,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,two o!r pap]s f ,,asce ,transactions ,,lxviii 7,septemb] #aiaj7 are ref]5c$ 9 ?is pap]3 ,no4 #aaej1 ,! ,new ,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion444 by ,*>les ,w4 ,raymond1 ,no4 #aaea1 ,! ,nor? ,riv] ,division by ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs1 e-text #ahedh1 g5]ally cit$ z ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs4 ,! ^w ,figure is us$ 9 two ways4 ,x ref]s ei!r to individual numb]$ ,figures 7#a-ba71 or to any ( ! f\r pictures t make up ea* ,plate1 id5tifi$ 9 ! =m ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,figures #a-d are always discuss$ z a gr\p4 ,s+le lett]s 9 boldface are %[n z ,a4 ,typographical errors are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s ,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aaed ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4 ,,! ,,b]g5 ,,hill ,,tunnels4#a ,by ,f4 ,,lavis1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,footnote #a3 ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,april #f?1 #aiaj4 ,location4--,t section ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad's ,new ,york ,tunnels ly+ we/ ( ! ,hudson ,riv] is designat$ ,section ,k1 & ! tunnels are g5]ally spok5 ( z ! ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels4 ,b]g5 ,hill is a trap dike 7diabase7 =m+ ! l[] ext5sion ( ! ,hudson ,riv] ,palisades4 ,!re are two p>allel s+le-track tunnels1 cross-sections ( :i* are %[n on ,plate ,,viii ( ! pap] by ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,! c5t] l9e is a tang5t1 & ne>ly on ! l9e ( #cb;d ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 produc$1 its c\rse be+ ,n4 #ej #cj' ,w4 ,! elevation ( ! top ( ! rail at ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft 7a view ( :i* is %[n by ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxii71 on ! we/ bank ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 is ab\t #fd ft4 bel[ mean high wat]2 & at ! ,we/]n ,portal1 or ,hack5sack end1 ! rail is ab\t #ag ft4 above2 ! grade ?r\gh\t is #a4c1 asc5d+ f ea/ to we/4 ,! l5g? ( ea* tunnel betwe5 ! portals is #e1ibj ft4 ,a g5]al plan & pr(ile ( ^! tunnels is %[n on ,plate ,i ( ! pap] by ,*>les ,w4 ,raymond1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,at ,c5tral ,av5ue a %aft #bab ft4 deep 0 sunk4 ,x is #c1fbj ft4 f ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a3 ,k #id4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,d4 ,section ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 f ,hack5sack ,poral1 ,nor? ,cut & ,cov] ,section1 & ,portal look+ ,ea/ f ,/a4 #cbc4 ,dec4 #h1 #je4 ,fig4 #b3 ,k #ga4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,me?od ( us+ ,cross-,section ,rod 9 gett+ ,sections ( ,tunnel4 ,aug4 #cj1 #jf4 ,fig4 #c3 ,k #aae4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,nor? ,tunnel ,conveyor us$ by ,k+ ,rice & ,g>ney = h&l+ & plac+ concrete4 ,june #c1 #jg4 ,fig4 #d3 ,k #aaf4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,view ( conveyor = plac+ concrete1 ) bucket susp5d$ ov] hopp] above belt4 ,/eel =ms 9 =e gr\nd4 ,june #d1 #jg4 ,hi/ory4--,! contract = ?is "w 0 let on ,m>* #f?1 #aije1 to ! ,john ,%ields ,con/ruction ,company2 x 0 ab&on$ by ! ,receiv] = t company on ,janu>y #bj?1 #aijf1 & on ,m>* #bj?1 ( t ye>1 0 re-let to ,william ,bradley1 :o complet$ ! "w by ,decemb] #ca/1 #aijh4 ,! progress ( excavation & l9+ 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel is %[n graphically on ! progress diagram1 ,fig4 #i1 t ( ! ,s\? ,tunnel be+ practically ! same4 ,geology4--,/>t+ we/ f ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ! tunnels pass ?r\gh a wide fault = a di/ance ( ne>ly #djj ft41 ?is fault be+ a cont9uation ( t :i* =ms ! valley betwe5 ! deta*$ mass ( trap & s&/one kn[n z ,k+'s ,bluff1 :i* lies nor? ( ! tunnels1 & ! ma9 trap ridge ( ,b]g5 ,hill4 ,! brok5 gr\nd ( ! fault1 :i* consi/s ( decompos$ s&/one1 %ale1 feldsp>1 calcite1 etc41 int]sp]s$ ) masses ( h>d] s&/one & bak$ %ale1 gradually m]ges into a compact granul> s&/one1 :i*1 at a di/ance ( #dfj ft4 f ! %aft1 0 self-support+1 & did n require timb]+1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h be5 necess>y up to ?is po9t4 ,a full face ( s&/one cont9u$ to ,/ation #bgd #fj1 #idj ft4 f ! %aft1 :]e ! ma9 ov]ly+ body ( trap appe>$ 9 ! head+4 ,! full face ( ! tunnel 0 :olly 9 trap at ab\t ,/ation #bge #cj1 & cont9u$ 9 ?is ?r\gh to ! ,we/]n ,portal1 :]e ! top ( ! trap 0 slightly bel[ ! ro( ( ! tunnel1 ) h>dpan above4 ,! contact betwe5 ! s&/one & ! ov]ly+ trap 0 v cle>ly def9$1 ! angle ( dip be+ approximately #ag #dj' t[>d ! nor?we/4 ,! s&/one & trap are ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod1 & ! trap ( ?is vic9ity is m p>ticul>ly classifi$ z diabase4 ,! "* ( ! trap rock v>i$ consid]ably4 ,at ! contact1 at ,/ation #bge1 & = a di/ance ( approximately #bjj ft4 we/1 correspond+ to a ?ickness ( ab\t #fj ft4 measur$ at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! contact1 a v h>d1 f9e-gra9$ trap1 almo/ black 9 color1 0 f\nd1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #b4ih1 & weigh+ #ahf lb4 p] cu4 ft4 ,! h>dness ( ?is rock is atte/$ by ! fact t ! av]age "t requir$ to drill a #aj-;ft4 hole 9 ! head+1 ) a ,no4 #cd slugg] drill1 ) air at #ij lb4 pressure1 0 almo/ #aj h\rs4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is rock is n z high z t ( "s o!r specim5s ( trap te/$1 :i* 7 mu* m easily drill$4 ,?is rock 0 v blocky1 caus+ ! drills to b9d & /ick badly1 &1 :5 be+ %ovel$ back f ! head+1 z x fell x s\nd$ v mu* z ?\gh x 7 brok5 glass4 ,! rema9d] ( ! trap v>i$ f ?is1 ?r\gh sev]al *anges ( texture & color1 due to diff]5t am\nts ( qu>tz & feldsp>1 to a v co>se-gra9$ rock1 closely resembl+ granite ( a light color1 ?\gh q h>d4 ,! spe$ ( drill+ ! normal trap 9 ! head+ 0 approximately #bj to #be m94 p] ft41 z comp>$ ) ! #fj m94 p] ft4 not$ above1 ! l>g] am\nts ( qu>tz & feldsp> acc\nt+ = ! great] brittl5ess & consequ5tly ! easi] drill+ qualities ( ! rock4 ,! normal trap 9 ^! tunnels has a specific gravity v>y+ f #b4he to #c4jd1 & weighs f #agi to #aij lb4 p] cu4 ft4 ,! temp]ature ( ! tunnels1 at po9ts #a1jjj ft4 f ! portals at bo? ends1 rema9$ ne>ly /ation>y1 & approximately betwe5 #ej 9 w9t] & #fj 9 summ]1 up to ! "t ! head+s 7 hol$ ?r\gh1 be+ practically unaffect$ by daily *anges 9 ! temp]ature outside4 ,at ! we/]n end1 aft] ! connection ) ! ,c5tral ,%aft head+s 0 made1 !re 0 almo/ always a curr5t ( air f ! portal to ! %aft1 & asc5d+ ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,?is t5d$ to make ! temp]ature 9 ?is "p ( ! tunnel correspond m ne>ly ) ! outside temp]ature2 9 fact1 ! v>iation 0 seldom m ?an #e ,fahr4 ,timb]+4--,^! tunnels h be5 excavat$ entirely by ! c5t] top head+ me?od1 almo/ inv>iably us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,timb]+1 :]e requir$1 0 ( ! usual segm5tal =m ) outside lagg+1 z %[n 9 sev]al ( ! photographs4 ,9 a few places x 0 necess>y to hold ! gr\nd z ! "w progress$1 &1 9 su* cases1 cr[n b>s 7 us$ 9 ! head+s4 ,!re 0 "s little tr\ble at ! ,we/]n ,portal1 :]e ! top ( ! rock 0 v ne> ! ro( ( ! tunnel1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,a side head+ 0 driv5 at ! level ( ! spr++ l9e until a po9t 0 rea*$ :]e ! ro( 0 self-support+1 & ! timb]+ 0 br\ght out to ! face ( ! portal f t po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #a3 ,k #bf4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,d4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels17 ,weehawk5 ,%aft4 ,scaffold c> 9 ,s\? ,tunnel at ,/a4 #bfgfj4 ,jan4 #aa1 #jf4 ,fig4 #b3 ,k #ca4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft4 ,headh\se at 8 elevator frame "w1 look+ ,we/4 ,oct4 #ag1 #jf4 ,fig4 #c4--,r\nd ,holes 9 ,concrete ,=ms4 ,fig4 #d4--,r\nd ,holes 9 ,concrete ,=ms ,complet$4 ,drill+4--,:]e no timb]+ 0 requir$1 sev]al diff]5t me?ods 7 us$ 9 drill+ & excavat+ ! solid rock1 ?\gh 9 all cases a c5t] top head+ 0 driv54 ,! f\r diagrams1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 give typical examples ( ^! me?ods & %[1 9 ! ord] ( _! numb]s1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! developm5t f a small head+ kept "s di/ance ahead ( ! b5*1 to a l>ge head+ ) ! b5* kept close to x4 ,! notes on ea* diagram give ! g5]al details ( ! quantity ( drill+ & p[d] us$1 me?ods ( bla/+1 etc41 & on ! progress pr(ile1 ,fig4 #f1 is indicat$ ^? portions ( ! tunnels 9 :i* ea* me?od 0 us$4 ,all ! drills us$ ?r\gh\t ! "w by ,mr4 ,bradley 7 ,r& ,no4 #cd slugg]s1 ) #c-e_/h-;94 cyl9d]s1 & ! /eel 0 t kn[n z ! ,black ,diamond ,br&1 #a-c_/h-;941 octagon4 ,x 0 us$ 9 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 & #ab-;ft4 l5g?s2 t[>d ! end ( ! "w x 0 propos$ to use #ad-;ft4 l5g?s1 b ow+ to "s delay 9 deliv]y ?is l5g? 0 nev] obta9$4 ,! />t]s1 #ah to #bd 94 long1 7 %>p5$ to #b to #c-;94 gauge1 :i* 0 g5]ally held up to dep?s ( #f ft42 !n ! gauge gradually decreas$ until x 0 #a to #b 94 at ! bottom ( a #ab-;ft4 hole4 ,frequ5tly1 z _m z ?ree or f\r />t]s 7 us$ 9 />t+ a hole1 & g5]ally two %>p5+s 7 requir$ = ea* #b ft4 drill$1 aft] ! fir/ #f ft4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t 94 ( /eel 0 us$ = ea* %>p5+1 & t !re 0 an av]age ( "o %>p5+ = e foot drill$4 ,! total quantity ( /eel us$ up1 lo/1 or scrapp$ on ! :ole "w 0 almo/ exactly #a ft4 = ea* #aj cu4 yd4 excavat$1 equal to #a 94 ( /eel p] y>d1 di/ribut$ approximately z foll[s3 ,%>p5+ to #g_/h 94 ,o!r losses to #c_/h --------------- ,total #a 94 p] cu4 yd4 ,an ,ajax drill %>p5] 0 us$1 & prov$ v satisfactory4 ,rubb] & cotton hose1 cov]$ ) wov5 m>l91 0 us$ = ! b5* 7#c 94 inside diamet]1 9 #ej-;ft4 l5g?s71 = drills 7#a 94 9 diamet]1 9 #be-;ft4 l5g?s71 & = /eam %ovels 7#b 94 9 diamet]1 9 #ej-;ft4 l5g?s74 ,hose cov]+s ( w\nd m>l91 & ( wov5 m>l9 ) spiral /eel wire cov]+ 7 tri$1 b 7 n satisfactory1 ow+ to ! unw9d+ ( ! m>l9 & ! b5d+ ( ! /eel cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,drill+ ,me?od ,no4 #a ,,cross-,,section1 ,,longitud9al ,,section1 ,,plan ,drill+ ,me?od ,no4 #a3 ,small head+1 #fj to #hj ft4 long4 ,two columns us$ 9 head+1 ) two drills on ea*4 ,drills on sub-b5* & ma9 b5* m\nt$ on tripods4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p] ,r\nd ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,dep? ,cubic ( ,advance ,drill$ ,y>ds ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- ------ ,head+ #adj-aee #ah-ba4f #ic-aca #e-f ---------------------------------------- ------ ,b5* #aaj-abj #ec-fj #gf-ig #c-d ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p] ,cubic ,y>d ,p] l9e> ,foot ( ,tunnel ---------------------------------------- ------ ,l9e> ,p\nds ,cubic ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,feet ( ,y>ds ,feet ( ,drill$ ,dynamite ,drill$ ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,head+ #h-i #e-f #c4f #bi4-cb #ah-bb ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,b5* #b #a4d-a4f #ae4d #cj4-ca #ba4e-bd4f ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total #ai #ei4fc #ci4e-df4f ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] cubic y>d1 :ole tunnel section #c to #cc #b4a-b4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,numb] ,bla/+ ,notes3 ( ,/icks ------------ ,head+3 ,fir/ ,r\nd3 #f /icks1 #fj 9 ea* cut hole1 cut g5]ally bla/$ twice #cf to #gb ,second ,r\nd3 #c side holes ea* side1 #e /icks1 #dj ea4 #cj ,?ird ,r\nd3 ,re/ ( side holes & dry holes1 #e /icks1 #dj ea* #dj ,/ub holes1 say #e to #ae ------------ ,total ,/icks #aaa to #aeg ------------ ,total ,p\nds #ic to #aca ------------ ,sub-b5*3 #d wid5+ holes2 #b to #c /icks1 ea*1 #dj #aj to #ab #f d[n holes2 #e to #g /icks1 ea*1 #dj #cj to #db ,b5*3 #f holes2 #f to #h /icks ea*1 #dj #cf to #dh ,tak+ up bottom1 av]age1 say #ae ------------ ,total ,/icks #ia to #aag ------------ ,total ,p\nds #gf to #ig ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,cross-,,section1 ,,longitud9al ,,section1 ,,plan ,drill+ ,me?od1 ,no4 #b3 ,five drills 9 head+1 m\nt$ on ?ree columns2 ! holes m>k$ ) a cross 7,x7 7 drill$ ) ! drills on ! c5t] column4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p] ,r\nd ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,dep? ,cubic ( ,advance ,drill$ ,y>ds ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- ------ ,head+ #aij-bbj #ce-db #acd-aif #f-h ---------------------------------------- ------ ,b5* #aaj-acj #ee #gi-ajf #d ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p] ,cubic ,y>d ,p] l9e> ,foot ( ,tunnel ---------------------------------------- ------ ,l9e> ,p\nds ,cubic ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,feet ( ,y>ds ,feet ( ,drill$ ,dynamite ,drill$ ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,head+ #e4d-f4j #c4i-e4j #e4c #bh to #cb4 #bj4g-bf4e ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,b5* #b4-b4d #a4d-b4j #ac4g #bg4-cc4 #ai4b-bg4d ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total #ai #ee4-fe4 #ci4i-ec4i ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] cubic y>d1 :ole tunnel section #b4i-c4d #b4a-b4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,numb] ,bla/+ ,notes3 ( ,/icks ------------ ,head+3 ,fir/ ,r\nd2 #b to #c reliev+ holes sprung ) #d to #e /icks ea* #h to #ae #h cut holes1 #g /icks ea* 7sometimes %ot twice7 #ef to #aab ,fir/ side r\nd1 #f holes1 #f /icks ea* #cf ,wid5+ & dry holes1 #aj to #ab1 #f /icks ea* #fj to #gb ------------ ,total ,/icks #afj to #bce ------------ ,total ,p\nds #acd to #aif ---------------------------- ,sub-b5*3 #h holes1 #d to #f /icks1 ea* #cb to #dh ,b5*3 #h holes1 #f to #h /icks1 ea* #df to #fd ,tak+ up bottom1 av]age #ae ------------ ,total ,/icks #ie to #abg ------------ ,total ,p\nds #gi to #aji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,cross-,,section1 ,,longitud9al ,,section1 ,,plan ,drill+ ,me?od ,no4 #c3 ,head+ same z second me?od1 b l>g] lift tak5 (f b5*1 & lift holes drill$ 9 bottom b5* 9 ord] to get d[n to grade 9 floor4 ,b5* kept clos] to head+4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] ,r\nd ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,dep? ,cubic ( ,advance ,drill$ ,y>ds ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,head+ #aij to #bbj #ce to #db #acd to #aif #f to #h ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,b5* #ade #aij #ij to #aaj #aah #afg #f #h ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] ,cubic ,y>d ,p] l9e> ,foot ( ,tunnel ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,l9e> ,p\nds ,cubic ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,feet ( ,y>ds ,feet ( ,drill$ ,dynamite ,drill$ ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,hd4 #e4d to #f4j #c4i to #e4j #e4c #bh to #cb #bj4g to #bf4e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b4 #a4f #a4i #a4c #a4h #ac4g #bb #cf #ag4h #bd4g ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total #ai #ej #eh #ch4e #ea4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,p] cubic y>d1 :ole tunnel section #b4f #c4a #b4j #b4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,numb] ,bla/+ ,notes3 ( ,/icks ------------ ,head+3 ,fir/ ,r\nd3 #b to #c reliev+ holes sprung1 ) #d to #e /icks ea* #h to #ae #h cut holes1 #g /icks ea* 7sometimes %ot twice7 #ef to #aab ,fir/ side r\nd1 #f holes1 #f /icks ea* #cf ,wid5+ & dry holes1 #aj to #ab holes1 #f /icks ea* #fj to #gb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total ,/icks #afj to #bce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total ,p\nds #acd to #aif ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sub-b5*3 #d wid5+ holes1 #d to #e /icks ea*1 #b r\nds #cb to #dj #f d[n holes1 #e to #g /icks ea*1 #b r\nds #fj to #hd ,b5*3 #d d[n holes1 #e to #g /icks ea* #bj to #bh #f to #h lift holes1 #e to #f /icks ea* #cj to #dh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total ,/icks #adb to #bjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total ,p\nds #aah to #afg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,cross-,,section1 ,,longitud9al ,,section1 ,,plan ,drill+ ,me?od ,no4 #d3 #h drills on #d columns us$ 9 head+4 ,b5* tak5 (f 9 "o lift4 ,bottom tak5 up ) lift holes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p] ,r\nd ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,dep? ,cubic ( ,advance ,drill$ ,y>ds ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- ------ ,head+ #caj-cbj #fc-ga #bae-beg #h-i ---------------------------------------- ------ ,b5* #aij-baj #hi-ajj #ajg-aee #h-i ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p] ,cubic ,y>d ,p] l9e> ,foot ( ,tunnel ---------------------------------------- ------- ,l9e> ,p\nds ,cubic ,no4 ( ,p\nds ,feet ( ,y>ds ,feet ( ,drill$ ,dynamite ,drill$ ,dynamite ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,head+ #d4e-e4a #c4d-e4g #g4i #ce4f-de4 #bf4i-de4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b5* #a4i-b4b #a4b-a4g #aa4a #ba4a-bd4 #ac4c-ah4i ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total #ai #ef4g-fi4 #dj4b-fc4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p] cubic y>d1 :ole tunnel section #c4-c4f #b4a-c4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,numb] ,bla/+ ,notes3 ( ,/icks ,all holes ( :ole r\nd are clean$ & load$ be=e bla/+ is />t$ ,fir/ ,r\nd3 #e-f lift holes1 #g to #i /icks ea* #ce to #ed ,fir/ r[1 sub-b5*1 #f holes1 #f to #h /icks ea* #cf to #dh ,second ,r\nd3 ,second r[1 sub-b5* & wid5+ holes1 #h to #aj holes1 #f to #h /icks ea* #dh to #fd ,/ub holes #aj to #bj ,b5*3 ,total ,/icks #abi to #ahf ,total ,p\nds #ajg to #aee ,?ird ,r\nd3 #h cut holes1 #g /icks ea*1 (t5 requires #c to #d *>ges #aab to #bbd ,f\r? ,r\nd3 #h holes1 ,fir/ side r\nd1 #e to #g /icks ea* #dj to #ef ,fif? ,r\nd3 #h holes1 ,second side r\nd1 #e to #g /icks ea* #dj to #ef #b dry holes #e to #g /icks ea* #aj to #ad ,six? ,r\nd3 #d to #f wid5+ holes & dry holes1 #f /icks ea* #cf to #dh ,/ub holes #bj to #cj ,head+3 ,total ,/icks #beh to #dbh ,total ,p\nds #bae to #ceg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! av]age quantity ( p[d] us$ on ! :ole "w 0 ab\t #b4i lb4 p] cu4 yd4 ,! tables on ! diagrams1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 %[ t ! quantity actually us$ 9 mak+ ! advance at ! ma9 work+ faces 0 ab\t #b4e lb4 ,! diff]5ce is acc\nt$ = by ! l>g] p]c5tage ( p[d] us$ = trimm+ ! sides1 break+ out ! cross-passages betwe5 ! tunnels1 & ! excavation ( ! dit*es1 ! latt] op]ation n be+ done until ! concrete l9+ 0 ab\t to be put 94 ,!re 0 "s "t1 too1 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! "w1 :5 x is believ$ t an excessive quantity ( p[d] 0 us$2 = "o or two mon?s x ran up to #d lb4 p] cu4 yd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,muck ,,c> ,,us$ ,,at ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft ,! dynamite us$ 0 ,=cite4 ,at fir/1 bo? #dj & #fj 7 us$1 ! #fj g5]ally only = bla/+ ! cut 9 ! head+s2 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 ! #fj 0 us$ exclusively4 ,! rock z a rule broke v well1 & only a comp>atively small quantity c\ld n be h&l$ by ! %ovels )\t be+ brok5 up fur!r by block-hol+4 ,9 ! s&/one ! quantity ( p[d] p] cubic y>d 0 mu* m ?an = any ( ! trap4 ,9 drill+ ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 a #f-;hole cut 0 made approximately on ! c5t] l9e1 ea/ & we/1 ! enl>gem5t requir+ ab\t #ah m holes1 :i* 7 g5]ally ab\t #f ft4 deep1 ! av]age advance be+ ab\t #d ft4 p] day ( #bd h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,progress ,,pr(iles ,,( ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,tunnels ,,%[+ ,,mon?ly ,,excavation ,! drills 7 run by /eam until a dep? ( ab\t #aej ft4 _h be5 rea*$1 air f ! plant at ,hack5sack be+ available aft] t "t4 ,f\r drills 7 us$ mo/ ( ! "t1 & six lat] :5 air 0 available4 ,?is "w 0 done entirely by ! ,john ,%ields ,con/ruction ,company1 & a dep? ( #bje ft4 0 sunk 9 #f mon?s 7f ,july #ae?1 #aije1 to ,janu>y #ae?1 #aijf74 ,a d]rick 0 us$ = hoi/+ & l[]+ m5 & tools dur+ ! s9k+1 elevators be+ put 9 lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,drill+ ,data4--,dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 bo? g5]al & detail$ obs]vations 7 made ( ! drill+1 ! results ( :i* are %[n 9 ! tables4 ,table #a has be5 compil$ f ! records z platt$ daily on ! *>t f ! inspectors' reports1 z %[n by ,plate ,,xxiii1 & describ$ on page #aac4 ,table #b conta9s "s data relat+ to ! drill+ 9 ! head+s4 ,! g5]al results ( ^! obs]vations %[ t ! av]age "t ! drills 7 actually work+ 0 #e4b h\rs p] %ift1 & t !y 7 actually hitt+ ! rock ab\t half ( ?is "t1 or ab\t #b4e h\rs p] %ift4 ,! av]age dep? drill$ p] h\r1 dur+ ! "t ! drills 7 actually work+1 0 #b4ff ft4 ,! actual work+ "t1 z not$ above1 cov]s ! p]iod f ! "t ! drills 7 fir/ set up 9 ! head+ aft] bla/+ until !y 7 tak5 d[n = ! next bla/2 x does n include ! "t occupi$ 9 sett+ up or tak+ d[n1 :i* w\ld probably av]age #cj m94 m p] %ift4 ,x is believ$ t ?is figure w also apply v closely to drills work+ on ! b5*1 ?\gh no actual obs]vations 7 tak5 to det]m9e ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! irregul>ity ) :i* !y 7 work$4 ,! actual work+ "t ( ! drills 9 ! #gcf %ifts 7#g1cfj h\rs7 cov]$ by ,table #a1 0 #c1hbf h\rs1 or #e4b h\rs p] %ift4 ,! av]age dep? drill$ p] y>d1 z %[n 9 ! la/ column ( ,table #a1 agrees fairly well ) ! figures on ! diagrams1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,table #b has be5 compil$ f detail$ tim$ obs]vations ( individual drill+ ( d[n holes 9 ! b5*1 = p]iods ( #g or #h h\rs ea*1 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg4 ,! "w at t "t 0 9 fairly normal condition at all po9ts4 ,! figures 9 ! ?ird column ( ,table #b include ! "t requir$ = mov+ f "o hole to ano!r1 :5 ?is occurr$ dur+ ! obs]vation1 ! "t requir$ = *ang+ bits1 oil+ drills1 etc41 & all delays ( all k9ds4 ,a close record ( ! delays 0 kept1 & x 0 consid]$ t1 ( ! #ic h\rs1 #dh m941 9 ,table #b1 ! unnecess>y delays am\nt$ to #e h\rs1 #g m941 or ab\t #e p] c5t4 ,,table #a4 ,s4 ,numb] ( %ifts cov]$ by obs]vations4 ,hrs ,av]age numb] ( h\rs work$ p] %ift4 ,d_/,hr ,av]age dep? drill$ p] h\r p] drill4 ,d_/,yd ,av]age dep? drill$ p] y>d4 ,hack4 ,hack5sack ,:k4 ,weehawk5 ,,cs ,c5tral ,%aft ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,me?od4 ,date4 ,s ,place4 ,hrs ,d_/,hr ,d_/,yd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,aug4 '#jf #dd ,hack41 ,n4 #e4fi #b4gh #aj4a ,sept4 '#jf #ch ,n4 #e4hj #c4gg #aa4a ,no4 #a-- ,aug4 '#jf #dc ,s4 #e4fj #b4hi #i4a #d-;drill ,sept4 '#jf #cf ,s4 #f4ah #b4fe #h4g ,jan4 '#jg #af ,,cs ,e4 ,n4 #e4ii #b4ii #h4b ,jan4 '#jg #bj ,s4 #f4je #b4i #g4a ,apr4 '#jg #dh ,,cs ,w4 ,n4 #d4ib #c4c #f4g ,apr4 '#jg #dh ,s4 #e4jj #c4b #g4g ,dec4 '#jf #ed ,:k41 ,n4 #d4ie #b4af #d4eb ,nos4 #b & #c-- ,dec4 '#jf #ed ,s4 #e4bc #b4ad #d4ed #e-;drill ,dec4 '#jf #eb ,hack41 ,n4 #e4jc #b4b #e4gg ,dec4 '#jf #ed ,s4 #e4ij #a4hb #e4fg ,no4 #d-- ,june '#jg #ef ,:k41 ,n4 #d4gg #b4ee #d4bc #g-;drill ,june '#jg #eh ,s4 #d4hb #b4bf #c4hh #h-;drill ,may '#jg #fj ,hack41 ,n4 #d4fg #b4dd #e4jj ,may '#jg #fj ,s4 #d4ed #b4eg #d4hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,table #b4 ,hrs4 ,h\rs4 ,m94 ,m9utes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,date4 ,place4 ,total ,numb] ( feet work+ "t4 drill$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,hrs4 ,m94 ,jan4 #ad?1 #aijg ,:k4 ,n4 #h #j #ae #ae?1 #aijg ,n4 #g #cb #ab ,n4 #g #bb #ad #ab?1 #aijg ,s4 #h #j #bj ,s4 #h #j #aa ,s4 #h #j #aj #aa?1 #aijg ,hack4 ,n4 #h #j #ac #ag?1 #aijg ,n4 #g #aj #aj ,n4 #g #e #aa ,n4 #g #aj #aj #af?1 #aijg ,s4 #d #bj #aj ,s4 #f #i #aj ,s4 #g 444 #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,totals4 #ic #dh #aed ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,av]age3 #cf4f m94 p] ft4 drill$1 or #a4fd ft4 drill$ p] h\r4 ,z a *eck on ! av]age figures obta9$ f v>i\s s\rces1 ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! co/ ( drill+ p] cubic y>d 0 made up f ^! av]age figures1 = comp>ison ) ! actual av]age co/ on ! :ole "w4 ,! co/ records %[ ?is to be ab\t #b4be p] yd41 exclusive ( p[] = runn+ ! drills1 almo/ exactly :at ! foll[+ e/imates give = !oretical av]age conditions1 al?\gh no ef=t 0 made to h ?is latt] comp>e s closely4 ,e/imat$ ,co/ p] ,drill p] ,day4 ,drill ,runn] #a at #c4ej p] day1 #c4ej ,help] #a #b4jj #b4jj ,nipp] #a_/e #a4ge #j4ce ,head+ =eman #a_/ab #e4jj #j4db ,walk+ boss #a_/ej #g4ej #j4ae ,blacksmi? #a_/ab #d4jj #j4cd ,blacksmi? help] #a_/ab #b4jj #j4af ,ma*9i/ #a_/ab #c4jj #j4be ,ma*9i/ help] #a_/bd #a4ge #j4jg ,pipe fitt] & help] #a_/ej #e4jj #j4aj ,oil1 wa/e1 blacksmi? coal1 etc4 #j4bd ,drill /eel1 #f 94 p] %ift #j4bj ----- #g4gh ,av]age numb] ( feet drill$ p] cubic y>d #c to #c4e ,numb] ( feet drill$ p] drill1 p] %ift #aj4e to #ab ,numb] ( y>ds p] drill1 p] %ift #c4e ,co/ ( drill+1 p] y>d1 #g4gh_/c4e #b4bb ,9 all ! =ego+ tables & computations1 ! quantities us$ h be5 ^? paid =4 ,! quantity tak5 out1 h[ev]1 has be5 #aj m ?an t paid =1 & #bh m ?an ! contractor 0 actually requir$ to take out4 ,! specifications requir$ t ! excavation %\ld be tak5 entirely outside ( ! neat l9e1 z %[n on ,plate ,,viii ( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs1 b n necess>ily beyond ?is l9e1 b t ! contractor w\ld be paid = rock out to ! /&>d section l9e1 :i* is #a ft4 l>g] on ! sides & top & #f 94 deep] 9 ! bottom ?an ! neat l9e4 ,a great deal ( ! extra quantity 0 due to rock fall+ f ! core-wall side :5ev] "o work+ face 0 beh9d ! o!r4 ,bla/+ at ! face beh9d g5]ally loos5$ m or less rock on ! core-wall side ( ! tunnel :i* 0 ahead1 9 "o or two in/ances break+ entirely ?r\gh1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ! hole 9 ! core-wall 9 ?is case be+ utiliz$ by build+ a /orage *amb] 9 x4 ,table #c gives "s ( ! /ati/ics ( drill+ 9 ! ,simplon ,tunnel1 z comp>$ ) ! drill+ on ?is "w1 ! figures = ! ,simplon be+ tak5 f pap]s read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s ( ,great ,brita94 ,,table #c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,b]g5 ,hill4 ,simplon4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,drills set up 9 head+1 p]c5tage ( total elaps$ "t #ej #fj ,actually drill+ ! rock1 p]c5tage ( total elaps$ "t #be #ej ,av]age advance p] r\nd 7attack7 #h4e ft4 #c4h ft4 ,av]age "t = ea* attack #cf h\rs4 #e h\rs4 ,av]age advance p] day ( #bd h\rs #e ft4 #ah ft49999 ,dep? ( holes #aj ft4 #d4f ft4 ,diamet] ( holes #b 94 #b 94 ,l9e> feet drill$ p] h\r1 p] drill #b4g #g4j ,l9e> feet drill$ p] cubic y>d #e4j #f4j ,p\nds ( dynamite p] cubic y>d #c4d to #e4g #h ,av]age dep? drill$ ) "o %>p5+ #ab 94 #f 94 ,total numb] ( m5 p] day ( #bd h\rs99 #dej #c1cjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 99 ,on ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels1 = two full work+ faces at ! ,hack5sack end1 ab\t #c1jjj ft4 9 f portal 7,m>*1 #aijh74 ,at ,simplon1 two full faces & two head+s1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #e1jjj ft4 9 f ! portal 7,janu>y1 #aijj74 ,^! bo? include l9+ z well z excavation4 ,! l9+ ( ! ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels progress$ ab\t twice z fa/ z ! excavation2 x is inf]r$ t on ! ,simplon x progress$ at ab\t ! same rate z ! excavation4 9999 ,at ! ,italian end1 9 ,antigoric gneiss1 :i* is /at$ to be v h>d rock4 ,! figures 9 ,table #c are = head+ only 9 bo? cases1 except = ! la/ item 7numb] ( m571 ! head+ 9 ! ,simplon ,tunnels be+ ab\t #fj sq4 ft41 z comp>$ ) ! head+ ( ,me?od ,no #d 7:i* has be5 us$ = comp>ison71 ( #baj sq4 ft4 ,muck+ & ,disposal4--,! conditions affect+ ! disposal ( ! muck1 aft] bla/+1 7 q diff]5t at ! two ends1 ! grade desc5d+ 9 ! direction ( ! loads at ,weehawk5 & asc5d+ at ! ,hack5sack end4 ,at ! ,weehawk5 end ! m\? ( ! tunnels 0 at ! bottom ( a %aft "s #hj ft4 deep1 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ! muck 9 ! tunnel c>s be+ hoi/$ by elevators to a plat=m at ! top f :i* x 0 dump$ into /&>d-gauge c>s suppli$ by ! ,erie ,railroad1 z %[n by ,fig4 #g2 or lat] haul$ to ! cru%] or /orage pile1 "s #ejj ft4 di/ant1 on ! nor? side ( ,baldw9 ,av5ue4 ,at ! we/]n end1 ! c>s 7 haul$ directly to ! surface ?r\gh ! approa* cut1 & ! mat]ial1 except t requir$ = concrete & rock pack+1 0 deposit$ 9 ! embankm5t across ! ,hack5sack ,mead[s1 a haul ( f #a1jjj to #c1jjj ft4 beyond ! portal4 ,all disposal tracks 7 ( #c-;ft4 gauge1 ! ma9 runn+ tracks be+ g5]ally laid ) #fj-lb4 second-h& rails1 al?\gh "s ( light] weight 7 us$4 ,except = ab\t #a1jjj ft4 9 ea* tunnel at ! ,weehawk5 end1 :]e ! muck 0 load$ by h&1 f\r /eam %ovels1 op]at$ by compress$ air1 7 us$1 "o at ea* work+ face4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a ,m>ion1 ,model ,no4 #bj1 weigh+ #ch tons1 ! o!rs 7 ,vulcan ,little ,giant1 ( ab\t #cj tons ea*4 ,all ^! %ovels 7 on /&>d-gauge track1 & 7 mov$ back f #cjj to #ejj ft4 f ! work+ face dur+ bla/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,empty+ ,,dump ,,c>s ,,at ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft3 ,,front ,,view1 ,,side ,,view ,at ,weehawk51 previ\s to ! "t ! %ovels 7 in/all$1 ! muck 0 %ovel$ by h& into ! c>s f ! bottom ( ! b5*1 & ! head+ muck 0 dump$ into !m f ! movable plat=m 7,jumbo7 %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,!re 7 ?ree load+ tracks at ! face4 ,! c>s us$ at t "t 7 simil> to t %[n by ,fig4 #e1 b 7 ab\t two-?irds ! size & _h no end door2 /op-planks 7 suppos$ to be plac$ 9 ! ends b seldom 74 ,! loads av]ag$ ab\t cu4 yd4 7measur$ 9 place74 ,aft] ! %ovel 0 in/all$ ! c>s %[n by ,fig4 #e 7 us$1 & ! loads av]ag$ ne>ly #a cu4 yd4 ,! empty c>s 7 pu%$ up to ! %ovel by h& f ! /orage track4 ,:5 load$1 !y 7 giv5 a />t ) ! bucket ( ! %ovel1 & 7 !n all[$ to coa/ by gravity out to ! /orage track ne> ! %aft1 :]e !y 7 /opp$ by plac+ rolls ( cem5t bags or burlap on ! rails4 ,aft] ! l9+ 0 />t$1 ! load$ c>s 7 /opp$ on ! inside ( ! l9+ & only s5t out ov] ! s+le track ?r\gh ?is latt] at /at$ int]vals1 :5 sev]al c>s foll[$ 9 close succession1 ) a long int]val :i* p]mitt$ ! concrete to be br\ght 94 ,! empty c>s 7 haul$ back to ! /orage track ne> ! work+ face by mules1 "o mule usually haul+ two c>s at a "t4 ,up to ! "t ! trap rock 0 rea*$1 ab\t #a1ajj ft4 f ! %aft1 ! excavat$ mat]ial 0 dispos$ ( by load+ x on flat c>s4 ,all ! trap1 h[ev]1 0 /or$ to be us$ lat] = concrete & balla/4 ,:5 ! tunnels 7 9 full work+ ord]1 sixty muck c>s ( ! type %[n by ,fig4 #e1 7 9 use1 ab\t ev5ly divid$ betwe5 ! two tunnels4 ,= "s "t ! "w 0 greatly hamp]$ by lack ( c>s1 & ev5 ) ! sixty f9ally obta9$1 !re 7 _m times :5 extra c>s c\ld h be5 us$ to advantage to keep ! %ovel work+4 ,:5 muck+ by h&1 ! muck+ gangs consi/$ ( f #ae to #bj m54 ,! maximum output 0 #ej cu4 yd41 & av]ag$ ab\t #ce cu4 yd4 p] %ift2 !re 0 a great deal ( tr\ble 9 keep+ ! gangs full1 z labor at t "t 0 v sc>ce1 & ! tunnels 7 q wet4 ,! maximum output ( ei!r ( ! %ovels 0 #aei cu4 yd4 9 "o %ift1 & ! be/ av]age 9 any mon?--:i* 0 betwe5 ,july & ,decemb]1 #aijg1 dur+ :i* "t only ! enl>gem5t & b5* ( ! ,c5tral ,%aft head+s 0 be+ tak5 out f ! we/]n end--0 #fj cu4 yd4 p] %ift4 ,z ! %ovels 7 g5]ally idle = "o %ift out ( ?ree1 ! quantity actually h&l$ av]ag$ #ij cu4 yd4 p] %ift dur+ ! %ifts ! %ovel work$4 ,all ^! quantities 7 measur$ 9 place1 &1 z previ\sly not$1 w\ld be ab\t equal to twice z mu* measur$ loose 9 ! c>s4 ,! %ovels at bo? ends 7 usually work$ ) ?ree crews = ! two tunnels2 two day crews1 "o at ea* %ovel1 & a night crew :i* 0 us$ 9 ei!r tunnel z occasion requir$4 ,! day crews g5]ally av]ag$ f #de to #fj h\rs ov]time dur+ ! mon?1 "o ( !m work+ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+s 9 ! opposite tunnel to ! night crew4 ,= a %ort "t1 :5 ! v5tilation at ! we/]n end 0 v bad1 f\r crews 7 work$1 day & night crews 9 ea* tunnel2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 ! me?od ( work+ ?ree crews 0 pref]r$ by ! m51 & 0 less exp5sive = ! contractor4 ,at ! ,hack5sack end1 #d-yd41 ,allison1 "o-way1 dump c>s 7 us$1 be+ h&l$ by d9ky locomotives1 ( :i* !re 7 ?ree 9 use up to ,octob]1 #aijg1 & f\r aft] t4 ,"o #ae-ton ,port] eng9e1 ) #aj by #af-;94 cyl9d]s1 0 us$ outside ! tunnels = h&l+ ! tra9s 7f #f to #h c>s7 on ! dumps & to ! cru%]2 ! o!r ?ree1 #ab-ton ,vulcans1 #i by #ad-;941 7 us$ 9 ! tunnels4 ,ab\t #cj dump c>s 7 9 use1 & ( ^! !re 7 g5]ally f #c to #f "u repair4 ,g5]ally1 #d c>s 7 haul$ out toge!r1 al?