,,at ,,! ,,dea?b$ ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,pap]s ,by ,e4 ,,d5n]t1 ,ph4,d4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation ,by ,e4 ,v4 ,o',,h>ra & ,,john ,h4 ,,pes*ges #aijd ,,g]man ,,lit]>y ,,bo>d ,burl+ton1 ,i[a ,copyright #aijd ,by ,r4 ,,neumann ,,cont5ts ,,preface #i ,,introduction #bg ,,*apt] ,i4--,! ,return to ,wig&--,! ,botani/1 ,julius von ,sa*s--,! ,vi5na ,zoologi/1 ,dr4 ,s*neid] #ce ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,pr(essor ,goe! on ,! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ,d>w9ism--,expla9s ! ,reluctance ( c]ta9 m5 ( ,sci5ce to ,disc>d ,d>w9ism #da ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,pr(essor ,kor*9sky ,rejects ,d>w9ism--,8 ,!ory ( ,het]og5esis--,pr(essor ,hab]l&t ( ,graz--,demon/ration ( a ,vital ,=ce--,its ,nature--,! ,sudd5 ,orig9ation ( a ,new ,organ--,importance ( ! ,exp]im5t4 #di ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,te/imony ( a ,palaeontologi/1 ,pr(essor ,/e9mann--,on ,haeckel's ,family ,trees--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,multiple ,orig9--,ext9ction ( ! ,saurians--,d>w9ism ,n ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t--,/e9mann's ,conclusions #fj ,,*apt] ,v4--,eim]'s ,!ory ( ,organic ,gr[?--,def9ite ,l9es ( ,developm5t--,rejects ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,fluctuat+ ,v>iations--,opposes ,weismann--,repudiates ,d>w9ian ,mimicry--,disc>ds ! ,romantic ,hypo!sis ( ,sexual ,selection--,transmutation is a ,physiological ,process1 a ,phyletic ,gr[? #fi ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,admissions ( a ,d>w9ian--,pr(essor von ,wagn]'s ,explanation ( ! ,decay ( ,d>w9ism--,d>w9ism ,rejects ! ,inductive ,me?od1 ,h5ce ,unsci5tific--,wagn]'s ,contradictory ,ass]tions #ij ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,haeckel's ,late/ ,production--,8 ,extreme ,mode/y--,reception ( ! ,weltraetsel--,s*midt's ,apologia--,! ,romanes ,incid5t--,m5 ( ,sci5ce ,:o ,convict$ ,haeckel ( ,delib]ate ,fraud #ajd ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,grottewitz ,writes on ,d>w9ian ,my?s--,d>w9ism ,incapable ( ,sci5tific ,pro(--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,gradual ,developm5t ,c]ta9ly ,unt5able--,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,*ance a ,my? #aah ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,pr(essor ,fleis*mann ( ,erlang5--,doctr9e ( ,desc5t ,n ,sub/antiat$--,miss+ ,l9ks--,collapse ( ,haeckel's ,!ory--,desc5t ,hypo!sis ,antiquat$--,fleis*mann ,=m]ly a ,d>w9ian--,haeckel's ,disreputable ,me?ods ( ,def5se #abd ,,*apt] ,x4--,h]twig1 ! ,b]l9 ,anatomi/1 ,prote/s ,aga9/ ! ,mat]iali/ic ,view ( ,life--,no ,empiric ,pro( ( ,d>w9ism--,! ,impot5ce ( ,natural ,selection--,rejects ,haeckel's ,biog5etic ,law #acg ,,conclusion4--,d>w9ism ,ab&on$ by ,m5 ( ,sci5ce--,supplant$ by a ,!ory 9 ,h>mony ,) ,!i/ic ,pr9ciples #adf ,,preface4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( rec5t sci5tific lit]ature deal+ ) ! problem ( organic evolution may fairly be *>act]iz$ z di/9ctly & prevail+ly unfavorable to ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,9 ! s]ies ( *apt]s h]e) (f]$ = ! fir/ "t to ,engli% read]s1 ,dr4 ,d5n]t has br\ght toge!r te/imonies :i* leave no room = d\bt ab\t ! decad5ce ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory 9 ! highe/ sci5tific circles 9 ,g]many4 ,& outside ( ,g]many ! same s5tim5t is %>$ g5]ally by ! lead]s ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,t ! popul>iz]s ( evolution>y conceptions h any anti-,d>w9ian t5d5cies _c1 ( c\rse1 be = a mom5t ma9ta9$4 ,= :o w\ld und]take to popul>ize :at is n novel or /rik+8 ,b a /udy ( ! be/ sci5tific lit]ature reveals ! fact t ! attitude assum$ by "o ( our =emo/ ,am]ican zoologi/s1 ,pr(essor ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan1 9 8 rec5t "w on ,evolution & ,adaptation1 is f> m g5]al among ! lead+ m5 ( sci5ce ?an is popul>ly suppos$4 ,pr(essor ,morgan's position may be /at$ ?us3 ,he adh]es to ! g5]al !ory ( ,desc5t1 i4e41 he believes ! simple/ explanation :i* has yet be5 (f]$ ( ! /ructural simil>ities betwe5 species )9 ! same gr\p1 is ! hypo!sis ( a common desc5t f a p>5t species4 ,b he emphatically rejects ! notion--& ?is is ! qu9tess5ce ( ,d>w9ism--t ! dissimil>ities betwe5 species h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! purely me*anical ag5cy ( natural selection4 ,to f9d out :at1 precisely1 ,d>w9 meant by ! t]m natural selection let u turn = a mom5t1 to 8 great "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( t "w1 ,d>w9 obs]ves t small =tuit\s v>iations 9 individual organisms1 ?\gh ( small int]e/ to ! sy/emati/1 are ( ! highe/ importance = 8 !ory1 s9ce ^! m9ute v>iations (t5 conf] on ! possessor ( !m1 "s advantage ov] 8 fell[s 9 ! que/ = ! necess>ies ( life4 ,?us ^! *ance individual v>iations become ! fir/ /eps t[>ds slight v>ieties1 :i*1 9 turn1 lead to sub-species1 &1 f9ally1 to species4 ,v>ieties1 9 fact1 are incipi5t species4 ,h5ce1 small =tuit\s fluctuat+1 individual v>iations--i4e41 ^? :i* *ance to occur )\t pr$et]m9$ direction--are ! fir/-/eps 9 ! orig9 ( species4 ,?is is ! fir/ elem5t 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! same "w we read3 ,x has be5 se5 9 ! la/ *apt] t among/ organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature !re is "s individual v>iability4 99 99 99 ,b ! m]e exi/5ce ( individual v>iability & ( "s few well-m>k$ v>ieties1 ?\gh necess>y z a f\ndation ( ! "w1 helps u b little 9 und]/&+ h[ species arise 9 nature4 ,h[ h all ^? exquisite adaptations ( "o "p ( ! organization to ano!r "p1 & to ! conditions ( life1 & ( "o organic be+ to ano!r be+1 be5 p]fect$8 99 99 99 ,aga9 x may be ask$1 h[ is x t v>ieties1 :i* ,i h call$ incipi5t species1 become ultimately conv]t$ into good & di/9ct species1 :i* 9 mo/ cases obvi\sly diff] f ea* o!r f> m ?an d ! v>ieties ( ! same species8 ,h[ d ^? gr\ps ( species :i* con/itute :at are call$ di/9ct g5]a arise8 ,all ( ^! results foll[ f ! /ruggle = life4 ,ow+ to ?is /ruggle1 v>iations1 h[ev] slight & f :atev] cause proce$+1 if !y be 9 any degree pr(itable to ! individuals ( a species1 9 _! inf9itely complex relations to o!r organic be+s1 & to _! physical conditions ( life1 w t5d to ! pres]vation ( su* individuals & w g5]ally be inh]it$ by ! (fspr+4 ,! (fspr+ also w ?us h a bett] *ance ( surviv+1 = ( ! _m individuals ( any species :i* are p]iodically born1 b a small numb] c survive4 ,i h call$ ?is pr9ciple by :i* ea* slight v>iation1 if useful1 is pres]v$1 by ! t]m1 natural selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 adds t 8 mean+ w\ld be m accurately express$ by a phrase ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s co9age1 ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,x may be obs]v$ t nei!r natural selection nor survival ( ! fitte/ gives v accurate expression to ! idea :i* ,d>w9 seems to wi% to convey4 ,natural selection is at be/ a metaphorical description ( a process1 & survival ( ! fitte/ describes ! result ( t process4 ,nor %all we f9d ! mov+ pr9ciple ( evolution 9 individual v>iability unless we *oose to reg>d *ance z an effici5t ag5cy4 ,consequ5tly1 ! only effici5t pr9ciple conceivably connect$ ) ! process is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & ev5 ?is has only a purely negative function 9 ! orig9ation ( species or ( adaptations4 ,=1 ! surviv+ fitte/ owe no?+ m to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ?an our p5sion$ vet]ans owe to ! dea?-deal+ bullets :i* did n hit !m4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has1 h[ev]1 obviat$ all difficulty reg>d+ precision ( t]ms by ! rem>k t he int5d$ to use 8 mo/ important t]m1 /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 a l>ge & metaphorical s5se4 ,we h n[ se5 ! second elem5t ( ,d>w9ism1 namely1 ! /ruggle = life4 ,! !ory ( natural selection1 !n1 po/ulates ! accumulation ( m9ute =tuitions individual modifications1 :i* are useful to ! possessor ( !m1 by means ( a /ruggle = life ( su* a sangu9>y nature & ( su* enorm\s proportions z to result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( adult individuals4 ,^! are ! correlative factors 9 ! process ( natural selection4 ,9 view ( ! popul> id5tification ( ,d>w9ism ) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 on ! "o h&1 & ) ! !ory ( /ruggle = life1 on ! o!r h&1 x is necess>y to insi/ on ! ,d>w9ian conception ( small1 fluctuat+1 useful v>iations z ! fir/-/eps 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,=1 ?is conception di/+ui%es ,d>w9ism f ! m rec5t evolution>y !ory1 e4g41 ( ,de ,vries :o rejects ! notion t species h orig9at$ by ! accumulation ( fluctuat+ v>iations2 & x is q z ess5tial to ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( natural selection z is ! /ruggle = life4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an integral elem5t 9 ! selection !ory4 ,! attitude ( sci5ce t[>ds ,d>w9ism may1 !re=e1 be conv5i5tly summ>iz$ 9 its answ] to ! foll[+ que/ions3 #a4 ,is !re any evid5ce t su* a /ruggle = life among mature =ms1 z ,d>w9 po/ulates1 actually occurs8 #b4 ,c ! orig9 ( adaptive /ructures be expla9$ on ! gr\nd ( _! utility 9 ?is /ruggle1 i4e41 is x c]ta9 or ev5 probable t ! organism w\ld h p]i%$1 _h x lack$ ! p>ticul> adaptation 9 its pres5t degree ( p]fection8 ,on ! contr>y1 is !re n conv9c+ pro( t _m1 & presumably mo/1 adaptations _c be ?us acc\nt$ =8 ,! above que/ions are conc]n$ ) ! /ruggle = life4 ,^? :i* foll[ h to d ) ! problem ( v>iations4 #c4 ,is !re any reason to believe t new species may orig9ate by ! accumulation ( fluctuat+ individual v>iations8 #d4 ,does ! evid5ce ( ! geological record--:i*1 z ,huxley obs]v$1 is ! only direct evid5ce t c be _h 9 ! "q ( evolution--does ?is evid5ce tell = or aga9/ ! orig9 ( exi/+ species f e>li] ones by means ( m9ute gradual modifications8 ,we mu/ be cont5t "h ) ! briefe/ outl9e ( ! reply ( sci5ce to ^! inquiries4 #a4 ,d>w9 invites 8 read]s to keep /eadily 9 m9d t ea* organic be+ is /riv+ to increase 9 geometrical ratio4 ,if ?is t5d5cy 7 to cont9ue un*eck$1 ! prog5y ( liv+ be+s w\ld soon be unable to f9d /&+ room4 ,inde$1 ! v bact]ia w\ld quickly conv]t e ve/ige ( organic matt] on e>? into _! own sub/ance4 ,= has n ,cohn e/imat$ t ! (fspr+ ( a s+le bact]ium1 at its ord9>y rate ( increase "u favorable conditions1 w\ld 9 ?ree days am\nt to #d1ggb billions ( individuals ) an aggregate weight ( sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ tons8 ,& ! #ai1jjj1jjj elephants :i*1 accord+ to ,d>w91 %\ld to-day p]petuate ! lives ( ea* pair t mat$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury--surely ^! w\ld be a magna p>s 9 ! sangu9>y conte/4 ,:5 ! imag9ation views ^! & simil> figures1 & places 9 contra/ to ?is multitude ( liv+ be+s1 ! limit$ supply ( n\ri%m5t1 ! comp>ison ( nature ) a huge slaught]h\se seems tame en\gh4 ,b reason1 n imag9ation1 z ,d>w9 obs]ves m ?an once1 %\ld be our guide 9 a sci5tific inquiry4 ,x is obs]v$ on c>eful reflection t ,d>w9's !ory is endang]$ by an extremely l>ge di/urb+ elem5t1 viz41 accid5tal de/ruction4 ,"u ?is t]m we include all ! de/ruction ( life :i* occurs 9 utt] indiff]5ce to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( any individual v>iations f ! p>5t =m4 ,inde$1 ! greate/ de/ruction takes place among immature =ms be=e any v>iation f ! p>5t /ock is disc]nible at all4 ,9 ?is connection we may in/ance ! va/ am\nt ( eggs & se$s de/roy$ annually irrespective ( any adaptive advantage t w\ld be possess$ by ! matur$ =m4 ,& ! c\ntless =ms 9 e /age ( individual developm5t :i* meet de/ruction ?r\gh accid5tal causes :i* w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ degree mitigat$ by c]ta9 *anges ( /ructure or ( con/itution :i* w\ld o!rwise be b5eficial to ! species4 ,?is difficulty1 ,d>w9 himself recogniz$4 ,b he 0 ( op9ion t if ev5 "o-hundr$? or "o-?\s&? "p ( organic be+s escap$ ?is =tuit\s de/ruction1 !re w\ld sup]v5e among ! survivors a /ruggle = life suffici5tly de/ructive to satisfy 8 !ory4 ,?is sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 fails to meet ! difficulty4 ,=1 z ,pr(essor ,morgan po9ts out1 ,d>w9 assumes t a second competition takes place aft] ! fir/ de/ruction ( individuals has occurr$1 & ?is presupposes t m individuals rea* maturity ?an !re is room = 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,x presupposes t ! va/ majority ( =ms t survive accid5tal de/ruction1 succumb 9 ! second /ruggle = life 9 :i* ! det]m9+ factor is "s slight individual v>iation1 e4g41 a little long] neck 9 ! case ( ! giraffe1 or a w+ %ort] ?an usual 9 ! case ( an insect on an isl&4 ,! :ole !ory ( /ruggle1 z =mulat$ by ,d>w91 is1 !re=e1 a viol5t assumption4 ,m5 ( sci5ce n[ recognize t egoism & /ruggle play a v subord9ate "p 9 organic developm5t1 9 comp>ison ) co-op]ation & social action4 ,:at1 inde$1 b a surr5d] ( ! p>am\ntcy ( /ruggle = life1 is ,huxley's celebrat$ ,romanes lecture 9 :i* he supplants ! cosmic process by ! e?ical8 ,! ,fr5* free-?9k]1 ,*>les ,rob91 gave expression to ! v]dict ( exact sci5ce :5 he decl>$3 ,d>w9ism is a fiction1 a poetical accumulation ( probabilities )\t pro(1 & ( attractive explanations )\t demon/ration4 #b4 ,! hopeless inadequacy ( ! /ruggle = life to acc\nt = adaptive /ructures has be5 dealt ) at consid]able l5g? by ,pr(essor ,morgan 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ! "w already m5tion$4 ,we _c "h foll[ him 9 8 /udy ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( adaptations1 e4g41 =m & symmetry1 mutual adaptation ( colonial =ms1 protective coloration1 organs ( extreme p]fection1 tropisms & in/9cts1 etc41 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ea* ( :i* he is =c$ to ab&on ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,x w suffice to call att5tion to 8 conclusions conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation ( organs4 ,by 8 rese>* 9 ?is special field ,pr(essor ,morgan has won int]national recognition among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 :ile prosecut+ 8 /udies 9 ?is field t he became impress$ ) ! utt] bankruptcy ( ! !ory ( natural selection :i* ,d>w9ians put =w>d to expla9 ! acquisition by organisms ( ?is mo/ useful p[] ( reg5]ation4 ,x is n difficult to %[ t reg5]ation c\ld n 9 _m cases1 & presumably 9 none1 h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection 7p4 #cgi74 ,if an e>? worm 7allolobophora foctida7 be cut 9 two 9 ! middle1 ! po/]ior piece reg5]ates at its ant]ior cut end1 n a head b a tail4 ,n by ! wide/ /ret* ( ! imag9ation c su* a result be acc\nt$ = on ! selection !ory4 ,q ! rev]se case pres5ts itself 9 c]ta9 plan>ians4 ,if ! head ( plan>ia lugubris is cut (f j beh9d ! eyes1 !re develops at ! cut surface ( ! head-piece ano!r head turn$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! & o!r reasons1 concludes ,pr(essor ,morgan 7p4 #cha71 indicate ) c]ta9ty t reg5]ation _c be expla9$ by ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,! +5uity ( ! ,d>w9ian imag9ation1 h[ev]1 w h>dly fail to assign "s reason :y two heads are m useful ?an "o 9 ! above in/ance1 & ?us reconcile ! ph5om5on ) ,d>w9ism4 ,=1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,morgan to imag9e t a p>ticul> organ is useful to its possessor & to acc\nt = its orig9 because ( ! imag9$ b5efit conf]r$1 is ! g5]al proc$ure ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,d>w9ian s*ool4 ,p]sonal conviction1 m]e possibility1 writes ,quatrefages1 are (f]$ z pro(s1 or at lea/ z argum5ts 9 favor ( ! !ory4 ,! realms ( fancy are b\ndless1 is ,blan*>d's significant comm5t on ,d>w9's explanation ( ! bl9dness ( ! mole4 ,on ?is class ( speculation1 says ,bateson 9 8 ,mat]ials = ! ,/udy ( ,v>iation1 ref]r+ to ,d>w9ian speculation z to ! b5eficial or detrim5tal nature ( v>iations1 on ?is class ( speculation ! only limitations are ^? ( ! +5uity ( ! au?or4 ,! g5]al =m ( ,d>w9's argum5t1 decl>$ ! writ] ( a celebrat$ article 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 is z foll[s3 ,all ^! ?+s may h be51 !re=e my !ory is possible2 & s9ce my !ory is a possible "o1 all ^? hypo!ses :i* x requires are r5d]$ probable4 #c4 ,we pass n[ to ! "q ( ! possibility ( build+ up a new species by ! accumulation ( *ance individual v>iations4 ,t species ev] orig9ate 9 ?is way is d5i$ by ! advocates ( ! evolution>y !ory :i* is n[ sup]s$+ ,d>w9ism4 ,typical ( ! new s*ool is ! botani/ ,hugo ,de ,vries ( ,am/]dam4 ,! fir/-/eps 9 ! orig9 ( new species accord+ to ,de ,vries are n fluctuat+ individual v>iations1 b mutations1 i4e41 def9ite & p]man5t modifications4 ,accord+ to ! mutation !ory a new species arises f ! p>5t species1 n gradually b sudd5ly4 ,x appe>s sudd5ly )\t visible prep>ation & )\t transitional /eps4 ,! wide acceptance ) :i* ?is !ory is meet+ mu/ be attribut$ to ! fact t m5 ( sci5ce no long] believe 9 ! orig9 ( species by ! accumulation ( slight fluctuat+ modifications4 ,to quote ! words ( ,de ,vries1 ,fluctuat+ v>iation _c ov]/ep ! limits ( ! species1 ev5 aft] ! mo/ prolong$ selection--/ill less c x lead to ! production ( new1 p]man5t *>act]s4 ,x has be5 ! wont ( ,d>w9ians to base _! speculations on ! assumption t an inconceivably long "t c\ld effect almo/ any?+ 9 ! matt] ( specific trans=mations4 ,b ! evid5ce :i* has be5 amass$ dur+ ! pa/ =ty ye>s leaves no d\bt t !re is a limit to individual v>iability :i* nei!r "t nor skill avail to remove4 ,z ,m4 ,blan*>d ass]ts 9 8 "w1 ,la vie des etres animes 7p4 #ajb71 ,all inve/igation & obs]vation make x cle> t1 :ile ! v>iability ( creatures 9 a /ate ( nature displays itself 9 v diff]5t degrees1 yet1 9 its mo/ a/oni%+ manife/ations1 x rema9s conf9$ )9 a circle beyond :i* x _c pass4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ writ]s ( ! ,d>w9ian s*ool attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( articulate language z a gradual developm5t ( animal s\nds4 ,x does n1 obs]ves ,d>w91 appe> altoge!r incr$ible t "s unusually wise ape-l animal %\ld h ?\ght ( imitat+ ! gr[l ( a bea/ ( prey1 s z to indicate to 8 fell[ monkeys ! nature ( ! expect$ dang]4 ,& ?is w\ld h be5 a fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( a language4 ,b :at a trem5d\s /ep6 ,an ape-l animal t ?\ght ( imitat+ a bea/ mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 unusually wise4 ,9 bridg+ ! *asm :i* rational spee* int]poses betwe5 man & ! brute creation1 ! ,d>w9ian is =c$ to assume t ! :ole ess5tial modification is includ$ 9 ! fir/ /ep4 ,!n he conceals ! assumption by p>cell+ out ! accid5tal modification 9 a suppos$ s]ies ( transitional /ages4 ,he endeavors to veil 8 inability to expla9 ! fir/ /ep1 z ,*evali] ,buns5 rem>k$1 by ! easy b fruitless assumption ( an inf9ite space ( "t1 de/9$ to expla9 ! gradual developm5t ( animals into m52 z if millions ( ye>s c\ld supply ! want ( an ag5t necess>y = ! fir/ movem5t1 = ! fir/ /ep 9 ! l9e ( progress4 ,h[ c spee*1 ! expression ( ?\ght1 develop itself 9 a ye> or 9 millions ( ye>s1 out ( un>ticulat$ s\nds :i* express feel+s ( pleasure1 pa91 & appetite8 ,! common-s5se ( mank9d w always %r9k f su* !ories4 #d4 ,! hopes & fe>s ( ,d>w9ians h rightly be5 c5t]$ on ! hi/ory ( organic developm5t z outl9$ 9 ! geological record4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out repeat$ly by ! =emo/ m5 ( sci5ce t if ! !ory ( g5etic desc5t ) ! accumulation ( small v>iations be ! true acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( species1 a complete record ( ! ance/ry ( any exi/+ species w\ld reveal no di/9ction ( species & g5]a4 ,betwe5 any two well-def9$ species1 if "o be d]iv$ f ! o!r1 !re mu/ be c\ntless transition =ms4 ,b palaeontology fails to support ! !ory ( evolution by m9ute v>iations4 ,d>w9ism has be5 %att]$ on ! geologic rocks4 ,! complete abs5ce ( int]m$iate =ms1 says ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs1 & ! sudd5 & contemporane\s appe>ance ( highly organiz$ & widely sep>at$ gr\ps1 deprive ! hypo!sis ( g5etic evolution ( any c\nt5ance f ! plant record ( ^! anci5t rocks4 ,! :ole evid5ce is aga9/ evolution 7i4e41 by m9ute modification7 & !re is none = x4 7cf4 ,hi/ory ( ,plant ,life & its ,be>+ on ,!ory ( ,evolution1 #ahih74 ,simil> te/imony reg>d+ ! animal k+dom is borne by ,mr4 ,miv>t 9 ! foll[+ c>efully word$ /atem5t3 ,! mass ( palaeontological evid5ce is inde$ ov]:elm+ly aga9/ m9ute & gradual modification4 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory1 decl>$ ,pr(essor ,fleis*mann ( ,erlang51 rec5tly1 has n a s+le fact to confirm x 9 ! realm ( nature4 ,x is n ! result ( sci5tific rese>*1 b purely ! product ( ! imag9ation4 ,on "o occasion ,huxley express$ 8 conviction t ! p$igree ( ! horse z reveal$ 9 ! geological record furni%$ demon/rative evid5ce = ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! "q has be5 ent]$ into 9 detail by ,pr(essor ,fleis*mann 9 8 "w1 ,die ,desc5d5/heorie4 ,9 ?is book ! ,erlang5 pr(essor makes great capital out ( ! trot-horse 7,p>adepf]d7 ( ,huxley & ,haeckel2 & z reg>ds ! evolution>y !ory1 easily claims a v]dict ( n prov54 ,9 ?is connection ! mod]ate /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,morgan is notewor?y3 ,:5 he 7,fleis*mann7 says !re is no absolute pro( t ! common plan ( /ructure mu/ be ! result ( blood relation%ip1 he is n br++ a fatal argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( desc5t1 = no "o b an en?usia/ sees any?+ m 9 ! explanation ?an a v probable !ory t appe>s to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,to dem& an absolute pro( is to ask = m ?an any reasonable advocate ( ! desc5t !ory claims = x4 7,pr(essor ,morgan1 z we h already se51 rejects ,d>w9ism1 & incl9es to ! mutation !ory ( ,de ,vries47 ,! va/ majority ( ,d>w9ians mu/1 !re=e1 be class$ z en?usia/s :o are n reasonable advocates ( ! desc5t !ory4 ,= has n ,pr(essor ,m>% told 8 read]s t to d\bt evolution is to d\bt sci5ce8 ,& simil> ass]tions h be5 s frequ5tly made & reit]at$ by ,d>w9ians t ! claim t ,d>w9ism has become a dogma conta9s1 z ,pr(essor ,morgan notes1 m tru? ?an ! adh]5ts ( t s*ool f9d pleasant to he>4 ,m int]e/+1 h[ev]1 ?an ,huxley's geological p$igree ( ! horse is ,haeckel's geological p$igree ( man4 ,"o :o reads ,haeckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation c h>dly escape ! impression t ! au?or _h actually se5 specim5s ( ea* ( ! tw5ty-"o ance/ral =ms ( :i* 8 p$igree ( man is compos$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case4 ,quatrefages1 speak+ ( ?is wond]ful g5ealogical tree :i* ,haeckel has drawn up ) su* sci5tific accuracy ( description1 obs]ves3 ,! fir/ ?