,a ,,critical ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,popul> ,,jih,d4 ,a ,,critical ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,popul> ,,jih,d4 ,,%[+ ,,t ,,all ,,! ,,w>s ,,( ,,mohammad ,,7 ,,def5sive2 ,,& ,,t ,,aggressive ,,w>1 ,,or ,,compulsory ,,conv]sion1 ,,is ,,n ,,all[$ ,,9 ,,! ,,koran4 ,,) ,,app5dices ,,prov+ ,,t ,,! ,,^w ,,jihad ,,does ,,n ,,exegetically ,,mean ',,w>f>e1' ,,& ,,t ,,slav]y ,,is ,,n ,,sanction$ ,,by ,,! ,,prophet ,,( ,,islam4 ,,by ,,m\lavi ,,gh],,gh ,,ali1 ,au?or ( ,,re=ms ,,"u ,,moslem ,,rule1 ,,hyd]abad 7,,deccan7 ,,"u ,,sir ,,sal> ,,jung4 ,,calcutta3 ,,?ack]1 ,,sp9k ,,& ,,co4 #ahhe4 ,,calcutta3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,?ack]1 ,,sp9k ,,& ,,co4 ,,note4 ,i "h take ! opportunity ( remov+ a wrong idea ( ! alleg$ injunction ( ! ,prophet aga9/ our c\ntrym5 ! ,h9ds4 ,! ,hon'ble ,raja ,siv ,prasad1 9 8 spee* at ! ,legislative ,c\ncil1 on ! #i? ,m>*1 #ahhc1 :ile discuss+ ! ,ilb]t ,bill1 quot$ f ,amir ,khusro's ,t>ikh ,ali t1 ,ala-ud-dn ,khiliji once s5t = a ,kz1 & ask$ him :at 0 writt5 9 ! ,code ( ,mehammadan law reg>d+ ! ,h9ds4 ,! ,kz answ]$ t1 ! ,h9ds 7 ,zimmis 7condemn$ to pay ! ,jzya tax72 if ask$ silv]1 !y ought to pay gold ) deep respect & humility2 & if ! collector ( taxes 7 to fl+ dirt 9 _! faces1 !y %\ld gladly op5 _! m\?s wide4 ,god's ord] is to keep !m 9 subjection1 & ! ,prophet enjo9s on ! fai?ful to kill1 plund] & imprison !m1 to make ,mussulmns1 or to put !m to ! sword1 to enslave !m1 & confiscate _! prop]ty4444' ,vide ,supplem5t to ! ,gazette ( ,india1 ,april #ba1 #ahhc1 page #hjg4 ,^! alleg$ injunctions1 ,i ne$ n say "h1 aft] :at ,i h /at$ 9 v>i\s places ( ?is book reg>d+ intol]ance1 & compulsory conv]sion1 are m]ely false imputations4 ,!re are no su* injunctions ( ! ,prophet aga9/ ei!r ,zimmis1 7i4e41 protect$ or gu>ante$7 or ! ,h9ds4 ,,to ,,! ,,honorable ,,sy$ ,,ahm$ ,,khan ,,bahadur1 ,c4,s4,i41 ,,?is ,,book ,,is1 ,,)\t ,,ev5 ,,ask+ ,,p]mission4 ,,& ,,:olly ,,)\t ,,8 ,,k4 ,,d$icat$ ,,z ,a ,,slight ,,b ,,s9c]e ,,te/imony ,,( ,,admiration ,,= ,,8 ,,long ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,s]vices ,,9 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,islam ,,& ,,9 ,,respect ,,( ,,8 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,social ,,re=ms ,,9 ,,! ,,moslims ,,( ,,india1 ,,& ,,( ,,gratitude ,,= ,,mu* ,,p]sonal ,,k9dness ,,& ,,fri5d%ip1 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,all errata li/$ bel[ h be5 correct$ 9 ! e-text4 ,mi/akes n li/$ bel[ h be5 left z !y appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ book1 al?\gh miss+ or misplac$ punctuation m>ks h be5 correct$4 ,,errata4 ,page ,l9e ,= ,read v #ba !m ,omit #bb !m x xvii f4n4 ,maaddite ,moaddite xxxiv #ba ,morra ,murra #bb ,soleim ,suleim xlii #i ,kauuka ,ka9uka xliii #bb f4n4 ,mozeima ,moze9a xlv #be ,khusa9 ,khu%a9 liv #a ,ban ,bani #aj ,ghassianide ,ghassanide lxxxviii #cj ,khalips ,khalifs xci #cj ,caliphat] ,caliphate #aa #aj ,kurzibn ,kurz-ibn #ah #i ,god#b ,god3 desi/#c desi/ #af p]secution p]secution#b #ag 7fitnah 7fitnah#c7 #bg #e lib]ty & lib]ty1 any ( #f bre!rn m]ely bre?r51 m]ely #f-g su* a mann] su* mann] #h ,society or ,society1 or #i ( x mat]ially ( x1 mat]ially #ab des]ve pity des]ve only pity #cd #f ,ibu ,ibn #fa #f ,rafi ,rafe #gb #bd ibu ibn #be ibu ibn #gc #d bil b9 #ij #a z /allions = bre$+ purposes #ace #bh ,dur> ,d9> #acf #af ,sirni ,sir9 #aib #a ,jihad does n mean ,read ?is z a ! wag+ ( w> m>g9al gloss #c ,jahad ,jahd4 #ad ,katal & ,kital ,read ?is z a m>g9al gloss4 #bj ,conclusion ,ditto1 ditto4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction i-civ ,note cv ,g5ealogical ,table ( ! ,arabs cvi-cvii ,i4 ,! p]secutions suff]$ by ! e>ly ,moslems #a-aa ,,ii4 ,! ,meccans or ! ,korei% #aa-af ,,iii4 ,! def5sive "* ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad #af-cd ,,iv4 ,! ,jews #cd-dj ,v4 ,! ,*ri/ians or ,romans #dj-da ,,vi4 ,! intol]ance #db-ea ,,vii4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ,sura ,b>t #ea-ee ,,viii4 ,! alleg$ int]ception ( ! ,korei% c>avans by ! ,moslems #ee-fj ,,ix4 ,! alleg$ assass9ations by ! comm& or connivance ( ,mohammad #fj-gf ,x4 ,! alleg$ cruelty 9 execut+ ! prison]s ( w> #gf-ia ,,xi4 ,"s miscellane\s objections refut$ #ia-aad ,,xii4 ,! popul> ,jihd or ,crusade #aad-afa ,app5dix ,a4 ,! ^w ,jihad 9 ! ,koran does n mean w>f>e #afc-aib ,app5dix ,b4 ,slav]y & concub9age n all[$ by ! ,koran #aic-bbc ,app5dix ,c4 ,koranic ref]5ces #bbe-bbg ,index #bbi-bdi ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,introduction-- ,p>as4 ,page4 #a4 ,object ( ! book i #b4 ,e>ly wrongs ( ! ,moslem2 ju/ification 9 tak+ up arms1 if tak5 ii #c4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! w>2 ! ,korei% be+ public enemy 7 liable to be treat$ z su* ib4 #d4 ,b ! ,moslems c\ld n take up arms to r$ress _! wrongs "u c]ta9 circum/ances iii #e4 ,moslems o!rwise engag$ at ,m$9a _h no int5tion ( suff]+ ! horrors ( w> by tak+ ! initiative1 b 7 9 imm95t dang] f ! enemy iv #f4 ,! ,korei% fir/ attack$ ! ,moslems at ,m$9a4 ,!y c\ld n =be> ! escape ( ! ,moslems v #g4 ,?ree battles wag$ by ! ,korei% aga9/ ,mohammad--,badr1 ,ohad1 & ,ahzb3 ^! w>s on ! ,moslem side 7 purely 9 def5ce1 n wag$ ev5 to r$ress _! wrongs or re-e/abli% _! rights vii #h4 ,! battle ( ,badr 0 def5sive on ! "p ( ,mohammad4 ,reasons = ! same viii #i4 ,mohammad at ,m$9a1 ow+ to ! attacks1 inroads1 & ?reat5+ ga!r+s ( ! ,korei% & o!r tribes1 _h h>dly "t to ?9k ( (f5sive measures xi #aj4 ,arm$ opposition ( ! ,korei% to ! ,moslem pilgrims f ,m$9a 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mecca4 ,! truce ( ,hodeibia xv #aa4 ,! ,korei% aga9 commit ho/ilities & violate _! pl$ge4 ,w> decl>$ aga9/ ^? :o _h violat$ ! truce4 ,w> n c>ri$ out xvi #ab4 ,w> ) foes o!r ?an ,korei% xviii #ac4 ,exp$ition to ,tabk to *eck ! advanc+ enemy4 ,no w> took place xix #ad4 ,numb] ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad mu* exagg]at$3 ,ghazava def9$2 numb] ( actual w>s xx #ae4 ,! ,revd4 ,mr4 ,gre5's rem>ks on ! w>s ( ,mohammad criticis$ xxiii #af4 ,ano!r view ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad xxviii #ag4 ,c>avans if waylaid 7 waylaid by way ( reprisal xxx #ah4 ,intol]ance2 no compulsory conv]sion enjo9$ or took place dur+ ,mohammad's lifetime3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$ & refut$ xxxi #ai4 ,a brief sket* ( ! propagation ( ,islam at ,mecca3 ,islam at ,mecca2 ,islam at ,abyss9ia2 ,conv]sions at ,nakhla xxxii #bj4 ,rapid /ride ( ,islam at ,m$9a xxxvii #ba4 ,! increas+ numb] ( ,moslem conv]ts at ,mecca aft] ! ,hegira xxxix #bb4 ,di/urb$ /ate ( ! public peace among ! tribes surr\nd+ ,m$9a4 ,int]nic9e w>s1 an ob/acle to ! propagation ( ,islam xl #bc4 ,sket* ( ! int]tribal w>s 9 ,arabia dur+ ! lifetime ( ,mohammad xli #bd4 ,spread ( ,islam 9 ! surr\nd+ tribes at ,m$9a aft] ! ,hegira ,i--,,vi xliii #be4 ,mecca a b>ri] aga9/ ! conv]sion ( ! ,s\!rn tribes xliv #bf4 ,tribal conv]sions 9 ! six? ye>4 ,conv]sion among sev]al o!r tribes ( ! ,nor? & ,nor?-ea/ 9 ,a4,h4 ,,viii xlv #bg4 ,surr5d] ( ,mecca1 ,a4,h4 ,,viii xlvii #bh4 ,mecca n compell$ to believe ib4 #bi4 ,! :olesale conv]sion ( ! rema9+ tribes1 ,a4,h4 ,,ix & ,x xlviii #cj4 ,! v>i\s deputations 9 ! #i? & #aj? ye> ( ! ,hegira li #ca4 ,a li/ ( ! deputations ( conv]sion receiv$ by ,mohammad at ,m$9a dur+ ,a4,h4 ,,ix & ,x li--lviii #cb4 ,all conv]sions1 individual & tribal1 7 )\t any compulsion lix #cc4 ,mohammad 0 n fav\r$ ) circum/ances r\nd him4 ,! difficulty ,mohammad enc\nt]$ 9 8 "w4 ,m>cus ,dods quot$3 ,dr4 ,mohseim's causes ( ! spread ( ,islam & ,hallam quot$ lx--lxv #cd4 ,mohammad's unwav]+ belief 9 8 own mission & 8 success %[ him to be a true prophet4 ,mohammad's ef=ts e/abli%$ mono!ism 9 ,arabia4 ,8 manly ex]tions1 & 8 s+le h&$ p]sev]ance4 ,! bus9ess & (fice ( a prophet describ$4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir & ,/ob>t quot$ lxv--lxix #ce4 ,! re=ms ( ,mohammad1 8 iconocla/ic policy4 ,! r$emption ( ,arabia f v5al debau*]y & infatuat$ sup]/ition4 ,muir1 ,m>cus ,dods1 ,/eph5s quot$ lxix--lxxvii #cf4 ,indictm5t aga9/ ,mohammad4 ,8 alleg$ cruelty & s5suality4 ,muir1 ,rev4 ,hughes1 ,m>cus ,dods1 & ,/anley ,poole refut$ lxxviii--lxxxvii #cg4 ,objections to ! 7#a7 ,f9ality ( ! social re=ms ( ,mohammad1 7#b7 positive precepts1 7#c7 c]emonial law1 7#d7 morality1 7#e7 want ( adaptability to ! v>y+ circum/ances lxxxvii--lxxxix #ch4 ,all ^! objections apply r to ! tea*+ ( ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law ?an to ! ,koran xc #ci4 7#a7 ,f9ality ( social re=ms ( ,mohammad discuss$4 ,int]m$i>y n to be consid]$ f9al xc--xcii #dj4 7#b7 ,positive precepts & 7#c7 c]emonial law1 pilgrimage1 ,kibla1 am\nt ( alms1 fa/s1 =ms & attitude ( pray]1 c43 pret5ti\s pray]s & o/5tati\s almsgiv+ xcii--xcvii #da4 7#d7 ,! ,koran1 bo? ab/ract & concrete 9 morals xcvii--cii #db4 7#e7 ,adaptability ( ! ,koran to surr\nd+ circum/ances cii--ciii #dc4 ,suitability ( ! ,koran to all classes ( humanity ciii--civ ,note cv ,g5ealogical tables ( ! tribes m5tion$ 9 p>a4 #ca ( ! ,introduction cvi--cvii ,,all ,,! ,,w>s ,,( ,,mohammad ,,7 ,,def5sive4 ,i4--,! ,p]secution4 #a4 ,! e>ly p]secution ( ,moslems by ! p ( ,mecca #b #b4 ,notices ( ! p]secutions 9 ! ,koran #d #c4 ,insults suff]$ by ,mohammad #e #d4 ,hi/orical summ>y ( ! p]secutions #h #e4 ,! ,hegira1 or ! expulsion ( ! ,moslems f ,mecca #i #f4 ,! p]secution ( ! ,moslems by ! ,korei% aft] _! flight f ,mecca #aa ,,ii4--,! ,meccans or ! ,korei%4 #g4 ,a ,korei% *iefta9 commits a raid ne> ,m$9a1 ,a4,h4 #a ib4 #h4 ,! ,korei% m>* to attack ,m$9a4 ,battle ( ,badr ib4 #i4 ,attack by ,abu ,s(ian ^u ,m$9a1 ,a4,h4 #b #ab #aj4 ,battle ( ,ohad #ab #aa4 ,mohammad's pre/ige affect$ by ! defeat ib4 #ab4 ,abu ,s(ian ?reat5$ ! ,moslems ) ano!r attack next ye> #ac #ac4 ,! ,korei% aga9 attack ,m$9a ) a l>ge army4 ,mohammad def5ds ! city4 ,! enemy retire4 ,a4,h4 #e #ad #ad4 ,mohammad ) 8 foll[]s advanc$ to p]=m ! less] pilgrimage ( ,mecca4 ,! ,korei% oppose ,mohammad1 :o return disappo9t$4 ,! treaty ( ,hodeibia #ae #ae4 ,violation ( ! treaty by ! ,korei% & _! submission #af #af4 ,two o!r tribes assume ! (f5sive ib4 ,,iii4--,! ,def5sive ,"* ( ! ,w>s4 #ag4 ,v]ses f ! ,koran 9 support ( ! def5sive "* ( ! w>s #be #ah4 ,:at ! above quot$ v]ses %[ #bf #ai4 ,ju/ification ( ! ,moslems 9 tak+ up arms aga9/ _! aggressors #bg #bj4 ,! fir/ aggression aft] ! ,hegira 0 n on ! "p ( ,mohammad #bh #ba4 ,! alleg$ in/ances exam9$ #bi #bb4 ,hamza & ,obeida's exp$itions ib4 #bc4 ,abwa1 ,b[at1 & ,o%eira exp$itions #cj #bd4 ,! affair at ,nakhla #ca #be4 ,at ,badr ,mohammad came only 9 8 def5ce #cc #bf4 ,! fir/ aggression aft] ! ,hegira if f ,mohammad1 might fairly be look$ ^u z retaliation #cd ,,iv4--,! ,jews4 #bg4 ,! ,jews broke treaties ib4 #bh4 ,bani ,ka9ukaa1 ,bani ,naze]1 ,khyb]1 & ,ghatafn #ce #bi4 ,notice ( !m 9 ,koran #cg #cj4 ,! judgm5t ( ,sd #ch #ca4 ,def5sive "* ( ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,jews ( ,khyb] #dj ,v4--,! ,*ri/ians or ,romans4 #cb4 ,tabk1 ! la/ exp$ition ib4 #cc4 ,description ( ! w>s conclud$ #da ,,vi4--,! ,intol]ance4 #cd4 ,mohammad nev] taught intol]ance #dc #ce4 ,9 :at s5se ! w>s 7 religi\s w>s #dd #cf4 ,! alleg$ v]ses ( intol]ance expla9$ #de #cg4 ,sir ,william ,muir quot$ #dg #ch4 ,comm5t on ! above quotation #ej #ci4 ,object ( ,mohammad's w>s #ea ,,vii4--,! ,n9? ,*apt] or ,sura ,b>t4 #dj4 ,! op5+ portion ( ! ,,ix ,sura ( ! ,koran only relates to ! ,korei% :o _h violat$ ! truce #ee ,,viii4--,! alleg$ ,int]ceptions ( ! ,korei% ,c>avans4 #da4 ,! n9e alleg$ int]ceptions ( ! ,korei% c>avans #eg #db4 ,! int]ceptions 7 impossible "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,mohammad 0 plac$ #ei #dc4 ,! int]ceptions1 if occurr$1 7 ju/ifi$ by way ( reprisal #fj ,,ix4--,! alleg$ ,assass9ations4 #dd4 ,in/ances ( ! alleg$ assass9ations cit$ #fa #de4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,poole quot$ #fb #df4 ,asma-b9t ,m>wan #fc #dg4 ,! /ory des]ves n our belief #fd #dh4 ,abu ,afak #fe #di4 ,kab1 son ( ,a%raf #ff #ej4 ,mohammad c\ld nev] h _h any %>e 9 ,kab's murd] #fh #ea4 ,s(ian b9 ,khalid #fi #eb4 ,ju/ification ( ,s(ian's alleg$ murd] #gj #ec4 ,abu ,rafe #gb #ed4 ,oseir b9 ,z>im #gc #ee4 ,! int5d$ assass9ation ( ,abu ,s(ian #gd #ef4 ,irv+ & ,muir quot$2 conclud+ rem>ks #gf ,x4--,! alleg$ ,cruelties 9 execut+ ,prison]s ( ,w> & o!rs4 #eg4 ,treatm5t ( ! prison]s ( w> ib4 #eh4 ,law ( nations reg>d+ ! prison]s ( w> #gg #ei4 ,! execution ( ,nadh] ,ibn ,h>i? #gi #fj4 ,! execution ( ,okba #hj #fa4 ,free lib]ty grant$ to ,ozza1 a prison] ( w> #ha #fb4 ,abul ,ozza prov$ a traitor & 0 execut$ ib4 #fc4 ,! execution ( ,moavia ,ibn ,mughira ib4 #fd4 ,ju/ification ( ,mughira's execution #hb #fe4 ,! int5d$ execution ( ! prison]s ( ,badr & ! wrong v]sion ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir #hc #ff4 ,mohammad 0 nev] blam$ 9 ! ,koran = releas+ prison]s #hd #fg4 ,! ,koran enjo9s ! prison]s ( w> to be ei!r freely lib]at$ or ransom$1 b nei!r execut$ nor enslav$ #hg #fh4 ,high treason ( ! ,bani ,koreiza aga9/ ,m$9a & _! execution #hh #fi4 ,! :ole ( ! ,bani ,koreiza 7 nev] execut$ ib4 #gj4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ,bani ,koreiza 7 nev] sold #hi #ga4 ,! exagg]at$ numb] ( p]sons execut$ #ia ,,xi4--,"s ,miscellane\s ,objections refut$4 #gb4 ,! execution ( ,omm ,kirfa = brig&age #ib #gc4 ,! alleg$ mutilation ( ! ,urnee robb]s #ic #gd4 ,amputation or bani%m5t sub/itut$ tempor>ily 9 place ( imprisonm5t = want ( a well organiz$ sy/em ( jails #ie #ge4 ,torture ( ,k9ana #if #gf4 ,! alleg$ execution ( a s++ girl #ig #gg4 ,! *>itable _s ( ,mohammad t[>ds 8 enemies #ih #gh4 ,abu ,basir n c\nt5anc$ by ! ,prophet 9 contrav5tion to ! _s ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia #aja #gi4 ,nueim n employ$ by ! ,prophet to circulate false reports 9 ! enemy's camp #ajb #hj4 ,deception 9 w> all[$ by ! ,int]national ,law ib4 #ha4 ,lecky's /&>d ( morality #ajd #hb4 ,! alleg$ p]mission to kill ! ,jews #ajf #hc4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$ #ajh #hd4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,bani ,naze] ib4 #he4 ,_! fruit-trees 7 n cut d[n #aji #hf4 ,females & ! treaty ( ,hodeibia #aaj #hg4 ,/anley def5d$ #aaa #hh4 ,m>riage a /rict bond ( union #aac ,! ,popul> ,jihd4 #hi4 ,! ,koran enjo9s only def5sive w>s #aad #ij4 ,! ,mohammadan ,common ,law & ! ,jihd #aaf #ia4 ,:5 is ,jihd a positive injunction ib4 #ib4 ,! ,h$ya quot$ & refut$ #aag #ic4 ,rule ( int]pretation #aah #id4 ,! ,common ,law & its comm5tators #aai #ie4 ,kifya quot$ #abj #if4 ,fur!r quotations #aba #ig4 ,! ,kifya refut$ #abb #ih4 ,s4 ,,ix1 #e1 discuss$ #abc #ii4 ,s4 ,,ii1 #ahi1 discuss$ ib4 #ajj4 ,s4 ,,ii1 #ahi1 & ,,viii1 #dj1 are def5sive #abd #aja4 ,all injunctions 7 local & = ! "t be+ #abe #ajb4 ,a9ee quot$ & refut$ ib4 #ajc4 ,s>akhsee quot$ & refut$ #abf #ajd4 ,ibn ,haj> quot$ #abh #aje4 ,ibn ,haj> refut$ #abi #ajf4 ,halabi quot$ ib4 #ajg4 ,halabi refut$ #acb #ajh4 ,a9ee aga9 quot$ & refut$ ib4 #aji4 ,cont9uation ( ! above #acc #aaj4 ,traditions quot$ & refut$ ib4 #aaa4 ,e>ly ,moslem legi/s aga9/ ! ,jihd #acd #aab4 ,biographical sket*es ( ! legi/s #ace #aac4 ,european writ]s' mi/akes #acg #aad4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$ & refut$ #ach #aae4 ,islam n aggressive #aci #aaf4 ,mr4 ,freeman quot$ & refut$ #adj #aag4 ,! ,revd4 ,mr4 ,/eph5s quot$ & refut$ #ada #aah4 ,mr4 ,boswor? ,smi? quot$ & refut$ #adc #aai4 ,mr4 ,george ,sale quot$ & refut$ ib4 #abj4 ,major ,osborn quot$ #adf #aba4 ,major ,osborn refut$ #adi #abb4 ,! ,,ix ,sura ( ! ,koran ib4 #abc4 ,! ,revd4 ,mr4 ,:]ry quot$ #aej #abd4 ,example cit$ f ,jewi% hi/ory expla9$ #aeb #abe4 ,mosaic injunctions #aec #abf4 ,! ,revd4 ,mr4 ,hughes quot$ & refut$ #aed #abg4 ,mean+ ( ! ^w ,jihd #aee #abh4 ,sura ,,xlviii1 #e1 expla9$ #aef #abi4 ,! ,revd4 ,malcolm ,mac,coll quot$ #aeg #acj4 ,! unt5able !ories ( ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law #aeh-afa ,,app5dix ,a4 #a4 ,jihd or ,jihd 9 ! ,koran does n mean w> or crusade #afc #b4 ,classical mean+ ( ,jihd1 c4 #afd #c4 ,po/-classical or te*nical mean+ ( ,jihd #afe #d4 ,! classical logic & ,arabian poets ib4 #e4 ,! conjugation & decl9ation ( ,jahd or ,jihd 9 ! ,koran #aff #f4 ,! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! ,koran #afg #g4 ,9 :at s5se !y are us$ 9 ! ,koran #afh #h4 ,conv5tional significations ( ,jihd #afi #i4 ,mohammadan comm5tators1 c41 quot$ #agj #aj4 ,:5 ! ^w ,jihd 0 div]t$ f its orig9al signification to its figurative mean+ ( wag+ religi\s w>s #aga #aa4 ,all v]ses ( ! ,koran conta9+ ! ^w ,jihd & its d]ivations quot$ & expla9$ #agf #ab4 ,! above v]ses quot$ ) rem>ks #agg ,! ,meccan ,suras4 #ac4 ,lokman1 ,,xxxi1 #ad ib4 #ad4 ,furkan1 ,,xxv1 #ec1 #eba #agh #ae4 ,! ,pilgrimage1 ,,xxii1 #gf1 #gh ib4 #af4 ,! ,bee1 ,,xvi1 #ajh1 #aaa #agi #ag4 ,! ,spid]1 ,,xxix1 #e #ahj #ah4 ,ibid1 #g ib4 #ai4 ,ibid1 #fi ib4 #bj4 ,! ,bee1 ,,xvi1 #dj #aha #ba4 ,creator1 ,,xxxv1 #dj ib4 ,! ,m$9ite ,suras4 #bb4 ,! ,c[ or ,heif]1 ,,ii1 #bae #ahb #bc4 ,al ,amran1 ,,iii1 #acf ib4 #bd4 ,! ,spoils1 ,,viii1 #gc #ahc #be4 ,ibid4 #ge ib4 #bf4 ,ibid4 #gf ib4 #bg4 ,! ,cattle1 ,,vi1 #aji ib4 #bh4 ,mohammad1 ,,xlvii1 #cc #ahd #bi4 ,battle ,array1 ,,lxi1 #aa ib4 #cj4 ,woman4 ,,iv4 #ig #ahe #ca4 ,light4 ,,xxiv1 #eb ib4 #cb4 ,! ,=bidd+4 ,,lxvi1 #i ib4 #cc4 ,! ,immunity4 ,,ix1 #gd #ahf #cf4 ,! ,tri$1 ,,lx1 #a #ahg #ce4 ,hatib's ,/ory #ahh #cf4 ,! ,ap>tm5t1 ,,xlix1 #ae ib4 #cg4 ,! ,immunity1 ,,ix1 #af ib4 #ch4 ,ibid4 #ai ib4 #ci4 ,ibid1 #bj #ahi #dj4 ,ibid1 #bd ib4 #da4 ,ibid1 #da ib4 #db4 ,ibid1 #dd #aij #dc4 ,ibid1 #hb ib4 #dd4 ,ibid1 #hg ib4 #de4 ,ibid1 #hi #aia #df4 ,! ,table1 ,v1 #ci ib4 #dg4 ,ibid1 #eh ib4 #dh4 ,ibid1 #ei ib4 #di4 ,jihd does n mean ! wag+ ( w> #aib #ej4 ,katal & ,kitl ib4 #ea4 ,conclusion ib4 ,,app5dix ,b4 #a4 ,slav]y & concub9age n all[$ by ! ,koran #aic #b4 ,measures tak5 by ! ,koran to aboli% future slav]y #aid #c4 ,none ( ! prison]s ( w> 0 enslav$ #aif #d4 ,bani ,koreiza n enslav$ #aih #e4 ,rihana #bja #f4 ,om>1 ! second ,khalif1 lib]at$ all ! ,arab slaves #bjb #g4 ,concub9age #bjc #h4 ,m>ia ! ,coptic #bjd #i4 ,despat* ( ,mok[kas #bje #aj #aa4 ,m>ia nei!r a slave nor a concub9e #bjg #ab4 ,m>ia _h no son #bji #ac4 ,! /ory ( ,m>ia & ,haphsa a spuri\s "o #baa #ad4 ,! affair n notic$ 9 ! e>ly biographies #bab #ae4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir's au?ority n valid ib4 #af4 ,! be/ comm5tators & traditionali/s refute ! /ory #bad #ag4 ,! /ory n accr$it$ by ! ,koran ib4 #ah4 ,! /ory :5 fabricat$ ib4 #ai4 ,ze9ab's case #bae #bj4 ,! /ory a spuri\s "o #baf #ba4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir's conjectures n ju/ifi$ #bag #bb4 ,a wrong translation ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir #bai #bc4 ,9 ,ze9ab's case no exceptional privilege 0 secur$ #bbj #bd4 ,! false /ory trac$ to ,mukatil ib4 #be4 ,katdas conjectural int]pretation n w>rant$ #bbb #bf4 ,o!r conjectures #bbc ,,app5dix ,c4 ,i4--,! v]ses ( ! ,koran ref]r+ to ! p]secution ( ! ,korei% at ,mecca #bbe ,,ii4--,! v]ses ( ! ,koran ref]r+ to ! aggressions ( ! ,korei% at ,m$9a z well z ^? ( ! inhabitants !re( ib4 ,,iii4--,! v]ses ( ! ,koran allud+ to ! w>s ( def5ce aga9/ ! ,korei% & ,arabs1 c41 ) sev]al ref]5ces to _! aggressions ib4 ,,iv4--,! v]ses ( ! ,koran allud+ to ! v>i\s battles #bbf ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,object ( ! book4 #a4 ,9 publi%+ ?is "w1 my *ief object is to remove ! g5]al & errone\s impression f ! m9ds ( ,european & ,*ri/ian writ]s reg>d+ ,islam1 t ,mohammad wag$ w>s ( conque/1 extirpation1 z well z ( proselytiz+ aga9/ ! ,korei%1 o!r ,arab tribes1 ! ,jews1 & ,*ri/ians2#a t he held ! ,koran 9 "o h& & ! scimit> 9 ! o!r1 & compell$ p to believe 9 8 mission4 ,i h endeav\r$ 9 ?is book1 ,i believe on suffici5t gr\nds1 to %[ t nei!r ! w>s ( ,mohammad 7 (f5sive1 nor did he 9 any way use =ce or compulsion 9 ! matt] ( belief4 ,footnote #a3 ,he n[ occupi$ a position :]e he might become ! ag5t = execut+ ! div9e s5t5ce1 & at ! same "t triumphantly impose ! true religion on ^? :o _h reject$ x4 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 page #baa4 ,london1 #ahgg4 7,new ,edition47 ,! free tol]ation ( ! pur] among ! cre$s ar\nd him1 :i* ! ,prophet _h at fir/ enjo9$1 gradually *anges into intol]ance4 ,p]secut$ no long]1 ,mohammad becomes a p]secutor himself2 ) ! ,koran 9 "o h&1 & scymit> 9 ! o!r1 he goes =? to (f] to ! nations ! ?ree-fold alt]native ( conv]sion1 tribute1 dea?4--,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 page #acg4 ,second ,edition4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly wrongs ( ! ,moslems4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ification 9 tak+ up arms1 if tak54 #b4 ,all ! w>s ( ,mohammad 7 def5sive4 ,he & ^? :o took int]e/ 9 8 cause 7 sev]ely oppress$ at int]vals1 & 7 9 a sort ( g5]al p]secution at ,mecca at ! h&s ( ! ungodly & fi]ce ,korei%4 ,^? :o 7 weak & )\t protection _h to leave _! city1 & twice fly to ! ,*ri/ian l& ( ,abyss9ia1 pursu$ by ! wra?ful ,korei%1 b 9 va94 ,^? :o rema9$ at ,mecca 7 subject to all sorts ( indignities1 malignity & a deprivation ( all religi\s & social lib]ty1 because !y _h =sak5 ! inf]ior deities ( ! ,korei%1 & believ$ 9 ! only ,,"o ,,god ( ,mohammad1 9 ^: mission !y _h full belief4 ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s _h e sanction1 "u ! natural & int]national law1 !n & !re to wage w> aga9/ _! p]secutors ) ! object ( remov+ ! 7fitnah7 p]secution & obta9+ _! civil rights ( fre$om & religi\s lib]ty 9 _! native city4 ,sid5ote3 ,comm5cem5t ( ! /ate ( w>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,korei% be+ public enemies 7 liable to be treat$ z su*4 #c4 ,! fi]ce p]secutions r5ew$ by ! ,korei% at ! "t ( ! expulsion ( ! ,moslems f ,mecca 7 acts ( ho/ility tantam\nt to a decl>ation ( w>4 ,f t "t comm5c$ ! /ate ( w> betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,9 ! ,arab society at ,mecca !re 0 nei!r an organiz$ ,gov]nm5t1 nor any di/9ction betwe5 a public & private p]son & prop]ty4 ,!re 0 no regul> army 9 ! ,/ate1 & :at exi/$ 0 n a p]man5tly organiz$ body1 s provid$ ) ext]nal m>ks t x c\ld be readily id5tifi$4 ,! =m ( ,gov]nm5t at ,mecca 0 patri>*al1 & ! *iefs ( ! ,korei% & ! citiz5s ( ,m$9a !mselves con/itut$ an army :5 occasion arose4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities or ! /ate ( w>1 e individual ( ! ,korei% or ! ,meccans 0 a public enemy ( ! ,moslems1 & liable to be treat$ z su* 9 8 p]son & prop]ty1 except ^? :o 7 unable to take "p 9 ! ho/ilities1 or1 z a matt] ( fact1 ab/a9$ f engag+ 9 !m4 ,!re=e x 0 lawful = ! ,moslems to ?reat5 or to waylay ! c>avans ( ! enemy1 :i* pass$ to & f ,mecca close to ,m$9a1 & also to attack ! ,korei% at ,mecca1 if !y c\ld possibly d s4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! ,moslems c\ld n take up arms to r$ress _! wrongs "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 #d4 ,b z ! p among/ :om ! ,prophet & 8 fugitive ,moslems n[ soj\rn$ _h only pl$g$ to def5d !m at ,m$9a1 ! fly+ ,mohammadans c\ld n take up arms aga9/ _! aggressors1 ! ,korei%1 to def5d _! rights ( religi\s lib]ty & citiz5%ip1 mu* less ( tak+ arms to compel ! non-believ]s to believe 9 ,moslem fai?1 & s !y pref]r$ to live 9 peace at ,m$9a1 & enjoy ! bless+s ( _! new religion )\t any di/urbance f )\t1 if possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,moslems o!rwise engag$ at ,m$9a _h no int5tion ( suff]+ ! horrors ( w> by tak+ ! initiative4 ,sid5ote3 ,b 7 9 imm95t dang] f ! enemy4 #e4 ,9 fact1 ! ,moslems1 aft] suff]+ s long su* heavy p]secutions at ,mecca1 _h at l5g? got an asylum ( peace at ,m$9a1 :]e !y _h v little desire left to ent]ta9 any idea ( comm5c+ ho/ilities or und]go+ once m ! horrors ( w>1 & 7 too glad to live 9 peace aft] _! la/ escape4 ,! p ( ,m$9a _h only agre$ to def5d ! ,prophet f attack1 n to jo9 him 9 any aggressive /eps t[>ds ! ,korei%4 ,! att5tion ( ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s :o _h fl$ ) him 0 ma9ly occupi$ 9 prea*+ & tea*+ ! t5ets ( ,islam1 9 e/abli%+ a frat]nity betwe5 ! refugees & ! citiz5s1 9 build+ a h\se = pray]1 9 provid+ h\ses = refugees1 9 contract+ treaties ( neutrality ) ! ,jews ( ,m$9a & o!r surr\nd+ tribes1 ,bani ,zamra 7a tribe connect$ ) ,mecca7 & also ) ,bani ,mudlij 7a tribe ( ,k9ana relat$ to ! ,korei%71 9 anticipation ( ! imp5d+ dang]#b f ! ,korei%1 :o _h pursu$ !m on ! simil> occasions be=e1 & 9 organiz+1 above all ^!1 "s ( ! religi\s & civil in/itutions = ! ,moslems1 :o 7 n[ fa/ assum+ ! position ( an indep5d5t society or commonweal?4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x 0 next to impossible = ,mohammad or 8 adh]5ts to ?9k ( any?+ l an (f5sive w> ) _! invet]ate foes1 or to take up arms = proselytiz+ purposes4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,sura ,,xxiv1 v]se #ed4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,korei% fir/ attack$ ! ,moslems at ,m$9a4 ,!y c\ld n =be> ! escape ( ! ,moslems4 #f4 ,! ,korei%1 see+ ! p]secut$ _h left almo/ all _! native l&s = a di/ant city out ( _! approa*1 except by a milit>y exp$ition1 & los+ ,mohammad1 = ^: arre/ !y _h tri$ _! utmo/1 z well z ^u he>+ ! reception1 treatm5t1 religi\s fre$om & bro!rly help ! ,moslems receiv$ & enjoy$ at ,m$9a1 c\ld n subdue _! f]oci\s animosity aga9/ ! exiles4 ,! ho/ility ( ! ,korei% _h already be5 ar\s$4 ,! sev]ity & inju/ice ( ! ,korei% 0 s great1 t :51 9 #fae ,a4,d41 a p>ty ( #aa ,moslems _h emigrat$ to ,abyss9ia1 !y _h pursu$ !m to ov]take !m4 ,& aga91 9 #faf ,a4,d41 :5 ! p]secution by ! ,korei% 0 hott] ?an be=e1 a p>ty ( ab\t #ajj ,moslems _h fl$ f ,mecca to ,abyss9ia1 ! ,korei% s5t an embassy to ,abyss9ia to obta9 ! surr5d] ( ! emigrants4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! ,korei%1 enrag$ z !y 7 on ! escape ( ! ,moslems 9 _! ?ird & great emigration 9 #fbb ,a4,d41 w\ld naturally h tak5 e /rong & ho/ile measure to p]secute ! fugitives4#c ,x 0 9 ! second ye> f ! g5]al expulsion ( ! ,moslems f ,mecca t ! ,korei%1 ) a l>ge army ( "o ?\s& /rong1 m>*$ ^u ! ,moslems at ,m$9a4 ,m$9a be+ #bej miles or #ab /ages f ,mecca1 ! aggressive army1 aft] m>*+ #h /ages1 arriv$ at ,badr1 :i* is #c or #d /ages f ,m$9a4 ,mahommad--) only #cjj ,moslems1 m be+ f among ! p ( ,m$9a ?an ! refugees--came out ( ,m$9a 9 self-def5ce to enc\nt] ! ,korei%1 & ! fam\s battle ( ,badr 0 f\ght only at ?irty miles f ,m$9a4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t ! affair 0 purely & admitt$ly a def5sive "o4 ,sura ,,xxii1 v]ses #ci-db1 copi$ at page #ag ( ?is book1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! matt] ( tak+ up arms 9 self-def5ce aft] ! battle ( ,badr4 ,footnote #c3 ,! idea ( =be>ance on ! "p ( ! ,korei%1 z ent]ta9$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 is n borne out by _! =m] conduct ( p]secut+ ! believ]s & pursu+ ! fugitives among !m4 ,he says3 ,mahomet & ,abu ,bakr tru/$ _! respective clans to protect _! families f insult4 ,b no insult or annoyance ( any k9d 0 (f]$ by ! ,corei%4 ,nor 0 ! slighte/ attempt made to deta9 !m2 al?\gh x 0 n unreasonable t !y %\ld h be5 deta9$ z ho/ages aga9/ any ho/ile incursion f ,m$9a,a4 ,!y 7 contemplat+ a gr& pursuit & attack on ! ,moslems1 & _h no reason to deta9 ! families ( ,mahomet & ,abu ,bakr z ho/ages :il/ !y c\ld n ?9k t ! ,moslems w take ! initiative1 z !y 7 too glad to escape & live unmole/$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol ,,ii1 page #bfe4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree battles wag$ by ! ,korei% aga9/ ,mohammad4 #g4 ,! ,korei% c>ri$ on ?ree aggressive battles aga9/ ! ,moslems at ,m$9a4 ,! fir/1 call$ ! ,battle ( ,badr1 took place at ?irty miles f ,m$9a1 ! ,korei% hav+ come d[n #bej miles f ,mecca4 ,! second1 call$ ! ,battle ( ,ohad1 0 f\ght at a di/ance ( "o mile f ,m$9a1 ! enemy hav+ advanc$ #bej miles f ,mecca4 ,! ?ird 0 ! battle ( conf$]ates1 9 :i* !y _h mu/]$ an army ( t5 ?\s& /rong4 ,! city 0 besieg$ = sev]al days1 & ! ,moslems def5d$ !mselves )9 ! walls ( ,m$9a :i* !y _h entr5*$4 ,^! 7 ! only battles betwe5 ! ,korei% & ,mohammad1 9 ea* ! latt] always act$ on ! def5sive4 ,nei!r he attack$ ! ,korei% (f5sively to take rev5ge1 nor to compel !m by =ce ( arms to accept 8 religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,^! w>s 7 purely 9 def5ce1 n to r$ress _! wrongs or to e/abli% _! rights4 ,ev5 ^! ?ree battles 7 n wag$ by ,mohammad to r$ress wrong or e/abli% imp]ill$ rights4 ,!y 7 only to repel =ce by "r ( self-def5ce4 ,_h ,mohammad & 8 ,moslems invad$ ,mecca & f\ght battles aga9/ ! ,korei% !re1 he w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ = wag+ w> to r$ress ! injuries ( p]son & prop]ty inflict$ by ! ,meccans on ! ,moslems :om !y 7 torm5t+ = _! religion & _h expell$ !m f _! homes1 & _h ev5 b>r$ _! ye>ly visitation to ! %r9e ( ,kaba4 ,a w> :i* is und]tak5 = j causes1 to repel or av]t wrongful =ce1 or to e/abli% a "r1 is sanction$ by e law1 religi\s1 moral or political4 ,sid5ote3 ,! battle ( ,badr 0 def5sive4 #h4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ! great advocate = ! aggressive ,korei%1 holds t ! w> ( ,badr 0 br\ght on by ,mahomet himself1#d & t he int5d$ to surprise ! c>avan ( ! ,korei% return+ f ,syria "u ! *>ge ( ,abu ,s(ian1 & _h come out to ,m$9a to waylay x4 ,abu ,s(ian s5t = an army ( ! ,korei% = 8 aid1 & ?us comm5c$ ! battle ( ,badr4 ,i h giv5 my reasons at pages #gd-gf ( ! book to %[ t ?is is a false acc\nt4 ,i w po9t out f contempor>y records1 i4e41 ! ,koran1 t ,mohammad nei!r meant1 nor _h he come out ( ,m$9a1 to attack ! c>avan4 ,sid5ote3 ,reasons = ! same4 ,i4 ,! v]ses #e & #f ( ,sura ,,viii#e %[ t a "p ( ! believ]s 7 q av]se to ,mohammad's com+ out ( ,m$9a on ! occasion ( ! battle ( ,badr4 ,_h _! mission be5 "o ( plund]+ ri* c>avans1 z x is g5]ally alleg$1 !re c\ld be no reason = t av]sion ( a p>ty ( believ]s :o are accus$ s (t5 ( a ho/ile attitude t[>ds ! ,korei%1 & possess$ ( t great love ( booty & adv5ture s prom95t among ! ,arabs4 ,! fact is1 a p>ty ( believ]s _h disput$ ) ,mohammad ! necessity ( ! combat & its probable result outside ,m$9a4 ,!y pref]r$ to def5d !mselves )9 its walls4 ,?is argum5t is aga9/ ! allegation t ,mohammad ) 8 foll[]s _h />t$ to waylay ! c>avan1 & ! ,korei% _h come only to rescue x4 ,,ii4 ,! #dcrd#f v]se ( ! same ,sura %[s t x 0 by a m]e accid5t or co9cid5ce t all ! ?ree p>ties ( ! ,moslems1 ! ,kore%ite army & ! c>avan _h arriv$1 & encamp$ close to ,badr 9 front ( ea* o!r4 ,?is is an argum5t aga9/ ^? :o say t ,mohammad _h int5tionally come to ,badr to waylay ! c>avan !re4#g ,!re 01 9 fact1 no pr$et]m9ation on ! "p ( ,mohammad ei!r to waylay ! c>avan1 or enc\nt] ! ,korei% army at ,badr4 ,mohammad ) 8 foll[]s _h come out only to *eck ! advanc+ enemy 9 8 self-def5ce4 ,,iii4 ,! sev5?#h v]se ( ! same ,sura %[s t :ile ! p>ties _h s accid5tally encamp$ close to ea* o!r1 ! ,moslems _h desir$ !n & !re only to attack ! c>avan1 z a reprisal or by way ( retaliation1 in/ead ( combat+ ) ! ,korei% army4 ,?is is an argum5t 9 support ( my cont5tion t !re 0 no previ\s arrangem5t to attack ! c>avan4 ,,iv4 ,! same v]se also %[s t ,mohammad _h no int5tion ( attack+ ! c>avan ei!r be=e 8 com+ out ( ,m$9a1 z x is alleg$ by ignorant p1 or aft] com+ at ,badr 9 front ( ! enemy's army4 ,v4 ,sura ,,viii1 v]se #gb1i :i* treats ( ! prison]s ( ! w> tak5 at ,badr1 expressly notes ! trea*]y ( ! ,meccans be=e _! be+ tak5 prison]1 & ref]s obvi\sly to _! aggressively sett+ out ( ,mecca to attack ! ,moslems at ,m$9a4 ,,vi4 ,sura ,,ix1 v]se #ac1aj at a subsequ5t ev5t ( ! violation ( ! truce ( ,hodeibia by ! ,korei%1 v di/9ctly *>ges !m ) attack+ fir/ & wag+ (f5sive w> & be+ aggressive4 ,z !re 0 no w> or attack f ! ,korei% on ! ,moslems be=e ,badr1 ,i conclude t 9 ! w> ( ,badr ! ,korei% 7 aggressive4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bee1 foot-note4 ,?is note has be5 expung$ 9 ! ,new ,edition ( ,! ,life3 ,vide page #cag4 ,footnote #e3 #e4 ,rememb] h[ ?y ,"l caus$ !e to g =? f ?y home on a mission ( tru?1 & v]ily a "p ( ! believ]s 7 q av]se to x4 #f4 ,!y disput$ ) !e ab\t ! tru? aft] x _h be5 made cle>1 z if !y 7 be+ l$ =? to dea? & saw x be=e !m4 ,sura ,,viii4 ,footnote #f3 #dc4 ,:5 ye 7 encamp$ on ! ne> side ( ! valley1 & !y 7 on ! fur!r side1 & ! c>avan 0 bel[ y1 if ye h made an engagem5t to attack1 ye w\ld assur$ly h fail$ ! engagem5t2 b ye 7 l$ into action not)/&+1 t ,god might accompli% ! ?+ de/9$ to be done4 ,sura ,,viii4 ,footnote #g3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet4 ,new ,edition1 page #bbf4 ,footnote #h3 ,& rememb] :5 ,god promis$ y t "o ( ! two troops %\ld fall to y1 & ye desir$ t !y :o _h no arms %\ld fall to y3 b ,god purpos$ to prove true ! tru? ( 8 words1 & to cut (f ! utt]mo/ "p ( ! infidels4 ,footnote #i3 ,b if !y seek to deal trea*]\sly ) !e--!y h already dealt trea*]\sly ) ,god be=e6 ,!re=e ha? ,he giv5 y p[] ov] !m4 ,footnote #aj3 ,w ye n d battle ) a p :o h brok5 _! cov5ant & aim$ to expel y\r ,apo/le & attack$ y fir/8 ,w y dread !