems1 :at is ne$$ is    
rational bus9ess me?od1 & a will+ness to
 devote a fair proportion ( our weal? to
 ! education ( ! "y4   ,sup]vision (    
rural tea*+  ,our rural s*ool tea*+ has 
nev] _h effici5t sup]vision4 ,! v nature
 ( rural s*ool organization has r5d]$   
exp]t sup]vision impossible1 no matt] h[
 able ! sup]vis+ (fic] might be4 ,)     
slight modifications1 ! (fice ( c\nty   
sup]9t5d5t is1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 typical
 ( ! attempt to provide sup]vision = !  

rural s*ool4 ,:ile su* a sy/em may h    
af=d$ all t c\ld be expect$ 9 ! pione]  
days1 its inadequacy to meet pres5t-day 
dem&s is almo/ too pat5t to require     
discussion4  ,fir/ ( all1 x is          
physically impossible = a c\nty         
sup]9t5d5t to visit & sup]vise "o hundr$
 & fifty tea*]s at "w 9 z _m diff]5t    
s*ools scatt]$ ov] f\r or five hundr$   
squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,if he 7 to     
devote all 8 "t to visit+ c\ntry s*ools1
 he w\ld h only "o day to ea* s*ool p]  
ye>4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! c\nty        
sup]9t5d5t mu/ also att5d to an (fice t 
has a l>ge am\nt ( correspond5ce &      
cl]ical "w1 t he is usually commission$ 
) au?ority to ov]see ! build+ ( all     
s*oolh\ses 9 8 c\nty1 t he mu/ act z    
judge 9 he>+ appeals 9 s*ool disputes1 t
 he mu/ conduct all tea*]s' exam9ations 
& 9 _m in/ances grade ! pap]s1 &1       
f9ally1 t c\ntry roads are (t5          
impassable1 x is se5 t 8 "t = sup]vision
 is greatly curtail$4 ,z a matt] ( fact 
"s rural s*ools receive no visit f !    

c\nty sup]9t5d5t = sev]al ye>s at a "t4 
,a /ill fur!r ob/acle comes f ! fact ( !
 frequ5t *anges ( tea*]s among rural    
s*ools4 ,a tea*] visit$ by ! c\nty      
sup]9t5d5t 9 a c]ta9 s*ool ?is t]m1 &   
advis$ z to h[ be/ to meet its problems1
 is likely to be 9 a diff]5t s*ool next 
t]m1 & requir$ to meet an entirely new  
set ( problems4  ,?is is all v diff]5t f
 ! problem ( sup]vision met by ! t[n or 
city sup]9t5d5t4 ,= ! t[n or city       
di/rict is ( small area1 & ! s*ools few 
& close toge!r4 ,if ! numb] ( tea*]s is 
l>ge1 ! sup]9t5d5t is assi/$ by         
pr9cipals ( diff]5t s*ools1 & by        
deputies4 ,! tea*+ =ce is bett] prep>$1 
& h5ce requires less close sup]vision4  
,s*ool /&>ds are high]1 & ! cop]ation ( 
patrons m easily secur$4 ,! c\rse ( /udy
 is bett] organiz$1 ! s*ools bett] grad$
 & equipp$1 & all o!r conditions m      
favorable to effici5t sup]vision4 ,x    
w\ld n1 !re=e1 be j to comp>e ! results 
( sup]vision 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ) ^? 9 
urban s*ools )\t mak+ full all[ance = ^!

 fundam5tal diff]5ces4  ,! c\nty        
sup]9t5d5t is 9 _m ,/ates discrim9at$   
aga9/ 9 sal>y z comp>$ ) o!r c\nty      
(fic]s1 &1 z a rule1 no provision is    
made to comp5sate = travel+ exp5ses     
incurr$ 9 visit+ s*ools4 ,?is1 9 effect1
 places a f9ancial p5alty on ! "w (     
sup]vision1 z ! sup]9t5d5t c rema9 9 8  
(fice ) consid]ably less exp5se to      
himself ?an :5 he is out among ! s*ools4
 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 an all[ance is  
made = travel+ exp5ses 9 addition to !  
regul> sal>y1 ?us enc\rag+ ! visit+ (   
s*ools1 or at lea/ remov+ ! h&icap exi/+
 "u ! old] sy/em4 ,an attempt has also  
be5 made 9 "s ,/ates to relieve ! c\nty 
sup]9t5d5t ( ! great] "p ( ! cl]ical "w 
( 8 (fice by employ+ = him at c\nty     
exp5se a cl]k = ?is purpose4 ,^! two    
provisions h prov$ ( great help to !    
sup]visory function ( ! c\nty           
sup]9t5d5t's "w1 b ! task yet looms up 9
 impossible magnitude4  ,! c\nty        
sup]9t5d5cy is ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry almo/   
univ]sally a political (fice4 ,9 "s     