\gh #e & occasionally #f 7 h&l$4 ,! "w 0 g5]ally arrang$ s t ! heavy muck+ %ift alt]nat$ 9 ! two tunnels1 ! two eng9es be+ work$ !re & a s+le eng9e 9 ! o!r tunnel4 ,! tunnel eng9es left ! c>s on a track j outside ! portal1 f :i* !y 7 made up into tra9s ( f #f to #h c>s & tak5 to ! dump or cru%] by ! l>ge d9ky4 ,! muck f ! ,c5tral ,%aft head+s 0 load$ by h& into c>s simil> to t %[n by ,fig4 #e1 b small] & hav+ no door at ! =w>d end4 ,a d\ble elevator took ! c>s to a plat=m ab\t #bj ft4 above ! surface1 :]e !y 7 dump$ by revolv+ plat=ms1 simil> to ^? at ,weehawk51 into /orage b9s or directly into wagons4 ,! muck 0 all haul$ away 9 wagons2 "p ( x 0 us$ to fill "s vacant lots1 & "p 0 haul$ to ! cru%] at ! ,we/]n ,portal4 ,! me?od "u :i* ! be/ results 7 obta9$ 0 t 9 :i* a full r\nd 0 bla/$ e #cf h\rs1 secur+ an advance ( practically #i ft4 ( full section4 ,dur+ ! fir/ %ift ( ! ?ree1 z soon z ! bla/+ _h be5 complet$ & lights /rung1 ! %ovel 0 mov$ =w>d1 & clean$ up ! floor to ! ma9 pile ( muck1 ! mat]ial f ! bla/ be+ scatt]$ f #aej to #cjj ft4 back f ! face2 dur+ ?is %ift1 also1 ! drill]s muck$ ! head+ & set up _! drills1 ! muck]s help+ to c>ry 9 ! columns & drills4 ,dur+ ! second %ift ! ma9 pile ( muck 0 dispos$ (1 leav+ n m ?an #b or #c h\rs' "w = ! %ovel on ! ?ird %ift4 ,?is left ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ?ird %ift = drill+ ! lift holes4 ,v5tilation4--,at ,weehawk5 consid]able difficulty 0 caus$ by fog & smoke accumulat+ 9 ! tunnels aft] bla/+4 ,?is 0 g5]ally worse on days :5 ! b>ometric pressure 0 l[ outside1 & worse 9 ! ,nor? ?an 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,a #f-;ft4 fan1 driv5 by an electric motor1 0 in/all$ 9 ! cross-passage at ,/ation #bgd1 #ijj ft4 f ! %aft1 ! head+s at t "t be+ ab\t #cjj ft4 9 advance ( ?is po9t1 to =ce ! air f ! ,s\? into ! ,nor? ,tunnel1 draw+ x 9 at ! m\? ( ! ,s\? ,tunnel & dis*>g+ x at ! m\? ( ! ,nor? ,tunnel1 ?us insur+ a circulation 9 bo? tunnels1 z %[n 9 plan by ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is necessitat$1 ( c\rse1 t ! cross-passages betwe5 t 9 :i* ! fan 0 plac$ & ! m\?s ( ! tunnels %\ld be block$ tight4 ,!re 0 "s difficulty 9 keep+ ?is block+ tight1 ow+ to ! =ce ( ! bla/+ bl[+ out ! bulkheads4 ,! fan1 h[ev]1 did good s]vice :5 x & ! bulkheads 7 9 good ord]4 ,! compress$ air dis*>g$ f ! drills kept ! head+s fairly cle>1 z well z t "p ( ! tunnel betwe5 ! head+s & ! fan4 ,! fan 0 mov$ ahead to ! next cross-passage at ,/ation #bgg :5 ! "w _h progress$ f> en\gh1 & 0 us$ !re = "s "t2 x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t by ! "t ! excavation _h rea*$ ,/ation #bhj1 ab\t #a1ejj ft4 f ! %aft1 !re 0 practically no fur!r difficulty f fog & smoke4 ,no satisfactory explanation 0 f\nd = ?is1 z x w\ld r be expect$ t ! v5tilation & tr\ble ) smoke & fumes f bla/+ w\ld be worse z ! di/ance increas$ betwe5 ! m\? ( ! tunnel & ! work+ face4 ,"o explanation 0 (f]$3 ,t ! bla/+ ( ! s(t] s&/one t5d$ to create m & light] du/ ?an ! heavi] trap rock2 :e!r or n ?is 0 s1 x is a fact t !re 0 f> less tr\ble ) fog & smoke aft] ! s&/one 0 pass$4 ,at ,hack5sack1 ! pr9cipal cause ( tr\ble 0 ! smoke f ! d9ky locomotives4 ,z ! tunnels progress$1 ?is gradually became worse1 until a connection 0 made ) ! ,c5tral ,%aft head+s4 ,a fan 0 in/all$ 9 ! cross-passage at ,/ation #caf 7#gjj ft4 9 f ! portal71 b 0 nev] work$ prop]ly4 ,app>5tly1 ! m51 at lea/ ! walk+ bosses & =em51 _h little fai? 9 ! fan z a means ( v5tilation2 no real attempt 0 made to keep x 9 ord] or op]ate x prop]ly1 & a great deal ( "t & money 0 lo/ grop+ ar\nd 9 ! smoke & fog1 ! d5sity ( :i* increas$1 n only ) ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 b also ) ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,on "s days ! tunnels easily cle>$ !mselves1 & on o!rs ! smoke 0 s ?ick t a c&le held at arm's l5g? c\ld n be se54 ,at ?is end1 ! ,s\? ,tunnel 0 g5]ally worse ?an ! ,nor?4 ,aft] ! head+s 7 hol$ ?r\gh betwe5 ! portal & ! ,c5tral ,%aft !re 0 v little tr\ble1 !re be+ usually a /rong up-draft ?r\gh ! %aft4 ,?is 0 s pron\nc$ :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ t[>d ! portal1 t ! moi/ure-lad5 air1 z x asc5d$ f ! m\? ( ! %aft1 pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a heavy ra9/orm ) ! ra9 asc5d+ in/ead ( desc5d+4 ,:5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ away f ! portal1 t is1 f ! s\!a/1 ! effect ( ! %aft z a *imney 0 neutraliz$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! smoke accumulat$ 9 ! tunnels4 ,to ov]come ?is1 a l>ge bl[]1 ) a fan #i ft4 9 diamet]1 & ) blades #d ft4 wide & #b ft4 #c 94 long1 op]at$ by a v]tical #ab-;h4p4 eng9e1 0 in/all$ at ! top ( ! %aft1 & ?is kept ! tunnels reasonably cle> ( smoke at all times4 ,aft] ! b5* & enl>gem5t _h pass$ ! bottom ( ! %aft1 ! use ( ! fan 0 ab&on$1 z x 0 f\nd t ! tunnels cle>$ !mselves fairly well1 probably ow+ to ! l>g] cross-section rea*+ all ! way to ! ,%aft4 ,:at little fog & smoke !re might be did n cause en\gh tr\ble to w>rant ! co/ ( runn+ ! fan1 :i*1 ow+ to its location1 requir$ ! :ole "t ( a me*anic 9 att5dance day & night4 ,light+4--,dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! "w1 gasol9e lamps & ,kitson lights 7 us$4 ,! =m]1 ( ! famili> banjo type1 & a modification ( ?is1 ) a section ( wr\ght-iron pipe = ! res]voir1 7 v unsatisfactory1 & 7 out ( repair & leak+ a l>ge proportion ( ! "t4 ,! ,kitson lights 7 giv5 only a %ort trial1 b 7 f\nd unsatisfactory1 ow+ to ! necessity ( mov+ !m frequ5tly & hav+ to set !m up 9 insecure positions4 ,electric lights 7 in/all$ by ,mr4 ,bradley1 on 8 assumption ( ! contract4 ,! numb] ( lamps ma9ta9$ 9 ea* ( ! tunnels = ! excavation 0 approximately z foll[s3 ,at ! ma9 work+ face ,f #h to #aj ,on & ar\nd ! %ovel #i to #ab ,betwe5 ! portal & ! work+ face #fj to #hj ,! co/ ( light+ = ! :ole "w av]ag$ ab\t #ae c5ts p] cu4 yd41 :i* is q l>ge4 ,?is 0 ma9ly due to ! fact t curr5t 0 b\ght f outside s\rces dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! "t 7"o-?ird ( ! y>dage74 ,"p ( ?is curr5t co/ #e c5ts p] kw-hr41 & !re 7 fairly heavy *>ges = connect+ ! tunnel wir+ sy/em ) ! s\rce ( supply4 ,curr5t b\ght f ! ,public ,s]vice ,corporation co/ f #aj to #ab c5ts p] kw-hr4 deliv]$ at ! m\? ( ! tunnel4 ,pump+4--,! quantity ( wat] enc\nt]$ dur+ ! excavation ( ! tunnels1 measur$ some:at r\ghly1 0 approximately z foll[s3 ,at ,weehawk5 #gd gal4 p] m94 ,at ,c5tral ,%aft #a ,at ,hack5sack #ah ,! wat] at ! ,weehawk5 end _h to be pump$ f ! bottom ( ! %aft1 a lift ( ab\t #ij ft41 :ile at ! ,hack5sack end x _h to be pump$ back f ! face up grade to ! portal4 ,! co/ ( pump+ 0 ab\t #ajj to #abe p] mon? = labor = ! :ole "w1 besides ! co/ ( ! plant 7ab\t #a1bjj7 & ! p[] = runn+ x4 ,,progress4 ,! total "t elaps$ f ! "t ( />t+ "w at ! ,weehawk5 end1 9 ,may1 #aije1 to ! completion ( ! excavation1 9 ,may1 #aijh1 0 almo/ exactly ?ree ye>s4 ,( ?is "t ab\t #dj days 7 lo/ 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aijf1 :5 "w 0 /opp$ by ! ,receiv] ( ! ,%ields ,company1 ! total numb] ( days actually work$ be+ ab\t #idj1 giv+ an av]age progress ( #f4bf ft4 p] work+ day 9 ea* ( ! two tunnels1 :i*1 omitt+ ! ,c5tral ,%aft head+s1 gives an av]age rate ( progress = ea* work+ face1 ( #c4ac ft4 p] day4 ,^! #idj days include practically all ! "t elaps$1 except ,sundays & su* few holidays z 7 obs]v$4 ,= "s ( ?is "t1 "w 0 be+ c>ri$ on at only "o or two po9ts2 ! "t1 !re=e1 repres5ts practically ! total possible work+ "t dur+ ! p]iod cov]$4 ,progress at ,weehawk54--,at ,weehawk5 ! total numb] ( days work$ 0 #gfc1 divid$ z foll[s3 #ahf days 9 timb]$ section1 ab\t #dbf ft41 an av]age rate ( #b4c ft4 p] day 9 ea* tunnel2 #agf days 9 h>d s&/one1 ab\t #efc ft41 an av]age rate ( #c4b ft4 p] day 9 ea* tunnel2 #aab days 9 h>d trap1 ab\t #bfg ft41 an av]age rate ( #b4d ft4 p] day 9 ea* tunnel2 #bhi days 9 ord9>y trap1 ab\t #a1caf ft41 an av]age rate ( #d4ee ft4 p] day 9 ea* tunnel4 ,progress at ,c5tral ,%aft4--,at ,c5tral ,%aft ! av]age l5g? driv5 p] day 9 ea* ( ! f\r head+s is %[n by ,table #d4 ,,table #d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,location4 ,numb] ( days ,total l5g? ( ,av]age l5g? ( work$4 head+1 9 head+ driv5 p] feet4 day work$1 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,n4,e4 #bbg #ddf #a4if ,s4,e4 #afh #cdf #b4jf ,n4,w4 #bgb #gfh #b4hb ,s4,w4 #bcd #fih #b4ih ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,progress at ,hack5sack4--,at ,hack5sack ! total numb] ( days work$ on ! tunnels prop]1 all 9 trap rock 7omitt+ ! cut & cov]7 0 ab\t #gib1 divid$ z %[n 9 ,table #e4 ,,table #e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,numb] ( ,av]age ,location4 days ,advance4 advance work$4 p] day4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,/ation #cbc to ,c5tral ,%aft head+s #dib #a1dej #d4e ,b5* & enl>gem5t ( #aei #a1aej99 #g4b99 ,c5tral ,%aft head+s #ijf9999 #e4g9999 ,c5tral ,%aft head+s to ,weehawk5 head+s #ada #fbj #d4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 99 ,actual advance4 9999 ,equival5t l9e> feet ( full section tunnel4 ,! be/ mon?'s "w 9 ea* location 0 z foll[s1 ! actual y>dage excavat$ & paid = be+ r$uc$ to equival5t l9e> feet ( full section4 ,! tunnels 7 g5]ally tak5 out to full section1 except = a small am\nt left 9 ! bottom1 :i* latt] r$uc$ ! equival5t l9e> feet ( full section to ab\t #ie ( ! actual advance at ! face4 ,weehawk54-- ,feet ,l9e> p] feet4 day4 ,full timb]$ section1 ,nor? ,tunnel ,nov41 #aije1 #hg #c4j ,s&/one ,may1 #aijf1 #aji #c4i ,trap 7normal7 ,s\? ,july1 #aijg1 #add #e4c ,hack5sack 7,all trap74-- ,feet ,l9e> p] feet4 day4 ,portal to ,c5tral ,%aft head+s1 ,s\? ,tunnel ,may1 #aijg1 #aci #e4j 99 ,enl>gem5t ( head+s1 ,nov41 #aijg1 #age #f4j ,c5tral ,%aft head+s to ,weehawk5 head+s1 ,nor? ,tunnel ,apr41 #aijh1 #ade #e4b 99 ,! actual advance ( ! b5* ?is mon? 0 #bjb l94 ft4 ,c5tral ,%aft ,head+s4--,dur+ ,april1 #aijg1 #abb l94 ft4 ( head+1 av]ag+ #c4h cu4 yd4 p] l94 ft41 7 tak5 out 9 ! ,s\? ,tunnel1 we/ ( ! %aft4 ,?is 0 equal to #e4j ft4 p] day = ! #bd days work$4 ,! ,be/ ,week's ,"w4--,! be/ week's "w at ei!r ( ! ma9 work+ faces1 :5 ! full section 0 be+ excavat$ 9 trap rock1 0 #hjc cu4 yd41 equal to #da4h l94 ft4 ( full-section tunnel1 or an av]age ( #f4j l94 ft4 ( full section p] day2 ?is 0 f ! ,s\? ,tunnel at ,hack5sack = ! week end+ ,janu>y #aa?1 #aijh4 ,! ,be/ ,y>dage4--,! l>ge/ numb] ( y>ds tak5 out 9 any "o week f "o work+ face 0 #a1jhg1 equival5t to #ef4f l94 ft4 ( full section1 or an av]age ( #h4a l94 ft4 ( full section p] day4 ,?is 0 b5* & enl>gem5t only 7,c5tral ,%aft head+s7 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel1 ,hack5sack1 = ! week end+ ,octob] #ai?1 #aijg4 ,! l>ge/ y>dage = ! :ole "w 9 any "o week 0 #c1bch cu4 yd4 f f\r work+ faces--two at ,weehawk5 9 full section & two at ! ,hack5sack b5* & enl>gem5t 7,c5tral ,%aft head+s74 ,?is 0 equival5t to #afh4d l94 ft4 ( full-section tunnel1 or an av]age ( #f ft4 p] day f ea* work+ face4 ,! ,be/ ,mon?'s ,"w4--,! be/ mon?'s "w ) ea* ( ! f\r me?ods ( drill+ ! head+s1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 :]e ! "w 0 /raight =w>d & ! full section 0 be+ tak5 out1 0 z foll[s3 ,me?od ,no4 #a ,ab\t #ij ft4 9 s&/one4 ,no4 #b #ajj 9 trap4 ,no4 #c #acg 9 trap4 ,no4 #d #ade 9 trap4 ,9 reg>d to ^! figures x %\ld be not$1 z /at$ previ\sly1 t ! organization ( ! m5 & plant 0 n prop]ly complet$ until ne> ! "t ,me?od ,no4 #d 0 put 9 op]ation4 ,9 ,fig4 #i is %[n graphically ! relation ( ! progress to ! "t elaps$ 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel1 ! diagram = ! ,s\? ,tunnel be+ almo/ exactly ! same4 ,,plant4 ,! plant in/all$ by ! ,john ,%ields ,con/ruction ,company1 & tak5 ov] by ,mr4 ,bradley1 0 compos$ v l>gely ( second-h& mat]ial1 & ev5tually mo/ ( x _h to be replac$4 ,insuffici5t & ineffici5t plant & delay 9 in/allation 7 l>gely responsible = ! small progress made by ! ,%ields ,company1 & ,mr4 ,bradley's endeavor to utilize ?is plant n only caus$ mu* delay dur+ ! fir/ #h or #aj mon?s aft] he />t$ "w1 b also involv$ l>ge exp5se4 ,p[] ,plant4--,at ,weehawk5 ! plant in/all$ by ! ,%ields ,company consi/$ ( ?ree old locomotive boil]s1 ea* hav+ a nom9al capacity ( ab\t #abe h4p41 & "o ,r& & "o ,+]soll-,s]geant compressor1 ea* ( a rat$ capacity ( ab\t #a1bej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 compress$ to #ajj lb4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,bradley add$ two m second-h& locomotive boil]s1 & ano!r ,r& compressor ( ! same type & capacity z ! fir/4 ,! !oretical /eam capacity ( ea* ( ! five old locomotive boil]s 0 ab\t #d1bej lb4 p] h\r1 or a total capacity ( #ba1bej lb4 p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,progress ,,pr(ile--,,nor? ,,tunnel ,!oretically1 ! dem& on ?is /eam 03 ,p\nds p] h\r4 ,?ree compressors1 ab\t #e1fjj lb4 p] h\r ea* #af1hjj ,"o dynamo ,ab\t #a1jjj ,"o #ejj-;gal4 pump #a1jjj ,"o hoi/+ eng9e = elevators #b1jjj ,total #bj1hjj ,actually1 !re 0 consid]able defici5cy ( /eam :5 an endeavor 0 made to "w ! ?ree compressors at _! full capacity4 ,a sep>ate boil] 0 aft]w>d in/all$ to run ! hoi/+ eng9e = ! elevators & ! pumps1 ?us leav+ a requirem5t ( only approximately #ah1jjj lb4 ( /eam p] h\r1 b ev5 ?is 0 beyond ! capacity ( ! boil]s1 especially z "o 0 almo/ always out ( commission4 ,! two ,r& compressors 7 #bd by #bd by #cj-;941 /raight-l9e1 "o-/age1 /eam-driv51 ) a nom9al capacity ( #a1bej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 at #hj rev4 p] m94 ,! ,+]soll-,s]geant 0 ( simil> type & capacity4 ,!re=e1 ! !oretical quantity available 0 #c1gej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 ,! !oretical air requirem5ts 7z tak5 f manufactur]s' catalogues7 73 ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 #bj ,r& slugg] drills 7#ab by #agd7 #b1jhh #b ,little ,giant %ovels 7tak+ air two-?irds ( ! "t7 #a1ajj ----- ,total #c1ahh ,?is e/imate1 bas$ on ! assumption 7giv5 9 ! catalogues7 t ! drills w\ld be work+ ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! "t1 & ! %ovels ab\t two-?irds ( ! "t1 left app>5tly an ample m>g9 betwe5 ! full capacity ( ! compressors & ! requirem5ts = ! drills2 z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x 0 seldom t m ?an #hj lb4 ( air 0 available1 & ! pressure (t5 dropp$ to #fj or #ej lb4 at ! compressors4 ,dur+ ! "t ?is plant 0 9 use ! greate/ di/ance to ! drills 0 ab\t #a1ejj ft4 ,z ?is plant prov$ to be entirely inadequate to ! dem&s1 an arrangem5t 0 made ) ! ,o',r\rke ,con/ruction ,company on ,augu/ #ag?1 #aijf1 :]eby !y agre$ to supplem5t ! air supply by #a1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 at #ajj lb4 pressure4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 n altoge!r satisfactory1 & f9ally 7on ,decemb] #e?1 #aijf7 an arrangem5t 0 made ) ! same company to supply air up to #d1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 at #ajj lb41 & ! old plant 0 %ut d[n4 ,! new plant _h be5 9 use previ\sly 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,riv] ,tunnels4 ,! air f x 0 compress$ to #dj lb4 by l[-pressure ma*9es1 "o be+ us$ all ! "t & two :5 necess>y4 ,^! ma*9es 7 built by ! ,+]soll-,s]geant ,company1 ! eng9es be+ ( ! ,corliss duplex type1 cross-comp\nd /eam1 ) simple duplex air cyl9d]s1 ea* compressor hav+ a capacity ( ne>ly #d1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 ,?is air1 at #dj lb41 0 deliv]$ to an ,+]soll-,s]geant high-pressure ma*9e1 hav+ ,corliss cross-comp\nd eng9es1 #ad by #bf by #cf-;941 ) air cyl9d]s ( ! pi/on inlet type1 #ac by #cf-;941 :i* compress$ x to #ajj lb4 ,! capacity ( ?is latt] ma*9e1 tak+ air at normal pressure1 is #ibj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 work+ at #he rev4 p] m942 by tak+ ! air at #dj lb41 & work+ at a some:at high] spe$1 ?is ma*9e alone suppli$ all ! air us$ at ! ,weehawk5 end 7approximately #d1jjj ft47 f ,decemb]1 #aijf1 to ,novemb]1 #aijg1 &1 ) v few exceptions1 ! pressure 0 /eadily ma9ta9$ at f #ij to #ajj lb41 !re be+ no break-d[n ( any k9d4 ,at ,hack5sack ! plant tak5 ov] by ,mr4 ,bradley consi/$ ( six old locomotive boil]s & f\r ,r& compressors1 all ( ! same type z ^? at ,weehawk54 ,to ?is he add$ two second-h& m>9e boil]s1 ea* ( a /at$ capacity ( ab\t #cej h4p41 & two m ,r& compressors ( ! same type & capacity z ! o!rs1 mak+ ! total !oretical /eam p[] available approximately #a1dej h4p41 ) a compressor capacity ( approximately #g1ejj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m941 equal to ab\t #a1ejj h4p41 all[+ = #ae ( loss4 ,n[h]e ne> ! !oretical /eam p[] 0 ev] develop$ f ! boil]s4 ,! tubes ( ! old locomotive boil]s 7 fill$ ) mud 9 _m cases1 & 7 always leak+4 ,! m>9e boil]s 7 n prop]ly in/all$ to give ! be/ results1 & x 0 seldom possible to "w m ?an f\r compressors at once1 or to keep ! air pressure at ! p[]-h\se mu* great] ?an f #gj to #hj lb4 at any "t4 ,?is plant _h be5 built by ! ,%ields ,company on ! mead[s alongside ! ,erie & ,new ,york1 ,susquehanna & ,we/]n ,railroads1 & ! f\ndations 7 n made suffici5tly /rong to resi/ ! effect ( ! vibration caus$ by ! pass+ tra9s4 ,x 0 impossible to keep ! /eam connections tight1 & !re 0 n only ! loss ( /eam due to leaky jo9ts1 b positive dang] ( "o ( ! ma9 /eam l9es break+ entirely4 ,aft] attempt+ to op]ate ?is plant = ne>ly #e mon?s1 ,mr4 ,bradley det]m9$ to ab&on ! site & ! boil]s1 & build a new plant1 f>!r back f ! railroad1 on solid gr\nd1 9 su* a position t a spur track c\ld be built to a coal tre/le 9 front ( ! boil]s4 ,two pairs ( ,/irl+ boil]s1 ) a total capacity ( #b1jjj h4p41 7 in/all$4 ,z a rule1 at times ( maximum dem&1 ?ree ( ! boil]s 7 9 use2 aft] ! ,c5tral ,%aft 0 /opp$1 two 7 g5]ally suffici5t1 until1 t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! excavation1 ! losses 9 ! transmission ( ! air made x necess>y to keep ?ree go+4 ,eight compressors 7! six old ones ) two br\ght f ,weehawk571 7 in/all$ 9 ! new p[]-h\se4 ,all 7 ( ! same type1 namely1 ,r&1 /raight-l9e1 /eam-driv51 #bd by #bd by #cj-;941 ea* ) a nom9al capacity ( #a1bej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 ,sev5 ( ^! 7 g5]ally work$ to _! full capacity 9 ord] to keep up ! necess>y supply ( air4 ,! maximum requirem5ts ( air at ?is end 7 prim>ily e/imat$ z foll[s3 ,c5tral ,%aft1 f\r head+s #bd drills4 ,hack5sack1 two work+ faces #bj drills4 ---------- ,total #dd drills4 ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 #dd ,slugg] drills 7#be by #agd7 require #d1cej #b ,/eam %ovels #a1fjj ,pumps & ma*9e-%op1 say #a1jjj #d ,hoi/+ eng9es1 plac+ concrete #b1jjj #d ,d]ricks #b1jjj ------ ,total #aj1iej ,! !oretical capacity ( ! :ole eight compressors 03 #abej #h #aj1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 ,x 0 consid]$ t n m ?an two-?irds ( ! above equipm5t w\ld be work+ at ! same "t2 ! actual requirem5t1 !re=e1 0 tak5 at ab\t #h1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m941 ?us leav+ a m>g9 ( "o sp>e compressor4 ,z actually work$ out1 !re 7 probably nev] m ?an eight drills work+ at any "o "t at ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 & ?is "w 0 entirely susp5d$ 9 ,june1 #aijg1 be=e !re 0 any dem& = p[] 9 connection ) ! tunnel l9+4 ,! heavie/ actual requirem5t1 !re=e1 0 approximately z foll[s3 7,a7 ,previ\s to ,june #be?1 #aijg3 ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 #dj ,drills 7#bb by #agd7 #c1hbh #b ,%ovels #a1fjj ,pumps & ma*9e-%op1 say #a1jjj #b ,d]ricks #a1jjj ----- ,total #g1dbh 7,b7 ,aft] ,novemb]1 #aijg 7aft] completion ( enl>gem5t ( ,c5tral ,%aft head+s73 ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 #cb ,drills 7#ag by #agd7 #b1ieh #b ,%ovels #a1fjj ,pumps1 etc #a1jjj #c ,hoi/+ eng9es on concrete1 ea* work+ "o-?ird "t #ejj #b ,d]ricks #a1jjj ----- ,total #g1jeh ,! av]age numb] ( drill]s p] %ift 0 ab\t #be at ! two ma9 work+ faces4 ,!re 7 also f #e to #aj drills trimm+ & clean+ up = concrete1 say an av]age ( #g1 mak+ #cb 9 all4 ,aft] ,novemb] #a/1 x actually requir$ ?ree boil]s "u /eam all ! "t1 & n less ?an sev5 compressors runn+ at full capacity1 to keep ! air at prop] pressure1 ! !oretical capacity ( ! compressors be+ #h1gej cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m941 z aga9/ #g1jjj to #g1djj cu4 ft41 ! !oretical maximum requirem5t4 ,"s ( ?is defici5cy 0 due to losses 9 transmission1 "p also 0 due to ! fact t ! actual 0 probably consid]ably bel[ ! !oretical capacity ( ! compressors4 ,,accid5ts4 ,two accid5ts occurr$ to ! p[d] magaz9es1 ! causes ( :i* 7 nev] absolutely det]m9$4 ,! fir/ occurr$ on ,janu>y #aj?1 #aijg1 :5 ! dynamite burn$ up )\t explod+4 ,! second accid5t 0 on ,m>* #c;d1 #aijg1 :5 an explosion occurr$ :i* damag$ prop]ty ov] a v l>ge area1 b did n involve any s]i\s injury to p]sons1 only "o man be+ slightly hurt4 ,! only s]i\s bla/+ accid5t 9 ! tunnels occurr$ on ,janu>y #bf?1 #aijh1 & 0 due to a premature bla/1 ! cause = :i* c\ld n be asc]ta9$4 ,contractor's ,organization4--,! "w 0 9 g5]al *>ge ( a sup]9t5d5t1 &1 dur+ ! "t x 0 be+ c>ri$ on at bo? ends1 an assi/ant sup]9t5d5t _h *>ge at night4 ,at ea* end !re 0 a day & a night walk+ boss1 :o _h g5]al sup]vision ( ! m5 9 ! tunnels1 ! day walk+ boss be+ ! sup]ior1 & responsible = ! g5]al conduct ( ! "w at 8 end1 bo? day & night4 ,two #aj-;h\r %ifts 7 work$1 ?irte5 %ifts e two weeks1 no "w be+ done on alt]nate ,sundays & ,sunday nights4 ,) ! exception ( ! walk+ bosses & ! ma/] me*anic1 all ! m5 *ang$ f ! day to ! night %ift e two weeks4 ,! organization 0 approximately z foll[s1 = ea* %ift3 ,g5]al--,bo? ,tunnels4 #a ,ma/] me*anic 7days only71 #a ,ma*9i/1 #a ,eng9e runn]1 #b ,firem51 #b ,oil]s1 #a ,electrician & help]1 #a ,drill ma*9i/ & help]1 #c ,blacksmi?s & help]s1 #a ,p[d]man1 #a ,walk+ boss1 #d ,locomotive eng9e runn]s1 #d ,brakem51 #a ,swit*man1 #a ,=eman on dump1 #f ,m5 on dump1 #a ,=eman on track1 #f ,m5 on track4 ,9 ,ea* ,tunnel4 ,drill+ & ,bla/+4 #a ,=eman1 #ab ,drill]s1 #ab ,help]s1 #a ,nipp]1 #a ,pipe-fitt]4 ,muck+4 #a ,%ovel eng9e]1 #a ,cranesman1 #a ,muck boss1 #ab ,muck]s4 ,,records4 ,! records ( ! "w h be5 bas$ l>gely on ! reports ( ! day & night inspectors1 :i* 7 made out on regul> =ms4 ,a daily report c>d 0 made out ea* morn+ & =w>d$ to ! (fice ( ! *ief eng9e]4 ,x cov]$ ! "w done = ! previ\s #bd h\rs1 up to #f o'clock ea* morn+4 ,a telephone report 0 made to ! resid5t eng9e] by ! inspectors ea* day at #h4cj ,a4,m41 giv+ ! conditions1 numb] ( m51 etc41 at ! op5+ ( ! day's "w4 ,a daily progress pr(ile1 on #aj by #aj to ! in* cross-section pap]1 cov]+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! tunnels1 0 kept 9 ! (fice ( ! resid5t eng9e]4 ,?is 0 m\nt$ 9 sections1 on a piece ( composition bo>d1 & hung on ! wall = conv5i5t ref]5ce4 ,! in=mation1 %[+ ! progress up to #f o'clock ea* morn+1 0 %[n on ! report ( ! night inspector1 & 0 plott$ on ?is pr(ile at #g o'clock ea* morn+4 ,! plott+ 0 left 9 p5cil1 & ea* mon?'s "w 0 color$ 94 ,a progress pr(ile 0 tak5 by ! m5 ( ! alignm5t corps ea* ,saturday morn+ & plott$ by !m1 alt]nate weeks be+ 9 r$ & blue ink on ! same pr(ile4 ,a *>t %[+ ! numb] ( drills work+1 "t work$1 bla/+ p]iods1 etc4 7,plate ,,xxiii71 0 plott$ ea* morn+ & 0 extremely useful1 n only 9 keep+ 9 t\* ) ! "w1 b 9 compil+ _m ( ! /ati/ics us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is pap]4 ,^! cross-section %eets 7 rul$ #ab by #ab to ! in*1 ?us giv+ "o space p] h\r horizontally4 ,9 ! top v]tical space are %[n ! head+ drills1 _! "t ( /opp+ & />t+1 & _! numb]1 ea* heavy l9e repres5t+ "o drill4 ,9 ! next space bel[ are %[n ! drills on ! b5*1 lift holes1 etc4 ,! bla/+ "t is %[n by ! portion hat*$ 7%[n 9 r$ on ! orig9al71 :i* cov]s ! :ole v]tical space :5 a complete r\nd ( bo? head+ & b5* is bla/$1 & only "p1 top or bottom1 z ! case might be1 if only "o or ! o!r4 ,! numb] ( drill]s & muck]s at ! ma9 work+ face is %[n1 & bel[ t 79 r$ ink on ! orig9al7 ! numb] ( cubic y>ds h&l$ ea* %ift4 ,! "t ! %ovel is work+ is %[n by ! heavy l9e fill+ a :ole space2 & ! air pressure1 platt$ f ! record+ gauge *>ts1 is %[n 9 ! space bel[4 ,a comb9ation daily & weekly report1 %[+ ! total numb] ( m5 work+ on ea* section1 & ! numb] ( cubic y>ds excavat$1 0 ent]$ e day & kept on a fil+ bo>d 9 ! (fice ( ! resid5t eng9e]1 & a copy 0 s5t to ! ma9 (fice at ! end ( ! week1 ) su* notes on ! back z might be necess>y1 or ( int]e/4 ,a report 0 made out weekly & s5t to ! contractor's sup]9t5d5t1 %[+ any deviations f grade1 any tight places1 & ! /ation ( b5* & head+s4 ,a mon?ly report 0 made to ! *ief eng9e]1 giv+ detail$ /ati/ics ( ! am\nt ( "w done1 etc41 plant in/all$1 & %ort notes ( any matt] ( int]e/ affect+ ! "w 9 any way4 ,,tunnel ,,l9+4 ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations4--,= ! plac+ ( ! concrete l9+1 a sub-contract 0 giv5 to ,messrs4 ,k+1 ,rice & ,ganey1 by ,mr4 ,bradley1 :i* provid$ sub/antially t all mat]ials %\ld be suppli$ by him1 & deliv]$ to ! sub-contractors at track level1 at or ne> ! po9t 9 ! tunnel at :i* !y 7 to be plac$1 & t he w\ld supply light & p[]2 ! sub-contractors 7 to supply ! plant1 =ms1 & labor necess>y = plac+ ! concrete & wat]-pro(+1 build+ ! conduit l9es1 manholes1 etc41 etc41 to complete ! l9+1 ! g5]al =m ( :i* is %[n on ,plate ,,viii ( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs1 & 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! latt] also %[s ! diff]5t sections into :i* ! l9+ 0 divid$ = purposes ( con/ruction1 & ! nom5clature adopt$ = ea*4 ,x may be not$1 incid5tally1 t ! cubic cont5ts ( ! l9+ p] l9e> foot ( tunnel is almo/ exactly half ! quantity excavat$1 out to ! /&>d section l9es1 & z !re 0 "s excavation outside ( ^! l9es1 all ( :i* _h to be replac$1 ! actual quantity ( mat]ial :i* _h to be br\ght back into ! tunnel 0 q a little m ?an half ! quantity tak5 out4 ,x w be evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! "q ( transportation 0 an important "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,division ,,( ,,l9+ ,,= ,,purposes ,,( ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,names ,,( ,,sections ,an ess5tial "p ( ! agreem5t ) ! sub-contractors provid$ t ! op]ations incid5t to ! plac+ ( ! l9+ %\ld be c>ri$ on s z to provide at all times space = a s+le track ( #c-;ft4 gauge1 runn+ ?r\gh ! "w1 & ! necess>y cle>ance = ! locomotives & c>s us$ 9 haul+ out ! muck4 ,a cle>ance diagram ( "o ( ! d9kys us$ 9 ! tunnels1 & its relation to ! =ms us$1 is %[n by ,fig4 #ab & also by ,fig4 #af1 ! #d-yd4 ,allison c>s1 us$ = h&l+ ! muck1 tak+ practically ! same wid?1 al?\gh !y 7 n q z high4 ,?is requirem5t & ! limit$ space available mu/ be kept 9 m9d 9 consid]+ ! design f9ally adopt$ = ! =ms & plant requir$ 9 plac+ ! l9+4 ,x %\ld also be kept 9 m9d t1 ) ! roll+ /ock us$1 !re 0 only room = a s+le track ?r\gh t "p ( ! tunnel :]e any concrete _h be5 built4 ,z ! concrete progress$1 !re=e1 ! l5g? ( s+le track 0 necess>ily l5g!n$1 & ! problem ( transportation 0 made increas+ly difficult4 ,9 work+ out a design = ! b5*-wall =ms1 ano!r highly important & controll+ factor1 :i* _h to be consid]$1 0 ! arrangem5t ( ! conduit l9es1 z %[n 9 ! g5]al cross-section4#b ,footnote #b3 ,plate ,,viii ( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs4 ,! quantities ( ! v>i\s mat]ials 9 ! l9+1 p] l9e> foot ( tunnel1 7 z foll[s3 ,concrete #g4fd cu4 yd4 ,rock pack+3 ,paid = #a4dh cu4 yd4 ,outside /&>d section l9e #a4gd ------------ #c4bb ,iron & /eel #dd4b lb4 ,vitrifi$ conduits #hd4j duct ft4 ,wat]-pro(+ #ac4j sq4 ft4 ,flags #c4c ,g5]al ,me?ods4--,! l9+ 0 />t$ at bo? ends ( ! tunnels be=e ! head+s 7 f9ally hol$ ?r\gh1 s t !re 0 practically a sep>ate organization at ea* end1 ea* 9 *>ge ( "o ( ! memb]s ( ! firm4 ,! "w at ! ,weehawk5 end 0 />t$ fir/1 & ! plant & s*eme ( work+ adopt$ !re 0 ?or\ghly tri$ out be=e ! plant = ! we/]n end 0 built1 consequ5tly1 ! latt] 0 some:at m effici5t1 be+ design$ 9 ! light ( ! exp]i5ce ga9$ at ! ,weehawk5 end4 ,! g5]al sequ5ce ( ! plan fir/ adopt$ 9 plac+ ! concrete is %[n by ,fig4 #aj4 ,! concrete 0 fir/ plac$ 9 ! f\ndations up to ! elevation ( ! bottom ( ! conduit b9es1 ?is "w1 ( c\rse1 be+ kept well 9 advance2 next foll[$1 9 ! ord] nam$1 ! s&-walls1 wat]-pro(+1 conduits1 b5*-walls1 & f9ally ! ar*4 ,! f\ndation 0 built 9 any conv5i5t l5g?s1 multiples ( #af ft41 ! l5g? ( "o section ( =m1 ! s&-walls 9 l5g?s ( f #be to #ce ft41 ! b5*-walls 9 #be-;ft4 l5g?s1 & ! ar* 9 #aj-;ft4 l5g?s4 ,concrete 0 plac$ dur+ ! day %ift only1 ! =ms be+ mov$ p>tly at night1 & p>tly on ! alt]nate days :5 concrete 0 n be+ plac$ 9 !m4 ,five gangs 7 organiz$ at ea* end1 ! fir/ plac$ concrete 9 ! f\ndations 9 bo? tunnels1 z ! excavation 0 ready4 ,9 ea* tunnel !re 0 a gang :i* built s&-wall "o day & b5*-wall ! next1 ! two tunnels alt]nat+ s t only "o b5*-wall 0 built ea* day1 & f9ally a gang 9 ea* tunnel build+ ar*es1 a #aj-;ft4 section be+ complet$ ea* day4 ,dur+ ! night %ift1 ! ar* =ms & travel]s 7 mov$1 & all o!r =ms1 etc41 7 made ready = ! concrete to be plac$ ! foll[+ day4 ,"s ( ! conduit lay+ 0 done by ! night %ift1 b "p ( x 0 necess>ily done dur+ ! day1 z ! concrete 0 built up4 ,a small gang 0 kept busy 9 bo? tunnels1 dur+ ! day %ift1 lay+ conduits & wat]-pro(+4 ,! latt] two op]ations 7 g5]ally p]=m$ by ! same gang4 ,?is organization1 ( c\rse1 requir$ consid]able regul>ity 9 ! "w1 & ?is 0 f9ally atta9$1 b at ! beg9n+ _m sections 7 (t5 n f9i%$ on "t1 ?us creat+ consid]able confusion4 ,! progress possible ) ?is organization 7f9ally ma9ta9$ ) great regul>ity7 0 #ge ft4 ( b5*-wall & #fj ft4 ( ar* p] week at ea* ( ! two work+ faces 9 ea* tunnel4 ,?is all[$ ! b5*-wall to ga9 consid]ably on ! ar*1 & !re=e at a suitable po9t1 z %[n on ! progress diagram1 ,fig4 #i1 a ?ird pair ( ar*es 0 />t$1 "o 9 ea* tunnel1 increas+ ! progress on ! ar*es to #ahj ft4 p] week 9 ea* tunnel4 ,mix+ & ,transportation4--,all ! concrete us$ on ?is section 0 mix$ 9 ,ha9s mix]s1 "o be+ at ea* end4 ,at ! ,weehawk5 %aft ! mix] 0 in/all$ 9 ! framework support+ ! head-h\se & elevators2 & /orage b9s 7 arrang$ above1 z %[n by ,fig4 #aa1 ,a1 ! :ole /ructure be+ some:at /r5g!n$ to all[ ?is to be done4 ,at ! we/]n end ! mix] 0 plac$ imm$iately "u ! b9s ( ! /one cru%]1 z %[n by ,fig4 #aa1 ,b1 ! track bel[ be+ connect$ directly ) ! tunnels4 ,! /one b9 "u ! scre5 ( ! cru%] plant at ! ,hack5sack end 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! c5t] be+ fill$ ) s& by a d]rick hav+ a clam-%ell bucket1 ! o!r two ) /one directly f ! scre5 above4 ,?is type ( mix] prov$ v effici5t on ?is "w4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( full bat*es 7#j4h cu4 yd47 mix$ 9 "o plant p] h\r 0 ab\t #ce2 ! l>ge/ numb] p] day ( #aj h\rs 0 ab\t #bdj2 b ! app>atus 0 nev] work$ to its full capacity1 ! quantity ( concrete :i* x 0 possible to use be+ limit$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,ha9s ,,mix] ,,in/allation1 ,,at ,,weehawk5 ,,%aft ,b ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,ha9s ,,mix] ,,in/allation1 ,,/one ,,& ,,s& ,,b9s ,,above ,,& ,,scre5 ,,( ,,cru%]1 ,,at ,,hack5sack ,,portal ,! concrete = ! f\ndations 0 haul$ 9 /eel1 ,v-%ap$1 dump+ c>s hold+ ab\t #a cu4 yd41 & ! concrete = ! b5*-walls & ar*es 9 ,/uebn]1 #a-yd41 bottom-dump+ buckets plac$ on small flat c>s1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,rock pack+ 0 h&l$ 9 ,allison #d-yd4 c>s & also 9 ! c>s %[n by ,fig4 #e1 z well z 9 ! ,/uebn] buckets1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 be+ mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,mules 7 us$ = a %ort "t at ! ,weehawk5 end to haul ! concrete 91 b prov$ entirely inadequate to haul ! load$ c>s up ! #a4c grade1 & locomotives 7 sub/itut$ aft] ! head+s 7 hol$ ?r\gh4 ,at ! we/]n end ! c>s 7 all[$ to coa/ 91 &1 up to ! "t ! head+s 7 hol$ ?r\gh1 7 haul$ back by mules2 aft] t !y 7 pu%$ out by a locomotive :i* _h gone 9 ahead ( !m4 ,z a rule1 f #h to #aj c>s ( concrete & rock pack+ 7 s5t 91 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 prop] ord]1 a boy rid+ on ea* c> & /opp+ x at ! prop] place2 all ^! c>s 7 pu%$ out toge!r :5 empty4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,fig4 #a3 ,k #aca4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,re> view ( conveyor = concrete1 %[+ me?od ( hoi/+ bucket f c> on track 9 hopp] ov] belt4 ,june #g1 #jg4 ,fig4 #b3 ,k #acj4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,view %[+ wat]pro(+ 7extreme left7 portion ( complet$ s& wall1 s& wall =ms1 travell] & end ( conveyor ov]head4 ,july #bb1 #jg4 ,fig4 #c3 ,k #adh4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk54 ,view %[+ me?od ( plac+ concrete 9 =ms4 ,hoi/+ app>atus & bucket 9 backgr\nd4 ,sept4 #bd1 #jg4 ,fig4 #d3 ,k #aed4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,me?od ( plac+ concrete 9 b5* walls4 ,top ( wat]pro(+ susp5d$ f top ( s&wall4 ,oct4 #ba1 #jg4 ,dur+ ! "t ! excavation 0 be+ c>ri$ on simultane\sly ) ! l9+ at ! ,weehawk5 end1 ! rock pack+ 0 load$ at ! work+ face & s5t out to ! po9t :]e x 0 to be us$2 aft] t ! rock pack+ 0 s5t 9 f outside f ! res]ve pile on ! nor? side ( ,baldw9 ,av5ue4 ,at ! we/]n end ! l>g] "p ( ! rock pack+ 0 s5t 9 f outside1 b occasionally1 dur+ ! "t ! excavation 0 go+ on1 ! c>s f ! head+ 7 /opp$ at conv5i5t po9ts1 g5]ally "u ! gantries1 :]e ! l9+ 0 be+ plac$1 & :atev] /one c\ld be utiliz$ 0 sort$ f ! top & pass$ up to ! plat=ms above4 ,aft] ! head+s 7 hol$ ?r\gh1 !re 0 consid]able difficulty at times 9 gett+ a suffici5t supply ( concrete & rock pack+ into ! tunnel at ! "t x 0 requir$1 & :ile und\bt$ly ! transportation facilities may h _h "s influ5ce 9 ?is1 ! pr9cipal tr\ble lay 9 ! difficulty ( secur+ a suffici5t supply ( prop] /one = rock pack+1 & = ! cru%]4 ,:ile ! excavation 0 progress+1 ! c>s ( muck1 z !y came f ! head+s1 7 tak5 directly to ! cru%] & dump$ into x1 ! proportion ( f9e mat]ial be+ fairly con/ant & ! supply regul>4 ,at ?is "t1 also1 a portion ( ! rock n requir$ at ! cru%] 0 dump$ along ! edge ( ! bank on ! s\? side ( ! approa*1 ! l>g] /ones roll+ to ! bottom :]e !y 7 easily available to be load$ into c>s = rock pack+1 be+ entirely free f ! f9e mat]ial2 z ?is /one at ! bottom ( ! bank 0 us$ up1 ! supply 0 r5ew$1 ! rock suitable = rock pack+ be+ automatically sep>at$ f ! f9e mat]ial z x roll$ to ! foot ( ! slope4 ,aft] ! excavation 0 complet$1 h[ev]1 x 0 necess>y to g into ! bulk ( ! /orage piles to get mat]ial = ! cru%] & = rock pack+1 & !n ! difficulties 7 mat]ially increas$ by ! l>ge quantity ( f9e mat]ial enc\nt]$1 ! proportion rema9+ aft] ! rock pack+ _h be5 sort$ out be+ too l>ge to s5d ?r\gh ! cru%]4 ,x 0 n only ! h&l+ ov] ( ?is f9e mat]ial :i* caus$ delay1 b ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( x4 ,on ra9y days ! tr\ble 0 increas$ by ! difficulty ( gett+ m5 to "w 9 ! op54 ,! delays due to transportation 7 usually caus$ by d]ailm5ts1 :i* 7 m num]\s ?an !y %\ld h be51 & 7 due to ! condition ( ! roll+ /ock r ?an to t ( ! track4 ,^! delays1 especially :5 !y occurr$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day1 greatly increas$ ! co/1 by necessitat+ ov]-"t "w2 a delay ( #a h\r 9 ! =5oon g5]ally meant #b h\rs' "w aft] #f o'clock to f9i% ! day's "w4 ,! av]age numb] ( c>s h&l$ 7r\nd trips ( #a c>7 dur+ a day 7two #aj-;h\r %ifts7 at ! ,hack5sack end dur+ ,janu>y1 #aijh1 :5 ! excavation & l9+ 7 9 full sw+1 0 ab\t #abe c>s ( muck & #bjj c>s ( l9+ mat]ial1 ! =m] be+ haul$ by locomotives & ! latt] by mules4 ,me?ods ( ,h&l+ ,concrete 9 ! ,tunnels4--,! concrete = ! floor1 dit*es1 & f\ndations1 0 br\ght into ! tunnel 9 ,v-%ap$ /eel1 dump+ c>s1 & dump$ z ne> z possible to ! place x 0 to occupy4 ,! concrete = ! ar*es & b5*-walls 0 load$ at ! mix]s into #a-yd41 ,/uebn]1 bottom-dump+ buckets :i* j held a #d-;bag bat*4 ,^! buckets 7 plac$ on small flat c>s1 haul$ into ! tunnel1 plac$ b5ea? ! travel+ gantry1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 & hoi/$ to ! plat=m above4 ,^! travel+ gantries1 ! details ( :i* are %[n by ,fig4 #ab1 consi/$ ess5tially ( plat=ms at ea* end ( :i* an ,a-frame 0 erect$2 ! latt] support$ at _! apexes two ,i-beams1 f ! l[] flanges ( :i* 0 susp5d$ a travel+ block1 %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ab1 & ?r\gh :i* ! hoi/+ rope 0 rigg$4 ,! buckets 7 hoi/$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! plat=m & !n mov$ along to :]e !y c\ld be dump$4 ,! plat=ms 7 support$ on :eels travel+ on rails laid on ! concrete ( ! f\ndation 7= ! b5*-wall gantries7 or on top ( ! b5*-wall 7= ! ar* gantries74 ,ea* ( ! fir/ two ( ^! travel+ gantries us$ 0 equipp$ ) a belt conveyor work+ on a cantilev] arm1 z %[n by ,figs4 #c & #d1 ,plate ,,xxi1 & ,figs4 #a & #b1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,9 us+ ^! belt conveyors1 ! concrete 0 dump$ f ! ,/uebn] bucket into a hopp]1 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ) an adju/able slot 9 ! bottom1 "u :i* ! belt ran4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,full ,page ,,details ,,( ,,travel+ ,,gantry ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,tunnel ,,l9+3 ,,sectional ,,elevation ,,cross-,,section ,a4 ,,detail ,,( ,,travel+ ,,block ,b4 ,,detail ,,( ,,top ,,%eave ,c4 ,,detail ,,( ,,l[] ,,%eave4 ,x 0 ! orig9al int5tion1 9 design+ ! conveyor1 t ! end ( ! cantilev] arm %\ld be swung f "o side ( ! tunnel to ! o!r1 & t ! travel] %\ld be mov$ backw>d or =w>d1 z might be requir$1 & ?us deliv] ! concrete f ! end ( ! belt directly ov] ! place 9 :i* x 0 to be deposit$ 9 ! b5*-walls4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 f\nd impractical 9 op]ation to move ! gantry readily1 ow+ to its great weight1 :i* 0 support$ on only f\r ord9>y c> :eels & _! be>+s1 & x 0 f\nd m conv5i5t to leave ! arm 9 "o position ne> ! c5t]1 lett+ ! concrete drop on ! plat=m above ! b5*- or s&-wall =ms1 :5ce x c\ld be %ovel$ into place1 ?an to attempt to move x z _h be5 int5d$4 ,bo? ( ^! difficulties might possibly h be5 ov]come by modifications 9 ! design ( ! gantry & conveyor1 _h ?is me?od ( h&l+ ! concrete seem$ o!rwise desirable4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty ) its use1 h[ev]1 0 ! inability to take c>e ( m ?an "o bat* ( concrete at a "t4 ,:5 "o bat* _h be5 dump$ into ! hopp]1 a second c\ld n be dispos$ ( until ! fir/ _h ne>ly all run ?r\gh on ! belt1 & ?is took f #g to #bj m941 v>y+ ) ! consi/5cy ( ! concrete1 etc4 ,9 a few in/ances1 :]e !re happ5$ to be "s fairly dry bat*es1 ! concrete c\ld n be />t$ ?r\gh ! slot at all1 & _h to be %ovel$ out ( ! hopp]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is /at$ t "s bat*es1 "u favorable conditions1 pass$ ?r\gh 9 ab\t #b m941 b ?is 0 q exceptional1 & ! op]ation 0 irregul> & unc]ta94 ,be=e ! f9al me?od ( h&l+ ! concrete 0 adopt$1 a trial 0 made ( two =ms ( c>s & buckets1 to be us$ on ! top plat=m1 z %[n by ,figs4 #c & #d1 & ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,9 ! me?od %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ! concrete 0 hoi/$ 9 ! regul> ,/uebn] buckets1 "o ( :i* c be se5 susp5d$ 9 ! backgr\nd ( ?is photograph1 & dump$ into ! c> %[n1 :i* 0 m\nt$ s t x c\ld be revolv$ 9 a horizontal plane4 ,x 0 int5d$ to move ?is c> on ! tracks to ! po9t at :i* ! concrete 0 requir$1 & dump x directly ?r\gh a *ute into ! b5*-walls4 ,?is c> 0 ab&on$1 z !re 0 a great deal ( difficulty 9 turn+ x :5 x 0 load$1 & 9 sev]al in/ances x _h to be dump$ /raight ahead 9 ! middle ( ! plat=m & ! concrete %ovel$ into ! =ms4 ,?is me?od 0 also objectionable :5 ! bucket 0 dump$1 inasmu* z ! =ce ( ! impact ( a :ole bat* ( concrete dump$ f su* a height into ! =ms1 n only t5d$ to ?r[ ! conduits out ( l9e1 & to break !m1 b also caus$ consid]able /ra9 on ! =ms4 ,! bucket %[n by ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 0 next tri$4 ,x _h a slant+ bottom & a door op5+ at ! side4 ,x 0 fill$ at ! mix]1 came into ! tunnel on a small flat c>1 & 0 hoi/$ & plac$ on a simil> c> on top1 z %[n4 ,?is bucket 0 n successful1 z its great weight made x difficult to h&le1 & x g5]ally requir$ a man to %ovel ! concrete out1 :i* latt]1 ( c\rse1 _h be5 pretty well compact$ 9 ! bottom ( ! bucket by its trip f ! mix]4 ,all ^! c>s 7 haul$ backw>d & =w>d on ! top plat=m by a rope runn+ to ! w9* on ! hoi/+ eng9e on ! travel+ gantry4 ,aside f ! fact t nei!r type 0 a success1 nei!r ( ^! s*emes 0 mu* improvem5t ov] ! belt1 inasmu* z only "o bat* c\ld be h&l$ at a "t1 ow+ to ! necessity ( us+ ! eng9e to haul ! c>s back & =? on ! plat=m4 ,! f9al solution 0 f\nd 9 ! use ( ! travel+ gantry1 %[n by ,fig4 #ab & ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ! latt] be+ "o ( ! ar* gantries4 ,! gantry us$ = ! b5*- & s&-walls 0 support$ on fram$ b5ts on :eels runn+ on rails laid on ! f\ndation2 t = ! ar* 0 ! same1 except t ! high-fram$ b5t 0 disp5s$ )1 ! side-sills re/+ directly on ! j\rnals ( :eels travel+ on rails on top ( ! f9i%$ b5*-wall4 ,^! gantries 7 us$ only z a means ( hoi/+ ! buckets & mov+ !m along to :]e !y c\ld be dump$ directly on ! plat=m1 :5ce ! concrete 0 %ovel$ into :eel-b>r[s1 :i* c\ld be dump$ directly into ! b5*-walls2 or1 9 ! case ( ! ar*es1 %ovel$ f ! plat=m ( ! gantry to ! int]m$iate plat=m on ! ar* ribs1 & !nce directly into ! ar*4 ,?is use ( :eel-b>r[s1 ?\gh app>5tly a some:at crude me?od & a retrogression f ! use ( ! belt conveyor1 prov$ v successful1 & really involv$ no m labor ?an did ! conveyors1 al?\gh ?is might n h be5 ! case _h ^! latt] work$ z !y 7 orig9ally design$ to4 ,! me?od f9ally adopt$ all[$ z _m z f\r buckets to be dump$ on ! plat=m on "o end ( ! ar* gantry at "o "t1 & eight on "o end ( t us$ = ! b5*-walls1 ! workm5 h&l+ ab\t ?ree ( ^! latt] into ! =ms by ! "t ! la/ ( ! eight 0 dump$4 ,x requir$ ab\t #a m94 to place a c> "u ! gantry1 hoi/ ! bucket1 dump1 close x1 & return x to ! c> bel[4 ,rock pack+ 0 /or$ at ! o!r end ( ! plat=m1 = use z requir$1 :5 x 0 n h&l$ directly f ! end ne>e/ ! "w4 ,?is me?od all[$ ! concrete & o!r mat]ials to be br\ght 9 9 tra9s at infrequ5t int]vals1 & provid$ a suffici5t supply ( mat]ial on h& s t ! m5 h&l+ x on top c\ld be kept /eadily at "w4 ,ea* hoi/+ eng9e on ^! gantries _h #g by #aj-;94 cyl9d]s1 & a d\ble drum2 "s ( !m 7 ,lamb]ts & "s ,mundys1 op]at$ by compress$ air4 ,dit*es1 ,floor & ,f\ndations4--,! fir/ me?od ( build+ ! f\ndation 0 t %[n by ,fig4 #ac1 ,a2 no attempt 0 !n made to build ! dit*1 or floor1 ! int5tion be+ to leave ^! until ! completion ( ! rema9d] ( ! l9+4 ,9 build+ ! b5*-wall on ?is f\ndation1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd difficult to secure ! bottom ( ! =ms prop]ly 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxv71 s z to prev5t any give1 z ! mat]ial "u ! track 0 n solid en\gh to brace aga9/4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to build ! :ole ( ! dit* 7see ,fig4 #ac1 ,b7 s t ! bottom ( ! =ms c\ld be brac$ aga9/ ! solid concrete4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 ! face ( ! b5*-wall 0 built up to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! conduits ) ! f\ndation2 if1 !re=e1 9 plac+ ! concrete above ?is level1 extreme c>e 7 n tak5 to get a tight fit betwe5 ! b5*-wall =m & ! l[] face1 & !n to hold x rigidly 9 place1 ! result 0 a r unsightly horizontal jo9t high en\gh to be pla9ly visible4 ,! position ( ?is jo9t may be se5 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxv1 :i* %[s ! fir/ section ( b5*-wall built4 ,sev]al subsequ5t sections %[$ an ov]hang above ?is jo9t1 am\nt+ 9 "o or two cases to z mu* z 941 due to ! fact t ! b5*-wall =m mov$ or did n fit tightly4 ,?is defect 0 obviat$ by build+ ! f\ndations ) an (fset on ! face1 %[n by ,fig4 #ac1 ,b1 s t ! jo9t came at ! level ( ! top ( ! flagg+ ov] ! dit*es1 & !re=e 0 almo/ entirely conceal$2 at ! same "t ?is all[$ a suffici5t surface1 on ! plane ( ! face ( ! b5*-wall1 aga9/ :i* ! b5*-wall =ms c\ld be brac$ & l9$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,plan ,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,build+ ,,floor ,,& ,,f\ndation1 ,,& ,,details ,,( ,,=ms ,! dit* =ms 7 set v c>efully to l9e & grade by ! alignm5t corps1 z ?is =m$ ! />t+ po9t ( all ! re/ ( ! "w1 ! only o!r ?+ :i* 0 necess>y 0 to give a level at ! front end ( ! b5*-wall =m1 aft] x 0 set1 = ! elevation ( ! top ( ! b5*1 & to *eck up ! /ations ( ! ends ( ! sections occasionally to see t !y 7 at ! ev5 #be-;ft4 po9ts 7t is #jh1 #cc1 #eh1 & #hc74 ,aft] a %ort l5g? _h be5 built ) ! dit*es only1 x 0 ?\ght desirable to try & put 9 ! floor z well1 s t ! :ole ( ! concrete w\ld be put 9 place z ! l9+ advanc$1 & leave less clean+ up to be done ov] ! end ( a s+le track1 9 ! re/rict$ spaces betwe5 ! b5*-walls4 ,fig4 #ac1 ,c1 %[s ! me?od f9ally adopt$4 ,9 ?is may be se5 ! ?ree /ages 9 :i* x 0 put 91 ! details ( ! dit* =ms be+ %[n by ,fig4 #ac1 ,d4 ,9 t "p ( ! tunnel :]e s&-walls 7 built1 a holl[ tile dra9 0 built into ! f\ndation1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 ,a & ,b1 along ! foot ( ! wat]-pro(+ & connect$ at int]vals ) ! dra9s by #d-;94 ca/-iron pipes4 ,:5 ! s&-walls & wat]-pro(+ 7 n built1 h[ev]1 ! concrete ( ! f\ndations 0 slop$ f ! neat l9e back to ! rock1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ac1 ,c#c1 s t 9 case any wat] f\nd its way d[n ?r\gh ! rock pack+1 its t5d5cy w\ld be to fl[ back aga9/ ! rock1 or to foll[ ! l[ "p ( ?is concrete to #d-;94 ca/-iron pipes lead+ to ! side dit*es1 r ?an to f9d its way ?r\gh ! jo9t betwe5 ! f\ndation & ! b5*-wall & s into ! l[] duct l9es4 ,s&-,walls4--,! s&-wall =ms fir/ us$ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ) a section ( ! f9i%$ s&-wall4 ,z ?is "w 0 only int5d$ to give a comp>atively smoo? surface aga9/ :i* to place ! wat]-pro(+1 no p>ticul> c>e 0 tak5 ) ! surface1 except to avoid %>p projections :i* might cut ?r\gh ! felt & pit* us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a r por\s concrete 7) all ! rock :i* c\ld be safely emb$d$ 9 x & h ! wall /&7 0 us$1 s t x w\ld n act z a dam1 b r t5d to all[ ! wat] to f9d its way to ! bottom ( ! tunnel1 & s into ! dra9s4 ,! travel+ gantry = plac+ ! concrete 9 ! s&-walls1 z fir/ design$1 ) ! belt conveyor1 c\ld ( c\rse only deliv] ! concrete at "o end4 ,be=e sett+ ! =ms = a new section1 x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to move ! gantry ahead1 be=e ! cross-brac+ betwe5 ! tops ( ! =ms1 :i* also held ! top plat=m1 c\ld be plac$ 9 position4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 %[s ! end ( ! conveyor ov] ! top ( ! cross-braces4 ,9 ord] to hold ! bottom ( ^! =ms1 small wood5 blocks 7 emb$d$ 9 ! f\ndation concrete1 aga9/ :i* !y c\ld be w$g$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ac1 ,a2 ^! blocks 7 cut out aft] ! s&-wall _h be5 built4 ,aft] ! =ms _h be5 fill$1 ! conveyor c\ld n be mov$ back to ! b5*-wall until ! concrete _h set suffici5tly s t ^! cross-braces c\ld be remov$1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! ov]hang at ! top1 ! set _h to be fairly good 9 ord] to prev5t ?is ov]hang f break+ (f4 ,?is arrangem5t1 !re=e1 = plac+ ! concrete 0 f\nd to be impractical1 if ! propos$ s*$ule ( a section ( b5*-wall & a section ( s&-wall to be built on alt]nate days1 0 to be c>ri$ out4 ,9 a few in/ances1 :]e ! s&-wall 0 f9i%$ fairly e>ly 9 ! aft]noon1 ! =ms 7 releas$ next morn+1 & ! conveyor 0 mov$ back1 b1 ev5 !n1 #b or #c h\rs at lea/ 7 lo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! %ift4 ,! conveyor1 h[ev]1 0 ab&on$1 = ! reasons previ\sly giv51 & ! travel+ gantry 0 re>rang$ to all[ concrete to be deliv]$ at ei!r end2 x 0 !n only necess>y to move x backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ! b5*- & s&-wall =ms in/ead ( ?r\gh ^! =ms4 ,?is p]mitt$ ! con/ruction ( ! mu* m sub/antial type ( =ms %[n by ,fig4 #ad4 ,aft] be+ mov$ ahead on ! track on top ( ! f\ndation1 ! =m 0 fir/ block$ up to grade1 & !n adju/$ to l9e by ! screws & slott$ cleats %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #ad1 aft] :i* x 0 secur$ by ! braces f ! dit*es1 z %[n4 ,! face lagg+ 0 plac$ 9 sep>ate pieces & held aga9/ ! uprights by lightly nail+ e ?ird or f\r? piece2 ! :ole 0 remov$ ea* "t ! =m 0 mov$1 & built up aga9 z ! concrete 0 plac$4 ,consid]able c>e 0 tak5 to slope ! top ( ! s&-wall back t[>d ! rock1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ad1 & to all[ free dra9age along ! top 7:i* ran p>allel to ! grade ( ! tunnel7 to ! #d-;94 ca/-iron dra9 pipes :i* c>ri$ ! wat] f ! rock pack+ above ! ar* to ! dra9s b5ea? ! track4 ,s&-walls 7 built = a l5g? ( ab\t #a1ajj ft4 9 ea* tunnel at ! ,weehawk5 end1 & ab\t #gjj ft4 9 ea* tunnel at ! we/]n end1 ! rema9d] ( ! "w1 ) ! exception ( a few %ort /ret*es1 n be+ consid]$ wet en\gh to require wat]-pro(+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,travel+ ,,=m ,,= ,,build+ ,,s&-,,wall2 ,,detail ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,hang+ ,,wat]-,,pro(+ ,,f ,,top ,,( ,,s&-,,wall ,conduits4--,! arrangem5t ( ! conduit l9es is %[n 9 ! g5]al cross-section4#c ,on ! core-wall side !re are #dh l9es = telegraph & telephone cables1 built ( #d-way multiple conduit1 ea* piece ( :i* is #c ft4 long & ab\t #aj 94 squ>e outside4 ,on ! o!r side !re are ! high- & l[-t5sion l9es1 built ( s+le conduit #ah 94 long & a little m ?an #e 94 squ>e outside4 ,manholes or splic+ *amb]s are built e #djj ft41 & are ab\t #h ft4 long & #d ft4 wide4 ,g5]al views ( ! conduits z built are %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxv1 :i* %[s all ! l9es 9 "o tunnel1 & 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxv1 :i* %[s ! telegraph & telephone l9es1 ) ! exp&+ m&rels us$ 9 lay+ !m4 ,footnote #c3 ,plate ,,viii 9 ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #a3 ,k #agc4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,hack5sack ,portal & ,approa*4 ,telephone & ,telegraph ducts & m&rels4 ,nov4 #bj1 #jh4 ,fig4 #b3 ,k #abe4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,view %[+ g5]al con/ruction ( tunnel l9+ =ms1 & cle>ance to all[ disposal ( excavat$ mat]ial4 ,june #ag1 #jg4 ,fig4 #c3 ,k #aef4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,nor? side look+ ,ea/1 %[+ me?od ( plac+ wat]pro(+4 ,oct4 #bb1 #jg4 ,fig4 #d3 ,k #adg4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,weehawk54 ,g5]al view %[+ c5t] & fir/ section ( ar* & complet$ l9+1 ,nor? ,tunnel4 ,sept4 #bd1 #jg4 ,9 attempt+ to plan ! "w ( plac+ ! l9+1 two me?ods ( build+ ! b5*-wall 7 consid]$4 ,"o 0 to build ! wall 9 longitud9al sections1 ea* section sep>at$ by a l9e ( ducts2 & ! o!r 0 to attempt to build ! wall 9 ! mann] call$ = by ! specifications1 :i* requir$ ! concrete to be c>ri$ up 9 lay]s z ! conduits 7 laid4 ,9 ?is latt] me?od1 x 0 propos$ to bond ! concrete toge!r ) ! =k$ bonds1 ! details ( :i* are %[n by ,fig4 #ae1 ,a1 b1 z x might h be5 impractical to use ^! if ! wall _h be5 built 9 sections1 provision 0 made 9 ! contract to place exp&$ metal1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ae1 ,b1 if ?is 0 ?\ght advisable4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction necess>y1 if ! wall _h be5 built 9 sections1 is %[n graphically by ! five sket*es1 ,fig4 #ae1 ,b1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,! =m & details ( ! exp&+ m&rel :i* 0 f9ally design$ to meet ! conditions1 & prov$ s satisfactory 9 e way1 are %[n by ,fig4 #ae1 ,c4 ,! m&rel consi/$ ( two triangul> pieces ( h>d p9e1 sep>at$ by w$ges atta*$ to "o piece :i* fitt$ into slots 9 ! o!r2 ^!1 :5 exp&$1 practically fill$ ! :ole ( ! inside ( ! ducts4 ,"o ( ^! m&rels 0 plac$ 9 ea* l9e ( s+le ducts & two 9 ea* #d-way duct1 plac$ diagonally1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,?is requir$ #fj m&rels at ea* work+ po9t1 or #bdj = ! :ole "w4 ,! m&rels 7 #ce ft4 long1 s t !y easily cov]$ ! :ole ( a #be-;ft4 section1 project$ suffici5tly f> back into ! previ\sly f9i%$ "w to assure ! cont9uity ( ! alignm5t1 & all[$ ! ends to be rack$ out at ! =w>d end to secure prop] breaks betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,9 lay+ ! s+le conduits1 z a rule1 ! 7collaps$7 m&rels 7 pull$ ahead f ! previ\s section z ea* l9e 0 laid1 & ! conduits 7 /rung on x until ! :ole l5g? 0 complet$2 ! conduits 7 !n pu%$ up tight toge!r1 s z to close ! jo9ts z tightly z possible1 & !n ! m&rel 0 exp&$4 ,! conduits 7 ?us held firmly 9 position1 & ! =w>d end ( ! l9e 0 lift$ slightly s t ! wraps c\ld be plac$ ar\nd ! jo9ts4 ,! #d-way conduits 7 g5]ally laid 9 ! ord9>y way1 except t no lay+ m&rel 0 necess>y4 ,"o d[el 0 us$ betwe5 ea* ( ! pieces ( conduit1 at ! c5t]1 & ! jo9ts 7 wrapp$4 ,:5 a l9e 0 f9i%$1 two m&rels 7 plac$ diagonally 9 ea* l9e & exp&$ simultane\sly1 s t any inequalities 9 ! ducts !mselves 7 divid$ z f> z possible4 ,9 connection ) ! use ( ^! m&rels1 "o ( ! po9ts :i* 0 mo/ c>efully wat*$ 0 t !y project$ back into ! la/ complet$ section1 ?us insur+ ! cont9uity ( ! alignm5t4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to wrap ! jo9ts ( ! #d-way ducts only1 b x 0 f\nd to be impractical to keep ! gr\t f ! wet concrete entirely out ( ! s+le ducts1 &1 aft] a %ort trial1 x 0 decid$ to wrap ^! also4 ,! exp&+ m&rel kept out a great deal ( ! cem5t1 &1 9 ! sections laid )\t wraps1 ! only difficulty f ?is cause seem$ to be t a slight film ( gr\t1 f #a_/af to #a_/h 94 ?ick1 0 deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! inside ( ! ducts at "s places1 & al?\gh ?is 0 n consid]$ a s]i\s defect1 x 0 ?\ght t ! slight extra co/ ( plac+ ! wraps w\ld und\bt$ly be ju/ifi$ by ! practically p]fect results obta9$ by us+ !m4 ,consid]able att5tion 0 giv5 to break+ ! jo9ts ( ! ducts prop]ly1 s z to ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t ! conduit l9es ! greate/ break possible4 ,! jo9ts 9 ea* sup]impos$ l9e 7 brok5 at half ! l5g? ( ! individual pieces ( conduit1 ! jo9ts 9 l9es 9 ! same horizontal plane be+ brok5 at "o-qu>t] ! l5g?1 ?us prev5t+ any jo9ts f t\*+ "o ano!r ei!r at ! sides or corn]s1 :i* t5d$ to prev5t a burn-out on "o l9e f be+ communicat$ to ano!r4 ,!re 0 "s little difficulty at fir/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! breaks1 ow+ to slight v>iations 9 ! l5g?s ( ! conduit1 b aft] a v %ort "t bo? ! workm5 & ! inspectors became v exp]t at ?is & 9 ! prop] use ( %ort l5g?s to ma9ta9 ! spac+2 aft] ! fir/ few weeks !re 0 little if any difficulty 9 atta9+ at all times almo/ p]fect results4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ! breaks is %[n 9 ! photographs & by ! isometric sket* at ,f1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,all ! conduits us$ on ?is "w 7 furni%$ by ! ,great ,ea/]n ,clay ,company1 & 7 made at its factory at ,s\? ,riv]1 ,n4,j41 :]e !y 7 inspect$ be=e %ipm5t4 ,! m&rel us$ 9 ! f9al rodd+ 0 made z %[n at ,g1 ,fig4 #ae1 ! l>g] size be+ us$ = all l9es4 ,! rods = pu%+ x ?r\gh ! conduit l9es 7 made ( #f-;ft4 l5g?s ( ord9>y #a-;94 wr\ght-iron pipe ) extra long 7#c-;947 c\pl+s4 ,! l9es 7 rodd$ 9 bo? directions f alt]nate manholes1 ?us avoid+ unc\pl+ ! rods & all[+ e pull to be effective 9 pu%+ ! m&rel ?r\gh ! ducts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,full ,page ,,electrical ,,conduits3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,lay+1 ,,rodd+1 ,,etc4 ,a4 ,,=k ,,end$ ,,/eel ,,bonds ,,= ,,conduits4 ,b4 ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,build+ ,,b5*-,,wall ,,propos$ ,,:5 ,,us+ ,,exp&$ ,,metal ,,bonds4 ,c4 ,,isometric ,,draw+ ,,( ,,exp&+ ,,m&rel4 ,d4 ,,details ,,( ,,weasel ,us$ = gripp+ disconnect$ pipe rods 9 conduit ,e4 ,,cutt] ,,= ,,remov+ ,,ob/ructions ,,9 ,,conduits4 ,f4 ,,isometric ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,break+ ,,jo9ts ,,& ,,position ,,=k$ ,,bonds4 ,g4 ,,plan ,,& ,,sections ,,( ,,exp&+ ,,m&rel4 ,,index --------------------------------- ,multi-,duct ,s+le-,duct ,m&rel ,m&rel --------------------------------- ,a #c #c-c_/h ,b #g_/h ,c #b #b-e_/h --------------------------------- ,note ,end pipe connections may be *ang$ to suit connections ( rodd+ outfit1 c>e be+ tak5 to use a connection :i* w n split & exp& ! m&rel if x %\ld be driv5 back into x1 9 attempt+ to ram ! m&rel back :5 /uck 9 a duct4 ,connection at ,head ,end may be disp5s$ )1 if ! m&rel is ?read$ ?r\gh ducts by rods atta*$ to ! trail+ end4 ,wood5 rods 7 us$ at fir/1 b prov$ entirely too light1 z ! m&rels us$ 7 a close fit1 & x requir$ consid]able ef=t to pu% !m ?r\gh #djj ft4 ( conduit4 ,iron pipe ) ord9>y c\pl+s 0 next tri$1 b ! c\pl+s broke q (t51 z ! ?reads became worn 9 unc\pl+ ! sections to move ! rods f "o l9e to ano!r1 & ! break 0 g5]ally inside a duct l9e4 ,! long c\pl+s 7 f9ally adopt$1 & a set ( rods 0 put 9 ea* l9e1 t is1 six sets 9 all1 s t :5 c\pl$ up !y rema9$ 9 ! l9e until x 0 f9i%$4 ,! exp5se ( ! extra quantity ( pipe ?us requir$ 0 m ?an (fset by ! decreas$ labor co/4 ,x 0 ?\ght necess>y at fir/ to run a cutt]1 ,fig4 #ae1 ,e1 ?r\gh ! conduits ahead ( ! f9al rodd+ m&rel1 b ?is 0 soon f\nd to be unnecess>y except 9 a v few in/ances1 &1 aft] a %ort exp]i5ce1 ! cutt] 0 only us$ at places :]e an ob/ruction 0 enc\nt]$ by ! m&rel4 ,at su* times z ! pipe became unc\pl$ inside ! duct l9e1 ! "p rema9+ inside 0 recov]$ by ! use ( ! tool %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #ae1 call$ a weasel4 ,9 two in/ances1 ! m&rel became /uck 9 su* a mann] t ! duct l9e _h to be cut into 9 ord] to take x out4 ,! be/ day's "w ( ! rodd+ gang 7#a =eman & #d m57 0 #bj1djj duct ft4 ( ! #d-way conduit 9 ! telegraph & telephone l9e1 & #ai1bjj duct ft4 ( s+le conduit on ! l[-t5sion l9e1 an av]age day's "w "u ord9>y conditions be+ ab\t #aj1jjj duct ft4 ,! co/1 includ+ labor1 mat]ial1 & all tools1 = rodd+ = ! :ole "w 0 slightly less ?an #j4b c5t p] duct ft4 ,! av]age co/ ( ! s+le conduit 0 ab\t #j4be c5ts p] ft41 & ( ! #d-way1 #j4ae c5ts p] ft4 ,ab\t #aj ( ! conduit l9es 7 rodd$ twice1 ow+ to p>tial sections hav+ be5 rodd$ once be=e completion4 ,! be/ cont9u\s "w on rodd+ 0 done betwe5 ,octob] #bb;d & #bi?1 #aijh1 :5 9 #g work+ days1 #aje1fjj duct ft4 7 rodd$1 an av]age ( a little m ?an #ae1jjj ft4 p] day4 ,b5*-walls4--,! orig9al design = ! tunnels provid$ = ! con/ruction ( a brick ar* above a po9t #bb above ! spr++ l9e1 t is1 ! "p above ! side-walls 7,fig4 #aj74 ,x 0 ?\ght desirable1 !re=e1 9 design+ ! b5*-wall =ms1 to provide = plac+ ! concrete 9 ! side-walls & b5*-walls at "o op]ation4 ,^! =ms1 z fir/ design$1 are %[n by ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxv1 & ! details 9 ,fig4 #af1 ,a & ,a'2 !y 7 built ( /eel1 ! fac+ plates be+ #e_/af 94 ?ick1 9 pieces #d ft4 #f 94 wide1 & 9 l5g? ab\t #f 94 m ?an ! height ( ! b5*-wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,full ,page ,,details ,,( ,,travel+ ,,=ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,b5* ,,walls ,a'4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,/eel ,,=m ,a4 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,& ,,elevation ,,( ,,/eel ,,=m ,,us$ ,,at ,,weehawk5 ,,end ,b4 ,,details ,,( ,,screw-,,jacks ,,= ,,adju/+ ,,=m ,,to ,,l9e ,c4 ,,section ,c-,d ,,%[+ ,,connection ,,( ,,face ,,plates ,,to ,i-,,beam ,,uprights ,d4 ,,details ,,( ,,wood5 ,,=ms ,,us$ ,,at ,,we/]n ,,end3 ,,cross-,,section1 ,,"p ,,longitud9al ,,section ,no *utes 7 us$ ) ^! =ms1 ! :eel-b>r[s be+ dump$ f ! runways on ! sides4 ,! design 0 controll$ v l>gely by ! necessity ( provid+ ! requisite cle>ance = ! locomotives & muck c>s1 & ! pr9cipal feature 0 ! support ( ! =ms on two trusses1 "o at ei!r side1 ! front ends ( :i* 7 support$ f ! f\ndation on a long leg1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxv1 & ! re> ends directly on ! j\rnal-boxes ( :eels travel+ on a rail on ! top ( ! f9i%$ b5*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,al?\gh x _h be5 decid$ to sub/itute concrete = brick 9 ! ar* be=e any ( ! l9+ 0 actually plac$1 two sets ( =ms = ! ,weehawk5 end _h already be5 ord]$ & deliv]$1 s x 0 decid$ to use !m z design$1 & place ! side-wall ) ! b5*4 ,! =ms 7 design$ s t #cj-;ft4 l5g?s c\ld be built1 & ?is 0 done at ! />t1 b ow+ to ! occurr5ce ( ! refuge ni*es1 ladd]s1 etc41 at #be-;ft4 int]vals1 x 0 soon se5 t x w\ld be advisable to build ! b5*-wall 9 sections ( t l5g? 7#be ft471 or multiples ( x1 & z ! cle>ance conditions seem$ to preclude ! possibility ( mak+ ! =ms #ej ft4 long1 #be ft4 0 adopt$4 ,?is p]mitt$ ! removal ( "o ( ! panels1 #d ft4 #f 94 wide1 & at ! same "t x 0 decid$ to remove ! side-wall =ms4 ,?is decreas$ ! load on ! trusses consid]ably1 b be+ /ill a trifle weak1 !y 7 /r5g!n$ by ! sub/itution ( #a-;94 truss rods in/ead ( ! -94 rods us$ orig9ally4 ,! top plat=m & ! cross-brac+ 7 also /iff5$ a little & tight5$ up to prev5t rack+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! side-walls 9 conjunction ) ! b5*-wall 0 ab&on$ = ?ree reasons3 ,fir/1 x 0 f\nd t !re w\ld be a mu* m ev5 di/ribution ( ! "w by includ+ ! side-wall ) ! ar* r ?an ) ! b5*2 second1 !re 0 difficulty 9 gett+ a good f9i% = ! top ( ! b5*-wall1 z ( c\rse a top =m = ! latt] _h to be plac$ to prev5t ! concrete f squeez+ up :5 ! side-wall 0 built above x1 :i* prev5t$ tr[el+2 ! ?ird reason 0 ! weakness ( ! :ole =m z design$1 & ! increas+ difficulty ( adju/+ x to l9e z ! "w progress$1 ! pr9cipal difficulty be+ ) ! curv$ side-wall =ms4 ,! b5*-wall =ms 7 set 9 position1 aft] !y _h be5 mov$ ahead1 by fir/ block+ ! bottom aga9/ ! face ( ! f\ndation1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ac4 ,z previ\sly not$1 ?is f\ndation face _h be5 built v c>efully to l9e4 ,! back end ( ! =m1 ( c\rse1 0 block$ tightly aga9/ ! end ( ! previ\sly f9i%$ section1 & ! top 0 made plumb by ! adju/+ screwjacks %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 ,b4 ,at fir/ ^! screws 7 -941 b !y 7 aft]w>d *ang$ to #a-;94 ,! only po9ts :i* x 0 necess>y = ! alignm5t corps to give 9 sett+ ^! =ms 0 a grade at ea* ( ! front ends = ! top ( ! f9i%$ b5*4 ,! /eel face =ms 9 bo? tunnels gave excell5t results1 z f> z smoo?ness ( f9i% 0 conc]n$1 b1 ow+ to ! imp]vi\sness ( ! /eel1 small air holes 7 =m$ 9 ! surface1 ?\gh n 9 suffici5t numb]s or size to cause tr\ble or disfigure ! "w 9 any way4 ,! design ( ! b5*-wall =ms us$ at ! we/]n end1 :]e ?is diff]s f ! /eel =m1 is %[n by ,fig4 #af1 ,d4 ,! pr9cipal features 9 :i* !y diff]$ f ^? us$ at ! ,weehawk5 end 0 9 ! sub/itution ( #b-;94 tongu$ & groov$ h>d p9e = ! face4 ,?is timb] 0 ( ! v be/ quality obta9able1 ea* piece be+ especially select$ & z ne>ly cle> & free f knots or o!r defects z x 0 possible to get x4 ,! edges ( ea* piece 7 plan$ at ! back s z to insure a tight jo9t on ! face1 & all jo9ts 7 %ellack$4 ,^! =ms 7 us$1 )\t r5ewal ( ! face timb] & ) only two plan+s1 = a l5g? ( #b1ejj ft41 or #ajj sep>ate sections1 & gave good satisfaction4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a surface to :i* ! face lagg+ c\ld be fa/5$1 wood5 uprights 7 us$ & 7 re9=c$ on ei!r side by light *annels bolt$ toge!r ?r\gh ! timb]1 9 place ( ! ,i-beams us$ on ! /eel =ms4 ,! lagg+ 0 nail$ to ^! uprights by #f-;94 wire nails driv5 ?r\gh ! top edges ( ea* piece z x 0 plac$ 9 position1 ?us leav+ ! surface entirely cle> & free f any m>ks or nail holes1 & 9 condition = plan+ :5 ?is became necess>y4 ,runways = :eel+ ! concrete 7 built "o ei!r side ov] ! b5*-walls in/ead ( hav+ a c5t] plat=m ) *utes1 z 0 us$ at ,weehawk54 ,:5 ! orig9al lagg+ _h become too mu* worn = fur!r use1 x 0 resurfac$ ) /rips ( #g_/h by #b-;941 cle>1 tongu$ & groov$1 h>d p9e1 plac$ v]tically1 :i* did fairly well & la/$ to ! end 7ab\t #a1jjj ft471 al?