,libr>y1 ,case ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity 7http3_/_/libr>y4case4edu_/digitalcase_/ 7 ,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,digital ,case1 ! ,kelv9 ,smi? ,libr>y1 ,case ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity4 ,see http3_/_/digitalcase4case4edu3#ijjj_/;f$ ora_/get_/ksl3b9m9#jj_/;b9m9#jj4pdf ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,ref]5ces are made to footnotes 9 o!r footnotes & index4 ,! footnotes are s]ially numb]$ & plac$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,consequ5tly ! ref]5ces 9 ! footnotes & index h be5 correct$ to indicate ! footnote numb]4 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,volume ,,lxxxix4 7,! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies7 ,edit$ by ,f4 ,legge ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,bra9 by ,,alfr$ ,,b9et ,directeur du ,laboratoire de ,psy*ologie la ,sorbonne ,be+ ! ,au?oris$ ,translation ( ,l'me et le ,corps ,london ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 ,ltd ,dryd5 ,h\se1 ,g]r>d ,/reet1 ,w4 #aijg ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,matt] ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & matt]--,kn[able n homog5e\s--,crit]ion employ$1 enum]ation n concepts ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,objects ,,only ,,s5sation ,mod]n !ories ( matt]--,out] _w only kn[n to u by our s5sations--,in/ances--,mill's approval ( proposition1 & its defects--,n]v\s sy/em only int]m$i>y betwe5 self & out] _w--,! great ,x ( ,matt]--,n]v\s sy/em does n give u true image--,mll]'s law ( specificity ( ! n]ves--,! n]v\s sy/em itself a s5sation--,relations ( s5sation ) ! unkn[able ! affair ( metaphysics ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ories ,,( ,,matt] ,,are ,,only ,,symbols ,physici/s va9ly endeav\r to r$uce ! rle ( s5sation--,ma!matical1 en]getical1 & me*anical !ories ( univ]se--,me*anical model =m$ f s5sation--,in/ance ( tun+-=k--,no "o s5sation any "r to hegemony ov] o!rs ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,answ]s ,,to ,,"s ,,objections1 ,,& ,,summ>y ,objections ( spirituali/s--,( ,g]man au?ors :o cont5d t n]v\s sy/em does give true image--,( metaphysicians--,common gr\nd ( objection t n]v\s sy/em n int]m$i>y--,answ] to ?is--,summ>y ( prec$+ *apt]s ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,m9d ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,cognition ,,& ,,its ,,object ,necessity = inv5tory ( m5tal ph5om5a--,objects ( cognition & acts ( cognition--,def9ition ( consci\sness ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,s5sation ,s5sation def9$ by exp]im5tal psy*ology--,a /ate ( consci\sness--,consid]$ self-evid5t by ,mill1 ,r5\vi]1 & ,hume--,psy*o-physical accord+ to ,reid & ,hamilton--,reasons 9 fav\r ( la/ def9ition--,o!r op9ions exam9$ & refut$ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,image ,p]ception & ideation _c be sep>at$--,p]ception con/itut$ by addition ( image to s5sation--,halluc9ations--,objections anticipat$ & answ]$ ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,contr>y op9ions z to nature ( emotions--,emotion a ph5om5on sui g5]is--,intellectuali/ !ory ( emotion support$ by ,lange & ,james--,is emotion only a p]ception8 ,is ef=t8--,"q left unansw]$ ,,*apt] ,v ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,! ,,relation ,,subject-,,object ,c ?\ghts be divid$ into subject & object8--,?is division _c apply to ! consci\sness--,subject ( cognition itself an object--,james' op9ion exam9$--,op9ion t subject is spiritual sub/ance & consci\sness its faculty refut$ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,categories ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,pr9ciple ( relativity d\bt$--,tables ( categories3 ,ari/otle1 ,kant1 & ,r5\vi]--,kantian idealism--,ph5om5ism ( ,b]keley exam9$ & reject$--,argum5t ( a priori/s--,! intellig5ce only an inactive consci\sness--,huxley's epiph5om5al consci\sness--,is ! consci\sness necess>y8--,impossibility ( answ]+ ?is "q ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,! ,,sep>ability ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness ,,f ,,its ,,object--,,discussion ,,( ,,idealism ,c ! consci\sness be sep>at$ f its object8--,ideali/s consid] ! object a modality ( ! consci\sness & ?us insep>able1 f x--,futility ( ?is doctr9e--,object c exi/ )\t consci\sness ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,! ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness ,,f ,,its ,,object--,,! ,,unconsci\s ,c ideas exi/ )\t consci\sness8--,no consci\sness )\t an object--,c ! consci\sness die8--,enfeeblem5t ( consci\sness h[ acc\nt$ =--,d\bl+ ( consci\sness 9 hy/]ics--,relations ( physiological ph5om5a to consci\sness--,consci\sness _c become unconsci\s & yet exi/ ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,def9itions ,,( ,,psy*ology ,difficulty ( def9+ psy*ology--,def9ition by sub/ance--,psy*ology n ! sci5ce ( ! s\l--,def9ition by enum]ation3 its error--,def9ition by me?od contradicts idea ( consci\sness--,ext]nospection & introspection sometimes confus$--,def9ition by cont5t--,facts _c be divid$ into ^? ( consci\sness & ( unconsci\sness--,desc>tes' def9ition ( psy*ology insuffici5t--,)9 & )\t simile unanalog\s--,def9ition by po9t ( view--,inconsi/5cies ( ,ebb+haus' cont5tion--,w4 ,james' teleological !ory--,def9ition by ! peculi> nature ( m5tal laws only "o possible3 :y8 ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,! ,,body ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m9d ,,has ,,an ,,incomplete ,,life ,problem ( union ( m9d & body /at$--,axiom ( het]og5eity mu/ be reject$--,ph5om5a ( consci\sness incomplete--,ari/otle's relatum & correlatum appli$ to ! t]ms m9d & matt] ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,spiritualism ,,& ,,idealism ,spirituali/ view t dea? cuts l9k betwe5 s\l & body--,explanation ( l9k fatal to sy/em--,consci\sness _c ex]cise functions )\t objects ( cognition--,idealism a kaleidoscopic sy/em--,f\r affirmations ( idealism3 _! inconsi/5cy--,advantages ( hi/orical me?od ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,p>allelism ,mat]ialism olde/ doctr9e ( all3 _m patri/ic au?ors lean t[>ds x--,mod]n =m (1 receives impulse f advance ( physical sci5ce--,k>l ,vogt's comp>ison ( secretions ( bra9 ) t ( kidneys--,all mat]iali/ doctr9es oppos$ to pr9ciple ( het]og5eity--,mod]n mat]ialism w\ld make object g5]ate consci\sness--,mat]iali/s _c demon/rate h[ molecul> vibrations c be trans=m$ into objects--,p>allelism avoids issue by decl>+ m9d to be function ( bra9--,p>alleli/s decl>e physical & psy*ical life to be two p>allel curr5ts--,ba9's support ( ?is--,objections to3 mo/ important t x po/ulates consci\sness z a complete :ole ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,b]keley's idealism reviv$ by ,b]gson1 ?\gh ) diff]5t /&po9t--,admirable nature ( ,b]gson's exposition--,fallacy (1 "p assign$ to s5sory n]ves--,consci\s s5sations mu/ be subsequ5t to excitem5t ( s5sory n]ves & dep5d5t on _! integrity ,,*apt] ,v ,,conclusion ,au?or's own !ory only a hypo!sis--,important conditions = solution ( problem--,manife/ations ( consci\sness condition$ by bra91 b ?is la/ unconsci\s--,consci\sness p]ceives only ext]nal object--,specificity ( n]ves n absolute--,:y repeat$ excitem5ts ( n]ve t5d to become unconsci\s--,=mation ( habit & in/9ct--,resemblance to & di/9ction ( ?is f p>allelism--,advantages ( new !ory ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,recapitulation ,description ( matt]--,def9ition ( m9d--,objections to1 answ]$--,incomplete exi/5ce ( m9d--,o!r !ories--,n]v\s sy/em mu/ add its own effect to t ( its excitant ,,book ,i ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,matt] ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,bra9#a ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,?is book is a prolong$ ef=t to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 :at is call$ m9d & :at is call$ matt]4 ,no?+ is m simple ?an to realise ?is di/9ction :5 y d n g deeply into x2 no?+ is m difficult :5 y analyse x a little4 ,at fir/ sight1 x seems impossible to confuse ?+s s f> ap>t z a ?\ght & a block ( /one2 b on reflection ?is great contra/ vani%es1 & o!r diff]5ces h to be s\ght :i* are less app>5t & ( :i* "o has n hi!rto dream$4 ,fir/ let u say h[ ! "q pres5ts itself to u4 ,! fact :i* we mu/ take z a />t+ po9t1 = x is indep5d5t ( e k9d ( !ory1 is t !re exi/s some?+ :i* is kn[able4 ,n only sci5ce1 b ord9>y life & our ev]yday conv]sation1 imply t !re are ?+s t we "k4 ,x is ) reg>d to ^! ?+s t we h to ask ourselves if "s belong to :at we call ! m9d & o!rs to :at we call matt]4 ,let u suppose1 by way ( hypo!sis1 ! kn[able to be entirely & absolutely homog5e\s4 ,9 t case we %\ld be oblig$ to set aside ! "q z "o already decid$4 ,:]e ev]y?+ is homog5e\s1 !re is no di/9ction to be drawn4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is1 z we all "k1 falsifi$ by obs]vation4 ,! :ole body ( ! kn[able is =m$ f an agglom]ation ( extremely v>i$ elem5ts1 among/ :i* x is easy to di/+ui% a l>ge numb] ( divisions4 ,?+s may be classifi$ accord+ to _! col\r1 _! %ape1 _! weight1 ! pleasure !y give u1 _! quality ( be+ alive or dead1 & s on2 "o mu* giv5 to classification w\ld only be tr\bl$ by ! numb] ( possible di/9ctions4 ,s9ce s _m divisions are possible1 at :i* %all we /op & say3 ?is is ! "o :i* corresponds exactly to ! opposition ( m9d & matt]8 ,! *oice is n easy to make2 = we %all see t c]ta9 au?ors put ! di/9ction betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal 9 "o ?+1 o!rs 9 ano!r4 ,?us !re h be5 a v l>ge numb] ( di/9ctions propos$1 & _! numb] is mu* great] ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,s9ce we propose to make ourselves judges ( ^! di/9ctions1 s9ce1 9 fact1 we %all reject mo/ ( !m 9 ord] to sugge/ entirely new ones1 x mu/ be suppos$ t we %all d s by means ( a crit]ion4 ,o!rwise1 we %\ld only be act+ fanta/ically4 ,we %\ld be say+ p]emptorily1 ,9 my op9ion ?is is m5tal1 & !re w\ld be no m gr\nd = discussion ?an1 if ! ass]tion 7 ,i pref] ! ,romantici/s to ! ,classici/s1 or ,i consid] prose sup]ior to poetry4 ,! crit]ion :i* ,i h employ$1 & :i* ,i did n analyse until ! unconsci\s use ,i _h made ( x reveal$ its exi/5ce to me1 is bas$ on ! two foll[+ rules3-- #a4 ,a ,rule ( ,me?od4--,! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & matt] mu/ n only apply to ! :ole ( ! kn[able1 b mu/ be ! deepe/ :i* c divide ! kn[able1 & mu/ fur!r be "o ( a p]man5t "*4 ,a priori1 !re is no?+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( su* a di/9ction2 x mu/ be s\ght = &1 :5 f\nd1 closely exam9$4 #b4 ,an ,indication ( ! ,direction 9 :i* ! ,se>* mu/ be ,made4--,tak+ into acc\nt ! position already tak5 up by ! majority ( philosoph]s1 ! manife/ation ( m9d1 if x exi/s1 mu/ be look$ = 9 ! doma9 ( facts dealt ) by psy*ology1 & ! manife/ation ( matt] 9 ! doma9 explor$ by physici/s4 ,i d n conceal f myself t !re may be mu* t is arbitr>y 9 my own crit]ion2 b ?is does n seem to me possible to avoid4 ,we mu/ !re=e appeal to psy*ology1 & ask :e!r x is cognisant ( any ph5om5on (f]+ a viol5t1 la/+1 & ineffaceable contra/ ) all ! re/ ( ! kn[able4 ,! ,me?od ( ,concepts & ! ,me?od ( ,enum]ation4--,_m au?ors are already engag$ 9 ?is rese>*1 & employ a me?od :i* ,i consid] v bad & v dang]\s--! me?od ( concepts4 ,?is consi/s 9 look+ at real & concrete ph5om5a 9 _! mo/ ab/ract =m4 ,= example1 9 /udy+ ! m9d1 !y use ?is ^w m9d z a g5]al idea :i* is suppos$ to conta9 all ! *>act]i/ics ( psy*ical ph5om5a2 b !y d n wait to enum]ate ^! *>act]i/ics or to realise !m1 & !y rema9 satisfi$ ) ! extremely vague idea spr++ f an unanalys$ concept4 ,consequ5tly !y use ! ^w m9d ) ! imprud5ce ( a bank] :o %\ld disc\nt a trade bill )\t asc]ta9+ :e!r ! paym5t ( t p>ticul> piece ( pap] _h be5 provid$ =4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t ! discussion ( philosophical problems takes especially a v]bal aspect2 & ! m complex ! ph5om5a a concept ?us h&l$1 conta9s1 ! m dang]\s x is4 ,a concept ( ! col\r r$ has b a v simple cont5t1 & by us+ x1 ?is cont5t c be v cle>ly repres5t$4 ,b h[ c ! imm5se mean+ ( ! ^w m9d be realis$ e "t t x is us$8 ,= example1 to def9e m9d & to sep>ate x f ! re/ ( ! kn[able :i* is call$ matt]1 ! g5]al mode ( reason+ is z foll[s3 all ! kn[able :i* is app>5t to our s5ses is ess5tially r$uc$ to motion2 m9d1 t some?+ :i* lives1 feels1 & judges1 is r$uc$ to ?\ght4 ,to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & m9d1 x is necess>y to ask "o's self :e!r !re exi/s any analogy 9 nature betwe5 motion & ?\ght4 ,n[ ?is analogy does n exi/1 & :at we compreh5d1 on ! contr>y1 is _! absolute opposition4 ,?\ght is n a movem5t1 & has no?+ 9 common ) a movem5t4 ,a movem5t is nev] any?+ else b a displacem5t1 a transf]1 a *ange ( place und]gone by a p>ticle ( matt]4 ,:at relation ( simil>ity exi/s betwe5 ?is geometrical fact & a desire1 an emotion1 a s5sation ( bitt]ness8 ,f> f be+ id5tical1 ^! two facts are z di/9ct z any facts c be1 & _! di/9ction is s deep t x %\ld be rais$ to ! height ( a pr9ciple1 ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity4 ,?is is almo/ exactly ! reason+ t numb]s ( philosoph]s h repeat$ = sev]al ye>s )\t giv+ pro( ( mu* orig9ality4 ,?is is :at ,i t]m ! metaphysics ( concept1 = x is a speculation :i* consi/s 9 juggl+ ) ab/ract ideas4 ,! mom5t t a philosoph] opposes ?\ght to movem5t1 ,i ask myself "u :at =m he c ?9k ( a ?\ght1 ,i suppose he mu/ v poetically & v vaguely repres5t to himself some?+ light & subtle :i* contra/s ) ! weight & grossness ( mat]ial bodies4 ,& ?us our philosoph] is puni%$ 9 ! s9n+ "p2 8 contempt ( ! e>?ly has l$ him into an abuse ( ab/ract reason+1 & ?is abuse has made him ! dupe ( a v nave physical metaphor4 ,at bottom ,i h n mu* fai? 9 ! nobility ( _m ( our ab/ract ideas4 ,9 a =m] psy*ological /udy#b ,i h %[n t _m ( our ab/ractions are no?+ else ?an embryonic1 &1 above all1 loosely def9$ concrete ideas1 :i* c satisfy only an indol5t m9d1 & are1 consequ5tly1 full ( sn>es4 ,! opposition betwe5 m9d & matt] appe>s to me to assume a v diff]5t mean+ if1 in/ead ( repeat+ ready-made =mulas & wa/+ "t on ! game ( sett+ concept aga9/ concept1 we take ! tr\ble to return to ! /udy ( nature1 & beg9 by draw+ up an inv5tory ( ! respective ph5om5a ( m9d & matt]1 exam9+ ) ea* ( ^! ph5om5a ! *>act]i/ics 9 :i* ! fir/-nam$ diff] f ! second4 ,x is ?is la/ me?od1 m sl[ b m sure ?an ! o!r1 t we %all foll[2 & we w comm5ce by ! /udy ( matt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,l',ame et la ,corps4--,disagreeable z x is to alt] an au?or's title1 ! words ,s\l & ,body _h to be ab&on$ because ( _! diff]5t connotation 9 ,engli%4 ,! title ,m9d & ,body 0 also preoccupi$ by ,ba9's "w ( t "n 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! title *os5 has ,m4 ,b9et's approval4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 tude exp]m5tale de l',intellig5ce4 ,p>is3 ,s*lei*]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,objects ,,is ,,only ,,s5sations ,( late ye>s num]\s /udies h be5 publi%$ on ! conception ( matt]1 especially by physici/s1 *emi/s1 & ma!maticians4 ,among ^! rec5t contributions to sci5ce ,i w quote ! articles ( ,duhem on ! ,evolution ( ,me*anics publi%$ 9 #aijc 9 ! ,revue gnrale des ,sci5ces1 & o!r articles by ! same au?or1 9 #aijd1 9 ! ,revue de ,philosophie4 ,duhem's views h attract$ mu* att5tion1 & h dealt a s]i\s bl[ at ! :ole !ory ( ! me*anics ( matt]4 ,let me also quote t excell5t "w ( ,da/re1 ,la ,vie et la ,mort1 :]e9 ! au?or makes s int]e/+ an application to biology ( ! new !ories on en]getics2 ! discussion betwe5 ,o/wald & ,brill\9 on matt]1 9 :i* two rival conceptions f9d !mselves engag$ 9 a v]itable h&-to-h& /ruggle 7,revue gnrale des ,sci5ces1 ,nov4 & ,dec4 #ahie72 ! curi\s "w ( ,dantec on les ,lois ,naturelles1 9 :i* ! au?or +5i\sly po9ts out ! diff]5t s5sorial di/ricts into :i* sci5ce is divid$1 al?\gh1 ?r\gh a defect 9 logic1 he accepts me*anics z ! f9al explanation ( ?+s4 ,& la/1 x is impossible to pass ov]1 9 sil5ce1 ! r>e works ( ,"l ,kelv91 s full1 = ,fr5* read]s1 ( unexpect$ sugge/ions1 = !y %[ u ! entirely practical & empirical value :i* ! ,engli% atta* to me*anical models4 ,my object is n to g ?r\gh ^! great /udies 9 detail4 ,x is ! "p ( ma!matical & physical philosoph]s to develop _! ideas on ! inmo/ nature ( matt]1 :ile seek+ to e/abli% !ories capable ( giv+ a satisfactory explanation ( physical ph5om5a4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view !y take up by pref]5ce1 & no d\bt !y are "r 9 s do+4 ,! prop] rle ( ! natural sci5ces is to look at ph5om5a tak5 by !mselves & ap>t f ! obs]v]4 ,my own int5tion1 9 sett+ =? ^! same !ories on matt]1 is to give prom95ce to a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,in/ead ( consid]+ physical ph5om5a 9 !mselves1 we %all seek to "k :at idea "o ought to =m ( _! nature :5 "o takes into acc\nt t !y are obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,:ile ! physici/ )draws f consid]ation ! "p ( ! obs]v] 9 ! v]ification ( physical ph5om5a1 our rle is to r5\nce ?is ab/raction1 to re-e/abli% ?+s 9 _! orig9al complexity1 & to asc]ta9 9 :at ! conception ( matt] consi/s :5 x is borne 9 m9d t all mat]ial ph5om5a are kn[n only 9 _! relation to ourselves1 to our bodies1 our n]ves1 & our intellig5ce4 ,?is at once leads u to foll[1 9 ! exposition ( ! facts1 an ord] :i* ! physici/ ab&ons4 ,s9ce we seek to "k :at is ! physical ph5om5on we p]ceive1 we mu/ fir/ enunciate ?is proposition1 :i* w gov]n ! :ole ( our discussion3 to wit-- ,( ! out] _w we "k no?+ except our s5sations4 ,be=e demon/rat+ ?is proposition1 let u develop x by an example :i* w at lea/ give u "s idea ( its import4 ,let u take z example "o ( ^? inve/igations 9 :i*1 ) ! lea/ possible rec\rse to reason+1 ! mo/ p]fect$ processes ( obs]vation are employ$1 & 9 :i* "o imag9es t "o is p5etrat+ almo/ into ! v he>t ( nature4 ,we are1 let u suppose1 dissect+ an animal4 ,aft] kill+ x1 we lay b>e its visc]a1 exam9e _! col\r1 =m1 dim5sions1 & connections2 !n we dissect ! organs 9 ord] to asc]ta9 _! int]nal nature1 _! texture1 /ructure1 & function2 !n1 n cont5t ) ocul> anatomy1 we h rec\rse to ! p]fect$ processes ( hi/ology3 we take a fragm5t ( ! tissues weigh+ a few milligrammes1 we fix x1 we m\nt x1 we make x into /rips ( no m ?an a ?\s&? ( a millimetre ?ick1 we col\r x & place x "u ! microscope1 we exam9e x ) ! mo/ p[]ful l5ses1 we sket* x1 & we expla9 x4 ,all ?is "w ( complicat$ & ref9$ obs]vation1 sometimes la/+ mon?s & ye>s1 results 9 a monograph conta9+ m9ute descriptions ( organs1 ( cells1 & ( intra-cellul> /ructures1 ! :ole repres5t$ & def9$ 9 words & pictures4 ,n[1 ^! descriptions & draw+s are ! display ( ! v>i\s s5sations :i* ! zoologi/ has exp]i5c$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 lab\rs2 to ^? s5sations are add$ ! v num]\s int]pretations d]iv$ f ! memory1 reason+1 & (t51 also1 f ! imag9ation on ! "p ( ! s*ol>1 ! la/ a s\rce at once ( errors & ( discov]ies4 ,b ev]y?+ prop]ly exp]im5tal 9 ! "w ( ! zoologi/ proce$s f ! s5sations he has felt or might h felt1 & 9 ! p>ticul> case treat$ (1 ^! s5sations are almo/ solely visual4 ,?is obs]vation might be repeat$ ) reg>d to all objects ( ! out] _w :i* ent] into relation ) u4 ,:e!r ! k ( !m be ( ! common-place or ( a sci5tific ord] matt]s little4 ,s5sation is its limit1 & all objects are kn[n to u by ! s5sations !y produce 9 u1 & are kn[n to u solely 9 ?is mann]4 ,a l&scape is no?+ b a clu/] ( s5sations4 ,! outw>d =m ( a body is simply s5sation2 & ! inn]mo/ & mo/ delicate mat]ial /ructure1 ! la/ visible elem5ts ( a cell1 = example1 are all1 9 s f> z we obs]ve !m ) ! microscope1 no?+ b s5sation4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ! "q is1 :y we h j admitt$--) ! majority ( au?ors--t we _c really "k a s+le object z x is 9 itself1 & 9 its own nature1 o!rwise ?an by ! int]m$i>y ( ! s5sations x provokes 9 u8 ,?is comes back to say+ t we "h require explanations on ! two foll[+ po9ts3 :y d we admit t we d n really p]ceive ! objects1 b only some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 !m & u2 & :y d we call ?is some?+ int]m$iate a s5sation8 ,on ?is second po9t ,i w (f]1 = ! "t be+1 "o simple rem>k3 we use ! t]m s5sation = lack ( any o!r to express ! int]m$iate "* ( our p]ception ( objects2 & ?is use does n1 on our "p1 imply any hypo!sis4 ,especially d we leave completely 9 susp5se ! "q :e!r s5sation is a mat]ial ph5om5on or a /ate ( be+ ( ! m9d4 ,^! are que/ions we w deal ) lat]4 ,= ! pres5t x mu/ be und]/ood t ! ^w s5sation is simply a t]m = ! some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 ! object & our faculty ( cognition4#c ,we h1 !re=e1 simply to /ate :y we h admitt$ t ! ext]nal p]ception ( objects is produc$ m$iately or by procuration4 ,!re are a few philosoph]s1 & ^? n ( ! l[e/ rank1 :o h ?\ght t ?is int]m$iate "* ( all p]ception 0 s evid5t t !re 0 no ne$ to insi/ fur!r ^u x4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o 0 c]ta9ly & p]haps m ?an any?+ a c>eful logician1 comm5ces an exposition ( ! ideali/ !sis to :i* he 0 s mu* atta*$1 by c>elessly say+3 ,x goes )\t say+ t objects are kn[n to u ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( our s5ses4444 ,! s5ses are equival5t to our s5sations2#d & on ^? propositions he re>s 8 :ole sy/em1 ,x goes )\t say+ 444 is a trifle ?\ghtless4 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k he 0 wrong 9 n te/+ m c>efully ! solidity ( 8 />t+ po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is limit set to our k ( ! objects :i* /imulate our s5sations is only accept$ )\t difficulty by well-in=m$ p]sons2 x mu* a/oni%es ! un9/ruct$ :5 fir/ expla9$ to !m4 ,& ?is a/oni%m5t1 al?\gh x may seem s1 is n a po9t t c be neglect$1 = x proves t1 9 ! fir/ & simple /ate ( our k1 we believe we directly p]ceive objects z !y are4 ,n[1 if we1 ! cultur$ class1 h1 = ! mo/ "p1#e ab&on$ ?is primitive belief1 we h only done s on c]ta9 implicit conditions1 ( :i* we mu/ take cognisance4 ,?is is :at ,i %all n[ demon/rate z cle>ly z ,i c4 ,take ! case ( an unle>n$ p]son4 ,to prove to him t he kn[s s5sations alone & n ! bodies :i* excite !m1 a v /rik+ argum5t may be employ$ :i* requires no subtle reason+ & :i* appeals to 8 obs]vation4 ,?is is to in=m him1 suppos+ he is n aw>e ( ! fact1 t1 e "t he has ! p]ception ( an ext]ior object1 !re is some?+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! object & himself1 & t t some?+ is 8 n]v\s sy/em4 ,if we 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( our n]v\s sy/em1 we %\ld unhesitat+ly admit t our p]ception ( objects consi/$ 9 "s sort ( motion t[>ds ! places 9 :i* !y 7 fix$4 ,n[1 a numb] ( exp]im5ts prove to u t objects are kn[n to u z excitants ( our n]v\s sy/em :i* only act on ?is sy/em by ent]+ into communication1 or com+ into contact )1 its t]m9al extremities4 ,!y !n produce1 9 ! int]ior ( ?is sy/em1 a peculi> modification :i* we are n yet able to def9e4 ,x is ?is modification :i* foll[s ! c\rse ( ! n]ves & is c>ri$ to ! c5tral p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! spe$ ( ! propagation ( ?is n]ve modification has be5 measur$ by c]ta9 precise exp]im5ts 9 psy*ometry2 ! j\rney is made sl[ly1 at ! rate ( #bj to #cj metres p] second1 & x is ( int]e/ t ?is rate ( spe$ lets u "k at :at mom5t &1 consequ5tly1 by :at organic excitem5t1 ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness is produc$4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! c]ebral c5tres are affect$2 ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness is !re=e po/]ior to ! fact ( ! physical excitem5t4 ,i believe x has requir$ a long s]ies ( accept$ obs]vations = u to h arriv$ at ?is idea1 n[ s natural 9 appe>ance1 t ! modifications produc$ )9 our n]v\s sy/em are ! only /ates ( :i* we c h a direct consci\sness2 & z exp]im5tal demon/ration is always limit$1 !re c be no absolute c]ta9ty t ?+s nev] happ5 o!rwise1 t we nev] g outside ourselves1 & t nei!r our consci\sness nor our n]v\s influx c ext]iorise itself1 %oot beyond our mat]ial organs1 & travel af> 9 pursuit ( objects 9 ord] to "k or to modify !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 we mu/ make our t]m9ology m precise4 ,we h j se5 ! necessity ( draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! s5sations ( :i* we are consci\s & ! unkn[n cause :i* produces ^! s5sations by act+ on our n]v\s sy/ems4 ,?is excit+ cause ,i h sev]al times t]m$1 9 ord] to be und]/ood1 ! ext]nal object4 ,b "u ! "n ( ext]nal object are curr5tly designat$ gr\ps ( s5sations1 su* z ^? :i* make up = u a *air1 a tree1 an animal1 or any k9d ( body4 ,i see a dog pass 9 ! /reet4 ,i call ?is dog an ext]nal object2 b1 z ?is dog is =m$1 = me :o am look+ at x1 ( my s5sations1 & z ^! s5sations are /ates ( my n]v\s c5tres1 x happ5s t ! t]m ext]nal object has two mean+s4 ,sometimes x designates our s5sations2 at ano!r1 ! excit+ cause ( our s5sations4 ,to avoid all confusion we w call ?is excit+ cause1 :i* is unkn[n to u1 ! ,x ( matt]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n entirely unkn[n1 = we at lea/ "k two facts ) reg>d to x4 ,we "k1 fir/1 t ?is ,x exi/s1 & 9 ! second place1 t its image mu/ n be s\ght 9 ! s5sations x excites 9 u4 ,h[ c we d\bt1 we say1 t x exi/s8 ,! same ext]nal obs]vation proves to u at once t !re exi/s an object di/9ct f our n]ves1 & t our n]ves sep>ate u f x4 ,i insi/ on ?is po9t1 = ! reason t "s au?ors1 aft] hav+ unres]v$ly admitt$ t our k is conf9$ to s5sations1 h subsequ5tly be5 h>d put to x to demon/rate ! reality ( ! excitant di/9ct f ! s5sations4#f ,( ?is we ne$ no demon/ration1 & ! te/imony ( our s5ses suffices4 ,we h se5 ! excitant1 & x is l a fri5d :o %\ld pass be=e u 9 disguise s well co/um$ & made up t we c attribute to 8 real self no?+ ( :at we see ( him1 b yet we "k t x is he4 ,&1 9 fact1 let u rememb] :at x is t we h argu$ ^u--viz4 on an obs]vation4 ,i look at my h&1 & ,i see an object approa*+ x :i* gives me a s5sation ( feel+4 ,i at fir/ say t ?is object is an excitant4 ,x is po9t$ out to me t ,i am 9 error4 ,?is object1 :i* appe>s to me outside my n]v\s sy/em1 is compos$1 ,i am told1 ( s5sations4 ,be x s1 ,i h ! "r to answ]2 b if all t ,i p]ceive is s5sation1 my n]v\s sy/em itself is a s5sation2 if x is only t1 x is no long] an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! excitant & myself1 & x is ! fact t we p]ceive ?+s z !y are4 ,= x to be possible to prove t ,i p]ceive1 n ! object1 b t t]tium quid :i* is s5sation1 x has to be admitt$ t ! n]v\s sy/em is a reality ext]nal to s5sation & t objects :i* assume1 9 relation to x1 ! rle ( excitants & ( :i* we p]ceive ! exi/5ce1 are likewise realities ext]nal to s5sation4 ,?is is :at is demon/rat$ by ab/ract reason+1 & ?is reason+ is fur!r support$ by a common-s5se argum5t4 ,! out] _w _c be summ>is$ 9 a few n]v\s sy/ems susp5d$ l spid]s 9 empty space4 ,! exi/5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em implies t ( a body 9 :i* x is lodg$4 ,?is body mu/ h complicat$ organs2 its limbs presuppose ! soil on :i* ! animal re/s1 its lungs ! exi/5ce ( oxyg5 vivify+ its blood1 its dige/ive tube1 alim5ts :i* x dige/s & assimilates to its sub/ance1 & s on4 ,we may inde$ admit t ?is out] _w is n1 9 itself1 exactly z we p]ceive x2 b we are compell$ to recognise t x exi/s by ! same "r z ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 ord] to put x 9 its prop] place4 ,! second fact ( obs]vation is t ! s5sations we feel d n give u ! true image ( ! mat]ial ,x :i* produces !m4 ,! modification made 9 our sub/ance by ?is =ce ,x does n necess>ily resemble 9 its nature ! nature ( t =ce4 ,?is is an ass]tion oppos$ to our natural op9ions1 & mu/ consequ5tly be demon/rat$4 ,x is g5]ally prov$ by ! exp]im5ts :i* reveal :at is call$ ! law ( ! specific en]gy ( ! n]ves4 ,?is is an important law 9 physiology discov]$ by ,mll] two c5turies ago1 & consequ5ces ( a philosophical ord] are atta*$ to x4 ,! facts on :i* ?is law is bas$ are ^!4 ,x is obs]v$ t1 if ! s5sory n]ves are agitat$ by an excitant :i* rema9s con/ant1 ! s5sations receiv$ by ! pati5t diff] accord+ to ! n]ve affect$4 ,?us1 ! t]m9als ( an electric curr5t appli$ to ! ball ( ! eye give ! s5sation ( a small lum9\s sp>k2 to ! auditory app>atus1 ! curr5t causes a crackl+ s\nd2 to ! h&1 ! s5sation ( a %ock2 to ! tongue1 a metallic flav\r4 ,conv]sely1 excitants :olly diff]5t1 b affect+ ! same n]ve1 give simil> s5sations2 :e!r a ray ( light is project$ into ! eye1 or ! eyeball be excit$ by ! pressure ( a f+]2 :e!r an electric curr5t is direct$ into ! eye1 or1 by a surgical op]ation1 ! optic n]ve is sev]$ by a bi/\ry1 ! effect is always ! same1 9 ! s5se t ! pati5t always receives a s5sation ( light4 ,to sum up1 9 addition to ! natural excitant ( our s5sory n]ves1 !re are two :i* c produce ! same s5sory effects1 t is to say1 ! me*anical & ! electrical excitants4 ,:5ce x has be5 conclud$ t ! peculi> nature ( ! s5sation felt dep5ds mu* less on ! nature ( ! excitant produc+ x ?an on t ( ! s5sory organ :i* collects x1 ! n]ve :i* propagates x1 or ! c5tre :i* receives x4 ,x w\ld p]haps be go+ a little too f> to affirm t ! ext]nal object has no k9d ( resemblance to ! s5sations x gives u4 ,x is saf] to say t we are ignorant ( ! degree 9 :i* ! two resemble or diff] f ea* o!r4 ,on ?9k+ x ov]1 x w be f\nd t ?is conta9s a v great my/]y1 = ?is p[] ( di/9ction 7specificit7 ( our n]ves is n connect$ ) any detail obs]vable 9 _! /ructure4 ,x is v probably ! receiv+ c5tres :i* are specific4 ,x is ow+ to !m & to _! me*anism t we ought to feel1 f ! same excitant1 a s5sation ( s\nd or "o ( col\r1 t is to say1 impressions :i* appe>1 :5 comp>$1 z ! mo/ diff]5t 9 ! _w4 ,n[1 s f> z we c make out1 ! hi/ological /ructure ( our auditory c5tre is ! same z t ( our visual c5tre4 ,bo? are a collection ( cells div]se 9 =m1 multipol>1 & ma9ta9$ by a conjunctive pellicule 7/roma74 ,! /ructure ( ! fibres & cells v>ies slightly 9 ! motor & s5sory regions1 b no means h yet be5 discov]$ ( p]ceiv+ a settl$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! n]ve-cells ( ! optic c5tre & ^? ( ! auditory c5tre4 ,!re %\ld be a diff]5ce1 z our m9d dem&s x2 b our eye fails to note x4 ,let u suppose1 h[ev]1 t to-morr[1 or sev]al c5turies h5ce1 an improv$ te*nique %\ld %[ u a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! visual & ! auditory neurone4 ,!re is no absurdity 9 ?is supposition2 x is a possible discov]y1 s9ce x is ( ! ord] ( mat]ial facts4 ,su* a discov]y1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead u v f>1 = :at t]ribly complicates ?is problem is t we _c directly "k ! /ructure ( our n]v\s sy/em4 ,?\gh close to u1 ?\gh1 s to speak1 inside u1 x is n kn[n to u o!rwise ?an is ! object we hold 9 our h&s1 ! gr\nd we tread1 or ! l&scape :i* =ms our horizon4 ,= u x is b a s5sation1 a real s5sation :5 we obs]ve x 9 ! dissection ( an animal1 or ! autopsy ( "o ( our own k9d2 an imag9>y & transpos$ s5sation1 :5 we are /udy+ anatomy by means ( an anatomical *>t2 b /ill a s5sation4 ,x is by ! int]m$i>y ( our n]v\s sy/em t we h to p]ceive & imag9e :at a n]v\s sy/em is l2 consequ5tly we are ignorant z to ! modification impress$ on our p]ceptions & imag9ations by ?is int]m$i>y1 ! nature ( :i* we are unable to grasp4 ,!re=e1 :5 we attempt to und]/& ! inmo/ nature ( ! out] _w1 we /& be=e x z be=e absolute d>kness4 ,!re probably exi/s 9 nature1 outside ( ourselves1 nei!r col\r1 od\r1 =ce1 resi/ance1 space1 nor any?+ t we "k z s5sation4 ,light is produc$ by ! excitem5t ( ! optic n]ve1 & x %9es only 9 our bra92 z to ! excitem5t itself1 !re is no?+ to prove t x is lum9\s2 outside ( u is pr(\nd d>kness1 or ev5 worse1 s9ce d>kness is ! correlation ( light4 ,9 ! same way1 all ! sonor\s excitem5ts :i* assail u1 ! creak+s ( ma*9es1 ! s\nds ( nature1 ! words & cries ( our fell[s are produc$ by excitem5ts ( our ac\/ic n]ve2 x is 9 our bra9 t noise is produc$1 outside !re reigns a dead sil5ce4 ,! same may be said ( all our o!r s5ses4 ,n "o ( our s5ses1 absolutely none1 is ! reveal] ( ext]nal reality4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !re is no high] & no l[] s5se4 ,! s5sations ( sight1 app>5tly s objective & s se>*+1 no m take u out ( ourselves ?an d ! s5sations ( ta/e :i* are localis$ 9 ! tongue4 ,9 %ort1 our n]v\s sy/em1 :i* enables u to communicate ) objects1 prev5ts u1 on ! o!r h&1 f kn[+ _! nature4 ,x is an organ ( relation ) ! out] _w2 x is also1 = u1 a cause ( isolation4 ,we nev] g outside ourselves4 ,we are wall$ 94 ,& all we c say ( matt] & ( ! out] _w is1 t x is reveal$ to u solely by ! s5sations x af=ds u1 t x is ! unkn[n cause ( our s5sations1 ! inaccessible excitant ( our organs ( ! s5ses1 & t ! ideas we are able to =m z to ! nature & ! prop]ties ( t excitant1 are necess>ily d]iv$ f our s5sations1 & are subjective to ! same degree z ^? s5sations !mselves4 ,b we mu/ make ha/e to add t ?is po9t ( view is ! "o :i* is rea*$ :5 we reg>d ! relations ( s5sation ) its unkn[n cause ! great ,x ( matt]4#g ,positive sci5ce & practical life d n take = an objective ?is relation ( s5sation ) ! ,unkn[able2 !y leave ?is to metaphysics4 ,!y di/ribute !mselves ov] ! /udy ( s5sation & exam9e ! reciprocal relations ( s5sations ) s5sations4 ,^? la/1 condemn$ z mislead+ appe>ances :5 we seek 9 !m ! expression ( ! ,unkn[able1 lose ?is illusory "* :5 we consid] !m 9 _! reciprocal relations4 ,!n !y con/itute = u reality1 ! :ole ( reality & ! only object ( human k4 ,! _w is b an assembly ( pres5t1 pa/1 & possible s5sations2 ! affair ( sci5ce is to analyse & co-ord9ate !m by sep>at+ _! accid5tal f _! con/ant relations4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,connaissance4--,! ^w cognition is us$ ?r\gh\t z ! ,engli% equival5t ( ?is1 except 9 places :]e ! context %[s t x means acqua9tance m]ely4--,,ed4 ,footnote #d3 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill1 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 pp4 #e & #f4 ,london4 #ahfe4 ,footnote #e3 ,a few subtle philosoph]s h return$ to x1 z ,i %all %[ lat] 9 *apt] iv4 ,footnote #f3 ,?us1 ! p]plexity 9 :i* ,john ,/u>t ,mill f9ds himself is v curi\s4 ,hav+ admitt$ unres]v$ly t our k is conf9$ to s5sations1 he is p[]less to set up a reality outside ?is1 & ackn[l$ges t ! pr9ciple ( causality _c legitimately be us$ to prove t our s5sations h a cause :i* is n a s5sation1 because ?is pr9ciple _c be appli$ outside ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,footnote #g3 ,see p4 #ah1 sup4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ories ,,( ,,matt] ,,are ,,only ,,symbols ,if we keep firmly 9 m9d ! prec$+ conclusion--a conclusion :i* is nei!r exclusively my own1 nor v new--we %all f9d a c]ta9 satisfaction 9 wat*+ ! discussions ( physici/s on ! ess5ce ( matt]1 on ! nature ( =ce & ( en]gy1 & on ! relations ( pond]able & impond]able matt]4 ,we all "k h[ hot is ! fight rag+ on ?is "q4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is increas+ 9 int5sity1 9 consequ5ce ( ! di/urbance import$ into exi/+ !ories by ! new discov]ies ( radio-activity4#h ,we psy*ologi/s c look on v calmly at ^! discussions1 ) t selfi% pleasure we unav[$ly feel :5 we see p fight+ :ile ourselves safe f knocks4 ,we h1 9 fact1 ! feel+ t1 come :at may f ! discussions on ! ess5ce ( matt]1 !re c be no go+ beyond ! tru? t matt] is an excitant ( our n]v\s sy/em1 & is only kn[n 9 connection )1 ! p]ception we h ( ?is la/4 ,if we op5 a "w on physics or physiology we %all note ) a/oni%m5t h[ ! above consid]ations are misund]/ood4 ,obs]v]s ( nature :o seek1 & rightly1 to give ! maximum ( exactness to _! obs]vations1 %[ t !y are obsess$ by "o con/ant prejudice3 !y mi/ru/ s5sation4 ,a great "p ( _! ef=ts consi/s1 by :at !y say1 9 r$uc+ ! rle ( s5sation to its fitt+ "p 9 sci5ce2 & ! inv5tion ( me*anical aids to obs]vation is con/antly held up z a means ( rem$y+ ! imp]fection ( our s5ses4 ,9 physics ! !rmomet] replaces ! s5sation ( heat t our sk9--our h&1 = example--exp]i5ces by ! measurable elevation ( a column ( m]cury1 & ! scale-pan ( a precise balance takes ! place ( ! vague s5sation ( trifl+ weights2 9 physiology a regi/]+ app>atus replaces ! s5sation ( ! pulse :i* ! doctor feels ) ! end ( 8 =ef+] by a l9e on pap] trac$ ) indelible ink1 ( :i* ! duration & ! int5sity1 z well z ! v>i$ comb9ations ( ^! two elem5ts1 c be measur$ l9e by l9e4 ,le>n$ m5 :o pride !mselves on _! philosophical atta9m5ts vaunt 9 v eloqu5t words ! sup]iority ( ! physical in/rum5t ov] m]e s5sation4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ! e>ne/ness ( ?is eulogy leads !m a/ray4 ,! mo/ p]fect regi/]+ app>atus mu/1 9 ! long-run1 aft] its mo/ sci5tific op]ations1 address itself to our s5ses & produce 9 u "s small s5sation4 ,! read+ ( ! height rea*$ by ! column ( m]cury 9 a !rmomet] :5 heat$ is accompli%$ by a visual s5sation1 & x is by ! sight t ! movem5ts ( ! balance are controll$2 & t ! traces ( ! sphygmograph are analys$4 ,we may readily admit to physici/s & physiologi/s all ! advantages ( ^! app>atus4 ,?is is n ! "q4 ,x simply proves t !re are s5sations & s5sations1 & t c]ta9 ( ^! are bett] & m precise ?an o!rs4 ,! visual s5sation ( relation 9 space seems to be p> excell5ce ! sci5tific s5sation :i* x is s\ght to sub/itute = all ! re/4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is b a s5sation4 ,let u recognise t !re is1 9 all ?is contempt on ! "p ( physici/s = s5sation1 only diff]5ces 9 language1 & t a p>aphrase w\ld suffice to correct !m )\t leav+ any trace4 ,be x s4 ,b some?+ grav] rema9s4 ,:5 "o is conv9c$ t our k ( ! out] _w is limit$ to s5sations1 we c no long] und]/& h[ x is possible to give oneself up1 z physici/s d1 to speculations ^u ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,up to ! pres5t !re h be5 ?ree pr9cipal ways ( expla9+ ! physical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,! fir/1 ! mo/ ab/ract1 & ! fur!/ f reality1 is above all v]bal4 ,x consi/s 9 ! use ( =mulas 9 :i* ! quality ( ! ph5om5a is replac$ by _! magnitude1 9 :i* ?is magnitude1 asc]ta9$ by ! mo/ precise processes ( measurem5t1 becomes ! object ( ab/ract reason+ :i* all[s its modifications to be =ese5 "u giv5 exp]im5tal conditions4 ,?is is pure ma!matics1 a =mal sci5ce dep5d+ ^u logic4 ,ano!r conception1 less re/rict$ ?an ! above1 & ( fairly rec5t date1 consi/s 9 treat+ all manife/ations ( nature z =ms ( en]gy4 ,?is t]m en]gy has a v vague cont5t4 ,at ! mo/ x expresses b two ?+s3 fir/1 x is bas$ on a fa9t recollection ( muscul> =ce1 & x rem9ds "o dimly ( ! s5sation exp]i5c$ :5 cl5*+ ! fi/s2 &1 secondly1 x betrays a k9d ( v natural respect = ! =ces ( nature :i*1 9 all ! images man has made ( !m1 con/antly appe> sup]ior to 8 own4 ,we may say ! en]gy ( nature2 b we %\ld nev] say1 :at w\ld be exp]im5tally correct2 ! weakness ( nature4 ,! ^w weakness we res]ve = ourselves4 ,ap>t f ^! undecid$ sugge/ions1 ! t]m en]gy is q ! prop] t]m to designate ph5om5a1 ! intimate nature ( :i* we d n seek to p5etrate1 b ( :i* we only wi% to asc]ta9 ! laws & measure ! degrees4 ,a ?ird conception1 m imag9ative & bold] ?an ! o!rs1 is ! me*anical or k9etic !ory4 ,?is la/ absolutely desires t we %\ld repres5t to ourselves1 t we %\ld imag9e1 h[ ph5om5a really take place2 & 9 seek+ = ! prop]ty ( nature ! mo/ cle>ly p]ceiv$1 ! easie/ to def9e & analyse1 & ! mo/ apt to l5d itself to measurem5t & calculation1 x has *os5 motion4 ,consequ5tly all ! prop]ties ( matt] h be5 r$uc$ to ?is "o1 & 9 spite ( ! app>5t contradiction ( our s5ses1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! mo/ v>i$ ph5om5a are produc$1 9 ! la/ resort1 by ! displacem5t ( mat]ial p>ticles4 ,?us1 s\nd1 light1 heat1 electricity1 & ev5 ! n]v\s influx w\ld be due to vibratory movem5ts1 v>y+ only by _! direction & _! p]iods1 & all nature is ?us expla9$ z a problem ( animat$ geometry4 ,?is la/ !ory1 :i* has prov$ v f]tile 9 explanations ( ! mo/ delicate ph5om5a ( s\nd & light1 has s /rongly impress$ _m m9ds t x has l$ !m to decl>e t ! explanation ( ph5om5a by ! laws ( me*anics alone has ! "* ( a sci5tific explanation4 ,ev5 rec5tly1 x seem$ h]esy to combat ^! ideas4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 a revulsion ( op9ion has tak5 place4 ,aga9/ ! physici/s1 ! ma!maticians 9 p>ticul> h ris5 up1 & tak+ _! /& on sci5ce1 h demon/rat$ t all ! me*anisms inv5t$ h cr[ds ( defects4 ,fir/1 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 !re is su* a complication t t :i* is def9$ is mu* m simple ?an ! def9ition2 !n !re is su* a want ( unity t q special me*anisms adapt$ to ea* ph5om5al detail h to be imag9$2 &1 la/ly--mo/ s]i\s argum5t ( all--s mu* compreh5siv5ess & suppl5ess is employ$1 t no exp]im5tal law is f\nd :i* _c be und]/ood me*anically1 & no fact ( obs]vation :i* %[s an error 9 ! me*anical explanation--a sure pro( t ?is mode ( explanation has no mean+4 ,my way ( combat+ ! me*anical !ory />ts f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,psy*ology has e "r to say a few words "h1 z ^u ! value ( e k9d ( sci5tific !ory2 = x is acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! m5tal ne$s ( :i* ^! !ories are ! expression & :i* ^! !ories seek to satisfy4 ,x has n yet be5 suffici5tly notic$ t psy*ology does n all[ itself to be conf9$1 l physics or sociology1 )9 ! logical table ( human k1 = x has1 by a unique privilege1 a "r ( sup]vision ov] ! o!r sci5ces4 ,we %all see t ! psy*ological discussion ( me*anics has a wid] range ?an t ( ! ma!maticians4 ,s9ce our cognition _c g beyond s5sation1 %all we fir/ recall :at mean+ c be giv5 to an explanation ( ! inmo/ nature ( matt]8 ,x c only be an artifice1 a symbol1 or a process conv5i5t = classification 9 ord] to comb9e ! v diff]5t qualities ( ?