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,mohammad1 ow+ to ! attacks1 inroads & ?reat5+ ga!r+s f ! ,korei% & o!r ,arab tribes1 _h h>dly "t to ?9k ( (f5sive measures4 #i4 ,b ,mohammad1 h>ass$ & attack$ e ye> by ! ,korei% & o!r ho/ile ,arab tribes1 _h h>dly any "t to wage an aggressive w> aga9/ 8 ,kore%ite foes1 to e/abli% 8 imp]ill$ rights1 or to r$ress ! injuries ( ! ,moslems or 8 own wrong2 mu* less ( tak+ up arms to compel !m to r5\nce idolatry & believe 9 8 ,div9e mission4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> aft] _! expulsion f ,mecca1 ! ,moslems 7 9 con/ant dang] f ! f]ocity ( ! ,korei%1 & :5 ,mohammad 0 contract+ treaties ( neutrality ) ! neighb\r+ tribes1 ,kurz-b9-,jbir1 a ,korei% ( ! des]t1 committ$ a raid ^u ,m$9a4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! second ye> ! ,korei% f\ght ! battle ( ,badr1 foll[$ by a petty inroad ( !irs ^u ,m$9a at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! ,bani ,naze] treason$ aga9/ ,m$9a by giv+ intellig5ce to1 & ent]ta9+1 ! enemy4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye>1 ! nomad tribes ( ,suleim & ,ghatafn1 inhabitants ( ! pla9s ( ,najd1 & desc5dants ( a /ock common ) ! ,korei%1 twice project$ a plund]+ attack ^u ,m$9a4 ,at ! same "t ! ,moslems 7 defeat$ at ! battle ( ,ohad1 ne> ,m$9a1 by ! ,korei%1 :i* circum/ance greatly affect$ ! pre/ige ( ! ,prophet1 :o 0 ?reat5$ ) a simil> fate ! next ye> by 8 victori\s enemies4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! f\r? ye>1 ! inimical _s ( _m ( ! ,b$\9s1 z well z t ( ! ,jews ( ,bani ,naze]1 0 p]ceptible1 & 9 v>i\s qu>t]s l>ge masses 7 organiz$ to act aga9/ ,mohammad & to take advantage ( ! defeat at ,m$9a4 ,! tribes ( ,bani ,asad & ,bani ,lahyn 7 br\ght toge!r to foll[ ! victory ( ! ,korei% at ,ohad4 ,& la/1 n lea/1 ! ,moslem mission>ies 7 cut to pieces at ,rji & ,bir ,muna4 ,at ! close ( ! ye>1 ! p ( ,m$9a 7 al>m$ by an exagg]at$ acc\nt ( ! prep>ations at ,mecca to attack ,m$9a z promis$ la/ ye> 7,sura ,,iii1 v4 #agf74 ,dur+ ! fif? ye> c]ta9 tribes ( ,ghatafn 7 assembl+ ) suspici\s purposes at ,zat-al-,rikaa & ! m>aud+ b&s ne> ,dumatal ,j&al ?reat5$ a raid ^u ,m$9a4 ,! ,bani ,mu/alik1 a bran* ( ,khozaa1 hi!rto fri5dly to ,mohammad's cause1 took up arms ) a view ( jo9+ ! ,korei% 9 ! int5d$ attack ^u ,m$9a4 ,at ! end ( ! ye>1 ! ,korei%1 jo9$ by an imm5se =ce ( ! ,b$\9 tribes1#aa m>*$ aga9/ ,m$9a1 & laid siege to x = _m days4 ,! ,bani ,koreiza1 hav+ defect$ f ,mohammad1 jo9$ ! ,korei% army :5 ,m$9a 0 besieg$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? ye> ,uye9a1 ! *ief ( ! ,bani ,fezr1 _h committ$ an inroad ^u ,m$9a4#ab ,a ,m$9ite c>avan1 "u ! *>ge ( ,zeid-b9-,hris1 0 seiz$ & plund]$ by ! ,bani ,fezr4#ac ,9 ! mon? ( ,zul-,kada1 7! elev5? mon? ( ! ,arab lun> ye>71 :5 w> 0 unlawful ?r\gh\t ,arabia1 b mu* m s )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ,mecca1 ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s1 long+ to visit ! h\se ( _! ,"l & ! sacr$ places ar\nd x1 & to jo9 ! ye>ly pilgrimage :i* !y _h gr[n f _! *ildhood to reg>d z an ess5tial "p ( _! social & religi\s life1 n to m5tion _! int5se desire ( see+ _! h\ses & families f :i* !y 7 unju/ly expell$1 />t$ f ,m$9a = p]=m+ ! less] pilgrimage4 ,!y 7 "u ! impression t1 9 ! peaceful habits ( pilgrims1 ! ,korei% w\ld be morally b\nd by e pl$ge ( national fai? to leave !m unmole/$1 & ,mohammad _h promis$ !m a peaceful entry4 ,b ! ,korei% arm$ !mselves & oppos$ ! progress ( ! ,moslems t[>ds ,mecca1 not)/&+ ! pi\s object & unw>like attitude ( ! pilgrims4 ,at l5g? a treaty1 9 t]ms unfav\rable to ! ,moslems1 b 9 fact a victory won by ,islam1 0 conclud$ by ,mohammad & ! ,korei% at ,hodeibia4 ,by ?is peace w> 0 susp5d$ = t5 ye>s4 ,f my brief sket* ( ,mohammad's fir/ six ye>s' soj\rn 9 ,m$9a1 x is evid5t t dur+ ?is "t ,m$9a 0 con/antly 9 a sort ( milit>y def5ce4 ,! ,moslems 7 e mom5t 9 ! dang] ( an invasion1 attack1 or inroad f )\t1 & trea*]y1 conspiracy & treason f )94 ,!y ei!r _h to enc\nt] sup]ior numb]s or to disp]se ho/ile ga!r+ or to *a/ise sometimes m>aud+ tribes4 ,s ,mohammad c\ld sc>cely brea! freely at ,m$9a1 b mu* less c\ld he f9d "t & opportunity to mature a s*eme ( attack+ ! ,korei% at ,mecca 9 ord] to rev5ge himself & 8 refugees = ! p]secutions :i* ! ,korei% _h inflict$ on ! ,moslems1 to r$ress _! wrongs1 & to re-e/abli% _! rights ( civil & religi\s lib]ty1 or to make conv]ts ( !m or any o!r tribes at ! po9t ( sword4 ,footnote #aa3 ,bani ,a%ja1 ,murra ,fezr1 ,suleim1 ,sd1 ,asad1 & sev]al clans ( ,ghatafn1 ! ,jews ( ,wady-al-,koraa & ,khyb]4 ,footnote #ab3 ,a p>ty ( ,moslems at ,zil ,kassa 0 sla91 & ,dihya1 s5t by ,mohammad to ! ,roman ,emp]or1 on 8 return1 0 robb$ ( e ?+ by ! ,bani ,juzm beyond ,wady-al-,kora4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! ,jews at ,khyb] 7 entic+ ! ,bani ,fezr & ,bani ,sad-b9-,bakr & o!r ,b$\9 tribes to make depr$ations ^u ,m$9a4 ,sid5ote3 ,arm$ opposition ( ! ,korei% to ! ,moslem pilgrims 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mecca4 ,sid5ote3 ,mohammad proclaim$ w> aga9/ ! oppos+ ,korei% to obta9 ! "r ( civil & religi\s lib]ty at ,mecca4 #aj4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ,moslems1 un>m$ z !y 7 9 pilgrim's g>b1 7 oppos$ by ! arm$ ,korei%1 :o _h encamp$ at ,z ,t[a1 clo!d 9 pan!r's sk91 or1 9 o!r words1 ) a firm resolution to fight to ! la/1 & :5 ,osman1 ! ,moslem envoy to ,mecca1 0 actually plac$ 9 conf9em5t1#ad ( :om ! rum\r 0 con/antly rife t he 0 murd]$ at ,mecca1 & :5 a p>ty ( ! ,korei% _h actually attack$ ! camp ( ,mohammad1#ae t excitem5t1 al>m & anxiety prevail$ 9 ! ,moslem camp1 & ,mohammad took a solemn oa? f ! ,fai?ful to /& by _! cause ev5 unto dea?4 7,sura ,,xlviii4#af7 ,9 ! meantime appeals 7 receiv$ f ! ,moslems deta9$ 9 conf9em5t at ,mecca1 & o!rwise oppress$ = deliv]ance4 ,vide ,sura ,,iv1 v]ses #gg1 #ii1 #ajj2 ,sura ,,viii1 v]ses #gb1 #gc4 ,he1 on ?is occasion1 proclaim$ a w> ) ! ,korei% 9 ! ev5t ( _! attack+ fir/1 & enjo9+ ! believ]s to r$ress _! e>li] & lat] wrongs1 to e/abli% _! civil & religi\s lib]ty1 to h free access to _! native city1 to h ! free ex]cise ( _! religion1 & to make away ) ! oppressions ( ,korei% once = all4 ,! foll[+ v]ses 7 publi%$ on ! occasion3--,sura ,,ii1 v]ses #ahf-aij1 #bab-bae4 ,! ,sura ,,xlviii aft]w>ds _h ref]5ce to ! occasion1 specially v]ses #aj1 #bb-bg4 ,!y are quot$ 9 pp4 #ag-ai4 ,sid5ote3 ,! w> ?us proclaim$ did n take place4 ,b happily a truce 0 agre$ ^u1 & n a drop ( blood 0 %$ on ei!r side4 ,?us ! injunctions conta9$ 9 ! v]ses ref]r$ to above 7 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,mohammad1 9 proclaim+ ?is w>1 _h all ! laws & ju/ice on 8 side4 ,ev5 ?is w>1 _h x be5 wag$1 w\ld h be5 def5sive1 und]tak5 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! civil rights ( ! ,moslems & _! religi\s lib]ty1 hi!rto unju/ly d5i$ !m4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #gdf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 #gde1 see ,sura ,,xlviii4 ,footnote #af3 ,mohammad _h ga9$ ov] "s ( ! ,b$\9 tribes 9 ! direction ( ,mecca1 & 7 on fri5dly t]ms ) him4 ,at ?is "t !y 7 summon$ by ,mohammad to jo9 him if !re be a w>4 ,!y did n jo9 him except a v few4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,korei% aga9 commit ho/ilities & violate _! pl$ges4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> decl>$ aga9/ ^? :o _h violat$ ! truce4 #aa4 ,?is truce did n la/ long4 ,! la/ act ( ho/ility on ! "p ( ! aggressive ,korei% 0 ! violation ( ! truce )9 two ye>s ( its be+ conclud$4 ,?is result$ 9 ! submission ( ,mecca4 ,! tribe ( ,bani ,khoza1#ag :o 7 n[ conv]ts to ,islam s9ce ! truce1 & :o _h ent]$ into an op5 alliance ) ,mohammad at ! treaty1 7 attack$ by ! ,korei% & _! allies1 ! ,bani ,bakr4#ah ,! aggress$ ,moslems appeal$ = aid to ,mohammad ?r\gh a deputation1 t display$ _! wrongs to ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s 9 v t\*+ t]ms1 urg+ 9 a pla9tive tone to av5ge !m ^u ! trea*]\s murd]]s4 ,w> 0 decl>$ by ,mohammad aga9/ ! aggressors1 :o _h violat$ ! truce1 & attack$ ! ,bani ,khoza1 to r$ress _! wrongs4 ,a proclamation 0 issu$ decl>+ immunity f ,god & 8 ,apo/le to ^? :o _h brok5 ! league & aid$ ! ,bani ,bakr aga9/ ! ,khoza4 ,f\r mon?s' "t 0 all[$ !m to make t]ms1 9 default ( :i* !y 7 to be w>r$ aga9/1 seiz$1 & besieg$1 9 %ort1 to suff] all ! h>d%ips ( w>4 ,sura ,,ix1 v]ses #a-ae1 0 publi%$ decl>+ ! w>4 ,x has be5 copi$ at pages #bb-be ( ! book4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> n c>ri$ out4 ,b ! ?reat5$ w> did n actually take place1 & ,mecca surr5d]$ by a compromise4 ,?us ,mohammad obta9$ 8 object ( civil & religi\s lib]ty ( ! ,moslems at ,mecca & ,m$9a1 & av]t$ ! 7fitnah7 p]secutions & oppressions ( ! ,korei% )\t actual w> or blood%$1 & also secur$ peace = 8 foll[]s 9 ex*ange ( ! con/ant fe> & agitation imp5d+ ov] !m4 ,?is 0 promis$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,sura ,,xxiv1 v]se #ed1 :i* runs z foll[s3-- ,god ha? promis$ to ^? ( y :o believe & d ! ?+s t are "r1 t ,he w cause !m to succe$ o!r 9 ! l&1 z ,he gave succession to ^? :o w5t be=e !m1 & t ,he w e/abli% = !m _! religion 9 :i* !y delight1 & t aft] _! fe>s ,he w give !m security 9 ex*ange4 ,!y %all wor%ip ,me3 n\ght %all !y jo9 ) ,me3 ,& :oso aft] ?is believe n1 !y w be ! impi\s4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,bani ,khoza are also tak5 notice ( 9 ,sura ,,viii1 v]ses #gc-gd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! ,bani ,bakr1 son ( ,abd ,mont1 7 a bran* ( ,k9na ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> ) foes o!r ?an ! ,korei%4 #ab4 ,n[ ,i %all disp5se ) ! ,korei% & ref] to ! w>s ( o!r enemies ( ! e>ly ,moslems4 ,!re is only "o w> ( ! ,arab tribes o!r ?an ! ,korei% notic$ 9 ! ,koran1 & t is ! battle ( ,hona94 ,9 ?is w> ! ,sakifites 7 ! aggressors4 ,! battle ( ,muraisia is n notic$ 9 ! ,koran1 b x is /at$ by biograph]s t in=mation ( a new project aga9/ him aft] ! defeat at ,ohad 9 ! direction ( ,mecca1 & ! ,bani ,mu/alik's rais+ fre% =ces ) a view ( jo9+ ! ,korei% 9 ! ?reat5$ attack ( ,m$9a hav+ rea*$ ,mohammad1 he resolv$ by a bold attempt to prev5t _! design4 ,i h %[n 9 ! book t ! exp$ition ( ,mohammad aga9/ ,khyb] 0 purely 9 self-def5ce4 ,a w> und]tak5 to protect ourselves f ! imp5d+ dang] ( an attack f ! enemy & ) ! purpose ( *eck+ its advance1 is a def5sive w> "u ! ,law4 ,i am n go+ to treat ( exp$ition ( ! ,bani ,koreiz sep>ately1 b ?is mu* is necess>y to say "h1 t !y _h trea*]\sly defect$ f ! ,moslem ) :om !y _h ent]$ into a def5sive alliance1 & _h jo9$ ! conf$]ate army aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,= a detail acc\nt ( !m1 ! read] is ref]r$ to pages #hg-ia ( ?is book4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp$ition to ,tabk to *eck ! advanc+ enemy4 ,no w> took place4 #ac4 ,! exp$ition ( ,mecca1 already describ$1 end$ 9 a submission & compromise )\t any resort to arms2 t aga9/ ,tabk 0 und]tak51 z x is admitt$ by all writ]s1 ,moslem & ,european1 = purely def5sive purposes4 ,mohammad 0 mu* al>m$ on ?is occasion ow+ to ! ?reat5+ news ( a =eign invasion aga9/ ! ,moslem commonweal?4 ,! foll[+ v]ses ( ! ,n9? ,sura are mo/ probably direct$ t[>ds ! ,romans & _! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian allies1#ai if n t[>ds ! ,jews ( ,khyb]3-- #bi4 ,make w> ^u su* ( ^? to :om ! ,scriptures h be5 giv5 z believe n 9 ,god or 9 ! la/ day1 & :o =bid n t :i* ,god & ,8 ,apo/le h =bidd51 & :o pr(ess n ! pr(ession ( ! ,tru?1 until !y pay tribute out ( h&1 & !y be humbl$4 #abd4 ,believ]s wage w> aga9/ su* ( ! unbeliev]s z are y\r neighb\rs1 & let !m assur$ly f9d rig\r 9 y1 & "k t ,god is ) ^? :o fe> him4--,sura ,,ix4 ,mohammad return$ )\t any w>1 & !re 0 no occasion to c>ry out ! injunctions conta9$ 9 ^! v]ses4 ,mohammad _h tak5 great pa9s1 accord+ to ! sev]ity ( ! imp5d+ dang]1 to induce ! ,moslems to g to w> 9 _! own def5ce4 ,b z ! season 0 hot1 & ! j\rney a long "o1 "s ( !m 7 v backw>d 9 do+ s4 ,!re is a v viol5t d5unciation aga9/ ^? :o on v>i\s false pret5ces held back on ! occasion4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,jews ( ,macna ,azrh & ,jabra1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*iefs ( ,ayla & ,dma4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad4 #ad4 ,! above sket* ( ! ho/ilities w %[ t !re 7 only five battles 9 :i* actual fight+ took place4 ,! biograph]s ( ,mohammad & ! n>rators ( 8 campaigns are too lax 9 enum]at+ ! exp$itions l$ by ,mohammad4 ,!y h not$ d[n ! names & acc\nts ( v>i\s exp$itions )\t hav+ due reg>d to a rational criticism1 or )\t be+ b\nd by ! /r+5t laws ( ! te*nical requirem5ts ( tradition>y evid5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 !y give u romances ( ! exp$itions )\t specify+ :i* ( !m are true & :i* fictiti\s4 ,!re are _m exp$itions enum]at$ by ! biograph]s#bj :i* h1 9 fact1 no tru/wor?y evid5ce = _! support2 "s are altoge!r )\t f\ndation1 & "s ( !m are wrongly t]m$ z exp$itions = w>r+ purposes4 ,ghazvt is wrongly und]/ood by ,european writ]s z mean+ plund]+ exp$itions4 ,deputations to conclude fri5dly treaties1 missions to tea* ,islam1 embassies to =eign *iefs1 m]cantile exp$itions1 pilgrims' processions1 p>ties s5t to disp]se or *a/ise a b& ( robb]s1 or to wat* ! movem5ts ( an enemy1 spies s5t to br+ in=mation1 & =ces dispat*$ or l$ to fight ) or *eck an enemy are all call$ ,ghazavt 7exp$itions17 ,s>ya & ,bas 7ent]prises & despat*es74 ,?us ! numb] ( ,mohammad's exp$itions has be5 unduly exagg]at$1 fir/ by biograph]s1 :o not$ d[n e exp$ition or w>like ent]prise report$ 9 ! sev]al au!ntic & unau!ntic traditions long aft] _! occurr5ces1 & did n at all tr\ble _! heads by criticis+ !m2 & secondly by giv+ all missions1 deputations1 embassies1 pilgrims' j\rnies1 & m]cantile ent]prises "u ! category ( ,ghazavt & ,s>ya1 lately con/ru$ by ,european writ]s z plund]+ exp$itions1 or a despat* ( body ( m5 ) ho/ile int5ts4 ,! biograph]s1 bo? ,arabian & ,european1 h gone s f> z to ass]t t !re 7 #bg exp$itions l$ by ,mohammad 9 p]son1 & #gd o!rs head$ by p]sons nom9at$ by himself1 mak+ 9 all #aja4 ,?is numb] is giv5 by ,ibn ,sd ,ktib ,wkidi 7vide ,ku/alni1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 page #chf74 ,ibn ,is-hak also gives ! numb] ( ,mohammad's exp$itions to be #bg1 :ile o!rs l$ at 8 ord] are put d[n at #ch only 7vide ,ibn ,hi%m1 pp4 #igb & #igc74 ,ab ,yola has a tradition f ,jabir1 a contempor>y ( ,mohammad1 :o m5tions only #ba exp$itions4 ,b ! be/ au?ority1 ,zeid-b9-,arqam1 9 ! e>lie/ traditions collect$ by ,bokhri1 ,kitbul ,maghazi1 9 two places 9 8 book1 r$uces ! numb] to #ai1 includ+ all sorts ( exp$itions & ! numb] 9 :i* he 0 ) ,mohammad4 ,out ( ^! alleg$ #bg1 #ba1 #ai & #ag exp$itions1 !re 7 only #hba or #i1bb 9 :i* an actual fight+ took place4 ,ev5 ! latt] m9imiz$ numb]s are n des]v+ ( confid5ce4 ,! actual exp$itions are z foll[3-- #a4 ,badr4 #b4 ,ohad4 99 ,muraisi4 #c4 ,ahazb4 99 ,koreiza4 #d4 ,khyb]4 99 ,mecca4 #e4 ,hona94 99 ,tyif4 ,!re are no good au?orities = ! w> at ,muraisi ) ! ,bani ,mu/alik4 ,!re 7 no fight+s ) ! ,koreiza1 z _! affair 0 b a cont9uation ( ! w> ( ,ahzab1 & !re=e does n require a sep>ate numb]4 ,at ,mecca !re 0 no action1 & x surr5d]$ by a compromise4 ,z = ,tyif x 0 a "p ( ! battle ( ,hona9 l ,auts4 ,x 0 besieg$ to lay hold ( ! fugitives :o _h s\ght !re a %elt]1 & subsequ5tly ! siege 0 rais$4 ,?us1 !re rema9 only five exp$itions1 :i* ,i h numb]$ out ( n9e1 9 :i* ,mohammad f\ght aga9/ 8 enemies 9 8 & 8 foll[]s' def5ce4 ,ev5 ^! five sc>cely des]ve ! "n ( battle4 ,f a milit>y po9t ( view1 !y 7 b petty skirmi%es 9 _! results4 ,! enemy's loss at ,badr 0 #di1 at ,ohad #bj1 at ,ahzb #c1 at ,khyb] #ic1 & at ,hona9 #ic2 b ! la/ two numb]s are op5 to d\bt1 & seem to be exagg]at$4 ,! loss on ! ,moslem side 0 #ad1 #gd1 #e1 #ai1 & #ag respectively4 ,! :ole casualties 9 ^! w>s on ! side ( ! ,moslems 7 #abi1 & on t ( ! enemies #beh1 :i* is exactly d\ble ^? ( ! ,moslems1 & looks suspici\s2 h5ce x mu/ be accept$ ) caution4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! biograph]s h only compil$ or arrang$ ! mass ( popul> romances & fav\rite tales ( campaigns1 :i* _h become /]eotyp$ 9 _! "t1 b 7 = ! mo/ "p ! inv5tions ( a playful fantasy4 ,footnote #ba3 ,musa-b9-,akba 7di$ #ada ,a4,h47 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibn ,sd & ,ibn ,is-hak z already allud$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,gre5 quot$4 #ae4 ,! ,rev4 ,samuel ,gre5 writes3-- ,x has be5 ins9uat$ t ,mahomet fir/ took up arms 9 8 own def5ce1 & by m ?an "o hi/orian he has be5 ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ to repel or prev5t ! ho/ilities ( 8 enemies1 & to exact a reasonable measure ( retaliation4 ',! *oice ( an indep5d5t p1' says ,gibbon1 '_h exalt$ ! fugitive ( ,mecca to ! rank ( a sov]eign1 & he 0 inve/$ ) ! j pr]ogative ( =m+ alliances1 & ( wag+ (f5sive or def5sive w>4'#bc ,t su* a s5tim5t 0 ent]ta9$ by a ,mahometan does n at all surprise u1 nor is x m>vell\s t x %\ld be ju/ifi$ by an infidel2 if x be true1 w> ne$s no?+ to r5d] laudable b ! pretext ( =m] injuries & ! possession ( p[]4 ,! def5ce set up = ,mahomet is equally avail+ = e sangu9>y & rev5geful tyrant2 & m51 in/ead ( be+ b\nd toge!r by ! ties ( clem5cy & mutual =giv5ess ( injuries1 are trans=m$ into fi5ds1 wat*+ = ! opportunity ( de/roy+ ea* o!r4#bd ,!re 0 no pret5ce ( =m] injuries on ! "p ( ! ,moslems to make w> on ! ,korei%4 ,!y 7 actually attack$ by ! ,korei% & 7 sev]al times ?reat5$ ) inroads by !m & _! allies4 ,s x 0 n until !y 7 attack$ by ! enemy t !y took up arms 9 _! own def5ce1 & s\ght to repel & prev5t ho/ilities ( _! enemies4 ,! def5ce set up = ,mohammad is n equally avail+ ( e sangu9>y & rev5geful tyrant4 ,x 0 n only t ,mohammad 0 wrong$ or attack$1 b all ! ,moslems suff]$ injuries & outrages at ,mecca1 & :5 expell$ !refrom1 !y 7 attack$ ^u1 7 n all[$ to return to _! homes1 & to p]=m ! pilgrimage !re4 ,! social & religi\s lib]ty1 a natural "r ( e individual & nation1 0 d5i$ !m4 ,a cruel or rev5geful tyrant may n be ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ up arms 9 8 own def5ce1 or 9 seek+ to r$ress 8 p]sonal wrongs & private injuries2 b ! :ole ,moslem community at ,mecca 0 outrag$1 p]secut$ & expell$1--& ! entire ,mohammadan commonweal? at ,m$9a 0 attack$1 injur$ & wrong$1--_! natural rights & privileges 7 disreg>d$--aft] su* mis]ies ! ,moslems took up arms to protect !mselves f ! ho/ilities ( _! enemies & to repel =ce by =ce2 & 7 ju/ifi$ by e law & ju/ice4 ,! "r ( self-def5ce is a "p ( ! law ( nature1 & x is ! indisp5sable duty ( civil society to protect its memb]s4 ,ev5 if a sangu9>y & rev5geful tyrant 7 to d s 9 8 own behalf1 he w\ld be q ju/ifi$ 9 ?is p>ticul> act4 ,a j w>1 t is "o und]tak5 = j causes to repel or rev]t wrongful =ce1 or to e/abli% a "r1 _c be impea*$ on any gr\nd1 religi\s1 moral1 or political4 ,b ! ,moslems _h tri$ e possible means ( obta9+ a pacific solution ( ! difficulty :i* _h aris5 betwe5 !m & _! enemies1 ! ,korei% & ! ,jews1 to av]t w> & its horrors4 ,mohammad _h repeat$ly in=m$ ! ,korei% t if !y desi/ !y w be =giv54 #hh4 ,b if !y desi/1 !n v]ily ,god is graci\s1 m]ciful4 #ahi4 ,b if !y desi/1 !n let !re be no ho/ility1 save aga9/ wrong-do]s4--,sura ,,ii4 #ai4 ,o ,meccans6 if ye desir$ a decision1 n[ ha? ! decision come to y4 ,x w be bett] = y to give ov] ! /ruggle4 ,if ye return to x1 we w return2 & y\r =ces1 ?\gh !y be _m1 %all by no means avail y aught1 because ,god is ) ! fai?ful4 #ci4 ,say to ! infidels3 ,if !y desi/ :at is n[ pa/ %all be =giv5 !m2 b if !y turn to x1 !y h already be=e !m ! doom ( ! =m]4--,sura ,,viii4 ,& ! same 0 ! case reg>d+ ! ,jews4 #ajd4 ,_m ( ^? :o h ,scripture w\ld l to br+ y back to unbelief aft] y h believ$1 out ( selfi% envy1 ev5 aft] ! tru? ha? be5 %[n to !m4 ,=give !m !n1 & %un !m till ,god %all come ) 8 decree4 ,truly ,god ha? p[] ov] all ?+s4--,sura ,,ii4 #fc4 ,b if !y lean to peace1 lean ?\ also to x2 & put ?y tru/ 9 ,god4 ,he v]ily is ! he>+1 ! kn[+4--,sura ,,viii4 #af4 444 ,?\ wilt n cease to discov] ! trea*]\s ones among !m1 except a few ( !m4 ,b =give !m & pass x ov]4 ,v]ily ,god love? ^? :o act g5]\sly4--,sura ,v4 ,b !re c\ld be no peace or mutual agreem5t on ! "p ( ! enemy until ! truce ( ,hodeibia1 :i* 0 also violat$ by !m 9 a %ort "t4 ,ev5 9 ! w>s :i* 7 wag$ = self-pres]vation1 ! ,prophet _h v mu* mitigat$ ! evils :i* are necess>ily inflict$ 9 ! progress ( w>s4 ,fraud1 p]fidy1 cruelty1 kill+ wom51 *ildr5 & ag$ p]sons 7 =bidd5 by ,mohammad2#be & a k9d treatm5t ( ! prison]s ( w> enjo9$4 ,b =emo/ ( ^! all--slav]y1 & dome/ication ( concub9>y slaves1 ! concomitant evils ( w>--7 aboli%$ by him1 ord]+ at ! same "t t prison]s ( w> %\ld be ei!r lib]at$ gratis or ransom$4 ,nei!r !y 7 to be enslav$ nor kill$4 7,vide ,sura ,,xlvii1 v]ses #d & #e2 & ,app5dix ,b ( ?is "w47 ,attack+ (f5sively 0 =bidd5 by ! ,koran 7,,ii1 #ahf ,la ,taatad1 i4e4 ',d n attack fir/'74 ,mohammad _h tak5 oa?s f ! ,moslems to refra9 f plund]+ 7vide page #eh ( ?is book74 ,all ho/ilities & plund]+ excursions betwe5 neighb\r+ tribes t _h become ,musalman he =bade on pa9 ( dea?2 & ?is among ^? :o _h hi!rto liv$ by plund] or by w>1 & :o he knew might be det]r$ by su* prohibition f jo9+ him4 ',let u make "o m exp$ition aga9/ ! ,temim1' said a tribe t 0 almo/1 b n altoge!r1 p]suad$ to embrace ! fai?1 '& !n we w become ,musalmans4'#bf ,9 av5g+ my injuries1 said he 7,mohammad71 mole/ n ! h>mless vot>ies ( dome/ic seclusion2 sp>e ! weakness ( ! s(t] sex1 ! infant at ! brea/1 & ^? :o 9 ! c\rse ( nature are ha/5+ f ?is sc5e ( mortality4 ,ab/a9 f demoli%+ ! dwell+s ( ! unresi/+ inhabitants2 de/roy n _! means ( subsi/5ce1 respect _! fruit trees1 & t\* n ! palm1 s useful to ! ,syrians = its %ade1 & delightful = its v]dure4#bg ,! ,bani ,bakr1 writes ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 mean:ile1 =esee+ f ! practice ( ! ,prophet t1 "u ! new fai?1 _! mutual enmities w\ld be /ifl$1 resolv$ ^u a la/ passage ( arms ) _! foes4 ,! battle ( ,%aita9 f\ght at ! close ( #fcj ,a4,d4 0 a bloody & fatal "o to ! ,bani ,tamm4#bh ,footnote #bc3 ,decl9e & ,fall1 ,*ap4 #a4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 f\nd] ( ! religion ( ,islamism & ( ! ,empire ( ! ,s>ac5s1 by ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,gre51 page #abf3 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #be3 ,mohammad's in/ruction to ,abdal-,rahman 0--,9 no case %alt ?\ use deceit or p]fidy1 nor %alt ?\ kill any *ild4--,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bf3 ',quot$ by ,dr4 ,caz5ove1' ,*ri/ian ,remembranc]1 ,janu>y1 #ahee1 page #ga1 f ,causs9 de ,p]ceval4 ,mohamm$ ,mohamm$anism4 ,by ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,second ,edn41 pp4 #beg #beh4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,an ,hi/ory ( ,mohamm$anism2 compris+ ! ,life & ,"* ( ! ,arabian ,prophet2 by ,*>les ,mills1 page #bg4 ,london #ahah4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,intro41 p4 ccxxvii4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r view ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad4 #af4 ,!re is ano!r view ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad held by "s ( ! ,european & ,am]ican writ]s t he comm5c$ ho/ilities on ! c>avans ( ! ,korei% :i* pass$ f ,m$9a by way ( reprisal & retaliation1#bi & t he at fir/ took up arms 9 8 self-def5ce1 b at la/ he proclaim$1 & wag$1 (f5sive w>s aga9/ ! ,korei%4#cj ,i h already %[n h[ improbable ! l9e ( action 0 on ! "p ( ,mohammad "u ! circum/ances at ,m$9a2 & ?is l9e ( policy is q contr>y to ! sev]al v]ses ( ! ,koran on ! subject1 all enjo9+ ! wag+ ( w>s 9 self-def5ce4 ,b suppos+ t ho/ilities 7 fir/ comm5c$ by ,mohammad aft] ! ,hegira1 ! /ate ( w> hav+ comm5c$ at ! expulsion ( ! ,moslems f ,mecca1 x 0 lawful = him to take up arms to r$ress ! wrongs ( ! ,moslems & to e/abli% _! lawful "r by =ce ( arms4 ,a w> comm5c$ on ^! gr\nds is a def5sive w>1 ?\gh f a milit>y po9t ( view x may be an (f5sive "o4#ca ,! "r ( self-def5ce1 writes ,k5t1 a great au?ority on ! ,int]national ,law1 is "p ( ! law ( our nature1 & x is ! indisp5sable duty ( civil society to protect its memb]s 9 ! enjoym5t ( _! rights1 bo? ( p]son & prop]ty4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! social compact4444 ,! injury may consi/1 n only 9 ! direct violation ( p]sonal or political rights1 b 9 wrongfully )hold+ :at is due1 or 9 ! refusal ( a reasonable rep>ation = injuries committ$1 or ( adequate explanation or security 9 respect to manife/ & imp5d+ dang]4#cb ,footnote #bi3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir d\bts ! int5se hatr$ & bitt] cruelty attribut$ by tradition to ! ,korei%1 & says3 ,9 accordance ) ?is view is ! fact t ! fir/ aggressions1 aft] ! ,hegira1 7 solely on ! "p ( ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s4 ,x 0 n until sev]al ( _! c>avans _h be5 waylaid & plund]$ & blood _h ?us be5 %$ t ! p ( ,mecca 7 =c$ 9 self-def5ce to resort to arms4 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bfe1 foot-note4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,?is note disappe>s 9 ! new edition ( #ahgg4 ,9 8 "w ,! ,coran1 page #bd1 ,london1 #ahgh1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir says3 ,! c>avans ( ,mecca (f]$ a tempt+ opportunity = reprisals1 & sev]al exp$itions 7 organiz$ aga9/ !m4 ,footnote #cj3 ,mr4 ,g4 ,sale writes3 ,he gave out t ,god _h all[$ him & 8 foll[]s to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! infidels2 & at l5g?1 z 8 =ces increas$1 he pret5d$ to h ! div9e leave ev5 to attack !m4 ,! ,prelim4 ,dis4 ,sect4 #aa4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,coppe writes reg>d+ ,mohammad3 ,b he soon f\nd t he mu/ take up arms 9 self def5ce1 & 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( 8 mission1 he ann\nc$ t ,god p]mitt$ him n only to fight 9 8 self-def5ce1 b to propagate 8 religion by ! sword4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,spa9 by ! ,arab-,moors1 by ,h5ry ,coppe4 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ci4 ,bo/on1 #ahha4 ,b ,dr4 ,a4 ,spr5g] makes ! object ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad purely def5sive4 ,he writes3--,! ,prophet n[ promulgat$1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! law to fight _! enemies1 9 ord] to put a /op to p]secutions2 & ?is became h5ce=? ! wat*word ( 8 bloody religion4 ,! ,life ( ,mohammad1 p4 #bjg3 ,allahabad1 #ahea4 ,footnote #ca3 ,m4 ,blunts*ili1 a mod]n au?ority on ! ,int]national ,law1 holds3 ,a w> und]tak5 = def5sive motives is a def5sive w>1 not)/&+ t x may be milit>ily (f5sive4 ,! ,int]national ,law1 by ,william ,edw>d ,hall1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d1 #ahhj1 page #cbj4 ,footnote #cb3 ,k5t's ,comm5t>y on ,int]national ,law4 ,edit$ by ,j4,t4 ,abdy1 ,,ll4,d41 ,second ,edition1 page #add4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>avans1 if waylaid1 7 by reprisal4 #ag4 ,z reg>ds ! ?reat5$ attack on ! c>avans or captur+ ( x1 !re are n any satisfactory gr\nds ( pro(2 b if !y 7 attack$ & captur$1 ,i d n see any reason :y !y %\ld be object$ to4 ,:5 ho/ilities comm5ce1 ! fir/ objects t naturally pres5t !mselves = detection & seizure are ! p]son & prop]ty ( ! enemy4 ,ev5 "u ! ,int]national ,law ( mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 ! legitimacy ( appropriat+ ! enemy's prop]ty re/s on ! comm5cem5t ( ! /ate ( w>4 ,"u ! old cu/oms ( w> a bellig]5t possess$ ! "r to seize & appropriate all ! prop]ty belong+ to an enemy's /ate or its subjects1 ( :atev] k9d !y be or 9 :atsoev] place :]e ! acts ( w> are p]missible4 ,s ^? :o object to ! e>ly ,moslems' ?reat5+1 or captur+1 or appropriat+ ! p]son or prop]ty ( ! enemy1 & call !m robb]y1 rap9e or brig&age1 %[ _! complete ignorance ( ! ,int]national ,law1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,sid5ote3 ,intol]ance--no compulsory conv]sion enjo9$1 or took place dur+ ,mohammad's life-"t4 #ah4 ,! subject ( ! alleg$ intol]ance on ! "p ( ,mohammad1 ! ,prophet1 t[>ds ! unbeliev]s has be5 fully discuss$ 9 p>agraphs #cd-ci 7pp4 #da-ea74 ,x is altoge!r a wrong assumption ( ,european writ]s t ! ,koran enjo9s compulsory conv]sion ( ! unbeliev]1 or t ,mohammad proselytiz$ at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes3-- ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$4 ,p]secution1 ?\gh x may sometimes h det]r$ ! timid f jo9+ 8 ranks1 0 ev5tually ( unque/ionable s]vice to ,mahomet4 ,x furni%$ a plausible excuse = ca/+ aside ! g>b ( tol]ation2 = oppos+ =ce to =ce aga9/ ^? :o ob/ruct$ ! ways ( ! ,"l2 & la/ ( all = ! compulsory conv]sion ( unbeliev]s4#cc ,oppos+ =ce to =ce & ev5 r$ress+ our wrongs & re-e/abli%+ our imp]ill$ rights is n 'intol]ance4' ,mohammad did repel ! =ce ( 8 enemies :5 x 0 q necess>y = ! ,moslem self-pres]vation & protection1 b he nev] compell$ any ( 8 enemies or unbeliev]s1 :e!r a s+le individual1 or a body ( m51 or a :ole tribe1 to believe 9 him4 ,! ,koran & hi/ory contradict su* an allegation4 ,! ,koran ev]y:]e 9 ! ,meccan & ,m$9ite ,suras prea*es complete tol]ation ( e religion4 ,hi/ory n[h]e au!ntically records any in/ance ( ,mohammad's en=c+ conv]sion by means ( ! sword4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet f orig9al s\rces1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,edition1 page #fh1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,see also page #eg ( ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,a brief sket* ( ! propagation ( ,islam at ,mecca4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv]sion at ,nakhla4 #ai4 ,mohammad propagat$ 8 religion bo? at ,mecca & ,m$9a be=e1 z well z aft]1 ! ,hegira1 by p]suasion & prea*+ su/a9$ by reasonable evid5ce4 ,x prevail$ aga9/ all p]secution & opposition ( ! ,korei% & ,jews4 ,9 fact1 x fl\ri%$ & prosp]$ "u ! sev]e p]secutions & cru%+ oppositions by ! m]e d9t ( its own tru?4#cd ,sometimes ! p]secution ( ! ,korei% itself 0 ! cause ( conv]sion to ! ,moslem fai?4#ce ,! numb] ( conv]ts dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s aft] ! assumption by ,mohammad ( 8 prophetical (fice is e/imat$ at fifty4 ,!n comm5c$ ! g5]al p]secution & ! ov]:elm+ opposition4 ,mohammad _h1 9 ord] to prosecute 8 endeav\rs peaceably & )\t int]ruption1 occupi$ ! h\se ( ,arqam1 "o ( 8 e>ly conv]ts1 & !re prea*$ & recit$ ! ,koran to ^? :o us$ to be conduct$ to him4 ,a great multitude believ$ !re92 b ! brunt ( ! jeal\sy & enmity ( ! ,korei% fell ^u ! conv]t$ slaves1 z well z ^u /rang]s & believ]s among ! l[] classes1 :o _h no patron nor protector4 ,"s believ]s1 sixte5 9 numb]1 _h already left = ,abyss9ia4 ,"s came back & br\ght tid+s ( _! k9d reception !re4 ,at ?is "t ab\t a hundr$ ,moslems emigrat$ to ,abyss9ia4#cf ,?is %[s ! increas+ numb] ( ! conv]ts1 :o repres5t$ = ! mo/ "p fugitives ( ,mecca4 ,!re 7 "s ,*ri/ian conv]ts to ,islam at ,abyss9ia also4#cg ,! ,korei% be+ disquiet$ by ! hospitable reception ( ! refugees at ,abyss9ia1 & enrag$ by ! refusal ( ,naja%ee to surr5d] !m1 s\ght to /ay ! progress ( secession f _! ranks by utt]ly sev]+ ! p>ty ( ! ,prophet f social & fri5dly communication ) !m4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! ,prophet's mission ! ban comm5c$1 & la/$ = full ?ree ye>s4 ,!re c\ld be v few conv]sions dur+ ! p]iod ( ?is we>y seclusion4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,prophet 7 *iefly conf9$ to ! conv]sions ( ! memb]s ( 8 own noble clan1 ! ,bani ,h%im1 :o1 ?\gh unbeliev]s 9 8 mission1 _h resolv$ to def5d 8 p]son1 & 7 ) him 9 _! conf9em5t4 ,! "t ( pilgrimage alone af=d$ ,mohammad a wid] field4 ,he prea*$ aga9/ idolatry at ! fairs & assemblages ( ! pilgrims#ch4 ,aft] 8 release f imprisonm5t 9 ! t5? ye> ( 8 mission1 he w5t to prea* at ,tyif1 b 0 ignom9i\sly expell$ ! city#ci4 ,on 8 return to ,mecca he conv]t$ a p>ty ( ! tribe ( ,j9n#dj 7n ,g5ii accord+ to ! vulg> notion7#da at ,nakhla4 ,aft] 8 return f ,tyif he prea*$ to an audi5ce ( six or sev5 p]sons f ,m$9a1 :o believ$ & spread ,islam !re4 ,footnote #cd3 ,i d n mean to say t fl\ri%+ "u p]secution is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! div9e orig9 ( a religion4 ,n t a religion e/abli%$ by =ce is altoge!r ( human inv5tion4 ,almo/ all religions are div9e h[ev] !y may h be5 e/abli%$1 b fl\ri%+ "u opposition & p]secution is a natural c\rse4 ,*ri/ianity suff]$ f p]secutions & o!r h>r[+ evils = #cjj ye>s1 aft] :i* "t x 0 e/abli%$1 & paganism aboli%$ by public au?ority1 :i* has _h great influ5ce 9 ! propagation ( ! "o & de/ruction ( ! o!r ev] s9ce4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! sev]ity & inju/ice ( ! ,curei%1 ov]%oot+ ! m>k1 ar\s$ p]sonal & family sympa?ies2 unbeliev]s s\ght to av]t or to mitigate ! suff]+s ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet2 & 9 s do+ !y 7 sometimes !mselves ga9$ ov] to 8 side4 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,second ,edition1 page #fh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,among !m 7 ! repres5tatives ( ! foll[+ tribes or clans ( ! ,korei%1 ! ,h%imites1 ,omiyyiads1 ,bani ,abd ,%ams1 ,bani ,asad1 ,bani ,abd b9 ,kosyy1 ,bani ,abd-ud-,dr1 ,bani ,zohr1 ,bani ,taym b9 ,morra1 ! ,muk:umites1 ! ,jomahites1 & ! ,bani ,sahm4 ,vide ,spr5g]1 page #aij1 ,allahabad1 #ahea4 ,footnote #cg3 ,vide ,hi%amee1 page #bei4 ,an allusion to ^! conv]ts may be f\nd 9 ,sura ,v1 v]ses #he & #hf1 if x does n ref] to ^? ( ,najrn4 ,footnote #ch3 ,he prea*$ to ! foll[+ tribes among o!rs3--,bani ,aamr b9 ,sasaa1 ,bani ,mohrib1 ,bani ,hafasa 7or ,khafasa71 ,bani ,fezra1 ,bani ,ghassn1 ,bani ,kalb1 ,bani ,hris1 ,bani ,kab1 ,bani ,ozra1 ,bani ,murra1 ,bani ,hanifa1 ,bani ,suleim1 ,bani ,abs1 ,bani ,nazr1 ,bani ,bakka1 ,bani ,k9da1 & ,bani ,khozaimah4 ,footnote #ci3 ,!re is some?+ l(ty & h]oic 9 ?is j\rney ( ,mahomet to ,tyif2 a solit>y man1 despis$ & reject$ by 8 own p1 go+ boldly =? 