,/ates1 z1 = example1 9 ,indiana1 x is  
appo9tive by a non-p>tisan bo>d4 ,b1 9  
g5]al1 ! c&idate ( ! prevail+ p>ty1 or !
 "o :o is ! be/ mix]1 secures ! (fice   
reg>dless ( qualifications4 ,%>+ !      
=tunes ( o!r political (fices1 ! c\nty  
sup]9t5d5cy frequ5tly has appli$ to x ! 
unwritt5 p>ty rule ( two t]ms & out1 ?us
 crippl+ ! effici5cy ( ! (fice by       
frequ5t *anges ( adm9i/ration &         
unc]ta9ty ( t5ure4  ,no fix$ educational
 or pr(essional /&>d ( prep>ation = !   
c\nty sup]9t5d5cy exi/s 9 ! diff]5t     
,/ates4 ,if "s reasonably high /&>d 7   
requir$1 x w\ld d mu* to less5 !        
mis*iev\s effects ( mak+ x a political  
(fice4 ,9 a l>ge proportion ( cases !   
c\nty sup]9t5d5t is only requir$ to hold
 a middle-class c]tificate1 & has enjoy$
 no bett] educational facilities ?an    
doz5s ( ! tea*]s he is to sup]vise4 ,!  
au?or has conduct$ tea*]s' in/itutes 9 !
 ,middle ,we/ = c\nty sup]9t5d5ts :o _h 
nev] att5d$ an in/itute or taught a t]m 
( s*ool4 ,! sal>y & pr(essional         

opportunities ( ! (fice are n           
suffici5tly attractive to draw m5 f !   
bett] s*ool positions2 h5ce ! great     
majority ( c\nty sup]9t5d5ts come f !   
village pr9cipal%ips1 ! grades ( t[n    
s*ools1 or ev5 f ! rural s*ools4  ,a    
m>k$ t5d5cy ( rec5t ye>s has be5 to     
elect wom5 z c\nty sup]9t5d5ts4 ,9 ,i[a1
 = example1 half ( ! pres5t c\nty       
sup]9t5d5ts are wom51 & ! proportion is 
increas+4 ,9 n a few in/ances wom5 h    
made exceptional records z c\nty        
sup]9t5d5ts1 &1 z a :ole1 are loyally   
devot$ to _! "w4 ,!y suff] "o           
disadvantage 9 ?is (fice1 h[ev]1 :i* is 
h>d to ov]come3 !y f9d x impossible1 )\t
 undue exposure1 to travel ab\t ! c\nty 
dur+ ! cold & /ormy wea!r ( w9t] or :5 !
 roads are soak$ ) ! spr+ ra9s4 ,:e!r !y
 w be able to effect ! desir$ cord9ation
 betwe5 ! rural s*ool & ! agricultural  
int]e/s ( ! community is a "q yet to be 
settl$4  ,9 spite ( ! limitations ( !   
(fice ( c\nty sup]9t5d5t1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n
 be ?\ght t ?is (fice has play$ an      

unimportant "p 9 our educational        
developm5t4 ,x has ex]t$ a m>k$ influ5ce
 9 ! upbuild+ ( our s*ools1 & accompli%$
 ?is "u ! mo/ unfavorable & disc\rag+   
circum/ances4 ,among its occupants h be5
 "s ( ! mo/ able & effici5t m5 & wom5   
engag$ 9 our s*ool sy/em4 ,b ! "t has   
come 9 our educational advancem5t :5 !  
rural s*ools %\ld h bett] sup]vision ?an
 !y are n[ gett+ or c get "u ! pres5t   
sy/em4  ,! fir/ /ep 9 improv+ !         
sup]vision1 z 9 improv+ s _m o!r        
features ( ! rural s*ools1 is !         
reorganization ( ! sy/em ?r\gh          
consolidation1 & ! consequ5t r$uction 9 
! numb] ( s*ools to be sup]vis$4 ,! next
 /ep is to remove ! sup]vis+ (fice z f> 
z possible f practical politics by mak+ 
x appo9tive by a non-p>tisan c\nty bo>d1
 :o w be at lib]ty to g any:]e = a      
sup]9t5d5t1 :o w be glad to pay a good  
sal>y1 & :o w seek to reta9 a sup]9t5d5t
 9 (fice z long z he is r5d]+ acceptable
 s]vice to ! c\nty4 ,! ?ird /ep is to   
raise ! /&>d ( fitness = ! (fice s t !  

