,univ]sity ( ,georgia47                 
,,! ,,new ,,society                     
,,by                     ,,wal!r        
,,ra!nau                 ,,au?oriz$     
,,translation ,,by                      
,,ar?ur ,,w9dham                        
,,new ,,york                ,,h>c\rt1   
,,brace ,,& ,,company                   
#aiba     ,,preface   ,wal!r ,ra!nau1   
au?or ( ,die neue ,gesells*aft & o!r    
/udies ( economic & social conditions 9 
mod]n ,g]many1 0 born 9 #ahfg4 ,8 fa!r1 
,emil ,ra!nau1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$    
figures 9 ! great era ( ,g]man indu/rial
 developm5t1 & 8 son 0 br\ght up 9 !    
atmosph]e ( h>d "w1 ( ent]prise1 & (    
public affairs4 ,aft] 8 s*ool days at a 
,gymnasium1 or classical s*ool1 he /udi$
 ma!matics1 physics & *emi/ry at !      
,univ]sities ( ,b]l9 & ( ,/rassburg1    
tak+ 8 degree at ! age ( tw5ty-two4     
,c]ta9 discov]ies made by him 9 *emi/ry 
& electrolysis l$ to ! e/abli%m5t (     
indep5d5t manufactur+ works1 :i* he     
controll$ ) success1 & ev5tually to 8   

connexion ) ! _w-fam\s                  
,a4,e4,g4--,allgeme9e                   
,electrizittsgesells*aft--at ! head (   
:i* he n[ /&s4 ,dur+ ! w> he scor$ a v  
rem>kable & exceptional success z       
controll] ( ! organization = ! supply ( 
raw mat]ials4 ,he is ?us n m]ely a s*ol>
 & ?9k]1 b "o :o has liv$ & m ?an held 8
 own 9 ! ?ick ( comm]cial & indu/rial   
life1 & :o kn[s by actual exp]i5ce !    
subject-matt] ) :i* he deals4  ,! pres5t
 /udy1 ) its wide outlook & its resolute
 det]m9ation to see facts z !y are1 %\ld
 h mu* value = all /ud5ts ( latt]-day   
politics & economics 9 ,europe2 = ?\gh  
,ra!nau is ma9ly conc]n$ ) conditions 9 
8 own l& ! same conditions affect all   
c\ntries to a great] or less degree1 &  
he deals ) g5]al pr9ciples ( human      
psy*ology & ( economic law :i* prevail  
ev]y:]e 9 ! _w4 ,x is n too mu* to say t
 ,! ,new ,society con/itutes a l&m>k 9 !
 hi/ory ( economic & social ?\ght1 &    
conta9s matt] = discussion1 = sift+1 =  
exp]im5t & = propag&a :i* %\ld occupy   

s]i\s ?9k]s & re=m]s = _m a day to come4
 ,8 sugge/ions & conclusions may n be   
all accept$1 or all acceptable1 b few w 
d5y t !y con/itute a di/9ct advance 9 ! 
ef=t to br+ s]i\s & dis9t]e/$ ?\ght to !
 solution ( our social problems1 & 9 ?is
 conviction we (f] ! pres5t complete &  
au?oriz$ translation to ,engli% read]s4 
,,! ,,new ,,society   ,i  ,is !re any   
sign or crit]ion by :i* we c tell t a   
human society has be5 completely        
socializ$8  ,!re is "o & "o only3 x is  
:5 no "o c h an income )\t work+ = x4   
,t is ! sign ( ,socialism2 b x is n !   
goal4 ,9 itself x is n decisive4 ,if e  
"o _h en\gh to live on1 x w\ld n matt] =
 :at he receiv$ money or goods1 or ev5  
:e!r he got !m = no?+4 ,& relics ( !    
sy/em ( income :i* is n work$ = w always
 rema9--= in/ance1 provision = old age4 
,! goal is n any k9d ( division ( income
 or allotm5t ( prop]ty4 ,nor is x       
equality1 r$uction ( toil1 or increase (
 ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,x is ! abolition ( 
! prolet>ian condition2 abolition ( !   

lifelong h]$it>y s]fage1 ! nameless     
h]$it>y s]vitude1 ( "o ( ! two peoples  
:o are call$ by ! same "n2 ! annulm5t ( 
! h]$it>y tw(old /ratification (        
society1 ! abolition ( ! sc&al\s        
enslavem5t ( bro!r by bro!r1 ( t ,we/]n 
abuse :i* is ! basis ( our civilization 
z slav]y 0 ( ! antique1 & :i* vitiates  
all our de$s1 all our creations1 all our
 joys4  ,nor is ev5 ?is ! f9al goal--no 
economy1 no society c talk ( a f9al     
goal--! only full & f9al object ( all   
endeav\r ^u e>? is ! developm5t ( !     
human s\l4 ,a f9al goal1 h[ev]1 po9ts   
out ! direction1 ?\gh n ! pa?1 (        
politics4  ,! political object :i* ,i h 
describ$ z ! abolition ( ! prolet>ian   
condition may1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,?+s t are  
to ,come1#a be closely approa*$ by a    
suitable policy 9 reg>d to prop]ty &    
education2 above all1 by a limitation ( 
! "r ( inh]itance4 ,( socialization 9 ! 
/rict s5se !re is1 = ?is purpose1 no    
ne$4 ,yet a f>-rea*+ policy (           
socialization--& ,i d n "h ref] to a m]e

 me*anical nationalization ( ! means (  
production b to a radical economic &    
social resettlem5t--is necess>y & urg5t1
 because x awak5s & tra9s               
responsibilities1 & because x )draws f !
 sluggi% h&s ( ! gov]n+ classes !       
det]m9ation ( "t & ( me?od1 & places x 9
 ! h&s t h a bett] title1 ^? ( ! :ole   
commonalty1 :i*1 at pres5t1 /&s helpless
 ?r\gh %e] democracy4 ,= only 9 ! h&s ( 
a political p does democracy mean ! rule
 ( ! p2 9 ^? ( an untra9$ & unpolitical 
p x becomes m]ely an affair ( debat+    
societies & phili/9e *att] at ! inn     
ord9>y4 ,! symbol ( ,g]man b\rgeois     
democracy is ! tav]n2 !nce enlight5m5t  
is spread & !re judgm5ts are =m$2 x is !
 meet+ place ( political associations1 !
 =um ( _! orators1 ! poll+-boo? =       
elections4  ,b ! sign t ?is f>-rea*+    
socialization has be5 actually c>ri$ out
 is ! cessation ( all income )\t "w4 ,i 
say ! sign1 b n ! sole po/ulate2 = we   
mu/ po/ulate a complete & g5u9e         
democratization ( ! ,/ate & public      

economy1 & a sy/em ( education equally  
accessible to all3 only !n c we say t ! 
monopoly ( class & culture has be5      
sma%$4 ,b ! cessation ( ! workless      
income w %[ ! d[nfall ( ! la/ (         
class-monopolies1 t ( ! ,plutocracy4  ,x
 is n v easy to imag9e :at society w be 
l :5 ^! objects h be5 realis$1 at lea/  
if we are ?9k+ n ( a brief p]iod l !    
pres5t ,russian rgime1 or a pass+ phase 
z 9 ,hung>y1 b an endur+ & /ation>y     
condition4 ,a dictatorial olig>*y1 l t (
 ! ,bol%evi/s1 does n come into         
consid]ation "h1 & ! well-mean+ ,utopias
 ( social romances crumble to no?+4 ,!y 
re/1 "o & all1 on ! blissfully ignorant 
assumption ( a /ate ( popul> well-be+   
exagg]at$ t5fold beyond all possibility4
  ,! k ( ! sort ( social condition t[>ds
 :i* at pres5t we ,g]mans1 & !n ,europe1
 & f9ally ! o!r nations are t5d+ 9 ?is  
v]tical ,migration ( ! ,peoples1 w n    
only decide = ea* ( u 8 attitude t[>ds !
 great social "q1 b our :ole political  
position z well4 ,x is q 9 keep+ )      

,g]man traditions t 9 fix+ our aims &   
=m+ our resolves we %\ld be guid$ n by  
positive b by negative impulses--n by ! 
ef=t to get some?+ b to get away f x4   
,to ?is ef=t1 :i* is really a flight1 we
 give ! positive "n ( ,socialism1 )\t   
tr\bl+ ourselves 9 ! lea/ h[ ?+s w      
look--n 9 ! s5se ( popul> wat*words b 9 
actual fact--:5 we h got :at we are     
seek+4  ,?is is n m]ely a case ( lack ( 
imag9ation2 x is t we ,g]mans h1 prop]ly
 speak+1 no und]/&+ ( political         
t5d5cies4 ,we are m or less educat$ 9   
bus9ess1 9 sci5ce1 9 ?\ght1 b 9 politics
 we are ab\t on ! same level z ! ,ea/   
,slavonic peasantry4 ,at be/ we "k--&   
ev5 t n always--:at oppresses1 vexes &  
tortures u2 we "k our grievances1 & ?9k 
we h conceiv$ an aim :5 we simply turn  
!m upside d[n4 ,su* processes ( ?\ght z 
! police are to blame1 ! w>-conditions  
are to blame1 ! ,prussians are to blame1
 ! ,jews are to blame1 ! ,engli% are to 
blame1 ! prie/s are to blame1 !         
capitali/s are to blame--all ^! we q    

und]/&4 ,j z ) ! ,slavs1 if our         
good-nature & two c5turies ( ! love (   
ord] did n =bid x1 our primitive        
political in/9cts w\ld f9d expression 9 
a pogrom 9 ! %ape ( a peasant-w>1 ( a   
religi\s w>1 ( wit*-trials1 or          
,jew-bait+4 ,our blatant patriotism bore
 ! pla9e/ signs ( su* a temp]2 half     
nationalism1 half aggression aga9/ "s   
bugbe> or o!r2 nev] a pr\d calm1 an     
e>ne/ self-d$ication1 a /ruggle = a     
political ideal4  ,we h n[ a ,republic 9
 ,g]many3 no "o s]i\sly desir$ x4 ,we h 
at la/ e/abli%$ ,p>liam5t>ianism3 no "o 
want$ x4 ,we h set up a k9d (           
,socialism3 no "o believ$ 9 x4 ,we us$  
to say3 ,! p w live & die = _! pr9ces2  
our la/ drop ( blood = !                
,hoh5zoll]ns--no "o d5i$ x4 ,! p mean to
 be rul$ by _! h]$it>y lords2 !y w g    
?r\gh fire = _! (fic]s2 r dea? ?an yield
 a foot ( ,g]man soil to ! foe4 ,0 all  
?is a delusion8 ,by no means2 x 0 s9c]e 
en\gh1 only x did n g deep4 ,x 0 ! k9d (
 s9c]ity :i* dep5ds on n kn[+ en\gh ( ! 

alt]native possibilities4  ,:5 !        
alt]natives reveal$ !mselves z possible 
& actual1 !n we all turn$ republican1   
ev5 to ! cottag]s 9 ,pom]ania4 ,:5 !    
milit>y /rike _h brok5 d[n discipl9e1 ! 
(fic]s 7 mi%&l$2 :5 ! w> 0 lo/1 ! fleet 
disgrac$1 & ! homel& defil$1 !n we began
 to play & dance4  ,b 0 ?is frivolity8  
,n at all2 x 0 a *ildi% want ( political
 imag9ation4 ,! ,poles1 a p n remotely  
comp>able to ! ,g]man 9 dep? ( s\l & !  
capacity = tra9+ tal5t1 h = a c5tury    
*]i%$ no o!r ?\ght ?an t ( national     
unity1 :ile we passively resign our     
t]ritories4 ,no ,engli%man or ,japanese 
or ,am]ican w ev] und]/& u :5 we tell   
him t ?is milit>y discipl9e ( ours1 ?is 
w>-lu/1 did n repres5t a passion =      
dom9ion & aggression1 b 0 m]ely !       
docility ( a *ildi% p :i* wants no?+1 & 
c imag9e no?+1 b t ?+s %\ld g on z !y   
happ51 at ! mom5t1 to be4  ,we ,g]mans  
"k b little ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! =mation
 ( national "*4 ,! capacity ( a p =     
pr(undity is n pr(undity1 ei!r ( !      

individual or ( ! community4 ,x may     
express itself 9 ! masses z m]e         
pla/icity & s(tness ( _s4 ,! capacity = 
collective sagacity & /r5g? ( w dem&s f 
! individual m]ely a dry intellig5ce 9  
human affairs1 & egoism4 ,x w\ld be too 
mu* to say t our political weakness may 
be m]ely ! expression ( spiritual p[]1 =
 ! latt] has n prov$ an ob/acle to      
success 9 bus9ess4 ,indol5ce & belief 9 
au?ority h _! %>e 9 x4  ,b h we n be5 ! 
classic l& ( social democracy1 & h we n 
become t ( ,radicalism8 ,well1 we h be51
 inde$1 & are1 ) our submissiv5ess to   
au?ority & our capacity = discipl9e1 !  
classic l& ( organiz$ grumbl+2 & !      
classic l&1 too1 ( anti-semitism :i*    
depriv$ u ( ! v =ces we /ood mo/ 9 ne$  
(--productive scepticism & ! imag9ation 
= concrete ?+s4 ,organiz$ grumbl+ is n !
 same ?+ z political creation4 ,a       
,socialism & ,radicalism poor] 9 ideas  
?an ! po/-,m>xian ,g]man ,socialism has 
nev] exi/$4 ,half ( x 0 m]ely cl]ical   
"w1 & ! o!r half 0 agitators'           

,utopianism ( ! *eape/ v>iety4  ,no?+ 0 
m significant ?an ! fact t ! mighty ev5t
 ( ! ,g]man ,revolution 0 n ! result (  
affection b ( disaffection4 ,x is n we  
:o lib]at$ ourselves1 x 0 ! enemy2 x 0  
our de/ruction t set u free4 ,on ! day  
be=e we ask$ = ! armi/ice1 p]haps ev5 on
 ! day be=e ! flight ( ! ,kais]1 a      
plbiscite w\ld h yield$ an ov]:elm+     
majority = ! mon>*y & aga9/ ,socialism4 
,:at ,i s (t5 said be=e ! w> came true3 
,he :o tra9s 8 *ildr5 ) ! rod le>ns only
 ?r\gh ! rod4  ,& to-day1 :5 ev]y?+ is  
see?+ & f]m5t+--no ?anks to ,socialism =
 t--all intellectual "w has to be done  
outside ( ! ranks ( social-democracy1   
:i* /umbles along on its two crut*es (  
,socialization & ,soviets4#b ,or?odox   
,socialism is /ill a case ( ! less]     
evil1 :at ! ,fr5* call a pis all]4 ,?+s 
are s bad t any *ange mu/ be = ! bett]4 
,:at is to make !m bett] we are told 9 !
 sociali/ cate*ism2 b h[ x is to d s1 h[
 & :at any?+ is to become1 ?is1 ! only  
"q t matt]s1 is reg>d$ z irrelevant4 ,x 

is answ]$ by "s halt+ & ins9c]e /amm]   
ab\t surplus value :i* is to make       
ev]ybody well (f--& :i* w\ld yield all  
r\nd1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 j tw5ty-five  
m>ks a head4 ,fifte5 millions ( gr[n m5 
are press+ =w>d into a ,promis$ ,l&     
reveal$ ?r\gh ! fog ( political         
assemblies & 9 ! ?und] (                
p>rot-phrases--a l& f :i* no "o w ev]   
br+ back a bun* ( grapes4  ,if "o w\ld  
int]rogate n ! agitators1 b _! he>]s1 & 
f9d out :at !y in/9ctively conceive ?is 
l& to look l1 we %\ld get ! answ]1 timid
 & nave b at ! same "t ! deepe/ &       
%rewde/ t x is possible to give--t x is 
a l& :]e !re are no long] any ri*4  ,a  
mo/ true & tru?ful reply6 ,& yet a      
pr(\nd error sil5tly lurks 9 x4 ,y      
imag9e1 d y n1 t 9 a l& :]e !re are no m
 ri* p !re w also be no m poor8 ,:y1 (  
c\rse n6 ,h[ c !re be poor p :5 !re are 
no m ri*8 ,& yet !re w be4 ,9 ! l& :]e  
!re are no m ri* !re w be only poor1    
only v poor1 p4  ,:oev] does n "k ?is & 
is a ,sociali/1 t man is m]ely "o ( !   

h]d or he is a dupe4 ,he :o kn[s x &    
conceals x is a deceiv]4 ,he :o kn[s x1 
& 9 spite ( t1 nay1 on acc\nt ( t1 is a 
,sociali/1 is a man ( ! future4  ,?\gh !
 cr[d be satisfi$ ) "s dim feel+ t ?is1 
anyh[1 is ! t5d5cy ( ! times & t ) ?is  
/ream "o mu/ swim2 ?\gh ! m ?\ghtful    
contemplate ! evils ( ! "t & decide to  
put up ) ! pis all]2 ! responsible ?9k] 
is "u ! obligation ( inve/igat+ ! l&    
into :i* ! p are be+ l$4 ,we mu/ "k :at 
x looks l1 :]e !re are no ri* p & :]e no
 "o c h an income )\t work+ = x1 we mu/ 
und]/& :at we call ! new society s z to 
be able to %ape x aright4  ,,footnotes3 
,footnote #a3 ,von ,komm5d5 ,d+51 by    
,wal!r ,ra!nau4 ,b]l94 ,s4 ,fis*]4      
,footnote #b3 ,work]s' & ,soldi]s'      
,c\ncils4     ,,ii   ,! "q is n v urg5t4
  ,z surely z ! hundr$ ye>s' c\rse ( !  
social ,_w-,revolution _c be arre/$1 s  
surely c we prophesy t ! process _c     
ma9ta9 all along ! l9e ! rapid movem5t (
 its beg9n+4 ,! victori\s & ! defeat$   
c\ntries w h to "w out to ! end ! *anges

 & int]*anges ( _! v>i\s phases1 = 9 !  
hi/orical developm5ts :i* we witness    
to-day1 we f9d m+l$ toge!r ! ph5om5a (  
organic gr[? & ( disease2 already we see
 t ! ,socialism ( ! heal?y nations is   
diff]5t f t ( ! sick ones4 ,x is 9 va9 t
 ^? :o are sick ) ! ,bol%evi/ disease   
dream t !y c infect ! _w4  ,! small     
daily & ye>ly movem5ts 9 our realm (    
,c5tral ,europe _c be det]m9$ be=eh&1   
because !y dep5d ^u small1 accid5tal1   
local1 & ext]nal =ces4 ,! great &       
necess>y issues ( ev5ts c be pr$ict$1 b 
x w\ld be folly to discuss _! accid5tal 
flux & reflux4 ,:5 an ungu>d$ h\se is   
fill$ ) explosives f ! cell> to ! ro(1  
!n we "k t x w "o day be bl[n up2 b :e!r
 ?is w happ5 on a ,sunday or a ,monday1 
9 ! morn+ or 9 ! ev5+1 or :e!r ! left   
door po/ w be left /&+ or no1 x w\ld be 
idle to inquire4  ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( 
view x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r          
,radicalism may make an inroad "h & !re1
 or :e!r "h & !re ! =ces ( reaction &   
re/oration may collect !mselves = a     

transitory triumph4 ,! great movem5t (  
hi/ory1 z we always f9d :5 a cata/rophe 
has work$ itself out1 gr[s sl[]1 & ?is  
ret>dation 9 itself looks l reaction4   
,we1 :o are n accu/om$ to cata/rophes1 &
 :o did n produce ?is fir/ "o1 b r      
suff]$ x1 we1 :o easily get sea-sick    
aft] e rapid movem5t--?9k1 = in/ance1 ( 
! =m] ,rei*/ag--we %all c]ta9ly         
exp]i5ce1 z ! fir/ deep wave ( !        
,revolution s9ks into u1 an ari/ocratic1
 dyna/ic1 & plutocratic ,romanticism1 a 
ye>n+ = ! col\r & glitt] ( ! "t ( glory1
 a revolt aga9/ ! spiritless1 me*anical 
philan?rophy ( unemploy$ orators ( ab\t 
f\r?-=m /&>d intellectually2 aga9/ !    
monoton\s & ins9c]e tirades ( paid      
agitators & _! re/less disciples2 aga9/ 
laz9ess2 ignorance1 gre$1 & exagg]ation 
masqu]ad+ z popul> sci5tific economy2 & 
aga9/ ! brutal & extortionate up?ru/ f  
bel[4 ,& s we %all arrive at ! rev]se   
k9d ( folly1 an admiration & bad        
imitation ( =eign pride & pomp1 an      
arrogant individualism & a h>d5+ ( our  

human feel+4 ,! intellectual w>         
pr(ite]s1 :o are all = radicalism       
to-day1 w soon be we>+ cornfl[]s#c 9 _! 
button-holes4  ,= ! ?ird "t we %all see 
an illu/ration ( ! nave %amelessness ( !
 turn-coat4 ,! spiritual process (      
conv]sion is wor? notic+2 ,paul 0       
conv]t$ to be a conv]t]4 ,b ! scurry+ ( 
! intellectual speculator f ! position  
:i* has fail$ into ! position :i* has   
won1 ) ! full int5tion ( scurry+ back   
aga9 if necess>y1 & always ) ! claim to 
in/ruct o!r p1 is an expression ( !     
al>m+ fact t life has become n an affair
 ( inw>d conviction1 b ( gett+ ! "r tip4
  ,! turn-coat movem5t began :5 a       
%ortsight$ cr[d1 incapable ( judgm5t1 & 
) _! m9ds cl\d$ ) a few *eap phrases1   
expect$ f a quick & victori\s w> !      
/r5g!n+ ( all ! elem5ts ( ,=ce1 & fe>$  
to be left /r&$4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ?readb>e k9d
 ( lib]alism appe>$ to be compromis+1 !y
 clam\r$ = %9+ arm\r4 ,! mo/ wret*$     
victims 9 s\l & body1 :o 7 oblig$ to    
flee =w>ds because !y c\ld n flee 9 any 

o!r direction1 7 call$ h]oes1 & !       
manlie/ ^w 9 our language1 a ^w ( :i*   
only ! free/ & ! greate/ are wor?y1 0   
degrad$4 ,"o :o has exp]i5c$ ! hate &   
fury ( ! turn-coats :o p\r$ contempt ^u 
e ^w aga9/ ! w> & ! great days1 is      
unable to und]/& h[ a :ole p c ?r[ its  
errors ov]bo>d )\t %ame & sorr[--or he  
und]/&s x only too well4 ,at ?is day we 
are be+ mock$ & prea*$ at by !          
turn-coats ( ! second trans=mation1 &   
to-morr[ we %all be smil$ at by ^? ( !  
?ird4  ,b x does n matt]4 ,! mov+ =ces (
 our epo* d n come f bus9ess (fices nor 
f ! /reet1 ! ro/rum1 ! pulpit1 or !     
pr(essorial *air4 ,! noisy ru% (        
ye/]day1 to-day & to-morr[ is only !    
furi\s motion ( ! out]mo/ circle1 !     
c5tre moves ^u its way1 quietly z ! />s4
  ,we h 9 our survey to leap ov] sev]al 
p]iods ( =w>d & backw>d movem5t & we    
%all e>n ! ?anks ( none ( !m4 ,:at is   
too cons]vative = "o w be too           
revolution>y = ano!r1 & ! /hete w       
scornfully tell u t we h no fibre4 ,:5  

we %[ t :at awaits u is no fools'       
p>adise1 b ! dang] ( a tempor>y rev]se (
 humanity & culture1 !n ! facile        
,utopiani/ w %\t u d[n ) 8 two          
p>rot-phrases1#d & :5 we1 out ( a s5se (
 duty1 ( h>mony ) ! c\rse ( ! _w &      
confid5ce 9 ju/ice at ! s\l ( ?+s1 tread
 ! pa? ( dang]1 precipit\s ?\gh x be1 !n
 we %all be scorn$ by all ! wor%ipp]s ( 
,=ce & despis]s ( mank9d4  ,b we = our  
"p %all n p&] ei!r to ! =ce-wor%ipp]s or
 to ! masses4 ,we s]ve no p[]s t be4    
,our love goes out to ! ,p2 b ! ,p are n
 a cr[d at a meet+1 nor a sum-total (   
int]e/s1 nor are !y ! newspap]s or      
debat+-clubs4 ,! ,p are ! wak+ or       
sleep+1 ! leak+1 froz51 *ok$1 or gu%+   
well ( ! ,g]man _s4 ,x is ) t _s1 9 !   
pres5t & 9 ! future1 z x runs its c\rse 
into ! sea ( humanity1 t we h "h to d4  
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #c3 ,! emblem ( 
! ,hoh5zoll]ns4  ,footnote #d3 ,!       
ref]5ce1 app>5tly1 is to ! argum5t t any
 *ange mu/ be = ! bett]1 & to ! reliance
 on surplus value4 ,see pp4 #ac1 #ad4   

,,iii   ,! crit]ion :i* we h indicat$ = 
! socializ$ society ( ! future is a     
mat]ial "o4 ,b is ! spiritual condition 
( an epo* to be det]m9$ by mat]ial      
arrangem5ts8 ,is ?is n a confession (   
fai? 9 mat]ialism8  ,we are speak+ ( a  
crit]ion1 n ( a prime mov+ =ce4 ,i h no 
desire1 h[ev]1 to avoid go+ into !      
mat]ial1 or r we %\ld say me*anical1    
int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,i h done x m   
?an once 9 my l>g] works1 & = ! sake (  
coh]5ce ,i may repeat x 9 outl9e "h4  ,!
 laws :i* det]m9e individual de/9ies are
 reproduc$ 9 ! hi/ory ( collective      
movem5ts4 ,a man's c>e] is n prescrib$  
by 8 bodily =m1 8 expression1 or 8      
environm5t2 b !re is 9 ^! ?+s a c]ta9   
connexion & p>allelism1 = ! same laws   
:i* det]m9e ! c\rse ( 8 intellectual &  
spiritual life reflect !mselves 9 bodily
 & practical %ape4 ,e in/ant ( our      
exp]i5ce1 all circum/ances 9 :i* we f9d 
ourselves1 e limb t we gr[1 e accid5t t 
happ5s to u1 is an expression or product
 ( our "*4 ,we are inde$ subject to     

human limitations2 we are n at lib]ty to
 live "u wat] or 9 ano!r planet2 b )9 ^!
 wide b\nd>ies ea* ( u c %ape 8 own     
life4 ,to obs]ve a man1 8 "w1 8 fate1 8 
body & expression1 8 connexions & 8     
m>riage1 8 belong+s & 8 associations1 is
 to "k ! man4  ,f ?is po9t ( view all   
social1 economic & political s*emes     
become futile1 = if man is s sov]eign a 
be+ !re is no ne$ to look aft] him4 ,b  
^! s*emes re-acquire a relative         
importance :5 we consid] ! av]age level 
( man's w-p[]1 z we meet x 9 human      
exp]i5ce--a p[] :i*1 z a rule1 %[s      
itself unable to make head aga9/ a c]ta9
 maximum ( pressure f ext]nal           
circum/ances4 ,& aga91 ^! s*emes are    
really a "p ( ! expression ( human w1 = 
?r\gh !m collective humanity battles )  
its surr\nd+s1 its contempor>y _w1 &    
freely %apes its own de/9ies4  ,! inn]  
laws ( ! community h>monize ) ^? ( !    
individuals :o compose x4 ,! fact t     
c]ta9 national traits ( w & "* are      
condition$ or ev5 en=c$ by pov]ty or    

weal?1 soil & climate1 an inl& or       
m>itime position1 t5ds to obscure ! fact
 t ^! ext]nal conditions are n really   
laid on ! p b h be5 will$ by !mselves4  
,a p wills to h a nomadic life1 or wills
 to h a sea-coa/1 or wills agriculture1 
or w>2 & has ! p[]1 if its w be /rong   
en\gh1 to obta9 its desire1 or fail+ t  
to break up & p]i%4 ,x is ! same w & "* 
:i* decides = well-be+ & culture1 or    
indol5ce & dep5d5ce1 or lab\r &         
spiritual developm5t4 ,! ,v5etians did n
 h ar*itecture & pa9t+ be/[$ ^u !m      
because !y happ5$ to h become ri*1 nor !
 ,engli% sea-p[] because !y happ5$ to   
live on an isl&3 no1 ! ,v5etians will$  
fre$om1 p[] & art1 & ! ,anglo-,saxons   
will$ ! sea4  ,!re is a gra9 ( tru? 9 ! 
popul> political belief t w> embodies a 
judgm5t ( ,god4 ,at any rate "* is judg$
 by x2 n inde$ 9 ! s5se ( popul>        
politics1 t "o c hold out 9 a hopeless  
position1 b because all ! hi/ory t w5t  
be=e ! w>1 ! capacity or incapacity (   
politics & lead]%ip is a "q ( "*--& ) u 

x 0 a "q ( indol5ce1 ( political apa?y1 
( class-rule1 phili/9i% conceit & gre$ (
 ga94 ,n[h]e 0 ?is conception ( !       
judgm5t ( ,god s blasphem\sly exagg]at$ 
z ) u ,g]mans1 :5 ! "l ( our arm$ ho/s1 
at ! dem& ( ! b>racks gre$y = p[]1 ( !  
tav]n-b5*es1 ! /ate-bureaus & ! debat+  
societies 0 summon$1 & *>g$ ) ! duty1   
=soo?1 ( *a/is+ ,engl&--,engl&1 :i* !y  
only knew out ( newspap] reports6       
,to-day ?is exagg]ation is be+ paid = 9 
humiliation1 = ,god did n prove         
controllable1 & ,8 nave blasphem]s mu/  
sil5tly & ) gr9d+ tee? admit t _! foes  
are 9 ! "r :5 !y1 9 _! turn1 appeal to !
 same judgm5t to ju/ify1 )\t limit1     
ev]y?+ !y desire to d4  ,aft] ^! brief  
obs]vations on ! psy*o-physical complex1
 ,_s & ,de/9y1 we hope we %all n be     
misund]/ood :5 = ! sake ( brevity we    
speak z if ! _s ( ! new ord] 7 det]m9$  
by its mat]ial con/ruction1 :ile 9      
reality x incorporates itself !re94 ,!  
/ructure is ! easi] to survey1 & we     
!re=e make x ! />t+-po9t ( our          