9 ! "n ( ,god1--l ,jonah to ,n9eveh--& summon+ an idolatr\s city to rep5tance & to ! support ( 8 mission4 ,x %$s a /rong light on ! int5sity ( 8 own belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( 8 call+4--,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bjg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! ,arabs also _h a simil> clan nam$ ,bani ,%aitn1 a clan ( ! ,h9zala tribe1 ! desc5dants ( ,tamim1 ?r\gh ,zeid ,monat ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,! ,bani ,%aitn 7! *ildr5 ( ,satan7 dwelt ne> ,kfa4--,vide ,qalqa%&i's ,diction>y ( ,arab ,tribes4 ,footnote #da3 ,sura ,,xlvi1 v]ses #bh1 #bi4 ,^! p 7 f ,nisib9 & ,n9eveh 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,!y 7 ,*aldeans1 soo?say]s1 & cabali/s4 ,9 ! book ( ,daniel ! ,*aldeans are class$ ) magicians & a/ronom]s1 & evid5tly =m a sort ( ! prie/ class :o h a peculi> tongue & le>n+ 7,dan4 ,i4 #d74 ,9 ,arabic1 p]sons ( simil> pr(essions 7 call$ ,kah9s4 ,"s ( ?is class ( p pret5d$ to receive intellig5ce ( :at 0 to come to pass f c]ta9 satans or demons1 :om !y alleg$ to he> :at pass$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,o!rs pret5d$ to control ! />s by en*ant+ !m4 ,!y produc$ eclipses ( ! sun & moon by _! alleg$ effici5cy 9 _! own en*antm5ts4 ,!y practis$ a/rology z well z a/ronomy & =tune-tell+4 ,x appe>s t ! ,*aldeans 7,kaldai or ,kaldi7 7 9 ! e>lie/ times m]ely "o out ( ! _m ,cu%ite tribes inhabit+ ! great alluvial pla9 kn[n aft]w>ds z ,*aldea or ,babylonia4 ,9 process ( "t z ! ,kaldi grew 9 p[]1 _! "n prevail$ ov] t ( ! o!r tribes inhabit+ ! c\ntry2 & by ! era ( ! ,jewi% captivity x _h begun to be us$ g5]ally = all ! inhabitants ( ,babylonia4 ,x _h ?us come by ?is "t to h two s5ses1 bo? e?nic3 9 ! "o1 x 0 ! special appellative ( a p>ticul> race to :om x _h belong$ f ! remote/ times2 9 ! o!r1 x designat$ ! nation at l>ge 9 :i* ! race 0 pr$om9ant4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 transf]r$ f an e?nic to a m]e re/rict$ s5se1 f ! "n ( a p to t ( a prie/ ca/e or sect ( philosoph]s4 ,! ,kaldi prop] belong$ to ! ,cu%ite race4 ,:ile bo? 9 ,assyria & 9 ,babylonia1 ! s]nitic type ( spee* prevail$ = special purposes1 ! anci5t ,cu%ite dialect 0 purely res]v$ = sci5tific & religi\s lit]ature4 ,?is is no d\bt ! le>n+ & ! tongue to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! ,bible 7,dan4 ,i4 #d74 ,x became gradually inaccessible to ! great mass ( p :o _h emigrat$ by means1 *iefly1 ( ,assyrian influ5ce4 ,b x 0 ! ,*aldean le>n+ 9 ! old ,*aldean or ,cu%ite language4 ,h5ce all :o /udi$ x1 :atev] _! orig9 or race1 71 on acc\nt ( _! k1 t]m$ ,*aldeans4 ,9 ?is s5se ,daniel himself1 ! ma/] ( ,*aldeans 7,dan4 ,v4 #aa471 w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 reckon$ among !m1 & s we f9d ,seleucas1 a ,greek1 call$ a ,*aldean by ,/rabo 7,,xvi4 #a1 #f74 ,! ,*aldeans 7 really a le>n$ class1 :o by _! acqua9tance ) ! language ( sci5ce became its deposit>ies4 ,!y 7 prie/s1 magicians or a/ronom]s1 z _! pref]5ce = "o or o!r ( ^? occupations incl9$ !m2 & 9 ! la/ ( ^! ?ree capacities !y probably effect$ discov]ies ( great importance4 ,! ,*aldeans1 x w\ld appe>1 congregat$ into bodies =m+ :at we may p]haps call univ]sities1 & !y all engag$ toge!r 9 x = _! progress4 ,!y probably mix$ up to "s ext5t a/rology ) _! a/ronomy1 ev5 9 ! e>li] times1 b !y c]ta9ly made great advance 9 a/ronomical sci5ce to :i* _! s]5e sky & transp>5t atmosph]e specially invit$ !m4 ,9 lat] times !y seem c]ta9ly to h deg5]at$ into m]e =tune-tell]s 7vide ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,art4 ,*aldeans74 ,9 _! practice ( a/romancy or en*ant+ ! />s1 & 9 pret5d+ to ov]he> :at pass$ 9 ! heav5s1 !y1 ! ,j9ns1 us$ to sit on ! tops ( l(ty mansions at night-"t = h\rs (f]+ sacrifices to ! />s & en*ant+ !m4 ,9 _! peculi> tongue & le>n+ !y call$ ?is practice /eal+ a he>+ & sitt+ = li/5+ 7,suras ,,xv1 v]se #ag1 & ,,lxxii1 v]ses #h1 #i74 ,n[ at ! "t ( ,mohammad's assum+ ! ,prophet's (fice !re _h be5 an unusually gr& display ( num]\s fall+ />s1 :i* at c]ta9 p]iods are kn[n to be specially abundant4 ,at ! same "t !re 7 good _m comets visible 9 diff]5t p>ts ( heav5s1 :i* c]ta9ly might h smitt5 ) t]ror ^! ,j9ns1 i4e41 ! a/romanc]s & soo?say]s4 ,!re 0 "o comet visible 9 #fjb ,a4,d41 & o!r two appe>$ 9 #fje ,a4,d4 ,9 #fjg ,a4,d4 two m comets 7 visible2 ano!r "o appe>$ 9 #fjh ,a4,d4 ,ea* ( ! ye>s #fad & #fae _h "o comet4 ,!re 7 also comets visible 9 #fag ,a4,d4 7vide ,*amb]s's ,descriptive ,a/ronomy74 ,^! comets are mo/ probably notic$ 9 ! contempor>y record 7i4e4 ! ,koran74 ,a comet is call$ ,t>iq1 or night com]1 9 ,sura ,,lxxxvi1 v]se #a2 & describ$ z ! /> ( pi]c+ radiance4 7,annajmus ,saqib4 ,ibid #c47 ,! ,kah9s 7 v mu* al>m$ at ! /up5d\s ph5om5a ( ! fall+ />s & ! comets2 & _h /opp$ _! soo?say+ & div9ations4 ,:5ev] !y us$ to sit on _! places ( li/5+1 en*ant+1 & div9ation dur+ night-"t1 look+ at ! heav5s1 _! eyes met ) %[]s ( %oot+ />s & brilliant comets :i* bewild]$ !m v mu*4 ,x is said t ! fir/ ^: att5tion 0 attract$ to ! unusual %oot+ />s 0 a clan ( ! ,sakeefites ( ,u-,tayif 7,ibn ,hi%am1 page #aca74 ,^! ,j9ns1 :5 !y 7 conv]t$ to ,islam at ,nakhla ne> ,tayif1 express$ _! bewild]m5t f ! unusual %[] ( fall+ />s & ! appe>ance ( num]\s comets 9 _! peculi> language3-- ,! heav5 did we essay b f\nd x fill$ ) mighty g>rison & ( d>t+ flames4 ,we sat on "s ( ! seats to li/51 b :oev] n[ li/5e? f9de? a d>t+ flame 9 ambu% = him4 ,we "k n :e!r evil be meant = !m t are on e>?1 or :e!r _! ,"l meane? true guidance = !m4--,sura ,,lxxii1 v]ses #h-aj4 ,s ! pret5d]s ( he>+ ! disc\rses ( heav5ly bodies be+ q h>ass$ by ! extraord9>y %[]s ( ! fall+ />s1 & ! appe>ances ( num]\s comets1 _h /opp$ _! div9ation4 ,?is 0 tak5 notice ( 9 ! ,koran3-- ,!y ov]he> n exalt$ *iefs1 & !y are d>t$ f e side4 ,driv5 (f & consign$ to a la/+ torm5t2 :ile if "o /eal by /eal? !n a gli/]+ flame pursue? him4--,sura ,,xxxvii1 v]ses #h-aj4 ,save su* z /eal a he>+1 & him d visible flames pursue4--,sura ,,xv1 v]se #ah4 ,! satans 7 n s5t d[n ) ?is ,koran4 ,x beseem$ !m n1 & !y _h n ! p[]4 ,= !y are f> remov$ f ! he>+4--,sura ,,xxvi1 v]ses #baj-bab4 ,z an in/ance ( t]ror & bewild]m5t caus$ by meteors & %oot+ />s among cr$ul\s p1 ,i w quote ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury an epidemic t]ror ( ! end ( ! _w _h spread ov] ,*ri/5dom4 ,! sc5e ( ! la/ judgm5t 0 expect$ to be 9 ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! ye> #iii ! numb] ( pilgrims proce$+ ea/w>ds1 to await ! com+ ( ! ,"l 9 t city1 0 s great t !y 7 comp>$ to a desolat+ army4 ,dur+ ! ?\s&? ye> ! numb] ( pilgrims increas$4 ,e ph5om5on ( nature fill$ !m ) t]ror4 ,a ?und]/orm s5t !m all ^u _! knees4 ,e meteor 9 ! sky se5 at ,j]usalem br\ght ! :ole ,*ri/ian population into ! /reets to weep & pray4 ,! pilgrims on ! road 7 9 ! same al>m4 ,e %oot+ /> furni%$ occasion = a s]mon1 9 :i* ! sublimity ( ! approa*+ judgm5t 0 ! pr9cipal topic 7vide ,extraord9>y ,popul> ,delusions by ,*>les ,mackay1 ,,ll4,d41 ,london1 pp4 #bbb & #bbc74 ,x 0 a conceit or impo/ure ( ! ,kah9s to pret5d t _! demons _h access to ! outskirts ( ! heav5s1 & by assidu\s eavesdropp+ secur$ "s ( ! secrets ( ! upp] _w & communicat$ ! same to ! soo?say]s or div9]s ^u e>?4 ,! ,jews _h a simil> notion ( ! demons 7s*$im71 le>n+ ! secrets ( ! future by li/5+ beh9d ! veil 7p>gd74 ,! ,koran falsifi$ !m 9 _! ass]tions4 ,x says t ! heav5s 7or ! />s7 are safe & protect$ aga9/ ! eavesdropp+ 7or en*antm5ts7 ( ! soo?say]s4 ,we h set ! signs ( ,zodiac 9 ! heav5s1 & we h deck$ !m =? = ! bewild]s4 ,& we gu>d !m f e /on$ satan4--,sura ,,xv1 v]ses #af1 #ag4 ,v]ily we h adorn$ ! l[] heav5 ) ! adornm5t ( ! />s2 ,& we h gu>d$ !m aga9/ e rebelli\s satan4--,sura ,,xxxvii1 v]ses #f1 #g4 444 ,& we h furni%$ ! l[] heav5 ) lights & h protect$ x4444--,sura ,,xli1 v]se #aa4 ,! ,koran fur!r says t ! soo?say]s imp>t to _! vot>ies or to ^? :o g to consult !m :at !y h he>d f o!r p & are li>s3-- ,!y imp>t :at !y h he>d1 b mo/ ( !m are li>s4--,sura ,,xxvi1 v]se #bbc4 ,x is n[h]e said 9 ! ,koran t ! />s are d>t$ or hurl$ at ! ,satans4 ,sura ,,lxvii1 v]se #e1 lit]ally means1 ( a surety we h deck$ ! l[] heav5 ) lights & h made !m to be 7means (7 ',rojm' conjectures to ! 7or = !7 devils1 i4e4 ! a/rolog]4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ,rajm is a ?+ t is ?r[n or ca/ l a /one3 pl4 ',rojm1' b x g5]ally means speak+ ( t :i* is hidd51 or conjectur+ or speak+ by conjecture1 z 9 ,sura ,,xviii1 v]se #ba4 ,9 ,sura ,,xix1 v]se #dg1 ! ^w ,la-arjomannaka has be5 expla9$ bo? ways1 mean+ 7#a7 ,i w assur$ly ca/ /ones at !e1 & 7#b7 ,i w assur$ly say ( !e1 7?\gh7 speak+ ( t :i* is hidd5 7f me7 or unkn[n 7by me71 :at ?\ dislike/ or hate/4 ,vide ,lane's ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 page #ajdh4 ,sid5ote3 ,rapid /ride ( ,islam at ,m$9a4 #bj4 ,next ye> twelve new conv]ts 7 made f p]sons :o _h come to see ! ,prophet f ,m$9a4 ,!y return$ z mission>ies ( ,islam1 & ,islam spread rapidly 9 ,m$9a f h\se to h\se & f tribe to tribe4 ,! ,jews look$ on 9 amazem5t at ! p :om !y _h 9 va9 endeav\r$ f g5]ations to conv9ce ( ! errors ( poly!ism1 & to dissuade f ! abom9ations ( _! idolatry1 sudd5ly ( _! own accord ca/+ away idols & pr(ess+ belief 9 ! "o ,true ,god4#db ,?us spe$ily )\t let or h9drance1 =ce or compulsion1 did ,islam take firm root at ,m$9a & atta9 to a full & mature gr[?4 ,!re rema9$ n a s+le h\se among ! ,aws & ,khazraj tribes#dc ( ,m$9a 9 :i* !re 7 n believ+ m5 & wom51 except+ ! bran* ( ! ,aws ,allah1 :o 7 n conv]ts till aft] ! siege ( ,m$9a4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 _m ,moslems 9 ,mecca1 ,m$9a1 & ,abyss9ia1 & n a s+le "o ( !m c\ld be said to h be5 conv]t$ to ,islam by compulsion3 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 us$ to be =c$ to r5\nce ,islam4 ,footnote #db3 ,aft] five c5turies ( ,*ri/ian evangelization1 we c po9t to b a spr9kl+ "h & !re ( ,*ri/ian conv]ts2--! ,bani ,hri? ( ,najrn3 ! ,bani ,hanfa ( ,yemma2 "s ( ! ,bani ,tay at ,tayma1 & h>dly any m4 ,judaism1 va/ly m p[]ful1 _h exhibit$ a spasmodic ef=t ( proselytizm "u ,dzu ,n[s2 b1 z an active & conv]t+ ag5t ! ,jewi% fai? 0 no long] op]ative4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,i1 page ccxxxix4 ,footnote #dc3 ,! ,aws or ,khazraj 7 two bran*es ( ! ,azdite tribes ( ,yem5 f ! ,kahlanite /ock4 ,aft] _! emigration to ! ,nor? !y sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,ghass9ides & return$ to ,m$9a1 :]e !y settl$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! increas+ numb] ( ,moslem conv]ts at ,mecca aft] ! ,hegira4 #ba4 ,:5 ! ,moslems 7 oblig$ to emigrate f ,mecca "u ! sev]e ,korei%ite p]secutions1 all ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet ) ! exception ( ^? deta9$ 9 conf9em5t or unable to escape f slav]y _h emigrat$ ) _! families to ,m$9a4 ,b !re 7 _m new conv]ts at ,mecca s9ce ! expulsion ( ! ,moslems4 ,^? unable to fly f ,mecca 9 ! tee? ( ! oppressions ( ! wra?ful ,korei% 7,sura ,,iv41 #gg1 #gi1 #ajj7 7 increas+4 ,!y appeal$ = deliv]ance & aid1 :ile ! ,moslem pilgrims 7 ne> ,mecca at ,hodeibia1 six ye>s aft] ! ,hegira1 & an allusion is made to ! great numb] ( ! ,meccan conv]ts1 liv+ at ,mecca dur+ t "t 9 ,sura ,,xlviii1 #be4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/urb$ /ate ( ! public peace among ! tribes surr\nd+ ,m$9a4 ,int]nec9e w>s an ob/acle to ! propagation ( ,islam4 #bb4 ,irrespective ( ! w>s prosecut$ by ! ,korei% f ! ,s\? aga9/ ,mohammad at ,m$9a1 & ! con/ant dang] ( inroad & attack ^u ,m$9a f ! neighb\r+ tribes--a great ob/acle 9 ! propagation ( ,islam :i* c\ld only be successfully accompli%$ 9 a /ate ( peace & tranquility ( bo? p>ties1--! mo/ important & great tribes 9 ! ,nor? & ,c5tre ( ,arabia 7 at w> aga9/ ea* o!r dur+ ! life ( ,mohammad1 ei!r be=e 8 mission f #egj to #faj ,a4,d4 or dur+ 8 public mission f #faj to #fcb ,a4,d4 ,! disa/r\s int]nec9e w>s 7 kept up = scores ( ye>s & ! evils necess>ily inflict$ 9 _! progress 7 n conf9$ to ! bellig]5ts only4 ,x requir$ ye>s to remove ! evils ( w> & to efface ! traces ( mis]y & sorr[ ! w>s _h br\ght4#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! w>s f\ght dur+ ,mohammad's lifetime b be=e 8 public mission4 #bc4 ,"h ,i w give a brief sket* ( ! int]nec9e w>s :i* took place among ! v>i\s ,arab tribes dur+ ! "t ( ,mohammad4 99,w>s dur+ ,mohammad's ,lifetime1 betwe5 ! ,arabian ,tribes 9 ! ,nor? & ,c5tre ( ,arabia499 ,be=e 8 mission1 #egj-faj1 ,a4,d4 7#a47 ,! battle ( ,rahrahn betwe5 ,bani ,aamir b9 ,saasaa & ,bani ,tamim 9 ,najd1 #egh1 ,a4,d4 7#b47 ,! ,bani ,abs on ! side ( ,bani ,aamir & ,bani ,zobian on ! side ( ,tamim1 #egi1 ,a4,d41 at ,%eb ,jabala4 7#c47 ,sacrilegi\s w> at ,tyif call$ ,h>b fi-jr1 #ehj-eij1 ,a4,d4 7#d47 ,sev]al battles betwe5 ,bani ,bakr & ,tamim 9 #fjd1 ,a4,d4 & ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,dur+ 8 mission4 7,a7--,:ile at ,mecca1 #faj-fbb1 ,a4,d4 7#a47 ,! w> ( ,d8 betwe5 ,bani ,abs & ,zobian1 ! bran*es ( ,ghatafn 9 ,c5tral ,arabia2 la/$ =ty ye>s1 #efh to #fji1 ,a4,d4 7#b47 ,! battle ( ,z-kr betwe5 ! ,bani ,bakr & ! ,p]sians 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,hira1 #faa1 ,a4,d4 7#c47 ,! ,bani ,k9da & ,bani ,hris attack$ ,ba? ,tamim :5 !y _h retir$ to ,kulb 9 ! conf9es ( ,yem5 & repuls$ !m4 7#d47 ,! ,bani ,aws & ,khazraj ( ,m$9a 7 at w>4 ,! battle ( ,bos 0 f\ght 9 #fae1 ,a4,d4 ,! ,bani ,aws 7 assi/$ by two tribes ( ,ghassan1 by ,mozeima & ! ,jewi% tribes ,naze] & ,koreiza4 ,! ,bani ,khazraj 7 support$ by ,johe9a1 ,a%ja & ! ,jews ( ,ka9uka4 7,b7--,:ile at ,m$9a1 #fbb to #fcb1 ,a4,d4 7#a47 ,! /&+ w>f>e betwe5 ! ,bani ,hawz9 & ! ,bani ,abs1 ,zobian1 & ,a%ja ( ,ghatafn 0 kept up by assass9ations & petty engagem5ts till !y become conv]ts to ,islam4 7#b47 ,! ,korei% f\ght two battles ( ,badr & ,ohad aga9/ ! ,moslems at ,m$9a 9 #fbd & #fbe1 ,a4,d41 respectively4 7#c47 ,sev]al clans ( ! great ,ghatafn family 7! ,bani ,murra1 ,a%ja & ,fezra7 ! ,bani ,suleim & ,sd1 a bran* ( ,hawz91 & ,bani ,asad f ,najd ,b$\9 tribes1 & ,bani ,koreiza ! ,jews1 _h besieg$ ,m$9a 9 #fbg1 ,a4,d41 9 conf$]ation ) ! ,korei%4 7#d47 ,bani ,tamim & ,bani ,bakr r5ew$ _! ho/ilities1 & f #fae to #fcj1 ,a4,d41 sev]al battles occurr$ betwe5 !m4 ,! la/ battle 0 t ( ,%aita9 9 #fcj1 ,a4,d4 ,9 ?is ye>1 aft] ! battle1 bo? ! tribes 7 conv]t$ to ,islam4 7#e47 ,! ,bani ,ghaus & ,jadila bran*es ( ,bani ,tay 9 ! nor? ( ,m$9a w>r$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! w> ( ,fasd cont9u$ tw5ty-five ye>s till !y embrac$ ,islam 9 #fcb1 ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,spread ( ,islam 9 ! surr\nd+ tribes at ,m$9a aft] ! ,hegira ,i-,,vi4 #bd4 ,dur+ ! six ev5tful ye>s ( ,mohammad's soj\rn at ,m$9a1 f ! ,hegira to ! truce ( ,hodeibia1 :]e he 0 e ye> attack$ or ?reat5$ by o!r ho/ile ,arab tribes1 act+ always 9 self-def5ce1 he _h conv]t$ sev]al memb]s or almo/ entire tribes resid+ r\nd ,m$9a4 ,among !m 7 ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! ,bani ,aslam4#de #b4 ,johe9a4#df #c4 ,moze9a4#dg #d4 ,ghifr4#dh #e4 ,saad-b9-,bakr4#di #f4 ,bani ,a%ja4#ej ,we nev] f9d a s+le in/ance ev5 9 ! ,maghzis 7acc\nts ( ! campaigns ( ,mohammad1 h[ev] untru/wor?y !y be7 ( ,mohammad's conv]t+ any p]son1 families1 or bran*es ( tribes by ! scimit> 9 "o h& & ! ,koran 9 ! o!r4 ,footnote #de3 ,! ,bani ,aslam tribe settl$ nor? ( ,m$9a 9 ! valley ( ,wady-al-,koraa4 ,!y 7 a bran* ( ! ,kozaaite tribes desc5d$ f ,himy>4 ,footnote #df3 ,johe9a 7 a bran* ( ,kozaa1 ! desc5dants ( ,himy>4 ,?is tribe inhabit$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,y5bo1 nor? ( ,m$9a4 ,footnote #dg3 ,moze9a 7 a tribe ( ! ,moaddite /ock ( ,mecca4 ,!y inhabit$ 9 ,najd1 nor?-ea/ ( ,m$9a4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ghifr 7 sons ( ,moleil-b9-,zamra1 ! desc5dants ( ,k9na1 "o ( ! ,moaddite tribes4 ,footnote #di3 ,saad-b9-,bakr 7 a bran* ( ,hawaz94 ,mohammad _h be5 nurs$ among !m4 ,footnote #ej3 ,! ,bani ,a%ja 7 a bran* ( ! ,ghatafn ( ! ,meccan /ock ( ! ,moaddites4 ,! ,bani ,a%ja appe> all to h be5 ho/ile to ,mohammad4 ,!y f\ght aga9/ ! ,prophet at ! siege ( ,m$9a ) f\r hundr$ w>riors 9 _! cont+5t4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir says1 ,! ,bani ,a%j1 :o _h jo9$ 9 ! siege ( ,m$9a1 gave 9 _! adhesion %ortly aft] ! massacre ( ! ,coreitza2 !y told ,mahomet t !y 7 s press$ by 8 w>r+ aga9/ !m1 t !y c\ld /& out no long]4--,k4 ,wackidi1 page #fj4 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #ajg1 footnote4 ,?is /ory is altoge!r false4 ,we nev] he> ( ,mohammad w>r+ aga9/ ,bani ,a%ja2 on ! contr>y1 !y _h !mselves invad$ ,m$9a4 ,sid5ote3 ,mecca a b>ri] aga9/ ! conv]sion ( ! s\!rn tribes4 #be4 ,up to ?is "t1 not)/&+ ! p]secutions1 exiles & w>s aga9/ ,islam1 x _h spread by ! m]e =ce ( p]suasion among ! ,meccans1 "s ( :om _h emigrat$ to ,abyss9ia & mo/ to ,m$9a1 ! :ole ( ! influ5tial tribes ( ,aws & ,khazraj at ,m$9a1 z well z among ! ,jews !re1 & among "s ( ! tribes 9 ! nor?1 & ea/ ( ,m$9a & ! c5tre ( ,arabia4 ,b z ,mecca 9 ! s\? _h decl>$ w> aga9/ ,islam1 mo/ ( ! ,arab tribes connect$ someh[ ) ! ,meccans1 & ^? inhabit+ ! s\!rn & s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,arabia1 to :om ,mecca s]v$ geographically z a b>ri]1 wat*$ ! proce$+s ( ! w> & ! fate ( ,islam1 & _h no opportunity ( com+ to ,m$9a to embrace ,islam1 nor ( hav+ fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! ,moslems1 nor ( receiv+ ,mohammadan mission>ies 9 ! face ( ! w>s wag$ by ! ,korei% :o 7 look$ ^u z ! gu>dians ( ! ,kaaba1 ! spiritual or religi\s c5tre ( ! idolatr\s ,arabs4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ or ! fif? ye> _m ,b$\9 tribes1 among :om might be c\nt$ ! ,bani ,a%ja1 ,murra1 ,fez>a1 ,suleim1 ,sad-b9-,bakr & ,bani ,asad1 _h furni%$ sev]al ?\s& ,arabs to ! ,korei% = ! siege ( ,m$9a4 ,only :5 ! aggressions ( ! ,korei% aga9/ ! ,moslems 7 susp5d$ t ! w>r+ tribes & ^? ( ! ,c5tral1 ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,arabia c\ld ?9k ( :at !y _h he>d ( ! reasonable prea*+ ( ,islam aga9/ _! idolatry & sup]/itions4 ,sid5ote3 ,tribal conv]sions 9 ! six? ye>4 #bf4 ,s9ce ! truce ( ,hodeibia at ! end ( ! six? ye> aft] ! ,hegira ,mecca 0 op5$ = int]c\rse1 :]e !re 7 "s m & fre% conv]sions4 ,! ,bani ,khozaa1 desc5dants ( ,azd1 7 conv]t$ to ,islam at ! truce ( ,hodeibia4 ,at ! pilgrimage 9 ! foll[+ ye> "s influ5tial m5 ( ,mecca adopt$ ,islam4 ,! movem5t 0 n conf9$ to ^! lead+ m51 b 0 wide & g5]al4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> ! foll[+ tribes 7 conv]t$ to ,islam & _! deputations jo9$ ,mohammad at ,khyb]3 #a4 ,bani ,a%r4#ea #b4 ,khu%a94#eb #c4 ,d\s4#ec ,sid5ote3 ,conv]sions among sev]al o!r tribes ( ! ,nor? & ,nor?-ea/ 9 ,a4,h41 #h4 ,dur+ ! same ye> ,mohammad conv]t$ sev]al o!r tribes 9 ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,arabia4 ,among !m 7-- #a4 ,bani ,abs4 #b4 ,zobin4 #c4 ,murra4 #d4 ,fez>a4#ed #e4 ,suleim4#ee #f4 ,ozra4 #g4 ,bali4 #h4 ,juzm4#ef #i4 ,slaba4#eg #aj4 ,abdul ,kays4#eh #aa4 ,bani ,tamim4#ei #ab4 ,bani ,asad4#fj ,footnote #ea3 ,! ,bani ,a%-r inhabit$ ,j$da4 ,!y 7 ( ! ,kahlnite /ock1 ! desc5dants ( ,al-,azd4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! ,bani ,khu%a9 7 a clan ( ,koza1 ( ,himi>ite /ock4 ,footnote #ec3 ,! ,bani ,d\s belong to ! ,azdite tribe ( ! /ock ( ,kahtn4 ,!y liv$ at "s di/ance s\? ( ,mecca4 ,!y _h jo9$ ,mohammad at ,khyb]4 ,footnote #ed3 ,^! 7 ! sub-tribes ( ,ghatafn ( ! ,meccan /ock4 ,! *ief families ( ,ghatafn 7 ! ,bani ,a%ja1 ,zobian1 & ! ,bani ,abs4 ,murra & ,fezra 7 ! bran*es ( ,zobian4 ,!y all inhabit$ ,najd4 ,uy5ia1 ! *ief ( ! ,bani ,fezra1 _h committ$ an inroad ^u ,m$9a 9 ,a4,h4 #f4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ,bani ,fezra _h waylaid a ,m$9a c>avan & plund]$ x4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! ,bani ,suleim1 a bran* ( ! ,bani ,khasafa & a si/] tribe to ,hawz91 :o liv$ ne> ,mecca1 & 9 ^: *>ge1 ,mohammad1 :5 b an infant1 0 plac$1 7 also a tribe ( ! ,meccan /ock desc5d$ ?r\gh ,khasafa f ,moz> & ,modd4 ,bani ,suleim1 l ,bani ,murra & ,fezra1 bran*es ( ,ghatafn1 _h long cont9u$ to ?reat5 ,mohammad ) attacks4 ,! ,bani ,suleim hav+ jo9$ ,aamir b9 ,t(eil1 *ief ( ,bani ,aamir1 a bran* ( ! tribe ( ,hawz9 ) _! clans ,usseya1 ,ril1 & ,zakawn1 _h cut to pieces a p>ty ( ,moslem mission>ies at ,bir ,mauna1 invit$ by ,abu ,b]a ,amr ibn ,mlik1 a *ief ( ! ,bani ,aamir1 :o _h pl$g$ = _! security4 ,! ,bani ,suleim _h jo9$ also ! ,korei% army at ! siege ( ,m$9a4 ,9 ! sev5? ye>1 !y _h sla9 ano!r body ( ,moslem mission>ies s5t to !m4 ,footnote #ef3 ,! ,bani ,ozra 7 a tribe ( ,koza1 l ,johe9a4 ,!y1 toge!r ) ! ,bani ,bali & ,juzm1 inhabit$ ! nor? ( ,arabia 9 ! "p ( ! t]ritory belong+ to ,ghassan4 ,! family ( ,himy>1 desc5dants f ,kahtn 9 ,yem51 _h fl\ri%$ ?r\gh ! l9e ( ,koza1 ! ,bani ,ozza1 ,johe9a & o!r important tribes to ! nor? ( ! ,p59sula on ! bord] ( ,syria4 ,x has be5 quot$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir f ,katib ,wakidi t ! *ief ( ! ,bani ,juzm c>ri$ back to !m a lett] f ,mohammad to ?is t5or3 ,:oev] accepte? ! call ( ,islam1 he is among ! conf$]ates ( ! ,"l2 :oev] refuse? ! same1 a truce ( two mon?s is all[$ = him = consid]ation4 7,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ajg1 foot-note74 ,! words = consid]ation are n 9 ! orig9al ,arabic4--,vide ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #ifc4 ,x is n cle> :at 0 meant by ! two mon?s' truce he 0 advis$ to give !m1 to make t]ms be=e he c\ld comm5ce ho/ilities1 if ! tradition = :i* !re is no au?ority be true4 ,?is has no?+ to d ) _! compulsory conv]sions4 ,footnote #eg3 ,salaba 0 a bran* ( ! ,zobin4 ,footnote #eh3 ,! ,bani ,abd-ul-,kays are a ,moaddite tribe1 ! desc5dants ( ,rabia4 ,!y inhabit$ ,bahre9 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! ,bani ,tamim 7 bran* ( ,tbikha1 a tribe ( ! ,moaddite /ock ( ,mecca & a si/] tribe ( ,moze9a4 ,!y are fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,najd1 a prov9ce nor?-ea/ ( ,m$9a1 f ! conf9es ( ,syria to ,yem54 ,"s ( ^! bran*es 7 ) ,mohammad at ! exp$itions to ,mecca & ,hona94 ,all ! bran*es ( ! tribes t _h n yet embrac$ ,islam 7 n[ conv]t$4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! ,bani ,asad ibn ,khozeima 7 a p[]ful tribe resid+ ne> ! hill ( ,katan 9 ,najd4 ,!y 7 ( ! ,moaddite tribe ( ! ,meccan /ock4 ,tuleiba1 _! *ief1 _h assembl$ a =ce ( cavalry & rapid camel-driv]s to make a raid ^u ,m$9a 9 ,a4,h4 #d4 ,!y 7 disp]s$ by ! ,moslems4 ,9 ! next ye> !y jo9$ ! ,korei% 9 ! siege ( ,m$9a4 ,sid5ote3 ,surr5d] ( ,mecca4 ,a4,h41 #h4 #bg4 ,! position ( ,islam at ,mecca 0 greatly /r5g!n$ s9ce ! truce 9 ,a4,h4 #f1 by increase 9 ! numb] ( ,moslems1 influ5tial & lead+1 z well z ( p]sons ( m9or note & importance !re1 consequ5tly ! advocates ( ,islam1 peace & compromise 7 gr[+ 9 numb] & confid5ce4 ,among ! idolatr\s ,korei% !re 7 no *iefs ( m>k$ ability or comm&+ influ5ce left at ,mecca2 almo/ all ( !m _h gone ov] to ! cause ( ,islam4 ,9 ! meantime ! infraction ( ! t]ms ( ! truce by ! ,bani ,bakr & ,korei% caus$ ! surr5d] ( ,mecca )\t blood%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,meccans n compell$ to believe4 #bh4 ,?\gh ,mecca _h surr5d]$1 all its inhabitants _h n already become conv]ts to ,islam4 ,mohammad did n take any compulsory means to conv]t ! p3 ,al?\gh ! city _h *e]fully accept$ 8 supremacy1 writes ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 all its inhabitants _h n yet embrac$ ! new religion1 or =mally ackn[l$g$ 8 prophetical claim4 ,p]haps he int5d$ to foll[ ! c\rse he _h pursu$ at ,m$9a & leave ! conv]sion ( ! p to be gradually accompli%$ )\t compulsion4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #acf4 ,^? :o _h newly jo9$ ! ,moslem ,camp at ,mecca to repel ! ?reat5+ ga!r+ ( ,hawz91 & ^? ( !m :o pref]r$ submission to ! au?ority ( ,mohammad1 are call$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir 8 new conv]ts4 7,,iv41 #adi74 ,b 9 fact !y 7 n call$ believ]s4 ,!y are call$ simply ,muallafa ,qolubohum 9 ! ,koran 7,,ix41 #fj7 :i* means ^: he>ts are to be won ov]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! :olesale conv]sion ( ! rema9+ tribes 9 ,a4,h41 #i #aj4 #bi4 ,n[ x 0 m ?an tw5ty ye>s t ! ,koran _h be5 con/antly prea*$ to ! surr\nd+ tribes ( ,arabs at ,mecca at ! "t ( fairs#fb & at ! annual pilgrimage ga!r+s1#fc by ,mohammad1 & by special mission>ies ( ,islam f ,m$9a1 & ?r\gh ! reports ( ! travell]s & m]*ants com+ & go+ f ,mecca & ,m$9a to all p>ts ( ,arabia4 ,! numb]s ( diff]5t di/ant tribes1 clans & bran*es _h spread ! tid+s ( ,islam4 ,!re 7 individual conv]ts 9 mo/ ( ! tribes4 ,^? tribes already n br\ght ov] to ,islam 7 ready to embrace x "u ! =ego+ circum/ances4 ,idolatry1 simple & loa?some1 _h no p[] aga9/ ! attacks ( reason display$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,koran4 ,b ! idolatr\s ,korei% oppos$ & attack$ ,islam ) p]secution & ! sword1 & /r5g!n$ idolatry ) e>?ly weapons4 ,! di/ant pagan tribes on ! side ( ! ,korei%1 geographically or g5ealogically1 7 prev5t$ by !m f embrac+ ! new fai?4 ,z soon z ! ho/ilities ( ! ,korei% 7 susp5d$ at ! truce ( ,hodeibia1 ! ,arabs comm5c$ to embrace ,islam z already describ$1 & no soon] !y surr5d]$ & ,kaaba#fd /ripp$ ( its idols--& ! /ruggle ( spiritual supremacy betwe5 idolatry & ,islam 0 practically decid$--all ! rema9+ tribes on ! s\? & ea/ :o _h n hi!rto adh]$ to ,islam ha/5$ to embrace x ho/s aft] ho/s dur+ ! #i? & #aj? ye> ( ! ,hegira4 ,footnote #fb3 ,okz betwe5 ,tyif & ,nakhla4 ,mujanna 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m>r-al ,zahrn1 & ,zul-,majz beh9d ,arafat1 bo? ne> ,mecca4 ,footnote #fc3 ,f "t immemorial1 tradition repres5ts ,mecca z ! sc5e ( a ye>ly pilgrimage f all qu>t]s ( ,arabia3--f ,yem51 ,hadhramaut & ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulph1 f ! des]ts ( ,syria1 & f ! di/ant environs ( ,hra & ,mesopotamia4--,muir1 ,i1 ccxi4 ,footnote #fd3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir ?9ks3 ,! possession ( ,mecca n[ imp>t$ a col\r ( "r to 8 pret5sions2 = ,mecca 0 ! spiritual c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 to :i* ! tribes f e qu>t] yield$ a rev]5tial homage4 ,! conduct ( ! annual pilgrimage1 ! cu/ody ( ! holy h\se1 ! int]calation ( ! ye>1 ! commutation at w ( ! sacr$ mon?s1--in/itutions :i* affect$ all ,arabia1--belong$ by anci5t privilege to ! ,corei% & 7 n[ 9 ! h&s ( ,mahomet4444 ,moreov]1 x _h be5 ! special c>e ( ,mahomet artfully to int]weave ) ! re=m$ fai? all ess5tial p>ts ( ! anci5t c]emonial4 ,! "o 0 made an insep>able portion ( ! o!r4--,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #afi4 ,b ! rema9+ tribes :o _h n hi!rto embrac$ ,islam1 & ! *iefs ( ! ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,arabia1 did n adopt ,islam1 because ,mohammad possess$ ,mecca1 a position ( no political supremacy4 ,no p>am\nt au?ority ?r\gh\t ! ,p59sula _h ev] be5 ve/$ 9 ! *ief :o possess$ ,mecca4 ,mohammad on ! surr5d] ( ,mecca _h aboli%$ all ! idolatr\s in/itutions :i* might h s]v$ z political or social inducem5ts to ! ,pagan ,arabs to embrace ,islam4 ,! int]calation ( ! ye> & commutation ( ! sacr$ mon?s 7 cancell$ = ev] 9 ! pla9 words ( ! ,koran3 ,v]ily1 twelve mon?s is ! numb] ( mon?s ) ,god1 accord+ to ,god's book1 s9ce ! day :5 ,he creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! e>?1 ( ^!1 f\r are sacr$2 ?is is ! "r usage4 444 ,to c>ry ov] a sacr$ mon? to ano!r is an increase ( unbelief only4 ,!y :o d n believe are l$ into error by x4 ,!y all[ x "o ye> & =bid x ano!r1 t !y may make good ! numb] ( mon?s :i* ,god ha? hall[$1 & !y all[ t :i* ,god ha? prohibit$4 ,! evil ( _! de$s ha? be5 prep>$ = !m by ,satan2 = ,god guide? n ! p :o d n believe4--,sura ,,ix1 v]ses #cf1 #cg4 ,! cu/ody ( ! h\se 0 no m an (fice ( hon\r or privilege4 ,! anci5t c]emonial ( pilgrimage 0 n int]wov5 ) ! re=m$ fai?4 ,! rites ( ,kaaba 7 /ripp$ ( e idolatr\s t5d5cy4 ,& ! rema9+ & ess5tial "p ( ! pilgrimage 0 depreciat$4 ,by no means c _! fle% rea* unto ,god1 nei!r _! blood2 b piety on y\r "p rea*e? ,him4--,sura ,,xxii1 v]se #ch4 ,& aft] all ! idolat]s 7 n all[$ to ent] x4 ,x is n = ! vot>ies ( o!r gods ) ,god1 witnesses aga9/ !mselves ( infidelity1 to visit ! temples ( ,god4--,sura ,,ix1 v]se #bh4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir himself says reg>d+ ,mohammad3 ,! rites ( ,kaaba 7 reta9$1 b /ripp$ by him ( e idolatr\s t5d5cy2 & !y /ill hang1 a /range unmean+ %r\d1 ar\nd ! liv+ !ism ( ,islam4--,vol4 ,i1 ,intro41 p4 ccxviii4 ,sid5ote3 ,! v>i\s deputations & embassies 9 ! #i? & #aj? ye> ( ! ,hegira4 #cj4 ,dur+ ^! two ye>s deputations ( conv]sion to ,islam 7 receiv$ by ,mohammad at ,m$9a f ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! ,p59sula1 f ,yem5 & ,haz>amaut f ,mahra ,oman & ,bahre9 9 ! s\?1 & f ! bord]s ( ,syria & ! outskirts ( ,p]sia4 ,_m ( ! *iefs & pr9ces ( ,yem5 & ,mahra1 ( ,oman1 ,bahre9 & ,yemama--*ri/ians & pagans--intimat$ by lett] or by embassy _! conv]sion to ,islam4 ,! ,prophet us$ to s5d tea*]s ) deputations & embassies1 :]e !y 7 n already s5t1 to in/ruct ! newly conv]t$ p ! duties ( ,islam & to see t e remnant ( idolatry 0 oblit]at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ( ! deputations ( conv]sion receiv$ by ,mohammad at ,m$9a dur+ ,a4,h4 #i & #aj4 #ca4 ,"h is a li/ ( ! important deputations & embassies z well z ! conv]sion ( notable p]sonages dur+ ^! two ye>s arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord] ) geographical & g5ealogical notes4#fe ,sir ,w4 ,muir ?9ks x t$i\s & unpr(itable to enum]ate !m all1#ff :ile he takes notice ( e apocryphal tradition & dev\rs ) eag]ness all fictions unfav\rable to ! cause ( ,islam4 ,bani ,amir4#fg ,bani ,abd-ul-,kays4#fh ,bani ,ahmas4#fi ,bani ,anaza4#gj ,bani ,asad4#ga ,bani ,azd 7,%anovah74#gb ,bani ,azd 7,oman74#gc ,bani ,bhila4#gd ,bani ,bahra4#ge ,bani ,bajla4#gf ,bani ,baka4#gg ,bani ,bakr b9 ,wail4#gh ,bani ,bali4#gi ,bani ,briq4#hj ,bani ,dree4#ha ,f>wa4#hb ,bani ,fezra4#hc ,bani ,ghfiq4#hd ,bani ,ghnim4#he ,bani ,ghassn4#hf ,bani ,hamadn4#hg ,bani ,hanfa4#hh ,bani ,hris ( ,najrn4#hi ,bani ,hill b9 ,aamir b9 ,sza4#ij ,bani ,himy>4#ia ,bani ,jaad4#ib ,bani ,jaafir b9 ,kelab b9 ,rabia4#ic ,jeif] b9 al ,jal&i4#id ,bani ,johe9a4#ie ,bani ,jufi4#if ,bani ,kalb4#ig ,bani ,khas-am b9 ,anmr4#ih ,bani ,khauln4#ii ,bani ,kilb4#ajj ,bani ,k9na4#aja ,bani ,k9da4#ajb ,bani ,mahrah4#ajc ,bani ,mohrib4#ajd ,bani ,mord4#aje ,bani ,muntafiq4#ajf ,bani ,murrah4#ajg ,bani ,nakh4#ajh ,bani ,nohd4#aji ,bani ,ozra4#aaj ,bani ,raha4#aaa ,bani ,rawasa4#aab ,bani ,saad ,hozeim4#aac ,bani ,sadif4#aad ,bani ,sadoos4#aae ,bani ,sahim4#aaf ,bani ,sakeef4#aag ,bani ,salmni4#aah ,bani ,%aibn4#aai ,bani ,sodaa4#abj ,bani ,taghlib4#aba ,bani ,tajeeb4#abb ,bani ,tamim4#abc ,ba? ,tay4#abd ,bani ,zobeid4#abe ,footnote #fe3 ,= ^! deputations see ,ibn ,is-hak 7di$ #aea71 ,hi%amee 7di$ #bac71 ,ibn ,sad 7di$ #bac71 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap4 #cj?1 ,se]at ,%m 7di$ #idb71 & ,halab 7di$ #ajdd74 ,= ! g5ealogies ( ^! tribes consult ,qalqa%&i's ,diction>y ( ,tribes1 & ,ibn ,khaldn's ,hi/ory4 ,reg>d+ ! geographical positions ( ^! tribes ! read] is ref]r$ to ! mo/ valuable map ( ,arabia 9 ,sir ,w4 ,muir's ,annals ( ,e>ly ,caliphate1 ,london #ahhb4 ,footnote #ff3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #aha & #bbf4 ,footnote #fg3 ,a bran* ( ,hawz9 & si/] tribe ( ! ,sakeef inhabit$ ! prov9ce ( ,najd & 7 ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,! tribe _h tak5 little %>e ) ! re/ ( ! ,bani ,hawz9 at ! battle ( ,hona9 aga9/ ! ,moslems ,a4,h4 #h4 ,! fam\s poet ,lebid1 au?or ( "o ( ! ,moallakas1 belong$ to t tribe4 ,see ! ,life ( ,lebid f ,ketab-ul-,aghani1 9 an article on ! ,moallaqah by ,lebid1 by ,c4,j4 ,lyall1 ,c4,s41 9 ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 ,no4 #a1 #ahgg1 pp4 #fb-gf3 ,calcutta4 ,footnote #fh3 ,bani ,abd-ul-,kays f ,bahre94 ,! tribe has be5 describ$ at page #dg4 ,!re 7 _m p]sons 9 ! embassy4 ,!y 7 ,*ri/ians be=e !y embrac$ ,islam4 ,footnote #fi3 ,desc5d$ f ,anmr ( ! ,kahtanite /ock ( ,yem54 ,footnote #gj3 ,a sub-tribe ( ,asad1 desc5dants ( ,rabia ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,^! are ! ,aneze ( ,burkh>dt4 ,footnote #ga3 ,already describ$ at p4 #dg4 ,! re/ ( !m n[ embrac$ ,islam4 ,x is said t ,sura xlix1 #ag1 ref]s to !m4 ,footnote #gb3 ,bani ,azd 7,%anovah7 f ,yem54 ,?is tribe 0 a portion ( ! ,azdite tribe left at ,yem5 at ! "t ( ! nor!rn emigration ( ,azd4 ,!y 7 a bran* ( ,kahtan ( ! ,kahtanite /ock4 ,9 _! emigration nor?w>d f ,yem5 !y resid$ a long "t 9 ,hijaz at ,batn ,murr ne> ,mecca4 ,9 _! j\rney fur!r on to ! nor? ( ,syria1 leav+ ,kozaa1 !y *ang$ _! "n to ,ghassn f _! long resid5ce1 by ! way1 ne> a f\nta9 ( t "n4 ,! tribes ,aus & ,khazraj _h sep>at$ aft]w>ds f ^! ,ghassanides1 & settl$ at ,ya?rib1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,m$9a4 ,"o ,surad 0 ! *ief ( ! embassy ( ,azd f ,yem5 to ,mohammad at ,m$9a4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir says3 ,?is p]son 0 recogniz$ by ,mahomet z ! rul] ( 8 clan1 & commission 0 giv5 to him to w> aga9/ ! hea!n tribes 9 8 neighb\rhood4 7,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #bai47 ,! ,arabic ^w yojhid1 9 ! orig9al biographies1 only means to /rive1 & does n mean to make w>1 z und]/ood by ,sir ,w4 ,muir4 ,he has himself translat$ ! same ^w z /riv+ 9 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #cb4 ,at page #bfe ( ! same volume he translates x by to d utmo/4 ,i h discuss$ ! subject 9 full 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ( ?is "w4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ano!r bran* ( ! ,azd describ$ above4 ,footnote #gd3 ,bani ,bhila1 o!rwise call$ ,sad ,mant1 desc5dants ( ,ghatafn ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,footnote #ge3 ,bani ,bahra 7b9 ,amr b9 ,al-,hf b9 ,koza71 :o 7 a bran* ( ! ,koza ( ! ,himy>ite /ock1 _h emigrat$ to ! nor?1 & settl$ 9 ! ,ghassanide t]ritory4 ,footnote #gf3 ,bani ,bajla1 a si/] ( ,khas-am & desc5dants ( ,anm> b9 ,niz> ( ! ,kahtanite /ock4 ,!y inhabit$ ,yem54 ,! ,bajla aft] pr(ess+ ,islam _h de/roy$ ! fam\s image ( ,kholasa4 ,footnote #gg3 ,a bran* ( ,bani ,aamir b9 ,sza 9 ! c5tre ( ,arabia4 ,footnote #gh3 ,!y liv$ ab\t ,yemama & ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,!y 7 "o ( ! ,moaddite tribes4 ,! w> ( ,basus betwe5 ,bani ,bakr & _! si/] tribe ,bani ,taghlib _h la/$ = =ty ye>s4 ,!re h be5 fam\s poets 9 ! ,bani ,bakr tribe1 among :om are ,t>afa1 ,h>is b9 ,hiliza1 & ,maimn ,al-,a%a4 ,! ,bani ,bakr & ,bani ,tamim 7 con/antly at w>1 :i* 0 ab&on$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,islam1 :5 bo? ! p>ties 7 conv]t$ to x dur+ ! lifetime ( ,mohammad4 ,footnote #gi3 ,!y 7 a bran* ( ! ,koza f ! ,himy>ite /ock1 ! desc5dants ( ,kahtan1 & _h settl$ 9 ! nor? ( ,arabia 9 ! ,ghassanide t]ritory on ! bord]s ( ,syria4 ,footnote #hj3 ,a sub-tribe ( ,koza4 ,footnote #ha3 ,a clan ( ! tribe ( ,lakhm4 ,footnote #hb3 ,an ,arab ( ! ,bani ,juzam 9 ! nor? ( ,arabia & ,gov]nor ( ,amman 9 ! ,ghassanide t]ritory ann\nc$ 8 conv]sion to ,mohammad by a despat* 9 ,a4,h4 #h4 ,footnote #hc3 ,!y h already be5 describ$ at page #df4 ,_! deputation wait$ ^u ,mohammad on 8 return f ,tabk4 ,footnote #hd3 ,desc5dants ( ,anmr ( ! ,kahtanite /ock4 ,footnote #he3 ,a sub-tribe ( ,azd at ,yem54 ,footnote #hf3 ,already describ$ "u ,bani ,azd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,bani ,hamadn ( ! ,kahtanite desc5t4 ,an important tribe 9 ! ea/ ( ,yem54 ,footnote #hh3 ,a ,*ri/ian bran* ( ! ,bani ,bakr :o inhabit$ ,yemama4 ,! acc\nt ( ! embassy ( ! ,bani ,hanfa is m decid$ly unfav\rable to ,*ri/ianity1 b its details appe> ( d\btful au?ority4 ,moseilama1 ! false ,prophet1 0 among ! numb]1 & !re are "s unlikely anticipations ( 8 sacrilegi\s claims4 ,z ! embassy 7 dep>t+1 ,mahomet gave !m a vessel 9 :i* 7 ! leav+s ( ! wat] ) :i* he _h p]=m$ 8 lu/ration2 & he said1--',:5 y rea* y\r c\ntry1 break d[n y\r *ur*1 & spr9kle its sight ) ?is wat]1 & make 9 its place a mosque'4444 ,! /ory appe>s to me improbable1 because n[h]e else is ,mahomet repres5t$ z exhibit+ su* antagonism to ,*ri/ians & _! *ur*es :5 !y submitt$ !mselves to him4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cjc-d1 footnote4 ,! au?or *anges 8 op9ion 9 ! f\r? volume ( 8 "w & says3 ,i h !re /at$ 79 ,vol4 ,,ii7 ! /ory to be improbable4 ,b ,i am n[ incl9$ to ?9k t dur+ ! la/ ye> or two ( ,mahomet's life1 !re 0 q en\gh ( antagoni/ic feel+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity z x pres5t$ itself 9 ! pr(ession ( ! ,arab & ,syrian tribes to support ! n>rative4--,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #bah1 footnote4 ,?is is a m]e presumption on ! "p ( ! writ]1 & !re is no pro( ( ,mohammad's antagonism t[>ds ,*ri/ianity at any p]iod ( 8 life except aga9/ ^? :o wag$ w> ) him4 ,! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,koran w %[ h[ f> ,i am true3-- ,v]ily !y :o believe 7,moslems71 & !y :o foll[ ! ,jewi% religion1 & ! ,*ri/ians & ,sabeites1 :oev] ( ^? believe? 9 ,god & ! ,la/ ,day1 & do? t :i* is "r %all h _! rew>d ) _! ,"l3 ,fe> %all n come ^u !m1 nei!r %all !y be griev$4 ,footnote #hi3 ,also a ,*ri/ian tribe 9 ,yem5 desc5d$ f ! ,kahtanite /ock ( ! ,bani ,madhij1 & collat]al !re=e ) ,bani ,k9da4 ,two ( ! embassy1 "o ( !m be+ ,akil or ,abd-ul-,masih1 ! *ief ( ! deputation1 adopt$ ,islam4 ,! re/ return$ ) a full gu>antee f ,mohammad = ! pres]vation ( _! social & religi\s lib]ty4 ,fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! ,bani ,hris ( ,najrn w be f\nd at pp4 #dh & #ajf ( ?is book4 ,ktib al ,wckidi1 p4 #fi4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,najrn ,*ri/ians is !re trac$4 ,!y cont9u$ 9 possession ( _! l&s & rights "u ! treaty dur+ ! re/ ( ,mohammad's life & ! :ole ( ,abu ,bakr's ,caliphate4 ,!n !y 7 accus$ ( tak+ usury1 & ,om> expell$ !m f ! l&1 & wrote z foll[s3-- ,! despat* ( ,om>1 ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 to ! p ( ,najrn4 ,:oev] ( !m emigrates is "u ! gu>antee ( ,god4 ,no ,moslem %all injure !m2--to fulfil t :i* ,mahomet & ,abu ,bakr wrote unto !m4 ,n[ to :omsoev] ( ! *iefs ( ,syria & ,irc !y may repair1 let su* *iefs allot !m l&s1 & :atev] !y cultivate !refrom %all be !irs2 x is an ex*ange = _! own l&s4 ,none %all injure or maltreat !m2 ,moslems %all assi/ !m aga9/ oppressors4 ,_! tribute is remitt$ = two ye>s4 ,!y w n be tr\bl$ except = evil de$s4 ,"s ( !m alight$ 9 ,irc1 & settl$ 9 ,najrnia ne> to ,cufa4 ,t ! (f5ce ( usury is alleg$ 9 ju/ification ( ?is measure appe>s to me to disprove ! common tradition t a comm& 0 said to h be5 giv5 by ,mahomet on 8 dea?b$ = ! ,p59sula to be swept cle> ( all o!r religions b ,islam4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cja-b4 ,footnote #ij3 ,desc5dants ( ! great ,ghatafn tribe already describ$4 ,footnote #ia3 ,bani ,himy> f ,yem54 ,! ,himy>ites are too well-kn[n to be describ$4 ,! ,himy>ite pr9ces ( ,ro-en1 ,mu-afir1 ,hamadan & ,bazan1 all ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 ,yem51 embrac$ ,islam & ann\nc$ _! conv]sion by lett] s5t to ,mohammad ?r\gh _! emiss>ies :i* rea*$ him aft] 8 return f ,tabk4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ei!r a clan ( ,lakhm1 or a bran* ( ,bani ,amir4 ,footnote #ic3 ,a sub-tribe ( ! ,bani ,amir b9 ,sza already describ$4 ,footnote #id3 ,! ,k+ ( ,omn1 toge!r ) ! p ( ,omn1 embrac$ ,islam dur+ ,a4,h4 #h & #i4 ,! p ( ,omn 7 ( ! ,azdite /ock4 ,footnote #ie3 ,already describ$ at page #dc4 ,footnote #if3 ,a bran* ( ,saad-al-,a%ira f ! ,kahtanite /ock4 ,?is tribe inhabit$ ,yem54 ,!y _h "s peculi> prejudice aga9/ eat+ ! he>t ( an animal4 ,mohammad _h caus$ _! *ief to break 8 sup]/ition1 :i* he did by mak+ him eat ! roa/$ he>t ( an animal4 ,b !y return$ disgu/$ :5 told t 8 7! *ief's7 "m :o _h committ$ infanticide 0 9 hell4 ,h[ev] !y s5t ano!r deputation a second "t & f9ally embrac$ ,islam4 ,footnote #ig3 ,!y settl$ 9 ,dumat-ul-,jundal1 n[ ,jal-al-,j[f1 nor? ( ,arabia4 ,!y 7 a tribe ( ! ,bani ,koza desc5d$ f ,himy>4 ,footnote #ih3 ,a tribe ( ! ,kahtanite /ock at ,yem54 ,!y liv$ 9 a hilly c\ntry ( t "n 9 ,yem54 ,footnote #ii3 ,!y 7 a tribe ( ! ,kahtanite /ock on ! coa/ ( ,yem54 ,footnote #ajj3 ,a clan ( ! ,bani ,amir b9 ,sza ( ! ,hawz9 tribe already describ$4 ,footnote #aja3 ,desc5dants ( ,khazima ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,! ,bani ,k9da pr9ces1 ,vail b9 ,hij> & ,al-,a%-z b9 ,kays2 ! =m]1 ! *ief ( ! coa/1 & ! latt]1 ! *ief ( ! ,haz>amaut 9 ! s\? ( ,arabia4 ,!y ) _! :ole clans embrac$ ,islam4 ,bani ,k9da 7 a p[]ful tribe ( ! ,kahlnite /ock4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,a clan ( ,ozra f ,koza describ$ at page #df4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,desc5dants ( ,ghatafn ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,footnote #aje3 ,!y inhabit$ ! sea-coa/ ( ,yem51 & 7 a tribe ( ,muzhie ( ! ,kahtanite /ock4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,a bran* ( ! tribe ( ,amir b9 ,sza4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,a bran* ( ,zobian4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,!y 7 a tribe ( ! ,kahtanite /ock1 resid+ 9 ,yem54 ,_! deputation consi/$ ( two hundr$ p]sons4 ,x is said ?is 0 ! la/ deputation receiv$ by ,mohammad4 ,"s "t be=e ?is ,ali 0 s5t to ! ,bani ,nakh-a & o!r tribes ( ! ,mudhij /ock 9 ,yem54 ,footnote #aji3 ,a tribe ( ,koza ( ! ,himy>ite /ock at ,yem54 ,footnote #aaj3 ,a sub-tribe ( ,koza inhabit+ ,syria describ$ at page #df4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,a tribe ( ,muzhij ( ! ,kahtanite /ock at ,yem54 ,footnote #aab3 ,!y 7 a clan ( ! ,bani ,amir b9 ,sza already describ$4 ,footnote #aac3 ,a tribe ( ! ,koza ( ! ,moaddite /ock1 & accord+ to "s f ,yem54 ,footnote #aad3 ,desc5dants ( ,haz>amaut ( ! ,kahtanite /ock at ,yem54 ,footnote #aae3 ,a clan ( ! ,bani ,hanifa1 desc5dants ( ,bakr b9 ,wail already describ$4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,a clan ( ! ,bani ,%aiban1 ! desc5dants ( ,bakr b9 ,wail already m5tion$4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! ,bani ,sakeef 7,?ackif7 7 a bran* ( ! ,maz> tribes ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,!y 7 a sub-tribe ( ! ,hawz9 & si/] tribe to ! ,bani ,adwn1 ,ghatafn1 & ,suleim4 ,!y 7! ,bani ,sakeef7 liv$ at ,tayif & wor%ipp$ ! idol ,lat or ,tqhia4 ,orwa1 a *ief ( ,tayif1 _h gone to ,m$9a to embrace ,islam4 ,8 fir/ g5]\s impulse 0 to return to ,tayif & invite 8 fell[-citiz5s to %>e 9 ! bless+s imp>t$ by ! new fai?4 ,^u 8 mak+ public 8 conv]sion1 he 0 w\nd$ by a mob & suff]$ m>tyrdom4 ,b he left a fav\rable impression ( ,islam at ,tayif4 ,_! deputation consi/$ ( six *iefs ) fifte5 or tw5ty foll[]s4 ,! ,prophet receiv$ !m gladly & pit*$ a t5t = _! accommodation 9 ! c\rt ( 8 mosque4 ,e ev5+ aft] supp] he paid !m !re a visit & in/ruct$ !m 9 ! fai? till x 0 d>k4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes3--,! m>tyrdom ( ,orwa compromis$ ! inhabitants ( ,tayif1 & =c$ to cont9ue ! ho/ile c\rse !y _h previ\sly be5 pursu+4 ,b !y began to suff] sev]ely f ! m>aud+ attacks ( ,bani ,hawaz9 "u ,malik4 ,t *ief1 accord+ to 8 engagem5t1 ma9ta9$ ! increas+ pr$atory w>f>e aga9/ !m4--,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #bjd4 ,at page #aee he says reg>d+ ,malik1--be+ confirm$ 9 8 *ief%ip he engag$ to ma9ta9 a con/ant w>f>e ) ! citiz5s ( ,tayif4 ,b !re 0 no su* engagem5t ) ,mlik4 ,! au?ority 7,hi%amee7 ref]r$ to by ,sir ,w4 ,muir does n speak any?+ ( ! alleg$ engagem5t4 ,vide ,hi%amee1 page #hgi4 ,hi%amee has only s mu* t ,mohammad made ,malik *ief ( ^? :o 7 conv]t$ f ! tribe4 ,^! 7 ! clans ( ,somla1 ,salma1 & ,fahm1 & t he us$ to fight ) !m aga9/ ! ,sakifites4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir fur!r writes t ! inhabitants ( ,tayif said among !mselves3 ,we h n /r5g? to fight aga9/ ! ,arab tribe all ar\nd t h plight$ _! fai? to ,mahomet1 & b\nd !mselves to fight 9 8 cause 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bje74 ,! italics are m9e & ^! words are n to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al au?orities4 ,hi%amee 7page #iad7 has ,bayaoo va ,aslamoo1 i4e41 !y h plight$ & submitt$ 7or conv]t$ to ,islam74 ,footnote #aah3 ,desc5dants ( ! ,koza inhabit$ ! hills ( t "n 7,salmn74 ,footnote #aai3 ,desc5dants & bran* ( ,bakr b9 ,wail4 ,footnote #abj3 ,a tribe ( ! ,kahtanite /ock f ,yem54 ,footnote #aba3 ,! ,bani ,taghlib b9 ,wail 7 a tribe ( ! ,moaddite /ock ( ,meccan orig9 & a si/] tribe to ! ,bani ,bakr b9 ,wail4 ,_! w>s are fam\s 9 ! annals ( ,arabia4 ,! w> ( ,bass has be5 already allud$ to "u ,bani ,bakr4 ,^! tribes1 ! ,bani ,bakr & ,taghlib1 7 locat$ 9 ,yemama1 ,bahre91 ,najd1 & ,tihama1 b la/ly ! ,bani ,taghlib _h emigrat$ to ,mesopotamia & pr(ess$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! memb]s ( _! deputation to ,mohammad wore gold5 crosses4 ,:5 invit$ to ,islam1 !y did n embrace x1 b promis$ to all[ _! *ildr5 to become ,moslems4 ,mohammad all[$ !m to ma9ta9 un*ang$ _! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_! ,*ri/ianity 0 ( a notori\sly sup]ficial "*4 ,! ,taghlib1 said ,ali1 ! f\r? ,khalif1 are n ,*ri/ians2 !y h borr[$ f ,*ri/ianity only ! cu/om ( dr9k+ w9e4--,dozy ,hi/orie1 i1 #bj4 ,footnote #abb3 ,a clan ( ,k9da f ! sub-tribe ( ,sakun at ,yem54 ,footnote #abc3 ,! ,bani ,tamim 7 desc5dants ( ,tabikha b9 ,elyas ( ! ,moaddite /ock4 ,!y are fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,najd1 ! nor!a/]n des]t ( :i* f ! conf9es ( ,syria to ,yemama !y inhabit$4 ,!y 7 at con/ant w>f>e ) ! ,bani ,bakr b9 ,abd ,mont1 desc5dants ( ,k9na ( ! ,moaddite /ock1 f #fae to #fcj ,a4,d4 ,all ! bran*es ( ! tribe :i* _h n yet conv]t$ to ,islam 7 n[ conv]t$ 9 ,a4,h4 #i4 ,footnote #abd3 ,! ,bani ,tay 0 a great tribe ( ! ,kahtanite /ock ( ,yem51 _h mov$ nor?w>ds1 & settl$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,aj & ,salm to ! nor? ( ,najd & ,hijaz & ! t[n ( ,tyma4 ,!y _h adopt$ ,*ri/ianity1 b "s ( !m 7 ,jews & ,pagans4 ,_! int]tribal w> has be5 allud$ to 9 p>a4 #bf4 ,! :ole tribe n[ embrac$ ,islam4 ,a deputation f ! ,bani ,tay1 head$ by _! *ief1 ,zeid-al-,khail1 came to ,m$9a to ransom ! prison]s1 soon aft] ,ali's exp$ition4 ,mahomet 0 *>m$ ) ,zeid1 ( ^: fame bo? z a w>rior & a poet he _h long he>d4 ,he *ang$ 8 "n to ,zeid al ,kheir 7! b5efic5t71 grant$ him a l>ge tract ( c\ntry1 & s5t him away lad5 ) pres5ts4 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #abe3 ,!y 7 a bran* ( ,sad-al-,a%ir ( ! ,mazhij tribe ( ! ,kahtanite /ock4 ,!y inhabit$ ! sea-coa/ ( ,yem54 ,sid5ote3 ,all ! conv]sions1 individual & tribal1 )\t any compulsion4 #cb4 ,?us all ^! tribal conv]sions & ! spe$y spread ( ,islam 9 ! :ole ( ,arabia 0 accompli%$ )\t any resort to arms1 compulsion1 ?reat1 or ! scymit> 9 "o h& & ! ,koran 9 ! o!r4 ,! ,pagan ,arabs1 ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,jews1 ^? :o embrac$ ,islam1 adopt$ x joyfully & volunt>ily4 ,islam _h be5 mu* p]secut$ = _m ye>s f ! ?ird ye> ( its ,prophet's mission to ! six? ye> aft] ! ,hegira--a p]iod ( ab\t sixte5 ye>s1 b x fl\ri%$ alike dur+ p]secutions & oppositions z well z dur+ p]iods ( peace & security ( ! ,moslems4 ,x 0 ! result ( ,mohammad's /aun* adh]5ce to ! uncompromis+ sev]ity ( 8 inflexible pr9ciples ( prea*+ ! div9e ,tru? & 8 s9c]e belief 9 8 own mission t he bore /eadfa/ly all ! h>d%ips ( p]secutions at ,mecca & ! horrors ( ! aggressive w>s ( ! ,korei% & o!rs at ,m$9a1 & p]suad$ ! :ole ( ,arabia1 ,pagan1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 to adopt ,islam volunt>ily4#abf ,footnote #abf3 ,! rebellion ( almo/ ! :ole ( ,arabia--wrongly call$ apo/asy--aft] ! dea? ( ,mohammad 0 *iefly aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,abu ,bakr1 ! fir/ ,khalifa ( ! ,republic ( ,islam4 ,no su* p>am\nt p[] ov] ! :ole ( ,arabia 0 ev] ve/$ 9 ! *iefs ( ,mecca1 & ! ,arabs 7 unaccu/om$ to ?is new =m ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h nei!r rebell$ aga9/ ,islam1 nor apo/atiz$ f _! religion1 except a v few ( !m :o _h atta*$ !mselves to ,moseilama = a %ort "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,mohammad 0 n fav\r$ ) circum/ances r\nd him4 #cc4 ,x 0 n an easy task = ,mohammad to h conv]t$ ! ,arabs f _! national idolatry to a religion ( pure & /rict mono!ism4 ,! aspect ( ,arabia 0 /rictly cons]vative1 & !re 7 no prospects ( hopeful *anges4 ,! indig5\s idolatry & deep-root$ sup]/ition1 ! wor%ip ( visible & mat]ial objects ( devotion1--idols & un%ap$ /ones1--some?+ t ! eyes c see & ! h&s c h&le1--& ! dread ( invisible g5ii & o!r evil spirits1 held ! ,arab m9d 9 a rigor\s & undisput$ ?raldom4 ,arabia 0 ob/9ately fix$ 9 ! pr(ession ( idolatry :i* ! ,p59sula be+ ?ickly ov]spread1 widely diffus$ & ?or\ghly organiz$1 0 support$ by national pride & latt]ly by ! sword4 ,x 01 writes ,dr4 ,m>cus ,dods1 c]ta9ly no hopeful task :i* ,mohamm$ und]took :5 he propos$ by ! influ5ce ( religion to comb9e into "o nation tribes s incapable ( be+ deeply influ5c$ by any religion1 & s irreconcilably oppos$ to "o ano!r2 to aboli% cu/oms :i* _h ! sanction ( immemorial usage2 & to root out an idolatry1 :i*1 if x _h no pr(\nd hold ^u ! spiritual nature1 0 at lea/ b\nd up ) old family traditions & well-und]/ood tribal int]e/s4#abg ,! sacrifices made to1 & ! requirem5ts ess5tial to ,islam1 its num]\s positive prohibitions1 ! imm$iate repudiation ( old prejudices1 ! r5unciation ( all sorts ( idolatry & sup]/ition1 ! ?r[+ aside ( fav\rite idols & ! ab&on+ ( lic5ti\s rites & cu/oms1 ! total ab/95ce f mu*-reli%$ vices1 ! dem& = produc+ practical effect on ! w & "*1 & ! reap+ ( mat]ial fruits f holy & religi\s life--7 b>ri]s insurm\ntable = ! spe$y progress ( ,islam4 ,not)/&+ ^! imp$im5ts ,mohammad succe$$1 by ! influ5ce ( 8 religion1 9 comb9+ into "o nation ! wild & indep5d5t tribes1 & putt+ a /op to _! int]nec9e w>s2 9 aboli%+ ! cu/om :i* _h ! sanction ( immemorial usage2 & 9 root+ out ! national idolatry ( indig5\s gr[?1 )\t compromis+ 8 inflexible pr9ciples ( tru? & s9c]ity & hone/y2 & )\t adopt+ ! sup]/itions & vices ( ! p4 ,dr4 ,mo%eim ?9ks t1 ! causes ( ?is new religion's rapid progress are n difficult to be discov]$3 ,mahomet's law itself 0 admirably fitt$ to ! natural disposition ( man1 b especially to ! mann]s1 op9ions & vices preval5t among ! p ( ! ,ea/2 = x 0 extremely simple propos+ few ?+s to be believ$2 nor did x enjo9 _m & difficult duties to be p]=m$1 or su* z laid sev]e re/ra9ts on ! prop5sities4#abh ,x is manife/ f ! hi/ory ( religions t ! p g5]ally try _! be/ to obta9 religion's sanction = ! vices preval5t among !m4 ,b !re is no d\bt 9 ?is t ,mohammad nev] sanction$ ! idolatries & sup]/itions ( ! ,arabs1 nor he fram$ 8 doctr9es accord+ to ! op9ions & fancies ( ! p4 ,he prea*$ vehem5tly aga9/ ev]y?+ he f\nd blamable 9 ! p2 he sp>$ n _! de> idols & belov$ gods & ! dread$ g5ii1 nor accommodat$ 8 prea*+ & re=m to indulge !m 9 _! evil practices2 nor did he adopt any ( ! vices curr5t among ! p into 8 sy/em4 ,mohammad c]ta9ly did lay /ress on ! prop5sities ( ! m9d & made ! actions ( ! he>t answ]able to ,god1 & pref]r$ inw>d hol9ess to outside =m4 #ec4 ,! he>t is prone to evils4--,sura ,,xii4 #ch4 ,! he>+ & ! sight & ! he>t1 ea* ( ^! %all be inquir$ (4--,sura ,,xvi4 #bbe4 ,god w n puni% y = a mi/ake 9 y\r oa?s2 b ,he w puni% y = t :i* y\r he>ts h ass5t$ to4 ,god is graci\s1 m]ciful4 #bhd4 ,:atev] is 9 ! ,heav5s & 9 ! ,e>? is ,god's1 & :e!r ye disclose :at is 9 y\r m9ds or conceal x1 ,god w reckon ) y = x2 & :om ,he please? w ,he =give1 & :om he please? w ,he puni%2 = ,god is ,all-p[]ful4--,sura ,,ii4 #e4 ,& unless made ) int5t ( he>t1 mi/akes 9 ?is matt] %all be no crimes 9 y4--,sura ,,xxxiii4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,koran make our natural incl9ation subject to regulation4 ,x lays /ress ^u ! he>t ( m54 ,note ! foll[+ injunctions reg>d+ int]nal purity3 #abj4 ,ab&on ! outside iniquity & its inside4--,sura ,,vi4 #aeb4 ,come n ne> ! pollutions outside or inw>d4--,ibid4 #ca4 ,say3 ,truly my ,"l ha? =bidd5 fil?y actions :e!r op5 or secret1 & iniquity & unju/ viol5ce4--,sura ,,viii4 ,ref]r+ to ,dr4 ,mo%eim's cause ( ! spread ( ,islam1 ,i w quote ,h5ry ,hallam's op9ion reg>d+ ! causes ( ! success ( ,islam4 ,h5ry ,hallam1 aft] enum]at+ ! ?ree important causes ( ! success ( ,islam1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ^? j & elevat$ notions ( ! div9e nature & ( moral duties1 ! gold-ore t p]vades ! dross ( ! ,koran1 :i* 7 calculat$ to /rike a s]i\s & reflect+ p1 & expla9+ ! two o!rs :i* are n aga9/ u1 he says3-- ,x may be expect$ t ,i %\ld add to ?is :at is commonly consid]$ z a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ,mohamm$anism1--its indulg5ce to voluptu\sness4 ,b ?is appe>s to be greatly exagg]at$4 ,al?\gh ! "* ( its f\nd] may h be5 ta9t$ by s5suality z f]oci\sness1 ,i d n ?9k t he reli$ ^u inducem5ts ( ! =m] k9d = ! diffusion ( 8 sy/em4 ,we are n to judge ( ?is by rules ( ,*ri/ian purity1 or ( ,european practice4 ,if polygamy 0 a prevail+ usage 9 ,arabia1 z is n que/ion$1 its p]mission gave no additional lic5se to ! proselytes ( ,mohamm$1 :o w be f\nd r to h n>r[$ ! unb\nd$ lib]ty ( ori5tal mann]s 9 ?is respect2 :ile 8 decid$ condemnation ( adult]y & ( ince/u\s connections1 s frequ5t among b>b>\s nations1 does n argue a v lax & accommodat+ morality4 ,a dev\t ,mussulman exhibits mu* m ( ! /oical ?an ! epicurean "*4 ,nor c any "o read ! ,koran )\t be+ s5sible t x brea!s an au/]e & scrupul\s _s4 ,& 9 fact1 ! f\nd] ( a new religion or sect is little likely to obta9 p]man5t success by indulg+ ! vices or luxuries ( mank9d4 ,i %\ld r be dispos$ to reckon ! sev]ity ( ,mohamm$'s discipl9e among ! causes ( its influ5ce4 ,precepts ( ritual obs]vance1 be+ always def9ite & unequivocal1 are less likely to be neglect$1 aft] _! obligation has be5 ackn[l$g$ ?an ^? ( moral virtue4 ,?us ! long fa/+1 ! pilgrimages1 & regul> pray]s & ablutions1 ! con/ant almsgiv+1 ! ab/95ce f /imulat+ liquors1 enjo9$ by ! ,koran1 creat$ a visible /&>d ( practice among its foll[]s1 & pres]v$ a cont9ual recollection ( _! law4 ,b ! preval5ce ( ,islam 9 ! lifetime ( its ,prophet1 & dur+ ! fir/ ages ( its exi/5ce1 0 *iefly ow+ to ! _s ( m>tial en]gy t he infus$ into x4 ,! religion ( ,mohamm$ is z ess5tially a milit>y sy/em z ! in/itution ( *ivalry 9 ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,! p ( ,arabia1 a race ( /rong passions & sangu9>y temp]1 inur$ to habits ( pillage & murd]1 f\nd 9 ! law ( _! native prophet n a lic5se1 b a comm&1 to desolate ! _w1 & ! promise ( all t _! gl[+ imag9ations c\ld anticipate ( ,p>adise annex$ to all 9 :i* !y mo/ delight$ ^u e>?4#abi ,?is is suffici5t to refute ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,mo%eim4 ,b :at ,hallam says reg>d+ ! preval5ce ( ,islam 9 ! lifetime ( ! ,prophet1 & dur+ ! fir/ ages ( its exi/5ce1 t ! p ( ,arabia1 a race ( /rong passions & sangu9>y temp]1 inur$ to habits ( pillage & murd]1 f\nd 9 ! law ( _! native prophet n a lic5se1 b a comm&1 to desolate ! _w1 is unt5able4 ,!re 0 nei!r a comm& nor a lic5se to desolate ! _w1 nor 0 any p]son or tribe conv]t$ to ,islam ) t object 9 view4 ,all ! tea*+s ( ! ,koran & ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly spread ( ,islam falsify su* an idea4 ,footnote #abg3 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha & ,*ri/1 by ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 page #hc4 ,footnote #abh3 ,mo%eim's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 page #gc4 ,footnote #abi3 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aah-i4 ,sid5ote3 ,mohammad's unwav]+ belief 9 8 own mission & 8 success %[ him to be a true prophet4 #cd4 ,i w pause "h = a :ile1 & ask ! indulg5ce ( ! read] to reflect ^u ! circum/ances ( ! p]secutions1 insults & injuries1 expulsion & attack suff]$ by ,mohammad & 8 e>ly foll[]s1#acj & 8 unwav]+ adh]5ce to prea* aga9/ ! gross idolatry & immorality ( 8 p1 :i* all %[ 8 s9c]e belief 9 8 own mission1 & 8 possession ( an irresi/ible inw>d impulse to publi% ! ,div9e ,tru? ( 8 ,revelations reg>d+ ! unity 9 ! ,godhead & o!r moral re=ms4 ,8 prea*+s ( mono!ism1 & 8 enjo9+ righte\sness1 & =bidd+ evil de$s1 7 n att5d$ to = _m ye>s ) mat]ial success4 ,9 proportion z he prea*$ aga9/ ! gross idolatry & sup]/ition ( 8 p1 he 0 subject$ to ridicule & scorn1 & f9ally to an invet]ate p]secution :i* ru9$ 8 & 8 foll[]'s =tune4 ,b he unfl9*+ly kept 8 pa?2 no ?reats & no injuries h9d]$ him f /ill prea*+ to ! ungodly p a pur] & high] !ology & bett] morality ?an _h ev] be5 set be=e !m4 ,he claim$ no temporal p[]1 no spiritual dom9ation2 he ask$ b = simple tol]ation1 = free p]mission to w9 m5 by p]suasion into ! way ( tru?4 ,he decl>$ he 0 s5t nei!r to compel conviction by miracles1 nor to con/ra9 outw>d pr(ession by ! sword4#aca ,does ?is leave any d\bt ( ! /rong conviction 9 8 m9d1 z well z 9 ! tru? ( 8 claim1 to be a man s5t by ,god to prea* ! ,div9e ,p]fection1 & to tea* mank9d ! ways ( righte\sness8 ,he hone/ly & s9c]ely convey$ ! message :i* he _h receiv$ or :i* he consci5ti\sly or intuitively believ$ to h receiv$ f 8 ,god & :i* _h all ! signs & m>ks ( tru? 9 itself4 ,:at is meant by a ,true ,prophet or a ,revelation is n m ?an :at we f9d 9 ! case ( ,mohammad4#acb ,! g5]al (fice & ma9 bus9ess ( a prophet is to proclaim to mank9d ! ,div9e ,p]fection1 to tea* publicly pur] !ology & high] morality1 to enjo9 ! p to d :at is "r & j1 & to =bid :at is wrong & bad4 ,x is nei!r a "p ( ! prophet to pr$ict future ev5ts1 nor to %[ sup]natural miracles4 ,& fur!r1 a prophet is nei!r immaculate nor infallible4 ,! ,revelation is a natural product ( human faculties4 ,a prophet feels t 8 m9d is illum9$ by ,god1 & ! ?\ghts :i* are express$ by him & spok5 or writt5 "u ?is influ5ce are to be reg>d$ z ! words ( ,god4 ,?is illum9ation ( ! m9d or ! effect ( ! ,div9e ,influ5ce diff] 9 any prophet accord+ to ! capacity ( ! recipi5t1 or accord+ to ! circum/ances--physical1 moral1 & religi\s--9 :i* he is plac$4 ,footnote #acj3 ,! e>ly foll[]s ( ,mohammad bore p]secutions & exile ) pati5ce & /eadfa/ness2 & nev] recant$4 ,look to ! increas+ numb] ( ^! e>ly ,moslems1 _! magnanim\s =be>ance1 & ! spontane\s ab&onm5t ( _! de> homes & relations1 & _! def5d+ _! ,prophet ) _! blood4 ,! numb] ( ,*ri/ian believ]s dur+ ! :ole lifetime ( ,*ri/ 0 n m ?an #abj 7,act ,i1 #ae74 ,!y _h a mat]ial view ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 & _h fl$ at ! fir/ s\nd ( dang]4 ,two ( ! disciples :5 walk+ to ,emmaus obs]v$1 ,we tru/$ t x _h be5 ,he :o %\ld h r$eem$ ,israel1 & ! apo/le ask$ ,jesus aft] ! s-call$ resurrection1 ,"l1 wilt ,?\ at ?is "t re/ore ! k+dom ( ,israel8 ,dur+ ! p]iods ?us indicat$ z possible = comp>ison1 p]secution & rejection 7 ! fate ( bo?4 ,b ! ?irte5 ye>s' m9i/ry ( ,mahomet _h br\ght ab\t a f> great] *ange to ! ext]nal eye ?an ! :ole lifetime ( ,*ri/4 ,! apo/les fl$ at ! fir/ s\nd ( dang]1 & h[ev] deep ! inn] "w may h be5 9 ! #ejj by :om our ,"l 0 se51 x _h produc$ z yet b little outw>d action4 ,!re 0 among !m no spontane\s quitt+ ( _! homes1 nor emigration by hundr$s1 su* z di/+ui%$ ! e>ly ,moslems2 nor any raptur\s resolution by ! conv]ts ( a =eign city to def5d ! ,prophet ) _! blood4--,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bgd4 ,footnote #aca3 ,let u = a mom5t look back to ! p]iod :5 a ban 0 proclaim$ at ,mecca aga9/ all ! citiz5s1 :e!r pr(ess$ conv]ts or n1 :o esp\s$ 8 cause2 :5 !y 7 %ut up 9 ! ,%eb or qu>t] ( ,abu ,tlib1 & !re = ?ree ye>s )\t prospect ( relief endur$ want & h>d%ip4 ,^? mu/ h be5 /eadfa/ & mighty motives :i* enabl$ him amid/ all ?is opposition & app>5t hopelessness ( success1 to ma9ta9 8 pr9ciples un%ak54 ,no soon] 0 he reliev$ f conf9em5t1 ?an1 despair+ ( 8 native city1 he w5t =? to ,tyif & summon$ its rul]s & inhabitants to rep5tance2 he 0 solit>y & unaid$1 b he _h a message1 he said1 f 8 ,"l4 ,on ! ?ird day he 0 driv5 out ( ! t[n ) ignom9y1 blood trickl+ f ! w\nds inflict$ on him by ! populace4 ,he retir$ to a little di/ance1 & !re p\r$ =? 8 compla9t to ,god3 !n he return$ to ,mecca1 !re to c>ry on ! same outw>dly hopeless cause ) ! same high confid5ce 9 its ultimate success4 ,we se>* 9 va9 ?r\gh ! pages ( pr(ane hi/ory = a p>allel to ! /ruggle 9 :i* = ?irte5 ye>s ! ,prophet ( ,arabia 9 ! face ( disc\ragem5t & ?reats1 rejection & p]secution reta9$ 8 fai? unwav]+1 prea*$ rep5tance1 & d5\nc$ ,god's wra? aga9/ 8 godless fell[-citiz5s4 ,surr\nd$ by a little b& ( fai?ful m5 & wom51 he met insults1 m5aces1 dang]s1 ) a high & pati5t tru/ 9 ! future4 ,& :5 at la/ ! promise ( safety came f a di/ant qu>t]1 he calmly wait$ until 8 foll[]s _h all dep>t$1 & !n disappe>$ f among/ 8 ungrateful & rebelli\s p4--,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pages #cad-ae4 ,footnote #acb3 ,t he 0 ! impo/or pictur$ by "s writ]s is refut$ alike by 8 unwav]+ belief 9 ! tru? ( 8 own mission1 by ! loyalty & un%ak5 confid5ce ( 8 companions1 :o _h ample opportunity ( =m+ a "r e/imate ( 8 s9c]ity1 & f9ally1 by ! magnitude ( ! task :i* he br\ght to s successful an issue4 ,no impo/or1 x may safely be said1 c\ld h accompli%$ s mighty a "w4 ,no "o unsupport$ by a liv+ fai? 9 ! reality ( 8 commission1 9 ! goodness ( 8 cause1 c\ld h ma9ta9$ ! same consi/5t attitude ?r\gh long ye>s ( adv]se =tune1 alike 9 ! day ( victory & 9 ! h\r ( defeat1 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 p[] & at ! mom5t ( dea?4--,islam & its ,f\nd]1 by ,j4,w4,h4 ,/ob>t1 ,m4,a41 page #bc4 ,( ! s9c]ity ( 8 belief 9 8 own mission !re c be no d\bt4 ,! great m]it is 8 t among a p giv5 up to idolatry he rose to a vivid p]ception ( ! ,unity ( ,god1 & prea*$ ?is great doctr9e ) firmness & con/ancy1 amid ridicule & p]secution4 ,b !re x seems to me t ! eulogy ( ! ,prophet ought to cease4--,islam "u ! ,arabs by ,r4,d4 ,osborn4 ,london #ahgf1 p4 #ij4 ,sid5ote3 ,/rik+ effects ( ,mohammad's re=ms4 #ce4 ,al?\gh 8 mission 0 only to convey ! message & prea* publicly :at 0 reveal$ to him1 & he 0 n responsible = ! conv]sion ( ! ungodly poly!i/s to ! pur] !ology & high] morality1 or 9 o!r words1 to ! fai? ( ,islam1 yet :atev] success & b5eficial results 9 ! sph]e ( !ology1 morality1 & re=ms 9 social matt]s he a*iev$ 0 a /rong evid5ce ( 8 ,div9e mission4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god & 9 ! "* ( ,8 ,apo/le1 he wr\ght a great re=m accord+ to 8 light 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,e good tree br+e? =? good fruit4--7,matt4 ,,vii1 #ag74 ,facts are /ubborn ?+s1 & facts are conclusive 9 ^! po9ts4 ,! effects produc$ by 8 prea*+1 & ! *anges wr\ght by !m 9 ! religi\s1 social1 & political sph]e ( ! poly!i/s1 ! idolatr\s & grossly sup]/iti\s ,arabs )9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 mo/ly consi/+ ( p]secutions at ,mecca1 & /ruggles at ,m$9a1 7 v /rik+4 ,f an indiscrim9ate mass ( poly!ism & gross sup]/iti\s belief 9 gods1 g5ii1 ! sons & daught]s ( ,god1 he gave !m a pure mono!i/ic belief1 recogniz+ no o!r sup]ior p[] b ! ,almighty4 ,he rais$ ! moral /&>d ( 8 c\ntrym51 ameliorat$ ! condition ( wom51 curtail$ & mitigat$ polygamy & slav]y1 & virtually aboli%$ !m z well z infanticide4 ,he mo/ /]nly d5\nc$ & absolutely =bade _m he9\s evils ( ! ,arab society4 ,he unit$ a numb] ( wild & indep5d5t tribes into a nation & aboli%$ _! int]nec9e w>s4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir says3-- ,few & simple z ! positive precepts ( ,mahomet up to ?is "t appe>1 !y _h wr\ght a m>vell\s & a mighty "w4 ,nev]1 s9ce ! days :5 primitive ,*ri/ianity />tl$ ! _w f its sleep1 & wag$ a mortal combat ) ,hea!nism1 _h m5 se5 ! l ar\s+ ( spiritual life1 ! l fai? t suff]$ sacrifice & took joyfully ! spoil+ ( goods = consci5ce sake4 ,f "t beyond memory1 ,mecca & ! :ole ,p59sula _h be5 /eep$ into spiritual torpor4 ,! slight & transi5t influ5ce ( ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 or ,philosophy ^u ! ,arab m9d1 _h be5 b z ! ruffl+ "h & !re ! surface ( a quiet lake2--all rema9$ /ill & motionless bel[4 ,! p 7 sunk 9 sup]/ition1 cruelty1 & vice4 ,x 0 a common practice = ! elde/ son to m>ry 8 fa!r's wid[s inh]it$ z prop]ty ) ! re/ ( ! e/ate4 ,pride & pov]ty _h introduc$ among !m1 z x has among ! ,h9dus1 ! crime ( female infanticide4 ,_! religion consi/$ 9 gross idolatry1 & _! fai? 0 r ! d>k sup]/iti\s dread ( unse5 be+s1 ^: goodwill !y s\ght to propitiate1 & to av]t _! displeasure1 ?an ! belief 9 an ov]-rul+ ,provid5ce4 ,! ,life to come & ,retribution ( good & evil 71 z motives ( action1 practically unkn[n4 ,?irte5 ye>s be=e ! ,hegira1 ,mecca lay lifeless 9 ?is debas$ /ate4 ,:at a *ange ^? ?irte5 ye>s _h n[ produc$6 ,a b& ( sev]al hundr$ p]sons _h reject$ idolatry1 adopt$ ! wor%ip ( "o great ,god1 & surr5d]$ !mselves implicitly to ! guidance ( :at !y believ$ a revelation f ,him2--pray+ to ! ,almighty ) frequ5cy & f]v\r1 look+ = p>don ?r\gh ,8 m]cy1 & /riv+ to foll[ aft] good works1 almsgiv+1 *a/ity & ju/ice4 ,!y n[ liv$ "u a con/ant s5se ( ! ,omnipot5t p[] ( ,god1 & ( ,8 provid5tial c>e ov] ! m9ute/ ( _! conc]ns4 ,9 all ! gifts ( nature1 9 e relation ( life1 at ea* turn ( _! affairs1 individual or public1 !y saw ,8 h&4 ,&1 above all1 ! new spiritual exi/5ce 9 :i* !y joy$ & glori$1 0 reg>d$ z ! m>k ( ,8 especial grace1 :ile ! unbelief ( _! bl9d$ fell[-citiz5s 0 ! h>d5+ /amp ( ,8 pr$e/9$ reprobation4 ,mahomet 0 ! m9i/] ( life to !m1--! s\rce "u ,god ( _! new-born hopes2 & to him !y yield$ a fitt+ & implicit submission4 ,9 s %ort a p]iod1 ,mecca _h1 f ?is wond]ful movem5t1 be5 r5t into two factions1 :i*1 unm9dful ( ! old l&-m>ks ( tribe & family1 7 array$ 9 deadly opposition "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! believ]s bore p]secution ) a pati5t & tol]ant _s4 ,& ?\gh x 0 _! wisdom s to d1 ! cr$it ( a magnanim\s =be>ance may be freely accord$ to !m4 ,"o hundr$ m5 & wom51 r ?an abjure ! preci\s fai?1 _h ab&on$ _! homes1 & s\ght refuge1 till ! /orm %\ld be ov]pa/1 9 ,abyss9ian exile4 ,& n[ ev5 a l>g] numb]1 ) ! ,prophet himself1 emigrat$ f _! fondly-lov$ city1 ) its sacr$ temple1--to !m ! holie/ spot on e>?1--& fl$ to ,m$na4 ,!re ! same wond]-work+ *>m _h )9 two or ?ree ye>s prep>$ = !m a bro!rhood ready to def5d ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s ) _! blood4 ,jewi% tru? _h long s\nd$ 9 ! e>s ( ! m5 ( ,m$na1 b x 0 n till !y he>d ! _s-/irr+ /ra9s ( ! ,arabian prophet1 t !y too awoke f _! slumb]1 & sprang sudd5ly into a new & e>ne/ life4#acc ,fur!r on ,sir ,w4 ,muir says3-- ,& :at h be5 ! effects ( ! sy/em :i*1 e/abli%$ by su* in/rum5tality1 ,mahomet has left beh9d him4 ,we may freely conc$e t x bani%$ = ev] _m ( ! d>k] elem5ts ( sup]/ition :i* _h = ages %r\d$ ! ,p59sula4 ,idolatry vani%$ be=e ! battle-cry ( ,islam2 ! doctr9e ( ! unity & inf9ite p]fections ( ,god1 & ( a special all-p]vad+ ,provid5ce1 became a liv+ pr9ciple 9 ! he>ts & lives ( ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet1 ev5 z x _h 9 8 own4 ,an absolute surr5d] & submission to ! div9e w 7! v "n ( ,islam7 0 dem&$ z ! fir/ requirem5t ( ! religion4 ,nor are social virtues want+4 ,bro!rly love is inculcat$ )9 ! circle ( ! fai?2 orphans are to be protect$1 & slaves treat$ ) consid]ation2 intoxicat+ dr9ks are prohibit$1 & ,mahometanism may boa/ ( a degree ( temp]ance unkn[n to any o!r cre$4#acd ,dr4 ,m>cus ,dods writes3-- ,b is ,mahomm$ 9 no s5se a ,prophet8 ,c]ta9ly he _h two ( ! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ( ! prophetic ord]4 ,he saw tru? ab\t ,god :i* 8 fell[m5 did n see1 & he _h an irresi/ible inw>d impulse to publi% ?is tru?4 ,9 respect ( ?is latt] qualification ,mahomm$ may /& comp>ison ) ! mo/ c\rage\s ( ! h]oic prophets ( ,israel4 ,= ! tru?'s sake he risk$ 8 life1 he suff]$ daily p]secutions = ye>s1 & ev5tually bani%m5t1 ! loss ( prop]ty1 ( ! goodwill ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & ! confid5ce ( 8 fri5ds--he suff]$ 9 %ort z mu* z any man c suff] %ort ( dea?1 :i* he only escap$ by flight1 & yet he unfl9*+ly proclaim$ 8 message4 ,no bribe1 ?reat or inducem5t c\ld sil5ce him4 ',?\gh !y array aga9/ me ! sun on ! "r h&1 & ! moon on ! left1 ,i _c r5\nce my purpose4' ,& x 0 ?is p]si/5cy1 ?is belief 9 8 call1 to proclaim ! ,unity ( ,god :i* 0 ! mak+ ( ,islam4 ,o!r m5 h be5 mono!i/s 9 ! mid/ ( idolat]s1 b no o!r man has f\nd$ a /rong & endur+ mono!i/ic religion4 ,! di/9ction 9 8 case 0 8 resolution t o!r m5 %\ld believe4444 ,8 giv+ himself out z a prophet ( ,god 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 n only s9c]e1 b probably correct 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he himself und]/ood x4 ,he felt t he _h ?\ghts ( ,god :i* x deeply conc]n$ all ar\nd him to receive1 & he knew t ^! ?\ghts 7 giv5 him by ,god1 al?\gh n1 z we %all see1 a revelation /rictly s call$4 ,8 mi/ake lay by no means 9 8 suppos+ himself to be call$ ^u by ,god to speak = him & introduce a bett] religion1 b x lay 9 8 gradually com+ to insi/ q z mu* on m5's accept+ him z a prophet z on _! accept+ ! great tru? he prea*$4 ,he 0 a prophet to 8 c\ntrym5 9 s f> z he proclaim$ ! ,unity ( ,god1 b ?is 0 no suffici5t gr\nd = 8 claim+ to be _! guide 9 all matt]s ( religion1 /ill less = 8 assum+ ! lord%ip ov] !m 9 all matt]s civil z well4444 ,! le>n$ doctor fur!r on 9 8 book1 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 rem>ks3-- ,b z we endeav\r to e/imate ! good & evil ( ,islam1 x gradually appe>s t ! *ief po9t we mu/ att5d to is to di/+ui% betwe5 its value to ,arabia 9 ! sev5? c5tury & its value to ! _w at l>ge4 ,no "o1 ,i presume1 w\ld d5y t to ,mohamm$'s contempor>ies 8 religion 0 an imm5se advance on any?