file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bjich-;h4htm or #bjich-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_ /i_/c_/bjich_/bjich-;h_/#bjich-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_ /i_/c_/bjich_/bjich-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,sup]script$ lett]s are indicat$ by ! c>at "* foll[$ by ! lett]7s7 )9 curly brackets4 ,example3 a ,,/ops ,or1 ,h[ to ,punctuate ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,writ]s & ,/ud5ts by ,,paul ,,all>dyce ,= a read] t po9te? ill1 ,a good s5t5ce (t may spill4 --,,*auc]--,romaunt ( ! ,rose ,london ,t4 ,fi%] ,unw9 ,ltd4 ,adelphi ,t]race ,eighte5? ,impression #ahie ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,! ,,full ,,/op ,,! ,,comma ,,! ,,semicolon ,,! ,,colon ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,int]rogation ,,! ,,m>k ,,( ,,exclamation ,,! ,,da% ,,brackets 7,,or ,,! ,,p>5!sis7 ,,inv]t$ ,,commas ,,italics ,,! ,,hyph5 ,,! ,,apo/rophe ,,ellipsis ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,notes ,,correction ,,( ,,pro(s ,,introduction ,! ,use ( ,punctuation4--,punctuation is a device = m>k+ out ! arrangem5t ( a writ]'s ideas4 ,read+ is !reby made easi] ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,a writ]'s ideas are express$ by a numb] ( words arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ! words 9 "o gr\p be+ m closely connect$ ) "o ano!r ?an !y are ) ^? 9 ! next gr\p4 ,an example w %[ ?is gr\p+ 9 its simple/ =m3 ,he nev] conv9ces ! reason1 or fills ! imag9ation1 ----------------------------- --------------------- or t\*es ! he>t4 ----------------- ,to und]/& :at is writt51 ! read] mu/ gr\p ! words toge!r 9 ! way int5d$ by ! writ]2 & 9 do+ ?is he c receive assi/ance 9 v>i\s ways4 ,p>tly by ! inflection ( ! words2 p>tly by _! arrangem5t2 p>tly also by punctuation4 ,z to inflection1 we see 9 ,lat9 an adjective & a sub/antive /&+ toge!r1 yet diff]+ 9 g5d]1 9 numb]1 or 9 case2 & we "k t ! adjective does n qualify ! sub/antive4 ,b ,engli% has n ! num]\s inflections ( ,lat94 ,m scrupul\s c>e !re=e is ne$$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( words 9 ord] to br+ toge!r 9 position su* z are connect$ 9 mean+4 ,yet ?is is n always en\gh4 ,except 9 ! v simple/ s5t5ces !re are g5]ally sev]al arrangem5ts :i* are grammatically possible2 &1 ?\gh all save "o may be absurd 9 mean+1 ! read] may wav] = a mom5t be=e ! absurdity /rikes him4 ,"s artificial aid is ?us ne$$ to prev5t him f ?9k+ ( any arrangem5t b ! "r "o4 ,!re is no fault1 = in/ance1 to be f\nd ) ! arrangem5t ( ! foll[+ words1 yet1 pr9t$ )\t po9ts1 !y =m a m]e puzzle3 ,he _h arriv$ already prepossess$ ) a /rong feel+ ( ! neglect :i* he _h exp]i5c$ f ! ,:igs 8 old fri5ds h[ev] all ( !m appe>$ ravi%$ to see him (f]$ apologies = ! mode 9 :i* !y _h treat$ him & caught at him z at a twig :5 !y 7 dr[n+ ! influ5ce ( 8 tal5ts !y und]/ood & 7 will+ to see x ?r[n into ! opposite scale4 ,( c\rse1 ) a little ef=t ! mean+ c be discov]$2 b if su* a little ef=t _h to be put =? 9 e page ( a :ole book1 read+ w\ld become a s]i\s task4 ,by means ( po9ts1 or /ops1 we are sp>$ mu* ( ?is4 ,! gr\ps are pres5t$ ready-made to ! eye2 & ! m9d1 b5t on und]/&+ ! ?\ght1 is n di/ract$ by hav+ fir/ to discov] ! connection ( ! words4 ,! read]'s task is m difficult :]e two or m ways ( gr\p+ ! words n only are grammatically possible1 b lead ea* to a m or less intelligible mean+4 ,z a rule he c f9d out f ! context :i* way ! writ] meant him to take4 ,"o politician writes to ano!r3 ,i ask y z ! recogniz$ lead] ( our p>ty :at y ?9k ( ?is measure2 & nobody accuses ! writ] ( presumption4 ,we might ev5 pass ov] ! foll[+ />tl+ s5t5ce )\t obs]v+ ! reflection :i* x ca/s on a respectable body ( m53 ,h5ce he consid]$ m>riage ) a mod]n political economi/ z dang]\s4 ,b :5 we read t ! ,/ate may impose re/rictions on ! mo!rs ( "y *ildr5 employ$ 9 factories1 we may well h "s d\bt :e!r x is ! mo!rs or ! *ildr5 :o are employ$ 9 factories4 ,& x w\ld n be easy to give an answ]1 if we 7 ask$ to /ate ! precise mean+ ( ,gray's l9e3 ,& all ! air a solemn /illness holds4 ,9 long] & m involv$ s5t5ces ! risk ( ambiguity is obvi\sly mu* great]4 ,n[ by ! judici\s use ( po9ts ambigu\s language c occasionally be made cle>4 ,! mo!rs-(-"y-*ildr5 employ$ 9 factories is no d\bt a bold =m1 b x leaves u 9 no d\bt z to ! mean+4 ,s ! ambigu\s ^w too does n emb>rass u :5 we read3 ,?is problem1 too1 easy z x may seem1 rema9s unsolv$4 7,see o!r examples "u ,rules ,,xiv4 & ,,xv47 ,only occasionally1 h[ev]1 c cle>ness be secur$ by punctuation4 ,no po9t+ c help u mu* 9 ,gray's l9e1 or c\ld h giv5 to ,pyrrhus ! true read+ ( ,cr$o te acida ,romanos v9c]e posse4 ,&1 ev5 :]e x w\ld make ! mean+ cle>1 x is a lazy device1 ! ov]-use ( :i* is ! sure sign ( c>eless or unskilful composition4 ,! true rem$y = ambiguity is n punctuation1 b re-writ+4 ,punctuation1 x is sometimes said1 s]ves to m>k ! pauses t w\ld be made 9 speak+4 ,?is is s f> true2 = by ! pause we arrange our spok5 words into prop] gr\ps1 !reby enabl+ our he>]s readily to seize ! mean+4 ,b betwe5 ! punctuation ( ! p5 & t ( ! voice !re is a great diff]5ce 9 degree4 ,by ! voice we c express ! mo/ delicate %ades ( ?\ght1 :ile only 9 ! r\ghe/ way c ! comma1 ! semicolon1 & ! o!r po9ts1 imitate its effects4 ,z to h[ f> ! attempt at imitation %\ld be c>ri$1 e writ] w h to use 8 own discretion2 b1 :e!r we po9t freely or sp>+ly1 we mu/ = ! read]'s sake po9t consi/5tly4 ,x %\ld at ! same "t be borne 9 m9d t ! lavi% use ( po9ts (t5 leads to confusion4 ,g5]al ,rules4--,keep+ 9 view ! use ( punctuation1 we c n[ =m two g5]al rules to guide u :5 we are 9 d\bt :i* po9t we %\ld ins]t1 or :e!r we %\ld ins]t a po9t at all4 7#a7 ,! po9t t w keep ! passage mo/ free f ambiguity1 or make x easie/ to read1 is ! "r po9t to use4 7#b7 ,if ! passage be p]fectly free f ambiguity & be n less easy to und]/& )\t any po9t1 let no po9t be us$4 ,! ,relativity ( ,po9ts4--,9 ord] to decide 9 any giv5 case :at po9t ought to be us$1 we beg9 by consid]+ ! nature ( ! pause 9 itself4 ,b we mu/ d m4 ,we mu/ consid] h[ we h po9t$ ! re/ ( ! passage4 ,! pause t %\ld be m>k$ by a comma 9 "o case1 may require a semicolon 9 ano!r case2 ! colon may take ! place t ! semicolon w\ld g5]ally fill4 ,?is w be be/ und]/ood by means ( ! examples t w aft]w>ds be giv54 7,see ,rules ,,xxiii41 ,,xxv47 ,usage4--,except )9 some:at n>r[ limits1 usage does n help u mu*4 ,diff]5t writ]s h diff]5t me?ods1 & few are consi/5t4 ,to "s ext5t !re is a fair degree ( uni=mity2 = in/ance1 9 ! plac+ ( colons be=e quotations1 & 9 ! use ( inv]t$ commas4 ,b 9 _m cases !re c h>dly be said to be any fix$ usage1 & 9 ^! we c freely apply ! g5]al rules already laid d[n4 ,mu* might be said = a complete disreg>d ( usage1 = a ?or\gh reca/+ ( our sy/em ( punctuation4 ,soon] or lat] some?+ mu/ be done to relieve ! ov]burd5$ comma ( "p ( ! "w :i* x is expect$ to p]=m4 ,n only is ! comma a less effective po9t ?an x might be1 b ! habit ( us+ x = s _m purposes is ex]cis+ a really mis*iev\s effect on ,engli% /yle4 ,9 ! meantime1 & z a /ep t[>ds a bett] sy/em1 !re is an evid5t advantage 9 giv+ to ! exi/+ vague usage a m or less precise =m4 ,no?+ m ?an ?is has be5 aim$ at 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,9 giv+ rules ( punctuation we _c hope to deal ) all1 or ) ne>ly all1 ! cases t may arise 9 writ+4 ,punctuation is intimately connect$ ) /yle4 ,z =ms ( ?\ght are inf9ite 9 numb]1 s are ! modes ( expression2 & punctuation1 adapt+ itself to ^!1 is an in/rum5t capable ( manipulation 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,we c !re=e set =? only "s typical cases1 =m+ a body ( examples to :i* a little reflection w sugge/ a v>iety bo? ( applications & ( exceptions4 ,x w be notic$ t we d n take ! po9ts exactly 9 _! ord] ( /r5g?4 ,x seem$ bett] to deal ) ! full /op be=e pass+ to ! punctuation ( ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce4 ,aga91 x may be said t1 /rictly speak+1 italics d n =m "p ( ! subject4 ,b !y are at any rate s intimately connect$ ) x t to h pass$ !m ov] w\ld h be5 m]ely p$antic4 ,ev5 ! sections on ref]5ces to notes & on ! correction ( pro(s may n be consid]$ altoge!r out ( place4 ,z few grammatical t]ms z possible h be5 made use (4 ,"s h be5 f\nd necess>y 9 ord] to secure ! brevity ( /atem5t prop] to a little "w on a little subject4 ,,! ,,full ,,/op ,i4 ,a full /op is plac$ at ! end ( e s5t5ce t is nei!r exclamatory nor int]rogative4 ,a p5al /atute is virtually annull$ if ! p5alties :i* x imposes are regul>ly remitt$ z (t5 z !y are incurr$4 ,! sov]eign 0 und\bt$ly compet5t to remit p5alties )\t limit4 ,he 01 !re=e1 compet5t to annul virtually a p5al /atute4 ,x might seem t !re c\ld be no s]i\s objection to 8 do+ =mally :at he might d virtually4 ,h[ mu* %\ld be put into a s5t5ce is r a matt] ( /yle ?an ( punctuation4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n lit]ature is 9 fav\r ( ! %ort s5t5ce4 ,9 ! prose ( ,milton & ( ,j]emy ,taylor1 ! full /op does n come to release ! ?