incumb5t may be a true intellectual     
lead] among ! tea*]s & p ( 8 c\nty4 ,nor
 c ?is prep>ation be ( ! s*ola/ic type  
alone1 b mu/ be ( su* "* z to adapt its 
possessor to ! _s & ideals ( an         
agricultural p4  ,a :olly effici5t sy/em
 ( sup]vision ( rural tea*+1 !n1 w\ld be
 possible only 9 a sy/em ( consolidat$  
s*ools1 ea* "u ! imm$iate direction ( a 
pr9cipal1 himself ?or\ghly educat$ &    
especially qualifi$ to c>ry on ! "w ( a 
s*ool adapt$ to rural ne$s4 ,ov] ^!     
s*ools w\ld be ! sup]vision ( ! c\nty   
sup]9t5d5t1 :o w /& 9 ! same relation to
 ! pr9cipals z t ( ! city sup]9t5d5t to 
8 w>d or high s*ool pr9cipals4 ,! c\nty 
sup]9t5d5t w s]ve to unify & correlate !
 "w ( ! diff]5t consolidat$ s*ools1 & to
 relate all to ! life & "w ( ! f>m4  ,if
 x is said t sy/ems ( sup]9t5d5ce =     
rural s*ools c\ld be devis$ m effective 
?an ! c\nty sup]9t5d5cy1 ?is may be     
grant$ z a matt] ( !ory2 b z a practical
 work+ program1 !re is no d\bt t ! (fice
 ( c\nty sup]9t5d5t is a p]man5t "p (   

our rural s*ool sy/em1 unless ! sy/em   
itself is v radically *ang$4 ,all !     
,/ates1 except ! ,new ,engl& gr\p1      
,ohio1 & ,nevada1 n[ h ! (fice ( c\nty  
sup]9t5d5t4 ,x is likely1 !re=e1 t !    
plan ( di/rict sup]9t5d5ce p]missive "u 
! laws ( c]ta9 ,/ates w h>dly secure    
wide acceptance4 ,! c\nty z ! unit (    
s*ool adm9i/ration is gr[+ 9 favor1 & w 
probably ultimately come to *>act]ize ! 
rural s*ool sy/em4 ,! mo/ natural /ep   
ly+ next ahead w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to be  
to make ! conditions surr\nd+ ! (fice ( 
c\nty sup]9t5d5t z favorable z possible1
 & !n give ! sup]9t5d5t a suffici5t     
numb] ( deputies to make ! sup]vision   
effective4 ,^! deputies %\ld be select$1
 ( c\rse1 ) ref]5ce to _! fitness =     
sup]vis+ p>ticul> l9es ( tea*+1 su* z   
prim>y1 home economics1 agriculture1    
etc4 ,a beg9n+ has already be5 made 9 ! 
latt] l9e by ! employm5t 9 "s c\nties1 )
 ! aid ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 ( an       
agricultural exp]t :o n only in/ructs ! 
f>m]s 9 _! fields1 b also correlates 8  

"w ) ! rural s*ools4 ,?is pr9ciple is   
capable ( almo/ indef9ite ext5sion 9 our
 s*ool sy/em4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote 
#e3 ,see ,c(fman1 ,! ,social            
,composition ( ! ,tea*+ ,=ce4  ,footnote
 #f3 ,! ,social ,composition ( ! ,tea*+ 
,population4     ,,outl9e   ,i4 ,,!     
,,rural ,,s*ool ,,& ,,its ,,problem   ,!
 ,g5]al ,problem ( ! ,rural ,s*ool      
#a4 ,! g5]al problem ( ! rural s*ool    
id5tical   ) t ( all s*ools             
#a    #b4 ,! new] concept measures      
education by effici5cy           #b     
#c4 ,?is effici5cy involves 7#a7 k17#b7 
attitude1   7#c7 te*nique1 or skill     
#c    #d4 ,! purpose ( ! s*ool is to    
make sure (   ^! factors ( effici5cy    
#d   ,! ,special ,problem ( ! ,rural    
,s*ool    #a4 ,ea* type ( s*ool has its 
special problem                  #e     
#b4 ,! rural s*ool problem orig9ates 9 !
 nature   ( ! rural community           
#e    #c4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! rural        
community                       #f      
a4 ,its indu/rial homog5eity            