discussion4     ,,iv   ,all             
civilisations kn[n to u h sprung f      
peoples :i* 7 num]\s1 weal?y & divid$   
into two social /rata4 ,!y rea*$ _!     
climax at ! mom5t :5 ! two /rata began  
to melt into "o4  ,x is n en\gh1 !re=e1 
t a p %\ld be num]\s & weal?y2 x mu/1 ) 
all its weal? & its p[]1 conta9 a l>ge  
proportion ( poor & ev5 oppress$ &      
enslav$ subjects4 ,if x has n got ^!1 x 
mu/ ma/] & make use ( o!r =eign cultures
 z a sub/itute4 ,t is :at ,rome did2 x  
is :at ,am]ica is do+4  ,x is t]rible1 b
 compreh5sible4 ,= up to ?is po9t !     
unconsci\s processes ( ,nature1 ! law ( 
mutual /rife1 has prevail$4 ,s f>1      
collective organizations h be5 bea/s (  
prey2 only n[ are !y ab\t to cross !    
b\nd>ies ( ! human ord]4  ,compreh5sible
 & explicable4 ,= all creations (       
culture hold toge!r2 "o _c pursue !     
*eap] v>ieties :ile r5\nc+ ! m co/ly4   
,!re is no *eap culture4 ,9 _! totality 
!y dem& outlay1 ! mo/ trem5d\s outlay   
kn[n to hi/ory1 ! only outlay by :i*    

human toil is recomp5s$1 ov] & above !  
supply ( absolute necess>ies4  ,!       
creations ( civilisation1 l all ?+s liv+
 & dead1 foll[ on ea* o!r--plants1 m51  
bea/s & ut5sils h _! sequ5ce g5]ation   
aft] g5]ation4 ,m5 mu/ pa9t & look at   
pictures = t5 ?\s& ye>s be=e a new      
picture comes into exi/5ce4 ,our poetry 
& our rese>* are ! fruit ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4
 ,?is is no disp>agem5t to g5ius 9 "w & 
?\ght1 g5ius is at once new1 anci5t &   
et]nal1 ev5 z ! blossom is a new ?+ on !
 old /em1 & belongs to an et]nal type4  
,:5 we he> t a native 9 ,c5tral ,africa 
or ,new ,zeal& has produc$ an oil-pa9t+ 
we "k t someh[ or o!r he mu/ h got to   
,p>is4 ,:5 a ,european arti/ writes or  
pa9ts 9 ,tahiti1 :at he produces is n a 
"w ( ,tahitian culture4 ,:5 civilisation
 has )]$ away on "s /]iliz$ soil1 x c   
only be reviv$ by new soil & =eign se$4 
,! cont9uity ( culture1 ev5 9 civiliz$  
times1 c only1 h[ev]1 be ma9ta9$ by     
con/ant outlay1 j z 9 arid di/ricts a   
luxuriant vegetation ne$s cont9u\s      

irrigation4 ,! flood ( ,ori5tal weal? _h
 to p\r itself into ,italy 9 ord] to br+
 =? ! bloom ( ,r5aissance art4 ,?\s&s ( 
patricians1 hundr$s ( temporal &        
spiritual pr9ces1 _h to f\nd & to adorn 
temples & palaces1 g>d5s1 monum5ts1     
pageants1 games & h\sehold goods 9 ord] 
t art & sci5ce1 s*ool+1 ma/]%ip1        
disciple%ip & tradition might gr[ up4 ,!
 wor%ip ( =eign culture :i* *>act]iz$   
,g]many 9 ! sev5te5? & half ( ! eighte5?
 c5turies only meant t our soil 0 gr[n  
too poor to yield a crop ( its own4 ,!  
culture ( ! ,middle ,ages rema9$        
int]national only s long z ! population 
( ,europe 0 too sp>se & ! opportunities 
( "w too scanty to occupy local en]gies2
 ev5 9 ! ?9ly populat$1 ,hom]ic         
middle-ages ( ,greece1 ! build] & ! poet
 7 n settl$ 9 "o place1 !y 7 w&]+       
arti/s4 ,if to-day ! ,republic (        
,guatemala or ,honduras %\ld want a     
s5ate-h\se or a railway-/ation !y w     
probably s5d to ,london or ,p>is = an   
ar*itect4  ,ev5 te*nique 9 h&icraft &   

indu/ry1 t typical art ( civilization1  
_c disp5se ) a great & cont9u\s outlay  
on tra9+1 commission+ & m>ket+ 9 ord] to
 ma9ta9 itself4 ,al?\gh x has n happ5$  
yet1 !re is no reason :y a ,s]b or a    
,slovak %\ld n make "s important        
discov]y if he has be5 tra9$ at a       
,european ,univ]sity & le>nt ! te*nical 
tradition4 ,t w n1 h[ev]1 give rise to  
an indep5d5t & endur+ ,s]bian or        
,slovakian te*nique1 ev5 ?\gh ! co/lie/ 
,univ]sities & laboratories %\ld be     
e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry & =eign tea*]s call$
 to tea* 9 !m4 ,aft] all t1 "o mu/ h a  
m>ket 9 ! c\ntry itself2 exp]t pur*as]s1
 manufactur]s1 middle-m51 a tra9$ army (
 eng9e]s1 craftsm51 ma/]s1 workm5 & a   
=eign m>ket z well--9 %ort1 ! te*nical  
atmosph]e--9 ord] to keep up ! /&>d (   
manufacture & production4  ,a poor      
c\ntry _c turn out products ( high value
 = a ri* "o2 x has n _h ! education     
aris+ f dem&4 ,9 products relat+ to     
sport & to com=t1 = in/ance1 ,engl& 0 a 
model1 b 9 ,france ^! products 7        

ridicul\sly misund]/ood & imitat$ )     
silly adornm5ts1 :ile on ! o!r h& ,fr5* 
products ( luxury & art-indu/ry 7 s\ght 
= by all c\ntries4 ,g]man w>es 7        
consid]$ to be *eap & na/y1 until ! l&  
grew ri*1 & br\ght ab\t ! co-op]ation ( 
its =ces ( sci5ce & te*nique1 production
 & m>ket+1 auxili>y indu/ries & remote  
pr(its1 f9ance & comm]ce1 education &   
tra9+1 judgm5t & criticism1 habits (    
life & a s5se ( comp>ative values4  ,b  
human =ces ne$ ! same nurture1 ! same   
outlay & ! same high tra9+1 z           
in/itutions & mat]ial products4         
,delicate "w dem&s s5sitive h&s & a     
%elt]$ way ( life2 discov]y & inv5tion  
dem& leisure & fre$om2 ta/e dem&s tra9+ 
& tradition1 sci5tific ?9k+ & arti/ic   
conception dem& an environm5t ) an      
unbrok5 cont9uity ( cultivation1 ?\ght &
 intellig5ce4 ,a dy+ civilisation c live
 = a :ile on ! exi/+ humus ( culture1 on
 ! exi/+ atmosph]e ( ?\ght1 b to create 
anew ^! elem5ts ( life is beyond its    
p[]s4  ,d n let u deceive ourselves1 b  

look ! facts 9 ! face6 ,all ^! excell5t 
,canadians1 ) or )\t an academic degree1
 :o innoc5tly pride !mselves on a       
prolet>ian abs5ce ( prejudice1 are      
adoptive *ildr5 ( a plutocratic &       
ari/ocratic cultivation4 ,x is all !    
same ev5 if !y lay aside _! /iff coll>s 
& eye-glasses2 _! e ^w & argum5t1 _! =ms
 ( ?\ght1 _! range ( k1 _! /rongly      
emphasiz$ intellectuality & ta/e = art &
 sci5ce1 _! :ole h&iwork & indu/ry1 are 
an inh]itance f :at !y suppos$ !y _h ca/
 (f & a tribute to :at !y pret5d to     
despise4 ,g5u9e radicalism is only to be
 respect$ :5 x und]/&s ! connexion ( ?+s
 & is n afraid ( consequ5ces4 ,x mu/    
und]/&--& ,i %all make x cle>--t its    
rapid advance w kill culture2 & ! prop] 
conclusion is t x ought to despise      
culture1 n to sponge on x4 ,! e>ly      
,*ri/ians aboli%$ all ! hea!n rubbi% &  
abom9ations1 ! e>ly ,radicals w\ld h    
hurri$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to pick out ! 
plums4  ,culture & civilization1 z we   
see1 dem& a cont9u\s & enorm\s outlay2  

an outlay 9 leisure1 an outlay 9 work+  
p[]1 an outlay 9 weal?4 ,!y ne$         
patronage & a m>ket1 !y ne$ ! s*ool1 !y 
ne$ models1 tradition1 comp>ison1       
judgm5t1 intellig5ce1 cultivation1      
disposition1 ! "r k9d ( nurs]y--an      
atmosph]e4 ,"o :o /&s outside x c s]ve  
x1 (t5 m p[]fully ) 8 virg9 /r5g? ?an "o
 :o is accu/om$ to x--b he mu/ be c>ri$ 
along & animat$ by ! brea? ( ! same     
atmosph]e4 ,culture & civilization      
require a ri* soil4  ,b ! ri*ness ( !   
soil is n suffici5t2 culture mu/ be bas$
 ^u1 & increas$ by1 contra/4 ,weal? mu/ 
h at its disposal great numb]s ( m5 :o  
are poor & dep5d5t4 ,h[ o!rwise %all !  
outlay ( culture be met8 ,"o man mu/ h  
_m at 8 disposal2 b h[ c he1 if !y are  
all 8 equals8 ,! outlay w be l>ge1 b x  
mu/ be feasible2 h[ c x1 if ! lab\r (   
?\s&s is n *eap8 ,! few1 ! exalt$1 mu/  
develop p[] & spl5d\r1 !y mu/ (f] types 
= imitation3 h[ c !y d t )\t a ret9ue1  
)\t spectators1 )\t ! h]d8 ,a l& (      
well-be+1 t is to say1 ( equally        

di/ribut$ well-be+1 rema9s petty &      
prov9cial4 ,:5 a ,/ate & its au?orities1
 c\ncils ( solid & ?rifty memb]s (      
societies = ?is or t1 take ov] ! (fice (
 a ,mc5as or a ,m$ici1 ) _! proposals1  
_! calculations1 _! objections1 _!      
control1 !n we get ?+s t look l         
w>-memorials1 wait+-rooms1              
newspap]-kiosks & dr9k+-saloons4 ,x 0 n 
always s8 ,no2 b ev5 9 ! mo/ p5uri\s    
times x 0 k+s :o 7 ! patrons4  ,b if    
culture is su* a poison-fl[]1 if x      
fl\ri%es only 9 ! swamp ( pov]ty & "u ! 
sun ( ri*es1 x mu/ & ought to be        
de/roy$4 ,our s5tim5t w no long] endure 
! happ9ess & brilliance ( ! few gr[+ out
 ( ! mis]y ( ! _m2 ! days ( ! s5ses are 
ov]1 & ! day ( consci5ce is beg9n+ to   
dawn4  ,& n[ a timid & tr\bl$ puritanism
 makes itself he>d3 ,is !re no middle   
way8 ,w n half-measures suffice8 ,no1 x 
w n d2 let ?is be said once = all z     
pla9ly z possible1 y *ampions ( ! supply
 ( b>e necessities :o talk ab\t daily   
bread & want to butt] x ) ! noble/      

pleasures ( art4 ,x w n d6  ,no1        
half-measures w n d1 nor qu>t]-measures4
 ,!y might1 if ! :ole _w1 ! sick1 !     
heal?y & ! bloat$ all toge!r 7 ( ! same 
m9d z ourselves4 ,9 ,mosc[ x is said t p
 are expect+ ! _w-revolution e h\r1 b ! 
_w decl9es to oblige4 ,!re=e1 if culture
 & civilization are to rema9 :at !y 71  
is !re no?+ = x b ) "o wr5* to te> !    
poison$ g>m5t f our body8 ,or--is !re !n
 an or8 ,let u see4 ,we h a long way    
be=e u4 ,fir/ ( all we mu/ "k h[ ri* or 
h[ poor we & ! _w are go+ to be1 on !   
day :5 !re w be no income )\t work+ = x 
& no ri* p any m4  ,if our economic     
sy/em made u self-support+ we might     
arrange matt]s on ! model ( ! ,bo]      
,republic :i* _h all x ne$$1 & n[ & !n  
trad$ a load ( o/ri* fea!rs = c(fee &   
hymn books4 ,b we1 alas6 9 ord] to f9d  
n\ri%m5t = tw5ty millions#e h to export 
blood & bra9s4 ,& if1 9 ord] to buy     
phosphates1 we (f] cotton /ock+s &      
night-caps z ! highe/ products ( our    
arti/ic en]gies1 & decl>e t !y are all !

 s\nde/ h&-"w--= 9 our daily bread      
economy we %all h long =gott5 h[ to "w  
su* devil's tools z ! mod]n             
knitt+-ma*9e--!n p w reply to u3 9 !    
fir/ place we don't want night-caps1 &  
if we did we c supply !m = "o-t5? ( !   
co/2 & our cotton goods w be s5t back to
 u z unsaleable4  ,a _w-trade1 ev5 (    
mode/ dim5sions1 c only be c>ri$ on ^u !
 basis ( high te*nical accompli%m5t1 b  
?is height ( accompli%m5t _c be atta9$  
on ! basis ( any p5ny-wise economy4     
,:oev] wills ! "p mu/ also w ! :ole1 b  
to ?is :ole belongs n m]ely ! conception
 ( a te*nique1 b ( a civilization1 &    
inde$ ( a culture4 ,"o might z well dem&
 ( a music-hall or*e/ra :i* plays       
ragtime all ! ye> r\nd t once 9 ! ye>1 &
 once only1 on ,good ,friday1 x %\ld    
pull itself toge!r to give an adequate  
p]=mance ( ! ,passion ,music ( ,ba*4    
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #e3 ,by ?is     
figure ! au?or seems to be ref]r+ to !  
population ( ! impov]i%$ ,g]many ( !    
future if ! c\rse ( ,socialism proce$s  

on wrong l9es4     ,v   ,= "s decades   
,g]many w be "o ( ! poore/ ( c\ntries4  
,h[ poor %e w be does n dep5d on h]self 
alone1 b on ! p[] & ! w = mis*ief (     
o!rs--:o hate u4  ,h[ev]1 pov]ty & weal?
 are relative t]ms2 ,g]mans are /ill    
ri*] on ! av]age ?an _! =efa!rs2 ri*]   
?an ! ,romans or ,greeks4 ,! /&>d (     
well-be+ is set by ! be/-(f ( !         
competitors1 = he x is :o det]m9es !    
curr5t /&>d ( te*nique & indu/ry1 !     
me?ods ( production1 ! m9imum ( lab\r & 
skill4 ,we _c1 z we h already se51 keep 
alo( f _w-competition1 = ,g]many ne$s   
*eap goods4 ,we mu/ !re=e try to keep   
/ep s f> z we c4  ,ev5 if we %ut our    
eyes & take no m acc\nt ( our debt to   
=eign l&s ?an we d ( ! w>-tribute1 we   
mu/ admit t ! av]age /&>d ( well-be+ 9  
,am]ica f> surpasses ! ,g]man4 ,goods   
are n s de> z ) u1 & ! wages ( ! skill$ 
work] am\nts to betwe5 sev5 & t5 doll>s 
a day--m ?an #ajj m>ks 9 our money2 & _m
 artisans drive to _! work%ops 9 _! own 
automobiles4  ,if1 n[1 we ask our       

,radicals h[ !y envisage ! problem (    
competition ) su* a c\ntry1 :i* 9 "o    
g5]ation w be tw5ty-or ?irty-fold z ri* 
z we are1 !y w blurt out a few s5t5ces 9
 :i* we %all cat* ! ^w ,soviet sy/em1   
surplus value1#f _w revolution4 ,b 9    
tru? ! "q w nev] occur to !m--x is n    
v5tilat$ at public meet+s4  ,among      
!mselves !y talk1 albeit )\t mu*        
conviction1 ab\t surplus value--:i* has 
no?+ :atev] to d ) ! pres5t "q1 & 9     
reg>d to :i* x has be5 prov$ to !m (t5  
en\gh t s f> z x c be made use ( at all1
 x only means ab\t a p\nd ( butt] extra 
p] head ( ! population4  ,! economic    
sup]iority ( ! ,we/]n p[]s1 h[ev]1 goes 
on gr[+1 inasmu* z to all appe>ance !y  
are gett+ to "w s]i\sly to e/abli% ! new
 economy 7:i* we h buri$7 9 ! =m ( ,/ate
 ,socialism4 ,a heal?y1 or :at is to-day
 ! same ?+1 a victori\s economy1 does n 
leap ov] any ( its /ages2 x w "w        
gradually ?r\gh ! app>5tly long]1 b     
con/ant1 movem5t f ,capitalism to ,/ate 
,socialism & !nce to full ,socialism2   

:ile we1 x seems1 want to take a        
%ortcut1 & to miss out ! int]v5+ /age4  
,& we lose s mu* "t & en]gy 9 re/less   
fluctuations =w>d & backw>d1 hi!r &     
?i!r1 t ?is leap 9 advance may fall     
%ort4  ,if any?+ c\ld be m /upid &      
calamit\s ?an ! w> itself x 0 ! "t :5 x 
broke out4 ,!re 0 "o ?+ :i* ! big       
capitalism ( ! _w 0 =m$ to supply1 :i* x
 0 able to supply1 &1 9 fact1 0 supply+3
 ! ?+ :i* n only ju/ifi$ capitalism1 b  
%[$ x to be an absolutely necess>y /age 
9 ! developm5t ( a d5s] population4 ,?is
 0 ! enri*m5t ( ! peoples1 ! rapid1 &   
ev5 anticipatory re/oration (           
equilibrium betwe5 ! gr[+ population & !
 indisp5sable increase 9 ! means (      
production2 9 o!r words1 g5]al well-be+4
 ,! unbrok5 progress ( ,am]ica1 & !     
almo/ unbrok5 progress ( ,engl& w       
demon/rate t 9 "o1 or at mo/ two1       
g5]ations ! p[] ( "w & ! output (       
me*anism w\ld h ris5 to su* a pit* t we 
c\ld h done any?+ we lik$ 9 ! direction 
( light5+ human lab\r & reconcil+ social

 antagonisms4  ,alas1 x 0 9 va96 ,!     
rapid advance to prosp]ity ( ! p (      
,c5tral ,europe1 :o _h be5 accu/om$ to  
?rift & economy1 w5t to _! heads2 !y    
fell victims to ! poison ( capitalism & 
( me*anism2 !y 7 unable1 l ,am]ica 9 its
 y\?ful /r5g?1 to make _! new           
circum/ances deep5 _! s5se (            
responsibility2 9 _! gre$y desire to    
/ore z mu* z possible ( ! heav5ly manna 
9 _! private b>ns !y ab&on$ _! de/9ies  
to a sup]annuat$1 outworn feudal class &
 to aspir+ magnates ( ! b\rgeoisie2 !y  
w\ld n be taught by political           
cata/rophes1 & at la/1 9 ! cata/rophe ( 
! w>1 !y lo/ at once _! imag9>y hopes1  
_! traditional p[] & ! economic basis ( 
_! exi/5ce4  ,^? :o are n[ pursu+ a     
policy ( desp]ation are unconsci\sly    
build+ _! hopes on ! breakd[n :i* br\ght
 !m to ! top3 !y are av[$ly mak+ !      
hop$-= revolution 9 ! ,we/ ! c5tral po9t
 ( _! sy/em4 ,if ! ,we/ holds out1 !y w 
be false prophets2 b x w n only hold    
out1 x w 9 ! beg9n+ at all ev5ts1       

witness a great & passionate upris+ (   
imp]iali/ic & capitali/ic t5d5cies4 ,if 
!re is any "o :o did n und]/& t a policy
 bas$ on hopes ( o!r peoples' bankruptcy
 is ! mo/ flimsy & frivol\s ( all       
policies1 he might well h le>n$ x f !   
w>4  ,g]many mu/ =ge h] own de/9ies =   
h]self1 )\t side-glances at ! good or   
ill =tune ( o!rs4 ,_h "t only be5 giv5 u
 to pass naturally f ! /age ( a prolong$
 & corrupt$ *ildhood into t ( a manly   
responsibility1 our ultimate recov]y    
w\ld be assur$4 ,b we h to accompli% 9  
mon?s :at ought to be ! evolution (     
decades2 our national tra9+ has left u  
)\t convictions1 we h no eye = ! true   
b\nd>ies ( rights1 claims &             
responsibilities1 & we hesitate z to h[ 
f> we mu/ or ought to g4 ,unprep>$1     
weak5$1 impov]i%$ & sick1 we are        
requir$1 at ! mo/ unlucky mom5t1 to "w  
out a new & unprec$5t$ ord] ( life4     
,be=e ev5 ! educat$ classes are capable 
( =m+ a judgm5t on ! "q1 ! mo/ incapable
 masses ( ! rawe/ y\?1 ( ! l[e/ classes 

( society1 are let loose1 & sit ^u !    
judgm5t-seat4  ,x is n only t we h be5  
ri* & h become v poor1 b we 7 always    
politically immature1 & are s /ill4 ,if 
! ord] ( ,society is to be t (          
root-&-bran* ,socialism1 x w mean !     
prolet>ian condition = all ( u1 & = a   
long "t to come4 ,!re is no use 9       
flatt]+ ourselves & pa9t+ ! future bett]
 ?an x is2 ! tru? mu/ be spok5 ) all    
pla9ness4 ,if we "w h>d1 & "u capable   
guidance1 ea* ( u w at mo/ h an         
effective income ( #ejj m>ks 9 pre-w>   
values1 or1 say1 #bjjj m>ks = ! family4 
,?is av]age w be high] if we proce$ on !
 pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,economy1#g b aga9 w
 be r$uc$ by ! necessity = all[+ extra  
pay = "w ( high] value4 ,if to-day !    
av]age income available is m>k$ly high] 
?an ! above1 ! reason is t we are liv+  
on our capital2 we are liv+ on !        
products ( "w :i* ought to be res]v$ = !
 ma9t5ance & r5ewal ( ! means (         
production2 9 o!r words we are exhau/+ !
 soil & slaught]+ our /ock4 ,we are also

 consum+ :at =eign c\ntries give u on   
cr$it2 9 o!r words1 we are liv+ on      
borr[$ money4  ,x is *ildi% ly+ &       
deception to act on ! tacit assumption t
 ?or\ghgo+ ,socialism means some?+ l a  
g>d5-city idyll1 ) play-h\ses1 op5-air  
!atres1 excursions1 picturesque raim5t &
 fire-side art4 ,?is 9 itself q dec5t   
ideal ( ! av]age ar*itect1 art-craftsman
 & art-re=m] if express$ 9 dry figures  
w\ld1 at ! l[e/ e/imate z !y say1 dem&  
ab\t fivefold ! capacity = production   
atta9able by ! utmo/ ex]tions & ) a t5  
h\rs' day be=e ! w>--be=e ! d[nfall (   
our economy & our exploitation by !     
enemy4  ,to place "o-?ird ( our         
work+-class 9 dec5t1 freehold dwell+s   
w\ld alone1 if ! mat]ial & means (      
production suffic$1 require ! :ole      
work+-capacity ( ! c\ntry = two ye>s4   
,ev5 aft] ! la/ manufactur]'s           
villa-resid5ce1 ! la/ palace-hotel1 h   
long be5 turn$ into t5em5ts1 ! solution 
( ! mo/ urg5t "p ( ! h\s+-"q w /ill be  
an affair ( decades4 ,= ! sake ( ! la/  

remnant ( our self-respect we mu/ f9ally
 te> asund] t web ( economic falsehood1 
wov5 out ( ignorance1 m5tal le?>gy1     
concealm5t & illusion1 :i* has tak5 !   
place ( ! political4 ,let u see any "o  
attempt to prove t ,g]many c c>ry on1 ,i
 d n say a well-(f1 b ev5 a petty       
tradesman's k9d ( exi/5ce1 unless our   
means ( production c by "s /roke ( magic
 be multipli$ t5fold--on pap] x c be    
done ) ease--or unless ! production     
value 7n turnov]71 :i* an adult         
work+-man c ) ! utmo/ ex]tion br+ into  
be+ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> does n _m times   
exce$ ! av]age value ( #bjjj m>ks4  ,no 
d\bt ! "y folk ( our big cities promise 
!mselves a m]ry "t = six weeks :5 !y h  
got p[]1 ! %ops1 ! w>drobes & !         
w9e-cell>s into _! h&s4 ,= ! lead]s1 x  
may la/ a little long] ?an = !          
rank-&-file4 ,& !n1 = ^? ( ! =m] :o h   
any s5se ( hone/y1 w come a "q (        
consci5ce1 :i* may be delay$ by pr9t+   
pap]-money1 b _c be solv$ by any appeal 
to ! p4  ,if ,bol%evism 7 ! contr>y to  

:at x is--if x 7 a success1 a ?+ n      
absolutely impossible 9 a peasant-,/ate1
 we might und]/& ! self-assurance ( ^?  
:o1 9 opposition to our =eca/1 expect   
ev]y?+ f ! w ( ! p1 ! ,soviet sy/em & ! 
inspirations ( ! future4 ,we d und]/& x 
9 ! case ( ! draw+-room communi/s1 & !  
pr(ite]-extremi/s :o are out n = !      
cause1 b = p[]1 & p]haps only = mat]ial 
objects4  ,i "k t by ^! obs]vations ,i  
am fav\r+ ! cause ( ^? sorry dignit>ies 
( a day1 ! ,majority ,sociali/s1 b ,i _c
 help t4 ,! tru? is n false because x   
fav\rs "o p>ty1 nor is falsehood tru?   
because x h>ms ! o!r4 ,! ,socialism n[ 9
 p[] is do+ ! "r ?+1 al?\gh x is do+ x  
out ( ignorance & helplessness--x is    
wait+1 & gett+ /eam up4 ,x is bett] to d
 ! "r ?+ out ( error ?an to d ! wrong ?+
 out ( wisdom4 ,out ( error3 = besides  
omitt+ to d :at ought n to be done x    
also omits ! ?+s x ought to d--among    
o!rs1 ! introduction ( ! ,new           
,economy4#h ,x is l mank9d be=e ! ,fall2
 x does n "k good f evil1 :at is useful 

& :at is noxi\s1 :at c be done & :at _c4
 ,well--let x take its "t2 x %all h "t  
en\gh4  ,?is "t mu/ be turn$ to good    
acc\nt4 ,:5 we h come to ! end ( ^!     
obs]vations we %all und]/& :at a huge   
task lies betwe5 u & ! realization ( !  
new social ord]4 ,9 ?is case ! longe/   
way r\nd is ! %orte/ way home4 ,& ev5 if
 ,g]many %\ld *oose ! m\nta9 road ) its 
broad loops & w9d+s1 we %all /ray (t5   
en\gh1 & g backw>d n[ & !n2 :ile if1 9  
impati5t revolt1 we try to climb /raight
 up1 we %all slip d[n l[] ?an :]e we    
/>t$4 ,let u nev] =get h[ my/]i\sly our 
social & political immaturity seems to  
be b\nd up ) our once l(ty & ev5 n[     
rem>kable intellectuality & morality4#i 
,we h n won our lib]ties1 !y h fall5    
into our laps2 x 0 by ! g5]al breakd[n1 
by a /rike1 by a flight1 t ,g]many & h] 
=m] rul]s h p>t$ company4 ,^! lib]ties1 
social & political1 are n root$ 9 !     
soil1 !y c h>dly be said to be priz$    
among ! treasures ( life1 x is n _!     
ideal1 b _! mat]ial side :i* attracts u4

 ,^? :o us$ to %\t ,hurrah6 n[ cry ,all 
p[] to ! ,soviets6 & ! day w come :5 !y 
w aga9 %\t ,hurrah6 ,!n we %all witness 
a real sund]+ ( our diff]5t visions ( ! 
_w1 visions n[ buri$ "u a mass ( int]e/s
 & speculations4  ,9 any case1 :e!r !   
*ange is to be cata/rophic or           
evolution>y1 ! j\rney w be a long "o1 & 
e attempt to hurry x w only prolong x   
fur!r2 x w ?r[ u back = ye>s1 or x may  
be decades4 ,above all ?+s1 we mu/ "k   
:i!r we are go+4 ,9 ord] to adapt       
ourselves to a new =m ( society we mu/  
"k :at x may look l1 :at x ought to look
 l1 & :at x w look l4 ,we %all f9d t    
,g]many is n go+ to be l&$ 9 an e>?ly   
,p>adise1 b 9 a _w ( toil1 & "o :i* = a 
long p]iod w be a _w ( pov]ty1 ( a      
p5uri\s civilization & ( a              
deeply-endang]$ culture4 ,! unprov$1    
p>rot-phrases ( a *eap ,utopianism w gr[
 dumb--^? phrases :i* (f] u entrance    
into ! usual ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 ) its         
squ>e-cut1 ma*9e-made culture & gaudy1  
/&>diz$ enjoym5ts--phrases :i* assure u 

t :5 we h introduc$ ! six-h\rs' work+   
day & aboli%$ private prop]ty1 ! c9ema  
horrors w be replac$ by classical       
conc]ts1 ! g9-%ops by popul>            
read+-rooms1 ! gam+-hells by edify+     
lectures1 highway robb]ies by gymna/ic  
ex]cises1 detective novels by ,gottfri$ 
,kell]1 baza>-trifles & comic vulg>ities
 by works ( ref9$ h&icraft2 & t out (   
box+ conte/s1 racec\rse bett+1 bomb     
ex]cises1 & pr(ite]+ 9 butt]1 we %all   
see ! rise ( an era ( humility &        
philan?ropy4  ,9 ! ,promis$ ,l& z we    
conceive x1 ! classes :i* are n[ ! be>]s
 ( ,g]man culture w lose almo/ ev]y?+1  
:ile ! ga9 ( ! prolet>iat w be sc>cely  
visible4 ,& yet = ! sake ( ?is sc>cely  
visible ga9 we mu/ tread ! /ony pa? t   
lies be=e u4 ,will+ly & joyfully %all we
 tread x2 = out ( ?is1 at fir/1 dubi\s  
conque/ ( equal rights = all m5 w gr[ ! 
might ( ju/ice1 ( human dignity1 ( human
 solid>ity & unity4  ,t is truly "w = a 
c5tury1 & yet = t v reason ! h>d pa? w  
lead to its rew>d4 ,we mu/ le>n to "k x1