+ to rem>k is t n "o ( ! creatures exhibit$ 9 ?is p$igree has ev] be5 se51 ei!r liv+ or 9 fossil4 ,_! exi/5ce is bas$ entirely ^u !ory4 7,les ,emules de ,d>w91 ii4 p4 #gf74 ,man's p$igree z drawn up by ,haeckel1 says ! di/+ui%$ savant1 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 is wor? ab\t z mu* z is t ( ,hom]'s h]oes = critical hi/orians4 ,9 con/ruct+ 8 g5ealogies ,haeckel has frequ5t rec\rse to 8 celebrat$ ,law ( ,biog5esis4 ,! ,law ( ,biog5esis :i* is ! dignifi$ title ,haeckel has giv5 to ! discr$it$ recapitulation !ory1 ass]ts t ! embryological developm5t ( ! individual 7ontog5y71 is a brief recapitulation1 a summ+ up1 ( ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ! species pass$ 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution 9 ! geologic pa/1 7phylog5y74 ,ontog5y is a brief recapitulation ( phylog5y4 ,?is1 says ,haeckel1 is :at ! fundam5tal ,law ( ,biog5esis tea*es u4 7,! read] ( ,haeckel & o!r ,d>w9ians w frequ5tly f9d laws put =w>d to e/abli% facts3 :]eas o!r m5 ( sci5ce pref] to h facts e/abli% laws74 ,:51 !re=e1 z ,quatrefages rem>ks1 ! transition betwe5 ! types :i* ,haeckel has incorporat$ into 8 g5ealogical tree1 appe>s too abrupt1 he (t5 betakes himself to ontog5y & describes ! embryo 9 ! correspond+ int]val ( developm5t4 ,?is description he ins]ts 9 8 g5ealogical mosaic1 by virtue ( ! ,law ( ,biog5esis4 ,_m !ories h be5 con/ruct$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( embryological developm5t4 ,( ^! ! simple/ & lea/ my/ical is t ( ,8 9 ! great classic "w on embryology1 ,uns]e ,ko]p]=m4 ,8 tells u3 ,9 ! entire s]ies ( =ms :i* a develop+ organism runs ?r\gh1 ea* =m is ! necess>y antec$5t /ep ( ! foll[+4 ,if ! embryo is to rea* ! complicat$ end-=m1 x mu/ pass1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! simpl] ones4 ,ea* /ep ( ! s]ies is ! physiological consequ5ce ( ! prec$+ /age1 & ! necess>y condition = ! foll[+4 ,b :atev] !ory be accept$ by m5 ( sci5ce1 x is c]ta9ly n t propos$ by ,haeckel4 ,c>l ,vogt aft] giv+ ,haeckel's /atem5t ( ! ,law ( ,biog5esis wrote3 ,?is law :i* ,i long held z well-f\nd$1 is absolutely & radically false4 ,ev5 ,osk> ,h]twig1 p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( ,haeckel's =m] pupils1 f9ds x necess>y to *ange ,haeckel's expression ( ! biog5etic law s t a contradiction conta9$ 9 x may be remov$4 ,pr(essor ,morgan1 f9ally1 rejects ,haeckel's boa/$ ,law ( ,biog5esis z 9 pr9ciple1 false4 ,& he fur!rmore seems to imply t ,fleis*mann m]its ! reproa* ( m5 ( sci5ce1 = wa/+ 8 "t 9 confut+ ! antiquat$ & g5]ally exagg]at$ views ( writ]s l ,haeckel4 ,antiquat$ & g5]ally exagg]at$ views4 ,su* is ! comm5t ( sci5ce on ,haeckel's boa/ t ,d>w9's pre-em95t s]vice to sci5ce consi/$ 9 po9t+ out h[ purposive adaptations may be produc$ by natural selection )\t ! direction ( m9d j z easily z !y may be produc$ by artificial selection & human design4 ,& yet ! late/ & lea/ wor?y production f ! p5 ( ?is ,d>w9ian philosoph]1 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 is be+ scatt]$ broad-ca/ by ! anti-,*ri/ian press1 9 ! "n & guise ( popul> sci5ce4 ,x is !re9 t ! evil consi/s4 ,= ! disc]n+ read] sees 9 ! book itself1 its own be/ refutation4 ,! pret5sions ( ,haeckel's consi/5t & moni/ic !ory ( ! et]nal cosmog5etic process are be/ met by po9t+ to ! fact t its mo/ highly accr$it$ & notori\s repres5tative has giv5 to ! _w 9 exposition & def5se ( pure ,d>w9ian philosophy1 a "w1 :i*1 = boldness ( ass]tion1 meag]ness ( pro(1 inconsequ5ce ( argum5t1 inconsi/5cy 9 fundam5tal pr9ciples & disreg>d = facts :i* tell aga9/ ! au?or's !ory1 has c]ta9ly no equal 9 contempor>y lit]ature4 ,9 ! apt & expressive phrase ( ,pr(essor ,pauls51 ! book fairly drips ) sup]ficiality 7von ,sei*tigkeit trief574 ,if ! man ( sci5ce is to be ju/ifi$1 z ,huxley sugge/$1 n by fai? b by v]ification1 ,haeckel & 8 docile ,d>w9ian disciples h good reason to tremble = _! sci5tific salvation4 ,,edw9 ,v4 ,o',,h>a4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,,introduction4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ,i h publi%$ "u ?is title %ort articles deal+ ) ! pres5t /atus ( ,d>w9ism4 ,9 view ( ! k9d reception :i* has be5 accord$ to ^! articles by ! read+ public ,i h ?\ght x well to br+ !m toge!r 9 pamphlet =m4 ,inde$1 ! ,d>w9ian movem5t & its pres5t /atus are em95tly des]v+ ( consid]ation1 especially on ! "p ( ^? be=e :om ,d>w9ism has hi!rto always be5 held up triumphantly z a sci5tific dispro( ( ! v f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,by way ( introduction & explanation "s g5]al prelim9>y rem>ks may n be amiss "h4 ,previ\s to tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 x 0 ju/ifiable to id5tify ,d>w9ism ) ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 = at t "t ,d>w9ism 0 ! only doctr9e ( ,desc5t :i* c\ld claim any g5]al recognition4 ,consequ5tly1 "o :o 0 an adh]5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t 0 also a ,d>w9ian4 ,^? to :om ?is did n apply 7 s few z to be easily c\nt$4 ,! dispute !n h+$ prim>ily on ,d>w9ism2 h5ce1 = ^? :o did n admit ! tru? ( t !ory1 ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t 0 = ! mo/ "p also a my?4 ,i say1 = ! mo/ "p2 = !re 7 already ev5 at t "t a few cle>-sight$ naturali/s 7,wig&1 ,naegeli1 ,koellik] & o!rs7 :o saw pla9ly ! residue ( tru? t w\ld result f ! discussion4 ,b to ! ov]:elm+ majority1 ! alt]natives seem$ to be3 ,ei!r ,d>w9ism or no evolution at all4 ,today1 h[ev]1 ! /ate ( ?+s is consid]ably alt]$4 ,! doctr9e ( ,desc5t is cle>ly & def9itely di/+ui%$ f ,d>w9ism at lea/ by ! majority ( naturali/s4 ,x is !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t ?is lum9\s di/9ction %\ld likewise become recogniz$ 9 lay circles4 ,my object 9 ^! pages is to %[ t ,d>w9ism w soon be a ?+ ( ! pa/1 a matt] ( hi/ory2 t we ev5 n[ /& at its dea?-b$1 :ile its fri5ds are solicit\s only to secure = x a dec5t burial4 ,out ( ! *aos ( controv]sy :i* has obta9$ dur+ ! la/ f\r decades !re has em]g$ an elem5t ( tru?--= !re lurks a g]m ( tru? 9 mo/ errors--:i* has ga9$ almo/ univ]sal recognition among contempor>y m5 ( sci5ce1 namely1 ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,! fact t liv+ organisms =m an asc5d+ s]ies f ! less p]fect to ! m p]fect2 ! fur!r fact t !y also =m a s]ies accord+ z !y display m or less homology ( /ructure & are =m$ accord+ to simil> types2 &1 la/ly1 t ! fossil rema9s ( organisms f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>?'s surface likewise repres5t an asc5d+ s]ies f ! simple to ! m complex--^! ?ree facts sugge/$ to naturali/s ! ?\ght t liv+ organisms 7 n always z we f9d !m to-day1 b t ! m p]fect _h develop$ f simpl] =ms ?r\gh a s]ies ( modifications4 ,^! ?\ghts 7 at fir/ advanc$ ) "s hesitation1 & 7 conf9$ to n>r[ circles4 ,!y receiv$1 h[ev]1 mat]ial support :51 dur+ ! f\r? decade ( ! #ai? c5tury ! spl5did discov]y 0 made 7by ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]7 t e organism is sl[ly develop$ f a g]m1 & 9 ! process ( developm5t passes ?r\gh tempor>y l[] /ages to a p]man5t high] "o4 ,ev5 at t "t _m naturali/s believ$ 9 a correspond+ developm5t ( ! :ole s]ies ( organisms1 )\t ( c\rse be+ able to =m a cle> conception ( ! process4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( affairs :5 ,d>w9 9 ! ye> #ahei publi%$ 8 pr9cipal "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection4 ,9 ?is "w = ! fir/ "t an exhau/ive attempt 0 made to sket* a cle> & completely detail$ picture ( ! process ( developm5t4 ,d>w9 />t$ ) ! fact t bre$]s ( animals & gr[]s ( plants1 hav+ at _! disposal a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1 always div]g+ some:at f ea* o!r1 *oose individuals possess+ *>act]i/ics :i* !y desir$ to /r5g!n1 & use only ^! = procreation4 ,9 ?is mann] ! desir$ *>act]i/ic is gradually made m prom95t1 & ! bre$] appe>s to h obta9$ a new species4 ,simil> conditions are suppos$ to prevail 9 ,nature1 only t !re is lack+ ! select+ h& ( ! bre$]4 ,"h ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection holds automatic sway by means ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,all ! v>i\s =ms ( life are w>r+ = ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ea* /riv+ to obta9 = itself ! be/ n\ri%m5t1 etc4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ^? organisms w be victori\s :i* possess ! mo/ favorable *>act]i/ics2 all o!rs mu/ succumb4 ,h5ce ^? only w survive :i* are be/ adapt$ to _! environm5t4 ,b betwe5 ^? :i* survive1 ! /ruggle beg9s anew1 & :5 ! favor+ peculi>ities become m pron\nc$ 9 "s1 7by *ance1 ( c\rse7 ^! 9 turn w9 out4 ,?us ,nature gradually improves h] v>i\s bre$s ?r\gh ! cont9u$ action ( a self-regulat+ me*anism4 ,su* are ! ma9 features ( ,d>w9ism1 its real k]nel1 ab\t :i* ( c\rse1--& ?is is a pro( ( its insuffici5cy1--f ! v beg9n+ a numb] ( auxili>y hypo!ses atta*$ !mselves4 ,d>w9's !ory s\nds s cle> & simple1 & seems at fir/ blu% s lum9\s t x is no wond] if _m c>eful naturali/s reg>d$ x z an incontrov]tible tru?4 ,! w>n+ voice ( ! m prud5t m5 ( sci5ce 0 sil5c$ by ! l\d en?usiasm ( ! y\ng] g5]ation ov] ! solution ( ! greate/ ( ! _w-problems3 ! g5esis ( liv+ be+s _h be5 br\ght to light1 &--a ?+ :i* admitt$ ( no d\bt--man z well z ! brute creation 0 a product ( purely natural evolution4 ,! doctr9e :i* mat]ialism _h already proclaim$ ) prophetic insight1 _h at l5g? be5 irrefragably e/abli%$ on a sci5tific basis3 ,god1 ,s\l & ,immortality 7 contemptu\sly relegat$ to ! doma9 ( nurs]y tales4 ,:at fur!r use 0 !re = a ,god :51 9 addition to ! ,kant-,laplacian !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em1 x _h be5 discov]$ t liv+ organisms _h likewise evolv$ spontane\sly8 ,h[ c\ld man :o _h sprung f ! irrational brute possess a s\l8 ,& ?us1 f9ally1 disappe>$ ! ?ird delusion1 ! hope ( immortality4 ,= ) dea? ! functions ( ! body simply cease1 z also d ^? ( ! bra91 :i* p _h fooli%ly believ$ to be some?+ m ?an an aggregation ( atoms4 ,! body dissolves into its con/itu5t elem5ts & s]ves 9 its turn to build up o!r organisms3 b z a human body x all turns to du/ nor 'leaves a wrack beh9d'4 ,?us ,d>w9ism 0 made ! basis fir/ = a mat]iali/ic1 & !n = a moni/ic1 view ( ! _w1 & h5ce came to be rigor\sly oppos$ to e =m ( ,!ism4 ,b s9ce1 at t "t1 ,d>w9ism 0 ! only !ory ( evolution recogniz$ by ! _w ( sci5ce1 ! opposition ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 0 direct$ n specifically aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 b aga9/ ! !ory ( evolution z su*4 ,! :eat 0 root$ up ) ! t>es4 ,i w n discuss "h :i* ( ! two views conc]n+ creation2 ! orig9 ( ! _w 9 "o mom5t ( "t1 or a gradual evolution ( ! _w & its pot5tialities1 is ! m wor?y ( ! creative p[] ( ,god4 ,manife/ly ! greatness & magnific5ce ( creation w 9 no way be compromis$ by ! concept ( evolution4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is simply my op9ion4 ,any fur!r /atem5t w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,b :at is ! ,d>w9ian position8 ,x is m]ely a special =m ( ! evolution>y !ory1 "o ( ! v>i\s attempts to expla9 h[ ! process ( developm5t actually took place4 ,d>w9ism z und]/ood 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s possesses ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic traits3 7#a7 ,evolution began & cont9ues )\t ! aid or int]v5tion ( a ,creator4 7#b7 ,9 ! production ( ,v>iations !re is no def9ite law2 ,*ance reigns supreme4 7#c7 ,!re is no indication ( purpose or f9ality to be detect$ any:]e 9 ! evolution>y process4 7#d7 ,! work+ factor 9 evolution is ,egoism1 a w> ( ea* aga9/ 8 fell[s3 ?is is ! pr$om9at+ pr9ciple :i* manife/s itself 9 ,nature4 7#e7 ,9 ?is /ruggle ! /ronge/1 fleete/ & mo/ cunn+ w always prevail1 7! ,d>w9ian t]m fitte/ has be5 ! innoc5t s\rce ( a great deal ( error74 7#f7 ,man1 :e!r y reg>d 8 body or 8 m9d1 is no?+ b a highly develop$ animal4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ,d>w9ism %[s t ^! are ! necess>y presuppositions1 or1 if y w1 ! inevitable consequ5ces ( t !ory4 ,to accept t !ory is to repudiate ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,! tru? ( ! above propositions is utt]ly incompatible1 n only ) any religi\s views1 b ) our civil & social pr9ciples z well4 ,! mo/ pat5t facts ( man's moral life1 h[ev]1 _c be expla9$ on any su* hypo!sis1 & ! logic ( ev5ts has already %[n t ,d>w9ism c\ld nev] h won g5]al acceptance b = ! incauti\s en?usiasm ( y\? :i* intoxicat$ ! m9ds ( ! ris+ g5]ation ( naturali/s & incapacitat$ !m = ! ex]cise ( sob] judgm5t4 ,to %[ t !re is among contempor>y m5 ( sci5ce a heal?y reaction aga9/ ,d>w9ism is ! object ( ?is treatise4 ,! read] may n[ ask1 ,:at1 !n1 is y\r idea ( evolution8 ,x c]ta9ly is easi] to criticise ?an to d con/ructive "w4 ,an hone/ /udy ( nature1 h[ev]1 inevitably leads u to ! conclusion t ! f9al solution ( ! problem is /ill f> di/ant4 ,_m a /one has already be5 qu>ri$ = ! future edifice ( evolution by unwe>i$ rese>* dur+ ! la/ f\r decades4 ,b 9 opposition to ,d>w9ism x may1 at ! pres5t "t1 be confid5tly ass]t$ t any future doctr9e ( evolution w h to be con/ruct$ on ! foll[+ basic pr9ciples3 7#a7 ,all evolution is *>act]iz$ by f9ality2 x proce$s accord+ to a def9ite plan1 & t5ds to a def9ite end4 7#b7 ,*ance & disord] f9d no place 9 ,nature2 e /age ( ! evolution>y process is ! result ( law-controll$ factors4 7#c7 ,egoism & /ruggle among liv+ organisms are ( v subord9ate importance 9 comp>ison ) co-op]ation & social action4 7#d7 ,! s\l ( man is an indep5d5t sub/ance1 & entirely un9telligible z a m]e high] /age ( developm5t ( animal in/9ct4 ,a !ory ( evolution1 h[ev]1 re/+ on ^! pr9ciples _c disp5se ) a ,creator & ,cons]v] ( ! _w & ( life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,x 0 a happy day t p ?rew (f ! /raight-jacket ( logic & ! burd5some fett]s ( /rict me?od1 & m\nt+ ! light-cap>ison$ /e$ ( philosophic sci5ce1 so>$ into ! empyrean1 high above ! labori\s pa? ( ord9>y mortals4 ,"o may n take (f5se if ev5 ! mo/ s$ate citiz51 = ! sake ( a *ange1 occasionally kicks ov] ! traces1 provid$ only t he returns 9 due "t to 8 wont$ c\rse4 ,& n[ 9 ! doma9 ( ,biology1 "o is l$ to ?9k t ! "t has at l5g? arriv$ = putt+ an end to mad masqu]ade pranks & = return+ )\t res]ve to s]i\s & sob] "w1 to f9d satisfaction !re94 ,) ^! words did ! illu/ri\s ,wig&1 tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 conclude ! preface to ! ?ird volume ( 8 l>ge classical "w aga9/ ,d>w9ism4 ,true1 he did n at t "t believe t ! mad campaign ( ,d>w9ism _h already end$ to its own detrim5t1 b he always pr$ict$ ) ! greate/ confid5ce t ! /ruggle w\ld soon t]m9ate 9 victory = ! anti-,d>w9ian camp4 ,:5 ,wig& clos$ 8 eyes 9 dea? 9 #ahif1 he 0 able to be> ) him ! consci\sness t ! era ( ,d>w9ism 0 approa*+ its end1 & t he _h be5 9 ! "r4 ,today1 at ! dawn ( ! new c5tury1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ,d>w9ism has lo/ its pre/ige among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x has se5 its day & w soon be reckon$ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,a few decades h5ce :5 p w look back ^u ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 !y w confess t ! ye>s betwe5 #ahfj & #ahhj 7 9 _m respects a "t ( c>nival2 & ! en?usiasm :i* at t "t took possession ( ! devotees ( natural sci5ce w appe> to !m z ! excitem5t att5d+ "s mad revel4 ,a ju/ification ( our hope t ,wig&'s w>n+ pr$iction w f9ally be fulfill$ is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t to-day ! y\ng] g5]ation ( naturali/s is dep>t+ m & m f ,d>w9ism4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( special m5tion t ! opposition to ,d>w9ism to-day comes *iefly f ! ranks ( ! zoologi/s1 :]eas ?irty ye>s ago l>ge numb]s ( zoologi/s f ,j5a associat$ !mselves ) ! ,d>w9ian s*ool1 hop+ to f9d !re a full & satisfactory solution = ! pr(\nde/ enigmas ( natural sci5ce4 ,! cause ( ?is reaction is n f> to seek4 ,!re 0 at ! "t a :ole gr\p ( en?usia/ic ,d>w9ians among ! univ]sity pr(essors1 ,haeckel lead+ ! van1 :o clung to t !ory s t5aci\sly & 7 s zeal\s 9 propagat+ x1 t = a :ile x seem$ impossible = a "y naturali/ to be any?+ b a ,d>w9ian4 ,!n ! inevitable reaction gradually set 94 ,d>w9 himself di$1 ! ,d>w9ians ( ! sixties & sev5ties lo/ _! pri/9e ardor1 & _m ev5 w5t beyond ,d>w94 ,above all1 calm reflection took ! place ( excit$ en?usiasm4 ,z a result x has become m & m app>5t t ! pa/ =ty ye>s h br\ght to light no?+ new t is ( any value to ! cause ( ,d>w9ism4 ,?is significant fact has ar\s$ d\bts z to :e!r aft] all ,d>w9ism c really give a satisfactory explanation ( ! g5esis ( organic =ms4 ,! ris+ g5]ation is n[ discov]+ :at disc]n+ s*ol>s _h already recogniz$ & /at$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,!y are also return+ to a /udy ( ! old] oppon5ts ( ,d>w9ism1 especially ( ,wig&4 ,x is only n[1 _m ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 t a tribute has be5 paid to ?is di/+ui%$ savant :i* un=tunately 0 grudg+ly )held dur+ 8 life4 ,"o day rec5tly !re 0 laid be=e 8 monum5t 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 ( ,m>burg a laurel-wrea? ) ! inscription3 ,to ! great naturali/1 philosoph] & man4 ,x came f a "y zoologi/ at ,vi5na :o _h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ,wig&'s great anti-,d>w9ian "w1 an intellig5t inve/igator :o _h set to "w 9 ! _s ( ,wig&4 ,ano!r tal5t$ zoologi/1 ,hans ,dries*1 d$icates to ! memory ( ,wig& two books 9 rapid succession & repreh5ds ! contempor>ies ( t ma/] ( sci5ce = ignor+ him4 ,o4 ,hammann ab&ons ,d>w9ism = an int]nal pr9ciple ( developm5t4 ,w4 ,haacke op5ly disav[s ,d>w9ism2 & ev5 at ! conv5tion ( naturali/s 9 #ahig1 ,l4 ,wils] 0 all[$ to ass]t )\t contradiction t1 anyone :o has committ$ himself to ,d>w9ism c no long] be rank$ z a naturali/4 ,^! are all signs :i* cle>ly indicate a radical revolution1 & !y are all ! m significant s9ce x is ! y\ng] g5]ation1 :i* w soon take ! lead1 t ?9ks & speaks 9 ?is mann]4 ,b x is none ! less notewor?y t ! y\ng] naturali/s are n alone 9 ?is movem5t4 ,_m ( ! old] m5 ( sci5ce are swell+ ! curr5t4 ,we %all recall "h only ! greate/ ( ^? :om we might m5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,julius von ,sa*s1 ! mo/ gift$ & brilliant botani/ ( ! la/ c5tury1 :o un=tunately is no long] among u1 0 9 ! sixties an outspok5 ,d>w9ian1 z is evid5t especially f 8 ,hi/ory ( ,botany & f ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,h&book ( ,botany4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ,sa*s began to incl9e t[>d ! position assum$ by ,naegeli2 & z e>ly z #ahgg1 ,wig&1 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 great "w1 express$ ! hope t ,sa*s w\ld )draw /ill fur!r f ,d>w9ism4 ,z ye>s w5t by1 ,sa*s drift$ m & m f 8 e>li] position1 & ,wig& 0 ( op9ion t to himself %\ld be ascrib$ ! cr$it ( br++ ab\t ! *ange4 ,dur+ 8 la/ ye>s ,sa*s _h become bitt]ly oppos$ to ,d>w9ism1 & 9 8 ma/]ly ,physiological ,notes he took a firm /& on ! int]nal factors ( evolution4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ,i _h ! pleasure ( occasional correspond5ce ) ,sa*s4 ,on ! #af? ( ,septemb]1 #ahif1 he wrote me3 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s ,i h recogniz$ t if we are to build up a /rictly sci5tific !ory ( organic /ructural processes1 we mu/ sep>ate ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t f ,d>w9ism4 ,x 0 ) ?is int5tion t he work$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life & x is to be hop$ t 8 s*ool w cont9ue 8 rese>*es ) ?is aim 9 view4 ,! t5d5cy among naturali/s to return to ,wig& is well exemplifi$ 9 an article contribut$ to ! ,preussis*5 ,jahrbue*] = ,janu>y1 #ahig1 by ,dr4 ,k>l ,camillo ,s*neid]1 assi/ant at ! zoological ,in/itute ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,?is article :i* is entitl$ ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 pursues ,wig&'s tra9 ( ?\ght ?r\gh\t1 & :ole s5t5ces & ev5 p>agraphs are tak5 v]batim f 8 ma9 "w4 ,?is1 at all ev5ts1 is a v in/ructive indication ( ! pres5t t5d5cy :i* des]ves prom95ce3 & its significance becomes m evid5t :5 we recall h[ ! "w ( ,wig& 0 receiv$ by ! non-*ri/ian press a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,x 0 ei!r ridicul$ or ignor$4 ,! two me?ods ( treatm5t 7 appli$ to 8 writ+s :i* are always readily employ$ :5 ! critic has no?+ p]t95t to say4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,d>w9 himself employ$ ?is me?od4 ,wig& once told me t he _h s5t ,d>w9 a copy ( 8 "w & _h address$ a lett] to him at ! same "t m]ely /at+ t he _h s5t ! book1 mak+ no ref]5ce to ! l9e ( ?\ght conta9$ 9 x4 ,d>w9 answ]$ imm$iately 9 ! k9de/ mann] t he _h n z yet receiv$ ! book1 b :5 x arriv$ he w\ld at once make a c>eful /udy ( its cont5ts4 ,d>w9 did n write to him aga91 & :5 a new edition ( 8 works appe>$1 ! "w ( ,wig&1 ! mo/ compreh5sive answ] to ,d>w9 ev] writt51 0 pass$ ov] )\t ev5 a pass+ m5tion4 ,?us ,d>w9 completely ignor$ 8 ke5e/ antagoni/4 ,z has be5 said1 ! majority ( ^? :o wrote ab\t ,wig& ridicul$ him3 v few reg>d$ him s]i\sly1 & ev5 ^! indulg$ *iefly 9 p]sonal recrim9ations4 ,?us matt]s /ood tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,wig&'s pr$iction pass$ unhe$$4 ,t a p]iodical n hav+ a specifically ,*ri/ian circle ( read]s %\ld n[ publi% a condemnation ( ,d>w9ism entirely 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,wig&1 is a fact :i* indicates a notable *ange ( s5tim5t dur+ ! int]v5+ ye>s4 ,i %\ld n be at all a/oni%$ if _m :o sne]$ at ,wig& tw5ty ye>s ago1 n[ read ! article 9 ! ,preussis*5 ,jahrbue*] ) entire approval4 ,ill-w t[>ds ,wig& has n altoge!r disappe>$ ev5 to-day4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t z yet ,dr4 ,s*neid] does n v5ture to def5d ,wig& publicly1 nor to ackn[l$ge him z 8 pr9cipal au?ority4 ,we mu/ be cont5t1 h[ev]1 if only1 ! tru? w f9ally prevail4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,/rik+ te/imony relative to ! pres5t position ( ,d>w9ism is borne by ! ,/rasburg zoologi/1 ,dr4 ,goette1 :o has won fame by 8 invaluable labors z an hi/orian ( evolution>y !ory4 ,9 ! ,ums*au1 ,no4 #e1 #ahih1 he discusses ! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ,d>w9ism1 & ! conclusions he arrives at1 are id5tical ) m9e4 ,at ! outset ,goette indicates ! di/9ction betwe5 ,d>w9ism & ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 & !n po9ts out t ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! =m] consi/ n s mu* 9 ! ?ree facts ( ,h]$ity1 ,v>iation1 & ,ov]-production1 b r 9 ,selection1 ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 & also 9 t my/ical !ory ( h]$ity--! doctr9e ( ,pang5esis--:i* is peculi>ly ,d>w9ian4 ,s9ce ?is !ory ( ,pang5esis has f\nd no adh]5ts1 ! "q may h5ce=? be re/rict$ to ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,?is ,goette v well obs]ves4 ,he po9ts1 moreov]1 to ! fact t ! misgiv+s t 7 ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( natural selection on its fir/ appe>ance1 71 on ! :ole1 precisely ! same z !y are to-day2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t =m]ly !y 7 disreg>d$ by naturali/s ^: cle>ness ( vision 0 obscur$ by excessive en?usiasm2 :]eas1 to-day m5 h aga9 return$ to _! sob] s5ses & l5d _! att5tion m readily to objections4 ,goette recalls ! fact t ,m4 ,wagn] tri$ to supplem5t natural selection ) 8 ,law ( ,migration1 & t lat] on1 ,romanes & ,gulick endeavor$ to supply ! evid5t defici5cies 9 ,d>w9's !ory1 by invok+ o!r pr9ciples2 & t ev5 at t "t1 ,ask5asy1 ,braun1 & ,naegeli--& m rec5tly1 ! lately deceas$ ,eim]--insi/$ on ! fact ( def9itely ord]$ v>iations1 9 opposition to ! !ory ( ,selection4 ,_m naturali/s recognize ! difficulties b d n ab&on ! !ory ( ,selection1 ?9k+ t "s supplem5t>y pr9ciple w\ld suffice to make x acceptable3 _m o!rs refuse to decide ei!r = or aga9/ ,d>w9ism & ma9ta9 t[>ds x an attitude ( indiff]5ce4 ,! y\ng] inve/igators1 h[ev]1 are utt]ly oppos$ to x4 ,!re c be no d\bt t s9ce its fir/ appe>ance ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism on m5's m9ds has notably dim9i%$1 al?