+s 9 "o unify+ syn!sis--a process hav+ ne>ly ! same !oretical value z a memoria te*nica1 :i*1 by sub/itut+ lett]s = figures1 helps u to reta9 ! latt] 9 our m9ds4 ,?is does n mean t figures are1 9 fact1 lett]s1 b x is a conv5tional sub/itution :i* has a practical advantage4 ,:at memoria te*nica is to ! ord9>y memory1 ! !ory ( me*anics %\ld be = our ne$$ unification4 ,un=tunately1 ?is is n s4 ,! excuse we are try+ to make = ! me*anicians is illusory4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ _! ambition1 ,not)/&+ ! prud5ce ( "s & ! equivocations 9 :i* o!rs h rejoic$1 !y h drawn _! def9ition 9 ! absolute & n 9 ! relative4 ,to take _! conceptions lit]ally1 !y h ?\ght ! movem5t ( matt] to be some?+ exi/+ outside our eye1 our h&s1 & our s5se2 9 a ^w1 some?+ n\m5al1 z ,kant w\ld h said4 ,! pro( t ?is is _! real idea1 is t movem5t is pres5t$ to u z ! true out] & explanatory cause ( our s5sations1 ! ext]nal excitem5t to our n]ves4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y works on physics are impregnat$ ) ?is disconc]t+ conception4 ,if we op5 a description ( ac\/ics1 we read t s\nd & noise are subjective /ates :i* h no reality outside our auditory app>atus2 t !y are s5sations produc$ by an ext]nal cause1 :i* is ! vibratory movem5t ( sonor\s bodies--:5ce ! conclusion t ?is vibratory movem5t is n itself a s5sation4 ,or1 %all we take ano!r pro(1 /ill m conv9c+4 ,?is is ! vibratory & sil5t movem5t :i* is invok$ by physici/s to expla9 ! peculi>ities ( subjective s5sation2 s t ! int]f]5ces1 ! pulsations ( s\nd1 &1 9 f9e1 ! :ole physiology ( ! e>1 is treat$ z a problem 9 k9ematics1 & is expla9$ by ! composition ( movem5ts4 ,:at k9d ( reality d physici/s !n all[ to ! displacem5ts ( matt]8 ,:]e d !y place !m1 s9ce !y recognise o!rwise t ! ess5ce ( matt] is unkn[n to u8 ,are we to suppose t1 outside ! _w ( n\m5a1 outside ! _w ( ph5om5a & s5sations1 !re exi/s a ?ird _w1 an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! two =m]1 ! _w ( atoms & t ( me*anics8 ,a %ort exam9ation w1 moreov]1 suffice to %[ ( :at ?is me*anical model is =m$ :i* is pres5t$ to u z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( matt]4 ,?is c be no?+ else ?an ! s5sations1 s9ce we are incapable ( p]ceiv+ or imag9+ any?+ else4 ,x is ! s5sations ( sight1 ( t\*1 & ev5 ( ! muscul> s5se4 ,motion is a fact se5 by ! eye1 felt by ! h&2 x ent]s into u by ! p]ception we h ( ! solid masses visible to ! nak$ eye :i* exi/ 9 our field ( obs]vation1 ( _! movem5ts & _! equilibrium & ! displacem5t we ourselves effect ) our bodies4 ,"h is ! s5sory orig91 v humble & v gross1 ( all ! me*anics ( ! atoms4 ,"h is ! /uff ( :i* our l(ty conception is =m$4 ,our m9d c1 x is true1 by a "w ( purification1 /rip movem5t ( mo/ ( its concrete qualities1 sep>ate x ev5 f ! p]ception ( ! object 9 motion1 & make ( x a some?+ or o!r ideal & diagrammatic2 b !re w /ill rema9 a residuum ( visual1 tactile1 & muscul> s5sations1 & consequ5tly x is /ill no?+ else ?an a subjective /ate1 b\nd to ! /ructure ( our organs4 ,we are1 = ! re/1 s wrapp$ up 9 s5sations t none ( our bolde/ conceptions c break ?r\gh ! circle4 ,b x is n ! notion ( movem5t alone :i* proce$s f s5sation4 ,!re is also t ( ext]iority1 ( space1 ( position1 &1 by opposition1 t ( ext]nal or psy*ological ev5ts4 ,)\t decl>+ x to be c]ta91 ,i w rem9d y t x is inf9itely probable t ^! notions are d]iv$ f our muscul> exp]i5ce4 ,free motion1 arre/$ motion1 ! ef=t1 ! spe$1 & ! direction ( motion1 su* are ! s5sorial elem5ts1 :i*1 9 all probability1 con/itute ! f\ndation ( our ideas on space & its prop]ties4 ,& ^? are s _m subjective notions :i* we h no "r to treat z objects belong+ to ! out] _w4 ,:at is m rem>kable1 also1 is t ev5 ! ideas ( object1 ( body1 & ( matt]1 are d]iv$ f visual & tactile s5sations :i* h be5 illegitimately set up z entities4 ,we h come1 9 fact1 to consid] matt] z a be+ sep>ate f s5sations1 sup]ior to our s5sations1 di/9ct f ! prop]ties :i* enable u to "k x1 & b9d+ toge!r ^! prop]ties1 z x 71 9 a %eaf4 ,"h aga9 is a conception at ! base ( visualisation & muscul>isation2 x consi/s 9 ref]r+ to ! visual & o!r s5sations1 rais$ = ! occasion to ! dignity ( ext]nal & p]man5t causes1 ! o!r s5sations :i* are consid]$ z ! effects ( ! fir/ nam$ ^u our organs ( s5se4 ,x dem&s a great ef=t to cle> our m9ds ( ^! famili> conceptions :i*1 x is pla9 are no?+ b nave realism4 ,yes6 ! me*anical conception ( ! univ]se is no?+ b nave realism4 ,to recapitulate our idea1 &1 to make x m pla9 by an illu/ration1 "h is a tun+-=k on ! table be=e me4 ,) a vigor\s /roke ( ! b[ ,i set x vibrat+4 ,! two prongs sep>ate1 oscillate rapidly1 & a s\nd ( a c]ta9 tone is he>d4 ,i connect ?is tun+-=k1 by means ( electric wires1 ) a ,dprez record+ app>atus :i* records ! vibrations on ! black5$ surface ( a revolv+ cyl9d]2 & we c ?us1 by an exam9ation ( ! trace made "u our eyes1 asc]ta9 all ! details ( ! movem5t :i* animates x4 ,we see1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 two diff]5t ord]s ( ph5om5a2 ! visual ph5om5a :i* %[ u t ! tun+-=k is vibrat+1 & ! auditory ph5om5a :i* convey to u ! fact t x is mak+ a s\nd4 ,! physici/1 ask$ = an explanation ( all ?is1 w answ]3 ,x is ! vibration ( ! tun+-=k :i*1 transmitt$ by ! air1 is c>ri$ to our auditory app>atus1 causes a vibration 9 ! tympanum1 ! movem5ts ( :i* are communicat$ to ! small bones ( ! middle e>1 !nce 7abridg+ details7 to ! t]m9ations ( ! auditory n]ve1 & s produces 9 u ! subjective s5sation ( s\nd4 ,well1 9 s say+1 ! physici/ commits an error ( int]pretation2 outside our e>s !re exi/s some?+ we d n "k :i* excites !m2 ?is some?+ _c be ! vibratory movem5t ( ! tun+-=k1 = ?is vibratory movem5t :i* we c see is likewise a subjective s5sation2 x no m exi/s outside our sight ?an s\nd exi/s outside our e>s4 ,9 any case1 x is z absurd to expla9 a s5sation ( s\nd by "o ( sight1 z a s5sation ( sight by "o ( s\nd4 ,"o w\ld be nei!r fur!r f nor ne>] to ! tru? if we answ]$ t physici/ z foll[s3 ,y give ! prepond]ance to y\r eye2 ,i myself give x to my e>4 ,?is tun+-=k appe>s to y to vibrate4 ,wrong6 ,?is is h[ ! ?+ occurs4 ,?is tun+-=k produces a s\nd :i*1 by excit+ our ret9a1 gives u a s5se ( movem5t4 ,?is visual s5sation ( vibration is a purely subjective "o1 ! ext]nal cause ( ! ph5om5on is ! s\nd4 ,! out] _w is a conc]t ( s\nds :i* rises 9 ! imm5sity ( space4 ,matt] is noise & no?+ness is sil5ce4 ,?is !ory ( ! above exp]im5t is n absurd2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is probable t no "o w\ld or c\ld accept x1 except v]bally = amusem5t1 z a *all5ge1 or = ! pleasure ( talk+ metaphysics4 ,! reason is t all our evolution1 = causes :i* w\ld take too long to detail1 has e/abli%$ ! hegemony ( c]ta9 ( our s5ses ov] ! o!rs4 ,we h1 above all1 become visual & manual be+s4 ,x is ! eye & ! h& :i* give u ! p]ceptions ( ! out] _w ( :i* we almo/ exclusively make use 9 our sci5ces2 & we are n[ almo/ incapable ( repres5t+ to ourselves ! f\ndation ( ph5om5a o!rwise ?an by means ( ^! organs4 ,?us all ! prec$+ exp]im5t f ! /roke ( ! b[ to ! f9al noise pres5ts itself to u 9 visual t]ms1 & fur!r1 ^! t]ms are n conf9$ to a s]ies ( deta*$ s5sations4 ,visual s5sation comb9es ) ! tactile & muscul> s5sations1 & =ms s5sorial con/ructions :i* succe$ ea*1 o!r1 cont9ue1 & arrange !mselves logically3 9 lieu ( s5sations1 !re are objects & relations ( space betwe5 ^! objects1 & ! actions :i* connect !m1 & ! ph5om5a :i* pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,all t is only s5sation1 if y w2 b m]ely z ! agglut9at$ molecules ( cem5t & ( /one are a palace4 ,?us ! :ole s]ies ( visual ev5ts :i* compose our exp]im5t ) ! tun+-=k c be coh]5tly expla9$4 ,"o und]/&s t ,x is ! movem5t ( my h& equipp$ ) ! b[ :i* is communicat$ to ! tun+-=k4 ,"o und]/&s t ?is movem5t pass+ into ! =k has *ang$ its =m & rhy?m1 t ! waves produc$ by ! =k transmit !mselves1 by ! oscillations ( ! air-molecules1 to our tympanum1 & s on4 ,!re is 9 all ?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts an admirable cont9uity :i* fully satisfies our m9ds4 ,h[ev] mu* we might be conv9c$ by ! !oretical reasons giv5 above1 t we h q z mu* "r to repres5t ! same s]ies ( ev5ts 9 an auditory =m1 we %\ld be incapable ( realis+ t =m to ourselves4 ,:at w\ld be ! /ructure ( ! e> to any "o :o only knew x ?r\gh ! s5se ( he>+8 ,:at w\ld become ( ! tympanum1 ! small bones1 ! co*lea1 & ! t]m9ations ( ! ac\/ic n]ve1 if x 7 only p]mitt$ to repres5t !m 9 ! language ( s\nd8 ,x is v difficult to imag9e4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we are !oris+1 let u n be /opp$ by a few difficulties ( compreh5sion4 ,p]haps a little tra9+ might enable u to ov]come !m4 ,p]haps musicians1 :o disc]n z mu* reality 9 :at "o he>s z 9 :at "o sees1 w\ld be m apt ?an o!r folk to und]/& ! necess>y transposition4 ,"s ( !m1 9 _! autobiographies1 h made1 by ! way1 v sugge/ive rem>ks on ! importance !y attribute to s\nd3 &1 moreov]1 ! musical _w1 ) its notes1 its int]vals1 & its or*e/ration1 lives & develops 9 a mann] totally indep5d5t ( vibration4 ,p]haps we c "h quote "o or two examples :i* may give u a lead4 ,to measure ! l5g? ( a body in/ead ( apply+ to x a y>d-w&1 "o might li/5 to its s\nd2 = ! pit* ( ! s\nd giv5 by two cords all[s u to d$uce _! diff]5ce ( l5g?1 & ev5 ! absolute l5g? ( ea*4 ,! *emical composition ( a body might be not$ by its electric resi/ance & ! latt] v]ifi$ by ! telephone2 t is to say1 by ! e>4 ,or1 to take a m subtle example4 ,we might make calculations ) s\nds ( :i* we h /udi$ ! h>monic relations z we d n[adays ) figures4 ,a sum 9 rule ( ?ree might ev5 be solv$ sonor\sly2 =1 giv5 ?ree s\nds1 ! e> c f9d a f\r? :i* %\ld h ! same relation to ! ?ird z ! second to ! fir/4 ,e musical e> p]=ms ?is op]ation easily2 n[1 ?is f\r? s\nd1 :at else is x b ! f\r? t]m 9 a rule ( ?ree8 ,& by tak+ into consid]ation ! numb] ( its vibrations a num]ical solution w\ld be f\nd to ! problem4 ,?is novel =m ( calculat+ ma*9e might s]ve to fix ! price ( wooll5 /uffs1 to calculate brok]ages & p]c5tages1 & ! solution w\ld be obta9$ )\t ! aid ( figures1 )\t calculation1 )\t visualisation1 & by ! e> alone4 ,by foll[+ up ?is idea1 also1 we might g a little fur!r4 ,we might arrive at ! conviction t our pres5t sci5ce is human1 petty1 & cont+5t2 t x is closely l9k$ ) ! /ructure ( our s5sory organs2 t ?is /ructure results f ! evolution :i* fa%ion$ ^! organs2 t ?is evolution has be5 an accid5t ( hi/ory2 t 9 ! future x may be diff]5t2 & t1 consequ5tly1 by ! side or 9 ! /ead ( our mod]n sci5ce1 ! "w ( our eyes & h&s--& also ( our words--!re might h be5 con/itut$1 !re may /ill be con/itut$1 sci5ces entirely & extraord9>ily new--auditory1 olfactory1 & gu/atory sci5ces1 & ev5 o!rs d]iv$ f o!r k9ds ( s5sations :i* we c nei!r =esee nor conceive because !y are n1 = ! mom5t1 diff]5tiat$ 9 u4 ,outside ! matt] we "k1 a v special matt] fa%ion$ ( vision & t\*1 !re may exi/ o!r matt] ) totally diff]5t prop]ties4 ,b let u br+ our dream to an end4 ,! int]e/ ( our discussion does n lie 9 ! hypo!tical sub/itution ( he>+ or any o!r s5se = sight4 ,x lies 9 ! complete suppression ( all explanation ( ! n\m5al object 9 t]ms borr[$ f ! language ( s5sation4 ,& t is our la/ ^w4 ,we mu/1 by sett+ aside ! me*anical !ory1 free ourselves f a too n>r[ conception ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,& ?is lib]ation w be to u a great advantage :i* we %all soon reap4 ,we %all avoid ! error ( believ+ t me*anics is ! only real ?+ & t all t _c be expla9$ by me*anics mu/ be incompreh5sible4 ,we %all !n ga9 m lib]ty ( m9d = und]/&+ :at ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body#i may be4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to a rec5t volume by ,,gu/ave ,,le ,,bon1 on ,evolution de la ,matire1 a "w full ( orig9al & bold ideas4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,note #a on p4 #c4--;,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,answ]s ,,to ,,"s ,,objections1 ,,& ,,summ>y ,i h set =? ! =ego+ ideas by tak+ ! road :i* to me seem$ ! be/4 ,on reflection x has occurr$ to me t my mann] ( exposition & demon/ration may be criticis$ mu* m ?an my conclusion4 ,n[1 z x is ! conclusion alone :i* "h is ( importance1 x is exp$i5t n to make x responsible = ! argum5ts by :i* ,i h support$ x4 ,^! argum5ts resolve !mselves into ! atte/ation t betwe5 objects & our consci\sness !re exi/s an int]m$i>y1 our n]v\s sy/em4 ,we h ev5 e/abli%$ t ! exi/5ce ( ?is int]m$i>y is directly prov$ by obs]vation1 & f ?is ,i h conclud$ t we d n directly p]ceive ! object itself b a t]tium quid1 :i* is our s5sations4 ,sev]al objections to ?is might be made4 ,let u enum]ate !m4 #a4 ,x is n inconceivable t objects may act directly on our consci\sness )\t tak+ ! int]m$i>y ( our n]v\s sy/em4 ,"s au?ors1 ! spirituali/s notably1 believe 9 ! possibility ( disembodi$ s\ls1 & !y admit by implication t ^! s\ls rema9 9 communication ) ! t]re/rial _w1 witness our actions1 & he> our spee*4 ,s9ce !y no long] h organs ( s5se1 we mu/ suppose t ^! w&]+ s\ls1 if !y exi/1 c directly p]ceive mat]ial objects4 ,x is evid5t t su* hypo!ses h1 up till n[1 no?+ sci5tific 9 !m1 & t ! demon/rations ( !m :i* are giv5 raise a feel+ ( scepticism m ?an any?+ else4 ,nev]!less1 we h n ! "r to exclude1 by a priori argum5t1 ! possibility ( ?is category ( ph5om5a4 #b4 ,sev]al ,g]man au?ors h ma9ta9$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 t if ! n]v\s sy/em int]v5es 9 ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects1 x is a fai?ful int]m$i>y :i* %\ld n "w any *ange on ^? physical actions :i* x ga!rs f outside to transmit to our consci\sness4 ,f ?is1 po9t ( view col\r w\ld exi/ z col\r1 outside our eyes1 s\nd w\ld exi/ z s\nd1 & 9 a g5]al way !re w\ld n be1 9 matt]1 any my/]i\s prop]ty left1 s9ce we %\ld p]ceive matt] z x is4 ,?is is a v unexpect$ int]pretation1 by :i* m5 ( sci5ce h come to ackn[l$ge ! correctness ( ! common belief3 !y rehabilitate an op9ion :i* philosoph]s h till n[ turn$ to ridicule1 "u ! "n ( nave realism4 ,all :i* proves t ! navet ( "s may be ! excessive ref9em5t ( o!rs4 ,to e/abli% sci5tifically ?is op9ion !y batt] d[n ! !ory ( ! specific en]gy ( ! n]ves4 ,i h recall$ 9 a previ\s page#aj ( :at ?is !ory consi/s4 ,i h %[n t if1 by me*anical or electrical means1 our diff]5t s5sory n]ves are excit$1 not)/&+ ! id5tity ( ! excitant1 a diff]5t s5sation is provok$ 9 ea* case--light :5 ! optic n]ve is /imulat$1 s\nd :5 ! ac\/ic1 & s on4 ,x is n[ answ]$ to ?is argum5t bas$ on fact t ! nature ( ^! excitants mu/ be complex4 ,x is n impossible1 x is ?\ght1 t ! electric =ce conta9s )9 itself bo? lum9\s & sonor\s actions2 x is n impossible t a me*anical excitem5t %\ld *ange ! electric /ate ( ! n]ve affect$1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ^! subsidi>y effects expla9 h[ "o & ! same ag5t may1 accord+ to ! n]ves employ$1 produce diff]5t effects4 #c4 ,aft] ! spirituali/s & ! exp]im5tali/s1 let u take ! metaphysicians4 ,among !m "o has always met ) ! mo/ v>y+ specim5s ( op9ions & ) argum5ts = & aga9/ all possible !ories4 ,?us x is1 = example1 ) ! ext]nal p]ception4 ,"s h suppos$ x indirect1 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 t x acts directly on ! object4 ,^? :o uphold ! direct !ory are inspir$ by ,b]keley1 :o ass]ts t ! s5sitive qualities ( ! body h no exi/5ce b 9 our own m9ds1 & consi/ really 9 repres5tative ideas4 ,?is doctr9e is expressly bas$ on ?is argum5t--t ?\ght diff]s too mu* 9 nature f matt] = "o to be able to suppose any l9k betwe5 ^! two sub/ances4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 "s au?ors (t5 make an ass]tion )\t endeav\r+ to prove x4 ,!y are satisfi$ ) atte/+1 or ev5 ) suppos+1 t m9d c h no consci\sness ( any?+ b its own /ates4 ,o!r philosoph]s1 z ,i h said1 ma9ta9 t ?+s :i* h a real exi/5ce are ! v ?+s we p]ceive4 ,x is ,?omas ,reid :o has upheld1 9 "s passages ( 8 writ+s at all ev5ts1 ! !ory ( in/antane\s p]ception1 or intuition4 ,x has also be5 def5d$ by ,hamilton 9 a m explicit mann]4#aa ,x has be5 tak5 up aga9 9 rec5t ye>s1 by a pr(\nd & subtle philosoph]1 ,m4 ,b]gson1 :o1 unable to admit t ! n]v\s sy/em is a sub/ratum ( k & s]ves u z a p]cipi5t1 takes x to be solely a motor organ1 & urges t ! s5sory p>ts ( ! sy/em--t is to say1 ! c5tripetal1 optic1 ac\/ic1 c1 n]ves--d n call =?1 :5 excit$1 any k9d ( s5sation1 _! sole purpose be+ to convey di/urbances f p]iph]y to p]iph]y1 or1 say1 f ext]nal objects to ! muscles ( ! body4 ,?is hypo!sis1 surely a little difficult to compreh5d1 places1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ! m9d1 z a p[] ( p]ception & repres5tation1 )9 ! int]val compris$ betwe5 ! ext]nal object & ! body1 s t ! m9d is 9 direct contact ) ext]nal objects & kn[s !m z !y are4 ,x w be notic$ t ^! ?ree int]pretations1 ! spirituali/ic1 ! exp]im5tal1 & ! metaphysical1 are 9 =mal opposition ) t :i* ,i h set =? e>li] 9 ^! pages4 ,!y d5y ! supposition t ! n]v\s sy/em s]ves u z an int]m$i>y ) nature1 & t x trans=ms nature be=e br++ x to our consci\sness4 ,& x might seem t by contradict+ my fundam5tal proposition1 ^? ?ree new hypo!ses mu/ lead to a totally diff]5t conclusion4 ,n[1 ?is is n s at all4 ,! conclusion ,i h enunciat$ rema9s entirely s\nd1 not)/&+ ?is *ange 9 ! />t+ po9t1 & = ! foll[+ reason4 ,x is easy to see t we _c repres5t to ourselves ! inn] /ructure ( matt] by us+ all our s5sations )\t di/9ction1 because x is impossible to br+ all ^! s5sations )9 "o s+le & id5tical syn!tic con/ruction3 = ?is !y are too dissimil>4 ,?us1 we %\ld try 9 va9 to unite 9 any k9d ( s*eme a movem5t ( molecules & an od\r2 ^! elem5ts are s het]og5e\s t !re is no way ( jo9+ !m toge!r & comb9+ !m4 ,! physici/s h m or less consci\sly p]ceiv$ ?is1 &1 n be+ able to ov]come by a frontal attack ! difficulty creat$ by ! het]og5eity ( our s5sations1 !y h turn$ its flank4 ,! +5i\s artifice !y h devis$ consi/s 9 reta9+ only "s ( ^! s5sations1 & 9 reject+ ! rema9d]2 ! fir/ be+ consid]$ z really repres5t+ ! ess5ce ( matt]1 & ! latt] z ! effects ( ! =m] on our organs ( s5se2 ! fir/ be+ reput$ to be true1 we may say1 & ! second be+ reput$ false--t is subjective1 t is n repres5t+ ! ,x ( matt]4#ab ,i h refut$ ?is argum5t by %[+ t all our s5sations )\t exception are subjective & equally false 9 reg>d to ! ,x ( matt]1 & t no "o ( !m1 consequ5tly1 has any claim to expla9 ! o!rs4 ,n[1 by a new int]pretation2 we are taught t all s5sations are equally true1 & t all fai?fully repres5t ! great ,x4 ,if !y be all equally true1 x is absolutely ! same z if !y 7 all false2 no "o s5sation c h any privilege ov] ! o!rs1 none c be tru] ?an ! o!rs1 none c be capable ( expla9+ ! o!rs1 none c usurp to itself ! sole "r ( repres5t+ ! ess5ce ( matt]2 & we ?us f9d ourselves1 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! prec$+1 9 pres5ce ( ! insurm\ntable difficulty ( creat+ a syn!sis ) het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,all t has be5 said above is summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3-- #a4 ,( ! ext]nal _w1 we only "k our s5sations4 ,all ! physical prop]ties ( matt] resolve !mselves = u into s5sations1 pres5t1 pa/1 or possible4 ,we may n say t x is by ! int]m$i>y1 by ! means ( s5sation1 t we "k ^! prop]ties1 = t w\ld mean t ! prop]ties are di/9ct f ! s5sations4 ,objects are to u 9 reality only aggregates ( s5sations4 #b4 ,! s5sations belong to ! diff]5t organs ( ! s5ses--sight1 he>+1 t\*1 ! muscul> s5se1 c4 ,:atev] be ! s5se affect$1 "o s5sation has ! same rights z ! o!rs1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! cognition ( ext]nal objects4 ,x is impossible to di/+ui% !m into subjective & objective1 by giv+ to ?is di/9ction ! mean+ t c]ta9 s5sations repres5t objects z !y are1 :ile c]ta9 o!rs simply repres5t our mann] ( feel+4 ,?is is an illegitimate di/9ction1 s9ce all s5sations h ! same physiological condition1 ! excitem5t ( a s5sory n]ve1 & result f ! prop]ties ( ?is n]ve :5 /imulat$4 #c4 ,consequ5tly1 x is impossible = u to =m a conception ( matt] 9 t]ms ( movem5t1 & to expla9 by ! modalities ( movem5t ! prop]ties ( bodies2 = ?is !ory am\nts to giv+ to c]ta9 s5sations1 especially ^? ( ! muscul> s5se1 ! hegemony ov] ! o!rs4 ,we _c expla91 we h n ! "r to expla91 "o s5sation by ano!r1 & ! me*anical !ory ( matt] has simply ! value ( a symbol4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aj3 ,see p4 #bb1 sup4--,,ed4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill',s ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 *ap4 x4 p4 #agf1 et4 seq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see p4 #ah1 sup4--,,ed4 ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,m9d ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,cognition#ac ,,& ,,its ,,object ,aft] hav+ ?us /udi$ matt] & r$uc$ x to s5sations1 we %all apply ! same me?od ( analysis to m9d1 & inquire :e!r m9d possesses any *>act]i/ic :i* all[s x to be di/+ui%$ f matt]4 ,be=e go+ any fur!r1 let me cle> up an ambiguity4 ,all ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w has be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( :at is kn[n to u 9 & by s5sation2 & ,i h tak5 ^u myself1 )\t advanc+ any k9d ( ju/ify+ reason1 to call t :i* is kn[n to u1 by ?is me?od1 by ! "n ( matt]1 ?us los+ sight ( ! fact t matt] only exi/s by contra-di/9ction & opposition to m9d1 & t if m9d did n exi/1 nei!r w\ld matt]4 ,i h ?us appe>$ to prejudge ! "q to be resolv$4 ,! :ole ( ?is t]m9ology mu/ n[ be consid]$ z hav+ simply a conv5tional value1 & mu/ be set aside = ! pres5t4 ,^! are ! precise t]ms 9 :i* ?is "q pres5ts itself to my m9d4 ,a "p ( ! kn[able consi/s 9 s5sations4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 )\t tr\bl+ to /yle ?is aggregate ( s5sations matt] r ?an m9d1 make an analysis ( ! ph5om5a kn[n by ! "n ( m9d1 & see :e!r !y diff] f ! prec$+ ones4 ,let u1 !re=e1 make an inv5tory ( m9d4 ,by ! process ( enum]ation1 we f9d quot$ z psy*ological ph5om5a1 ! s5sations1 ! p]ceptions1 ! ideas1 ! recollections1 ! reason+s1 ! emotions1 ! desires1 ! imag9ations1 & ! acts ( att5tion & ( w4 ,^! appe> to be1 at ! fir/ glance1 ! elem5ts ( m9d2 b1 on reflection1 "o p]ceives t ^! elem5ts belong to two di/9ct categories1 ( :i* x is easy to recognise ! duality1 al?\gh1 9 fact & 9 reality1 ^! two elem5ts are con/antly comb9$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! elem5ts may receive ! g5]ic "n ( objects ( cognition1 or objects kn[n1 & ! second t ( acts ( cognition4 ,"h are a few examples ( concrete facts1 :i* only require a rapid analysis to make _! d\ble nature pla94 ,9 a s5sation :i* we feel are two ?+s3 a p>ticul> /ate1 or an object :i* "o kn[s1 & ! act ( kn[+ x1 ( feel+ x1 ( tak+ cognisance ( x2 9 o!r words1 e s5sation comprises an impression & a cognition4 ,9 a recollection !re is1 9 l mann]1 a c]ta9 image ( ! pa/ & ! fact consi/+ 9 ! tak+ cognisance ( ?is image4 ,x is1 9 o!r t]ms1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! intellig5ce & ! object4 ,simil>ly1 all reason+ has an object2 !re mu/ be matt] on :i* to reason1 :e!r ?is matt] be suppli$ by ! facts or ! ideas4 ,aga91 a desire1 a volition1 an act ( reflection1 has ne$ ( a po9t ( application4 ,"o does n w 9 ! air1 "o wills some?+2 "o does n reflect 9 ! void1 "o reflects ov] a fact or ov] "s difficulty4 ,we may !n provisionally di/+ui% 9 an inv5tory ( ! m9d a some?+ :i* is p]ceiv$1 und]/ood1 desir$1 or will$1 &1 beyond t1 ! fact ( p]ceiv+1 ( und]/&+1 or desir+1 or ( will+4 ,to illu/rate ?is di/9ction by an example1 ,i %all say t an analog\s sep>ation c be effect$ 9 an act ( vision1 by %[+ t ! act ( vision1 :i* is a concrete op]ation1 comprises two di/9ct elem5ts3 ! object se5 & ! eye :i* sees4 ,b ?is is1 ( c\rse1 only a r\gh comp>ison1 ( :i* we %all soon see ! imp]fections :5 we are fur!r advanc$ 9 ! /udy ( ! "q4 ,to ?is activity :i* exi/s & manife/s itself 9 ! facts ( feel+1 p]ceiv+1 c41 we c give a "n 9 ord] to id5tify & recognise x3 we w call x ! consci\sness#ad 7la consci5ce71 & we w call object ev]y?+ :i* is n ! act ( consci\sness4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y di/9ction1 to :i* we %all (t5 ref]1 we w g ov] ! pr9cipal manife/ations ( ! m9d1 & we w fir/ /udy ! objects ( cognition1 res]v+ = ano!r *apt] ! /udy ( ! acts ( cognition--t is to say1 ( consci\sness4 ,we w ?us exam9e successively s5sation1 idea1 emotion1 & w4 ,x has be5 (t5 ma9ta9$ t ! peculi> prop]ty ( m9d is to p]ceive s5sations4 ,x has also be5 said t ?\ght--t is1 ! prop]ty ( repres5t+ to "o's self t :i* does n exi/--di/+ui%es m9d f matt]4 ,la/ly1 x has n fail$ to be affirm$ t "o ?+ :i* ! m9d br+s into ! mat]ial _w is its p[] ( emotion2 & morali/s1 *oos+ some:at arbitr>ily among c]ta9 emotions1 h said t ! m9d is ! creator ( goodness4 ,we w endeav\r to analyse ^! diff]5t affirmations4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,note #c1 sup4 on p4 #ae4--;,,ed4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ^w consci5ce is "o ( ^? :i* has be5 us$ 9 ! greate/ numb] ( diff]5t mean+s4 ,let x be1 at lea/1 und]/ood t ,i use x "h 9 an intellectual & n a moral s5se4 ,i d n atta* to ! consci5ce ! idea ( a moral approbation or disapprobation1 ( a duty1 ( a remorse4 ,! be/ example to illu/rate consci5ce has1 p]haps1 be5 =m$ by ,,ladd4 ,x is ! contra/ betwe5 a p]son awake & sleep+ a dreamless sleep4 ,! fir/ has consci\sness ( a numb] ( ?+s2 ! latt] has consci\sness ( no?+4 ,let me n[ add t we di/+ui% f consci\sness t multitude ( ?+s ( :i* "o has consci\sness (4 ,( ^! we make ! object ( consci\sness4 ,consci5ce has ?r\gh\t be5 r5d]$ consci\sness4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,s5sation ,:5 mak+ ! analysis ( matt] we impli$ly admitt$ two propositions3 fir/1 t s5sation is ! t]tium quid :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! excitant ( our s5sory n]ves & ourselves2 secondly1 t ! aggregate ( our s5sations is all we c "k ( ! out] _w1 s t x is correct to def9e ?is la/ z ! collection ( our pres5t1 pa/1 & possible s5sations4 ,x is n claim$ t ! out] _w is no?+ else ?an ?is1 b x is claim$ ) good reason t ! out] _w is no?+ else to u4 ,x w\ld be possible to draw f ! above consid]ations a cle> def9ition ( s5sation1 & especially x w\ld be possible to decide h5ce=? f ! =ego+ :e!r s5sation is a physical or a m5tal ph5om5on1 & :e!r x belongs to matt] or to m9d4 ,?is is ! important po9t1 ! "o :i* we n[ /ate1 & :i* we w endeav\r to resolve4 ,to make ! "q cle>]1 we w beg9 x afre%1 z if x 7 new1 & z if ! facts hi!rto analys$ did n already prejudge ! solution4 ,let u beg9 by giv+ a def9ition ( s5sation f ! po9t ( view ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,s5sation1 !n1 is ! ph5om5on :i* is produc$ & :i* "o exp]i5ces :5 an excitant has j act$ on "o ( our organs ( s5se4 ,?is ph5om5on is !re=e compos$ ( two p>ts3 an action ex]cis$ f outside by "s body or o!r on our n]v\s sub/ance2 &1 !n1 ! fact ( feel+ ?is action4 ,?is fact ( feel+1 ?is /ate ( consci\sness1 is necess>y to con/itute s5sation2 :5 x does n exi/1 x is pref]able to give ! ph5om5on ano!r "n1 o!rwise ! fault is committ$ ( mix+ up sep>ate facts4 ,physiologi/s h1 on ?is po9t1 "s faults ( t]m9ology ) :i* to reproa* !mselves3 = !y h employ$ ! ^w s5sibility ) too little ( ! critical _s4 ,s5sibility1 be+ capacity = s5sation1 presupposes1 l s5sation itself1 consci\sness4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 wrong1 9 physiology1 to speak ( ! s5sibility ( ! tissues & organs1 :i*1 l ! vegetable tissues or ! animal organs ( vegetative life1 prop]ly speak+1 feel no?+1 b react by rapid or sl[ movem5ts to ! excitem5ts !y are made to receive4 ,reaction1 by a movem5t or any k9d ( modification1 to an excitem5t1 does n con/itute a s5sation unless consci\sness is jo9$ ) x1 &1 consequ5tly1 x w\ld be wis] to give unfelt excitem5ts & reactions ! "n ( excitability4 ,! cle>e/ examples ( s5sation are furni%$ by ! /udy ( man1 & are tak5 f cases :]e we p]ceive an ext]nal object4 ,! object produces ^u u an action1 & ?is action is felt2 only1 9 su* cases1 ! fact ( s5sation comprises b a v small "p ( ! ev5t4 ,x only corresponds1 by def9ition1 to ! actual action ( ! object4 ,analysis aft] analysis has %[n t we con/antly p]ceive f> beyond ?is actual action ( objects4 ,our m9d1 z we say1 outruns our s5ses4 ,to our s5sations1 images come to atta* !mselves :i* result f s5sations ant]iorly felt 9 analog\s circum/ances4 ,^! images produce 9 u an illusion1 & we take !m = s5sations1 s t we ?9k we p]ceive some?+ :i* is b a remembrance or an idea2 ! reason be+ t our m9d _c rema9 9 action 9 ! pres5ce ( a s5sation1 b unceas+ly lab\rs to ?r[ light ^u x1 to s\nd x1 & to arrive at its mean+1 & consequ5tly alt]s x by add+ to x4 ,?is addition is s con/ant1 s unavoidable1 t ! exi/5ce ( an isolat$ s5sation :i* %\ld be p]ceiv$ )\t ! atta*m5t ( images1 )\t modification or int]pretation1 is well-nigh unrealisable 9 ! consci\sness ( an adult4 ,x is a my?4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 imag9e ?is isolation to be possible1 & t we h be=e u a s5sation free f any o!r elem5t4 ,:at is ?is s5sation8 ,does x belong to ! doma9 ( physical or ( moral ?+s8 ,is x a /ate ( matt] or ( m9d8 ,i c nei!r d\bt nor dispute t s5sation is1 9 "p1 a psy*ological ph5om5on1 s9ce ,i h admitt$1 by ! v def9ition ,i h giv5 ( x1 t s5sation implies consci\sness4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ackn[l$ge ^? :o def9e x z a /ate ( consci\sness to be "r1 b x w\ld be m correct to call x ! consci\sness ( a /ate1 & x is ) reg>d to ! nature ( ?is /ate t ! "q pres5ts itself4 ,x is only ?is /ate :i* we w n[ take into consid]ation4 ,x is und]/ood t s5sation conta9s bo? an impression & a cognition4 ,let u leave till lat] ! /udy ( ! act ( cognition1 & deal ) ! impression4 ,is ?is impression n[ ( a physical or a m5tal nature8 ,bo? ! two oppos+ op9ions h be5 upheld4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ a/oni%+1 = 9 metaphysics "o f9ds ! expression ( e possible op9ion4 ,b a l>ge1 an imm5se majority ( philosoph]s has decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! psy*ological nature ( ! impression4 ,)\t ev5 mak+ ! above di/9ction betwe5 ! impression & ! act ( cognition1 x has be5 admitt$ t ! entire s5sation1 tak5 en bloc1 is a psy*ological ph5om5on1 a modification ( our consci\sness & a peculi> /ate ( our m9ds4 ,desc>tes has ev5 employ$ ?is v explicit =mula3 ,! objects we p]ceive are )9 our und]/&+4 ,x is curi\s to see h[ little tr\ble au?ors take to demon/rate ?is op9ion2 !y decl>e x to be self-evid5t1 :i* is a conv5i5t way ( avoid+ all pro(4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill has no hesitation 9 affirm+ t3 ,! m9d1 9 p]ceiv+ ext]nal objects1 c only take notice ( its own conditions4 ,& ,r5\vi] expresses ! same arbitr>y ass]tion ) great] obscurity :5 he writes3 ,! monad is con/itut$ by ?is relation3 ! connection ( ! subject ) ! object )9 ! subject4#ae ,9 o!r words1 x is laid d[n z an uncontrov]tible pr9ciple t ! m5tal c only ent] into direct relations ) ! m5tal4 ,t is :at may be call$ ! pr9ciple ( ,idealism4 ,?is pr9ciple seems to me v disputable1 & x is to me an a/oni%+ ?+ t ! mo/ resolute ( sceptics--,hume1 = example--%\ld h accept$ x )\t hesitation4 ,i %all fir/ enunciate my p]sonal op9ion1 !n make kn[n ano!r :i* only diff]s f m9e by a diff]5ce ( words1 & f9ally ,i w discuss a ?ird op9ion1 :i* seems to me radically wrong4 ,my p]sonal op9ion is t s5sation is ( a mix$ nature4 ,x is psy*ical 9 s f> z x implies an act ( consci\sness1 & physical o!rwise4 ,! impression on :i* ! act ( cognition op]ates1 t impression :i* is directly produc$ by ! excitant ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 seems to me1 )\t any d\bt1 to be ( an entirely physical nature4 ,?is op9ion1 :i* ,i make m9e own1 has only be5 upheld by v few philosoph]s--,?omas ,reid p]haps1 & ,william ,hamilton = c]ta92 b nei!r has p]ceiv$ its deep-ly+ consequ5ces4 ,:at are ! argum5ts on :i* ,i rely8 ,!y are ( diff]5t ord]s1 & are argum5ts ( fact & argum5ts ( logic4 ,i %all fir/ appeal to ! natural conviction ( ^? :o h nev] v5tur$ into metaphysics4 ,s long z no endeav\r has be5 made to demon/rate ! contr>y to !m1 !y believe1 ) a natural & nave belief1 t matt] is t :i* is se51 t\*$ & felt1 & t1 consequ5tly1 matt] & our s5ses are conf\nd$4 ,!y w\ld be greatly a/oni%$ to be in=m$ t :5 we appe> to p]ceive ! out] _w1 we simply p]ceive our ideas2 t :5 we take ! tra9 = ,lyons we ent] into "o /ate ( consci\sness 9 ord] to atta9 ano!r /ate ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 ! adh]5ts ( ?is natural & nave op9ion h1 z !y say 9 ! law1 ! "r ( possession 7possession d'tat72 !y are n pla9tiffs b def5dants2 x is n = !m to prove !y are 9 ! "r1 x has to be prov$ aga9/ !m t !y are 9 ! wrong4 ,until ?is pro( is =?com+ !y h a presumption 9 _! fav\r4 ,are we "h mak+ use ( ! argum5t ( common op9ion ( mank9d1 ( :i* anci5t philosophy made s evid5t an abuse8 ,yes1 & no4 ,yes1 = we "h adopt ! g5]al op9ion4 ,no1 = we only adopt x till ! contr>y be prov$4 ,b :o c exhibit ?is pro( to ! contr>y8 ,on a close exam9ation ( ! "q1 x w be p]ceiv$ t s5sation1 tak5 z an object ( cognition1 becomes confus$ ) ! prop]ties ( physical nature1 & is id5tifi$ ) !m1 bo? by its mode ( app>ition & by its cont5t4 ,by its mode ( app>ition1 s5sation holds itself out z indep5d5t ( u1 = x is at e in/ant an unexpect$ revelation1 a s\rce ( fre% cognitions1 & x (f]s a developm5t :i* takes place )\t & 9 spite ( our w2 :ile its laws ( co-exi/5ce & ( succession decl>e to u ! ord] & m>* ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,besides1 by its cont5t1 s5sation is conf\nd$ ) matt]4 ,:5 a philosoph] seeks to repres5t to himself ! prop]ties ( a mat]ial object1--( a bra91 = example--9 ord] to contra/ !m ) ! prop]ties ( a psy*ical activity1 x is ! prop]ties ( s5sation t he describes z mat]ial2 &1 9 fact1 x is by s5sation1 & s5sation alone1 t we "k ^! prop]ties4 ,s5sation is s little di/9ct f !m t x is an error to consid] x z a means1 a process1 an in/rum5t = ! k ( matt]4 ,all t we "k ( matt] is n kn[n 9 or by s5sation1 b con/itutes s5sation itself2 x is n by ! aid ( s5sation t we "k col\r2 col\r is a s5sation1 & ! same may be said ( =m1 resi/ance1 & ! :ole s]ies ( ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,!y are only our s5sations clo!d ) ext]nal bodies4 ,x is !re=e absolutely legitimate to consid] a "p ( our s5sations1 ! object "p1 z be+ ( physical nature4 ,?is is ! op9ion to :i* ,i adh]e4 ,we come to ! second op9ion we h =mulat$4 ,x is1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 v diff]5t f ! fir/4 ,its support]s agree t ! entire s5sation1 tak5 en bloc & unanalys$1 is to be t]m$ a psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,9 ?is case1 ! act ( consci\sness1 includ$ 9 ! s5sation1 cont9ues to repres5t a psy*ical elem5t4 ,!y suppose1 besides1 t ! object on :i* ?is act op]ates is psy*ical2 & f9ally1 !y suppose t ?is object or ?is impression 0 provok$ 9 u by a physical reality :i* is kept 9 concealm5t1 :i* we d n p]ceive1 & :i* rema9s unkn[able4 ,?is op9ion is n[ise absurd 9 itself3 b let u exam9e its consequ5ces4 ,if we admit ?is !sis1 t s5sations are manife/ations ( m9d :i*1 al?\gh provok$ by mat]ial causes1 are ( a purely m5tal nature1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t we "k none ( ! prop]ties ( mat]ial bodies1 s9ce we d n ent] into relations ) ^! bodies4 ,! object we appreh5d by p]ception is1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 solely m5tal4 ,to draw !refrom any notion on mat]ial objects1 x w\ld h to be suppos$ t1 by "s my/]i\s action1 ! m5tal :i* we "k resembles ! physical :i* we d n "k1 t x reta9s ! reflection ( x1 or ev5 t x all[s its col\r & =m to pass1 l a transp>5t pellicle appli$ on ! cont\r ( bodies4 ,"h are hypo!ses v odd 9 _! realism4 ,unless we accept !m1 h[ is x compreh5sible t we c "k any?+ :atev] ( physical nature8 ,we %\ld be =c$ to ackn[l$ge1 foll[+ ! example ( sev]al philosoph]s1 t ! p]ception ( ! physical is an illusion4 ,z a comp5sation1 t :i* ?is sy/em takes f matt] x attributes to m9d1 :i* turns our famili> conceptions upside d[n4 ,! qualities ( s5sation deta*$ f matt] w1 :5 appli$ to m9d1 *ange its physiognomy4 ,!re are s5sations ( ext5t1 weight1 space1 & =m4 ,if ^! s5sations are turn$ into psy*ical ev5ts1 we %all h to grant to ^! ev5ts1 to ^! manife/ations ( ! m9d1 ! prop]ties ( ext5t1 ( weight1 ( =m4 ,we %all h to say t m9d is a resi/+ ?+1 & t x has col\r4 ,x may be said t ?is fantasy ( language is n v s]i\s4 ,s be x4 ,b !n :at rema9s ( ! dualism ( m9d & matt]8 ,x is at lea/ s+ul>ly compromis$4 ,we may cont9ue to suppose t matt] exi/s1 & ev5 t x is matt] :i* provokes 9 our m9d ^? ev5ts :i* we call our s5sations2 b we _c "k if by its nature1 its ess5ce1 ?is matt] diff]s f t ( m9d1 s9ce we %all be ignorant ( all its prop]ties4 ,our ignorance on ?is po9t w be s complete t we %all n ev5 be able to "k :e!r any /ate :i* we call m5tal may n be physical4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 physical & m5tal w h lo/ its raison d'tre1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ! physical is necess>y to give a mean+ to ! exi/5ce ( ! m5tal4 ,we are br\ght1 :e!r we l x or n1 to an exp]im5tal monism1 :i* is nei!r psy*ical nor physical2 panpsy*ism & panmat]ialism w h ! same mean+4#af ,b ?is monism c be only transitory1 = x is m 9 ! words ?an 9 ! ?+ itself4 ,x is br\ght ab\t by ! t]m9ology adopt$1 by ! resolution to call m5tal all ! ph5om5a t x is possible to "k4 ,luckily1 our speculations are n at ! m]cy ( su* trifl+ details z ! details ( language4 ,:atev] names may be giv5 to ?is or t1 x w rema9 none ! less true t nature w cont9ue to pres5t to u a contra/ betwe5 ph5om5a :i* are fl9ts1 pieces ( iron1 clods ( e>?1 bra9s--& "s o!r ph5om5a :i* we call /ates ( consci\sness4 ,:atev] be ! value ( ?is dualism1 x w h to be discuss$ ev5 9 ! hypo!sis ( panpsy*ism4#ag ,z = myself1 ,i %all also cont9ue to make a di/9ction betwe5 :at ,i h call$ objects ( cognition & acts ( cognition1 because ?is is ! mo/ g5]al di/9ction t c be trac$ 9 ! imm5se field ( our cognitions4 ,!re is no o!r :i* succe$s1 to ! same degree1 9 divid+ ?is field into two1 moreov]1 ?is di/9ction is d]iv$ directly f obs]vation1 & does n dep5d = its validity on ! physical or m5tal nature ( ! objects4 ,"h is1 !n1 a duality1 & ?is duality1 ev5 :5 x does n be> ! names physical & moral1 %\ld necess>ily play ! same "p1 s9ce x corresponds to ! same di/9ction ( fact4 ,9 ! end1 no?