+ !y _h previ\sly believ$ 94 ,x weld$ toge!r ! disunit$ tribes1 & lift$ ! nation to ! =efront ( ! important p[]s 9 ! _w4 ,x effect$ :at ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism _h alike fail$ to effect--x swept away1 once & = ev]1 idolatry1 & e/abli%$ ! idea ( "o true ,god4 ,its influ5ce on ,arabia 0 ju/ly & pa!tically put by ! ,moslem refugees 9 ,abyss9ia1 :o :5 requir$ to say :y !y %\ld n be s5t back to ,mecca1 gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( _! religion & :at x _h done = !m3 ',o k+1 we 7 plung$ 9 ignorance & b>b>ism2 we wor%ipp$ idols2 we ate dead bodies2 we committ$ lewdness2 disreg>d$ family ties & ! duties ( neighb\rhood & hospitality2 we knew no law b t ( ! /rong1 :5 ,god s5t among u a mess5g] ( ^: tru?fulness1 integrity1 & innoc5ce we 7 aw>e2 & he call$ u to ! unity ( ,god1 & taught u n to associate any god ) him2 he =bade u ! wor%ip ( idols1 & enjo9$ ^u u to speak ! tru?1 to be fai?ful to our tru/s1 to be m]ciful1 & to reg>d ! rights ( o!rs2 to love our relatives & to protect ! weak2 to flee vice & avoid all evil4 ,he taught u to (f] pray]s1 to give alms1 & to fa/4 ,& because we believ$ 9 him & obey$ him1 !re=e are we p]secut$ & driv5 f our c\ntry to seek ?y protection4'#ace ,b aft] all we h "h se5 ( ! op9ions ( ,dr4 ,m>cus ,dods & ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 let u turn to :at ! ,rev4 ,/eph5s ?9ks ( ,mohammad3-- ,! aim ( ,mahomet 0 to revive among 8 c\ntrym5 ! ,arabs1 z ,moses reviv$ among 8 c\ntrym5 ! ,jews1 ! pure fai? ( _! common =efa!r ,abraham4 ,9 ?is he succe$$ to a v great ext5t4 ,= a confus$ heap ( idolatr\s sup]/itions he sub/itut$ a pure mono!i/ic fai?2 he aboli%$ "s ( ! mo/ vici\s practices ( 8 c\ntrym51 modifi$ o!rs2 he g5]ally rais$ ! moral /&>d1 improv$ ! social condition ( ! p1 & introduc$ a sob] & rational c]emonial 9 wor%ip4 ,f9ally he weld$ by ?is means a numb] ( wild indep5d5t tribes1 m]e float+ atoms1 into a compact body politic1 z well prep>$ & z eag] to subdue ! k+doms ( ! _w to _! rule & to _! fai?1 z ev] ! ,israelites _h be5 to conqu] ! l& ( ,canaan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,koran also enjo9s repeat$ly & 9 v emphatic language ! duty ( %[+ k9dness to ! /rang] & ! orphan1 & ( treat+ slaves1 if conv]t$ to ! fai?1 ) ! consid]ation & respect due to believ]s4 ,! duty ev5 ( m]cy to ! l[] animals is n =gott51 & x is to be ?ankfully ackn[l$g$ t ,mohamm$anism z well z ,buddhism %>es ) ,*ri/ianity ! hon\r ( hav+ giv5 bir? to hospitals & asylums = ! insane & sick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! vices mo/ preval5t 9 ,arabia 9 ! "t ( ,mahomet :i* are mo/ /]nly d5\nc$ & absolutely =bidd5 9 ! ,koran 7 drunk5ness1 unlimit$ concub9age & polygamy1 ! de/ruction ( female infants1 reckless gambl+1 extortionate usury1 sup]/iti\s arts ( div9ation & magic4 ,! abolition ( "s ( ^! evil cu/oms1 & ! mitigation ( o!rs1 0 a great advance 9 ! morality ( ! ,arabs1 & is a wond]ful & hon\rable te/imony to ! zeal & influ5ce ( ! re=m]4 ,! total suppression ( female infanticide & ( drunk5ness is ! mo/ signal triumph ( 8 "w4#acf ,! rev]5d g5tleman quot$ above cont9ues3 ,fir/ ( all1 x mu/ be freely grant$ t to 8 own p ,mahomet 0 a great b5efactor4 ,he 0 born 9 a c\ntry :]e political organization1 & rational fai?1 & pure morals 7 unkn[n4 ,he introduc$ all ?ree4 ,by a s+le /roke ( ma/]ly g5ius he simultane\sly re=m$ ! political condition1 ! religi\s cre$1 & ! moral practice ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,9 ! place ( _m indep5d5t tribes he left a nation2 = a sup]/iti\s belief 9 gods _m & lords _m he e/abli%$ a reasonable belief 9 "o ,almighty yet b5efic5t ,be+2 taught m5 to live "u an abid+ s5se ( ?is ,be+'s sup]9t5d+ c>e1 to look to ,him z ! rew>d]1 & to fe> ,him z ! puni%] ( evil-do]s4 ,he vigor\sly attack$1 & modifi$ & suppress$ _m gross & revolt+ cu/oms :i* _h prevail$ 9 ,arabia d[n to 8 "t4 ,= an ab&on$ pr(ligacy 0 sub/itut$ a c>efully regulat$ polygamy1 & ! practice ( de/roy+ female infants 0 effectually aboli%$4 ,z ,islam gradually ext5d$ its conque/ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,arabia1 _m b>b>\s races :om x absorb$ became 9 l mann] p>ticipators 9 its b5efits4 ,! ,turk1 ! ,indian1 ! ,negro1 & ! ,moor 7 compell$ to ca/ away _! idols1 to ab&on _! lic5ti\s rites & cu/oms1 to turn to ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 to a dec5t c]emonial & an ord]ly way ( life4 ,! fai? ev5 ( ! m enlight5$ ,p]sian 0 purifi$3 he le>n$ t good & evil are n co-ord9ate p[]s1 b t j & unju/ are alike "u ! sway ( "o ,all-wise & ,holy ,rul]1 :o ord]e? all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?4 ,= b>b>\s nations1 !n1 especially--nations :i* 7 m or less 9 ! condition ( ,arabia itself at ! "t ( ,mahomet--nations 9 ! condition ( ,africa at ! pres5t day1 ) little or no civilisation1 & )\t a reasonable religion--,islam c]ta9ly comes z a bless+1 z a turn+ f d>kness to light & f ! p[] ( satan unto ,god4#acg ,footnote #acc3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,,ll4,d41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfi-ga4 ,footnote #acd3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cbj-ba4 ,footnote #ace3 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha & ,*ri/1 by ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #ag-ai #aai4 ,footnote #acf3 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam3 ,! ,bible & ! ,koran1 by ,rev4 ,w4,r4,w4 ,/eph5s1 pp4 #id1 #ajd1 #aab1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #acg3 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam3 ,! ,bible & ! ,koran1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4,r4,w4 ,/eph5s1 pp4 #abi-cj1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,sid5ote3 ,indictm5t aga9/ ,mohammad4 #cf4 ,:at ! oppon5ts ( ,mohammad c possibly say aga9/ 8 mission is 8 alleg$ moral decl5sion at ,m$9a4#ach ,!y accuse him ( cruelty#aci & s5suality#adj dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 t city aft] he _h pass$ )\t any blame m ?an fifty-five ye>s ( 8 age1 & _h l$ a pi\s mission>y life = upw>ds ( fifte5 ye>s4 ,^! moral /a9s _c be inconsi/5t ) 8 (fice ( be+ a prophet or re=m]4 ,x is no matt] if a prophet morally degrades 8 "* "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 or morally degrades 8 "* at ! end ( 8 age--aft] lead+ = upw>ds ( fifty-five ye>s a life ( ! highe/ moral pr9ciples1 & z a p>agon ( temp]ance & high-ton$ liv+--:ile he has fai?fully convey$ ! message1 & has s9c]ely & hone/ly prea*$ religi\s re=ms1 & ! sublimity ( 8 prea*+s h 9 !mselves ! m>ks ( div9e tru?4 ,if ! said prophet def5ds 8 /a9s or immoral de$s by pr(ess$ revelations1 & ju/ifies himself 9 8 flagrant brea*es ( morality by produc+ messages f heav51 j & equally z he does :5 he tea*es ! pur] !ology & high] morality = :i* he is commission$1 !n & f t "t only we w consid] him z an impo/or1 guilty ( high blasphemy 9 =g+ ! "n ( ,god = 8 lic5ti\s self indulg5ces4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,mohammad1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! *>ges ( cruelty & s5suality dur+ a p]iod ( six or sev5 ye>s t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 except+ ?ree ye>s1 are utt]ly false2 & secondly1 if prov$ to h tak5 place1 x is n prov$ t ,mohammad ju/ifi$ himself by alleg+ to h receiv$ a div9e sanction or comm& to ! alleg$ cruelties & flagrant brea*es ( morality4 ,! *>ges ( assass9ations & cruelties to ! prison]s ( w> & o!rs1 & ( ! alleg$ p]fidy & craft9ess enum]at$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 h be5 exam9$ & refut$ by me 9 ?is book4 ,vide pp4 #fj-gc & pp4 #gf-ig4 ,! cases ( ,m>ia1 a slave-girl1 & ,ze9ab n com+ directly "u ! object ( ?is book h be5 treat$ sep>ately 9 ,app5dix ,b1 pp4 #baa-bbj ( ?is "w4 ,mohammad1 9 8 alleg$ cruelties t[>ds 8 enemies1 is n repres5t$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir to h ju/ifi$ himself by special revelation or sanction f on high1 yet ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hughes1 ^: "w has be5 pron\nc$ z hav+ ! r>e m]it ( be+ accurate1 makes him 7,mohammad7 to h done !m "u ! sanction ( ,god 9 ! ,koran4 ,! be/ def5d]s ( ! ,arabian ,prophet#ada are oblig$ to admit t ! matt] ( ,ze9ab1 ! wife ( ,zeid1 & aga9 ( ,m>y1 ! ,coptic slave1 are 'an indelible /a9' ^u 8 memory2 t he is untrue once or twice to ! k9d & =giv+ disposition ( 8 be/ nature2 t he is once or twice unrel5t+ 9 ! puni%m5t ( 8 p]sonal enemies1 & t he is guilty ev5 m ?an once ( conniv+ at ! assass9ation ( invet]ate oppon5ts2 b !y d n give any satisfactory explanation or apology = all ?is be+ done "u ! suppos$ sanction ( ,god 9 ! ,qurn4#adb ,su* is ! r>e accuracy ( ,mr4 ,hughes' "w4 ,x is ne$less = me to repeat "h t none ( ^! allegations are ei!r true or facts1 or alleg$ to h be5 committ$ "u ! sanction ( ,god 9 ! ,koran4 ,! ,rev4 ,m>cus ,dods writes reg>d+ ! "* ( ,mohammad3-- ,! knot ( ! matt] lies n 9 8 polygamy1 nor ev5 9 8 occasional lic5ti\sness1 b 9 ! fact t he def5d$ 8 conduct1 :5 he creat$ sc&al1 by pr(ess$ revelations :i* are n[ embodi$ z p>ts ( ! ,koran4 ,:5 8 wives murmur$1 & ) ju/ice1 at 8 irregul>ities1 he sil5c$ !m by a revelation giv+ him conjugal all[ances :i* he _h himself proscrib$ z unlawful4 ,:5 he design$ to contract an alliance ) a woman =bidd5 to him by 8 own law1 an inspir$ p]mission 0 =?com+1 enc\rag+ him to ! transgression4#adc ,bo? ( ^! alleg$ in/ances giv5 above are m]e fabrications4 ,!re 0 no revelation giv+ ,mohammad conjugal all[ances :i* he _h himself proscrib$ z unlawful1 nor any p]mission 0 br\ght =w>d to sanction an alliance =bidd5 to him by 8 own law4 ,?is subject has be5 fully discuss$ by me 9 my "w ,mohammad1 ! ,true ,prophet1 & ! read] is ref]r$ to t "w4#add ,a few v]ses on ! m>ital subject ( ,mohammad are greatly misund]/ood by ,european writ]s on ! subject1 & ,dr4 ,dods %>es ! g5]ally wrong idea :5 he says3-- ,he r us$ 8 (fice z a title to lic5se f :i* ord9>y m5 7 re/ra9$4 ,re/rict+ 8 disciples to f\r wives1 he reta9$ to himself ! lib]ty ( tak+ z _m z he pleas$4 7,page #bc47 ,?is is altoge!r a gross misrepres5tation ( ! real /ate ( ?+s4 ,mohammad nev] reta9$ to himself ! lib]ty ( tak+ z _m wives z he pleas$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sura ,,xxxiii1 #eb1 expressly =bade him all wom5 except ^? he _h already ) him1 giv+ him no option to m>ry 9 ! case ( ! demise ( "s or all ( !m4 ,?is w %[ t he r us$ 8 (fice z a re/ra9t aga9/ himself ( :at 0 lawful = ! p 9 g5]al to enjoy4 ,! only s-call$ privilege above ! re/ ( ! believ]s 7,sura ,,xxxiii1 #di7 0 n to reta9 to himself ! lib]ty ( tak+ z _m wives z he pleas$1 b to reta9 ! wives :om he _h already m>ri$ & ^: numb] exce$$ ! limit ( f\r "u ,sura ,,iv1 #c4 ,o!r believ]s hav+ m wives ?an f\r z 9 ! case ( ,kays1 ,ghailn1 & ,na(al1 7 reque/$ to sep>ate !mselves f ! numb] exce$+ ! limit prescrib$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is 0 be=e polygamy 0 decl>$ to h be5 virtually aboli%$1 i4e41 betwe5 ! publication ( vv4 #c & #abh ( ,sura ,,iv4 ,!re 0 nei!r any brea* ( morality1 nor any?+ lic5ti\s 9 8 reta9+ ! m>riages lawfully contract$ by him be=e ! promulgation ( ,s>a ,,iv1 #c4 ,ev5 ?is privilege 7,sura ,,xxxiii1 #di7 0 c\nt]balanc$ by ,ibid1 #eb1 :i* runs ?us3-- ,wom5 are n all[$ !e h]eaft]1 nor to *ange !m = o!r wom51 ?\gh _! beauty *>m !e1 except ^? already possess$ by !e4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,lane ,poole suff]s "u ! same misrepres5tation z o!r ,european writ]s#ade d :5 he says t3-- ,! ,prophet all[$ 8 foll[]s only f\r wives1 he took m ?an a doz5 himself4 ,he writes3-- ,:51 h[ev]1 all has be5 said1 :5 x has be5 %[n t ,mohammad 0 n ! rapaci\s voluptu>y "s h tak5 him =1 & t 8 violation ( 8 own m>riage-law may be due to motives reasonable & j f 8 po9t ( view r ?an to common s5suality4 ,did ,mohammad believe he 0 speak+ ! words ( ,god equally :5 he decl>$ t p]mission 0 giv5 him to take unto him m wives1 z :5 he proclaim$1 ',!re is no god b ,god8'#adf ,mohammad did n violate 8 own m>riage-law1 & nev] pret5d$ t p]mission 0 giv5 to him to take m wives ?an :at 0 all[$ = o!r p4 ,all 8 m>riages 7:i* are wrongly consid]$ to h be5 ab\t a doz57 7 contract$ by him be=e he publi%$ ! law unju/ly said to h be5 violat$ by him4 ,he reta9$ ^! wives aft] ! law 0 promulgat$1 & _! numb] exce$$ f\r1 b he 0 int]dict$ to m>ry any o!r wom5 9 ! place ( ^! 9 case ( _! demise or divorce4 ,o!r believ]s 7 advis$ aft] ! promulgation ( ! law to r$uce ! numb] ( _! wives exce$+ f\r1 b 7 at lib]ty to replace _! wives )9 ! limit assign$ 9 ! case ( _! demise or divorce4 ,mohammad's case _h no brea* ( morality or s5sual lic5se 9 x4 ,x 0 v wise ( ,mohammad to reta9 all ! wives he _h m>ri$ be=e ,sura ,,iv1 #c1 came into =ce1 = ! reason t ! wives ?us repudiat$ by him might h m>ri$ "s ( ! unbeliev]s1 ev5 "s ( 8 enemies1 :i* w\ld h be5 d]ogatory to ! ,prophet 9 ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies & a laugh+-/ock = 8 enemies4 ,footnote #ach3 ,we may readily admit t at ! fir/ ,mahomet did believe1 or p]suad$ himself to believe1 t 8 revelations 7 dictat$ by a div9e ag5cy4 ,9 ! ,meccan p]iod ( 8 life !re c]ta9ly c be trac$ no p]sonal ends or unwor?y motives to belie ?is conclusion4 ,! ,prophet 0 !re1 :at he pr(ess$ to be1 'a simple ,prea*] & a ,w>n]2' he 0 ! despis$ & reject$ tea*] ( a ga9say+ p2 & he _h app>5tly no ult]ior object b _! re=mation4 ,mahomet may h mi/ak5 ! "r means to effect ?is end1 b !re is no suffici5t reason = d\bt+ t he us$ ^? means 9 good fai? & ) an hone/ purpose4 ,b ! sc5e altoge!r *anges at ,m$na4 ,!re ! acquisition ( temporal p[]1 aggr&isem5t1 & self-glorification m+l$ ) ! gr& object ( ! ,prophet's previ\s life1 & !y 7 s\ght aft] & atta9$ by precisely ! same in/rum5tality4 ,messages f ,heav5 7 freely br\ght =w>d to ju/ify 8 political conduct1 equally ) 8 religi\s precepts4 ,battles 7 f\ght1 :olesale executions inflict$1 & t]ritories annex$1 "u pretext ( ! ,almighty's sanction4 ,nay1 ev5 bas] actions 7 n only excus$1 b enc\rag$ by ! pret5d$ div9e approval or comm&4 ,a special lic5se 0 produc$1 all[+ ,mahomet a d\ble numb] ( wives2 ! discr$itable affair ( ,m>y ! ,coptic slave 0 ju/ifi$ 9 a sep>ate ,sura2 & ! passion = ! wife ( 8 own adopt$ son & bosom fri5d 0 ! subject ( an inspir$ message 9 :i* ! ,prophet's scruples 7 rebuk$ by ,god2 a divorce p]mitt$1 & m>riage ) ! object ( 8 unhall[$ desires enjo9$4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cag-h4 ,footnote #aci3 ,b ! d>k] %ades ( "* z well z ! bright] mu/ be depict$ by a fai?ful hi/orian4 ,magnanimity or mod]ation are n[h]e disc]nible z features 9 ! conduct ( ,mahomet t[>ds su* ( 8 enemies z fail$ to t5d] a timely allegiance4 ,ov] ! bodies ( ! ,corei% :o fell at ,badr he exult$ ) savage satisfaction2 & sev]al prison]s1 accus$ ( no crime b t ( scepticism & political opposition1 7 delib]ately execut$ at 8 comm&4 ,! pr9ce ( ,kheib>1 aft] be+ subject$ to inhuman torture = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! treasures ( 8 tribe1 01 ) 8 c\s91 put to dea? on ! pretext ( hav+ trea*]\sly conceal$ !m2 & 8 wife 0 l$ away captive to ! t5t ( ! conqu]or4 ,s5t5ce ( exile 0 en=c$ by ,mahomet ) rigor\s sev]ity on two :ole ,jewi% tribes at ,m$na2 & ( a ?ird l 8 neighb\rs1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 sold into di/ant captivity1 :ile ! m5 am\nt+ to sev]al hundr$s 7 but*]$ 9 cold blood be=e 8 eyes4 ,9 8 y\? ,mahomet e>n$ among 8 fell[s ! hon\rable title ( '! ,fai?ful4' ,b 9 lat] ye>s1 h[ev] mu* s9c]ity & good fai? may h guid$ 8 conduct 9 respect ( 8 fri5ds1 craft & deception 7 c]ta9ly n want+ t[>ds 8 foes4 ,! p]fidi\s attack at ,nakhla1 :]e ! fir/ blood 9 ! int]nec9e w> ) ! ,corei% 0 %$1 al?\gh at fir/ disav[$ by ,mahomet1 = its sc&al\s brea* ( ! sacr$ usages ( ,arabia1 0 ev5tually ju/ifi$ by a pret5d$ revelation4 ,abu ,basr1 ! freeboot]1 0 c\nt5anc$ by ! ,prophet 9 a mann] sc>cely consi/5t ) ! lett]1 & c]ta9ly oppos$ to ! _s1 ( ! truce ( ,hodeibia4 ,! surprise :i* secur$ ! easy conque/ ( ,mecca 0 design$ ) craft9ess1 if n ) duplicity4 ,! pretext on :i* ! ,bani ,nadhr 7 besieg$ & expatriat$ 7namely1 t ,gabriel _h reveal$ _! design aga9/ ! prophet's life71 0 feeble & unwor?y ( an hone/ cause4 ,:5 ,m$na 0 beleagu]$ by ! conf$]ate army1 ,mahomet s\ght ! s]vices ( ,nueim1 a traitor1 & employ$ him to s[ di/ru/ among ! enemy by false & trea*]\s reports2 '=1' said he1 ':at else is w> b a game at deception8' ,9 8 prophetical c>e]1 political & p]sonal ends 7 frequ5tly compass$ by ! flagrant pret5ce ( ,div9e revelations1 :i* a c&id exam9ation w\ld h %ewn him to be no?+ m ?an ! c\nt]p>t ( 8 own wi%es4 ,! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian sy/ems1 at fir/ adopt$ hone/ly z ! basis ( 8 own religion1 _h no soon] s]v$ ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a firm au?ority1 ?an !y 7 ignor$1 if n dis[n$4 ,& :at is p]haps wor/ ( all1 ! da/>dly assass9ation ( political & religi\s oppon5ts1 c\nt5anc$ & frequ5tly direct$ z !y 7 9 all _! cruel & p]fidi\s details by ,mahomet himself leaves a d>k & indelible blot ^u 8 "*4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cjg-i4 ,! read] w obs]ve t simultane\sly ) ! anxi\s desire to ext+ui% idolatry1 & to promote religion & virtue 9 ! _w1 !re 0 nurtur$ by ! ,prophet 9 8 own he>t a lic5ti\s self-indulg5ce2 till 9 ! end1 assum+ to be ! fav\rite ( ,heav51 he ju/ifi$ himself by 'revelations' f ,god 9 ! mo/ flagrant brea*es ( morality4 ,he w rem>k t :ile ,mahomet *]i%$ a k9d & t5d] disposition1 'weep+ ) !m t wept1' & b9d+ to 8 p]son ! he>ts ( 8 foll[]s by ! ready & self-d5y+ (fices ( love & fri5d%ip1 he c\ld yet take pleasure 9 cruel & p]fidi\s assass9ation1 c\ld gloat ov] ! massacre ( an entire tribe1 & savagely consign ! innoc5t babe to ! fires ( hell4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cbb-c4 ,footnote #adj3 ,9 dome/ic life ! conduct ( ,mahomet ) "o grave exception 0 exempl>y4 ,z a husb& 8 fondness & devotion 0 entire1 bord]+1 h[ev]1 at times ^u jeal\sy4 ,z a fa!r he 0 lov+ & t5d]4 ,9 8 y\? he is said to h liv$ a virtu\s life4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five he m>ri$ a wid[ =ty ye>s old2 & = five & tw5ty ye>s he 0 a fai?ful husb& to h] alone4 ,yet x is rem>kable t dur+ ?is p]iod 0 compos$ mo/ ( ^? passages ( ! ,coran 9 :i* ! black-ey$ ,h\ris1 res]v$ = believ]s 9 ,p>adise1 are depict$ 9 su* gl[+ col\rs4 ,%ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,khadija ! ,prophet m>ri$ aga92 b x 0 n till ! mature age ( fifty-f\r t he made ! dang]\s trial ( polygamy1 by tak+ ,aye%a1 yet a *ild1 z ! rival ( ,sauda4 ,once ! natural limits ( re/ra9t 7 ov]pass$1 ,mahomet fell an easy prey to 8 /rong passion = ! sex4 ,9 8 fifty-six? ye> he m>ri$ ,haphsa2 & ! foll[+ ye>1 9 two succe$+ mon?s1 ,ze9ab b9t ,khozeima & ,omm ,salma4 ,b 8 desires 7 n to be satisfi$ by ! range ( a h>em already great] ?an 0 p]mitt$ to any ( 8 foll[]s2 r z age advanc$1 !y 7 /imulat$ to seek = new & v>i$ indulg5ce4 ,a few mon?s aft] 8 nuptials ) ,ze9ab & ,omm ,salma1 ! *>ms ( a second ,ze9ab 7 by accid5t discov]$ too fully be=e ! ,prophet's admir+ gaze4 ,%e 0 ! wife ( ,zeid1 8 adopt$ son & bosom fri5d2 b he 0 unable to smo!r ! flame %e k9dl$ 9 8 brea/2 &1 by div9e comm&1 %e 0 tak5 to 8 b$4 ,9 ! same ye> he m>ri$ a sev5? wife1 & also a concub9e4 ,& at la/1 :5 he 0 full ?ree score ye>s ( age1 no few] ?an ?ree new wives1 besides ,m>y ! ,coptic slave1 7 )9 ! space ( sev5 mon?s add$ to 8 already well-fill$ h>em4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cji-aj4 ,footnote #ada3 ,vide ,muhammad & ,muhammadanism1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,m4,a41 an ,assi/ant ,ma/] ( ,h>r[ ,s*ool4 ,footnote #adb3 ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 by ! ,rev4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes1 ,mission>y to ! ,afghans1 ,pe%aw>2 ,second ,edition1 page #d1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #adc3 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha & ,*ri/1 by ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #bd #be4 ,footnote #add3 ,vide pp4 #dh-fa4 ,?is "w is be+ pr9t$ at ,education ,society's ,press1 ,byculla1 ,bombay4 ,x appe>s t ,dr4 ,dods1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 _h 9 view ,sura ,,xxxiii1 #ea4 ,?is is by no means giv+ ,mohammad conjugal all[ances :i* he himself _h proscrib$ z unlawful4 ,z a prelim9>y measure to aboli% polygamy & to accu/om ! p to monogamy1 ,mohammad1 :5 r$uc+ ! unlimit$ polygamy practis$ 9 ,arabia1 _h put a /rong condition to treat _! wives1 :5 m ?an "o1 equitably 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1--i4e41 9 ! matt] ( social com=t1 love & h\sehold e/abli%m5t 7,sura ,,iv1 #c74 ,:5 ! measure _h giv5 a monogam\s t5d5cy to ! ,arab society1 x 0 decl>$ t x 0 impossible practically to treat equitably 9 all respects ! contempor>y wives 7,sura ,,iv1 #abh71 & ^? :o _h already contract$ contemporane\s m>riage be=e ! measure ref]r$ to above 0 introduc$ 7 absolv$ f ! condition laid d[n 9 ,sura ,,iv1 #c1 b 7 advis$1 reg>d+ _! !n exi/+ wives1 n to yield :olly to dis9cl9ation4 ,simil>ly ,mohammad 0 also reliev$ f t condition 9 ,sura ,,xxxiii1 #ea1 )\t giv+ him any conjugal all[ance :i* he _h himself pron\nc$ unlawful4 ,! second in/ance is ( ,ze9ab's case ,i suppose4 ,ze9ab 0 9 no way1 :5 divorc$ by ,zeid1 a woman =bidd5 to him by 8 own laws4 ,footnote #ade3 ,! ,apo/le becomes a creature s exalt$ t ev5 ! easy drap]y ( ,mohammadan morality becomes a g>m5t too tight-fitt+ = him4 ',a peculi> privilege is grant$ to him above ! re/ ( ! believ]s4' ,he may multiply 8 wives )\t /9t2 he may & he does m>ry )9 ! prohibit$ degrees4--,islam "u ! ,arabs1 by ,r4,d4 ,osborn1 ,london #ahgf1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #adf3 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 by ,s4,l4 ,poole1 pp4 #gg & #hj1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9ality ( ! social re=ms ( ,mohammad4 ,sid5ote3 ,positive precepts4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]emonial law4 ,sid5ote3 ,concrete morals ( ! ,koran4 ,sid5ote3 ,want ( adaptibility ( ! ,koran to surr\nd+ circum/ances4 #cg4 ,x has be5 said ) mu* /ress reg>d+ ! tea*+s ( ,mohammad3 7#a7 ,t al?\gh "u ! degrad$ condition ( ,arabia1 !y 7 a gift ( great value1 & succe$$ 9 bani%+ ^? fi]ce vices :i* naturally accompany ignorance & b>b>ism1 b an imp]fect code ( e?ics has be5 made a p]man5t /&>d ( good & evil1 & a f9al & irrevocable law1 :i* is an insup]able b>ri] to ! reg5]ation & progress ( a nation4 ,x has be5 also urg$ t 8 re=ms 7 good & useful = 8 own "t & place1 b t by mak+ !m f9al he has prev5t$ fur!r progress & consecrat$ half measures4 ,:at 7 re/rictions to 8 ,arabs w\ld h be5 lic5se to o!r m54#adg 7#b7 ,t ,islam deals ) positive precepts r ?an ) pr9ciples1#adh & ! dang] ( a precise sy/em ( positive precepts regulat+ ! m9ute detail1 ! c]emonial wor%ip1 & ! moral & social relations ( life1 is1 t x %\ld reta9 too tight a grip ^u m5 :5 ! circum/ances :i* ju/ifi$ x h *ang$ & vani%$ away1 & !re=e ! imposition ( a sy/em good = b>b>ians ^u p already possess+ high] sort ( civilization & ! pr9ciples ( a pur] fai? is n a bless+ b a curse4 ,nay m1 ev5 ! sy/em :i* 0 good = p :5 !y 7 9 a b>b>\s /ate may become positively mis*iev\s to ^? same p :5 !y beg9 to em]ge f _! b>b>ism "u its influ5ce into a high] condition4#adi 7#c7 ,t ! exact ritual & =mal obs]vations ( ,islam h c>ri$ ) !m _! own ,nemesis1 & ?us we f9d t 9 ! wor%ip ( ! fai?ful =malism & indiff]5ces1 p$antic scrupulosity & positive disbelief fl\ri% side by side4 ,! m9ute/ *ange ( po/ure 9 pray]1 ! displacem5t ( a simple g5uflexion1 w\ld call = mu* heavi] c5sure ?an outw>d pr(ligacy or absolute neglect4#aej 7#d7 ,t morality is view$ n 9 ! ab/ract1 b 9 ! concrete4 ,t ! ,koran deals mu* m ) s9 & virtue 9 fragm5t>y details ?an z a :ole4 ,x deals ) acts m ?an pr9ciples1 ) outw>d practice m ?an inw>d motives1 ) precepts & comm&s m ?an exhortation4 ,x does n hold up be=e man ! hatefulness & ugl9ess ( all s9 z a :ole4#aea 7#e7 ,t ,islam is /ation>y2 swa!d 9 ! rigid b&s ( ! ,coran1 x is p[]less1 l ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1#aeb to adapt itself to ! v>y+ circum/ances ( "t & place1 & to keep pace )1 if n to lead & direct1 ! progress ( society & ! elevation ( ! race4 ,9 ! body politic ! spiritual & secul> are hopelessly conf\nd$1 & we fail ( p]ceiv+ any approa* to free in/itutions or any g]m :atev] ( popul> gov]nm5t4#aec ,footnote #adg3 ,vide ,islam & its ,f\nd]1 by ,j4,w4,h4 ,/ob>t1 ,b4,a41 page #bbi1 ,london1 #ahgh2 & ,mohamm$1 ,buddha & ,*ri/1 by ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #abb-bc1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,major ,osborn writes1 ,b to ! polity erect$ on ^! rude l9es 0 giv5 ! attribute ( f9ality4 ,9 ord] to en=ce ob$i5ce & elim9ate ! _s ( opposition1 ,mohammad ass]t$ t x 01 d[n to ! m9ute/ details1 ! "w ( a ,div9e ,legislature4--,islam "u ! ,arabs1 pp4 #de & #df4 ,footnote #adh3 ,vide ,! ,fai? ( ,islam1 by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,sell1 page #g1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,vide ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 ! ,bible1 & ! ,koran1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4,r4,w4 ,/eph5s1 pp4 #ie & #aca1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #aej3 ,vide ,islam & its ,f\nd]1 by ,j4,w4,h4 ,/ob>t1 ,b4,a41 page #bcg2 & ,/eph5s' ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 page #aba4 ,major ,osborn writes3 ,f ! h\r ( 8 bir? ! moslem becomes a memb] ( a sy/em 9 :i* e act ( 8 life is gov]n$ by a m9ute ritual4 ,he is beset on e side ) a circle ( inflexible =malities4--,islam "u ! ,khalifs ( ,baghdad1 pp4 #gh-i4 ,he fur!r writes 9 a footnote1 p4 #gi3 ,?us pray] is absolutely useless if any matt]1 legally consid]$ impure1 adh]es to ! p]son ( ! wor%ipp]1 ev5 ?\gh he be unconsci\s ( its pres5ce4 ,pray] also is null & void unless ! m5 & wom5 pray+ are attir$ 9 a c]ta9 prescrib$ mann]4 ,footnote #aea3 ,vide ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 by ,w4,r4,w4 ,/eph5s1 pp4 #abb-bc4 ,major ,osborn writes3 ,! ,prophet knew ( no religi\s life :]e ! ext]nal rite 0 n deem$ ( great] importance ?an ! inn] /ate1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 he gave t "* to ,islam also4 ,h5ce !re are no moral gradations 9 ! ,koran4 ,all precepts proce$ f ! w ( ,god1 & all are en=c$ ) ! same ?reat5+ emphasis4 ,a failure ( p]=mance 9 ! meane/ trivialities ( civil life involves ! same trem5d\s p5alties z apo/acy & idolatry4--,islam "u ,khalifs1 p4 #e4 ,he fur!r says3 ,9 _! religi\s aspect1 ^! traditions are rem>kable = t /range confusion ( ?\ght :i* caus$ ! ,prophet to place on "o level ( wick$ness s]i\s moral crimes1 brea*es ( sumptu>y regulations1 & accid5tal omissions 9 c]emonial obs]vations4 ,s91 ?r\gh\t1 is reg>d$ z an ext]nal pollution1 :i* c1 at once1 be rectifi$ by ! paym5t ( a f9e ( "s k9d4 ,ibid1 page #fb4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,occasionally our au?or w\ld seem to write :at he c]ta9ly does n mean2 ?us1 9 ! middle ( an excell5t summ>y ( ! causes ( ,islam's decad5ce1 x is /at$1--',swa!d 9 ! rigid b&s ( ! ,koran1 ,islam is p[]less l ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation to adapt itself to ! v>y+ circum/ances ( "t & place4'--,! ,saturday ,review1 ,june #bc1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #aec3 ,vide ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 page #def1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prec$+ objections n applicable to ! ,koran4 #ch4 ,all ^! objections m or less apply r to ! tea*+s ( ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law 7canon & civil71 call$ ,fiqah or ,%>a1 ?an to ! ,koran1 ! ,mohammadan ,reveal$ ,law4 ,our ,common ,law1 :i* treats bo? ecclesia/ical & ! civil law1 is by no means consid]$ to be a div9e or un*angeable law4 ,?is subject has be5 treat$ by me 9 a sep>ate "w#aed on ! ,legal1 ,political & ,social ,re=ms to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,! space all[$ to me 9 ?is ,introduction1 :i* has already exce$$ its prop] limit1 does n admit a full & l5g?y discussion ( ! objections quot$ above1 b ,i w review !m "h 9 z few words z possible4 ,footnote #aed3 ,re=ms1 ,political1 ,social & ,legal1 "u ! ,moslem ,rule1 ,bombay ,education ,society's ,press1 #ahhc4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9ality ( ! social re=ms ( ,mohammad4 #ci4 7#a7 ,mohammad _h to deal ) b>b>\s nations ar\nd him1 to be gradually re=m$1 & besides ?is ! subject ( social re=ms 0 a second>y "q4 ,yet x be+ necess>y to trans=m ! "* ( ! p & to re=m ! moral & social abuses prevail+ among !m1 he gradually introduc$ 8 social re=ms :i* prov$ imm5se bless+s to ! ,arabs & o!r nations 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,p]haps "s tempor>y b judici\s1 reasonable & helpful accommodations _h to be made to ! weakness & immaturity ( ! p1 z halt+ /ages 9 ! m>* ( re=ms only to be set aside at _! adult /r5g?1 or to be aboli%$ :5 !y 7 to beg9 to em]ge f _! b>b>ism "u its influ5ce to a high] civilization4 ,consequ5tly gradual amelioration ( social evils _h necess>ily to pass sev]al trials dur+ progress ( re=m4 ,! int]m$iate /ages are n to be tak5 z f9al & irrevocable /&>d ( morality & an insup]able b>ri] to ! reg5]ation ( ! ,arabian nation4 ,our adv]s>ies /ick indiscrim9ately to ^! tempor>y measures or concessions only1 & call !m half measures & p>tial re=ms made into an un*angeable law :i* exclude ! highe/ re=ms1 & =m a =midable ob/acle to ! dawn ( a progressive & enlight5$ civilization4 ,i h 9 view "h ! precepts ( ,mohammad = ameliorat+ ! degrad$ condition ( wom5 = re/rict+ ! unlimit$ polygamy & ! facility ( divorce1 toge!r ) s]vile concub9age & slav]y4#aee ,mohammad's injunctions & precepts1 int]m$i>y & ultimate1 tempor>y & p]man5t1 int5d$ = ! removal ( ^! social evils1 are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 int]sp]s$ 9 diff]5t ,suras & n *ronologically arrang$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x is some:at difficult = ^? :o h no deep insight into ! promiscu\s lit]ature ( ! ,koran to f9d out :i* precept 0 only a halt+ /age1 & :i* ! late/4 ,x 0 only f "s ov]sight on ! "p ( ! compil]s ( ! ,common ,law t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! civil precepts ( a transitory nature & z a m$iate /ep lead+ to a high] re=m 7 tak5 z f9al2 & 9 ! second place1 ! civil precepts adapt$ = ! dwell]s ( ! ,arabian des]t 7 press$ ^u ! neck ( all ages & c\ntries4 ,a social sy/em = b>b>ism ought n to be impos$ on a p already possess+ high] =ms ( civilizations4 ,footnote #aee3 ,! cank]worm ( polygamy1 divorce1 s]vile concub9age & veil lay at ! root4 ,!y are b\nd up 9 ! "* ( its exi/5ce4 ,a re=m$ ,islam :i* %\ld "p ) ! div9e ord9ances on :i* !y re/1 or attempt 9 ! smalle/ degree to *ange !m by a rationali/ic selection1 abetm5t or v>iation w\ld be ,islam no long]4 ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 page #deh4 ,sid5ote3 ,positive precepts4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]emonial law4 #dj4 7#b7 ,9 fact ! ,koran deals ) positive precepts z well z ) pr9ciples1 b x nev] tea*es a precise sy/em ( precepts regulat+ 9 m9ute details ! social relations ( life & ! c]emonial ( wor%ip4 ,on ! contr>y1 its aim has be5 to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to n>r[ness1 =mality1 & sev]ity :i* is ! consequ5ce ( a liv+ "u a rigid sy/em ( positive precepts4 ,mohammad _h to trans=m ! "* ( ! ,arab b>b>ians :o _h no religi\s or moral tea*] or a social re=m] be=e 8 adv5t4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to give !m a few positive precepts1 m\ld+ & regulat+ _! moral & social conduct1 to make !m 'new creatures' ) new notions & new purposes1 & to remodel ! national life4 7#c7 ,b le/ !y %\ld confuse virtue z id5tical ) ob$i5ce to ! outw>d requirem5ts ( ! c]emonial law1--! =mal ablutions1 ! sacrifices 9 pilgrimages1 ! prescrib$ =ms ( pray]s1 ! fix$ am\nt ( alms1 & ! /rict fa/s1 ! voice ( ! ,koran has ev] & anon be5 lift$ up to decl>e t a rigid con=mity to practical precepts1 :e!r ( conduct or c]emonial1 w\ld n ext5uate1 b r increase 9 ! eyes ( ,god ! guilt ( an unpr9cipl$ he>t & an unholy life4 ,sid5ote3 ,pilgrimage4 ,reg>d+ ! pilgrimage#aef or ! sacrifices 7its *ief c]emony71 ! ,koran says3-- ,by no means c _! fle% rea* unto ,god1 nei!r _! blood1 b piety on y\r "p rea*e? him4 ,?us ha? he subject$ !m to y1 t ye might magnify ,god = 8 guidance3 & ann\nce glad tid+s to ! do]s ( good4--,sura ,,xxii1 #ch4 ,sid5ote3 ,kibla4 ,reg>d+ ! ,kibla 9 pray]s x is said 9 ! ,koran3-- ,! we/ & ! ea/ is ,god's3 !re=e :i*ev] way ye turn !re is ! face ( ,god4--,sura ,,ii1 #aji4 ,all h a qu>t] ( ! ,heav5s to :i* !y turn !m2 b :]ev] ye be1 ha/5 emul\sly aft] good4--,ibid1 #adc4 ,!re is no piety 9 turn+ y\r faces t[>d ! ea/ or we/1 b he is pi\s :o believe? 9 ,god & ! la/ day1 & ! angels & ! scripture1 & ! prophets2 :o = ! love ( ,god disburse? 