\gh ! !ory has n be5 entirely disc>d$4--,b ! v fact t ! y\ng] naturali/s are ho/ile to x1 makes x evid5t t ,d>w9ism has a /ill d>k] future 9 /ore = x3 t soon] or lat] x w come to possess a m]ely hi/orical int]e/4 ,! pres5t position ( ,d>w9ism1 says ,goette1 is *>act]iz$ especially by ! unc]ta9ty ( criticism :i* is unable to decl>e def9itely 9 favor ( ei!r side4 ,goette f9ds ! *ief cause ( ?is unc]ta9ty 9 ! fact t m5 ( sci5ce 7ev5 ,d>w9 himself7 h wid5$ ! concept ( selection z a means ( orig9at+ new species ?r\gh ! int]action ( individuals 9 ! same species1 s z to express ! mutually antagoni/ic relations exi/+ betwe5 sev]al su* species4 ,! latt] alone is subject to exp]im5tal v]ification1 b x c only cause ! isolation ( exi/+ =ms & is n a species-orig9at+ selection--) :i* alone we are "h conc]n$4 ,?is k9d ( selection c enfeeble ! exi/+ flora & fauna1 b _c produce a new species4 ,selection productive ( new species is n actually demon/rable2 x is a purely !oretical inv5tion4 ,goette next po9ts out t ! inve/igator is ev]y:]e confront$ by def9itely-direct$ v>iation3 a fact :i* does n h>monize ) ! !ory ( selection1 nor1 consequ5tly ) ,d>w9ism4 ,if "s sci5ti/s h n z yet accept$ ,eim]'s pres5tation ( ?is doctr9e1 _! action is mo/ probably to be attribut$ to ! fe> le/ !y %\ld h to accept n m]ely1 v>iation accord+ to def9ite laws1 b likewise a pr9ciple ( f9ality & o!r causes ly+ beyond ! range ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! rejection ( ! !ory ( selection (t5 promotes1 z ,goette rightly obs]ves1 a reaction>y t5d5cy t[>ds a priori explanations ( ph5om5a ) :i* we are b slightly acqua9t$4 ,!re are naturali/s :o d n disc>d ! !ory ( selection simply because x seems to furni% a mu*-desir$ me*anical explanation ( purposive adaptions 7a mom5t\s admission to :i* we %all h occasion to rev]t74 ,o!rs h brok5 entirely ) selection & ! pr9ciple ( utility & ext5d ! idea ( f9ality to ! g5]al capacity ( organisms to p]si/4 ,?us adaptation becomes a pr9ciple :i* transc5ds ! limits ( natural sci5ce & p]vades ! :ole doma9 ( life4 ,goette obs]ves t ,d>w9 spoke ( useful1 less useful & indiff]5t organisms1 by :i* he meant ^? adaptations de/9$ = p>ticul> vital functions :i* t5d to make ! organs m & m specializ$4 ,s9ce ! ability to live is ?reat5$ by ?is specialization x _c be purposive4 ,?is is n :olly true1 because ! m specializ$ ! individual organ becomes1 ! m p]fect is ! :ole organism :i* is compos$ ( ^! specializ$ organs4 ,! functions ( ! individual organ may be re/rict$1 b ! p[] ( ! entire organism is notably increas$1 accord+ to ! law ( ! division ( labor4 ,goette !re=e has n suffici5t gr\nds = reject+ ?is expression4 ,he consid]s t a real & p]man5t purpose = ! individual liv+ =ms is out ( ! "q1 b t ?is purpose may be s\ght = 9 ! developm5t & hi/ory ( ! collective life ( nature4 ,def9itely ord]$ v>iation1 he ?9ks1 a sci5tific explanation ( :i* is inde$ yet =?com+1 w expla9 adaptation equally z well z does selection4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ?is /atem5t ( ,goette mu/ come z a surprise1 = "o w\ld ?9k t accord+ to 8 view def9ite v>iation expla9s adaptations bett] ?an selection4 ,goette sums up 8 ma9 conclusion 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,! doctr9e ( ,h]$ity or ( ,desc5t1 :i* comes f ,lam>ck ?\gh x 0 fir/ made widely kn[n by ,d>w91 has s9ce cont9ually ga9$ a broad] & sur] f\ndation4 ,b ,d>w9's own doctr9e reg>d+ ! causes & process ( ,desc5t :i* alone c be call$ ,d>w9ism1 has on ! o!r h& d\btlessly wan$ 9 influ5ce & pre/ige4 ,?is is exactly :at we also ma9ta93 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( ,desc5t 9 g5]al1 & ! cont9ual retrogression ( ,d>w9ism 9 p>ticul>4 ,wig& 0 entirely "r :5 he said t ,d>w9ism w\ld n live beyond ! c5tury4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 d]ive f ! discussions ( ,goette some?+ else t is ( ! highe/ importance1 namely1 an admission 9 :i* is to be f\nd ! real & fundam5tal explanation ( ! conduct ( ! majority ( naturali/s :o /ill cl+ to ,d>w9ism4 ,x does n consi/ 9 ! fact t !y are conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ,d>w9ism b 9 _! reluctance to give up ! me*anical explanation ( f9ality propos$ by ,d>w91 or r 9 ! fe> ( be+ driv5 to ! recognition ( !i/ic pr9ciples4 ,) comm5dable c&or ,goette attacks ?is me?od ( keep+ up a sy/em not)/&+ its recogniz$ defici5cies4 ,goette fur!rmore po9ts out especially t ?is recognition is m widespread ?an "o might be able to ga!r f occasional discussions on ! subject4 ,f ! acc\nt :i* ,goette gives ( ! pres5t /atus ( ,d>w9ism we may safely conclude t ,d>w9ism _h ent]$ ^u a p]iod ( decay2 x is 9 ! ?ird /age ( a developm5t ?r\gh :i* _m a sci5tific doctr9e has already pass$4 ,! f\r /ages ( ?is developm5t are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! incipi5t /age3 ,a new doctr9e arises1 ! old] repres5tatives ( ! sci5ce oppose x p>tly because ( ke5] insight & great] exp]i5ce1 p>tly also f indol5ce1 n wi%+ to all[ !mselves to be drawn out ( _! accu/om$ equilibrium2 among ! y\ng] g5]ation !re arises a gr[+ s5tim5t 9 favor ( ! new doctr9e4 #b4 ,! /age ( gr[?3 ! new doctr9e cont9ually ga9s great] favor among ! "y g5]ation1 f9d+ v5t 9 bur/s ( en?usiasm2 "s ( ! cauti\s s5iors h pass$ away1 o!rs are c>ri$ along by ! /ream ( y\?ful en?usiasm 9 spite ( bett] k1 & ! voices ( ! ?\ghtful are no long] he>d 9 ! g5]al upro>1 exult+ly proclaim+ t to live is bliss4 #c4 ,! p]iod ( decay3 ! joy\s en?usiasm has vani%$2 depression succe$s intoxication4 ,n[ t ! "y m5 h !mselves gr[n old] & become m sob]1 _m ?+s appe> 9 a diff]5t light4 ,! d\bts already express$ by ! old & prud5t dur+ ! /age ( gr[? are n[ bett] appreciat$ & gradually increase 9 weight4 ,_m become indiff]5t1 ! pres5t y\ng] g5]ation becomes p]plex$ & disc>ds ! !ory entirely4 #d4 ,! f9al /age3 ! la/ adh]5ts ( ! new doctr9e are dead or at lea/ old & h ceas$ to be influ5tial1 !y sit ^u ! ru9s ( a gr&eur t ev5 n[ belongs to ! good old "t4 ,! influ5tial & direct+ spirits h ab&on$ ?is doctr9e1 once s important & seem+ly inv9cible1 = ! consid]ation ( liv+ issues & ! y\ng] g5]ation reg>ds x z an int]e/+ episode 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,) ref]5ce to ,d>w9ism we are 9 ! ?ird /age :i* is *>act]iz$ especially by ! indiff]5ce ( ! pres5t middle-ag$ g5]ation & by gr[+ opposition on ! "p ( ! y\ng] com+ g5]ation4 ,?is v *>act]i/ic feature is br\ght into prom95ce by ! discussion ( ,goette4 ,if all signs1 h[ev]1 are n deceptive1 ?is ?ird /age1 t ( decay1 is draw+ to an end2 soon we %all ent] ! f9al /age & ) t ! tragic-com$y ( ,d>w9ism w be br\ght to a close4 ,if "s "o 7 to ask me h[ accord+ to ! c\nt ( ye>s1 ,i %\ld det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! individual /ages ( ,d>w9ism1 ?is w\ld be my answ]3 #a4 ,! incipi5t /age ext5ds f #ahei 7! ye> dur+ :i* ,d>w9's pr9cipal "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 appe>$7 to ! end ( ! sixties4 #b4 ,! /age ( gr[?3 f t "t1 = ab\t #bj ye>s1 to ! end ( ! eighties4 #c4 ,! /age ( decay3 f t "t on to ab\t ! ye> #aijj4 #d4 ,! f9al /age3 ! fir/ decade ( ! new c5tury4 ,i am n by *oice a prophet1 lea/ ( all reg>d+ ! wea!r4 ,b ,i ?9k x may n be d\bt$ t ! f9e wea!r1 at lea/1 has pass$ = ,d>w9ism4 ,s hav+ c>efully scann$ ! firmam5t ( sci5ce = signs ( ! wea!r1 ,i %all = once make a =eca/ = ,d>w9ism1 namely3 ,increas+ cl\d9ess ) heavy precipitations1 indications ( a viol5t /orm1 :i* ?reat5s to cause ! props ( ! /ructure to tott]1 & to sweep x f ! sc5e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,z fur!r witnesses to ! pass+ ( ,d>w9ism1 two botani/s may be cit$2 ! fir/ is ,pr(essor ,kors*9sky :o 9 ,no4 #bd1 #ahii1 ( ! ,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,wo*5s*rift publi%$ an article on ,het]og5esis & ,evolution1 :i* 0 to be foll[$ lat] by a l>ge "w on ?is subject4 ,) precision & emphasis he po9ts to ! num]\s in/ances 9 :i* !re occurs on or 9 a plant1 sudd5ly & )\t int]v5tion1 a v>iation :i* may become h]$it>y "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 ?us dur+ ! la/ c5tury a numb] ( v>ieties ( g>d5 plants h be5 evolv$4 ,on ! basis ( su* exp]im5ts ,kors*9sky develop$ ! !ory :i* _h be5 propos$ by ,koellik] 9 ,wu]zburg ?irty ye>s e>li]1 namely1 ! !ory ( het]og5e\s production or het]og5esis1 z ,kors*9sky calls x4 ,:5 "o und]/&s t a plant gives rise sudd5ly & )\t any int]v5tion to a gra9 ( se$1 :i* produces a diff]5t plant1 x becomes evid5t t all ,d>w9i/ic speculations ab\t selection & /ruggle = exi/5ce are =?) absolutely exclud$4 ,! effect c proce$ only f ! int]nal vital p[]s inh]5t 9 ! specifi$ organism act+ 9 connection1 p]haps1 ) ! int]nal conditions ( life1 :i* sudd5ly ex]t an influ5ce 9 a new direction4 ,kors*9sky di/+ui%es cle>ly & def9itely betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ,het]og5esis & ,transmutation 7gradual trans=mation ?r\gh natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce71 & 9 s do+ comes to a complete d5ial ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! o!r naturali/ :o has dealt ,d>w9ism a tell+ bl[ is ! botani/ ( ,graz1 ,pr(essor ,hab]l&t4 ,he publi%$ "s v int]e/+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts 9 ! ,fe/s*rift fu] ,s*w5d5] 7,b]l9 #ahii1 ,borntraeg]74 ,!y are conc]n$ ) a ,liane javas ( ! family ( mulb]ry plants 7,conocephalus ovatus47 ,! free leaves possess "u ! out] lay]1 a tissue compos$ ( l>ge1 ?9-wall$1 wat]-/or+ cells2 flat cavities on ! upp] side1 hav+1 fur!rmore1 organs t secrete wat]1 :i* ! botani/ calls hyda?odes4 ,^! are delicate1 small1 gl&ul> cells ov] :i* are ! bundles ( vascul> fibres 7leaf-ve9s7 t convey ! wat] to !m2 ov] ^! 9 ! top lay] are s-call$ wat]-crevices ?r\gh :i* ! wat] c =ce itself to ! outside4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] ^u a clos] explanation ( ! anatomical /ructure ( ^! peculi> organs4 ,! wat] :i* is =c$ upw>d by ! root-pressure ( ! plant is naturally convey$ ?r\gh ! vascul> fibres into ! leaves & at e hyda?ode ! sup]flu\s wat] oozes out 9 drops1 a ph5om5on :i* "o c also v nicely obs]ve e4g4 on ! ,lady's cloak 7,al*emilla vulg>is7 ( ! ,g]man flora4 ,a portion ( ! night-dew mu/ be attribut$ to ?is secretion ( wat]4 ,on ! ,liane1 !n1 ,hab]l&t obs]v$ a v consid]able secretion ( wat]3 a full-gr[n leaf secret$ dur+ "o night #b4gf g4 ( wat] 7t is #bf p] c5t4 ( its own weight47 ,?r\gh ?is peculi>ity ! wat] supply )9 ! plant is regulat$ & ! dang] avoid$ t any wat] %\ld p5etrate ! surr\nd+ tissue 9 consequ5ce ( /rong root-pressure1--:i* w\ld naturally ob/ruct ! vital function ( ! entire leaf4 ,besides x is to be notic$ t 9 ?is way an abundant fl[ ( wat] is produc$3 ! plant takes up l>ge quantities ( wat] f ! e>?1 lad5 ) nutritive salts1 & ! di/ill$ wat] is almo/ pure 7x conta9s only #j4jde g4 salts71 s t ! nutritive salts are absorb$ by ! plant4 ,f ^! consid]ations x necess>ily appe>s t ! hyda?odes are ( great biological importance to ! plant4 ,hab]l&t !n poison$ ! plant1 by spr9kl+ x ) a #j4a p] c5t sublimate solution ( alcohol4 ,! purpose ( ?is exp]im5t 0 to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 ! secretion ( wat] !re 0 "q ( a m]ely physical process or ( a vital process4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! action ( ! hyda?ode %\ld cont9ue ev5 aft] ! treatm5t ) ! sublimate solution1 :ile 9 ! latt] case x %\ld n4 ,z ! secretion ceas$ ! obvi\s conclusion to be d$uc$ f ?is exp]im5t is t ! hyda?odes d n act z purely me*anical filtration-app>atuses1 z "o might h ?\ght1 b t !re is "h evid5ce ( an active vital process 9 ! plant2 ! unusual t]m poison+ is !re=e really ju/ifi$ "u pres5t circum/ances4 ,let me dwell = a mom5t on ?is result1 =1 al?\gh x may be some:at =eign to our pres5t purpose & to ! fur!r obs]vations ( ,hab]l&t1 x is v significant 9 itself4 ,! wat] moves 9 ! plant 9 clos$ cells1 z ! cells ( ! aque\s gl& are entirely clos$1 b ! organic membrane1 z e "o kn[s1 has ! peculi> physical prop]ty ( all[+ wat] to pass ?r\gh1 ! pressure1 ( c\rse1 be+ appli$ on ! side ( lea/ resi/ance2 :5 !re=e ! wat] is =c$ into ! cells by root-pressure1 x is easily intelligible t accord+ to purely physical laws x %\ld come to ! surface ( ! leaf on ! side ( ! lea/ resi/ance1 t is1 by way ( ! wat]-crevices4 ,ev5 ! def5d]s ( vital =ce w\ld n f9d any reason 9 ?is = n consid]+ ! ph5om5on ( di/illation 9 ?is case a purely physical ph5om5on4 ,& /ill accord+ to ,hab]l&t's exp]im5ts x is n4 ,! sublimate c\ld at mo/ only imp$e ! process ( filtration1 b %\ld "u no circum/ances h de/roy$ x4 ,b x does de/roy x1 & ! hyda?ode dies4 ,! conclusion c]ta9ly foll[s f ?is t ?is process is connect$ ) "s vital function4 ,ev5 if ! hyda?ode is treat$ ) sublimate solution1 all ! conditions = me*anical filtration /ill rema93 ! e>? has moi/ure :i* c be tak5 up by ! roots s t root-pressure /ill exi/s4 ,! wat] is 9 all cases convey$ to ! hyda?odes ?r\gh ! vascul> fibres1 ! cell walls ( ! hyda?odes are /ill adapt$ = filtration1 & yet !y d n filt]4 ,h5ce "s o!r factor mu/ jo9 itself to ! physico-me*anical process ( filtration & affect or de/roy x1 & ?is factor c be f\nd only 9 ! protoplasm1 ! vital elem5t ( ! cells2 = we "k t ! sublimate acts ) p]nici\s effect on x & 9 su* a mann] t x de/roys its entire p[] ( reaction2 x kills x1 z we say4 ,! exp]im5t "u discussion has1 !re=e1 great significance = our view ( ! vital processes 9 ! plant2 x proves beyond d\bt t ^! processes are 9 no way ( a purely me*anical nature1 b t !re is some?+ und]ly+ all ?is1 a hi!rto inexplicable some?+1 :i* we call life4 ,9 all vital activities1 physical & *emical processes c]ta9ly d occur2 !y d n1 h[ev]1 take place spontane\sly b are made use ( by ! vital elem5t ( ! plant to produce an effect t is desirable or necess>y = ! vital activity ( ! plant4 ,if ! vital elem5t is dead1 no matt] h[ favorable ! conditions may be = *emical & physical processes1 ^! d n take place & ! effect necess>y = life is n obta9$4 ,x is v rem>kable aft] all t accord+ to ! exp]im5t ( ,hab]l&t ?is peculi> relation %\ld become app>5t 9 a process t is s op5 to our inve/igation z ! filtration ( wat] ?r\gh ! cell-wall ( a plant4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ,i consid] ?is simple exp]im5t ( ,hab]l&t ( great significance2 = x is a direct pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a vital =ce4 ,"o may resi/ to 8 he>t's cont5t1 b )\t avail2 vital =ce is aga9 f9d+ its way into sci5ce4 ,m & m cognizance is be+ tak5 ( ! fact t #fj & #gj ye>s ago p jump$ at conclusions v imprud5tly :5 !y believ$ t ! fir/ artificial prep>ation ( organic matt] 7urea1 by ,woehl]7 _h prov5 ! non-exi/5ce ( a vital =ce4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 great rejoic+ 9 ! camp ( mat]iali/s :o sc(f$ at ! ignorant :o w\ld n z yet =sake vital =ce4 ,behold1 !y said1 9 ! *emi/'s retort ! same matt] is produc$ *emically t is produc$ 9 ! body ( ! animal1 )\t ! direction ( a hidd5 vital =ce1 :i*1 if x is n necess>y 9 ! "o case1 nei!r is x necess>y 9 ! o!r4 ,any "o :o _h giv5 ! matt] c>eful consid]ation c\ld ev5 at t "t h kn[n :]e ! ignorant really 74 ,t 9 bo? cases *emical processes take place is cle> & undisput$1 b ! mat]iali/s =got entirely t ev5 9 ! laboratory x 0 n ! m]e contact ( ! elem5ts t produc$ ! urea2 a *emi/ 0 ne$$ & 9 ?is case n any "o arbitr>ily *os51 b a man ( ! g5ius & k ( a ,woehl] to wat* ov] ! process1 & utilize & p>tly direct ! laws ( *emi/ry 9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ result4 ,h5ce x 0 ev5 !n absurd to d5y vital =ce z a consequ5ce ( t exp]im5t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x 0 well-adapt$ = mat]iali/ic purposes1 ?is d5ial 0 proclaim$ ) ! s\nd ( trumpet ?r\gh\t ! l&1 & repeat$ aga9 & aga9 ) surpris+ t5acity1 ) ! result t ev5 ?\ghtful inve/igators reject$ vital =ce almo/ univ]sally 9 ! sev5ties & eighties4 ,x has always be5 a problem to me h[ ?is c\ld h happ5$4 ,x c1 inde$1 be expla9$ only on ! supposition t naturali/s 7 adv]se to ! introduction ( any?+ into nature1 t appe>$ to !m my/ical & my/]i\s4 ,nor is su* a proc$ure at all necess>y3 vital =ce is by no means a my/]i\s1 gho/ly p[] t so>s above nature1 b a =ce ( nature l its o!r =ces1 z my/]i\s & z def9ite z !y are1 only t x dom9ates a specifi$ gr\p ( be+s1 namely1 liv+ organisms4 ,x may readily be comp>$ ) any o!r natural ph5om5on4 ,= in/ance1 ! ph5om5on ( cry/allization has its well det]m9$ sph]e ( activity1 viz41 ! m9]al _w4 ,x employs def9ite ma!matico-physical laws to obta9 a specifi$ result1 & ev5 acts diff]5tly 9 diff]5t m9]al sub/ances 9 s f> z x produces 9 ! "o case ?is1 9 ! o!r case t =m2 b /ill x %\ld be a simil>ly direct$ =ce :i* has ! effect ( produc+ ^! peculi> =ms4 ,precisely simil> is x ) vital =ce4 ,x has its det]m9$ sph]e ( activity1 ! k+dom ( liv+ organisms2 x acts accord+ to def9ite physico-*emical laws 9 produc+ a specifi$ result2 x acts diff]5tly 9 diff]5t liv+ organisms2 x is !re=e a =ce ( nature z cle> yet z my/]i\s z ! =ce ( cry/allization or z any o!r =ce ( nature4 ,h5ce "o has no cause to compla9 ( its my/]i\sness1 = all o!r =ces ( nature are j z mu*1 or if y w1 j z little my/]i\s z vital =ce4 ,! only ?+ to be ma9ta9$ is ?is1 t liv+ organisms are dom9at$ by a special =ce ) special ph5om5a & special activities1 ev5 z 9 m9]al sub/ances !re is a special dom9ant =ce :i* produces special ph5om5a & ex]cises special activities4 ,x is possible to produce cry/als 9 ! laboratory1 b no "o w be s fooli% z to ma9ta9 t 9 nature cry/als are n =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( a v def9ite =ce inh]5t 9 ! m9]al-sub/ances2 nor w any "o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! =ce ( cry/allization because x does n appe> 9 liv+ organisms4 ,nor h ,i ev] despair$ ( a return ( ! !ory ( vital =ce4 ,a *ange ( op9ion has really tak5 place dur+ ?is decade2 at pres5t ! voices = a vital =ce are con/antly gr[+ /rong] & x w mo/ probably n be v long be=e x w be aga9 univ]sally recogniz$1 n z some?+ pret]natural1 ( c\rse1 b z a =ce ( nature on an equal foot+ ) ! o!r =ces ( nature1 ) activities1 j z my/]i\s & j z well-atte/$ z ! activities ( ! o!r =ces ( nature4 ,hab]l&t's exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 _h also an indirect consequ5ce t is ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,he obs]v$ t )9 a few days new wat]-secret+ organs ( an entirely diff]5t /ructure & ( diff]5t orig9 7 =m$ on ! leaves t _h be5 spr9kl$ ) sublimate4 ,ov] ! bundles ( vascul> fibres1 little knots z l>ge z a p9 head arose 9 l>g] numb]s out ( a tissue und]ly+ ! top lay]2 out ( ^! ! wat] n[ ooz$ e morn+4 ,clos] inve/igation disclos$ ! fact t ^! organs develop only on "y immature leaves :]e gr\ps ( peculi>1 p]i%able gl&-hairs are f\nd2 b5ea? ^! dead muc\s gl&s ! sub/itute secretive organs orig9ate 9 ! inn] tissue4 ,x is ( no importance to /ate 9 :at p>ticul> cells !y orig9ate4 ,suffice x to say t !y are colorless capill>y tubes orig9at+ 9 v>i\s cells2 project+ l ! hairs ( a bru%1 conta9+ liv+ protoplasm & evanesc5t *lorophyll4 ,x is also important to note t ?is new organ is imm$iately connect$ ) ! wat]-conduct+ sy/em consi/+ ( bundles ( vascul> fibres4 ,hab]l&t fur!rmore indicates especially t ^! organs :5 view$ 9 connection ) ! process ( secretion give evid5ce ( an active vital pr9ciple z well z ( simple me*anical filtration4 ,^! sub/itute organs are all inde$ well adapt$ to _! purpose & adequately replace ! old secretive organs1 b !y s easily dry out & are s little protect$ t aft] a week !y become p>*$ & die because w\nd-cork =ms "u !m4 ,! leaf no long] produces new hyda?odes1 b on its l[] side x produces gr[?s t function z vesicles1 by means ( :i* x cont9ues to su/a9 itself4 ,hab]l&t fur!rmore records a ph5om5on p]haps analog\s to ?is on ! grape-v9e1 b ) ?is exception ! case describ$ by him is unique4 ,9 ord] to pass any fur!r judgm5t reg>d+ x1 we %\ld h to asc]ta9 :e!r ! :ole ph5om5on is n a case ( s-call$ adaptation2 if s1 processes %\ld be f\nd 9 nature1 analog\s to ! poison+ ( ! hyda?odes 9 ?is exp]im5t1 :i* result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! hyda?odes s t 9 consequ5ce ! plant w\ld h ga9$ ! p[] ( mak+ good ! loss1 by means ( ! sub/itute organs4 ,su* processes1 h[ev]1 7ev5 ?r\gh poison+ or ?r\gh p>asites7 w\ld be v highly improbable4 ,equally incr$ible is ! alt]native possibility t ! new organs w\ld be produc$ by ! plant n z a sub/itute b z a supplem5t>y app>atus :5 ! old ones w\ld n suffice = secretion 9 case ( v l>ge absorption ( wat]4 ,?is also mu/ d\btlessly be reject$1 z ,hab]l&t has obs]v$4 ,p[]s ( adaptation %\ld1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ,d>w9ism1 be gradually acquir$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z 9 t case !y %\ld also h /ability2 b s9ce ?is is n possess$ by ! new organs1 ! presumption is t !y d n possess ! "* ( adaptation4 ,!y are !re=e new organs t orig9at$ aft] an entirely unnatural & un=ese5 int]f]5ce ) ! normal vital functions & 9 consequ5ce ( a self-regulat+ activity ( ! organism4 ,:at !n is !re 9 ! :ole ph5om5on wor?y ( notice ) reg>d to ! !ory ( ,desc5t8 #a4 ,an imm$iately well adapt$ new organ has "h orig9at$ v sudd5ly )\t any previ\s incipi5t =mation1 )\t gradual p]fection & )\t /ages ( transition4 #b4 ,9 its =mation /ruggle = exi/5ce & natural selection are entirely exclud$1 nei!r c f9d any application :atev] ev5 accord+ to ! new] exposition ( ,weismann4 ,hab]l&t himself draws ?is conclusion4 #c4 ,if ?is ph5om5on ( a sudd5ly appe>+ *ange c take place 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! individual1 !re c be no obvi\s reason :y x %\ld n take place 9 ! same mann] 7)\t natural selection or /ruggle = exi/5ce7 9 ! c\rse ( ! phylog5etic developm5t4 ,x is manife/ly ( ! greate/ importance t 9 ?is case a direct1 exp]im5tal pro( has be5 giv5 t an organ has orig9at$ sudd5ly & )\t ! aid ( ,d>w9ian pr9ciples4 ,hab]l&t's article is no?+ less ?an a complete r5unciation ( ,d>w9ism on ! "p ( ,hab]l&t1 a r5unciation :i* we greet ) great satisfaction4 ,9 fact "o su* obs]vation w\ld really suffice to set aside ,d>w9ism & prove ! utt] insuffici5cy ( its pr9ciples to give explanation ( ! orig9 ( natural species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is obs]vation pla9ly proves two ?+s3 fir/1 t ! above m5tion$ doctr9e ( ,koellik]1 n[ held by ,kors*9sky is a move 9 ! "r direction = ! discov]y ( ! causes ( desc5t2 & secondly1 t ! pr9cipal cause ( ! evolution is n to be s\ght 9 environm5t & bl9d =ces b 9 ! sy/ematically work+1 int]nal vital pr9ciple 9 plants & animals4 ,) t1 h[ev]1 an important "p ( ! f\ndation ( ! me*anical-mat]iali/ic view ( ! _w is demoli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,s9ce we h he>d ! v]dict ( zoologi/s & botani/s conc]n+ ,d>w9ism1 x is b "r t we %\ld n[ li/5 to a palaeontologi/1 a repres5tative ( ! sci5ce1 :i* inve/igates ! petrifi$ records ( ! e>?'s surface1 & /rives to collect in=mation reg>d+ ! _w ( life dur+ remote1 by-gone ages ( ! e>?4 ,x is evid5t to e-"o t ! v]dict ( ?is sci5ce mu/ be ( v special importance 9 pass+ on ! "q ( ! developm5t ( liv+ organisms4 ,d>w9 himself recogniz$ ?is at ! outset4 ,he & 8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 soon p]ceiv$ t1 :ile ! revelations ( palaeontology 7 on ! :ole favorable to ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 9 s f> z !y prov$ ! gradual *ange ( organization1 9 consecutive /rata1 f ! simple to m complex =ms1 palaeontology reveal$ no?+ t w\ld su/a9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory z to ! me?od ( t developm5t4 ,z soon z ! ,d>w9ians1 & fir/ ( all ,d>w9 himself1 p]ceiv$ ?is1 !y at once br\ght =w>d a v *eap subt]fuge4 ,s9ce ,d>w9ism po/ulates a v gradual1 un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( liv+ organisms1 !re mu/ h be5 an imm5se numb] ( transition-=ms betwe5 any two animal or plant species :i* to-day1 al?\gh o!rwise relat$1 are sep>at$ by *>act]i/ic features4 ,consequ5tly1 on ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 all ( ^! transition-=ms mu/ h p]i%$ = ! s+ul> reason t o!r bett] organiz$ =ms ov]came !m 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if !re=e ! millions ( transition-=ms 7 /ill miss+1 & ! kn[n petrifi$ =ms ( old] /rata ( ! e>? did n reveal !m1 ! ,d>w9ians 7 able to console !mselves until f #bj to #dj ye>s ago1 ) ! ass]tion t our k 0 /ill too defici5t1 t a m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! e>?'s surface & especially ( out-(-!