 & to und]/& t x is a pa? ( sacrifice4  
,we mu/ n accept ! invitation ( fools to
 a ,*ri/mas p>ty--fools :o w make !     
welk9 r+ ) _! outcries :5 !y f9d out _! 
self-deception4 ,let u tread our pa? (  
suff]+ ) a pride :i* disda9s to be      
consol$ by illusions4  ,,footnotes3     
,footnote #f3 ,by surplus-value         
7,mehrw]t7 ! au?or means all t is       
produc$ above & beyond ! b>e necessities
 ( life4  ,footnote #g3 ,die ,neue      
,wirts*aft1 by ,wal!r ,ra!nau 7,s4      
,fis*]74 ,9 ?is brief /udy1 ,ra!nau     
urges 7#a7 ! unification & /&>dization (
 ! :ole ( ,g]man indu/ry & comm]ce 9 "o 
great ,tru/1 work+ "u a ,/ate *>t]1 &   
arm$ ) v ext5sive p[]s2 & 7#b7 a great  
int5sification ( ! application ( sci5ce 
& me*anism to production4  ,footnote #h3
 ,see p4 #cg1 note4  ,footnote #i3      
,morality1 ,sittli*keit1 a ^w ( broad]  
mean+ ?an morality1 = x compreh5ds n    
only matt]s ( e?ical "r & wrong1 b !    
g5]al temp] & habit ( m9d ( a p z       
express$ 9 social life4     ,,vi   ,9   

ord] to ?r[ "s light into ! obscurity ( 
t social dreaml& :i* no "o s]i\sly      
discusses because no "o hone/ly believes
 9 x1 let u1 z x 71 cut out & exam9e a  
section f ! fully socializ$ ,g]many ( ! 
future4 ,let u suppose t c]ta9 economic 
& social conditions h la/$ = a g5]ation 
or s1 & h !re=e become m or less        
/abiliz$4 ,at a normal rate ( progress  
?is /ate ( ?+s %\ld be rea*$ ab\t ! end 
( ?is c5tury4  ,to beg9 )1 let u make   
two v optimi/ic assumptions--fir/1 t    
te*nical progress 9 ,g]many %all h      
develop$ to a po9t at :i* we are no     
long] impossibly outclass$ & di/anc$ by 
=eign nations1 &1 secondly1 t by a      
timely & f>-rea*+ re=m ( education &    
culture 7! l[e/ co/ ( :i* mu/ be set d[n
 at ab\t ?ree milli>ds ( m>ks7 !        
complete breakd[n ( civilisation may be 
av]t$4 ,?is re=m is "o :i* mu/ be tak5 9
 h& v e>ly1 = aft] ! ev5t its adoption  
is improbable4 ,a ?ird1 less optimi/ic b
 on t acc\nt m probable assumption may  
be add$ to ?is--namely1 t ! ,we/]n      

c\ntries %all h progress$ t[>ds         
,socialism m /eadily & !re=e m sl[ly1 & 
t at ! p]iod ( our comp>ison ,am]ica    
%all f9d itself at ! /age (             
,/ate-,socialism1 n ( full              
socialization4 ,we "k t 9 mak+ ?is      
assumption we are smoo?+ ! way = attack 
to our pr(essional oppon5ts1 uncritical 
& self-int]e/$1 :o ) "o bla/ ( ! fanf>e 
( _w-revolution c scatt] our fur!r      
obs]vations to ! w9ds4  ,full ,socialism
 is *>act]iz$1 z we h se51 by !         
abolition ( all incomes t are n work$ =1
 & ! fact t !re are no m ri*4 ,b ?is    
crit]ion mu/ be limit$ 9 its            
application1 = x c nev] be fully        
realiz$4  ,accord+ to ! !ory & ! laws e 
"o mu/ hold "s appo9tm5t & be paid = 8  
"w1 or = n work+4 ,:at he is paid1      
h[ev]1 he c at w utilize1 or wa/e1 or   
ho>d up1 or give1 or gamble away1 or    
de/roy4 ,he _c inve/ x1 or get int]e/ on
 x or turn into capital1 because ^!     
private und]tak+s or means ( production 
w no long] exi/4  ,n[ ea* ( ^!          

assumptions is s %aky t n only mu/      
trifl+ div]g5ces & %ortcom+s be w9k$ at1
 b ! me%es ( ! sy/em are s wide t only a
 r\gh approximation to ! ideal is       
possible4  ,x is true t e "o c be made  
to hold "s appo9tm5t & be paid = "s     
m9imum ( "w1 b no "o c be prev5t$ f     
devot+ 8 leisure h\rs to "s "w ( r>e    
quality & turn+ x into value = 8 own    
purposes4 ,he c make himself useful by  
subsidi>y employm5t ( an arti/ic1       
sci5tific or te*nical "*1 by r5d]+      
s]vices or assi/ance ( v>i\s k9ds1 by   
advis+1 or ent]ta9+1 or act+ z a guide  
to /rang]s1 or go+ on employm5t abroad1 
& no law c prev5t him f turn+ 8 s]vices 
into income ev5 if he 0 m]ely paid 9    
k9d4 ,gam+ & bett+ w fl\ri% & _m w gr[  
ri* by !m4 ,a man :o has lo/ 8 money &  
:o has exhau/$ 8 rights to an advance f 
! public in/itutions = t object w h     
rec\rse to l5d]s :o w supply him ) bread
 & meat & clo!s1 & :o w make money by x4
 ,simil>ly ) p :o are tempt$ to make    
acquisitions beyond _! /&>d remun]ation4

 ,on e side we %all see private /ores ( 
goods ( all k9ds1 :i* w take ! place (  
prop]ty z =m]ly und]/ood4  ,!re w be an 
enorm\s temptation to smuggl+ & pr(ite]+
 :i* w rea* a height f> surpass+ all    
sc&als ( ! w> & revolution p]iods4      
,=eign]s & _! ag5ts1 :o look aft] !     
export trade f ,gov]nm5t to ,gov]nm5t1 w
 help ho>d]s & sav]s to turn _! goods to
 acc\nt4 ,suppose citiz5s are attack$   
because _! s5seless exp5diture is a     
mock]y ( _! legal remun]ation1 !y w say3
 ,i got ?is f fri5ds--t ,i got by       
ex*ange--?is came f abroad--my relatives
 9 ,am]ica s5t me t4 ,law1 control1     
t]rorism1 are effective j s long z !re  
is n a blade ( grass 9 ! l&--once remove
 ! fe> ( hung] & !y are useless4 ,great 
prop]ties w arise1 draw+ int]e/ bo?     
abroad & at home1 & !y w gr[ by evasions
 & brib]y4 ,! pr(ite]1 ! true *ild ( !  
great days1 w n p]i% f ! l&1 on !       
contr>y1 he w gr[ t\gh] ! m he is       
p]secut$1 he w be ! ri* man ( ! future1 
& he w =m a con/ant political dang] if  

he & 8 fell[s comb9e4  ,s long z we h n 
acquir$ an entirely new m5tality1 "o :i*
 deta*es m5 f possessions1 :i* po9ts !m 
t[>ds ! ,law1 :i* b9ds ! passions1 &    
%>p5s ! consci5ce1 s long w ! pr9ciple (
 ,no ri* p & no workless income h to be 
contract$ into ! =mula1 ,!re ought to be
 none4  ,)\t ?is pr(\nd alt]ation (     
m5tality1 ev5 ! legally prescrib$       
incomes w exhibit q grotesque v>iations1
 & w adapt !mselves to ! r>ity-value (  
special gifts1 to indisp5sable          
qualities1 to fav\ritism1 ) a crudity q 
unkn[n to-day4 ,a sc>city ( ,m9i/]s1 a  
,pr(essor's n\ri%m5t1 & soldi]s'        
supplies1 w !n z n[ be met accord+ to ! 
law ( supply & dem&4 ,consid] :at t5    
ye>s' practice 9 ! w> = wages &         
/rike-managem5t1 ) ! public 9 x z       
p>tisans1 w br+ ) x 9 ! way (           
fav\ritisms1 celebrities1 &             
indisp5sabilities4 ,popul> jockeys1     
successful surgeons1 manag]s ( sports'  
clubs1 t5ors1 demimonda9es1 f>ce-writ]s 
& *ampion a?letes c\ld1 ev5 to-day1 if  

!y 7 class-consci\s & jo9$ toge!r to    
exploit _! opportunities1 dem& any      
income !y lik$4 ,ev5 z a matt] (        
practical political economy1 ! c9ema-/> 
7or :atev] may succe$ h]7 w be able to  
prescribe to ! ,gov]nm5t :at am\nt (    
adornm5ts1 drawn f ,nature or ,art1 are 
necess>y = h] call+1 & :at /&>d ( life  
%e mu/ ma9ta9 9 ord] to keep h]self 9 ! 
prop] mood4  ,organiz]s1 popul> lead]s1 
au?ors & arti/s w ann\nce & en=ce _!    
dem&s to ! full limit ( _! r>ity-value4 
,at a consid]able di/ance bel[ ^! come !
 acquir$ & m or less transf]able p[]s & 
tal5ts4 ,! ,russians = ! fir/ few mon?s 
believ$ 9 a ?ree-fold ord] ( all[ances1 
ris+ )9 a limit ( ab\t "o to two4 ,if ! 
ideas n[ prevail+ h n und]gone a radical
 *ange1 !n we may1 9 ! society ( !      
future1 look = div]g5ces ( income 9 !   
limit ( "o to a ?\s&4  ,!re=e ! pr9ciple
 t !re %all be no m ri* p mu/ aga9 be   
sub/antially limit$4 ,we mu/ say1 ,!re w
 be p receiv+ extraord9>y incomes 9 k9d 
to :i* mu/ be add$ ! claims to p]sonal  

s]vice :i* ^! fav\r$ p]sons w lay d[n z 
conditions ( _! "w4  ,9 its ext]nal1    
ari?metical /ructure1 ! fabric ( life & 
its requirem5ts 9 ! new ord] w resemble 
t ( to-day f> m closely ?an mo/ ( u     
imag9e--on ! o!r h&1 ! inw>d & p]sonal  
con/itution ( man w be f> m diff]5t4    
,already we c obs]ve ! direction ( !    
movem5t4  ,extravagance & luxury w      
cont9ue to exi/1 & ^? :o practise x w   
be1 z !y are to-day1 & m ?an to-day1 !  
pr(ite]s1 ! lucky ones1 & ! adv5tur]s4  
,excessive weal? w be m repulsive ?an x 
is n[2 :e!r x w be less valu$ dep5ds ^u 
! /ate ( public e?ics1 a topic :i* we   
%all h to consid] lat]4 ,x is probable t
 9 defiance ( all legislation weal? w   
turn itself into exp5diture & enjoym5t m
 rapidly & m recklessly ?an to-day4  ,b 
! relics ( middle-class well-be+ w by t 
"t h be5 consum$2 ! families :i* =      
g5]ations h visibly incorporat$ ! ,g]man
 _s w less ?an o!rs contrive to secure  
special advantages by pr(ite]+ & evad+ !
 laws2 z soon z _! mode/ possessions are

 tax$ away or consum$ !y w melt into !  
g5]al mass ( ne$y p :o w =m ! economic  
av]age ( ! future4  ,! luxury :i* w     
exhibit itself 9 /reets & h\ses w h a   
dubi\s air2 e "o w "k t !re is some?+   
wrong ) x1 p w spy & d5\nce1 & f9d to _!
 disgu/ t no?+ c be prov$2 ! well-(f w  
be p>tly despis$1 p>tly envi$2 ! "q h[  
to suppress evasions ( ! law w take up a
 good half ( all public discussions1 j z
 t ( capitalism does n[4 ,! hateful     
sight ( o!rs' prosp]ity _c1 ev5 at home1
 n to m5tion =eign c\ntries1 be )drawn f
 ! eyes ( ! ne$y masses2 capitalism w h 
m]ely acquir$ ano!r "n & o!r            
repres5tatives4  ,! fact t ! av]age ( m 
or less cultivat$ & responsible folk are
 plung$ 9 pov]ty w n be accept$ z !     
consequ5ce ( an unalt]able natural law1 
nor z a case ( p]sonal mis=tune2 x w be 
set d[n to bad gov]nm5t1 & ! ris+       
revolution>y =ces ( ! fif?1 six? & sev5?
 classes w n\ri% ! prevail+ discont5t 9 
fav\r ( a new revolt4 ,= ! great]       
uni=mity ( ! av]age way ( life & its    

g5]al ne$9ess w n 9 itself aboli% !     
division ( classes4 ,i h already (t5    
en\gh po9t$ out t no me*anical          
arrangem5ts c avail u "h4  ,at fir/ !re 
w be ?ree1 or m probably f\r classes :o1
 9 spite ( pov]ty1 w n dissolve 9 !     
masses1 & :o1 ?r\gh _! coh]5ce & _!     
intellectual h]itage are by no means )\t
 p[]4 ,! ,bol%evi/ plan ( simply kill+  
!m out w n be possible 9 ,g]many1 !y are
 relatively too num]\s2 p]secution w    
weld !m clos] toge!r1 & _! traditional  
exp]i5ces1 habits ( m9d1 & capacity1 w  
make x necess>y to h rec\rse to !m &    
employ !m aga9 & aga94  ,! fir/ ( ^!    
classes is t ( ! feudal nobility4 ,_!   
anci5t names _c be root$ out ( ! hi/ory 
( ,g]many1 & ev5 9 _! pov]ty ! be>]s (  
^! names w be respect$--all ! m if1 z we
 may c]ta9ly assume1 !y ma9ta9 ! effects
 ( _! bodily discipl9e1 & ! visible     
tradition ( c]ta9 =ms ( life & ?\ght4   
,!y w be /r5g!n$ by _! mutual           
association1 _! relation%ip ) =eign     
nobility w give !m important functions 9

 diplomacy2 ^! are two elem5ts :i* !y h 
9 common ) ,ca?olicism & ,judaism4 ,!y w
 reta9 _! incl9ation & aptitude = !     
call+ ( arms & = adm9i/ration2 _!       
reaction>y s5tim5ts w lead n[ to        
success1 n[ to failure1 & by bo? ! inn] 
coh]5ce ( ! class w be =tifi$4 ,f9ally1 
! inevitable rev]sion to an appreciation
 ( ! romantic values ( life w make a    
connexion ) names ( anci5t l9eage       
desirable to ! lead+ classes1 &         
especially to ! ari/ocracy ( (ficialism4
  ,?is ari/ocracy ( (ficialism =ms !    
second ( ! new /rata :i* w come to      
light4 ,! fir/ (fice-be>]s ( ! new era1 
be _! a*ievem5ts great or small1 are n  
to be =gott54 ,_! desc5dants are        
respect$ z ! be>]s ( well-kn[n names2 9 
_! families ! practice ( politics1 ! k (
 p]sons & connexions are p]petuat$2     
fa!rs1 9 _! lifetime1 look aft] !       
int]e/s ( sons & daught]s & laun* !m on 
! same pa?4 ,f ^!1 & f ! fir/ /ratum1 ! 
repres5tatives ( ,g]many 9 =eign l&s are
 *os51 & 9 ?is way a c]ta9 famili>ity ) 

int]national life & society w be        
ma9ta9$4 ,!y w h ! provision necess>y = 
_! position abroad1 & w also f9d ways & 
means to keep up a high] /&>d ( life at 
home4 ,p]sons 9 possession ( irregul>   
means ( well-be+ w (f] a great deal to  
e/abli% connexions ) ^! circles1 :i*    
control s _m lev]s 9 ! ma*9e ( ,/ate4   
,! ?ird gr\p consi/s ( ! desc5dants (   
:at 0 once ! lead+ class 9 culture & 9  
economics4 ,"h we f9d a _s simil> to t (
 ! refugees1 migrs & ,hugu5ots ( ! pa/4 
,! l[] !y s9k 9 ext]nal p[]1 ! m        
t5aci\sly !y hold to _! memories4 ,e    
family kn[s e o!r & *]i%es ! lu/re ( its
 "n1 a lu/re augm5t$ by leg5d>y         
recollections1 all ! m :5 ! a*ievem5ts (
 _! class are o/5tati\sly ignor$ 9 ! new
 social ord]4 ,p sp>e & save to ! la/   
extremity 9 ord] to pres]ve & h& d[n "s 
heirloom--a musical in/rum5t1 a libr>y1 
a manuscript1 a picture or two4 ,a      
puritanical ?rift is ex]cis$ 9 ord]1 z  
f> z possible1 to ma9ta9 education1     
culture & intellectuality on ! old      

level2 to ?is class culture1 ref9em5t ( 
life z an end 9 itself1 ! practice (    
religion1 classical music1 & arti/ic    
feel+ w fly = refuge4 ,no o!r class     
und]/&s ?is "o2 x holds itself alo(1 x  
looks diff]5t f ! re/ 9 its occupations1
 its habits1 its g>b & its =ms ( life4  
,x supplies ! new ord] ) its s*ol>s1 its
 cl]gy1 its high] tea*+ p[]1 its        
repres5tatives ( ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ &      
intellectual call+s4 ,l ! mona/]ies ( ! 
,middle ,ages1 x =ms an isl& ( ! pa/4   
,its influ5ce rises & falls p]iodically1
 accord+ to ! curr5t ideas ( ! "t1 b its
 position is assur$ by its volunt>y     
sacrifices1 by its k & by ! purity ( its
 motives4  ,a f\r? inexpugnable &       
influ5tial /ratum w 9 all probability be
 =m$ by ! middle-class l&[n]s & !       
sub/antial peasants4 ,ev5 ?\gh !        
socialization ( ! l& %\ld be radically  
c>ri$ ?r\gh--:i* is n likely to be !    
case--x w rema9 on pap]4 ,a class ( :at 
may be call$ ,/ate-t5ants1              
e/ate-manag]s1 or lead]s ( co-op]ative  

organizations w v mu* resemble a l&[n+  
class4 ,its traditional exp]i5ce & !    
ties t b9d x to ! soil make x a clos$ & 
well-def9$ body1 self-consci\s & ma/]ful
 ?r\gh ! importance ( its call+1 its    
indisp5sability & its individualism4 ,x 
suff]s no dictation z reg>ds its mann] (
 life4 ,"h we %all see ! cons]vative    
traditions ( ! c\ntry /rongly mu/]$ =   
def5ce1 incapable ( be+ elim9at$ z a    
political =ce1 & =m+ a c\nt]poise to !  
radical democracy ( ! t[ns4  ,ev]y:]e we
 f9d a /ate ( /ra9 & ( cleavage4 ,!     
s+le-/ratum condition ( society _c be   
rea*$ )\t a pr(\nd inw>d *ange2 politics
 are /ill /irr$ & %ak5 by conflicts1 &  
society by ! /rife ( classes4 ,a v      
diff]5t picture f ! promis$ ,utopian    
,p>adise ( a common fe$+-gr\nd = lions &
 %eep6  ,we are all aggriev$ by !       
illegal opul5ce ( ! pr(ite]s1 b we are  
all liable to ! infection4 ,! feudali/ic
 ,fronde awaits its opportunity4 ,!     
ari/ocracy ( (fice endeav\rs to         
monopolize ! ,/ate-ma*9e4 ,! migrs (    

culture f9d !mselves look$ askance at1  
on suspicion ( intellectual arrogance1 &
 !y insi/ t ! c\ntry _c get on )\t !m4  
,! agriculturali/s are fe>$1 :5 !y %[ a 
t5d5cy to revolt aga9/ ! t[ns4 ,! rul+  
class1 t is to say ! m or less educat$  
masses ( ! city-democracy1 looks 9      
impati5t discont5t = ! /ate ( g5]al     
well-be+ :i* refuses to be realiz$1 lays
 ! blame alt]nately on ! f\r p[]ful     
/rata & on ! pr(ite]s1 & fights n[ ?is  
gr\p n[ t1 = bett] conditions ( liv+4   
,b ! conditions ( liv+ d n improve--!y  
get worse4 ,! level ( ! nation's output 
has be5 s9k+ f ! fir/ day ( !           
,revolution onw>ds4 ,! absolute         
productivity ( "w1 ! relative efficacy &
 ! quality ( ! product1 h all           
det]iorat$4 ,) a small] turnov] we h    
witness$ a fall+-(f 9 ! excell5ce ( !   
goods1 9 rese>*-"w1 & 9 f9i%4 ,indu/rial
 plant has be5 work$ to dea? & has n yet
 recov]$4 ,auxili>y indu/ries1          
accessories & raw mat]ials h fall5 back4
 ,high-quality workman%ip has suff]$ f  

defective s*ool+1 y\?ful indiscipl9e & !
 loss ( manual dext]ity4 ,! new social  
ord] has lo/ a g5]ation ( lead]s 9      
te*nique1 s*ol>%ip & economics4         
,univ]sities1 ) all in/itutions ( rese>*
 & education1 h suff]$ f ?is blank4     
,te*nical lead]%ip is gone1 & !         
det]ioration 9 quality has react$       
detrim5tally on output4 ,we c n[ turn   
out no?+ except :at is *eap & easy1 &   
:at c be produc$ )\t traditional skill (
 h&1 )\t s]i\s calculation & rese>*4 ,= 
all innovations1 all "w ( sup]ior       
quality1 ,g]many is dep5d5t on ! =eign]4
 ,! atmosph]e ( te*nique has vani%$1 & !
 /amp ( *eap hirel+ lab\r is on ! :ole  
output ( ! c\ntry4  ,9 ! weeks ( !      
,revolution /reet orators us$ to tell u 
t five hundr$ ,russian pr(essors _h     
sign$ a /atem5t t ! level ( culture _h  
nev] be5 s high z "u ,bol%evism4 ,&     
,b]l9 believ$ !m6 ,to educate ,russia x 
w\ld take1 to beg9 )1 a million elem5t>y
 s*ools ) a ye>ly budget ( sev]al doz5  
milli>ds ( r\bles1 & a correspond+ numb]

 ( high] s*ools & univ]sities3 if e     
educat$ ,russian = ! next tw5ty ye>s 7  
to become a tea*]1 !re w\ld n be en\gh (
 !m--n to speak ( ! requirem5ts (       
transport1 ( raw mat]ials & (           
agriculture4 ,! fabric ( a civilization 
& a culture _c be annihilat$ at "o bl[1 
nor c x gr[ up save 9 decades &         
c5turies4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! /ructure     
dem&s unceas+ toil & unbrok5 tradition2 
! brea* t has be5 made 9 x 9 ,g]many c  
only be heal$ by ! application 9        
manifold =ms ( "w1 intellect & w2 & ?is 
hope we _c ent]ta94#aj  ,b we h n yet   
done ) ! "q ( social /rata & inw>d      
cleavage4 ,revolution>y ?reats are caus+
 /rife e day4 ,revolution aga9/         
revolution--h[ is ?is possible8 ,we are 
n speak+ ( a reaction>y revolution b ( !
 activi/4  ,9 an e>li] "w ,i discuss$ ! 
!ory ( cont9u\s revolution4#aa ,beh9d e 
successful revolution>y movem5t !re /&s 
ano!r1 repres5t+ "o negation m ?an its  
pr$ecessor4 ,beh9d ! revolt ( !         
ari/ocracy /ood t ( ! b\rgeoisie1 beh9d 

t ( ! b\rgeoisie /ood ,socialism4 ,beh9d
 ! n[ rul+ f\r? class#ab rises ! fif?1 &
 a six? is com+ into sight4 ,if a n9?   
%\ld repres5t pure ,an>*ism1 we may see 
an elev5? proclaim+ a dictator%ip1 & a  
twelf? /&+ = absolute mon>*y4  ,to-day !
 ,majority ,sociali/s are 9 p[]1 t is to
 say ! ,"r section ( ! f\r? class4 ,?is 
is compos$ ( ! old]1 tra9$ & "w-will+   
,trade ,unioni/s1 :o are amaz$ at !     
,revolution1 :o d n reg>d x z q         
legitimate1 b :o are det]m9$ to def5d ! 
/atus quo 9 s f> z a c]ta9 degree (     
self-det]m9ation & elb[-room 9 ! mat]ial
 conditions ( life /ill rema9 to !m4  ,!
 ,left section consi/s ( y\?s & ( p]sons
 disgu/$ ) milit>ism1 ignorant ( affairs
 b *]i%+ a c]ta9 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t2  
/ill ready = "w b equally s = politics4 
,to ^!1 z a =w>d p>ty1 ! doctr9aire     
!ori/s h alli$ !mselves4 ,! designation 
( ! p>ty ,! ,indep5d5ts is *>act]i/ic2  
its goal1 ,all p[] to ! ,soviets1 is a  
cat*word f ,russia4  ,a fif? class is n[
 em]g+--! "w-%y4 ,! o!rs call !m !      

tramp-prolet>iat1 ! disgruntl$1 !       
declass$1 :o set _! hopes on disord]4   
,_! goal is /ill undet]m9$--_! fav\rite 
expression is bloodh\nd1 :5 ^? 9 p[]1 or
 ,gov]nm5t troops1 are ref]r$ to4  ,!n  
comes ! six? class1 /ill p>tly id5tifi$ 
) ! ,left ( ! f\r? & embryonically      
atta*$ to ! fif?4 ,^! are ! indomitable 
loaf]s & %irk]s1 physically & m5tally   
uns\nd1 ali5s 9 ! social ord]1 exclud$  
by _! suff]+s1 _! puni%m5ts1 _! vices & 
passions2 self-exclud$1 repudiators (   
law & morality1 born ( ! cruelty ( !    
city1 pitiable be+s1 n s mu* ca/ out (  
society z ca/ up aga9/ x1 z a liv+      
reproa* to its me*anical organization4  
,if ^! ev] come into ! light 9 politics1
 !y w dem& a k9d ( syndicali/ic         
communism4  ,t is z f> z we c see at    
pres5t into ! z yet unop5$ g]ms (       
cont9u\s revolution>y movem5t4 ,9 ^! are
 conta9$ ! inf9ite s]ies ( all pr9ciples
 t c conceivably be support$2 & x w\ld  
be :olly false to see 9 ?is s]ies m]ely 
s _m successive /eps 9 moral deg5]ation1

 ev5 ?\gh ! e>li] /ages %\ld proce$ on a
 flat d5ial ( e?ical pr9ciples4 ,lat] on
 w come revivals & re/orations1         
political1 e?ical & religi\s1 & ea* "t  
we %all see ! ris+ /ratum atta*+ to     
itself /rays & conv]ts1 above all1 !    
disappo9t$ & ambiti\s1 f ^? t w5t be=e4 
,b ! numb] ( revolutions w gr[ till we  
lose c\nt ( !m1 & ea*1 h[ev] /r5u\sly x 
may pr(ess its horror ( blood%$1 w h    
only "o hope & possibility3 t ( def5d+  
itself by arm$ =ce aga9/ its successor4 
,! game is a grotesquely di%one/ "o1    
because e aspirant movem5t w ca/ aga9/  
its =]unn] ! *>ge ( rul+ by blood%$1    
:ile x itself is already prep>+ its arm$
 =ces = ! conflict4  ,x is !re=e :olly  
va9 to hope t an advanc$ social         
organization implies /ability1 t a      
bro!rhood me*anically decre$ w exclude  
fur!r revolutions1 & w e/abli% et]nally 
an empire ( righte\sness & ju/ice       
accord+ to any preconceiv$ patt]n4  ,!  
fi]ce/ hatr$ w prevail among/ ^? :o are 
mo/ closely associat$--= in/ance1 betwe5

 h&work]s & bra9work]s1 betwe5 lead]s & 
foll[]s2 & ?is hate w be all ! m        
inappeasable :5 x is op5 to e "o to rise
 9 ! _w1 & none c *]i% ! excuse t he is 
! victim ( a social sy/em ( ov]:elm+    
p[]4 ,to-day ?is hatr$ is mask$ by !    
g5]al class-hatr$--hatr$ ( ! monopoli/s 
( culture1 ( position & ( capital4  ,at 
! bottom ( x1 h[ev]1 lies ev5 to-day ! m
 univ]sal hatr$ ( ! defeat$ = ! victor1 
& :5 ^? ?ree monopolies h fall51 x w    
em]ge 9 its orig9al ,ca9-l =m4 ,x _c be 
appeas$ by any me*anical device4 ,human 
inequality c nev] be aboli%$1 human     
accompli%m5t & "w w always v>y1 & !     
human passion = success w always ass]t  
itself4  ,we h discuss$ ! mat]ial       
f\ndation & ! /ratification ( ! ,g]man p
 :5 full socialization has be5 realiz$4 
,let u n[ =eca/ ! mann] ( _! exi/5ce4   
,! future community is poor2 !          
individual is poor4 ,! av]age /&>d (    
well-be+ corresponds1 at be/1 to :at 9  
peace-"t "o w\ld expect f an income (   
#cjjj m>ks4#ac ,b ! requirem5ts ( !     

population are n m$ivally simplifi$--!y 
c\ld n be1 9 view ( ! d5sity ( !        
population & ! complexity ( indu/rial & 
pr(essional  vocations4 ,!y are manifold
 & div]se1 & !y are moreov] int5sifi$ by
 ! spectacle ( extravagance (f]$ by !   
pr(ite]+ class & ! lic5ce ( social life4
 ,! traditional g>d5-city idyll (       
ar*itects & art-craftsm5 is a ,utopia   
ab\t z mu* l reality z ! pa/oral        
,arcadianism ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette4  ,all  
?+s ( common use are /&>diz$ into       
typical =ms4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1
 t !y are bas$ on pure designs & models4
 ,! ta/e ( ! arti/ w cla% ) t ( ! cr[d1 
& s9ce ! =m] has no au?ority to back him
 he w h to compromise4 ,! compromise1   
h[ev]1 consi/s 9 *eap imitation ( =eign 
models1 = 9 =eign c\ntries art-indu/ry w
 exi/1 & no legislation c prev5t its    
products f f9d+ _! way 79 reproductions 
or actual examples7 into ,g]many & be+  
admir$ !re4 ,our half or :olly imitative
 products are turn$ out z *eaply z      
possible1 9 sub/itute-mat]ials1 & are   

made z well or z ill z ! relics ( our   
craftsman%ip p]mit1 or z our exi/+      
ma*9]y = ! purpose is capable (4        
,*eapness & ease ( manufacture are !    
pr9ciples aim$ at1 = ev5 ) n>r[ means no
 "o w want to d )\t c]ta9 ?+s2 fa%ions  
/ill prevail1 & w h to be satisfi$ ) ?+s
 t d n la/1 b c be con/antly *ang$4  ,h[
 f> w a new sy/em ( education t5d to    
simplify ! ne$s ( m5 & wom5 & to purify 
_! ta/e8 ,probably v little1 = good     
models w be lack+1 pov]ty is n fa/idi\s1
 & ! ta/e ( ! populace is ! sov]eign    
arbit]4 ,b on ?is ta/e x dep5ds :e!r    
vulg> ornam5ts & gewgaws1 frivolities & 
baza>-horrors1 are to satisfy ! desires 
( ! s\l4  ,objects ( e>li] art & indu/ry
 h be5 ali5at$ ?r\gh ne$ ( money or     
de/roy$ by neglig5ce4 ,"h & !re "o may  
f9d an old cup or an engrav+1 z we d    
to-day 9 plund]$ t]ritories1 b ^! ?+s   
are disconnect$ specim5s2 all !y c d is 
occasionally to int]e/ an arti/4 ,:oev] 
wants to procure "s object or to get    
some?+ done :i* has n be5 /&>diz$ 9 !   

common range ( approv$ requirem5ts mu/  
ga9 x by a t$i\s c\rse ( p9*+ & sav+4   
,p]sonal possessions 9 ! way ( books1   
musical in/rum5ts1 works ( art1 z well z
 travel outside ! prescrib$ r\tes are   
r>ities2 a tree ( "o's own1 a horse (   
"o's own are leg5d>y ?+s4  ,?us luxury 9
 its bett] aspect has gone to ru9 quick]
 ?an 9 ! bad4 ,all outlay devot$ to     
culture1 to beauty1 to invigoration has 
dri$ up2 all t survives is :at          
/imulates1 :at depraves & bef\ls2       
frivolities1 sub/itutes & sw9dles4 ,:at 
we h arriv$ at is n ! f\r-squ>e         
simplicity ( ! peasant-home/ead1 b a    
ram%ackle city suburb4 ,to "s ( u x is n
 easy1 & to _m x is n agreeable to      
picture to !mselves ! aspect ( a        
?or\ghly prolet>ianiz$ c\ntry1 & !      
difficulty lies 9 ! fact t ! popul> m9d 
has1 z x 7 by univ]sal agreem5t1 resolv$
 to conceive ! future on a basis (      
dome/ic prosp]ity ab\t t5fold z great z 
x c possibly be4 ,! lead]s &            
(fice-hold]s ( ! prolet>iat h an easy   

task 9 conv9c+ !mselves & o!rs t :at !y 
approve & are /ruggl+ = is ! s-call$    
middle-class exi/5ce ) all ! ref9em5t & 
claims ( hi/oric culture4 ,tacitly1 z a 
matt] ( c\rse1 !y accept :at plutocracy 
has to give !m1 & imag9e t ! loans !y   
take up f ! civilization & culture ( !  
pa/ c be r$eem$ f ! social ga9s ( !     
future4  ,! /ages at :i* a nation       
arrives ye> by ye>1 c be e/imat$ by its 
build+4 ,9 ! new ord]1 little is be+    
built4 ,ap>t f c]ta9 p]functory         
g>d5-cities1 :i* are be+ erect$ = !     
pr9ciple ( ! ?+1 to meet ! ne$s ( a few 
?\s& fav\r$ h\seholds1 & :i* p]haps w   
nev] be f9i%$1 we w = decades h to      
cont5t ourselves ) new subdivisions &   
exploitation ( ! old build+s2 old       
palaces pack$ to ! ro( ) families1 w /& 
9 ! mid/ ( vegetable g>d5s & w alt]nate 
) empty w>eh\ses 9 ! mid/ ( decay$      
cities4 ,9 ! /reets ( ! suburbs ! av5ues
 ( trees w be fell$1 & 9 ! cities grass 
w gr[ ?r\gh ! cracks ( ! pavem5t4  ,= a 
long "t x us$ to be believ$ t ! passion 

( ! l&scape pa9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury =
 introduc+ ru9s ) hovels ne/l+ among !m 
arose f a feel+ = romance4 ,?is is n    
s--!y only pa9t$ :at !y saw ar\nd !m    
aft] ! ravages ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,x
 mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! =eca/ 9 ^!
 pages is bas$ on ! consequ5ces ( ! w>2 
^! no d\bt mu/ d>k5 our picture ( !     
future2 b ! %ad[s1 :i* ,i h put 9 z     
sp>+ly z ,i c\ld1 are ess5tially !      
expression ( a greatly r$uc$ economic   
effici5cy1 comb9$ ) ! uni=mity produc$  
by ! g5]al prolet>ianization ( life ) ! 
abs5ce ( any correct+ factor 9          
individual ef=t ( a rational "* & ( !   
influ5ce ( high] types4  ,a bright]     
trait 9 ! mat]ial conditions ( life w be
 =m$ by ef=t ( a collective "*1 su* z   
ev5 ! mo/ p5uri\s community may be able 
to und]take4 ,! m sev]ely ! dome/ic     
h\sehold has to p9*1 & ! m unattractive 
x !reby becomes1 ! m completely w life  
be =c$ into publicity4 ,private claims &
 aspirations1 :i* _c be satisfi$1 w be  
turn$ ov] to ! public4 ,m5 w ga!r 9 !   