8 weal? to 8 k9dr$2 & to ! orphans1 & ! ne$y1 & ! wayf>]1 & ^? :o ask1 & = ransom+2 :o obs]ve? ! pray]1 & paye? alms1 & :o is ( ^? :o are fai?ful to _! engagem5ts :5 !y h engag$ 9 !m1 & pati5t "u ills & h>d%ips1 & 9 "t ( tr\ble1 ^! are !y :o are j1 & ^! are !y :o fe> ! ,"l4--,ibid1 #agb4 ,sid5ote3 ,am\nt ( alms4 ,9 ! place ( a fix$ am\nt ( alms ! ,koran only says to give :at ye c sp>e4 ,!y w ask !e also :at %all !y be/[ 9 alms3 ,say3 ,:at ye c sp>e4--,ibid1 #baf1 #bag4 ,sid5ote3 ,fa/s4 ,in/ead ( impos+ a v /rict fa/1 :i* 9 ! middle ( summ] is extremely mortify+1 ! ,koran makes its obs]vance optional4 ,& z = ^? :o are able to keep x & yet obs]ve x n1 ! expiation ( ?is %all be ! ma9t5ance ( a poor man4 ,& he :o ( 8 own accord p]=me? a good "w1 %all d]ive good f x3 & good %all x be = y to fa/1 if ye knew x4--,ibid1 #ahj4 ,sid5ote3 ,no prescrib$ =ms ( pray]4 ,! ,koran does n tea* any prescrib$ =ms ( wor%ip & o!r rituali/ic pray]s4 ,no attitude is fix$1 & no outw>d obs]vance ( po/ure is requir$4 ,!re is no scrupulosity & punctili\sness1 nei!r ! *ange ( po/ure 9 pray] nor ! displacem5t ( a s+le g5uflexion calls any c5sure on ! devotee 9 ! ,koran4 ,simply read+ ! ,koran 7,suras ,,lxxiii1 #bj2 ,,xxix1 #dd71 & be>+ ,god 9 m9d1 /&+ & sitt+2 recl9+ 7,,iii1 #ahh2 ,,iv1 #ajd7 or b[+ d[n or pro/rat+ 7,,xxii1 #gf7 is ! only =m & ritual1 if x may be call$ s1 ( pray] & wor%ip taught 9 ! ,koran4 ,recite !n z mu* ( ! ,koran z may be easy to y4--,sura ,,lxxiii1 #bj4 ,recite ! portions ( ! ,book :i* h be5 reveal$ to !e & dis*>ge ! duty ( pray]2 v]ily pray] re/ra9e? f ! fil?y & ! blamewor?y4 ,& assur$ly ! grave/ duty is ! remembrance ( ,god2 & ,god kn[e? :at ye d4--,sura ,,xxix1 #dd4 ,& :5 ! ,koran is rehe>s$1 !n li/5 ye to x & keep sil5ce3 haply ye may obta9 m]cy4 ,& ?9k )9 ?9e ownself on ,god1 ) l[l9ess & ) fe> & )\t l\d-spok5 words1 at ev5 & at morn2 & be n ( ! he$less4--,sura ,,vii1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,sid5ote3 ,pret5ti\s pray]s & o/5tati\s almsgiv+ condemn$4 ,! ,koran condemns pret5ti\s pray]s & o/5tati\s almsgiv+4 ,v]ily ! hypocrites w\ld deceive ,god2 b he w deceive !m6 ,:5 !y /& up = pray]1 !y /& c>elessly to be se5 ( m51 & !y rememb] ,god b little--,sura ,,iv1 #ada4 ,woe !n to ^? :o pray1 ,:o 9 _! pray] are c>eless2 ,:o make a %[ ( devotion1 ,b refuse help to ! ne$y4--,sura ,,cvii1 #d-g4 ,& !y fall d[n on _! faces weep+1 & x increase? ! humility4--,sura ,,xvii1 #aaj4 ,o ye :o believe6 make n y\r alms void by reproa*es & injury2 l him :o sp5de? 8 sub/ance to be se5 ( m51 & believe? n 9 ,god & 9 ! latt] day4 ,! lik5ess ( su* an "o is t ( a rock ) a ?9 soil ^u x1 on :i* a heavy ra9 falle?1 b leave? x h>d4 ,no pr(it f _! works %all !y be able to ga92 = ,god guide? n ! unbeliev+ p4--,sura ,,ii1 #bff4 ,we h made ready a %ameful *a/isem5t = ! unbeliev]s1 & = ^? :o be/[ _! sub/ance 9 alms to be se5 ( m51 & believe n 9 ,god & 9 ! la/ day4 ,:oev] ha? satan = 8 companion1 an evil companion ha? he6--,sura ,,iv1 #db4 ,sid5ote3 ,no indisp5sable h\rs or places = pray]s4 ,!re are no indisp5sable h\rs or places to be obs]v$ = pray]s4 ,9 ,suras ,,xi1 #aaf2 & ,,iv1 #ajd1 ! "t ( pray] is set d[n 9 g5]al t]ms )\t specify+ any fix$ h\r4 ,!re are "s m times nam$ 9 ,suras ,,xvii1 #ha1 #hb2 ,,xx1 #acj2 ,l1 #ch1 #ci2 & ,,lii1 #dh1 #di1 b !y are special cases = ,mohammad himself1 & z an excess 9 ! s]vice4 ,vide ,sura ,,xvii1 #ha4 ,on ?is subject ,dr4 ,m>cus ,dods obs]ves3-- ,!re are two features ( ! dev\t "* :i* ! ,mohamm$ans h ! m]it ( exhibit+ ) mu* great] di/9ctness ?an we d4 ,!y %[ n ! smalle/ hesitation or fe> 9 confess+ ,god1 & !y r$uce to practice ! great pr9ciple t ! wor%ip ( ,god is n conf9$ to temples or any special place3-- ,mo/ hon\r to ! m5 ( pray]1 ,^: mosque is 9 !m ev]y:]e6 ,:o amid revel's wilde/ d91 ,9 w>'s sev]e/ discipl9e1 ,on roll+ deck1 9 ?rong$ baza>1 ,9 /rang] l&1 h[ev] f>1 ,h[ev] diff]5t 9 _! rea* ,( ?\ght1 9 mann]s1 dress or spee*1-- ,w quietly _! c>pet spread4 ,to ,mekkeh turn ! humble head1 ,&1 z if bl9d to all ar\nd1 ,& deaf to ea* di/ract+ s\nd1 ,9 ritual language ,god adore1 ,9 _s to 8 pres5ce so>1 ,& 9 ! pauses ( ! pray]1 ,re/1 z if rapt 9 glory !re4 ,!re are ( c\rse =mali/s & hypocrites 9 ,islam z well z 9 religions ( :i* we h m exp]i5ce4 ,! uni=mity & regul>ity ( _! pro/rations resemble ! movem5ts ( a well-drill$ company ( soldi]s or ( ma*9es1 b ! ,koran d5\nces woe ^u ^? :o pray1 b 9 _! pray]s are c>eless1 :o make a %[ ( devotion1 b refuse to help ! ne$y2 :ile n[h]e is =malism m pung5tly ridicul$ ?an 9 ! common ,arabic prov]b1 ,8 head is t[>ds ! ,kibleh1 b 8 heels among ! we$s4 ,we c\ld almo/ excuse a t\* ( =malism = ! sake ( secur+ t absolute /illness & outw>d decorum 9 wor%ip :i* deceives ! /rang] z he ent]s a cr[d$ mosque into ! belief t x is q empty4 ,p]sons :o hold !mselves excus$ f ! duty ( wor%ip by e slight ob/acle might d worse ?an get infect$ ) ! sublime =malism ( ,cais1 son ( ,sad1 :o w\ld n %ift 8 head an in* f ! place ( 8 pro/ration1 ?\gh a huge s]p5t lift$ its fangs close to 8 face & f9ally coil$ itself r\nd 8 neck4 ,& if "s are =mal1 c]ta9ly _m are v mu* 9 e>ne/4#aeg ,sid5ote3 ,ablutions4 ,! ablutions h n be5 impos$ z burd5s1 or z hav+ any my/]i\s m]it1 b m]ely z a measure ( cleanl9ess4 ,god desire? n to lay a burd5 ^u y1 b he desire? to purify y4 ,footnote #aef3 ,! in/itution ( pilgrimage is a h>mless "o1 & conducive to unity 9 religion = ,arabs1 & gives moreov] an impetus to trade at l>ge4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 by ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #cj-a4 ,sid5ote3 ,koran bo? ab/ract & concrete 9 morals4 #da4 7#d7 ,! ,koran seems fully aw>e ( ! dang] ( ! precise & fix$ sy/em ( positive precepts m\ld+ & regulat+ e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,! dang] is t ! sy/em ( =malism 9 :i* m5 are ti$ d[n to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 religi\s functions1 m9utely & precisely fix$ 9 respect to "t1 place & mann]1 s t nei!r less nor m is requir$ ( !m1 reta9s too tight a grip ^u !m1 :5 ! circum/ances :i* ju/ifi$ x h *ang$ or vani%$ away4 ,! moral gr[? ( ^? :o live "u su* a sy/em ( m9ute & punctili\s re/ra9t is /unt$ & ret>d$4 ,! t5d5cy ( mank9d to =malism is s /rong t !y v commonly1 ?\gh (t5 unconsci\sly1 fall into ! error ( imag9+ t !re is a peculi> intr9sic m]it & virtue 9 ! m]e dis*>ge ( ^? prescrib$ =ms ( duties & religi\s c]emonies4 ,morality is ) !m n 9 ! ab/ract b 9 ! concrete1 z consi/+ ( a mass ( religi\s obs]vances1 r ?an ( a c]ta9 disposition ( he>t t[>ds ,god & man4 ,! ,koran deals ) vice & virtue z a :ole z well z 9 fragm5t>y details4 ,x treats ( inw>d motives z mu* z ( outw>d practice1 ( exhortations equally ) precepts & comm&s4 ,x holds up be=e man ! hatefulness & ugl9ess ( vice z a :ole4 ,x does n enclose ! :ole ( ! practical morality & piety )9 ! n>r[ compass ( a fix$ numb] ( precepts4 ,x lays ! f\ndation ( t f>-rea*+ *>ity :i* reg>ds all m5 z equal 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & recognizes no di/9ction ( races & classes4 #abj4 ,& ab&on ! semblance ( wick$ness & wick$ness itself4 ,!y1 v]ily1 ^: only acquirem5t is iniquity %all be repaid = :at !y h ga9$4 #aeb4 ,say3 ,come1 ,i w rehe>se :at y\r ,"l ha? made b9d+ on y1 t ye assign n aught to ,him z %>]s ( 8 ,div9e hon\r1 & t ye be good to y\r p>5ts2 & t ye slay n y\r *ildr5 because ( pov]ty1 = !m & = y w ,we provide2 & t ye come n ne> to pollutions1 outw>d or inw>d2 & t ye slay n anyone :om ,god ha? =bidd5 y1 unless = a j cause4 ,?is ha? ,he enjo9$ on y3 haply ye w und]/&4--,sura ,,vi4 #ca4 ,say3 ,only ha? my ,"l =bidd5 fil?y actions1 :e!r op5 or secret1 & iniquity1 & unju/ viol5ce1 & to associate ) ,god t = :i* ,he ha? s5t d[n no w>ranty1 & to speak ( ,god t ( :i* ye h no k4--,sura ,,vii4 #cc4 ,to ^? :o avoid great crimes & sc&als1 b commit only light] faults1 v]ily1 ?y ,"l w be ri* 9 =giv5ess4 ,he well knew y :5 ,he produc$ y out ( ! e>?1 & :5 ye 7 embryos 9 y\r mo!rs' womb4 ,ass]t n !n y\r own purity4 ,he be/ kn[e? :o fe>e? him4--,sura ,,liii4 #ac4 ,o m56 v]ily ,we h creat$ y ( a male & a female3 & ,we h divid$ y into peoples & tribes t ye might take k "o ( ano!r4 ,truly ! mo/ wor?y ( hon\r 9 ! sight ( ,god is he :o fe>e? ,him mo/4 ,v]ily ,god is ,kn[+1 ,cognizant4--,sura ,,xlix4 #adc4 ,& e nation has a qu>t] ( ! ,heav5s4 ,x is ,god :o turne? !m t[>ds x3 ha/5 !n emul\sly aft] good3 :]esov] ye be1 ,god w "o day br+ y all toge!r3 v]ily ,god is all p[]ful4--,sura ,,ii4 #eb4 ,& to !e ,we h s5t d[n ! ,book ( ! ,koran ) tru?1 confirmatory ( previ\s scripture & its safegu>d4 ,judge !re=e betwe5 !m by :at ,god ha? s5t d[n1 & foll[ n _! desires1 aft] ! tru? :i* ha? come unto !e4 ,to ev]yone ( y h ,we giv5 a rule & an op5 way4 #ec4 ,& if ,god _h pleas$ ,he _h surely made y all "o p2 b ,he w\ld te/ y by :at ,he ha? giv5 to ea*4 ,be emul\s !n 9 good de$s4 ,to ,god d ye all return1 & ,he w tell y conc]n+ ! subjects ( y\r disputes4--,sura ,v4 #abg ,& vie 9 ha/e = p>don f y\r ,"l1 & a ,p>adise1 va/ z ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 prep>$ = ! ,god-fe>+4 #abh4 ,:o gives alms1 alike 9 prosp]ity & 9 di/ress1 & :o ma/] _! ang]1 & =give o!rs6 ,& ,god love? ! do] ( good4 #abi4 ,& :o1 aft] !y h done a base de$ or committ$ a wrong aga9/ _! own s\ls1 rememb] ,god & implore =giv5ess ( _! s9s--& :o c =give s9s b ,god only8--& p]sev]e n 9 :at !y h will+ly done amiss4--,sura ,,iii4 #ba4 ,vie 9 ha/+ aft] p>don f y\r ,"l1 & ,p>adise--^: outspread is z ! outspread ( ! ,heav5 & ( ! ,e>?4 ,prep>$ is x = ^? :o believ$ 9 ,god & 8 apo/les4 ,su* is ! b\nty ( ,god3 to :om ,he w ,he give? x3 & ( imm5se b\nty is ,god6--,sura ,,lii4 #ahc4 ,ye %all assur$ly be tri$ 9 y\r possessions & 9 y\rselves4 ,& _m hurtful ?+s %all ye assur$ly he> f ^? to :om ! scriptures 7 giv5 be=e y1 & f ^? :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god4 ,b if ye be /eadfa/ & fe> ,god1 !n ?is v]ily is ,god's decree = ! affairs ( life4--,sura ,,iii4 #af4 ,o my son6 obs]ve pray] & enjo9 ! "r & =bid ! wrong1 & be pati5t "u :atev] %all betide !e3 v]ily ?is is a b\nd5 duty4--,sura ,,xxxi4 #ch4 ,yet let ! recomp5se ( evil be only a l evil2 b he :o =give? & make? peace1 %all f9d 8 rew>d = x f ,god2 v]ily ,he love? n ^? :o act unju/ly4 #ci4 ,& !re %all be no way op5 aga9/ ^? :o1 aft] be+ wrong$1 av5ge !mselves4 #dj4 ,only %all !re be a way op5 aga9/ ^? :o unju/ly wrong o!rs1 & act insol5tly on ! e>? 9 disreg>d ( ju/ice4 ,^!6 a griev\s puni%m5t do? await !m4 #da4 ,& :oso be>e? wrongs ) pati5ce & =give?1--?is v]ily is a b\nd5 duty4--,sura ,,xlii4 ,sid5ote3 ,adaptability ( ! ,koran to surr\nd+ circum/ances4 #db4 7#e7 ,! ,koran keeps pace ) ! mo/ fully & rapidly-develop+ civilization1 if x is rationally int]pret$1 n z exp\nd$ by ! ,ulema 9 ! ,common ,law ,book & en=c$ by ! s5tim5t ( a nation4 ,x is only ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law1 ) all its traditions or oral say+s ( ! ,prophet1--v few ( :i* are g5u9e reports1 & ! suppos$ *im]ical concurr5ce ( ! le>n$ ,moslem ,doctors & mo/ly _! analogical reason+s 7call$ ,hadees1 ,ijma1 & ,kias71 pass$ "u ! "n ( ,fiqah or ,%>iat1 t has bl5d$ toge!r ! spiritual & ! secul>1 & has become a b>ri] 9 "s respects reg>d+ c]ta9 social & political innovations = ! high] civilization & progress ( ! nation4 ,b ! ,koran is n responsible = ?is all4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,lane ,poole writes3-- ,! ,koran does n conta91 ev5 9 outl9e1 ! elaborate ritual & complicat$ law :i* n[ passes "u ! "n ( ,islam4 ,x conta9s m]ely ^? decisions :i* happ5$ to be call$ = at ,m$9a4 ,mohammad himself knew t x did n provide = e em]g5cy1 & recomm5d$ a pr9ciple ( analogical d$uction to guide 8 foll[]s :5 !y 7 9 d\bt4 ,?is analogical d$uction has be5 ! ru9 ( ,islam4 ,comm5tators & ,juri/s h set _! nimble wits to "w to extract f ! ,koran legal decisions :i* an ord9>y m9d c\ld nev] discov] !re2 & ! :ole /ructure ( mod]n ,mohammadanism has be5 built ^u ! f\ndation ( s&4 ,! ,koran is n responsible = x4#aeh ,i c only diff] f ! above 9 ! allegation t ,mohammad recomm5d$ a pr9ciple ( analogical d$uction4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,! ,spee*es & ,table-talk ( ! ,prophet ,mohammad1 by ,/anley ,lane ,poole1 pages lii & liii1 ,introduction1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,sid5ote3 ,suitability ( ! ,koran to all classes ( humanity4 #dc4 ,?us ! sy/em ( religi\s & moral tea*+ ( ! ,koran admirably suits ! l[] & ! high] =ms ( humanity4 ,! precepts :i* regulate "s dep>tm5t ( social life1 moral conduct1 & religi\s c]emonial are bless+s to ! b>b>\s2 & t portion ( ! ,koran :i* inculcates l>ge pr9ciples1 = ! due application ( :i* mu* mu/ be left to ! individual consci5ce1 suits ! same p :5 !y beg9 to em]ge f _! b>b>ism "u its influ5ce into a high] condition1 or to ^? already possess+ ! high] =ms ( civilization4 ,= in/ance1 ! comm& to give full measure1 to weigh ) j balance1 to ab/a9 f w9e & gambl+1 & to treat p]sons ) k9dness are int5d$ = m5 n rea*+ ! high =ms ( civilization4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,koran reg>d+ ! graces ( tru?1 hone/y & temp]ance & m]cy1 ! virtues ( meekness1 & ! /ress laid ^u ?\ghts & incl9ations are fit to in/ruct p]sons :o h atta9$ ! high] =ms ( civilization1 & h outgr[n ! ne$ ( positive precepts ( m9ute detail4 ,c4 ,ali4 ,hyd]abad1 ,deccan1 ,m>* #ahhd4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,despite ! ref]5ce to a ,note on page cv 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 no su* page exi/s 9 ?is edition ( ! pr9t$ book4 ,,kahtan4 4--------------------------------------- 4 ,y>ab4 ,haz>amaut4 99 ,yo%jab4 99 ,sadif4 ,saba4 4-----------------------------4 ,himy>4 ,kahlan4 99 99 4---------------------------4 ,kozaa4 ,rabia4 ,zeid4 ,al-,hafi4 99 99 4-----------------------4 ,hamadan4 ,abad4 99 4--------------------4 99 99 99 ,gh\s4 ,aslom4 ,amran4 ,amr4 99 99 4-------------------4 99 99 4----------4 ,zeid4 ,murrah4 ,muzhij4 ,tay4 ,a%-ar4 4-------4 ,bahra4 99 ,bali4 99 4------4 4-------4 ,j>m4 ,taghlib4 ,mahra4 ,adi4 ,khaulan4 ,gh\s4 ,kh>ija4 ,vabra4 4--------------4 ,jadila4 4---------4 ,lakhm4 ,(eir4 ,juzam4 ,kalb4 ,kho%a94 4------------4 ,d>4 ,k9da4 ,taym ,allat4 ,ans4 ,illah4 ,sukun4 4---------------4 ,morad4 ,saad-ul-,a%ira ,johe9a4 ,saad4 ,nohd4 4------------------4 ,jufi4 ,ozra4 ,h>b4 ,amr4 4----------4 ,nakha4 ,raha4 ,sada4 4-----------------------4 4--------------------4 ,azd4 ,anm>4 4------------------4 4--------------4 ,maz94 ,%ahnvah4 ,khas-am4 ,gh\s4 ,ghafiq4 4--------------------4 4--------------4 ,bajila4 ,ahmas4 ,saalba4 ,h>isa4 ,samala4 ,doos4 ,haddan4 ,jafna4 4------4 7,! ,ghass9ides74 ,aus4 ,khazraj4 4------------------4 ,adi4 ,afsa4 ,lohay4 ,b>iq4 ,aslam4 ,khozaa4 ,salaman4 ,mu/alik4 ,,moadd4 99 99 ,,niz>4 4--------------------------------------- -----4 ,moz> 7,modh>74 ,rabia4 99 4--------------------------------------- -4 99 ,al-,ns4 ,al-,ys4 4-----4 99 ,kays4 99 ,anaza4 ,khundif4 ,aylan4 ,jadila4 4------------4 99 4-----------------4 99 ,tbikha4 ,modrika4 ,khasafa4 ,ghatafan4 99 99 ,add4 99 99 4----------4 ,mansr4 4-------------4 4---4 ,aasir4 ,reis4 4-------4 ,tamim4 99 ,moze9a4 ,hozeil4 4-----4 99 ,suleim4 ,hawazan4 99 99 ,khozeima4 ,sad ,monat ,d>im4 4----4 ,bakr4 ,bahila4 ,lahyn4 99 ,saliba b9 ,sd4 ,makwan4 99 99 ,movahib4 ,k9ana4 4--------4 99 4--------------4 4---------4 ,a%a4 ,baghiz4 4-----4 ,sakeef4 ,saad4 ,saasaa4 ,abd ,monat4 ,naz>4 4------4 ,ussya4 ,ril4 ,aamir4 4----4 ,malik4 ,zobian4 ,abs4 4--------------4 99 99 ,bakr4 ,fahr or 99 99 ,korei%4 ,rabia4 ,hilal4 ,zamra4 ,mudlij4 ,ghalib4 4-------------------------4 ,ghif>4 4------------4 ,l[ay4 ,kilab4 ,kaab4 ,aamir4 99 99 ,%ahm4 ,murra4 ,fezra4 99 4---------4 99 4--------------------- ,rivas4 ,ko%eir4 99 ,jaada4 ,baka4 ,kb ,khozeima4 99 4-----------------4 4------------- ,muntafiq4 ,murrah4 99 99 ,abd-ul-,kays4 99 99 4-------------4 4-----4 4--------4 ,kilab4 ,taym4 ,mukhzum4 ,sahm4 ,jamah4 ,aus ,allat4 4--------4 ,taym ,allah4 ,kossay4 ,zohra4 ,wail4 4--------------------------4 4--------4 99 ,abd ,manaf4 ,abd-ud-,dr4 99 ,taghlib4 ,bakr4 4---------------------------4 99 ,asad4 99 ,ha%im4 ,abd ,%ams4 ,hanifa4 ,abd-ul-,muttlib4 ,omayya4 99 99 4----------------------4 ,h>ab4 7,sakhr74 4------4 ,abbas4 ,abdullah4 ,abu ,talib4 ,abu ,s(ian4 ,taheem 99 ,ibn ,abbas4 ,mohammad4 ,ali4 99 ,moavia4 ,%aiban4 99 99 ,sads4 ,,all ,,! ,,w>s ,,( ,,mohammad ,,7 ,,def5sive4 ,! ,p]secutions4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! e>ly p]secutions ( ,moslems by ! p ( ,mecca4 ,! sev]e p]secution :i* ,mohammad & 8 e>ly conv]ts suff]$ at ,mecca at ! h&s ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 ! ,korei%1 is a fact admitt$ by all hi/orians4 ,! ,koran1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a contempor>y record ( ! ill-feel+ manife/$ t[>ds ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s1 be>s ample te/imony to ! fact4 ,n only 7 ! e>ly ,moslems p]secut$ = r5\nc+ ! pagan religion & obta9+ conv]ts to ! mono!i/ic religion ( ,mohammad1 b !y 7 also tortur$ & o!rwise ill-treat$ to induce !m to return to ! religion :i* !y _h =sak54 ,! p]secution seems to h be5 s great t ,mohammad 0 compell$ to recognize ^? ( 8 foll[]s1 :o by =ce & cruelty 7 compell$ to r5\nce ,islam & pr(ess paganism1 b 7 inw>dly /eadfa/ 9 _! belief ( ! "o true ,god1 z true ,moslems4 ,! ,koran says3 ,:oso aft] he ha? believ$ 9 ,god d5ie? ,him1 if he 7 =c$ to x1 & if 8 he>t rema9 /eadfa/ 9 ! fai?1 %all be guiltless2 b :oso op5e? 8 brea/ to infidelity1 on !m1 9 t case1 %all be wra? f ,god1 & a sev]e puni%m5t awaite? !m4--,sura xvi1 #ajh4 ,! inc>c]ation & tortures1 says ,mr4 ,/ob>t1 *iefly by ?ir/ 9 ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 to :i* ^! humble conv]ts 7 subject$1 to induce _! recantation & adoration ( ! national idols1 t\*$ ! he>t ( ,mahomet1 & by div9e au?ority1 he p]mitt$ !m1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to d5y _! fai? s long z _! he>ts 7 /eadfa/ 9 x4#aei ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,notices ( ! p]secution 9 ! ,koran4 ,! oppressions1 trials1 & suff]+s :i* ! e>ly ,moslems und]w5t compell$ !m to fly f _! homes1 leav+ _! families & prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( _! oppressors4 ,!y *ose ?is c\rse r ?an rev]t to paganism4 ,!y held /eadfa/ly to ! "o true ,god :om _! ,prophet _h taught !m to tru/ & believe4 ,all ^! facts are cle>ly outl9$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! ,koran3-- ,& z to ^? :o :5 oppress$ h fl$ _! c\ntry = ! sake ( ,god1 ,we w surely provide !m a goodly abode 9 ?is _w1 b great] ! rew>d ( next life1 did !y b "k x4 ,!y :o be> ills ) pati5ce1 & put _! tru/ 9 ! ,"l6--xvi1 #dc1 #dd4 ,to ^? also :o aft] _! trials fl$ _! c\ntry1 !n did _! utmo/ & endur$ ) pati5ce1 v]ily1 ?y ,"l w aft]w>ds be =giv+1 graci\s4--,ibid1 #aaa4 ,b !y :o believe1 & :o fly _! c\ntry1 & d _! utmo/ 9 ! cause ( ,god1 may hope = ,god's m]cy3 & ,god is ,graci\s1 ,m]ciful4--ii1 #bae4 ,& !y :o h fl$ _! c\ntry & quitt$ _! homes & suff]$ 9 my cause & h f\ght & fall5--,i w blot out _! s9s f !m & w br+ !m into g>d5s b5ea? :i* ! /reams d fl[4--iii1 #aid4 ,& z to ^? :o fl$ _! c\ntry = ! cause ( ,god1 & 7 aft]w>ds sla91 or di$1 surely ) goodly provision w ,god provide = !m6 = v]ily1 ,god is ! be/ ( provid]s6--xxii1 #eg4 ,^? believ]s :o sit at home free f tr\ble1 & ^? :o toil 9 ! cause ( ,god ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons1 %all n be treat$ alike4 ,god ha? assign$ to ^? :o /rive ) _! p]sons & ) _! sub/ance1 a rank above ^? :o sit at home4 ,goodly promises ha? ,he made to all3 ,b ,god ha? assign$ to ^? :o make ef=ts a ri* recomp5se above ^? :o sit /ill at home4 ,! angels1 :5 !y took ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h be5 unju/ to _! own weal1 dem&$1 ',:at ha? be5 y\r /ate8' ,!y said1 ',we 7 ! weak ones ( ! e>?4' ,!y repli$1 ',0 n ,god's e>? broad en\gh = y to flee away 98' ,^!6 _! home %all be ,hell1 & evil ! passage to x-- ,except ! m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 :o 7 n able ?r\gh _! weakness to f9d ! means ( escape1 & 7 n guid$ on _! way4 ,^! haply ,god w =give3 = ,god is ,=giv+1 ,p>don+4--iv1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,god do? n =bid y to deal ) k9dness & fairness t[>ds ^? :o h n made w> ^u y on acc\nt ( y\r religion1 or driv5 y =? f y\r homes3 v]ily1 ,god love? ^? :o act ) fairness4 ,only do? ,god =bid y to make fri5ds ( ^? :o1 on acc\nt ( y\r religion1 h w>r$ aga9/ y1 & h driv5 y =? f y\r homes1 & h aid$ y\r expulsion3 & :oev] make? fri5ds ( !m1 ^! !re=e are evil-do]s4--lx1 #h1 #i4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,insults suff]$ by ,mohammad4 ,! ,prophet himself suff]$ insults & p]sonal injuries f ! h&s ( 8 p]secutors4 ,he 0 prev5t$ f (f]+ 8 pray]s 7xcvi1 #aj74 ,he all[$ himself to be spat ^u1 to h du/ ?r[n ^u him1 & to be dragg$ out ( ! ,kaaba by 8 own turban fa/5$ to 8 neck4 ,he bore all ^! indignities ) ! utmo/ humility1 & he daily beheld 8 foll[]s treat$ oppressively4 ,aft] 8 uncle's dea? 8 life 0 attempt$1 b he escap$ by fly+ to ,m$9a4 ,& call to m9d :5 ! unbeliev]s plott$ aga9/ !e1 to deta9 !e prison] or to kill !e or to bani% !e3 !y plott$--b ,god plott$2 & ( plott]s is ,god ! be/4--viii1 #cj4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,hi/orical summ>y ( ! p]secutions4 ,ab\t #fae ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,korei% ( ,mecca began to p]secute ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,^? :o _h no protection among ! e>ly ,moslems 7 h>d press$1 z relat$ above4 ,a body ( elev5 m51 "s ) _! families1 fl$ ! c\ntry1 & f\nd refuge1 not)/&+ _! pursuit by ! ,korei%1 across ! ,r$ ,sea at ! ,c\rt ( ,abyss9ia4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,hegira1 or flight ( ! p]secut$ ,moslems4 ,aft] "s "t1 ! p]secution be+ resum$ by ! ,korei% m hotly ?an ev]1 a l>g] numb] ( ,moslems1 m ?an hundr$1 emigrat$ to ,abyss9ia4 ,?is 0 ! second flight ( ! ,moslems4 ,! ,korei% _h s5t an embassy to ! ,c\rt ( ,abyss9ia to fet* back ! refugees4 ,! k+ d5i$ _! surr5d]4 ,ab\t two ye>s lat] ! ,korei% =m$ a ho/ile conf$]acy1 by :i* all int]c\rse ) ! ,moslems & _! support]s 0 susp5d$4 ,! ,korei% =c$ ^u ! ,moslems1 by _! ?reats & m5aces1 to retire f ! city4 ,= ab\t ?ree ye>s1 !y1 toge!r ) ! ,prophet & ! ,ha%imites & _! families1 _h to %ut !mselves up 9 ! ,%eb ( ,abu ,tlib4 ,!y rema9$ !re1 cut (f f communication ) ! out] _w4 ,! ban ( sep>ation 0 put rigor\sly 9 =ce4 ,! t]ms ( ! social & civil ban put ^u !m 71 t !y w\ld nei!r int]m>ry ) ! proscrib$1 nor sell to or buy f !m any?+1 & t !y w\ld entirely cease f all int]c\rse ) !m4 ,mohammad1 9 ! int]val ( ! holy mon?s1 us$ to g =? & m+le ) ! pilgrims to ,mecca1 & prea*$ to !m ! abhorr5ce ( idolatry & ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,true ,god4 ,! ,%eb1 or qu>t] ( ,abu ,tlib1 lies "u ! rocks ( ,abu ,cobeis4 ,a l[ gateway cut !m (f f ! out] _w1 & )9 !y _h to suff] all privations ( a beleagu]$ g>rison4 ,no "o w\ld v5ture =? except 9 ! sacr$ mon?s1 :5 all ho/ile feel+s & acts _h to be laid aside4 ,! citiz5s c\ld he> ! voices ( ! half-fami%$ *ildr5 inside ! ,%eb & ?is /ate ( endurance on ! "o side1 & p]secution on ! o!r1 w5t on = "s ?ree ye>s4 ,five ( ! *ief support]s ( ! adv]se faction deta*$ f ! league & broke up ! conf$]acy & releas$ ! imprison$ religioni/s4 ,?is 0 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,mohammad's m9i/ry4 ,soon aft] ,mohammad & ! e>ly ,moslems suff]$ a great loss 9 ! dea? ( 8 v5]able uncle & protector ,abu ,tlib4 ,?us1 ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s became aga9 expos$ to ! un*eck$ insults & p]secutions incit$ by ,ab ,s(ian1 ,abu ,jahl1 & o!rs2 & be+ a h&ful 9 ! ho/ile city1 7 unable to cope ) its ri* & p[]ful *iefs4 ,at ?is critical p]iod1 ei!r because he f\nd x unsafe to rema9 at ,mecca1 or because he tru/$ 8 message w\ld f9d m acceptance else:]e1 ,mohammad set (f to ,tayef ( ! ,bani ,?akif1--! t[n 0 "o ( ! great /rongholds ( idolatry4 ,!re 0 a /one image1 call$ ,al-,lt1 adorn$ ) co/ly ve/m5ts & preci\s /ones1 0 an object ( wor%ip1 & e/eem$ to be "o ( ! daught]s ( ,god4 ,"h ,mohammad prea*$ to unwill+ e>s1 & met ) no?+ b opposition & scorn f ! *ief m51 :i* soon spread to ! populace4 ,he 0 driv5 out ( ! t[n1 maltreat$1 & w\nd$4 ,he c\ld n return to & ent] ,mecca unless protect$ by ,mut-im1 a *ief ( ! blood ( ,abd ,%ams4 ,at ! ye>ly pilgrimage1 a little gr\p ( wor%ipp]s f ,m$9a 0 attract$ & won ov] by ! prea*+ ( ,islam2 & ! foll[+ ye> x increas$ to twelve4 ,!y met ,mohammad & took an oa? ( allegiance4 ,a tea*] 0 deput$ by ,mohammad to ,m$9a1 & ! new fai? spread !re ) a m>vell\s rapidity4 ,aga9 ! "t ( pilgrimage arriv$1 & m ?an sev5ty disciples f ,m$9a pl$g$ !mselves to receive & def5d him at ! risk ( _! lives & prop]ty4 ,?is 0 all done 9 secret2 b ! ,korei%1 hav+ got notice ( x1 r5ew$ su* sev]ities & p]secutions1 includ+1 9 "s cases1 imprisonm5t1 z ha/5$ ! dep>ture ( ! ,moslems to ,m$9a1 _! city ( refuge4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,! ,hegira4 ,mohammad1 be+ mu* tr\bl$ by ! intol]ance ( ! p & ! p]sonal safety & security ( himself & 8 foll[]s be+ endang]$1 & mutual int]c\rse d5i$1 saw t x 0 hopeless to expect any =be>ance on ! "p ( ! ,korei%1 :o w\ld n p]mit him to live & prea* 8 religion at home1 & look$ = assi/ance & protection f a /range l&4 ,he ask$ ! p ( ,m$9a to receive & protect him4 ,! ,m$9a conv]ts1 :o _h come to ,mecca on pilgrimage1 pl$g$ !mselves to ,mohammad1 & promis$ to def5d him z !y w\ld def5d _! wives & *ildr54 ,! ,m$9a conv]ts1 al?\gh n act+ on ! (f5sive1 became at once objects ( suspicion to ! ,korei%1 :o endeav\r$ to seize ^? :o 7 9 ,mecca4 ,!y maltreat$ "o ( ! ,m$9a conv]ts :o fell into _! h&s1 & ! "w ( p]secution 0 recomm5c$ 9 "r e>ne/4#afj ,two mon?s elaps$ be=e ! believ]s1 except ^? deta9$ 9 conf9em5t or :o 7 unable to escape f slav]y1 or wom5 & *ildr51 c\ld emigrate4 ,families aft] families sil5tly disappe>$1 & h\se aft] h\se 0 ab&on$4 ,"o or two qu>t]s ( ! city 7 entirely des]t$4 ,! ,korei% held a c\ncil & proscrib$ ,mohammad1 :o escap$ toge!r ) ,abu ,bakr1 leav+ ,ali 9 8 h\se1 ar\nd :om1 to lull ! suspicions ( 8 neighb\rs1 he ?rew 8 own mantle1 & desir$ him to occupy 8 b$4 ,mohammad & 8 foll[] took refuge 9 a cave4 ,! ,korei% despat*$ sc\ts 9 all directions to se>* = ,mohammad1 b 9 va94 ,aft] hid+ = ?ree days 9 ! cave1 ,mohammad & ,abu ,bakr />t$ = ,m$9a1 :]e !y arriv$ safely4 ,! =ego+ circum/ances w\ld h fully ju/ifi$ imm$iate ho/ilities on ! "p ( ,mohammad1 b he did n take up arms until compell$ to d s by ! attacks ( ! ,meccans4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,! p]secution ( ! ,moslems by ! ,korei% aft] _! flight f ,mecca4 ,not)/&+ ! flight ( ! ,prophet & ( all ! e>ly ,moslem conv]ts :o 7 able to effect an escape except _! families1 wom5 & *ildr51 & ^? weak ,moslems :o c\ld n leave ,mecca1 ! ,meccans or ! ,korei% did n =give ! fugitives & did n ab/a9 f _! aggressions aga9/ !m4 ,!y maltreat$ ! *ildr5 & weak ,moslems left at ,mecca 7iv1 #gg1 #ii & #ajj71 expell$ ! ,moslems f _! h\ses1 & w\ld n all[ !m to come back to ,mecca = a pilgrimage 7ii1 #bad74 ,! ,meccans sev]al times invad$ ! ,m$9a t]ritory ) ! av[$ int5tion ( mak+ w> ^u ! ,moslems 7& actually f\ght ! battles ( ,b$r1 ,ohad1 ,kh&ak or ,ahzb1 at ,m$9a71 consequ5tly ! ,moslems 7 =c$ to resort to arms 9 pure self-def5ce4 ,^! 7 suffici5t gr\nds = ! ,moslems to assume ! (f5sive4 ,!y 7 desir\s also ( rescu+ _! families & ^? :o _h be5 unable to jo9 9 ! flight f ! tyranny & oppression ( ! ,meccans4 ,yet !y 7 9 no in/ance ! aggressors4 ,driv5 f _! homes & families !y did n resort to arms until absolutely compell$ to d s 9 self-def5ce4 ,all t ,mohammad claim$ = himself & 8 foll[]s 01 full lib]ty ( consci5ce & actions1 & p]mission to prea* & practice 8 religion )\t be+ mole/$4 ,?is be+ refus$1 he advis$ 8 foll[]s to leave ! city & seek refuge else:]e4 ,!y emigrat$ twice to ,abyss9ia1 & = ! ?ird "t 7 expell$ to ,m$9a1 :]e he himself foll[$1 :5 8 own life 0 attempt$4 ,footnote #aei3 ,islam & its ,f\nd]1 by ,j4,w4,h4 ,/ob>t1 ,b4,a41 page #gf4 ,b1 9 fact1 !re 0 no su* p]mission4 ,! v]se quot$ above says1 t ! wra? & puni%m5t ( ,god w be on ^? :o d5y ,god1 except ^? :o d s by be+ =c$4 ,! latt] 7 n put on ! same foot+ z ! =m]2 9 %ort1 ^? :o d5i$ ,god "u compulsion 7 n c\nt$ unbeliev]s4 ,footnote #afj3 ,! support ( ! ,m$9a adh]5ts1 & ! suspicion ( an int5d$ emigration1 irritat$ ! ,korei% to sev]ity2 & ?is sev]ity =c$ ! ,moslems to petition ,mahomet = leave to emigrate4 ,! two causes might co-exi/ & re-act "o ano!r2 ! p]secution w\ld ha/5 ! dep>ture ( ! conv]ts1 :ile ea* fre% dep>ture w\ld irritate ! ,korei% to great] cruelty4--,william ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc1 foot-note4 ,! ,meccans or ! ,korei%4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,a ,korei% *iefta9 commits a raid ne> ,m$9a4--,a4,h41 ,i4 ,! attitude ( ! ,korei% t[>ds ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s aft] ! flight rapidly became m ho/ile4 ,kurz-ibn ,jbir1 "o ( ! m>aud+ *iefta9s ( ! ,korei%1 fell ^u "s ( ! camels & flocks ( ,m$9a1 :ile fe$+ 9 a pla9 a few miles f ! city1 & c>ri$ !m (f4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,! ,korei% m>* to attack ,m$9a4 ,mohammad m>*es =? 9 def5ce1 & ga9s ! battle at ,badr4--,a4,h41 ,,ii4 ,/ill !re 0 no ho/ile response f ,m$9a1 till ! aggressors 7! ,korei%7 br\ght f ,m$9a an army ( #iej /rong1 m\nt$ on #gjj camels & #ajj horses1 to ,badr1 n9e /ages f ,mecca1 advanc+ t[>ds ,m$9a4 ,!n ! ,prophet set out f ,m$9a at ! head ( 8 small army ( #cje to *eck ! advance ( 8 aggressors4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ (f5sive & def5sive w> betwe5 ! ,korei% & ,mohammad respectively4 ,! aggressors lo/ ! battle4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,attack by ,abu ,s(ian ^u ,m$na4--,a4,h41 ,,ii4 ,aft] ?is ,abu ,s(ian1 ! head ( ! ,korei%1 accompani$ by #bjj m\nt$ foll[]s1 al>m$ ,mohammad & ! p ( ,m$9a by a raid ^u ! cornfields & palm g>d5s two or ?ree miles nor?-ea/ ( ,m$9a4 ,! nomad tribes ( ,suliem & ,ghatafn1 :o 7 desc5d$ f a common /ock ) ! ,korei%1 be+ probably incit$ by !m1 or at lea/ by ! example ( ,abu ,s(ian1 _h twice assembl$ & project$ a plund]+ attack ^u ,m$9a--a task 9 itself cong5ial ) _! pr$atory habits4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! battle ( ,ohad4 ,! ,korei% made great prep>ations = a fre% attack ^u ,m$9a4 ,"o ye> aft] ! battle ( ,badr1 !y comm5c$ _! m>*1--?ree ?\s& 9 numb]1 sev5 hundr$ 7 mail$ w>riors1 & two hundr$ well m\nt$ cavalry4 ,rea*+ ,m$9a !y encamp$ 9 an ext5sive & f]tile pla9 to ! we/ ( ,ohad4 ,mohammad met ,abu ,s(ian at ! head ( #gjj foll[]s & only two horsem51 b lo/ ! battle & 0 w\nd$4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,mohammad's pre/ige affect$ by ! defeat4 ,mohammad's pre/ige be+ affect$ by ! defeat at ,ohad1 _m ( ! ,b$\9 tribes began to assume an ho/ile attitude t[>ds him4 ,! ,bani ,asad1 a p[]ful tribe connect$ ) ! ,korei% 9 ,najd & ,bani ,lahyan 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mecca1 prep>$ to make a raid ^u ,m$9a4 ,! ,mohammadan mission>ies 7 kill$ at ,raj & ,br ,mana4 ,! m>aud+ b&s ( ,duma also ?reat5$ a raid ^u ! city4 ,bani ,mu/alik also rais$ =ces to jo9 ! ,korei% 9 _! ?reat5$ attack ^u ,m$9a4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,abu ,s(ian ?reat5$ ! ,moslems ) ano!r attack next ye>4 ,abu ,s(ian1 :ile retir+ f ! field1 victori\s z he 01 ?reat5$ ! ,moslem ) a fre% attack ! next ye> z he said to ,om>3 ,we %all meet aga91 let x be aft] a ye>1 at ,badr4 ,m$9a & ! ,moslems1 h[ev]1 enjoy$ a long exemption f ! ?reat5$ attack ( ! ,korei%4 ,at l5g? ! "t came :5 ! =ces ( ! ,korei% & ! ,moslems 7 aga9 to meet at ,badr4 ,b ! ye> 0 "o ( great draught1 & ! ,korei% 7 desir\s t ! exp$ition %\ld be def]r$ to a m favorable season4 ,accord+ly ! ,korei% engag$ ,naeem1 an ,arab ( a neutral tribe1 to repair to ,m$9a1 & !re to give =? an exagg]at$ acc\nt ( ! prep>ations ( ! ,korei%1 9 ! hope t1 ) ! field ( ,ohad fre% 9 memory1 x might det] ! ,moslems f sett+ out to meet !m4 ,b ,mohammad1 ) a =ce ( fifte5 hundr$ m5 & only t5 horses1 set =? = ,badr4 ,! ,korei%1 :o nev] appe>$ mortifi$ at ! triumph ( ,mohammad1 began to project ano!r gr& attack ^u him4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! ,korei% aga9 attack ,m$9a ) a l>ge army4 ,mohammad def5ds ! city4 ,! enemy retire4 7,dit* or ,nations4--,a4,h41 ,v47 ,! w9t] season 9 ! next ye> 0 *os5 = ! r5ewal ( ho/ilities by ! ,korei%4 ,!y jo9$ an imm5se =ce ( ! ,b$\9 tribes 7! entire army 0 e/imat$ at t5 ?\s&71 m>*$ aga9/ ,mohammad1 & besieg$ ,m$9a4 ,mohammad def5d$ ! city by digg+ a ,dit*4 ,! army ( ,m$9a 0 po/$ )9 ! tr5*1 & t ( ! ,korei% encamp$ opposite !m4 ,9 ! meantime ,abu ,s(ian succe$$ 9 deta*+ ! ,jewi% tribe ( ,koreiza f _! allegiance to ,mohammad4 ,! dang] to ,m$9a f ?is defection 0 great4 ,! enemy made a g5]al attack1 :i* 0 repuls$4 ,bad wea!r set 91 & ,abu ,s(ian ord]$ ! alli$ =ce to break up4 ,! enemy retir$1 & nev] came aga9 to attack ! ,moslems4 ,?is1 !re=e1 0 ! la/ w> ( aggression on ! "p ( ! ,korei%1 & ( def5ce on ! "p ( ,mohammad4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,mohammad1 ) 8 foll[]s1 advanc$ to p]=m ! less] pilgrimage ( ,mecca4 ,! ,korei% oppos$ ,mohammad1 :o return$ disappo9t$4--,a4,h4 ,,vi4 ,six ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! expulsion ( ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s f ,mecca4 ,!y _h n s9ce visit$ ! ,holy h\se1 nor _h !y jo9$ ! ye>ly pilgrimage1 :i* 0 an ess5tial "p ( _! social & religi\s life4 ,mohammad und]took to p]=m ! less] pilgrimage to ,mecca 9 ! mon? ( ,zalkada1 9 :i* w> 0 unlawful ?r\gh\t ,arabia4 ,mohammad1 ) 8 foll[]s1 ! pi\s & peaceful wor%ipp]s1 fifte5 hundr$ 9 numb]1 set =? = ,mecca4 ,! pilgrims c>ri$ no arms1 b su* z 7 all[$ by cu/om to travell]s1--namely1 ea* a %ea!d sword4 ,! ,korei%1 ) _! allies1 ! surr\nd+ tribes1 he>+ ( ! approa* ( ! pilgrims1 took up arms4 ,!y pu%$ =w>d to ob/ruct ! pilgrims4 ,mohammad encamp$ at ,hodeibia1 :]e a treaty ( peace 0 conclud$ betwe5 ! ,korei% & ,mohammad4 ,! treaty 0 to ! effect1 t w> %\ld be susp5d$ = t5 ye>s1 nei!r p>ty attack+ ! o!r4 ,:osoev] wi%$ to jo9 ,mohammad & ent] into treaty ) him1 %\ld h lib]ty to d s4 ,if any "o goe? ov] to ,mohammad1 )\t ! p]mission ( 8 gu>dian1 he %all be s5t back to 8 gu>dian4 ,b if any "o f among/ ! foll[]s ( ,mohammad return to ! ,korei%1 ! same %all n be s5t back1 provid$1 on ! "p ( ! ,korei%1 t ,mohammad & 8 foll[]s retire f u ?is ye> )\t ent]+ our city4 ,9 ! com+ ye> he may visit ,mecca--he & 8 foll[]s--= ?ree days1 :5 we %all retire !refrom4 ,b !y may n ent] x ) any weapons1 save ^? ( ! travell]s--namely1 to ea* a %ea!d sword4 ,bani ,khoza ent]$ into ! alliance ( ,mohammad1 & ,bani ,bakr adh]$ to ! ,korei%4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,violation ( ! treaty by ! ,korei%1 & _! submission4 ,! peace rema9$ unbrok5 until ! ,korei% violat$ ! treaty ( ,hodeibia#afa & trea*]\sly kill$ sev]al m5 ( ! ,bani ,khoza4 ,mohammad m>*$ aga9/ !m 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,hegira 9 def5ce ( ! injur$ & oppress$ ,bani ,khoza1 & to *a/ize ! ,korei% = violation ( ! treaty4 ,b ! ,korei% submitt$ to ! au?ority ( ,mohammad be=e he arriv$ at ,mecca1 & ! city 0 occupi$ )\t resi/ance4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,two o!r tribes assume ! (f5sive4 ,soon aft]1 ! great & w>like tribe ( ,hawaz9 & ,?akeef assum$ ! (f5sive4 ,!y assembl$ at ,autas1 & advanc$ ^u ,hona9 to attack ,mohammad4 ,he 0 oblig$ to leave ,mecca & set out to disp]se !m1 :o 7 beat5 back at ,hona9 7,s4 ix1 #bf-bh74 ,taif ( ! ,?akeef 0 besieg$1 b 9 va94 ,footnote #afa3 ,un=tunately sev]al mission>y exp$iti\s s5t by ,mohammad 7 met ) unfavorable circum/ances4 ,! p>ty s5t to ,bani ,suleim1 dem&+ _! allegiance to ! fai? ( ,islam1 0 sla94 ,ano!r p>ty s5t to ,bani ,lei? 0 surpris$1 & its camels plund]$4 ,a small p>ty s5t by ,mohammad to ,fadak 0 cut to pieces by ,bani ,murra4 ,ano!r p>ty s5t to ,zat ,atlah to call ^u ! p to embrace ,islam1 ( :i* only "o p]son escap$4 ,mohammad's mess5g] despat*$ to ! ,ghassanide ,pr9ce at ,bo/ra 0 murd]$ by ! *ief ( ,muta4 ,8 army s5t to av5ge ! trea*]y ( ! *ief 0 defeat$4 ,all ^! mi%aps & rev]ses dang]\sly affect$ ! pre/ige ( ,mohammad1 & enc\rag$ ! ,meccans to violate ! truce4 ,! def5sive "* ( ! w>s4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,v]ses f ! ,koran 9 support ( ! def5sive "* ( ! w>s4 ,?is brief sket* ( ! def5sive w>s ( ,mohammad ) ! ,korei% w fully %[1 t ^? :o ass]t t ,mohammad 0 aggressive or rev5geful 9 8 w>s1 or t he made w> to =ce 8 religion ^u ! p1 are altoge!r 9 ! wrong4 ,i w n[ quote "s v]ses ( ! ,koran1 %[+ t all ! w>s ( ,mohammad ) ! ,korei% 7 def5sive w>s4 #ci4 ,v]ily1 ,god w w>d (f#afb mis*ief f believ]s3 lo1 ,god love? n ! false1 ! unbeliev]4 #dj4 ,a sanction is giv5 to ^? :o h be5 f\ght1#afc because !y h suff]$ outrages1 & v]ily1 ,god is well able to succ\r !m-- #da4 ,^? :o h be5 driv5 =? f _! homes wrongfully1 only because !y say1 ',our ,"l is ! ,god4' ,& if ,god _h n repell$ "s m5 by o!rs1 cloi/]s & *ur*es & oratories & mosques :]e9 ! "n ( ,god is ev] commemorat$1 w\ld surely h be5 de/roy$6 ,& him :o helpe? ,god w ,god surely help3 ,v]ily1 ,god is ,/rong1 ,mighty4 #db4 ,!y :o1 if ,we e/abli%$ !m 9 ?is l&1 w obs]ve pray] & pay ! alms ( obligation & enjo9 :at is recogniz$ z "r--& =bid :at is unlawful4 ,& ! f9al issue ( all ?