#f      b4 ,its social homog5eity       
#g      c4 ,fundam5tal intellig5ce ( !  
rural population         #h      d4     
,economic /atus & /&>ds ( liv+          
#aj      e4 ,rural isolation & its      
social effects                  #aj     
f4 ,rural life & physical effici5cy     
#aa      g4 ,lack ( recreations &       
amusem5t                       #ab      
#d4 ,rec5t t5d5cies t[>d progress 9     
agricultural   pursuits                 
#ab    #e4 ,! loss ( rural population to
 ! cities                  #ac   ,!     
,adju/m5t ( ! ,rural ,s*ool to its      
,problem    #a4 ,failure 9 adju/m5t ( ! 
rural s*ool to its problem    #ag    #b4
 ,! rudim5t>y education receiv$ by rural
 *ildr5        #ag    #c4 ,failure ( !  
rural s*ool to p>ticipate 9 rec5t       
educational progress                    
#ah    #d4 ,! rural s*ool inadequate 9  
its scope                    #ai    #e4 
,ne$ ( bett] organization 9 ! rural     
s*ool             #bj    #f4 ,inadequacy
 ( rural s*ool build+s & equipm5t       

#ba    #g4 ,! f9ancial support ( ! rural
 s*ool                   #bb    #h4     
,summ>y & sugge/ions                    
#bc   ,,ii4 ,,! ,,social ,,organization 
,,( ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool   ,! ,rural     
,s*ool & ! ,community    #a4 ,!         
fundam5tal relations ( s*ool & community
           #be    #b4 ,l[ community     
/&>ds ( education                       
#be    #c4 ,! rural community's ne$ ( a 
social c5t]               #bf      a4   
,its social isolation a s]i\s drawback  
#bg      b4 ,grave moral dang]s aris+ f 
social isolation       #bh      c4      
,rural environm5t m dang]\s to y\?      
?an city environm5t                     
#bi      d4 ,effects ( monotony on      
adults                           #cj    
#d4 ,! rural s*ool z a social c5t]      
#cj    #e4 ,! ideal rural s*ool build+ &
 equipm5t               #cb    #f4      
,social activities c5t]+ 9 ! s*ool      
#cc    #g4 ,reorganization ne$$ to make 
! rural s*ool   effective z a social &  
intellectual c5t]                  #cd  

,! ,consolidation ( ,rural ,s*ools      
#a4 ,consolidation ! fir/ /ep t[>d rural
 s*ool   effici5cy                      
#ce    #b4 ,irrationality ( pres5t      
di/rict sy/em                    #cf    
#c4 ,ob/acles 9 ! way ( consolidation   
#cg    #d4 ,! pres5t movem5t t[>d       
consolidation                   #ch     
#e4 ,effects ( consolidation            
#dj      a4 ,on att5dance               
#da      b4 ,on exp5se                  
#da      c4 ,on effici5cy               
#db    #f4 ,! "o-room s*ool yet ne$$ z a
 "p ( !   rural sy/em                   
#db   ,f9ancial ,support ( ! ,rural     
,s*ool    #a4 ,lack ( adequate f9ancial 
support ( rural s*ools         #dc      
#b4 ,diff]5ce 9 city & rural basis =    
taxation             #dd    #c4 ,l[     
s*ool tax *>act]i/ic ( rural communities
          #de    #d4 ,/ate aid = rural  
s*ools                                  
#df    #e4 ,safegu>ds requir$ :]e !     
pr9ciple ( /ate   aid is suppli$        
#dg    #f4 ,summ>y & conclusion         