+ w be *ang$1 & ?is second op9ion mu/ gradually m]ge into ! "o fir/ /at$ by me1 & ( :i* ,i take ! responsibility4 ,we may1 !re=e1 put x out ( consid]ation4 ,i h m5tion$ a ?ird op9ion1 /at+ t x appe>$ to me to be radically false4 ,outw>dly x is ! same z ! la/2 look$ at sup]ficially x seems ev5 confus$ ) x2 b1 9 reality x is ( a totally diff]5t nature4 ,x supposes t s5sation is an entirely psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,!n1 hav+ laid d[n ?is !sis1 x und]takes to demon/rate x by ass]t+ t s5sation diff]s f ! physical fact1 :i* am\nts to suppos+ t we _c "k any?+ b s5sations1 & t physical facts are kn[n to u directly & by ano!r *annel4 ,?is is :]e ! contradiction comes 94 ,x is s app>5t t "o wond]s h[ x has be5 ov]look$ by s _m excell5t m9ds4 ,9 ord] to remove x1 x w be suffici5t to recollect t we d n "k any?+ o!r ?an s5sations2 x is !re=e impossible to make any di/9ction betwe5 ! physical object & ! object ( cognition conta9$ 9 e s5sation4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! physical & ! moral _c pass ?is way1 s9ce x w\ld sep>ate facts :i* are id5tical4 ,we c1 !re=e1 only deplore ! error ( all ^? :o1 to express ! diff]5ce betwe5 m9d & matt]1 h s\ght a contra/ betwe5 s5sation & physical facts4 ,physiologi/s1 ) h>dly an exception1 h fall5 into ?is error2 :5 contemplat+ 9 imag9ation ! mat]ial work+ ( ! bra91 !y h ?\ght t betwe5 ! movem5t ( c]ebral matt] & s5sation !re 0 a gulf fix$4 ,! comp>ison1 to h be5 correct1 requir$ to be pres5t$ 9 q ano!r way4 ,a p>allel1 = in/ance1 %\ld h be5 drawn betwe5 a c]ta9 c]ebral movem5t & ! act ( consci\sness1 & !re %\ld h be5 said3 ,! c]ebral motion is ! physical ph5om5on1 ! act ( consci\sness ! psy*ical4 ,b ?is di/9ction has n be5 made4 ,x is s5sation en bloc :i* is comp>$ to ! c]ebral movem5t1 z witness a few passages ,i w quote z a matt] ( curiosity1 :i* are borr[$ f philosoph]s &1 especially1 f physiologi/s4 ,:ile philosoph]s take z a pr9ciple ( idealism1 t ! m5tal c only "k ! m5tal1 physiologi/s take1 z a l pr9ciple1 ! het]og5eity exi/+1 or suppos$ to exi/1 betwe5 ! n]ve impression & ! s5sation4 ,h[ev] mu* we may foll[ ! excitem5t ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! n]ve1 writes ,lotze1#ah or cause x to *ange its =m a ?\s& times & to metamorphose itself into m & m delicate & subtle movem5ts1 we %all nev] succe$ 9 %[+ t a movem5t ?us produc$ c1 by its v nature1 cease to exi/ z movem5t & be reborn 9 ! %ape ( s5sation4444 ,x w be se5 t x is on ! opposition betwe5 molecul> movem5t & s5sation1 t ,lotze insi/s4 ,9 l mann] ,f]ri]3 ,b h[ is x t ! molecul> modifications 9 ! c]ebral cells co9cide ) ! modifications ( ! consci\sness2 h[1 = in/ance1 d lum9\s vibrations fall+ ^u ! ret9a excite ! modification ( consci\sness call$ visual s5sation8 ,^! are problems we _c solve4 ,we may succe$ 9 det]m9+ ! exact nature ( ! molecul> *anges :i* take place 9 ! c]ebral cells :5 a s5sation is felt1 b ?is w n br+ u an in* ne>] to ! explanation ( ! fundam5tal nature ( s5sation4 ,f9ally1 ,du ,bois ,reymond1 9 8 fam\s discussion 9 #ahhj1 on ! sev5 enigmas ( ! _w1 speaks some:at z foll[s3 ,! a/ronomical k ( ! encephalon1 t is1 ! mo/ intimate to :i* we c aspire1 only reveals to u matt] 9 motion4 ,b no arrangem5t nor motion ( mat]ial p>ticles c act z a bridge by :i* we c cross ov] into ! doma9 ( intellig5ce4444 ,:at imag9able l9k is !re betwe5 c]ta9 movem5ts ( c]ta9 molecules 9 my bra91 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& primitive1 undef9able1 und5iable facts su* z3 ,i h ! s5sation ( s(tness1 ,i smell ! od\r ( a rose1 ,i he> ! s\nd ( an organ1 ,i see a r$ col\r1 c4444 ,^! ?ree quotations %[ v conclusively t _! au?ors ?\ght !y c\ld e/abli% ! het]og5eity ( ! two ph5om5a by oppos+ matt] to s5sation4 ,x mu/ be recognis$ t !y h fall5 into a s+ul> error2 = matt]1 :atev] x may be1 is = u no?+ b s5sation2 matt] 9 motion1 ,i h (t5 repeat$1 is only a q special k9d ( s5sation2 ! organic matt] ( ! bra91 ) its :irl+ movem5ts ( atoms1 is only s5sation4 ,consequ5tly1 to oppose ! molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 to ! s5sation ( r$1 blue1 gre51 or to an undef9$ s5sation ( any sort1 is n cross+ a gulf1 & br++ toge!r ?+s :i* _c be comp>$1 x is simply comp>+ "o s5sation to ano!r s5sation4 ,!re is evid5tly some?+ equivocal 9 all ?is2 & ,i po9t$ ?is out :5 outl9+ & discuss+ ! diff]5t !ories ( matt]4 ,x consi/s 9 tak+ f among ! :ole body ( s5sations c]ta9 ( !m :i* are consid]$ to be special1 & :i* are !n inve/$ ) ! privilege ( be+ m important ?an ! re/ & ! causes ( all ! o!rs4 ,?is is ab\t z illegitimate z to *oose among m5 a few individuals to :om is attribut$ ! privilege ( comm&+ o!rs by div9e "r4 ,^! privileg$ s5sations :i* belong to ! sight1 ! t\*1 & ! muscul> s5se1 & :i* are ( l>ge ext5t1 are inde$ ext5sive4 ,!y h be5 unduly consid]$ z objective & z repres5t+ matt] because !y are bett] kn[n & measurable1 :ile ! o!r s5sations1 ! unext5sive s5sations ( ! o!r s5ses1 are consid]$ z subjective = ! reasons t !y are less kn[n & less measurable3 & !y are !re=e look$ on z connect$ ) our s5sibility1 our ,ego1 & are us$ to =m ! moral _w4 ,we _c subscribe to ?is way ( e/abli%+ ! contra/ betwe5 matt] & ?\ght1 s9ce x is simply a contra/ betwe5 two categories ( s5sations1 & ,i h already ass]t$ t ! p>tition+-out ( s5sations into two gr\ps hav+ diff]5t objective values1 is arbitr>y4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ae3 ,,*4 ,,r5\vi] et ,l4 ,,prat1 ,la ,n\velle ,monadologie1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #af3 ,an ,am]ican au?or1 ,,morton ,,pr9ce1 lately rem>k$ ?is3 ,philosophical ,review1 ,july #aijd1 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #ag3 ,?is ,,fl\rnoy rec5tly has %[n v wittily4 ,see 9 ,ar*4 de ,psy*ol41 ,nov4 #aijd1 8 article on ,panpsy*ism4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?is extract1 toge!r ) ! two subsequ5t1 are borr[$ f an excell5t lecture by ,,fl\rnoy1 on ,mtaphysique et ,physiologie4 ,georg3 ,g5eva1 #ahij4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,image ,go+ on ) our inv5tory1 aft] s5sations come images1 ideas1 & concepts2 9 fact1 q a collection ( ph5om5a1 :i*1 are g5]ally consid]$ z ess5tially psy*ological4 ,s long z "o does n c>efully analyse ! value ( ideas1 "o rema9s "u ! impression t ideas =m a _w ap>t1 :i* is %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! physical _w1 & behaves t[>ds x z an anti!sis4 ,= is n conception ! contr>y ( p]ception8 & is n ! ideal 9 opposition to reality8 ,?\ghts h "s *>act]i/ics ( fancy1 ( fre$om1 ev5 ( unreality1 :i* are want+ to ! prosaicness ( heavy mat]ial ?+s4 ,?\ghts sport ) ! relations ( "t & space2 !y fly 9 a mom5t across ! gulf betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant objects2 !y travel back up ! c\rse ( "t2 !y br+ ne> to u ev5ts c5turies away2 !y conceive objects :i* are unreal2 !y imag9e comb9ations :i* upset all physical laws1 &1 fur!r1 ^! conceptions rema9 invisible to o!rs z well z to ourselves4 ,!y are outside ! grip ( reality1 & con/itute a _w :i* becomes1 = any "o ) ! smalle/ imag9ation1 z great & z important z ! _w call$ real4 ,"o may call 9 evid5ce ! poets1 noveli/s1 arti/s1 & ! dream]s ( all k9ds4 ,:5 life becomes too h>d = u1 we fly to ! ideal _w1 !re to seek =getfulness or comp5sation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easy to und]/&1 t x %\ld h be5 propos$ to c>ry into ideation ! di*otomy betwe5 ! physical & ! moral4 ,_m excell5t au?ors h made ! doma9 ( ! m9d beg9 9 ! ideal4 ,matt] is t :i* does n ?9k4 ,desc>tes1 9 8 ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode 7#d? "p71 rem>k+ t he may pret5d n to h a body1 & t !re is no _w or place 9 :i* he exi/s1 b t he _c pret5d t he does n ?9k1 concludes by say+ t ! m9d is a sub/ance1 all ^: ess5ce or nature is m]ely to ?9k1 & :i* has no ne$ ( ei!r place or any o!r mat]ial ?+1 9 ord] to exi/2 9 %ort1 t ! s\l is absolutely di/9ct f ! body4#ai ,let u1 !n1 exam9e 9 :at measure ?is sep>ation betwe5 p]ception & ideation c be legitimately e/abli%$4 ,if we accept ?is sep>ation1 we mu/ ab&on ! di/9ction ,i propos$ betwe5 acts & objects ( cognition1 or1 at lea/1 admit t ?is di/9ction does n correspond to t betwe5 ! physical & ! moral1 s9ce ?\ghts1 images1 recollections1 & ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract conceptions1 all con/itute1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 objects ( cognition4 ,!y are ph5om5a :i*1 :5 analys$1 are cle>ly compos$ ( two p>ts1 an object & a cognition4 ,_! logical composition is1 inde$1 t ( an ext]nal p]ception1 & !re is 9 ideation exactly ! same duality z 9 s5sation4 ,consequ5tly1 if we ma9ta9 ! above di/9ction z a pr9ciple ( classification = all kn[able ph5om5a1 we %all be oblig$ to assign ! same position to ideas z to s5sations4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce we notice betwe5 s5sation & idea is1 x w\ld seem1 ! "* ( unreality 9 ! la/ nam$2 b ?is opposition has n ! significance we imag9e4 ,our m5tal vision only assumes ?is :olly special "* ( unreality "u conditions 9 :i* x is unable to h>monise ) ! real vision4 ,ta9e has well describ$ ! phases ( ! r$uction ( ! image by s5sation3 x is at ! mom5t :5 x receives ! %ock ( an image :i* contradicts x1 t ! image appe>s z illusory4#bj ,let u suppose t we are sitt+ d[n dream+ & wat*+ ! pass+ by ( our images4 ,if1 at ?is mom5t1 a sudd5 noise calls u back to reality1 ! :ole ( our m5tal phantasmagoria disappe>s z if by ! wave ( a magic w&1 & x is by ?us vani%+ t ! image %[s its falsity4 ,x is false because x does n accord ) ! pres5t reality4 ,b1 :5 we d n notice a disagreem5t betwe5 ^! two modes ( cognition1 bo? alike give u ! impression ( reality4 ,if ,i evoke a rem9isc5ce & dwell att5tively on ! details1 ,i h ! impression t ,i am 9 face ( ! reality itself4 ,i feel z if ,i 7 !re /ill1 is a common say+2 &1 among ! recollections ,i evoke1 !re are "s :i* give me ! same c]titude z ! p]ception ( ! mom5t4 ,c]ta9 witnesses w\ld write _! depositions ) _! blood4 ,"o does n see ?is e day2 b /ill "o does see x4 ,fur!r1 !re are ?\s&s ( circum/ances :]e ! ideation is nei!r 9 conflict ) ! p]ception nor isolat$ f x1 b 9 logical cont9uity ) x4 ,?is cont9uity mu/ ev5 be consid]$ z ! normal condition4 ,we ?9k 9 ! direction ( t :i* we p]ceive4 ,! image seems to prep>e ! adaptation ( ! individual to 8 surr\nd+s2 x creates ! =esight1 ! prep>ation ( ! means1 &1 9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ :i* con/itutes = u a f9al cause4 ,n[1 x is v necess>y t ! image appe> real to be usefully ! sub/itute ( ! s5sation pa/ or to come4 ,let u e/abli% "o ?+ m4 ,act+ z a sub/itute1 ! image n only appe>s z real z ! s5sation1 x appe>s to be ( ! same nature2 & ! pro( is t !y are conf\nd$ "o ) ! o!r1 & t ^? :o are n w>n$ ( ! fact take "o = ! o!r4 ,e "t a body is p]ceiv$1 z ,i previ\sly expla9$1 !re are images :i* affix !mselves to ! s5sation unnotic$4 ,we ?9k we p]ceive :5 we are really rememb]+ or imag9+4 ,?is addition ( ! image to ! s5sation is n a petty & insignificant accessory2 x =ms ! major "p1 p]haps n9e-t5?s1 ( p]ception4 ,h5ce arise ! illusions ( ! s5ses1 :i* are ! result1 n ( s5sations b ( ideas4 ,f ?is also comes ! difficulty ( kn[+ exactly :at1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 is obs]vation or p]ception1 :]e ! fact p]ceiv$ ends1 & :]e conjecture beg9s4 ,once acqua9t$ ) all ^! possibilities ( errors1 h[ c we suppose a radical sep>ation betwe5 ! s5sation & ! image8 ,exam9$ m closely1 images appe> to u to be divisible into z _m k9ds z s5sations3 visual images correspond to visual s5sations1 tactile to tactile1 & s on ) all ! s5ses4 ,t :i* we exp]i5ce 9 ! =m ( s5sation1 we c exp]i5ce ov] aga9 9 ! =m ( image1 & ! repetition1 g5]ally weak] 9 int5sity & poor] 9 details1 may1 "u c]ta9 fav\rable circum/ances1 acquire an exceptional int5sity1 & ev5 equal reality3 z is %[n by halluc9ations4 ,"h1 c]ta9ly1 are v s\nd reasons = ackn[l$g+ t ! images :i* are at ! bottom ( our ?\ghts1 & =m ! object ( !m1 are ! repetition1 ! modification1 ! transposition1 ! analysis or ! syn!sis ( s5sations exp]i5c$ 9 ! pa/1 & possess+1 9 consequ5ce1 all ! *>act]i/ics ( bodily /ates4 ,i believe t !re is nei!r m nor less spirituality 9 ! idea ?an 9 ! s5sation4 ,t :i* =ms its spirituality is ! impli$ act ( cognition2 b its object is mat]ial4 ,i =esee a f9al objection3 ,i %all be told t ev5 :5 ! unreality ( ! image is n ! rule1 & appe>s only "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x nev]!less exi/s4 ,?is is an important fact4 ,x has be5 argu$ f ! unreality ( dreams & halluc9ations 9 :i* we give a body to our ideas1 t we d n 9 reality p]ceive ext]nal bodies1 b simply psy*ical /ates & modifications ( our s\ls4 ,if our ideas consi/--accord+ to ! hypo!sis ,i uphold--9 physical impressions :i* are felt1 we %all be told t ^! p>ticul> impressions mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! nature ( ev]y?+ physical2 t !y are real1 & always real2 t !y _c be unreal1 fictiti\s1 & m5daci\s1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! fictiti\s "* ( ideation becomes inexplicable4 ,two words ( answ] are necess>y to ?is curi\s argum5t1 :i* is no?+ less ?an an ef=t to def9e ! m5tal by ! unreal1 & to suppose t an appe>ance _c be physical4 ,no d\bt1 we say1 e image1 fanta/ical z x may seem z signification1 is real 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 s9ce x is ! p]ception ( a physical impression2 b ?is physical nature ( images does n prev5t our mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 true & false images4 ,to take an analog\s example3 we are giv5 a %eet ( pro(s to correct1 we delete c]ta9 r$undant lett]s1 &1 al?\gh !y are pr9t$ ) ! same type z ! o!r lett]s1 we h ! "r to say !y are false4 ,aga91 9 a musical air1 we may he> a false note1 ?\gh x is z real z ! o!rs1 s9ce x has be5 play$4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 reality & tru? ought to be likewise appli$ to m5tal images4 ,all are real1 b "s are false4 ,!y are false :5 !y d n accord ) ! :ole reality2 !y are true :5 !y agree2 & e image is p>tly false because1 be+ an image1 x does n :olly accord ) ! actual p]ceptions4 ,x creates a belief 9 a p]ception :i* does n occur2 & by develop+ ^! ideas we c\ld easily demon/rate h[ _m degrees ( falsehood !re are4 ,physiologically1 we may v easily reconcile ! falsity ( ! image ) ! physical "* ( ! impression on :i* x is bas$4 ,! image results f a p>tial c]ebral excitem5t1 :i* s5sation results f an excitem5t :i* also acts ^u ! p]iph]al s5sory n]ves1 & corresponds to an ext]nal object--an excitant :i* ! image does n possess4 ,?is diff]5ce expla9s h[ x is t ! image1 :ile result+ f a physical impression1 may yet be 9 a great numb] ( cases decl>$ false--t is to say1 may be recognis$ z 9 contradiction to ! p]ceptions4 ,to o!r m9ds1 p]haps1 metaphysical reason+ w be m satisfactory4 ,= ^?1 we propose to make a di/9ction betwe5 two notions1 ,exi/5ce or ,reality1 on ! "o h&1 & ,tru?1 on ! o!r4 ,exi/5ce or ,reality is t ( :i* we h an imm$iate appreh5sion4 ,?is appreh5sion occurs 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 p]ception1 9 ! fir/ place4 ,i p]ceive ! reality ( my body1 ( a table1 ! sky1 ! e>?1 9 proportion to my p]ception ( !m4 ,!y exi/1 = if !y did n1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive !m4 ,ano!r way ( und]/&+ reality is conception or ?\ght4 ,h[ev] mu* ,i may repres5t a ?+ to myself z imag9>y1 x nev]!less exi/s 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 s9ce ,i c repres5t x to myself4 ,i !re=e1 9 ?is case1 say t x is real or x exi/s4 ,x is ( c\rse und]/ood1 t 9 ^! def9itions ,i am go+ aga9/ ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]ms2 ,i am tak+ ! lib]ty ( propos+ new mean+s4 ,?is reality is1 !n1 p]ceiv$ 9 "o case & conceiv$ 9 ! o!r4 ,p]ceptibility or conceivability are1 !n1 ! two =ms :i* reality may assume4 ,b reality is n synonym\s ) tru?2 not)/&+ ! cu/om to ! contr>y1 we may well introduce a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two t]ms4 ,reality is t :i* is p]ceiv$ or conceiv$2 tru? is t :i* accords ) ! :ole ( our k4 ,reality is a function ( ! s5ses or ( ideation2 tru? is a function ( reason+ or ( ! reason4 ,= cognition to be complete1 x requires ! aid ( all ^! functions4 ,&1 9 fact1 :at does conception by itself give8 ,x all[s u to see if a ?+ is capable ( repres5tation4 ,?is is n a common-place ?+1 ,i w obs]ve 9 pass+2 = _m ?+s we "n are n capable ( repres5tation1 & !re is (t5 a criticism to be made2 we ?9k we are repres5t+1 & we are n4 ,:at is capable ( repres5tation exi/s z a repres5tation1 b is x true8 ,"s philosoph]s h imag9$ s1 b !y are mi/ak52 :at we succe$ 9 conceiv+ is alone possible4 ,let u n[ take ! ,p]ceptible4 ,is :at "o p]ceives true8 ,yes1 9 mo/ cases x is s 9 fact2 b an isolat$ p]ception may be false1 & di/urb$ by illusions ( all k9ds4 ,x is all v well to say1 ,i see1 ,i t\*4 ,!re is no c]ta9ty ?r\gh ! s5ses alone 9 _m circum/ances t ! tru? has be5 grasp$4 ,if ,i am %[n ! _s ( a p]son ,i "k to be dead1 ,i %all n1 not)/&+ ! te/imony ( my eyes1 believe x to be true1 = ?is app>ition w\ld upset all my sy/em ( cognitions4 ,tru? is t :i*1 be+ deem$ conceivable1 & be+ really p]ceiv$1 has also ! quality ( f9d+ its place1 its relation1 & its confirmation 9 ! :ole mass ( cognitions previ\sly acquir$4 ,^! di/9ctions1#ba if develop$1 w\ld readily demon/rate t ! advantages ( obs]vation are n eclips$ by ^? ( speculation2 & t ^? ( speculation1 9 _! turn1 d n int]f]e ) ^? ( obs]vation4 ,b we h n "t to develop ^! rules ( logic2 x w be suffici5t to po9t out _! relation to ! "q ( ! reality ( m5tal images4 ,"h are my conclusions 9 two words4 ,physical ph5om5a & images are always real1 s9ce !y are p]ceiv$ or conceiv$2 :at is sometimes want+ to !m1 & makes !m false1 is t !y d n accord ) ! re/ ( our cognitions4#bb ,?us1 !n1 are all objections ov]rul$1 9 my op9ion at lea/4 ,we c n[ consid] ! _w ( ideas z a physical _w2 b x is "o ( a peculi> nature1 :i* is n1 l ! o!r1 accessible to all1 & is subject to its own laws1 :i* are laws ( association4 ,by ^! v diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 x sep>ates itself s %>ply f ! out] _w t all endeav\r to br+ ! two toge!r seems %ock+2 & x is v easy to und]/& t _m m9ds %\ld wi% to rema9 fai?ful to ! conception t ideas =m a m5tal or moral _w4 ,no metaphysical reason+ c\ld prevail aga9/ ?is s5tim5t1 & we mu/ give up ! idea ( de/roy+ x4 ,b we ?9k we h %[n t idea1 l s5sation1 comprises at ! same "t ! physical & ! m5tal4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,let me say1 9 pass+1 t ?is sep>ation t ,,desc>tes ?9ks he c e/abli% betwe5 p]ception & ideation1 is only conceivable on condition t x be n too closely exam9$1 & t no exact def9ition ( ideation be giv54 ,if we rem>k1 9 fact1 t all ?\ght is a reproduction1 9 "s degree1 ( a s5sation1 we arrive at ?is conclusion3 t a ?\ght op]at$ by a s\l di/9ct f ! body w\ld be a ?\ght completely void & )\t object1 x w\ld be ! ?\ght ( no?+ness4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 conceivable4 ,consequ5tly ! crit]ion1 already s dang]\s1 :i* ,,desc>tes con/antly employs--to wit3 t :at we cle>ly conceive is true--_c apply to ?\ght1 if we take ! tr\ble to analyse x & to replace a purely v]bal conception by intuition4 ,footnote #bj3 ,i some:at regret t ,,ta9e fell into ! common-place idea ( ! opposition ( ! bra9 & ?\ght2 he took up aga9 ?is old idea )\t endeav\r+ to analyse x1 & only made x 8 own by ! ornam5tation ( 8 /yle4 ,& z 8 0 a m9d ( p[]ful sy/ematisation1 ! error :i* he committ$ l$ him into mu* wid] consequ5ces ?an ! error ( a m common m9d w\ld h done4 ,footnote #ba3 ,i h j come across !m aga9 9 an +5i\s note ( ,c4 ,l4 ,,h]rick3 ,! ,logical & ,psy*ological ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,true & ! ,real 7,psy*4 ,rev41 ,may #aijd74 ,i entirely agree ) ?is au?or4 ,b x is n he :o ex]cis$ a sugge/ion ov] my m9d2 x 0 ,m4 ,,b]gson4 ,see ,matire et ,mmoire1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bb3 ,9 ord] to rema9 brief1 ,i h n ?\ght fit to allude 9 ! text to a "q ( metaphysics :i* closely dep5ds on ! "o broa*$ by me3 ! exi/5ce ( an out] _w4 ,philosoph]s :o def9e s5sation z a modality ( our ,ego are mu* emb>rass$ lat] 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( an out] _w4 ,hav+ fir/ admitt$ t our p]ception ( x is illusory1 s9ce1 :5 we ?9k we p]ceive ?is _w1 we h simply ! feel+ ( ! modalities ( our ,ego1 !y f9d !mselves p[]less to demon/rate t ?is illusion corresponds to a tru?1 & invoke 9 despair1 = ! purpose ( _! demon/ration1 in/9ct1 halluc9ation1 or "s a priori law ( ! m9d4 ,! position we h tak5 9 ! discussion is f> m simple4 ,s9ce e s5sation is a fragm5t ( matt] p]ceiv$ by a m9d1 ! aggregate ( s5sations con/itutes ! aggregate ( matt]4 ,!re is 9 ?is no deceptive appe>ance1 & consequ5tly no ne$ to prove a reality di/9ct f appe>ances4 ,z to ! argum5t drawn f dreams & halluc9ations :i* might be br\ght aga9/ ?is1 ,i h %[n h[ x is set aside by a di/9ction betwe5 p]ceptibility & tru?4 ,x is no long] a matt] ( p]ception1 b ( reason+4 ,9 o!r words1 all t we see1 ev5 9 dreams1 is real1 b is n 9 its due place4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,aft] s5sations & images1 we h to "n among ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 ! :ole s]ies ( affective /ates--our pleasures & our pa9s1 our joys & our griefs1 our s5tim5ts1 our emotions1 & our passions4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ^! /ates are ( a m5tal nature1 = sev]al reasons4 7#a7 ,we nev] objectivate !m z we d our s5sations1 b we con/antly consid] !m z indwell+ or subjective /ates4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 all[s an exception = ! pleasure & ! pa9 t]m$ physical1 :i* are (t5 localis$ 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( our bodies1 al?\gh ! position attribut$ to !m is less precise ?an ) indiff]5t s5sations4 7#b7 ,we d n ali5ate !m z we d our indiff]5t s5sations4 ,! s5sations ( weight1 ( col\r1 & ( =m s]ve u = ! con/ruction ( bodies :i* appe> to u z p]ceiv$ by u1 b z be+ o!r ?an ourselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 we con/antly & )\t hesitation ref] our emotional /ates to our ,ego4 ,x is ,i :o suff]1 we say1 ,i :o compla91 ,i :o hope4 ,x is true t ?is attribution is n absolutely *>act]i/ic ( m5tal ph5om5a1 = x happ5s t we put a "p ( our ,ego into mat]ial objects1 su* z our bodies1 & ev5 into objects sep>ate f our bodies1 & ^: sole relation to u is t ( a legal proprietor%ip4 ,we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! some:at frequ5t error ( id5tify+ ! ,ego ) ! psy*ical4 ,^! two reasons suffici5tly expla9 ! t5d5cy to see only psy*ological /ates 9 ! emotional ones2 &1 9 fact1 ^? au?ors :o h s\ght to oppose m9d to matt] h n fail$ to introduce emotion into _! p>allel z repres5t+ ! ess5ce ( m9d4 ,on ?is po9t ,i w recall ! f9e ironical image us$ by ,tyndall1 ! illu/ri\s ,engli% physici/1 to %[ ! abyss :i* sep>ates ?\ght f ! molecul> /ates ( ! bra94 ,let u suppose1 he says1 t ! s5tim5t love1 = example1 corresponds to a "r-h& spiral movem5t ( ! molecules ( ! bra9 & ! s5tim5t hatr$ to a left-h& spiral movem5t4 ,we %\ld !n "k t :5 we love1 a movem5t is produc$ 9 "o direction1 & :5 we hate1 9 ano!r4 ,b ! ,:y w\ld rema9 )\t an answ]4 ,! "q ( kn[+ :at place 9 our metaphysical !ory we ought to secure = emotion seems difficult to resolve1 & we ev5 f9d "s pleasure 9 leav+ x 9 susp5se1 9 ord] t x may be und]/ood t a metaphysician is n compell$ to expla9 ev]y?+4 ,besides1 ! difficulties :i* atop u "h are peculi>ly ( a psy*ological ord]4 ,!y proce$ f ! fact t /udies on ! nature ( ! emotions are /ill v little advanc$4 ,! physical conditions ( ^! /ates are pretty well kn[n1 & _! psy*ical & social effects h be5 abundantly describ$2 b v little is kn[n z to :at di/+ui%es an emotion f a ?\ght4 ,two pr9cipal op9ions may be upheld 9 ! actual /ate ( our acqua9tance ) ! psy*ology ( ! feel+s4 ,:5 we endeav\r to p5etrate _! ess5tial & f9al nature1 we h a *oice betwe5 two contr>y !ories4 ,! fir/ & traditional "o consi/s 9 see+ 9 emotion a ph5om5on sui g5]is2 ?is is v simple1 & leaves no?+ m to be said4 ,! second be>s ! "n ( ! intellectuali/ !ory4 ,x consi/s 9 expung+ ! *>act]i/ic ( ! affective /ates4 ,we consid] !m z d]ivative =ms ( p>ticul> modes ( cognition1 & !y are only confus$ intellig5ce4 ,?is intellectuali/ !sis is ( e>ly date2 x w be f\nd 9 ,h]b>t1 :o1 by-!-by1 gave x a peculi> =m1 by caus+ ! play ( images to int]v5e 9 ! =mation ( ! feel+s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is p>ticul> po9t is ( slight ,importance4 ,! intellectuali/ !ory is m va/ ?an ,h]b>tism2 x exi/s 9 all doctr9es 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ?\ght & feel+ is expung$ & feel+ is br\ght back to ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! cle>e/ means ( s do+ consi/s 9 only see+ 9 ! feel+ ! fact ( p]ceiv+ some?+4 ,to p]ceive is1 9 fact1 ! prop]ty ( intellig5ce2 to reason1 to imag9e1 to judge1 to und]/&1 is always1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 to p]ceive4 ,x has be5 imag9$ t emotion is no?+ else ?an a p]ception ( a c]ta9 k9d1 an intellectual act /rictly comp>able to ! contemplation ( a l&scape4 ,only1 9 ! place ( a l&scape ) placid features y mu/ put a /orm1 a cataclysm ( nature2 &1 in/ead ( suppos+ ?is /orm outside u1 let x bur/ )9 u1 let x rea* u1 n by ! out] s5ses ( sight & condition1 b by ! inn] s5ses4 ,:at we !n p]ceive w be an emotion4 ,su* is ! !ory t two au?ors--,w4 ,james & ,lange--happ5$ to discov] almo/ at ! same "t1 ,lange treat+ x z a physiologi/ & ,w4 ,james z a philosoph]4 ,_! !ory1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s s+ul>1 l ev]y?+ :i* runs c\nt] to our m5tal habits4 ,x lays d[n t ! symptoms :i* we all till n[ h consid]$ z ! physiological consequ5ce1 ! translation1 & ! di/ant effects ( ! emotions1 con/itute _! ess5tial base4 ,^! effects are3 ! expression ( ! physiognomy1 ! ge/ure1 ! cry1 & ! spee*2 or ! reflex action on ! circulation1 ! pallor or blu%+1 ! heat m\nt+ to ! head1 or ! cold ( ! %iv] :i* passes ov] ! body4 ,or x is ! he>t1 :i* ha/5s or slack5s its beats1 or makes !m irregul>1 or enfeebles1 or augm5ts !m4 ,or ! respiration1 :i* *anges its rhy?m1 or increases1 or is susp5d$4 ,or else x is ! secretion ( ! saliva or ( ! sweat1 :i* fl[s 9 abundance or dries up4 ,or ! muscul> =ce1 :i* is increas$ or decays4 ,or ! almo/ undef9able organic tr\bles reveal$ to u by ! s++ 9 ! e>s1 con/riction ( ! epiga/rium1 ! j]ks1 ! trembl+1 v]tigo1 or nausea--all ?is collection ( organic tr\bles :i* comes m or less confus$ly to our consci\sness "u ! =m ( tactile1 muscul>1 !rmal1 & o!r s5sations4 ,until n[ ?is category ( ph5om5a has be5 some:at neglect$1 because we saw 9 x effects & consequ5ces ( :i* ! rle 9 emotion itself seem$ slight1 s9ce1 if !y c\ld h be5 suppress$1 x 0 suppos$ t emotion w\ld /ill rema94 ,! new !ory comm5ces by *ang+ ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,x places ! physical symptoms ( ! emotions at ! v beg9n+1 & consid]s !m ! direct effects ( ! ext]nal excitant1 :i* is express$ by ?is elegant =mula3 ,x us$ to be said1 ',i p]ceive a dang]2 ,i am fright5$1 ,i tremble4' ,n[ we mu/ say1 ',i tremble be=e a dang]1 fir/1 & x is aft] hav+ trembl$ t ,i am fright5$4' ,?is is n a *ange 9 ord] only2 x is some?+ mu* m s]i\s4 ,! *ange is direct$ to ! nature ( emotion4 ,x is consid]$ to exi/ 9 ! organic d]angem5ts indicat$ above4 ,^! d]angem5ts are ! basis ( emotion1 its physical basis1 & to be mov$ is to p]ceive !m4 ,take away f ! consci\sness ?is physical reflex1 & emotion ceases4 ,x is no long] any?+ b an idea4 ,?is !ory has at lea/ ! m]it ( orig9ality4 ,x also pleases "o by its great cle>ness--an entirely intellectual cle>ness1 we may say2 = x r5d]s emotion compreh5sible by enunciat+ x 9 t]ms ( cognition4 ,x elim9ates all diff]5ce :i* may exi/ betwe5 a p]ception & an emotion4 ,emotion is no long] any?+ b a c]ta9 k9d ( p]ception1 ! p]ception ( ! organic s5sations4 ,?is r$uction1 if admitt$1 w\ld mu* facilitate ! introduction ( emotion into our sy/em1 :i*1 be+ f\nd$ on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! consci\sness & ! object1 is likewise an intellectuali/ sy/em4 ,! def9ition ( emotion1 z x is taught by ,w4 ,james1 seems expressly made = u :o are seek+ to resolve all intellectual /ates into physical impressions accompani$ by consci\sness4 ,by ! side ( emotion we may place1 z dem&+ ! same analytical /udy1 ! feel+ ( ef=t4 ,we ought to inquire ) ef=t1 z has be5 done ) emotion1 :at is ! psy*ological nature ( ?is ph5om5on2 & 9 ! same way t !re exi/s an intellectuali/ !ory ( ! emotions1 viz4 t ( ,james1 :o r$uces all ! hi/ory ( ! emotions to intellig5ce1 s !re exi/s an intellectuali/ !ory ( ef=t1 :i* likewise t5ds to br+ back1 all w to intellig5ce4 ,x is aga9 ! same au?or1 t true g5ius1 ,w4 ,james1 :o has attempt$ ?is r$uction4 ,i d n "k :e!r he has tak5 into acc\nt ! p>allelism ( ! two !ories1 b x is nev]!less evid5t4 ,ef=t1 t basis ( activity1 t /ate ( consci\sness :i* s _m psy*ologi/s h describ$ z some?+ sui g5]is1 becomes to ,james a ph5om5on ( p]ception4 ,x is ! p]ception ( s5sations proce$+ f ! muscles1 ! t5dons1 ! articulations1 ! sk91 & f all ! organs directly or indirectly conc]n$ 9 ! execution ( movem5t4 ,to be consci\s ( an ef=t w\ld !n be no?+ else ?an to receive all ^! c5tripetal s5sations2 & :at proves ?is is1 t ! consci\sness ( ef=t :5 mo/ cle>ly manife/$ is accompani$ by "s muscul> en]gy1 "s /rong contraction1 or "s respiratory tr\ble1 & yields if we r5d] ! respiration aga9 regul> & put ! muscles back into repose4 ,to my great regret ,i c /ate no?+ v cle> reg>d+ ^! problems4 ,! attempt to intellectualise all psy*ical problems is inf9itely int]e/+1 & leads to a fairly cle> conception1 by :i* ev]y?+ is expla9$ by a me*anism reflect$ 9 a mirror1 :i* is ! consci\sness4 ,b we rema9 p]plex$1 & we ask ourselves :e!r ?is cle>ness ( p]ception is n some:at artificial1 :e!r affectivity1 emotivity1 t5d5cy1 w1 are really all r$uc$ to p]ceptions1 or :e!r !y are n r irr$ucible elem5ts :i* %\ld be add$ to ! consci\sness4 ,does n1 = in/ance1 desire repres5t a complem5t ( ! consci\sness8 ,d n desire & consci\sness toge!r repres5t a some?+ :i* does n belong to ! physical doma9 & :i* =ms ! moral _w8 ,?is "q ,i leave unansw]$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,! ,,relation ,,subject-,,object ,aft] hav+ sep>at$ f ! consci\sness t :i* x is n1 let u try to def9e :at x is4 ,?is & ! two foll[+ *apt]s are devot$ to ?is /udy4 ,a !ory has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$ ) reg>d to ! consci\sness2 namely1 t x supposes a relation betwe5 two t]ms--a subject & an object1 & t x consi/s exactly 9 ! feel+ ( ?is relation4 ,by subject is und]/ood ! some?+ t has consci\sness2 ! object is ! some?+ ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,e ?\ght1 we are told1 implies subject & object1 ! repres5t] & ! repres5t$1 ! s5ti5s & ! s5sum--! "o active1 ! o!r passive1 ! active act+ on ! passive1 ! ego oppos$ to ! non ego4 ,?is op9ion is almo/ legitimis$ by curr5t language4 ,:5 speak+ ( our /ates ( consci\sness1 we g5]ally say1 ,i am consci\s2 x is ,i :o h consci\sness1 & we attribute to our ,i1 to our ,ego1 to our p]sonality1 ! rle ( subject4 ,b ?is is n a p]emptory argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! above op9ion2 x is only a presumption1 &1 closely exam9$1 ?is presumption seems v weak4 ,hi!rto1 :5 analys+ ! "p ( m9d1 we h employ$ non-committal t]ms3 we h said t s5sation impli$ consci\sness1 & n t s5sation impli$ some?+ :i* is consci\s4#bc ,! diff]5ce may appe> too subtle1 b x is n2 x consi/s 9 tak+ f consci\sness ! notion ( a subject be+ consci\s & replac+ x by ! v act ( consci\sness4 ,my description applies v exactly1 ,i ?9k1 to ! facts4 ,:5 we are engag$ 9 a s5sation1 or :5 we p]ceive some?+1 a ph5om5on occurs :i* simply consi/s 9 hav+ consci\sness ( a ?+4 ,if to ?is we add ! idea ( ! subject1 :i* has consci\sness1 we di/ort ! ev5t4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 x is tak+ place1 x is n s complicat$2 we complicate x by add+ to x ! "w ( reflection4 ,x is reflection :i* con/ructs ! notion ( ! subject1 & x is ?is :i* aft]w>ds introduces ?is con/ruction into ! /ates ( consci\sness2 9 ?is way ! /ate ( consci\sness1 by receiv+ ?is notion ( subject1 acquires a "* ( duality x did n previ\sly possess4 ,!re are1 9 %ort1 two sep>ate acts ( consci\sness1 & "o is made ! subject ( ! o!r4 ,primitively1 says ,rabi]1 !re is nei!r repres5tative nor repres5t$2 !re are s5sations1 repres5tations1 facts ( consci\sness1 & t is all4 ,no?+ is m exact1 9 my op9ion1 ?an ?is view ( ,condillac's3--t primitively1 ! inanimate /atue is entirely ! s5sation t x feels4 ,to itself x is all od\r & all sav\r2 x is no?+ m1 & ?is s5sation includes no duality = ! consci\sness4 ,x is ( an absolute simplicity4 ,two argum5ts may be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion4 ,! fir/ is "o ( logic4 ,we h divid$ all k into two gr\ps--objects ( cognition1 & acts ( cognition4 ,:at is ! subject ( cognition8 ,does x =m a new gr\p8 ,by no means2 x =ms "p ( ! fir/ gr\p1 ( ! object gr\p2 = x is some?+ to be kn[n4 ,our second argum5t is "o ( fact4 ,x consi/s 9 rememb]+ t :i* 9 practice we und]/& by ! subject ( cognition2 or r1 metaphorically we repres5t ?is subject to ourselves z an organ--! eye t sees or ! h& t t\*es--& we repres5t to ourselves ! relation subject-object 9 ! %ape ( a mat]ial relation betwe5 two di/9ct bodies :i* are sep>at$ by an int]val & betwe5 :i* "s action is produc$ :i* unites !m4 ,or else1 confus+ ! subject & ! ,ego1 :i* are nev]!less two diff]5t notions1 we place ! ,ego 9 ! consci\sness ( ! muscul> ef=t /ruggl+ aga9/ some?+ :i* resi/s4 ,or1 f9ally & /ill m frequ5tly1 we repres5t ! subject to ourselves by confus+ x ) our own p]sonality2 x is a "p ( our biography1 our "n1 our pr(ession1 our social /atus1 our body1 our pa/ life =e%ort5$1 our "*1 or1 9 a ^w1 our civil p]sonality1 :i* becomes ! subject ( ! relation subject-object4 ,we artificially end[ ?is p]sonality ) ! faculty ( hav+ consci\sness2 & x results f ?is t ! entity consci\sness1 s difficult to def9e & to imag9e1 pr(its by all ?is factiti\s addition & becomes a p]son1 visible & ev5 v l>ge1 9 fle% & bone1 di/9ct f ! object ( cognition1 & capable ( liv+ a sep>ate life4 ,x is n difficult to expla9 t all ?is cle>ness 9 ! repres5tation ( ideas is acquir$ by a falsification ( ! facts4 ,s s5sorial a repres5tation ( consci\sness is v unfai?ful2 = our biography does n repres5t :at we h call$ acts ( consci\sness1 b a l>ge slice ( our pa/ exp]i5ce--t is to say1 a syn!sis ( bygone s5sations & images1 a syn!sis ( objects ( consci\sness2 !re=e a complete confusion betwe5 ! acts ( consci\sness & _! objects4 ,! =mation ( ! p]sonality seems to me to h1 above all1 a legal & social importance4#bd ,x is a peculi> gr\p+ ( /ates ( consci\sness impos$ by our relations ) o!r individuals4 ,b1 metaphysically1 ! subject ?us und]/ood is n di/+ui%$ f ! object1 & !re is no?+ to add to our di/9ction betwe5 ! object & ! act ( consci\sness4 ,^? :o def5d ! exi/5ce ( ! subject po9t out t ?is subject prop]ly con/itutes ! ,ego1 & t ! di/9ction ( ! subject & ! object corresponds to ! di/9ction ( ! ,ego & non-,ego1 & furni%es ! sep>ation betwe5 ! physical & ! moral s long s\ght4 ,x is evid5tly v entic+ to make ( ! ,ego ?us a primitive notion ( ! consci\sness2 b ?is view ( ! ,ego z oppos$ to ! non-,ego 9 no way corresponds to t ( ! m5tal & ! physical4 ,! notion ( ! ,ego is mu* l>g]1 mu* m ext5sible1 ?an t ( ! m5tal2 x is z encroa*+ z human pride1 x grasps 9 its conqu]+ talons all t belongs to u2 = we d n1 9 life1 make any great diff]5ce betwe5 :at is we & :at is ours--an insult to our dog1 our dwell+1 or our "w w\nds u z mu* z an insult to ourselves4 ,! possessive pron\n expresses bo? possession & possessor4 ,9 fact1 we consid] our body z be+ ourselves4 ,"h1 !n1 are numb]s ( mat]ial ?+s introduc+ !mselves into ! category ( m5tal ?+s4 ,if we wi%$ to expel !m & to r$uce ! doma9 ( ! ,ego to ! doma9 ( ! m5tal1 we c\ld only d s if we already possess$ ! crit]ion ( :at is ess5tially m5tal4 ,! notion ( ! ,ego _c !re=e supply u ) ?is crit]ion4 ,ano!r op9ion consi/s 9 mak+ ( ! subject a spiritual sub/ance1 ( :i* ! consci\sness becomes a faculty4 ,by sub/ance is und]/ood an entity :i* possesses ! two foll[+ pr9cipal *>act]i/ics1 unity & id5tity1 ?is latt] m]g+ into unity1 = x is no?+ else b ! p]si/5ce ( unity ?r\gh ! c\rse ( "t4 ,c]ta9 philosoph]s h ass]t$ t ?r\gh intuition we c all e/abli% t we are a spiritual sub/ance4 ,i am compell$ to reject ?is idea1 because ,i ?9k ! expression spiritual sub/ance has no mean+2 no?+ b ! sonor\s value ( six syllables4 ,x has also be5 suppos$1 t !re exi/s a corporeal sub/ance hidd5 "u ! s5sations1 9 :i* are implant$ ! qualities ( bodies1 z ! v>i\s organs ( a fl[] are 9 its calyx4 ,i w return lat] to ?is conception ( a mat]ial sub/ance4 ,t ( a spiritual sub/ance _c be def5d$1 & ! *ief & fatal argum5t ,i urge aga9/ x is1 t we _c repres5t x to our m9ds1 we _c ?9k x1 & we _c see 9 ^! words spiritual sub/ance any intelligible idea2 = t :i* is m5tal is limit$ to t :i* is ( ! consci\sness4 ,s soon z we endeav\r to g beyond ! fact ( hav+ consci\sness to imag9e a p>ticul> /ate :i* mu/ be m5tal1 "o ( two ?+s happ52 ei!r we only grasp ! void1 or else we con/ruct a mat]ial & p]si/5t object 9 :i* we recognise psy*ical attributes4 ,^! are two conclusions :i* ought to be reject$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is second me?od ( expression1 :i* ,i consid] inexact1 is con/antly f\nd 9 ,,desc>tes4 ,diff]5t philosoph]s h explicitly admitt$ t e act ( cognition implies a relation subject-object4 ,?is is "o ( ! corn]-/ones ( ! neo-criticism ( ,,r5\vi]4 ,he ass]ts t all repres5tation is d\ble-fac$1 & t :at is kn[n to u pres5ts itself 9 ! "* ( bo? repres5tative & repres5t$4 ,he foll[s ?is up by describ+ sep>ately ! ph5om5a & laws ( ! repres5tative & ( ! repres5t$ respectively4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! prec$+ t5 l9es 9 ! text ,i wrote aft] read+ a rec5t article ( ,,william ,,james1 :o wi%es to %[ t ! consci\sness does n exi/1 b results simply f ! relation or ! opposition rais$ betwe5 "o "p ( our exp]i5ce 7! actual exp]i5ce1 = in/ance1 9 ! example ( ! p]ception ( an object7 & ano!r "p1 ! remembrance ( our p]son4 ,b ! argum5t ( ,,james goes too f>2 he is "r 9 conte/+ ! relation subject-object1 b n 9 conte/+ ! exi/5ce ( ! consci\sness 7,w4 ,,james3 ,does consci\sness exi/8 9 ,j4 ( ,philosophy1 c41 ,sept4 #aijd74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,categories ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! rle ( intellig5ce consi/s 9 unit+ or grasp+ ! relations ( ?+s4 ,an important "q1 !re=e1 to put1 is1 if we "k :]e( ^! relations consi/1 & :at is ! rle ( ! m9d 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a relation8 ,x n[ & !n happ5s to u to p]ceive an isolat$ object1 )\t comp>+ x ) any o!r1 or endeav\r+ to f9d out :e!r x diff]s f or resembles ano!r1 or pres5ts ) any o!r a relation ( cause to effect1 or ( sign to ?+ signifi$1 or ( co-exi/5ce 9 "t & space4 ,?us1 ,i may see a r$ col\r1 & occupy all ! intellect at my disposal 9 ! p]ception ( ?is col\r1 see+ no?+ b x1 & ?9k+ ( no?+ b x4 ,!oretically1 ?is is n impossible to conceive1 &1 practically1 ,i ask myself if ^! isolat$ & solit>y acts ( consci\sness d n sometimes occur4 ,x c]ta9ly seems to me t ,i h notic$ 9 myself mom5ts ( intellectual tonelessness1 :5 9 ! c\ntry1 dur+ ! vacation1 ,i look at ! gr\nd1 or ! grass1 )\t ?9k+ ( any?+--or at lea/1 ( any?+ b :at ,i am look+ at1 & )\t comp>+ my s5sation ) any?+4 ,i d n ?9k we %\ld admit 9 pr9ciple1 z d _m philosoph]s1 t we take no cognisance save ( relations4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( relativity1 to :i* s mu* att5tion has be5 giv54 ,tak5 9 ?is n>r[ s5se1 x seems to me 9 no way imp]ative = our ?