/reets & places ( public resort1 & h m  
mutual int]c\rse ?an be=e1 s9ce e       
transaction ( life1 ev5 ! mo/           
insignificant1 w h to be a subject (    
discussion1 agreem5t & und]/&+4 ,9 all !
 arrangem5ts ( social life1 e4g4 = news1
 communications1 supplies1 discussion & 
ent]ta9m5t1 & dem&s w be made & compli$ 
) = great] conv5i5ce & compreh5siv5ess1 
= popul> /hetics & popul> repres5tation4
 ,9 ^! arrangem5ts & 9 ^! alone ,art w h
 to f9d its functions & its home4       
,public build+s1 g>d5s1 sanatoriums1    
means ( transit & exhibitions w be      
e/abli%$ at great co/4 ,all ! dem&s ( ! 
_s & ( ! s5ses w seek _! satisfaction 9 
public4 ,!re w be no lack ( popul>      
p]=mances1 excursions1 t\rs & conduct$  
visits to collections2 ( clubs1         
libr>ies1 a?letic meet+s & displays4 ,! 
aspect ( ?is t5d5cy f ! po9t ( view (   
culture & e?ics we h /ill to consid]2 9 
its social aspect 7ap>t f ! fact t x    
causes a vacuum 9 ! home & =ces "y p to 
! surface ( life1 & 9 spite ( its       

me*anical effect7 x w act z a com=t+    
rem9isc5ce ( ! civic commonalty &       
solid>ity ( m$ival times4  ,9 consid]+ !
 spiritual & cultural life ( a fully    
socializ$ society1 we h to />t ) !      
assumption t any "o man's op9ion &      
decision are z good z ano!r's4          
,au?ority1 ev5 9 matt]s ( ! highe/      
intellectual or spiritual "*1 only exi/s
 9 s f> z x is e/abli%$1 ackn[l$g$ &    
confirm$ ei!r by direct action ( ! p's  
w1 or indirectly ?r\gh _!               
repres5tatives4 ,e "o's education & way 
( life are mu* ! same2 !re are no       
secrecies1 no vague au?ority atta*+ to  
special vocations2 no "o p]mits himself 
to feel impress$ by any p]son or ?+4 ,e 
"o votes1 :e!r x be = an (fice1 a       
memorial1 a law1 or a drama1 or does x  
?r\gh delegates or ! delegates (        
delegates4 ,e "o is det]m9$ to "k ! h[ &
 :]e & :y ( ev]y?+--j z to-day 9        
,am]ica--& dem&s a plausible reason = x4
 ,! reply1 ,?is is a matt] y don't      
und]/&1 is impossible4  ,ev]y?+ is      

ref]r$ to "o's own consci5ce1 "o's own  
intellig5ce1 "o's own ta/e1 & no "o     
admits any innate or acquir$ sup]iority 
9 o!rs4 ,9 debate1 ! b\nd>ies betwe5 !  
ideal & ! practicable are oblit]at$2 =  
on ! "o h& e "o is too mu* preoccupi$ ) 
mat]ial ne$s1 & on ! o!r1 too confid5t1 
too unaccu/om$ to submit himself to :at 
9 =m] days 0 call$ a deep] insight1 too 
loosely br\ght up to let himself be     
taught4 ,we nev]1 !re=e1 he> su*        
judgm5ts z3 ,?is1 al?\gh x is difficult1
 is a book to be read2 ?is drama ought  
to h be5 produc$ al?\gh x is n          
s5sational2 ,i don't myself c>e = ?is   
memorial1 b x mu/ rema9 because a great 
arti/ made x2 ?is is a necess>y bran* ( 
/udy1 al?\gh x has no practical         
application2 ,i w vote = ?is man on     
acc\nt ( 8 "* & ability1 al?\gh he has  
made no election-promises4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 ! foll[+ k9d ( argum5t w h weight3 ,?is
 hi/oric build+ mu/ be demoli%$1 = x    
int]f]es ) traffic2 ?is collection mu/  
be sold1 = we ne$ money2 we ne$ no *air 

( philosophy1 b we d ne$ "o =           
c9ema-te*nique2 ^! ornam5tal gr\nds are 
! v place = a m]ry-g-r\nd2 trag$ies are 
depress+1 !y mu/ n be p]=m$ 9 ! ,/ate   
!atres4 ,let u recall c]ta9 ov]sea      
legislation--c>ri$ out1 be x not$ 9     
c\ntries /ill sway$ by ! traditional    
influ5ce ( culture--& ^! examples w n   
seem exagg]at$4  ,:]e !re is no appeal  
to au?ority1 :]e none ne$ fe>           
disapproval or ridicule1 :]e conv5i5ce  
is priz$ & ?rift rules supreme1 !re     
?\ght & decision w be %ort-brea!d1 & w  
nev] look beyond ! ne$s ( ! day4 ,:o w  
!n c>e = f>-(f d$uctions1 = wide arcs ( 
?\ght8 ,calculation comes to ! front1   
ev]y?+ unpractical is despis$2 op9ions  
are =m$ by discussion1 ev]yday read+ &  
propag&a4 ,m5 dem& pro(s1 success1      
visible returns4 ,! few] ! aims1 !      
/rong] w be _! attraction4 ,p are       
tol]ant1 = !y are us$ to he>+ ! mo/ v>i$
 op9ions1 & all op9ions h foll[]s1 f !  
wat]-cure to ,toism2 b ! only op9ion (  
any influ5ce is t ^: foll[]s are _m4    

,public op9ion settles ev]y?+4 ,!       
*ampions ( absolute values h to         
accommodate !mselves to ! law (         
competition4 ,religi\s tea*+ has to seek
 ! fav\r ( ! times by ! same me?ods z a 
new sy/em ( physical culture4 ,a "w (   
art mu/ compete = votes4 ,only by       
popul>ity-hunt+ c any?+ come to life2   
!re w be no do+ )\t mu* talk+4 ,z 9 !   
lat] days ( ,greece1 rhetoric &         
dialectic are ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! arts4  ,&
 s9ce manual lab\r *]i%es sil5tly or    
op5ly a bitt] grudge aga9/ intellectual 
lab\r1 ! latt] has to protect itself by 
a pret5ce ( /urdy simplicity2 :5 two    
tea*]s are compet+ = ! head-ma/]%ip ( a 
classical s*ool ea* tries to prove t he 
has ! horni] h&4  ,mo/ ?+s 9 ?is new    
ord] are decid$ by weight ( numb]s4     
,adv]tisem5t & propag&a are bani%$ f    
socializ$ indu/ry & comm]ce2 in/ead1 !y 
compete 9 ! s]vice ( p]sonal & ideal    
aims--9 elections1 !atres1 sy/ems (     
m$ic9e1 sup]/itions1 arts1 appo9tm5ts1  
pr(essor%ips1 *ur*es4  ,art has = ! ?ird

 "t *ang$ its ma/]--aft] ! pr9ces1      
,mc5as1 ! middle-class m>ket2 aft]      
,mc5as1 ! plebs1 & export trade4 ,:e!r  
by means ( repres5tation ?r\gh gilds1 by
 compulsion1 by patronage1 or by fav\r1 
,art has become dep5d5t2 x mu/ expla91  
exhort1 cont5d2 x c no long] re/ pr\dly 
on itself4 ,x mu/ aim at gett+ a        
majority on its side1 & ?is x c only d  
by s5sationalism4 ,l all o!r features ( 
intellectual life1 x mu/ m>* ) ! times4 
,l all te*nique1 rese>*1 le>n+ &        
h&icraft x suff]s ?r\gh ! loss1 = sev]al
 g5]ations1 ( tradition & h]$it>y skill1
 b toge!r ) ?is drop !re is also a drop 
9 ! "* ( ! dem&2 quality has giv5 way to
 actuality4#ad  ,c]ta9 reactions bas$ on
 practical exp]i5ce are  n exclud$2 !   
con/ant comp>ison ) ! pa/ & ) =eign     
c\ntries w %[ ! value ( ! cultivation ( 
a sci5ce1 ( an art :i* has no fix$      
prepossessions & s]ves no imm$iate aims4
 ,measures are tak51 ?\gh )\t mu*       
conviction1 by free ,academies or ! l1  
to w9 back some?+ ( ?is2 b ! atmosph]e  

is n fav\rable to su* attempts1 & an    
artificial & /]ile discipl9e is all t c 
result4  ,! g5]al tone is t ( an        
excitable1 loquaci\s g5]ation1 b5t on   
actualities & matt]s ( practical        
calculation1 fond] ( debate ?an ( "w1 n 
impress$ by any au?ority1 priz+ success1
 wat*+ all t goes on abroad1 tak+ refuge
 9 public f ! sordidness ( private life1
 & passionately ho/ile to all           
sup]iority4 ,?r\gh ! con/ant secession (
 elem5ts to :i* ?is tone is antipa!tic a
 k9d ( natural selection is con/antly   
tak+ place1 & ! political def5celessness
 ( ! transition p]iod fav\rs dis9tegrat+
 t5d5cies ( =eign orig94 ,! c>v+ away ( 
anci5t ,g]man t]ritories works 9 ! same 
direction4 ,ap>t f ! v>y+ influ5ce ( !  
f\r /rata already ref]r$ to1 ! g5]al    
tone w be set by ! half-,slavonic l[]   
classes ( ,middle & ,nor? ,g]many1 :o h 
br\ght ab\t & :o control ! exi/+        
conditions1 & by ! o!r elem5ts :i* h be5
 assimilat$ to ^!4  ,9 place ( ,g]man   
culture & ,g]man intellectuality we h a 

/ate ( ?+s ( :i* a =eta/e already exi/s 
9 p>ts ( ,am]ica & ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! 
fully socializ$ ord]1 repell+ all       
tutelage ?r\gh ^? /rata :i* possess a   
special tradition1 outlook & m5tality1  
has creat$ its own =m ( civilization4   
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #aj3 ,ra!nau    
means t x _c be ent]ta9$ except on !    
hypo!sis ( ! pr(\nd inw>d *ange1 :i* is 
to be discuss$ lat] on4  ,footnote #aa3 
,kritik d] dreifa*5 ,revolution4 ,s4    
,fis*]4  ,footnote #ab3 ,! classes      
ref]r$ to are 7#a7 ! old ari/ocracy1    
7#b7 ! ari/ocracy ( (ficialism1 7#c7 t (
 traditional middle-class culture2 7#d7 
! mass ( :at is call$ ,socialism4       
,footnote #ac3 #aej 9 pre-w> values4 ,by
 ?rift1 by co-op]ation1 & by ! *eapness 
( ! public s]vices g5]ally1 a surpris+ly
 high /&>d ( life c\ld be ma9ta9$ on ?is
 k9d ( income 9 pre-w> ,g]many4         
,footnote #ad3 ,aktualitt2 z1 = in/ance1
 ref]5ce to curr5t topics4     ,,vii    
,?\ghtful & compet5t judges to :om ,i h 
submitt$ ! =ego+ section ( my "w h said 

to me3 ,?is is ,hell4 ,t is p]haps go+  
too f>1 s9ce ^? :o w live 9 t g5]ation &
 :o h !mselves help$ x into be+ w h     
become m or less adapt$ to _!           
circum/ances4  ,a l>ge "p ( ! prolet>iat
 ( to-day w c]ta9ly n be daunt$ by !    
prospect1 b w reg>d x z a di/9ct        
improvem5t on _! pres5t situation4 ,t is
 ! t]rible fact1 a fact = :i* we are    
responsible & = :i* we mu/ atone1 ) :at 
ru9 to ,g]man culture rema9s to be se54 
,:o1 9 ?is ,age ( ,me*anism1 :o on !    
side ( ! b\rgeoisie1 :o ( our /atesm51  
our pr(essors1 our capta9s ( indu/ry1   
above all :o ( our cl]gy1 has piti$ !   
lot ( ! work+-man8 ,! /atesm51 = peace' 
sake1 work$ out ! ,insurance ,laws2 !   
pr(essors1 ) _! emphatic dislike to ! _w
 ( f9ance & _! unemphasiz$ devotion to !
 monopoly ( _! own /ip5ds1 prea*$ a     
doctr9aire socialism2 ! cl]gy laud$ !   
div9ely-appo9t$ pr9ciple ( subord9ation2
 ! great indu/riali/s1 wall[+ 9 _! own  
gre$ = p[]1 money1 fav\r1 titles &      
connexions1 scold$ ! work]s = want+     

any?+4 ,! sil5t subjugation ( our bro!rs
 0 assur$ ?r\gh ! laws ( inh]itance1 our
 lead]s put ! sociali/ic legislation 9  
fett]s1 fre$om ( comb9ation 0 ?w>t$1    
electoral re=m 9 ,prussia 0 scornfully  
d5i$1 dem&s = bett] conditions ( liv+1  
conditions :i* to-day we ?9k ridicul\sly
 l[1 7 suppress$ by =ce4 ,& all ! "t1 ! 
co/ ( a s+le ye> ( w>1 a t9y fraction ( 
! w>-rep>ations1 w\ld h suffic$ to bani%
 want = ev] f ! l&4 ,at la/ ! millions (
 ! def5celess & disappo9t$ 7 driv5 into 
t w> ( ! dyna/ies & ! b\rgeois1 :i* 0   
unloos$ by ! folly ( ye>s1 ! dazzlem5t (
 weeks1 ! helplessness ( h\rs4  ,if !   
/ate ( ?+s ,i h =ese5 is hell1 !n we h  
e>n$ hell4 ,& x ill becomes u to wrap   
ourselves 9 ! sup]iority ( our culture1 
to rebuke ! masses = _! want (          
intellect1 _! want ( "*1 _! gre$1 & to  
keep insi/+ on ! un*angeability ( human 
"*1 on ! virtues ( rul]%ip & lead]%ip1  
on ! spiritual unselfi%ness &           
intellectual prie/hood ( ! classes born 
to fre$om4 ,:]e 0 ?is heav5-nurtur$     

prie/ly virtue sleep+ :5 ,wrong /raddl$ 
! l& & ! great crime 0 wr\ght8 ,x 0     
compos+ feeble an?ologies & pomp\s      
!ories1 cook+ its culture-s\p1 confus+1 
) true pr(essorial want ( in/9ct1 #aiac 
) #ahacae--;& putt+ itself at !         
disposition ( ! ,press ,bureau4 ,t 0 !  
h\r 9 :i* to fight = ! supremacy ( ! _s4
 ,n[ romance comes1 z x always does1 too
 late4  ,:at is romance 9 hi/ory8 ,x is 
/]ility4 ,x is incapacity to imag9e1    
/ill less to %ape1 ! yet unkn[n4 ,x is  
an inord9ate capacity = fl++ oneself )  
fem99e adaptability into any?+ t is     
hi/orically pres5t$ & accompli%$--f     
,mi*ael ,angelo to work+ sampl]s4 ,fe>+ 
! ugly pres5t & ! anxi\s future1 !      
romantic takes refuge ) ! de> good dead 
p1 & sp9s out fur!r :at x has le>n$ f   
!m4 ,b e big man 0 a %ap] ( 8 own "t1 a 
respect] ( antiquity & consci\s ( 8     
inh]itance z a gr[n & capable man may   
be2 n a y\? 9 %elt]$ tutelage1 b a ma/] 
( ! liv+ _w1 & a h]ald ( ! future4      
,mod]nity is fooli%1 b antiqu>ianism is 

rubbi%2 life 9 its vig\r is nei!r new   
nor antique1 b "y4  ,true x is inde$ t  
we love ! old1 _m-col\r$1 concrete1     
pre-me*ani/ic _w2 we _c take an antique 
?+ 9 our h&s or read an antique ^w )\t  
feel+ its en*antm5t4 ,x is a joy to !   
he>t1 & "o prohibit$ to no man1 to dream
 at times romantic dreams1 to live 9 !  
pa/1 & to =get1 z we d x1 t ?is v       
dream+1 ?is  v life1 owes its *>m to !  
fact t we are ( ano!r age4 ,x is a magic
 l t ( *ildhood--b to want to g back to 
x is n only *ildi%1 b a delib]ate fraud 
& self-deception4 ,we %\ld realize1 z ,i
 h %[n ye>s ago1 t ! diff]5ce ( our age 
f t age is ! ev]-pres5t fact ( ! d5sity 
( our population4 ,any "o :o wants to g 
back1 really wants t =ty million ,g]mans
 %\ld die1 :ile he survives4 ,x is      
ignorant1 x is ins9c]e1 to put on a fr[n
 ( (f5d$ virtue & to say3 ,= %ame1 :at  
are y ?rong+ into ! t[ns =8 ,g back to !
 l&2 pl\gh1 sp91 weave1 ply !           
blacksmi?'s hamm]1 z did our =efa!rs1 :o
 7 ! prop] sort ( p4 ,& leave ! p l u1  

:o ?9k & write poetry & brood & dream = 
y1 a h\se emb[]$ 9 v9es--!re w be room  
en\gh = t6--,ah1 y ?9k]s & brood]s1 :at 
w\ld y say if m5 answ]$ y3 ,no6 ,g      
y\rself & sp9 9 a factory1 = y h %[n    
cle>ly en\gh t y\r ?9k+ & brood+ are    
futile4 ,all y\r f9e phrases am\nt to   
no?+ b ! "o dread monosyllable--,die6   
,are y s wick$ z t1 & "k x8 or s /upid1 
& "k x n8  ,?\ght is ! mo/ responsible (
 all functions4 ,he :o ?9ks = o!rs mu/  
look aft] !m1 & if !y live he may n slay
 !m4 ,x is !re=e a mis*iev\s piece (    
romantic folly to po9t u to ! pa/4 ,we  
mu/ all pass ?r\gh ! d>k gateway1 & !   
sage has no "r to gr[l3 ,leave me       
out--,i am ! salt ( ! e>?6 ,! fir/ ?+ we
 h to d is to save humanity2 n a select$
 pair 9 ! ,ark b ! :ole race1 crim9als &
 h>lots1 fools1 begg>s & cripples4 ,we  
ourselves h ca/ d[n ,au?ority1 & !re w  
be a cru%1 & _m ?+s w look v diff]5t f  
:at ! sages w\ld wi% & :at ! romantics  
dream4 ,& if x is go+ to be hell = p l y
 & me1 we mu/ only accept x 9 ! "n (    

ju/ice1 & ?9k ( ,dante's t]rible        
inscription3 ,i 0 made by ! ,might (    
,god1 by ! supreme ,wisdom & by ! primal
 ,love4#af  ,b is x hell8 ,t dep5ds on  
ourselves4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ae3
 ,9 #aiac all ,g]many 0 celebrat+ )     
great pomp & w>like display ! c5t5>y ( !
 lib]ation ( ! c\ntry f ,napoleon1 &    
also pay+ a huge prop]ty tax = ! com+   
w>4  ,footnote #af3  ,fecemi la div9a   
,pote/ate ,la somma ,sapi5za e il primo 
,amore4  ,?is is "p ( ! inscription ov] 
! gates ( ,hell 9 ! ,inf]no1 ,canto     
,,iii4     ,,viii   ,our description ( !
 future ord] ( society 0 tacitly bas$ on
 ! assumption t our m5tality1 our e?ics1
 our spiritual outlook1 w\ld rema9 z !y 
are at pres5t4  ,?is assumption is a    
probable "o1 b x is n irrevocably c]ta94
 ,:at we h endeav\r$ to demon/rate is   
simply ! obvi\s fact--! fact :i* our    
once s rigid b1 s9ce ,novemb]1 #aiah1   
uproot$ & flaccid intellectualism has   
=gott5--t our salvation is n to be f\nd 
9 any k9d ( me*anical app>atus or       

in/itutions4 ,in/itutions d n mean      
evolution4 ,if in/itutions run too f>   
ahead ( evolution !re w be reaction4 ,:5
 evolution runs too f>1 !re is          
revolution4  ,at ?is po9t bo? gr\ps (   
our oppon5ts w />t up aga9/ u4  ,!      
,radicals cry3 ,ha6 only give u food1   
give all p[] to ! ,soviets1 let u h     
free-?\ght lectures1 & m5tality1        
insight1 exp]i5ce & culture w come (    
!mselves4  ,! ,reaction>ies smile3 ,ho6 
?is man has nev] le>n$ t !re is no su*  
?+ z evolution2 t human "* nev] *anges4 
,i %all n answ] ei!r ( ^!4 ,!y "k1 bo? (
 !m1 t !y are say+ :at is n true4       
,some?+ ( unprec$5t$ greatness c & mu/  
take place2 some?+ t 9 ! life ( a p     
corresponds to ! awak5+ ( manhood 9 !   
individual4  ,9 e consci\s exi/5ce !re  
comes a mom5t :5 ! liv+ be+ is no long] 
det]m9$ b beg9s to det]m9e himself2 :5  
he takes ov] responsibility f ! surr\nd+
 ,p[]s1 9 ord] to %\ld] x = himself2 :5 
he no long] accepts ! =ces t guide him1 
b creates !m2 :5 he no long] receives b 

freely *ooses ! values1 ideals1 aims &  
au?orities ^: validity he w admit2 :5 he
 begets out ( 8 own be+ ! relations ) ! 
div9e :i* he means to s]ve4 ,= ! ,g]man 
p ?is mom5t1 ?is opportunity1 has n[    
arriv$--or is = ev] lo/4  ,we h made a  
cle> sweep ( all au?orities4 ,! inh]it$ 
influ5ces :i* we accept$ unconsci\sly h 
dropp$ away f u--p]sons1 classes1       
dogmas4 ,! p]sons are done ) = ! pres5t4
 ,! classes1 ev5 ?\gh !y may /ill keep  
up ! /ruggle1 are brok5 to pieces toge!r
 ) all ! be/ t !y conta9$3 m5tality1    
s5se ( hon\r1 devotion1 tra9+1          
tradition4 ,we c nev] reanimate !m &    
nev] supply _! place4 ,ideas & dogmas h 
long ago lo/ _! cog5cy2 ! p[] !y wield$ 
?r\gh police & s*ool1 ! p[] :i* we tri$ 
to prop up by a blasphem\s degradation (
 religion & by develop+ ! *ur* z a k9d (
 factory1 is gone1 & x w\ld be a piece (
 me*anical presumption to suppose t we c
 bre$ !m aga9 = ! sake ( ! objects !y   
fulfill$4 ,if we live & ?rive1 ideas &  
fai?s w gr[ up ( !mselves4  ,we mu/ (   

our own free *oice lay ^u ourselves a   
c]ta9 life-pot5cy or faculty :i* we %all
 freely obey1 & :i* %all be s broad & s 
buoyant t ?\ght & creation c gr[ out (  
x4 ,a de$ )\t prec$5t only 9 its        
volunt>y1 consci\s self-det]m9ation3 =  
o!r peoples 9 e>li] days also accept$ ^!
 faculties1 n inde$ out ( consci\s      
*oice1 b f ! h&s ( prophets1 rul]s &    
classes4 ,?us !ocracy 0 laid ^u ,israel2
 ! ca/e-sy/em on ! ,indians2 ! idea ( ! 
city on ! ,greeks2 empire on ! ,romans2 
! ,*ur* on ! ,middle ,ages2 comm]ce1    
plutocracy1 colonial dom9ion1 on ! mod]n
 _w2 milit>ism on ,g]many4 ,= ^! impos$ 
=ces m5 liv$ & di$2 !y _h only a my?ical
 conception ( :]e !y came f1 & !y       
believ$ & "s /ill believe !m to be      
ev]la/+4  ,a ?und]-/roke ( de/9y has at 
once /ripp$ u b>e & has op5$ our eyes4  
,! trem5d\s *oice is be=e u4 ,are we to 
reject x1 &1 bl9d$ anew1 to resign      
ourselves to ! casual & me*anical laws (
 action & reaction1 ( ne$s & int]e/s1 & 
! competition ( =ces8 ,are we to recov] 

ourselves1 & ent] into ! intellectual   
ar5a ( ! nations1 to beg9 a new & endur+
 life ) no o!r guid+ ?\ght ?an t (      
self-pres]vation & ! division ( prop]ty8
 ,9 ! h>b\r ( ! nations is our %ip to   
drift aimlessly :ile e o!r kn[s its     
c\rse1 :e!r to a ne> or di/ant port8 ,is
 t p5uri\s ,p>adise :i* we h describ$1 !
 goal ( ,g]many's hopes & /ruggles8     
,comp>$ ) u1 ! ,fr5* movem5t ( !        
eighte5? c5tury _h an easy task4 ,all x 
_h to d 0 to d5y & demoli%4 ,:5 x _h    
cle>$ away ! wreckage ( feudalism1 at   
once a /rong new class1 ! b\rgeoisie1   
sprang up f ! soil1 m vigor\s ?an its   
ari/ocratic =]unn]1 & x 0 able to take  
c>e ( itself4 ,& ! b\rgeoisie 0 also a  
class ( def9$ b\nd>ies1 & already tra9$ 
= its task2 x _h long ago tak5 ov] ,fr5*
 culture1 x alone _h = a c5tury be5 !   
*ampion ( ,fr5* ideas1 x _h acquir$     
en?usiasm = ! nation1 = fre$om1 =       
milit>ism & = money2 ! aspirations =    
equality & frat]nity 7 n inde$ fulfill$1
 b ! fir/ me*aniz$ & plutocratic /ate ( 