\ght till all ! circum/ances h be5 gr\p$ ar\nd x1 & ! necess>y qualifications made4 ,9 ,macaulay ! circum/ances & ! qualifications are set out s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,s ! /eps ( reason+ 9 ! example :i* we h giv5 are /at$ ) t di/9ct pause betwe5 ea* ( !m :i* ! read] w\ld make if he ?\ght !m out = himself4 ,!y might be weld$ toge!r ?us3 ,see+ t a p5al /atute is virtually annull$ if ! p5alties :i* x imposes are regul>ly remitt$ z (t5 z !y are incurr$1 & see+ t ! sov]eign 0 und\bt$ly compet5t to remit p5alties )\t limit1 x foll[s t he 0 compet5t to annul virtually a p5al /atute2 & x might seem t !re c\ld be no s]i\s objection to 8 do+ =mally :at he might d virtually4 ,bo? =ms are correct 9 po9t ( punctuation4 ,:i* is ! bett] =m is a "q ( /yle4 ,take ano!r example3 ,! sides ( ! m\nta9 7 cov]$ ) trees2 ! banks ( ! brooks 7 div]sifi$ ) fl[]s2 e bla/ %ook spices f ! rocks2 & e m\? dropp$ fruits ^u ! gr\nd4 ,!re is "h an advantage 9 putt+ ^! f\r /atem5ts toge!r1 in/ead ( mak+ f\r sep>ate s5t5ces4 ,we c m easily comb9e ! details1 & s =m a s+le picture--a picture ( f]tility4 ,,ii4 ,z a rule ! full /op is n to be ins]t$ till ! s5t5ce be grammatically complete4 ,b "s p>ts ( ! s5t5ce necess>y to make x grammatically complete may be left = ! read] to supply4 ,x is well said1 9 e s5se1 t a man's religion is ! *ief fact ) reg>d to him4 ,a man's or a nation ( m5's4 ,by religion ,i d n mean "h ! *ur*-cre$ :i* he pr(esses1 ! articles ( fai? :i* he w sign &1 9 words or o!rwise1 ass]t4 ,n ?is :olly1 9 _m cases n ?is at all4 ,,iii4 ,:5 a s5t5ce is purposely left unf9i%$1 ! da% takes ! place ( ! full /op4 7,see ,rule ,,xl47 ,excuse me1 said ,i1 b ,i am a sort ( collector4 ,n ,income-tax8 cri$ ,8 ,maje/y1 ha/ily remov+ 8 pipe f 8 lips4 ,,iv4 ,a full /op is plac$ aft] mo/ abbreviations1 aft] initial lett]s1 & aft] ord9al numb]s 9 ,roman *>act]s4 ,g54 i4 #bj2 two lbs42 ,a4,d4 #ahhc2 #c p4m42 c41 & etc42 ,m4,d41 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill2 ,william ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,engl&2 ,,ms41 ,,ll4,d4 7n ,m4,s4 & ,l4,l4,d474 ,note t ! use ( ! full /op 9 ^! cases does n prev5t ano!r po9t f be+ us$ imm$iately aft] x4 ,b if !y occur at ! end ( a s5t5ce1 ano!r full /op is n add$2 or1 m correctly1 x may be said t ,rule ,,iv4 does n apply at ! end ( a s5t5ce4 ,mr1 ,messrs1 ,dr--abbreviations :i* reta9 ! la/ lett] ( ! :ole ^w--are writt5 )\t a po9t4 ,,! ,,comma ,v4 ,! comma indicates a %ort pause 9 a s5t5ce4 ,x is us$ :5 we wi% to sep>ate words t /& toge!r1 & at ! same "t to /op z little z possible ! fl[ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:5 ! e>l rea*$ 8 own prov9ce1 he f\nd t prep>ations _h be5 made to repel him4 ,?\gh x is difficult1 or almo/ impossible1 to reclaim a savage1 br$ f 8 y\? to w> & ! *ase1 to ! re/ra9ts & ! duties ( civiliz$ life1 no?+ is m easy or common ?an to f9d m5 :o h be5 educat$ 9 all ! habits & com=ts ( improv$ society1 will+ to ex*ange !m = ! wild lab\rs ( ! hunt] & ! fi%]4 ,,vi4 ,:]e !re is no dang] ( obscurity1 ! subject mu/ n be sep>at$ f ! pr$icate by any po9t4 ,! em95ce ( y\r /ation gave y a comm&+ prospect ( y\r duty4 ,,vii4 ,:5 ! subject is long1 a comma may be plac$ aft] x4 ,to say t he endur$ )\t a murmur ! mis=tune t n[ came ^u him1 is to say only :at 8 previ\s life w\ld h l$ u to expect4 ,9 e s5t5ce ! subject1 :e!r express$ 9 "o ^w or 9 sev]al words1 mu/ be grasp$ z a :ole2 &1 :5 ! subject is long1 "o is (t5 assi/$ 9 do+ ?is by hav+ a po9t to m>k its t]m9ation4 ,! eye at once obs]ves ! sep>at+ l9e4 ,note ! correspond+ pause 9 ! read+ ( su* s5t5ces4 ,,viii4 ,:5 ! subject consi/s ( sev]al p>ts1 e4g41 ( sev]al n\ns1 a comma is plac$ aft] ! la/ "p4 ,a few d>+ je/s1 a brawl1 & a fatal /ab1 make up ! life ( ,m>l[e4 ,"t1 money1 & fri5ds1 7 ne$$ to c>ry on ! "w4 ,?is rule w appe> reasonable if we consid] an app>5t exception to x4 ,:5 ! la/ n\n sums up all ! o!rs1 or m>ks ! highe/ po9t ( a climax1 no comma is plac$ aft] x4 ,fre$om1 hon\r1 religion 0 at /ake4 ,if religion be reg>d$ z m>k+ ! highe/ po9t ( a climax1 ! pr$icate is read ) religion1 & ) x alone4 ,:5 s great a ?+ z religion is said to be at /ake1 ev]y?+ else is dropp$ out ( sight1 or is held to be includ$4 ,b write ! ?ree names z if !y 7 ( equal importance2 ! comma %\ld !n be ins]t$3 ,fre$om1 hon\r1 & religion1 7 at /ake4 ,b x is n necess>y to use a po9t 9 su* a s5t5ce z ?is3 ,"t & tide wait = no man4 ,= we see )\t ! aid ( a po9t t ! pr$icate is to be read ) ! two n\ns equally4 ,! pr9ciple might be appli$ also 9 cases l ! foll[+1 ?\gh few writ]s c>ry x s f>3 ,x 0 ! act ( a high-spirit$1 g5]\s1 j nation4 ,x 0 ! act ( a high-spirit$1 g5]\s1 & j1 nation4 ,,ix4 ,dep5d5t clauses are g5]ally sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! usual po9t is ! comma4 ,be 8 motives :at !y may1 he mu/ soon disp]se 8 foll[]s4 ,?is relation ( y\r army to ! cr[n w1 if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 become a s]i\s dilemma 9 y\r politics4 ,( c\rse1 ?is rule mu/ be qualifi$ by ! rules = ! /rong] po9ts1 especially by ^? = ! semicolon & ! colon4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to sep>ate ! clause f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by a /rong po9t4 ,,exceptions4--7,i7 ,no po9t is ne$$ if ei!r ! dep5d5t clause or ! pr9cipal clause be %ort4 ,he w\ld be %ock$ if he 7 to "k ! tru?4 ,b if ! dep5d5t clause be ins]t$ p>5!tically1 x is m>k$ (f by commas or ! o!r m>ks ( p>5!sis1 h[ev] %ort x may be4 7,see ,rule ,x47 ,if ! s5t5ce la/ quot$ 7 inv]t$1 a comma w\ld be plac$ aft] ! dep5d5t clause4 ,if he 7 to "k ! tru?1 he w\ld be %ock$4 ,9 ! fir/ =m ( ?is example1 he w\ld be %ock$ is a def9ite1 f9i%$ /atem5t1 ! necess>y qualification to :i* %\ld foll[ ) z little pause z possible4 ,b 9 ! inv]t$ =m1 ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce--if he 7 to "k ! tru?--is n a f9i%$ /atem5t1 & ! m9d may pause = a mom5t be=e go+ on to ! consequ5ce1 kn[+ t ! consequ5ce mu/ foll[4 7#b7 ,no po9t is ne$$ if !re be a v close grammatical connection betwe5 ! dep5d5t clause & "s ^w or words prec$+ x4 ,!y _h s long brood$ ov] _! own di/resses t !y knew no?+ ( h[ ! _w 0 *ang+ ar\nd !m4 ,note t by ! ^w s ! clause t !y knew no?+ is jo9$ v closely to ! previ\s "p ( ! s5t5ce2 & t ! two clauses t !y knew no?+ & h[ ! _w 0 *ang+ ar\nd !m1 are ev5 m closely jo9$ to "o ano!r by ! preposition (4 ,= ! same reason1 :]e ! object is a clause1 !re is no po9t be=e x4 ,he confess$ to u t he _h n ?\ght ov] ! matt]4 ,a useful di/9ction w aft]w>ds be drawn betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( relative clauses4 7,rule ,,xiv47 ,x4 ,words ?r[n 9 s z to int]rupt slightly ! fl[ ( a s5t5ce are m>k$ (f by commas4 ,he resolv$1 !re=e1 to visit ! prison] e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! "r view ( ! case4 ,! fir/ ideas ( beauty =m$ by ! m9d are1 9 all probability1 d]iv$ f col\rs4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! words & phrases t come "u ?is rule3 !re=e1 too1 inde$1 h[ev]1 moreov]1 !n1 accord+ly1 consequ5tly2 9 %ort1 9 f9e1 9 tru?1 9 fact1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 all ?+s consid]$4 ,?is rule ( high po9t+ %\ld be appli$ v sp>+ly1 & might really be re/rict$ to cases l ! ,i ?9k ( ! second example4 ,n[adays ! t5d5cy is aga9/ ! po9t+ ( su* words z !re=e & inde$4 ,:]e ! words ?r[n 9 make a v di/9ct break 9 ! s5t5ce1 !y %\ld be po9t$ (f by means ( ! da% or ( brackets4 ,,xi4 ,:]e two p>ts ( a s5t5ce h "s words 9 common1 :i* are n express$ = ea* ( !m1 b are giv5 only :5 ! words 9 :i* !y diff] h be5 sep>ately /at$1 ! second "p is m>k$ (f by commas4 ,8 classification is diff]5t f1 & m compreh5sive ?an1 any o!r :i* we h met4 ,?is f\ndation is a nurs+-"m ( lay1 z di/+ui%$ f religi\s1 oratorios4 ,^! examples come )9 ! pr9ciple ( ,rule ,x4 ,,xii4 ,:5 words are common to two or m p>ts ( a s5t5ce1 & are express$ only 9 "o "p1 a comma is (t5 us$ to %[ t !y are omitt$ 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,london is ! capital ( ,engl&2 ,p>is1 ( ,france2 ,b]l91 ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! wor/ volume ( eld] date1 ! hi/orian may f9d some?+ to assi/ or direct 8 enquiries2 ! antiqu>ian1 some?+ to elucidate :at requires illu/ration2 ! philologi/1 some?+ to ins]t 9 ! m>g9 ( 8 diction>y4 ,?