\ghts4 ,we admit t x is v (t5 appli$1 b )\t feel+ oblig$ to admit t x is ( p]petual & necess>y application4 ,^! res]ves once made1 x rema9s to rem>k1 t ! objects we p]ceive v r>ely pres5t !mselves 9 a /ate ( p]fect isolation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are br\ght ne> to o!r objects by manifold relations ( resemblance1 ( diff]5ce1 or ( connection 9 "t or space2 &1 fur!r1 !y are comp>$ ) ! ideas :i* def9e !m be/4 ,we d n h consci\sness ( an object1 b ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 sev]al objects4 ,relation is ! new /ate produc$ by ! fact t "o p]ceives a plurality ( objects1 & p]ceives !m 9 a gr\p4 ,%[ me two col\rs 9 juxtaposition1 & ,i d n see two col\rs only1 b1 9 addition1 _! resemblance 9 col\r or value4 ,%[ me two l9es1 & ,i d n see only _! respective l5g?s b _! diff]5ce 9 l5g?4 ,%[ me two po9ts m>k$ on a :ite %eet ( pap]1 & ,i d n see only ! col\r1 =m1 & dim5sion ( ! po9ts1 b _! di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,9 our p]ceptions1 z 9 our conceptions1 we h p]petually to d ) ! relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,! m we reflect1 ! m we und]/& ?+s1 ! m cle>ly we see _! relations2 ! multiplication ( relations is ! measure ( ! dep? ( cognition4#be ,! nature ( ^! relations is m difficult to asc]ta9 ?an t ( objects4 ,x seems to be m subtle4 ,:5 two s\nds make !mselves he>d 9 succession1 !re is less difficulty 9 mak+ ! nature ( ^! two s\nds und]/ood ?an ! nature ( ! fact t "o occurs be=e ! o!r4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 9 ! p]ception ( objects1 our m9d is passive & r$uc$ to ! /ate ( reception1 work+ l a regi/]+ ma*9e or a s5sitive surface1 :ile 9 ! p]ception ( relations x assumes a m important "p4 ,two pr9cipal !ories h be5 advanc$1 ( :i* "o puts ! relations 9 ! ?+s p]ceiv$1 & ! o!r makes !m a "w ( ! m9d4 ,let u beg9 ) ?is la/ op9ion4 ,x consi/s 9 suppos+ t ! relations are giv5 to ?+s by ! m9d itself4 ,^! relations h be5 t]m$ categories4 ,! "q ( categories plays an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,?ree great philosoph]s1 ,ari/otle1 ,kant1 & ,r5\vi] h drawn up a li/1 or1 z x is call$1 a table ( !m1 & ?is table is v long4 ,to give a slight idea ( x1 ,i w quote a few examples1 su* z "t1 space1 be+1 resemblance1 diff]5ce1 causality1 becom+1 f9ality1 c4 ,by mak+ ! categories ! peculi> possession ( ! m9d1 we attribute to ^! cognitions ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( be+ ant]ior to s5sation1 or1 z x is also t]m$1 ( exi/+ a priori3 we are taught t n only are !y n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 nor taught u by obs]vation1 b fur!r t !y are presuppos$ by all obs]vation1 = !y set up1 9 s*ola/ic j>gon1 ! conditions :i* make exp]i5ce possible4 ,!y repres5t ! p]sonal contribution ( ! m9d to ! k ( nature1 &1 consequ5tly1 to admit !m is to admit t ! m9d is n1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! _w1 r$uc$ to ! passive /ate ( a tabula rasa1 & t ! faculties ( ! m9d are n a trans=mation ( s5sation4 ,only ^! categories d n supplem5t s5sation1 !y d n obviate x1 nor all[ x to be conjectur$ be=eh&4 ,!y rema9 empty =ms s long z !y are n appli$ to exp]i5ce2 !y are ! rules ( cognition & n ! objects ( cognition1 ! means ( kn[+ & n ! ?+s kn[n2 !y r5d] k possible1 b d n ( !mselves con/itute x1 ,exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! s5ses /ill rema9s a necess>y condition to ! k ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,x may be said t ! s5ses give ! matt] ( k1 & t ! categories ( ! und]/&+ give ! =m ( x4 ,matt] _c exi/ )\t =m1 nor =m )\t matt]2 x is ! union ( ! two :i* produces cognition4 ,su* is ! simple/ idea t c be giv5 ( ! ,kantian !ory ( categories1 or1 if x is pref]r$ to employ ! t]m (t5 us$ & mu* discuss$1 su* is ! !ory ( ! ,kantian idealism1 ,?is !ory1 ,i w say frankly1 h>dly h>monises ) ! ideas ,i h set =? up to ?is po9t4 ,to beg9 )1 let u scrut9ise ! relation :i* c exi/ betwe5 ! subject & ! object4 ,we h se5 t ! exi/5ce ( ! subject is h>dly admissible1 = x c\ld only be an object 9 disguise4 ,cognition is compos$ 9 reality ( an object & an act ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 h[ c we "k if ?is act ( consci\sness1 by add+ itself to ! object1 modifies x & causes x to appe> o!r ?an x is8 ,?is appe>s to me an insoluble "q1 & probably1 ev51 a factiti\s "o4 ,! idea t an object c be modifi$ 9 its nature or 9 its aspect comes to u ?r\gh ! p]ception ( bodies4 ,we see t1 by attack+ a metal ) acids1 ?is metal is modifi$1 & t by heat+ a body its col\r & =m become *ang$2 or t by electrify+ a ?read x acquires new prop]ties2 or t :5 we place glasses be=e our eyes we *ange ! visible aspect ( objects2 or t1 if we h inflammation ( ! eyelids1 light is pa9ful1 & s on4 ,all ^! famili> exp]im5ts repres5t to u ! v>i$ *anges t a body p]ceiv$ c und]go2 b x mu/ be c>efully rem>k$ t 9 cases ( ?is k9d ! alt]ation 9 ! body is produc$ by ! action ( a second body1 t ! effect is due to an int]c\rse betwe5 two objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we take ! ,kantian hypo!sis1 t ! consci\sness modifies t :i* x p]ceives1 we are attribut+ to ! consci\sness an action :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! objects1 & are ?us transport+ into "o doma9 t :i* belongs to a diff]5t "o2 & we are fall+ into ! v common error :i* consi/s 9 los+ sight ( ! prop] nature ( ! consci\sness & mak+ out ( x an object4 ,if we set aside ?is incorrect assimilation1 !re no long] rema9s any reason = refus+ to admit t we p]ceive ?+s z !y are1 & t ! consci\sness1 by add+ itself to objects1 does n modify !m4 ,ph5om5a & appe>ances d n1 !n1 /rictly speak+1 exi/4 ,till pro( to ! contr>y1 we %all admit t ev]y?+ we p]ceive is real1 t we p]ceive ?+s always z !y are1 or1 9 o!r words1 t we always p]ceive n\m5a4#bf ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ! relations ( ! consci\sness ) its objects1 let u see :at conc]ns ! p]ception1 by ! consci\sness1 ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ^! objects !mselves4 ,! "q is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! a priori/s are "r 9 admitt+ t ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! relations is ! "w ( ! consci\sness4 ,! rle ( syn!tic p[] t is ?us attribut$ to consci\sness is difficult to conceive unless we alt] ! def9ition ( consci\sness to fit ! case4 ,9 accordance ) ! def9ition we h giv5 & ! idea we h ( x1 ! consci\sness makes u acqua9t$ ) :at a ?+ is1 b x adds no?+ to x4 ,x is n a p[] :i* begets objects1 nor is x a p[] :i* begets relations4 ,let u c>efully note ! consequ5ce at :i* we %\ld arrive1 if1 :ile admitt+1 on ! "o h&1 t our consci\sness lights up & reveals ! objects )\t creat+ !m1 we 71 on ! o!r h&1 to admit t x makes up = ?is passivity by creat+ relations betwe5 objects4 ,we d>e n g s f> z to say t ?is creation ( relations is arbitr>y & corresponds 9 no way to reality2 or t1 :5 we judge two neighb\r+ or simil> objects1 ! relations ( contiguity & resemblance are pure inv5tions ( our consci\sness1 & t ^! objects are really nei!r contigu\s nor simil>4 ,x mu/ !re=e be suppos$ t ! relation is already1 9 "s mann]1 attract$ into ! objects2 x mu/ be admitt$ t our intellig5ce does n apply its categories haphaz>d or f ! caprice ( ! mom5t2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t x is l$ to apply !m because x has p]ceiv$ 9 ! objects !mselves a sign & a reason :i* are an invitation to ?is application1 & its ju/ification4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 !re=e1 contiguity & resemblance mu/ exi/ 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 & mu/ be p]ceiv$2 = )\t ?is we %\ld run ! risk ( f9d+ simil> t :i* is diff]5t1 & contigu\s t :i* has no relation ( "t or space4 ,:5ce x results1 evid5tly1 t our consci\sness _c create ! connection completely1 & !n we are greatly tempt$ to conclude t x only possesses ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ x :5 x exi/s 9 ! objects4#bg ,accord+ to ?is conception1 ! rle ( ! consci\sness 9 ! p]ception ( a connection is t ( a witness1 z 9 ! p]ception ( objects4 ,! consci\sness does n create1 b x v]ifies4 ,resemblance is a physical prop]ty ( objects1 l col\r2 & contiguity is a physical prop]ty ( objects1 l =m4 ,! connections betwe5 ! objects =m "p ( ! gr\p object & n ( ! gr\p consci\sness1 & !y are j z indep5d5t ( consci\sness z are ! objects !mselves4 ,aga9/ ?is conclusion we mu/ anticipate sev]al objections4 ,"o ( !m w probably consi/ 9 acc5tuat+ ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! object & ! connection f ! dynamical po9t ( view4 ,t ! object may be passively contemplat$ by ! consci\sness c be und]/ood1 x w be said2 b ! relation is n only an object ( p]ception--x is1 fur!r1 a pr9ciple ( action1 a p[] ( sugge/ion1 & an ag5t ( *ange4 ,x might1 !n1 he suppos$ t ! consci\sness "h f9ds a comp5sation = ! rle t has be5 )drawn f x4 ,if x is n ! ?+ t creates ! relation1 x w be said1 at lea/ x is t :i* creates its efficacity ( sugge/ion4 ,_m psy*ologi/s h suppos$ t a relation has ! p[] ( evocation only :5 x has be5 p]ceiv$4 ,! p]ception ( resemblance prec$es ! action ( resemblance4 ,x is consequ5tly ! consci\sness :i* assembles ! ideas & gives !m bir? by p]ceiv+ _! relations4 ,?is error1 = x is "o1 has long be5 wide-spread--inde$1 x /ill p]si/s4#bh ,we h1 h[ev]1 no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t ! p]ception ( a resemblance betwe5 two t]ms supposes !m to be kn[n2 s long z only "o ( ! t]ms is pres5t to ! consci\sness1 ?is p]ception does n exi/2 x _c !re=e possess ! prop]ty ( br++ to light ! second t]m4 ,sugge/ion is !re=e di/9ct f recognition2 x is :5 sugge/ion has act$1 :5 ! resemblance 9 fact has br\ght ! two t]ms toge!r1 t ! consci\sness1 tak+ cognisance ( ! "w accompli%$1 v]ifies ! exi/5ce ( a resemblance1 & t ?is resemblance expla9s ! sugge/ion4 ,second objection3 we are told t ! relations betwe5 ! objects--t is1 ! pr9cipal categories--mu/ be ( a m5tal nature1 because !y are a priori4 ,t !y are a priori means t !y are at once ant]ior & sup]ior to ! exp]i5ce4 ,let u see :at ?is argum5t is wor?4 ,x appe>s t x is some:at misus$4 ,) reg>d to _m ( ! categories1 we are cont5t to lay d[n ! necessity ( an ab/ract idea 9 ord] to expla9 ! compreh5sion ( a concrete "o4 ,x is said1 = example3 h[ c x be p]ceiv$ t two s5sations are successive1 if we d n already possess ! idea ( "t8 ,! argum5t is n v conv9c+1 because1 = e k9d ( concrete p]ception x is possible to e/abli% an ab/ract category4 ,x might be said ( col\r t x is impossible to p]ceive x unless x is kn[n be=eh& :at col\r is2 & s on = a heap ( o!r ?+s4 ,a m s]i\s argum5t consi/s 9 say+ t relations are a priori because !y h a "* ( univ]sality & ( necessity :i* is n expla9$ by exp]i5ce1 ?is la/ be+ always cont+5t & peculi>4 ,b x is n necess>y t a function %\ld be m5tal = x to be a priori4 ,! id5tification ( ! a priori ) ! m5tal is entirely gratuit\s4 ,we %\ld "h draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! two s5ses ( ! a priori3 ant]iority & sup]iority4 ,a simple physical me*anism may be a priori1 9 ! s5se ( ant]iority4 ,a h\se is a priori1 9 reg>d to ! lodg]s x receives2 ?is book is a priori1 9 reg>d to its future read]s4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 imag9+ ! /ructure ( our n]v\s sy/em to be a priori1 9 reg>d to ! excitem5ts :i* are propagat$ 9 x4 ,a n]ve cell is =m$1 ) its protoplasm1 its nucleus & its nucleoli be=e be+ irritat$2 its prop]ties prec$e its functions4 ,if x be possible to admit t z a consequ5ce ( ance/ral exp]i5ces ! function has creat$ ! organ1 ! latt] is n[ =m$1 & ?is x is :i* 9 its turn becomes ant]ior to ! function4 ,! notion ( a priori has !re=e no?+ 9 x :i* is repugnant to physical nature4 ,let u n[ take ! a priori 9 ! s5se ( sup]iority4 ,c]ta9 judgm5ts ( ours are1 we are told1 univ]sal & necess>y1 & ?r\gh ?is d\ble "* g beyond ! evid5ce ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is an exact fact :i* des]ves to be expla9$1 b x is n indisp5sable to expla9 x by all[+ to ! consci\sness a s\rce ( special cognitions4 ,! ,engli% s*ool ( philosophy h already attack$ ?is problem 9 connection ) ! orig9 ( axioms4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! explanation lies 9 ! virtue ( :at !y h t]m$ insep>able association4 ,!y h suppos$ t :5 an association is (t5 repeat$ x creates a habit ( ?\ght aga9/ :i* no fur!r /rife is possible4 ,! me*anism ( association itself %\ld !n add a special virtue to ! cont+5cy ( facts4 ,a hundr$ repetitions ( relat$ facts1 = example1 w\ld give rise to s firm an association1 t no fur!r repetition w\ld increase x4 ,i consid] ?is explanation a v s\nd "o 9 pr9ciple4 ,x is "r to put into association some?+ m ?an into exp]i5ce4 ,i w\ld only sugge/ a slight correction 9 detail4 ,x is n ! association =g$ by repetition :i* has ?is virtue ( convey+ ! idea ( necessity & univ]sality1 x is simply ! uncontradict$ association4 ,x has be5 object$1 9 fact1 & ) reason1 to ! solution ( ,mill1 t x insi/s on a long duration ( exp]i5ce1 :ile axioms appe> to be ( an irresi/ible & univ]sal tru?fulness ! mom5t !y are conceiv$4 ,& ?is is q j4 ,i %\ld pref] to lay d[n z a law t e repres5tation appe>s true1 & t e l9k appe>s necess>y & univ]sal z soon z x is =m$4 ,?is is its "* f ! fir/4 ,x pres]ves x s long z no contradiction 9 fact1 9 reason+1 or 9 idea1 comes to de/roy x4#bi ,:at seems to /& out mo/ cle>ly aft] all ^! explanations is ! rle :i* we ought to attribute to ! consci\sness4 ,two rival !ories h be5 ma9ta9$3 t ( ! mirror-consci\sness & t ( ! focus-consci\sness4 ,x w\ld seem--,i m]ely say x w\ld seem--t ! fir/ ( ^! be/ h>monises ) ! prec$+ facts4 ,= :at seems mo/ probable is1 t ! consci\sness illum9ates & reveals b does n act4 ,! !ory ( ! focus-consci\sness adapts itself less to ! me*anism ( ! association ( ideas4 ,f ?is we come q naturally to see 9 ! intellig5ce only an inactive consci\sness2 at "o mom5t x appreh5ds an object1 & x is a p]ception or an idea2 at ano!r "t x p]ceives a connection1 & x is a judgm5t2 at yet ano!r1 x p]ceives connections betwe5 connections1 & x is an act ( reason4 ,b h[ev] subtle ! object x contemplates may become1 x does n dep>t f its contemplative attitude1 & cognition is b a consci\sness4 ,"o /ep fur!r1 & we %\ld get s f> z to admit t ! consci\sness s]ves no purpose :atev]1 & t x is a useless luxury1 s9ce1 if all efficaci\s virtue is to be f\nd 9 ! s5sations & ! ideas :i* we consid] z mat]ial facts1 ! consci\sness :i* reveals !m adds no?+ to1 takes no?+ f & modifies no?+ 9 !m2 & ev]y?+ w\ld g on ! same1 nor w\ld any?+ 9 ?is _w be *ang$1 if "o day ! light ( consci\sness 71 by *ance1 to be put out4 ,we might imag9e a collection ( automatons =m+ a human society z complicat$ z1 & n diff]5t 9 appe>ance f1 t ( consci\s be+s2 ^! automatons w\ld make ! same ge/ures1 utt] ! same words z ourselves1 w\ld dispute1 compla91 cry1 & make love l u2 we might ev5 imag9e !m capable1 l u1 ( psy*ology4 ,?is is ! !sis ( ! epiph5om5al consci\sness :i* ,huxley has boldly c>ri$ to its utt]mo/ conclusions4 ,i indicate "h ^! possible conclusions1 )\t discuss+ !m4 ,x is a "q ,i pref] to leave 9 susp5se2 x seems to me t "o c d no?+ on ?is subject b =m hypo!ses4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #be3 ,at ! risk ( be+ deem$ too subtle1 ,i ask :e!r we are consci\s ( a relation betwe5 objects1 or :e!r t :i* occurs is n r ! p]ception ( an object :i* has be5 modifi$ 9 its nature by its relation ) ano!r object4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is conclusion may seem contradictory to t :i* ,i enunciat$ :5 /udy+ ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,i !n ass]t$ t we only "k our s5sations & n ! excitants :i* produce !m4 ,b ^! s5sations are matt]2 !y are matt] modifi$ by o!r matt]1 viz4 our n]v\s c5tres4 ,we !re=e take up v di/9ctly an opposite /&po9t to ! pr9ciple ( relativity3 9 o!r t]ms1 we reject ! ph5om5ism ( ,b]keley4 ,:5 we g into metaphysics we are cont9ually a/\nd$ to see h[ diff]5t conceptions ( ?+s :i* h a classic value are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,9 g5]al1 ph5om5ism is oppos$ to sub/antialism1 & x is suppos$ t ^? :o d n accept ! =m] doctr9e mu/ accept ! latt]1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ^? :o reject sub/antialism mu/ be ph5om5i/s4 ,we "k t x is 9 ?is mann] t ,b]keley conqu]$ corporeal sub/antialism & taught ph5om5ism2 :ile ,hume1 m radical ?an he1 w5t s f> z to "q ! sub/antialism ( m9d4 ,on reflection1 x seems to me t1 aft] hav+ reject$ ph5om5ism1 we are 9 no way con/ra9$ to accept sub/ance4 ,by say+ t we p]ceive ?+s z !y are1 & n ?r\gh a delud+ veil1 we d n =ce ourselves to ackn[l$ge t we p]ceive ! sub/ance ( bodies--t is to say1 t some?+ :i* %\ld be hidd5 b5ea? its qualities & %\ld be di/9ct f x4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! body & its qualities is a ?+ useful 9 practice1 b x answ]s to no p]ception or obs]vation4 ,! body is only a gr\p1 a %eaf ( qualities4 ,if ! qualities seem unable to exi/ ( !mselves & to require a subject1 ?is is only a grammatical difficulty1 :i* is due to ! fact t1 :ile call+ c]ta9 s5sations qualities1 we suppose a subject to be necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! repres5tation :i* we make to ourselves ( a mat]ial sub/ance & its rle z ! support ( ! qualities1 is a v nave & me*anical repres5tation1 ?anks to :i* c]ta9 s5sations become ! supports ( o!r & less important s5sations4 ,x w\ld suffice to insi/ on ! detail ( ?is repres5tation & on its orig9 to %[ its artificial "*4 ,! notion we h ( ! /ability ( bodies & ( ! p]si/5ce ( _! id5tity1 not)/&+ c]ta9 sup]ficial *anges1 is ! reason = :i* ,i ?\ght prop] to attribute a sub/ance to !m1 t is to say1 an inv>iable elem5t4 ,b we c atta9 ! same end )\t ?is useless hypo!sis2 we h only to rem>k t ! id5tity ( ! object lies 9 ! aggregate ( its prop]ties1 includ+ ! "n x be>s4 ,if ! majority ( its prop]ties1 especially ( ^? mo/ important to u1 subsi/s )\t alt]ation1 or if ?is alt]ation1 ?\gh ( v great ext5t1 takes place ins5sibly & by sl[ degrees1 we decide t ! object rema9s ! same4 ,we h no ne$ = t purpose to give x a sub/ance "o & inde/ructible4 ,?us we are nei!r adh]5ts ( ph5om5ism1 nor ( sub/antialism4 ,footnote #bg3 ,i borr[ f ,,rabi] ?is argum5t1 :i* has ?or\ghly conv9c$ me 7see ,psy*ologie1 p4 #bha74 ,footnote #bh3 ,,pilon is ! psy*ologi/ :o has ! mo/ =cibly demon/rat$ t resemblance acts be=e be+ p]ceiv$4 ,i ref] ! read]s to my ,psy*ologie du ,raisonnem5t1 :]e ,i h set =? ?is little problem 9 detail4 ,footnote #bi3 ,we ?9k spontane\sly ( ! g5]al & ! necess>y4 ,x is ?is :i* s]ves z a basis = ! sugge/ion & ! cat*word 7rclame71 & x expla9s h[ m9ds ( sl5d] culture always t5d t[>ds absolute ass]tions & ha/y g5]alisations4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,! ,,sep>ability ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness ,,f ,,its ,,object--,,discussion ,,( ,,idealism ,"o la/ "q sugge/s itself ) reg>d to ! consci\sness4 ,9 :at measure is x sep>able f ! object8 ,d ! consci\sness & its object =m two ?+s or only "o8 ,"u obs]vation ^! two t]ms con/antly %[ !mselves unit$4 ,we exp]i5ce a s5sation & h consci\sness ( x2 x is ! same fact express$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,all facts ( our p]ception ?us pres5t !mselves1 & !y are "o4 ,b our reason may out/rip our obs]vation4 ,we are able to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! two elem5ts be+ & be+ p]ceiv$4 ,?is is n an exp]im5tal b an ideological di/9ction1 & an ab/raction t language makes easy4 ,c we g fur!r1 & suppose "o ( ! p>ts ?us analys$ capable ( exi/+ )\t ! o!r8 ,c s5sation exi/ z physical expression1 z an object2 )\t be+ illum9at$ by ! consci\sness8 ,c ! consci\sness exi/ )\t hav+ an object8 ,let u fir/ speak ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object :5 consid]$ z sep>at$ f ! consci\sness4 ,! problem is highly complicat$4 ,x has sometimes be5 connect$ ) ! ideali/ !sis accord+ to :i* ! object ( consci\sness1 be+ itself a modality ( ! consci\sness1 _c exi/ ap>t f x--t is to say1 outside ! p]iods 9 :i* x is p]ceiv$4 ,x w\ld !re=e result f ?is t ?is sep>ation betwe5 exi/5ce & p]ception might be made1 :5 x is admitt$ 7contr>y to ! ideali/ hypo!sis7 t ! object p]ceiv$ is mat]ial & ! consci\sness :i* p]ceives x m5tal4 ,9 ?is case1 x w be ?\ght1 !re is no l9k ( solid>ity betwe5 ! consci\sness & its cont9uity4 ,b ,i am n ( t op9ion4 ,! union ( ! consci\sness & its object is "o ( fact1 :i* pres5ts itself outside any hypo!sis on ! nature ( ! object4 ,x is obs]vation :i* demon/rates to u t we mu/ p]ceive an object to be assur$ ( its exi/5ce2 ! reason1 moreov]1 confirms ! necessity ( ?is condition1 :i* rema9s true :atev] may be ! /uff ( ! object4 ,hav+ /at$ ?is1 ! "q is simply to "k :e!r ?is obs]vation ( fact %\ld be g5]alis$ or n4 ,we may1 x seems to me1 decl9e to g5]alise x )\t fall+ into a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,x may be conceiv$ t ! objects :i* we are look+ at cont9ue to exi/1 )\t *ange1 dur+ ! mom5ts :5 we h lo/ sight ( !m4 ,?is seems reasonable en\gh1 & is ! op9ion ( common s5se4#cj ,! ,engli% philosoph]s1 ,ba9 & ,mill1 h combat$ ?is proposition ) extraord9>y ard\r1 l believ]s combat+ a h]esy4 ,b not)/&+ _! attacks x rema9s intelligible1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 be+ & be+ p]ceiv$ pres]ves its logical legitimacy4 ,?is may be repres5t$1 or may be ?\ght2 b c x be realis$8 ,s f> z reg>ds ext]nal objects1 ,i ?9k we all1 9 fact1 admit x4 ,we all admit a di/9ction1 betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( ! out] _w & ! p]ception we h ( x2 its exi/5ce is "o ?+1 & our p]ception ( x is ano!r4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! _w cont9ues )\t int]ruption2 our p]ception is cont9ually int]rupt$ by ! mo/ =tuit\s causes1 su* z *ange ( position1 or ev5 ! bl9k+ ( ! eyes2 its exi/5ce is g5]al1 univ]sal1 indep5d5t ( "t & space2 our p]ception is p>tial1 p>ticul>1 local1 limit$ by ! horizon ( our s5ses1 det]m9$ by ! geographical position ( our bodies1 riddl$ by ! di/ractions ( our intellig5ce1 deceiv$ by ! illusions ( our m9ds1 & above all dim9i%$ by ! infirmity ( our intellig5ce1 :i* is able to compreh5d s little ( :at x p]ceives4 ,?is is :at we all admit 9 practice2 ! smalle/ ( our acts implies ! belief 9 some?+ p]ceptible :i* is wid] & m durable ?an our a/oni%$ p]ceptions4 ,i c\ld n write ^! l9es unless ,i implicitly suppos$ t my ink/&1 my pap]1 my p51 my room1 & ! surr\nd+ _w subsi/ :5 ,i d n see !m4 ,x is a po/ulate ( practical life4 ,x is also a po/ulate ( sci5ce1 :i* requires = its explanations ( ph5om5a ! supposition 9 !m ( an indwell+ cont9uity4 ,natural sci5ce w\ld become un9telligible if we 7 =c$ to suppose t ) e eclipse ( our p]ceptions mat]ial actions 7 susp5d$4 ,!re w\ld be beg9n+s )\t sequ5ces1 & ends )\t beg9n+s4 ,let u note also t acquir$ notions on ! work+ ( our n]v\s sy/em all[ u to give ?is po/ulate a mo/ precise =m3 ! ext]nal object is di/9ct f ! n]v\s sy/em & f ! ph5om5a ( p]ception :i* are produc$ :5 ! n]v\s sy/em is excit$2 x is !re=e v easy to und]/& t ?is object cont9ues to exi/ & to develop its prop]ties1 ev5 :5 no bra9 vibrates 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,might we n1 ) ! view ( /r5g!n+ ?is conclusion z to ! cont9u\s exi/5ce ( ?+s1 disp5se ) ?is po/ulate1 :i* seems to h ! "* ( a grace1 ( an alms grant$ to u8 ,might n ?is cont9u\s exi/5ce ( objects dur+ ! eclipses ( our acts ( consci\sness1 be demon/rat$8 ,x does n seem to me impossible4 ,let u suppose = a mom5t ! correctness ( ! ideali/ !sis3 all our legitimate k ( objects is conta9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( actual s5sation2 !n1 we may ask1 ( :at use is ! reason8 ,:at is ! use ( ! memory8 ,^! functions h precisely = _! object ! enl>g+ ( ! sph]e ( our s5sations1 :i* is limit$ 9 two pr9cipal ways1 by "t & by space4 ,?anks to ! reason1 we manage to see 9 "s way t :i* our s5ses are unable to p]ceive1 ei!r because x is too di/ant f u1 or because !re are ob/acles betwe5 u & ! object1 or because x is a pa/ ev5t or an ev5t :i* has n yet tak5 place :i* is 9 "q4 ,t ! reason may be deceiv$ is agre$4 ,b w x be ass]t$ t x is always deceiv$8 ,%all we g s f> z to believe t ?is is an illegitimate mode ( cognition8 ,! ideali/ !sis1 if consi/5t1 _c refuse to ext5d itself to ?is extreme conclusion2 = a reason$ conclusion conta9s1 :5 x has a mean+1 a c]ta9 ass]tion on ! ord] ( nature1 & ?is ass]tion is n a p]ception1 s9ce its precise object is to fill up ! gaps 9 our p]ceptions4 ,n be+ a p]ception1 x mu/ be reject$1 if "o is an ideali/4 ,! ideali/ w !re=e keep /rictly to ! p]ception ( ! mom5t1 & ?is is s small a ?+ :5 depriv$ ( all ! conjectures :i* enri* x1 t ! _w1 if r$uc$ to ?is alone1 w\ld be b ! skeleton ( a _w4 ,!re w\ld !n be no m sci5ce1 no possibility ( k4 ,b :o c\ld make up 8 m9d ?us to %ut himself up 9 p]ception8 ,i suppose1 inde$1 t !re w "h be quibbl+4 ,?is objection w be made3 t 9 ! hypo!sis ( a discont9u\s exi/5ce ( ?+s1 reason may cont9ue to d its "w1 provid$ ! int]v5tion ( a possible p]ception be suppos$4 ,?us1 ,i notice ?is morn+1 on go+ into my g>d51 t ! pond :i* 0 dry ye/]day is full ( wat]4 ,i conclude f ?is1 ,x has ra9$ 9 ! night4 ,to be consi/5t ) idealism1 "o mu/ simply add3 ,if "s "o _h be5 9 ! g>d5 la/ night1 he w\ld h se5 x ra94 ,9 ?is mann] "o mu/ re-e/abli% e "t ! rights ( p]ception4 ,be x s4 ,b let u notice t ?is addition has no m importance ?an a prescrib$ =mula 9 a not>ial act2 = in/ance1 ! pres5ce ( a second not>y prescrib$ by ! law1 b always disp5s$ ) 9 practice4 ,?is prescrib$ =mula c always be imag9$ or ev5 und]/ood4 ,we %all be 9 accord ) idealism by ! use ( ?is easy little =mula1 ,if "s "o _h be5 !re1 or ev5 by say+1 ,= a univ]sal consci\sness4444 ,! diff]5ce ( ! reali/ & ideali/ !ory becomes !n purely v]bal4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t x disappe>s4 ,b !re is always mu* v]balism 9 idealism4 ,"o m objection3 if ?is witness--! consci\sness--suffices to give objects a cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 we may cont5t ourselves ) a less important witness4 ,:y a man8 ,! eyes ( a mollusc w\ld suffice1 or ^? ( infusoria1 or ev5 ( a p>ticle ( protoplasm3 liv+ matt] w\ld become a condition ( ! exi/5ce ( dead matt]4 ,?is1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 is a s+ul> condition1 & ?is conclusion condemns ! doctr9e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cj3 ,t is to say1 ! s5se ( ! multitude4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness--,,! ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,consci\sness ,,f ,,its ,,object--,,! ,,unconsci\s ,i ask myself :e!r x is possible1 by go+ fur!r along ?is road ( ! sep>ation betwe5 ! consci\sness & its object1 to admit t ideas may subsi/ dur+ ! p]iods :5 we are n consci\s ( !m4 ,x is ! problem ( unconsci\sness t ,i am "h /at+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ simple processes ( reason+ consi/s 9 treat+ ideas 9 ! same mann] z we h treat$ ! ext]nal objects4 ,we h admitt$ t ! consci\sness is a ?+ sup]add$ to ! ext]nal objects1 l ! light :i* lights up a l&scape1 b does n con/itute x & may be ext+ui%$ )\t de/roy+ x4 ,we cont9ue ! same int]pretation by say+ t ideas prolong _! exi/5ce :ile !y are n be+ ?\ght1 9 ! same way & = ! same motive t mat]ial bodies cont9ue !irs :ile !y are n be+ p]ceiv$4 ,all t x seems p]missible to say is t ?is conception is n unrealisable4 ,let u n[ place ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( ! consci\sness4 ,we h suppos$ up to ! pres5t ! suppression ( ! consci\sness1 & h se5 t we c /ill imag9e ! object cont9u+ to exi/4 ,is ! conv]se possible8 ,let u suppose t ! object is suppress$4 ,c ! consci\sness !n cont9ue to exi/8 ,on ?is la/ po9t x seems t d\bt is n possible1 & we mu/ answ] 9 ! negative4 ,a consci\sness )\t an object1 an empty consci\sness1 9 consequ5ce1 _c be conceiv$2 x w\ld be a z]o--a pure no?+ness2 x c\ld n manife/ itself4 ,we might admit1 9 /rictness1 t su* a consci\sness might exi/ virtually z a p[] :i* is n ex]cis$1 a res]ve1 a pot5tiality1 or a possibility ( be+2 b we _c compreh5d t ?is p[] c realise or actualize itself4 ,!re is !re=e no actual consci\sness )\t an object4 ,! problem we h j rais$1 t ( ! sep>ability ( ! elem5ts :i* compose an act ( consci\sness1 is cont9u$ by ano!r problem--t ( unconsci\sness4 ,x is almo/ ! same problem1 = to ask "o's self :at becomes ( a kn[n ?+ :5 we sep>ate f x ! consci\sness :i* at fir/ accompani$ x1 is to ask "o's self 9 :at an unconsci\s ph5om5on consi/s4 ,we h1 till n[1 consid]$ ! two pr9cipal =ms ( unconsci\sness--t 9 nature & t 9 ?\ght4 ,! fir/ nam$ unconsci\sness does n g5]ally be> t "n1 b is r discuss$ "u ! "n ( idealism & realism4 ,:atev] be _! names1 ^! two k9ds ( unconsci\sness are conceivable1 & ! m s t !y bo? belong to physical nature4 ,if we all[ ourselves to be guid$ by ! concept ( sep>ability1 we %all n[ f9d t we h exhau/$ ! :ole s]ies ( possible problems1 = we h exam9$ all ! possible sep>ations betwe5 ! consci\sness & its objects2 b if we use ano!r concept1 t ( unconsci\sness1 we c g fur!r & prop\nd a new problem3 c ! consci\sness become unconsci\s8 ,b x is prop] fir/ to make a few di/9ctions4 ,x is ! rle ( metaphysics to make di/9ctions4#ca ,unconsci\sness presupposes a dea? ( ! consci\sness2 b ?is dea? has its degrees1 & be=e complete ext9ction we may conceive x to und]go _m att5uations4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! dim9ution ( consci\sness4 ,consci\sness is a magnitude capable ( increase & decrease1 l s5sation itself4 ,accord+ to ! individual1 consci\sness may h a v l>ge or a v small field1 & may embrace at ! same "t a v>iable numb] ( objects4 ,i c pay att5tion to sev]al ?+s at ! same "t1 b :5 ,i am tir$ x becomes m difficult to me4 ,i lose 9 ext5sion1 or1 z is /ill said1 ! field ( consci\sness is re/rict$4 ,x may also lose n only 9 ext5t ( surface1 b 9 dep?4 ,we h all ( u obs]v$ 9 our own selves mom5ts ( obscure consci\sness :5 we und]/& dimly1 & mom5ts ( lum9\s consci\sness :i* c>ry "o almo/ to ! v bottom ( ?+s4 ,x is difficult to consid] ^? 9 ! wrong :o admit1 ) ,leibnitz1 ! exi/5ce ( small /ates ( consci\sness4 ,! less5+ ( ! consci\sness is already our means ( und]/&+ ! unconsci\s2 unconsci\sness is ! limit ( ?is r$uction4#cb ,?is s+ul> fact has also be5 notic$1 t1 9 ! same individual !re may co-exi/ sev]al k9ds ( consci\sness :i* d n ent] into communication ) ea* o!r & :i* are n acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 ,!re is a pr9cipal consci\sness :i* speaks1 &1 9 addition1 accessory k9ds ( consci\sness :i* d n speak1 b reveal _! exi/5ce by ! use ( o!r modes ( expression1 ( :i* ! mo/ frequ5t is writ+4 ,?is d\bl+ or fractionation ( ! consci\sness & p]sonality h (t5 be5 describ$ 9 ! case ( hy/]ical subjects4 ,!y sometimes occur q spontane\sly1 b mo/ly !y require a little sugge/ion & cultivation4 ,9 any case1 t !y are produc$ 9 "o way or o!r proves t !y are possible1 &1 = ! !ory1 ?is possibility is ess5tial4 ,facts ( ?is k9d d n lead to a !ory ( ! unconsci\s1 b !y enable u to und]/& h[ c]ta9 ph5om5a1 unconsci\s 9 appe>ance1 are consci\s to !mselves1 because !y belong to /ates ( consci\sness :i* h be5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,a ?ird !sis1 m difficult ( compreh5sion ?an ! o!r two1 supposes t ! consci\sness may be pres]v$ 9 an unconsci\s =m4 ,?is is difficult to admit1 because unconsci\sness is ! negation ( consci\sness4 ,x is l say+ t light c be pres]v$ :5 d>kness is produc$1 or t an object /ill exi/s :51 by ! hypo!sis1 x has be5 radically de/roy$4 ,?is idea conveys no intelligible mean+1 & !re is no ne$ to dwell on x4 ,we h n yet exhau/$ all ! concepts :]eby we may get to unconsci\sness4 ,"h is ano!r1 ! la/ ,i %all quote1 )\t1 h[ev]1 claim+ t x is ! la/ :i* exi/s4 ,we might call x ! physiological concept1 = x is ! "o :i* ! physiologi/s employ = *oice4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a :i* are produc$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em dur+ our acts ( consci\sness2 ^! ph5om5a prec$e consci\sness z a rule1 & condition x4 ,accord+ to a conv5i5t figure :i* has be5 long 9 use1 ! relations ( ! physiological ph5om5on to ! consci\sness are repres5t$ z foll[s3 ! physiological ph5om5on consi/s 9 an excitem5t :i*1 at "o "t1 foll[s a direct & %ort r\te f ! door by :i* x ent]s ! n]v\s sy/em to ! door by :i* x makes its exit4 ,9 ?is case1 x works l a simple me*anical ph5om5on2 b sometimes x makes a long] j\rney1 & takes a circuit\s road by :i* x passes into ! high] n]ve c5tres1 & x is at ! mom5t :5 x takes ?is circuit\s road t ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness is produc$4 ,! use ( ?is figure does n prejudge any important "q4 ,go+ fur!r1 _m contempor>y au?ors d n cont5t !mselves ) ! proposition t ! consci\sness is condition$ by ! n]v\s ph5om5on1 b sugge/ also t x is cont9ually accompani$ by x4 ,e psy*ical fact ( p]ception1 ( emotion1 or ( idea %\ld h1 x is suppos$1 a physiological basis4 ,x w\ld !re=e be1 tak5 9 its entirety1 psy*o-physiological4 ,?is is call$ ! p>alleli/ !ory4 ,we _c discuss ?is "h1 z we %all meet ) x aga9 9 ! ?ird "p ( ?is book4 ,x has ! advantage ( lead+ to a v simple def9ition ( unconsci\sness4 ,! unconsci\s is t :i* is purely physiological4 ,we repres5t to ourselves ! me*anical "p ( ! total ph5om5on cont9u+ to produce itself1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! consci\sness1 z if ?is la/ cont9u$ to foll[ & illum9ate x4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal conceptions t may be =m$ ( ! unconsci\s4 ,!y are probably n ! only ones1 & our li/ is n exhau/ive4 ,aft] hav+ indicat$ :at ! unconsci\s is1 we w t]m9ate by po9t+ out :at x is n & :at x _c be4 ,we ?9k1 or at lea/ we h impli$ly suppos$ 9 ! prec$+ def9itions1 t ! unconsci\s is only some?+ unkn[n1 :i* may h be5 kn[n1 or :i* might become kn[n "u c]ta9 conditions1 & :i* only diff]s f ! kn[n by ! "o *>act]i/ic ( n be+ actually kn[n4 ,if ?is notion be correct1 "o has really n ! "r to arm ?is unconsci\sness ) =midable p[]s4 ,x has ! p[] ( ! reality to :i* x corresponds1 b its "* ( unconsci\sness adds no?+ to ?is4 ,x is ! same ) x z ) ! sci5ce ( ! future4 ,no s*ol> w hesitate to admit t t sci5ce w be deep] & m ref9$ ?an t already =m$4 ,b x is n f ! fact t x is unkn[n t x w des]ve its sup]iority3 x is f ! ph5om5a t x w embrace4 ,to give to t :i* is unconsci\s1 z we "h und]/& x1 an ov]:elm+ sup]iority ov] ! consci\s z su*1 we mu/ admit t ! consci\sness is n only a useless luxury1 b ! de?ronem5t ( ! =ces t x accompanies4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i decl9e to admit t ! consci\sness itself c become unconsci\s1 & yet cont9ue 9 "s way "u an unconsci\s =m4 ,?is w\ld be1 9 my op9ion1 br++ toge!r two conceptions :i* contradict ea* o!r1 & ?us d5y+ aft] hav+ affirm$4 ,f ! mom5t t ! consci\sness dies1 !re rema9s no?+ ( x1 unless x be ! conditions ( its appe>ance1 conditions :i* are di/9ct f itself4 ,betwe5 two mom5ts ( consci\sness sep>at$ by "t or by a /ate ( unconsci\sness1 !re does n & _c exi/ any l9k4 ,i feel incapable ( imag9+ ( :at ?is l9k c\ld be compos$1 unless x 7 mat]ial--t is to say1 unless x 7 suppli$ f ! class ( objects4 ,i h already said t ! sub/antiali/ !sis endeav\rs to e/abli% a cont9uity betwe5 "o consci\sness & ano!r sep>at$ by "t1 by suppos+ a some?+ durable1 ( :i* ! consci\sness w\ld be a prop]ty ( int]mitt5t manife/ation4 ,!y w\ld ?us expla9 ! int]ruptions ( consci\sness z ! int]ruptions 9 ! light ( a lamp4 ,:5 ! light is ext+ui%$1 ! lamp rema9s 9 d>kness1 b is /ill capable ( be+ light$4 ,let u disc>d ?is metaphor1 :i* may lead to illusion4 ,! concept ( consci\sness c furni% no l9k & no m5tal /ate :i* rema9s :5 ! consci\sness is n made real2 if ?is l9k exi/s1 x is 9 ! p]man5ce ( ! mat]ial objects & ( ! n]v\s organism :i* all[s ! return ( analog\s conditions ( matt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ca3 ,9 metaphysics we reason1 n on facts1 b mo/ (t5 on conceptions4 ,n[ j z facts are precise s conceptions are vague 9 outl9e4 ,facts are l cry/allis$ bodies1 ideas l liquids & gases4 ,we ?9k we h an idea1 & x *anges =m )\t our p]ceiv+ x4 ,we fancy we recognise "o idea1 & x is b ano!r1 :i* diff]s slightly f ! prec$+ "o4 ,by means ( di/9ctions we ought to /ruggle aga9/ ?is fl[+ away & flight ( ideas4 ,footnote #cb3 ,i ?9k ,i h come across 9 ,,ari/otle ! +5i\s idea t ! enfeeblem5t ( ! consci\sness & its disord] may be due to ! enfeeblem5t & disord] ( ! object4 ,x is a !ory :i* is by no means improbable4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,def9itions ,,( ,,psy*ology ,let u resume ! /udy ( ! prec$+ ideas 9 ano!r =m4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 to def9e m9d is at ! same "t to def9e psy*ology1 let u seek = ! tru? :i* we c glean f ! def9itions ( ?is sci5ce4 ,our object is n to discov] an exact def9ition1 b to make use ( ^? already exi/+4 ,to def9e psy*ology is to describe ! features ( ! doma9 ov] :i* ?is sci5ce holds sway1 & at ! same "t to indicate ! b\nd>ies :i* sep>ate x f its neighb\rs4 ,at fir/ sight ?is is an affair ( geometric survey1 pres5t+ no k9d ( difficulty2 = psy*ology does n m]ge by ins5sible transitions into ! neighb\r+ sci5ces1 z physics does ) *emi/ry1 = example1 or *emi/ry ) biology4 ,to all ! sci5ces ( ext]nal nature psy*ology (f]s ! viol5t opposition ( ! moral to ! physical _w4 ,x _c be put 9 l9e ) ! physical sci5ces4 ,x occupies1 on ! contr>y1 a position ap>t4 ,x is ! />t+ po9t1 ! mo/ ab/ract & simple ( ! moral sci5ces2 & x be>s ! same relation to !m t me*anics does to ! physical4 ,all ?is is d\btless true2 & yet a v great difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 cond5s+ into a cle> def9ition ! ess5ce ( psy*ology4 ,?is is prov$ by ! multiplicity ( def9itions attempt$4 ,!y are s _m because none ( !m has prov$ completely satisfactory4 ,_! abundance %[s _! insuffici5cy4 ,i w try to introduce a little ord] into ^! attempts1 & propose to di/ribute ! def9itions ( psy*ology into ! foll[+ categories3-- #a4 ,! def9ition by sub/ance2 ! metaphysical def9ition p> excell5ce4 #b4 ,! def9ition by enum]ation4 #c4 me?od4 #d4 degree ( c]ta9ty4 #e4 cont5t4 #f4 po9t ( view4 #g4 ! peculi> nature ( m5tal laws4 ,we w rapidly run ?r\gh ?is s]ies ( ef=ts at def9ition1 & %all criticise & reject ne>ly ! :ole ( !m2 = ! la/ alone seems exact--t is to say1 9 h>mony ) ! ideas laid d[n above4 ,metaphysical def9ition has to-day tak5 a slightly ar*ai/ic turn4 ,psy*ology us$ to be consid]$ z ! sci5ce ( ! s\l4 ,?is is q ab&on$4 ,mod]n au?ors h adopt$ ! expression & also ! idea ( ,lange1#cc :o 01 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ to decl>e t we ought to cultivate a s\lless psy*ology4 ,?is categorical decl>ation caus$ an upro>1 & a few ill-in=m$ p]sons int]pret$ x to mean t ! new psy*ology :i* has spread 9 ,france "u cov] ( ! "n ( ,ribot1 s\ght to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 & 0 calculat$ to incl9e t[>ds mat]ialism4 ,?is is an error4 ,x is v possible1 inde$1 t sev]al adepts ( ! new or exp]im5tal psy*ology may be mat]iali/s f inw>d conviction4 ,! exclusive cultivation ( ext]nal facts1 ( ph5om5a t]m$ mat]ial1 evid5tly t5ds--?is is a my/]y to none--to incl9e ! m9d t[>ds ! metaphysical doctr9e ( mat]ialism4 ,b1 aft] mak+ ?is av[al1 x is "r to add at once t psy*ology1 z a sci5ce ( facts1 is ! vassal ( no metaphysical doctr9e4 ,x is nei!r spirituali/1 mat]iali/1 nor moni/1 b a sci5ce ( facts solely4 ,ribot & 8 pupils h proclaim$ ?is al\d at e opportunity4 ,consequ5tly x mu/ be recognis$ t ! r amphibological expression s\lless psy*ology implies no negation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,x is--& ?is is q a diff]5t ?+--r an attitude ( res]ve 9 reg>d to ?is problem4 ,we d n solve ?is problem2 we put x on "o side4 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 we are "r to d s4 ,! s\l1 view$ z a sub/ance--t is1 z a some?