-way p>ts w\ld ev5tually br+ to light ! suppos$ transition =ms4 ,su* ass]tion af=ds v poor consolation1 & is any?+ b sci5tific4 ,! me?od ( natural sci5ce consi/s 9 e/abli%+ g5]al pr9ciples on ! basis ( ! mat]ials actually furni%$ by exp]im5ts & obs]vation & n 9 excogitat+ g5]al laws & !n consol+ oneself ) ! ?\ght t :ile our k ( nature is z yet extremely imp]fect1 "t w furni% ! actual mat]ial necess>y to sub/antiate our guesses4 ,b s9ce !n _m a ye> has come & gone & ,d>w9ism has caus$1 & = t alone x des]ves cr$it1 a dilig5t rese>* 9 e field ( natural sci5ce1 & has promot$ among palaeontologi/s a se>* = ! miss+ transition-=ms4 ,! mat]ials ( inve/igation f ! field ( palaeontology h also wond]fully increas$ dur+ ^! decades4 ,h5ce x is wor? :ile n[ at ! dawn ( ! new c5tury to exam9e ?is mat]ial ) a view to its availabl5ess = ! !ory ( ,desc5t & especially = ,d>w9ism4 ,pr(essor ,/e9mann has rec5tly done s 9 ,freiburg 9 ,breisgau1 on ! occasion ( an address z ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,:at conclusions did he rea*8 ,/e9mann decl>es x to be ! prim>y task ( po/-,d>w9ian palaeontology to arrange ! fossil animal & plant-rema9s 9 ! ord] ( desc5t & ?us to build up a truly natural1 because hi/orically demon/rable1 classification ( ! animal & plant-_w4 ,at ! outset x is to be not$ t = v>i\s reasons palaeontology is unable to execute ?is mom5t\s task 9 its full ext5t4 ,! evid5ce ( palaeontology is defici5t1 if = no o!r reason ?an t _m animal organisms c\ld n be pres]v$ at all on acc\nt ( _! s(t bodies2 _m animal gr\ps h1 nev]!less1 receiv$ an unusual increase 7mollusks1 radiata1 fi%1 saurians1 v]tebrates1 & d5droid plants74 ,z reg>ds ! attempt made 9 ! sixties to draw up l9es ( desc5t1 ,/e9mann repudiates1 )\t1 ( c\rse1 m5tion+ names1 ! family tree con/ruct$ by ,haeckel & 8 associates z :olly hypo!tical & h5ce unju/ifi$2 he rightly rem>ks t _! me?od smacks ( ! closet4 ,he f9ds fault ) !m *iefly because !y pr$icat$ actuality ( ?is imag9>y family-tree & fanci$ t ! hi/orical rese>* ( ! future w\ld h b isolat$ facts to e/abli%4 ,9 speak+ ( ! palaeontological rese>* ( ! la/ few decades1 ,/e9mann says3 ,9 ! light ( rec5t rese>*1 fossil discov]ies h frequ5tly appe>$ less intelligible & m ambigu\s ?an be=e1 & 9 ^? cases 9 :i* an attempt has be5 made to br+ ! desc5t-sy/em into agreem5t ) ! actual facts1 ! incongruity betwe5 ! two has become obvi\s4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! well-kn[n ar*aeopt]yx is n1 z 0 ma9ta9$1 a connect+ l9k betwe5 reptile & bird1 b a memb] ( a bl9dly end+ side bran*4 ,9 fact palaeontological rese>* has prov5 incapable ( f9d+ ! transitions betwe5 diff]5t species1 cle>ly det]m9$ by ! !ory4 ,b ! ov]:elm+ abundance ( matt] call$ = new endeavors to ma/] x4 ,x 0 !n fur!r discov]$--,/e9mann f9ds an illu/ration ( ?is fact 9 ! e*9od]mata--t ! well-kn[n fundam5tal law ( biog5esis ( ,haeckel c be accept$ only 9 a v re/rict$ s5se & may ev5 lead to conclusions absolutely false4 ,we desire to rem>k "h t a fundam5tal pr9ciple %\ld nev] mislead2 if x does s1 x is n a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x is ( importance to "k t accord+ to palaeontological inve/igation1 empiric sy/ematiz+ & phylog5etic classification d n always co9cide1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! ammonites4 ,acord+ to palaeontological inve/igation ! great sy/ematic categories are only grades ( organization4 ,h5ce pres5t day sy/ematiz+ is be+ m & m disc>d$1 & ! said categories--z inde$ also ! less] gr\ps ( =ms--mu/ be ( polyphyletic orig91 t is1 !y mu/ h desc5d$ f diff]5t primitive /ocks4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:at be>+ has ?is pr9ciple ( multiple orig9s8 ,= a long "t reptiles 7 ! pr$om9at+ v]tebrates2 :5 mammals & birds appe>$1 num]\s1 v>i$ & /range saurians inhabit$ l& & sea2 b ) ! end ( ! *alk-p]iod mo/ saurians seem to h vani%$ sudd5ly f ! sc5e1 & soon we behold ! ma9l&s & oceans inhabit$ by mammals ( mo/ div]se k9ds4 ,! saurians h become almo/ ext9ct & ! mammal-tribe sudd5ly %[s a mo/ extraord9>y v>iability & p[] ( developm5t4 ,h[ is ei!r ph5om5on to be expla9$8 ,! disappe>ance ( a gr\p ( organisms has be5 pref]ably expla9$ s9ce ! "t ( ,d>w91 by defeat 9 ! /ruggle ) sup]ior competitors4 ,if ev] an explanation lack$ p]t95cy1 x does s 9 ?is case1 9 :i* ! succumb+ gr\p is repres5t$ by gigantic & well pres]v$ animal =ms1 widely di/ribut$ & accu/om$ to ! mo/ v>i$ me?ods ( nutrition1 :]eas ! competitor appe>s 9 ! =m ( small1 h>mless m>supials4 ,x w\ld be equival5t to a /ruggle betwe5 ! elephant & ! m\se4 ,we ackn[l$ge ) pleasure ?is cle> rejection ( ,d>w9ism on ! "p ( ,/e9mann4 ,/e9mann also rejects ! natural ext9ction ( ^? =ms1 p]haps f ! weakness ( old age2 :e!r he is :olly w>rant$ 9 do+ s1 seems some:at d\btful4 ,he tries to expla9 ! ph5om5on on ! basis ( ! multiple orig9 ( ! mammals2 & 9 fact !re is already speculation reg>d+ triple orig91 viz3 tambreets1 m>supials1 & ! o!r mammals4 ,n[ if ! latt] also possess$ a multiple orig91 ! problem ( ! ext9ction ( ! saurians w\ld1 accord+ to ,/e9mann solve itself4 ,"o w\ld n ne$ to consid] ! numb] ( ext9ct =ms z l>ge z is n[ done4 ,h[ev]1 he does n ent] ^u any clos] consid]ation ( ?is "q4 ,b he po9ts out1 = in/ance1 t to-day ! %ells ( mollusks 7snails & con*ylia7 are reg>d$ z /ructures t 7 acquir$ only 9 ! c\rse ( "t = ! sake ( protection1 ! disappe>ance ( :i*1 !re=e1 impli$ a disadvantage = ! respective organisms4 ,?is transition w\ld be some?+ extraord9>y--b if on ! contr>y1 "o reg>ds ! %ells z ! necess>y products ( a special k9d ( assimilation & ( ! immoveabl5ess ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 ! gradual disappe>ance might well be consid]$ a process :i* may take place 9 v>i\s animal-gr\ps ) a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ! c\rse ( ! phyletic developm5t4 ,! snails devoid ( %ells1 = in/ance1 may be d]iv$ ) c]ta9ty f ^? possess$ ( %ells2 ?is process has v probably also tak5 place 9 diff]5t g5etic l9es4 ,?is view is well wor? consid]ation2 x /&s 9 %>p opposition1 9 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 to ! ,d>w9ian explanation4 ,?is calls = special emphasis "h4 ,h[ %\ld "o expla9 ! orig9 ( uncru/$ mollusks f cru/$ ones ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 s9ce 9 su* a conte/ ! latt] mu/ h _h f> great] prospect ( survival ?an ! =m]8 ,?is view toge!r ) ! pr9ciple ( multiple orig9 op5s up1 accord+ to ,/e9mann1 ! prospect ( an alt]$ conception ( ! process ( =mation ( ! organic _w4 ,accord+ to ! new conception1 ! _m ext9ct =ms ( antiquity are n1 z ,d>w9 suppos$1 unsuccessful attempts & cont9u$ ab]rations ( nature--h[ ?is rem9ds "o ( t old1 naive1 mu*-ridicul$ idea t fossils 7 models t ,god _h disc>d$ z uns]viceable--b w\ld ga9 new life & assume hi!rto unsuspect$ relation%ip to ! pres5t organic creation4 ,sci5ce1 :i* seeks aft] op]ative causes1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury reg>d$ creation z a multiplicity ( ph5om5a )\t any causal connection z to _! orig94 ,d>w9 taught z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ! unity & ! causal int]-relation ( creation1 b 0 n entirely able to save ?is hypo!sis f a viol5t & sudd5 dea?4 ,9 ! future sket* creation w appe> z :olly re/rict$ 9 itself & la/+1 ! causes ( its limitation lie1 up to ! "t ( ! int]v5tion ( m51 solely 9 ! balanc$ motion ( ! planet :i* x peoples4 ,at ! close ( 8 address ,/e9mann po9ts out t beh9d ! problem ( ! mann] ( developm5t1 !re /&s ! unsolv$ "q reg>d+ its op]ative causes4 ,reg>d+ ?is po9t1 he cont9ues1 op9ions h p]haps nev] be5 s div]g5t z !y are to-day4 ,! times h pass$ :5 ! ,d>w9ian explanations 7 reg>d$ ) naive confid5ce z ! alpha & omega ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,n only are ! adh]5ts ( ,d>w9ian ideas divid$ among !mselves1 b ! !ory ( ,lam>ck1 some:at alt]$1 favor$ by ! results ( hi/orical inve/igation1 appe>s m /rik+ & n[ seems m 9 h>mony ) facts ?an =m]ly4 ,:at is consid]$ by "o z ! rul+ factor 9 ! evolution ( organisms is reg>d$ by ano!r z a quantite negligeable or ev5 z ! greate/ mi/ake ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ?is discord ( op9ions ! pr9ciple ( ,desc5t alone =ms ! /able pole4 ,?us ,/e9mann1 & we c b applaud 8 conclusions ) undisguis$ pleasure1 = !y t5d ?r\gh\t 9 ! direction ( our anti-,d>w9ian view1 & deal ,d>w9ism ano!r fatal bl[4 ,x is also wor?y ( special note t ?is "t ! bl[ is dealt f ! side ( palaeontology2 =1 ev5 if n[ & aga9 we diss5t f ,/e9mann1 9 ?is we fully agree ) him t ! hi/orical me?od ( consid]+ ! evid5ces ( bygone p]iods ( creation is at ! v lea/ q z important = pass+ correct judgm5t reg>d+ desc5t1 z is ! inve/igation ( contempor>y liv+ organisms4 ,inde$1 family-trees 7 con/ruct$ )\t reg>d = palaeontology1 almo/ exclusively f an exam9ation ( pres5t conditions1 & sometimes ! au?or did n ev5 %r9k f falsification4 ,?is proc$ure has be5 bitt]ly rev5g$ & w take fur!r rev5ge unless at l5g? a def9ite end be put to ! family-tree nuisance & ! respective books in/ead ( be+ publi%$ anew1 be relegat$ to ! lumb]-room ( sci5ce1 !re to turn yell[ amid du/ & cobwebs--! curi\s evid5ce ( gross folly4 ,b only h pati5ce1 ev5 t "t w come4 ,! conclusions ( ,/e9mann1 t are mo/ important = u1 may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! family & transition =ms dem&$ f palaeontology by ,d>w9ism = its family-trees1 con/ruct$ n empirically b a priori1 are n[h]e to be f\nd among ! abundant mat]ials :i* palaeontological inve/igation has already produc$4 #b4 ,! results ( ! inve/igation d n correspond ) ! family gr\ps drawn up accord+ to ! s-call$ biog5etic pr9ciple1 :i* pr9ciple has 9 fact l$ m5 ( sci5ce into false pa?s4 #c4 ,at be/1 ! biog5etic pr9ciple has a limit$ validity1 7we add t lat] x w und\bt$ly foll[ ,d>w9ism & its family trees into ! lumb]-room74 #d4 ,! results ( palaeontology1 9 s f>1 = in/ance1 z !y te/ify to ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! saurians & ! adv5t ( mammals1 ev]y:]e contradict ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 #e4 ,! "t has long pass$ :5 ! ,d>w9ian explanations 7 reg>d$ ) naive confid5ce z ! alpha & omega ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 #f4 ,only ! pr9ciple ( ,desc5t is univ]sally recogniz$2 ! h[ ( x1 its causes1 are to-day entirely a matt] ( dispute4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce ( ! decay ( ,d>w9ism is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 s9ce ,d>w9 fir/ enunciat$ 8 !ory1 _m & div]se attempts h be5 made to expla9 ! orig9 ( species on o!r pr9ciples4 ,names ( m51 l ,m4 ,wagn]1 ,naegeli1 ,wig&1 ,koellik]1 & ,k]n] m>k ^! attempts2 b ( ^! inve/igators ,naegeli alone propos$ a well-develop$ hypo!sis4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ,eim]1 pr(essor ( zoology 9 ,tueb+5 came =w>d ) a detail$ !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,z e>ly z #ahhh he publi%$ a compreh5sive "w deal+ ) x1 "u ! title3 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ! ,transmission ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,organic ,gr[?4 ,z ! title itself indicates1 a v m>k$ div]g5ce 0 ev5 at t "t manife/+ itself betwe5 ,eim] & 8 =m] tea*] & fri5d1 ! great def5d] ( ,d>w9ism 9 ,g]many1 ,aug4 ,weismann1 pr(essor ( zoology 9 ,freiburg 9 ,breisgau4 ,=1 :ile ! latt] vigor\sly attacks ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 ,eim]'s :ole !ory is f\nd$ on ?is v transmission4 ,obs]vations reg>d+ ! color+ ( animals1 9 fact1 =m ! basis ( ,eim]'s !ory4 ,eim] attributes ! orig9 ( species to organic gr[? by :i* he means n m]ely increase 9 size1 b also *ange ( =m1 etc4 ,?is gr[? does n proce$ bl9dly or aimlessly1 b proce$s on rigidly det]m9$ l9es1 :i* dep5d ^u ! /ructure & con/itution ( ! p>ticul> organism4 ,ext]nal influ5ces1 h[ev]1 also affect x4 ,eim] specially emphasizes f\r po9ts 9 ?is connection3 #a4 ,?is rigidly det]m9$ developm5t ( a "* exhibits well def9$1 regul> /ages1 & ! evolution ( ea* individual repeats ! :ole s]ies ( trans=mations 7! ,muell]-,haeckel biog5etic-law47 #b4 ,new *>act]s are fir/ acquir$ by /rong adult males 7! law ( male dom9ance74 #c4 ,new *>act]s appe> on def9ite p>ts ( ! body1 spread+ especially f ! re> to ! front1 7! law ( undulation74 #d4 ,v>ieties are /ages 9 ! process ( developm5t1 ?r\gh :i* all ! individuals ( ! respective species mu/ pass4 ,^! po9ts indicate h[ important = ,eim] is ! transmission ( ^? *>act]s :i* ! p>5ts !mselves h acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! own developm5t4 ,he conceives t ?is transmission takes place :5 ! causative influ5ces ex]t !mselves p]man5tly on _m succe$+ g5]ations4 ,eim] ?9ks t 9 ?is way ! con/itution ( ! respective species is gradually trans=m$4 ,besides ! effect ( ext]nal influ5ces 7:i* may v>y accord+ to ! climate1 etc43 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire71 ,eim] m5tions z important & active factors 9 ?is developm5t1 7#a74 ,! use & disuse ( organs 7,lam>ck72 7#b74 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce 7,d>w972 7#c74 ,! correlation ( organs1 t is1 ! inn] relation ( organs 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a *ange 9 "o organ may occasion a sudd5 *ange 9 ano!r organ2 7#d74 ,cross f]tilization & hybridism4 ,x is cle> t ) ref]5ce to ! factors ( evolution ,eim] is1 & p]haps n unreasonably1 an eclectic1 ^: aim is to d ju/ice to ! pr$ecessors ( ,d>w9 z well z to ,d>w9 himself4 ,8 antagonism to ,d>w9 & ,weismann 9 ?is "w is /ill q mod]ate1 al?\gh ev5 "h x appe>s ) suffici5t cle>ness t selection & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! two pr9ciples peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,d>w9ism1 d n give rise to new species1 b c at be/ only sep>ate & diff]5tiate species already exi/+4 ,! second "p ( ,eim]'s "w deal+ ) ! orig9 ( species1 :i* appe>$ aft] an int]val ( t5 ye>s1 be>s ! title3 ,or?og5esis ( ,butt]flies4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,,ii4 ,"p 7#b tables & #bce illu/rations 9 ! text74 ,leipzig1 #ahig4 ,9 ?is book sub/antially ! same ?\ghts occupy ! m9d ( ! au?or z 9 ! =m] volume1 b 9 _m respects !y are m mature1 & conspicu\sly m def9ite & precise4 ,! mo/ sali5t features are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,eim] e/abli%es 8 !ory by means ( v m9ute obs]vations on a def9ite species ( animals1 viz41 butt]flies4 #b4 ,he attributes evolution almo/ exclusively to developm5t along def9itely det]m9$ l9es4 #c4 ,he proves ! utt] unt5abl5ess ( ,d>w9ian pr9ciples & repudiates !m unqualifi$ly4 #d4 ,9 a v di/9ct & sev]e mann] he gives expression to 8 opposition to 8 =m] fri5d ,weismann4 #e4 ,he attacks ) tell+ effect ! fanta/ic ,d>w9ian ,mimicry4 ,9 8 ,g5]al ,introduction ,eim] fir/ treats ( ,or?og5esis 9 opposition to ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( selection4 ,! v fir/ s5t5ce gives evid5ce ( ?is antagonism3 ,accord+ to my inve/igation1 organic gr[? 7,organophysis71 :i* is r5d]$ dep5d5t on ! plasm by p]man5t ext]nal influ5ces1 climate & n\ri%m5t1 & ! expression ( :i* is f\nd 9 developm5t along def9itely det]m9$ l9es1 7,or?og5esis71 is ! pr9cipal cause ( trans=mation1 its occasional int]ruption & its tempor>y cessation & is likewise ! pr9cipal cause ( ! division ( ! s]ies ( organisms into species4 ,lam>ck's !ory ( ! use & disuse ( organs & ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( natural selection are consequ5tly pu%$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,"h also ,eim] at once places himself at v>iance ) ,naegeli :o _h enunciat$ a simil> !ory4 ,naegeli took z a />t+ po9t an inh]5t t5d5cy 9 e be+ to p]fect itself1 ?us presuppos+ an inn] pr9ciple ( developm5t1 & mak+ light ( ext]nal influ5ces z trans=m+ causes4 ,eim] flatly contradicts ?is view4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is po9t 9 our criticism ( 8 !ory4 ,9 opposition to ! !ory ( selection1 ,eim] lays special /ress on ! fact t its und]ly+ assumption1 viz41 =tuit\s1 indef9ite v>iation 9 _m diff]5t directions1 is entirely devoid ( f\ndation 9 fact1 & t selection1 9 ord] to be effective1 po/ulates ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! requir$ useful *>act]s1 :]eas ! v po9t at issue is to expla9 h[ ^! *>act]s h orig9at$4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,eim]'s inve/igations1 !re are ev]y:]e to be f\nd only a few1 def9itely det]m9$ l9es ( v>iation1 selection is incapable ( ex]cis+ any *oice4 ,! developm5t1 fur!rmore1 proce$s )\t reg>d = utility1 s9ce1 = in/ance1 ! features t *>act]ize a species ( plants are out ( all ref]5ce to utility4 ,ev5 if no?+ exi/s t is ess5tially detrim5tal1 nev]!less v mu* does exi/ t be>s no ref]5ce :atev] to imm$iate good1 & 0 !re=e nev] affect$ by selection4 ,fur!r on1 ,eim] expresses /ill m cle>ly ! opposition ( 8 !ory to t ( ,d>w91 & 9 s do+ he attacks vigor\sly ! omnipot5ce ( selection1 s unreasonably proclaim$ by ! foll[]s ( ,d>w94 ,eim]'s !ory1 consequ5tly1 ass]ts t3 ,! ess5tial cause ( transmutation is organic gr[?1 a def9ite v>iation1 :i*1 dur+ long p]iods ( "t proce$s unsw]v+ly & )\t ref]5ce to utility1 9 b few directions & is condition$ by ! action ( ext]nal influ5ces1 ( climate & n\ri%m5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an int]ruption ( or?og5esis a /oppage ensues 9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! developm5t1 & ?is /oppage is ! great cause ( ! arrangem5t ( =ms 9 diff]5t species4 ,( vital importance also is developm5t ?r\gh diff]5t /ages 7,het]o-epi/ase71 :i* results 9 ! arre/$ developm5t ( c]ta9 *>act]s 9 an organism1 :ile o!rs progress & /ill o!rs become retrogressive4 ,z a rule use & disuse are ( great efficacy 9 ?is reg>d1 & conjo9tly ) ^! comp5sation & correlation4 ,occasionally also irregul> developm5t sets 91 :i* proce$s by leaps4 ,( c\rse1 ,eim] c\ld n b 9 8 turn burn inc5se be=e ,d>w9 by decl>+ t he w\ld n d>e to cross swords ) su* a man1 :ile 9 reality he repudiates all ( ,d>w9's fundam5tal t5ets4 ,x may be well to /ate "h 9 addition a few important supplem5t>y consid]ations3 ,developm5t c ev]y:]e proce$ 9 only a limit$ numb] ( directions because ! con/itution1 ! mat]ial composition ( ! body1 conditions ^! directions & prev5ts v>iation 9 all directions4 ,?is is an important /atem5t because ,eim] cle>ly expresses !re9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 own !ory & t ( ,naegeli4 ,he makes ! direction ( developm5t dep5d5t on ! mat]ial composition ( ! body1 :]eas ,naegeli consid]s x dep5d5t ^u an int]nal t5d5cy ( e be+ to p]fect itself1 h5ce ^u a p[] inh]5t 9 ! body4 ,eim]'s view !re=e t5ds t[>ds a me*anical explanation1 :ile ,naegeli po/ulates a vital en]gy4 ,! int]nal causes accord+ to ,eim] f9d _! explanation 9 ! mat]ial composition ( ! body4 ,s9ce ! gr[? ( ! individual organism dep5ds on ?is composition & on ! ext]nal influ5ces1 ,eim] comp>es family-developm5t ) x & designates ! latt] z organic gr[?4 ,9 opposition to ,naegeli he ma9ta9s t ?is organic gr[? does n always aim at p]fection b (t5 t5ds to simplification & retrogression4 ,! foll[+1 !n1 accord+ to ,eim]1 are ! directive pr9ciples ( v>iation3 7#a74 ,! g5]al law ( coloration 7/ripes runn+ l5g?wise *ange into spots1 /ripes runn+ crosswise *ange to a uni=m color74 7#b74 ,! law ( def9itely direct$ local *ange 7new colors spread f ! re> to ! front & f above d[nw>d or vice v]sa1 old colors disappe> 9 ! same directions47 7#c74 ,! law ( male pr$om9ance 7males are z a rule "o /ep 9 advance ( ! females 9 developm5t74 ,female pr$om9ance is an exception4 7#d74 ,! law ( age-pr$om9ance 7new *>act]s appe> at a well-advanc$ age1 & at ! "t ( greate/ /r5g?74 7#e74 ,! law ( wave-l developm5t 7dur+ ! c\rse ( ! =mation ( ! individual organism a s]ies ( *anges proce$ 9 a def9ite direction ov] ! body ( ! animals74 7#f74 ,! law ( indep5d5t uni=mity ( developm5t 7! same c\rse ( developm5t is pursu$ 9 non-relat$ =ms & results 9 simil> =ms74 7#g74 ,! law ( developm5t ?r\gh diff]5t /ages 7diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( ! same be+ may develop to a diff]5t degree & 9 diff]5t directions74 7#h74 ,! law ( unilat]al developm5t 7! prog5y does n pres5t a complete comb9ation ( ! *>act]s ( ! p>5ts b manife/s a prepond]ance ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ei!r p>5t74 7#i74 ,! law ( ! rev]sal ( developm5t 7! direction ( developm5t may rev]se & t5d t[>ds ! />t+ po9t74 7#aj74 ,! law ( ! cessation ( developm5t 7a protract$ cessation ( developm5t frequ5tly ensues 9 "o or ! o!r /age74 ,! orig9 7p]haps r ! di/9ction7 ( species is acc\nt$ = pr9cipally by ! la/ nam$ law1 by means ( :i* ,eim] also expla9s ! s-call$ atavism or rev]sion4 ,to ?is law are jo9$ o!r factors1 e4g41 developm5t proce$+ 9 leaps1 z demon/rat$ by ,koellik] & ,he]2 local sep>ation 7?r\gh migration2 prev5tion ( f]tilization1 e4g41 ! impossibility ( cross-f]tilization betwe5 c]ta9 individual organisms7 :i* ,romanes _h already oppos$ to natural selection1 & cross+4 ,! second ma9 division ( ! book is tak5 up ) a v se>*+ & detail$ criticism ( ,weismann4 ,?is criticism seems to me entirely w>rant$2 because n only ! latt]'s un9telligible position ) reg>d to natural selection 7! repudiation ( :i* he seems to reg>d z synonym\s ) cessation ( all inve/igation into ! causal nexus ( ph5om5a 9 ! doma9 ( life7 b likewise 8 fanciful !ory ( h]$ity1 utt]ly devoid z x is ( any support f actual obs]vation1 bespeak an utt] lack ( qualities ess5tial to a naturali/2 & ! mann] 9 :i* he ignores 8 =m] pupil & 8 labors1 because !y prov$ emb>rass+ to him1 is entirely unwor?y ( a man ( sci5ce4 ,eim] devotes special att5tion to mimicry2 & inde$ he 0 =c$ to be v solicit\s to dispel ?is fanciful conception ( ,d>w9ism :i* radically contradict$ 8 own views4 ,moreov]1 ! unt5abl5ess ( ! mimicry hypo!sis mu/ h reveal$ itself v cle>ly to him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations reg>d+ ! color+ ( butt]flies4 ,mimicry1 z our read]s are well aw>e1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t liv+ be+s imitate o!r organisms or ev5 inanimate objects2 ,d>w9ism ma9ta9s t ?is is done = ! sake ( protection aga9/ enemies4 ,?is ph5om5on is said to h be5 produc$ by selection4 ,^? animals t possess$1 = in/ance1 "s simil>ity to a leaf1 9 consequ5ce escap$ _! enemies m easily ?an o!rs & surviv$1 :ile ^? t _h no leaf-l appe>ance succumb$2 :5 ?is process _h be5 repeat$ a few times1 _m animals 7butt]flies7 gradually develop$ t m>vel\s leaf-l appe>ance1 :i* frequ5tly deceives ! mo/ practic$ eye4 ,x appe>s s simple & natural t "o ne$ n wond] t ?is peculi> ph5om5on ga9$ _m an adh]5t = ,d>w9ism4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x is directly oppos$ to ! views ( ,eim]2 & x is = ?is reason t he endeavors s assidu\sly to disprove ! error ( ,d>w9ism 9 ?is reg>d4 ,z ! und]ly+ color design ( ! butt]fly ,eim] designates elev5 longitud9al designs2 & ! exam9ation ( ! leaf-l =ms leads him to ! conclusion1 t _! appe>ance always dep5ds on ! unalt]$ condition or ! great] prom95ce ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ?is fundam5tal design4 ,!re is to be obs]v$ a %ift+ ( ! ?ird b&1 s t 9 conjunction ) ! f\r?1 :i* is curv$1 x =ms ! mid-rib ( ! leaf4 ,eim] f9ds ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on 9 ! alt]ation ( ! =m4 ,! leaf-l =m results f an acum9ation & elongation ( ! w+s1 :i* 9 turn results f a m>k$ elongation ( ! rim ( ! =e-w+4 ,& ?is aga9 is produc$ by ! proportionately great] gr[? ( "o "p ( ! w+-section ?an ( ! o!rs4 ,) ref]5ce to ! reason ( ?is gr[? x is ( importance to note t exp]im5ts1 consi/+ 9 ! application ( artificial heat to ! *rysales ( ! swall[-tail & sailor-butt]fly1 demon/rat$ t by ?is means ! =e-w+ is drawn out m t[>d ! out] w+-ve91 & ! rim ( ! =e-w+ becomes m elongat$ & curv$4 ,x is obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! natural heat-=ms ( ! same g5]a & species1 namely1 ! summ]-=ms & ^? :i* live 9 ! w>m s\!rn climate1 exhibit1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( butt]flies ak9 to ! sailor1 ! same features1 ! elongation & m m>k$ curvature ( ! =e-rim ( ! =e-w+s & ! consequ5t m ext5d$ =m1 t are produc$ by ! action ( artificial heat4 ,manife/ly ?is is a matt] ( vital importance = ! solution ( ! "q3 heat1 :e!r artificial or natural1 produces a diff]5ce 9 gr[?1 :i* results 9 a *ange ( =m & color+4 ,!re is consequ5tly no room = natural selection or ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! leaf-l =m is g5]ally associat$ ) ! d>k1 fad$ colors ( dry leaves1 & :5 ?is simil>ity disappe>s ev5 bright colors appe> on ! =e-w+s4 ,9 _m cases ! resemblance to leaves is v imp]fect2 diff]5t =ms ( ! same species live side by side & among !m are to be f\nd ^?1 ! resemblance ( :i* to leaves is extremely slight4 ,all ^! facts1 & especially ! frequ5tly recurr+ retrogression ( ! leaf-l appe>ance1 ju/ify s]i\s d\bt reg>d+ ! ,d>w9ian assumption1 t adaptation 0 a necessity = ! =e/-butt]flies on acc\nt ( ! protection :i* x provid$4 ,an eye witness fur!rmore decl>es t ! butt]flies t resemble leaves mo/ closely d n always alight on )]$ leaves1 on :i* !y w\ld be almo/ invisible1 b frequ5tly re/ on a gre5 backgr\nd1 aga9/ :i* !y %[ (f v cle>ly1 & !re=e c\ld n long escape ! ke5 eye ( birds4 ,besides1 ^! butt]flies are b seldom pursu$ by ! birds1 ( :i* !re is "q "h1 & h5ce are 9 no ne$ ( protection4 ,! long] ,eim] devot$ 8 att5tion to ! orig9 ( ?is resemblance ! m ! poetic picture ( ! imitat$ leaf vani%$ out ( sight1 & he became conv9c$ t x involv$ ! necess>y expression ( ! l9es ( developm5t1 :i* ! respective be+s 7 b\nd to foll[1 & t !re 0 no "q ( imitation4 ,ap>t f ! resemblance to leaves1 by reason ( regul> *anges ( color1 design1 & w+-/ructure1 num]\s non-relat$ butt]flies (t5 develop su* wond]ful simil>ities--:i* are n1 z hi!rto suppos$1 imitations or disguises produc$ by selection1 b are ei!r ! outcome ( an entirely indep5d5t uni=mity ( developm5t or1 at lea/1 ( its consequ5ce--t x mu/ be admitt$ t ext]nal simil>ity may arise by diff]5t means & 9 v>i\s ways4 ,^! relations ( simil>ity are ( su* frequ5t recurr5ce because ( ! limit$ numb] ( directions ( developm5t 9 :i* *anges or color & design 9 butt]flies may t5d4 ,eim] f9ds ! reason ( ?is small numb] ( directions1 9 :i* developm5t may proce$1 9 ! fact t ! elem5t>y ext]nal influ5ces ( climate & n\ri%m5t on ! con/itution ( ! organism are ev]y:]e ! cause ( ! trans=mations4 ,ano!r important po9t is ! diff]5ce ( sex4 ,if ! butt]flies are ( diff]5t sex1 ! males z a rule exhibit a m develop$ /age ( design & color ?an ! females4 ,^! frequ5tly pres5t on ! upp] side ! /age ( coloration1 :i* ! males pres5t on ! l[] side1 :ile ! upp] side ( ! males is "o /age 9 advance4 ,x is ( special significance t ! *>act]s ( ! m advanc$ sex frequ5tly correspond to ^? ( a relat$1 sup]ior species1 & occasionally to ^? ( widely sep>at$ species4 ,eim] endeavors to expla9 male pr$om9ance by a m delicate & m develop$1 i4e41 m complex1 *emico-physical organization ( ! male organism4 ,ev5 ?is developm5t t5ds t[>d simplification1 ! orig9 ( dull-black colors4 ,?is mo/ int]e/+ "q br+s ,eim] into conflict ) ano!r ,d>w9ian pr9ciple1 ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( sexual election1 accord+ to :i* ! m /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! male sex become /r5g!n$ = ! reason t females inv>iably give ! pref]5ce to ! males end[$ ) !m1 ov] ^? t are less attractive4 ,^! exce$+ly romantic ideas h be5 (t5 & des]v$ly repudiat$1 e4g41 ev5 by ,wallace only a %ort "t aft] _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,eim] really does !m too mu* honor :5 he aga9 und]takes1 ev5 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( respect1 a ?or\gh refutation ( !m1 z 9 e reg>d unf\nd$4 ,x is ( prim>y importance to note "h1 t 9 ! case ( dimorphism ( ! sexes abrupt modifications occur 9 connection ) unilat]al h]$ity4 ,x is impossible = sexual selection to produce a *ange ( design & color1 :i* results 9 ! sudd5 kaleidoscopic =mation ( :olly diff]5t designs1 z we f9d actually tak+ place ?r\gh ! action ( artificial heat & cold & o!r factors 9 nature4 ,?is br+s u to a brief consid]ation ( ! answ]1 :i* ,eim] proposes to give to ! "q ( ! real causes ( ! =mation ( species among butt]flies4 ,a precise & cle> /atem5t ( ?is important "p ( ,eim]'s !ory ( ,desc5t1 is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ extracts3 ,! trans=mation ( organisms is prim>ily condition$ by ! action ( imm$iate ext]nal influ5ces on ! organisms4 ,! same causes1 :i* produce individual gr[?1 especially climate & n\ri%m5t1 also produce ! organic gr[? ( organisms1 t is1 transmutation1 :i* is b a cont9uation 9 ! prog5y ( individual gr[?1 ?r\gh ! transmission ( ! *>act]i/ics acquir$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual4 ,h5ce1 transmutation is simply a physiological process1 a phyletic gr[?4 ,! *anges1 :i* ! individual organism exp]i5ces dur+ its life 9 its mat]ial1 physiological & morphological organization1 are 9 "p transmitt$ to its prog5y4 ,! *anges ?us acquir$ become m m>k$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 until f9ally !y result 9 a p]ceptible new /ructure4 ,9 ?is process1 new or *ang+ ext]nal influ5ces und\bt$ly ex]cise great activity1 b ! same influ5ces1 con/antly repeat$1 mu/ 9 ! c\rse ( "t also produce a *ange 9 ! organisms ?r\gh ! physiological activity1 :i* is condition$ by !m1 s t aft] a long "t elapses1 a species w h *ang$ ev5 9 an unv>y+ environm5t & w react on new influ5ces 9 a mann] q diff]5t f _! prog5itors2 _! con/itution has und]gone a *ange4 ,?is organic gr[? ( liv+ be+s takes place reg>dless ( ! active use ( ! organs & 9 _m cases rema9s indep5d5t ( ?is 7,lam>ckian7 factor ( trans=mation4 ,b use may ex]cise consid]able influ5ce on ! =mation result+ f ! primitive organic gr[?1 by modify+ ! gr[?1 by re/rict+ x to ^? p>ts mo/ frequ5tly call$ into use1 or ev5 by depriv+ o!r p>ts ( ! necess>y matt] 7comp5sation74 ,! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple1 !re=e1 (f]s b a possible & to trans=mation1 ! pr9cipal cause is to be f\nd 9 organic gr[?4 99 99 99 ,! organic gr[? ( butt]flies is prim>ily condition$ by climatic influ5ces4 99 99 99 ,! pro( is to be f\nd 9 ! facts reveal$ by ! geographical di/ribution ( butt]flies1 by ! v>iations correspond+ to ! seasons1 & by exp]im5ts reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( artificial heat & cold on developm5t4 ,exp]im5tal pro( is naturally ( vital importance = ,eim]'s !ory4 ,he cites 9 ?is reg>d especially ! exp]im5ts ( ,m]rifield1 ,h&fuss1 ,fis*]1 ,fick]t1 & ,c\ntess ,m>ia von ,l9d54 ,9 ,eim]'s own laboratory ! latt] p]=m$ exp]im5ts on ,papilionides1 :i* prove 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] ! recapitulation ( ! family-hi/ory 9 ! individual4 ,! fact t x is possible by rais+ or l[]+ ! temp]ature dur+ ! "t ( developm5t to bre$ butt]flies1 possess$ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( relat$ v>ieties & species liv+ 9 s\!rn & nor!rn regions respectively1 *>act]i/ics n m]ely ( color & design1 b also ( /ructure1 is complete irrefragable pro( ( my views4 ,eim] !re=e belongs to ! class ( naturali/s1 l ,wig&1 ,ask5asy1 ,naegeli1 & _m o!rs1 :o reject ! purely me*anical tr5d ( ,d>w9ism & recognize an imman5t pr9ciple ( developm5t4 ,he seeks ! ess5tial cause ( evolution 9 ! con/itution ( ! plasm ( organisms4 ,?is v analogy betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! family & t ( ! individual %\ld1 9 fact1 conv9ce any "o ( ?is4 ,if ,eim] *ooses to ref] ! analogy to gr[? & to designate ! evolution ( ! :ole animat$ k+dom z also a process ( gr[?1 !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no room = objection4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "h a dang]1 :i* he does n seem to h gu>d$ aga9/4 ,to designate ! :ole process z a gr[?1 z ,eim] does1 really expla9s no?+1 b m]ely def9es m cle>ly ! /atus ( ! problem4 ,=1 :at d we "k ( ! s-call$ process ( gr[?8 ,9 tru?1 no?+1 s t v little is ga9$ by ref]r+ evolution to organic gr[?2 ! problem rema9s unsolv$4 ,! mo/ important & correct "p ( ,eim]'s conclusion seems to be ! e/abli%m5t ( def9ite l9es ( developm5t4 ,he has1 9 fact1 p]man5tly dispos$ ( ! ,d>w9ian assumption ( univ]sal *aos 9 evolution1 ^u :i* good "m ,nature c\ld at w ex]cise h] *oice4 ,=tuit\sly initiat$ developm5t is a condition s9e qua non ( ,d>w9ism & ,weismannism4 ,= any "o1 :o has /udi$ ! "w ( ,eim] & /ill adh]es to ?is fundam5tal error ( ,d>w9ism1 !re is no possible escape f ! labyr9? into :i* he has all[$ ! h& ( ,d>w9ism to lead him4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ,eim] recognizes ! imman5t pr9ciples ( developm5t1 he1 nev]!less1 on ! o!r h&1 also accords due consid]ation & ascribes great efficacy to ext]nal influ5ces2 9 fact1 he repres5ts !m z p]haps ! m ess5tial factor4 ,climate1 n\ri%m5t1 etc41 affect ! inn] /ructure1 ! plasm1 trans=m x & ?us produce v>iation :i* is transmitt$ to ! prog5y4 ,b1 h[ev] great may be ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 ,eim] seems to ov]e/imate x4 ,inde$1 ! analogy ( gr[? %\ld h l$ ,eim] to a conception ( ! true relation betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal causes4 ,w>m?1 air1 light1 moi/ure & n\ri%m5t1 are und\bt$ly necess>y factors 9 ! process ( gr[?1 b !y are only ! conditions :i* r5d] x possible1 & n ! causes :i* produce x4 ,! latt] are to be f\nd 9 ! individual organism itself4 ,! conditions may be ev] s favorable & well-adapt$ = gr[?1 /ill ! organism w n develop unless x be> )9 itself ! p[] to d s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh x is hamp]$ & may become abnormal1 x w readily gr[ ev5 9 an unfavorable environm5t1 z long z x reta9s its inh]5t vital =ce4 ,! same is v likely true ( ! g5ealogical gr[?4 ,evolution took place 9 virtue ( ! p[] inh]5t 9 ! develop+ organisms4 ,b only :5 ! environm5t 0 favorable & normal1 did ! evolution proce$ favorably & normally1 t is1 t[>d ! p]fection ( ! animate k+dom4 ,x appe>s z if ! int]nal pr9ciple ( developm5t 7 los+ influ5ce & significance ) ,eim]2 b ! ult]ior reason = ?is is n f> to seek4 ,:oev] recognizes ! validity ( ! int]nal pr9ciple ( developm5t1 elim9ates *ance1 t /op-gap ( mat]ialism1 f evolution1 & is lead at once to a supreme ,intellig5ce :i* directs evolution4 ,z soon z x comes 9 sight1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 p]sons take fright & turn aside or ev5 turn back 9 ord] to avoid x4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,eim]1 al?\gh p]haps 9 a less] degree4 ,?is is s9c]ely to be deplor$1 s9ce 8 !ory w\ld h ga9$ 9 dep? if he _h b done full ju/ice to ! int]nal pr9ciple ( developm5t4 ,= ! same reason he seems to h attack$ ,naegeli's pr9ciple ( p]fection1 ano!r fact :i* is v mu* to be regrett$4 ,true1 x is z anti-me*anical z x c be & h5ce has ga9$ b few adh]5ts2 b x is bas$ on tru? nev]!less1 & w "s day prevail 9 ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,x is p]fectly intelligible t ! ?\ght ( p]fection %\ld n h occurr$ to ,eim] or %\ld h slipp$ 8 memory dur+ 8 obs]vations on butt]flies4 ,! fact h[ev]1 reveals a "o-sid$ness :i* he c\ld h avoid$4 ,:5 ! notion ( utility is reject$--& ,eim] rejects x v emphatically 9 8 discussions on mimicry--x is und\bt$ly difficult to arrive at ! concept ( a p]fect+ t5d5cy4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c 9 no way mean t ?is concept %\ld be entirely bani%$ f nature1 ev5 z ! notion ( utility _c be bani%$4 ,ev5 if ! coloration & design ( ! w+s ( ! butt]fly d n reveal utility1 o!r *>act]i/ics c]ta9ly d reveal x4 ,x is "o ( ! fatal mi/akes ( ,d>w9ism1 t x fails to recognize ! possibility ( divid+ ! *>act]s & qualities ( organisms into two l>ge gr\ps1 z ,i attempt$ to d ) m detail1 = in/ance1 9 my ,cate*ism ( ,botany4 ,!re ,i call$ !m 7p4 #hi7 ,auto*?on-morphological & adaptive-morphological *>act]s4 ,! =m] reveal no relation to utility1 !y are innate & di/+ui% ! organism f o!r organisms2 ! latt] c be expla9$ by means ( c]ta9 vital functions1 h5ce !y possess a c]ta9 utility & adapt !mselves m or less to environm5t4 ,! =m] are p]man5t1 ! latt] *angeable4 ,d>w9ians reg>d all ! *>act]s ( organisms z useful1 physiological1 & adaptive4 ,if !y h be5 hi!rto unable to make good ?is assumption1 !y appeal to our lack ( k & console !mselves ) ! ?\ght t ! future may yet reveal ! miss+ relations4 ,! pres5ce on plants & animals ( any auto*?on-morphological *>act]s means dea? to ,d>w9ism1 because ^! c nev] be expla9$ by means ( selection & /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,eim] is too mu* incl9$ t[>ds ! o!r extreme2 he does n admit ! exi/5ce ( adaptive-morphological *>act]i/ics4 ,view$ 9 ?is aspect1 8 repudiation ( mimicry may p]haps also seem some:at h>% & "o-sid$4 ,9 ?is n>r[ness ( view mu/ also be s\ght ! reason = 8 complete repudiation ( ,naegeli's pr9ciple ( p]fection4 ,x is an incontrov]tible fact t 9 ! organic _w !re exi/s an asc5d+ scale f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect4 ,e organism is inde$ p]fect 9 its own sph]e & f its own po9t ( view4 ,b p]fection ) ref]5ce to ?+s ( e>? is a v relative concept2 _m an organism :i* is p]fect 9 itself1 appe>s v imp]fect :5 comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,if1 !n1 !re is a gradation ( animals & plants f ! l[] to ! high]1 x is ! task ( ! !ory ( ,desc5t to expla9 ?is gradual p]fection4 ,! crude & aimless activity ( ,d>w9ian selection1 :i* necess>ily op]ates ?r\gh *ance1 c nev] expla9 ?is p]fection1 :i* rema9s1 z f> z selection is conc]n$1 "o ( ! greate/ enigmas ( nature4 ,f> f solv+ ! enigma1 selection b makes x obscur]4 ,if1 !n1 "o refuses to recognize a direct+ creative ,intellig5ce1 ^: direction produces ?is p]fection1 no?+ rema9s b ,naegeli's pr9ciple ( p]fection4 ,! out] _w ) its influ5ces c c]ta9ly n produce p]fection1 h5ce ?is p[] mu/ lie )9 ! organism itself4 ,b :5 "o has once br\ght himself to accept an imman5t pr9ciple ( developm5t1 x surely _c be difficult to take ! next /ep & ascribe to x ! t5d5cy t[>ds p]fection4 ,t ,eim] does n take ?is /ep1 is1 to my m9d1 a mi/ake1 :i* mu/ be attribut$ to 8 "o-sid$ness1 :i*1 9 turn1 results f ! fact t he g5]alizes too arbitr>ily 8 obs]vations on butt]flies & ! conclusions :i* he draws f !m4 ,animals & plants c]ta9ly possess _m *>act]i/ics :i* _c be expla9$ by means ( 8 !ory alone4 ,! conclusion w probably be f9ally arriv$ at1 t nature is inexhau/ible & _m-sid$1 ev5 9 ! l9es on :i* x proce$s to atta9 ?is or t end4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ( prim>y importance is evid5t f ! inve/igations ( ,eim]1 namely ! pro( t ! same l9es ( developm5t may be ent]$ ^u f entirely diff]5t />t+-po9ts1 & t ! numb] ( ^! l9es is limit$4 ,?is fact is ( importance because x enjo9s m caution 9 argu+ f uni=mity ( developm5t to family-relation1 ?an has be5 usually employ$ s9ce ! days ( ,d>w94 ,! me?od commonly employ$ is und\bt$ly v conv5i5t1 b is some:at liable to be mislead+4 ,h5ce1 if "o wi%es to e/abli% ! g5ealogical relation%ip ( =ms1 no?+ rema9s b to set out on ! labori\s pa? ( /udy+ ! developm5t ( bo?2 & ev5 !n x rema9s que/ionable :e!r ! tru? w be arriv$ at4 ,h[ev]1 he :o concludes to relation%ip f a comp>ison ( develop$ =ms1 is mu* less likely to arrive at ! tru?4 ,9 "o po9t ,eim] conc$es too mu* to ,d>w9ism1 9 ! matt] ( ! fam\s fundam5tal pr9ciple ( biog5esis1 accord+ to :i* an organism is said to repeat 9 its individual developm5t ! :ole s]ies ( its prog5itors4 ,al?\gh he does n ent] ^u a discussion ( ! pr9ciple1 x is evid5t f "o passage t he accepts x4 ,"o is incl9$ to ?9k t 8 c>eful obs]vations & exp]im5ts %\ld h conv9c$ him ( ! contr>y4 ,x appe>s to me1 at lea/1 t ! abundant mat]ials ( 8 obs]vations be> evid5ce radically oppos$ to ! pr9ciple4 ,dur+ late ye>s1 ! antagonism to x has be5 on ! increase1 & ! day is n v di/ant :5 x %all h pass$ into hi/ory4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be a laudable und]tak+ to ent] ^u a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! actual basis ( ! pr9ciple4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 e disease1 especially 9 a l+]+ "o1 !re are times :5 life's flick]+ emb]s gl[ ) an unnatural brightness4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld n be a all surpris+ if a simil> ph5om5on 7 to be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( dy+ ,d>w9ism2 = x _c be d\bt$ t its disease is *ronic4 ,x has1 9 fact1 be5 dy+ ?is long "t4 ,c]ta9 indications r5d] x v probable t we are at pres5t witness+ su* a ph5om5on1 = to-day we behold once m a few naturali/s /epp+ be=e ! public 9 def5se ( ,d>w9ism4 ,we are desir\s ( pres5t+ ! pres5t /atus ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory z objectively z possible1 h5ce1 s9ce we h hi!rto he>d exclusively anti-,d>w9ian te/imonies--z ! nature ( ! case dem&$--we %all n[ l5d our att5tion to a ,d>w9ian4 ,! read] may !n decide = himself :e!r ?is treatise %\ld n /ill be> ! title1 ,at ! ,dea?-b$ ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! naturali/ 9 "q is ! zoologi/1 ,pr(essor ,f4 von ,wagn]4 ,9 ! ,ums*au 7,no4 #b1 #aijj7 he publi%$ an article1 ,reg>d+ ! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ,d>w9ism1 :i* is highly in/ructive & important 9 m respects ?an "o4 ,we wi%1 9 ! fir/ place1 to call special att5tion to ! foll[+ /atem5ts embodi$ 9 ! article3 ,x is n to be d5i$ t 9 s]i\s pr(essional circles ! =m] en?usiasm has consid]ably decreas$ & a scepticism is ga9+ gr\nd m & m1 :i* betrays a widespread t5d5cy t[>ds revolutioniz+ curr5t !ories4 ,! f9 de siecle !re=e1 f9ds ,d>w9ism n ) ! pr\d mi5 ( a conqu]or1 b on ! def5sive aga9/ new antagoni/s4 ,& aga93 ,x seems1 9 fact1 z if ,d>w9ism 7 ab\t to ent] a crisis1 ! outcome ( :i* c sc>cely be any long] a matt] ( d\bt4 ,to :at outcome ref]5ce is made1 appe>s f two s5t5ces 9 ! ,introduction3 ,?us x happ5s t a !ory :i* 0 once accord$ en?usia/ic approval1 is treat$ ) cold disda9 or vice v]sa4 ,examples ( ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( all sci5ces & circum/ances seem to indicate t ,d>w9ism is to add ano!r to ! numb] ( ^! !ories4 ,is n ?is exactly :at we h repeat$ly ass]t$8 ,x is mo/ significant t ^! words are n writt5 by an oppon5t ( ,d>w9ism1 b by "o :o seems to be ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ,d>w9ism4 ,i am ( op9ion t x c be no long] a matt] ( d\bt to any "o1 t ! position ( ,d>w9ism is hopeless4 ,if ?is 7 n true1 a ,d>w9ian w\ld be v c>eful ab\t mak+ su* an op5 & unres]v$ /atem5t4 ,we !re=e accept ,pr(essor von ,wagn]'s words z a v welcome endorsem5t ( :at we h con/antly ma9ta9$4 ,pr(essor von ,wagn]1 h[ev]1 proposes to himself ! fur!r "q3 ,:5ce comes ! unfavorable attitude ( pres5t-day natural sci5ce t[>ds ,d>w9ism8 ,a discussion ( ?is "q by a ,d>w9ian _c b be ( int]e/ to u1 & inde$ is an important contribution to ! problem4 ,) ,goette1 ,pr(essor von ,wagn] admits t ! objections1 :i* are rais$ aga9/ ,d>w9ism to-day1 are ! v same :i* 7 rais$ f ?irty to =ty ye>s ago4 ,b :5 he !n proce$s to ass]t t ?is is n to be expla9$ on ! assumption t ! pri/9e en?usiasm = selection 0 due to a s]i\s ov]-e/imation ( t !ory1 he fails to furni% ev5 a %r$ ( evid5ce 9 support ( 8 ass]tion4 ,anyone c readily po9t out t ,d>w9ism expla9s ! totality ( ! _w ( organisms by int]l9k+ !m1 b has g5]ally fail$ to acc\nt = ! individual case1 ,wagn] admits ?is z f> z ! actual is conc]n$1 = x is q impossible to trace ) any c]ta9ty ! action1 9 any p>ticul> case1 ( natural selection 9 ! process :i* results 9 ! production ( a new species4 ,at ! outset x 0 reasonable to hope1 t ) ! progress ( sci5ce ?is difficulty w\ld be solv$ or at lea/ less5$2 b ?is expectation has n be5 realiz$4 99 99 99 ,x is :olly un9telligible h[ a naturali/ c make ?is /atem5t five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,bacon ( ,v]ulam1 )\t draw+ !refrom ! prop] conclusion4 ,?is lack ( logic rem9ds me /rongly ( ! ass]tion rec5tly made by an em95t au?ority1 t ! pr9cipal cause ( ! difficulties ( _m naturali/s 9 matt]s ( religion is _! defici5t philosophical tra9+4 ,wagn]'s /atem5t implies t1 9 ! case ( ,d>w9ism "o may 9 defiance ( all e/abli%$ law1 actually rev]se ! me?ods ( natural sci5ce4 ,h[ ju/ifiable & h[ necess>y 0 x n1 !n1 t ev5 ?ree decades ago ,wig& %\ld h writt5 8 compreh5sive "w3 ,d>w9ism & ! ,sci5tific ,rese>*es ( ,newton & ,cuvi]4 ,ord9>ily ! sci5tific 7inductive7 me?od proce$s f ! actual & attempts to d$uce f ! individual case an explanation1 :i* applies to ! :ole4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are face to face ) a !ory1 :i*1 accord+ to ! c&id confession ( an advocate1 fails 9 ! individual case1 b furni%es a unify+ explanation ( ! :ole4 ,?is means no?+ less ?an a complete subv]sion ( all sci5tific me?ods4 ,usually a !ory is d$uc$ f sep>ate obs]vations reg>d+ ! actual b "h--& ?is is :at ,wig& con/antly ass]t$--! !ory 0 enunciat$ fir/1 & !n foll[$ ! attempt to e/abli% x 9 fact4 ,"o c\ld !n re/ cont5t & tru/ to ! future to e/abli% ! !ory by produc+ evid5ces ( ! actual 9 ! individual case4 ,b =ty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis fir/ became kn[n1 naturali/s by ! ?\s&s h sp5t !mselves 9 ! endeavor to corroborate x by pro(s bas$ on actual facts1 & to-day "o ( its own advocates has to confess t ! endeavor has be5 a total failure4 ,in/ead ( draw+ ! conclusion1 h[ev]1 t ! !ory is unw>rant$ & t ! decrease ( en?usiasm = x is !re=e a natural consequ5ce1 he gratuit\sly ent]s a flat d5ial ( ?is inf]5ce4 ,e intellig5t obs]v] mu/ conclude ) absolute c]ta9ty f ?is confession ( a ,d>w9ian1 t ,d>w9ism is1 9 fact1 n a sci5tific b a philosophic !ory ( nature4 ,b let u proce$ to a consid]ation ( ! o!r reasons :i* ,wagn] sugge/s z an explanation ( ! retrogression ( ,d>w9ism4 ,he /ates z a fir/ reason1 t sci5tific rese>* s9ce ,d>w9 has amass$ su* an abundance ( empiric mat]ials = ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( ,desc5t1 t ?is doctr9e has be5 able1 ev5 = "s "t pa/1 to ma9ta9 an indep5d5t position & to draw pro(s ( its tru? imm$iately f nature itself1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,d>w9ism4 99 99 99 ,f :i* x foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! "q1 :e!r ! mann] indicat$ by ,d>w9 = ! orig9 ( species is ! correct "o1 has decreas$ by no means inconsid]ably 9 significance1 inasmu* z ,d>w9's !ory c\ld n[1 if x 7 necess>y1 be ab&on$ ) less conc]n ?an =m]ly because x c\ld be rel9qui%$ )\t detrim5t to ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,x is un9telligible h[ "o c attempt to expla9 a fact ( su* importance s sup]ficially4 ,) naive unconc]n !re appe>s on ! face ( x ! ackn[l$gem5t t ,d>w9ism has really n be5 bas$ on actual obs]vation b has be5 enunciat$ = ! sake ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,come :at may1 ?is mu/ be v9dicat$4 ,o!r means are n[ said to sub/antiate x1 h5ce ! ,d>w9ian crut*es may safely be disc>d$4 ,! pr9ciple ( action tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago 0 !re=e3 a poor explanation is bett] ?an no explanation4 ,i _c und]/&1 h[ ,wagn] d>es to cr$it pres5t-day naturali/s ) su* motives4 ,:5 he !n proce$s to say t ) ! advance ( ! pr9ciple ( developm5t1 new l9es 7 ent]$ ^u1 :i* l$ prim>ily to ! corroboration & empiric demon/ration ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 & n ( ,d>w9ism--t ! !ory ( ,d>w9 0 consequ5tly neglect$ &1 9 fact1 =c$ into ! backgr\nd--t ! labors specifically attributable to ,d>w9ism z comp>$ ) ! !ory ( ,desc5t1 put ! =m] m & m into a false position to ! detrim5t ( its pre/ige--:51 ,i say1 ,wagn] has m>%all$ all ^! consid]ations to expla9 ! pres5t av]sion to ,d>w9ism1 he is guilty ( a total subv]sion ( facts4 ,! true /ate ( ! case is ! v contr>y4 ,! cr$it giv5 by ,wagn] to ! ,d>w9ian !ory = /imulat+ rese>*1 is ! v same z ,i also accord$ x4 ,! purpose ( ?is rese>* und\bt$ly 0 to sub/antiate n only ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 g5]al1 b also ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis 9 p>ticul>4 ,to v]ify ?is1 "o ne$ only glance ov] ! v>i\s numb]s ( ! ,kosmos1 ! p]iodical1 :i* ,haeckel & 8 associates e/abli%$ = t v purpose & :i* cont9u$ to publi% good & bad indiscrim9ately until "s "t 9 ! eighties :5 lack ( int]e/ compell$ its discont9uance4 ,wagn] !re=e miscon/rues facts :5 he ass]ts t !re h be5 no specifically ,d>w9ian rese>*es4 ,s9ce ! ?