! ,cont95t came into be+4  ,g]many1 z we
 h se51 is n 9 ! same position4 ,:5 we  
are /ripp$ we f9d no new /ratum (       
culture gr[+ up bel[ ! surface2 society 
is simply dissolv$1 & 9 its place we f9d
 ! masses1 ( :i* ! mo/ hopeful ?+ we c  
say is t !y are an ord]$ body4          
,tradition has be5 torn 9 two4 ,no--we h
 to build f ! f\ndations up4 ,b :e!r we 
%all build accord+ to ! *ang+ ne$s ( !  
seasons1 accord+ to ! casual balance (  
=ces1 or accord+ to an idea & a         
symbol--t is ! "q6  ,our curr5t         
,socialism has no qualms ab\t br++ new  
nations to bir? ) ! aid ( a few simple  
app>atus & radical elim9ations2 x       
believes t ! "r _s w soon ent] 9 if only
 in/itutions are provid$ = x4 ,x w\ld be
 too sev]e to describe ?is way ( ?9k+   
solely z contempt = or want ( und]/&+ ( 
a spiritual mission4 ,socialism 9 its   
prevail+ =m arises inde$ simply f       
mat]ial or s-call$ sci5tific conceptions
 7z if !re c\ld be a sci5ce ( ideal aims
 & values73 b x has1 ?\gh only z a      

second>y object1 annex$ to itself !     
values ( a spiritual fai?--! latt] are1 
z ! language ( ! m>ket has x1 ?r[n 94   
,we h se5 to :at ! mat]ial dom9ation (  
in/itutions & app>atus is lead+ u4 ,to  
national dignity1 or to any mission =   
humanity1 x does n lead4  ,:at is       
unprec$5t$ 9 our problem is n1 z we h   
said1 t a p %\ld beget out ( itself its 
own idea & mission4 ,f ! ,jewi% !ocracy 
to ! ,fr5* rationalism1 f ! ,*9ese      
ance/or-wor%ip to ! pione]-fre$om (     
,am]ica1 all ! cultur$ peoples h br\ght 
?is creative act to pass1 al?\gh 9      
=mative epo*s lead+ classes & lead+ m5 h
 born ! responsibility & made x easy =  
_! c\ntrym5 to become aw>e ( _! own     
unconsci\s _s1 & ?r\gh ?is aw>5ess &    
consci\sness to isolate & int5sify x4   
,:at is unprec$5t$ is j ?is3 t ! process
 %\ld take place z a delib]ate act ( w1 
9 democratic fre$om1 )\t pressure &     
compulsion ( au?ority1 9 ! consci\sness 
( its necessity1 on our own             
responsibility4 ,g]many is n at pres5t  

gr[+ lead]s & prophets1 we are n 9 a    
=mative /age1 all au?ority has be5      
scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,x is true t we h "o 
/ratum ( society :i* is capable (       
und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! task1 b x is deeply 
clov51 ! hatr$s & int]e/s ( its p>ties  
make !m m ea* o!r's enemies ?an ! p's4  
,& yet x is ?is v class--n z possessor (
 means b z possessor ( ! tradition1 :i* 
is capable1 :i* is indisp5sable1 & :i*  
is summon$ to take 9 h& ! trans=mation (
 ! ,g]man _s1 to free x f ! bonds (     
me*anism1 ( capitalism1 ( milit>ism1 &  
to lead x to its true de/9ies4 ,x _c d  
?is = itself alone1 amid ! bl9d         
bitt]ness ( ! w> ( classes2 x _c d x z a
 sovran lead] rely+ on its deep]        
insight1 = its & e o!r pre/ige has gone 
by ! bo>d2 x c only d x by ! way (      
s]vice & sacrifice--x c only d x if !   
s]vice & ! sacrifice are approv$ &      
accept$4  ,! masses w n und]/& ?is      
sacrifice ( s]vice2 b ! m responsible ( 
_! lead]s w4 ,n to-day1 inde$1 nor      
to-morr[2 b on ! day :5 exp]i5ce has %[n

 !m t ,i am tell+ ! tru?4 ,at fir/ !y w 
d z 9 ,russia2 :5 want becomes acute1 !y
 w seek to buy exp]i5ce & tradition at a
 high price f individuals4 ,b m5tality &
 _s _c be b\ght--only lab\r & dext]ity4 
,!n gradually m5 w come to und]/& t !   
highe/ ?+s are n m>ketable commodities1 
!y are only giv5 away4 ,& at la/ !      
responsible lead]s1 ^? :o rule 9 ord] to
 s]ve1 w sep>ate !mselves f ^? ( !      
,catal9e type1 :o s]ve 9 ord] to rule4  
,s long has ! n>r[1 p>sonical1 cynical  
contempt = ! und]/&+ ( ! l[] classes    
prevail$--?r\gh our fault--a rev]sal to 
bl9d wor%ip ( ! masses1 ( ! immature & !
 unsuccessful1 is n inexcusable4 ,we are
 "h to love mank9d--all mank9d1 ! outca/
 z well z ! weak--e man & all m54 ,b !  
masses are n q ! same ?+ z mank9d4 ,!   
masses :o congregate 9 ! /reets & at    
public meet+s are n communities consi/+ 
( :ole m51 b assemblages 9 :i* ea* man  
takes a "p & is pres5t1 inde$1 ) 8 :ole 
body1 b by no means ) 8 :ole be+4 ,!    
masses are abs5t-m9d$2 & pres5ce ( m9d  

only comes to !m :5 ?r\gh ! lips ( "s   
true prophet ! ,_s desc5ds ^u !m4 ,b :5 
t happ5s1 !y take no decisions2 !y d n  
get beside !mselves2 r1 !y s9k into     
!mselves4 ,be=e ! di/ortions ( a mob    
orator1 ) 8 extravagant promises1 !     
masses become m]ely a driv5 cr[d eag] = 
ga91 n human s\ls4 ,!y are ! concave    
reflector ( passions & gre$s t rage 9 ! 
focal po9t ( ! speak]'s ro/rum2 !y      
return 9 conc5trat$ =m ! rays t dazzle  
!m4 ,he :o puts ! masses 9 !            
judgm5t-seat1 :o looks = c\nsel &       
decision at _! h&s1 has nei!r rev]5ce   
nor love = man4 ,soon] or lat] ! tru? ( 
?is w be realiz$ by all hon\rable m5    
among _! lead]s4  ,! day is also f> :5 !
 upp] classes w come to _! s5ses4 ,!y h 
nev] und]/ood :at ! _w is1 nor :at      
,g]many is1 nor :at has happ5$ to       
!mselves4 ,!y see h\ses & fields1 /reets
 & trees v mu* z !y 72 !y ?9k1 if !y    
only play ! game a little craftily at ! 
beg9n+1 ev]y?+ w rema9 z x us$ to be1 & 
!y w come out all "r 9 ! end4 ,x is j z 

:5 "s m]*ant goes bankrupt = a million2 
= ! fir/ =tnight ! s]vants wait at table
 z usual & ! family eat (f silv] plate2 
! ru9 is /ill on pap]4 ,b 9 a ye>'s "t  
ev]y?+ is disp]s$ to ! w9ds1 & m5 h     
*ang$ along ) _! ut5sils4 ,:5 "o sees = 
:at trivialities p are fight+ to-day "o 
beg9s to und]/& h[ call\sly & %amelessly
 !y gave up a ?\s& times ov] t :i* !y _h
 sworn to def5d ) ! la/ drop ( _! blood2
 !n none ( !m "k :at has really happ5$4 
,9 a few ye>s' "t !y w "k2 & !n !y w    
fight no m = ?+s t no long] exi/2 !y w  
be m$itat+ a g5]al sacrifice to save :at
 c /ill be sav$1 & :at is wor? sav+4    
,,ix   ,g]many is a l& )\t p[]1 )\t     
poise1 ) its prosp]ity %att]$1 its      
au?orities & its ext]nal aims           
annihilat$1 its intellect & its e?ics at
 a l[ ebb4 ,9 su* a condition1 if we wi%
 to und]/& ! only k9d ( life-faculty :i*
 c save u f intellectual & spiritual    
dea?1 give u =ce & inspiration to %ape =
 ourselves & = ! _w ! new social ord] ( 
fre$om1 spirituality#ag & ju/ice1 & 9 ! 

true s5se to save u1 we mu/ look        
ourselves & ! ,g]man "* 9 ! face--?is   
unkn[n1 problematic "*1 :i* = a c5tury 9
 contradiction to its own inmo/ be+1 has
 be5 flatt]+ & lull+ itself ) hackney$ &
 complac5t phrases & unprov$ judgm5ts4  
,= we c und]take no?+ & claim no?+ :i*  
has n its prototype 9 our own s\l & is n
 f\nd$ 9 our own pa/1 our own           
traditions4  ,!re is no p1 n ev5 !      
,fr5*1 :i* 9 rec5t decades has adm9i/]$ 
to itself & dige/$ s mu* praise z we h4 
,we nev]  discuss$ ourselves b at once !
 /]eotyp$ toa/s began4 ,! m ,g]man      
culture decl9$1 ! m disgu/+ became our  
babble ab\t x4  ,! p]sons ?r\gh ^: m\?s 
we let ourselves be laud$ 7 s*ool-tea*]s
 )\t comp>ative k1 pr(essional          
banquet-orators1 nationali/s :o prais$ 9
 ! s]vice ( "s int]e/$ hatr$1 & s*ol>s )
 appo9tm5ts :o 7 simply commission$ to  
demon/rate t ! ,hoh5zoll]n sy/em 0 ! la/
 ^w ( creation4 ,no "o dream$ ( di/+ui%+
 ?is glorification ( ! ,g]man p f !     
apo!osis ( ! dyna/ies--to :i* we _h v[$ 

our he>t's blood--& ! pr(\nd ins9c]ity (
 ^! declamations 0 %[n by ! indiff]5ce )
 :i* ! dyna/ies1 ! ma9 feature 9 !      
programme1 7 aft]w>ds got rid (1 & !    
affair ( ! he>t's blood %elv$4  ,we "k !
 /]eotyp$ phrases4 ,g]man fai?1 ,fr5*   
knav]y4 ,! _w is to f9d heal+ 9 ! ,g]man
 s\l4 ,we are ! h]oes--! o!rs are       
huck/]s4#ah ,to be ,g]man means to d a  
?+ = its own sake4 ,we are a race (     
?9k]s & poets4 ,we h ,culture1 ! o!rs   
m]ely ,civilization4#ai ,we alone are   
free--! o!rs are m]ely undiscipl9$ 7or1 
z ! case may be1 enslav$74 ,all ?is we  
owe to ! fav\r ( ,god & our education "u
 ! 7"h fill 9 ,prussian1 ,bav>ian or    
,saxon7 reign+ ,h\se1 :i* all ! _w      
envies u4 ,cle>ly !re=e we are de/9$ =  
_w-dom9ion2 we h only to fall-to4  ,9 "o
 ( ^! phrases1 ab\t do+ ?+s = _! own    
sake1#bj !re is tru?4 ,all ! m 0 x = u 9
 p>ticul> a vice & a sign ( degradation 
to let ourselves be dazzl$ by ! %ad[less
 transp>5cy-picture ( glorification t 0 
(f]$ to u4 ,!re 7 int]e/s conceal$ 9 !  

game1 & mu* lack ( moral fibre1 all (   
:i* we pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce2 x 0 out (    
place 9 our fe/al oratory4  ,x w\ld be  
an equal or ev5 a great] vice1 only     
rev]s$1 if we 7 n[ to despair (         
ourselves4 ,mod]ation 0 :at we ne$$ !n2 
:at we ne$ n[ is vigor\s & consci\s     
self-possession4 ,to-day x is no easy & 
attractive bus9ess to br+ our /rong     
qualities to ! surface2 x implies an    
am\nt ( conviction :i* x is h>d to      
atta91 & self-depreciation means a      
pitiful fa9t-he>t$ness4 ,b all %am goods
 (f]$ by babbl]s1 by selfi% int]e/s1    
prophets ( hate & comm]cial travell]s   
mu/ g ov]bo>d4  ,we h nev] be5 a race ( 
?9k]s & poets1 any m ?an ! ,jews 7 a    
race ( prophets1 !  ,fr5* & ,dut* a race
 ( pa9t]s1 or ,knigsb]g a city ( ,pure  
,reason4#ba ,! old ,g]man upp] classes  
h1 9 ?ree well-def9$ epo*s1 _h =ce en\gh
 to ?r[ up individuals ( mighty end[m5ts
 = music1 poetry & philosophy2 ! =m]    
l[]-classes1 ^: blood runs 9 n9e-t5?s ( 
our pres5t population1 h sc>cely        

contribut$ any?+ to ^! glories4 ,!y h 9 
rec5t ye>s %[n !mselves ?or\ghly        
indu/ri\s1 pla/ic1 apt = discipl9e1     
ord]-lov+1 intellig5t1 practical1       
hon\rable1 tru/wor?y1 w>m-he>t$1 prud5t 
& helpful1 & adapt$ beyond all          
expectation to ! me*anization ( life &  
indu/ry2 ( _! p[] to produce tal5t we "k
 little1 except p]haps 9 ! doma9 (      
rese>* & te*nique1 :i* are less a te/ ( 
creative en]gy ?an ( appli$ k &         
me?odical assiduity4  ,! important "q z 
to :at relations exi/ betwe5 ! numb]1   
quality & greatness ( individual        
end[m5ts & g5ius on ! "o side1 & ! "* ( 
a p on ! o!r1 is /ill unexplor$ & v     
obscure1 al?\gh we possess a sci5ce :i* 
calls itself by ! q unju/ifi$ "n (      
national psy*ology4  ,:ile on "o side we
 h r>ely made any s]i\s /udy ( national 
*>act]i/ics1 b h confus$ !m ) a*ievem5ts
 ( culture & habits ( life t mo/ly      
proce$$ f a ?9 upp] /ratum alone1 on !  
o!r we h z a rule tacitly set d[n       
individual end[m5t 7) a /rong emphasis  

on our own7 z illu/rations ( national   
"*4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 we %[$ t laxity
 9 prov+ :at we want$ to prove :i*      
ab\nds ev]y:]e f ! po9t :]e calculation 
) ?+s weighable & measurable leaves (f1 
& judgm5t beg9s4 ,we ?9k x an e/abli%$  
fact--9 accordance ) j ?is arbitr>y te/ 
( g5ius--t g5ius belongs p> excell5ce to
 ! s-call$ blonde blue-ey$ races ( !    
e>?4 ,! fact t among ! score or two (   
g5iuses ( all ages :o h be5 det]m9+ =ces
 9 ! _w x is h>dly possible to f9d a    
s+le example ( ?is blue-blonde race1 b  
!y c be prov$ to h be5 almo/ all d>k1   
did n affect ! "q4 ,on ! o!r h& !       
,engli%1 ^: influ5ce on culture has be5 
surpass$ by none1 _h _! g5ius-=m+ p[]1 9
 :i* !y are actually defici5t1 s]i\sly  
ov]-e/imat$4 ,x 0 ! rev]se ) ! ,jews4 ,!
 fact t 9 spite ( _! small numb]s !y h  
produc$ m ( _w-mov+ g5ius ?an all o!r   
nations put toge!r1 & t f !m has proce$$
 ! :ole transc5d5tal e?ics ( ! ,we/]n   
_w1 has n prev5t$ _! be+ pron\nc$ :olly 
incapable ( creative end[m5t4  ,we %all 

put aside all ?is rubbi% & = ! pres5t   
decl9e to g into !oretic que/ions4      
,great individual end[m5ts are relat$ to
 national "*--to ! "* ( ! m9d1 n t ( !  
w1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ ap>t--z ! blossom
 to ! plant or ! cry/al to !            
"m-solution2 to det]m9e ! "o f ! o!r    
ne$s some?+ m ?an a me*anical           
g5]alization4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a race
 ( ?9k]s & poets4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we c say3
 t a p :i* begets great musicians1 poets
 & philosoph]s is "o :i* devotes itself 
to moods & to visions1 :ile ano!r1 z =  
in/ance ! ,lat9 gr\p1 :i* creates =ms & 
/&>ds1 is "o t at ! co/ ( mood & vision1
 inc>nates its s5se ( w4  ,devotion1    
receptivity1 ! feel+ = ,nature1         
compreh5sion1 ! passion = tru?1         
m$itative dep?1 spiritual love1 are !   
faire/ gifts t c be grant$ to any p1 &  
to u !y h be5 grant$4 ,b !y exclude o!r 
gifts1 :i* /& to-day 9 high repute1 &   
:i* we affect 9 va94 ,!y exclude !      
capacity = %ap+ =ms & /&>ds1 ! aptitude 
= rule1 if n ev5 = self-gov]nm5t2 9 any 

case ! qualities :i* g to ! creation (  
nationalities & civilizations4  ,x is no
 m]e accid5t t 9 n "o ( ! hundr$fold    
prov9ces ( life1 f art to milit>y       
organization1 f ,/ate-craft to          
jo9t/ock-companies1 f sa9tl9ess to      
table-ut5sils1 h we ,g]mans discov]$ a  
s+le ess5tial & endur+ =m4 ,& aga91 !re 
is sc>cely "o ( ^! =ms :i* we h n fill$ 
) a ri*] & m liv+ cont5t ?an ^? :o fir/ 
discov]$ x4  ,= :oev] be>s ! ,all )9    
himself c be satisfi$ ) no =m2 he f9ds 9
 himself at once vision & reality1 !sis 
& anti!sis4 ,he seeks = a syn!sis1 b all
 =m is "o-sid$4 ,he conceives1 *ooses1  
compreh5ds1 fulfils1 breaks 9 pieces &  
?r[s away4 ,he rema9s a unity 9 con/ant 
*ange1 l ! ye> z x proce$s day by day1  
h\r by h\r1 & no two ( !m alike4 ,he    
does n =ce ?+s--out ( respect =         
creation4  ,b he :o makes =ms mu/ use   
=ce4 ,he makes himself ! /&>d &         
compreh5ds himself only4 ,ev]y?+ else1  
ev]y?+ t is extra-normal1 uncon=mable1  
un9telligible & n und]/ood rema9s = him 

some?+ ali51 trivial1 inf]ior1 or       
negligible4 ,! mak] ( =ms c rule1 ev5 by
 compulsion1 )\t be+ a tyrant1 = he is  
conv9c$ ( ! value ( :at he br+s & kn[s  
no d\bts4 ,he is ru?less1 yet only up to
 a c]ta9 limit1 :i* is det]m9$ by 8 s5se
 ( ! inf]iority ( ! o!r4 ,! man :o      
rejects =ms1 h[ev]1 _c rule2 ! v        
p5etration into ! doma9 ( ano!r seems to
 him a wrong to 8 own1 ! basis ( :i* is 
recognition & all[ance4 ,if he is =c$ to
 p5etrate1 he loses all balance1 = 9    
wrong-do+ he und]/&s no gradations4     
,simil>ly he is incapable ( civiliz+1 = 
he _c take =ms s]i\sly2 he violates !m  
himself--h[ c he impose !m ^u o!rs8 ,9 8
 inmo/ s\l he is nave1 = creation is    
see?+ 9 him2 b 9 execution he is        
consci\s1 critical1 eclectic &          
me?odical1 9 ord] t he may be completely
 ma/] ( ! "o-sid$ elem5t into :i* he has
 =c$ himself4 ,! man ( =ms1 h[ev]1 is1 9
 8 s\l1 rigid & consci\s1 b 9 action    
nave1 because he does n "k ! mean+ (    
d\bt4  ,=ms gr[ up l natural products 9 

! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,!y assume ! exi/5ce
 ( uni=mity 9 individuals1 fa!rs        
reproduc$ 9 sons ) sc>cely a v>iation4  
,egypt1 ,rome1 & t mod]n l& ( antiquity1
 ,france1 are examples4 ,= g5]ations    
,france has be5 cont5t ) ?ree           
ar*itectural /yles1 :i* are really "o & 
! same /yle4 ,! *anges 9 ! language are 
h>dly p]ceptible4 ,! pr9cipal dome/ic   
ut5sils are almo/ ! same z !y 7 a hundr$
 ye>s ago1 fa%ion is m]ely a vibration4 
,=eign liv+ languages are little /udi$1 
_! _s is n und]/ood1 ! pronunciation    
rema9s ,fr5*4 ,=eign c\ntries are look$ 
on z a k9d ( m5ag]ie2 ev]y?+ is measur$ 
by ! native /&>d4 ,e "o is a judge (    
ev]y?+1 = he holds fa/ to ! norm4 ,)9 ! 
norm ! ,fr5* are ke5ly s5sitive1 _!     
feel+ = relations is v sure2 ! slighte/ 
deviation is obs]v$4 ,to d\bt ! validity
 ( ! norm is out ( "q2 "o might z well  
criticize ! sun & moon z ! /yle ( ,l\is 
,quatorze4  ,! f9al judgm5t ( ! ,briti% 
9 ! affairs ( life is ?is is ,engli%1 t 
is n ,engli%4 ,=eign l&s are a subject (

 geographical & e?nological /udy4 ,!    
:ole mighty w ( a nation is "h          
conc5trat$ 9 ! =m ( civiliz+ political  
en]gy4 ,e private incl9ation is a fad1 &
 ev5 fads h _! fix$ =ms4 ,an (f5ce aga9/
 table-mann]s is bann$ l an attack on ! 
,*ur*4 ,nature is ma/]$ ) consid]ation &
 intellig5ce1 :e!r ! problem is ! bre$+ 
( %eep or ! rul+ ( ,india4  ,!          
assurance1 self-comm& & art ( rul+ :i*  
spr+ f =ms are lack+ 9 ,g]many4 ,our    
/ronge/ spirits are =mless2 !y are      
eclectic or titanic1 :e!r !y despise =ms
 or *oose =ms or bur/ =ms4 ,we h ?ree   
homes betwe5 :i* we hov]--,g]many1 !    
e>?1 & heav54 ,we compreh5d & hon\r     
ev]y?+--e l&1 e man1 e art & e language2
 & we are f]tiliz$ by :at is =eign2 on !
 l[] level we enjoy x & imitate x1 on ! 
high] x spurs u to creation4 ,we are    
docile1 & d n hate :at rules & det]m9es 
u1 only :at contracts u & makes u       
"o-sid$2 an autocratic gov]nm5t may be  
tol]at$1 ev5 v5]at$1 if x kn[s h[ to be 
national & popul> & does n int]f]e ) our

 elb[-room4  ,we h already t\*$ on !    
volitional "*#bb ( ! ,g]man p1 a "* :i* 
has be5 gravely alt]$ by ! subsid5ce ( !
 anci5t upp] /ratum ( society1 & by long
 privations & mis]ies4 ,! ,g]mans (     
,tacitus 7 a fre$om-lov+  & turbul5t p2 
( ?is n a trace is left4 ,any "o :o did 
n recognize "u ! autocracy t we c>e     
little = self-det]m9ation &             
self-responsibility may d s "u !        
revolution1 :i* m]ely arises out ( an   
alt]ation 9 ext]nal conditions4 ,we are 
n ev5 yet a nation1 b an association (  
int]e/s & oppositions2 a ,g]man         
,irr$5ta1 z x has be5 & un=tunately w be
 %[n1 is an impossible conception4 ,&   
s9ce we are n a nation & repres5t no    
national idea1 b only an association (  
h\seholds1 x foll[s t our influ5ce      
abroad c only be comm]cial1 & n civiliz+
 or propag&i/4  ,f ?is side we are able 
to und]/& ! ,g]man hi/ory ( ! pa/ two   
c5turies4 ,prussia1 an extra-,g]man     
,p[]1 gr[n up 9 coloniz$ t]ritory1      
organiz$ itself into a bureaucratic1    

feudal & milit>y ,/ate4 ,x succe$$ 9    
ma/]+ half ,g]many & 9 loosely l9k+ up !
 rema9d]4 ,by rigid organization1 by its
 f$]at$ ,pr9ces & by ! /ronge/ army 9 ! 
_w1 x suppli$ ! place ( ! national "* & 
w :i* 7 want+4 ,me*anism 0 press$ into !
 s]vice1 & bore ! colossus into a p]iod 
( bloom+ prosp]ity4 ,! sy/em look$ l a  
nation2 9 reality x 0 an autocratic     
association ( economic int]e/s bri/l+ ) 
arms4 ,x 0 incapable ( develop+ national
 =ces & ideas1 n ev5 9 relation to its  
settl]s 9 o!r l&s2 x 0 conf9$ to        
comm]cial competition2 weak alliances 7 
reli$ on to secure ! position ext]nally2
 self-gov]nm5t 0 n grant$1 because !    
milit>y organization 0 ! pivot ( ! :ole 
sy/em2 ! drill-s]geant tone at home _h  
its c\nt]p>t 9 ! brusqu5ess ( our =eign 
policy2 enmities grew & organiz$        
!mselves1 & ! cata/rophe came4  ,= "* ( 
w we _h sub/itut$ discipl9e4 ,b         
discipl9e is n nationality2 x is an     
ext]nal in/rum5t1 & :5 x breaks x       
leaves--no?+4 ,n[ s9ce ! ,prussian sy/em

 :i* call$ itself by ! m$ival title ( ! 
,g]man ,empire 01 9 spite ( ! pr(essors1
 no popul>1 national fabric1 b a        
dyna/ic1 milit>y & compulsory           
association1 ) a con/itutional faade1 ! 
int]e/$ nationali/ elem5ts took on !    
repulsive & di%on\rable =ms t we all "k4
 ,! mo/ deeply int]e/$ p>ties1 cool &   
consci\s ( _! /r5g?1 ! ,prussian        
repres5tatives ( ! milit>y & (ficial    
nobility1 avoid$ all declamation & only 
int]f]$ :5 _! int]e/s 7 endang]$4 ,!    
great] indu/riali/s sold !mselves4 ,a   
high] /ratum ( ! middle-classes compos$ 
( c]ta9 circles ( high] tea*]s &        
subalt]n (ficials took ! bus9ess        
s]i\sly1 & 9 ord] to escape f _! drab   
exi/5ce creat$ t atmosph]e ( hatr$ (    
,sociali/s1 telegrams ( homage1 &       
megalomania1 :i* made u intellectually &
 morally impossible be=e ! _w4 ,in/ead (
 ! ,g]many ( ?\ght & _s "o saw sudd5ly a
 brutal1 /upid community ( int]e/$      
p]sons1 gre$y = p[]1 :o gave !mselves   
out z t ,g]many ^: v opposite !y 72 :o1 

unable to po9t to any a*ievem5ts1 any   
?\ght ( _! own1 prid$ !mselves on an    
imag9>y race-unity :i* _! v appe>ance   
contradict$2 :o _h no ideas beyond      
ranc\r2 ! slav]+s ( league-oratory &    
subord9ation1 & :o ) ^! prop]ties1 :i*  
!y 7 pleas$ to call ,kultur1 und]took to
 br+ bless+ to ! _w4  ,x 0 no wond]2 =  
our slavoniciz$ association ( int]e/s1  
b5t on subord9ation & on ga91 does n    
produce ideas2 its possessions 7 p[]1   
me*anism & money2 :oev] 0 impress$ by ^!
 ?+s believ$ !y mu/ impress o!rs too1 & 
s ! conclusion 0 arriv$ at t all ! great
 spirits ( ! pa/ _h liv$ only to make   
?is triple comb9ation supreme4 ,wagn] _h
 =m$ ! bridge betwe5 ! old ,g]many & !  
new--arm\r$ cruis]s & giant guns appe>$ 
z a free developm5t f ,kant & ,hegel1 & 
! ^w ,kultur1 a ^w :i* ,g]many ought to 
prohibit by law = ?irty ye>s to come1   
mask$ ! confusion ( ?\ght4  ,to discov] 
n[1 aft] our d[nfall1 t ,g]many ought   
nev] to h c>ri$ on a cont95tal let alone
 a _w policy1 w\ld be a pitiful example 

( esprit d'escali]4 ,x is true t x 0 our
 "r1 & ev5 our duty1 by our intellect1  
our e?ics & our greatness1 to c>ry x on2
 b ! weakness ( our "* on ! side ( ,w 0 
! cause ( its failure4 ,bism>ck1 a born 
reali/ 9 politics1 gr[n up 9 ! ,prussian
 tradition1 tra9$ 9 ! diplomatic        
tradition by ,gorts*akov1 made !        
calamit\s *oice4 ,he made u safe = c]ta9
 decades2 b x 0 only an intuitive policy
 9 ! mann] ( ,/e9#bc t c\ld h sav$ u =  
c5turies4  ,9 ! mid/ ( self-adm9i/]$ &  
self-det]m9+ nations ! ,g]man p1 f lack 
( self-consci\sness1 indol5ce ( w &     
innate s]vility rema9$ "u a patri>*al   
sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 a m9or "u tutelage (  
div9ely-appo9t$ dyna/ies & rul+ classes4
 ,9 ! *ildi% movem5t ( ! educat$        
b\rgeoisie ( #ahdh ,bism>ck saw only !  
helpless & ,utopian1 b n ! symbolic     
side1 :i* ,m>x might h %[n him4 ,8      
practical _s judg$ ) a smile t a h&ful (
 peasantry & gr5adi]s w\ld suffice to   
br+ to reason ?is dyna/ically-m9d$ p4 ,x
 0 only too true2 al?\gh ! bulk ( ?is p 

_h n = ?irty ye>s be5 =m$ by ! peasant  
class1 & al?\gh he himself _h le>n$ h[  
to make use ( ! p[] ( ! mod]n indu/rial 
,/ate 9 peasant disguise4 ,& s he refus$
 to all[ 8 c\ntrym5 to come ( age2      
broke1 ) ! sup]iority ( g5ius1 & ) !    
weapons ( success & au?ority1 !         
incompet5t =ces t resi/$ him2 creat$1 by
  ! magical me*anism ( 8 ,con/itution1 !
 ,g]man ,empire z a m]e cont9uation ( ! 
,prussian bureaucratic ,/ate re9=c$1 by 
! self-glorify+ dyna/ies1 ) ! :ole      
volume ( ! /ill exi/+ & ju/ly appreciat$
 habit ( ob$i5ce2 & annihilat$ = a      
g5]ation e aspiration = fre$om by br&+ x
 ) ! /a9 ( moral & social depravity4    
,our political wor?lessness & immaturity
 came to its climax 9 ! race (          
(fice-climb]s 9 #ahhj1 :i* 9 #aijj gave 
place to ! battle-fleet patriotism ( !  
great capitali/s4  ,a self-adm9i/]$ & a 
self-det]m9+ nation--su* z ! nations ( !
 _w1 except ourselves1 ,au/ria &        
,russia1 71 on ! :ole1 at ! turn ( !    
c5tury--w\ld h be5 able to c>ry on a    

s\nd & /eadfa/ policy 9 economics &     
public affairs1 & to enjoy ! confid5ce (
 ! _w1 z little begrudg$ z ,am]ica4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 a dang]\s w>%ip1 arm$ ^u an   
unexampl$ scale1 giv5 to backw>d        
movem5ts & comm&$ by an uncontrollable  
sovran dilettante1 c\ld only expect     
soon] or lat] to be expell$ f ! h>b\r ( 
! nations4 ,hi/ory is apt to ov]do x1   
especially :5 corruption has gone on too
 long2 ) e ye> t pass$ ! doom became m  
c]ta92 in/ead ( be+ expell$1 we 7       
annihilat$4  ,t f\r ye>s ( hung]1 a lo/ 
w> & a milit>y revolt at la/ set u free1
 does n betok5 any *ange ( "*2 & :5     
to-day a s]vile & facile ,press lauds   
our wret*$ & idealess ,con/itution z !  
f9e/ 9 ! _w1 t gives u no assurance (   
its p[] to endure4 ,und]/&+ is no       
sub/itute = "*1 b x is at any rate a /ep
 t[>ds ! goal2 & if x is once und]/ood t
 o!r measures are possible1 & if1 out ( 
?is p]iod1 c]ta9 writ+s & ?\ghts %all   
survive--& survive !y w--!n at any rate 
we may /ill be weak1 b we %all be no    

long] bl9d4  ,x might be possible at !  
outset ( our j\rney t[>ds /r5g? ( w t we
 %\ld grope our way sl[ly--v sl[ly--back
 to ! old problems ( p[]4 ,x does n     
matt] if we d4 ,be=e we get !re1 ! _w w 
be *ang$1 & w be pregnant ) new ?\ghts4 
,let u fulfil ! duties = :i* ,g]many 0  
made :at x is4 ,let u g 9 que/ ( ! idea 
& ! faculty t are laid ^u u2 let u d ?is
 9 ord] to live1 to recov] our heal?1 to
 %ape ourselves anew1 to rema9 a ,p1 to 
become a ,nation1 to create a future &  
to s]ve ! _w4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote  
#ag3 ,gei/igkeit4 ,?is is a difficult ^w
 to translate4 ,x sometimes means m]ely 
intellectuality1 sometimes 9 addition 7z
 "h7 all t is impli$ 9 ! phrase1 ,ye "k 
n :at mann] ( _s 7,greek3 oi\ pneumatos7
 ye are (4  ,footnote #ah3 ,ref]r+ to   
,w]n] ,somb>t's w>-book1 ,hndl] und     
,held54  ,footnote #ai3 ,cf4 ,?omas     
,mann's rem>kable book on ! real        
significance ( ! w>3 ,betra*tung5 e9es  
,unpolitis*5 7#aiah74  ,footnote #bj3   
,sa*li*keit4 ,ra!nau seems to h 9 m9d ! 