+ di/9ct f psy*ical ph5om5a1 :i*1 :ile be+ _! cause & support1 yet rema9s inaccessible to our direct means ( cognition--is only an hypo!sis1 & x _c s]ve z objective to a sci5ce ( facts4 ,?is w\ld imply a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,un=tunately2 we mu/ confess t if x be "r to relegate to metaphysics ! discussion on ! concept ( ! s\l1 x does n really suffice to purge our m9ds ( all metaphysics2 & a p]son :o believes himself to be a simple & /rict exp]im5tali/ is (t5 a metaphysician )\t kn[+ x4 ,^! excommunications ( metaphysics also seem r *ildi% at ! pres5t day4 ,!re is less risk ?an "s ye>s ago 9 decl>+ t3 ,"h metaphysics comm5ce & positive sci5ce ends1 & ,i w g no fur!r4 ,!re is ev5 a t5d5cy 9 mod]n psy*ologi/s to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! highe/ philosophical problems1 & to take up a c]ta9 position ) reg>d to !m4 ,! second k9d ( def9ition is1 we h said1 t by enum]ation4 ,x consi/s 9 plac+ be=e ! eyes ( ! read] an assortm5t ( psy*ological ph5om5a & !n say+3 ,^! are ! ?+s psy*ology /udies4 ,"o w take readily z samples ! ideas1 reason+s1 emotions1 & o!r manife/ations ( m5tal life4 ,if ?is is only a /rictly provisional def9ition1 a simple introduction to ! subject1 we accept x lit]ally4 ,x may s]ve to give u a fir/ impression ( ?+s1 & to refre% ! memories ( ^? :o1 by a r extraord9>y *ance1 w\ld n d\bt t psy*ology /udies our ?\ghts4 ,b :atev] may be ! numb] ( ^! deeply ignorant p]sons1 !y con/itute1 ,i ?9k1 a negligible quantity2 &1 aft] ^! prelim9>ies1 we mu/ come to a real def9ition & n juggle ) ! problem1 :i* consi/s 9 indicat+ 9 :at ! spiritual is di/+ui%$ f ! mat]ial4 ,let u leave on "o side1 !re=e1 ! def9itions by enum]ation4 ,n[ comes ! def9ition by me?od4 ,numb]s ( au?ors h suppos$ t x is by its me?od t psy*ology is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r sci5ces4 ,to ! m9d is atta*$ ! idea ( ! )91 to nature ! idea ( be+ )\t ! m9d1 ( con/itut+ a )\t 7un dehors74 ,x is a vague idea1 b becomes precise 9 a good _m metaphors1 & has giv5 rise to sev]al =ms ( spee*4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,locke1 we h always spok5 ( ! int]nal life ( ! m9d z contra/$ ) ! ext]nal life1 ( subjective reality z contra/$ ) objective reality2 & 9 ! same way we oppose ! ext]nal s5ses to ! inn] s5se 7! int]nal p]ception71 :i* x has at times be5 propos$ to erect into a six? s5se4 ,?\gh no long] q ! ,c>tesian dualism1 ?is is /ill a dualism4 ,x has also be5 said t psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( introspection1 &1 9 addition1 t sci5tific psy*ology is a controll$ introspection4 ,?is sci5ce ( ! int]nal facts ( man w\ld ?us be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r natural sci5ces :i* are =m$ by ! use ( our out] s5ses1 by ext]nal obs]vation--t is to say1 to use a neologism1 by ext]nospection4 ,?is v]bal symmetry may satisfy = a mom5t m9ds giv5 to words1 b on reflection x is p]ceiv$ t ! di/9ction betwe5 introspection & ext]nospection does n correspond to a fundam5tal & con/ant diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ?+s or 9 ! processes ( cognition4 ,i ackn[l$ge x ) "s regret1 & ?us place myself 9 contradiction ) myself2 = ,i = a long "t believ$1 & h ev5 said 9 pr9t1 t psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( introspection4 ,my error arose f my hav+ made too _m analyses ( detail1 & n hav+ m\nt$ to a suffici5tly wide-rea*+ conception4 ,! def9ition ,i h giv5 ( consci\sness is ! impli$ condemnation ( ! above ideas4 ,consci\sness1 be+ no?+ b an act ( revelation1 has nei!r a )9 nor a )\t2 x does n correspond to a special doma9 :i* w\ld be an inn] "o ) reg>d to ano!r doma94 ,e consid]ation on ! position ( ?+s is borr[$ f ! sph]e ( ! object1 & rema9s =eign to ! sph]e ( ! consci\sness4 ,x is by an abuse ( language t we speak ( ! out] _w 9 relation to ! _w ( consci\sness1 & x is pure imag9ation on ! "p ( philosoph]s to h suppos$ t our s5sations are fir/ p]ceiv$ z int]nal /ates & /ates ( consci\sness1 & are subsequ5tly project$ )\t to =m ! out] _w4 ,! notion ( int]nal & ext]nal is only und]/ood = c]ta9 objects :i* we comp>e by position to c]ta9 o!rs4 ,9 fact1 we f9d t ! opposition betwe5 an ext]nal & an int]nal s]ies is g5]ally f\nd$ on two *>act]i/ics3 s5sation is consid]$ ext]nal 9 relation to ! idea1 & an object ( cognition is consid]$ z int]nal :5 x is accessible only to ourselves4 ,:5 ^! two *>act]i/ics are isolat$ f ea* o!r1 "o may h d\bts2 b :5 !y co-exi/1 !n ! outw>dness or inw>dness appe>s fully evid5c$4 ,we see !n t ?is di/9ction has no?+ to d ) ! value ( consci\sness1 & has no?+ m5tal ab\t x4 ,x is ?us t our ideas are judg$ f int]nal ev5ts4 ,x is our microcosm oppos$ to ! macrocosm4 ,x is ! individual oppos$ to ! social4 ,look+ at an ext]nal object1 we rema9 9 communion ) our fell[s1 = we receive1 or ?9k we receive1 id5tical s5sations4 ,at all ev5ts1 we receive correspond+ s5sations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my ?\ght is m9e1 & is kn[n to me alone2 x is my sanctu>y1 my private closet1 :]e o!rs d n ent]4 ,e "o c see :at ,i see1 b no "o kn[s :at ,i ?9k4 ,b ?is diff]5ce 9 ! accessibility ( ph5om5a is n due to _! peculi> nature4 ,x is connect$ ) a diff]5t fact1 ) ! modes ( excitem5t :i* call !m =?4 ,if ! visual s5sation is common to all1 x is because ! excit+ cause ( ! s5sation is an object ext]nal to our n]v\s sy/ems1 & act+ at a di/ance on all4#cd ,! tactile s5sation is at ! beg9n+ m p]sonal to ! "o :o exp]i5ces x1 s9ce x requires contact2 & ! l[] s5sations are 9 ?is intimacy /ill 9 progress4 ,& !n1 ! same object c give rise1 9 common-place circum/ances1 to a s5sation ei!r common to all be+s or special to "o alone4 ,! capsule ( antipyr9e :i* ,i swall[ is1 be=e my do+ s1 visible to all eyes2 once 9 my m\?1 ,i am ! only "o to p]ceive x4 ,x is !re=e possible t ! same s5sation1 accord+ to ! displacem5ts ( ! object :i* excites x1 may make "p ( ! int]nal or ( ! ext]nal s]ies2 & z all psy*ic life is s5sation1 ev5 ef=t1 &1 z we are assur$1 emotion1 x foll[s t our argum5t ext5ds to all ! psy*ical elem5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! int]nal or ext]nal "* ( ev5ts1 :i* might be call$ _! geographical position1 is a *>act]i/ic :i* has no influ5ce ^u ! me?od de/9$ to take cognisance ( x4 ,! me?od rema9s "o4 ,introspection does n repres5t a s\rce ( cognition di/9ct f ext]nospection1 = ! same faculties ( ! m9d--reason1 att5tion1 & reflection--act on s5sation1 ! s\rce ( ! s-call$ ext]nal sci5ces1 & on ! idea1 ! s\rce ( ! s-call$ inn] sci5ce4 ,a fact c be /udi$ by ess5tially ! same process1 :e!r reg>d$ by ! eyes or depict$ by ! memory4 ,! consci\sness *anges its object & ori5tation1 n its nature4 ,x is z if1 ) ! same op]a-glass1 we look$ 9 turn at ! wall ( ! room & ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,i c ev5 quote on ?is po9t a significant fact3 !re are obs]v]s :o are organis$ 9 su* a way t !y especially obs]ve by memory4 ,plac$ be=e ! s5sorial ph5om5on :i* /rikes _! s5ses1 !y are sometimes amaz$1 z if hypnotis$2 !y require to get away f x to rega9 consci\sness ( !mselves1 to analyse ! fact1 & to ma/] x1 & x is by means ( ! memory t !y /udy x1 on condition1 ( c\rse1 ( aft]w>ds com+ back to v]ify _! conclusions by a fre% obs]vation f nature4 ,w x be said t ! physici/1 ! *emi/1 or ! biologi/ :o foll[s ?is sl[ me?od1 & :o ?us obs]ves retroactively1 practises physics & biology by introspection8 ,evid5tly ?is w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,conv]sely1 introspection may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 adopt ! proc$ure ( ext]nospection4 ,no d\bt x w\ld be inexact to say t ! p]ception ( "o ( our ideas always takes place ?r\gh ! same me*anism z ! p]ception ( "o ( our s5sations4 ,to give an acc\nt ( :at we ?9k does n imply ! same "w z 9 ! case ( :at we see2 =1 g5]ally1 our ?\ghts & our images d n appe> to u spontane\sly4 ,!y are fir/ s\ght = by u1 & are only realis$ aft] hav+ be5 wi%$ =4 ,we g f ! vague to ! precise1 f ! confus$ to ! cle>2 ! direction ( ?\ght prec$es1 !n1 its realisation 9 images2 & ! latt]1 be+ expect$1 is necess>ily compreh5d$ :5 x is =m$4 ,b we may come across curi\s circum/ances 9 :i* x is ! image :i* has prec$5ce ov] its appe>ance1 & 9 t case x is exact to say t ?is un9vok$ image mu/ be int]pret$ & recognis$ z if x 7 an ext]nal object4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 !re passes ?r\gh our m9d some?+ :i* surprises u4 ,i see1 by int]nal vision1 a face ) a r$ nose1 & ,i h to se>* my memory = a long "t1 ev5 = days1 9 ord] to give precision to ! vague feel+ t ,i h se5 x be=e1 s z to f9ally say ) confid5ce1 ,x is ,s & ,s6 ,or else ,i he> 9 my inn] e> a c]ta9 voice1 ) a metallic tone & au?oritative inflections3 ?is voice pron\nces sci5tific phrases1 gives a s]ies ( lectures1 b ,i "k n to :om x belongs1 & x co/s me a long ef=t to rea* ! int]pretation3 x is ! voice ( ,m4 ,da/re6 ,!re is1 !n1 a c]ta9 space ( "t1 m or less long1 9 :i* we c correctly ass]t t we are n aw>e ( :at we are ?9k+2 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?\ght 9 ! same /ate ( unc]ta9ty z 9 t ( an ext]nal1 unkn[n1 & novel object4 ,! lab\r ( classification & ( int]pretation ca/ ^u u is ( ! same ord]2 &1 :5 ?is lab\r is effect$ incorrectly1 x may end 9 an illusion4 ,!re=e illusions ( ?\ght are q z possible z illusions ( ! s5ses1 ?\gh r>] = ! reasons above /at$4 ,b ! "q ( frequ5cy has no !oretical importance4 ,i h %[n else:]e1 by exp]im5ts on hy/]ics1 t x is possible by ! int]m$i>y ( _! ins5sibility to t\* to sugge/ ideas on ! value ( :i* ! pati5ts make mi/akes4 ,= in/ance1 y take ! f+] 9 :i* !y h no s5sation1 y t\* x1 y b5d x4 ,! pati5t1 n see+ :at is done1 does n feel x1 b ! tactile s5sation unfelt by _! pr9cipal consci\sness someh[ awakes ! visual image ( ! f+]2 ?is ent]s into ! field ( consci\sness1 & mo/ (t5 is n recognis$ by ! subject1 :o describes ! occurr5ce 9 8 own way2 he claims1 = in/ance1 t he ?9ks ( /icks or ( columns4 ,9 reality he does n "k ( :at he is ?9k+1 & we "k bett] ?an he4 ,he is ?9k+ ( 8 f+]1 & does n recognise x4 ,all ^! examples %[ t ! cle>ly def9$ *>act]i/ics into :i* x is s\ght to divide extrospection & introspection d n exi/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a reason = pres]v+ ! di/9ction1 because x pres5ts a real int]e/ = ! psy*ology ( ! individual4 ,^! two words introspection & extrospection admirably convey ! diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( ?9k+ betwe5 ^? :o f pref]5ce look1 & ^? :o f pref]5ce reflect4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! obs]v]s1 :o are (t5 m5 ( action2 on ! o!r1 ! speculators1 :o are (t5 my/ics4 ,b x w\ld be no m legitimate by ?is means to sep>ate psy*ology & physics ?an to say1 = in/ance1 ,!re are two k9ds ( geology3 "o is ! geology ( ,france1 = "o is acqua9t$ ) x )\t go+ f home1 & ! o!r is t ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 because 9 ord] to "k x "o mu/ cross ! fronti]4 ,we reject1 !re=e1 ! def9ition drawn f ! diff]5ce ( me?od4 ,at bottom !re is no diff]5ce ( me?od1 b only diff]5ces ( process1 ( te*nique4 ,! me?od is always ! same1 = x is d]iv$ f ! application ( a c]ta9 numb] ( laws to ! objects ( cognition1 & ^! laws rema9 ! same 9 all sph]es ( application4 ,"h is ano!r diff]5ce ( me?od :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld h an incalculable importance4 ,psy*ology1 we are told1 is a sci5ce ( direct & imm$iate exp]im5t2 x /udies facts z !y pres5t !mselves to our consci\sness1 :ile ! natural sci5ces are sci5ces ( indirect & m$iate exp]im5t1 = !y are compell$ to int]pret ! facts ( consci\sness & draw f !m conclusions on nature4 ,x has also be5 said1 9 a m ambiti\s =mula1 ,! sci5ce ( physical objects is relative2 logical sci5ce is absolute4 ,let u exam9e ?is by ! rapid analysis ( any p]ception tak5 at haphaz>d4 ,:at ,i p]ceive directly1 imm$iately1 we are told1 is n ! object1 x is my /ate ( consci\sness2 ! object is inf]r$2 conclud$1 & tak5 cognisance ( ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( my /ate ( consci\sness4 ,we only "k x1 says ,lotze1 circa rem4 ,x is !re=e appreh5d$ less imm$iately1 & e natural sci5ce employs a m r\ndab\t me?od ?an t ( psy*ology4 ,?is la/1 by /udy+ /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* alone are kn[n to u directly1 compreh5ds reality itself1 absolute reality4 ,!re is m absolute reality1 ,m4 ,rabi] boldly says1 9 ! simple feel+ t a man1 or ev5 an animal1 has ( its pa9 :5 beat5 ?an 9 all ! !ories ( physics1 =1 beyond ^! !ories1 x c be ask$1 :at are ! ?+s t exi/4 ,b x is an absurdity to ask "o's self if1 beyond ! pa9 ( :i* "o is consci\s1 !re be n ano!r pa9 diff]5t f t "o4#ce ,let u excuse 9 psy*ologi/s ?is petty & common :im = exagg]at+ ! m]it ( ! sci5ce !y pursue4 ,b "h ! limit is really pass$1 & no s*ol> w admit t ! p]ception & repres5tation ( a body1 z x may take place 9 ! bra9 ( a ,b]!lot1 c pres5t any inf]iority z a cognition ( ! absolute1 to ! pa9 felt by ! snail ,i cru% "u my foot4 ,nobody except metaphysicians w ackn[l$ge t psy*ology is a m precise & c]ta9 sci5ce ?an physics or *emi/ry4 ,! crit]ion furni%$ by ! developm5t ( ! respective sci5ces w\ld prove j ! contr>y4 ,! obs]vations ( psy*ology are always r unprecise4 ,psy*ological ph5om5a1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ,fe*n] & 8 s*ool1 are n yet measur$ ) ! same /rictness & ease z ! tangible reality4 ,to speak pla9ly1 ! psy*ologi/ :o vaunts ! sup]iority ( 8 me?od1 & only %[s inf]ior results1 places himself 9 a some:at ridicul\s & contradictory position2 he des]ves to be comp>$ to ^? spirituali/s :o claim ! p[] ( evok+ ! s\ls ( ! illu/ri\s dead & only get f !m platitudes4 ,9 ! ma9 ! argum5ts ( ! metaphysicians giv5 above appe> to me to conta9 a grave error4 ,?is consi/s 9 suppos+ t ! natural sci5ces /udy ! reality hidd5 b5ea? s5sation1 & only make use ( ?is fact z ( a sign :i* enables !m to get back f effect to cause4 ,?is is q inexact4 ,t ! natural sci5ces are limit$ by s5sation is true2 b !y d n g outside x1 !y effect _! con/ructions ) s5sation alone4 ,& ! reason is v simple3 x is ! only ?+ !y "k4 ,to ! metaphysical psy*ologi/1 :o claims s5sation z 8 own prop]ty1 say+1 ,b ?is s5sation is a /ate ( my consci\sness1 x is m9e1 x is myself1 ! physici/ has ! "r to answ]3 ,i beg y\r p>don6 ?is s5sation is ! ext]nal object t ,i am /udy+2 x is my column ( m]cury1 my spr+1 my precipitate1 my amoeba2 ,i compreh5d ^! objects directly1 & ,i want no o!r4 ,psy*ology f9ds itself1 !re=e1 exactly on ! same foot+ z ! o!r sci5ces 9 ! degree 9 :i* x /udies s5sations t x consid]s z its own prop]ty4 ,i h already said t ! s5sations prop] to psy*ology are h>dly repres5t$ o!rwise ?an by ! emotional s5sations produc$ by ! /orms 9 ! app>atus ( organic life4 ,we n[ come to ! def9itions by cont5t4 ,!y h be5 num]\s1 b we %all only quote a few4 ,! mo/ usual consi/s 9 say+1 t ,psy*ology /udies ! facts ( consci\sness4 ,?is =mula passes1 9 g5]al1 z satisfactory4 ,! little objection rais$ aga9/ x is1 t x excludes ! unconsci\s facts :i* play s important a "p 9 expla9+ ! totality ( m5tal life2 b x only requires "s usual phrase to repair ?is omission4 ,"o might add1 = in/ance1 to ! above =mula3 consci\s facts & ^? :i*1 :ile unconsci\s "u c]ta9 conditions1 are yet consci\s 9 o!rs4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 difficulty1 :i* is f> m s]i\s4 ,on close exam9ation1 x is se5 t ! t]m1 fact ( consci\sness1 is v ela/ic1 & t = a reason easy to /ate4 ,?is is1 t all facts :i* exi/ & are reveal$ to u rea* u by ! te/imony ( ! consci\sness1 & are1 consequ5tly1 facts ( consci\sness4 ,if ,i look at a locomotive1 & analyse its ma*9]y1 ,i act l a me*anic2 if ,i /udy "u ! microscope ! /ructure ( infusoria1 ,i practise biology2 & yet ! sight ( ! locomotive1 ! p]ception ( ! infusoria1 are j facts ( consci\sness1 & %\ld belong to psy*ology1 if "o takes lit]ally ! above def9ition1 :i* is s absolute t x absorbs ! entire _w into ! sci5ce ( ! m9d4 ,x might1 inde$1 be rem>k$ t c]ta9 ph5om5a w\ld rema9 /rictly psy*ological1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! emotions1 ! /udy ( :i* w\ld n be disput$ by any physical sci5ce2 = ! _w ( nature (f]s u no?+ comp>able to an emotion or an ef=t ( w1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ :i* is ! object ( physical sci5ce--t is1 ev]y?+ :i* c be p]ceiv$ by our ext]nal s5ses--may be claim$ by psy*ology4 ,!re=e1 x is v evid5t ! above def9ition is mu* too wide1 & does n agree ) solo def9ito4 ,x does n succe$ 9 dis5gag+ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( physics4 ,?is *>act]i/ic inde$ exi/s1 & we =esee x1 b we d n =mulate x4 ,ano!r def9ition by cont5t has n be5 mu* m happy4 ,to sep>ate ! mat]ial f ! moral1 ! conception ( ,desc>tes 0 rememb]$1 & we 7 told t3 ,psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( :at exi/s only 9 "t1 :ile physics is ! sci5ce ( :at exi/s at once 9 "t & 9 space4 ,to ?is !oretical reason+ x might already be object$ t1 9 fact1 & 9 ! life we lead1 we nev] cease to localise 9 space1 ?\gh some:at vaguely1 our ?\ght1 our ,ego1 & our intellectual :ole4 ,at ?is mom5t ,i am consid]+ myself1 & tak+ myself z an example4 ,i am writ+ ^! l9es 9 my /udy1 & no metaphysical argum5t c cause me to ab&on my firm conviction t my intellectual :ole is 9 ?is room1 on ! second floor ( my h\se at ,meudon4 ,i am "h1 & n else:]e4 ,my body is "h2 & my s\l1 if ,i h "o1 is "h4 ,i am :]e my body is2 ,i believe ev5 t ,i am )9 my body4 ,?is localisation1 :i* c]ta9ly has n ! exactness nor ev5 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! localisation ( a mat]ial body 9 space1 seems to me to result f ! v great importance we atta*1 to ! exi/5ce ( our body 9 p]ception & 9 movem5t4 ,our body accompanies all our p]ceptions2 its *anges ( position cause ^! p]ceptions to v>y2 ! accid5ts :i* happ5 to x br+ u pleasure or pa94 ,"s ( its movem5ts are "u our ord]s2 we obs]ve t o!rs are ! consequ5ces ( our ?\ghts & our emotions4 ,x occupies1 !re=e1 among ! objects ( cognition a privileg$ place1 :i* r5d]s x m intimate & m de> to u ?an o!r objects4 ,!re is no ne$ to inquire "h :e!r1 9 absolute reality1 ,i am lodg$ )9 x1 = ?is ,i is an artificial product manufactur$ f memories4 ,i h be=e expla9$ :at is ! value ( ! relation subject-object4 ,x is indisputable t 9 ! manufacture ( ! subject we br+ 9 ! body4 ,?is is too important an elem5t = x n to h ! "r to =m "p ( ! syn!sis2 x is really its nucleus4 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! o!r elem5ts ( ! syn!sis are psy*ical1 invisible1 & r$uc$ to be+ faculties & p[]s1 x may be conv5i5t to consid] !m z occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! body or ( ! bra94 ,!re is no ne$ to discuss ?is syn!sis1 = x is "o ( pure conv5i5ce4 ,z well inquire :e!r ! p]sonality ( a public company is really localis$ at its regi/]$ (fices1 r\nd ! gre5 baize cov] :i* adorns ! table 9 ! bo>droom4 ,ano!r def9ition ( psy*ology1 :i* is at once a def9ition by cont5t & a def9ition by me?od1 has (t5 be5 employ$ by philosoph]s & physiologi/s4 ,x consi/s 9 suppos+ t !re really exi/ two ways ( arriv+ at ! cognition ( objects3 ! )9 & ! )\t4 ,^! two ways are z oppos$ to ea* o!r z ! "r & wrong side ( a /uff4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( ! )9 & looks at ! wrong side ( ! /uff1 :ile ! natural sci5ces look at ! "r side4 ,& x is s true1 !y add1 t ! same ph5om5on appe>s "u two radically diff]5t =ms accord+ z we look at x f ! "o or ! o!r po9t ( view4 ,?us1 x is po9t$ out to u1 e "o ( our ?\ghts is 9 correlation ) a p>ticul> /ate ( our c]ebral matt]2 our ?\ght is ! subjective & m5tal face2 ! correspond+ c]ebral process is ! objective & mat]ial face4 ,!n ! diff]5ce betwe5 repres5tation1 :i* is a purely psy*ological ph5om5on1 & a c]ebral /ate :i* is a mat]ial "o1 & r$ucible to movem5t1 is insi/$ ^u2 & x is decl>$ t ^! two ord]s ( ph5om5a are sep>at$ by irr$ucible diff]5ces4 ,la/ly1 to take acc\nt ( ! mean+ ( ^! diff]5ces1 & to expla9 !m1 x is po9t$ out t !y are probably connect$ ) ! modes ( cognition :i* int]v5e to compreh5d ! m5tal & ! physical4 ,! m5tal ph5om5on1 we are told1 is compreh5d$ by itself1 & z x is2 x is kn[n )\t any my/]y1 & 9 its absolute reality4 ,! physical ph5om5on1 on ! contr>y1 only rea*es u ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( our n]ves1 m or less trans=m$ 9 consequ5ce by ! h&l+ 9 transport4 ,x is an indirect cognition :i* causes u to compreh5d matt]2 we h ( ?is la/ only a relative & app>5t notion1 :i* suffici5tly expla9s h[ x may diff] f a ph5om5on ( ?\ght4 ,i h already _h occasion to speak ( ?is dualism1 :5 we 7 endeav\r+ to def9e s5sation4 ,we return to its criticism once m1 = x is a conception :i* 9 ^! days has become classic2 & x is only by repeat$ly attack+ x t x w be possible to demon/rate its error4 ,to take an example3 ,i look at ! pla9 be=e me1 & see a flock ( %eep pass ov] x4 ,at ! same "t an obs]v] is by my side & is n look+ at ! same ?+ z myself4 ,x is n at ! pla9 t he looks2 x is1 ,i w suppose1 )9 my bra94 ,arm$ ) a microscope la ,jules ,v]ne1 he succe$s 9 see+ :at is pass+ b5ea? my skull1 & he notices )9 my fibres & n]ve cells ^? ph5om5a ( undulation :i* physiologi/s h hi!rto describ$ hypo!tically4 ,?is obs]v] notices !n1 t1 :ile ,i am look+ ov] ! pla91 my optic n]ve conveys a c]ta9 k9d ( movem5ts--^! are1 ,i suppose1 displacem5ts ( molecules :i* execute a complicat$ k9d ( dance4 ,! movem5t foll[s ! c\rse ( ! optic n]ve1 trav]ses ! *iasma1 goes along ! fascia1 passes ! int]nal capsule1 & f9ally arrives at ! visual c5tres ( ! occipital region4 ,"h1 !n1 are ! two t]ms ( comp>ison con/itut$3 on ! "o h&1 we h a c]ta9 repres5tation--t is1 my own2 & on ! o!r h&1 co9cid+ ) ?is repres5tation we h ! dynamic *anges 9 ! n]ve c5tres4 ,^! are ! two ?+s con/itut+ ! "r & wrong side ( ! /uff4 ,we %all be told3 ,see h[ little simil>ity !re is "h6 ,a repres5tation is a physical fact1 a movem5t ( molecules a mat]ial fact4 ,& fur!r1 ,if ^! two facts are s little l ea* o!r1 x is because !y rea* u by two diff]5t r\tes4 ,i ?9k bo? ^! affirmations equally disputable4 ,let u beg9 ) ! second4 ,:]e does "o see t we possess two diff]5t s\rces ( k8 ,or t we c consid] an object "u two diff]5t aspects8 ,:]e are our duplicate organs ( ! s5ses1 ( :i* ! "o is turn$ inw>d & ! o!r outw>d8 ,9 ! example *os5 = ?is discussion1 ,i h suppos$ two p]sons1 ea* ( :om exp]i5ces a visual p]ception4 ,"o looks at "o object1 ! o!r at ano!r2 b bo? are look+ ) ! same organs ( s5se1 t is1 ) _! eyes4 ,h[ is x possible to und]/& t ^! eyes c1 9 turn1 accord+ to ! necessity ( ! mom5t1 see ! two faces1 physical & m5tal1 ( ! same object8 ,!y are ! two faces ( an id5tical object1 is ! answ] made to u1 because ! two visions1 al?\gh appli$ to ! same object1 are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,on ! "o h& is a s5sation ( displacem5t1 ( movem5t1 ( a dance execut$ by ! molecules ( "s proteid sub/ance2 on ! o!r h& is a flock ( %eep pass+ ov] ! pla9 at a di/ance ( a hundr$ metres away4 ,x seems to me t "h also ! argum5t advanc$ is n s\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ess5tial to notice t n only are ! two pa?s ( cognition id5tical1 b also t ! p]ceptions are ( ! same nature4 ,!re is 9 ?is no opposition betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal4 ,:at is comp>$ are ! two ph5om5a1 :i* are bo? mix$ & are physico-m5tal--physical1 ?r\gh ! object to :i* !y are appli$1 m5tal1 ?r\gh ! act ( cognition !y imply4 ,to p]ceive an object 9 ! pla9 & to p]ceive a dynamic /ate ( ! bra9 are two op]ations :i* ea* imply an act ( cognition2 &1 9 addition1 ! object ( ?is k is z mat]ial 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r case4 ,a flock ( %eep is matt] j z mu* z my bra94 ,no d\bt1 "h are objects :i* diff]2 my obs]v] & myself h n ! same p]ception4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 b d n wond] at x4 ,h[ c\ld our two p]ceptions be simil>8 ,i look at ! %eep1 & he at ! int]ior ( my bra94 ,x is n a/oni%+ t1 look+ at su* diff]5t objects1 we %\ld receive images also diff]5t4 ,or1 aga91 if ?is o!r way ( putt+ x be pref]r$1 ,i w\ld say3 ! individual ,a looks at ! flock ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( 8 n]v\s sy/em1 :ile ,b looks at x ?r\gh t ( two n]v\s sy/ems1 put z x 7 end to end 7?\gh n entirely71 8 own n]v\s sy/em fir/1 & !n t ( ,a4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld !y exp]i5ce ! same s5sation8 ,!y c\ld only h an id5tical s5sation if ! idea ( ! anci5ts 7 to be upheld1 :o und]/ood ! ext]nal p]ception ( bodies to result f p>ticles deta*+ !mselves f _! bodies1 & aft] a m or less l5g?y flight1 /rik+ & ent]+ into our organs ( s5se4#cf ,let u imag9e1 j = a mom5t1 "o ( our n]ves--! optic n]ve1 = in/ance--trans=m$ into a holl[ tube1 along :i* ! emissions ( m9iatures %\ld w5d _! way4 ,9 ?is case1 evid5tly1 if s /range a disposition 7 to be realis$1 & if ,b c\ld see :at 0 fl[+ 9 ! optic n]ve ( ,a1 he w\ld exp]i5ce a s5sation almo/ analog\s to t ( ,a4 ,:5ev] ! latt] saw a dog1 a %eep1 or a %eph]d1 ,b w\ld likewise see 9 ! optic canal m9ute dogs1 microscopic %eep1 & ,lilliputian %eph]ds4 ,at ! co/ ( su* a *ildi% conception1 a p>ity ( cont5t 9 ! s5sations ( our two spectators ,a & ,b might be suppos$4 ,b ,i w n dwell on ?is4 ,! above consid]ations seem to me to expla9 ! diff]5ce g5]ally notic$ betwe5 ?\ght & ! physiological process4 ,x is n a diff]5ce ( nature1 an opposition ( two ess5ces1 or ( two worlds--x is simply a diff]5ce ( object2 j t :i* sep>ates my visual p]ception ( a tree & my visual p]ception ( a dog4 ,!re rema9s to "k 9 :at mann] we und]/& ! relation ( ^! two processes3 ?is is ano!r problem :i* we w exam9e lat]4 ,s9ce ! cont5t does n give u ! diff]5tiation we desire1 we w ab&on ! def9itions ( psy*ology by cont5t4 ,:at n[ rema9s8 ,! def9itions f ! po9t ( view4 ,! same fact may he look$ at1 l a l&scape1 f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & appe>s diff]5t ) ! *anges !re94 ,x is s ) ! facts we consid] psy*ical1 & ! autonomy ( psy*ology w\ld ?us be a matt] ( po9t ( view4 ,x has1 !n1 be5 suppos$--& ?is is a v important proposition--t ! di/9ctive feature ( psy*ical facts does n consi/ 9 _! =m+ a class ( p>ticul> ev5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! *>act]i/ic is to be /udi$ 9 _! dep5d5cy on ! p]sons :o br+ !m ab\t4 ,?is int]e/+ affirmation is n new3 x may be read 9 ! works ( ,ma*1 ,klpe1 ,mn/]b]g1 &1 especially1 ( ,ebb+haus1 f :om ,i quote ! foll[+ l9es ( q rem>kable cle>ness3 ,psy*ology is n di/+ui%$ f sci5ces l physics & biology1 :i* are g5]ally & rightly oppos$ to x1 by a diff]5t cont5t1 9 ! way t1 = in/ance1 zoology is di/+ui%$ f m9]alogy or a/ronomy4 ,x has ! same cont5t1 b consid]s x f a diff]5t po9t ( view & ) a diff]5t object4 ,x is ! sci5ce1 n ( a giv5 "p ( ! _w1 b ( ! :ole _w1 consid]$1 h[ev]1 9 a c]ta9 relation4 ,x /udies1 9 ! _w1 ^? =mations1 processes1 & relations1 ! prop]ties ( :i* are ess5tially det]m9$ by ! prop]ties & functions ( an organism1 ( an organis$ individual4444 ,psy*ology1 9 %ort1 consid]s ! _w f an individual & subjective po9t ( view1 :ile ! sci5ce ( physics /udies x z if x 7 indep5d5t ( u4 ,ov] ^! def9itions by po9t ( view1 "o might quibble a little2 = ^? :o ?us def9e psy*ology are n always consi/5t ) !mselves4 ,9 o!r passages ( _! writ+s !y d n fail to oppose psy*ical to physiological ph5om5a1 & !y proclaim ! irr$ucible het]og5eity ( ^! two ord]s ( ph5om5a & ! impossibility ( see+ 9 physics ! produc+ cause ( ! moral4 ,ebb+haus is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mod]n writ]s :o h mo/ /rongly insi/$ on ?is idea ( opposition betwe5 ! physiological & ! psy*ical1 & he is a conv9c$ duali/4 ,n[ ,i d n v cle>ly und]/& 9 :at ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity c consi/ to a m9d :i* admits1 on ! o!r h&1 t psy*ology does n diff] f ! physical sci5ces by its cont5t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i conf9e myself "h to criticis+ ! consequ5ces & n ! />t+ po9t4 ,! def9ition ( ! psy*ical ph5om5on by ! po9t ( view seems to me correct1 al?\gh x has m concision ?an cle>ness2 = x re/s especially ^u a mat]ial metaphor1 & ! expression po9t ( view h>dly applies except to ! *anges ( p]spective furni%$ by visible objects4 ,x w\ld be m exact to say t psy*ology specially /udies c]ta9 objects ( cognition1 su* z ^? :i* h ! "* ( repres5tations 7rem9isc5ces1 ideas1 concepts71 ! emotions1 ! volitions1 & ! reciprocal influ5ces ( ^! objects among !mselves4 ,x /udies1 !n1 a "p ( ! mat]ial _w1 ( t _w :i* till n[ has be5 call$ psy*ological1 because x does n come "u ! s5ses1 & because x is subjective & inaccessible to o!rs ?an ourselves2 x /udies ! laws ( ^? objects1 :i* laws h be5 t]m$ m5tal4#cg ,^! laws are n recognis$1 popul>ly speak+1 ei!r 9 physics or 9 biology2 !y con/itute = u a cognition ap>t f t ( ! natural _w4 ,association by resemblance1 = example1 is a law ( consci\sness2 x is a psy*ological law :i* has no application nor c\nt]p>t 9 ! _w ( physics or biology4 ,we may !re=e sum up :at has be5 said by ! /atem5t t psy*ology is ! /udy ( a c]ta9 numb] ( laws1 relations1 & connections4 ,z to ! p>ticul> feature :i* di/+ui%es m5tal f physical laws1 we c =mulate x1 z does ,william ,james1 by say+ t ! ess5ce ( a m5tal law is to be teleological1 or1 if ! phrase be pref]r$1 we c say t m5tal activity is a f9ali/ic activity1 :i* exp5ds itself z w 9 ! pursuit ( future ends1 & z intellig5ce 9 ! *oice ( ! means deem$ capable ( s]v+ ^? ends4 ,an act ( intellig5ce is recognis$ by ! fact ( its aim+ at an end1 & employ+ = ?is end "o means *os5 out ( _m4 ,f9ality & intellig5ce are ?us synonym\s4 ,9 opposition to m5tal law1 physical law is me*anical1 by :i* expression is simply impli$ ! abs5ce ( f9ality4 ,f9ality oppos$ to me*anism2 su* is ! mo/ concise & true/ expression 9 :i* mu/ be s\ght ! di/9ctive attribute ( psy*ology & ( ! moral sci5ces1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic by :i* psy*ological are sep>at$ f physical facts4 ,i ?9k x may be useful to dwell a little on ! m5tal laws :i* ,i h j oppos$ to ! physical1 & ^: object is to assure preadaptation & =m a f9ality4#ch ,_! importance _c be exagg]at$4 ,?anks to 8 p[] ( preadaptation1 ! be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce acquires an enorm\s advantage ov] ev]y?+ :i* does n reason4 ,no d\bt1 z has be5 %rewdly rem>k$1 natural selection resembles a f9ality1 = x ends 9 an adaptation ( be+s to _! surr\nd+s4 ,!re is !re=e1 /rictly speak+1 su* a ?+ z f9ality )\t intellig5ce4 ,b ! adaptation result+ !refrom is a crude "o1 & proce$s by ! elim9ation ( all t does n succe$ 9 adapt+ itself2 x is a but*]y4 ,real f9alism saves _m dea?s1 _m suff]+s1 & _m abortions4#ci ,let u exam9e1 !n1 ! process ( preadaptation2 x w enable u to ?or\ghly compreh5d1 n only ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical & ! psy*ical laws1 b ! reason :y ! psy*ical manages 9 "s fa%ion to m\ld itself ^u ! physical law4 ,n[1 ! means employ$ by preadaptation is1 if we take ! matt] 9 its simple/ =m1 to be aw>e ( s5sations be=e !y are exp]i5c$4 ,if we reflect t all prevision implies a previ\s k ( ! probable tr5d ( ev5ts1 x w be und]/ood t ! "p play$ by intellig5ce consi/s 9 becom+ imbu$ ) ! laws ( nature1 = ! purpose ( imitat+ its work+s4 ,by ! laws ( nature1 we und]/& "h only t ord] ( real s5sations1 ! k ( :i* is suffici5t to fulfil ! wants ( practical life4 ,to u !re are always gaps 9 ?is ord]1 because ! s5sation x is important = u to "k is sep>at$ f u ei!r by ! b>ri]s ( "t or ( space1 or by ! complication ( useless s5sations4 ,!nce ! necessity ( int]polations4 ,t :i* we d n p]ceive directly by our s5ses1 we are oblig$ to repres5t to ourselves by our intellig5ce2 ! image does ! "w ( s5sation1 & supplem5ts ! halt+ s5sation 9 ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns adaptation4 ,to replace ! inaccessible s5sation by ! correspond+ image1 is !re=e to create 9 ourselves a repres5tation ( ! out] _w :i* is1 on all ! po9ts mo/ useful to u1 m complete ?an ! direct & s5sorial pres5tation ( ! mom5t4 ,!re is 9 u a p[] ( creation1 & ?is p[] ex]cises itself 9 ! imitation ( ! "w ( nature2 x imitates its ord]1 x recon/itutes on ! small scale adapt$ to our m9ds1 ! great ext]nal ord] ( ev5ts4 ,n[1 ?is "w ( imitation is only really possible if ! imitator has "s means at 8 disposal analog\s to ^? ( ! model4 ,our m9ds c\ld n div9e ! designs ( nature1 if ! laws ( images _h no?+ 9 common ) ! laws ( nature4 ,we are ?us l$ to confront ^! two ord]s ( laws ) ea* o!r2 b1 be=e do+ s1 "o m prelim9>y ^w is necess>y4 ,we h up till n[ some:at limit$ ! problem1 9 ord] to und]/& x4 ,we h r$uc$ ! psy*ological be+ to "o s+le function1 ! intellectual1 & to "o s+le object ( rese>*1 ! tru?4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 an error :i* has (t5 be5 committ$1 :i* is n[ kn[n & catalogu$1 call$ intellectualism1 or ! abuse ( intellectualism4 ,x is committ$ = ?is v simple reason1 t x is ! intellectual "p ( our be+ :i* be/ all[s itself to be und]/ood1 &1 s to speak1 intellectualis$4 ,b ?is leaves out ( ! "q a "p ( our entire m5tal be+ s important & s em95t1 t if ?is "p be suppress$1 ! intellig5ce w\ld cease to "w & w\ld h no m utility ?an a ma*9e )\t motive p[]4 ,our own motive p[] is ! w1 ! feel+1 or ! t5d5cy4 ,w is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic psy*ical function1 s9ce1 z ,i h already _h occasion to say1 no?+ analog\s to x is met ) 9 ! _w ( nature4 ,let u !re=e n sep>ate ! w f ! intellig5ce1 let u inc>nate !m "o 9 ! o!r2 &1 in/ead ( repres5t+ ! function ( ! m9d z hav+ = its aim k1 =esight1 ! comb9ation ( means1 & self-adaptation1 we %all be mu* ne>] ! tru? 9 repres5t+ to ourselves a be+ :o wills to "k1 wills to =esee1 & wills to adapt himself1 =1 aft] all1 he wills to live4 ,hav+ said ?is1 let u comp>e ! psy*ological law & t ( nature4 ,are !y id5tical8 ,we %all be told t !y are n1 s9ce1 z a fact1 errors are committ$ at e mom5t by ! sudd5 failures ( human reason4 ,?is is ! fir/ idea :i* arises4 ,human error1 x w\ld seem1 is ! be/ pro( t ! two laws 9 "q are n alike1 & we w readily add t a fall+ /one does n mi/ake its way1 t ! cry/al1 9 ! c\rse ( =mation does n miss tak+ ! cry/all9e %ape1 because !y =m "p ( physical nature1 & are subject 9 consequ5ce to its det]m9ism4 ,b ?is is faulty reason+1 & a mom5t ( reflection demon/rates x 9 ! cle>e/ possible mann]2 = adaptation may miss its aim )\t ! be+ :o adapts himself & 8 surr\nd+s necess>ily obey+ diff]5t laws4 ,:5 ! heat ( a too e>ly spr+ causes buds to bur/ =? prematurely :i* are aft]w>ds de/roy$ by fro/1 !re is produc$ a fault ( adju/m5t :i* resembles an error ( adaptation1 & ! br++ =w>d ( ?is error does n necess>ily imply t ! tree & ! :ole ( physical nature are obey+ diff]5t laws4 ,moreov]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! laws ( nature & ^? ( ! und]/&+ does n ne$ d$uction by reason+ f an ab/ract pr9ciple2 x is bett] to say t x is directly obs]vable1 & ?is is h[ ,i f9d t x pres5ts itself to u4 ,! ess5tial law ( nature is relatively easy to =mulate1 z x is compris$ 9 ! v def9ition ( law4 ,x simply consi/s 9 ! s5t5ce3 uni=mity "u simil> conditions4 ,we might also say3 a con/ant relation betwe5 two or sev]al ph5om5a1 :i* c also be express$ 9 a m ab/ract way by decl>+ t ! law ( nature re/s on ! comb9ation ( two notions1 id5tity & con/ancy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! laws ( our psy*ical activity p>tly correspond to ! same t5d5cies1 & x w\ld be easy to demon/rate t ! microcosm ( our ?\ghts is gov]n$ by laws :i* are also an expression ( ^! two comb9$ notions ( con/ancy & id5tity4 ,x is1 above all1 9 ! work+ ( ! intellectual ma*9e1 ! be/ kn[n & ! mo/ cle>ly analys$ up till n[1 t we see ! application ( ?is m5tal law :i* resembles1 z we say1 on c]ta9 sides1 ! physical law3 & ! be/ we c d = our demon/ration w d\btless be to dissect our reason+ p[]s4 ,reason1 a process ess5tial to ?\ght 9 action1 is develop$ 9 accordance ) a law :i* resembles 9 ! mo/ curi\s mann] a physical law4 ,x resembles x en\gh to imitate x1 to con=m to x1 &1 s to speak1 to m\ld itself on x4 ,n[1 ! reason does n foll[ ! caprices ( ?\ght1 x is subject to rules2 x results f ! prop]ties ( ! images1 ^? prop]ties :i* we h above ref]r$ to1 ! mat]ial "* ( :i* we h recognis$1 & :i* are two 9 numb]--simil>ity & contiguity1 z !y are t]m$ 9 ! j>gon ( ! s*ools4 ,!y are prop]ties :i* h = _! aim to br+ ?+s toge!r1 to unite1 & to syn!tise4 ,!y are unceas+ly at "w1 & s app>5t 9 _! lab\r t !y h long be5 kn[n4 ,we "k1 s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 t two facts p]ceiv$ at ! same "t reproduce !mselves toge!r 9 ! memory--?is is ! law ( contiguity2 & t two facts p]ceiv$ sep>ately1 b :i* are simil>1 are br\ght toge!r 9 our m9d--?is is ! law ( simil>ity4 ,n[1 simil>ity & contiguity =m by comb9ation ! ess5tial "p ( all k9ds ( reason+1 & ?is reason+1 ?us und]/ood1 works 9 a fa%ion :i* mu* resembles 7we %all see exactly 9 :at degree7 a physical law4 ,i wi% to %[ ?is 9 a few words4 ,:at r5d]s my demon/ration difficult & p]haps obscure is1 t we %all be oblig$ to br+ toge!r r unexpect$ly categories ( ph5om5a :i* are g5]ally consid]$ sep>ate4 ,! di/9ctive attribute ( ! reason consi/s1 z ,i h said1 9 ! sett+ to "w ( ^! two elem5t>y prop]ties1 simil>ity & contiguity4 ,x consi/s1 9 fact1 9 ext5d+ cont9uity by simil>ity2 9 end[+ ) id5tical prop]ties & simil> accompanim5ts ?+s :i* resemble ea* o!r2 9 o!r words1 x consi/s 9 impli$ly ass]t+ t ! mom5t two ?+s are id5tical 9 "o po9t !y are s = all ! re/4 ,?is w be fairly well und]/ood by imag9+ :at takes place :5 m5tal images hav+ ! above-m5tion$ prop]ties meet4 ,suppose t ,b is associat$ ) ,c1 & t ,a resembles ,b4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! resemblance ! pass+ f ,a to ,b is easy2 & !n ,b sugge/+ ,c by contiguity1 x happ5s t ?is ,c is connect$ ) ,a connect$1 ?\gh1 9 reality1 !y h nev] be5 tri$ toge!r4 ,i say !y are associat$ on ! basis ( _! relation to ,b1 :i* is ! rally+ po9t4 ,x is ?us t1 on see+ a piece ( r$-hot iron 7,a71 ,i conclude x is hot 7,c71 because ,i recollect di/9ctly or unconsci\sly ano!r piece ( r$-hot iron 7,b71 ( :i* ,i once exp]i5c$ ! heat4 ,x is ?is recollection ,b :i* logicians1 9 _! analysis ( logical1 v]bal1 & =mal argum5t1 call ! middle t]m4 ,our repres5tation ( ! process ( reason+ is n special to argum5t4 ,x also expresses ! process ( inv5tion1 & e k9d ( progress f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,x is an activity :i* creates relations1 :i* assembles & b9ds toge!r1 & ! connections made betwe5 diff]5t repres5tations are due to _! p>tial id5tities1 :i* act z sold] to two pieces ( metal4 ,x w n[ be und]/ood t ^! relations betwe5 ! images curi\sly resemble ! ext]nal ord] ( ?+s1 ! ord] ( our s5sations1 ! ord] ( nature1 ! physical law4 ,?is is because ?is physical law also has ! same "* & expresses itself simil>ly4 ,we might say all ?+s :i* resemble ea* o!r h ! same prop]ties1 or all ?+s alike on "o po9t resemble ea* o!r on all o!r po9ts4 ,b imm$iately we d s1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal law becomes app>5t4 ,! =mula we h giv5 is only true on condition t _m re/rictions & di/9ctions are made4 ,! process ( nature is s to d t ! same ph5om5on always unfolds itself 9 ! same ord]4 ,b ?is process is n always compreh5d$ 9 real life1 = x is hidd5 f our eyes by ! manifold comb9ations ( *ance2 9 ! reality t we p]ceive !re is a cr[d ( ph5om5a :i* resemble ea* o!r b are n really ! same4 ,!re are a numb] ( ph5om5a :i* co-exi/ or foll[ ea* o!r )\t ?is ord] ( co-exi/5ce or succession be+ necess>y or con/ant4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are resemblances :i* are ! m>ks ( some?+1 z a logician w\ld say1 & o!rs :i* are n ! m>ks ( any?+2 !re are relations ( "t & space :i* are ! expression ( a law2 !re are "s :i* are accid5tal1 & may possibly nev] be reproduc$4 ,x w\ld be a wond]ful advantage if e sci5tific speciali/ w\ld make out a li/ ( ! non-significant prop]ties t he recognises 9 matt]4 ,! *emi/1 = example1 w\ld %[ u t specific weight has h>dly any value 9 diagnosis1 t ! cry/all9e =m ( a salt is (t5 n its own1 t its col\r especially is almo/ negligible because an imm5se numb] ( cry/als are :ite or col\rless1 t precipitation by a giv5 sub/ance does n ord9>ily suffice to *>act]ise a body1 & s on4 ,! botani/1 on 8 "p1 w\ld %[ u t1 9 det]m9+ plants1 absolute dim5sion is less important ?an proportion1 col\r less important ?an =m1 c]ta9 /ructures ( organs less important ?an o!rs4 ,! pa?ologi/ w\ld tea* u t mo/ pa?ological symptoms h b a trivial value2 ! cries1 ! en]vation1 ! agitation ( a pati5t1 ev5 ! delirium :i* s affects ! by/&]s1 are less *>act]i/ic ( fev] ?an ! rate ( 8 pulse1 & ! latt] less ?an ! temp]ature ( ! armpit or ! dryness ( ! tongue1 c4 ,at e mom5t ! /udy ( sci5ce reveals resemblances ( facts & contiguities ( facts :i* mu/ be neglect$ = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,& if we pass f ?is pr(\nd k ( ! objects to ! empirical k1 to ! ext]nal p]ception ( bodies1 x is 9 imm5se numb] t "o espies ar\nd "o traps laid by nature4 ,! s\nd we he> resembles sev]al o!rs1 all produc$ by diff]5t causes2 _m ( our visual s5sations likewise l5d !mselves to ! mo/ v>i$ int]pretations2 by ! side ( ! effici5t cause ( an ev5t we f9d a ?