\ghts ( ,d>w9 fir/ f\nd expression ^! rese>*es h be5 mo/ abundant & _! results h be5 consign$ to ! pr9t]'s ink4 ,no d\bt--& ?is is ! sali5t po9t1 :i* ,wagn] passes ov] 9 complete sil5ce--!y h be5 ( s]vice only to ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t 9 g5]al1 & 9 spite ( ! en]getic ef=ts ( ! ,d>w9ians1 !y h nev] l$ to ! ard5tly desir$ pro( f facts ( ! hypo!sis ( selection4 ,?is & no o!r is ! /ate ( ! case4 ,9 view ( ^! va9 endeavors1 h[ev]1 intellig5t inve/igators h gradually become p]plex$ & h turn$ away f ,d>w9ism1 n because !y h lo/ int]e/ 9 x nor ev5 because !y no long] feel ! ne$ ( x to assi/ ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 b = ! "o sole reason t its insuffici5cy has become m & m app>5t & t all exp]im5ts und]tak5 on its behalf h made ! fact cle>] & cle>] t ! fir/ criticism ( ! great naturali/s ( ! sixties & sev5ties 0 p]fectly ju/ifi$4 ,9 =m+ a judgm5t conc]n+ ! :ole "q x _c b be a matt] ( ! utmo/ significance1 t m5 h turn$ away f ,d>w9ism to entirely diff]5t !ories ( ,desc5t4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose1 z ,wagn] w\ld h u suppose1 t ! la/ decades h produc$ no?+ b g5]alities reg>d+ ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,= !y h also witness$ ! publication ( a numb] ( significant works1 :i* aim$ at giv+ a bett] individual explanation ?an 0 f\nd 9 ,d>w9ism4 ,i ne$ b recall ,naegeli1 ,eim]1 ,haacke & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,! mo/ notewor?y feature ( ^! new views reg>d+ !ories ( ,desc5t1 is ! con/antly spread+ conviction t ! real det]m9+ causes ( evolution are to be s\ght = 9 ! con/itution ( ! organisms !mselves1 h5ce 9 int]nal pr9ciples4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is n only absolutely & diametrically oppos$ to ,d>w9ism b completely de/ructive ( x z well4 ,! actual circum/ances1 !re=e1 are ! v rev]se ( ^? pictur$ by ,wagn]4 ,d>w9ism has be5 reject$ n on acc\nt ( a lack ( rese>* b on acc\nt ( an abundance ( rese>*1 :i* provid$ its absolute insuffici5cy4 ,besides ^! g5]al po9ts ( view1 z he calls !m1 ,wagn] f9ds two o!r consid]ations ( no less importance = expla9+ ! decay ( ,d>w9ism4 ,x is an incontrov]tible fact1 t ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s has 9 no way be5 prov$4 ,on ! contr>y aft] x _h at fir/ receiv$ a g5]al tacit recognition & 0 po/ulat$ by ,lam>ck1 ,d>w9 & ,haeckel1 x 0 d5i$ by ,weismann4 ,wagn] ass]ts t ! numb] ( ^? :o h alli$ !mselves ) ,weismann 9 ?is matt] is obvi\sly on ! increase z is naturally ! case1 s9ce1 to ! pres5t day n a s+le inconte/able case ( h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s has be5 demon/rat$1 :]e z actual facts are at h& to prove ! contr>y4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t t ! doctr9e t acquir$ *>act]s are n inh]it$ is fatal to ,d>w9ism4 ,h5ce ,wagn] rightly consid]s its asc5dancy a notable factor 9 br++ ab\t ! decay ( ,d>w9ism4 ,f9ally1 ,wagn] briefly indicates t c]ta9 new !ories necess>ily ex]cis$ an influ5ce on ,d>w9ism4 ,haeckel & ! palaeontologi/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica supplem5t$ x ) a numb] ( ,lam>ckian elem5ts )\t alt]ation ( its ess5tial pr9ciples 7! ,neo-,lam>ckians72 ,eim] reg>ds ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s z an e/abli%$ fact1 b rejects natural selection z :olly wor?less2 ,weismann1 on ! contr>y1 d5ies ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 b nev]!less reg>ds natural selection z ! ma9 factor 9 ! =mation ( species 7! !ory ( ! ,neo-,d>w9ians74 ,eim] speaks ( ! impot5ce ( natural selection1 ,weismann ( its omnipot5ce4 ,all ?is has %ak5 m5's confid5ce 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciples4 ,?is fact we are 9 no way incl9$ to d\bt1 b we mu/ aga9 diff] f ,wagn] ) reg>d to its significance4 ,we ma9ta9 t matt]s _h to take ?is turn1 s9ce ! reason :y ,d>w9ism is n[ meet+ ) su* s]i\s opposition1 is to be f\nd 9 its v nature4 ,?is inde$ %\ld h be5 recogniz$ =ty ye>s ago in/ead ( j beg9n+ to dawn on m5 ( sci5ce at ! pres5t day4 ,= if acquir$ *>act]s are n transmitt$ by h]$ity1 ,d>w9ism is an impossibility4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,d>w9ism %\ld h recogniz$ t its fir/ & supreme task 0 to prove ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 s z to e/abli% itself1 fir/ ( all1 on a s\nd foot+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ peculi> incid5ts 9 ?is sci5tific tragi-com$y is ! fact t ,weismann1 ! ma9/ay ( contempor>y decad5t ,d>w9ism1 attacks ) might & ma9 its fundam5tal assumption1 ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 :]eas ,eim]1 :o is ?or\ghly conv9c$ t he has prov$ t doctr9e1 9 8 turn attacks ,d>w9ism & proves ) tell+ effect ! impot5ce ( its pr9ciples4 ,! amus$ obs]v] c really dem& no?+ m4 ,he c b rub 8 h&s = joy & *e] on ! heat$ combatants3 ,well done6 ,on ) ! /ruggle6 & ! la/ ve/ige ( ,d>w9ism w soon h disappe>$4 ,if1 !n1 we 7 to summ>ize our /rictures on ! reasons :i* ,wagn] adduces to acc\nt = ! decay ( ,d>w9ism1 we w\ld say ?is3 ,"s ( !m are unw>rant$1 o!rs are falsely int]pret$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird po9t :i* is ( special int]e/ to u1 9 ! article "u consid]ation2 we ref] to ! view1 :i* !re f9ds expression1 reg>d+ ! nature & outcome ( ! pres5t crisis--a crisis1 :i*1 z a c&id naturali/1 ,wagn] is n 9 a position to d5y4 ,?is view re/s on ! entirely gratuit\s ass]tion1 t ! decl9e1 9 ! e/eem enjoy$ by ,d>w9ism1 is n due to a bett] insight aris+ f wid5$ exp]i5ce1 b is prim>ily ! expression ( a t5d5cy--a t5d5cy :i* result$ almo/ z a psy*ological necessity f ! prec>i\s position into :i* ,d>w9ism 0 =c$ "u ! sway ( ! !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,?is ass]tion re/s1 z /at$ above1 on :olly errone\s assumptions4 ,x is a s]i\s mi/ake1 to speak 9 ?is connection ( t5d5cies & ev5 to br& !m z a psy*ological necessity4 ,! decl9e 9 e/eem is ess5tially due to exp]i5ce1 & inde$ to exp]i5ce :i* has made x c]ta9 t ,d>w9ism has ev]y:]e fail$4 ,! importance ( ! pres5t crisis 9 ,d>w9ism is to be re/rict$ ev5 fur!r1 accord+ to ,wagn]1 by ! fact1 t ! real objections1 urg$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ,d>w91 are almo/ 9 e in/ance bas$ on !oretic consid]ations1 ! validity ( :i* c be put to ! te/ only 9 fictiti\s cases4 ,?is mann] ( proce$+ manife/ly leads to ! inevitable consequ5ce1 t ! results ?us obta9$ c claim no decisive weight aga9/ ,d>w9ism4 ,a decisive critique c be con/ruct$ only on ! basis ( exp]i5ce1 & 9 ?is connection x _c be emphasiz$ suffici5tly1 t1 z yet1 ! pa? to x has be5 sc>cely indicat$1 to say no?+ ( its hav+ be5 actually pursu$4 ,! reason = ?is fact accord+ to ,wagn]1 is to be f\nd 9 ! num]\s & mo/ extraord9>y difficulties t arise 9 ! way ( ! empiric inve/igation ( ! !ory ( selection4 ,aft] we h read all ?is1 we in/9ctively ask ourselves3 d we actually live at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury8 ,is x possible1 t ev5 at ?is late day ! :ole /ructure ( sci5tific me?od is to be subv]t$ 9 ?is fa%ion8 ,j consid] = a mom5t1 :at accord+ to ^! words is ! actual import ( ! :ole article3 ,d>w9ism is a unify+ explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! totality ( ! _w ( organisms1 b fails 9 ! individual case2 9 any specifi$ case x is almo/ impossible to trace ) any c]ta9ty ! action ( natural selection 9 ! process :i* results 9 ! production ( a new species2 t is1 ,d>w9ism 0 enunciat$ ) a complete disreg>d = inductive me?od1 z an hypo!sis to expla9 ! :ole1 & )\t actual pro( 9 ! concrete--a mo/ unsci5tific proc$ure4 ,imm$iately aft]1 h[ev]1 ! adv]s>ies ( ,d>w9ism are ask$ 9 all s]i\sness to produce individual facts 9 dispro( ( ! !ory4 ,9 ! same /ra9 ,wagn] goes on to say t f no po9t ( view is our vision s p5etrat+ z to be able to grasp ! coh]5ce :i* accord+ to ,d>w9 p]vades ! complex c\rse ( natural selection4 ,:5 m5 ( sci5ce take occasion to repudiate ,d>w9ism because ( our inability to expla9 satisfactorily any p>ticul> case by means ( ! !ory ( selection1 ?is inability arises n f ! !ory ( ,d>w9 b f ! inadequacy ( our exp]i5ce4 ,= z yet ! empiric pr]equisites = an objective judgm5t reg>d+ ! validity or futility ( ! !ory ( selection are entirely lack+4 ,e naturali/ :o believes 9 ! inductive me?od mu/ ne$s draw ! conclusion f ^! naive admissions1 t1 z ,d>w9ism lacks ! empiric pr]equisites1 x %\ld be disc>d$4 ,moreov]1 ! dem& is made 9 all s]i\sness1 t1 9 ord] to refute ,d>w9ism :i* has n z yet be5 e/abli%$ empirically1 empiric pro(s %\ld be =?com+4 ,to my m9d1 ! sci5tific & logical bankruptcy ( ,d>w9ism 0 nev] ann\nc$ m bluntly & +5u\sly4 ,fur!rmore x mu/ be rem>k$ t ,wagn]'s /atem5t1 reg>d+ fictiti\s cases1 is n ev5 p]t95t4 ,he seems to h no idea ( ! obs]vations & exp]im5ts ( ,sa*s1 ,hab]l&t1 ,eim]1 & a ho/ ( o!r inve/igators4 ,! dispro( ( ,d>w9ism on ! basis ( sci5tific rese>* is an accompli%$ fact4 ,a ^w ab\t ! conclusion ( ,wagn]'s article1 :i* 9 view ( :at has be5 already said1 _c be a matt] ( surprise4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! consid]ations :i* he adduces1 cle>ly prove t !re is no reasonable gr\nd = despair+ ( ! !ory ( ,d>w9--2 = a !ory1 :i* nei!r proce$s f que/ionable assumptions1 nor loses itself 9 airy hypo!ses1 b re/s ?r\gh\t & exclusively on facts1 ne$ nev] fe> ! advance ( sci5ce4 ,b a mom5t ago x 0 ass]t$ t ! !ory ( selection is lack+ entirely z yet ! empiric pr]equisites & n[ only tw5ty-?ree l9es fur!r on1 x re/s ?r\gh\t & exclusively on facts4 ,x is difficult to "k :at conclusion to come to reg>d+ a naturali/ & ,univ]sity pr(essor :o c commit himself to su* a contradiction4 ,i %all ab/a9 f any comm5t & let ! read] =m 8 own judgm5t4 ,does ?is article betok5 ! dea?-b$ ( ,d>w9ism8 ,= my own "p ,i repeat :at ,i said above1 t ,i consid] x ! mo/ valuable contribution to ! *>act]ization ( decad5t ,d>w9ism t has appe>$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! soon] a !ory1 :i* is ?us treat$ & *>act]iz$ by "o ( its own advocates1 is /or$ away 9 ! lumb]-room ( sci5ce1 ! bett]4 ,9 view ( ! s\nd judgm5t1 :i* is to-day becom+ m & m app>5t 9 sci5tific circles1 !re is reason to hope t ?is article ( ,pr(essor von ,wagn] w be additional inc5tive = _m naturali/s to break completely ) ,d>w9ism4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,9 ! ye> #ahii ,haeckel publi%$ a new "w1 :i* he int5d$ z a k9d ( te/am5t2 = ) ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! au?or desir$ to put a f9i%+ t\* to 8 life-"w4 ,9 ! ,preface ,haeckel /ates ) v rem>kable mode/y t 8 book _c reasonably claim to pres5t a complete solution ( ! riddles ( exi/5ce2 t 8 answ] to ! great que/ions c naturally be only subjective & only p>tly correct2 t 8 atta9m5ts 9 ! diff]5t bran*es is v unequal & imp]fect2 & t 8 book is really only a sket* book ( /udies ( v unequal value4 ,9 ?is way ! au?or naturally ga9s at once ! confid5ce ( 8 read] :o is ?us prep>$ to yield ass5t :5 ! au?or makes pret5se to s9c]ity ( conviction & an hone/ se>* aft] tru?4 ,! read]'s surprise at ! cont5ts ( ! book & at ! mann] ( its pres5tation is1 h[ev]1 only increas$ by ?is ruse4 ,all mode/y has vani%$1 moni/ic doctr9es are pres5t$ z absolute tru?1 e div]g5t op9ion is contemptu\sly br&$ z h]etical2 9 %ort1 ! book reveals a ,d>w9ian or?odoxy ( ! pure/ type1 ) all ! signs ( bl9d bigotry & odi\s intol]ance :i* ! au?or imag9es he discov]s 9 8 ,*ri/ian adv]s>ies4 ,x is difficult to see :]e1 9 view ( su* a contradiction betwe5 ! "w & its ,preface1 !re is room = an hone/ /riv+ aft] tru?4 ,p]sonally ,i d n wi% to d5y ,haeckel all hone/y ( purpose1 = x is my endeavor to und]/& ! :ole man4 ,! "o prom95t feature ( ! ,weltraetsel is ! fact t1 ow+ to a v m>k$ defici5cy 9 philosophical tra9+1 ,haeckel has become s completely absorb$ 9 8 sy/em t he has lo/ all int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ else & takes cognizance only ( :at suits 8 purpose4 ,:at he lacks above all1 is ! ability to appreciate ev5 ! hone/ op9ion ( o!rs2 h5ce1 f ! v outset he br+s into ! discussion t bitt]ness ( :i* he compla9s 9 o!rs 79 ! ,weltraetsel he once makes ?is accusation aga9/ me74 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 hone/ conviction may be pres5t1 b if s1 x is jo9$ ) total bl9dness4 ,b :at is to be ?\ght ( 8 se>* aft] tru? s9ce he completely ignores 8 adv]s>ies8 ,= in/ance1 9 spite ( ,lo(s' attacks1 he cont9ues to h 8 book repr9t$ )\t alt]ation1 )\t submitt+ x to revision4 ,! ,rei*sbote is p]fectly 9 ! "r :5 x says3 ,haeckel1 9 fact1 takes acc\nt only ( :at suits 8 purpose4 ,z reg>ds ! cont5ts ( ! ,weltraetsel1 x is n my int5tion to ent] "h ^u a criticism ( x b m]ely to discuss x z illu/rat+ ! g5]al /atus ( ! !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,x is to be not$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x is really n a sci5tific book at all2 = ( its #dgb pages1 ! fir/ or ,an?ropological ,"p1 ) :i* alone we are "h conc]n$1 occupies only #gd 7f pages #bg to #ajj71 ev5 less ?an "o-six? ( ! :ole1 :]eas ! ,!ological ,"p is almo/ twice z long4 ,! book is1 9 fact1 r a !ologico-natural-philosophical treatise ?an a "w ( natural sci5ce4 ,! sci5tific "p is1 h[ev]1 ! f\ndation on :i* ,haeckel builds up 8 natural philosophy1 & :i* he uses z ! />t+ po9t ( 8 criticism ( !ology4 ,h5ce x is wor? our :ile to discuss x4 ,h[ !n f>es x ) ! an?ropological basis ( ,haeckel's :ole sy/em8 ,z an att5tive /ud5t ( 8 age ! naturali/-philosoph] ( ,j5a mu/ h p]ceiv$ ! true position ( ,d>w9ism1 namely1 t ! =emo/ naturali/s ( to-day h no m ?an an hi/orical int]e/ 9 x4 ,s9ce1 9 accordance ) ! well kn[n t5d5cy ( old m5 to p]sev]e 9 ! position !y h once assum$ & n easily to accept innovations1 ,haeckel is /ill an incorrigibly or?odox ,d>w9ian1 we %\ld naturally expect him to embody 9 ?is te/am5t "s new cog5t evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ,d>w9ism4 ,b no?+ ( t nature is to be f\nd 9 ! book4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,an?ropological "p is tak5 up ) a g5]al hi/ory ( n9ete5? c5tury culture1 9 itself a sign ( peculi> logical acum51 t he %\ld include ?is & ! /ruggle reg>d+ _w-views 9 ! an?ropological "p in/ead ( embody+ x 9 a g5]al introduction4 ,! rema9+ *apt]s treat3 ,our ,bodily ,/ructure1 ,our ,life1 ,our ,embryonic-hi/ory1 ,our ,family-hi/ory4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t any argum5ts are "h adduc$1 no?+ b ass]tions2 a l>ge "p ( ! *apt] is tak5 up ) hi/orical sket*es1 9 :i* ,haeckel aga9 proves himself utt]ly devoid ( all appreciation ( hi/ory & all s5se ( ju/ice4 ,he attributes ! decay ( ! natural sci5ces to ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ,*ri/ianity & d>es to speak ( ! unfavorable influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on civilization4 ,ap>t f ! hi/orical sket*1 ea* *apt] pres5ts only ! qu9tess5ce ( ,d>w9ism1 fairly bri/l+ ) ass]tions1 :i* are boldly put =? z incontrov]tible tru?s4 ,9 view ( ! au?or's dem& to h at lea/ 8 s9c]e love ( tru? recogniz$1 we c b ?r[ up our h&s out ( %e] a/oni%m5t4 ,to illu/rate ,haeckel's love ( tru? let x suffice to obs]ve t 9 ! second *apt] he ass]ts t man is n only a true v]tebrate1 a true mammal1 etc4--:i* inde$ is passable--b ev5 a true ape 7hav+ all ! anatomical *>act]i/ics ( true apes74 ,) a wond]ful ela/icity he passes ov] ! diff]5ces4 ,:at1 inde$1 is to be said1 :5 he /ates z a fact t physiologically comp>$ 7671 ! s\nd-spee* ( apes is ! prep>atory /age to articulate human spee*4 ,x is s simply mon/r\s1 t ev5 ,g>n]'s fam\s book ( ape-spee*1 _c surpass x4 ,z a ?ird illu/ration ( ,haeckel's me?od ( argum5tation1 if we are /ill ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( su* a ?+1 we may m5tion 8 ass]tion 7p4 #ig7 z a c]ta9 hi/orical fact1 ,t man is desc5d$ directly f ! ape1 & indirectly f a long l9e ( l[] v]tebrates4 ,if1 9 view ( ! results ( rese>* dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s any "o c ass]t ?is z a c]ta9 hi/orical fact & c /ill wi% to be cr$it$ ) hone/ conviction & love ( tru?1 !re rema9s1 to adopt ,haeckel's own expression1 b "o explanation = ?is psy*ological enigma1 namely1 intellectual m>asmus s5ilis1 :i* may v easily h set 9 ) a man ( sixty-six1 :o himself compla9s 7p4 #g7 ( div]s w>n+s ( approa*+ age4 ,?us1 ! an?ropological "p ( ! ,weltraetsel conta9s no?+ new2 always ! same old /ory1 ! same ?readb>e ass]tions )\t a %r$ ( evid5ce to corroborate !m4 ,! rema9+ p>ts also conta9 v>i\s sci5tific ass]tions1 :i* are propos$ z facts )\t be+ su*1 b ^! p>ts d n imm$iately p]ta9 to our !me4 ,suffice x to say t1 aft] read+ ,haeckel's ,weltraetsel1 "o w\ld be l$ to ?9k t !re is no "q ( a dea?b$ ( ,d>w9ism1 b t on ! contr>y ,d>w9ism1 z remodel$ by ,haeckel1 is m 9 ! asc5dant to-day ?an ev]4 ,let u judge ( its pre/ige by ! reception accord$ ! ,weltraetsel4 ,"o unalt]$ edition aft] ! o!r1 ?\s& aft] ?\s&1 ! book is giv5 to ! public4 ,h5ce x mu/ meet ) approval4 ,x does inde$ meet ) approval1 b ! "q is1 f :om8 ,immature college & univ]sity /ud5ts w d\btless receive x ) rev]5tial awe1 j z !y receiv$ ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,bebel accepts ! book z an infallible s\rce ( tru?1 & aft] him ! social democrats & free-*ur* memb]s w add x to ! li/ ( _! body & /oma* books1 :i* alone w af=d x a respectable cli5tele1 at lea/ 9 numb]4 ,9 no "o ( my dea?b$ articles1 h[ev]1 h ,i z yet ev] ma9ta9$ t ,d>w9ism 0 decad5t 9 ^! circles4 ,i "k full well1 t ,d>w9ism has filt]$ d[n into t sph]e & !re satisfies ! anti-,*ri/ian & anti-religi\s dem&s ( ?\s&s4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 really dep5ds on ^! s5seless bl9d adh]5ts ( ,haeckel's unprov$ ass]tions4 ,we are n[ int5t ^u inve/igat+ h[ ! _w ( em95t ?9k]s & natural sci5ce reg>ds ! late/ product ( ,haeckel's fancy4 ,t alone is ( importance 9 asc]ta9+ ! real /atus ( ,d>w9ism4 ,z reg>ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! book1 x is well kn[n t all ( !m 7 vigor\sly attack$4 ,lo(s 9 p>ticul> expos$ ,haeckel's !ology1 accord+ to its des]ts1 9 ! cle> light ( tru?1 & convict$ ,haeckel ( ignorance & di%one/y2 :ile ! philosoph] ,pauls5 made %ort "w ( ! ,weltraetsel f 8 own /&po9t1 7if a book c\ld drip ) sup]ficiality1 ,i %\ld pr$icate t ( ! #ai? *apt]74 ,h>nack also condemn$ ! !ological section 9 ! ,*ri/li*e ,welt1 & ,troelts*1 ,ho5igswald1 & ,hohlfeld took ,haeckel sev]ely to task on philosophic gr\nds4 ,! naturali/s h ?us f> ma9ta9$ sil5ce4 ,sci5tific j\rnals1 &1 ,i believe1 only ! m popul> ones1 pass a v>y+ judgm5t on ! book accord+ to ! intellectual b5t ( _! book review]s2 b no "o ( ! em95t & lead+ naturali/s has publicly express$ 8 op9ion reg>d+ x4 ,!y all ma9ta9 a v significant sil5ce1 :i* speaks = itself4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 j at ! prop] "t a book1 ,die ,desc5d5z-!orie has appe>$ f ! p5 ( ! zoologi/1 ,pr(essor ,fleis*mann ( ,erlang51 9 :i* ,haeckel is sev]ely condemn$4 7,see ,*apt] ,,ix47 ,! press-notices ( ! ,weltraetsel1 :i* are quot$ 9 ! book w be consid]$ pres5tly4 ,x appe>s t ) ref]5ce to natural sci5ce1 only laym5 discuss ! book & approve ( ,haeckel's views4 ,?is is a po9t ( great importance s9ce x proves satisfactorily t m5 ( sci5ce w h no?+ to d ) ! ,weltraetsel4 ,! l>ge numb] ( replies w\ld1 h[ev]1 n all[ ,haeckel's fri5ds to rema9 sil5t4 ,! mo/ ext5sive def5se =?com+ 0 a pamphlet publi%$ by a c]ta9 ,he9ri* ,s*midt ( ,j5a4 ,x _c be ga!r$ f 8 book 7,d] ,kampf um die ,weltraetsel1 ,bonn1 ,e4 ,/rauss #aijj7 to :at pr(ession ! au?or belongs1 h5ce ,i am unable to judge :5ce he d]ives ! "r to treat ,haeckel's oppon5ts 9 summ>y a mann]4 ,x is significant to note :at class ( m51 accord+ to ,s*midt1 receiv$ ! ,weltraetsel ) en?usiasm & joy4 ,!y are ,augu/ ,spe*t1 ! free-*ur* editor ( ,m5s*5tum & ( ! ,frei5 ,glock51 ,julius ,h>t1 ,pr(essor ,kell]-,zu]i*1 ! philosoph] & ,neokantian ,pr(essor ,spitz] ( ,graz1 ! popul> lit]ateur ,w4 ,boels*e1 ,w4 ,ule1 & a few unkn[n great m51 ,dr4 ,zimm]1 ,?4 ,papp/e91 ,r4 ,/e9]1 ,a4 ,haese2 b /ay1 ,i came v ne> =gett+ ! great pill>1 ,dodel ( ,zu]i*4 ,b :]e is !re m5tion ( ! pr(essional colleagues ( ,haeckel ^: te/imonies c\ld be tak5 s]i\sly8 ,"u ! head+ ,lit]>y ,humbug1 :i* evid5tly has ref]5ce to ! cont5ts ( 8 own "w1 ,s*midt !n meets num]\s objections4 ,"h vigor\s epi!ts are b&i$ ab\t1 z1 = in/ance1 absolute nons5se1 muddl]1 fooli% & s5seless prattle1 idle talk1 etc42 & f ,dodel he copies ! words ) :i* ! latt] once s\ght to annihilate me3 ,job1 v]se #aj1 ,?\ ha/ spok5 l "o ( ! fooli% wom54 ,& he v5tures to express indignation at ,lo(s' invectives4 ,z a complim5t to ,lasson he decl>es t he c\ld easily conceive ( ! possibility ( an ape asc5d+ ! pr(essor's *air & speak+ z intellig5tly z he 7,lasson72 :i* rem>k he probably int5d$ z a witticism4 ,he in=ms 8 read]s t ! criticism ( ,haeckel by m5 l ,vir*[1 ,81 ,semp]1 ,haacke1 ,ba]1 & ,wig& h be5 exam9$ by pr(essional speciali/s & prov$ practically wor?less4 ,?is /atem5t alone s cle>ly reveals ,s*midt's lack ( critical faculty & judgm5t t by x he at once =feits 8 "r to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,! :ole book is no?+ m ?an a collection ( quotations f ! reviews ( ! ,weltraetsel1 int]sp]s$ ) *>act]i/ic expressions l idle talk1 nons5se1 etc41 z exemplifi$ above4 ,a really p]t95t reply & refutation ( objections is entirely beyond ,s*midt's range2 he waives ! dem& = a direct reply1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ amus+ way 7p4 #bh73 ,two reasons1 h[ev]1 prev5t me f be+ m explicit3 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i d n l to dispute ) p :o adduce v>iant read+s & *ur*-fa!rs z pro(s & c /ill rema9 s]i\s4 ,9 ! second place ,i w\ld n l to fall into ! h&s ( a ,lo(s4 ,9 ?is mann] x is inde$ easy to evade an argum5t1 :i* = good reasons "o is n able to pursue4 ,lo(s' criticism is s s]i\s & de/ructive t x %\ld be ( ! utmo/ conc]n to ,haeckel's fri5ds to refute x4 ,s9ce !y are unable to d s1 !y cont5t !mselves ) ref]5ces to ,lo(s' cau/ic /yle1 :i* he %\ld inde$ h avoid$4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 cases 9 :i* "o mu/ employ tr5*ant phraseology1 & ,haeckel himself has giv5 an occasion = x2 a dignifi$ /yle is simply out ( ! "q 9 8 case4 ,haeckel extricat$ himself ) ev5 great] ease1 by decl>+ t he _h nei!r "t nor incl9ation = reply1 & t a mutual und]/&+ ) ,lo(s 0 impossible because _! sci5tific views 7 entirely diff]5t4 ,c\ld any?+ be m sugge/ive ( ! words ( ,mephi/opheles3 ,b 9 ea* ^w mu/ be a ?