,g]man feel+ = dis9t]e/$ /udy & rese>* z
 illu/rat$1 = in/ance1 by ! fact t :5 ! 
,g]man ,gov]nm5t he>d ( ! g5ius ( ,e9/e9
 !y br\ght him to ,b]l9 ) a sal>y (     
ne>ly #ajjj a ye> & no duties except to 
?9k4 ,mod]n bigotry has expell$ him4    
,footnote #ba3 ,:]e ,kant liv$ & taught1
 & publi%$ 8 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4  
,footnote #bb3 ,z oppos$ to ! inw>d1    
intellectual & spiritual "*4  ,footnote 
#bc3 ,/e9 0 ! *ief lead] ( ,prussia f ! 
,fr$]ician into ! mod]n era4 ,8 m9i/ry (
 re=m by :i* a peasant-propriet>y 0     
e/abli%$1 & municipal in/itutions       
creat$1 la/$ only f ,septemb] #ahjg to  
,novemb] #ahjh4     ,x   ,on balance x  
seems t ! end[m5ts ( ! ,g]man p "w out z
 foll[s3--  ,high qualities ( intellect 
& he>t4 ,e?ics & m5tality normal4       
,orig9ative w-p[] & indep5d5t activity1 
weak4  ,we give our devotion freely1 & !
 he>t rules 9 action4 ,our feel+s are   
g5u9e & p[]ful4 ,we h c\rage &          
endurance4 ,l$ by s5tim5t r ?an by      
inspiration4 ,we create no =ms1 are     

self-=getful1 seek no responsibility1   
obey r ?an rule4 ,9 ob$i5ce we "k no    
limit1 & nev] "q :at is impos$ ^u u4  ,(
 its own accord ! ,g]man p w\ld nev] h  
adopt$ an ideal ( =ce4 ,x 0 impos$ on u 
by ! idolat]s ( ! great w>-ma*9e & ^? :o
 ga9$ by x2 ev5 ,bism>ck did n %>e x4   
,we are n compet5t to =m an ideal (     
civilization1 = ! s5se ( unity1 w to    
lead]%ip1 & =mative en]gy are lack+ to  
u4 ,we h no political mission = !       
arrangem5t ( o!r p's affairs1 = we _c   
arrange our own2 we d n lead a full     
life1 & are politically unripe4  ,we are
 end[$ z no o!r p is = a mission ( ! _s4
 ,su* a mission 0 ours till a c5tury    
ago2 we r5\nc$ x1 because ?r\gh         
political slackness ( w-p[] we fell out 
( /ep2 we did n keep pace ) ! o!r       
nations 9 int]nal political developm5t1 
&1 in/ead1 devot$ ourselves to ! mo/    
f>-rea*+ developm5ts ( me*anism & to _! 
c\nt]p>t 9 bids = p[]4 ,x 0 ,fau/1 lur$ 
away f 8 true pa?1 ca/ (f by ! ,e>?-,_s1
 a/ray among wit*es1 brawl]s & al*emi/s4

  ,b ! ,fau/-s\l ( ,g]many is n dead4 ,(
 all peoples on ! e>? we alone h nev]   
ceas$ to /ruggle ) ourselves4 ,& n )    
ourselves alone1 b ) our dmon1 our ,god4
 ,we /ill he> )9 ourselves ! ,all1 we   
/ill exp& 9 e brea? ( creation4 ,we     
und]/& ! language ( ?+s1 ( m5 & (       
peoples4 ,we measure ev]y?+ by itself1 n
 by u2 we d n seek our own w1 b ! tru?4 
,we are all alike & yet all diff]5t2 ea*
 ( u is a w&]]1 a brood]1 a seek]4 ,?+s 
( ! _s are tak5 s]i\sly ) u2 we d n make
 !m s]ve our lives1 we s]ve !m ) ours4  
,& y d>e to say ?is1 9 ! face ( all !   
brutaliz+ & bemir+ t we exp]i5ce--!     
pr(ite]+ & gorm&iz+1 ! abject           
submissiv5ess1 ! %ameless des]tions1 !  
apa?y1 ! ins9c]ity1 ! he>tlessness &    
m9dlessness ( our day8  ,yes1 ,i d>e to 
say x1 = ,i believe x & ,i "k x4 ,! s\l 
( ! ,g]man p lies /ill 9 ! convulsions &
 halluc9ations ( its sl[ recov]y4 ,x is 
recov]y n alone f ! w>1 b f some?+      
worse1 its hundr$-ye>s' ali5ation f     
itself4 ,! mu*-ridicul$ *oice ( our old 

romantic unh]aldic col\rs1 black1 r$ &  
gold1 in/ead ( ! bodiless & s\lless     
col\rs "u :i* we wag$ ! w>1#bd 01 among 
! :irl+ follies ( ! "t1 a fa9t symbolic 
movem5t ( our bett] m9d4 ,we mu/ reunite
 ourselves ) ! days be=e we ceas$ to be 
,g]mans & became ,b]l9]s4  ,:at we ne$  
is ,_s4 ,! :ole _w ne$s x1 no m & no    
less ?an we d1 b w nev] create x4       
,hi/ory kn[s :y x decid$ = ,v]sailles & 
! ,hall ( ,mirrors4 ,n me*anism alone1 )
 its ret9ue ( nationalism & imp]ialism1 
is n[ aga9 & = ! la/ "t to be glorifi$2 
no1 ! :ole ,franco-,briti% policy (     
acquisition m\nts up ev5 to ! ?rone ( ! 
,sun-k+1 & x is s]i\sly believ$ t x w   
gov]n ! de/9ies ( ! _w = c5turies to    
come4 ,an inconceivable1 &1 9 its       
mon/r\s irony1 unsurpassable drama1 :i* 
is put =w>d z ! introduction to ! great 
era4 ,! b\rgeois consci5ce ( ! ,we/  has
 no inkl+ ( :at x means4 ,to ?is        
consci5ce1 ! w> 0 a huge violation (    
dec5cy1 contriv$ by b&its2 its victory  
is ! f9al triumph ( a capitali/1        

rationali/ic civilization2 ! tor* lit 9 
! ,ea/ means murd] & inc5di>ism1 & !    
upw>d migration ( ! p f ! dep?s is to x 
invisible4  ,no2 x is n "h t ! _s ( !   
future is be+ =m$4 ,"o may discov] fur!r
 +5i\s devices1 lightn+-conductors to   
mitigate ! /roke2 b g5tly or viol5tly a 
natural =ce w h its way1 & ! new e>? :i*
 x is prep>+ ne$s new se$4  ,t we h be5 
giv5 ! faculty to %ape a new _s does n  
imply t we are at lib]ty to *oose :e!r  
we %all d x or n4 ,ev5 if x 7 n = our   
life's sake--ev5 if x 7 aga9/ our       
life--/ill we mu/ obey4 ,b x is = our   
life's sake1 z we h se51 & z x is inde$ 
obvi\s1 = e organism c live only by     
fulfill+ ! purpose ( its be+4  ,& n[ we 
h got to a v dang]\s place--a place :]e 
! usual moral p]oration lies 9 wait =   
u--t ,g]man p]oration :i* ann\nces      
univ]sal r$emption1 & imm$iately1 on t  
l(ty note1 closes ! discussion4 ,fa!rl&1
 ,morality1 ,humanity1 ,lab\r1 ,c\rage1 
,confid5ce--we all "k h[ x goes1 ! writ]
 has writt5 some?+ f9e1 ! read] has read

 some?+ f9e2 emotion on bo? sides1      
little conviction on ei!r4  ,x appe>s1  
!n1 t ,i h j be5 writ+ some?+ extremely 
suspect4 ,has ! read] foll[$ me ?r\gh   
five-&-?irty ( ^! difficult folios 9    
ord] to arrive 9 ! end at t v ev]yday   
t]m1 ,_s8#be ,is !re any t]m 9 common]  
use1 & :at are we to ?9k ab\t x8        
,s(tly--!re is worse to come6 ,! next ^w
 is /ill m dubi\s1 phili/9i%ly s1 9     
fact--! ^w ,culture4#bf ,i _c help x--we
 mu/ pass on by way ( ^! ev]yday        
conceptions4 ,we mu/ get ?r\gh ! cr[d1  
:]e hack-phrases elb[ u4 ,any j\rney y  
may take1 ?\gh x 7 to ,tibet1 mu/ beg9  
at ! ,b]l9 ,c5tral ,railway ,/ation4    
,:at is wrong ) ^! popul> phrases is n t
 !y />t f an ev]yday conception1 b t !y 
rema9 cont5t ) x1 & d n ?9k x out to !  
end4  ,our task1 !re=e1 /at$ 9 ! mo/    
g5]al t]ms1 is to make actually         
spiritual a p :i* is capable (          
spirituality4 ,& s9ce spirituality _c be
 propp$ up by any ext]nal ?ru/1 by      
s]mons1 newspap] articles1 leagues1 or  

propag&a1 b mu/ be associat$ ) life &   
develop$ out ( life1 s ! organic process
 & ! condition ( life to :i* x leads is 
call$ ,culture4  ,x is only ) deep      
reluctance & aft] long se>* t ,i h      
writt5 d[n ?is beautiful ^w1 a ^w n[    
worn almo/ beyond recognition4 ,c we f9d
 our way back to its application &      
significance8 ,ev5 :5 x is n drawn out )
 a futile prefix#bg "o c h>dly detect   
its pure mean+ by reason ( ! _m         
ov]tones4 ,! s*ool1 if possible !       
univ]sity1 "s ,fr5* & ,engli%1 ! rules  
ab\t ,i & ,me1 visit+-c>ds1 %irt-cuffs1 
=eign phrases1 top-hats1 table-mann]s3  
^! are "s ( ! ov]tones t make !mselves  
he>d :5 we talk ( a cultur$ man1 or r z 
!y h x a cultur$ g5tleman4 ,a hundr$    
ye>s ago1 z ! ^w implies1 we und]/ood by
 culture ! unfold+ & ! full possession (
 innate bodily1 spiritual & moral =ces4 
,9 ?is s5se ,goe! %[$ u ! two frat]nal  
figures =m$ aft] 8 own image3 ,fau/ !   
ri*]1 & ! poor] ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 /riv+ =
 culture4  ,! ideal :i* hov]s be=e u is 

n "o ( education1 n ev5 "o ( k1 al?\gh  
bo? education & k ent] into x2 x is an  
ideal ( ! ,w4 ,x w n be easy to convey !
 bread? & ! b\ndless range :i* we are to
 atta* to ?is conception4 ,t x is n an  
airy figm5t is cle> f ! fact t =        
c5turies ! ,greeks1 ) full consci\sness1
 adopt$ z _! highe/ law 7?\gh direct$ to
 a some:at diff]5t end7 t impulse ( ! w 
:i* !y call$ ,kalokaga?ia4#bh  ,f "o :o 
has introduc$ ! conception ( me*anism   
into ,g]man ?\ght1 :o has rescu$ !      
conception ( ! s\l f ! h&s ( !          
psy*ologi/s & br\ght x back to its      
primal mean+1 :o has writt5 s mu* ab\t  
s\lless intellectualism1 & has put =w>d 
! empire ( ! s\l z ! goal ( humanity1 x 
is n to be expect$ t he %\ld prea* any  
me*anical k9d ( culture1 or inde$ any t 
x is possible to acquire by le>n+4  ,h[ 
culture is to be produc$ we %all see2 ! 
fir/ ?+ necess>y is t x %\ld be will$4  
,will$ x mu/ be1 9 a s5se & ) a /r5g? ( 
purpose & a =ce ( appreciation ( :i* we 
to-day1 :5 ! ages ( fai?1 ( !           

,re=mation1 ( ! ,g]man classics1 & ! w>s
 ( lib]ation1 lie s f> beh9d u1 h no    
idea at all4  ,:5 ! curr5t conception ( 
intellectual culture s mu* priz$ 9      
family1 society & bus9ess life1 & trick$
 out ) criticisms ( /yle1 ) hi/orical   
data & incid5ts ( travel is ju/ly       
ridicul$1 !n ! w to complete cultivation
 ( ! body1 ! intellect & ! s\l ( ! p mu/
 be s /rong t all que/ions ( conv5i5ce1 
( enjoym5t1 ( pre/ige & ( mat]ial       
int]e/s mu/ s9k f> into ! backgr\nd4    
,?is ^w mu/ s\nd s t all :o he> x c look
 9 ea* o!r's eyes ) a full mutual       
und]/&+ & )\t ! slighte/ s5se (         
ambiguity2 j z !y d 9 ,japan :5 ! "n ( !
 common head ( all families1 ! ,mikado1 
is nam$4 ,!re mu/ be "o ?+ 9 ,g]many & x
 mu/ be ?is ?+1 :i* is altoge!r out (   
rea* ( ! yawn+1 bl9k+ & gr9n+ scepticism
 ( ! c(fee-h\se1 & ( ! bel*+ & gr[l+ ( !
 tav]n4 ,any man :o puts ?is ?+ aside 9 
fav\r ( 8 class-ideas1 or 8 speculations
 9 l>d1 or 8 divid5ds1 or ! dem&s ( 8   
,union1 mu/ und]/& t he is do+ some?+ z 

(f5sive z if he w5t out 9 public )\t    
wa%+ himself4  ,! conception ( ,culture 
z our true & unique faculty mu/ be s    
pr(\ndly grasp$ t 9 public life &       
legislation x mu/ h ! fir/ ^w & ! la/4  
,?\gh we become z poor z *ur*-mice we   
mu/ /ake our la/ p5ny on ?is1 & tune up 
our education & in/ruction1 our models &
 outlook1 our motives & claims1 our     
a*ievem5t & our atmosph]e1 to s high a  
po9t t any "o com+ into ,g]many %all    
feel t he is ent]+ into a new age4      
,society mu/ be p5etrat$ by ?is         
conception4 ,^? classes :i* already     
possess some?+ resembl+ x--su* z tra9+1 
education1 exp]i5ce1 tradition1 outlook1
 good bre$+--mu/ p\r out ) bo? h&s :at  
!y h to disp5se2 n 9 ! way ( end[m5ts1  
conv5ticles1 lectures & patroniz+       
visits1 b 9 quiet1 self-sacrific+1      
p]sonal s]vice4  ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 _c  
be done )\t ! free response ( ! o!r     
side4 ,! devot$ attempts :i* h be5 made1
 especially 9 ,engl&1 & = "s ye>s ) u   
too1 to w9 ?is response by long &       

unselfi% solicitation 7 de/9$ to rema9  
m]ely ! mission ( individual lives1 = !y
 7 n support$ by ! w ( ! community z a  
:ole2 x r ran c\nt] to !m4 ,a ,peace (  
,god mu/ be proclaim$1 n z betwe5 !     
,haves & ! ,h-nots1 n betwe5 !          
prolet>iat & ! capitali/s1 n betwe5 !   
s-call$ cultur$ classes & ! uncultur$1 b
 betwe5 ^? :o are ready = a mutual      
ex*ange ( exp]i5ce1 a give-&-take ( _!  
tradition on bo? sides4 ,n an ex*ange on
 bus9ess pr9ciples1 su* z propag&a 9    
satisfaction ( dem&s1 or curiosity on "o
 side = a new pa/ime on ! o!r1 b a      
cov5ant4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only           
practicable if ! class-w>1 z an end 9   
itself1 is put a /op to4  ,! great *ange
 itself _c be come by s *eaply2 x dem&s 
o!r assumptions1 ( :i* we %all h some?+ 
to say lat]4 ,b ! attitude & temp]1 !   
recognition ( ! task1 c\ld n be bett]   
introduc$ ?an ?r\gh ! mutual s]vice ( ! 
two social /rata4  ,we h /ill at our    
disposal1 h&$ on f ! pa/1 c]ta9 organiz$
 me?ods ( inve/igation & adm9i/ration4  

,we n[ ne$ *airs & in/itutes ( rese>*1 n
 = ! trivial bus9ess ( popul>           
enlight5m5t & lectures1 b = ! /udy &    
inve/igation ( ! ne$s ( national        
culture1 ! idea :i* mu/ n[ take ! place 
( national def5ce4 ,we %all h ne$ (     
c5tral au?orities1 n1 l ! late ,m9i/ries
 ( ,culture skimp+ ! scanty end[m5t ( ! 
,bo>d ,s*ools1 b do+ ! "w ( ,g]man      
education1 progress1 & int]*ange (      
lab\r4#bi  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #bd3 
,black1 r$ & gold 7 orig9ally ! col\rs (
 a /ud5ts' ,corps 9 ,frank=t4 ,!y 7     
adopt$ z ! col\rs ( ! abortive ,g]man   
,f$]ation ( #ahdh1 app>5tly "u a mi/ak5 
idea t !y repres5t$ ! col\rs ( ! anci5t 
,g]manic ,empire4 ,! col\rs ( ! ,empire 
( #ahgj 7 ! ,prussian black & :ite1 ) ! 
addition ( r$4  ,footnote #be3 ,gei/4   
,footnote #bf3 ,bildung4 ,x is z        
difficult 9 ,engli% z x is 9 ,g]man to  
r5d] 9 "o ^w exactly :at ! au?or is ?9k+
 (4 ,9 its lit]al s5se ,bildung implies 
a %ap+ & =mative action4  ,footnote #bg3
 ,ausbildung4  ,footnote #bh3 ,a h>mony 

( "*1 comp\nd$ ( beauty & goodness4     
,footnote #bi3 ,arbeitsausglei*4 ,!     
mean+ ( ?is w be app>5t lat]4     ,,xi  
,"s decades ago ! consci5ce (           
middle-class society 9 ,engl& 0 /irr$4  
,! result 0 ,toynbee ,hall & !          
,settlem5ts-movem5t1 :i* aft]w>ds f\nd  
praisewor?y c\nt]p>ts 9 ,g]many4        
,society _h begun to und]/& ! wrong :i* 
x _h done to its bro!rs1 ! prolet>iat1  
:om x _h robb$ ( m9d1 & (f]$ !m in/ead  
s\l-de/roy+1 me*anical lab\r4 ,!n *oice 
spirits arose :o d$icat$ _! :ole lives  
to ! s]vice ( _! bro!rs4 ,?is great &   
noble "w did mu* to s(t5 pa9 & hatr$1 & 
"h & !re _m a s\l 0 sav$ by x2 b x c\ld 
n act z x 0 int5d$ to act1 because x    
c\ld n become :at x imag9$ itself to be4
  ,x ought to h be51 & believ$ itself to
 be1 a simple & obvi\s piece (          
love-s]vice1 a pure int]*ange (         
spiritual possessions betwe5 class &    
class1 no condesc5d+ pity or educative  
mission4 ,x 0 a noble & a spl5did error2
 ! movem5t reta9$ ! =m ( sacrifice &    

b5efaction4 ,on bo? sides social feel+ 0
 indiff]5t to x1 or ev5 ho/ile4 ,:at "o 
h& gave1 a ?\s& o!rs took back2 :at "o  
h& receiv$1 a ?\s& o!rs reject$4 ,!     
collective consci5ce ( a class _h nev]  
be5 /irr$1 x 0 m]ely t ! consci5ce (    
c]ta9 memb]s ( upp]-class society _h s5t
 out envoys2 x _h n mov$ z a body4      
,individuals 7 ready to sacrifice       
!mselves1 b ! conditions ( lab\r rema9$ 
un*ang$4  ,s long z a g5]al wrong is    
all[$ to /&1 x gives ! lie to e         
individual ef=t4 ,! wrong becomes ev5 m 
bitt] because x loses its               
unconsci\sness--m5 "k x = wrong1 & d n  
am5d x4 ,= ?is reason a second movem5t (
 importance1 t ( ! ,p's ,high ,s*ools1  
:i* has creat$ 9 ,d5m>k ! mo/ advanc$   
peasant-class 9 exi/5ce1 c a*ieve no    
social re=m 9 l&s clov5 by              
prolet>ianism4 ,if 9 addition to ?is !  
,high ,s*ool movem5t %\ld dep>t f its   
orig9al conception1 t ( a tempor>y      
community ( life betwe5 ! tea*]s & !    
taught1 & %\ld1 in/ead ( ?is1 resolve   

itself into a lecture-in/itution1 !n !  
dang] arises t :at is (f]$ w be         
disconnect$ matt]1 int5d$ = ent]ta9m5t1 
& )\t any basis ( real k1 some?+        
commonly call$ half-culture :i* is worse
 ?an unculture1 & is m prop]ly describ$ 
z misculture4  ,no "w ( ! *>itable type 
c br+ ab\t ! reconciliation ( classes or
 be a sub/itute = popul> education4 ,!  
reconciliation ( classes1 h[ev]1 ev5 if 
x 7 atta9able1 is by no means our goal1 
b r ! abolition ( classes1 & our        
ultimate object is n popul> education b 
popul> culture4 ,we d n int5d to give ) 
"o h& & take back ) ! o!r1 we %all n    
condemn a bro!r-p to dullness & quick5 a
 few *os5 individuals2 no1 we mean to g 
to ! root ( ! evil1 to break d[n !      
monopoly ( culture1 & to create a new p1
 unit$ & cultur$ ?r\gh\t4  ,b ! root ( !
 tr\ble lies 9 ! conditions ( lab\r4 ,x 
is an idle dream to imag9e t out ( t    
s\lless subdivision ( lab\r :i* gov]ns  
our me*anical me?ods ( production1 ! old
 h&icrafts c ev] be develop$ aga94 ,%ort

 ( "s cata/rophic depopulation :i* %all 
re/ore ! m$ival relation betwe5 ! area (
 ! soil & ! numb]s t occupy x1 !        
subdivision ( lab\r w h to /&1 & s long 
z x /&s no man w complete 8 job f />t to
 f9i%--he w only d a section ( x2 at    
be/1 & assum+ ! highe/ me*anical        
developm5t1 x w be a "w ( sup]vision4 ,b
 m9dless & s\lless "w no man c d ) any  
joy4 ,! t]rible fact ab\t ! me*anization
 ( indu/ry is t productive "w1 !        
elem5t>y condition ( life1 ! v =m (     
exi/5ce1 :i* fills m ?an half ( ea*     
man's wak+ day1 is by x made hat$ &     
hateful4 ,x degrades ! indu/ri\s man1   
?rill+ ) en]gy1 into a "w-%y slack]--=  
:at else does x mean t all social       
conflicts culm9ate 9 ! dem& = a %ort5+ (
 ! h\rs ( "w8 ,= ! peasant1 !           
rese>*-work]1 ! arti/1 ! work+ day is   
nev] long en\gh2 = ! artisan1 :o calls  
himself p> excell5ce a work]1 x c nev]  
be too %ort4  ,! advance ( te*nical     
inv5tion w make x possible 9 ! end to   
trans=m all me*anical "w into           

sup]vision4 ,b ! process w be long &    
p>tial1 we _c wait till x is complet$1  
especially z times w come :5 te*nical k 
w /& /ill1 or ev51 x may be1 g back4    
,any "o :o kn[s 9 8 own fle% :at        
me*anical "w is l1 :o kn[s ! feel+ (    
hang+ ) "o's :ole s\l on ! creep+       
movem5t ( ! m9ute-h&1 ! horror t seizes 
him :5 a glance at ! wat* %[s t !       
et]nity :i* has pass$ has la/$ only t5  
m9utes1 :o has _h to measure ! day's    
task by ! s\nd ( a bell1 :o kills 8     
lifetime1 h\r aft] h\r1 ) ! "o long+ t x
 might die m quickly--he kn[s h[ !      
%ort5+ ( ! work+ day1 :atev] may be put 
9 its place1 has become = ! factory     
artisan a goal ( exi/5ce4  ,b he kn[s   
some?+ else z well4 ,he kn[s ! deadlie/ 
( all we>9esses--! we>9ess ( ! s\l4 ,n !
 re/ :5 "o brea!s aga9 aft] :olesome    
bodily ex]tion1 n ! ne$ = relaxation &  
di/raction aft] a great ef=t (          
intellect1 b an empty /upor ( exhau/ion1
 l ! revulsion aft] unnatural excess4 ,x
 is ! %all[e/ k9d ( tea-table *att] to  

talk ab\t good music1 edify+ &          
in/ructive lectures1 a *e]ful walk 9    
,god's free ,nature1 a quiet h\r ( read+
 by ! lamp1 & s on1 z a rem$y = ?is4    
,dr9k1 c>ds1 agitation1 ! c9emas1 &     
dissipation c alone flog up ! mi%&l$    
n]ves & muscles1 until !y wilt aga9 "u !
 next day's toil4  ,! work] has no means
 ( comp>ison4 ,he does n "k :at :olesome
 lab\r feels l4 ,he w nev] f9d 8 way    
back to "w on ! l&1 = !re he _c get !   
c\nt]-poisons :i* he ?9ks indisp5sable1 
& he lacks ! organic1 ord]+ m9d :i*     
me*anical employm5t has de/roy$4 ,ev5 if
 "s did get back1 x w\ld be 9 va91 =    
?\gh agriculture is hung]+ = ?\s&s ( h&s
 x _c absorb millions4 ,! work] has no  
means ( comp>ison2 h5ce 8 bottomless    
contempt = intellectual "w1 ! results ( 
:i* he recognizes1 b :i*1 9 reg>d to !  
lab\r x co/s1 he puts on a level ) !    
idl+ ( ! folk :om he sees /roll+ or     
driv+ ab\t ) _! lapdogs 9 ! fa%ionable  
/reets4  ,! middle-class consci5ce1 &   
ev5 t ( ! m5 ( sci5ce1 turns away its   

face 9 %ameful c[>dice f ! horror (     
me*aniz$ lab\r4 ,ap>t f ! well-mean+    
/hetes :o live 9 rural elegance surr\nd$
 by all ! appliances :i* me*anism c     
supply1 :o wr9kle _! br[s :5 ! electric 
light goes out1 & :o write pamphlets    
ask+ ) pa9$ surprise :y p _c return to !
 old l&-"w & h&icraft1 mo/ ( u take     
me*anical lab\r z an unalt]able         
condition ( life1 & m]ely congratulate  
ourselves t x is n we :o h to d x4  ,!  
,utopiani/ agitators :o kn[+ly or       
unkn[+ly suppress ! ess5tial tru? t _!  
_w ( equality w be a _w ( ! bitt]e/     
pov]ty1 treat ! situation j z lightly4  
,be=e !m1 9 ! future ,/ate1 hov]s !     
vision ( "s exceptional lit]>y or       
political appo9tm5t4 ,! o!rs may console
 !mselves ) ! ?\ght t 9 spite ( a /ill  
deep] degree ( pov]ty1 t[>ds :i* !y are 
s9k+ by _! own inactivity1 ! hell (     
me*anical "w1 by no means aboli%$1 w    
probably be a little r$uc$1 s f> z      
reg>ds ! "t !y sp5d 9 x4 ,! notion t    
me*anical "w w be made acceptable &     

reconcil$ ) intellectual1 if only x is  
%ort en\gh & prop]ly paid1 has nev] be5 
?\ght out2 x is a /ill-born *ild ( m5tal
 le?>gy1 l all ^? visions ( ! future t  
are be+ held up to our eyes4 ,try       
notions l ?is on any o!r ill--too?a*e1 =
 in/ance6 ,all our rhetoric ab\t        
me*anical "w be+ no ill at all1 is      
ignorant or fraudul5t1 & if no?+ fur!r  
be done ?an to r$uce x to f\r h\rs1 all 
our social /ruggles w imm$iately be     
conc5trat$ on br++ x d[n to two4 ,! goal
 ( ,socialism1 s f> z x relates to ?is  
pons as9orum ( %ort5+ h\rs1 is simply ! 
"r to loaf4  ,let u look facts 9 ! face4
 ,me*anical "w is an evil 9 itself1 & x 
is "o :i* we nev] c get rid ( by any    
conceivable economic or social          
trans=mation4 ,nei!r ,k>l ,m>x nor ,l59 
has succe$$ "h1 & on ?is reef w be      
wreck$ e future ,/ate t may be set up on
 ! basis ( curr5t ,sociali/ic ideas4 ,9 
?is po9t lies ! c5tral problem (        
,socialism2 undi/urb$1 z 0 till lately t
 leg5d>y conception ( surplus-value1 &  

b$d$1 l t conception1 9 a rats'-ne/ (   
rhetorical phrases1 repeat$ f m\? to m\?
 & nev] te/$ by exam9ation4  ,! br++ (  
,m9d into ! masses1 ! cultur$ ,/ate1#cj 
:i* is ! only possible f\ndation ( a    
society wor?y ( humanity1 mu/ rema9     
unatta9able until ev]y?+ conceivable has
 be5 ?\ght out & done to alleviate !    
mis*iev\s op]ation ( ?is evil1 :i* dulls
 & /upefies ! human _s & :i*1 9 itself1 
is in]adicable4 ,no ,soviet-policy1 no  
socialization1 no prop]ty-policy1 no    
popul> education1 nor any o!r ( !       
cat*words :i* =m ad nauseam ! monoton\s 
/aple ( our curr5t discussion ( affairs1
 c g to ! he>t ( ! problem4 ,in/ead we  
mu/ e/abli% & put into practice !       
pr9ciple :i* ,i h call$ t ( ! ,int]*ange
 ( ,lab\r1 & :i* ,i mu/ n[1 9 broad     
outl9e1 endeav\r to expla94  ,! object (
 ?is pr9ciple is to br+ m9d into lab\r4 
,x dem&s--s9ce m9d _c be br\ght into    
me*anical "w beyond a c]ta9 degree fix$ 
by te*nical conditions--t ! day's "w z a
 :ole %all h a %>e ( x1 by means ( !    