\s& entangl$ cont+5cies :i* appe> s important t to dis5tangle !m we are z mu* p]plex$ z ! savage1 :o1 unable to discrim9ate betwe5 causes & co9cid5ces1 returns to dr9k at ! well :i* has cur$ him1 c>efully keep+ to ! same h\r1 ! same ge/ures1 & ! same f9]y4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! faculty ( simil>ity & ! faculty ( contiguity d n give ! di/9ction1 necess>y z x is1 betwe5 resemblances & co-exi/5ces :i* are significant & ^? :i* are n4 ,! causal nexus betwe5 two ph5om5a is n p]ceiv$ z some?+ ap>t & sui g5]is2 x is n ev5 p]ceiv$ at all4 ,we p]ceive only _! relation 9 "t & space1 & x is our m9d :i* raises a succession to ! height ( a causal connection1 by int]calat+ betwe5 cause & effect some?+ ( :at we ourselves feel :5 we volunt>ily ord] ! execution ( a movem5t4 ,?is is n ! place to inquire :at are ! exp]im5tal conditions 9 :i* we subject ph5om5a to ?is an?ropomorphic trans=mation2 x w suffice = u to repeat "h t1 9 p]ception1 a *ance relation betwe5 ph5om5a impresses u 9 ! same way z :5 x is ! expression ( a law4 ,our intellectual ma*9e sometimes works 9 accord ) ! ext]nal law & at o!rs makes mi/akes & goes ! wrong way4 ,!n we are oblig$ to correct x1 & to try a bett] adju/m5t1 ei!r by pr(\nd] exp]im5t+ ) nature 7me?ods ( concordance1 discordance1 v>iations1 c471 or by a comp>ison ( diff]5t judgm5ts & argum5ts made into a syn!sis2 & ?is collaboration ( sev]al concordant activities ends 9 a conclusion :i* c nev] repres5t ! tru?1 b only ! probable tru?4 ,! /udy ( ! laws ( ! m9d %[s u too cle>ly1 9 fact1 _! fluidity ) reg>d to ! laws ( nature = u n to accept probabilism4 ,!re exi/s no c]titude--only v v>i$ degrees ( probability4 ,daily practice cont5ts itself ) a v l[ degree ( probability2 judicial logic dem&s a r high] "o1 especially :5 x is a "q ( depriv+ "o ( our fell[-creatures ( lib]ty or life4 ,sci5ce claims "o high] /ill4 ,b !re is nev] any?+ b diff]5ces ( degrees 9 probability & conjecture4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! def9ition ( psy*ology t we propose4 ,x /udies a c]ta9 numb] ( laws :i* we t]m m5tal1 9 opposition to ^? ( ext]nal nature1 f :i* !y diff]1 b :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 d n des]ve ! qualification ( m5tal1 s9ce !y are--or at lea/ ! be/ kn[n ( !m are--laws ( ! images1 & ! images are mat]ial elem5ts4 ,al?\gh x may seem absolutely p>adoxical1 psy*ology is a sci5ce ( matt]--! sci5ce ( a "p ( matt] :i* has ! prop]ty ( preadaptation4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cc3 ,,lange1 ,hi/oire du ,matrialisme1 ,,ii41 #bme4 p>tie1 *ap4 iii4 ,footnote #cd3 ,let u rem>k1 9 pass+1 h[ badly nature has organis$ ! sy/em ( communication betwe5 ?9k+ be+s4 ,9 :at we exp]i5ce we h no?+ 9 common ) our fell[s2 ea* "o exp]i5ces 8 own s5sations & n ^? ( o!rs4 ,! only meet+ po9t ( diff]5t m9ds is f\nd 9 ! inaccessible doma9 ( ! n\m5a4 ,footnote #ce3 ,e4 ,,rabi]1 ,leons de ,philosophie1 ,psy*ologie1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,?is seems to h be5 ! op9ion ( ,democritus4 ,! mod]n doctr9e ( radiation f ! human body1 if e/abli%$1 w\ld g ne>ly z f> z ! supposition 9 ! text4 ,up till n[1 h[ev]1 x lacks confirmation4--,,ed4 ,footnote #cg3 ,i am compell$1 mu* aga9/ my w1 to use ?r\gh\t ?is passage an equivocal expression1 t ( m5tal law1 or law ( consci\sness1 or psy*ological law4 ,i indicate by ?is ! laws ( contiguity & ( simil>ity2 z !y result f ! prop]ties ( ! images1 & z ^! are ( a mat]ial nature1 !y are really physical & mat]ial laws l ^? ( ext]nal nature4 ,b h[ c all ^! laws be call$ physical laws )\t runn+ ! risk ( confus+ !m "o ) ! o!r8 ,footnote #ch3 ,f9ality seems to be "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! doctr9e :i* reg>ds p]fection z ! f9al cause ( exi/5ce4--,,ed4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see a v int]e/+ article by ,e4 ,,goblot1 ,la ,f9alit sans ,intellig5ce1 ,revue de ,mtaphysique1 ,july #aijj4 ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,s\l#dj ,,& ,,! ,,body ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m9d ,,has ,,an ,,incomplete ,,life ,! problem ( ! union ( ! m9d & ! body is n "o ( ^? :i* pres5t !mselves 9 pure speculation2 x has its roots 9 exp]im5tal facts1 & is =c$ ^u u by ! necessity ( expla9+ obs]vations su* z ^? we are ab\t to quote4 ,! =ce ( our consci\sness1 ! correctness ( our judgm5ts1 our temp]s & our *>act]s1 ! /ate ( heal? ( our m9ds1 & also _! tr\bles1 _! weaknesses1 & ev5 _! exi/5ce1 are all 9 a /ate ( /rict dep5d5ce on ! condition ( our bodies1 m precisely ) t ( our n]v\s sy/ems1 or1 m precisely /ill1 ) ! /ate ( ^? ?ree p\nds ( proteid sub/ance :i* ea* ( u has at ! back ( 8 =ehead1 & :i* are call$ our bra9s4 ,?is is daily demon/rat$ by ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( obs]vations4 ,! "q is to "k h[ ?is union ( ! body ) ! consci\sness is to be expla9$1 x be+ assum$ t ! two t]ms ( ?is union pres5t a great diff]5ce 9 _! nature4 ,! easi] x seems to demon/rate t ?is union exi/s1 ! m difficult x appe>s to expla9 h[ x is realis$2 & ! pro( ( ?is difficulty is ! numb] ( div]g5t int]pretations giv5 to x4 ,7 x a simple "q ( fact1 ! p]petual discussions & controv]sies ^u x w\ld n arise4 ,_m problems "h pres5t !mselves4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! g5esis or orig9 ( ! consci\sness4 ,x has to be expla9$ h[ a psy*ical ph5om5on c appe> 9 ! mid/ ( mat]ial ones4 ,9 g5]al1 "o beg9s by suppos+ t ! mat]ial ph5om5a are produc$ fir/2 !y consi/1 = in/ance1 9 ! work+ ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,all ?is is physical or *emical1 & !re=e mat]ial4 ,!n at a giv5 mom5t1 aft] ?is me*anical process1 a q diff]5t ph5om5on em]ges4 ,?is is ?\ght1 consci\sness1 emotion4 ,!n comes ! "q :e!r ?is production ( ?\ght 9 ! mid/ ( physical ph5om5a is capable ( explanation1 & h[ ?\ght is connect$ ) its physical antec$5ts4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! l9k betwe5 !m8 ,is x a relation ( cause to effect1 ( g5esis8 or a co9cid5ce8 or ! int]action ( two di/9ct =ces8 ,is ?is relation con/ant or necess>y8 ,c ! m9d enjoy an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! bra98 ,c x survive ! dea? ( ! bra98 ,! second "q is t ( kn[+ :at is ! rle1 ! utility1 & ! efficacity ( ! psy*ical ph5om5on4 ,once =m$1 ?is ph5om5on evolves 9 a c]ta9 direction & assumes to u :o h consci\sness ( x a v great importance4 ,:at is its action on ! mat]ial ph5om5a ( ! bra9 :i* surr\nd x8 ,does x develop accord+ to laws ( its own1 :i* h no relation to ! laws ( bra9 action8 ,does x ex]cise any action on ^! intra-c]ebral functions8 ,does x ex]cise any action on ! c5trifugal curr5ts :i* g to ! motor n]ves8 ,is x capable ( excit+ a movem5t8 or is x depriv$ ( all p[] ( creat+ effect8 ,we w briefly exam9e ! pr9cipal solutions :i* ! imag9ation ( mank9d has f\nd = ^! v difficult problems4 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! solutions be> ! names ( spiritualism1 mat]ialism1 p>allelism1 & monism4 ,we w speak ( ^! & ( "s o!rs also4 ,be=e beg9n+ our critical /atem5t1 let u recall "s ( ! results ( our previ\s analyses :i* "h intrude !mselves1 to use ! ambiti\s language ( ,kant1 z ! prolegom5a to e future solution :i* claims ! title ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 we are n[ no long] at ! outset ( our inve/igation4 ,we h _h to ackn[l$ge ! exactness ( c]ta9 facts1 & we are b\nd to admit _! consequ5ces4 ,notably1 ! def9ition ( psy*ical ph5om5a at :i* we arriv$1 n )\t "s tr\ble1 w h5ce=? play a r l>ge "p 9 our discussion4 ,x w =ce u to "q a great metaphysical pr9ciple :i*1 up till n[1 has be5 almo/ univ]sally consid]$ z gov]n+ ! problem ( ! union ( ! m9d ) ! body4 ,?is pr9ciple be>s ! "n ( ! axiom ( het]og5eity1 or ! pr9ciple ( psy*o-physical dualism4 ,no philosoph] has m cle>ly =mulat$ x1 & m logically d$uc$ its consequ5ces1 ?an ,fl\rnoy4 ,?is au?or has writt5 a little pamphlet call$ ,mtaphysique et ,psy*ologie1 :]e9 he briefly sets =? all ! kn[n sy/ems ( metaphysics by r$uc+ !m to ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( het]og5eity2 aft] ?is1 ! same pr9ciple enables him to execute !m4 ,he =mulates x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 body & m9d1 consci\sness & ! molecul> c]ebral movem5t ( ! bra91 ! psy*ical fact & ! physical fact1 al?\gh simultane\s1 are het]og5e\s1 unconnect$1 irr$ucible1 & ob/9ately two4#da ,! same au?or adds3 ?is is evid5t ( itself1 & axiomatic4 ,e physical1 *emical1 or physiological ev5t1 9 ! la/ resort1 simply consi/s1 accord+ to sci5ce1 9 a m or less rapid displacem5t ( a c]ta9 numb] ( mat]ial elem5ts1 9 a *ange ( _! mutual di/ances or ( _! modes ( gr\p+4 ,n[1 :at c !re be 9 common1 ,i ask y1 :at analogy c y see1 betwe5 ?is draw+ toge!r or mov+ ap>t ( mat]ial masses 9 space1 & ! fact ( hav+ a feel+ ( joy1 ! recollection ( an abs5t fri5d1 ! p]ception ( a gas jet1 a desire1 or ( an act ( volition ( any k9d8 ,& fur!r on3 ,all t we c say to connect two ev5ts s absolutely dissimil> is1 t !y take place at ! same "t4444 ,?is does n mean t we wi% to r$uce !m to unity1 or to jo9 !m toge!r by ! l9k ( causality 444 x is impossible to conceive any real connection1 any int]nal relation betwe5 ^! two unconnect$ ?+s4 ,let u n hesitate to d5\nce z false ?is proposition :i* is pres5t$ to u z an axiom4 ,on look+ closely into x1 we %all p]ceive t ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity does n conta9 ! consequ5ces x is s\ght to ascribe to x4 ,x seems to me x %\ld be split up into two propositions ( v unequal value3 #a1 ! m9d & body are het]og5e\s2 #b1 by virtue ( ?is het]og5eity x is n possible to und]/& any direct relation betwe5 ! two4 ,n[1 if ! fir/ proposition is absolutely correct1 9 ! s5se t consci\sness & matt] are het]og5e\s1 ! second proposition seems to u directly contr>y to ! facts1 :i* %[ u t ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness are incomplete ph5om5a4 ,! consci\sness is n suffici5t = itself2 z we h said1 x _c exi/ by itself4 ,?is aga91 if y l1 is an axiom1 or r x is a fact %[n by obs]vation & confirm$ by reflection4 ,m9d & matt] br\ght d[n to ! ess5tial1 to ! consci\sness & its object1 =m a natural :ole1 & ! difficulty does n consi/ 9 unit+ b 9 sep>at+ !m4 ,consid] ! foll[+ fact3 ,i exp]i5ce a s5sation1 & ,i h consci\sness ( x4 ,?is is ! c\pl+ ( two ?+s--a s5sation & a cognition4 ,! two elem5ts1 if we insi/ ^u x1 are het]og5e\s1 & !y diff] qualitatively2 b not)/&+ ! exi/+ prejudice by reason ( :i* no direct relation1 no comm]ce1 c be admitt$ betwe5 het]og5e\s facts1 ! alliance ( ! consci\sness & ! s5sation is ! natural & primitive fact4 ,!y c only be sep>at$ by analysis1 & a scrupul\s m9d might ev5 ask :e!r "o has ! "r to sep>ate !m4 ,i h a s5sation1 & ,i h consci\sness ( x4 ,if n two facts1 !y are "o & ! same4 ,n[1 s5sation is matt] & my consci\sness is m9d4 ,if ,i am judg+ an assortm5t ( /uffs1 ?is assortm5t1 or ! s5sation ,i h ( !m1 is a p>ticle ( matt]1 a mat]ial /ate1 & my judgm5t on ?is s5sation is ! psy*ical ph5om5on4 ,we c nei!r believe1 nor desire1 nor d any act ( our intellig5ce )\t realis+ ?is weld+ toge!r ( m9d & matt]4 ,!y are z insep>able z motion & ! object t moves2 & ?is comp>ison1 ?\gh f>-fet*$1 is really v conv5i5t4 ,motion _c exi/ )\t a mobile object2 & an object1 on ! o!r h&1 c exi/ )\t movem5t4 ,9 ! same way1 s5sation may exi/ )\t ! consci\sness2 b ! conv]se proposition1 consci\sness )\t s5sation1 )\t an object1 an empty consci\sness or a pure ?\ght1 _c be und]/ood4 ,let u m>k cle>ly h[ ?is union is put =w>d by u4 ,we describe x aft] nature4 ,x is obs]vation :i* reveals to u ! union & ! fusion ( ! two t]ms into "o4 ,or1 r1 we d n ev5 p]ceive _! union until ! mom5t :51 by a process ( analysis1 we succe$ 9 conv9c+ ourselves t t :i* we at fir/ consid]$ s+le is really d\ble1 or1 if y l1 c be made into two by ! reason1 )\t be+ s 9 reality4 ,?us x happ5s t we br+ ?is big problem 9 metaphysics on to ! field ( obs]vation4 ,our solution vaguely resembles t :i* has sometimes be5 pres5t$ "u ! anci5t "n ( physical influx1 or "u ! m mod]n "n ( int]-actionism4 ,!re are _m au?ors :o ma9ta9 t ! s\l c act directly on ! body & modify x1 & ?is is :at is call$ int]-actionism4 ,!reby is und]/ood1 if ,i mi/ake n1 an action f cause to effect1 produc$ betwe5 two t]ms :i* enjoy a c]ta9 indep5d5ce ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,?is int]pretation is indubitably close to ours1 ?\gh n to be confus$ ) x4 ,my p]sonal int]pretation sets aside ! idea ( all indep5d5ce ( ! m9d1 s9ce x attributes to ! m9d an incomplete &1 z x 71 a virtual exi/5ce4 ,if we _h to seek pat]nity = ideas ,i w\ld mu* r turn to ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 n )\t "s surprise t ,i 0 able to conv9ce myself t ! above !ory ( ! relations betwe5 ! s\l & ! body is to be f\nd almo/ 9 its entirety 9 ! great philosoph]4 ,x is true t x is mix$ up ) _m accessory ideas :i* are out ( date & :i* we n[ reject2 b ! ess5tial ( ! !ory is !re v cle>ly =mulat$1 & t is ! important po9t4 ,a few details on ?is subject w n be out ( place4 ,i give !m1 n f ! orig9al s\rce1 :i* ,i am n erudite en\gh to consult direct1 b f ! le>n$ treatise :i* ,ba9 has publi%$ on ! psy*ology ( ,ari/otle1 z an app5dix to 8 "w on ! ,s5ses & ! ,intellig5ce4 ,! :ole metaphysics ( ,ari/otle is dom9at$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 =m & matt]4 ,?is di/9ction is borr[$ f ! mo/ famili> fact 9 ! s5sible _w--! =m ( solid objects4 ,we may "n a sub/ance )\t tr\bl+ ourselves z to ! =m x possesses1 & we may "n ! =m )\t reg>d to ! sub/ance t x clo!s4 ,b ?is di/9ction is a purely ab/ract "o1 = !re c be no real sep>ation ( =m f matt]1 no =m )\t matt]1 & no matt] )\t =m4 ,! two t]ms are correlative2 ea* "o implies ! o!r1 & nei!r c be realis$ or actualis$ )\t ! o!r4 ,e individual sub/ance c be consid]$ f a triple po9t ( view3 #a/1 =m2 #bnd1 matt]2 & #crd1 ! comp\nd or aggregate ( =m & matt]1 ! insep>able ,ens1 :i* transports u out ( ! doma9 ( logic & ab/raction into t ( reality4 ,ari/otle recognises betwe5 ^! two logical correlatives a diff]5ce 9 rank4 ,=m is sup]ior1 nobl]1 ! high] 9 dignity1 ne>] to ! p]fect entity2 matt] is inf]ior1 m mode/1 m di/ant f p]fection4 ,on acc\nt ( its hi]>*ical inf]iority1 matt] is (t5 pres5t$ z ! second1 or correlatum1 & =m z ! fir/1 or relatum4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 rank is s /rongly m>k$1 t ^! two correlations are likewise conceiv$ 9 a diff]5t =m--t ( ! pot5tial & ! actual4 ,matt] is ! pot5tial1 imp]fect1 r\ghly outl9$ elem5t :i* is n yet actual1 & may p]haps nev] become s4 ,=m is ! actual1 ! en]gy1 ! entele*y :i* actualises ! pot5tial & det]m9es ! f9al comp\nd4 ,^! few def9itions w make cle> ! s+ul>ly +5i\s idea ( ,ari/otle on ! nature ( ! body1 ! s\l1 & ( _! union4 ,! body is matt] :i* is only intelligible z ! correlatum ( =m2 x c nei!r exi/ by itself nor be kn[n by itself--t is to say1 :5 consid]$ outside ?is relation4 ,! s\l is =m1 ! actual4 ,by unit+ ) ! body x con/itutes ! liv+ subject4 ,! s\l is ! relatum1 & is un9telligible & void ( s5se )\t its correlatum4 ,! s\l1 says ,ari/otle1 is n a v>iety ( body1 b x c\ld n exi/ )\t a body3 ! s\l is n a body1 b some?+ :i* belongs or is relative to a body4 ,! animat$ subject is a =m plung$ & engag$ 9 matt]1 & all its actions & passions are s likewise4 ,ea* has its =mal side :i* conc]ns ! s\l1 & its mat]ial side :i* conc]ns ! body4 ,! emotion :i* belongs to ! animat$ subject or aggregate ( s\l & body is a complex fact hav+ two aspects logically di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 ea* ( :i* is correlative to ! o!r & implies x4 ,x is ?us n only ) our passions1 b also ) our p]ceptions1 our imag9ations1 rem9isc5ces1 reason+s1 & ef=ts ( att5tion to le>n4 ,intellig5ce1 l emotion1 is a ph5om5on n simply ( ! corporeal organism nor ( ! ,greek3 ,n\s only1 b ( ! commonalty or association ( :i* !y are memb]s1 & :5 ! intellig5ce weak5s x is n because ! ,greek3 ,n\s is alt]$1 b because ! association is de/roy$ by ! ru9 ( ! corporeal organism4 ,^! few notes1 :i* ,i h tak5 9 _! integrity f ,ba9's text1 all[ u ?or\ghly to compreh5d ! ?\ght ( ,ari/otle1 & x seems to me t ! ,greek philosoph]1 by mak+ ( ! s\l & body two correlative t]ms1 has =m$ a comp>ison ( great exactness4 ,i also mu* admire 8 idea accord+ to :i* x is ?r\gh ! union ( ! body & s\l t ! :ole1 :i* till !n 0 only possible1 goes =? f ! doma9 ( logic & becomes actual4 ,! s\l actualises ! body1 & becomes1 z he said1 its entele*y4 ,^! views are too close to ^? ,i h myself j set =? = x to be necess>y to dwell on _! resemblance4 ,! latt] w\ld become /ill /rong] if we sep>at$ f ! ?\ght ( ,ari/otle a few developm5ts :i* are n ess5tial1 ?\gh he all[$ !m great importance3 ,i ref] to ! cont9ual comp>ison he makes ) ! =m & matt] ( corporeal objects4 ,happy ?\gh x may be1 ?is comp>ison is b a metaphor :i* p]haps facilitates ! und]/&+ ( ,ari/otle's idea1 b is n ess5tial to 8 !ory4 ,= my "p1 ,i atta* f> great] importance to ! "* ( relatum1 & correlatum ascrib$ to ! two t]ms m9d & matt]1 & to ! actualisation#db produc$ by _! union4 ,let me add ano!r po9t ( comp>ison4 ,ari/otle's !ory recalls 9 a /rik+ mann] t ( ,kant on ! a priori =ms ( ?\ght4 ,! =m ( ?\ght1 or ! category1 is no?+ )\t ! matt] ( cognition1 & ! latt] is no?+ )\t ! application ( =m4 ,?\ghts )\t cont5t giv5 by s5sation are empty2 intuitions )\t concept furni%$ by ! und]/&+ are bl9d4 ,!re is no?+ a/oni%+ 9 f9d+ "h ! same illu/ration1 s9ce !re is ?r\gh\t a "q ( describ+ ! same ph5om5on1--! relation ( m9d to matt]4 ,!re rema9s to u to review ! pr9cipal types ( metaphysical sy/ems4 ,we %all discuss ^! by tak+ z our guide ! pr9ciple we h j evolv$1 & :i* may be ?us =mulat$3 ,! ph5om5a ( consci\sness con/itute an incomplete mode ( exi/5ce4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dj3 ,see ,note #a on p4 #c4 ,footnote #da3 ,= ref]5ce1 see ,note #ah on p4 #gc4--;,,ed4 ,footnote #db3 i4e4 r5d]+ actual4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,spiritualism#dc ,,& ,,idealism ,fl\rnoy has some:]e writt5 t ! *ief int]e/ ( ! sy/ems ( metaphysics lies less 9 ! intellectual con/ructions !y raise ?an 9 ! aspirations ( ! m9d & ( ! he>t to :i* !y correspond4 ,)\t tak+ lit]ally ?is t]ribly sceptical op9ion1 x w\ld be highly useful to beg9 ! /udy ( any metaphysical sy/em by ! psy*ology ( its au?or4 ,! value ( ea* sy/em w\ld be bett] und]/ood1 & _! reasons w\ld be compreh5d$4 ,?is book is too %ort to p]mit u to ent] into su* biographical details4 ,i am oblig$ to take ! metaphysical sy/ems en bloc1 z if !y 7 anonym\s works1 & to efface all ! %ades1 occasionally s curi\s1 t ! ?\ght ( ea* au?or has introduc$ into !m4 ,yet1 h[ev] brief our /atem5t1 x seems indisp5sable to indicate cle>ly ! physical or moral idea conceal$ )9 ea* sy/em4 ,,spiritualism ,x is kn[n t spiritualism is a doctr9e :i* has = its *ief aim ! rais+ ( ! dignity ( man1 by recognis+ 9 him faculties sup]ior to ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,we con/antly meet1 9 spiritualism1 ) ! notion ( sup]ior & inf]ior1 und]/ood n only 9 an intellectual s5se b also 9 ! s5se ( moral wor?4 ,x w also be rem>k$1 z a consequ5ce ( ! above pr9ciple1 t a spirituali/ does n conf9e himself to discuss+ ! ideas ( 8 habitual adv]s>y1 ! mat]iali/2 he f9ds !m n only false1 b dang]\s1 & is indignant ) !m2 "s p]sons ev5 +5u\sly ackn[l$ge t !y hold firmly to c]ta9 pr9ciples because !y fe> to be conv]t$ to mat]ialism4 ,i c also disc]n 9 ?is sy/em a v natural horror ( dea?1 :i* inspires 9 s _m p1 ( :om ,i am "o1 bo? hatr$ & disgu/4 ,! spirituali/ revolts aga9/ ! prospect ( a def9itive annihilation ( ?\ght1 & ! sy/em he adopts is l>gely expla9$ z an ef=t t[>ds immortality4 ,?is ef=t has l$ to ! !ory ( two sub/ances1 ! s\l & ! body1 :i* are repres5t$ z be+ z ?or\ghly sep>at$ z possible4 ,! s\l has n its orig9 9 ! body1 & x d]ives none ( its prop]ties f its fell[2 x is a sub/ance creat$ 9 complete indep5d5ce relatively to ! body2 ! s\l1 9 its ess5ce1 has no?+ 9 common ) matt]4 ,! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 said ,desc>tes1 is ?\ght2 ! ess5ce ( ! body is ext5t4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! s\l1 9 its det]m9ations & actions1 is lib]at$ f ! laws & necessities ( ! corporeal nature2 x is a free p[]1 a p[] ( indet]m9ation1 capable ( *oice1 capable ( introduc+ new1 un=ese51 & un=eseeable actions1 & on ?is po9t opposes itself to corporeal ph5om5a1 :i* are all subject to a det]m9ism s rigor\s t any ev5t c\ld be =ese5 if its antec$5ts 7 kn[n4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( spiritualism is ! admission ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i*1 be+ widely di/9ct f ! body1 is n affect$ by its dissolution2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 lib]at$1 s9ce dea? cuts ! l9k :i* b9ds !m toge!r4 ,b !re is a l9k1 & ! explanation ( ?is l9k br+s ) x ! ru9 ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,"o is =c$ to admit t ?is pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation ( body & s\l is liable1 9 fact1 to _m exceptions4 ,ev5 if !y are two isolat$ p[]s1 ! necessities ( life oblige !m to ent] cont9ually into communication ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! case ( p]ceptions1 x is ! body :i* acts on ! s\l & imp>ts s5sations to x2 9 movem5ts1 x is ! s\l1 on ! contr>y1 :i* acts on ! body1 to make x execute its desires & its w4 ,spirituali/s mu/ ackn[l$ge t !y are at "s tr\ble to expla9 ?is traffic betwe5 ! two sub/ances2 =1 ) _! respect = ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity m5tion$ above1 !y d n manage to conceive h[ t contact ( ! physical & ! m5tal c be made :i* is con/antly necess>y 9 ! life ( relation4 ,by :at means1 h !y long ask$ !mselves1 c t :i* is only ext5t act on t :i* is only ?\ght8 ,h[ c we repres5t to ourselves ?is local union ( matt] ) an immat]ial pr9ciple1 :i*1 by its ess5ce1 does n exi/ 9 space8 ,! two sub/ances h be5 s completely sep>at$1 to insure ! lib]ty ( ! s\l & its sup]iority ov] ! body1 t x has become impossible to br+ !m toge!r4 ,! scission has be5 too complete4 ,!y _c be sewn toge!r aga94 ,su* are ! pr9cipal objections rais$ aga9/ spiritualism4 ,^! objections are d]iv$ f po9ts ( view :i* are n ours1 & we h !re=e no ne$ to e/imate _! value4 ,f our po9t ( view1 ! spirituali/ conception has *os5 an excell5t />t+ po9t4 ,by e/abli%+ ! consci\sness & ! object ( cognition z two autonom\s p[]s1 nei!r ( :i* is ! slave ( ! o!r1 spiritualism has arriv$ at an op9ion ( irreproa*able exactness2 x is inde$ ?us t ! relations ( ^! two t]ms mu/ be /at$2 ea* has ! same importance & ! "r to ! same autonomy4#dd ,yet1 spiritualism has n re/$ !re1 &1 by a lam5table exagg]ation1 x has ?\ght t ! consci\sness1 :i* x calls ! s\l1 c\ld ex]cise its functions 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ! object ( cognition1 :i* x calls matt]4 ,!re is ! error4 ,x consi/s 9 misund]/&+ ! incomplete &1 z x 71 virtual exi/5ce ( ! consci\sness4 ,?is refutation is en\gh z reg>ds spiritualism4 ,no?+ m ne$ be add$4 ,,idealism ,idealism is an exce$+ly complex sy/em1 v>y+ mu* ) v>y+ au?ors1 v polymorph\s1 & consequ5tly v difficult to discuss4 ,! anci5t hylozoism1 ! monadism ( ,leibnitz1 & ! rec5t panpsy*ism ( ,m4 ,/rong are only diff]5t =ms ( ! same doctr9e4 ,l spiritualism1 ) :i* x is connect$ by _m ties1 idealism is a philosophy :i* expresses "s disda9 = matt]1 b ! ?\ghts :i* h s\ght to %elt] !mselves "u ?is philosophy are s v>i$ t x w\ld be p]il\s to try to def9e !m briefly4 ,!re c be discuss$ 9 idealism a c]ta9 numb] ( affirmations :i* =m ! basis ( ! sy/em4 ,none ( ^! affirmations is1 /rictly speak+1 demon/rat$ or demon/rable2 b !y (f] v diff]5t degrees ( probability1 & x is = ?is reason t we %all notice !m4 ,among/ ^! affirmations !re are "s t we h already met ) 9 our /udy ( ! def9ition ( s5sation2 o!rs w be new] to u4 #a4 ,"h is "o :i* seems to arise directly f ! facts1 & appe>s = a long "t to h con/itut$ an impregnable position = ideali/s4 ,x may be express$ 9 ?ree words3 esse e/ p]cipi4 ,/>t+ ) ! obs]vation t e "t we be> witness to ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w1 x is because we p]ceive x1 ideali/s admit t ! exi/5ce ( ?is ext]nal _w %>es exactly ! lot ( our p]ception1 & t l x x is discont9u\s & int]mitt5t4 ,:5 we close our eyes1 x ceases to exi/1 l a tor* :i* is ext+ui%$1 & lights up aga9 :5 we op5 !m4 ,we h already discuss$ ?is proposition1 & h %[n t x conta9s no?+ imp]ative2 & we may v well decl9e to subscribe to x4 #b4 ,!re foll[s a second proposition1 b>ely di/9ct f ! previ\s "o4 ,!re %\ld be no?+ else 9 objects b t :i* we p]ceive1 & t ( :i* we h consci\sness %\ld be1 9 ! fulle/ possible acceptation ( ! words1 ! measure ( :at is4 ,consequ5tly !re %\ld be no ne$ to seek1 "u ! object p]ceiv$1 ano!r & l>g] reality1 a s\rce f :i* might fl[ wid] k ?an t we at pres5t possess4 ,?is is z disputable z ! prec$+ affirmation1 & = ! same reasons4 #c4 ,! ?ird proposition is ! he>t ( ! ideali/ !sis4 ,x is sometimes pres5t$ z a d$uction f ! =ego+1 b x is nev]!less ?or\ghly di/9ct f x1 & ! prec$+ affirmations might legitimately be accept$ & ?is new "o reject$4 ,?is proposition may be express$ ?us3 ,ev]y?+ t is p]ceiv$ is psy*ical4 ,x is n only ideali/s :o subscribe to ?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 & we h se51 :5 deal+ ) ! def9ition ( matt]1 t x is widely spread4 ,we und]/& by x t ! objects we p]ceive exi/ 9 ! consci\sness1 are ( ! consci\sness1 & are con/itut$ by ideas2 ! :ole _w is no?+ b idea & repres5tation2 &1 s9ce our m9d is tak5 to be ( a psy*ical nature1 ! result is t ev]y?+1 absolutely ev]y?+1 ! p]son :o kn[s & ! ?+ kn[n1 are all psy*ical4 ,?is is panpsy*ism4 ,fl\rnoy1 on ?is po9t1 says1 ) a *>m col\r$ by irony3 ,we h5ce=? exp]i5ce a sweet family feel+1 we f9d ourselves1 s to speak1 at home 9 ! mid/ ( ?is univ]se 444#de ,we h demon/rat$ above t ! unity "h atta9$ is purely v]bal1 s9ce we _c succe$ 9 suppress+ ! ess5tial diff]5ces ( ?+s4 #d4 ,n[ comes an affirmation on ! g5esis ( ?+s4 ,aft] hav+ admitt$ t ! object is an idea ( ! m9d1 "o ( its manife/ations1 or "o ( its moods1 ! ideali/s g s f> z to say t ! consci\sness is ! g5]at+ p[] ( ideas1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! g5]at+ cause ( ! univ]se4 ,x is ?\ght :i* creates ! _w4 ,t is ! f9al conclusion4 ,i indicat$1 be=eh&1 9 ! *apt]s on ! def9ition ( s5sation & on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! consci\sness & ! object1 ! reasons :i* lead me to reject ! premises ( idealism4 ,x w be suffici5t to (f] "h a criticism on its la/ conclusion3 ,x is ! m9d t creates ! _w4 ,?is !sis /rikes at ! duality--consci\sness & object2 x gives ! supremacy to ! consci\sness by mak+ ( ! object an effect or prop]ty ( ! =m]4 ,we c object t ?is g5esis _c be cle>ly repres5t$1 & t = ! v simple reason t x is impossible to cle>ly accept m9d z a sep>ate entity & di/9ct f matt]4 ,x is easy to affirm ?is sep>ation1 ?anks to ! psittacism ( ! words1 :i* are "h us$ l c\nt]feit co91 b we _c repres5t x to ourselves1 = x corresponds to no?+4 ,! consci\sness con/itutes all t is m5tal 9 ! _w2 no?+ else c be describ$ z m5tal4 ,n[ ?is consci\sness only exi/s z an act2 x is1 9 o!r t]ms1 an incomplete =m ( exi/5ce1 :i* does n exi/ ap>t f its object1 ( :i* ! true "n is matt]4 ,x is !re=e v difficult to und]/& ?is affirmation1 ,x is ! m9d t creates ! _w1 s9ce to be able to d s1 we %\ld h to imag9e a consci\sness )\t an object4 ,moreov]1 %\ld we ev5 succe$ 9 do+ s1 we %\ld be none ! m dispos$1 on t acc\nt1 to give ass5t to ?is proposition4 ,consci\sness & matt] repres5t to u ! mo/ diff]5t & anti!tical t]ms ( ! :ole ( ! kn[able4 ,7 ! hypo!sis to be advanc$ t "o ( ^! elem5ts is capable ( eng5d]+ ! o!r1 we %\ld imm$iately h to ask ourselves :y ?is g5]at+ p[] & ?is pre-em95ce %\ld be attribut$ to "o r ?an to ! o!r elem5t4 ,:o c claim t "o solution is m cle>1 m reasonable1 or m probable ?an ! o!r8 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy "h ass]ts itself4 ,?is hi/ory %[s u t diff]5t m9ds :5 reflect+ on ! same problems h come to conceive solutions :i* h appe>$ to !m cle>1 & consequ5tly 7 possible2 n[1 z ^! solutions are (t5 contradictory1 no?+ %[s bett] ?an _! collation ! di/ance betwe5 possibility & fact4 ,?us ! mat]iali/s1 :o1 l ! ideali/s1 h put =w>d a g5etic !ory ( ! m9d1 h conceiv$ m9d z produc$ by matt]2--a conception diametrically oppos$ to t ( ! ideali/s4 ,x may be said t ^! two conceptions1 oppos$ 9 s5se1 annul ea* o!r1 & t ea* ( ^! two philosophical sy/ems has r5d]$ u s]vice by demon/rat+ ! error ( ! oppos+ sy/em4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dc3 ,x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to po9t out t by spiritualism ,m4 ,b9et does n mean ! doctr9e ( ! _s-rapp]s1 :om he1 l o!r sci5tific writ]s1 designates z spiriti/s1 b ! cre$ ( all ^? :o believe 9 disembodi$ spirits or exi/5ces4--,,ed4 ,footnote #dd3 ,i d n insi/ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 my conception & ! spirituali/ic conception2 my di/9ction betwe5 consci\sness & matt] does n correspond1 x is evid5t1 to t ( facts ( consci\sness & physical facts :i* spiritualism sets up4 ,footnote #de3 ,ar*ives de ,psy*ologie1 vol4 iv4 ,no4 #ad1 ,nov4 #aijd1 p4 #acb 7article on ,panpsy*ism74 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,p>allelism ,mat]ialism is a v anci5t doctr9e4 ,x is ev5 ! mo/ anci5t ( all1 :i* simply proves t among/ ! diff]5t explanations giv5 ( our d\ble physico-m5tal nature1 ?is doctr9e is ! easie/ to und]/&4 ,! orig9 ( mat]ialism is to be f\nd 9 ! beliefs ( savage tribes1 & is aga9 f\nd1 v cle>ly def9$1 9 ! philosophy ( ^? anci5t ,greeks :o philosophiz$ be=e ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,a /ill /rang] fact is t ! ?\ghts ( a great numb] ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* incl9$ t[>ds ! philosophy ( matt]4 ,!n1 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution1 !re occurr$ a mom5t ( eclipse1 & mat]ialism ceas$ to attract att5tion till ! contempor>y p]iod 9 :i* we assi/ at its re-bir?1 ,n[adays1 x con/itutes a p[]ful doctr9e1 ! m s t x has surreptiti\sly crept into ! ?\ghts ( _m le>n$ m5 )\t _! be+ cle>ly consci\s ( x4 ,!re are _m physici/s & physiologi/s :o ?9k & speak z mat]iali/s1 ?\gh !y h made up _! m9ds to rema9 on ! battle-gr\nd ( obs]v$ facts & h a holy horror ( metaphysics4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x may be said t mat]ialism is ! metaphysics ( ^? :o refuse to be metaphysicians4 ,x is v evid5t t 9 ! c\rse ( its long hi/ory1 mat]ialism has (t5 *ang$ its sk94 ,l all k1 x has be5 subject to ! law ( progress2 &1 c]ta9ly1 x w\ld n h be5 ( a nature to satisfy ! intellectual wants ( contempor>y s*ol>s1 _h x n /ripp$ itself ( ! rude =m "u :i* x fir/ manife/$ itself 9 ! m9d ( primitive man4 ,yet :at has enabl$ ! doctr9e to keep its unity ?r\gh all its *anges is t x manife/s a deeply human t5d5cy to cl+ by pref]5ce to ev]y?+ visible & tangible4 ,:atev] /rikes ! eyes1 or c be felt by ! h&1 seems to u 9 ! highe/ degree end[$ ) reality or exi/5ce4 ,x is only mu* lat]1 aft] an ef=t ( ref9$ ?\ght1 t we come to recognise an exi/5ce 9 ev]y?+ t c be p]ceiv$ 9 any way :atev]1 ev5 9 an idea4 ,x is /ill lat] t we und]/& t exi/5ce is n only t :i* is p]ceiv$ b also t :i* is l9k$ logically ) ! re/ ( our k4 ,a good deal ( progress has be5 necess>y to rea* ?is po9t4 ,z ,i h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( giv+ ev5 an abridg$ hi/ory ( mat]ialism1 let u come at once to ! pres5t day1 & endeav\r to say 9 :at consi/s ! sci5tific =m ?is doctr9e has assum$4 ,its fundam5tal basis has n *ang$4 ,x /ill re/s on our t5d5cy to give *ief importance to :at c be se5 & t\*$2 & x is an effect ( ! hegemony ( ?ree ( our s5ses1 ! visual1 ! tactile1 & ! muscul>4 ,! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! physical sci5ces has no d\bt giv5 an enorm\s enc\ragem5t to mat]ialism1 & x may be said t 9 ! philosophy ( nature x occupies a pr9cipal place1 & t x is !re 9 its own doma9 & unassailable4 ,x has become ! expression ( ! idea t ev]y?+ t c be expla9$ sci5tifically1 ev]y?+ susceptible ( be+ measur$1 is a mat]ial ph5om5on4 ,x is ! repres5tation ( ! mat]ial explanation pu%$ to its la/ limits1 & all exp]im5ts1 all calculations1 all inductions re/+ on ! gr& pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy plead 9 its fav\r4 ,we w exam9e ) "s precision h[ f> su* a doctr9e solves ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( ! intellectual functions4 ,! doctr9e has und]/ood ?is connection z be+ purely mat]ial1 & has s\ght its image 9 o!r ph5om5a :i* are entirely s4 ,?us1 x has borr[$ f physiology ! pr9ciple ( its explanation1 x has transport$ into ! doma9 ( ?\ght ! idea ( function1 & x has suppos$ t ! s\l is to ! body 9 ! relation ( function to organ4 ,intellig5ce w\ld ?us be a c]ebral function4 ,to expla9 intellig5ce1 mat]iali/s l9k x ) matt]1 turn x into a prop]ty ( matt]1 & comp>e x to a movem5t ( matt]1 & sometimes ev5 to a secretion4 ,s ,k>l ,vogt1 ! illu/ri\s ,g5evan naturali/1 "o day decl>$1 to ! great sc&al ( e "o1 t ! bra9 secretes ! ?\ght z ! kidney does ur9e4 ,?is bold comp>ison seem$ %ock+1 pu]ile1 & false1 = a secretion is a mat]ial ?+ :ile ?\ght is n4 ,k>l ,vogt also employ$ ano!r comp>ison3 ! bra9 produces ! ?\ght z ! muscle produces movem5t1 & x at once seems less (f5sive to comp>e ! ?\ght to a movem5t ?an to comp>e x to a liquid secretion4 ,at ! pres5t day1 an illu/ration /ill m vague w\ld be us$1 su* z t ( a trans=mation ( en]gy3 *emical en]gy dis5gag$ by ! n]ve c5tres w\ld be ?us look$ ^u z trans=m$ into psy*ical en]gy4 ,h[ev]1 x matt]s little :at metaphors are appli$ to = help 9 expla9+ ! passage f ! physical to ! m5tal4 ,:at *>act]ises mat]iali/ philosophy is its belief 9 ! possibility ( su* a passage1 & its consid]+ x z ! g5esis ( ?\ght4 ,"o calls mat]iali/1 says ,r5\vi]1 ) great exactness1 e philosophy :i* def9es ?\ght z ! product ( a comp\nd ^: elem5ts d n imply ?\ght4 ,a sweep+ =mula :i* all[s u to =esee all ! future avat>s ( ! mat]iali/ doctr9e1 & to class !m be=eh& 9 ! same category4 ,! criticisms :i* h be5 direct$ aga9/ mat]ialism are all1 or ne>ly all1 v>iations ( ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity4 ,we w n dwell long on ?is1 b simply recollect t1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 x is impossible to attribute to ! bra9 ! capacity ( g5]at+ consci\sness4 ,physical =ce c inde$ g5]ate physical =ce "u ! same or a diff]5t =m1 & x ?us produces all ! effects :i* are det]m9$ by ! laws ( nature4 ,b x is impossible to compreh5d h[ physical =ce c enri* itself at a giv5 mom5t by a consci\s =ce4 ,physical =ce is r$uc$ to movem5ts ( bodies & to displacem5ts ( atoms2 h[ c\ld a *ange ( position 9 any in]t objects give rise to a judgm5t1 a reason+1 or any ph5om5on ( ! consci\sness8 ,x is fur!r said3 ?is idea ( function1 :i* mat]iali/s "h introduce to r5d] m compreh5sible ! passage f a mat]ial body to a spiritual action1 conta9s only an empty explanation1 = ! function is n ess5tially di/9ct by its nature f ! organ2 x is simply ! organ 9 activity1 x adds to ! organ tak5 9 a /ate ( repose b "o *ange1 viz4 activity1 t is to say movem5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! function ( an organ is mat]ial by ! same "r z ! organ4 ,:5 a muscle contracts1 ?is contraction1 :i* is ! prop] function ( ! muscul> fibre1 consi/s 9 a cond5sation ( ! muscul> protoplasm1 & ?is cond5sation is a mat]ial fact4 ,:5 a gl& ent]s into activity1 a c]ta9 quantity ( liquid fl[s into ! *annels ( ! gl&1 & ?is liquid is caus$ by a physical & *emical modification ( ! cellul> protoplasm2 x is a melt+1 or a liquefaction1 :i* likewise is mat]ial4 ,! function ( ! n]ve cell is to produce movem5t1 or to pres]ve x1 or to direct x2 ii is mat]ial l ! cells4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ 9 all ^? functional ph5om5a :i* might lead u to und]/& h[ a mat]ial cause %\ld be capable ( eng5d]+ a consci\s effect4 ,x seems t all mat]iali/s h ackn[l$g$ t "h is ! vuln]able po9t 9 _! !ory1 = x is ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity :i* !y h especially combat$4 ,b _! def5ce is want+ 9 frankness1 & pr9cipally consi/s 9 subt]fuges4 ,9 brief1 x affirms t we are surr\nd$ ) my/]y1 t we are n suffici5tly le>n$ to h ! "r to impose limits to ! p[] ( matt]1 & to say to x3 ,?\ %alt n produce ?is ph5om5on4 ,a mat]iali/ !ologian decl>es t he sees no impossibility 9 /ones ?9k+ & argu+1 if ,god1 9 ,8 inf9ite p[]1 has decid$ to unite ?\ght ) brute matt]4 ,?is argum5t is n really s]i\s2 x dem&s ! int]v5tion ( s p[]ful a ,deus ex ma*9a1 t x c be appli$ equally to all problems2 to solve all is to solve none4 ,mod]n mat]iali/s rightly d n br+ ,god into ! "q4 ,_! mode ( argum5t takes ano!r =m2 b x rema9s to be se5 if1 at bottom1 x is n ! same z ! o!r4 ,x simply consi/s 9 affirm+ t up till n[ we "k c]ta9 prop]ties ( matt] only1 b t sci5ce e day discov]s new ones2 t matt] is a res]voir ( unkn[n =ces1 & t x is n impossible t ! orig9 ( psy*ical =ces may yet be discov]$ 9 matt]4 ,?is idea is cle>ly h9t$ at by ,littr4 ,! physici/ ,tyndall gave x a def9ite =mula :5 he utt]$ at ! ,belfa/ ,congress ?is phrase s (t5 quot$3 ,if ,i look back on ! limits ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ,i c disc]n 9 ! bosom ( t matt] 7:i*1 9 our ignorance1 :ile at ! same "t pr(ess+ our respect = its ,creator1 we h1 till n[1 treat$ ) opprobrium7 ! promise & ! p[] ( all =ms & qualities ( life4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e h n ceas$ to answ] t ! matt] ( to-morr[1 l ! matt] ( to-day1 c g5]ate none b mat]ial effects1 & t a difficulty is n solv$ by putt+ (f its solution to "s indef9ite date 9 our sci5tific evolution3 & x c]ta9ly seems t ! c\nt]-/roke is decisive1 if we admit ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity ) its natural consequ5ce4 ,we w n[ criticise ! above doctr9e by mak+ use ( ! ideas ,i h above enunciat$4 ,! criticism we h to apply to mat]ialism is n ! same z t j summ>is$4 ,! axis ( ! discussion *anges its position4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i reproa* mat]ialism ) pres5t+ itself z a !ory ( ! g5]ation ( ! consci\sness by ! object4 ,we h already reproa*$ idealism ) putt+ itself =w>d z a !ory ( ! g5]ation ( ! object by ! consci\sness4 ,! error ( ! two sy/ems is produc$ 9 a conv]se direction1 b is ( ! same gravity4 ,! consci\sness & its object1 we say yet aga91 con/itute ! wide/ division x is possible to effect 9 ! doma9 ( cognition2 x is q z illegitimate to r$uce ! fir/ t]m to ! second z to r$uce ! second to ! fir/4 ,to r$uce "o to ! o!r1 by way ( affiliation or o!rwise1 !re mu/ fir/ be discov]$1 !n1 an id5tity ( nature :i* does n exi/4 ,9 ! second place1 :5 "o exam9es closely ! explanation mat]ialism has imag9$ 9 ord] to d]ive ?\ght f an action ( matt]1 x is se5 t ?is repres5tation is r5d]$ completely impossible by all we "k ( ! nature ( ?\ght4 ,= ! mat]iali/ to suppose = "o mom5t t ?\ght is a c]ebral function1 he mu/ evid5tly make an illusion = himself z to :at ?\ght is1 & mu/ juggle ) concepts4 ,p]haps1 c\ld we p5etrate into 8 own inmo/ ?\ght1 we %\ld discov] t at ! mom5t he supposes a m]e cell c manufacture ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 "s vague image sugge/s itself to him :]eby he id5tifies ^! ph5om5a ) a light & subtle pr9ciple escap+ f ! n]ve cell1 some?+ :i* resembles an electric effluve1 or a w-(-!