#dh   ,! ,rural ,s*ool & its ,pupils    
#a4 ,! _s ( ! pupils z a te/ ( ! s*ool  
#ej    #b4 ,! negative attitude ( rural 
pupils t[>d _! s*ool   #ea    #c4       
,causes ( ?is defection to be s\ght 9 ! 
s*ool         #ea    #d4 ,! problem (   
poor rural s*ool att5dance              
#eb    #e4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool z a cure
 = indiff]5t   attitude & poor att5dance
                                   #ec  
,,iii4 ,,! ,,curriculum ,,( ,,! ,,rural 
,,s*ool   ,! ,scope ( ! ,rural ,s*ool   
,curriculum    #a4 ,! mod]n dem& = a    
broad] education                   #eg  
#b4 ,! meag]ness ( ! rural s*ool        
curriculum               #eh    #c4 ,!  
rural *ild requires full elem5t>y & high
   s*ool c\rse                          
#fj    #d4 ,disadvantages ( s5d+ rural  
*ild to t[n s*ool         #fj    #e4    
,necess>y reorganization 9 rural s*ool  
(f]+   broad5$ curriculum               
#fb    #f4 ,g5]al nature ( ! new        
curriculum                        #fb   
,! ,rural ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,curriculum  

#a4 ,relation ( ! curriculum to social  
/&>ds   & ideals                        
#fd    #b4 ,! "m tongue                 
#fe      a4 ,necessity = its ma/]y      
#fe      b4 ,le>n+ ! me*anics ( !       
language                  #ff      c4   
,develop+ ! art ( expression1 oral &    
writt5                                  
#fg      d4 ,creation ( love = read+    
#fg      e4 ,=mal gramm> out ( place 9 !
 elem5t>y     s*ool                     
#fh    #c4 ,numb]                       
#fi      a4 ,! prom95t place occupi$ by 
ari?metic              #fi      b4      
,importance ( developm5t ( ! numb]      
concept         #fi      c4 ,an undue   
proportion ( "t devot$ to ari?metic     
#gj      d4 ,desirable *anges 9 ! tea*+ 
( ari?metic         #ga    #d4 ,hi/ory &
 civics                                 
#ga      a4 ,! "r & duty ( e p]son to "k
     ! hi/ory & gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry     
#gb      b4 ,hi/ory n to deal *iefly )  
w> &     politics1 b to emphasize !     
social & indu/rial side    #gb      c4  

,! libr>y ( hi/orical books             
#gc      d4 ,functional v]sus analytical
 civics                     #gc    #e4  
,geography & nature /udy                
#gd      a4 ,advantage ( ! rural s*ool 9
 ?is field             #gd      b4 ,!   
social basis ( geography                
#ge      c4 ,application ( geography &  
nature /udy     to ! f>m                
#ge    #f4 ,hygi5e & heal?              
#gf      a4 ,criticism ( old] concept ( 
physiology =     ! elem5t>y s*ool       
#gf      b4 ,cont5t ( practical c\rse 9 
hygi5e                  #gg      c4     
,application ( hygi5e to ! *ild's heal? 
& gr[?                                  
#gg    #g4 ,agriculture                 
#gh      a4 ,adaptability to ! rural    
elem5t>y s*ool             #gh      b4  
,cont5t ( ! elem5t>y c\rse 9 agriculture
         #gi      c4 ,relation to f>m   
life                                    
#gi    #h4 ,dome/ic sci5ce & manual     
tra9+                        #gi      a4
 ,place 9 elem5t>y rural s*ool          

#hj      b4 ,:at c be taught            
#hj      c4 ,its practical application  
#hj    #i4 ,music & art                 
#ha      a4 ,necessity 9 a well-balanc$ 
curriculum                 #ha      b4  
,appreciation r ?an criticism ! aim     
#ha    #aj4 ,physical tra9+             
#ha      a4 ,ne$ ( physical tra9+ (     
rural *ildr5             #hb      b4    
,rural s*ool a?letics                   
#hb   ,! ,rural ,high ,s*ool ,curriculum
    #a4 ,rural high s*ools n yet common 
#hc    #b4 ,! functions ( ! rural high  
s*ool                      #hd    #c4   
,engli% 9 ! rural high s*ool            
#hd      a4 ,its aim                    
#he      b4 ,po9ts ( diff]5ce f pres5t  
high s*ool     c\rse                    
#hf    #d4 ,social sci5ce to h an appli$
 tr5d                     #hf    #e4 ,! 
mat]ial sci5ces z relat$ to ! problems  
( ! f>m                                 
#hg    #f4 ,manual tra9+ & dome/ic      
sci5ce                        #hi    #g4
 ,a modifi$ c\rse 9 high s*ool ma!matics