\ght-- ,!re is1--or we may s assume1-- ,n always f\nd1 nor always s\ght4 ,:ile words--m]e words supply its room4 ,words answ] well1 :5 m5 enli/ 'em1 ,9 build+ up a favorite sy/em4 ,!re are two o!r po9ts 9 ,s*midt's book t are ( int]e/ to u4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! mann] 9 :i* ! au?or treats ! ,romanes incid5t4 ,romanes ranks1 z is well kn[n1 among ! fir/ ( ,haeckel's au?orities4 ,h5ce x is a v pa9ful fact t1 b a %ort "t be=e ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,weltraetsel1 my translation into ,g]man ( ,romanes' ,?\ghts on ,religion %\ld h appe>$4 ,f ?is book x 0 evid5t t ,haeckel & 8 associates c\ld no long] c\nt ?is man among _! numb] s9ce he--a life-long seek] aft] tru?--_h ab&on$ a!ism = !ism1 & di$ a believ+ ,*ri/ian4 ,troelts* & ! ,rei*sbote ask$ :e!r ,haeckel _h purposely conceal$ ?is fact1 & ,s*midt n[ expla9s t ,haeckel fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! ,?\ghts on ,religion ?r\gh him t[>ds ! end ( ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,un=tunately he does n add t s9ce !n a numb] ( new editions ( ! ,weltraetsel h appe>$1 9 :i* ,haeckel c\ld h expla9$ himself 9 an honorable mann]4 ,s*midt has !re=e n be5 successful 9 8 attempt to cle> up ?is matt]4 ,b h[ does he settle ) ,romanes8 ,he says3 ,we are assur$ t ! ?\ghts 7 writt5 d[n by ! ,engli% naturali/ ,george ,john ,romanes2 & aga93 ,! ?\ghts are publi%$ by a ,canon ( ,we/m9/]1 ,*>les ,gore1 to :om !y are said to h be5 h&$ ov] aft] ! dea? ( ,romanes 9 ! ye> #ahid4 ,!n he has ! audacity to place ,romanes 9 quotation m>ks4 ,& f9ally he ass]ts t !y w\ld abide by ,romanes' =m] works z _! au?ority1 ! m s1 because ^! 7 n1 l ! ,?\ghts1 publi%$ & gloss$ by a ,canon only aft] 8 7,romanes'7 dea?4 ,by means ( all ?is & ( a comp>ison ) ! ,lett]s ( ! ,obscuranti/s he wi%es to create ! suspicion t !re might be "q "h ( =g]y4 ,su* an ins9uation1 7,i employ ,s*midt's own words7 _c be *>act]iz$ o!rwise ?an z contemptible4 ,"h x is ev5 worse ?an contemptible4 ,i mu/ beg my read]'s p>don = ov]/epp+ ! b\nds ( res]ve ) ^! cau/ic words1 al?\gh !y orig9at$ ) ,s*midt2 b really ! flu% ( ang] rightfully m\nts to "o's *eeks :5 a man1 f ! m]e fact t he is a disciple ( ! great ,haeckel assumes ! "r to *>ge ,canon ,gore & indirectly myself ) =g]y4 ,x is really v significant t ^! m5 %\ld h to resort to su* base & despicable exp$i5ts to extricate !mselves f _! unpleasant pr$icam5t4 ,ap>t f ?is1 x 0 v amus+ to me p]sonally to ?9k t = ! sake ( my unwor?y self1 ,s*midt %\ld h borr[$ f 8 "l & ma/] ! epi!t pi\s1 :i* ,haeckel 9 8 turn has drawn f 8 *]i%$ fri5d ,dodel4 ,9 all probability !y w cont9ue to hawk x ab\t 9 ord] to br+ me into disrepute ) ! re/ ( _! k9d4 ,! few rem>ks ,s*midt /ill f9ds x prop] to make reg>d+ ! ,?\ghts1 betray 8 inability to und]/& ! book4 ,b z ,i /at$ 9 ! preface x 0 a difficult book to read & und]/&4 ,x is obvi\sly n read+ matt] = %all[ m9ds4 ,i ref] ,s*midt to ! biography ( ,romanes1 publi%$ by 8 wife1 7,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes1 ,london1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #ahih71 :]e he w f9d ,romanes' religi\s developm5t describ$ by a well-in=m$ h&4 ,?is developm5t began z e>ly z #ahgh1 h5ce dur+ ! "t ( 8 intimate fri5d%ip ) ,d>w94 ,9 ?is book on pages #cgb & #cgh ,s*midt w also f9d ! words 9 :i*1 be=e 8 dea?1 ,romanes begg$ t1 if he 7 p]sonally unable to publi% ! ,?\ghts1 !y %\ld be giv5 to 8 fri5d ,canon ,gore aft] 8 own dea?4 ,b :y wa/e s _m words on ,mr4 ,s*midt1 = s9ce all ^! ?+s mu/ be d\bly disagreeable & pa9ful to him & ,haeckel1 he w v probably resort )\t delay to p]sonal ins9uation & accuse ,mrs4 ,romanes ( =g]y4 ,to u1 h[ev]1 :o ?or\ghly appreciate ! situation1 x is a matt] ( great mom5t t ( "o ( ! few really em95t naturali/s1 to :om ,haeckel ?\ght to be able to lay full & exclusive claim1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life %\ld h be5 mov+ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 8 eag] se>* = tru? & %\ld die n a moni/1 b a conv9c$ ,*ri/ian4 ,nei!r did he die an old man1 to :om ! adh]5ts ( monism w\ld c]ta9ly h ! effront]y to impute feeble-m9d$ness1 b at ! e>ly age ( =ty-six ye>s4 ,nor 0 8 a sudd5 dea?b$ conv]sion--an impression :i* ,s*midt attempts to create 7p4 #fb7 9 ord] to be able ) ,h4 ,he9e to relegate ! conv]sion to ! doma9 ( pa?ology--b foll[$ aft] _m ye>s ( dilig5t & hone/ /udy & rese>*4 ,! o!r po9t ( :i* we mu/ treat "h1 is ! mann] 9 :i*1 aft] ! example ( ,dr4 ,reh1 ,s*midt attempts 9 ! ,ums*au to exon]ate ,haeckel 9 ! matt] ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ?ree cli*es4 ,to beg9 )1 x is at ! v lea/ di%one/ on ! "p ( ,s*midt to say t1 9 default ( sci5tific argum5ts1 !ological adv]s>ies h = ! la/ ?irty ye>s be5 us+ x z ! basis ( _! attacks4 ,t is untrue1 ! !ological adv]s>ies h n _h k ( x = t l5g? ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y ,haeckel's own sci5tific colleagues 7 ! fir/ to discov] & publi% ! matt] "s "t 9 ! sev5ties1 & 9 consequ5ce exclud$ ,haeckel f _! circle4 ,:y does ,s*midt n m5tion "h ! names ( ,ruetimey]1 ,81 & ,semp]8 ,fur!rmore ,s*midt writes z if ,haeckel _h satisfi$ 8 colleagues 9 ! matt] ( 8 =g]y by decl>+ soon aft] 7#ahgj7 t he _h be5 guilty ( a v ill-consid]$ act ( folly4 ,:y does ,s*midt n m5tion ! fact t ! weighty attacks ( ,8 7,our ,bodily ,=m & ! ,physiological ,problem ( its ,orig91 ,leipzig1 #ahge7 dates f ! ye> #ahge1 five ye>s aft] ,haeckel's =c$1 palliative explanation8 ,besides1 ?is incid5t ( ! ?ree cli*es is only "o in/ance2 ! o!r examples ( ,haeckel's s5se ( tru?fulness are = ! mo/ "p entirely unkn[n to 8 !ological adv]s>ies1 :o h n[h]e to my k made use ( !m2 b all ( !m h be5 br\ght to light & held up be=e ,haeckel by naturali/s1 namely1 by ,ba/ian 7#ahgd71 ,semp] & ,kossmann 7#ahgf & #ahgg71 ,h5s5 & ,br&t 7#ahia71 & ,hamann 7#ahic74 ,does ?is 9 any way t5d to e/abli% ,s*midt's hone/y8 7,dr4 ,d5n]t has ent]$ into a m se>*+ criticism ( ,haeckel 9 8 book1 ,die ,wahrheit ueb] ,haeckel4 #b ,aufl ,halle a4 ,s41 #aijb47 ,9 a ^w1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,weltraetsel 0 receiv$ & 9 :i* ,haeckel has be5 def5d$ by ,s*midt1 are valuable indications ( ! decay ( ,d>w9ism4 ,i repeat t ,i am speak+ ( c\rse ( ! lead+ sci5tific circles4 ,^? :o hold back are nev] lack+1 & "o _c be surpris$ t1 9 ! case ( ,d>w9ism1 _! numb] is consid]able3 = on ! "o h&1 to und]/& x an extraord9>ily slight dem& is made on "o's m5tal capacity2 & on ! o!r h& x is a v conv5i5t & ev5 a seem+ly sci5tific means ( obviat+ ! necessity ( belief 9 ,god4 ,^! facts appeal v /rongly to ! multitude4 ,9 conclud+ ?is section1 we %all quote a positive te/imony to ! decay ( ,d>w9ism4 ,on page #c ( 8 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,man & ( ! ,mammals 7,leipzig1 ,w4 ,engelmann1 #ahig7 ,pr(4 ,o4 ,s*ultze1 ,anatomi/ 9 ,wu]zburg1 says3 ,! idea ent]ta9$ by ,d>w91 t ! developm5t ( species may be expla9$ by a natural *oice--,selection--:i* op]ates ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( individuals = exi/5ce1 _c p]man5tly satisfy ! _s ( inquiry4 ,ev5 ! factors ( v>iability1 h]$ity1 & adaptation1 :i* are ess5tial to ! trans=mation ( species1 d n (f] an exact explanation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,i h already call$ att5tion sev]al times to ! fact t ,d>w9ism is inde$ on ! wane among m5 ( sci5ce1 b t x has gradually p5etrat$ into lay circles :]e x is n[ pos+ z irrefragable tru?4 ,especially ! circles dom9at$ by ! social democrats swe> by no?+ high] ?an ,d>w9 & ,haeckel4 ,9 fact1 only a %ort "t ago ,bebel publicly pr(ess$ himself a conv]t to ,haeckel's wisdom4 ,x is inevitable1 h[ev]1 t light %\ld gradually dawn ev5 9 ^! circles1 = x w\ld be inde$ /range1 if no hone/ man c\ld be f\nd to tell !m ! tru? reg>d+ ,d>w9ism4 ,?is has occurr$ soon] ?an ,i d>$ to hope4 ,?is *apt] c ann\nce ! glad tid+s t ev5 9 social-democratic sci5ce ,d>w9ism is doom$ to decay4 ,mu* pr9t]'s ink w1 ( c\rse1 be yet wa/$ be=e x w be s entirely dead z to be no long] available z a weapon aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2 b a beg9n+ at lea/ has be5 made4 ,9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! n9? ye> ( ! ,soziali/is*e ,monat%efte1 a social-democratic writ]1 ,curt ,grottewitz1 und]takes to br+ out an article on ,d>w9ian ,my?s4 ,x is /at$ !re t ,d>w9 _h a few em95t foll[]s1 b t ! educat$ _w took no notice ( _! "w2 t n[1 h[ev]1 !y seem$ to be attract+ m att5tion4 ,!re is no d\bt1 t a numb] ( ,d>w9ian views1 :i* are /ill preval5t to-day1 h sunk to ! level ( unt5able my?s4 ,true1 ! ma9 doctr9e ( ,d>w9--! orig9 ( new species f exi/+ ones--is inconte/ably e/abli%$1 b ap>t f ?is ev5 "s v fundam5tal pr9ciples1 :i* ! ma/] ?\ght he disc]n$ 9 ! developm5t ( organisms1 c sc>cely be any long] ma9ta9$4 ,x may be well to rem>k "h1 t ?is 0 n really ,d>w9's ma9 doctr9e1 = x already exi/$ be=e 8 "t 7,lam>ck1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire74 ,d>w9's ma9 doctr9e is ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( species by natural selection op]at+ ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is !re=e ! old error repeat$4 ,d>w9ism is conf\nd$ ) ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 ( :i* x is m]ely "o =m4 ,x is n our int5tion to d]ogate 9 ! lea/ f ,d>w9's m]it1 :i* consi/s 9 ! fact t he ga9$ g5]al recognition = ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t2 b t 0 n 8 ma9 "w4 ,he wi%$ above all to expla9 ! ,h[ ( ,desc5t2 ?is is 8 doctr9e1 & ?is doctr9e we attack & decl>e to be on ! po9t ( expir+4 ,grottewitz v frankly cont9ues3 ,! difficulty ) ! ,d>w9ian doctr9es consi/s 9 ! fact t !y are incapable ( be+ /rictly & irrefutably demon/rat$4 ,! orig9 ( "o species f ano!r1 ! cons]vation ( useful =ms1 ! exi/5ce ( c\ntless int]m$i>y l9ks1 are all assumptions1 :i* c\ld nev] be support$ by concrete cases f\nd 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,"s are said to be well e/abli%$ indirectly by pro(s drawn f probabilities1 :ile o!rs are prov$ to be absolutely unt5able4 ,among ! latt] ,grottewitz includes sexual selection1 :i* is inde$ a mon/r\s figm5t ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re 0 moreov] really no reason = adh]+ to x s long4 ,x is em95tly untrue1 t ! biological rese>* ( ! la/ few ye>s prov$ = ! fir/ "t ! unt5abl5ess ( ?is doctr9e1 z ,grottewitz seems to ?9k4 ,cle> ?9k]s recogniz$ its unt5abl5ess long ago1 & surely ,grottewitz & ! :ole b& ( ,d>w9ian devotees z well1 c\ld h kn[n t z e>ly z tw5ty-five ye>s ago ?is doctr9e _h be5 subject$ to a r$uctio ad absurdum ) classic cle>ness 9 ,wig&'s great "w4 ,x is c]ta9ly a v peculi> ph5om5on2 = decades we behold a doctr9e rev]5tly re-e*o$2 ?\ghtful inve/igators expose its folly1 b /ill ! wor%ip cont9ues1 ! ,zeitgei/ mu/ h its idol4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 z if ! ,zeitgei/ 7 gradually tir+ ( its gold5 calf & 7 on ! po9t ( ca/+ x into ! rubbi%-heap4 ,misgiv+s arise on all sides2 "h "o class ( objections are consid]$1 !re ano!r4 ,a clos] exam9ation reveals t ^! are by no means new reasons1 bas$ on new rese>*es1 b ! v olde/1 urg$ long ago & p]haps mu* m cle>ly & =cibly4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,zeitgei/ 0 "u ! spell ( ! sugge/ion ( individual m53 x he>d & saw no?+ b ! captivat+1 obvi\s simplicity ( ! doctr9e2 b n[ :5 ! subject beg9s to be t$i\s & ! discussion lags1 ! int]e/ consequ5tly abates & ! ,zeitgei/ sudd5ly grasps ! old objections1 pres5t$ 9 a new g>b1 & :at 0 hi!rto tru?1 cle> & irrefutable1 n[ s9ks into ! dre>y1 gray mi/s ( my?4 ,sic transit gloria mundi6 ,?is has be5 ! hi/ory ( ,d>w9ism1 & especially ( ,d>w9's !ory ( sexual selection4 ,:at ,grottewitz urges aga9/ x1 0 advanc$ decades ago by o!r & m em95t m52 !n p w\ld n li/51 to-day !y are incl9$ to li/54 ,( v special int]e/ is ! fur!r admission1 t ! pr9ciple ( gradual developm5t has be5 consid]ably %ak5 & is c]ta9ly unt5able4 ,grottewitz po9ts out t x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! prog5y ( ! same p>5ts are (t5 entirely dissimil>1 & t new organs v sudd5ly spr+ up 9 individuals ev5 :5 !y _h _h no previ\s exi/5ce4 ,a slight v>iation f ! p>5t =m is ( no utility to ! prog5y2 !y mu/ acquire at once a completely develop$1 new "*1 if x is to be ( any use to !m4 ,q "r6 b ?is "o admission is de/ructive ( ! entire doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,if "o accepts saltatory evolution1 z = in/ance1 ,he]1 ,koellik]1 & ,wig& did long ago1 !n1 z ,grottewitz n[ discov]s1 ! difficulty aris+ = ,d>w9ism f ! abs5ce ( ! num]\s int]m$i>y =ms :i* x po/ulates1 naturally disappe>s4 ,grottewitz attributes sudd5 v>iation to ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 j z ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire _h already done be=e ,d>w94 ,he likewise repudiates ,d>w9's doctr9e ( adaptation & ! !ory ( *ance1 :i* is b\nd up ) all 8 views4 ,d>w9's !ory ( *ance seems to me to be especially des]v+ ( rejection4 ,! article clos$ ) ^! words3 ,!re mu/ evid5tly be a v def9ite pr9ciple1 accord+ to :i* ! frequ5t & /rik+ developm5t f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 f ! no-long] adapt$ to ! readapt$1 proce$s4 ,we all ( u are f> f consid]+ ?is pr9ciple a teleological1 my/ical or my?ical "o1 b = t matt]1 ,d>w9's !ory ( *ance is no?+ m ?an a my?4 ,he is mo/ c]ta9ly 9 ! "r4 ,to place ?is :ole wond]ful1 & s m9utely regulat$ _w ( organisms at ! m]cy ( *ance is utt]ly mon/r\s1 & = ?is v reason ,d>w9ism1 :i* is ?r\gh\t a doctr9e ( *ance1 mu/ be reject$2 x is inde$ a my?4 ,we are grateful to ,grottewitz = und]tak+ to te> ! assum$ mask ( sci5ce f ?is my? & expose x be=e 8 associates4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 h done s ev5 m vigor\sly & unequivocally & %\ld h /at$ pla9ly3 ,d>w9ism is a complete failure2 we believe inde$ 9 a natural developm5t ( ! organic _w1 b we are unable to prove x4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ! article quot$ !re is1 ( c\rse1 aga9 to be f\nd ! clov5-ho(3 by all means no teleological pr9ciple6 ,b :y 9 ! _w %\ld we n accept a teleological pr9ciple1 s9ce x is cle>ly evid5t t ! :ole _w ( life is p]meat$ by teleology1 t is1 by design & f9ality8 ,:y n8 ,=soo?1 because !n belief 9 ,god w\ld aga9 ent] & create havoc 9 ! ranks ( ! bre?r54 ,b h[ev] mu* m5 may /ruggle aga9/ ! teleologico-!i/ic pr9ciple & secure !mselves aga9/ x1 x is all ( no avail1 ! pr9ciple /&s at ! gate & clamors l\dly = admission2 & if ,grottewitz c\ld b br+ himself to und]take a /udy ( ,wig&'s ma/]ful "w1 p]haps 8 h]esy w\ld increase & we might p]haps !n f9d ano!r article 9 ! ,soziali/is*e ,monat%efte t5d+ /ill m /rongly t[>d ! tru?4 ,b :at w ,bro!r ,bebel ) 8 ,haeckelism say to ! pres5t article8 ,all 9 all1 in/ead ( call+ 8 article ,d>w9ian ,my?s ,grottewitz might j z well h entitl$ x ,at ! ,dea?b$ ( ,d>w9ism4 ,may he br+ out a s]ies ( dea?b$ articles to disclose ! tru? reg>d+ ,d>w9ism to 8 associates4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,pr(essor ,fleis*mann1 zoologi/ 9 ,erlang51 rec5tly publi%$ a book be>+ ! title1 ,die ,desc5d5z!orie1 9 :i* he opposes e !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! book is made up ( lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or be=e g5]al audi5ces ( pr(essional /ud5ts1 h5ce is popul> 9 =m & ( v special apologetic value4 ,num]\s excell5t illu/rations aid ! read] 9 und]/&+ ! text4 ,"o /atem5t 9 ! ,introduction *>act]izes ! decid$ position assum$ by ! au?or4 ,he says3 ,aft] long & c>eful inve/igation ,i h come to ! conclusion t ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t has n be5 sub/antiat$4 ,i g ev5 f>!r & ma9ta9 t ! discussion ( ! "q does n belong to ! field ( ! exact sci5ces ( zoology & botany4 ,at ! outset1 ,fleis*mann e/abli%es ! fact t 9 ! animal k+dom !re are rigidly sep>at$ types1 :i* _c be d]iv$ f ea* o!r1 :]eas ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t po/ulates "o s+le common model ( body-/ructure f :i* all types h be5 develop$4 ,cuvi] 9 8 day1 set up f\r su* types ( ess5tially diff]5t /ructure2 :5 ,d>w9's "w appe>$ two m _h be5 add$2 ,r4 ,h]twig po/ulates ev5 sev51 ,boas n9e 7bo? #aijj72 ,j4 ,k5nel 7#ahic7 sev5te51 & ,fleis*mann himself sixte54 ,9 consequ5ce ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t has become m complicat$ s9ce x n[ embraces sixte5 or sev5te5 diff]5t problems1 ea* ( :i* 9 turn gives rise to _m subord9ate problems4 ,! discussion :i* ! au?or inaugurates reg>d+ ! doma9 to :i* ! "q ( ,desc5t belongs1 is v well-tim$4 ,he =cibly & def9itely disc\nt5ances ! me?od :i* transf]s x to ! doma9 ( religion4 ,! "q mu/ be decid$ by ! naturali/s !mselves accord+ to ! /rict inductive me?od2 t is1 ! solution mu/ be bas$ on well asc]ta9$ facts1 )\t resort+ to conclusions d$uc$ f g5]al pr9ciples4 ,exact rese>* mu/ %[ t liv+ organisms actually h ov]/epp$ ! b\nds def9+ _! species1 & n m]ely t !y conceivably may h done s4 ,h5ce x is absolutely necess>y to procure ! int]m$i>y =ms4 ,?is is ! f\ndation on :i* ,fleis*mann builds & aga9/ :i* no oppon5t c prevail4 ,fleis*mann fir/ discusses ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! classes ( v]tebrates2 ! mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 amphibians & fi%4 ,= if ! diff]5ces ( _! bodily /ructure c\ld be %[n to be "o ( degree & n radical1 x c\ld be suppos$ t ! l9es ( dem>cation :i* n[ delimitate ! l>g] types might "s day vani%4 ,a s+le illu/ration suffices = ,fleis*mann's purpose1 viz41 ! plan ( /ructure ( ! limbs ( ! diff]5t classes ( v]tebrates4 ,! f\r high] classes are *>act]iz$ by a common und]ly+ plan ( limb /ructure1 :il/ fi% h "o peculi> to !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h& x is an inevitable po/ulate ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t t fi% are ! orig9al prog5itors ( all o!r v]tebrates4 ,h5ce ! five-jo9t limbs ( ! latt] mu/ h develop$ f ! f9s ( fi%4 ,?is d]ivation 0 actually attempt$ b )\t success1 z ,fleis*mann po9ts out at consid]able l5g?4 ,by means ( citations tak5 f ! writ+s ( ,d>w9ian adh]5ts1 he illu/rates ! confusion :i* ev5 n[ reigns among !m on ?is matt]4 ,! evolution ( ! rema9+ v]tebrates f ! fi% is !re=e a :olly gratuit\s assumption devoid ( any f\ndation 9 fact4 ,fleis*mann fur!r discusses ! p>ade-horse ( ! !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,x has be5 ! common belief1 especially fo/]$ by ,haeckel1 t ! hi/ory ( ! ,desc5t ( our pres5t horse lies be=e u 9 its complete integrity z pictur$ 9 ! draw+s ( ,m>%4 ,"h ,fleis*mann aga9 proves at great l5g? ! insuffici5cy ( actually available mat]ials4 ,( special importance is 8 repeat$ dem& t n only individual p>ts ( ! animals b ! :ole organism z well %\ld be d]iv$ f ! e>li] =ms4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x be possible to arrange horses & _! t]ti>y k9dr$ 9 an unbrok5 l9e ( desc5t accord+ to ! =mation ( _! feet1 :il/ ! o!r *>act]i/ics 7tee?1 skull-/ructure1 etc417 d n admit ( arrangem5t 9 a correspond+ s]ies1 ! fir/ l9e mu/ be surr5d]$4 ,v simil> to ?is is ! case ( ! family hi/ory ( birds1 :i* z all "k1 has be5 trac$ back to reptiles4 ,x is 9 ?is matt] t ! fam\s ,ar*aeopt]yx plays an important "p4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 grave difficulties are aga9 enc\nt]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,?is primitive =m is a real bird accord+ to ,zittel2 & accord+ to ! same inve/igator z also accord+ to ,m>%1 ,dames1 ,vett]1 ,p>k]1 ,tu]br+51 ,p>l[ & ,mehn]t1 x is inadmissible to connect birds ) a def9ite class ( reptiles4 ,haeckel f9ds 8 way out ( ! difficulty by supply+ hypo!tical =ms :i* no "o has ev] se51 b :i* 8 imag9ation has admirably depict$ z transitional =ms4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 he ab&ons ! inductive me?od ( natural sci5ce4 ,x is impossible = u to treat at su* l5g? all ! rema9+ sections ( ?is important book4 ,we may m5tion 9 pass+ t ,fleis*mann exam9es ! roots ( ! mammal /ock1 & ent]s ^u a detail$ discussion ( ! orig9 ( lung-brea?+ v]tebrates1 ! real phylo-g5etic problem ( ! mollusks1 & ! orig9 ( ! e*9od]mata4 ,x is evid5t t he boldly takes up ! mo/ important problems connect$ ) ! !ory ( ,desc5t1 & does n conf9e himself to a "o-sid$ discussion ( individual po9ts4 ,z he did n fe> to exam9e ?or\ghly ! fam\s1 & z x hi!rto appe>$1 invuln]able1 p>ade-horse1 s nei!r does he hesitate to demoli% ! o!r reput$ pro( = ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 e4g41 ! fre%-wat] snail ( ,/e9heim1 ! rema9s ( :i* ,hilz5dorf & ,neumayr exam9$ & 7 said to h arrang$ 9 l9es ( desc5t t w\ld actually /agg] "o4 ,x is important to call especial att5tion to ?is because ! adv]s>ies ( ! book ignore x4 ,he next %[s up ! s-call$ fundam5tal pr9ciple ( biog5esis accord+ to :i* organisms are suppos$ to repeat dur+ _! individual developm5t ! =ms ( _! prog5itors 7enunciat$ by ,fritz ,muell] & ,haeckel74 ,fleis*mann po9ts out ! exceptions :i* ,haeckel attributes to ,c5og5esis1 7t is to falsification7 & %[s ! disagreem5t among contempor>y naturali/s reg>d+ ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,ev5 ,haeckel's fri5d & pupil1 ,o4 ,h]twig s\nds ! retreat4 ,! #ae? *apt] deals ) ! ,collapse ( ,haeckel's ,doctr9e1 :i* is reveal$ 9 ! fact t ! practical possibility ( asc]ta9+ any?+ reg>d+ ! primitive hi/ory ( ! animal k+dom is completely exhau/$ & ! hope ( s do+ =ev] fru/rat$4 ,in/ead ( sci5ti/s hav+ be5 able f ye> to ye> to produce an increas+ abundance ( pro( = ! correctness ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 ! lack ( pro(s & ! impossibility ( procur+ evid5ce is to-day notori\s4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,fleis*mann f9ally attempts to prove on logical pr9ciples ! unt5abl5ess ( ! evolution>y idea4 ,he />ts f ! fact t philosoph]s use ! ^w developm5t to designate a def9ite sequ5ce ( ideas1 i4e41 9 a logical ord]4 ,metamorphosis1 says ,hegel1 belongs to ! ,idea z su* s9ce its v>iation alone is developm5t4 ,rational speculation mu/ get rid ( su* nebul\s concepts z ! evolution ( ! m highly develop$ animal organisms f ! less develop$1 etc4 ,naturali/s use ! ^w 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,in/ead ( a sequ5ce ( grades ( be+ !y posit a sequ5ce ( trans=mations2 in/ead ( a logical sequ5ce ( ideas !y posit a trans=m+ & progressive developm5t4 ,zoology con/ructs a sy/em ( specific & g5]ic concepts1 an animal k+dom ) logical relations4 ,our concepts are d]iv$ f natural objects1 b 9 reality d n p]fectly correspond to !m4 ,! phylog5etic s*ool commits ! capital mi/ake ( pres5t+ a trans=mation :i* c be realiz$ only 9 logical concepts1 z an actually occurr+ process1 & ( conf\nd+ an ab/ract op]ation ) concrete fact4 ,! logical trans=mation ( ! concept ape into ! concept man is no g5ealogical process4 ,! ma!matician may logically 'develop' ! concept ( a circle f t ( a polygon1 b x by no means foll[s t ! circle is phylo-g5etically d]iv$ f ! polygon4 ,because ! concept ( species is v>iable1 ! species !mselves1 accord+ to ,d>w91 %\ld be subject to a cont9ual flux2 :]eas ! real cause ( ! v>iability :i* he obs]v$ lies 9 ! discrepancy betwe5 objective facts & _! logical tabulation1 9 ! n>r[ness ( our concepts & 9 ! lack ( adequate means ( expression4 ,he ?us makes natural objects responsible = our logical limitations4 ,) reg>d to organisms ! ,desc5t-s*ool conf\nd$ ! purely logical signification ( ! ^w relat$ ) t ( blood or family aff9ity4 ,b surely :5 !y speak ( ! relation ( =ms 9 ! cry/al sy/ems1 !y d n ref] to g5etic connection4 ,to-day ?is int]*ange ( concepts is s g5]al t "o ne$s to ex]cise great c>e if "o w\ld avoid x4 ,! !ory :i* po/ulates ! blood-relation%ip ( individuals ( ! same species may be correct1 b x is utt]ly incapable ( pro(1 & ! same is true 9 a great] degree :5 !re is "q ( individuals ( ! same class b ( diff]5t species4 ,s9ce a direct pro( is impossible1 an attempt 0 made to con/ruct an indirect pro( by a comp>ison ( bodily-organs4 ,b 9 s do+ ! ,desc5t !oriz]s _h to rel9qui% sci5tific analysis altoge!r4 ,9 conclusion ,fleis*mann /ates t he does n mean to disc>d e hypo!sis ( ,desc5t4 ,he simply gives w>n+ aga9/ an ov]-e/imation ( ! !ory4 ,9 opposition to ^? :o e/eem x z ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( sci5ce1 he looks ^u x z a necess>y evil4 ,its prop] sph]e is ! laboratory ( ! man ( sci5ce1 & n ! ?rong+ m>ket-place4 ,! ,desc5t hypo!sis w meet ! same fate 7be ca/ aside71 s9ce its incompatibility ) facts ( ord9>y obs]vation is manife/+ itself4 ,at ! "t ( its appe>ance 9 a new =m1 =ty ye>s ago1 x ex]cis$ a b5eficial influ5ce on sci5tific progress & induc$ a great numb] ( capable m9ds to devote !mselves to ! /udy ( anatomical1 palaeontological & evolution>y problems4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 view$ 9 ! light ( a con/antly increas+ weal? ( actual mat]ials1 ! hypo!sis has become antiquat$ & ! labors ( its indu/ri\s advocates makes x obvi\s to unbias$ critics1 t x is "t to relegate x ad acta4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,my own views agree ) ^? ( ,fleis*mann z pres5t$ above1 except 9 reg>d to 8 la/ *apt]4 ,i mu/1 ( c\rse1 admit t 8 criticism has discr$it$ ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t z a sci5tifically e/abli%$ !ory4 ,h5ce1 z ,i h always ass]t$1 x mu/ be exclud$ f ! realm ( exact sci5ce4 ,no d\bt p w come gradually to see t ! !ory involves a cre$ & !re=e belongs to ! doma9 ( cosmic philosophy4 ,all ?is ,i readily admit4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds ! concept ( developm5t4 ,x seems to me to be incorrect to reg>d ?is z a logical concept only1 ev5 ) ref]5ce to organisms4 ,true1 ! :ole zoological sy/em is 9 reality no?