\gh _m writ]s con/antly punctuate contract$ s5t5ces 9 ?is way1 x is well n to ins]t ! comma :5 ! mean+ is equally cle> )\t x4 ,x is unnecess>y 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,saul ha? sla9 8 ?\s&s1 & ,david 8 t5 ?\s&s4 ,,xiii4 ,words plac$ out ( _! natural position 9 ! s5t5ce are (t5 foll[$ by a comma4 7#a7 ,! object is usually plac$ aft] ! v]b2 :5 plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce1 x %\ld be sep>at$ f ! subject by a comma1 unless ! mean+ w\ld o!rwise be p]fectly cle> & be readily seiz$4 ,! proportions ( belief & ( unbelief 9 ! human m9d 9 su* cases1 no human judgm5t c det]m9e4 ,!re is ! same reason = ins]t+ ! comma 9 su* cases z !re is = ins]t+ x aft] a long subject4 ,moreov]1 !re is (t5 ne$ ( "s device to remove ! ambiguities t are caus$ by inv]sion4 ,9 ,engli%1 ! mean+ ( words is s greatly det]m9$ by _! position t1 9 alt]+ ! usual arrangem5t ( a s5t5ce1 !re is risk ( be+ misund]/ood4 ,! dang] ( ins]t+ ! po9t 9 ?is case is t ! object may be read ) ! words go+ be=e1 & n ) its own v]b4 ,if !re is a possibility ( ?is1 ! po9t %\ld n be us$4 ,( c\rse no po9t %\ld be plac$ aft] ! object 9 su* a s5t5ce z ! foll[+3--,"o ,i love1 & ! o!r ,i hate4 7#b7 ,an adv]bial phrase1 t is a phrase us$ z an adv]b1 is usually plac$ aft] ! v]b2 :5 x beg9s ! s5t5ce1 a comma foll[s x unless x is v %ort4 ,f ! ridge a little way to ! ea/1 "o c easily trace ! w9d+s ( ! riv]4 ,9 ord] to ga9 8 po9t1 he did n hesitate to use deception4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances ,i %\ld h act$ diff]5tly4 ,no po9t w\ld be us$ 9 ! above s5t5ces1 if ! adv]bial phrases occurr$ 9 _! usual position4 ,he did n hesitate to use deception 9 ord] to ga9 8 po9t4 ,nor is any po9t us$ :51 z (t5 happ5s 9 su* s5t5ces1 ! v]b prec$es ! subject4 ,n v f> f ! foot ( ! m\nta9 lies ! village we hope to rea*4 7#c7 ,an adjective phrase1 t is a phrase us$ z an adjective1 is usually plac$ imm$iately aft] ! ^w :i* x qualifies2 :5 x appe>s 9 any o!r place1 a comma is (t5 usefully plac$ be=e x4 ,a "q 0 next put to ! assembly1 ( supreme importance at su* a mom5t4 ,! phrase ( supreme importance at su* a mom5t is to be tak5 along ) "q2 ! comma %[s t x is n to be tak5 along ) assembly4 ,!re is "h a fur!r reason = ! po9t1 inasmu* z ! phrase acquires f its position almo/ ! importance ( an indep5d5t /atem5t4 ,b1 :]e ! connexion betwe5 ! adjective phrase & ! sub/antive is v close1 & :]e !re is no risk ( ambiguity1 no po9t is to be us$4 ,! morn+ 0 come ( a mighty day--su* a s5t5ce ne$s no po9t4 ,obs]ve also t co-ord9ate adjective phrases take a comma be=e !m1 :]ev] !y are plac$4 7,see next rule47 ,,xiv4 ,adjective clauses & contract$ adjective clauses are m>k$ (f by commas1 if !y are us$ p>5!tically or co-ord9ately2 no po9t is us$ if !y are us$ re/rictively4#a ,! ,religio ,laici1 :i* borr[s its title f ! ,religio ,m$ici ( ,br[ne1 is almo/ ! only "w ( ,dryd5 :i* c be consid]$ z a volunt>y effusion4 ,t s5tim5t ( homely b5evol5ce 0 wor? all ! spl5did say+s t are record$ ( k+s4 ,! advocates = ?is revolution1 n satisfi$ ) exagg]at+ ! vices ( _! anci5t gov]nm5t1 /rike at ! fame ( _! c\ntry itself4 ,! %ips b\nd on ^! voyages 7 n adv]tis$4 ,*apt] ,,vii41 :]e we /opp$ read+1 is full ( int]e/4 ,! *apt] :]e we /opp$ read+ is full ( int]e/4 ,we mu/ expla9 ?is di/9ction at "s l5g?2 =1 on ! "o h&1 x is h>dly ev] obs]v$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 almo/ e s5t5ce t we write furni%es an example ( x4 ,footnote #a3 ,to di/+ui% ! diff]5t k9ds ( adjective clauses1 diff]5t names h be5 us$3 co-ord9at+ & re/rictive 7,ba972 cont9uative & def9itive1 or re/rictive 7,mason74 ,exam9e ! fir/ s5t5ce :i* we h quot$4 ,x conta9s bo? a co-ord9ate clause1 ,:i* borr[s its title1 c41 & a re/rictive clause1 ,:i* c be consid]$ z a volunt>y effusion4 ,9 di/+ui%+ !m we may beg9 by apply+ te/s ( almo/ a me*anical nature4 7a7 ,! fir/ clause may be ?r[n into ! =m ( an indep5d5t /atem5t2 ! second _c4 ,?us3 ,! ',religio ,laici' borr[s its title f ! ',religio ,m$ici' ( ,br[ne4 ,x is almo/ ! only "w1 c42 or1 ,! ',religio ,laici' 7x borr[s its title f ! ',religio ,m$ici' ( ,br[ne7 is almo/ ! only "w1 c4 ,we _c 9 ! same way de/roy ! close connexion ( ! second clause ) ! only "w ( ,dryd54 7b7 ,! fir/ clause may be omitt$ & /ill leave a complete & intellig5t s5t5ce2 if we 7 to omit ! second clause1 ! s5t5ce w\ld cease to h any mean+4 ,^! te/s may be practically useful2 b !y are r\gh & by no means infallible4 ,let u see ! reason = ! di/9ction4 ,! "n ,religio ,laici ( itself tells u :at ?+ is spok5 ab\t4 ,x is ! "n ( "o ?+1 & only ( "o ?+4 ,! clause t foll[s in=ms u1 inde$1 ( a fact conc]n+ ! poem2 b ! in=mation is giv5 purely z in=mation1 n 9 ord] to keep u f conf\nd+ ?is ,religio ,laici ) "s o!r ,religio ,laici t did n borr[ its title4 ,"w ( ,dryd51 h[ev]1 is ! "n ( a class1 = ,dryd5 wrote _m works4 ,n[ ! :ole class is n "h 9 "q2 x mu/ be limit$1 n>r[$1 or re/rict$1 to "o "p ( x1 namely ,dryd5's volunt>y effusions2 & x is ?us limit$1 n>r[$1 or re/rict$1 by ! relative clause :i* c be consid]$ z a volunt>y effusion4 ,take ano!r example1 :]e ! "n 9 bo? cases is t ( a class1 & note ! diff]5ce ( mean+ :i* results f diff]5t po9t+3--,! h\ses 9 ,london :i* are badly built1 ought to be pull$ d[n4 ,! h\ses 9 ,london expresses a class ( objects2 ! relative clause limits ! "n to a small] class1 ! badly built h\ses2 & ! mean+ is1 t h\ses ( ?is small] class ought to be pull$ d[n4 ,n[ ins]t ! comma3--,! h\ses 9 ,london1 :i* are badly built1 ought to be pull$ d[n4 ,! class is n n>r[$2 & ! mean+ is1 t all h\ses 9 ,london1 see+ !y are badly built1 ought to be pull$ d[n4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( relative clauses be+ und]/ood1 !re w be no difficulty 9 apply+ ! rule :]e an adjective clause is contract$4 ,comp>e ! f\r? example giv5 "u ! rule ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--,p n satisfi$ ) _! pres5t condition1 %\ld /rive to alt] x4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce n satisfi$ limits ! g5]al "n p2 ! advice is giv5 only to "o section ( ! p3 ! dissatisfi$ z di/+ui%$ f ! satisfi$ p4 ,s a s+le adjective may be us$ co-ord9ately3 ,:at6 repli$ ! ,emp]or1 y d n see x8 ,x is my />1 brilliant4 ,?is is a case :]e a da% w\ld be m expressive4 ,note t ! rule applies only :]e ! adjunct imm$iately foll[s ! sub/antive4 ,if ! adjunct is plac$ else:]e1 diff]5t consid]ations apply4 ,see ,rule ,,xiii4 7#c74 ,nei!r c any man m>vel at ! play ( puppets1 t goe? beh9d ! curta9 & advise? well ( ! motion4 ,,xv4 ,words 9 apposition are g5]ally m>k$ (f by commas4 ,james ,watt1 ! great improv] ( ! /eam-eng9e1 di$ on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #ahai4 ,b :]e ! words 9 apposition are us$ 9 a limit+ or di/+ui%+ s5se1 ! pr9ciple ( ,rule ,,xiv4 applies1 & no po9t is us$4 ,?us we %\ld write ,burns1 ! poet1 ,dick5s1 ! noveli/2 b1 if we wi%$ to di/+ui% !m f ano!r ,burns & ano!r ,dick5s1 we %\ld omit ! comma4 ,x is ( ,pl9y ! naturali/1 n ( ,pl9y ! lett]-writ]1 t we are n[ speak+4 ,aga91 :]e ! g5]al "n prec$es1 we %\ld 9 mo/ cases use no po9t1 = ! special "n w be re/rictive3 ! poet ,burns1 ! noveli/ ,dick5s4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 n mu* au?ority = ! consi/5t c>ry+ out ( ?is di/9ction2 b x seems useful & logical4 ,"s cases1 su* z ,paul ! ,apo/le1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ,?omas ! ,rhym]1 ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 pres5t no difficulty4 ,! "n & ! descriptive title are bl5d$ toge!r1 & =m z di/9ctly "o "n z does ,rod]ick ,r&om4 ,,xvi4 ,a conjunction m>ks a transition to some?+ new--en=c+1 qualify+1 or expla9+1 :at has gone be=e1 & is !re=e g5]ally prec$$ by "s po9t4 ,! prop] po9t be=e a conjunction is det]m9$ by _m circum/ances3 among o!rs1 by ! m or less close connexion ( ! ?+s jo9$1 by ! numb] ( words1 & by ! use ( po9ts = o!r purposes 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,to deal ) ! diff]5t conjunctions "o by "o1 w\ld involve a repetition ( mu* t is said 9 o!r rules4 ,= in/ance1 if1 unless1 ?