                #hi    #h4 ,=eign       
language n to occupy an important place 
#ij    #i4 ,! high s*ool c\rse to       
include music & art             #ij     
,,iv4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,rural       
,,s*ool   ,! ,importance ( ,tea*+    #a4
 ,tea*+ ! fundam5tal purpose ( ! s*ool  
#ib    #b4 ,! *ild & ! subject-matt]    
#ib    #c4 ,! tea*] z an int]m$i>y      
betwe5 *ild   & subject-matt]           
#ic    #d4 ,h5ce ! tea*] mu/ "k ! nature
 ( ! *ild         #id    #e4 ,! tea*]   
mu/ "k ! subject-matt] ( education      
#ie    #f4 ,failure to measure up to ?is
 requirem5t                   #ig       
,tea*+ 9 ! ,rural ,s*ool    #a4 ,!      
degree ( tra9+ ( rural tea*]s 9 !       
subject-matt]                           
#ih    #b4 ,pres5t lack ( pr(essional   
tra9+                      #ajj    #c4  
,! effects ( inexp]i5ce                 
#aja    #d4 ,%ort t5ure ( s]vice 9 rural
 s*ools                   #ajb    #e4   
,level ( tea*+ effici5cy l[             
#ajc    #f4 ,improvem5t ?r\gh           

consolidat$ s*ools                      
#ajd   ,! ,tra9+ ( ,rural ,tea*]s    #a4
 ,inexp]i5c$ & untra9$ tea*]s beg9 9   !
 rural s*ools                           
#aje    #b4 ,normal s*ools supply few   
tea*]s to rural s*ools        #ajf      
#c4 ,a reasonable dem& = tra9+ ( rural  
tea*]s         #ajg    #d4 ,rural tea*] 
tra9+ 9 normal high s*ools              
#ajg    #e4 ,! rural tea*]'s tra9+ mu/  
be adapt$ to   _s ( rural s*ool         
#ajh   ,sal>ies ( ,rural ,tea*]s    #a4 
,sal>y z a measure ( effici5cy          
#aji    #b4 ,sal>ies ( rural tea*]s     
comp>$ ) t[n   & city tea*]s            
#aaj    #c4 ,necessity ( increas$       
sal>ies                            #aaa 
#d4 ,increase 9 sal>y & 9 effici5cy mu/ 
g toge!r      #aaa    #e4 ,sal>ies 9    
consolidat$ s*ools                      
#aab   ,sup]vision ( ,rural ,tea*+      
#a4 ,impossibility ( giv+ di/rict s*ools
 effici5t   sup]vision                  
#aab    #b4 ,ob/acle 9 numb] ( s*ools & 
frequ5t   *ange ( tea*]s                

#aac    #c4 ,comp>ison ( "w ( c\nty     
sup]9t5d5t   ) city sup]9t5d5t          
#aad    #d4 ,political h&icaps on c\nty 
sup]9t5d5t               #aae    #e4 ,! 
necessity ( bett] educational /&>ds   & 
bett] sal>y = ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t        
#aaf    #f4 ,wom5 z c\nty sup]9t5d5ts   
#aaf    #g4 ,effici5t sup]vision        
possible only "u a consolidat$   sy/em  
#aag     ,,riv]side ,,educational       
,,monographs  ,,g5]al ,,educational     
,,!ory   ,,dewey',s ,,moral ,,pr9ciples 
,,9 ,,education                         
4#ce  ,,eliot',s ,,education ,,=        
,,effici5cy                             
4#ce  ,,eliot',s ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,!      
,,concrete ,,& ,,practical ,,9 ,,mod]n  
,,education                             
4#ce  ,,em]son',s ,,education           
4#ce  ,,fiske',s ,,! ,,mean+ ,,(        
,,infancy                               
4#ce  ,,hyde',s ,,! ,,tea*]',s          
,,philosophy                            
4#ce  ,,palm]',s ,,! ,,ideal ,,tea*]    
4#ce  ,,pross]',s ,,! ,,tea*] ,,& ,,old 