-wisp1 or ! flame f a pun*-b[l4#df ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 tell :e!r my supposition is correct4 ,b :at ,i ass]t1 ) ! calmness ( p]fect c]titude1 is t ! mat]iali/ has n tak5 ! pa9s to analyse att5tively :at he calls ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness4 ,_h he made ?is analysis & kept ! elem5ts 9 8 m9d1 he w\ld h se5 t x is almo/ impossible to hook 9 any way a ph5om5on ( consci\sness on to a mat]ial molecule4 ,9 fact1 also1 to take ?is into acc\nt1 we w n rema9 )9 ! vagu5ess ( ! concept1 b w take a p>ticul> example to argue ^u1 viz4 t ( an ext]nal p]ception4 ,i op5 my w9d[ on a f9e day1 & ,i see be=e me a sunny pla91 )1 z f> z ! eye c rea*1 h\ses among/ ! trees1 & aga9 m h\ses1 ! mo/ di/ant ( :i* are outl9$ aga9/ my f>-(f horizon4 ,?is is my m5tal ph5om5on4 ,& :ile ,i am at my w9d[1 my eyes fix$ on ! view1 ! anatomi/ decl>es t1 />t+ f my ret9a1 molecul> vibrations travel along ! optic n]ve1 cross ea* o!r at ! *iasma1 ent] into ! fascia1 pass ?r\gh ! int]nal capsule & rea* ! hemisph]es1 or r ! occipital regions1 ( ! bra91 :]e1 = ! mom5t1 we agree to localise ! c5tre ( projection ( ! visual s5sations4 ,?is is my physical ph5om5on4 ,x n[ becomes ! "q ( pass+ f ?is physical ph5om5a to ! m5tal "o4 ,& "h we are /opp$ by a really =midable difficulty4 ,my m5tal ph5om5on is n entirely m5tal1 z is usually suppos$ f ! deceitful brevity ( ! phrase4 ,x is 9 great "p physical1 = x c be decompos$ into two elem5ts1 a consci\sness & its object2 & ?is object ( ! consci\sness1 ?is gr\p ( little h\ses ,i see 9 ! pla91 belongs to s5sation--t is to say1 to some?+ physical--or1 9 o!r words1 to matt]4 ,let u exam9e 9 its turn ! physical process :i* is suppos$ to be discov]$ 9 my n]v\s c5tres :ile ,i am 9 c\rse ( contemplat+ ! l&scape4 ,?is pret5d$ physical process itself1 q z mu* z my consci\s p]ception ( ! l&scape1 is a physico-psy*ical ph5om5on2 = my c]ebral movem5ts are p]ceiv$1 hypo!tically at lea/1 by an obs]v]4 ,?is is a p]ception1 consequ5tly x c be decompos$ into two ?+s1 a consci\sness & its object4 ,z a fur!r consequ5ce1 :5 we wi%1 by a metaphysical ef=t1 to atta* ! consci\sness to a mat]ial /ate ( ! bra9 & to e/abli% a l9k betwe5 ! two ev5ts1 x w be f\nd t we wrongly hook "o physico-m5tal ph5om5on on to ano!r4 ,b1 evid5tly1 ?is objection is n a refutation4 ,we may if we *oose suppose t ! s-call$ c]ebral process is capable ( subsi/+ at mom5ts :5 no "o p]ceives x1 & t x exi/s ( itself1 is suffici5t = itself1 & is entirely physical4 ,b c we subject ! m5tal process ( p]ception to ! same purification8 ,c we sep>ate ^! two elem5ts1 ! consci\sness & its object1 reta9 ! elem5t consci\sness & reject ! elem5t object1 :i* is physical1 ?us con/itut+ a ph5om5on entirely m5tal1 :i* might !n be possibly plac$ beside ! entirely physical ph5om5on1 s z to /udy _! relation to ea* o!r8 ,?is is q impossible1 & ! impossibility is d\ble1 = x exi/s de facto & de jure4 ,de jure1 because we h already e/abli%$ t a consci\sness empty & )\t object _c be conceiv$4 ,de facto1 because ! exi/5ce ( ! object t consci\sness c>ries ) x is v emb>rass+ = ! mat]iali/2 = ?is object is mat]ial1 & z real & mat]ial z ! fibres & cells ( ! bra94 ,x might1 inde$1 be suppos$ t by trans=mation or o!rwise !re goes =? f ! c]ebral convolution a purely psy*ical ph5om5on resembl+ a wave4 ,b h[ c we conceive ! trans=mation ( ?is convolution into a semi-mat]ial ph5om5on8 ,h[ c we compreh5d t !re %\ld issue f ?is convolution ! mat]ial object ( a p]ception--= example1 a pla9 dott$ ) h\ses8 ,an ,engli% hi/ologi/ rem>k$ "o day1 ) "s eloqu5ce1 h[ little ! mo/ m9ute /udy ( ! bra9 aid$ u to und]/& ?\ght4 ,he 0 ?us answ]+ ,augu/e ,comte1 :o1 9 a mom5t ( ab]ration1 claim$ t psy*ology1 9 ord] to become a sci5ce1 ought to reject ! te/imony ( ! consci\sness1 & to use exclusively z its means ( /udy ! hi/ology ( ! n]ve c5tres & ! measurem5t ( ! cranium4 ,our hi/ologi/1 :o _h pass$ "p ( 8 life exam9+1 "u ! microscope1 fragm5ts ( c]ebral matt]1 9 foll[+ ! =ms ( ! cells1 ! c\rse ( ! fibres1 & ! gr\p+ & di/ribution ( ! fascia1 made ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,x is ! fact t ! /udy1 h[ev] pati5t1 m9ute1 & ?or\gh x might be1 ( ?is n]ve-ske9 c nev] enable u to "k :at a /ate ( consci\sness is1 if we d n "k x o!rwise2 = nev] across ! field ( ! microscope is !re se5 to pass a memory1 an emotion1 or an act ( volition4 ,&1 he add$1 he :o conf9es himself to pe]+ into ^! mat]ial /ructures rema9s z ignorant ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d z ! ,london cabman :o1 = ev] travell+ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! great city1 is ignorant ( :at is said & :at is go+ on 9 ! int]ior ( ! h\ses4 ,?is picturesque comp>ison1 ! tru? ( :i* has nev] be5 que/ion$1 is bas$ on ?is supposition1 t ! psy*ical act is entirely immat]ial & invisible1 & !re=e escapes ! pi]c+ eye ( ! microscope4 ,b a deep] analysis ( ! m9d %[s h[ little exact is ?is ass]tion4 ,f ! mom5t ea* psy*ical act implies a mat]ial object1 we c ask ourselves two ?+s3 7#a7 ,:y is x t ! anatomi/ does n discov] ^! mat]ial objects 9 ! int]ior ( ! bra98 ,we ought to see !m1 = !y are mat]ial1 & !re=e visible4 ,we ought to see !m ) _! aspect & col\r1 or be able to expla9 :y !y are n se54 ,9 g5]al1 all t is describ$ to u 9 ! bra9 is ! molecul> vibrations4 ,b we are n consci\s ( !m4 ,:]e1 !n1 is t ( :i* we are consci\s8 7#b7 ,x %\ld next be expla9$ to u by :at elaboration1 transmutation1 or metamorphosis a molecul> di/urbance1 :i* is mat]ial1 c trans=m itself into ! objects :i* are equally mat]ial4 ,?is is ! criticism we h to address to mat]ialism4 ,until pro( to ! contr>y1 ,i hold x to be irrefutable4 ,,p>allelism ,= ?is exposition to foll[ ! logical ord] ( ideas1 ! discussion on mat]ialism %\ld be imm$iately succe$$ by t on p>allelism4 ,^! two doctr9es are ne> ak92 !y resemble ea* o!r z ! second edition ( a book1 revis$ & correct$1 resembles ! fir/4 ,p>allelism is ! mat]iali/ doctr9e ( ^? =ew>n$ folk1 :o h p]ceiv$ ! errors committ$ & endeav\r to avoid !m1 :ile *]i%+ all t c be sav$ ( ! condemn$ doctr9e4 ,t :i* philosoph]s criticis$ 9 mat]ialism 0 ! misund]/&+ ( ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity4 ,! p>alleli/s h se5 ?is mi/ake1 & h tak5 /eps to respect ?is pr9ciple3 we %all see 9 :at way4 ,!y are especially prud5t1 & !y excel 9 avoid+ be+ compromis$4 ,!y put =? _! hypo!sis z a provisional "o1 & !y vaunt its conv5i5ce4 ,x is1 say !y1 a practical me?od ( avoid+ _m difficulties2 x becomes = philosoph]s an equival5t ( t phrase :i* s _m timor\s m9i/]s repeat3 ,above all1 no scrapes6 ,let u /udy ! exact po9t on :i* p>allelism has am5d$ mat]ialism4 ,we h se5 t e mat]iali/ doctr9e is ! expression ( ?is idea1 t physical ph5om5a are ! only ones t are det]m9$1 measurable1 explicable1 & sci5tific4 ,?is idea does wond]s 9 ! natural sci5ces1 b is at fault :51 f ! physical1 we pass into ! moral _w1 & we h se5 h[ ! mat]iali/ic doctr9e fails :5 x endeav\rs to atta* ! physical to ! m5tal4 ,!re are !n two great difficulties :i* ! mat]iali/ic explanation f9ds be=e x2 "o is a difficulty ( me*anism & ! o!r ( g5esis4 ,by connect+ ! m9d ) ! bra91 l a function to its organ1 ?is doctr9e seeks to solve ^! two problems1 & ) :at little success we h se54 ,p>allelism1 has tri$ to avoid ^! two problems2 n only does x n solve !m1 b x arranges s z n to prop\nd !m4 ,! exp$i5t adopt$ consi/s 9 avoid+ ! meet+ ( ! physical & ! m5tal2 in/ead ( plac+ !m end to end & weld+ "o to ! o!r1 !y are plac$ 9 p>allel fa%ion side by side4 ,to expla9 _! correlation1 :i* s _m obs]vations vaguely demon/rate1 ! foll[+ hypo!sis is advanc$4 ,physical & psy*ical life =m two p>allel curr5ts1 :i* nev] m+le _! wat]s2 to e /ate ( def9ite consci\sness !re corresponds ! c\nt]p>t ( an equally def9ite /ate ( ! n]ve c5tres2 ! fact ( consci\sness has its antec$5ts & its consequ5ces 9 ! consci\sness2 & ! physical fact equally takes its place 9 a *a9 ( physical facts4 ,! two s]ies are ?us evolv$1 & correspond /rictly to ea* o!r accord+ to a necess>y law2 s t ! s*ol> :o 0 p]fectly in/ruct$1 & to :om "o ( ^! /ates 0 pres5t$1 c\ld describe its fell[4 ,b nev] does any ( ! t]ms ( "o s]ies influ5ce ! t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,obs]vation & ! te/imony ( ! consci\sness seem to atte/ ?is dual progress2 b !y are1 accord+ to ! p>alleli/ hypo!sis1 illusions4 ,:5 ,i move my arm by a volunt>y act1 x is n my w1 qua act ( consci\sness1 :i* det]m9es ! movem5t ( ! arm--= ?is is a mat]ial fact4 ,! movem5t is produc$ by ! com+ into play ( gr\ps ( muscles4 ,ea* muscle1 compos$ ( a semi-fluid sub/ance1 be+ excit$1 contracts 9 ! direction ( its greate/ l5g?4 ,! excitant ( ! muscles is also a mat]ial fact1 a mat]ial influx :i* />ts f ! motor cells ( ! encephalon1 & ( :i* we "k ! c\rse d[n ?r\gh ! pyramidal fascium1 ! ant]ior roots ( ! sp9al cord1 & ! n]ves ( ! p]iph]y to its t]m9ation 9 ! motor plates ( ! muscles4 ,x is ?is excitem5t :i* is ! physical1 direct1 & v]itable cause ( volunt>y movem5ts4 ,& x is ! same ) all acts & signs1 all expressions ( our consci\s /ates2 ! trembl+ ( fe>1 ! r$ness ( ang]1 ! movem5ts ( walk+1 d[n to ! words we utt]--all ^! are physical effects produc$ by physical processes1 :i* act physically1 & ( :i* ! m5tal c\nt]p>t has 9 itself no effective action4 ,let x be und]/ood t ,i am "h po9t+ out "o ( ! =ms1 & t ! mo/ usual1 ( ! p>alleli/ !ory4 ,ea* au?or v>ies x accord+ to 8 fancy2 "s wid5 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! physical & ! moral1 o!rs pref] to n>r[ x4 ,at "o "t a vague relation is suppos$ :i* is only true on a l>ge scale1 & is a union r ?an an equival5ce4 ,at ano!r1 x is an exact c\nt]p>t1 a complete duplicate 9 :i* ! smalle/ physical ev5t corresponds to a m5tal "o4 ,9 "o ( ! =ms ( ?is !ory t has be5 rec5tly inv5t$1 p>alleli/s h gone s f> z to ass]t t !re exi/s no real cohesion 9 ! m5tal *a91 & t no m5tal ph5om5on c h ! prop]ty ( provok+ ano!r m5tal ph5om5on by an act ( true causality4 ,x is )9 ! n]v\s tissue1 !y say1 t ! nexus ( psy*ic /ates %\ld be enclos$4 ,^! %\ld succe$ 9 "t )\t be+ directly connect$ ) "o ano!r2 !y %\ld succe$ because ! physical basis ( !m is excit$ 9 succession4 ,"s ( !m w\ld be l an air on ! piano3 ! notes foll[ ea* o!r & arrange !mselves into melodies1 n by any aff9ity prop] to !mselves1 b because ! keys ( ! in/rum5t are /ruck 9 ! requir$ ord]4 ,i said a little :ile ago t p>allelism 0 a p]fect$ mat]ialism4 ,! reason ( ?is w be und]/ood4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* pres]ves ! det]m9ism ( physical facts :ile avoid+ ! compromis+ ( itself 9 ! difficult explanation ( ! connection betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,x rema9s sci5tific )\t rais+ a metaphysical h]esy4 ,ba9 is "o ( ^? :o h mo/ cle>ly express$1 n only ! advantages1 b also ! aspirations ( ?is !ory 7,m9d & ,body1 p4 #acj73-- ,we h e reason = believ+1 he says1 t !re is 9 company ) all our m5tal processes1 an unbrok5 mat]ial succession4 ,f ! +ress ( a s5sation1 to ! outgo+ responses 9 action1 ! m5tal succession is n = an in/ant dissev]$ f a physical succession4 ,a new prospect bur/s ^u ! view2 !re is m5tal result ( s5sation1 emotion1 ?\ght--t]m9at+ 9 outw>d displays ( spee* or ge/ure4 ,p>allel to ?is m5tal s]ies is ! physical s]ies ( facts1 ! successive agitation ( ! physical organs1 call$ ! eye1 ! ret9a1 ! optic n]ve1 optic c5tres1 c]ebral hemisph]es1 outgo+ n]ves1 muscles1 c4 ,:ile we g ! r\nd ( ! m5tal circle ( s5sation1 emotion1 & ?\ght1 !re is an unbrok5 physical circle ( effects4 ,x w\ld be incompatible ) ev]y?+ we "k ( ! c]ebral action1 to suppose t ! physical *a9 ends abruptly 9 a physical void1 occupi$ by an immat]ial sub/ance2 :i* immat]ial sub/ance1 aft] work+ alone1 imp>ts its results to ! o!r edge ( ! physical break1 & det]m9es ! active response--two %ores ( ! mat]ial ) an int]v5+ ocean ( ! immat]ial4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no rupture ( n]v\s cont9uity4 ,! only t5able supposition is1 t m5tal & physical proce$ toge!r1 z undivid$ tw9s4 ,on read+ ?is passage x is easy to see ! idea :i* =ms ! basis ( ! doctr9e4 ,x is1 z ,i h already said1 ! feti*ism ( me*anics3 p>allelism takes its inspiration f ?is q z directly z does mat]ialism1 b ) m skill1 inasmu* z x avoids ! mo/ dang]\s "q1 t ( ! int]action ( physics & morals1 & replaces x by an hypo!sis mu* resembl+ ,leibnitz's hypo!sis ( ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 ,on ! o!r h&1 a second m]it ( ?is prud5t doctr9e is ! avoid+ ! "q ( g5esis4 ,x does n seek = ! orig9 ( ?\ght1 b places ?is la/ 9 a relation ( p>allelism ) ! manife/ations ( matt]2 & 9 ! same way t p>allel l9es prolong$ ad inf9itum nev] meet1 s ! p>tisans ( ?is doctr9e ann\nce _! resolution n to inquire h[ ! actual /ate ( ?+s has be5 =m$1 nor h[ x w end if1 = example1 "o ( ! t]ms %\ld disappe> by ! dea? ( ! bodily organism4 ,not)/&+ s _m precautions1 criticisms h n be5 want+2 only !y w\ld seem n to h t\*$ ! weak "p ( ! doctr9e & n to be decisive4 ,we w only run ?r\gh !m briefly4 ,x has be5 said3 !re is no logical necessity :i* =ces u to refuse to ! consci\sness ! privilege ( act+ 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ! n]v\s me*anism4 ,x has also be5 said3 x is by no means c]ta9 t any n]v\s me*anism c be inv5t$ :i* imitates &1 if ne$ 71 c\ld replace an intellectual act4 ,= in/ance1 :at association ( n]ve cells1 :at molecul> action1 c imitate an act ( comp>ison :i* enables u to see a resemblance betwe5 two objects8 ,let x be suppos$1 = example1 t ! resemblance ( two impressions come f a p>tial id5tity1 & t ! latt] has = mat]ial support an id5tity 9 ! seat or ! =m ( ! correspond+ n]v\s influx4 ,b :at is id5tity8 ,h[ c x be conceiv$ )\t suppos+ resemblance1 ( :i* x is b a =m8 ,h[1 !n1 c ! "o be expla9$ by ! o!r8 ,?us1 = in/ance1 at ! bottom ( all our intellectual acts1 !re is a c]ta9 degree ( belief4 ,c any mat]ial comb9ation be f\nd :i* corresponds !reto8 ,!re is "o la/ objection1 ! mo/ s]i\s ( all4 ,p>allelism1 by e/abli%+ a fix$ & inv>iable relation betwe5 ! physical & ! moral1 ends by d5y+ ! rle ( ?is la/1 s9ce ! physical me*anism is suffici5t to draw to itself all ! effects :i* g5]al belief attributes to ! moral4 ,! p>alleli/s on ?is po9t g v mu* fur!r ?an ! mat]iali/s2 ! latt] at lea/ conc$e t ! consci\sness is ( "s use1 s9ce !y comp>$ x to a function or a secretion1 &1 aft] all1 a secretion is a useful liquid4 ,! p>alleli/s are s /rongly conv9c$ t me*anism is alone efficaci\s t !y come to d5y any rle to ?\ght4 ,! consci\sness = !m has no purpose3 yet x keeps company ) its object4 ,! metaphors :i* s]ve to def9e x1 "p ( :i* h be5 imag9$ by ,huxley1 are all ( a passive nature4 ,su* is ! light1 or ! :i/l+ noise :i* accompanies ! work+ ( an eng9e1 b does n act on its ma*9]y4 ,or1 ! %ad[ :i* dogs ! /eps ( ! travell]4 ,or a phosphoresc5ce light+ up ! traces ( ! movem5ts ( ! bra94 ,x has also be5 said t ! consci\sness is a useless luxury4 ,"s h ev5 gone fur!r1 & ! f9e & significant "n ( epiph5om5on1 t has be5 giv5 to ?\ght1 well translates t conception1 accord+ to :i* semi-realities may exi/ 9 nature4 ,all ^! objections c]ta9ly c>ry great weight1 b !y are n capable ( kill+ ! doctr9e--!y only scot* x4 ,i ?9k !re is a radical vice 9 p>allelism1 :i* till n[ has n be5 suffici5tly indicat$1 & ,i ask :at c really rema9 ( ! :ole edifice :5 ?is vice has be5 once expos$8 ,p>allelism implies a false idea1 :i* we h already come across :5 discuss+ mat]ialism4 ,x is ! idea t a ph5om5on ( consci\sness con/itutes "o complete :ole4 ,! error proce$s f ! use ( concepts :i* cause ! reality to be lo/ sight (4 ,! reality %[s t e ph5om5on ( consci\sness consi/s 9 a mode ( activity1 an aggregate ( faculties :i* require an object to fa/5 on to & s realise !mselves1 & t ?is object is furni%$ by matt]4 ,:at we always note 9 intuition is ! union1 ! inc>nation ( consci\sness-matt]4 ,our ?\ghts1 our memories1 our reason+s h z object s5sations1 images--t is to say1 ?+s :i*1 /rictly speak+1 are z mat]ial z our own bra9s4 ,x is !re=e r *ildi% to put all ^! work+s ( ! _s on ano!r plane & 9 ano!r _w ?an ! work+s ( ! bra9 s9ce !y are 9 great "p ( ! same nature z ! la/ nam$ & !y conta9 s _m mat]ial elem5ts4 ,n[ if we re-e/abli% facts z !y are1 if we admit a p>allelism betwe5 physical ph5om5a1 on ! "o h&1 & ph5om5a at once physical & psy*ical1 on ! o!r1 ! p>alleli/ hypo!sis loses e sort ( mean+4 ,x ceases to pres5t to u ! image ( two ph5om5a ( an absolutely diff]5t ord]1 :i* are f\nd c\pl$ toge!r l ! two faces ( a unity1 ! front & back ( a page1 ! "r & wrong side ( a /uff4 ,if !re is any?+ mat]ial 9 ! psy*ical "p1 ! opposition ( nature no long] exi/s betwe5 ! two t]ms2 !y become id5tical4 ,v (t51 c]ta9 p>alleli/s1 aft] ?9k+ !y h discov]$ ! duality ( nature1 endeav\r to br+ x back to unity by suppos+ t ! two faces ( ! reality are z two effects ( "o unique reality1 inaccessible to our s5ses & und]ly+ appe>ances4 ,:y g s f> afield to seek unity8 ,x is tr\ble 9 va93 = x is to be f\nd 9 ! ph5om5on itself4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #df3 ,i c quote two obs]vations 9 support ( ?is4 ,m4 ,,brieux1 to :om ,i 0 relat+ ?is "p ( my argum5t1 /opp$ me1 say+1 ,y h guess$ "r2 ,i repres5t to myself ?\ght issu+ f bra9 9 ! =m ( an electric gleam4 ,dr4 ,,simon also in=m$ me1 dur+ ! read+ ( my manuscript1 t he saw ?\ght float+ ov] ! bra9 l an ignis fatuus4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,x may be ?\ght t ! objection tak5 above to p>allelism & mat]ialism is p]sonal to myself1 because ,i h put x =w>d z ! consequ5ce ( my analysis ( ! respective %>es ( ?\ght & matt] 9 e act ( cognition4 ,?is is n s4 ,i am "h 9 h>mony ) o!r philosoph]s :o arriv$ at ! same conclusions long be=e me1 & x may be useful to quote !m4 ,we w beg9 ) ! pr9ce ( ideali/s1 ,b]keley4 ',ev]y?+ y "k or conceive o!r ?an spirits1' says ,philon\s to ,hylas1 'is b y\r ideas2 s !n :5 y say t all ideas are occasion$ by impressions made 9 ! bra91 ei!r y conceive ?is bra9 or y d n4 ,if y conceive x1 y are 9 t case talk+ ( ideas impr9t$ 9 an idea :i* is ! cause ( ?is v idea1 :i* is absurd4 ,if y d n conceive x1 y are talk+ un9telligibly1 y are n =m+ a reasonable hypo!sis4' ',h[ c x be reasonable1' he goes on to say1 'to ?9k t ! bra91 :i* is a s5sible ?+1 i4e4 :i* c be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses--an idea consequ5tly :i* only exi/s 9 ! m9d--is ! cause ( our o!r ideas8'#dg ,?us1 9 ! reason+ ( ,b]keley1 ! function ( ! bra9 _c expla9 ! production ( ideas1 because ! bra9 itself is an idea1 & an idea _c be ! cause ( all our o!r ideas4 ,m4 ,b]gson's argum5t is q simil>1 al?\gh he takes a v diff]5t /&po9t f t ( idealism4 ,he takes ! ^w image 9 ! vague/ conceivable s5se4 ,to expla9 ! mean+ ( ?is ^w he simply says3 images :i* are p]ceiv$ :5 ,i op5 my s5ses1 & unp]ceiv$ :5 ,i close !m4 ,he also rem>ks t ! ext]nal objects are images1 & t ! bra9 & its molecul> di/urbances are likewise images4 ,& he adds1 ,= ?is image :i* ,i call c]ebral di/urbance to g5]ate ! ext]nal images1 x w\ld h to conta9 !m 9 "o way or ano!r1 & ! repres5tation ( ! :ole mat]ial univ]se w\ld h to be implicat$ 9 t ( ?is molecul> movem5t4 ,n[1 x is en\gh to enunciate su* a proposition to reveal its absurdity4#dh ,x w be se5 t ?is reason+ is ! same z ,b]keley's1 ?\gh ! two au?ors are reason+ on objects t are diff]5t2 accord+ to ,b]keley1 ! bra9 & ! /ates ( consci5ce are psy*ical /ates2 accord+ to ,b]gson1 ! def9ition ( ! nature ( ^! two objects designat$ by ! t]m image is m compreh5sive1 b ! ess5tial ( 8 argum5t is indep5d5t ( ?is def9ition4 ,x is en\gh t ! two t]ms %\ld be ( simil> nature = "o to be unable to g5]ate ! o!r4 ,my own argum5t 9 its turn comes r ne> ! prec$+ ones4 ,= ! idea ( ,b]keley1 & ! image ( ,b]gson1 ,i sub/itute ! t]m matt]4 ,i say t ! bra9 is matt]1 & t ! p]ception ( any object is p]ception ( matt]1 & ,i ?9k x is n easy to expla9 h[ f ?is bra9 c issue ?is p]ception1 s9ce t w\ld be to admit t f "o matt] may come =? ano!r matt]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "h a great difficulty4 ,m4 ,b]gson has ?\ght to ov]come x by attack+ x 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,he has ! v +5i\s idea ( *ang+ ! position ( ! repres5tation 9 relation to ! c]ebral movem5t4 ,! mat]iali/ places ! repres5tation aft] ?is movem5t & d]ives x f ! movem5t2 ! p>alleli/ places x by ! side ( ! movem5t & 9 equival5ce to x4 ,m4 ,b]gson places x be=e ! movem5t1 & supposes x to play ) reg>d to x ! "p ( excit+ cause1 or simply t ( initiator4 ,?is c]ebral movem5t becomes an effect ( ! repres5tation & a motor effect4 ,consequ5tly ! n]v\s sy/em passes into ! /ate ( motor organ3 ! s5sory n]ves are n1 z suppos$1 true s5sory n]ves1 b !y are ! comm5cem5ts ( motor n]ves1 ! aim ( :i* is to lead ! motor excitem5ts to ! c5tres :i* play ! "p ( commutators & direct ! curr5t1 sometimes by "o set ( n]ves1 sometimes by o!rs4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is l a tool held 9 ! h&3 x is a vehicle = action1 we are told1 & n a sub/ratum = cognition4 ,i _c "h say ) :at +5uity1 ) :at p[]ful logic1 & ) :at close cont9uity ( ideas ,m4 ,b]gson develops 8 sy/em1 nor ) :at address he braves its difficulties4 ,8 m9d is rem>kable alike = its p[] ( sy/ematisation & its suppl5ess ( adaptation4 ,be=e comm5c+ to criticise him1 ,i am anxi\s to say h[ mu* ,i admire him1 h[ mu* ,i agree ) him ?r\gh\t ! critical "p ( 8 "w1 & h[ mu* ,i owe to ! p]usal ( 8 book1 ,matire et ,mmoire4 ,?\gh ,i 0 l$ into metaphysics by private ne$s1 ?\gh "s ( ! ideas ,i h set =? above 7 conceptions ( my own 7= example1 ! criticism ( ! me*anical !ory ( matt]1 & ! def9ition ( s5sation71 be=e ,i _h read ,m4 ,b]gson's book1 x _c be d5i$ t its p]usal has s /rongly modifi$ my ideas t a great "p ( ^! are due to him )\t my feel+ capable ( exactly disc]n+ :i*2 = ideas h a mu* m imp]sonal "* ?an obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,x w\ld !re=e h be5 ungrateful to criticise him be=e hav+ r5d]$ him ?is tribute4 ,!re are1 9 ,m4 ,b]gson's !ory1 a few ass]tions :i* surprise u a little1 l ev]y?+ :i* runs c\nt] to old habits4 ,x has always be5 suppos$ t our body is ! receptacle ( our psy*ological ph5om5a4 ,we /ore our rem9isc5ces 9 our n]ve c5tres2 we put ! /ate ( our emotions 9 ! p]turbations ( c]ta9 app>atus2 we f9d ! physical basis ( our ef=ts ( w & ( att5tion 9 ! s5sations ( muscul> t5sion born 9 our limbs or trunk4 ,directly we believe t ! n]v\s sy/em is no long] ! depository ( ^! /ates1 we mu/ *ange _! domicile2 & :]e are !y to be plac$8 ,"h ! !ory becomes obscure & vague1 & cu/om r5d]s x difficult to und]/& ! situation ( ! m9d outside ! body4 ,m4 ,b]gson places memory 9 planes ( consci\sness f> remov$ f action1 & p]ception he places 9 ! v object we p]ceive4 ,if ,i look at my bookcase1 my ?\ght is 9 my books2 if ,i look at ! sky1 my ?\ght is 9 a />4#di ,x is v difficult to criticise ideas su* z ^!1 because "o is nev] c]ta9 t "o und]/&s !m4 ,i w !re=e n l+] ov] !m1 not)/&+ ! mi/ru/ :i* !y inspire 9 me4 ,b :at seems to me to require pro( is ! function ,m4 ,b]gson is l$ to attribute to ! s5sory n]ves4 ,to 8 m9d1 x is n exact to say t ! excitem5t ( a s5sory n]ve excites s5sation4 ,?is w\ld be a wrong description1 =1 accord+ to him1 e n]ve1 ev5 a s5sory "o1 s]ves z a motor2 x conducts ! di/urbance :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tral commutator1 fl[s f9ally into ! muscles4 ,b !n1 :5ce comes x t ,i ?9k ,i feel a s5sation :5 my s5sory n]ve is t\*$8 ,:5ce comes x t a pressure on ! epitro*le> n]ve gives me a t+l+ 9 ! h&8 ,:5ce comes x t a bl[ on ! eyeball gives me a fleet+ impression ( light8 ,"o mu/ read ! page :]e ,m4 ,b]gson /ruggles aga9/ :at seems to me ! evid5ce ( ! facts4 ,if1 = "o reason or ano!r1 he says1 ! excitem5t no long] passes1 x w\ld be /range if ! correspond+ p]ception took place1 s9ce ?is p]ception w\ld !n put our body 9 relation ) po9ts ( space :i* w\ld no long] invite x to make a *oice4 ,divide ! optic n]ve ( any animal2 ! di/urbance />t+ f ! lum9\s po9t is no long] transmitt$ to ! bra91 & !nce to ! motor n]ves4 ,! ?read :i* connect$ ! ext]nal object to ! motor me*anism ( ! animal by envelop+ ! optic n]ve1 is sev]$2 ! visual p]ception has !re=e become p[]less1 & 9 ?is p[]lessness consi/s unconsci\sness4 ,?is argum5t is m clev] ?an conv9c+4 ,x is n conv9c+1 because x consi/s 9 exagg]at+ beyond all reason a v real fact1 t ( ! relation :i* c be discov]$ betwe5 our s5sations & our movem5ts4 ,we believe1 ) ,m4 ,b]gson1 t x is absolutely correct to see 9 action ! end & ! raison d'tre ( our intellig5ce & our s5sibility4 ,b does x foll[ t e degree1 e %ade1 e detail ( s5sation1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 has any importance = ! action8 ,! v>iations ( s5sibility are mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ( movem5ts & ( adaptation2 v probably1 z is se5 9 an att5tive /udy ( infancy1 s5sibility prec$es ! p[] ( motion 9 its diff]5tiations4 ,a *ild %[s an extraord9>y acut5ess ( p]ception at an age :5 its h& is /ill v clumsy4 ,! correlation1 !n1 is n absolute4 ,& !n ev5 if x 7 s1 x w\ld n foll[ t ! suppression ( any movem5t w\ld produce by reb\nd ! suppression ( ! s5sation to :i* ?is movem5t habitually corresponds4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 a s5sation :i* loses its motor effect becomes useless4 ,be x s2 b ?is does n prove t ! uselessness ( a s5sation is synonym\s ) ins5sibility4 ,i c v well imag9e ! movem5t be+ suppress$ & ! useless s5sation cont9u+ to evoke images & to be p]ceiv$4 ,does n ?is occur daily8 ,!re are pati5ts :o1 aft] an attack ( p>alysis rema9 p>alys$ 9 "o limb1 :i* loses ! volunt>y movem5t1 b does n necess>ily lose its s5sibility4 ,_m cle> cases are obs]v$ 9 :i* ?is dissociation takes place4 ,i !re=e own t ,i _c foll[ ,m4 ,b]gson 9 8 d$uction4 ,z a physiologi/1 ,i am oblig$ to believe firmly 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! s5sory n]ves1 & !re=e ,i cont9ue to suppose t our consci\s s5sations are consequ5t to ! excitem5t ( ^! n]ves & subord9ate to _! integrity4 ,n[1 z !re9 lies1 unless ,i mi/ake1 ! ess5tial po/ulate1 ! he>t ( ,m4 ,b]gson's !ory1 by n admitt+ x ,i mu/ regretfully reject ! :ole4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dg3 ,i borr[ ?is quotation f ,,r5\vi]1 ,le ,p]sonnellisme1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #dh3 ,matire et ,mmoire1 p4 #c4 ,! au?or has return$ to ?is po9t m at l5g? 9 a communication to ! ,congrs de ,philosophie de ,gnve1 9 #aijd4 ,see ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,nov4 #aijd1 communication f ,h4 ,,b]gson entitl$ ,le ,p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique4 ,"h is a passage f ?is article :i* expresses ! same idea3 ,to say t ! image ( ! surr\nd+ _w issues f ?is image 7f ! c]ebral movem5t71 or t x expresses itself by ?is image1 or t x arises z soon z ?is image is sugge/$1 or t "o gives x to "o's self by giv+ "o's self ?is image1 w\ld be to contradict "o's self2 s9ce ^! two images1 ! out] _w & ! intra-c]ebral movem5t1 h be5 suppos$ to be ( ! same nature1 & ! second image is1 by ! hypo!sis1 an inf9itesimal "p ( ! field ( repres5tation1 :ile ! fir/ fills ! :ole ( x4 ,footnote #di3 ,matire et ,mmoire1 p4 #ca ,,*apt] ,v ,,conclusion ,a few conv9c$ mat]iali/s & p>alleli/s1 to :om ,i h read ! above criticisms on _! sy/ems1 h f\nd no answ] to !m2 my criticisms h appe>$ to !m j1 b nev]!less !y h cont9u$ to abide by _! own sy/ems1 probably because !y 7 b\nd to h "o4 ,we d n de/roy an errone\s idea :5 we d n replace x by ano!r4 ,?is has decid$ me to set =? "s p]sonal views :i*1 provisionally1 & = want ( bett]1 might be sub/itut$ = ! old doctr9es4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 ,i ha/5 to expla9 _! "*1 & to /ate op5ly t !y are only hypo!ses4 ,i "k t metaphysicians r>ely make av[als ( ?is k9d4 ,!y pres5t _! sy/ems z a well-connect$ :ole1 & !y set =? its diff]5t p>ts1 ev5 ! bolde/ ( !m1 9 ! same dogmatic tone1 & )\t w>n+ t we ought to atta* v unequal degrees ( confid5ce to ^! v>i\s p>ts4 ,?is is a deplorable me?od1 & to x is p]haps due ! k9d ( disda9 t obs]v]s & exp]im5tali/s feel = metaphysics--a disda9 (t5 )\t ju/ification1 = all is n false1 & ev]y?+ is n hypo!tical1 9 metaphysics4 ,!re are 9 x demon/rations1 analyses1 & criticisms1 especially ! la/1 :i* appe> to me z exact & z c]ta9 z an obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,! mi/ake lies 9 mix+ up toge!r 9 a /atem5t1 )\t di/9ction1 ! c]ta9 ) ! probable1 & ! probable ) ! possible4 ,metaphysicians are n :olly responsible = ?is fault ( me?od2 & ,i am mu* incl9$ to ?9k t x is ! natural consequ5ce ( ! abuse ( speculation4 ,x is especially by ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces ( obs]vation t we fo/] 9 ourselves ! preci\s s5se ( pro(1 because we c *eck x any m9ute by exp]im5tal v]ification4 ,:5 we are work+ at a di/ance f ! facts1 ?is s5se ( pro( gets ?9n]1 & !re is lo/ t feel+ ( responsibility & fe> ( see+ "o's ass]tions contradict$ by a decisive c\nt]vail+ obs]vation1 :i* is felt by e obs]v]4 ,"o acquires ! unbe>able pride :i* ,i note 9 ,kant1 & "o ab&ons "o's self to ! _s ( con/ruction4 ,i am speak+ f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,i h sev]al times detect$ )9 me ?is bad _s ( con/ruction1 ,i h be5 seek+ to gr\p sev]al facts ( obs]vation "u ! same idea1 & !n ,i h discov]$ t ,i 0 belittl+ & depreciat+ ^? facts :i* did n fit 9 ) ! idea4 ,! hypo!sis ,i n[ pres5t on ! relations ( ! m9d & ! bra9 has1 = me1 ! advantage ( br++ to light ! precise conditions :i* a solution ( ?is great problem mu/ satisfy = ?is solution to be wor?y ( discussion4 ,^! conditions are v num]\s4 ,i %all n indicate !m all successively2 b "h are two :i* are p>ticul>ly important4 #a4 ,! manife/ations ( ! consci\sness are condition$ by ! bra94 ,let u susp5d1 by any means1 ! activity ( ! encephalic mass1 by arre/+ ! circulation ( ! blood = example1 & ! psy*ic function is at once inhibit$4 ,compress ! c>otid1 & y obta9 ! cl\d+-ov] ( ! intellect4 ,or1 in/ead ( a total abolition1 y c h "o 9 detail2 sev] a s5sory n]ve ) ! bi/\ry1 & all ! s5sations :i* t n]ve transmits to ! bra9 are suppress$4 ,consci\sness appe>s only :5 ! molecul> di/urbance rea*es ! n]ve c5tres2 ev]y?+ takes place 9 ! same way z if ?is di/urbance releas$ ! consci\sness4 ,consci\sness also accompanies or foll[s c]ta9 mat]ial /ates ( ! n]ve c5tres1 su* z ! waves :i* trav]se ! s5sory n]ves1 :i* ex]cise reflex action 9 ! cells1 & :i* propagate !mselves 9 ! motor n]ves4 ,x is to ! production1 ! di/ribution1 & ! integrity ( ?is n]v\s influx t ! consci\sness is closely l9k$4 ,x !re f9ds "o ( ! conditions ( its app>ition4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! consci\sness rema9s 9 complete ignorance ( ^! intra-c]ebral ph5om5a4 ,x does n p]ceive ! n]ve-wave :i* sets x 9 motion1 x kn[s no?+ ( its peculi>ities1 ( its trajectory1 or ! l5g? ( its c\rse4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be said t x is 9 no degree an anatomi/2 x has no idea ( all ! peculi>ities ( ! n]ve-wave :i* =m "p ( its c]ebral hi/ory f ! mom5t :5 ^! peculi>ities are out ( relation ) ! prop]ties ( ext]nal objects4 ,"o sometimes wond]s t our consci\sness is n aw>e t ! objects we p]ceive ) our two eyes correspond to a d\ble undulation1 namely1 t ( ! "r & t ( ! left1 & t ! image is rev]s$ on ! ret9a1 s t x is ! rods ( ! "r :i* are impress$ by objects on our left1 & ! rods ( ! upp] "p by objects bel[ our eyes4 ,^! are1 x has be5 v ju/ly said1 factiti\s problems1 imag9>y difficulties :i* d n exi/4 ,!re is no ne$ to expla91 = in/ance1 direct vision by a rev]s$ image1 because our consci\sness is n aw>e t ! image on ! ret9a is rev]s$4 ,9 ord] to take acc\nt ( ?is1 we %\ld require ano!r eye to see ?is image4 ,?is answ] appe>s p>ticul>ly to ! po9t4 ,x w be f\nd t x is absolutely correct if we reflect t ?is case ( ! unfelt inv]sion ( ! image on ! ret9a is b "o example ( ! anatomical ignorance ( ! consci\sness4 ,x might also be decl>$1 9 ! same ord] ( ideas1 t our consci\sness is ignorant1 t excitem5ts ( ! eye cross ea* o!r at ! level ( ! *iasma1 & pass ?r\gh ! int]nal capsule1 & t ! majority ( ! visual excitem5ts ( an eye are receiv$ by ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,a r confus$ notion ( ^! facts has =m$ itself 9 ! m9ds ( sev]al critics1 & ,i c disc]n ! pro( ( ?is 9 ! language !y use4 ,x w be said1 = example1 t ! idea exi/s 9 ! consci\sness or 9 ! m9d1 & phrases l ! foll[+ w be avoid$3 ,i ?9k ) my bra9--! sugge/ion consi/s 9 introduc+ an idea 9 ! bra9--,! n]ve cell p]ceives & reasons1 c4 ,ord9>ily ^! =ms ( spee* are criticis$ because !y appe> to h ! defect ( e/abli%+ a confusion betwe5 two irr$ucible elem5ts1 ! physical & ! m5tal4 ,i ?9k ! error ( language proce$s f ano!r cause1 s9ce ,i d n admit ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal4 ,i ?9k t ! error consi/s 9 suppos+ vaguely t ! consci\sness compreh5ds intra-c]ebral ph5om5a1 :]eas x ignores !m4 ,let me repeat t !re is no su* ?+ z intra-c]ebral s5sibility4 ,! consci\sness is absolutely ins5sitive ) reg>d to ! dispositions ( ! c]ebral sub/ance & its mode ( "w4 ,x is n ! n]v\s undulation :i* our consci\sness p]ceives1 b ! excit+ cause ( ?is wave--t is1 ! ext]nal object4 ,! consci\sness does n feel t :i* is q close to x1 b is in=m$ ( t :i* passes mu* fur!r (f4 ,no?+ t is produc$ inside ! cranium int]e/s x2 x is solely occupi$ ) objects ( :i* ! situation is extra-cranial4 ,x does n p5etrate into ! bra91 we might say1 b spreads itself l a %eet ov] ! p]iph]y ( ! body1 & !nce spr+s into ! mid/ ( ! ext]nal objects4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ,i d n say a contradiction1 b a v /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ^! two facts4 ,! consci\sness is condition$1 kept up1 & n\ri%$ by ! work+ ( ! c]ebral sub/ance1 b kn[s no?+ ( :at passes 9 ! int]ior ( t sub/ance4 ,?is consci\sness might itself be comp>$ to a p>asitical organism :i* plunges its tap roots into ! n]ve c5tres1 & ( :i* ! organs ( p]ception1 borne on long /alks1 em]ge f ! cranium & p]ceive ev]y?+ outside t cranium4 ,b ?is is1 ( c\rse1 only a r\gh image4 ,/rictly1 x is possible to expla9 ?is di/ribution ( ! consci5ce1 s+ul> z x is at fir/ sight1 by ^? reasons ( practical utility :i* are s p[]ful 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,a liv+ be+ has to "k ! _w ext]nal to himself 9 ord] to adapt & preadapt himself to x1 = x is 9 ?is out] _w t he f9ds food1 %elt]1 be+s ( 8 own species1 & ! means ( "w1 & x is on ?is _w ( objects t he acts 9 e possible way by ! contractions ( 8 muscles4 ,b ) reg>d to intracephalic actions1 !y are outside ! ord9>y sph]e ( our actions4 ,!re is no daily ne$ to "k !m1 & we c und]/& t ! consci\sness has n f\nd v press+ utilit>ian motives = developm5t 9 t direction4 ,"o mu/ be an hi/ologi/ or a surgeon to f9d an appreciable int]e/ 9 /udy+ ! /ructure ( ! n]ve cell or ! topography ( ! c]ebral c5tres4 ,we c !re=e expla9 well en\gh1 by ! g5]al laws ( adaptation1 ! reason ( ! abs5ce ( :at might be call$ c]ebral s5sibility1 b1 "h z else:]e1 ! "q ( ! ,:y is mu* easi] to solve ?an t ( ! ,h[4 ,! "q ( ! ,h[ consi/s 9 expla9+ t ! consci\sness1 directly ar\s$ by a n]ve-wave1 does n p]ceive ?is undulation1 b 9 its /ead ! ext]nal object4 ,let u fir/ note t betwe5 ! ext]nal object & ! n]v\s influx !re is ! relation ( cause to effect4 ,x is only ! effect :i* rea*es u1 our n]ve cells1 & our consci\sness4 ,:at mu/ be expla9$ is h[ a cognition 7if su* a ^w may be employ$ "h7 ( ! effect c excite ! consci\sness ( ! cause4 ,x is cle> t ! effect does n resemble ! cause1 z quality3 ! orange ,i am look+ at has no resemblance ) ! bra9 wave :i* at ?is mom5t is trav]s+ my optic n]ve2 b ?is effect conta9s ev]y?+ :i* 0 9 ! cause1 or1 m exactly1 all t "p ( ! cause ( :i* we h p]ception4 ,s9ce x is only by ! int]m$i>y ( our n]v\s sy/em t we p]ceive ! object1 all ! prop]ties capable ( be+ p]ceiv$ are communicat$ to our n]v\s sy/em & inscrib$ 9 ! n]ve wave4 ,! effect produc$ !re=e is ! measure ( our p]ception ( ! cause4 ,?is is absolutely c]ta94 ,all bodies possess an inf9ity ( prop]ties :i* escape our cognitions2 because1 z excitants ( our organism1 ^! prop]ties are want+ 9 ! int5sity or ! quality necess>y to make x vibrate2 !y h n be5 tun$ 9 unison ) our n]v\s *ords4 ,&1 inv]sely1 all we p]ceive ( ! me*anical1 physical1 & *emical prop]ties ( a body is conta9$ 9 ! vibration ?is body succe$s 9 propagat+ ?r\gh our c]ebral atmosph]e4 ,!re is 9 ?is a ph5om5on ( transmission analog\s to t :i* is produc$ :5 an air ( music is s5t along a wire2 ! :ole conc]t he>d at ! o!r extremity ( ! wire has travell$ 9 ! =m ( delicate vibrations4 ,!re mu/ !re=e exi/1 ?\gh unp]ceiv$ by our s5ses1 a sort ( k9%ip betwe5 ! qualities ( ! ext]nal objects & ! vibrations ( our n]ves4 ,?is is sometimes =gott54 ,! !ory ( ! specific en]gy ( ! n]ves causes x to be ov]look$4 ,z we see t ! quality ( ! s5sation dep5ds on ! n]ve t is excit$1 "o is incl9$ to m9imise ! importance ( ! excitant4 ,x is relegat$ to ! position ( a proximate cause ) reg>d to ! vibration ( ! n]ve1 z ! /rik+ ( a key on ! piano is ! proximate cause ( ! vibration ( a /r+1 :i* always gives ! same degree ( s\nd :e!r /ruck by ! =ef+] or ?ird f+]1 or by a p5cil or any o!r body4 ,x w be se5 at once t ?is comp>ison is inexact4 ,! specific prop]ty ( our n]ves does n prev5t our kn[+ ! =m ( ! excitant1 & our n]ves are only comp>able to piano /r+s if we grant to ^! ! prop]ty ( vibrat+ diff]5tly accord+ to ! nature ( ! bodies :i* /rike !m4 ,h[ is x t ! n]ve wave1 if x be ! depository ( ! :ole ( ! physical prop]ties p]ceiv$ 9 ! object1 resembles x s little8 ,x is because--?is is my hypo!sis--^! prop]ties1 if !y are 9 ! undulation1 are n !re alone4 ,! undulation is ! "w ( two collaborators3 x expresses bo? ! nature ( ! object :i* provokes x & t ( ! n]v\s app>atus :i* is its vehicle4 ,x is l ! furr[ trac$ 9 ! wax ( ! phonograph :i* expresses ! collaboration ( an arial vibration ) a /ylus1 a cyl9d]1 & a clock-"w movem5t4 ,?is engrav$ l9e resembles1 9 %ort1 nei!r ! phonographic app>atus nor ! arial vibration1 al?\gh x results f ! comb9ation ( ! two4 ,simil>ly1 ,i suppose t if ! n]v\s vibration resembles s little ! excitant :i* gives x bir?1 x is because ! factor n]v\s sy/em adds its effect to ! factor ext]nal object4 ,ea* ( ^! factors repres5ts a diff]5t prop]ty3 ! ext]nal object repres5ts a cognition & ! n]v\s sy/em an excitem5t4 ,let u imag9e t we succe$ 9 sep>at+ ^! two effects4 ,x w be conceiv$1 !oretically1 t a sep>ation ( ?is k9d w lay b>e ! hidd5 resemblances1 giv+ to ea* collaborator ! "p :i* belongs to x4 ,! excitem5t1 = in/ance1 w be suppress$1 & ! cognition w be reta9$4 ,is x possible to make1 or at lea/ to imag9e1 su* an analysis8 ,p]haps3 =1 ( ^! two compet+ activities1 "o is v>iable1 s9ce x dep5ds on ! con/antly *ang+ nature ( ! objects :i* come into relation ) u2 ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is a con/ant1 s9ce x expresses ! contribution ( our n]ve sub/ance1 &1 ?\gh ?is la/ is ( v un/able composition1 x necess>ily v>ies mu* less ?an ! s]ies ( excitants4 ,we consequ5tly see fa9tly t ^! two elem5ts diff] suffici5tly 9 "* = u to be able to suppose t !y are sep>able by analysis4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is analysis be made8 ,evid5tly n by *emical or physical means3 we h no ne$ "h ( reag5ts1 prisms1 c5trifugal app>atus1 p]meable membranes1 or any?