\gh1 =1 because1 s9ce1 & ! l1 w be po9t$ 9 accordance ) ,rule ,,ix4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to lay d[n sep>ate rules = ! po9t+ ( ! common conjunctions1 & & or4 #a4 ,,&4--7a7 ,:]e & jo9s two s+le words1 z a rule no po9t is us$4 ,no "w has be5 s mu* /udi$ & discuss$4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :]e gr\ps ( words are jo9$4 ,! "w has be5 mu* /udi$1 & has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ! ins]tion ( a comma w\ld *ange ! mean+4 ,on ?is %elf y w put books & pamphlets publi%$ 9 ! pres5t ye>4 ,z ! s5t5ce /&s1 publi%$ 9 ! pres5t ye> applies bo? to books & to pamphlets3 books publi%$ 9 ! pres5t ye>1 & pamphlets publi%$ 9 ! pres5t ye>4 ,if !re 7 a comma be=e &1 ! mean+ w\ld be3 ,on ?is %elf y w put books ( any date1 & pamphlets ( ! pres5t ye>4 7b7 ,:5 & jo9s ! sep>ate words ( a s]ies ( ?ree or m words1 a comma is plac$ be=e x4 ,trees1 & bridges1 & h\ses1 7 swept d[n by ! flood$ /ream4 7c7 ,b :]e ! diff]5t words are int5d$ to be comb9$ quickly1 s z to pres5t to ! m9d only "o picture1 !y w\ld be spok5 )\t any pause1 & 9 writ+ mu/ n be sep>at$ by any po9t4 ,:irl+ & boil+ & ro>+ l ?und]1 ! /ream came d[n ^u !m4 7d7 ,two ( ! words ( ! s]ies may be m closely connect$ ) "o ano!r ?an ) ! o!r words ( ! s]ies1 & are1 !re=e1 n to be sep>at$ by any po9t4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 all qualifies bo? tracts & pamphlets1 & ?us jo9s !m closely4 ,my unb\nd books1 & all my tracts & pamphlets1 are to be ti$ up ) p9k tape4 7e7 ,:5 & occurs only betwe5 ! two la/ words ( ! s]ies1 ! comma is usually ins]t$ be=e x4 ,trumpets1 drums1 & kettle-drums1 cont5d$ 9 noise ) ! %\ts ( a num]\s rabble4 ,_m writ]s omit ?is comma4 ,b x seems useful 9 ord] to make ! previ\s rule 7d7 effective4 #b4 ,:5 & jo9s two phrases1 a comma g5]ally prec$es x4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$ 9 ! accu/om$ mann]1 & ) due solemnity4 ,if1 z 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 a preposition is common to two phrases1 & is n repeat$ 9 ! second1 no comma is us$4 ,) prop] c>e & good in/rum5ts1 ! "w may be successfully c>ri$ out4 #c4 ,:5 & jo9s two clauses1 ! prec$+ po9t may be ! comma1 ! semicolon1 or ev5 ! full /op4 ,:i* po9t is "r 9 any p>ticul> case1 w dep5d ^u consid]ations set out 9 o!r rules4 ,! foll[+ example illu/rates diff]5t cases3 ,)9 t *>m$ rock1 s ,torridge boatm5 tell1 sleeps n[ ! old ,norse ,vik+ 9 8 lead5 c(f91 ) all 8 fairy treasure & 8 cr[n ( gold2 &1 z ! boy looks at ! spot1 he fancies1 & almo/ hopes1 t ! day may come :5 he %all h to d 8 duty aga9/ ! invad] z boldly z ! m5 ( ,devon did !n4 ,& pa/ him1 f> bel[1 ^u ! s(t s\?-ea/]n breeze1 ! /ately %ips g slid+ out to sea4 ,,or4--,! rules = ! conjunction & apply ) little *ange to ! conjunction or2 b !re are "o or two special po9ts to note4 7a7 ,:5 or is prec$$ at no great di/ance by ei!r or :e!r1 ! two words %\ld be sep>at$ by no po9t4 ,!y mu/ ei!r yield ?is po9t or resign4 ,x does n matt] :e!r we g or /ay4 ,b a po9t is ins]t$ if ! words /& f>!r ap>t1 or if ea* is foll[$ by a complete clause4 ,ei!r ?is road leads to ! t[n1 or we h misund]/ood ! directions4 7b7 ,or1 jo9+ two alt]natives1 takes no po9t be=e x2 b :5 x jo9s two words t are us$1 n z real alt]natives1 b z synonyms1 a comma is ins]t$4 ,engl& or ,france might be ask$ to jo9 ! alliance4 ,"h or is us$ z a real alt]native conjecture1 & !re=e )\t any po9t4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 ! or jo9s equival5t expressions3 ,engl&1 or ! nation ( %opkeep]s1 w\ld nev] be ask$ to jo9 su* an alliance4 ,we p]ceive1 or are consci\s (1 no?+ b *anges1 or ev5ts4 ,z a reason = ! ins]tion ( ! comma 9 ^! two examples1 x may be said t ! repetition ( an idea already express$ does = a mom5t /op ! fl[ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,a real alt]native1 on ! o!r h&1 =ms an ess5tial "p ( x1 & is )9 its curr5t4 ,,xvii4 ,9 cases :]e no po9t w\ld be us$ be=e a conjunction1 a comma is ins]t$ if ! conjunction be omitt$4 ,i pay ?is tribute to ! memory ( t noble1 rev]5d1 le>n$1 excell5t p]son4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples no po9t occurs2 = x _c be said t a conjunction is omitt$4 ,to ins]t ! conjunction w\ld be to express a slightly diff]5t %ade ( mean+3 ,a gr& old man4 ,?ree tall "y soldi]s4 ,old man is virtually a s+le ^w & 9 fact _m languages use only a s+le ^w to express ! idea4 ,,xviii4 ,:]e a comma w\ld be us$ if ! conjunction 7 express$1 "s /rong] po9t may be us$ if x be omitt$4 ,let u get an ,am]ican rev5ue z we h got an ,am]ican ,empire4 ,engli% privileges h made x all t x is2 ,engli% privileges alone w make x all t x c be4 ,,xix4 ,a comma is plac$ aft] a n\n or a pron\n 9 ! vocative case1 if a m>k ( exclamation be n us$1 or be res]v$ till ! fir/ di/9ct pause 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,yet ,i own1 my "l1 t y\rs is n an uncommon "*4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\rs truly1 ,john ,smi?4 ,o ,italy1 ga!r ?y blood into ?y he>t6 ,o ,?\1 :o 9 ! heav5s do/ dwell6 ,:e!r a comma or a m>k ( exclamation ought to be us$ aft] ! vocative case1 dep5ds entirely on ! degree ( emphasis ) :i* ! words w\ld be spok54 ,if1 9 speak+1 a slight pause w\ld be made1 ! comma1 n ! m>k ( exclamation1 is ! prop] po9t4 ,,xx4 ,if a ^w be repeat$ 9 ord] to give x int5sive =ce1 a comma foll[s x ea* "t t x occurs2 b1 9 ! case ( an adjective repeat$ be=e a n\n1 n aft] ! la/ expression ( x4 ,x 0 "w1 "w1 "w1 f morn+ till night4 ,he travell$ a long1 long way4 ,dean ,al=d1 9 ,! ,que5's ,engli%1 says t ?is mode ( po9t+ su* expressions z ! wide wide _w1 ! deep deep sea1 makes !m absolute nons5se4 ,! sugge/ion ( a pause seems to u to br+ out m effectively ! int5sive =ce ( ! repetition4 ,& we d\bt :e!r ,dean ,al=d himself w\ld h omitt$ ! comma 9 our fir/ example4 ,,! ,,semicolon ,,xxi4 ,! semicolon is ! po9t usually employ$ to sep>ate p>ts ( a s5t5ce betwe5 :i* !re is a v di/9ct break1 b :i* are too intimately connect$ to be made sep>ate s5t5ces4 ,! pati5t dates 8 pleasure f ! day :5 he feels t 8 cure has begun2 &1 p]haps1 ! day ( 8 p]fect re-e/abli%m5t does n yield him pleasure s great4 ,! au?or himself is ! be/ judge ( 8 own p]=mance2 no "o has s deeply m$itat$ on ! subject2 no "o is s s9c]ely int]e/$ 9 ! ev5t4 ,n "o ^w is said1 nor "o sugge/ion made1 ( a g5]al "r to *oose our own gov]nors2 to ca%i] !m = misconduct2 & to =m a gov]nm5t = ourselves4 ,! semicolon is us$ 9 enum]ations1 z 9 ! la/ example1 9 ord] to keep ! p>ts m di/9ctly sep>ate4 ,,xxii4 ,:5 a s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m indep5d5t clauses n jo9$ by conjunctions1 ! clauses are sep>at$ by semicolons4 ,to comm& a crime is to commit "o2 he :o comm&s an assass9ation1 is by e "o reg>d$ z an assass94 ,8 k 0 too multif>i\s to be always exact2 8 pursuits 7 too eag] to be always cauti\s4 ,if ! conjunction & 7 ins]t$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! comma w\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! semicolon4 ,a conjunction =ms a bridge ov] ! gap betwe5 two /atem5ts1 &1 :]e !y are nei!r long nor complicat$1 we pass f "o to ! o!r )\t notic+ any di/9ct break4 ,b !re is su* a break :5 ! conjunction is omitt$1 & !re=e we use a /rong] po9t4 ,! two p>ts ( an anti!sis are g5]ally sep>at$ 9 ?is way4 ,,xxiii4 ,a pause g5]ally indicat$ by a comma may be indicat$ by a semicolon :5 commas are us$ 9 ! s5t5ce = o!r purposes4 7,see ,introduction3 ,relativity ( ,po9ts47 ,i got sev]al ?+s ( less value1 b n all less useful to me1 :i* ,i omitt$ sett+ d[n be=e3 z1 9 p>ticul>1 p5s1 ink1 & pap]2 sev]al p>cels 9 ! capta9's1 mate's1 gunn]'s1 & c>p5t]'s keep+2 ?ree or f\r compasses1 "s ma!matical in/rum5ts1 dials1 p]spectives1 *>ts1 & books ( navigation4 ,9 ?is ,i 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! wrong too1 ! hone/1 grateful creature hav+ no ?\ght b :at consi/$ ( ! be/ pr9ciples1 bo? z a religi\s ,*ri/ian & z a grateful fri5d2 z appe>$ aft]w>d to my full satisfaction4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! semicolon enables u to gr\p ! objects enum]at$4 ,_h commas be5 us$ ?r\gh\t1 ! read] w\ld h be5 left to f9d out ! arrangem5t = himself4 ,,! ,,colon ,,xxiv4 ,! colon is us$ to indicate pauses m abrupt ?an ^? indicat$ by ! semicolon4 ,god has will$ x3 submit 9 ?ankfulness4 ,! w9d rag$1 & ! ra9 beat aga9/ ! w9d[3 x 0 a mis]able day4 ,nev]!less1 y w say t !re mu/ be a diff]5ce betwe5 true poetry & true spee* n poetical3 :at is ! diff]5ce8 ,! fir/ example conta9s two clauses t are connect$ 9 su* a way z to ju/ify u 9 putt+ !m into "o s5t5ce2 t x is ,god's w1 is a reason = submitt+4 ,! prop] po9t !re=e %\ld be some?+ less ?an ! full /op4 ,b !re is a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! clauses2 = we pass f an affirmation to a comm&4 ,!re=e some?+ m ?an ! semicolon is ne$$4 ,_h ! clauses be5 simil> 9 con/ruction1 ! pause w\ld h be5 suffici5tly indicat$ by ! semicolon3 ,god has will$ x2 man has resi/$4 ,9 ! second example !re is n ! same *ange ( grammatical con/ruction1 b ! *ange 9 ?