,,age                          4#fj     
,,t]man',s ,,! ,,tea*]',s ,,heal?       
4#fj  ,,?orndike',s ,,individuality     
4#ce    ,,adm9i/ration ,,& ,,sup]vision 
,,( ,,s*ools   ,,betts',s ,,new ,,ideals
 ,,9 ,,rural ,,s*ools                   
4#fj  ,,bloomfield',s ,,vocational      
,,guidance ,,( ,,y\?                    
4#fj  ,,cabot',s ,,volunte] ,,help ,,to 
,,! ,,s*ools                      4#fj  
,,cole',s ,,indu/rial ,,education ,,9   
,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools          4#ce       
,,cubb]ley',s ,,*ang+ ,,conceptions ,,( 
,,education              4#ce           
,,cubb]ley',s ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,(      
,,rural ,,s*ools               4#ce     
,,lewis',s ,,democracy',s ,,high ,,s*ool
                            4#fj        
,,p]ry',s ,,/atus ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]       
4#ce  ,,sn$d5',s ,,! ,,problem ,,(      
,,vocational ,,education                
4#ce  ,,tr[bridge',s ,,! ,,home ,,s*ool 
4#fj  ,,weeks',s ,,! ,,p',s ,,s*ool     
4#fj    ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+            
,,bailey',s ,,art ,,education           

4#fj  ,,betts',s ,,! ,,recitation       
4#fj  ,,campagnac',s ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,(    
,,composition                    4#ce   
,,cooley',s ,,language ,,tea*+ ,,9 ,,!  
,,grades                   4#ce         
,,dewey',s ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,ef=t ,,9      
,,education                   4#fj      
,,e>h>t',s ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,/udy 
4#fj  ,,evans',s ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,high     
,,s*ool ,,ma!matics                4#ce 
,,fair*ild',s ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,poetry  
,,9 ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool  ,,haliburton ,,&
 ,,smi?',s ,,tea*+ ,,poetry ,,9 ,,!     
,,grades       4#fj  ,,h>twell',s ,,!   
,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory                    
4#ce  ,,haynes',s ,,economics ,,9 ,,!   
,,second>y ,,s*ool                 4#fj 
,,kilpatrick',s ,,! ,,montessori ,,sy/em
 ,,exam9$                4#ce           
,,palm]',s ,,e?ical ,,& ,,moral         
,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools      4#ce 
,,palm]',s ,,self-,,cultivation ,,9     
,,engli%                       4#ce     
,,suzzallo',s ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,prim>y  
,,ari?metic              4#fj           

,,suzzallo',s ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,spell+  
4#fj     ,,riv]side ,,textbooks ,,9     
,,education  ,edit$ by ,,ellwood ,p4    
,,cubb]ley1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t (       
,education1 ,lel& ,/an=d1 ,jr41         
,univ]sity4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,! editor & !       
publi%]s h mo/ c>efully plann$ ?is s]ies
 to meet ! ne$s ( /ud5ts ( education 9  
colleges & univ]sities1 9 normal s*ools1
 & 9 tea*]s' tra9+ c\rses 9 high s*ools4
 ,! books w also be equally well adapt$ 
to tea*]s' read+ circles & to !         
wide-awake1 pr(essionally ambiti\s      
sup]9t5d5t & tea*]4 ,ea* book pres5t$ 9 
! s]ies w embody ! results ( ! late/    
rese>*1 & w be at ! same "t bo?         
sci5tifically accurate1 & simple1 cle>1 
& int]e/+ 9 /yle4  ,! ,riv]side         
,textbooks 9 ,education w ev5tually     
conta9 books on ! foll[+ subjects3--    
#a4 ,hi/ory ( ,education4--#b4 ,public  
,education 9 ,am]ica4--#c4 ,!ory (      
,education4--#d4 ,pr9ciples (           
,tea*+4--#e4 ,s*ool & ,class            