\gh x 0 n altoge!r satisfactory1 & ! la/ eight or t5 sections built _h to be rubb$ d[n ) a wood5 float 9 ord] to obta9 a suitable f9i%4 ,9 design+ ! =ms = all expos$ surfaces 9 ! tunnels1 x 0 ! desire ( ! contractors to obta9 directly f !m a surface :i* w\ld be satisfactory to ! eng9e]s )\t fur!r f9i%+ ?an ! pat*+ ( m9or defects4 ,9 ?is !y 7 g5]ally q successful1 & excell5t results 7 obta9$1 z %[n 9 ! view ( ! f9i%$ tunnel1 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,! surface ( ! b5*-walls 0 obta9$ solely by spad+ ! face ) a flat spade z ! "w progress$4 ,no aft] treatm5t 0 resort$ to1 except = ! few sections :]e ! =ms became worn4 ,! top ( ! b5*-wall 0 f9i%$ ) a float ab\t #b or #c h\rs aft] ! concrete 0 plac$4 ,:5 ! "w 0 well organiz$1 a b5*-wall 0 built at ea* end ea* day1 "o day 9 ! ,nor? ,tunnel1 & ! foll[+ day 9 ! ,s\?4 ,dur+ ! "t s&-walls 7 be+ built1 a s&-wall & b5*-wall 7 built on alt]nate days 9 ea* tunnel1 c>e be+ tak5 t :5 a b5*-wall 0 be+ built 9 "o tunnel1 ! s&-wall 0 be+ built 9 ! o!r1 ?is be+ necess>y 9 ord] to equalize ! "w ( ! night gang & ! conduit lay]s z well z ! transportation4 ,! conduit lay]s on ! day %ift1 two or ?ree m5 & a =eman1 requir$ ab\t #b h\rs 9 ! =5oon & #a h\r 9 ! aft]noon to lay _! portion ( ! conduits1 & usually f9i%$ ?is "w by #c ,p4,m4 ,at o!r times dur+ ! %ift !y 7 utiliz$ at ^? po9ts :]e rock pack+ 0 heavie/1 & :5 ! pack+ 0 br\ght 9 9 ! l>ge c>s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ^! m5 help$ unload x s t ! track c\ld be cle>$ z soon z possible4 ,:5 wat]-pro(+ 0 to be done1 ! numb] ( m5 9 ?is gang 0 increas$1 s z to enable !m to d t "w also4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #a3 ,k #afg4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,view ( =m = circuit break] *amb] at ,/a4 #bhf1 & travell+ gantry = plac+ concrete 9 ar*es1 look+ ,ea/]ly f ne> ,/a4 #bhjhe1 ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,oct4 #c1 #jh4 ,fig4 #b3 ,k #aff4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,view ( =ms = /orage *amb] at ,/a4 #bidbd1 look+ ,s\?w>d4 ,sept4 #ag1 #jh4 ,fig4 #c3 ,k #afc4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,tunnel l9+4 ,rock pack+ ov] ar*es1 ,s\? tunnel ,/a4 88888 end ( complet$ section4 ,may #ai1 #jh4 ,fig4 #d3 ,k #afh4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,%[+ me?od ( wat]pro(+ 9 timb]$ tunnel section at ,weehawk5 end4 ,oct4 #ba1 #jh4 ,a gang ( f\r r\gh c>p5t]s & a =eman 0 employ$ on ! day %ift2 !y mov$ & set ! b5*-wall =ms or s&-wall =ms1 z ! case might be1 & mov$ ! travel+ gantry into position4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! aft]noon1 & requir$ ab\t #c h\rs4 ,!y also took out1 clean$1 repair$1 & set all dit* =ms1 all pass5g] =ms1 circuit-break] =ms1 & did all o!r repair "w4 ,! ladd] =ms1 ! refuge-ni*e =ms1 & ov]head conductor pocket =ms 7 att5d$ to by "o man1 :o set1 remov$1 clean$1 & repair$ !m4 ,! c>p5t]s on ! night %ift set ! ar* c5t]s & gantries1 also ! manhole =ms :5 ne$$4 ,! conduit lay]s on ! night %ift laid up half ! #d-way conduits 7#c-;high7 & "o-?ird ( ! s+le ducts 7#d-;high74 ,?is "o gang laid ! conduits 9 two sections ( b5*-wall ea* night1 t is1 "o section at ,weehawk5 & ! o!r at ! we/]n end4 ,9 concret+ ! b5*-walls1 ! concrete 0 fir/ plac$ on ! side conta9+ ! s+le conduit until x rea*$ ! top ( ! f\r ti]s laid1 !n ! concrete gang 0 turn$ ov] to ! side ) ! #d-way conduits :ile f\r m ti]s ( s+le conduits 7 laid1 ! "w ?us progress+1 ! conduits be+ laid on "o side :ile concrete 0 plac$ on ! o!r4 ,on ! side ( ! #d-way conduits ! concrete 0 built 9 two lay]s :ile t on ! side ( ! s+le ducts 0 built 9 ?ree2 ! int]val betwe5 ! diff]5t lay]s 0 n suffici5tly long to prev5t a complete bond be+ obta9$1 & !re 7 only "o or two in/ances :]e !re 0 any m>k on ! face to indicate a break4 ,aft] ! "w _h be5 9 progress "s "t1 x 0 f\nd to be q feasible to build all ! #d-way conduits at night & half ! s+le conduits1 t is1 #f ducts high1 z ! m&rels prov$ amply suffici5t to hold !m 9 place2 9 fact1 _h x be5 necess>y1 ! writ] has no d\bt t all ! ducts might h be5 laid & held 9 place ) v little extra precaution1 by ! use ( ! exp&+ m&rels1 z describ$ "u ! head ( conduit lay+4 ,a ,v-%ap$ jo9t ab\t 94 deep 0 made betwe5 ea* section ( b5*-wall s t ! expansion cracks w\ld foll[ ?is jo9t r ?an %[ irregul>ly on ! face4 ,^! jo9ts divid$ ! face into ! ev5 #be-;ft4 panels1 & 7 v effectual 9 conceal+ :at few cracks !re 74 ,aft] ! con/ruction ( ! s&-walls 0 discont9u$1 ! space beh9d ! b5*-walls1 betwe5 ! neat l9e & ! rock1 0 fill$ ) rock pack+1 :i* 0 g5]ally built1 "p way up at lea/1 z a dry wall ahead ( ! con/ruction ( ! b5*-wall1 or x 0 put 9 place simultane\sly ) ! concrete1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep x z free z possible = ! dra9age ( any wat] !re might be4 ,t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! "w1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( gett+ suffici5t rock pack+ dur+ ! day1 a r\gh back =m = ! b5*-wall 0 built at ! neat l9e1 9 places :]e ! section 0 at all l>ge1 & ! space 0 fill$ ) rock aft]w>d1 g5]ally at night or on ,sundays4 ,9 ! sections :]e wat]-pro(+ 0 requir$1 :]e no s&-wall 0 built1 ! rock 0 tak5 out = #b ft4 outside ! neat l9e1 if ! excavation 0 n already t f> out 7at ! exp5se ( ! contractors1 :o pref]r$ to d ?is r ?an build ! s&-walls = ! %ort sections requir$71 s t !re w\ld be suffici5t room = plac+ ! wat]-pro(+ on ! back ( ! b5*-walls1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ah1 ,e4 ,! wat]-pro(+ ( ^! sections 0 left until j be=e ! ar* 0 to be built1 & aft] be+ plac$ x 0 protect$ by a s+le r[ ( brick laid on edge be=e ! rock pack+ 0 fill$ 94 ,ar*es4--,! c5t]+ us$ = ! ar*es is %[n v cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxv1 :i* is a view ( ! back end ( ! fir/ section built at ,weehawk54 ,9 ?is "p ( ! tunnel1 ! l[] "p ( ! ar*1 ab\t #e ft4 above ! b5*-wall1 0 built fir/1 z previ\sly ref]r$ to1 b ! c5t]s1 z w be se51 7 built s t !y c\ld be us$ = ! :ole ( ! ar*4 ,! =w>d bulkhead1 & ! %ovel+ plat=m on a section be+ built1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,! front bulkheads us$ 7 made 9 n9e sections1 bolt$ to a #b by #b-;94 angle b5t to ! radius ( ! ar*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 & fitt+ on ! end ( ! lagg+2 :5 set !y 7 brac$ p>tly aga9/ ! rock ( ! ro( & p>tly aga9/ ! gantry4 ,aft] ! ribs & "p ( ! lagg+ _h be5 set by ! night gang = a fre% section ( ar*1 ! braces hold+ ! bulkheads 7 knock$ out1 ! concrete plac$ dur+ ! day hav+ set suffici5tly by ?is "t2 ! :ole ( ! bulkhead 0 !n easily mov$ ahead1 slid+ along ! lagg+ to ! =w>d end1 & made ready = ! next day's "w4 ,! middle section at ! top 0 tak5 out tempor>ily1 to facilitate work+ at ! sides1 until x 0 ne$$4 ,! travel+ gantry us$ 9 h&l+ ! concrete = ! ar* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 :i* also %[s ! =m = ! circuit-break] *amb]1 & a c> ( rock pack+ on ! track b5ea?4 ,! ar*es 7 built 9 #aj-;ft4 sections1 ! ribs be+ spac$ #e ft4 ap>t1 ! end ribs ( ea* section support+ ! end ( ! lagg+ on two adjo9+ sections4 ,five sets ( lagg+ & t5 ribs 7 us$ at ea* place :]e ! ar* 0 be+ built1 ?us giv+ ea* section practically #d days' set be=e remov+ ! c5t]s4 ,probably 9 ! great] "p ( ! "w ! c5t]s c\ld h be5 remov$ 9 f #dj to #dh h\rs aft] ! concrete _h be5 plac$1 b #c days 0 consid]$ ! lea/ "t :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be safe at all times1 & ! contractors ?\ght t ! v slight additional exp5se involv$ 9 leav+ ! c5t]s up #d days 0 m ?an w>rant$ by ! additional feel+ ( security4 ,! lagg+ 0 made f #c by #f-;94 cle>1 h>d p9e1 #aj ft4 long1 dress$ to ab\t #b 94 9 ?ickness1 ab\t #e 94 9 wid?1 & ! sides to radial l9es4 ,z x 0 plac$1 e ?ird or f\r? piece 0 lightly nail$ to ! ribs2 :5 ! latt] 7 releas$ & tak5 d[n1 ! nails pull$ out1 & ! lagg+ 0 left 9 place until "o piece 0 pri$ out1 all[+ ! o!rs to fall4 ,a light ,a-frame1 ab\t #h ft4 long1 spann+ ! b5*-walls1 0 plac$ bel[1 9 ord] to break ! fall & all[ ! lagg+ to slide to ! top ( ! b5*-walls r ?an fall to ! track b5ea?4 ,cross-passages betwe5 ! two tunnels 7 built e #cjj ft41 _! =m be+ %[n on ,plate ,,viii ( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs4 ,!re 7 two circuit-break] *amb]s1 "o at ,/ation #bhf & ! o!r at ,/ation #caj4 ,/eel doors are provid$ s t all ! op5+s betwe5 ! two tunnels c be clos$4 ,at ,/ation #bidbd1 ! core-wall broke ?r\gh = a l5g? ( ab\t #dj ft41 & in/ead ( fill+ ?is 91 a /orage *amb] #cd ft4 long & #aa ft4 wide1 inside1 0 built !re1 ! =m = :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,?is photograph1 z well z ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 a =m = a circuit-break] *amb]1 %[s ! me?od ( sett+ ! /eel doors 9 ! =ms1 s t !y 7 built into ! concrete in/ead ( be+ fa/5$ 9 ) expansion bolts aft]w>d1 ?us %[+ a p]fect fit & a mu* neat] job4 ,dur+ con/ruction ! ar*es 9 ea* tunnel 7 kept ev5 ) ea* o!r1 s t :5 ! cross-passages 7 rea*$1 !y1 & ! sections ( ar* :i* !y jo9$1 c\ld be complet$ at "o op]ation4 ,by ! me?ods us$ on ?is "w1 "o section ( ar* 0 easily built 9 a %ift1 s t ! monoli?ic con/ruction ( ea* section 0 easily secur$1 & concrete1 z wet z x 0 possible to h&le ) %ovels1 c\ld be us$ = all except ! la/ #e ft4 or s at ! top1 ?us gett+ a /ructure :i* 0 z ne>ly imp]vi\s z possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,! gangs plac+ ! ar*es 7 paid ov]-"t :5 !y 7 requir$ to "w aft] #f o'clock to f9i% _! section1 :i* 0 g5]ally only necess>y :5 ! quantity ( rock pack+ to be plac$ 0 v l>ge4 ,if !y f9i%$ _! section be=e #f o'clock1 h[ev]1 !y 7 all[$ to quit :5 ?is 0 done1 & 7 giv5 a full day's pay4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "t1 :5 !re 0 any1 0 usually due to ! great] or less quantity ( rock pack+1 z ! excavation v>i$ f ! /&>d section l9e4 ,9 build+ ! ar*es1 ! night gang set ! two ribs 7"o at ! c5t] & "o at ! =w>d end ( ! section to be built71 plac$ ! lagg+ on ! sides1 #d or #e ft4 high1 built ! %ovel+ plat=m on ! horizontal cross-braces ( ! ribs1 & plac$ ! travel+ gantry 9 position = use4 ,! =w>d end ( ! gantry 7t is1 ! end f>!/ f ! ar* be+ built71 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 0 load$ ) rock pack+ to be us$ z requir$4 ,z ! concrete 0 br\ght into ! tunnel x 0 hoi/$ & dump$ on ! end ( ! gantry next ! ar*1 & %ovel$ f !re to ! plat=m on ! ribs & f !re into place4 ,! rock pack+ br\ght 9 dur+ ! day 0 dump$ on ! front or back end ( ! gantry1 z 0 mo/ conv5i5t1 & h&l$ into ! "w 9 ! int]vals betwe5 bat*es ( concrete4 ,! concrete & rock pack+1 ) ! back-lagg+ & wat]-pro(+1 :]e ^! 7 us$1 7 plac$ simultane\sly1 or ne>ly s1 & br\ght up ! sides toge!r until ! key 0 rea*$2 ! latt] 0 !n work$ f ! back t[>d ! front4 ,! key 0 usually made ab\t #e ft4 wide1 ! lagg+ = ?is wid? 0 made #e ft4 long & put up 9 two sections4 ,x 0 f\nd to be m conv5i5t to h ! key ( ?is wid? ?an n>r[]4 ,! me?od us$ 9 mak+ ! closures :]e two sections ( ! ar* came toge!r is %[n by ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,full ,page ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,ar* ,,closure ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,tunnel ,,%[+ ,,jack ,,p>tly ,,ext5d$ ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,tunnel ,,%[+ ,,jack ,,p>tly ,,ext5d$ ,,plan ,,( ,,box2 ,,end ,,view ,,plan ,,( ,,plung]1 ,,bottom ,,( ,,box2 ,,end ,,view ,,( ,,plung]1 ,,jack ,,fully ,,ext5d$ ,wat]-pro(+4--,z already po9t$ out1 ! orig9al design = ! l9+ ( ^! tunnels provid$ = a brick ar*4 ,x 0 int5d$ to cov] ?is ar* ) wat]-pro(+1 ?is latt] ext5d+ ov] ! :ole ( ! ro( & d[n ! sides z f> z ! bottom ( ! conduit l9es4 ,! wat]-pro(+ 0 to be plac$ aga9/ ! s&-walls on ! sides1 up to ! top ( ! side walls1 ,figs4 #aj & #ad4 ,ov] ! ar*1 aft] be+ plac$1 x 0 to be protect$ by an armor c\rse ( brick1 laid flat1 ! space betwe5 ! brick & ! excavation1 :i* 0 requir$ to be n less ?an #d 94 7&1 z a matt] ( fact1 0 actually a great deal m71 be+ fill$ ) rock pack+4 ,besides fill+ ! space1 ?is latt] 0 design$ to all[ any wat] f ! ro( ( ! tunnel to f9d its way easily to ! top ( ! s&-wall1 f !re be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! #d-;94 ca/-iron pipes1 %[n on ,plate ,,viii#d to ! side dit*es 9 ! floor ( ! tunnel4 ,footnote #d3 ,( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,jacobs4 ,all ! wat]-pro(+ plac$ 9 ^! tunnels 0 ( felt & pit*1 six-ply felt & sev5 lay]s ( pit*4 ,! felt 0 requir$ to be ,hydrex1 or ( equal quality1 & ! pit*1 ,/raight run coal-t> pit* :i* w s(t5 at #fj ,fahr41 ( a grade 9 :i* ! di/illate oils w h a specific gravity ( #a4je4 ,9 addition to te/s z to ! above qualities1 ! pit* 0 analyz$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( free c>bon x conta9$1 & 0 n accept$ if ?is fell bel[ #bj p] c5t4 ,x 0 consid]$ q important t !re %\ld be absolutely free dra9age on ! out] side ( ! l9+1 s t !re w\ld be no *ance = any wat] to acquire a head4 ,m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! l5g? ( ^! tunnels is bel[ ! level ( mean high wat]1 & :ile x 0 h>dly expect$ t !re w\ld be any direct connection betwe5 ! wat] 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] & ! gr\ndwat] ( ! section p5etrat$1 x 0 ?\ght wise to provide ample dra9age4 ,be=e ! l9+ 0 />t$1 h[ev]1 ! excavation _h progress$ suffici5tly to %[ t ! tunnels1 :ile v wet 9 places1 & v>y+ f t to q damp1 w\ld be1 on ! :ole1 mu* dry] ?an _h be5 anticipat$4 ,x 0 !n decid$ to sub/itute concrete = ! brick 9 ! ar* & omit ! wat]-pro(+ ov] ! top1 except at places :]e wat] came into ! tunnels 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities to =m practically a cont9u\s /ream4 ,?ree g5]al types ( con/ruction = ! ar* 7 decid$ on1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! fir/1 z %[n at ,a1 0 to be us$ :]e ! tunnel 0 q dry4 ,9 ?is type1 ! s&-wall 0 omitt$ entirely1 & ! concrete & rock pack+ 7 built up toge!r1 ! rock pack+ imp++ to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! concrete1 & ! concrete squeez+ some:at into ! rock pack+1 z %[n by ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,! section %[n at ,b 0 us$ :]e ! tunnels 7 damp1 or :]e !re 7 slight dropp]s n =m+ a cont9u\s /ream4 ,! back lagg+1 ( #a-;94 bo>ds1 :i* 0 left 9 place1 provid$ a practically smoo? out] surface on ! concrete ar*1 & all[+ ! concrete & rock pack+ to be built almo/ simultane\sly4 ,x 0 consid]$ t ! free dra9age ?r\gh ! rock pack+1 ! surface ( ! bo>ds1 & ! smoo? out] surface ( ! concrete 9 ! ar* w\ld all[ ! comp>atively small quantity ( wat] 9 ^! p>ts ( ! tunnel to f9d its way to ! sides1 & !nce to ! dit*es at ! bottom1 r ?an to p]colate ?r\gh ! concrete1 & ?is prov$ to be v g5]ally ! case1 z is %[n by ! dry condition ( ! tunnel z built4 ,! back lagg+ 0 us$ ov] ! ar*1 bo? :]e ! s&-wall 0 built & :]e x 0 omitt$1 z well z be+ plac$ ov] ! wat]-pro(+ ( ! ar* z an armor c\rse :]e wat]-pro(+ 0 requir$4 ,:]e ! s&-walls 7 built & wat]-pro($1 & :]e ! wat]-pro(+ 0 n c>ri$ ov] ! ar*1 ! wat]-pro(+ 0 turn$ 9 at ! top1 z %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,full ,page ,,v>i\s ,,types ,,( ,,ar*es1 ,,& ,,wat]-,,pro(+ ,,us$ ,me?od ( ,lapp+ ,mats ov] ,ar* ,me?od ( mak+ jo9t :5 "w on section 0 n cont9u\s4 ,"p ( jo9t on radial l9e1 "p slop+ slightly t[>d outside ( ar*4 ,,details ,,( ,,wat]-,,pro(+ ,"o lay] ( felt ) #d ov]lap to be nail$ to lagg+ ( in* bo>ds1 us+ t9 wa%]s on nails ov] ! :ole ( ! intrados ( ! ar* be=e />t+ any concrete or plac+ any ( ! p]man5t felt & pit* wat]-pro(+4 ,! wat]-pro(+ ov] ! ar* c be laid 9 mats ( ?ree ?icknesses ( felt prop]ly jo9$ toge!r ) pit* made z %[n diagrammatically at x ,ea* ( ^! mats ( ?ree-ply felt w be ov]lapp$ half ! wid? ( ! mat1 z %[n diagrammatically at y ,! ?ird me?od provid$ = wat]-pro(+ ! :ole ( ! ar*1 & 0 ! same z ,b except = ! addition ( ! wat]-pro(+ inside ! back lagg+4 ,9 plac+ ?is wat]-pro(+1 ! felt 0 cut 9 /rips ab\t #aa ft4 long 7ab\t #a ft4 long] ?an ! l5g? ( a section ( ar*71 & six ?icknesses 7 cem5t$ toge!r ) hot pit*4 ,^! mats 7 !n laid %+le-fa%ion1 z %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #ah1 up ! sides ( ! ar* until a space ab\t #e ft4 wide rema9$ at ! cr[n2 %ort] mats 7 !n br\ght out ov] ?is1 lay+ !m p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! tunnel4 ,c>e 0 tak5 9 mak+ all laps1 