\ght is equally great2 we pass f a /atem5t ( details to a /atem5t ( ! g5]al result4 ,! colon is frequ5tly us$ 9 s5t5ces ( ?is k9d1 :]e ! phrase 9 %ort is impli$ b is n express$4 ,_m writ]s indicate su* abrupt *anges by means ( ! da%4 ,,xxv4 ,a pause g5]ally indicat$ by a semicolon may be indicat$ by a colon1 :5 ! semicolon is us$ 9 ! s5t5ce = pauses ( a diff]5t nature4 ,! ,essay pla9ly appe>s ! fabric ( a poet3 :at ,bol+broke suppli$ c\ld be only ! fir/ pr9ciples2 ! ord]1 illu/ration1 & embelli%m5ts1 mu/ all be ,pope's4 ,n t we are to ?9k t ,hom] want$ judgm5t1 because ,virgil _h x 9 a m em95t degree2 or t ,virgil want$ inv5tion1 because ,hom] possess$ a l>g] %>e ( x3 ea* ( ^! great au?ors _h m ( bo? ?an1 p]haps1 any man besides1 & are only said to h less 9 comp>ison ) "o ano!r4 ,hom] hurries & transports u ) a comm&+ impetuosity2 ,virgil leads u ) an attractive maje/y3 ,hom] scatt]s ) a g5]\s pr(usion2 ,virgil be/[s ) a c>eful magnific5ce4 ,comp>e ^! examples ) ^? giv5 to %[ h[ ! semicolon replaces ! comma4 7,rule ,,xxiii47 ,note also h[ ! la/ s5t5ce is divid$ 9 ! middle into two p>ts1 & t ea* ( ^! two p>ts is itself divid$ into two p>ts4 ,by ,rule ,,xxii4 ! second division is indicat$ by ! semicolon2 & we br+ out ! gr\p+ ( ! s5t5ce by us+ a colon = ! fir/ division4 ,,xxvi4 ,! colon is us$ be=e enum]ations1 especially :]e namely1 or viz41 is impli$ b is n express$2 & :5 s us$ x is sometimes foll[$ by ! da%4 ,?ree nations adopt$ ?is law3 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,"o ?+ ?\ lacke/3 g ?y way1 sell :atsoev] ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor4 ,dr ,johnson's *ief works are ! foll[+3--,rasselas1 ,! ,diction>y1 ,! ,lives ( ! ,poets1 & ,! ,vanity ( ,human ,wi%es4 ,:51 z 9 ! la/ example1 a li/ ( ?+s is giv5 9 a =mal way1 ! da% is g5]ally add$4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two po9ts is p>tly an attempt to f9d a po9t /rong] ?an ! colon & n s /rong z ! full /op1 p>tly1 p]haps1 an imitation ( a f+]-po/4 ,,xxvii4 ,! colon is g5]ally plac$ be=e a quotation1 :5 notice ( ! quotation is giv5 by "s introductory words4 ,9 ?is case also ! da% is sometimes us$4 ,9 ?is passage exception may fairly be tak5 to "o %ort s5t5ce1 t 9 :i* he says3 ,! law ought to =bid x1 because consci5ce does n p]mit x4 ,on ! la/ morn+ ( 8 life he wrote ^! words3--,i h nam$ none to _! disadvantage4 ,i ?ank ,god ,he ha? support$ me wond]fully4 ,! colon & ! da% are us$ toge!r :]e ! quotation is introduc$ by =mal words su* z ! foll[+3--,he spoke ^! words1 he spoke z foll[s1 he made ?is spee*4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce quot$ above1 ! introductory words are grammatically incomplete )\t ! quotation1 :i* =ms ! object ( ! v]b says2 ! colon accord+ly is ! /ronge/ po9t t c be us$4 ,sometimes ! connexion betwe5 ! introductory words & ! quotation may be s close1 or ! quotation itself may be s %ort1 z to make ! comma suffici5t4 ,he kept repeat+ to u1 ,! _w has sadly *ang$4 ,%ort phrases quot$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! s5t5ce ne$ n h any po9t be=e !m4 ,x 0 a usual say+ ( 8 own1 t he _h no g5ius = fri5d%ip4 ,,xxviii4 ,! colon may be plac$ aft] su* words & phrases z ! foll[+1 :5 us$ 9 m>k+ a new /age 9 an argum5t3--,aga91 fur!r1 to proce$1 to sum up1 to resume4 ,to sum up3 ,if y w con=m to ! conditions ,i h m5tion$1 ,i w sign ! agreem5t4 ,b to br+ ?is s]mon to its prop] conclusion3 ,if ,a/rea1 or ,ju/ice1 nev] f9ally took h] leave ( ! _w till ! day t1 c4 ,aft] ^! words1 we h a *oice ( ! comma1 ! colon1 & ! full /op4 ,! comma w g5]ally be us$ if ! argum5t be conta9$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce2 ! full /op1 if ! argum5t be ( v consid]able l5g?4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,int]rogation ,,xxix4 ,! po9t ( int]rogation is plac$ aft] a direct "q4 ,:]e are y go+1 my pretty maid8 ,:e!r ( !m twa9 did ! w ( 8 fa!r8 ,! "q may end 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce3 ,is he happy8 y ask4 ,we h sometimes ! *oice ( putt+ ! po9t ( int]rogation 9 ! middle or at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,y w\ld n cons5t to t1 by :omsoev] propos$4 ,y w\ld n cons5t to t8--by :omsoev] propos$4 ,!re is a slight %ade ( diff]5ce 9 mean+2 9 ! second =m1 by :omsoev] propos$ is add$ z an aft]?\ght4 ,,xxx4 ,indirect que/ions are n /rictly que/ions at all1 & !re=e %\ld n be foll[$ by a po9t ( int]rogation4 ,he ask$ me :e!r ,i _h se5 8 fri5d2 :e!r ,i _h spok5 to him2 & h[ ,i lik$ him4 ,if we re/ore ^! que/ions to ! direct =m1 ! po9t ( int]rogation is ins]t$4 ,he ask$ me3 ,h y se5 my fri5d8 ,h y spok5 to him8 ,h[ d y l him8 ,,xxxi4 ,:5 a s5t5ce conta9s m ?an "o "q1 sometimes ! po9t ( int]rogation is plac$ aft] ea* ( !m1 sometimes x is plac$ only at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is plac$ aft] ea*1 if ea* is 9 reality a di/9ct "q2 x is plac$ only at ! end1 if ! sep>ate que/ions s unite z to ne$ b a s+le answ]4 ,9 _m cases x w be a matt] ( individual ta/e to say :e!r !y d s unite4 ,is x bett] t e/ates %\ld be held by ^? :o h no duty ?an by ^? :o h "o8 by ^? ^: "* & de/9ation po9t to virtues ?an by ^? :o h no rule & direction 9 ! exp5diture ( _! e/ates b _! own w & appetite8 ,d y imag9e t x is ! ,l& ,tax ,act :i* raises y\r rev5ue1 t x is ! annual vote 9 ! ,committee ( ,supply :i* gives y y\r army1 or t x is ! ,mut9y ,bill :i* inspires x ) brav]y & discipl9e8 ,no6 surely no6 ,oh6 :y %\ld ,hym5 ev] blight ,! roses ,cupid wore8 ,or :y %\ld x be ev] night ,:]e x 0 day be=e8 ,or :y %\ld wom5 h a tongue1 ,or :y %\ld x be curs$1 ,9 be+1 l my ,second1 long1 ,& l\d] ?an my ,fir/8 ,,xxxii4 ,exclamations 9 an int]rogative =m take a m>k ( exclamation aft] !m1 n a po9t ( int]rogation4 7,see ,rule ,,xxxv47 ,,xxxiii4 ,a po9t ( int]rogation enclos$ )9 brackets is sometimes us$ to indicate t !re is a d\bt :e!r ! /atem5t prec$+ x is true1 or :e!r ! expression prec$+ x is well appli$1 or t "s /atem5t or expression is made or us$ ironically4 ,:ile y are revell+ 9 ! delights 787 ( ! ,london season1 ,i am lead+ a h]mit life1 ) no companions save my books4 ,,! ,,m>k ,,( ,,exclamation ,,xxxiv4 ,! m>k ( exclamation is plac$ aft] int]jections & words us$ int]jectionally2 t is to say1 aft] expressions ( an exclamatory nature4 ,! exclamation may be "o ( surprise or ( fe>1 or ! utt]ance ( a wi%1 a comm&1 or a pray]4 ,quick6 ,begone6 ,out ( my sight6 ,heav5 pres]ve u6 ,w\ld t bett] feel+s mov$ !m6 ,o ,"l1 be m]ciful unto me1 a s9n]6 ,int]jections are n always foll[$ imm$iately1 & are sometimes n all[$ at all1 by a m>k ( exclamation4 ,no rule c be giv5 m precise ?an ?is3 7#a7 ,t we %\ld n ins]t a m>k ( exclamation imm$iately aft] an int]jection1 unless we %\ld make a di/9ct pause aft] x 9 speak+2 & 7#b7 t no m>k ( exclamation is to be us$ at all1 unless ! exclamatory nature ( ! s5t5ce is m or less /rongly m>k$4 ,x is useful to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,o & ,oh4 ,! =m] is us$ only be=e ! vocative case1 & nev] has a m>k ( exclamation1 or inde$ any po9t1 plac$ imm$iately aft] x4 ,alas6 all our hopes are bla/$4 ,lo1 he come?6 ,o ,dido1 ,dido1 mo/ unhappy ,dido6 ,unhappy wife1 /ill m unhappy wid[6 ,oh1 d n reckon t old debt to my acc\nt to-day6 ,,xxxv4 ,! m>k ( exclamation is plac$ aft] s5t5ces :i*1 ?\gh int]rogatory 9 =m1 are really exclamatory4 ,h[ c\ld he h be5 s fooli%6 ,& %all he nev] see an end to ?is /ate ( ?+s6 ,%all he nev] h ! due rew>d ( lab\r6 ,%all unsp>+ taxation nev] cease to make him a mis]able deject$ be+1 a creature fami%+ 9 ! mid/ ( abundance1 fa9t+1 expir+ ) hung]'s feeble moan1 surr\nd$ by a c>oll+ creation6 ,?is rule might be put 9 ano!r way by say+ t a m>k ( exclamation1 & n a po9t ( int]rogation1 is plac$ aft] :at are call$ rhetorical que/ions1 or /atem5ts made m /rik+ by be+ put 9 ! =m ( que/ions4 ,!y are n ask$ = ! sake ( receiv+ a direct answ]1 & are 9 reality exclamations4 ,/ill all rhetorical que/ions are n ?us punctuat$2 ! po9t ( int]rogation is sometimes m effective4 ,! s5t5ces quot$ "u ,rule ,,xxxi4 w\ld lose mu* ( _! =ce if m>ks ( exclamation 7 us$4 ,9 ea* case we mu/ decide :e!r ! s5t5ce /rikes u mo/ z a "q or z ! expression ( emotion4 ,,xxxvi4 ,! m>k ( exclamation is sometimes plac$ aft] an ironical /atem5t4 ,!y did n fight1 t5s aga9/ ?\s&s2 !y did n fight = wives & *ildr51 b = l&s & plund]3 !re=e !y are h]oes6 ,! m>k ( exclamation keeps up ! semblance ( s]i\sness :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( irony4 ,,xxxvii4 ,! m>k ( exclamation is plac$ aft] ! /atem5t ( "s absurdity4 ,he has be5 lab\r+ to prove t ,%akespe>e's plays 7 writt5 by ,bacon6 ,to him ! p>liam5t>y vote 0 a panacea = all human ills1 & ! ballot-box an object z sacr$ z ! ,holy ,grail to a knight ( ! ,r\nd ,table6 ,! same reason applies to its use aft] su* s5t5ces z aft] ironical /atem5ts4 ,,xxxviii4 ,! m>k ( exclamation may be plac$ aft] any impressive or /rik+ ?