+ ( t k9d4 ,x w suffice to suppose t x is ! consci\sness itself t is ! dialys]4 ,x acts by virtue ( its own laws--t is to say1 by *anges 9 int5sity4 ,suppos+ t s5sibility increases = ! v>iable elem5ts ( ! undulation1 & becomes ins5sible = ! con/ant elem5ts4 ,! effect w be ! same z a mat]ial dissociation by *emical analysis3 !re w be an elim9ation ( c]ta9 elem5ts & ! ret5tion ( o!rs4 ,n[1 all we "k ( ! consci\sness au?orises u to entru/ ?is rle to x1 = x is )9 ! range ( its habits4 ,we "k t *ange is ! law ( consci\sness1 t x is effac$ :5 ! excitem5ts are uni=m1 & is r5ew$ by _! diff]5ces or _! novelty4 ,a cont9u$ or too (t5 repeat$ excitem5t ceases 9 "t to be p]ceiv$4 ,x is to cond5se ^! facts into a =mula t ,ba9 speaks ( ! law ( relativity ( cognition1 &1 9 spite ( a few ambiguities on ! "p ( ,sp5c] & ( ,ba9 himself 9 ! def9ition ( ?is law1#ej ! =mula ) ! s5se ,i h j indicat$ is wor? pres]v+4 ,let u see :at becomes ( x1 :5 my hypo!sis is adopt$4 ,x expla9s h[ c]ta9 excitem5ts proce$+ f ! objects--t is to say1 =m+ "p ( ! v>iable elem5t--cease to be p]ceiv$ :5 !y are repeat$ & t5d to become con/ant4 ,a =tiori1 x seems to me1 %\ld ! same law expla9 h[ ! con/ant elem5t p> excell5ce1 ! "o :i* nev] v>ies f ! fir/ h\r1 is nev] p]ceiv$4 ,!re is1 9 ! conc]t ( ! s\nds ( nature1 an accompanim5t s monoton\s t x is no long] p]ceiv$2 & ! melody alone cont9ues to be he>d4 ,x is 9 ?is precisely t my hypo!sis consi/s4 ,we w suppose a n]ve curr5t />t+ f "o ( ! organs ( ! s5ses1 :5 x is excit$ by "s object or o!r1 & arriv+ at ! c5tre ( ! bra94 ,?is curr5t conta9s all ! prop]ties ( ! object1 its col\r1 its =m1 its size1 its ?\s& details ( /ructure1 its weight1 its sonor\s qualities1 c41 c41 prop]ties comb9$ ) & connect$ by ! prop]ties ( ! n]ve-organ 9 :i* ! curr5t is propagat$4 ,! consci\sness rema9s ins5sible to ^? n]v\s prop]ties ( ! curr5t :i* are s (t5 repeat$ t !y are annull$2 x p]ceives1 on ! contr>y1 its v>iable & accid5tal prop]ties :i* express ! nature ( ! excitant4 ,by ?is p>tial s5sibility1 ! consci\sness lays b>e t :i*1 9 ! n]ve curr5t1 repres5ts ! object--t is to say1 a cognition2 & ?is op]ation is equival5t to a trans=mation ( ! curr5t into a p]ception1 image1 or idea4 ,!re is n1 /rictly speak+1 a trans=mation1 b an analysis2 only1 ! practical result is ! same z t ( a trans=mation1 & is obta9$ )\t its be+ necess>y to suppose ! transmutation ( a physical into a m5tal ph5om5on4 ,let u place ourselves n[ at ! mom5t :5 ! analysis ,i am suppos+ to be possible has j be5 effect$4 ,our consci\sness !n assi/s at ! unroll+ ( repres5tations :i* correspond to ! out] _w4 ,^! repres5tations are n1 or d n appe> to be1 lodg$ 9 ! bra92 & x is n necess>y to suppose a special op]ation :i*1 tak+ !m 9 ! bra91 %\ld project !m to ! p]iph]y ( our n]ves4 ,?is transport w\ld be useless1 s9ce = ! consci\sness ! bra9 does n exi/3 ! bra91 ) its fibres & cells1 is n felt2 x !re=e supplies no datum to enable u to judge :e!r ! repres5tation is ext]nal or int]nal ) reg>d to x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! repres5tation is only localis$ 9 relation to itself2 !re is no det]m9ate position o!r ?an t ( "o repres5tation 9 relation to ano!r4 ,we may !re=e reject z inexact ! pret5d$ law ( ecc5tricity ( ! physiologi/s1 :o suppose t s5sation is fir/ p]ceiv$ z x 7 c5trally1 & !n1 by an add$ act1 is localis$ at ! p]iph]ic extremity ( ! n]ve4 ,?is argum5t w\ld only be correct if we admitt$ t ! bra9 is p]ceiv$ by ! consci\sness ( ! bra94 ,i h already said t ! consci\sness is n an anatomi/1 & t !re=e ?is problem does n pres5t itself4 ,su* z x is1 ?is hypo!sis appe>s to me to pres5t ! advantage ( expla9+ ! reason :y our consci\sness co9cides1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ) ! actions ( ! bra91 &1 9 o!rs1 does n come ne> !m4 ,9 o!r words1 x conta9s an explanation ( ! unconsci\s4 ,i c %[ ?is by quot+ c]ta9 exact facts1 ( :i* ! explanation has be5 hi!rto ?\ght to pres5t difficulties1 b :i* become v easy to und]/& on ! pres5t hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ ( ^! facts relates to ! psy*ology ( ! motor curr5t4 ,?is curr5t has be5 a great feature 9 ! /udies :i* h be5 made on ! feel+ ( ef=t & on ! physical basis ( ! w4 ,! motor curr5t is t :i*1 />t+ f ! c]ebral cells ( ! motor region1 travels by way ( ! fibres ( ! pyramidal tract into ! muscles ( ! body2 & x is c5trifugal 9 direction4 ,rese>*es h be5 made z to :e!r we are or may be consci\s ( ?is curr5t2 or r1 ! "q has be5 put 9 some:at diff]5t t]ms4 ,x has be5 ask$ :e!r a psy*ological /ate c be ! c\nt]p>t ( ?is motor curr5t1--if1 = example1 ! feel+ ( m5tal ef=t produc$ 9 u at ! mom5t ( execut+ a difficult act or ( tak+ a grave resolution1 might n h ?is motor curr5t = a basis4 ,! op9ion :i* has prevail$ is 9 ! negative4 ,we h recognis$--a good deal on ! fai? ( exp]im5t1 & a little also = !oretical reasons--t no s5sation is awak5$ by ! c5trifugal curr5t4 ,z to ! s5sation ( ef=t1 x has be5 agre$ to place x else:]e4 ,we put x among ! c5tripetal s5sations :i*1 are produc$ z ! movem5t outl9es itself1 & :i* proce$ f ! contract$ muscles1 ! /ret*$ ligam5ts1 & ! frictional movem5ts ( ! articulations4 ,ef=t w\ld !re=e =m "p ( all ! psy*ical ph5om5ology1 :i* is ! duplicate ( ^? s5sory curr5ts :i* are c5tripetal 9 direction4 ,9 ! long run1 ,i c see no sort ( !oretical reason = subord9at+ ! consci\sness to ! direction ( ! n]ve curr5t1 & = suppos+ t ! consci\sness is ar\s$ :5 ?is curr5t is c5tripetal1 & t x _c foll[ ! c5trifugal curr5t4 ,b ?is po9t matt]s little4 ,my hypo!sis w\ld fairly well expla9 :y ! motor curr5t rema9s unconsci\s2 x expla9s ! affair by tak+ into consid]ation ! nature ( ?is curr5t & n its direction4 ,?is curr5t is a motor "o because x is born 9 ! c5tral cells1 because x is a dis*>ge f ^! cells1 & is ( entirely n]v\s orig94 ,s9ce x does n correspond ) ! p]ception ( an object--! ev] v>y+ object--x is always ! same by nature4 ,x does n c>ry ) x 9 its monoton\s c\rse ! dbris ( an object1 z does ! s5sory curr5t4 ,?us x c fl[ )\t consci\sness4 ,?is same k9d ( hypo!sis supplies u ) ! reasons :y a giv5 s5sory curr5t may be1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ei!r consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,! consci\sness result+ f ! analysis ( ! molecul> wave is1 z x 71 a supplem5t>y "w :i* may be subsequ5tly add$ to ! realis$ wave4 ,! propagation ( ! wave is ! ess5tial fact--!re is always "t to become consci\s ( x aft]w>ds4 ,x is ?us t we happ51 9 mom5ts ( ab/raction1 to rema9 ins5sible to c]ta9 ev5 v p[]ful excitem5ts4 ,our n]v\s sy/em regi/]s !m1 nev]!less1 & we c f9d !m aga91 lat] on1 )9 ! memory4 ,?is is ! effect ( a belat$ analysis4 ,! conv]se ph5om5on occurs mu* m frequ5tly4 ,we rem>k _m actions & p]ceptions :i* occur ! fir/ "t ) consci\sness1 emotion1 & ef=t4 ,!n1 :5 !y are repeat$1 z coord9ation becomes /rong] & easi]1 ! reflex consci\sness ( ! op]ation becomes feebl]4 ,?is is ! law ( habit1 :i* sl[ly c>ries u t[>ds automatism4 ,^! obs]vations h ev5 be5 ext5d$1 & ! endeav\r made to apply !m to ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( reflex actions & ( in/9cts :i* h all />t$ ) consci\sness4 ,?is is a r bold attempt1 = x meets ) _m s]i\s difficulties 9 execution2 b ! idea seems fairly correct1 & is acceptable if we may limit x4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! consci\sness accompanies ! ef=t t[>ds ! untri$1 & p]i%es z soon z x is realis$4 ,:5ce comes ?is s+ul> dilemma prop\nd$ to x by nature3 to create some?+ new or p]i%8 ,x really seems t my hypo!sis expla9s ?is4 ,e new act is produc$ by n]ve curr5ts1 :i* conta9 _m ( ^? v>iable elem5ts :i* ! consci\sness p]ceives2 b1 9 proportion z ! action ( ! bra9 repeats itself & becomes m precise & m exact1 ?is v>iable elem5t becomes att5uat$1 falls to its l[e/ pit*1 & may ev5 disappe> 9 ! fixation ( habit & in/9ct4 ,my hypo!sis mu* resembles ! sy/em ( p>allelism4 ,x p]fects x1 z x seems to me1 z mu* z ! latt] has p]fect$ mat]ialism4 ,we inde$ admit a k9d ( p>allelism betwe5 ! consci\sness & ! object ( cognition2 b ^! two s]ies are n indep5d5t1 n simply plac$ 9 juxtaposition z is possible 9 ord9>y p>allelism2 !y are unit$ & fus$ toge!r s z to complete ea* o!r4 ,?is new !ory appe>s to me to repres5t a bett] =m ( ! s]ies ( attempts :i* h be5 inspir$ by ! common necessity ( mak+ ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness accord ) ! det]m9ism ( physical facts4 ,i hold fa/ to ?is physical det]m9ism1 & accept a /rictly me*anical conception ( ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 my idea1 ! curr5ts :i* pass ?r\gh ! c]ebral mass foll[ ea* o!r )\t int]ruption1 f ! s5sorial p]iph]y to ! motor p]iph]y2 x is !y1 & !y alone1 :i* excite ! movem5ts ( ! body by act+ on ! muscles4 ,p>allelism recognises all ^! ?+s1 & ,i d likewise4 ,let u n[ see ! advantages ( ?is new sy/em4 ,fir/1 x conta9s no p>alogism1 no logical or psy*ological error1 s9ce x does n advance ! supposition t ! m5tal diff]s by its nature f ! physical ph5om5on4 ,we h discuss$ above ! consequ5ces ( ?is error1 ,!y are "h avoid$4 ,9 ! second place1 x is explanatory1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 measure1 s9ce ! =mula we employ all[s u to und]/&1 bett] ?an by ! pr9ciple ( a simple juxtaposition1 :y c]ta9 n]ve curr5ts fl[ 9 ! light ( consci\sness1 :ile o!rs are plung$ into ! d>kness ( unconsci\sness4 ,?is law ( consci\sness1 :i* ,ba9 call$ ! law ( relativity1 becomes1 :5 embodi$ ) my !ory ( ! relations ( ! physical to ! moral1 an explanation ( ! di/ribution ( consci\sness ?r\gh ! actions ( ! bra94 ,i ask myself :e!r ! explanation ,i h devis$ ought to be lit]ally pres]v$4 ,p]haps n4 ,i h endeav\r$ less to pres5t a ready-made solution ?an to indicate ! direction 9 :i* we ought to look = "o4 ,! law ( consci\sness :i* ,i h us$ to expla9 ! trans=mation ( a n]ve curr5t into p]ception & images is only an empirical law produc$ by ! g5]alisation ( p>ticul> obs]vations4 ,until n[ !re has be51 s f> z ,i "k1 no attempt to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is law ( consci\sness1 not)/&+ ! g5]al nature :i* "s au?ors incl9e to ascribe to x1 might n expla9 itself by "s m g5]al facts1 & might n fit1 z a p>ticul> case1 into a m compreh5sive frame4 ,to be brief1 ?is is v possible4 ,i h n tr\bl$ myself ab\t x1 & ,i h made a transc5d5tal use ( ?is empirical law2 = ,i h impli$ly suppos$ x to be a fir/ pr9ciple1 capable ( acc\nt+ = ! developm5t ( ! consci\sness1 b itself incapable ( explanation4 ,if o!r obs]v]s discov] t t :i* to me has appe>$ inexplicable1 may be expla9$ by q peculi> causes1 x is cle> t my !ory mu/ be ab&on$ or modifi$4 ,new !ories mu/ !n be s\ght =1 :i* w probably consi/ 9 recognis+ diff]5t prop]ties 9 ! consci\sness4 ,a little ?\ght w discov] sev]al1 ,i h no d\bt4 ,by way ( sugge/ion1 ,i w indicate "o ( ^! hypo!tical possibilities3 ,! consci\sness has ! faculty ( read+ 9 ! effect t :i* exi/$ 9 ! cause4 ,x is n ra% to believe t by work+ out ?is idea1 a c]ta9 solution w\ld be discov]$4 ,moreov]1 ! ess5tial is1 ,i repeat1 less to f9d a solution ?an to take acc\nt ( ! po9t :i* requires "o2 & metaphysics seem to me especially useful :5 x %[s u :]e ! gap 9 our k exi/s & :at are ! conditions requir$ to fill ?is gap4 ,above all1 ,i adh]e to ?is idea1 :i* has be5 "o ( ! guid+ =ces ( ?is book3 !re exi/s at ! bottom ( all ! ph5om5a ( ! intellig5ce1 a duality4 ,to =m a true ph5om5on1 !re mu/ be at once a consci\sness & an object4 ,accord+ to pass+ t5d5cies1 ei!r ( temp]am5t or ( fa%ion1 prepond]ance has be5 giv5 sometimes to "o ( ! t]ms ( ?is c\ple1 sometimes to ! o!r4 ,! ideali/ decl>es3 ,?\ght creates ! _w4 ,! mat]iali/ answ]s3 ,! matt] ( ! bra9 creates ?\ght4 ,betwe5 ^! two extreme op9ions1 ! "o z unju/ifiable z ! o!r 9 ! excesses !y commit1 we take up an int]m$iate position4 ,look+ at ! balance1 we see no argum5t capable ( be+ plac$ 9 ! scale ( ! consci\sness :i* may n be neutralis$ by an argum5t plac$ 9 ! scale ( ! object2 & if we _h to give our f9al v]dict we %\ld say3 ,! consci\sness & matt] h equal rights1 ?us leav+ to e "o ! p[] to place1 9 ?is conception ( an equality ( rights1 ! hopes ( survival ( :i* 8 he>t has ne$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ej3 ,! quivoque p]petrat$ by ,,ba9 & ,,sp5c] consi/s 9 suppos+ t ! consci\sness be>s solely on diff]5ces4 ,?is is go+ too f>4 ,i conf9e myself to admitt+ t1 if s5sation is n *ang$ f "t to "t1 ! consci\sness becomes weak] & disappe>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,recapitulation ,i ask p]mission to reproduce "h a communication made by me 9 ,decemb] #aijd to ! ,socit ,franaise de ,philosophie4 ,i !re set =? briefly ! ideas :i* ,i h j develop$ 9 ?is book4 ,?is succ9ct expos may be useful z a recapitulation ( ! argum5t4 ,description ( ,matt]4--,! physici/s :o are seek+ = a conception ( ! ,inmo/ /ructure ( matt] 9 ord] to expla9 ! v num]\s ph5om5a !y p]ceive1 fancy !y c connect !m ) o!r ph5om5a1 less num]\s1 b ( ! same ord]4 ,!y ?us consid] matt] 9 itself4 ,we psy*ologi/s add to matt] some?+ m1 viz4 ! obs]v]4 ,we consid] matt] & def9e x by its relations to our modes ( k--t is to say1 by be>+ 9 m9d t x is condition$ by our ext]nal p]ception4 ,^! are two diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,9 develop+ our own /&po9t1 we note t ( ! out] _w we are acqua9t$ ) no?+ b our s5sations3 if we prop\nd ?is limit1 x is because _m obs]vations & exp]im5ts %[ t1 betwe5 ! ext]nal object & ourselves1 !re is b "o int]m$i>y1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & t we only p]ceive ! modifications :i* ! ext]nal object1 act+ z an excitant1 provokes 9 ?is sy/em4 ,let u provisionally apply to ^! modifications ! t]m s5sations1 )\t settl+ ! "q ( _! physical or m5tal nature4 ,o!r exp]im5ts1 aga91 prove to u t our s5sations are n necess>ily simil> to ! objects :i* excite !m2 = ! quality ( ea* s5sation dep5ds on :at is call$ ! specific en]gy ( ! n]ve excit$4 ,?us1 :e!r ! optic n]ve be appeal$ to by a ray ( light1 an electric curr5t1 or a me*anical %ock1 x always gives ! same answ]1 & ?is answ] is ! s5sation ( light4 ,x foll[s t our n]v\s sy/em itself is only kn[n to u z reg>ds its /ructure by ! int]m$i>y ( s5sations1 & we are n o!rwise m in=m$ ^u its nature ?an ^u t ( any o!r object :atev]4 ,9 ! second place1 a mu* m s]i\s consequ5ce is t all our s5sations be+ equally false1 s f> z !y are copies ( ! excitants :i* provoke !m1 "o has no "r to use any ( ^! s5sations to repres5t to ourselves ! inmo/ /ructure ( matt]4 ,! !ories to :i* _m physici/s /ill cl+1 :i* consi/ 9 expla9+ all ! modalities ( matt] by diff]5t comb9ations ( movem5t1 />t f false premises4 ,_! error consi/s 9 expla9+ ! :ole body ( our s5sations by c]ta9 p>ticul> s5sations ( ! eye1 ( ! t\*1 & ( ! muscul> s5se1 9 :i* analysis discov]s ! elem5ts & ! s\rce ( ! repres5tation ( motion4 ,n[ ^! p>ticul> s5sations h no m objective value ?an ^? ( ! tongue1 ( ! nose1 & ( ! e>2 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ! ext]nal excitant ( :i* x is s\ght to p5etrate ! inmo/ nature1 "o ( !m is z radically false z ! o!r4 ,x is true t a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons w ?9k to escape f our conclusion1 because !y d n accept our />t+ po9t4 ,!re exi/1 9 fact1 sev]al sy/ems :i* prop\nd t ! out] _w is kn[n to u directly )\t ! int]m$i>y ( a t]tium quid1 t is1 ( s5sation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! spiriti/s are conv9c$ t disembodi$ s\ls c rema9 spectators ( t]re/rial life1 &1 consequ5tly1 c p]ceive x )\t ! int]position ( organs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ,g]man au?ors h rec5tly ma9ta9$1 by r curi\s reason+1 t ! specific en]gy ( our n]v\s sy/em does n trans=m ! excitants1 & t our s5sations are ! fai?ful copies ( t :i* causes !m4 ,f9ally1 v>i\s philosoph]s1 ,reid1 ,hamilton1 &1 9 our own days1 ! deep & subtle m9d ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 h propos$ to admit t by direct compreh5sion we h cognisance ( ! objects )\t my/]y & z !y are4 ,let ?is be admitt$4 ,x w *ange no?+ 9 our conclusions1 & = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,we h said t no k9d ( our s5sations--nei!r ! visual1 ! tactile1 nor ! muscul>--p]mits u to repres5t to ourselves ! inmo/ /ructure ( matt]1 because all s5sations1 )\t exception1 are false1 z copies ( mat]ial objects4 ,we are n[ assur$ t we are mi/ak51 & t our s5sations are all true--t is to say1 are fai?ful copies ( ! objects4 ,if all are true1 x comes to ! same ?+ z if all are false4 ,if all are true1 x is impossible to make any *oice among !m1 to reta9 only ! s5sations ( sight & t\*1 & to use !m 9 ! con/ruction ( a me*anical !ory1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,= x is impossible = u to expla9 "s by ! o!rs4 ,if all are equally true1 !y all h ! same "r to repres5t ! /ructure ( matt]1 &1 z !y are irreconcilable1 no !ory c be =m$ f _! syn!sis4 ,let u1 consequ5tly1 conclude ?is3 :atev] hypo!sis may be built up on ! relations possibly exi/+ betwe5 matt] & our s5sations1 we are =bidd5 to make a !ory ( matt] 9 ! t]ms ( our s5sations4 ,t is :at ,i ?9k ( matt]1 und]/ood z ! inmo/ /ructure ( bodies--( unkn[able & metaphysical matt]4 ,i %all n speak ( x aga92 & h5ce=? :5 ,i use ! ^w matt]1 x w be 9 q a diff]5t acceptation--x w be empirical & physical matt]1 su* z x appe>s to u 9 our s5sations4 ,x mu/ !re=e be und]/ood t f ?is mom5t we *ange our gr\nd4 ,we leave ! _w ( n\m5a & ent] t ( ph5om5a4 ,def9ition ( ,m9d4--,g5]ally1 to def9e ! m9d1 we oppose ! concept ( m9d to ! concept ( matt]1 ) ! result t we get extremely vague images 9 our ?\ghts4 ,x is pref]able to replace ! concepts by facts1 & to proce$ to an inv5tory ( all m5tal ph5om5a4 ,n[1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inv5tory1 we p]ceive t we h cont9ually to d ) two ord]s ( elem5ts1 :i* are unit$ 9 reality1 b :i* our ?\ght may consid] z isolat$4 ,"o ( ^! elem5ts is repres5t$ by ^? /ates :i* we designate by ! "n ( s5sations1 images1 emotions1 c42 ! o!r elem5t is ! consci\sness ( ^! s5sations1 ! cognition ( ^! images1 ! fact ( exp]i5c+ ^! emotions4 ,x is1 9 o!r words1 a special activity ( :i* ^! /ates are ! object &1 z x 71 ! po9t ( application--an activity :i* consi/s 9 p]ceiv+1 judg+1 comp>+1 und]/&+1 & will+4 ,to make our inv5tory ord]ly1 let u deal ) ^! two elem5ts sep>ately & beg9 ) ! fir/4 ,we w fir/ exam9e s5sation3 let u put aside t :i* is ! fact ( feel+1 & reta9 t :i* is felt4 ,?us def9$ & slightly cond5s$1 :at is s5sation8 ,until n[ we h employ$ ! ^w 9 ! v vague s5se ( a t]tium quid int]pos$ betwe5 ! object & ourselves4 ,n[ we h to be m precise1 & to inquire :e!r s5sation is a physical or a m5tal ?+4 ,i ne$ n tell y t on ?is po9t e possible op9ion has be5 held4 ,my own op9ion is t s5sation %\ld be consid]$ z a physical ph5om5on2 s5sation1 be x und]/ood1 9 ! s5se ( impression felt1 & n 9 t ( capacity to feel4 ,"h are ! argum5ts ,i invoke = ! support ( my !sis3 9 ! fir/ place1 popul> op9ion1 :i* id5tifies matt] ) :at we see1 & ) :at we t\*--t is to say1 ) s5sation4 ,?is popul> op9ion repres5ts a primitive attitude1 a family possession :i* we h ! "r to reta91 s long z x is n prov$ to u to be false3 next1 ?is rem>k1 t by its mode ( app>ition at once unexpect$1 ! reveal] ( new cognitions1 & indep5d5t ( our w1 z well z by its cont5t1 s5sation sums up = u all we und]/& by matt]1 physical /ate1 out] _w4 ,col\r1 =m1 ext5t1 position 9 space1 are kn[n to u z s5sations only4 ,s5sation is n a means ( kn[+ ^! prop]ties ( matt]1 x is ^! prop]ties !mselves4 ,:at objections c be rais$ aga9/ my conclusion8 ,"o has evid5tly ! "r to apply ! t]m psy*ological to ! :ole s5sation1 tak5 en bloc1 & compris+ 9 itself bo? impression & consci\sness4 ,! result ( ?is t]m9ology w be t1 z we "k no?+ except s5sations1 ! physical w rema9 unkn[able1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal w vani%4 ,b x w ev5tually be re-e/abli%$ "u o!r names by utilis+ ! di/9ction ,i h made betwe5 objects ( cognition & acts ( cognition2--a di/9ction :i* is n v]bal1 & results f obs]vation4 ,:at is n p]missible is to decl>e t s5sation is a psy*ological ph5om5on1 & to oppose ?is ph5om5on to physical reality1 z if ?is latt] c\ld be kn[n to u by any o!r me?od ?an s5sation4 ,if ! op9ion ,i uphold be accept$1 if we agree to see 9 s5sation1 und]/ood 9 a c]ta9 way1 a physical /ate1 x w be easy to ext5d ?is int]pretation to a :ole s]ies ( diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,to ! images1 fir/1 :i* proce$ f s5sations1 s9ce !y are recurr+ s5sations2 to ! emotions also1 :i*1 accord+ to rec5t !ories1 result f ! p]ception ( ! movem5ts :i* are produc$ 9 ! he>t1 ! vessels1 & ! muscles2 & f9ally1 to ef=t1 :e!r ( w or ( att5tion1 :i* is con/itut$ by ! muscul> s5sations p]ceiv$1 & consequ5tly also results f corporeal /ates4 ,! consequ5ces mu/ be cle>ly rem>k$4 ,to admit t s5sation is a physical /ate1 is to admit1 by t v fact1 t ! image1 idea1 emotion1 & ef=t--all ^? manife/ations g5]ally ascrib$ to ! m9d alone--are also physical /ates4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! m9d8 ,& :at %>e rema9s to x 9 all ^! ph5om5a1 f :i* x seems we are endeav\r+ to ou/ x8 ,! m9d is 9 t special activity :i* is engag$ 9 s5sation1 image1 idea1 emotion1 & ef=t4 ,= a s5sation to be produc$2 !re mu/ be1 z ,i said a little "t ago1 two elem5ts3 ! some?+ felt--a tree1 a h\se1 an animal1 a titillation1 an od\r1--& also ! fact ( feel+ ?is some?+1 ! consci\sness ( x1 ! judgm5t pass$ on x1 ! reason+ appli$ to x--9 o!r t]ms1 ! categories :i* compreh5d x4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! dualism conta9$ 9 s5sation is cle>ly express$4 ,s5sation z a ?+ felt1 t is1 ! physical "p1 or matt]2 s5sation z ! fact ( feel+ or ( judg+1 t is1 ! m9d4 ,m>k ! language ,i use4 ,we say t matt] is ! some?+ felt2 b we d n say = ! sake ( symmetry1 t ! m9d is ! some?+ :i* feels4 ,i h us$ a m cauti\s1 &1 ,i ?9k1 a m j =mula1 :i* places ! m9d 9 ! fact ( feel+4 ,let me repeat aga91 at ! risk ( appe>+ too subtle3 ! m9d is ! act ( consci\sness2 x is n a subject :i* has consci\sness4 ,= a subject1 let x be not$1 a subject :i* feels1 is an object ( cognition--x =ms "p ( ! o!r gr\p ( elem5ts1 ! gr\p ( s5sations4 ,9 practice we repres5t by m9d a fragm5t ( our own biography1 & by d9t ( pa9s we attribute to ?is fragm5t ! faculty ( hav+ a consci\sness2 we make x ! subject ( ! relation subject-object4 ,b ?is fragm5t1 be+ con/itut$ ( memories & s5sations1 does n exactly repres5t ! m9d1 & does n correspond to our def9ition2 x w\ld r repres5t ! m9d s5sationalis$ or mat]ialis$4 ,f ?is foll[s ! curi\s consequ5ce t ! m9d is end[$ ) an incomplete exi/5ce2 x is l =m1 :i* c only be realis$ by its application to matt] ( "s k9d4 ,"o may fancy a s5sation cont9u+ to exi/1 to live & to provoke movem5ts1 ev5 aft] ceas+ to be p]ceiv$4 ,^? :o are n uncompromis+ ideali/s readily admit ?is indep5d5ce ( ! objects ) reg>d to our consci\sness1 b ! conv]se is n true4 ,x is impossible to und]/& a consci\sness exi/+ )\t an object1 a p]ception )\t a s5sation to be p]ceiv$1 an att5tion )\t a po9t ( application1 an empty wi% :i* %\ld h no?+ to wi% =2 9 a ^w1 a spiritual activity act+ )\t matt] on :i* to act1 or m briefly /ill--m9d )\t matt]4 ,m9d & matt] are correlative t]ms2 &1 on ?is po9t1 ,i firmly believe t ,ari/otle 0 mu* clos] to ! tru? ?an _m mod]n ?9k]s4 ,i h conv9c$ myself t ! def9ition ( m9d at :i* we h j arriv$ is1 9 its exactness & sob]ness1 ! only "o :i* p]mits psy*ology to be di/+ui%$ f ! sci5ces ne>e/ to x4 ,y "k t x has be5 discov]$ 9 our days t !re exi/s a great difficulty 9 effect+ ?is delimitation4 ,! def9itions ( psy*ology hi!rto propos$ ne>ly all h ! defect ( n agree+ ) ! "o ?+ def9$4 ,"t fails u to review !m all1 b ,i %all po9t out "o at lea/1 because our discussion on ?is p>ticul> =mula w s]ve z a prep>ation = tak+ 9 h& ! la/ "q t rema9s to be exam9$--! relation ( ! m9d to ! body4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition ,i am aim+ at1 psy*ology w\ld be ! sci5ce ( int]nal facts1 :ile ! o!r sci5ces deal ) ! ext]nal4 ,psy*ology1 x has also be5 said1 has z its in/rum5t introspection1 :ile ! natural sci5ces "w ) ! eye1 ! t\*1 ! e>--t is to say1 ) ! s5ses ( extrospection4 ,to ?is di/9ction1 ,i reply t 9 all sci5ces !re exi/ b two ?+s3 s5sations & ! consci\sness :i* accompanies !m4 ,a s5sation may belong to ! inn] or ! out] _w ?r\gh accid5tal reasons1 )\t any *ange 9 its nature2 ! s5sation ( ! out] _w is ! social s5sation :i* we %>e ) our fell[s4 ,if ! excitant :i* provokes x is includ$ 9 our n]v\s sy/em1 x is ! s5sation :i* becomes individual1 hidd5 to all except ourselves1 & con/itut+ a microcosm by ! side ( a macrocosm4 ,:at importance c ?is h1 s9ce all ! diff]5ce dep5ds on ! position occupi$ by ! excitant8 ,b we are p]si/5tly told3 !re are 9 reality two ways ( arriv+ at ! cognition ( objects--f )9 & f )\t4 ,^! two ways are z opposite z ! "r & wrong side ( a /uff4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( ! )9 & looks at ! wrong side1 :ile ! natural sci5ces reckon1 weigh1 & measure ! "r side4 ,& ?is is s true1 !y add1 t ! same ph5om5on absolutely appe>s "u two =ms radically diff]5t f ea* o!r accord+ z !y are look$ at f "o or ! o!r ( ! two po9ts ( view4 ,e "o ( our ?\ghts1 !y po9t out to u1 is 9 correlation ) a p>ticul> /ate ( our c]ebral matt]2 our ?\ght is ! subjective & m5tal face1 ! correspond+ c]ebral process is ! objective & mat]ial face4 ,?\gh ?is dualism is frequ5tly pres5t$ z an obs]v$ tru?1 ,i ?9k x is possible to %[ its error4 ,take an example3 ,i look at ! pla9 be=e me1 & see a flock ( %eep pass ?r\gh x4 ,at ! same "t an obs]v]1 arm$ ) a microscope la ,jules ,v]ne1 looks into my bra9 & obs]ves !re a c]ta9 molecul> dance :i* accompanies my visual p]ception4 ,?us1 on ! "o h&1 is my repres5tation2 on ! o!r1 a dynamic /ate ( ! n]ve cells4 ,?is is :at con/itutes ! "r & ! wrong sides ( ! /uff4 ,we are told1 ,see h[ little resemblance !re is 9 ?is2 a repres5tation is a psy*ical1 & a movem5t ( molecules a mat]ial1 ?+4 ,b ,i1 on ! contr>y1 ?9k !re is a great resemblance4 ,:5 ,i see ! flock pass+1 ,i h a visual p]ception4 ,! obs]v] :o1 by ! hypo!sis1 is at t mom5t look+ into my bra91 also exp]i5ces a visual p]ception4 ,grant$1 !y are n ! same p]ception4 ,h[ c\ld !y be ! same8 ,i am look+ at ! %eep1 he is look+ at ! int]ior ( my bra92 x is n a/oni%+ t1 look+ at objects s diff]5t1 we %\ld receive images also v diff]5t4 ,b1 not)/&+ _! diff]5ce ( object--t is1 ( cont5t--!re are "h two visual p]ceptions compos$ 9 ! same way2 & ,i d n see by :at "r x c be said t "o repres5ts a mat]ial1 ! o!r a physical1 ph5om5on4 ,9 reality1 ea* ( ^! p]ceptions has a two-fold & psy*o-physical value--physical 9 reg>d to ! object to :i* x applies1 & psy*ical inasmu* z x is an act ( p]ception1 t is to say1 ( consci\sness4 ,= "o is j z mu* psy*ical z ! o!r1 & z mu* mat]ial1 = a flock ( %eep is z mat]ial a ?+ z is my bra94 ,if we keep ?is conclusion 9 our m9ds1 :5 we come to make a critical exam9ation ( c]ta9 philosophical sy/ems1 we %all easily see ! mi/ake !y make4 ,spiritualism#ea re/s on ! conception t ! m9d c subsi/ & "w 9 total indep5d5ce ( any tie to matt]4 ,x is true t1 9 details1 spirituali/s make "s modification 9 ?is absolute pr9ciple 9 ord] to expla9 ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses & ! execution ( ! ord]s ( ! w2 b ! duality1 ! indep5d5ce1 & ! autonomy ( ! s\l & ! body rema91 9 any case1 ! peculi> dogma ( ! sy/em4 ,?is dogma appe>s to me utt]ly false2 ! m9d _c exi/ )\t matt] to :i* x is appli$2 & to ! pr9ciple ( het]og5eity1 s (t5 invok$ to =bid all comm]ce betwe5 ! two sub/ances1 ,i reply by appeal+ to intuition1 :i* %[s u ! consci\sness & its diff]5t =ms1 comp>ison1 judgm5t1 & reason+1 s closely connect$ ) s5sation t !y _c be imag9$ z exi/+ ) an isolat$ life4 ,mat]ialism1 we "k1 argues q diff]5tly2 x imag9es t a p>ticul> /ate ( ! n]ve c5tres has ! virtue ( g5]at+ a psy*ical ph5om5on1 :i* repres5ts1 accord+ to v>i\s metaphors1 prop]ty1 function1 effect1 & ev5 secretion4 ,critics h (t5 ask$ h[1 ) matt] 9 motion1 a ph5om5on ( ?\ght c\ld be expla9$ or fabricat$4 ,x is v probable t ^? :o admit ?is mat]ial g5esis ( ?\ght1 repres5t x to !mselves "u ! =m ( some?+ subtle1 l an electric sp>k1 a puff ( w9d1 a w-(-!-wisp1 or an alcoholic flame4 ,mat]iali/s are n alone responsible = ^! inadequate metaphors1 :i* proce$ f a metaphysics con/ruct$ ( concepts4 ,let u recollect exactly :at a psy*ical ph5om5on is4 ,let u bani% ! w-o'-!-wisps1 replace !m by a precise in/ance1 & return to ! visual p]ception we took z an example a little :ile back3 )\t int5d+ a pun1 rev5ons nos m\tons4 ,^! %eep :i* ,i see 9 ! pla9 are z mat]ial1 z real1 z ! c]ebral movem5t :i* accompanies my p]ception4 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible t ?is c]ebral movem5t1 a prim>y mat]ial fact1 %\ld eng5d] ?is second>y mat]ial fact1 ?is collection ( complicat$ be+s :i* =m a flock8 ,be=e go+ any fur!r1 let u invite ano!r philosophical sy/em to take a place )9 ! circle ( our discussion2 = ! same answ] w suffice = x z well z = ! prec$+ "o1 & x w be z well to deal ) bo? at once4 ,?is new sy/em1 p>allelism1 9 great fav\r at ! pres5t day1 appe>s to me to be a mat]ialism p]fect$ especially 9 ! direction ( caution4 ,to escape ! my/]y ( ! g5esis ( ! m9d f matt]1 ?is new sy/em places !m p>allel to ea* o!r & side by side1 we might almo/ say exp]im5tally1 s mu* d p>alleli/s try to avoid talk+ metaphysics4 ,b _! position is unt5able1 & !y likewise are ! victims ( ! mirage ( concepts2 = !y consid] ! m5tal z capable ( be+ p>allel to ! physical )\t m+l+ ) x1 & ( subsi/+ by itself & ) a life ( its own4 ,su* a hypo!sis is only possible by reason ( ! insuffici5t def9ition giv5 to ! m9d4 ,if x be recognis$ t ! m9d has an incomplete exi/5ce & is only realis$ by its inc>nation 9 matt]1 ! figure :i* is ! basis ( p>allelism becomes indef5sible4 ,!re is no long] on ! "o h& ! physical1 & on ! o!r ! m5tal1 b on "o side ! physical & ! m5tal comb9$1 & on ! o!r ! same comb9ation2 :i* am\nts to say+ t ! two faces to a reality1 :i* x 0 ?\ght _h be5 made out to be s di/9ct1 are id5tical4 ,!re are n two faces1 b "o face2 & ! monism1 :i* c]ta9 metaphysicians /ruggle to arrive at by a my/]i\s reconciliation ( ! ph5om5al duality )9 ! unity ( ! n\m5on1 ne$ n be s\ght s f> afield1 s9ce we already discov] x 9 ! ph5om5on itself4 ,! criticisms ,i h j po9t$ out to y1 only too briefly1 are to be f\nd 9 sev]al philosoph]s1 confus$ly 9 ,b]keley1 & ) m precision 9 ,m4 ,b]gson's book on ,matire et ,mmoire4 ,! latt] au?or1 rem>k+ t our bra9 & ! out] _w are to u images ( ! same ord]1 refuses to admit t ! bra91 :i* is only a v small "p ( ^! images1 c expla9 & conta9 ! o!r & mu* l>g] "p1 :i* comprises ! va/ univ]se4 ,?is w\ld am\nt to say+ t ! :ole is compris$ 9 ! "p4 ,i believe t ?is objection is analog\s to ! "o j /at$ ) less +5uity4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ ,m4 ,b]gson gets out ( ! difficulty :i* he himself rais$4 ,be+ unwill+ to br+ =? f ! molecul> movem5t ( ! bra9 ! repres5tation ( ! _w1 or to sup]pose ! repres5tation on ?is movem5t z 9 ! p>alleli/ hypo!sis1 he has arriv$ at a !ory1 v +5i\s b r obscure1 :i* consi/s 9 plac+ ! image ( ! _w outside ! bra91 ?is latt] be+ r$uc$ to a motor organ :i* executes ! ord]s ( ! m9d4 ,we ?us h f\r philosophical !ories1 :i*1 :ile try+ to reconcile m9d ) matt]1 give to ! repres5tation a diff]5t position 9 reg>d to c]ebral action4 ,! spirituali/ ass]ts ! complete indep5d5ce ( ! repres5tation 9 relation to c]ebral movem5t2 ! mat]iali/ places x aft]1 ! p>alleli/ by ! side (1 ! c]ebral movem5t2 ,m4 ,b]gson puts x 9 front4 ,i mu/ confess t ! la/ ( ^! sy/ems1 t ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 pres5ts _m difficulties4 ,z he does n localise ! m9d 9 ! body1 he is oblig$ to place our p]ception--t is to say1 a "p ( ourselves--9 ! objects p]ceiv$2 = example1 9 ! />s :5 we are look+ at !m4 ,! memory is lodg$ 9 di/ant planes ( consci\sness :i* are n o!rwise def9$4 ,we und]/& ) difficulty ^! emigrations1 ^! crumbl+s into morsels ( our m9d4 ,?is w\ld n matt] if our au?or did n g s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! s5sory n]ves ( ! bra9 are n s5sory n]ves1 & t ! sev]ance ( !m does n suppress s5sations1 b simply ! motor ef=ts ( ^! s5sations4 ,all ! physiologi/ 9 me prote/s aga9/ ! ra%ness ( ^! int]pretations4 ,! pr9cipal difficulties ( ! problem ( ! union betwe5 ! m9d & ! body proce$ f ! two foll[+ facts1 :i* seem incompatible4 ,on ! "o h&1 our ?\ght is condition$ by a c]ta9 intra-c]ebral movem5t ( molecules & atoms2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is same ?\ght has no consci\sness ( ?is molecul> movem5t4 ,x does n "k ! pa? ( ! wave 9 our n]ves2 x does n suspect1 = example1 t ! image ( ! objects is rev]s$ 9 ! ret9a1 or t ! excitem5ts ( ! "r eye = ! mo/ "p g into ! left hemisph]e4 ,9 a ^w1 x is no anatomi/4 ,x is a v curi\s ?+ t our consci\sness ent]s into relation only ) ! extra-c]ebral1 ! ext]nal objects1 & ! sup]ficies ( our bodies4 ,f ?is1 ?is exact "q sugge/s itself3 a molecul> wave mu/ come z f> z our visual c]ebral c5tre = u to h ! p]ception ( ! object be=e our eyes2 h[ is x t our consci\sness is unaw>e ( ?is physiological ev5t f :i* x dep5ds1 & is borne t[>ds ! di/ant object z if x sprang =? outside our n]v\s sy/em8 ,let u fir/ rem>k1 t if we d n p]ceive ?is wave1 yet x mu/ conta9 all we "k ( ! ext]nal object1 = x is evid5t t we only "k ( x t "p ( its prop]ties :i* x transmits to our n]ves & our n]ve c5tres4 ,all ! kn[n sub/ance ( ! ext]nal object is1 !n1 impli$ 9 ?is vibration2 x is !re1 b x is n !re by itself4 ,! vibration is ! "w ( two collaborators2 x expresses at once ! nature ( ! object :i* provokes x1 & ! nature ( ! n]ve app>atus :i* transports x1 z ! furr[ trac$ 9 ! wax ( ! phonograph implies ! jo9t action ( an arial vibration ) a /ylus1 a cyl9d]1 &1 a clock-"w app>atus4 ,i !re=e suppose--& ?is is1 ,i say x pla9ly1 b an hypo!sis--t if ! n]v\s vibration s little resembles ! ext]nal excitant :i* g5]ates x1 x is because ! factor n]v\s sy/em sup]adds its effect to ! factor excitant4 ,let u imag9e1 n[1 t we h manag$ to sep>ate ^! two effects1 & we %all und]/& t !n ! n]v\s ev5t s analys$ might resemble only ! object1 or only ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,n[1 ( ^! two effects1 "o is con/ant1 t "o :i* repres5ts ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 !re is ano!r :i* v>ies ) ea* new p]ception1 & ev5 ) e mom5t ( ! same p]ception--t is to say1 ! object4 ,x is n impossible to und]/& t ! consci\sness rema9s deaf to ! con/ant & s5sitive to ! v>iable elem5t4 ,!re is a law ( consci\sness :i* has (t5 be5 describ$1 & fre% applications ( :i* are met ) daily3 ?is is1 t ! consci\sness only ma9ta9s itself by *ange1 :e!r ?is *ange results f ! ext]ior by impressions receiv$1 or is produc$ f ! int]ior by movem5ts ( ! att5tion4 ,let u "h apply ?is empirical law1 & admit t x conta9s a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,x w !n be possible = u to und]/& t ! consci\sness =m$ into a dialys] ( ! undulation may reject t con/ant elem5t :i* expresses ! contribution ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & may lay b>e ! v>iable elem5t :i* corresponds to ! object3 s t an inte/9al movem5t ( ! c]ebral sub/ance1 br\ght to light by ?is analytical consci\sness1 may become ! p]ception ( an object4 ,by accept+ ?is hypo!sis1 we re/ore to ! s5sory n]ves & to ! encephalic c5tres _! prop]ty ( be+ ! sub/rata ( repres5tation1 & avoid ! objection made above aga9/ mat]ialism & p>allelism1 t !y did n expla9 h[ a c]ebral movem5t1 :i* is mat]ial1 c eng5d] ! p]ception ( an object :i* diff]s greatly f x & is yet z mat]ial z ! movem5t itself4 ,!re is n "h1 prop]ly speak+1 ei!r g5]ation1 trans=mation1 or metamorphosis4 ,! object to be p]ceiv$ is conta9$ 9 ! n]ve curr5t4 ,x is1 z x 71 roll$ up 9 x2 & x mu/ be made to g =? f ! wave to be se54 ,?is la/ is ! "w ( ! consci\sness4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ea3 ,see ,note #dc on p4 #aia4 ,,index ,,ab/ractions1 "* (1 #h ,ar*ives de ,psy*ologie1 #aih ,ari/otle1 #ajf1 #abi1 #afi1 #ahf-aij1 #bja1 #bfe ,association1 insep>able1 #aaf ,automatism1 #bej ,,ba91 #c1 #aba1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bai1 #bde1 #beb ,belfa/1 congress at1 #bjg ,b]gson1 #dg1 #hf2 !ory ( images & bra91 #bbf-bcj2 refutation (1 #bcj-bcc2 #bei1 #bga1 #bgb ,b]keley1 #dg1 #aji1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bga ,b]!lot1 #adg ,b9et1 #c1 #aia2 !ory ( m9d & bra91 #bcf1 #bee ,body1 union ) m9d1 #agi2 ,ari/otle on body & s\l1 #ahh ,bra91 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg2 & consci\sness1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdg ,brieux1 #bji ,brill\91 #aj ,,categories1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aad1 #aij1 #bfc ,*ange1 law ( consci\sness1 #bde ,cognition1 #ae1 #cc1 #eh1 #ih1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aag1 #abc1 #adj1 #ada1 #ade1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afb1 #ahd1 #aij1 #aie1 #bjh1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bea1 #bfj1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bff ,comte1 ,augu/e1 #bac ,concepts1 me?od (1 #f1 #g2 metaphysics (1 #h1 #bbc ,conclusion1 #bcd-bee ,condillac1 #ih ,condition1 normal1 #hj ,consci\sness1 #eh1 #aie2 anatomical ignorance (1 #bcg1 #bch2 def9ition (3 relation subject-object1 categories ( ! und]/&+1 sep>ability ( ! consci\sness f its object1 idealism1 #if-acd2 z dialys]1 #bdd2 law (1 #bge1 #bgf2 & n]ve curr5t1 #bdg-bee2 manife/ations (1 #bcf2 ( a /ate1 #fc2 orig9 (1 #ahj2 ph5om5a (1 #ag1 #hh1 #aij1 #baj1 #bbc2 useless luxury1 #bbb ,contiguity1 law (1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc ,curr5t1 motor1 psy*ology (1 #bdh1 #bdi2 n]ve1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bgf2 s5sory1 #bej ,,dantec1 ,les ,lois ,naturelles1 #aj ,da/re1 ,la ,vie et la ,mort1 #aj1 #ade ,democritus1 #aeh ,desc>tes1 #fd1 #gg1 #gh1 #ig1 #aeb1 #aic ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode1 #gg ,dreams1 #hb1 #hg ,dualism1 ( m9d & matt]1 #fi1 #ga1 #ahb1 #adj1 #aee1 #ahb1 #bed1 #bfc ,duality1 ( s5sation1 #gh2 ( ideation1 #gh2 ( consci\sness & object1 #aii2 ( nature1 #bbd2 ( s\l & body1 #bfi ,duhem1 evolution ( me*anics1 #aj ,ebb+haus1 #afj1 #afa ,ecc5tricity1 law (1 #bdg ,ef=t1 psy*ological nature (1 #id2 s5sation (1 #bdi1 #bfc ,ego1 #ge1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ii1 #aeb2 & non-ego1 #if1 #ajj1 #aja ,emotions1 def9itions ( !1 #hh-ie1 #bfc ,en]gy1 #cj1 #ca ,enum]ation1 me?od (1 #f ,epiph5om5on1 #bbb tude ,exprim5tale de l',intellig5ce 7,b9et71 #h ,excitant1 !1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #hc1 #bdd1 #beg1 #beh1 #bff ,exi/5ce or reality1 #hd1 #he ,ext]nospection1 #adj-adf ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 #bja ,fe*n]1 #adi ,f]ri]1 #gc ,f9ality1 def9ition (1 #afc ,fl\rnoy1 #gj1 #gc1 #ahb1 #aia1 #aih ,g5eva1 congress (1 philosophy at1 #bbf ,goblot1 ,e41 ,la ,f9alit sans ,intellig5ce1 #afd ,habit1 law (1 #bej ,halluc9ations1 #ha1 #hb1 #hg ,hamilton1 ,william1 #dg1 #fe1 #bef2 ,philosophy (1 #dg ,h]b>t1 #ij1 #ia ,h]rick1 ,c4 ,l41 #hf ,het]og5eity1 axiom (1 #ahb1 #ahc2 pr9ciple (1 #h1 #gc1 #gd1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bfi ,hi/oire du ,matrialisme 7,lange71 #acg ,hume1 #fd1 #aji ,huxley1 #aah1 #bbb ,idealism1 pr9ciple (1 #fd1 #gc1 #aai-abe2 refutation (1 #ie-bjj ,ideation1 duality (1 #gh1 #hj ,id5tity1 #bba ,image1 def9ition ( !1 #gf-hg1 #bfc ,intellectualism1 def9ition (1 #aff ,intellig5ce1 only inactive consci\sness1 #aag2 mat]iali/ explanation (1 #bjd ,int]-actionism1 #ahe ,introspection1 #adj-adf ,intuition1 #bfi ,james1 ,william1 !ory ( emotion1 #ia-id2 #ajj1 #afc ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 #ajj ,kant1 #cd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aha1 #aij1 #bce ,kelv91 ,"l1 #aa ,kn[able1 !1 #d1 #e1 #g ,k & its object1 #ee-ei2 two gr\ps (1 #ih ,klpe1 #afj ,l',ame et le ,corps1 #c ,la ,f9alit sans ,intellig5ce 7,goblot71 #afd ,la ,n\velle ,monadologie 7,r5\vi] et ,prat71 #fd ,la ,philosophie de ,hamilton1 #dg ,la ,vie et la ,mort 7,da/re71 #aj ,ladd1 #eh note#ad ,lange1 !ory ( emotion1 #ia2 ,hi/oire du ,matrialisme1 #acg ,law ( contiguity1 #afb note#cg1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc ,law ( ecc5tricity1 #bdg ,law ( m5tal expression reject$1 #afb note#cg2 m5tal di/+ui%$ f physical1 #afc ,law1 psy*ological comp>$ ) natural1 #afg1 #afh ,law ( relativity ( cognition1 #bde ,law ( simil>ity1 #afb note#cg1 #afi1 #agj ,le ,bon1 ,gu/ave 7l',evolution de la ,matire71 #bg ,le ,p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique 7,b]gson71 #bbf ,le ,p]sonnellisme 7,r5\vi]71 #bbf ,leons de ,philosophie 7,rabi]71 #adh ,leibnitz1 #abi1 #aie1 #bbj ,littr1 #bjg ,locke1 #aci ,logical & ,psy*ological ,di/9ction betwe5 ! 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