+ m ?an a logical ab/raction4 ,& 9 view ( ?is fact "o mu/ be on "o's gu>d aga9/ confus+ a logical trans=mation ( concepts ) a g5ealogical developm5t4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n =get t we possess ! wond]ful analogy ( ontog5y 7individual developm5t7 & above all1 ! fact ( mutation & ( metag5esis4 ,& ev5 if we wi% to avoid ! error ( ,haeckel & o!rs :o f9d a necess>y connection betwe5 ontog5y & phylog5y1 nev]!less ! analogy w /ill entitle u to picture to ourselves ! developm5t ( ! :ole range ( liv+ organisms4 ,su* a repres5tation w1 ( c\rse1 h only a subjective value4 ,no d\bt1 x is logically unju/ifiable to argue f ! v>iable concept to ! v>iability ( ! species4 ,/ill !re is some?+ real 9 plants & animals :i* corresponds to our specific concepts4 ,9 "s cases ! correspond+ reality may be s well def9$ t x is n difficult to =m ! concept accurately2 :]eas 9 o!r cases :]e ! task is m difficult1 ! difficulty mu/ be due to ! object4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we may safely conclude f ! lack ( def9it5ess 9 our concepts to a c]ta9 lack ( rigid delimitation 9 ! organic =ms4 ,?is bl5d+ ( c]ta9 =ms sugge/s ! idea ( trans=mation1 b does n furni% def9ite pro( ( x4 ,su* pro( c be _h only by ! direct obs]vation ( a trans=mation4 ,& no d\bt 9 c]ta9 cases a trans=mation may occur4 ,z reg>ds animals1 ,i may call att5tion1 = in/ance1 to ! exp]im5ts made ) butt]flies by ,/&fuss1 & z reg>ds plants1 to ! exp]im5ts ( ,hab]l&t1 ( :i* ,i treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! limits )9 :i* ^! trans=mations take place are inde$ v n>r[ z are also ! limits ( ^? indisputable v>ieties :i* naturally arise )9 an o!rwise rigidly def9$ species4 ,i am aw>e t ! trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r has n yet be5 effect$1 b ! above-m5tion$ attempts at trans=mation h nev]!less demon/rat$ t c]ta9 organic =ms :5 subject$ to *ang$ conditions ( life1 display c]ta9 mutations :i* cle>ly %[ t v>iability is to be attribut$1 n1 c]ta9ly1 to ! specific concepts1 b to ! correspond+ reality4 ,?is obs]vation & reflexion1 jo9$ ) ! fact t organisms =m a progressive s]ies f ! simple to ! m complex1 & ) ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( individual developm5t1 lead me to reg>d ! concept ( ,desc5t z admissible1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ev5 probable4 ,b ,i agree ) ,fleis*mann 9 say+ t ?is is a m]e belief1 & t all attempts to give x a high] sci5tific value by inductive pro( h signally fail$4 ,my /&po9t1 moreov]1 requires me to admit ! validity ( ! hypo!sis ( ,desc5t z an heuri/ic maxim ( natural sci5ce4 ,i believe t we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 ! future1 z we 7 =ty ye>s ago1 9 direct+ our inve/igation 9 ! direction ( ,desc5t1 & ,i d n consid] su* inve/igation s utt]ly hopeless z ,fleis*mann repres5ts x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i entirely concur ) him 9 ! op9ion t we are "h conc]n$ 7& %all be = a long "t to come7 ) a m]e hypo!sis :i* belongs n 9 ! m>ket-place1 nor among ! _w views ( ! multitude1 b 9 ! /udy ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,above all x mu/ n be mix$ up ) religi\s que/ions4 ,:e!r ! hypo!sis w ev] em]ge f ! /udy ( ! man ( sci5ce z a well-atte/$ law1 is /ill an op5 "q1 incapable ( imm$iate solution4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ( int]e/ = u to inquire :at reception ,fleis*mann's prote/ aga9/ ! !ory ( ,desc5t has be5 accord$ by 8 associates4 ,fleis*mann 0 =m]ly an advocate ( ! !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,he 0 a pupil & assi/ant ( ,sel5ka1 :o 0 !n at ,erlang5 7di$ 9 ,mu5/] #aijb74 ,he _h previ\sly writt5 a numb] ( sci5tific works f ! /&po9t ( ! ,desc5t !ory4 ,9 ! ye> #ahia1 inve/igations reg>d+ rod5ts l$ him to oppose t !ory4 ,dur+ ! w9t] t]m ( #ahia-ib he gave evid5ce ( ?is *ange 9 a public lecture4 ,n until #ahie 0 !re "q ( 8 appo9tm5t to ! *air ( zoology 9 ,erlang54 ,9 #ahih he publi%$ a ,manual ( ,zoology bas$ on pr9ciples radically oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,?is manual irritat$ ,haeckel s mu* t he issu$ "o ( 8 well-kn[n articles1 ,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+ ,zoology1 9 :i*1 aft] 8 usual mann]1 he ca/s suspicion on ,fleis*mann ( hav+ receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t to ! *air at ,erlang5 by becom+ an anti-,d>w9ian 9 accordance ) a desire express$ at ! diet ( ,bav>ia4 ,i am n aw>e t ,haeckel has paid any att5tion to ! "w ( ,fleis*mann :i* we h j review$4 ,by its publication1 h[ev]1 ! au?or di/urb$ a hornet's ne/4 ,dispassionate1 b /ill entirely adv]se is ,pr(essor ,plate's review 9 ! ,biologis*es ,z5tralblatt1 :ile ! ,ums*au publi%es two criticisms1 "o by ,pr(essor von ,wagn]1 ! o!r by ,dr4 ,reh1 :i* = want ( s5se c\ld n well be equall$4 ,x 0 ! =m] :o furni%$ mat]ial = our six? *apt] & :o !re display$ su* utt] confusion ( ?\ght reg>d+ ! inductive me?od4 ,! same confusion is app>5t 9 8 rec5t utt]ance 9 :i* he obs]ves t ,fleis*mann's :ole aim is to accumulate obs]vational data1 mean:ile avoid+ speculation z f> z possible4 ,8 criticism is replete ) bitt] p]sonal epi!ts1 e4g41 reaction>y1 m5tal incompet5cy1 di%one/ mask ( hyp]critical exactness1 :i* manife/ ! writ]'s inability to ent] ^u an objective discussion ( ! "q4 ,a /ill m repreh5sible position is assum$ by ,dr4 ,reh1 :o c5sures ,fleis*mann = introduc+ to ! g5]al public ! "q ( ,desc5t :i* belongs prop]ly to ! =um ( sci5ce4 ,he claims t ,fleis*mann1 by s do+1 =feit$ 8 "r to an unbias$ he>+4 ,dr4 ,reh =gets t b a %ort "t ago he _h no ^w ( c5sure = ,haeckel's ,weltraetsel :i* 0 int5d$ = a f> wid] circle ( read]s4 ,he next appropriates ,haeckel's suspicion reg>d+ ,fleis*mann :i* we notic$ above1 & !n adds ! entirely untrue ass]tion t ! fir/ half ( ,fleis*mann's ,manual1 writt5 be=e he took possession ( ! *air 9 ,erlang51 is writt5 9 ! _s ( ,d>w91 :]eas ! second half :i* appe>$ at a lat] date is writt5 9 ! contr>y _s4 ,he !n takes individual po9ts ( ,fleis*mann's treatise out ( _! context 9 ord] to execute a *eap & nons5sical criticism ( !m4 ,haeckel has evid5tly be5 giv+ in/ructions on ! be/ mann] ( deal+ ) adv]s>ies4 ,& v docile disciples !y are :o imitate 8 me?od ev5 to ! ext5t ( defam+ & abus+ _! sci5tific oppon5ts4 ,b is n ?is ano!r pla9 indication ( ! decay ( ,d>w9ism8 ,( c\rse ,haeckel recogniz$ at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] t x 0 necess>y to support ! !ory by means ( p]sonal bitt]ness1 =g]ies & misrepres5tations4 ,b if ! la/ surviv+ advocates ( ,d>w9ism mu/ ne$s h rec\rse to ! same disreputable means1 to :at a l[ e/ate1 inde$1 has x fall56 ,let u hope t ^! la/ wild convulsions are really ! signs ( approa*+ dissolution4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! pres5t /atus ( ,d>w9ism x is ( prim>y importance to note ! position assum$ by ! few really em95t inve/igators1 :o z pupils ( ,haeckel /ill seem to h rema9$ true to him4 ,among ^! ,i reckon ,osk> ,h]twig1 ! well kn[n ,b]l9 anatomi/4 ,z e>ly z #ahii 9 an address at ! ,univ]sity on1 ,die ,lehre vom ,organismus und ihre ,beziehung zur ,sozialwiss5s*aft1 ,h]twig gave expression to views :i* are v little 9 h>mony ) ! doctr9es proce$+ f ,j5a1 & :i* are also put =? 9 8 manual1 ,! ,cell & ! ,tissue4 ,9 t address we read 7p4 #h73 ,) ! same "r1 ) :i*1 = ! good ( sci5tific progress1 an en]getic prote/ has be5 rais$ aga9/ a c]ta9 my/icism :i* atta*es to ! ^w ,vitality1 ,i beg to give w>n+ aga9/ an opposite extreme :i* is b too apt to lead to onesid$ & unreal1 & h5ce also1 ultimately to false notions ( ! vital process1 aga9/ an extreme :i* w\ld see 9 ! vital process no?+ b a *emico-physical & me*anical problem & ?9ks to arrive at true sci5tific k only 9 s f> z x succe$s 9 trac+ back ph5om5a to ! movem5ts ( repell+ & attract+ atoms & 9 subject+ !m to ma!matical calculation4 ,) "r does ! physici/ ,ma*1 ) ref]5ce to su* views & t5d5cies1 speak ( a 'me*anical my?ology 9 opposition to ! animi/ic my?ology ( ! old religions' & consid]s bo? z improp] & fanta/ic exagg]ations bas$ on a "o-sid$ judgm5t4 ,my position on ! "q j /at$ becomes app>5t f ! consid]ation t ! liv+ organism is n only a complex ( *emical mat]ials & a be>] ( physical =ces1 b also possesses a special organization1 a /ructure1 by means ( :i* x is v ess5tially diff]5tiat$ f ! inorganic _w1 & 9 virtue ( :i* x alone is designat$ z liv+4 ,"h1 !n1 ! di/9ction betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ nature is cle>ly & def9itely express$1 & ,h]twig expresses himself j z def9itely :5 he says 7p4 #ba73 ,:]eas1 b a few decades ago a sci5tific mat]iali/ic conception ( ! _w issu+ f a onesid$1 unhi/orical po9t ( view1 misjudg$ ! significance ( ! hi/oric religi\s & e?ical =ces 9 ! developm5t ( mank9d1 a *ange has become app>5t 9 ?is reg>d4 ,to ?is gratify+ te/imony aga9/ mat]ialism ! di/+ui%$ naturali/ add$ an equally valuable te/imony reg>d+ ,d>w9ism on ! occasion ( ! naturali/s' conv5tion 9 #aijj4 ,he !re sket*$ an excell5t summ>y ( ! ,developm5t ( ,biology 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 :i* he decid$ly opposes ! mat]iali/ic-me*anical conception ( life4 ,9 s do+ he also t\*es ^u ,haeckel's c>bon-hypo!sis1 to :i* ! latt] /ill cl+s1 & says3 ,t f ! prop]ties ( c>bon1 comb9$ ) ! prop]ties ( oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 etc41 9 c]ta9 proportions album5 %\ld result1 is a process :i* 9 its ess5ce is z incompreh5sible z t a liv+ cell %\ld arise f a c]ta9 organization ( diff]5t album9a4 ,!n ! speak] is inevitably l$ to speak ( ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism4 ,9 ! fir/ place he decl>es def9itely t ontog5y alone1 i4e41 ! developm5t ( ! individual be+1 is capable ( a direct sci5tific inve/igation4 ,on ! o!r h& we move 9 ! doma9 ( hypo!ses 9 deal+ ) ! fur!r "q3 ,h[ h ! species ( organisms liv+ to-day orig9at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory8 ,?is is a v valuable admission 9 view ( ,haeckel's dogmatic ass]tion t ! desc5t ( man f ! ape is a c]ta9 hi/orical fact4 ,v mod]ate & p]t95t are also ! fur!r words ( ! speak]3 ,( c\rse1 a philosophically tra9$ inve/igator w reg>d x z axiomatic t ! organisms :i* inhabit our e>? to-day did n exi/ 9 _! pres5t =m 9 e>li] p]iods ( ! e>? & t !y _h to pass ?r\gh a process ( developm5t1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/ =ms4 ,b 9 ! attempt to outl9e 9 detail ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* a species ( animals ( our day exi/$ 9 remote antiquity1 we lose ! safe gr\nd ( exp]i5ce4 ,= out ( ! c\ntless millions ( organisms1 t liv$ 9 e>li] p]iods ( ! e>?1 ! duration ( :i* is measur$ by millions ( ye>s1 only scanty skeleton rema9s h by way ( exception be5 pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate4 ,f ^! naturally b a v imp]fect & hypo!tical repres5tation c be =m$ ( ! s(t bodies ) :i* !y 7 once clo!d4 ,& ev5 !n x rema9s =ev] d\btful :e!r ! prog5y ( ! prehi/oric creature1 ! scant rema9s ( :i* we /udy1 has n become entirely ext9ct1 s t x c 9 no way be reg>d$ z ! prog5itor ( any creature liv+ at pres5t4 ,i %\ld l to "k :]e9 ?is diff]s radically f ,fleis*mann's cont5tion 9 8 ,desc5d5z!orie 7p4 #aj47 ,= we f9d /at$ "h :at ,fleis*mann emphasizes s mu*1 viz41 t ) ! problem ( ,desc5t we leave ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is wor?y ( special note 9 ?is connection t ,h]twig likewise evid5tly reg>ds z ! sole really empirically & inductively s]viceable pro( ( ,desc5t1 t :i* is drawn f palaeontology1 f prehi/oric animal & plant rema9s4 ,he makes n ! lea/ m5tion ( ! indirect pro(s tak5 f ontog5etic developm5t or comp>ative anatomy1 to :i* ! ,d>w9ians & advocates ( ,desc5t love s mu* to appeal1 because !y feel t ! real inductive pro( is lack+ & totally fails to su/a9 _! position4 ,h]twig next po9ts out t ! problem ( ,desc5t /irr$ sci5tific z well z lay circles twice dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,he !n pays ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 ! necess>y tribute1 at :i* we _c take (f5se s9ce he 0 re>$ 9 ! ,d>w9ian atmosph]e ( ,j5a4 ,i also will+ly admit t ,d>w9ism s]v$ sci5ce z a p[]ful f]m5t1 ev5 if ,i mu/ emphasize j z decid$ly h[ h>mful x 0 t ?is f]m5t 0 introduc$ into lay circles at an unseasonable "t by ! apo/les ( mat]ialism4 ,= :ile x 0 v well adapt$ to br+ ab\t 9 educat$ circles a f]m5tation :i* produc$ b5eficial results1 9 uncritical lay-circles ?is f]m5t produc$ no?+ b a corruption ( _w-views4 ,h]twig !n designates ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 & ,selection1 z v indef9ite expressions4 ,) too g5]al t]ms1 "o does n expla9 ! individual case or produces only ! appe>ance ( an explanation :]eas 9 e case ! true causative relations rema9 9 ! d>k4 ,b x is ! duty ( sci5tific inve/igation to e/abli% = ea* obs]v$ effect ! prev5i5t cause1 or m correctly1 s9ce no?+ results f a s+le cause1 to discov] ! v>i\s causes4 ,! orig9 ( ! _w ( organisms f natural causes1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly an unusually complicat$ & difficult problem4 ,x is j z little capable ( be+ solv$ by a s+le magic =mula z e disease is ( yield+ to a panacea4 ,by ! v act ( proclaim+ ! omnipot5ce ( natural selection1 ,weismann f\nd he 0 =c$ to ! admission t3 z a rule we _c furni% ! pro( t a def9ite adaptation has orig9at$ ?r\gh natural selection1 9 o!r words3 ,we "k no?+ 9 reality ( ! complexity ( causes :i* has produc$ ! giv5 ph5om5on4 ,s we may on ! contr>y1 ) ,sp5c]1 speak ( ! ,impot5ce ( ,natural ,selection4 ,9 ?is sci5tific /ruggle ) :i* ! pa/ c5tury clos$1 x seems necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! doctr9e ( evolution & ! !ory ( selection4 ,!y are bas$ on entirely diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,= ) ,huxley we c say3 ,ev5 if ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis 7 bl[n away1 ! doctr9e ( ,evolution w\ld rema9 /&+ :]e x /ood4 ,9 x we possess an acquisition ( our c5tury :i* re/s on facts1 & :i* und\bt$ly ranks among/ its greate/4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce affirms exactly :at ,i h repeat$ly ass]t$3 ! doctr9e ( ,desc5t rema9s1 ,d>w9ism passes away4 ,h]twig !n is decid$ly ( op9ion t ,d>w9ism entirely fails 9 ! individual case because 9 its application ! basis ( exp]i5ce vani%es4 ,inde$1 accord+ to him1 phylog5y is n at all capable ( direct sci5tific inve/igation4 ,^! are all important admissions :i* "o w\ld c]ta9ly h consid]$ impossible tw5ty ye>s ago2 !y unequivocally indicate ! decl9e ( ,d>w9ian views1 & 9 a c]ta9 way also h>monize ) ,fleis*mann's "w4 ,true1 ,h]twig /ill cl+s to ! ?\ght ( ,desc5t1 b app>5tly no long] z to a conclusion ( natural sci5ce4 ,?is appe>s f ! ass]tion3 ,ontog5y alone is capable ( a direct sci5tific 7he evid5tly speaks ( natural sci5ce7 inve/igation1 & f ! o!r /atem5t t a philosophically tra9$ inve/igator w accept x 7,desc5t7 z axiomatic al?\gh x belongs to ! doma9 ( hypo!sis4 ,:at else does ?is mean b t3 ,we h no specific k ( ,desc5t b we believe 9 x4 ,9 %ort1 ?is is n natural sci5ce b natural philosophy2 x =ms no con/itu5t "p ( our c]ta9 k ( nature b x is "o aspect ( our _w-view4 ,all ! above-quot$ ass]tions ( ,h]twig are calm & well-consid]$ & %[ a decid$ deviation f ! ,d>w9ian position4 ,above all we are pleas$ to note t he appropriates ,sp5c]'s phrase reg>d+ ! ,impot5ce ( ,natural ,selection & t 9 ! citation f ,huxley he at lea/ admits ! possibility t ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e w be waft$ away4 ,x is also prop] to m5tion "h ! fact t 9 ano!r place ,h]twig no long] recognizes s fully ! dogma set up by ,fritz ,muell] & ,haeckel :i* is s closely b\nd up ) ,d>w9ism4 ,i mean ! s-call$ biog5etic pr9ciple accord+ to :i* ! individual organism is suppos$ to repeat 9 its developm5t ! developm5t ( ! race dur+ ! c\rse ( ages4 ,9 8 book3 ,! ,cell & ! ,tissue 7,die ,zelle und die ,gewebe1 ,,ii4 ,j5a #ahih1 p4 #bgc7 ,h]twig says3 ,we mu/ drop ! expression3 'repetition ( =ms ( ext9ct ance/ors' & employ in/ead3 repetition ( =ms :i* accord ) ! laws ( organic developm5t & lead f ! simple to ! complex4 ,we mu/ lay special emphasis on ! po9t t 9 ! embryonic =ms ev5 z 9 ! develop$ animal =ms g5]al laws ( ! developm5t ( ! organiz$ body-sub/ance f9d expression4 ,any "o c subscribe to ^! /atem5ts2 9 tru? !y conta9 some?+ totally diff]5t f ! biog5etic pr9ciple2 = ,haeckel has really no int]e/ 9 s g5]al a tru?1 b is int5t only ^u a pro( ( ,desc5t4 ,h]twig cont9ues3 ,9 ord] to make our tra9 ( ?\ght cle>1 let u take ! egg-cell4 ,s9ce ! developm5t ( e organism beg9s ) x1 ! primitive condition is 9 no way recapitulat$ f ! "t :5 p]haps only s+le-cell$ amoebas exi/$ on our planet4 ,= accord+ to our !ory ! egg-cell1 = in/ance1 ( a n[ extant mammal is no simple & indiff]5t1 purposeless /ructure1 z x is (t5 repres5t$1 7z accord+ to ,haeckel's biog5etic pr9ciple x w\ld necess>ily be72 we see 9 x1 9 fact1 ! extraord9>ily complex end-product ( a v long hi/oric process ( developm5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! organic sub/ance has pass$ s9ce t hypo!tical epo* ( s+le-cell$ organisms4 ,if ! eggs ( a mammal n[ diff] v ess5tially f ^? ( a reptile & ( an amphibian because 9 _! organization !y repres5t ! beg9n+s only ( mammals1 ev5 z ^! repres5t only ! beg9n+s ( reptiles & amphibians1 by h[ mu* m mu/ !y diff] f ^? hypo!tical s+le-cell$ amoebas :i* c\ld z yet %[ no o!r *>act]i/ics ?an to reproduce amoebas ( _! own k9d4 ,?is is a view :i* has frequ5tly be5 cle>ly express$ by anti-,d>w9ians3 ,! egg-cells ( ! v>i\s animals are 9 !mselves fundam5tally diff]5t & c !re=e h no?+ 9 common b simil>ity ( /ructure4 ,9 opposition to ,h]twig1 ,haeckel 9 8 sup]ficial way d$uces f x an int]nal simil>ity z well4 ,aft] a few polite b[s be=e 8 old tea*]1 ,haeckel1 ,h]twig ?us summ>izes 8 view3 ,ontog5etic 7t is1 ^? /ages 9 ! individual developm5t7 /ages !re=e give u only a greatly *ang$ picture ( ! phylog5etic 7i4e41 g5ealogical7 /ages z !y may once h exi/$ 9 primitive ages1 b d n correspond to !m 9 _! actual cont5t4 ,?is is a v resign$ position1 v f> remov$ f ,haeckel's c]ta9ty & or?odoxy4 ,to sum up3 ,o4 ,h]twig has become a s]i\s h]etic 9 matt]s ,d>w9ian4 ,w ,haeckel1 9 8 usual mann] try to ca/ suspicion on ,h]twig also8 ,= ,haeckel himself says 7,free ,sci5ce & ,free ,doctr9e1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh1 p4 #he73 ,s9ce ,i am n b\nd by fe> to ! ,b]l9 ,tribunal ( ,sci5ce or by anxieties reg>d+ ! loss ( influ5tial ,b]l9 connections1 z are mo/ ( my l-m9d$ colleagues1 ,i d n hesitate "h z else:]e to express my hone/ conviction1 frankly & freely1 reg>dless ( ! ang] :i* p]haps real or pret5d$ privy c\ncillors 9 ,b]l9 may feel ^u he>+ ! unadorn$ tru?4 ,v]ily1 x is a matt] ( susp5se to "k :e!r 8 s*ool w n[ p\r =? _! wra? ^u ,o4 ,h]twig1 or :e!r f9ally ! discov]y w n be made 9 ,j5a t ,h]twig secretly possess$ himself ( 8 position 9 ,b]l91 9 ! same mann] z ,fleis*mann obta9$ 8 at ,erlang51 viz41 by a promise ( des]tion f ,d>w9ism4 ,,conclusion4 ,we may conv5i5tly summ>ize :at we h said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! !ory ( ,desc5t is almo/ univ]sally recogniz$ to-day by naturali/s z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ass]tions to ! contr>y1 no conclusive pro( ( x has z yet be5 =?com+4 ,nev]!less x _c be d5i$ t ! !ory provides u ) an intelligible explanation ( a s]ies ( problems & facts :i* _c be s well expla9$ on o!r gr\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,d>w9ism1 i4e41 ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection by means ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 is be+ pu%$ to ! wall all along ! l9e4 ,! bulk ( naturali/s no long] recognizes its validity1 & ev5 ^? :o h n yet entirely disc>d$ x1 are at lea/ =c$ to admit t ! ,d>w9ian explanation n[ possesses a v subord9ate significance4 ,9 ! place ( ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 new ideas are gradually w9n+ g5]al acceptance1 :i*1 :ile !y are 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( adaptation & use1 7,lam>ck7 enunciat$ be=e ! "t ( ,d>w91 nev]!less attribute a f>-rea*+ importance to int]nal =ces ( developm5t4 ,^! new conceptions necess>ily involve ! admission t ,evolution has n be5 a purely me*anical process4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,day ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ianity ,by ,f4 ,,bettex ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ,! au?or among o!r ?+s says 9 ! preface3 ,i wi% to make cle> to my read]s h[ little real sci5ce is hidd5 beh9d ! f9e phrases & s\nd+ words or ! infidel1 & h[ little he himself und]/&s ( ! mat]ial creation :i* he affirms to be ! only "o4444 ,! ,*ri/ian & ,biblical conception ( ! univ]se is m logical1 m h>moni\s1 m 9 accordance ) facts1 !re=e1 m sci5tific ?an all philosophies1 all sy/ems1 mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic4 ,cont5ts ( ! book3 ,*apt] ,i4 ,progress ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,evolution & ,mod]n ,sci5ce ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,*ri/ians & ,sci5ce ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,sci5ce ,*apt] ,v4 ,mat]ialism ,"o ( ! _m favorable reviews3 ,x is a view ( mu* scope1 & s f> z x attempts reconciliation betwe5 sci5ce & *ri/ianity1 is em95tly successful4 ,!re c be no d\bt t at pres5t1 :5 !re is s pron\nc$ a disposition to foll[ e fad 9 sci5ce1 especially if x opposes ! ,bible1 su* a book %\ld h a wide read+ & is adapt$ to accompli% mu* good4 ,price #a4ej ,,g]man ,,lit]>y ,,bo>d1 ,burl+ton1 ,i[a