\ght4 ,! ,angel ( ,dea? has be5 abroad ?r\gh\t ! l&3 y may almo/ he> ! v beat+ ( 8 w+s6 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! m>k ( exclamation is 9 su* cases ( any great s]vice2 = ! impressiv5ess ( a s5t5ce ought to appe> 9 ! s5t5ce itself1 or to be giv5 to x by ! context4 ,!re is a real dang]1 z ! /yle ( _m p %[s1 9 ?9k+ t punctuation is int5d$ to save ! tr\ble ( c>eful composition4 ,9 putt+ ! m>k aft] pure exclamations1 usage is m or less uni=m2 ) reg>d to impressive s5t5ces1 we are left entirely to our own discretion4 ,,xxxix4 ,:5 a s5t5ce conta9s m ?an "o exclamation1 sometimes ! m>k ( exclamation is plac$ only aft] ! la/1 sometimes x is plac$ aft] ea* ( !m1 ! te/ be+ :e!r or n !y are 9 reality1 z well z 9 =m1 sev]al exclamations4 7,comp>e ,rule ,,xxxi47 ,?\gh all are ?us satisfi$ ) ! disp5sations ( ,nature1 h[ few li/5 to h] voice6 h[ few foll[ h] z a guide6 ,:at a mighty "w he has ?us br\ght to a successful end1 ) :at p]sev]ance1 :at en]gy1 ) :at fruitfulness ( res\rce6 ,,! ,,da% ,,xl4 ,! *ief purpose ( ! da% is to indicate t some?+ is left unf9i%$4 ,accord+ly1 x m>ks a sudd51 or abrupt1 *ange 9 ! grammatical /ructure ( a s5t5ce4 ,:5 ,i rememb] h[ we h work$ toge!r1 & toge!r borne mis=tune2 :5 ,i rememb]--b :at avails x to rememb]8 ,& all ?is long /ory 0 ab\t--:at d y ?9k8 ,we _c hope to succe$1 unless---- ,b we mu/ succe$4 ,note t x is ! long da% t is us$ at ! end ( a s5t5ce4 ,! full /op is n add$ :]e ! da% m>ks an unf9i%$ s5t5ce4 ,b x is common to add ! po9t ( int]rogation or ! m>k ( exclamation4 ,,xli4 ,! da% is us$ to m>k a falt]+ or hesitat+ spee*4 ,well--,i don't "k--t is--no1 ,i _c accept x4 ,,xlii4 ,an unexpect$ turn ( ! ?\ght may be m>k$ by ! da%4 ,he ent]e? smil+ &--emb>rass$4 ,he holde? out 8 h& to y to %ake1 &--drawe? x back aga94 ,he casually looke? 9 ab\t d9n]-"t--:5 ! table is full4 ,he (f]e? to g away1 see+ y h company--b is induc$ to /ay4 ,fr5* hi/ory t5ds naturally to memoirs & anecdotes1 9 :i* !re is no improvem5t to desire b t !y 7--true4 ,,xliii4 ,:5 ! subject ( a s5t5ce is ( su* l5g?1 or ( su* complexity1 t its connexion ) ! v]b might easily be lo/ sight (1 x is sometimes left hang+ 9 ! s5t5ce1 & its place suppli$ by "s %ort expression t sums x up4 ,a da% foll[s ! subject :5 ?us ab&on$4 ,physical ,sci5ce1 includ+ ,*emi/ry1 ,geology1 ,geography1 ,a/ronomy2 ,metaphysics1 ,philology1 ,!ology2 ,economics1 includ+ ,taxation & ,f9ance2 ,politics & ,g5]al ,lit]ature--all occupi$ by turn1 & almo/ simultane\sly1 8 incessantly active m9d4 ,! colon is sometimes us$ 9 su* cases2 b ! da% seems pref]able1 z x is ! po9t t m>ks a *ange 9 ! /ructure ( a s5t5ce4 ,,xliv4 ,! da% is sometimes us$ in/ead ( brackets be=e & aft] a p>5!sis4 ,?is 0 among/ ! /ronge/ pl$ges = ?y tru?1 t nev] once--no1 n = a mom5t ( weakness--did/ ?\ revel 9 ! vision ( coronets & hon\r f man4 ,,xlv4 ,! da% is sometimes us$ in/ead ( ! colon1 :]e ! ^w namely is impli$1 b is n express$4 ,! mo/ extreme example ( su* !ories is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! attempt to di/ribute all law "u ! two great comm&m5ts--love to ,god1 & love to "o's neighb\r4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 ! colon is pref]able4 7,see ,rule ,,xxvi474 ,! da% %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose only :5 x is necess>y to use ! colon 9 ! same s5t5ce = o!r purposes4 ,,xlvi4 ,! da% is us$ 9 rhetorical repetition2 = in/ance1 :]e "o "p ( ! s5t5ce1 su* z ! subject1 is repeat$ at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! s5t5ce1 & ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce is kept susp5d$4 ,_c y1 9 ,engl&--_c y1 at ?is "t ( day--_c y1 a ,h\se ( ,commons1 tru/ to ! pr9ciple :i* has rais$ s mighty a rev5ue8 ,,xlvii4 ,a da% foll[+ a full /op occurs betwe5 ! side-head+ ( a p>agraph & ! p>agraph itself4 ,ext5t & ,b\nd>ies4--,engl& 7includ+ ,wales7 is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,scotl&2 on ! we/ by ! ,iri% ,sea1 ,/ ,george's ,*annel1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 on ! s\? by ! ,engli% ,*annel2 & on ! ea/ by ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,,xlviii4 ,:5 we place aft] a quotation ! "n ( ! au?or f :om x is tak51 ! full /op & ! da% are us$ 9 ! same way4 ,"o t\* ( nature makes ! :ole ^w k94--,%akespe>e4 ,,xlix4 ,! da% is sometimes us$ 9 place (1 or 9 addition to1 o!r po9ts1 9 ord] to indicate a pause great] ?an usual4 ,n[ :]e is ! rev5ue :i* is to d all ^! mighty ?+s8 ,five-six?s repeal$--ab&on$-sunk--gone--lo/ = ev]4 ,! highe/ rank2--a spl5did =tune2--& a "n1 glori\s till x 0 y\rs1--7 suffici5t to h support$ y ) mean] abilities ?an ,i ?9k y possess4 ,!re is seldom any reason = ! use ( d\ble po9ts4 ,9 ! la/ example !y _c be said to be ( any real s]vice4 ,b ! da% may sometimes be rightly employ$ 9 addition to ! full /op1 9 ord] to m>k a division ( disc\rse midway betwe5 ! s5t5ce & ! p>agraph4 ,ev5 ,cobbett1 :o abhors ! da%1 p]mits x to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! report ( a conv]sation is (t5 pr9t$ 9 ?is way4 ,,brackets 7,,or ,,! ,,p>5!sis4#a7 ,l4 ,:5 a clause n /rictly belong+ to a s5t5ce is ?r[n 91 s to speak1 9 pass+1 ! clause is enclos$ )9 brackets4 ,footnote #a3 ,x seems bett] to use ! t]m brackets bo? = ! curv$ & = ! squ>e brackets4 ,p>5!sis c !n be kept to its prop] use1 z ! "n = ! words !mselves :i* =m ! break 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,we may note t 9 l mann] ! t]ms comma1 colon1 semicolon1 orig9ally signifi$ divisions ( a s5t5ce1 n m>ks d5ot+ ! divisions4 ,p]iod meant a complete s5t5ce2 & x /ill reta9s ! mean+1 some:at specializ$4 ,x is said1 because ! prie/s are paid by ! p 7! pay is f\r %ill+s p] family ye>ly71 !re=e !y object to _! leav+4 ,9 full confid5ce ( ?is unalt]able tru?1 ,i n[ 7quod felix fau/umque sit7 lay ! fir/ /one ( ! ,temple ( ,peace4 ,ov] & above ! enclos+ brackets1 a p>5!sis causes no *ange 9 ! punctuation ( ! s5t5ce t conta9s x2 9 o!r words1 if we 7 to omit ! p>5!sis1 no *ange ought to be necess>y 9 ! punctuation ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! comma is ins]t$ aft] ! p>5!sis 9 ! fir/ example1 because ! comma w\ld be ne$$ ev5 if !re 7 no p>5!sis4 ,9 ! second example1 !re w\ld be no comma be=e lay1 if !re 7 no p>5!sis2 accord+ly ! comma is n to be ins]t$ m]ely because !re is a p>5!sis4 ,a p>5!sis is suffici5tly m>k$ (f by brackets4 ,obs]ve also t ! comma 9 ! fir/ example is plac$ aft]1 n be=e1 ! p>5!sis4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! p>5!sis belongs to ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce1 n to ! second4 ,,li4 ,a complete s5t5ce occurr+ p>5!tically 9 a p>agraph is sometimes plac$ )9 brackets4 ,godfrey knew all ?is1 & felt x ) ! great] =ce because he _h con/antly suff]$ annoyance f witness+ 8 fa!r's sudd5 fits ( unrel5t+ness1 = :i* 8 own habitual irresolution depriv$ him ( all sympa?y4 7,he 0 n critical on ! faulty indulg5ce :i* prec$$ ^! fits2 t seem$ to him natural en\gh47 ,/ill !re 0 j ! *ance1 ,godfrey ?\ght1 t 8 fa!r's pride might see ?is m>riage 9 a light t w\ld induce him to hu% x up1 r ?an turn 8 son out & make ! family ! talk ( ! c\ntry = t5 miles r\nd4 ,note t ! full /op %\ld be plac$ inside1 n outside1 ! brackets4 ,,lii4 ,:]e1 9 quot+ a passage1 we ?r[ 9 p>5!tically some?+ ( our own1 we may use squ>e brackets4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,"l ,palm]/on3 ,i h he>d him ,"l ,palm]/on say t he occasionally f\nd t !y =eign m9i/]s _h be5 deceiv$ by ! op5 mann] 9 :i* he told !m ! tru?4 ,! ,levia?an ( ,hobbes1 a "w n[-a-days b little kn[n & n bett] kn[n n[ ?an 9 ,b5?am's "t1 & dete/$ ?r\gh prejudice1 & at second-h&1 z a def5ce ( despotism1 is an attempt to base all political society ^u a pret5d$ contract betwe5 ! p & ! sov]eign4--,pr9ciples ( ,legislation4 ,to use ! squ>e brackets 9 ?is way is (t5 m conv5i5t ?an to break ! inv]t$ commas & to beg9 !m aga94 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ^w sic--:]e x is ins]t$ 9 a quotation to po9t out t ! ^w prec$+ x is rightly quot$1 & is n ins]t$ by mi/ake--! ord9>y brackets are us$4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants 7 7sic7 n m ?an f\r millions4 ,ano!r case may be m5tion$ 9 :i* ! squ>e brackets are us$3 :]e 9 ! passage quot$ "s words h be5 lo/1 & are fill$ 9 by conjecture4 ,pr(4 ,/ubbs quotes f "o ( ! ,anglo-,saxon laws3 ,if ceorls h a common mead[1 or o!r p>tible l& to f5ce1 & "s h f5c$ _! "p1 "s h n1 & /range cattle come 9 & eat up ! common corn or grass1 let ^? g :o own ! gap & comp5sate to ! o!rs4 ,,inv]t$ ,,commas ,,liii4 ,:5 we quote )\t any *ange ! words ( ano!r p]son1 !y are enclos$ )9 inv]t$ commas4 ,if !y are quot$ 9 ! indirect =m1 or if we quote m]ely ! sub/ance1 & neglect ! exact words1 inv]t$ commas are n us$4 ,!reupon ! mob bur/s 9 & inquires1 ,:at are y do+ = ! p8 ,!reupon ! mob bur/s 9 & inquires :at y are do+ = ! p4 ,he says3 ,!re is no prop]ty ( any description1 if x be rightfully held1 :i* _h n its f\ndation 9 lab\r4 ,he frequ5tly calls !m absurd1 & applies to !m su* epi!ts z j>gon1 fu/ian1 & ! l4 ,! la/ s5t5ce might be writt5 )\t inv]t$ commas4 ,by us+ !m we call special att5tion to ! fact t ^! 