irrespective ( ! direction 9 :i* ! ar* 0 built1 s t !y w\ld lay ) ! grade1 t is1 s t ! wat] w\ld t5d to fl[ ov] ! edges ( ! laps r ?an aga9/ !m4 ,mo/ ( ! wet sections ( ! tunnel 7 at ! ends1 :]e s&-walls _h be5 built = ! purpose ( provid+ a smoo? surface aga9/ :i* ! wat]-pro(+ 0 to be plac$2 !re 7 sev]al wet places at isolat$ po9ts 9 ! tunnels1 h[ev]1 &1 9 ord] to avoid build+ s&-walls at ^! po9ts1 ! me?od %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #ah1 0 adopt$4 ,?is involv$ a slightly l>g] excavation1 #b ft4 outside ( ! neat l9e1 up to ! height ( ! top ( ! b5*1 :]e !re 0 n already t mu* room4 ,! b5*-wall 0 built ) a back =m on ! neat l9e1 ! wat]-pro(+ 0 plac$ z %[n1 protect$ by an armor c\rse ( brick1 & !n cont9u$ ov] ! ar* :5 ?is latt] 0 built4 ,! excavation & refill+ ) rock pack+ 7 done at ! contractor's exp5se1 :i* he 0 will+ to assume r ?an build ^! %ort sections ( s&-wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #a3 ,k #aha4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,timb]$ section ne> ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 %[+ me?od ( plac+ wat]pro(+ & key+ ar*4 ,dec4 #h1 #jh4 ,fig4 #b3 ,k #ahd4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels74 ,view ( complet$ tunnel look+ ,ea/w>d f ,/a4 #cbcfj4 ,s\? ,tunnel4 ,feb4 #h1 #ji4 ,fig4 #c3 ,k #adi4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels7 ,hack5sack ,portal1 g5]al view ( complet$ ,portal1 & ar*es ?r\gh cut & cov] section look+ ,ea/4 ,oct4 #ae1 #jg4 ,fig4 #d3 ,k #aij4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1 ,n4 ,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,k4 7,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels47 ,hack5sack ,approa*4 ,g5]al view1 look+ ,ea/4 ,m>* #af1 #ji4 ,! me?od ( wat]-pro(+ t "p ( ! timb]$ section :i* 0 v wet1 is %[n at ,f1 ,fig4 #ah1 & 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 & ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,a lagg+ ( #a-;94 bo>ds 0 nail$ up ! sides & to ! s(fit ( ! segm5tal timb]+1 all ! spaces outside ( ?is lagg+ be+ c>efully fill$ ) rock pack+4 ,be=e />t+ any concrete "w1 a s+le ?ickness ( wat]-pro(+ felt 0 nail$ to ! inn] side ( ! lagg+1 :i* n only s]v$ to protect ! f9i%$ surfaces ( ! concrete f ! wat] :i* fell copi\sly f ! ro(1 b also provid$ a comp>atively dry surface to :i* ! regul> six-ply wat]-pro(+ c\ld be cem5t$ ) pit* & held 9 position1 :ile ! concrete 0 plac$ aga9/ x4 ,9 plac+ ! wat]-pro(+ 9 ?is section on ! sides1 ! /rips ( felt 7 plac$ v]tically1 nail$ at ! top to ! wall-plate1 to support _! weight1 & lapp$ & cem5t$ ) pit* to ! sides z on ! s&-walls1 except t !re 0 no tr\ble f ! ov]hang4 ,aft] ! b5*-wall _h be5 built1 ! felt 0 cut j bel[ ! nails & ab\t #b ft4 above ! top ( ! b5*1 s t ! mats :i* 7 plac$ ov] ! ar* c\ld be ins]t$ beh9d x4 ,! ro( 0 cov]$ ) ?ree-ply mats & lapp$ ov] a little m ?an half1 z %[n diagrammatically on ! draw+4 ,:5 ! upp] "p ( ! ar* 0 rea*$1 :]e ! cem5t+ /r5g? ( ! pit* 0 n suffici5t to hold ! felt 9 place1 ! mats 7 brac$ tempor>ily f ! c5t]+1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 until ! concrete c\ld be pack$ aga9/ x4 ,:]e ! wat]-pro(+ 0 plac$ aga9/ ! s&-wall1 ! me?od ( secur+ ! %eets at ! top is %[n 9 ! small sket* on ,fig4 #ad & by ,figs4 #c & #d1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxv1 %[s ! laps ( ! %eets & ! me?od ( hang+4 ,at ! />t an attempt 0 made to /ick ! wat]-pro(+ to ! s&-wall1 b ?is c\ld n be done on acc\nt ( its dampness & ! ov]hang at ! top4 ,! s&-wall wat]-pro(+ 0 kept ab\t #ce ft4 ahead ( ! f9i%$ b5*-wall1 z %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,z ! b5*-wall =m 0 mov$ ahead & set1 ! mat 0 brac$ back aga9/ ! s&-wall f ! =ms at a po9t j above ! top ( ! f9i%$ b5*1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid wr9kles1 z1 if ^! 7 once =m$1 x 0 practically impossible to /raight5 !m out4 ,! completion ( ! b5*-wall left ! upp] "p ( ?is wat]-pro(+ /ret*$ taut across ! curv$ top ( ! s&-wall1 =m+ a *ord ( ! arc4 ,z ! ar* 0 built up1 ! top 0 gradually slack5$ s z to all[ ! concrete to press ! mat back into place until ! top ( ! s&-wall 0 rea*$1 :5 ! end 0 turn$ 91 z %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #ah1 or ! wat]-pro(+ 0 cont9u$ ov] ! ar*1 if t 0 necess>y4 ,! desire to obta9 a dry tunnel1 & ! me?ods adopt$ to secure x1 7 responsible 9 a great measure = ! decision to build ! ar* 9 %ort l5g?s1 z well z ! reasons giv5 "u ! head ( ar*es4 ,_h ! tunnels be5 dry ?r\gh\t1 ! me?od %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ah1 c\ld h be5 us$ exclusively1 &1 except = ! fact t monoli?ic concrete might n h be5 obta9$1 !re w\ld h be5 no objection to build+ long] l5g?s4 ,! quantity ( wat] rea*+ ! tunnel dra9s & fl[+ out ( _! l[] ends aft] ! completion ( ! l9+ 0 ab\t #ajj1jjj gal4 p] day1 or #ge gal4 p] m942 ( ?is x is e/imat$ t consid]ably less ?an #a comes ?r\gh ! l9+ 9 ! =m ( leaks4 ,! v g5]al di/ribution ( ?is wat] ov] ! ro( is indicat$ by ! fact t1 dur+ ! excavation ( ! fir/ #a1jjj ft4 ( bo? tunnels f ! ,weehawk5 end1 oilsk9s _h to be provid$ = ! labor]s to induce !m to "w at all4 ,! success1 !re=e1 ( ! rock pack+ z a means ( div]t+ ?is wat] to ! side dra9s1 is %[n1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t1 exclud+ ! cut-&-cov] section1 only #aj ( ! l5g? ( ! ar*1 #a1ahi ft41 0 wat]-pro($4 ,consid]able c>e 0 tak5 to make all jo9ts 9 ! concrete :i* 7 9 su* a position t wat] might foll[ ?r\gh !m to ! inside ( ! tunnel l9+1 9 su* a mann] t !y w\ld slope outw>d t[>d ! rock4 ,! top ( ! s&-wall is %[n by ,figs4 #ad & #ah4 ,! slope ( ! back ( ! f\ndation may be not$ 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & ! me?od ( mak+ ! jo9t 9 ! ar*1 9 ! few in/ances :]e a section 0 n complet$ at "o op]ation1 is %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,^! jo9ts 9 ! ar* 7 n all[$ to be made above a po9t #fj above ! spr++ l9e4 ,,hack5sack ,,portal ,,& ,,approa*4 ,! approa* cut at ! we/]n end is #cjj ft4 long1 ! alignm5t be+ a #b curve1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! b5*-walls & conduit l9es built ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! tunnels are ext5d$ ?r\gh ! approa* cut1 ! top ( ! =m] gradually slop+ f ! portal to ! m\? ( ! cut1 :]e !y are j level ) ! top ( ! rail1 ! conduits also be+ depress$ to ! same relative position ) ! tops ( ! b5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,full ,page ,,b]g5 ,,hills ,,tunnels4 ,hack5sack ,portal & ,approa*4 ,,sections ,,& ,,elevations4 ,,plan ,,( ,,approa*4 ,,pr(ile ,,?r\gh ,,approa*4 ,,section ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,jo9t ,,betwe5 ,,cop+ ,,& ,,wall4 ,,plan ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,jo9t ,,betwe5 ,,adjo9+ ,,sections4 ,,section ,,( ,,b5* ,,& ,,reta9+ ,,walls ,,& ,,half ,,elevation ,,( ,,portal4 ,! top ( ! rock at ! m\? ( ! cut1 ,/ation #cbg1 0 f #d to #f ft4 bel[ ! top ( ! rail1 & gradually rose ?r\gh ! approa* until at ! portal x 0 ab\t #f or #h ft4 above ! ro( ( ! tunnel4 ,! rock 0 cov]$ ) h>dpan4 ,a pr(ile ( ?is "p ( ! "w is %[n on ,fig4 #ai4 ,! rock ?r\gh\t ! approa* 0 wat]-be>+ to a consid]able ext5t1 & a face-wall 0 built at ! sides ) free dra9age1 ?r\gh rock pack+ & vitrifi$ & ca/-iron dra9s beh9d x1 to keep ?is wat] f fl[+ ov] ! tops ( ! b5*-walls1 & also to keep ! l9es ( conduits dry4 ,! reta9+ walls 7 built 9 #be-;ft4 sections1 ! jo9ts correspond+ to ^? 9 ! b5*es1 be+ at ! ev5 /ations1 #jh1 #cc1 #eh1 & #hc4 ,v-%ap$ jo9ts 7 made d[n ! face1 & ! ends ( ! sections 7 made z %[n by ,fig4 #ai4 ,! back "p ( ! jo9t 0 mopp$ ) hot pit* be=e ! next section 0 built1 s t !re 0 practically no bond betwe5 any two adjo9+ sections4 ,! concrete 9 ^! walls 0 plac$ late 9 ! season1 & ! expansion cracks1 :i* 7 entirely conf9$ to ! ,v-%ap$ jo9ts1 7 q small ev5 9 ! colde/ wea!r ( ! foll[+ w9t]1 nor 7 !re any indications dur+ ! pa/ summ] ( any /resses due to expansion4 ,! cop+ & dra9 at ! top ( ! wall 7 built toge!r1 b sep>ate f ! re/ ( ! wall1 ! jo9t be+ made z %[n 9 ! sket* on ,fig4 #ai4 ,?us f>1 !re has seem$ to be no seepage ?r\gh ei!r ! v]tical or horizontal jo9ts4 ,! portal is built ( granite1 a half elevation be+ %[n on ,fig4 #ai1 ! /one be+ suppli$ by ! ,mill/one ,granite ,company1 ,mill/one ,po9t1 ,conn4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 %[s ! portal & ! cut-&-cov] section aft] ! ar*es 7 complet$ b n cov]$4 ,! =ms = ! concrete 9 ! approa* 7 made ( ord9>y dress$ lumb]1 & ! surface 0 rubb$ twice aft] ! =ms 7 remov$1 :i* 0 z soon z possible aft] ! concrete _h set4 ,! surface 0 fir/ v lightly rubb$ ) a piece ( s(t1 light-color$1 s&/one to remove any irregul>ities1 be+ wett$ slightly if necess>y :ile be+ rubb$4 ,aft] ! concrete _h become fairly h>d & dry1 x 0 rubb$ a second "t & a uni=m texture & color obta9$4 ,! completion ( ?is "w 0 delay$ until ! second week 9 ,janu>y1 & consid]able difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 obta9+ a good f9i% ( t "p :i* 0 built aft] cold wea!r set 91 :5 x 0 necess>y to protect x f fro/4 ,unless extreme c>e 0 tak5 to prev5t freez+ aft] ! rubb+1 ! entire surface 0 likely to scale (f1 al?\gh no cem5t or o!r mat]ial 0 add$ to x aft] ! removal ( ! =ms4 ,a g5]al view ( ! complet$ approa* is %[n by ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,table #f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,day4 ,,night4 ,title4 ---------------------------------------- - ,no4 ,rate4 ,am\nt4 ,no4 ,rate4 ,am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,walk+ bosses #b #e4jj #aj4jj ,timekeep] #b #c4jj #f4jj ,wat*m5 #e #b4jj #aj4jj ,wat]boys #a #a4ej #a4ej ,c>p5t] =em5 #b #c4ej #g4jj #a #d4jj #d4jj ,c>p5t]s #ad #b4ej #ce4jj #h #b4ej #bj4jj ,pipe-fitt]s #a #c4jj #c4jj ,pipe-fitt]'s help] #a #a4ge #a4ge ,:eelwright #a #b4ge #b4ge ,:eelwright's help] #a #a4ge #a4ge ,blacksmi? #a #c4jj #c4jj ,blacksmi?'s help] #a #a4ge #a4ge ,=em5 rigg]s #a #c4jj #c4jj ,rigg]s #f #a4ge #aj4ej ,=em5 trackm5 #a #c4jj #c4jj ,trackm5 #f #a4ej #i4jj ,ma*9i/ #b #c4jj #f4jj ,ma*9i/'s help] #a #a4ge #a4ge ,electrician #b #c4jj #f4jj #a #b4ej #b4ej ,electrician's help] #a #a4ge #a4ge ,lampman #a #a4ej #a4ej ,pumpman #a #a4ej #a4ej ,f9i%]s #c #b4ej #g4ej ,hoi/ eng9e]s #ab #c4jj #cf4jj ,d9ky eng9e]s #e #b4ge #ac4ge #a #b4ge #b4ge ,brakem5 #e #a4ge #h4ge #a #a4ge #a4ge ,swit*m5 #a #a4ej #a4ej ,b>nm5 #a #b4jj #b4jj #a #b4ej #b4ej ,driv]s #i #a4ej #ac4ej ,=em5 ductm5 #b #b4ej #b4ej ,ductm5 #e #b4jj #aj4jj ,=em5 labor]s #ac #c4ej #de4ej #b #c4ej #g4jj ,labor]s #abj #a4ge #baj4jj #bj #a4ge #ce4jj ,compressor eng9e] #a #c4ej #c4ej #a #c4ej #c4ej ,firem5 #b #b4ej #e4jj #a #b4ej #b4ej ,oil] #a #a4ge #a4ge ,coal pass]s #b #a4ge #c4ej #a #a4ge #a4ge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,totals #ccd #dfi4ge #ej #ajh4be ,total daily labor exp5se #egh4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! wat] f9d+ its way into ! side dit*es 9 ! approa*1 :i* ( c\rse includ$ all ra9 fall+ 9 ?is area1 0 int]cept$ j inside ! portal & c>ri$ back to ! m\? ( ! cut ?r\gh #bd-;94 ca/-iron pipes laid b5ea? ! conduits 9 ! c5tral b5*-wall1 ?us dispos+ by natural dra9age ( a n inconsid]able quantity ( wat] :i* w\ld o!rwise h fl[$ ?r\gh ! tunnels to ! sump at ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft1 f :i* x w\ld h _h to be pump$ to ! surface4 ,ab\t #ajj ft4 ( ! tunnel imm$iately ea/ ( ! ,hack5sack ,portal 0 built by ! cut-&-cov] me?od1 & ! ar* section us$ 9 ! tunnel 0 modifi$ by wid5+ ! haun*es1 ! ?ickness ( ! ar* at ! cr[n be+ gradually increas$ f #bb 94 at ! portal1 ,/ation #cbd1 to #cd 94 at ,/ation #cbc1 :]e ! regul> segm5tal timb]+ at ! tunnel comm5c$4 ,a g5]al view ( ! approa* dur+ con/ruction is %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,,contractor',s ,,organization4 ,table #f %[s approximately ! numb] ( m5 employ$ daily on ! tunnel l9+1 by bo? ! contractor & ! sub-contractors1 _! occupation1 ! av]age rate ( wages & ! total daily exp5se = labor :5 ! "w 0 9 full sw+4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,organization4 ,! :ole ( ! "w ( ! ,nor? ,riv] ,division 0 design$ & execut$ "u ! direction ( ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,*ief ,eng9e]1 & ,james ,=gie1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,*ief ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 ! con/ruction ( ,section ,k1 ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnels1 be+ directly 9 *>ge ( ! writ] z ,resid5t ,eng9e]4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! two organizational *>ts1 ,figs4 #bj & #ba1 h be5 re=matt$ = space4 ,*>t3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,p5nsylvania ,,tunnel ,,& ,,t]m9al ,,railroad ,,company1 ,,section ,k--,,b]g5 ,,hill ,,tunnels4 ,organization ( ,/aff ( ,resid5t ,eng9e]4 ,organization ,previ\s to ! ,hol+ ,?r\gh ( ! ,tunnels4 ,resid5t ,eng9e]4 ,assi/ant ,assi/ant ,eng9e]4 ,eng9e]4 ,co/ & ,(fice ,field ,inspection4 ,alignm5t4 ,records4 ,co/ & ,(fice ,records4 ,inspector4 ,two ,cl]ks4 ,/5ograph]4 ,telephone ,op]ator4 ,mess5g]4 ,janitors4 ,field ,inspection4 ,weehawk54 ,*ief ,inspector4 ,inspector1 ,n4 ,tunnel ,s4 ,tunnel4 ,mix]4 ,excavation & ,=ce ,acc\nt4 ,inspector1 ,night4 ,cem5t ,w>eh\seman4 ,conduit ,inspector4 7"o position7 ,hack5sack4 ,*ief ,inspector4 ,*ief ,inspector4 ,inspector1 ,n4 ,tunnel ,s4 ,tunnel4 ,mix]4 ,excavation & ,=ce ,acc\nt4 ,inspector1 ,night4 ,cem5t ,w>eh\seman4 ,conduit ,inspector4 7"o position7 ,alignm5t4 ,weehawk54 ,*ief ( ,p>ty4 ,in/rum5tman4 ,rodman4 ,*a9man4 ,hack5sack4 ,*ief ( ,p>ty4 ,in/rum5tman4 ,rodman4 ,*a9man4 ,*>t3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,organization ,aft] ! ,tunnels ,_h ,be5 ,hol$ ,?r\gh4 ,resid5t ,eng9e]4 ,assi/ant ,assi/ant ,eng9e]4 ,eng9e]4 ,co/ & ,(fice ,field ,inspection4 ,alignm5t4 ,records4 ,tunnels4 ,conduit ,inspector4 ,co/ & ,(fice ,records4 ,two ,inspectors4 ,two ,cl]ks4 ,/5ograph]4 ,telephone ,op]ator4 ,mess5g]4 ,janitor4 ,tunnels4 ,*ief ,inspector4 #h ,tunnel ,inspectors4 #b ,mix] ,inspectors4 #a ,night ,inspector4 ,conduit ,inspector4 ,inspector1 ,hack5sack ,approa*4 ,alignm5t4 #a ,in/rum5tman4 #a ,draftsman4 #b ,rodm54 #c ,*a9m54 ,! g5]al organization ( ! /aff is %[n by ! two diagrams1 ,figs4 #bj & #ba4 ,fig4 #bj %[s ! organization previ\s to ! hol+ ?r\gh ( ! tunnels1 dur+ :i* "t a sep>ate (fice 0 ma9ta9$ at ! we/]n end = ! use ( ! m5 /ation$ !re2 ,fig4 #ba %[s ! organization dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! "t1 aft] ! tunnels 7 hol$ ?r\gh4 ,! ,assi/ant ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! con/ruction 0 ,j4 ,r4 ,taft1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e42 ! ,*ief ,inspector1 ,j4 ,s4 ,fraz]1 ,jun4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 _h *>ge ( ab\t #ge ( ! "w ( ! l9+ ( ! tunnels4 ,! alignm5t has be5 f ! beg9n+ "u ! *>ge ( ,r4 ,l4 ,reynolds1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,notes3 ,ea* ,plate 0 pr9t$ ) ! same head]3 ,,plate 4 ,,trans4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,,civ4 ,,engrs4 ,,vol4 ,,lxviii1 ,no4 #aaed4 ,,lavis ,,on ,,p5nsylvania ,r4,r4 ,,tunnels3 ,,b]g5 ,,hill ,,tunnels4 ,^! head]s 7 omitt$ = ! e-text4 ,captions beg9n+ 9 ,k ) a numb] 7 pr9t$ directly on ! photograph2 "s read+s are unc]ta9 & are indicat$ by "q m>ks 7874 ,9 ! tables ( ,figures #a-d1 v>iation betwe5 to & -1 & =matt+ ( table entries1 is z 9 ! orig9al4 ,fig4 #a1 table ,p] cubic y>d1 :ole tunnel section3 #c-cc may be error = #c-c4c ,fig4 #a1 la/ l9e ( table ,total ,p\nds text reads ,p\nd ,figs4 #c & #d1 & ,plate ,,xxiv app>5t error = ,figs4 #c & #d1 ,plate ,,xxiv 7usual =m7 ,figure #ae ,a1 ,b1 ,c444 lett]s o!r ?an ,b d n appe> 9 ! pr9t$ ,figure ,figure #ae1 caption ,,details ,,( ,,weasel quotation m>ks look h&-writt51 b pr9t$ text has spaces ,figure #ae1 ,index 7small table7 ,multi-,duct ,m&rel text reads ,mult-,duct :i* w\ld be satisfactory to ! eng9e]s text reads satifactory ,miss+ or sup]flu\s punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4