,managem5t4--#f4 ,s*ool ,hygi5e4--#g4   
,s*ool ,adm9i/ration4--#h4 ,second>y    
,education4--#i4 ,educational           
,psy*ology4--#aj4 ,educational          
,sociology4--#aa4 ,! ,curriculum4--#ab4 
,special ,me?ods4   ,n[ ,ready          
99,,rural ,,life ,,& ,,education4       
,by ,,ellwood ,p4 ,,cubb]ley4 #a4ej net4
 ,po/paid4 ,illu/rat$4  99,,! ,,hygi5e  
,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,*ild4       ,by       
,,lewis ,m4 ,,t]man1 ,associate         
,pr(essor ( ,education1 ,lel&           
,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity4 #a4fe net4   
,po/paid4 ,illu/rat$4  99,,! ,,evolution
 ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,ideal4         
,by ,,mabel ,,ir5e ,,em]son1 ,fir/      
,assi/ant 9 ,*>ge1 ,george ,bancr(t     
,s*ool1 ,bo/on4 #a4jj net4 ,po/paid4    
99,,heal? ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools4        
,by ,,erne/ ,b4 ,,hoag1 ,m$ical         
,director1 ,long ,bea* ,city ,s*ools1   
,cali=nia1 & ,,lewis ,m4 ,,t]man4       
,illu/rat$4 #a4fj net4      ,po/paid4   
,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,,bo/on    
,,new ,,york   ,,*icago     ,! ,,h\ghton

 ,,miffl9 ,,pr(essional ,,libr>y  ,=    
,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts ( ,education          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,!ory ,,& ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,education  
,,am]ican ,,education       ,by ,,&rew  
,s4 ,,drap]1 ,commission] ( ,education (
 ! ,/ate ( ,new      ,york4 ,) an       
,introduction by ,,ni*olas ,,murray     
,,butl]1 ,presid5t (      ,columbia     
,univ]sity4 #b4jj1 net4 ,po/paid4       
,,gr[? ,,& ,,education       ,by ,,john 
,m4 ,,tyl]1 ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9      
,amh]/ ,college4 #a4ej1      net4       
,po/paid4  ,,social ,,developm5t ,,&    
,,education       ,by ,m4 ,,v9c5t       
,o',,%ea1 ,pr(essor ( ,education 9 !    
,univ]sity (      ,wiscons94 #b4jj1 net4
 ,po/paid4  ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(         
,,education       ,by ,,william ,c4     
,,ru$ig]1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor 
( ,educational      ,psy*ology 9 !      
,tea*]s ,college ( ! ,george ,wa%+ton   
,univ]sity4 #a4be1 net4 ,po/paid4  ,,!  
,,individual ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+       ,by   
,,edw9 ,a4 ,,kirkpatrick1 ,tea*] (      

,psy*ology1 ,*ild ,/udy &      ,s*ool   
,laws1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,fit*burg1 
,mass4 #a4be1 net4      ,po/paid4  ,a   
,,!ory ,,( ,,motives1 ,,ideals1 ,,&     
,,values ,,9 ,,education       ,by      
,,william ,e4 ,,*ancellor1 ,sup]9t5d5t (
 ,s*ools1 ,norwalk1 ,conn4      #a4ge1  
net4 ,po/paid4  ,,education ,,& ,,!     
,,l>g] ,,life       ,by ,c4 ,,han=d     
,,h5d]son4 #a4cj1 net4 ,po/age #ac c5ts4
  ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,& ,,tea*+ ,,h[ ,,to
 ,,/udy       ,by ,,frank ,,mcmurry1    
,pr(essor ( ,elem5t>y ,education 9      
,tea*]s      ,college1 ,columbia        
,univ]sity4 #a4be1 net4 ,po/paid4     ,!
 ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,pr(essional       
,,libr>y  ,= ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts (        
,education         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,beg9n+s ,,9 ,,indu/rial  
,,education       ,by ,,paul ,h4        
,,hanus1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory & ,art ( 
,tea*+ 9      ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #a4jj1 
net4 ,po/paid4  ,,practical ,,aspects   
,,& ,,problems  ,,e?ics ,,= ,,*ildr54 ,a
 ,guide = ,tea*]s & ,p>5ts       ,by    

,,ella ,,lyman ,,cabot1 ,memb] ( !      
,massa*usetts ,bo>d (      ,education4  
#a4be1 net4 ,po/paid4  ,,"* ,,build+ ,,9
 ,,s*ool       ,by ,,jane ,,br[nlee1    
=m]ly ,pr9cipal ( ,lagrange ,s*ool1     
,tol$o1      ,ohio4 #afmo4 #a4jj1 net4  
,po/paid4  ,,h[ ,,to ,,tell ,,/ories    
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