7 ! words actually employ$1 & are n simply words l !m4 ,s1 9 a passage quot$ 9 ! indirect =m1 if "p be quot$ exactly1 x is plac$ )9 inv]t$ commas4 ,! ,duke ( ,portl& w>mly approv$ ( ! "w1 b ju/ly rem>k$ t ! k+ 0 n s absolute a ?+ ( /raw z he 0 repres5t$ 9 x4 ,words ref]r$ to simply z words are ei!r plac$ )9 inv]t$ commas or put 9 italics4 ,! ^w fri5d%ip1 9 ! s5se we commonly mean by x1 is n s mu* z nam$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,liv4 ,:5 a quotation is int]rupt$1 z 9 ! report ( a conv]sation1 ea* cont9u\s "p ( ! quotation is enclos$ )9 inv]t$ commas4 ,p>don me1 madam1 answ]$ ,h5ry1 x 0 ( "o ,silas ,morton ,i spoke4 ,,lv4 ,:5 a quotation occurs 9 ano!r quotation1 s+le inv]t$ commas are us$ = ! =m]4 ,:at h y done8 said "o ( ,balf\r's bro!r (fic]s4 ,my duty1 said ,balf\r firmly4 ,is x n writt51 ',?\ %alt be zeal\s ev5 to slay+'8 ,"s writ]s use ! s+le commas 9 ord9>y cases4 ,= ! inn] quotation !y w\ld !n use ! d\ble commas4 ,,lvi4 ,a ^w t is n classical ,engli%1 or is us$ 9 a s5se 9 :i* x is n classical ,engli%1 is ei!r enclos$ )9 inv]t$ commas or italiciz$4 ,^? t h locat$ 7locat$7 previ\s to ?is p]iod are left 9 undisput$ possession1 provid$ !y h improv$ ! l&4 ,be=e long1 ,beckey receiv$ n only ! be/ =eign]s 7z ! phrase is 9 our noble & admirable society slang71 b "s ( ! be/ ,engli% p too4 ,=eign words are always italiciz$4 7,rule ,,lxiv47 ,,lvii4 ,! titles ( books1 ( essays1 & ( o!r compositions2 ! names ( p]iodicals2 & ! names ( %ips1 are ei!r enclos$ )9 inv]t$ commas or italiciz$4 ,9 ^! ,miscellanies 0 fir/ publi%$ ! ,art ( ,s9k+ 9 ,poetry1 :i*1 by su* a tra9 ( consequ5ces z usually passes 9 lit]>y qu>rels1 gave 9 a %ort "t1 accord+ to ,pope's acc\nt1 occasion to ! ,dunciad4 ,! ,emily ,/ ,pi]re 7or ,emily ,/ ,pi]re71 a ,briti% %ip1 0 captur$ on ! #ah? ,m>*1 #ahfb4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,gazette 7or ,london ,gazette74 ,! names ( p]iodicals & ( %ips are m (t5 writt5 9 italics ?an enclos$ )9 inv]t$ commas4 ,,lviii4 ,if a quotation conta9s a "q1 ! po9t ( int]rogation /&s )9 ! inv]t$ commas4 ,9 a voice :i* 0 fasc9ation itself1 ! be+ address$ me1 say+1 ,wilt ?\ come ) me8 ,wilt ?\ be m9e8 ,,lix4 ,if an int]rogative s5t5ce ends ) a quotation1 ! po9t ( int]rogation /&s outside ! inv]t$ commas4 ,:at does ?is hon\rable p]son mean by a tempe/ t outrides ! w9d8 ,obs]ve h[ 9 ! example giv5 "u ,rule ,,lv4 ! po9t ( int]rogation /&s )9 ! d\ble inv]t$ commas1 b outside ! s+le inv]t$ commas4 ,,lx4 ,if an int]rogative s5t5ce ends ) a quotation :i* is itself int]rogatory1 ! po9t ( int]rogation is plac$ outside ! inv]t$ commas4 ,ha/ ?\ nev] cri$1 ,:at mu/ ,i d to be sav$8 ,! reason is1 t ! "q to be answ]$ is n ! quot$ "q1 b ha/ ?\ nev] cri$8 ,no writ] has be5 bold en\gh to ins]t two po9ts ( int]rogation4 ,,lxi4 ,! la/ ?ree rules apply also to exclamatory s5t5ces4 7#a7 ,b ,i boldly cri$ out1 ,woe unto ?is city6 7#b7 ,alas1 h[ few ( !m c say1 ,i h /riv5 to ! v utmo/6 7#c7 ,h[ fe>ful 0 ! cry3 ,help1 or we p]i%6 ,,lxii4 ,:]e an int]rogative s5t5ce ends ) a quotation ( an exclamatory nature1 or an exclamatory s5t5ce ends ) a quotation ( an int]rogative nature1 x seems bett] to place at ! end bo? ! po9t ( int]rogation & ! m>k ( exclamation1 ! "o inside1 ! o!r outside1 ! inv]t$ commas4 ,d y rememb] :o x 0 t wrote ,:atev] ,engl&'s fields display1 ,! faire/ sc5es are ?9e1 ,torbay68 ,h[ mu* bett] to cease ask+ ! "q1 ,:at w\ld he h done 9 diff]5t circum/ances86 ,:]e inv]t$ commas are n us$1 x seems suffici5t to h only "o po9t1 :i* mu/ be ! "o requir$ by ! :ole s5t5ce1 n by ! quotation4 ,d y rememb] ! passage :]e ,burke alludes to ! old w>n+ ( ! ,*ur*--,sursum corda8 ,,italics ,,lxiii4 ,words to be specially emphasiz$ may be put 9 italics4 ,9 writ+1 ! sub/itute = italics is und]l9+4 ,:at1 x may well be ask$1 c ! int]e/s ( ! community be ^? (--,i d n say an individual1 b--! individual8 ,! voice c unmi/akably indicate :at are ! emphatic words2 b italics1 only a feeble sub/itute1 ought n to be us$ unless e o!r means ( emphasiz+ fail4 ,_m writ]s ( au?ority h /rongly1 & v ju/ly1 condemn$ ! too frequ5t use ( !m4 ,d\ble und]l9+ 9 lett]-writ+ ne$ n be "h adv]t$ to4 ,if ! p]son to :om "o writes a lett] is likely to read x )\t appreciation or c>e1 "o is entitl$ to adopt any means t w ensure att5tion4 ,b if d\ble und]l9+ is all[able only on ?is gr\nd1 g5]al rules are obvi\sly ( no use4 ,,lxiv4 ,words f a =eign language :i* h n become classical ,engli% words1 are writt5 9 italics4 ,! slighte/ d\ble ent5dre made him blu% to ! eyes4 ,k ( ,fr5* is a s9e qu non4 ,:5 =eign words become ,engli%1 !y are no long] italiciz$4 ,among su* words are3 rationale1 aide-de-camp1 qu>tette1 nave1 libretto4 ,x is (t5 a matt] ( discretion to say :e!r a ^w is s f> naturaliz$ t x %\ld be writt5 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,,lxv4 ,names ( newspap]s & magaz9es1 & names ( %ips1 are g5]ally writt5 9 italics2 z ! ,times1 ! ,=t-nightly ,review1 ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,,! ,,hyph5 ,,lxvi4 ,! hyph5 is us$ betwe5 ! compon5t p>ts ( "s comp\nd words4 ,pap]-knife2 book-keep+2 coal-pit2 wat]-c>ri]2 pr9t+-press2 sea-wat]2 man-(-w>2 n[-a-days2 high-art decoration2 good-look+4 ,!re is no rule to di/+ui% ! comp\nd words t take a hyph5 f ^? t d n4 ,if "o be 9 d\bt ab\t a p>ticul> ^w1 ! be/ ?+ to d is to ref] to a diction>y4 ,,lxvii4 ,:5 "o syllable ( a ^w ends ) a v[el1 & ! next syllable beg9s ) ! same v[el1 ! hyph5 is plac$ betwe5 ! syllables to indicate t ! two v[els d n =m a diph?ong1 t is1 t !y %\ld n be pron\nc$ toge!r4 ,co-op]ative2 co-ord9ate2 pre-em95tly2 re-e/abli%2 re-e*o4 ,9 ! same way ! hyph5 sometimes ensures t two consonants %all be pron\nc$ sep>ately2 z 9 book-keep+1 %ell-less1 cock-cr[1 sword-dance4 ,,lxviii4 ,z a rule1 a hyph5 %\ld n be plac$ aft] a simple prefix3 contrav5e1 pret]natural1 hyp]critical1 bilat]al4 ,to ?is !re are "s exceptions3 7a7 ,anti-religi\s1 ultra-lib]al1 semi-lun>1 co-eval4 ,9 ^! words ! pronunciation is m cle>ly m>k$ by ins]t+ ! hyph54 ,comp>e antiseptic1 ant9omian1 ultramontane1 semicircle4 ,p]haps among ^! exceptions %\ld also be includ$ su* words z pseudo-critic1 non-ego1 non-exi/5t4 ,comp>e pseudonym1 :]e ! prefix is contract$1 & non5tity4 ,words l pre-em95t1 divid$ = ! same reason1 h already be5 not$4 7b7 ,re-creation1 re-m>k4 ,! hyph5 di/+ui%es ! etymological mean+ ( ^! words z di/+ui%$ f _! d]iv$ & ord9>y mean+4 7c7 ,pre-,norman1 anti-,d>w9ian1 philo-,turk4 ,if ! capital-lett] be reta9$ :]e a prefix is put to a prop] "n1 ! hyph5 is obvi\sly necess>y4 ,,lxix4 ,:5 a numb] is writt5 9 words & n 9 figures1 ! words mak+ up ! numb]1 if !re be m words ?an "o1 are 9 c]ta9 cases sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! hyph54 ,! numb]s to :i* ?is rule applies are ! c>d9al & ! ord9al numb]s f tw5ty-"o & tw5ty-fir/ to n9ety-n9e & n9ety-n9? inclusive4 ,! hyph5 is us$ also :5 ! words are inv]t$2 z f\r-&-?irty1 six-&-=tie?4 ,,lxx4 ,fractional p>ts writt5 9 words are sep>at$ 9 ! same way1 a hyph5 be+ plac$ betwe5 ! num]ator & d5om9ator2 z two-?irds1 ?ree-sixte5?s4 ,b if ! ^w "p or ! ^w %>e foll[s1 ! hyph5 is n us$2 z two ?ird p>ts4 ,,lxxi4 ,sev]al words may be jo9$ by hyph5s1 9 ord] to indicate t !y are to be read toge!r4 ,! ,i-believe-(-,ea/]n-d]ivation monosyllable ,bo%4 ,additional re/rictions 7 advocat$ 9 ! cases ( mo!rs-(-"y-*ildr5 employ$ 9 factories4 ,z ?is la/ s5t5ce /&s1 ! hyph5 is really ! only means ( mak+ x p]fectly cle> t ^? :o are ref]r$ to z employ$ 9 factories are ! mo!rs1 n ! *ildr54 ,hyph5s are sometimes us$ 9 cases l ! foll[+3 ,a nev]-to-be-=gott5 ev5t1 peace-at-any-rate pr9ciples4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably us$ 9 well-to-d1 alack-a-day4 ,,lxxii4 ,! prefix a be=e ! g]und is foll[$ by a hyph54 ,!y w5t a-hunt+4 ,i lay a-?9k+4 ,note t ago+ is n divid$4 ,,lxxiii4 ,:5 a ^w is divid$ at ! end ( a l9e1 "p ( ! ^w be+ 9 ! next l9e1 a hyph5 is plac$ aft] ! "p at ! end ( ! l9e4 ,s f> z rules c be giv5 = ! division ( ! ^w1 x may be said3 7a7 ,! division mu/ be at ! end ( a syllable4 ,! syllable accord+ to etymological d]ivation1 & ! syllable accord+ to pronunciation1 are n always ! same4 ,9 case ( conflict ! pronunciation is to be ! guide4 7b7 ,! "p 9 ! next l9e %\ld1 if possible1 beg9 ) a consonant4 ,an exam9ation ( a numb] ( words w %[ t ?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t we %\ld be guid$ by pronunciation4 7c7 ,d\ble lett]s are divid$2 z at-tract1 pr(es-sion1 dif-ficulty4 ,! foll[+ examples are giv5 consecutively f a book tak5 at r&om4 ,?is seems ! be/ way ( illu/rat+ ! rule3 ,con-fid5tly2 inve/i-gat$2 "s-?