ex*ange & association ( m5tal &         
me*anical employm5t4 ,until ?is pr9ciple
 %all h be5 c>ri$ into effect1 all true 
culture ( ! p rema9s impossible4 ,s long
 z !re is no culture ( ! p1 s long mu/  
culture rema9 a monopoly ( ! classes1 & 
( escapes f ! masses2 s long mu/ society
 be want+ 9 equilibrium1 a union op5 to 
brea* f e side1 & "o :i*1 h[ev] highly  
its social in/itutions may be develop$1 
holds d[n ! p to =c$ lab\r1 & de/roys   
culture4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #cj3  
,bildungs/aat4     ,,xii   ,!re is a way
 by :i* ! day's "w c be ennobl$1 & ev5 h
 m9d br\ght into x1#ca on capitali/ic   
l9es4 ,be=e ! ,w> we 7 j ab\t to ent] on
 ?is pa?--,am]ica is tread+ x n[4 ,its  
fundam5tal condition is a huge increase 
9 g5]al well-be+4  ,! daily wages ( !   
,am]ican work+-man h ris51 z we h       
already rem>k$1 to sev5 or ev5 t5       
doll>s1 correspond+ to a pur*as+ p[] (  
ov] a hundr$ m>ks4 ,?is am\nts to s     
radical a removal ( all re/rictions 9   
dome/ic economy t "o c no long] speak ( 

! prolet>ian condition z exi/+ 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a man :o drives to 8 "w 
9 8 own automobile c satisfy all 8      
reasonable ne$s 9 ! way ( recreation & (
 ext5d+ 8 education1 he looks at 8      
sectional job 7z has n seldom be5 ! case
 9 ,am]ica ev5 9 e>li] days7 ) a        
critical eye1 he =ms 8 own judgm5t ( its
 place 9 ! :ole1 he improves !          
processes1 & amuses himself by  be+ bo? 
workman & eng9e]4 7,consid] 9 ! light ( 
?is fact ! value ( ! prophecy t ,am]ica 
is /&+ on ! br9k ( ,bol%evism67  ,9 a   
c\ntry ^: weal? at ?is mom5t--9         
consequ5ce ( w>-pr(its & depreciation ( 
money--is almo/ equal to t ( ! re/ ( !  
_w put toge!r1 ! process ( aboli%+      
prolet>ianism c g =w>d on capitali/ic   
l9es4 ,b we ,g]mans1 s9ce x is decre$ t 
we %all be among ! poore/ ( ! peoples1 &
 mu/ beg9 afre%1 & live = ! future--we  
%all r5\nce )\t envy ! broad pa? ( ! old
 way ( ?\ght1 ! way ( ri*es1 9 ord] to  
cle> ) h>d "w ! new pa? on :i*1 "o day1 
all w h to foll[ u4 ,! way ( ,culture is

 ! way to :i* we are po9t$1 & we h      
describ$ ,int]*ange ( ,lab\r z !        
fundam5tal condition :i* enables u to   
travel x4 ,x is n[ cle> t ! conception (
 popul> culture is n1 aft] all1         
repres5t$ by any ( ! five-&-tw5ty       
idealiz+ cat*words ) :i* we are wont to 
console ourselves 9 our elegiac         
orations1 b t by x is meant a cle>ly    
def9$ political proc$ure4  ,by !        
pr9ciple ( ,int]*ange ( ,lab\r x is     
requir$ t e employee engag$ 9 me*anical 
"w c claim to d a portion ( 8 day's "w 9
 intellectual employm5t2 & t e bra9work]
 %all be oblig$ to devote a portion ( 8 
day to physical lab\r4  ,!re are1 (     
c\rse1 fix$ limits to ! application (   
?is pr9ciple1 on ! "o side 9            
intellectual1 on ! o!r 9 bodily         
incapacity1 z well z 9 ^? r>e cases :]e 
x is recogniz$ t ! int]rupt$ h\rs (     
intellectual "w _c be made good4  ,we   
w\ld also e/abli% a ye> (               
,lab\r-,s]vice1 to be devot$ by ! :ole  
y\? ( ,g]many1 ( bo? sexes1 to bodily   

tra9+ & "w4  ,! te/s ( capacity & ( !   
claim to be reckon$ z cultur$ is n to   
consi/ 9 exam9ations b 9 pro( ( "w4 ,any
 "o :o c (f] "s %[ ( claim c dem& to be 
te/$1 &1 if ! result is fav\rable1 to   
receive fur!r culture4 ,?us we %all be  
tak+ s]i\sly ! "q ( ! asc5t to high]    
grades1 :i*1 s long z x dep5ds on a     
p>ticul> age1 or on s*ool c]tificates1  
mu/ rema9 on pap]4  ,let no "o say t ?is
 te/+ sy/em is a m]e me*anical me?od1 t 
x degrades ,culture f its intellectual  
dignity1 & is equival5t to ! ,*9ese     
lit]>y te/s = (fice4 ,true culture is   
di/+ui%$ f m]e syb>itic /heticism 9 t 9 
"s s5se or o!r x makes = production4    
,:]e !re is no tal5t = art or = creative
 ?\ght1 !n !re rema9 to be develop$ !   
educational =ces ( judgm5t1 or a faculty
 = ! conduct ( life1 :i* mu/ h _!       
influ5ce4  ,diff]5t categories (        
,culture w arise ( !mselves2 n ranks or 
ca/es or classes1 b grades ( society1   
ea* ( :i* may be atta9$ by any "o4 ,no  
"o mu/ be able to say t any monopoly (  

culture has b>r$ 8 way1 or t tra9+ &    
te/+ h be5 d5i$ him4 ,if ! culture be   
g5u9e x w nev] look d[n 9 intellectual  
arrogance on ! /ages bel[ x2 if x h     
duties associat$ ) x1 !n he :o has      
reject$ ! pa? ( asc5t1 or has fail$ 9 x1
 _c claim to fulfil ^? duties4 ,any "o  
:o has no faculty b t ( a glib tongue w 
f9d 9 ! multiplicity ( call+s "s field =
 8 activity2 b ! rule ( ! talk]1 back$  
by =ce or n1 w at any rate be sp>$ u4   
,at ?is po9t we may he> a voice f !     
av]age he>t ( ,socialism exclaim3 ,h[ is
 ?is8 ,d y call t hav+ no ca/es8 ,we h j
 begun to %ake (f ! yoke ( ! capitali/s 
& n[ are we expect$ to put ! cultur$ 9  
comm&8 ,?is is pure reaction6  ,s(tly6  
,if ?is is a case ( misund]/&+1 we %all 
cle> x up4 ,if any scruples /ill rema91 
we %all consid] !m fur!r4  ,let u take !
 misund]/&+ fir/4 ,x is app>5tly =gott5 
t capitalism rul$ by h]$it>y p[]4 ,any  
"o :o belong$ to t circle rul$ along )  
x1 :e!r he 7 compet5t to rule or n4 ,b  
culture is n a h]itable possession2 no  

"o c w9 x save by virtue ( a high] _s & 
w4 ,he :o has ?is _s & ?is w1 c & w w9  
x4 ,he :o w9s x is fit = high]          
responsibilities4 ,is ! voice f ! av]age
 he>t answ]$8  ,no4 ,x replies3         
,h]itable or n1 :at d we c>e8 ,we are   
out = equality4 ,di/9ctions 9 culture   
are a k9d ( ari/ocracy4  ,n[1 good he>t1
 y h reveal$ y\rself4 ,:at 0 ! mean+ (  
y\r ev]la/+ talk ab\t ! ladd] = ! rise (
 capacity8 ,i %all tell y4 ,! capable   
man is to toil1 & to rise j s f> z y    
p]mit him1 namely1 till y c possess     
y\rselves ( ! fruits ( 8 lab\r3 !n he is
 to be ?ru/ d[n1 & ! l\de/ m\? is to    
rule4 ,y are n pleas$ ) ?is             
int]pretation8 ,nei!r am ,i1 s we are   
quits4  ,= ( ! folly ( imag9+ a society 
( equals ,i d n int5d to speak4 ,!      
av]age man1 :o _c und]/& equality (     
human dignity1 equality be=e ,god1 ?9ks 
no?+ ( dem&+ equality 9 ext]nals1       
equality 9 responsibility & vocation4 ,b
 ?is %am equality is ! enemy ( ! true1 =
 x does n fit man's burd5 to 8 /r5g?1 x 

creates ov]burd5$1 misus$ natures1 driv+
 ! "o to scamp$ "w & hypocrisy1 & ! o!r 
to cynicism4 ,e accid5tal & inh]it$     
advantage mu/ inde$ be done away )4 ,b  
if !re is any "o :o1 among m5 equal 9   
ext]nal conditions1 9 duties & 9 claims1
 dem&s t !y %\ld also be equal 9 m9d1 9 
w & 9 he>t--let him beg9 by alt]+       
,nature6  ,9 remun]ation also1 t is to  
say1 9 ! apportionm5t ( conditions ( "w1
 a me*anical equality w\ld be tantam\nt 
to an unju/ & intol]able inequality 9 ! 
actual di/ribution or remission ( "w4   
,"w ( ! highe/ class1 creative &        
intellectual "w--! mo/ self-sacrific+ t 
is kn[n to man because x draws to itself
 & swall[s up a man's :ole life1 includ+
 8 h\rs ( leisure & recreation--?is "w  
dem&s extreme consid]ation1 9 ! =m (    
solitude1 fre$om f di/urbance1 f trivial
 & di/ract+ c>es or occupations1 &      
contact ) ,nature4 ,?is k9d (           
consid]ation is1 f ! economic po9t (    
view1 an outlay :i* me*anical "w does n 
require4 ,if me*anical & intellectual "w

 are to be plac$ "u ! same specific     
conditions1 "u :i* ! highe/ /&>d (      
output is to be ma9ta9$ & ! produc]s are
 z f> z possible to be> an equal burd51 
!n ! scale ( remun]ation mu/ be diff]5t4
 ,/>t+ f a subsi/5ce m9imum x mu/ =     
intellectual "w be grad$ two /ages      
upw>d1 "o = ! output1#cb & "o = ! grade 
( culture impli$4  ,wom5 w also be      
subject to ?is sy/em ( grad+ :e!r !y    
ex]cise any vocation outside _! homes or
 n1 = society has a deep int]e/ 9 !     
culture ( its mo!rs1 & 9 ext]nal        
inc5tives to culture wom5 mu/ %>e       
equally ) m54  ,an intimate s5se (      
association w gr[ up )9 ea* grade (     
culture4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n impair ! g5]al
 solid>ity ( ! p1 s9ce no h]$it>y family
 egoism c arise4 ,?is s5se (            
association1 r5ew$ ) elem5ts t v>y f    
g5]ation to g5]ation1 & correspond+ v   
mu* to ! relations betwe5 contempor>y   
arti/s :o spr+ f diff]5t classes or     
t]ritories1 w dissolve ! relics ( ! old 
h]$it>y s5tim5t & absorb into itself    

:atev] traditional values ! latt] may   
possess4  ,betwe5 ! sep>ate grades !re w
 n only be ! connexion af=d$ by ! liv+  
possibilities ( free asc5t f "o to !    
o!r1 b ! sy/em ( ev]-r5ew$ co-op]ation 9
 rank-&-file at ! same "w w 9 itself    
promote culture1 tradition1 & !         
consci\sness ( union4 ,we ne$ only      
recall ! old gilds & milit>y            
associations 9 ord] to realize :at a    
high degree ( manly civic consci\sness c
 arise f ! visible community ( duty &   
a*ievem5t4 ,! me*anical work] w become !
 in/ructor ( 8 tempor>y comrade & gue/1 
& ! latt] w 9 turn wid5 ! o!r's outlook1
 & emulate him 9 ! developm5t ( !       
processes ( production4 ,! manual work] 
w br+ to ! desk & ! bo>d-room 8 fre$om f
 prepossessions & ! practical exp]i5ce (
 8 call+2 he w le>n h[ to deal )        
ab/ractions & g5]al ideas2 he w ga9 a   
respect = intellectual "w1 & w feel !   
impulse to w9 new k & faculty1 or to    
make good :at he has neglect$4          
99       99       99       99       99  

,two objections rema9 to be consid]$ &  
confut$4  ,fir/3 !re are f> m places to 
be fill$ 9 me*anical ?an 9 intellectual 
employm5t4 ,is x possible s to organize 
! int]*ange ( "w t e "o :o desires      
intellectual employm5t c f9d x8 ,! answ]
 is3 t1 :e!r we l x or n1 all "w t5ds m 
& m to take on an adm9i/rative "*4 ,j z 
9 indu/ry !re is ev] m talk & less      
production1 s our economic life is work+
 itself out ?r\gh ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( new  
organizations4 ,indu/rial ,c\ncils1     
,c\ncils ( ,work]s1 ,gild-,c\ncils1 are 
=m+ !mselves 9 among ! exi/+ ag5cies (  
adm9i/ration2 & ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( 
?is is a trem5d\s drop 9 production1 to 
be foll[$ lat] by a m highly articulat$ 
& m remun]ative sy/em ( "w4 ,x is z if a
 m>ble /atue came to life1 & !n _h to be
 int]nally equipp$ ) bones1 muscles1    
ve9s & n]ves4 ,or x resembles !         
trans=mation ( a %abby piece ( suburban 
build+-gr\nd3 x has to be dug up1 dra9$1
 pav$1 f5c$2 & until traffic has p\r$   
into x1 x rema9s a com=tless & dismal   

wa/e4  ,b ! adm9i/rative side ( our     
future economic & national life dem&s ! 
creation ( s _m po/s ( intellectual "w t
 at pres5t !re is n ! tra9$ p]sonnel to 
fill x4 ,if ! ,ye> ( ,lab\r-,s]vice is  
introduc$1 !re w be /ill m defections & 
gaps to be fill$4 ,! ru% = intellectual 
"w is m likely to be too small ?an too  
great4  ,let u come to ! second         
objection4 ,w n confusion be worse      
conf\nd$ if !re are _m :o h to fill two 
jobs1 if1 9 ^! jobs con/ant ex*anges are
 tak+ place1 if ! p]iods ( "w are brief 
& subject to untimely int]ruptions1 if  
"t & "w are lo/ ?r\gh nev]-end+         
re>rangem5t8  ,assur$ly4 ,& any "o :o   
/>ts ) ! idea ( ! old high-/rung "w     
done1 z x 71 "u milit>y discipl9e1 any  
"o :o *]i%es ! remote/ idea t ?is sy/em 
c ev] return1 9 spite ( ! fact t its    
clamps & spr+s h be5 da%$ to pieces1 may
 well lam5t ^! unsettlem5ts4 ,"o :o />ts
 f ! fluctuat+ conditions ( our         
pres5t-day1 make-believe lab\r w take   
organic unsettlem5ts z "p ( ! price to  

be paid1 if !y only lead 9 ! end to     
sy/ematic production4 ,b "o :o weighs ! 
fact t ! make-believe life ( our pres5t 
economy has n ev5 yet rea*$ its f9al =m1
 w disc]n 9 e new transition-=m1 h[ev]  
t$i\s1 ! f9al r$emption2 9 s f>1 at     
lea/1 z any equilibrium is capable ( be+
 re/or$ at all4  ,! ess5ce ( ! int]*ange
 ( lab\r w1 !re=e1 consi/ 9 ?is1 t :ile 
! di/9ction betwe5 physical &           
intellectual "w w /ill exi/1 !re w be no
 di/9ction betwe5 a physical &          
intellectual call+4 ,until advanc$ age  
may =bid1 x w be op5 to e man n m]ely to
 acquire "s ornam5tal bran*es ( k b     
s]i\sly & ) bo? feet to take 8 foot+ 9 !
 opposite call+ to 8 own4  ,! diff]5t   
call+s w le>n to "k & respect ea* o!r1 &
 to und]/& _! respective difficulties4  
,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ^? :o call   
!mselves ! op]ative work]s4  ,z soon z  
h]$it>y idl5ess has come to an end &    
loaf+ has be5 trampl$ out1 !n _m a "o1  
:o n[ ?9ks t m5tal "w is m]e *att]+1 w  
le>n ?r\gh 8 novitiate at ! desk1 t ?9k+

 hurts4 ,if he does n feel himself equal
 to ?is knead+ & rummag+ ( ! bra91 he w 
g back ) relief to 8 work%op2 he w nei!r
 envy nor despise ^? :o are op]ative    
work]s ) ! bra91 & w und]/&1 or at lea/ 
unconsci\sly feel1 ! oppositions 9 human
 nature & ! diff]5ces 9 conditions (    
life1 & w "k !m to be j4 ,he _c & mu/ n 
keep himself :olly alo( f ! elem5ts (   
m5tal tra9+2 8 contact ) bra9work]s w n 
cease2 & ?us 8 complete & passive       
resignation to ! dom9ation ( ignorant   
rhetoric w lose its *>m4  ,any man w be 
respect$ :o cont5ts himself ) ! l[e/    
prescrib$ measure ( culture1 :o mode/ly 
r5\nces fur!r /udy1 & goes back to      
manual "w4 ,b !re w be no excuse = ^? :o
 "k no?+ & c d no?+1 b pret5d to set    
ev]ybody "r2 = !re w be no monopoly (   
culture to keep !m d[n1 & all g5u9e     
faculty mu/ come to ! te/ ( action4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,to-day !re are ?ree classes ( social   
sw9dl]s4 ,fir/1 ^? :o live on !         
community )\t return+ x any s]vice4 ,^! 

are ! p :o live idly on inh]it$ money1 &
 ! loaf]s4 ,aga9/ ^! social legislation 
mu/ be fram$4 ,secondly1 ^? :o          
delib]ately practise ca' canny1 & !re=e 
live on ! surplus "w ( _! fell[s4 ,^!   
are ! *ampions ( ! pr9ciple3 ,e "o      
accord+ to 8 ne$1 no "o accord+ to 8    
de$2 ! saboteurs ( lab\r4 ,aga9/ ^! !   
rem$y lies 9 ! spread ( intellig5ce & a 
j sy/em ( remun]ation4 ,?irdly1 !re are 
^? :o simulate ?\ght & bra9-"w :ile !y h
 no?+ to give b hack phrases utt]$ ) a  
glib tongue4 ,aga9/ ^! wor/ ( all       
sw9dl]s1 ^! s9n]s aga9/ ! ,_s1 ! rem$y  
is culture4  ,& ?is1 9 ! new ,ord]1 is  
op5 to e "o1 "y or old1 :o c ma9ta9 8   
foo?old 9 ! ex]cise ( intellect1 :5 !   
*ance is (f]$ him4 ,he :o 9 8           
te/-ex]cise rea*es a normal /&>d (      
accompli%m5t c dem& t he %all n be s5t  
back to manual "w1 b cont9ue to be      
employ$ 9 ! same occupation1 & be fur!r 
cultivat$ 9 :atev] direction he desires4
 ,at e fur!r /age ( developm5t a        
correspond+ sph]e ( activity is to be   

op5$ to him1 up to ! po9t at :i* !      
limits ( 8 capacity come into sight4    
,let no "o object t ! ru% = intellectual
 "w w become uncontrollable4 ,w\ld t x  
might6 ,= !n ! c\ntry w\ld be s highly  
develop$ & its me?ods ( "w s p]fect$ t  
!re w\ld be q a new relation betwe5 !   
dem& = head-"w & = h&-"w4 ,= a long "t  
to come ?is ru% w be f> small] ?an we   
imag9e2 = ! imm$iate future x w suffice 
if ! ris+ =ces are set free1 & ! lagg>d 
are tranquilliz$4  ,b1 ! ,radicals w    
cry1 :at an unsocial pr9ciple6 ,h we at 
la/1 ) difficulty1 br\ght x to ! po9t t 
! accurs$ "o-ye> exam9ation#cc is       
abrogat$1 & n[ are we aga9 to be        
condemn$ accord+ to ?is s-call$ /&>d (  
culture8  ,/ay6 !re is a fallacy "h4 ,9 
our transition p]iod :i* is /ill q      
dom9at$ by ! monopoly ( culture1 ,i h   
no?+ to say aga9/ ! abrogation ( e      
educational te/1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a few ye>s  
we %all feel ! deeply depress+  effects 
:i* w arise f ! dom9ation ( ! uncultur$4
  ,b ! transition p]iod w come to an    

end4 ,!n e "o :o likes w be able to le>n
 & to execute1 & e "o :o is able w wi%  
to d s4  ,b suppos+ "o does n wi%8 ,may 
n he be ! v "o :o is mo/ capable (      
a*ievem5t8 ,we don't want model pupils4 
,nor d ,i want model pupils4 ,! boy :o  
has le>nt no?+ may make 8 trial z a man 
:5 culture is op5 to all4 ,b if1 z a    
man1 he does n c>e to rack 8 bra9s he w 
be ?\ght none ! less (2 he w m]ely be   
(f]$ ord9>y "w accord+ to 8 *oice4  ,b  
^? :o wi% to see responsibility & !     
de/9y ( ! c\ntry plac$ 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o d
 n c>e to rack _! bra9s1 mu/ n entr5*   
!mselves beh9d social pr9ciples1 b      
pla9ly admit t !y want = all "t to      
e/abli% ! rule ( demagogy & !           
vulg>ization ( intellect4 ,x is n = su* 
a "o to pass judgm5t on ! mission (     
,g]many4  ,! way to ! ,g]man mission1 to
 ,g]man culture1 :i* is to be no m a    
culture ( ! classes b ( ! p1 /&s op5 to 
all by means ( ! ,int]*ange ( ,lab\r4 ,!
 :ole l& is z x 7 a s+le %ip's crew2 !  
issues are ! same = all4 ,! manual work]

 is no long] kept d[n by ov]-fatigue1 & 
! bra9work] is no long] cut (f f ! re/ (
 ! p4  ,! manual work] no long] reg>ds !
 t]ritory ( culture z a sort (          
inaccessible isl&1 b r z a di/rict :i*  
he c visit e day & 9 :i* he is q at     
home4 ,e "o 9 future w />t ev5 9 s*ool  
tra9+1 & ! degree to :i* 8 fur!r culture
 may be c>ri$ w n be limit$ by want (   
money or ( "t1 or1 above all1 (         
opportunity4 ,he w cont9ually h         
int]c\rse ) m5 ( culture1 & 9 t         
int]c\rse he w at once give & receive2 !
 habits ( ?\ght1 ! me?ods & ! range (   
intellectual "w :i* are n[ only !       
h]itage ( a few w be 8 own2 & ! tw(old  
language ( ! c\ntry1 ! language (       
conceptions & ! language ( ?+s1 w = him 
be "o4  ,!re w be no p]man5t sy/em (    
/ratification2 ! en]gies ( ! p1 ris+ &  
fall+1 w be 9 con/ant movem5t & _!      
elem5ts w nev] lose t\*4 ,!re may be    
self-torm5t+ & unhappily con/itut$      
natures :o w hate _! own dispositions & 
! de/9y !y h %ap$ = !mselves--^!        

ab]rations w nev] cease s long z m5 are 
m5--b !re w be no m hatr$ ( class =     
class1 any m ?an !re is 9 any volunt>y  
association ( arti/s or ( a?letes4  ,&  
s9ce culture is to be at once !         
recogniz$ social aim ( ! c\ntry & !     
p]sonal goal & /&>d ( ea* individual1 ! 
/ruggle = possessions & enjoym5ts1 d\bly
 re/ra9$ by public op9ion & by deep]    
insight1 w s9k into ! backgr\nd4  ,b !  
_s ( ! l& w n resemble any t we "k at   
pres5t4 ,z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a         
spiritual p[] w rule1 b x w n be impos$ 
f )\t or above1 x w be a creation f )94 
,! competition ( all w be l t ( ! be/ 9 
! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 b x w n be a      
competition = conv5tional values b = !  
fur!r+ ( life4 ,! c\ntry w become1 z x 0
 9 =m] days1 a g5]\s giv]1 n1 h[ev]1 f !
 l(ty em95ce ( a class set ap>t1 b out (
 ! :ole /r5g? ( ! p4  ,aga91 = ! fir/   
"t1 ! conv9c$ & consci\s w ( a p w be   
se5 to direct itself to a common &      
recogniz$ goal4 ,?is is a fact (        
immeasurable significance1 x implies !  

ex]cise ( =ces :i* we only disc]n on !  
r>e m\nta9-peaks ( hi/ory1 & ( :i* ! la/
 example 0 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4  ,b ^?  
dang]s ( :i* we h spok51 t hell ( a     
me*anical socialism1 ( in/itutions &    
arrangem5ts )\t s5tim5t or _s1 are done 
away )1 = production has ceas$ to be    
m]ely mat]ial & =mal1 x has acquir$     
absolute value & sub/ance4 ,_s is ! only
 end t sanctifies all means2 & x        
sanctifies n by ju/ify+ !m b by purify+ 
!m4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ca3       
,v]gei/igt w]d54 ,x is difficult to r5d]
 ?is ^w 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,ra!nau uses x2  
'intellectualiz$' does n say en\gh1 &   
'spiritualiz$' says a little too mu*4   
,footnote #cb3 ,assum+ t ! highe/ output
 is rea*$ 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance :i* (    
c\rse w n be ! case ) e work] :e!r 9 !  
me*anical or intellectual sph]e4 ,!     
au?or appe>s to be ref]r+ to am\nt1 n   
quality1 ( output1 z ! latt] w\ld be    
cov]$ by ! second clause1 relat+ to     
grade ( culture 7,bildungs/ufe74        
,footnote #cc3 ,ref]r+ to ! %ort5+ (    

milit>y s]vice :i* us$ to be accord$ to 
recruits ( a c]ta9 educational /&>d4    
,,xiii   ,z ! k9sfolk ( a dy+ man com=t 
!mselves 9 ! dea?-*amb] ) e little droop
 9 ! curve ( temp]ature1 al?\gh !y "k 9 
_! he>ts t ! h\r has come1 s our critics
 flatt] !mselves ) ! idea t 9 ! end all 
w come "r1 if n by itself at lea/ )     
trifl+ ex]tion4 ,b x is n s3 except by !
 greate/ ex]tion no?+ w come "r4 ,our   
lake-city ( economics & social ord] is  
ripe = collapse1 = ! piles on :i* x is  
built are decay$4 ,x is true t x /ill   
/&s1 & w be /&+ = an h\r or s1 & life   
goes on 9 x v mu* z 9 ! days :5 x 0     
s\nd4 ,we c *oose ei!r to leave x alone1
 & await ! d[nfall ( ! city1 among ^:   
ru9s life w nev] bloom aga91 or we c    
beg9 ! und]p9n+ ( ! tott]+ edifice1 a   
process :i* w la/ = decades1 :i* w all[ 
no peace to any ( u1 :i* w be toilsome &
 dang]\s1 & w end almo/ imp]ceptibly1 :5
 ! anci5t city has be5 trans=m$ into !  
new4  ,let u h no d\bt ab\t x3 some?+   
trem5d\s & unprec$5t$ has to be         

accompli%$ "h4 ,does any ?9k+ man       
believe t :5 ! social ord] ( ! _w has   
collaps$1 :5 a c\ntry ( ! importance (  
,g]many has lo/ ! v basis ( its exi/5ce1
 :5 ! developm5t ( c5turies is brok5 (f1
 its faculties & its traditions empti$ (
 value & repudiat$--does any man really 
believe t by means ( c]ta9 clauses 9 a  
,con/itution a few confiscations1       
socializations & rises 9 wages1 a nation
 ( sixty millions c be end[$ ) a new    
hi/orical reason = exi/5ce8 ,:y is n !  
negro republic ( ,lib]ia ahead ( all (  
u8  ,our "* is weak on ! side ( w1 & our
 =m] lords say t we are good = no?+     
except "u /rict discipl9e adm9i/]$ by   
dyna/s & h]$it>y nobles4 ,if t is true1 
x is all ov] ) u2 unless "s dictator    
%all take pity on u & give u a mode/    
place among ! nations ) a great pa/ & a 
small future4 ,if we are wor?y ( our "n 
we mu/ be born aga9 ( ! ,_s4 ,m]ely to  
conceive ?is is 9 itself an a*ievem5t = 
a p2 to c>ry x out1 to embody !         
conception 9 a new ord] ( society1 is at

 once a te/ & an a*ievem5t4  ,our social
 e?ics mu/ take up a new position4      
,hi!rto--/ripp+ (f ! usual rhetorical   
phrases--x has tak5 its /& on two       
effective & really driv+ pr9ciples1 ^? (
 ,duty & ( ,success2 two side-views (   
,individualism4 ,all else1 includ+ love 
( "o's neighb\r1 s5se ( solid>ity1 fai?1
 spiritual cultivation1 feel+ = ,nature1
 0 7ap>t f a few l(ty spirits7 m]ely    
subsidi>y2 means to an end1 conv5tion or
 falsehood4 ,!re 7 few ^: c>e]s 7 n     
influ5c$ by ^! e/imates2 ! majority ( ! 
upp] classes 0 :olly "u _! dom9ion4  ,! 
two goals ( our wi%es1 to h some?+ & to 
be some?+1 7 express$ by ! :ole outw>d  
aspect ( society4 ,! great object 0 n to
 be c\nt$ z a ,tom1 ,dick or ,h>ry1 "o  
:o _h less1 or 0 less1 ?an o!rs4 ,!re 7 
grades ( be+1 grades ( human be+3 x 0   
possible to be some?+1 to be mu*1 to be 
little1 or to be no?+ at all4 ,f ! :ite 
coll> to ! pe>l necklace1 f ! good      
nurs]y to ! saloon c>1 f ! wat*-ribbon  
to ! sword-belt1 f ! place at ! ord9>y  

to ! title ( ,excell5cy1 ev]y?+ 0 a pro(
 ( :at "o _h1 or 01 or believ$ oneself  
to be4 ,if "o did n "k a man "o mu/ n   
speak to him2 if "o knew him1 "o might  
borr[ a hundr$ m>ks f him1 b "o mu/ n   
ask him = a p5ny4 ,:oev] _h weal?       
display$ x 9 ord] to be admir$2 :oev] _h
 a social position display$ 8           
unapproa*ability & ! weight ( 8 dignity1
 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ) an abs5t look & lo/ 
9 ! burd5 ( 8 own exi/5ce he ent]$ a    
d9+-hall4 ,f inf]iors "o dem&$ a degrad+
 attitude & =ms ( spee*1 & pres5t$ to !m
 a face ( /one2 t[>ds ^? 9 high]        
position "o came to life & display$ an  
att5tive civility4 ,x 0--or %all we say 
is8--p]missible to lavi% 9 an h\r !     
mon?ly income ( a poor family4 ,"o _h x 
to sp5d & :at bus9ess 0 x ( !irs8 ,9 !  
l[] ranks !re 0 mu* ( g5u9e revolt aga9/
 ^! abuses & also mu* envy & malice1 mu*
 op5 imitation1 & mu* ( secret          
admiration4 ,e silly craze 0 *eap5$ 9   
hide\s imitations1 ! suburb & ! village 
made a display :i* 9 quality1 inde$1    

fell bel[ ! model1 b 9 quantity n at    
all4  ,x may be said t ^! 7 excresc5ces 
or city fa%ions2 t "o mu/ n g5]alize4   
,^! are empty phrases4 ,to und]/& ! _s (
 a society x is n h]mits t "o mu/ /udy4 
,&1 moreov]1 let any "o ask himself :e!r
 ?is society 0 really bas$ on ! idea (  
solid>ity & human fri5dl9ess or ^u      
unscrupul\s p]sonal int]e/s &           
exploitation1 on %[s & %ams1 on ! dem& =
 s]vice & ! claim to comm&4 ,if any?+ c 
expla9 ! eag]ness ) :i* we ,g]mans flung
 ourselves into a w> ^: orig9s we did n 
"k & did n want to "k1 !n besides !     
consci\s objects1 advantage1            
rehabilitation1 & r5[n1 we mu/ also take
 into acc\nt ! obscure impulse ( !      
national consci5ce :i* 9 ! mid/ ( evil  
individualism & ( p]sonal & class egoism
 ye>n$ = ! s5se ( solid>ity & fusion4   
,is x object$ t all ?is lies deeply     
root$ 9 human nature1 t x has be5 !re f 
"t immemorial1 & x is impossible to alt]
 x at "o /roke8 ,p$antic drivel6 ,_m ?+s
 lie deep 9 human nature1 & x dep5ds on 