+s is unto ,god4--,sura1 xxii4 #ahf4 ,& fight = ! cause ( ,god aga9/ ^? :o fight aga9/ y3 b commit n ! inju/ice ( attack+ !m fir/3 v]ily1 ,god love? n ! unju/4 #ahg4 ,& kill !m :]ev] ye f9d !m1 & eject !m f :atev] place !y h eject$ y1 = 7fitnah7#afd p]secution is worse ?an slaught]3 yet attack !m n at ! sacr$ mosque1 until !y attack y !re92 b if !y attack y1 !n slay !m--,su* is ! recomp5se ( ! infidels6-- #ahh4 ,b if !y desi/1#afe !n v]ily ,god is ,graci\s1 ,m]ciful6 #ahi4 ,& d battle aga9/ !m until !re be no m 7fitnah7 p]secution1 & ! wor%ip be t ( ,god3 b if !y desi/1 !n let !re be no ho/ility1 save aga9/ wrong-do]s4 #bad4 ,!y w ask !e conc]n+ w> 9 ! ,sacr$ ,mon?4 ,say3 ,! act ( fight+ !re9 is a grave crime2 b ! act ( turn+ o!rs aside f ! pa? ( ,god1 & unbelief 9 ,him1 & to prev5t access to ! ,sacr$ ,mosque1 & to drive out 8 p1 is worse 9 ! sight ( ,god2 & p]secution#aff 7fitnah#afg7 is worse ?an blood%$4 ,b !y w n cease to w> aga9/ y until !y turn y f y\r religion1 if !y be able3 b :oev] ( y %all turn f 8 religion1 & die an infidel1 _! works %all be fruitless 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next3 & !y %all be consign$ to ! fire2 !re9 to abide = aye4 #bae4 ,b !y :o believe1 & :o fly _! c\ntry1 & d _! utmo/ 9 ! cause ( ,god1 may hope = ,god's m]cy3 & ,god is ,graci\s1 ,m]ciful4 #bde4 ,& fight 9 ! cause ( ,god2 & "k t ,god is ,he :o ,he>e?1 ,kn[e?4 #bdg4 ,ha/ ?\ n consid]$ ! assembly ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 :5 !y said to a prophet ( !irs1--',raise up = u a k+2 we w d battle = ! cause ( ,god8' ,he said1 ',may x n be t if to fight 7 orda9$ y1 ye w\ld n fight8' ,!y said1 ',& :y %\ld we n fight 9 ! cause ( ,god1 s9ce we are driv5 =? f our dwell+s & our *ildr58' ,b :5 fight+ 0 comm&$ !m !y turn$ back1 save a few ( !m3 ,b ,god knew ! (f5d]s6 #beb4 ,& by ! w ( ,god !y r\t$ !m2 & 7,dood7 ,david slew ,golia?2 & ,god gave him ! k+%ip & wisdom1 & taught him accord+ to 8 w3 & 7 x n = ! re/ra9t ( "o by ! means ( ! o!r impos$ on m5 by ,god1 v]ily ! e>? _h assur$ly gone to ru91 b ,god is b\nte\s to 8 creatures4--,sura1 ii4 #gf4 ,let ^? !n fight 9 ! cause ( ,god :o b>t] ?is pres5t life = t :i* is to come2 = :oev] fighte? on ,god's pa?1 :e!r he be sla9 or conqu]1 ,we w 9 ! end give him a great rew>d4 #gg4 ,b :at ha? come to y t ye fight n on ! pa? ( ,god1 & = ! weak among m51 wom5 & *ildr51 :o say1 ',o our ,"l6 br+ u =? f ?is ,city ^: inhabitants are oppressors2 give u a *ampion f ?y pres5ce2 & give u f ?y pres5ce a def5d]8' #gh4 ,!y :o believe1 fight on ! pa? ( ,god2 & !y :o believe n1 fight on ! pa? ( ,?goot3 ,fight !n aga9/ ! fri5ds ( ,satan--,v]ily1 ! craft ( ,satan %all be p[]less6 #hf4 ,fight !n on ! pa? ( ,god3 lay n burd5s on any b ?yself2 & /ir up ! fai?ful4 ,! pr[ess ( ! infidels1 ,god w haply re/ra92 = ,god is ! /rong] 9 pr[ess1 & ! /rong] to puni%4 #ia4 ,!y desire t ye %\ld be unbeliev]s z !y are unbeliev]s1 & t ye %\ld be alike4 ,take !re=e none ( !m = fri5ds1 until !y h fl$ _! homes = ! cause ( ,god4 ,if !y turn back1 !n seize !m & slay !m :]ev] ye f9d !m2 b take none ( !m z fri5ds or help]s4 #ib4 ,except ^? :o seek asylum among y\r allies1 & ^? :o come ov] to y--prev5t$ by _! own he>ts by mak+ w> on y1 or f mak+ w> on _! own p4 ,_h ,god pleas$1 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 !m p[] aga9/ y1 & !y w\ld c]ta9ly h made w> ^u y6 ,b1 if !y dep>t f y1 & make n w> aga9/ y & (f] y peace1 !n ,god all[e? y no occasion aga9/ !m4 #ic4 ,ye w f9d o!rs :o seek to ga9 y\r confid5ce z well z t ( _! own p3 ,s (t z !y return to s$ition1 !y %all be ov]?r[n 9 x3 ,b if !y leave y n1 nor propose t]ms ( peace to y1 nor )hold _! h&s1 !n seize !m1 & slay !m :]ev] ye f9d !m4 ,ov] ^! h ,we giv5 y und\bt$ p[]4--,sura1 iv4 #ai4 ,o ,meccans6 ,if ye desir$ a decision1 n[ ha? ! decision come to y4 ,x w be bett] = y if ye give ov] ! /ruggle 7or attack+ ^u ,m$9a or ! ,moslem74 ,if ye return to x we w return2 & y\r =ces1 ?\gh !y may be _m1 %all by no means avail y aught1 because ,god is ) ! fai?ful4 #ci4 ,say to ! infidels3 ,if !y desi/ 7f p]secut+1 ob/ruct+1 & attack+ ! ,moslems71 :at is n[ pa/ %all be =giv5 !m2 b if !y return to x 7commit aga9 ! ho/ilities71 !y h already be=e !m ! doom ( ! anci5ts6 #dj4 ,fight !n aga9/ !m till civil /rife be at an end1 & ! religion be all ( x ,god's2 & if !y desi/1 v]ily ,god beholde? :at !y d4 #da4 ,b if !y turn _! back1 "k ye t ,god is y\r protector3 ,excell5t protector6 & excell5t help]6 #gc4 444 ,& !y :o h believ$1 b h n fl$ _! homes1 %all h no rights ( k9dr$ ) y at all1 until !y too fly _! c\ntry4 ,yet if !y seek aid f y on acc\nt ( ! fai?1 y\r "p x is to give !m aid1 except aga9/ a p betwe5 :om & y\rselves !re may be a treaty4 ,& ,god beholde? y\r actions4 #gd4 ,& ! infidels h ! l relation%ips "o ) ano!r4 ,unless ye d ! same 7i4e41 aid ! oppress$ & repel ! oppressor71 !re w be discord 9 ! l& & great corruption4--,sura1 viii4 7,:5 ! ,meccans broke ! ,hodeibia treaty m5tion$ 9 ! above p>agraph1 ! ,korei% & ,bani ,bakr attack$ ,bani ,khoza1 :o 7 9 alliance ) ,mohammad4 ,x became incumb5t on him to assi/ ,bani ,bakr & to *a/ize ! aggressors4 ,! foll[+ v]ses 7 publi%$ on t occasion1 b happily1 be=e ! expiration ( ! fix$ p]iod1 ! ,korei% submitt$ & ,mecca 0 tak5 )\t blood%$1 & ^! v]ses 7 n act$ ^u3--7 #a4 ,an immunity f ,god & ,8 ,apo/le to ^? ) :om ye are 9 league 7& !y h violat$ ! same--comp>e v]ses #d1 #h & #aj7 among ! poly!i/ ,meccans4 #b4 ,g ye !re=e at l>ge 9 ! l& f\r mon?s 7i4e41 f\r sacr$ mon?s f ,%aw-wal4 ,! treaty 0 violat$ by ! ,korei% 9 ,ramzan1 a mon? imm$iately previ\s to ! sacr$ mon?s4 ,x is ann\nc$ "h t f\r mon?s' "t is giv5 to ! aggressors1 :o violat$ ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 to make t]ms4 ,aft] ! "t is ov] 7v]se #e7 ! ,moslems w comm5ce ho/ilities to def5d _! allies1 ! ,bani ,khoza71 b "k t ye %all n f9d ,god feeble1 & t ^? :o believe n1 ,god w put to %ame4 #c4 ,& a proclamation on ! "p ( ,god & ,8 ,apo/le to ! p on ! day ( ! great] pilgrimage1 t ,god is free f any engagem5t ) ^? :o wor%ip o!r gods ) ,god1 z is 8 ,apo/le4 ,if !n1 ye turn to ,god1 x w be bett] = y2 b if ye turn back1 !n "k t ye %all n f9d ,god feeble3 & to ^? :o believe n1 ann\nce ?\ a griev\s puni%m5t4 #d4 ,b ?is conc]ne? n ^? ,poly!i/s ) :om ye are 9 league1 & :o h aft]w>ds 9 no way fail$ y1 & n yet aid$ any "o aga9/ y4 ,obs]ve1 !re=e1 y\r engagem5t ) !m ?r\gh ! :ole "t ( _! treaty4 ,v]ily1 ,god love? ^? :o fe> ,him4 #e4 ,& :5 ! sacr$ mon?s are pass$#afh kill ^? :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god#afi :]ev] ye f9d !m2 & seize !m1 & besiege !m1 & lay wait = !m ) e k9d ( ambu%2 b if !y rep5t & obs]ve pray] & pay ! obligatory alms1 !n let !m g _! way4#agj ,v]ily1 ,god is ,graci\s1 ,m]ciful4 #f4 ,if any "o ( ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god ask an asylum ( !e1 grant him an asylum1 9 ord] t he he> ! ,^w ( ,god2 !n let him rea* 8 place ( safety4 ,?is1 = t !y are p devoid ( k4 #g4 ,h[ c !y :o add gods to ,god be 9 league ) ,god & ,8 ,apo/le1 save ^? ) :om ye made a league at ! sacr$ temple8 ,s long z !y are true to y1#aga be ye true to !m3 v]ily1 ,god love? ^? :o fe> ,him4 #h4 ,h[ c !y8 s9ce if !y prevail aga9/ y1 !y w n reg>d 9 _! deal+ ) y1 ei!r ties ( blood or good fai?3 ,) _! m\?s !y cont5t y1 b _! he>ts are av]se1 & mo/ ( !m are p]v]se do]s4 #i4 ,!y sell ! signs ( ,god = a mean price1 & turn o!rs aside f 8 way2 ( a tru?1 evil is x t !y d6 #aj4 ,!y respect n ) a believ] ei!r ties ( blood or good fai?2 & ^! are ! transgressors6 #aa4 ,yet if !y turn to ,god & obs]ve pray]1 & pay ! impo/1 !n are !y y\r bre?r5 9 religion3 & ,we make cle> ! signs = m5 ( k4#agb #ab4 ,b if1 aft] alliance made1 !y violate _! cov5ant & revile y\r religion1 !n d battle ) ! r+lead]s ( infidelity--v]ily !re is no fai? 9 !m6 ,haply !y w desi/4 #ac4 ,w ye n d battle ) a p 7! ,meccans7 :o h brok5 _! cov5ant & aim$ to expel y\r ,apo/le & attack$ y fir/8 ,w ye dread !m8 ,god truly is m wor?y ( y\r fe> if ye are believ]s6 #ad4 ,make w> on !m3 ,by y\r h&s w ,god *a/ize !m & put !m to %ame1 & give victory ov] !m1 & heal ! bosom ( a p :o believe4 #cf4 444 & attack ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god "o & all1 z !y attack y "o & all4--,sura1 ix4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,:at ! above-quot$ v]ses %[4 ,i ne$ n repeat "h :at ^! v]ses & ! facts relat$ above %[1 t ! w>s ( ,mohammad ) ! ,korei% 7 m]ely def5sive1 & ! ,korei% 7 ! aggressors1 & t ,mohammad 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ up arms aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! /ate ( nature e man has a "r to def5d1 writes ,mr4 ,edw>d ,gibbon1#agc by =ce ( arms1 8 p]son & 8 possessions2 to repel1 or ev5 to repeat1 ! viol5ce ( 8 enemies1 & to ext5d 8 ho/ilities to a reasonable measure ( satisfaction & retaliation4 ,9 ! free society ( ! ,arabs1 ! duties ( subject & citiz5 impos$ a feeble re/ra9t2 & ,mahomm$1 9 ! ex]cise ( a peaceful & b5evol5t mission1 _h be5 despoil$ & bani%$ by ! inju/ice ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,x has be5 fully %[n 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs t ! ,moslems 9 ,mecca enjoy$ nei!r safety nor security4 ,religi\s fre$om 0 d5i$ to !m1 ?\gh !y 7 h>mless & peaceful memb]s ( ! community4 ,besides ?is !y 7 expell$ f _! homes1 leav+ _! families & _! prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( _! p]secutors1 & 7 prev5t$ f return+ to ,mecca1 & 7 refus$ access to ! ,sacr$ ,mosque2 &1 above all1 !y 7 attack$ by ! ,meccans 9 =ce at ,m$9a4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,ju/ification ( ! ,moslems 9 tak+ up arms aga9/ _! aggressors4 ,! p]secution ( ! e>ly ,moslems by ! ,korei% 0 on religi\s gr\nds4 ,!y w\ld n all[ ! believ]s to r5\nce ! religion ( _! =efa!rs & pr(ess ,islam4 ,_! intol]ance 0 s /rong & h>% t !y tortur$ "s ( ! pr(essors ( ! new fai? to r5\nce ! same & to rejo9 _! =m] idolatry4 ,tak+ away ! lives1 ! =tune1 ! lib]ty1 any ( ! rights ( our bre?r51 m]ely = s]v+ _! ,mak] 9 su* mann] z !y are p]suad$ !y ought1 :5 by s do+ !y hurt n human society1 or any memb] ( x1 mat]ially1 is evid5tly inconsi/5t ) all ju/ice & humanity3 = x is puni%+ ^? :o h n injur$ u1 & :o1 if !y mi/ake1 des]ve only pity f u4#agd ,! e>ly ,moslems _h _h e int]national "r to res5t p]secution & intol]ance ( ! ,meccans & to e/abli% !mselves by =ce ( arms1 to enjoy _! religi\s lib]ty & to practise _! religion freely4 ,sid5ote #bj4 ,! fir/ aggression aft] ! ,hegira 0 n on ! "p ( ,mohammad4 ,"s ( ! ,european biograph]s ( ,mohammad say1 t ! fir/ aggressions aft] ! ,hegira 7 solely on ! "p ( ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s4 ,x 0 n until sev]al ( _! c>avans _h be5 waylaid & plund]$1 & blood _h ?us be5 %$1 t ! p ( ,mecca 7 =c$ 9 self-def5ce to resort to arms4#age ,?is is n correct4 ,! aggressors1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 7 ! ,korei%1 :o1 z already %[n1 foll[$ up _! p]secution ( ! ,moslems by an attack ^u ! city 9 :i* ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s _h tak5 refuge4 ,ev5 tak+ x = grant$ t ! ,moslems 7 ! fir/ aggressors aft] ! ,hegira1 0 n ! ,hegira1 or expulsion itself 7leav+ aside ! previ\s p]secutions & oppressions at ,mecca71 a suffici5t reason = ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities by ! ,moslems1 :o 7 anxi\s to secure _! moral & religi\s fre$om1 & to protect !mselves & _! relatives f fur!r aggressions8 ,sir ,william ,muir admits1 t ho/ilities1 inde$1 7 ju/ifi$ by ! 'expulsion' ( ! believ]s f ,mecca4#agf ,x may be said1 says ,major ,vans ,k5n$y1 t1 9 ^! w>s1 ,mohammad 0 ! aggressor by 8 hav+1 soon aft] 8 flight1 attempt$ to int]cept ! c>avans ( ,mecca4 ,b ! fir/ aggression 01 und\bt$ly1 ! conspiracy ( ! ,korei% to assass9ate ,mohammad1 & :5 to save 8 life he fl$ f ,mecca1 himself & 8 foll[]s 7 ?us depriv$ ( _! prop]ty1 & oblig$ to dep5d = _! subsi/5ce on ! hospitality ( ! m5 ( ,m$9a1 x c\ld n be reasonably expect$ t !y w\ld all[ ! c>avans ( _! enemies to pass unmole/$4#agg ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,! alleg$ in/ances exam9$4 ,!re is no pro( t ,mohammad1 aft] ! ,hegira1 comm5c$ ho/ilities aga9/ ! ,korei% by int]cept+ _! c>avans4 ,! alleg$ in/ances ( ! c>avans be+ waylaid by ! ,moslems at ,m$9a are n corroborat$ by au!ntic & tru/wor?y traditions4 ,!y h also int]nal evid5ces ( _! improbability4 ,! ,m$9a p _h pl$g$ !mselves only to def5d ! ,prophet f attack1 & n to jo9 him 9 any aggressive /eps aga9/ ! ,korei%4#agh ,!re=e1 x seems impossible t !y %\ld h all[$ ,mohammad to take any aggressive /eps aga9/ ! ,korei% :i* w\ld h involv$ !m 9 great tr\ble4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,hamza & ,obeida exp$ition4 ,! alleg$ exp$itions aga9/ ! ,korei% c>avans by ,hamza & ! o!r by ,obeida 9 pursuit ( c>avans :i* escap$1 are 9 !mselves improbable4 ,mohammad w\ld n s5d fifty or sixty p]sons to waylay a c>avan gu>d$ by two or ?ree hundr$ arm$ m54 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,! ,abwa1 ,b[at1 ,o%eira exp$itions4 ,! alleg$ exp$itions ( ,abwa1 ,b[at1 & ,o%eira1 said to h be5 l$ by ,mohammad himself to int]cept ! ,mecca c>avans1 b 9 va91 are altoge!r )\t f\ndation4 ,he might h gone1 if he _h gone at all1 to ,abwa1 & ,o%eira to negotiate fri5dly t]ms ) ,bani ,dhumra#agi & ,bani ,mudlij1 z 8 biograph]s say1 he did4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! affair at ,nakhla4 ,! affair ( ! ,nakhla m>aud+ p>ty1 z relat$ 9 ! traditions1 is full ( discrepancies1 & is altoge!r inconsi/5t & untru/wor?y4 ,! v v]se 7,sura1 ii1 v]se #bad7 :i* ! biograph]s say 0 reveal$ on ! occasion1 & :i* ,i h quot$ above 7p>a4 #af71 conta9s a ref]5ce to ! ,meccans' fight+ aga9/ ! ,moslems1 :i* runs c\nt] to ! assumption ( ! ,european biograph]s1 :o make x an aggressive attack on ! "p ( ,mohammad4 ,x is probable t ,mohammad might h s5t "s six or eight sc\ts to br+ 9 news ( ! movem5ts & condition ( ! ,korei%1 ^: attitude t[>ds ,mohammad _h become m ho/ile s9ce 8 flight to ,m$9a4 ,z ! ,korei% _h a regul> & un9t]rupt$ r\te to ,syria = traffic1 x 0 only reasonable on ! "p ( ,mohammad to take precautions1 & he 0 always on 8 gu>d4 ,! biograph]s ,ibn ,is-hak1 ,ibn ,hi%am 7p4 #dbd71 ,tabri 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dbb71 ,ibnal ,a?ir 9 ,kamil 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hg71 ,halabi 9 ,insanul ,oyoon 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cah71 say1 t ,mohammad _h giv5 writt5 in/ructions to ,abdoollah-b9-,jah%1 :i* 0 to ! effect br+ me intellig5ce ( _! affairs4 ,!y also say t ,mohammad 0 displeas$ ) ,abdoollah's affair at ,nakhla1 & said1 ,i nev] comm&$ !e to fight 9 ! ,sacr$ ,mon?4 ,! biograph]s also relate t ,mohammad ev5 paid blood-money = ! sla94 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,at ,badr ,mohammad _h come only 9 8 def5ce4 ,"s ( ! ,european biograph]s ( ,mohammad allege1 t ! battle ( ,badr 0 br\ght by ,mohammad himself4 ,!y appe> to hesitate to ju/ify ,mohammad 9 def5d+ himself aga9/ ! sup]ior numb]s ( ! ,korei%1 :o _h advanc$ to attack him z f> z ,badr1 ?ree /ages f ,m$9a4 ,x is alleg$ t ,mohammad int5d$ to attack ! c>avans return+ f ,syria1 conduct$ by ,abu ,s(ian1 8 ar*-enemy1 !re=e he set out ^u 8 m>* ) eighty refugees & two hundr$ & tw5ty-five p ( ,m$9a1 & halt$ at ,safra to waylay ! c>avan4 ,abu ,s(ian1 w>n$ ( ,mohammad's int5tion1 s5t "s "o to ,mecca = succ\r4 ,! ,korei%1 ) n9e hundr$ & fifty /rong1 m>*$ =? to rescue ! c>avan4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! c>avan _h pass$ unmole/$1 b ! ,korei% held a c\ncil :e!r to return or g to w>4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! biograph]s say1 x 0 argu$ t ! object = :i* !y _h set out hav+ be5 secur$1 ! army %\ld at once retrace its /eps4 ,o!rs dem&$ t ! army %\ld advance4 ,two tribes return$ to ,mecca1 ! re/ m>*$ onw>ds2 b x is n fair to allege t ,mohammad _h set =? to attack ! c>avan4 ,_h he any su* int5tion1 ! p ( ,m$9a1 :o _h pl$g$ !mselves only to def5d him aga9/ p]sonal attack1 w\ld n h accompani$ him4 ,! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( ! ,ansrs1 ! p ( ,m$9a1 m ?an d\ble t ( ! ,mohajir9s1 ! refugees1 is a /rong pro( t !y _h come out only 9 _! def5ce4 ,mohammad1 on receiv+ intellig5ce ( ! advanc+ =ce ( ! ,korei%1 set out f ,m$9a to *eck ! advance ( ! ,meccan =ce1 & enc\nt]$ x at ,badr1 ?ree days' j\rney f ,m$9a4 ,! ,meccan army _h advanc$ n9e days' j\rney f ,mecca t[>ds ,m$9a4 ,! =ces met at ,badr on ! #ag? ( ,ramzan 7#ac? ,janu>y #fbc71 ! ,meccans _h left ,mecca on ! #h? ( ,ramzan 7#d? ,janu>y71 & ,mohammad />t$ only on ! #ab? ( ,ramzan 7#h? ,janu>y71 ab\t f\r days aft] ! ,meccan army _h actually set out to attack him4 ,suppos+ ,abu ,s(ian _h "s reason = appreh5d+ an attack f ,m$9a1 & s5t = succ\r f ,mecca1 b ! object ( ! ,meccan army ( ! ,korei% = :i* !y _h set out hav+ be5 secur$1 ! c>avan hav+ pass$ unmole/$1 !y ought at once to h retrac$ _! /eps4 ,! fact t ,mohammad left ,m$9a f\r days aft] ! ,korei% _h left ,mecca ) a l>ge army advanc+ t[>ds ,m$9a1 is /rongly 9 8 fav\r4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,! fir/ aggressions aft] ! ,hegira1 if f ,mohammad1 might fairly be look$ ^u z retaliation4 ,ev5 tak+ x = grant$ t ! fir/ aggressions aft] ! ,hegira 7 solely on ! "p ( ! ,moslems1 & t sev]al ( ! c>avans ( ! ,korei% _h be5 waylaid & plund]$1 & blood _h be5 %$1 x w\ld be unfair to condemn ,mohammad4 ,su* attacks1 _h !y be5 made1 might fairly be look$ ^u z a retaliation = ! ill-treatm5t ( ! ,moslems be=e ! flight f ,mecca4 ,public w> is a /ate ( arm$ ho/ility betwe5 sov]eign nations or gov]nm5ts4 ,x is a law & requisite ( civiliz$ exi/5ce t m5 live 9 political cont9u\s societies1 =m+ organiz$ units call$ /ates or nations1 ^: con/itu5ts be>1 enjoy & suff]1 advance & retrograde toge!r1 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,! citiz5 or native ( ho/ile c\ntry is ?us an enemy1 z "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! ho/ile /ate or nation1 & z su* is subject$ to ! h>d%ips ( w>4#ahj ,! almo/ univ]sal rule ( mo/ remote times 01 & cont9ues to be ) b>b>\s nations1 t ! private individual ( a ho/ile c\ntry is de/9$ to suff] e privation ( lib]ty & protection1 & e description ( family ties4 ,b ,mohammad protect$ ! in(f5sive citiz5 or private individual ( ! ho/ile c\ntry4 ,he ev5 protect$ ^? :o _h actually come out ( ,mecca to fight at ,badr1 b 7 reluctant to d s4 ,mohammad _h desir$ qu>t]s to be giv5 to sev]al p]sons 9 ! ,korei% army at ,badr4 ,abul ,bakht>i1 ,zamaa1 ,hri? ,ibn ,amir1 ,abbs & o!r ,bani ,h%im 7 among/ ^? nam$4 ,footnote #afb3 ,or def5d1 ',yadafeo' repel4 ,footnote #afc3 ,yoktaloona1 or :o fight ,yokateloona4 ,! =m] read+ is ! au?oriz$ & g5]al4 ,footnote #afd3 ,! prim>y signification ( fitnah is burn+ ) fire4 ,x signifies a trial or probation & affliction1 di/ress or h>d%ip2 & p>ticul>ly an affliction :]eby "o is tri$1 prov$1 or te/$4--,vide ,lane's ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 p4 #bcce4 ,footnote #afe3 ,desi/ f p]secut+ y & prev5t+ y to ent] y\r native city & prohibit+ access to ! sacr$ mosque & attack+ y1 & f religi\s intol]ance4 ,footnote #aff3 i4e41 ! religi\s p]secution & intol]ance & h9drance to visit ! sacr$ mosque be+ suppress$2 y may pr(ess1 prea* & practice y\r religion freely4 ,footnote #afg3 ,vide note #b 9 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #afh3 ,%aw-wal1 ,zulkada1 ,zulhij1 & ,moh>ram1 ! #aj?1 #aa?1 #ab?1 & #a/ mon?s ( ! ,arabian ye>4 ,^! v]ses 7 promulgat$ 9 ,ramzan1 ! #i? mon? ( ! ye>4 ,footnote #afi3 ,& h violat$ ! ,hodeibia ,truce4 ,comp>e v]ses #d1 #h1 & #ab4 ,footnote #agj3 ,x is n meant t !y %\ld be =c$ to obs]ve pray] or pay obligatory alms1 or 9 o!r words be conv]t$ to ,islam2 ! context & g5]al scope ( ! ,koran w\ld n all[ su* a mean+4 ,! next v]se cle>ly enjo9s tol]ation4 ,footnote #aga3 ,! ,bani ,k9ana & ,bani ,zam>a _h n violat$ ! truce ( ,hodeibia :ile ! ,korei% & ,bani ,bakr _h done s4 ,footnote #agb3 ,?is is ! same z v]se #e4 ,x only means1 if mean:ile !y become conv]ts to ,islam1 !y are to be treat$ z bre?r5 9 religion4 ,b x _c mean t x 0 ! sole motive ( mak+ w> ) !m to conv]t !m4 ,su* an int]pretation is q contr>y to ! g5]al /yle ( ! ,koran4 ,footnote #agc3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 by ,edw>d ,gibbon1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ar*bi%op ,seck]'s ,works1 ,,iii1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #age3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,,ii1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #agf3 ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #agg3 ,rem>ks on ! "* ( ,mohammad 7sugge/$ by ,voltaire's ,trag$y ( ,mahomet7 by ,major ,vans ,k5n$y4 ,vide ,transactions ( ! ,lit]>y ,society ( ,bombay = #ahba1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dec1 repr9t ,bombay1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #agh3 ,mahomet did n s5d ! ,m$9a conv]ts on any ho/ile exp$ition aga9/ ! ,korei%1 until !y _h w>r$ ) him at ,badr1 & ! reason is1 t !y _h pl$g$ !mselves to protect him only at _! homes4--,k4 ,wackidi1 #dh2 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fd1 note4 ,footnote #agi3 ,k4 ,wackidi1 #ih-a_/b4 ,! provisions are not$ only g5]ally1 t nei!r p>ty w\ld levy w> aga9/ ! o!r1 nor help _! enemies4 ,! v]sion quot$ by ,weil b9d+ ! ,bani ,dhumra to fight = ! fai?1 c41 is evid5tly anticipatory & apocryphal4 ,x is n giv5 by ! ,secret>y ( ,wackidi 9 8 *apt] ( treaties4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,,iii1 p4 #fg1 note4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,contributions to ,political ,sci5ce by ,francis ,lieb]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,vol4 ,,ii ( 8 miscellane\s writ+s1 p4 #bea1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,! ,jews4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,! ,jews broke treaties4 ,mohammad1 on 8 fir/ arrival at ,m$9a1 made a treaty ( alliance ) ! ,jews1 by :i* ! free ex]cise ( _! religion & ! possession ( _! rights & prop]ty 7 gu>ante$4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ 9 ! treaty t ei!r p>ty1 if attack$1 %\ld come to ! assi/ance ( ! o!r4 ,m$9a %\ld be sacr$ & inviolable = all :o jo9$ ! treaty4 ,b ! ,jews broke _! treaty & rebell$4 ,!y assi/$ ! enemy dur+ ! siege ( ,m$9a1 & committ$ treason aga9/ ! city4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,bani ,ka9ka1 ,bani ,naze]1 ,koreiza1 ,khyb]1 & ,ghatafn4 ,! ,bani ,ka9ka 7 ! fir/ among ! ,jews :o broke ! treaty & f\ght aga9/ ,mohammad betwe5 ! battles ( ,badr & ,ohad4#aha ,! ,bani ,naze] broke _! compact ) ,mohammad aft] 8 defeat at ,ohad4 ,!y _h also made a conspiracy to kill ,mohammad4 ,!y 7 bani%$2 "s ( !m w5t ov] to ,khyb]4 ,! ,jewi% tribe ( ,koreiza _h defect$ f _! allegiance to ,mohammad1 & ent]$ into negotiations ) ! enemy1 :5 ,m$9a 0 besieg$ by ! ,korei% & ,b$\9 tribes at ! battle ( ! ,dit*4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds besieg$ by ,mohammad4 ,!y surr5d]$ at ! discretion ( ,sd1 :o pass$ a bloody judgm5t aga9/ !m4 ,! ,jews ( ,khyb] 7includ+ ^? ( ,naze]7 & ,bani ,ghatafn1 :o _h lately besieg$ ,m$9a ) ! ,korei% 9 ! battle ( ! ,dit*1 made alliance aga9/ ,mohammad1#ahb & 7 mak+ prep>ations = an attack on him4 ,!y _h be5 incit+ ! ,bani ,fezra & o!r ,b$\9 tribes 9 _! depr$ations1 & _h comb9$ ) ,bani ,sd-,ibn ,bakr to attack ^u ,m$9a4 ,!y 7 subject$ at ,khyb]1 & made tribut>ies1 pay+ jizya 9 return ( ! protection gu>ante$ to !m4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,notices ( !m 9 ! ,koran4 ,! trea*]y ( ! ,bani ,ka9ka1 ,naze] & ,koreiza1 & ,khyb] is notic$ 9 ! ,koran 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3-- #eh4 ,!y ) :om ?\ had/ leagu$1 b :o ev] aft]w>ds break _! league1 & fe> n ,god6 #ei4 ,& if ?\ capture !m 9 battle1 !n 7by ! example ( _! fate7 put to flight ^? :o are beh9d !m--!y w p]haps be w>n$3-- #fj4 ,or1 if ?\ fe> trea*]y f any p1 ?r[ back _! treaty to !m 9 l mann]3 v]ily1 ,god love? n ! trea*]\s4 #fa4 ,& ?9k n t ! infidels %all get ! bett] ( ,u6 ,v]ily1 !y %all n f9d ,god to be weak4 #fb4 ,make ready !n aga9/ !m :at =ce ye c1 & squadrons ( horse :]eby ye may /rike t]ror into ! enemy ( ,god & y\r enemy1 & into o!rs beside !m :om ye "k n1 b :om ,god kn[e?2 ,& all t y exp5d = ! cause ( ,god %all be repaid y2 & ye %all n be wrong$4 #fc4 ,b if !y lean to peace1 lean ?\ also to x2 & put ?y tru/ 9 ,god3 ,he v]ily is ! ,he>+1 ! ,kn[+4 #fd4 ,b if !y seek to betray !e1 !n v]ily ,god w be all-suffici5t = !e4 ,he x is :o /r5g!n$ !e ) 8 help & ) ! fai?ful & made _! he>t "o4 ,had/ ?\ sp5t all ! ri*es ( ! e>?1 ?\ w\ld/ n h unit$ _! he>ts2 b ,god ha? unit$ !m3 ,he v]ily is ,mighty1 ,wise4 #fe4 ,o ,prophet6 ,god & su* ( ! fai?ful z foll[ !e w be all-suffici5t = !e6 #ff4 ,o ,prophet6 /ir up ! fai?ful to ! fight4444--,sura1 viii4 #bf4 ,& ,he caus$ ^? ( ! p ( ! ,book 7! ,jews7 :o _h aid$ ! conf$]ates1 to come d[n out ( _! =tresses1 & ca/ dismay into _! he>ts3 a "p ye slew1 a "p ye took prison]s4--,sura1 xxxiii4 #bi4 ,make w> ^u su* ( ^? to :om ! ,scriptures h be5 giv51#ahc z believe n 9 ,god1 or 9 ! la/ day1 & :o =bid n t :i* ,god & 8 apo/les h =bidd51 & :o pr(ess n ! pr(ession ( ! ,tru?1 until !y pay tribute out ( h&1 & !y be humbl$4 #abd4 ,believ]s6 wage w> aga9/ su* ( ! unbeliev]s z are y\r neighb\rs1 & let !m assur$ly f9d rig\r 9 y3 & "k t ,god is ) ^? :o fe> ,him4--,sura1 ix4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,! judgm5t ( ,sd4 ,! ,bani ,koreiza _h surr5d]$ !mselves to ! judgm5t ( ,sd1 an ,awsite ( _! allies1 ,bani ,aws4 ,to ?is ,mohammad agre$4 ,sd decre$ t ! male captives %\ld be slaught]$4 ,mohammad1 disapprov+ ! judgm5t1 rem>k$ to ,sd3 ,?\ ha/ decid$ l ! decision ( a k+1 mean+ !reby a despotic mon>*4 ,! be/ au!ntic tradition 9 ,bokh>i 7,kitb-ul-,jihd7 has ! ^w ',malik1' mon>*2 b 9 o!r ?ree places ( ,bokh>i1 ,kitabul ,monakib1 ,maghazi1 & ,i/izan1 ! n>rator has a d\bt :e!r ! ^w 0 ,allah or ,malik4 ,moslim1 9 8 collection1 has also ',malik1' & 9 "o place ! s5t5ce is n giv5 at all4 ,x 0 only to eulogize ! memory ( ,sd aft] 8 dea?1 t "s ( ! n>rators ( ! /ory gave out t ,mohammad _h said t ,sd _h decid$ l ! decision ( a ,malak1 angel2 or "s n>rators int]pret$ ! ^w ,malik1 k+1 z mean+ ,god2 & !re=e put ! ^w ,allah 9 _! traditions4 ,mohammad nev] said ,malak1 mean+ angel1 or ,malik1 allegorically mean+ ,allah2 he simply said ,malik1 lit]ally mean+ a k+ or mon>*4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,def5sive "* ( ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,jews ( ,khyb]4 ,! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,jews ( ,khyb] 0 purely def5sive 9 its "*4 ,!y _h1 s9ce ! ,jews ( ! tribe ( ,naze] & ,koreiza be+ bani%$ f ,m$9a 9 consequ5ce ( _! treason aga9/ ! ,moslem commonweal?1 _h jo9$ !m1 be5 guilty ( incit+ ! surr\nd+ tribes to attack ^u ,m$9a1 & _h made alliance ) ! ,bani ,ghatafn1 :o _h tak5 a prom95t "p among ! conf$]ates :o _h besieg$ ,m$9a at ! battle ( ! ,dit*1 to make a comb9$ attack ^u ,m$9a4 ,!y1 especially ,abul ,hukeik1 ! *ief ( ,bani ,naze]1 _h excit$ ! ,bani ,fezra & o!r ,b$uo9 tribes to commit incursions on ,m$9a4 ,!y _h made a comb9ation ) ! ,bani ,sd-,ibn ,bakr to make inroads on ! ,moslims4 ,bani ,sd1 a bran* ( ,hawaz91 7 among ! conf$]ates :o _h besieg$ ,m$9a4 ,lately1 ,oseir ,ibn ,zrim1 ! *ief ( ,naze] at ,khyb]1 ma9ta9$ ! same relations ) ,bani ,ghatafn1 z _! =m] *ief _h1 to make a comb9$ attack on ,m$9a4 ,! ,bani ,ghatafn1 ) _! bran*es ( ,bani ,fezra & ,bani ,murra1 9 league ) ^? ( ,khyb]1 7 always plott+ mis*ief 9 ! vic9ity ( ,fadak at ,khyb]4 ,!y 7! ,ghatafn7 _h cont9u$ = a long "t to al>m ,m$9a ) ?reat5$ attacks4 ,at ! sev5? ye> ( ! ,hegira timely in=mation 0 receiv$ by ,mohammad ( ! comb9$ prep>ation ( ,khyb] & ,ghatafn4 ,he rapidly set =? 9 8 def5ce1 & m>*$ to ,khyb] at once4 ,he took up a position at ,raj1 betwe5 ,khyb] & ,ghatafn1 to cut (f _! mutual assi/ance4 ,s x 0 n a sudd5 & unprovok$ invasion1 z ,sir ,w4 ,muir calls x4 ,he writes3 ,mahomet probably wait$ = "s act ( aggression on ! "p ( ! ,jews ( ,kheib> 7x 0 ! f]tile l&s & villages ( t tribe :i* he _h de/9$ = 8 foll[]s71 or on ! "p ( _! allies1 ! ,bani ,ghatafn1 to furni% ! excuse = an attack4 ,b no su* opportunity (f]+1 he resolv$1 9 ! autumn ( ?is ye>1 on a sudd5 & unprovok$ invasion ( _! t]ritory4#ahd ,x w appe> f :at ,i h /at$ above1 t ! invasion ( ,khyb] 0 purely def5sive 9 its "*4 ,footnote #aha3 ,hi%amee1 p4 #ede4 ,gott5g51 #ahei2 or1 ,! ,life ( ,muhammad1 by ,abd etl ,malik ibn ,hi%m4 ,london3 ,trbn] & ,co41 #ahfg4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,hi%amee1 p4 #geg4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,! ,jews ( ,khyb]1 if x does n relate to ,tabook4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir calls ?is ho/ile decl>ation aga9/ ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & says1--,! exclusion & gr[+ly intol]ant position ( ,islam is suffici5tly manife/$ by ! ban issu$ aga9/ ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 z unfit = ! sacr$ rites & holy prec9cts ( ! ,meccan temple2 & by ! div9e comm&s to w> aga9/ !m until1 9 confession ( ! sup]iority ( ,islam1 !y %\ld cons5t to ! paym5t ( a tribute4--,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhi4 ,! comm& ref]r$ to by ,sir ,w4 ,muir ref]s to ! treatm5t ( ^? :o took up arms aga9/ ! ,mussalmans1 r ?an to _! ord9>y condition4 ,no ban 0 issu$ aga9/ ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 z unfit = ! sacr$ rites & holy prec9cts ( ! ,meccan temple4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,najran1 :5 arriv$ at ,m$9a1 7 accommodat$ by ! ,prophet 9 8 ,mosque1 & !y us$ to say _! pray]s !re4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #fa4 ,! ,*ri/ians or ,romans4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,tabk1 ! la/ exp$ition4 ,! la/ exp$ition ( ,mohammad 0 t ( ,tabk1 & x 0 also purely def5sive4 ,! travell]s & trad]s arriv+ f ,syria br\ght news ( ! ga!r+ ( a l>ge army on ! bord]s ( ,syria4 ,a ye>'s pay1 !y said1 _h be5 advanc$ by ! ,greek or ,roman ,emp]or1 :o 0 !n at ,hims1 9 ord] t ! soldi]s might be well-furni%$ = a long campaign2 ! tribes ( ! ,syrian des]t1 ! ,bani ,lakhm1 ,judzam1 ,amila1 & ,ghussan 7 flock+ ar\nd ! ,roman ,eagles1 & ! vangu>d 0 already at ,balc4 ,mohammad at once resolv$ to meet ?is dang]4 ,:5 he arriv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,syrian bord] at ,tabk1 he f\nd no troops to oppose him4 ,!re 7 no signs ( imp5d+ dang]1 & he !re=e return$ ) 8 army to ,m$9a4 ,?is 0 9 ! n9? ye> ( ! ,hegira4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! conclusion4 ,?is concludes ! description ( all ! w>s ( ! ,prophet4 ,i hope ,i h %[n1 on good & reasonable gr\nds1 & f ! sure/ & mo/ au!ntic s\rces1 t ! w>s 7 n ( an (f5sive & aggressive "*2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 w>s ( def5ce & protection4 ,! e>ly ,moslems 7 wrong$1 because !y believ$ 9 ! fai? ( ,mohammad2 !y 7 depriv$ ( _! civil & religi\s rights1 7 driv5 =? f _! homes & _! prop]ties1 & aft] all 7 attack$ fir/1 by ! ,korei% & _! conf$]ates1 ! ,jews & o!r ,arabian tribes4 ,!y f\ght nei!r = rev5ge1 nor to impose ! fai? ( ,mohammad by =ce ( arms1 nor = ! plund] ( ! c>avans :i* pass$ 9 proximity to _! city4 ,! p]mission to fight 0 only giv5 to ! believ]s because !y 7 f\ght aga9/ or 7 attack$ fir/1 & _h be5 wrong$ & driv5 f _! homes )\t j cause4 ,!y !re=e took up arms aga9/ ^? :o fir/ compell$ !m to fly f _! homes1 & !n attack$ !m4 ,?is 0 9 full accordance1 !re=e1 ) ! law ( nations & ! sacr$ law ( nature4 ,! p ( ,m$9a _h only pl$g$ !mselves to protect ,mohammad f 8 enemies4 ,!y c\ld n1 & w\ld n1 h gone =? or all[$ ,mohammad & 8 ansrs to g =? to plund] ! c>avan ( ! ,korei% pass+ by ,m$9a4 ,! ,intol]ance4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,mohammad nev] taught intol]ance4 ,^? p are greatly mi/ak5 :o say1 t ! "o common duty laid ^u ! ,fai?ful is to be ! ag5ts ( ,god's v5geance on ^? :o believe n4 ,^! are to be slaught]$ until !y pay tribute1 :5 !y are all[$ to g to ,hell 9 _! own way )\t fur!r mole/ation4#ahe ,mohammad did n wage w> aga9/ ! ,korei% & ! ,jews because !y did n believe 9 8 mission1 nor because he 0 to be ! in/rum5t ( ,god's v5geance on !m2 on ! contr>y1 he said1 ,he 0 no m ?an a w>n]4 ,! tru? is f y\r ,"l1 let him !n :o w1 believe2 & let him :o w1 be an unbeliev]4#ahf ,let !re be no compulsion 9 religion4#ahg ,v]ily1 !y :o believe1 & ! ,jews1 & ! ,sabeites1 & ! ,*ri/ians1 :oev] ( !m believe? 