+2 in/itu-tion2 diffi-culty2 at-tractions2 exclu-sively2 k9s-man2 self-organiz$2 en-tangl$2 col-lective2 int]mis-sion2 ma-t]ials2 *an-cellor2 col-lege2 indus-tri\s2 sub-ject2 8-tory2 con-dition2 ,l[-l&]s2 or-ganization2 re-cogniz$2 9-fam\s4 ,"s select$ examples may be also giv53 ,resem-blance2 hum-ble2 se-cond2 trans-lator2 ju/ifi-able2 ea/-ern2 endea-v\r4 ,,! ,,apo/rophe ,,lxxiv4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ to indicate t "s lett] or lett]s ( a ^w are left out4 ,e'er = ev]1 c't = _c1 don't = d n1 'g9 = beg94 ,! apo/rophe is n us$ :5 ! ^w1 ?\gh contract$ 9 ! middle1 reta9s its orig9al pronunciation2 z ,dr4 or ,mr4 ,b x is us$ :]e ! contraction is at ! end ( ! ^w3 ?o'1 ,pet]boro'4 ,,lxxv4 ,! apo/rophe m>ks ! possessive case ( n\ns4 ,! foll[+ rules det]m9e :]e x is to be plac$3 ,n\ns 9 ! s+ul> numb]-- 7#a7 ,! lett] s is add$1 & ! apo/rophe is plac$ be=e x4 ,! k+'s abode4 ,a patriot's rew>d4 7#b7 ,if ! nom9ative s+ul> ( ! n\n ends 9 s1 ano!r s is n add$ if ! repetition ( hiss+ s\nds w\ld be displeas+ to ! e>4 ,! apo/rophe is !n plac$ at ! end ( ! ^w4 ,h]cules' club4 ,augu/us' dignity4 ,words ( "o syllable foll[ ! fir/ rule3 ,james's %>e4 ,"s words ( two syllables foll[ ! fir/ rule1 "s ! second3 ! pr9cess's bir?day2 ,francis' /yle4 ,?is di/9ction is sanction$ by usage4 ,b x may judici\sly be disreg>d$4 ,9 speak+ we almo/ entirely ignore x4 ,:y %\ld we tr\ble ourselves ) x 9 writ+8 ,n\ns 9 ! plural numb]-- 7#a7 ,! apo/rophe is plac$ aft] ! s ( ! plural4 ,boys' clo?+4 ,our fri5ds' tr\bles4 7#b7 ,if ! plural d n end 9 s1 an s is add$1 & ! apo/rophe is plac$ be=e x4 ,m5's op9ions4 ,! *ildr5's pleasure4 ,,lxxvi4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ be=e ! s ( ! plural :5 s+le lett]s are us$ z words4 ,m9d y\r p's & q's4 ,he does n dot 8 i's nor cross 8 t's4 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,ellipsis ,,lxxvii4 ,:51 9 ! middle ( a quotation1 a "p is omitt$1 sev]al a/]isks or sev]al full /ops are plac$ 9 a l9e to m>k ! omission4 ,cl>5don makes ! foll[+ rem>k ab\t ,"l ,falkl&3 ,yet two ?+s he c\ld nev] br+ himself to :il/ he cont9u$ 9 t (fice1 t 0 to 8 dea?2 = :i* he 0 cont5t$ to be reproa*$ z = omissions 9 a mo/ necess>y "p ( 8 place4 ,! "o1 employ+ ( spies1 or giv+ any c\nt5ance or ent]ta9m5t to !m4 99 99 99 ,! o!r1 ! lib]ty ( op5+ lett]s1 ^u a suspicion t !y might conta9 matt] ( a dang]\s consequ5ce4 7,"o s5t5ce omitt$47 ,! ,fr5* & ,spani% nations1 said ,l\is ,,xiv41 are s unit$ t !y w h5ce=? be only "o4444 ,my gr&son1 at ! head ( ! ,spani>ds1 w def5d ! ,fr5*4 ,i1 at ! head ( ! ,fr5*1 w def5d ! ,spani>ds4 ,he :o 9 =m] ye>s1 wrote ,horace ,walpole ( 8 fa!r1 0 asleep z soon z 8 head t\*$ ! pill[ 444 n[ nev] sleeps above an h\r )\t wak+4 ,if ! passage omitt$ be ( v consid]able l5g?1 = in/ance if x be a complete p>agraph1 or if a l9e ( poetry be omitt$1 ! a/]isks are plac$ 9 a l9e by !mselves4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to conf9e ! a/]isk to su* cases1 & to use ! full /op = %ort] ellipses4 ,if a complete s5t5ce be omitt$1 ! numb] ( additional full /ops is g5]ally f\r2 if a passage be omitt$ 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 ! numb] is g5]ally ?ree4 ,:5 "s ( ! lett]s ( a "n are omitt$1 _! place is suppli$ by a l9e or da%1 ^: l5g? dep5ds on ! numb] ( lett]s omitt$4 ,! sc5e ( our /ory is laid 9 ! t[n ( ,b----4 ,!re 0 "o ,h----1 :o1 ,i le>n$ 9 aft] days1 0 se5 expiat+ "s matur] (f5ce 9 ! hulks4 ,blakesmoor 9 ,h----%ire4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,notes ,notes are g5]ally plac$ at ! foot ( a page2 ?\gh sometimes !y are collect$ at ! end ( a *apt]1 or ev5 at ! end ( a book4 ,v>i\s devices are 9 use = indicat+ ! passage 9 ! text to :i* a note ref]s4 7#a7 ,! six ref]5ce signs3 ! a/]isk 79971 ! dagg] 7dagg] "*7 7also call$ ! obelisk71 ! d\ble dagg] 7d\ble dagg] "*71 ! section 771 ! p>allels 771 ! p>agraph 774 ,!y are suitable only :]e ! notes are plac$ at ! foot ( a page1 & are inv>iably us$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we h m5tion$ !m4 ,if ! numb] ( notes 9 "o page exce$s six1 ! signs are d\bl$4 ,! sev5? note is m>k$ ?us3 99992 ! eigh?1 dagg] "*dagg] "*2 ! n9?1 d\ble dagg] "*d\ble dagg] "*2 & s on4 ,b x is bett]1 9 cases :]e ! notes are s num]\s1 to use o!r means ( ref]5ce4 7#b7 ,figures3 ei!r )9 p>5!ses1 z 7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 c42 or1 m usually1 pr9t$ 9 ! rais$ or sup]ior =m1 z 1 c4 ,sometimes ! fir/ note 9 ea* page is m>k$2 b x is n[ common1 9 books divid$ into *apt]s1 to m>k ! fir/ note 9 ea* *apt] ) & !n g on ) cont9u\s numb]s to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,sup]ior figures are n[ ! mo/ usual m>ks ( ref]5ce 9 ,engli% books4 7#c7 ,lett]s2 :i* also may ei!r be plac$ )9 p>5!ses or be pr9t$ 9 sup]ior =m3 7a71 7b71 7c71 c41 or a b c1 c4 ,italic lett]s are sometimes us$4 ,z a rule ! fir/ note 9 ea* page is m>k$ 7a7 or a4 ,if 9 "o page !re are m notes ?an !re are lett]s 9 ! alphabet 7:i* sometimes happ5s71 we g to 7aa71 7bb71 7cc71 c41 aa bb cc4 ,! lett] j is (t5 omitt$4 ,x is less common to make ! lett]s cont9u\s f page to page4 ,! sign1 :atev] x may be1 is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! note1 & also 9 ! text imm$iately aft] ! "p to :i* ! note ref]s4 ,! note may ref] to a :ole s5t5ce1 to a "p ( a s5t5ce1 ev5 to a s+le ^w2 ! sign is plac$ z ! case may be1 at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 at ! end ( ! "p ref]r$ to1 or aft] ! s+le ^w4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,correct ,a ,,pr9t]',s ,,pro( ,illu/ration ,,explanation #a4 ,:]e a ^w is to be *ang$ f small lett]s to capitals1 draw ?ree l9es "u x1 & write caps4 9 ! m>g94 #b4 ,:]e !re is a wrong lett]1 draw ! p5 ?r\gh x1 & make ! "r lett] opposite 9 ! m>g94 #c4 ,a lett] turn$ upside d[n4 #d4 ,! sub/itution ( a comma = ano!r po9t1 or = a lett] put 9 by mi/ake4 #e4 ,! ins]tion ( a hyph54 #f4 ,to draw close toge!r ! lett]s ( a ^w t /& ap>t4 #g4 ,to take away a sup]flu\s lett] or ^w1 ! p5 is /ruck ?r\gh x & a r\nd top d made opposite1 be+ ! contraction ( deleatur'expunge4' #h4 ,:]e a ^w has to be *ang$ to ,italic1 draw a l9e "u x1 & write ,ital4 9 ! m>g92 & :]e a ^w has to be *ang$ f ,italic to ,roman1 write ,rom4 opposite4 #i4 ,:5 words are to be transpos$1 ?ree ways ( m>k+ !m are %[n2 b !y are n usually numb]$ unless m ?an ?ree words h _! ord] *ang$4 #aj4 ,! transposition ( lett]s 9 a ^w4 #aa4 ,to *ange "o ^w = ano!r4 #ab4 ,! sub/itution ( a p]iod or a colon = any o!r po9t4 ,x is cu/om>y to encircle ^! two po9ts ) a l9e4 #ac4 ,! sub/itution ( a capital = a small lett]4 #ad4 ,! ins]tion ( a ^w or ( a lett]4 #ae4 ,:5 a p>agraph comm5ces :]e x is n int5d$1 connect ! matt] by a l9e1 & write 9 ! m>g9 opposite run on4 #af4 ,:]e a space or a quadrat /&s up & appe>s1 draw a l9e "u x1 & make a /rong p]p5dicul> l9e 9 ! m>g94 #ag4 ,:5 a lett] ( a diff]5t size f t us$1 or ( a diff]5t face1 appe>s 9 a ^w1 draw a l9e ei!r ?r\gh x or "u x1 & write opposite w4f41 = 'wrong f\nt4' #ah4 ,! m>ks = a p>agraph1 :5 its comm5cem5t has be5 omitt$4 #ai4 ,:5 a ^w or words h be5 /ruck out1 & x is subsequ5tly decid$ t !y %all rema91 make dots "u !m1 & write ! ^w /et 9 ! m>g94 #bj4 ,! m>k = a space :]e x has be5 omitt$ betwe5 two words4 #ba4 ,to *ange a ^w f small lett]s to small capitals1 make two l9es "u ! ^w1 & write sm4 caps4 opposite4 ,to *ange a ^w f small capitals to small lett]s1 make "o l9e "u ! ^w1 & write 9 ! m>g9 lo4 ca41 = 'l[] case4' #bb4 ,! m>k = ! apo/rophe2 & also ! m>ks = inv]t$ commas4 #bc4 ,! mann] ( m>k+ an omitt$ passage :5 x is too long to be writt5 9 ! side m>g94 ,:5 ?is occurs1 x may be writt5 ei!r at ! top or ! bottom ( ! page4 #bd4 ,m>ks :5 l9es or words are n /raight4 ,:5 correct$1 ! passage giv5 above w\ld read z foll[s-- ,,antiquity1 l e o!r quality t attracts ! notice ( mank9d1 has und\bt$ly vot>ies t rev]5ce x1 n f reason1 b f prejudice4 ,"s seem to admire indiscrim9ately :atev] has be5 long pres]v$1 )\t consid]+ t "t has sometimes co-op]at$ ) *ance3 all p]haps are m will+ to hon\r pa/ ?an pres5t excell5ce2 & ! m9d contemplates g5ius ?r\gh ! %ades ( age1 z ! eye surveys ! sun ?r\gh artificial opacity4 ,! great cont5tion ( criticism is to f9d ! faults ( ! mod]ns & ! beauties ( ! anci5ts4 ,:ile an au?or is yet liv+1 we e/imate 8 p[]s by 8 wor/ p]=mances2 & :5 he is dead1 we rate !m by 8 be/4 ,to works1 h[ev]1 ( :i* ! excell5ce is n absolute & def9ite1 b gradual & comp>ative2 to works1 n rais$ ^u pr9ciples demon/rative & sci5tific1 b appeal+ :olly to obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 no o!r te/ c be appli$ ?an ,,l5g? ( duration & cont9uance ( e/eem4