:i* ( ^! ! w *ooses to develop4 ,& :o   
talk$ ( alt]+ ?+s at "o /roke8 ,our     
judgm5t ( values is to be trans=m$1 & if
 human nature nev] *ang$1 mu* t n[      
flaunts itself 9 ! sun%9e w\ld be creep+
 9 ! %ade4 ,?is trans=mation ( judgm5t  
is a matt] ( recogniz+ ?+s = :at !y are4
 ,:5 pomp1 extravagance1 exclusiv5ess1  
frivolity & fa/ness1 gre$1 place-hunt+ &
 vulg> envy are look$ on ) ! same eyes z
 ab]rations 9 o!r prov9ces ( life1 !n we
 %all n inde$ h aboli%$ all vice1 b !   
atmosph]e w be purifi$4 ,look at our    
/urdy ,sociali/s ( ! ,novemb] days#cd & 
proselytes ( e description3 y c see t ! 
acquisition ( a new judgm5t ( values may
 be ! affair ( an h\r6 ,& = t reason "o 
mu/ n criticize !m too closely--unless  
!y try to make a pr(it out ( _!         
conv]sion4  ,all social judgm5ts        
presuppose a sy/em ( recogniz$ values4  
,! values ( ,*ri/ian e?ics h nev]       
p5etrat$ deeply into ! collective       
judgm5t ( mank9d2 ev5 9 ! m$ival bloom (
 ,*ri/ian1 or r ( ecclesia/ical1 culture

 ! moral conceptions ( ,*ri/ianity      
rema9$ ! possession ( a few *os5 spirits
 & communities2 society 9 g5]al accept$ 
! my?ical elem5t1 did homage to !       
hi]>*y1 & rema9$ e?ically pagan1 ! upp] 
classes be+ guid$ by a code ( hon\r re/+
 on ! wor%ip ( c\rage4 ,! ,*ur*es nev]  
made any s]i\s ef=t to %ape an e?ical   
code2 !y 7 preoccupi$ ) ! tea*+ ( dogmas
 ( fai? :i* c>ri$ !m ev] f>!r & f>!r f !
 gr\ndwork ( ! ,gospels1 & !y devot$    
:atev] surplus en]gies !y _h to         
politics1 & to accommodations ) ! rul+  
p[]s ( ! _w4  ,! cult ( c\rage impos$ on
 & ex]cis$ by ! rul+ classes1 &         
symbolically imag$ 9 _! code ( hon\r1   
took an effective %ape 9 ! bann+ (      
c[>dice & ( c[>dly crime4 ,s f> z       
positive values g1 ! e?ics ( nobility   
deg5]at$ into sm>tness1 ! claim =       
satisfaction & ! exclusiv5ess ( rank2 a 
,prussian & ,kantian ab/raction1 !      
conception ( duty1 a conception at      
bottom unprov$ & incapable ( g5]at+     
conviction1 became a rule ( life1 made  

effective by tra9+ & control4 ,! rul+   
p[]s & _! controls h giv5 way1 & _! dry 
brittl5ess is reveal$4  ,we h n succe$$ 
9 f9d+ a sub/itute = social e?ics 9 an  
idealiz$ type ( national "*4 ,!         
imag9ation ( ! ,we/]n nations1 l ^? (   
antiquity1 has %ap$ ideal types :i* !y  
believe or w\ld wi% !mselves to         
resemble2 !y "k :at !y mean by esprit   
gaulois1 or ,engli% "*1 or ,am]ican     
,democracy1 :ile1 9 accordance ) !      
problematic "* ( our be+1 we ,g]mans1   
except = ! /atuesque h]oes ( leg5d>y    
times1 or c]ta9 hi/oric b inimitable    
figures1 h conceiv$ or poetically creat$
 no "* ( :i* we c say t x embodies !    
collective _s ( ,g]many4  ,! sup]-e?ical
 doctr9e ( ! be+1 ! gr[? & ! empire ( ! 
s\l has be5 laid d[n by u1 b !re are z  
yet few into ^: consci\sness x has      
p5etrat$2 ! trans=mation ( ?\ght & feel+
 :i* mu/ proce$ f x w n lay hold ( !    
masses directly1 b w filt] cont9ually f 
"o social /ratum to ano!r4  ,! recogniz$
 values ( social judgm5t6 ,x s\nds s    

ab/ract1 s remote f practice1 t "o might
 well believe we 7 l&$ aga9 9 ! cl\dl& (
 fe/al oratory & ! emotions ( ! lead+   
article4 ,! volunt>y recognition ( an   
invisible au?ority6 ,& ?is aft] we h    
%att]$ ! visible1 & are liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( 
intellectual an>*y & moral ,nihilism6 ,&
 yet moral valuations1 simple1 b9d+1 &  
on ! level ( social judgm5t1 are ne>    
en\gh to be )9 our grasp4  ,are n all ! 
f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w to-day talk+ ab\t     
,democracy8 ,h n we ourselves got tir$ (
 ?is ^w1 =bidd5 till a ye> ago--tir$1   
ev5 9 circles :]e ! mode/ ^w ,lib]al 0  
nev] pron\nc$ )\t a fr[n8 ,& :at does   
,democracy mean8 ,d we take x 9 ! m]ely 
negative s5se1 t "o is no long] oblig$  
to put up ) ?+s8 ,or 9 ! meagre s5se1 t 
responsibility goes by fav\r1 & t !     
majority mu/ decide8 ,or ! dubi\s s5se1 
t we are ye>n+ to make our way ?r\gh a  
%am ,socialism to ! ,doll> ,republic8   
,x is n ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 x is ! =m (    
society1 t det]m9es ! _s ( a l&4 ,!re is
 no democratic =m ( society1 = democracy

 c be 9 league ) capitalism1 )          
socialism1 or ev5 ) ! class ( clubs &   
ca/es4 ,! unspok5 fundam5tal conception 
:i* gives significance & /ability bo? to
 ! =ms ( a democratic con/itution & to  
^? ( an organic society is call$        
,solid>ity--t is to say1 cohesion & !   
s5se ( community4 ,solid>ity means t ea*
 man does n come fir/ 9 8 own eyes1 b   
be=e ,god & ,/ate & himself ea* man mu/ 
/& & be answ]able = all1 & all = ea*4   
,9 ?is s5se ( solid>ity ! dom9ion ( !   
majority ov] ! m9ority is n an object to
 be /riv5 = b an evil to be avoid$2 !   
true object ( a solid democracy is !    
dom9ion ( a p ov] itself1 n by reckon+  
up ! relative /r5g? ( its v>i\s int]e/s1
 b by virtue ( ! _s & ( ! w :i* x sets  
free4 ,9 ?is s5se ( solid>ity no society
 c be bas$ on h]$it>y monopolies ei!r ( 
capital or ( cultivation2 nor c x be    
deliv]$ ov] to ! t]rorism ( vocations & 
unions :i*1 "u ! lead]%ips ( %\t]s1     
claim ! "r :5ev] !y please1 to /rangle  
indisp5sable indu/ries2 nor c x be bas$ 

on demagogic flatt]y ( excitable mobs4  
,e born man mu/ f 8 cradle onw>ds h !   
same "r to exi/5ce2 he mu/ be %elt]$ &  
fo/]$ z he gr[s up1 & be free to *oose 8
 lot4 ,e occupation mu/ be op5 to him1  
except t he mu/ n encroa* on ! sph]e (  
ano!r man's lib]ty4 ,! /&>d ( 8 activity
 is n to be fix$ by bir? or privilege or
 =ce or cunn+ or ! glib tongue1 b aga91 
by _s & by w4  ,to-day1 :ile cultivation
 ( ! _s is /ill a class-monopoly1 x _c  
=m any /&>d ( creative capacity4 ,& yet 
x has be5 demon/rat$ t s p[]ful is !    
passion = culture 9 a _s :i* is 9 any   
degree qualifi$ = x1 t ev5 to-day x is  
capable1 by self-education1 ( surm\nt+  
"s ( ! artificial b>ri]s4 ,!re 0 n1 to  
my k1 any illit]ate among ! ,prussian or
 ,g]man ,m9i/]s ( ! new era1 & ! "o ( !m
 :o excus$ 8 defici5cies ( language ) ! 
class-monopoly ( education 0 9 ! wrong1 
= any man ( normal capacity might 9 t5  
ye>s' practice ( popul> oratory h le>n$ 
! elem5ts ( syntax4  ,:5 access to !    
cultivation ( ! ,g]man _s has become a  

common "r ( ! :ole p1 ,culture w become1
 if n ! sign at lea/ ! presupposition ( 
creative activity4 ,! pro( ( capacity w 
!n cease to be settl$ ei!r betwe5       
agitators & ! masses1 or 9 ! dimness (  
privileg$ *anc]ies1 b 9 ! productive    
competition ( m5 ( high intellectual    
end[m5t4  ,society w n be divid$ by     
classes & ca/es1 x w n be grad$ accord+ 
to p$igree or possessions1 x w n be rul$
 by sep>ate int]e/s2 by ideas or by !   
masses2 x w be an ord]$ body--ord]$ by  
_s1 by w1 by s]vice & responsibility4   
,any "o :o does n accept ?is self-creat$
 & self-r5ew+ ord]1 & :o at ! same "t   
rejects ! old1 is simply work+ = !      
dom9ion ( =ce & *ance4 ,a society c no m
 rema9 p]man5tly )\t ord] ?an ! /aff ( a
 factory or ! crew ( a %ip4 ,only in/ead
 ( an organic ord] we may h an accid5tal
 & arbitr>y1 an ord] ( ! p]sonal type1  
spr++ f ! dext]ity %[n 9 "s fav\rable   
mom5t1 ma9ta9+ itself by =ce1 & seek+ to
 p]petuate itself 9 "s =m ( h]$it>y     
olig>*y4  ,an ord] ( ! prie/ly &        

hi]>*ical type is no long] ?9kable      
to-day1 nor c "o ( ! peasant type come  
into "q 9 a l& ( urban indu/ry4 ,:oev]  
wi%es to see an organic self-det]m9+ &  
self-reg5]at+ ord] ( society1 has !re=e 
to *oose betwe5 ! milit>y ord]1 re/+ ^u 
discipl9$ bodily capacity1 or !         
m]cantile & capitali/ ord] :i* re/s ^u  
bus9ess-s5se & egoi/ic al]tness1 or !   
demagogic ord] :i* re/s ^u ! rhetorical 
dom9ation ( ! masses1 & does n la/ long 
z x soon turns to viol5ce & olig>*y1 or 
f9ally ! ord] ( culture1 re/+ ^u _s1 "*1
 & education4  ,?is la/ is n m]ely !    
only suitable "o = u & ! only "o :i* is 
wor?y ( our pa/2 x w also 9 "t become ! 
g5]al ord] ( society prevail+ ov] all ! 
_w4 ,9 ! vision ( ?is ord] we recognize 
! mission t ,prussia neglect$1 ?\gh x   
lay )9 its grasp = a hundr$ ye>s2 :at x 
neglect$ & ! rock on :i* x f\nd]$4  ,!  
greatness ( ,prussian policy s9ce #agac 
lay 9 its premonition & appreciation ( !
 pr9ciple ( me*anism ev5 be=e x became  
common to all ! _w4 ,organization &     

improvem5t1 ! w> ma*9e & money1 sci5ce1 
practicality & consci5ti\sness--all ?is 
is cle>ly me*anization se5 f ! political
 side4  ,! e>ly application ( ^!        
pr9ciples 0 a /roke ( g5ius f> 9 advance
 ( ! !n condition ( ! _w4 ,se5 f ?is    
/&po9t1 all ! re/ ( ! cont95tal _w1 n   
yet me*aniz$1 & burd5$ ) ! relics (     
m$ivalism1 ,cs>ism & cl]icalism1 seem$  
torpid & lo/ 9 illusions3 arbitr>y1     
inaccurate & slov5ly4 ,) %ort           
int]ruptions ?is ,prusso-c5tral po9t (  
view 0 ma9ta9$ until ! middle ( !       
,_w-,w>2 & n q unju/ly1 = ,prussia      
rema9$ 9 e respect ahead ( o!r p[]s 9 ! 
dep>tm5t ( me*anization4  ,= a hundr$   
ye>s ! ,prussian pr9ciples _h a monopoly
 ( success2 else:]e !y 7 sc>cely        
und]/ood & mu* less imitat$4 ,!n came   
,napoleon4  ,he took ov] ! me*ani/ic    
pr9ciple & h&l$ x z nev] a man _h done  
be=e2 he became ! me*aniz] ( ! _w4 ,at !
 same "t he 0 some?+ mighti] ?an t3 he 0
 ! heir ( ! ,fr5* idea ( spiritual &    
popul> lib]ty4  ,prussia fell1 & w\ld h 

fall51 ev5 if its me*anism _h n gr[n    
ru/y4 ,its lead]s le>nt _! lessons f    
,france & ,engl&1 !y set on foot a      
lib]ation ( ! p by dep>tm5tal au?ority &
 a lib]ation ( ! _s by ! p2 !y put new  
life into ! me*anism1 & !y conqu]$ ) !  
help ( ,engl& z we h lately se5 ,france 
conqu] ) ! help ( ,am]ica4  ,b "h came a
 p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,x 0 possible to pursue 
ei!r ! way ( me*anization or t ( !      
lib]ation ( ! _s4 ,prussia did nei!r2 x 
/ood /ill4 ,9 ! place ( ! lib]ation ( ! 
_s came ! reaction2 9 ! place (         
me*anization came ! bureaucracy4 ,on !  
re/ ( ! ,cont95t1 too1 ! movem5t =      
political me*anization 0 /ifl$1 ! =ce t 
/ifl$ x be+ ! upris+ economic movem5t4  
,bism>ck 0 aw>e ( ! untri$ =ces t lay 9 
! sy/em ( political me*anization4 ,! _w1
 z we look$ at x f our ,prussian w9d[1  
seem$ z loose & slov5ly z ev]1 & x 0 s4 
,once aga91 ) a mighty ef=t1 ! ,prussian
 me*anism 0 reviv$ & ! movem5t ( !      
b\rgeoisie t[>ds lib]ty & ! life ( ! _s 
0 repress$4 ,?is 0 call$ realism 9      

politics1 & ! e/imate 0 a j "o4 ,!re 0  
no progress to be made ) pr(essional    
,lib]alism2 b ) ,krupp & ,roon "o       
organiz$ victories4 ,z 9 ,fr$]ick's "t !
 slov5ly ,cont95t _h to give way1       
,prussia m\nt$ to ! climax ( h] =tunes1 
& won ,g]many4  ,& aga9 !re 0 a p>t+ ( !
 ways2 b ?is "t !re 0 no "o to /& =     
civic & spiritual fre$om4 ,p believ$ !y 
_h all !y want$ ( x2 democracy 0        
discr$it$ & brok51 ! pr(essors 7        
political reali/s1 success foll[$ ! side
 ( me*anization1 :i* 0 rightly suppos$  
to be l9k$ ) ! dyna/y1 & me*anization 9 
! economic sph]e drew to its side ! hope
 ( ga94  ,bism>ck di$ 9 ! mid/ (        
anxieties1 b to ! end he _h no scruples4
 ,! two sy/ems ( me*anization 7 at _!   
z5i?1 & ! o!r c\ntries look$1 9         
political affairs1 z slov5ly z ev]4 ,"o 
0 we>+ itself out 9 p>liam5t>y          
conflicts1 ano!r _h no battle-cruis]s1  
ano!r 0 lack+ 9 cannon1 or 9 recruits1  
or 9 railways1 or 9 f9ances2 ! tra9s    
nev] came 9 up to "t1 ev]y:]e "o f\nd   

public op9ion or ! ,press int]f]+ 9     
process ( law or 9 ! adm9i/ration1      
ev]y:]e !re 7 sc&als2 9 ,prussian       
,g]many alone 0 ev]y?+ up to ! m>k4     
,only "o ?+ 0 ov]look$4 ,! me*anization 
( economics _h become a common          
possession = ev]ybody4 ,/>t+ f ?is & ) !
 me?ods & exp]i5ces atta*$ to x1 x 0    
possible also = o!r c\ntries1 if        
necess>y1 to me*anize _! politics or1 z 
we say n[1 to milit>ize !m4 ,& ?is c\ld 
be done ) ev5 m life & vig\r ?an 9      
,prussia1 ^: organization 0 !re believ$ 
to be inimitable & :]e ! pr9ciple (     
me*anism 01 z x 71 /or$ up 9 t9s & 9 "s 
places 0 obvi\sly gett+ m\ldy4 ,9 !     
matt] ( ,fre$om1 h[ev]1 ! o!r peoples 7 
ahead ( u1 & to ! political isolation ( 
,prussia spiritual isolation 0 n[ add$4 
,9 ! encircl+ fog :i* prevail$ on       
economic developm5ts !re 0 n a s+le     
/atesman :o recogniz$ t ,prussian       
pr9ciples _h ceas$ to be a monopoly1 or 
an advantage1 n to m5tion a conception (
 g5ius4 ,?is lack ( p]ception 0 !       

political cause ( ! w>4 ,in/ead ( r5ew+ 
ourselves inw>dly ?r\gh fre$om & ! _s1 &
 c>ry+ on a def5sive policy z quietly1  
discreetly1 & inconspicu\sly z possible1
 we took to arm+ & hurrah+4 ,worse ?an  
any play+ ( false notes 0 ! mi/ake we   
made 9 key & 9 tempo3 ,d major1         
,allegro1 ,m>cia1 ,=tissimo1 ) cymbals &
 trumpets6  ,to-day we h no long] a     
*oice be=e u1 only a decision4 ,! p]iod 
( me*anical ,prussianization is ov] = u1
 ! p]iod ( ! me*anical policy ( ,=ce is 
ov] = all ! _w1 al?\gh ! heliographs (  
,v]sailles seem to reflect x high above 
! horizon4 ,x is n a capitali/ic ,peace 
( ,god z imag9$ by ! int]national police
 :i* has n[ begun2 x is ! social epo*4  
,9 ?is epo* ! p w live & w range        
!mselves accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! ideas   
:i* !y /& =4  ,x is n en\gh = u to      
become ,g]mans in/ead ( ,prussians2 n   
ev5 if1 z x 7 to be desir$1 we %\ld     
succe$ 9 rescu+ f ! collapse ( ,prussia 
h] g5u9e virtues ( practicality1 ord] & 
duty4 ,x is n en\gh to brew "s s\lless  

mixture out ( ! worn-out me?ods ( !     
,we/]n b\rgeoisie & ! unripe attempts ( 
,ea/]n revolution>ies4 ,x is n          
en\gh--no1 x w lead u to de/ruction     
quick] ?an any "o believes--to blund]   
along ) ! disgu/+ bick]+s ( int]e/s & ! 
complac5t n>r[ness ( (ficialism1 talk+  
"o day ( ! rate ( ex*ange1 ano!r ( our  
debts1 & ! next ( ! food "q1 plugg+ "o  
hole ) ! /opp+ ( ano!r & ly+ d[n at     
night ) a sigh ( relief3 ,well1 some?+'s
 got done2 all w come "r4  ,no1 un?9k+  
creatures t y are2 no?+ w come "r until 
y drop y\r ins9c]e *att]1 y\r haggl+1   
y\r agitat+ & compromis+1 & beg9 to ?9k4
 ,"h is a p t has lo/ ! basis ( its     
exi/5ce1 because1 9 its bl9d fai? 9     
au?ority1 x /ak$ t exi/5ce on prosp]ity 
& p[]2 & bo? are gone4 ,d y want to /ake
 our exi/5ce1 on %ips1 soldi]s1 m9es1   
trade-connexions1 :i* we no long]       
possess1 or ^u ! soil1 ( :i* we h n     
en\gh1 or ^u our brok5 w to "w8 ,are we 
to be ! lab\r-s]fs & ! s]fage /ud-f>m ( 
! _w8 ,only on ,?\ghts & ,ideals c our  

exi/5ce be /ak$4 ,:]e is y\r ?\ght8 ,:]e
 is ! ?\ght ( ,g]many8  ,we c & mu/ live
 only by becom+ :at we 7 design$ to be1 
:at we 7 ab\t to be1 :at we fail$ to    
become3 a p ( ! ,_s1 ! ,_s among !      
peoples ( mank9d4 ,t is ! ?\ght (       
,g]many4  ,?is ?\ght is %ap+ ! ,new     
,society--! society ( ! _s & !          
cultivation ( ! _s1 ! only "o :i* c hold
 its gr\nd 9 ! new epo*1 & :i* fulfils  
x4  ,?is is :y we h be5 end[$ ) a "* ^: 
w is weak 9 ext]nal ?+s & /rong 9 inw>d 
responsibility2 :y dep? & und]/&+1      
practicality & uprightness1 _m-sid$ness 
& individuality1 p[] ( "w & inv5tion1   
imag9ation & aspiration h be5 be/[$ ^u  
u1 9 ord] t we may fulfil ^! ?+s4 ,= :at
 d ^! qualities1 z a :ole1 betok58 ,n ! 
conqu]or1 n ! /atesman1 n ! worldl+1 & n
 ! man ( bus9ess2 x is a n>r[ & trivial 
misuse ( all faculty = u to pret5d to   
repres5t ^! types among ! nations4 ,!y  
betok5 ! lab\r]s ( ! _s2 & f> z we are f
 be+ a nation ( ?9k]s & poets1 x is     
nev]!less our "r & our high call+ to be 

a ?9k+ nation among ! nations4  ,b on   
:at1 y may ask ) scorn1 is ?is ?9k+     
nation to live8 ,) all its wisdom1 w x n
 be r$uc$ to begg>y & />vation8  ,no--x 
w live4 ,t p :i* amid a c5tury (        
_w-revolution is able to =m = itself a  
/able1 well-balanc$1 ord]$ & highly     
develop$ =m ( society w be "o t works & 
produces4 ,all ar\nd !re w be qu>rell+ &
 conflict1 !re w be little "w & little  
production4 ,= ! next decade ! "q w be1 
n :]e is ! dem& b :]e is ! supply8  ,!  
c\ntries are laid wa/e1 z ,g]many 0 aft]
 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 only we d n z yet 
recognize x1 s long z ! fev] la/s we d n
 notice ! decl9e4  ,production1         
?\ght-out & p5etrat$ ) _s1 on ! "p ( a  
highly develop$ society1 & comb9$ )     
lab\r-fell[%ip1 is m ?an valuable       
production or *eap production2 x is     
some?+ exempl>y & ess5tial4 ,& ?is      
applies n only to production itself b to
 ! me?ods ( production1 to ! te*nique1 !
 s*ool+1 ! organization1 ! mann] ( ?9k+4
  ,x is a petty ?+ to say t we 7 de/roy$

 out ( envy4 ,:y did n envy de/roy      
,am]ica & ,engl&8 ,! _w reg>d$ u at once
 ) admiration & ) repulsion2 )          
admiration = our sy/ematic & labori\s   
ways1 ) repulsion = our tradesman-l     
obtrusiv5ess1 ! brusque & dang]\s "* (  
our lead]%ip & ! o/5tati\s s]vility )   
:i* we endur$ x4 ,if x _h be5 possible  
any:]e outside ( our nak$1 m]cantile &  
national egoism to discov] a ,g]man     
idea1 x w\ld h be5 respect$4  ,! ,g]man 
idea ( cultivation ( ! _s w w9 some?+ = 
u :i* we h n kn[n = a c5tury1 & ! scope 
( :i* we _c yet measure2 p w freely     
appreciate u1 !y w fur!r u & foll[ u on 
our way4 ,we h no idea :at x means = a p
 to h ^! sympa!tic =ces at its side1 z  
,france _h 9 its creation ( =ms1 ,engl& 
& ,am]ica 9 civilization & democracy1   
,russia 9 ,slavonic or?odoxy & ! neutral
 ,/ates 9 _! int]nationalism4  ,!re is  
no fe>3 we %all live1 & m ?an live4 ,= !
 fir/ "t = c5turies we %all aga9 be     
consci\s ( a mission1 & ar\nd all our   
int]nal oppositions w be tw9$ a bond :i*

 w be some?+ m ?an a bond ( int]e/4  ,! 
goal ( ! _w-revolution ^u :i* we h n[   
ent]$ means 9 its mat]ial aspect ! melt+
 ( all /rata ( society into "o4 ,9 its  
transc5d5tal aspect x means r$emption3  
r$emption ( ! l[] /rata to fre$om & to !
 _s4 ,no "o c r$eem himself b e "o c    
r$eem ano!r4 ,class = class1 man = man3 
?us is a p r$eem$4 ,yet 9 ea* case !re  
mu/ be read9ess & 9 ea* !re mu/ be      
good-w4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #cd3   
#aiah1 :5 ! revolution 9 ,g]many broke  
out at ,kiel4                           
,,! ,,end                               
,,! ,,european ,,libr>y                 
,edit$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,,sp+>n   ,?is s]ies  
is int5d$ to introduce =eign au?ors ^:  
works are n accessible 9 ,engli%1 & 9   
g5]al to keep ,am]icans 9 t\* ) !       
intellectual & spiritual f]m5t ( !      
cont95t ( ,europe4 ,no attempt w be made
 to give :at ,am]icans miscall ! be/    
books1 if by ?is is meant con=mity to "s
 high & illusory /&>d ( pa/ greatness2  
any tw5tie?-c5tury book :i* displays    

creative p[] or a new outlook or m ?an  
ord9>y int]e/ or *>m w be eligible =    
inclusion4 ,nor w ! attempt be made to  
select books t m]ely confirm ,am]ican   
/&>ds ( ta/e or morals1 s9ce ! s]ies is 
int5d$ to s]ve z a mirror ( ,european   
culture & n z a glass ?r\gh :i* x may be
 se5 d>kly4 ,fiction w pr$om9ate1 b     
belles lettres1 poetry1 philosophy1     
social & economic discussion1 hi/ory1   
biography1 & o!r fields w be repres5t$4 
,! fir/ organiz$ ef=t to br+ into       
,engli% a s]ies      ( ! really         
significant figures 9 contempor>y       
,european      lit]ature4444 ,an        
und]tak+ z cr$itable & z ambiti\s      z
 any ( its k9d on ! o!r side ( !        
,atlantic4--,new      ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4 
,,! ,,_w',s ,,illusion4 ,by ,j4         
,,wass]mann4 ,translat$ by ,ludwig      
,lewisohn4 ,two volumes4 7,second       
pr9t+47  ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable creative 
works ( our "t1 revolv+ ab\t ! exp]i5ces
 ( a man :o sums up ! weal? & culture ( 
our age yet f9ds !m want+4 ,! fir/      

volume depicts ! life ( ! upp] classes (
 ,european society1 ! second is a v     
,inf]no ( ! ,slums2 & ! :ole mirrors1 ) 
extraord9>y insight1 ! beauty & sorr[1 !
 p[] & weakness ( our social & spiritual
 _w4 ,a human com$y 9 ! great s5se1 :i* 
no mod]n c af=d n to he>4--,h4 ,w4      
,boynton1 9 ! ,weekly ,review4   ,,p4   
,by ,,pi]re ,,hamp4 ,translat$ by ,james
 ,:itall4 ,) an ,introduction by        
,elizabe? ,%epley ,s]geant4  ,introduc+ 
"o ( ! mo/ significant writ]s ( ,france1
 himself a work+ man1 :o 9 ^! /ories ( !
 ,fr5* und]world expresses ! new        
self-consci\sness ( ! work]'s outlook4  
,,! ,,new ,,society4 ,by ,,walt]        
,,ra!nau4 ,translat$ by ,ar?ur ,w9dham4 
,"o ( ,g]many's mo/ influ5tial ?9k]s &  
m5 ( action pres5ts 8 vision ( ! new    
society em]g+ out ( ! ,w>4   ,,decad5ce 
,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,culture   
,,( ,,ideas4 ,by ,,remy ,,de ,,g\rmont4 
,translat$ by ,william ,asp5wall        
,bradley4  ,! fir/ au?oriz$ v]sion ( !  
critical "w ( "o ( ! great ae/hetic     

?9k]s ( ,france4                        
,,9 ,,prep>ation  ,,! ,,patriot4 ,by    
,,he9ri* ,,mann4 ,translat$ by ,erne/   
,a4 ,boyd4  ,! c>e] ( a typical product 
( milit>ism1 9 s*ool1 univ]sity1        
bus9ess1 patriotism1 & love1 told ) a   
bit+ incisiv5ess & irony4   ,,! ,,re=m  
,,( ,,education4 ,by ,,giovanni         
,,g5tile4 ,) an ,introduction by        
,,b5$etto ,,croce4 ,translat$ by ,d9o   
,bigongi>i4  ,a new int]pretation ( !   
mean+ ( education1 by "o :o %>es )      
,croce ! lead]%ip ( ,italian ?\ght      
to-day4   ,a ,,poet',s ,,loves3 ,,f ,,! 
,,unpubli%$ ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,victor  
,,hugo4 ,by ,,l\is ,,b>?\4 ,translat$ by
 ,daniel ,crhange ,ros5?al4  ,a /rik+1 n
 to say s5sational1 revelation ( !      
intimate private life ( a great poet1 by
 an ex-,premi] ( ,france4               
,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company         
,publi%]s         ,new ,york