9 ,god & 9 ! la/ day1 & do? :at is "r1 on !m %all come no fe>1 nei!r %all !y be put to grief4#ahh ,ev5 dur+ active ho/ilities1 ^? :o did n believe 7 all[$ to come & he> ! prea*+1 & 7 !n convey$ to _! place ( safety4#ahi ,nor 7 ! w>s ( ,mohammad to exact tribute f ! unbeliev]s4 ,! tribute 0 only impos$ ^u ^? :o _h s\ght 8 protection1 & ev5 !n !y 7 exempt$ f o!r regul> taxes :i* ! ,moslems paid to _! ,commonweal?4 ,on ! contr>y1 z has already be5 %[n1 ,mohammad m]ely took up arms 9 ! in/ances ( self-pres]vation4 ,_h he neglect$ to def5d himself aft] 8 settlem5t at ,m$9a aga9/ ! cont9u$ attacks ( ! ,korei% & _! allies1 he ) 8 foll[]s w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 ext]m9at$4 ,!y f\ght 9 def5ce ( _! lives z well z _! moral & religi\s lib]ties4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,9 :at s5se ! w>s 7 religi\s w>s4 ,9 ?is s5se ! conte/ might be call$ a religi\s w>1 z ! ho/ilities 7 comm5c$ on religi\s gr\nds4 ,because ! ,korei% p]secut$ ! ,moslems1 & expell$ !m = ! reason t !y _h =sak5 ! religion ( _! =efa!rs1 i4e41 idolatry1 & embrac$ ! fai? ( ,islam1 ! wor%ip ( ,"o ,true ,god2 b x 0 nev] a religi\s w> 9 ! s5se ( attack+ ! unbeliev]s aggressively to impose 8 own religion =cibly on !m4 ,h[ mu* is ,sir ,w4 ,muir 9 ! wrong1 :o says1 t fight+ 0 prescrib$ on religi\s gr\nds8 ,ho/ilities1 he says1 inde$1 7 ju/ifi$ by ! 'expulsion' ( ! believ]s f ,mecca4 ,b ! ma9 & true issue ( ! w>f>e 0 n disguis$ to be ! victory ( ,islam4 ,!y 7 to fight 'until ! religion became ! ,"l's alone4'#aij ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,! alleg$ v]ses ( intol]ance expla9$4 ,! v]ses ( ! ,koran ref]r$ to above are z foll[s3 #ahf4 ,& fight = ! cause ( ,god aga9/ ^? :o fight aga9/ y3 b commit n ! inju/ice ( attack+ !m fir/3 v]ily ,god love? n ! unju/4 #ahg4 ,& kill !m :]ev] ye %all f9d !m1 & eject !m f :atev] place !y h eject$ y2 = 7fitnah7 p]secution or civil discord is worse ?an slaught] b attack !m n at ! sacr$ ,mosque1 until !y attack y !re91 b if !y attack y1 !n slay !m--,su* is ! recomp5se ( ! infidel6 #ahh4 ,b if !y desi/1 !n v]ily ,god is ,graci\s1 ,m]ciful4 #ahi4 ,& d battle aga9/ !m until !re be no m 7fitnah7 p]secution or civil discord & ! only wor%ip be t ( ,god3 b if !y desi/1 !n let !re be no ho/ility1 save aga9/ wrong-do]s4--,sura1 ii4 ,^! v]ses g5]ally1 & ! la/ "o especially1 %[ t ! w>f>e 0 prescrib$ on ! gr\nd ( self-pres]vation1 & to secure peace1 safety & religi\s lib]ty1 to prev5t 7fitnah7 p]secution4 ,by prev5t+ or remov+ ! p]secution 7fitnah71 ! religion ( ! ,moslems 0 to be free & pure f intol]ance & compulsion to rev]t to idolatry1 or 9 o!r words1 to be ! only or :olly ( ,god4 ,t is1 :5 y are free & unp]secut$ 9 y\r religion1 & n =c$ to wor%ip idols & r5\nce ,islam1 !n y\r religion w be pure & free4 ,y %all h no fe> ( be+ =c$ to jo9 o!r gods ) ,god4 ,! same v]se is repeat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #ci4 ,say to ! unbeliev]s3 ,if !y desi/1#aia :at is n[ pa/ %all be =giv5 !m1 b if !y return to x1#aib !y h already be=e !m ! doom ( ! =m]4#aic #dj4 ,fight !n aga9/ !m till fitnah 7civil /rife or p]secution7 be at an end1 & ! religion be all ( x ,god's1 & if !y desi/1 v]ily ,god beholde? :at !y d4 ,?is %[s t ! fight+ prescrib$ "h aga9/ ! ,korei% 0 only 9 ! case ( _! n desi/+1 & x 0 only to prev5t & suppress _! fitnah1 & :5 _! intol]ance & p]secution 0 suppress$1 or 0 no m1 !n ! ,moslem religion 0 to become all ( x ,god's4 ,!y 7 n =c$ to jo9 any god ) ! true ,god4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 9 8 la/ *apt] on ! p]son & "* ( ,mohammad1 obs]ves 9 review+ ! ,m$9a p]iod3 ,intol]ance quickly took ! place ( fre$om2 =ce1 ( p]suasion4 444 ,slay ! unbeliev]s :]esoev] ye f9d !m 0 n[ ! wat*word ( ,islam3--,fight 9 ! ways ( ,god until opposition be cru%$1 & ! ,religion become? ! ,"l's alone6#aid ,"h1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir pla9ly contradicts himself4 ,he has already admitt$ at ! #acf? page ( ! f\r? volume ( 8 "w t ! c\rse pursu$ by ,mohammad at ,m$9a 0 to leave ! conv]sion ( ! p to be gradually accompli%$ )\t compulsion1 & ! same measure he int5d$ to adopt at 8 triumphal entry into ,mecca4 ,8 words are3 ,?is movem5t oblig$ ,mahomet to cut %ort ( 8 /ay at ,mecca4 ,al?\gh ! city _h *e]fully accept$ 8 supremacy1 all its inhabitants _h n yet embrac$ ! new religion1 or =mally ackn[l$g$ 8 prophetic claim4 ,p]haps1 he int5d$ to foll[ ! c\rse he _h pursu$ at ,m$9a1 & leave ! conv]sion ( ! p to be gradually accompli%$ )\t compulsion4 ,?is 0 at ! end ( ! eigh? ye> aft] ! ,hegira4 ,mohammad di$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? ye>1 !n ! "q naturally comes up1 :5 0 t alleg$ *ange to intol]ance1 & h[ ,sir ,w4 ,muir says1 ?is *ange is trac$ f ! p]iod ( ,mohammad's arrival at ,m$9a8 ,9 ! action tak5 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! ,hegira aga9/ ! ,jewi% tribe ( ,koreiza1 :o _h treason$ aga9/ ! city1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir admits t up to t p]iod ,mohammad did n pr(ess to =ce m5 to jo9 ,islam1 or to puni% !m = n embrac+ x4 ,8 words are3 ,! o/5sible gr\nds ^u :i* ,mahomet proce$$ 7 purely political1 = z yet he did n pr(ess to =ce m5 to jo9 ,islam1 or to puni% !m = n embrac+ x4#aie ,9 a foot-note he rem>ks3 ,he /ill cont9u$ to reit]ate 9 8 ,revelations ! axiom us$ at ,mecca1 ',i am only a public prea*]1' z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]4 ,fur!r1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! fir/ two ye>s aft] ,mohammad's arrival at ,m$9a1 admits 9 a foot-note 7p4 #cb1 ,vol4 ,,iii71 t z yet we h no di/9ct developm5t ( ! int5tion ( ,mahomet to impose 8 religion on o!rs by =ce3 x w\ld h be5 dang]\s 9 ! pres5t /ate ( p>ties to advance ?is pr9ciple4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,comm5t on ! above quotation4 ,x w appe> f ! =ego+ /atem5ts t 9 ea* ( ! ?ree di/9ct p]iods ( ,mohammad's soj\rn 9 ,m$9a1 i4e41 ! fir/ two ye>s1 ! fif? ye>1 & ! eigh? ye>1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir has himself admitt$ t ,mohammad _h no int5tion to impose 8 religion by =ce1 & did n pr(ess to =ce p to jo9 ,islam1 or puni% !m = n embrac+ x1 & t ! conv]sion ( ! p at ,m$9a 0 gradually accompli%$ )\t compulsion1 & ! same c\rse he foll[$ at 8 tak+ ( ,mecca4 ,!n !re is no room left = ! uncall$ = & self-contradictory rem>k ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 t at ,m$9a ,intol]ance quickly took place ( fre$om2 =ce1 ( p]suasion4 ,up to ! end ( ! eigh? ye> :5 ,mecca 0 captur$1 !re 0 admitt$ly no p]secution or con/ra9t put 9 requisition to en=ce religion4 ,mohammad brea!d 8 la/ e>ly 9 ! elev5? ye>4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s t int]v5$1 ! d9 ( w> _h ceas$ to s\nd1 deputations cont9u$ to rea* ! ,prophet f all qu>t]s ( ,arabia1 & n a s+le in/ance ( intol]ance or compulsory adoption ( fai? is f\nd on record4#aif ,mohammad1 nei!r soon]1 nor lat]1 9 8 /ay at ,m$9a1 sw]v$ f ! policy ( =be>ance & p]suasion he himself _h *alk$ out = ! success ( 8 mission4 ,at ,m$9a1 he always prea*$ 8 lib]al pr(ession ( respect = o!r cre$s1 & reit]at$ assurances to ! p t he 0 m]ely a prea*]1 & expressly gave out t compulsion 9 religion 0 out ( "q ) him4 ,^! are 8 revelations dur+ ! ,m$9a p]iod4 ,v]ily1 !y :o believe 7,moslems71 & !y :o foll[ ! ,jewi% religion1 & ! ,*ri/ians1 & ! ,sabeites1--:oev] believe? 9 ,god & ! la/ day1 & doe? t :i* is "r1 %all h _! rew>d ) _! ,"l3 & fe> %all n come ^u !m1 nei!r %all !y be griev$4 ,sura ,,ii1 #ei4 ,& say to ^? :o h be5 giv5 ! ,scripture1 & to ! common folk1 ,d y surr5d] y\rselves unto ,god8 ,!n1 if !y become ,moslems1 are !y guid$ aright2 b if !y turn away1 !n ?y duty is only prea*+ & ,god's eye is on 8 s]vants4 ,sura ,,iii1 #ai4 ,! ,apo/le is only b\nd to prea*3 & ,god kn[e? :at ye br+ to light1 & :at ye conceal4 ,sura ,v1 #ii4 ,say3 ,obey ,god & obey ! ,apo/le4 ,b if ye turn back1 /ill ! burd5 ( 8 duty is on him only1 & ! burd5 ( y\r duty re/s on y4 ,& if ye obey him1 ye %all h guidance2 ,b pla9 prea*+ is all t devolves ^u ! ,apo/le4 ,sura ,,xxiv1 #ec4 ,let !re be no compulsion 9 religion4 ,n[ is ! "r way made di/9ct f error2 :oev] !re=e d5ie? ,tghoot1#aig & believe? 9 ,god1 ha? tak5 hold on a /rong h&le t ha? no flaw !re93 ,& ,god is ,he :o ,he>e?1 ,kn[e?4 ,sura ,,ii1 #bcg4 ,:oso obeye? ! ,apo/le1 9 s do+ obeye? ,god & z to ^? :o turn back f !e1 ,we h n s5t !e to be _! keep]4 ,sura ,,iv1 #hb4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! object ( ,mohammad's w>s4 ,slay ! unbeliev]s :]ev] ye f9d !m 0 nev] ! wat*word ( ,islam4 ,x 0 only said 9 self-pres]vation & w> ( def5ce1 & conc]n$ only ^? :o _h tak5 up arms aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,! v]ses--,suras ,,ii1 #ahi2 & ,,viii1 #dj--;h be5 quot$ above 9 p>as4 #ag & #cg 7pp4 #ah1 #ba1 #dd & #de71 & !y fully %[ by _! context & scope t !y only enjo9$ w> aga9/ ! ,meccans1 :o us$ to come to w> ^u ! ,moslems4 ,! object ( mak+ w> is precisely set =? 9 ^! v]ses1 & appe>s to mean t civil feuds & p]secutions be at an end4 ,b ,sir ,w4 ,muir wrongly translates ,fitnah z opposition4 ,he himself has translat$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w 9 "q z p]secution1 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #adg1 foot-note2 9 translat+ ! t5? v]se ( ! ,sura ,,lxxxv he writes3 ,v]ily1 !y :o p]secute ! believ]s1 male & female1 & rep5t !mselves n4 ,! orig9al ^w !re is ,fatanoo1#aih f ,fitnah4 ,i d n "k :y he %\ld put a tw(old v]sion on ! same ^w occurr+ 9 ! same book4 7,suras ,,ii1 #ahg2 ,,viii1 #dj47 ,footnote #ahe3 ,islam "u ! ,arabs1 by ,major ,r4,d4 ,osborne1 ,london1 #ahgf1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,,xviii1 #bh4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,,ii1 #beg4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,v1 #gc4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,,ix1 #f4 ,footnote #aij3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #aia3 ,f attack+ & p]secut+ y & prev5t+ y f ent]+ y\r homes & visit+ ! sacr$ mosque4 ,footnote #aib3 ,t is1 if aga9 attack y & commit aggressions4 ,footnote #aic3 ,mean+ ^? :o 7 defeat$ at ,badr4 ,footnote #aid3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #aie3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #aif3 ,!re is only "o in/ance ( intol]ance1 i4e41 mak+ conv]ts at ! po9t ( sword1 :i* ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 s zeal\s 9 accus+ ,mohammad ( religi\s p]secution dur+ ! ,m$9a p]iod1 has succe$$ 9 f9d+ out dur+ ! t5 ev5tful ye>s ( ,mohammad's soj\rn 9 ,m$9a4 ,i ref] to ! /ory ( ,khalid's mission 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? ye> ,a4,h41 to ,bani ,h>is1 a ,*ri/ian tribe at ,najran1 ^: p _h ent]$ into a cov5ant ( peace ) ,mohammad1 & to :om an ample pl$ge _h be5 gu>ante$ to foll[ _! own fai?4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,khalid 0 in/ruct$ to call on ! p to embrace ,islam1 & if !y decl9$1 he 01 aft] ?ree days1 to attack & =ce !m to submit 7,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbd74 ,! v]sion ( ! /ory ?us giv5 by ! ,biograph]s ( ,mohammad is too absurd to be believ$2 because x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! ,bani ,h>is1 or ! ,*ri/ians ( ,najran1 _h s5t a deputation to ,mohammad only a ye> ago1 i4e41 9 ,a4,h4 #i1 & obta9$ t]ms ( security f him 7,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bii2 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #dja74 ,x is q an unf\nd$1 ?\gh a v +5i\s1 excuse ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir to make ! ,bani ,h>is consi/ ( two sects1--"o ( ,*ri/ians1 & ! o!r ( idolators1--& to say t ! op]ations ( ,khalid 7 direct$ aga9/ ! portion ( ,bani ,h>is /ill b5ight$ ) paganism2 ?us reconcil+ ! apocryphal tradition ) ! fact ( ! ,bani ,h>is be+ at a treaty ( security1 tol]ation & fre$om1 ) ,mohammad4 ,i conclude1 he writes 9 a note1 ! op]ations ( ,khlid 7 direct$ aga9/ ! portion ( ,bani ,hri? /ill idolat]s3--at all ev5ts n aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian portion already "u treaty 7,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 foot-note1 p4 #bbd74 ,see ! acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( ,bani ,hri? to ,*ri/ianity long be=e ,islam 9 ,hi%amee1 pp4 #bj-bb4 ,gibbon1 ,*apt] ,,xlii1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #bjg1 foot-note2 & ,muir's ,vol4 ,i1 p4 ccxxviii4 ,footnote #aig3 ,a "n appli$ to an idol or idols--especially ,allat & ,ozza1 ! anci5t idols ( ! ,meccans4 ,footnote #aih3 ,! pa/ t5se1 ?ird p]son plural1 ( ! inf9itive ,fitnah4 ,! ,n9? ,*apt]1 or ,sura ,b>at4 ,sid5ote #dj4 ,! op5+ portion ( ! ,i,xth ,sura ( ! ,koran only relates to ! ,korei% :o _h violat$ ! truce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! injunctions conta9$ 9 x 7 n c>ri$ out ow+ to ! compromise4 ,sir ,william ,muir1 :ile relat+ ! publication ( "s v]ses ( ! n9? *apt] ( ! ,koran on ! occasion ( ! great pilgrimage ,a4,h4 #i1 & ref]r+ to ! op5+ v]ses ( ! ,sura 7f #a/ to #g? inclusive7 writes3 ,! passages j quot$ complet$ ! sy/em ( ,mahomet s f> z its relations ) idolatr\s tribes & races 7 conc]n$4 ,! few cases ( truce except$1 uncompromis+ w>f>e 0 decl>$ aga9/ !m all4#aii ,?is is n correct4 ,! mi/ake1 he z well z o!rs :o foll[ him commit1 lies 9 _! tak+ ! incipi5t v]ses ( ,*apt] ,,ix1 z orig9ally publi%$ at ! end ( ! n9? ye> ( ! ,hegira1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,mecca1 9 ord] to set aside e obligation or league ) ! idolators to wage w> ) !m1 ei!r )9 or )\t ! sacr$ t]ritory1 & !y 7 to be kill$1 besieg$1 & laid 9 wait = :]esoev] f\nd4#bjj ,9 fact x has no su* be>+ ( g5]ally sett+ aside ! treaties1 & decl>+ uncompromis+ w>f>e1 & 0 n publi%$ = ! fir/ "t on ! occasion /at$ above4 ,! op5+ v]ses ( ! n9? ,sura ( ! ,koran1 :i* ,i h quot$ 9 full toge!r ) necess>y notes 9 p>a4 #ag 7pp4 #bb-be71 reveal$ = ! fir/ "t1 7 be=e ! conque/ ( ,mecca1 :5 ! idolators !re( _h brok5 ! truce ( ,hodeibia4 ,_! violation ( ! treaty is expressly m5tion$ 9 v]ses #d1 #h1 #aj & #ac1 & ! same v]ses also enjo9 to respect & fulfil ! treaties ( ^? idolators :o _h n brok5 !irs4 ,!re=e only ^? aggressors :o _h be5 guilty ( a brea* ( fai?1 & in/igat$ o!rs to take up arms aga9/ ! ,moslems 9 ! attack ( ,bani ,bakr1 on ,khoza1 7 to be wag$ w> aga9/1 besieg$1 & tak5 captives aft] ! expiration ( f\r mon?s f ! date ( ! publication ( ! v]ses 9 "q4 ,b =tunately ,abu ,s(ian compromis$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! sacr$ mon?s1 & be=e ! p]iod ( ! f\r mon?s _h elaps$4 ,! p ( ,mecca submitt$ )\t blood%$1 & h5ce x is obvi\s t ! injunctions conta9$ 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9? *apt] ( ! ,koran 7 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,!y rema9$ z dead lett]1 & w1 ,i ?9k1 s rema9 p]petually4 ,almo/ all ,european writ]s1 z f> z ,i "k1 lab\r "u ! delusion t at ! end ( ! n9? ye> ,mohammad publi%$ ! op5+ v]ses ( ! n9? ,sura1 commonly designat$ ,sra ,b>t4 ,b ! fact is t x 0 publi%$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,hegira be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! sacr$ mon?s1 probably 9 ! mon? ( ,%abn1 :ile ,mohammad m>*$ 9 ,ramzn aga9/ ,mecca1 n ) ! int5tion ( prosecut+ w>1 = x 0 to take place aft] ! lapse ( ,zikad1 ,zelhaj & ,moh>ram1 b ( tak+ ,mecca by compromise & preconc]t$ und]/&+ betwe5 himself & ,abu ,s(ian4 ,if x be admitt$ t ! prelim9>y v]ses ( ,sura ,,ix ( ! ,koran 7 reveal$ or publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! la/ mon? ( ! n9? ye> ( ! ,hegira1 !n !y--! v]ses--become aimless1 )\t be+ pregnant ( any object 9 view4 ,!y conta9 injunctions = c>ry+ ho/ile op]ations aga9/ ^? :o _h brok5 c]ta9 treaties1 _h help$ o!rs aga9/ ! ,moslems1 & !mselves _h also attack$ !m4 ,!y proclaim$ w> aga9/ c]ta9 tribes1 ^: p did n reg>d ties ( blood & good fai?1 & _h be5 ! fir/ aggressors aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,n _m su* p]sons 7 9 ! :ole ( ,arabia at & aft] ! "t alleg$ = ! promulgation ( ^! v]ses1 i4e41 at ! la/ mon? ( ! n9? & ! :ole t5? ye>4 ,by ?is "t1 almo/ all ,arabia _h t5d]$ volunt>y submission to ! au?ority ( ,mohammad4 ,deputations f ea* tribe ( ! ,arabs cont9u$ to rea* ,m$9a dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod1 & 7 pl$g$ protection & fri5d%ip by ! f\nd] ( ! ,islamic fai?4 ,f ,m$9a ! s\nd ( drums & ! bray ( cl>ions _h n[ di$ away4 ,h]eupon we are able to speak ) c]ta9ty t ^! v]ses c\ld n be1 & 7 n1 reveal$ at ! end ( ! n9? ye> z x has be5 ass]t$ by sev]al writ]s1 bo? ,mohammadan & ,european4 ,& = ! above reasons ! mo/ suitable occasion = ! revelation ( ^! v]ses is ! brea* ( ! truce ( ,hodeibia by ! ,korei% & _! allies dur+ ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,hegira :i* caus$ ! r$uction ( ,mecca by compromise4 ,sev]al ,mohammadan comm5tators are unanim\s 9 _! op9ion z to ?is po9t4 ,consequ5tly ! v]ses1 orda9+ ! manife/ation ( arms aga9/ ! treaty-break]s & aggressors1 z well z putt+ !m to ! sword :]ev] !y 7 to be f\nd1 i4e41 )9 or )\t ! h>em1 or ! prec9cts ( ! ,sacr$ ,mosque1 7 n compli$ ) ow+ to ! compromise by ! ,korei%4 ,footnote #aii3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #baa ,footnote #bjj3 ,islam & its ,f\nd]1 by ,j4,w4,h4 ,/ob>t1 ,b4,a41 p4 #agi4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,! alleg$ ,int]ception ( ! ,korei%ite ,c>avans4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,! n9e alleg$ int]ceptions ( ! ,korei% c>avans4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by ,european biograph]s ( ,mohammad t sev]al c>avans ( ! ,korei% go+ to & f ,syria 7 int]cept$ & waylaid by ! ,moslems soon aft] ! ,hegira4 ,! alleg$ incursions are z foll[3 7#a47 ,sev5 mon?s aft] ,mohammad's arrival at ,m$9a1 an exp$ition head$ by ,hamza surpris$ a c>avan "u ! conduct ( ,abu ,jahl4 7#b47 ,a mon? lat] a p>ty l$ by ,obeida 0 dispat*$ 9 ! pursuit ( ano!r c>avan guid$ by ,abu ,s(ian4 7#c47 ,aft] ! expiration ( ano!r mon?1 a ?ird inroad head$ by ,sad proce$$ to lie 9 ambu% = ! ,korei% c>avan on ! way x 0 expect$ to pass4 7#d47 ,ne>ly twelve mon?s aft] ! ,hegira1 a f\r? attempt 0 und]tak5 to plund] a c>avan ( ! ,korei%ites by ,mohammad himself at ,abwa4 7#e47 ,9 ! succe$+ mon? ,mohammad aga9 m>*$ to ,b[at ) ! sole aim ( despoil+ a c>avan compos$ ( preci\s freight "u ! imm$iate escort ( ,omeya-b9 ,khalf4 7#f47 ,aft] ! lapse ( two or ?ree mon?s ,mohammad set out to ,o%eira to make aggression on ano!r ri* c>avan proce$+ to ,syria l$ by ,abu ,s(ian4 ,all ^! exp$itions are said to h be5 n att5d$ by any success on ! "p ( ! ,moslems1 ! vigilance ( ! c>avans 9 all cases elud+ ! pursuit made aft] !m4#bja 7#g47 ,9 ,rajab ,a4,h4 #b1 a small b& compos$ ( "s six p]sons 0 ord]$ to m>* to ,nakhla to lie 9 wait !re = ! c>avan ( ! ,korei%4 ,! p>ty _h a scuffle at ,nakhla1 9 :i* a man ( ! convoy 0 kill$2 :ile two prison]s & ! pilf]$ goods 7 tak5 to ,m$9a4 ,h]eupon ,mohammad 0 mu* displeas$1 & told ,abdallah-b9 ,jah%1 ,i nev] comm&$ !e to fight 9 ! sacr$ mon?4 7#h47 ,! c>avan ( ! ,korei%1 :i* on its passage _h safely escap$ ! *ase ( ! ,moslems1 z already describ$ 9 ,no4 #f1 0 on its way back to ,mecca4 ,mohammad anticipat$ _! return1 & prep>$ an attack1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! fam\s battle ( ,badr4 7#i47 ,all ^! pr$atory inroads to int]cept ! c>avans ( ,mecca are said to h happ5$ dur+ ! fir/ & ! second ye> ( ! ,hegira1 or be=e ! battle ( ,badr4 ,x rema9s = me n[ to m5tion ! only rema9+ in/ance ( ,moslem's =ay ^u ! ,korei%ite c>avan1 :i* took place 9 ! six? ye> ,a4,h4 at ,al-,is4 ,! attack 0 completely successful4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,! int]ceptions 7 impossible "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,mohammad 0 plac$4 ,i h already expla9$ 7f p>as4 #ba-bd7 t ^! e>ly exp$itions1 numb]$ #a to #h1 are n corroborat$ by au!ntic & tru/wor?y traditions1 & ,i h also giv5 ! probable nature ( ^? m>k$ #d1 #e & #f4 ,x 0 impossible = ,mohammad & 8 adh]5ts1 situat$ z !y 71 to make any ho/ile demon/rations or und]take a pillag+ ent]prise4 ,! inhabitants ( ,m$9a1 :]e ! ,prophet ) 8 foll[]s _h s\ght a safe asylum1 & at ^: invitation he _h ent]$ _! city1 _h solemnly b\nd !mselves on sacr$ oa?s to def5d ,mohammad1 s long z he 0 n himself ! aggressor1 f 8 enemies z !y w\ld _! wives & _! *ildr54#bjb ,mohammad1 on 8 own "p1 _h ent]$ into a holy compact ) !m n to plund] or commit depr$ations4#bjc ,^u ^! consid]ations x 0 impossible t ! p ( ,m$9a w\ld h p]mitt$ or ov]look$ ! irruptions s (t5 committ$ by ,mohammad ^u ! c>avans ( ! ,korei%3 mu* less w\ld !y h jo9$ ) _! ,prophet1 _h he or any ( 8 colleagues v5tur$ to d s4 ,b grant+ t ! ,m$9ites all[$ ,mohammad to manife/ enmity t[>ds ! ,korei% by a display ( arms1 or t no re/ra9t 0 put by !m ^u him :5 he encroa*$ ^u ! t]ritories ( ! neighb\r+ tribes1 & t ! c>avans 7 mole/$ )\t any gr\nds ( ju/ice1 0 x possible1 ,i ask1 = ! p ( ,m$9a to avoid ! tr\bles !y w\ld be necess>ily involv$ 9 by ! refuge !y _h giv5 to _! ,prophet8 ,!y _h long suff]$ f int]nal feuds1 & ! sangu9>y conflict ( ,bos1 a few ye>s ago1 :i* _h p>alyz$ _! c\ntry1 & humiliat$ its citiz5s1 0 b too fre% 9 _! memory yet4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,! int]ceptions1 if occurr$1 7 ju/ifi$ by way ( reprisals4 ,let u suppose t ^! alleg$ int]ceptions ( ! ,meccan c>avans by ! ,moslems did actually take place1 z relat$ by ! biograph]s ( ,mohammad1 7 !y n all ju/ifi$ by ! ,int]national ,code ( ! ,arabs1 or ! anci5t usage & milit>y law ( nations4 ,x has be5 prov$ beyond all dispute t ! ,meccans 7 ! fir/ aggressors 9 p]secut+ ! ,moslems1 & expell+ !m f _! de> homes at ,mecca ) ! unbe>able annoyance1 !y caus$ ! conv]ts ( ! new fai? 9 ! peaceful prosecution ( _! religion2 tak+ all ^! causes ( (f5ce into consid]ation1 z well z ! ,int]national law & ! law ( ,nature1 ! ,moslems might be said to h law & ju/ice bo? on _! sides 9 wag+ w> ) _! h>ass]s = ! re/oration ( _! prop]ty & homes1 & ev5 9 retaliat+ & mak+ reprisals until !y atta9$ ! object long s\ght by !m4 ,:5 ! ,meccans1 on _! own "p1 _h fir/ trumpet$ ho/ility aga9/ ! ,moslems1 ! "r ( self-def5ce1 z well z milit>y necessity1 compell$ ! latt] to de/roy _! prop]ty1 & ob/ruct ! ways & *annels ( communication by :i* _! traffic 0 prosp]+2 =1 f ! mom5t "o ,/ate is at w> ) ano!r1 x has1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 a "r to seize on all ! enemy's prop]ty ( :atsoev] k9d & :]esoev] f\nd1 & to appropriate ! prop]ty ?us tak5 to its own use1 or to t ( ! captors4#bjd ,footnote #bja3 ,i h closely foll[$ ,sir ,w4 ,muir 9 ^! exp$itions2 vide ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #fd-fi4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,! p ( ,m$na 7 pl$g$ only to def5d ! ,prophet f attack1 n to jo9 him 9 any aggressive /eps aga9/ ! ,corei%4 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,bokh>ee relates f ,obada-b9 ,smat ) ! usual *a9 ( n>rators1 t ,i am "o ( ! ,nakeebs :o pl$g$ to ! ,prophet4 ,we pl$g$ t we w n jo9 any o!r god ) ! ,god1 & w n commit !ft1 & w n commit =nication1 & w n commit murd]1 & w n plund]4 ,saheeh ( ,bokh>ee1 ,book ( ,campaigns1 *apt] on ,deputations f ,ansrs4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,:eaton's ,elem5ts ( ,int]national ,law1 p4 #dai1 ,bo/on1 #ahee2 ,lieb]'s ,miscellane\s ,writ+s2 ,political sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bej1 ,philadelphia1 #ahha4 ,! alleg$ ,assass9ations4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,in/ances ( alleg$ assass9ations cit$4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 executions ( culprits :o _h p]petrat$ ! crime ( high treason aga9/ ! ,moslem ,commonweal?4 ,^! executions1 & c]ta9 o!r cases ( murd]s n gr\nd$ on any cr$ible evid5ces1 are n>rat$ by ,european biograph]s ( ,mohammad z assass9ations committ$ ?r\gh ! c\nt5ance & connivance :i* he l5t !m4 ,!y 7 ab\t five or six 9 numb]1 & !y are /yl$ assass9ations f !re be+ no trials ( ! prison]s by a judge & a jury1 nor by any sy/ematic c\rt-m>tial4 ,! puni%m5t ( dea? 0 inflict$ ^u ! p]sons condemn$1 ei!r f private enmity or = ! unp>donable (f5ce ( high treason aga9/ ! ,/ate1 b x _c be said1 z ,i w h]eaft] %[1 t ^! s-call$ cases ( assass9ations _h receiv$ ! high sanction ( ,mohammad1 or !y 7 br\ght ab\t at 8 direct in/igation & ass5t = _! commission4 ,! alleg$ in/ances are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,asma-b9t ,m>wn4 #b4 ,ab ,afak4 #c4 ,kb-ibn ,a%raf4 #d4 ,s(ian-ibn ,khalid4 #e4 ,ab ,rfe4 #f4 ,oseir-ibu ,zrim4 #g4 ,! attempt$ assass9ation ( ,ab ,s(ian4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,mr4 ,poole quot$4 ,be=e review+ ! tru? & falsity ( evid5ce 9 ea* ( ^! cases1 & %[+ h[ f> ! ,prophet 0 privy to !m1 ,i w avail myself ( a quotation f ,mr4 ,/anley ,lane ,poole1 :o has rem>k$ ) 8 usual deep disc]nm5t & accurate judgm5t1 9 8 ,introduction to ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,lane's ,selections f ! ,koran3 ,! execution ( ! half-doz5 m>k$ ,jews is g5]ally call$ assass9ation1 because a ,muslim 0 s5t secretly to kill ea* ( ! crim9als4 ,! reason is almo/ too obvi\s to ne$ explanation4 ,!re 7 no police or law-c\rts1 or ev5 c\rts-m>tial1 at ,m$9a2 "s "o ( ! foll[]s ( ,mohammad mu/ !re=e be ! execut] ( ! s5t5ce ( dea?1 & x 0 bett] x %\ld be done quietly1 z ! execut+ ( a man op5ly be=e 8 clan w\ld h caus$ a brawl & m blood%$ & retaliation1 till ! :ole city _h become mix$ up 9 ! qu>rel4 ,if secret assass9ation is ! ^w = su* de$s1 secret assass9ation 0 a necess>y "p ( ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ,m$9a4 ,! m5 mu/ be kill$1 & be/ 9 t way4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i assume t ,mohammad 0 cognisant ( ! de$1 & t x 0 n m]ely a case ( private v5geance2 b 9 sev]al in/ances ! evid5ce t traces ^! executions to ,mohammad's ord] is ei!r entirely want+ or is too d\btful to claim our cr$5ce4#bje #a4--;,asma-b9t ,m>wn4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,asma-b9t ,m>wn4 ,! fir/ victim 0 a woman1 writes ,major ,osborn1 ,asma1 daught] ( ,m>wan2 %e _h compos$ "s satirical v]ses on ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s2 & ,muhammad1 mov$ to ang]1 said publicly3 ',:o w rid me ( ?is woman8' ,omeir1 a bl9d man1 b an ard5t ,moslem1 he>d ! spee*1 & at dead ( night crept into ! ap>tm5t :]e ,asma lay asleep surr\nd$ by h] little ones2 he felt ab\t 9 ! d>kness till 8 h& re/$ on ! sleep+ woman1 & !n1 ! next in/ance 8 sword 0 plung$ into h] brea/4#bjf ,! /ory ( ,asma's murd] has be5 v>i\sly relat$ by ! ,arabian writ]s1 & ! te/imonies on :i* x re/s are contradictory & conflict+ 9 !mselves4 ,wkidi1 ,ibn ,sd1 & ,ibn ,hi%m relate a v /range ?+ ab\t x1 t %e 0 kill$ by ,omeir ! bl9d at ! dead ( night4 ,a bl9d p]son commits murd] 9 a /rang]'s h\se dur+ nocturnal quietness1 & is n arre/$ by any "o6 ,doctor ,weil writes1 t ,omeir 0 a =m] husb& ( ,asma1 & ! orig9 ( ! murd] may be trac$ to a long-brood+ & private malice4 ,ibn ,zk> 9 8 hi/ory 7vide ,se]at ,%mee7 relates t ,asma 0 a fruit-sell]2 "s p]son ( h] tribe ask$ h] if %e _h bett] fruits4 ,%e said 'yes1' & ent]$ h] h\se foll[$ by t man4 ,%e /oop$ d[n to take some?+ up1 ! p]son turn$ "r & left1 & see+ t nobody 0 ne>1 gave a viol5t bl[ on h] head1 & ?us dispat*$ h]4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,! /ory des]ves n our belief4 ,! hi/orians ev5 relate t ,omeir1 be+ (f5d$ at ! v]ses compos$ by ,asma1 _h volunte]$ himself ( 8 own free-w to kill h]4#bjg ,%e might h be5 a sacrifice to envy or hatr$ by ! sword ( h] assass91 b ,mohammad really _h no h& 9 h] dea?4 ,%e _h made h]self an outlaw by delud+ ! p ( ,m$9a to a brea* ( treaty ) ! ,moslems1 :]eby ! rights & jurisdictions ( ,jews & ,moslems 7 def9itively settl$4 ,ibn ,i%ak quietly leaves unn>rat$ any transaction ) reg>d to ,asma4 ,wakidi & ,ibn ,sd d n affirm t ,mohammad1 be+ annoy$ at h] lampoons1 said deject$ly1 ,:o w\ld rid me ( t woman8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,wakidi writes1 t ,omeir _h volunt>ily swore to take h] life4 ,x is only ,ibn ,hi%am :o relates )\t cit+ 8 au?ority1 t ,mohammad1 he>+ ,asma's v]ses1 decl>$3 ,is !re nobody = me 7i4e41 to rid me7 f ,b9t ,m>wn8 ,?is v]sion ( ! /ory has no corroborative pro(s f ! e>lie/ biograph]s1 & we are n incl9$ to put any fai? 9 x4#bjh #b4--;,ab ,afak4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,ab ,afak4 ,x has be5 relat$ t ,ab ,afak ( ,bani ,amr _h enrag$ ! ,moslems by fom5t+ enmity & s$ition aga9/ _! ,gov]nm5t1 :5 "o ,hris 0 execut$ = 8 murd]+ trea*]\sly 8 fell[-comrade 9 ! battle ( ,ohad dur+ ! "t !y 7 fight+ toge!r side by side4 ,a conv]t f among/ ! ,bani ,amr v[$ to slay ,ab ,afak1 & fall+ unaw>es ^u him kill$ him ) a cruel bl[ ( 8 sword4 ,f ,ibn ,i%ak we le>n t ,mohammad _h said ) ref]5ce to ,ab ,afak1 ,:o w\ld rid me ( ?is pe/il5t fell[8#bji ,! biograph]s d n give _! au?orities :5ce !y d]iv$ _! in=mation ( ! words attribut$ to ,mohammad :i* he is said to h utt]$ ) relation to ,ab ,afak be=e 8 foll[]s2 :ile at ! same "t x is no fair ju/ice to =m a ha/y op9ion ( ! fact )\t a critical exam9ation & well-balanc+ ( evid5ces ( m5 l ,ibn ,i%ak & o!rs :o h =gott5 to tell u ! orig9al s\rces ( _! own ass]tion4 ,besides1 ! words quot$ above are n equival5t to a p]emptory ord]1 & ev5 grant+ ?is la/ condition1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 con/ru+ !m to mean assass9ation4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes t1 ! ,secret>y ( ,wckidi says di/9ctly--',n[ ?is 0 by comm& ( ! ,prophet4' 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #acc1 f4n47 ,b x is a v easy ?+ = ! secret>y or o!r biograph]s to give an ample play to _! fancies1 or to fabricate comm&s1 :i* ! ,prophet _h nev] giv5 out1 on a v sl5d] basis1 or on no reasonable basis at all4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! biograph]s is always to exon]ate ! companions ( ! ,prophet at ! exp5se ( tru?1 & to ju/ify _! de$s by ca/+ ! :ole blame ^u him4 #c4--,kb1 son ( ,a%raf4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,kb1 son ( ,a%raf4 ,kb-ibn ,a%raf 0 an influ5tial ,jew connect$ ) ! tribe ( ,bani ,naze]4 ,be+ v mu* mortifi$ by ! defeat ( ! ,meccans at ! battle ( ,badr1 he soon aft] proce$$ to ,mecca1 :]e he /irr$ up ! ,korei% to av5ge !mselves on ! ,moslems ( ,m$9a4 ,on 8 return to ! latt] place he manife/$ av[$ ho/ility t[>ds ! ,moslem ,commonweal?4 ,he 0 a traitor & a turncoat1 = he n only violat$ 8 allegiance to ! ,moslems1 b prea*$ rebellion among _! enemies4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 he des]v$ execution by ! milit>y & int]national law1 & 0 decapitat$ at ,m$9a accord+ly4 ,! mode ( execution 0 a sudd5 viol5ce or deception1 b ,mohammad nev] fulm9at$ any h>% comm&s aga9/ him ei!r = 8 assass9ation or = 8 murd]4 ,he des]v$ capital puni%m5t = 8 trea*]y1 :i* 0 duly measur$ out to him 9 ! abs5ce ( any legal tribunals = trials ( crim9als by jury1 = 9 t case any man 0 au?oriz$ to execute ! s5t5ce ( ! law4 ,ev5 if x be tak5 = grant$ t ! ,prophet _h pray$ ,o ,"l1 deliv] me f ! son ( ,a%raf1 9 :atsoev] mann] seeme? good unto !e1 because ( 8 op5 s$ition & v]ses2 or said1 ,:o c ease me ( ! son ( ,a%raf8#baj ,?is does n am\nt to a fiat = murd] or execution1 mu* less = assass9ation4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,mohammad c\ld n h any %>e 9 8 murd]4 ,! biograph]s & n>rators ( ! campaigns ( ,mohammad g5]ally relate untru/wor?y & fabul\s details ( su* ev5ts1 & are by no means to be reli$ ^u4 ,mohammad ,ibn ,i%ak1 ! e>lie/ biograph]1 ^: "w exi/s1 does n relate t ,mohammad ! ,prophet ev] pray$ =1 or said to 8 foll[]s1 to be got rid ( ,kb2 :]eas ! late/ biograph]s & traditionali/s give u to und]/& t ! ,prophet sanction$ ! murd] ( ,kb by 8 own express ord]s4 ,i am f> f ass]t+1 says ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 t e detail 9 ! =ego+ n>rative1 ei!r ( in/igation by ,mahomet or ( deception by ! assass9s1 is beyond suspicion4 ,! actors 9 su* sc5es 7 n sl[ to magnify & embelli% _! own s]vices at ! exp5se ( tru?4 ,!re may also h be5 ! desire to ju/ify an act ( p]fidy1 at :i* ev5 ! loose morality ( ! day 0 />tl$1 by ca/+ ! burd5 ( x on ! infallible ,prophet4 ,b1 aft] all[+ all due weight to bo? ( ^! consid]ations1 en\gh rema9s to prove1 9 ?is case1 ! wor/ features ( assass9ation1 & ! fact t !y 7 directly c\nt5anc$1 or r prompt$1 by ,mahomet himself4#baa ,!re is no sub/antial pro( 9 ?is case :i* t5ds to e/abli% ! in/igation ,mohammad (f]$ = ! murd] ( ,kb4 ,! be/ traditions = ! /ory ( ,kb's assass9ation re/ ) ,jbir-b9 ,abdullah1#bab & ,ibn ,abbs ?r\gh ,ikrama4#bac ,none ( !m c be an au?ority1 = !y 7 nei!r eye-witnesses1 nor !y he>d ! ,prophet c\nt5anc+ or prompt+ ! assass9ation1 nor !y allude to _! own au?orities4 ,jbir-b9 ,abdullah 0 a m]e boy at t "t4 ,he 0 n all[$ to appe> ev5 at ! battle ( ,ohad1 :i* took place aft] ! alleg$ execution ( ,kb1 on acc\nt ( 8 t5d] age4#bad ,ibn ,abbs 0 ev5 y\ng] ?an ,jbir1 & besides1 0 putt+ up at ,mecca at ! p]iod 9 "q4#bae ,ikrama 0 a slave ( ,ibn ,abbs1 & 0 notori\sly giv5 to ! =g+ ( fictiti\s traditions4#baf #d4--,s(ian-b9 ,khalid4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,s(ian-b9 ,khalid4 ,aft] ! rev]se at ,m$9a1 9 ! battle ( ,ohad1 l>ge ga!r+s 7 organiz$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ,arabia aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,! ,bani ,lahyn1 & o!r neighb\r+ tribes1 ralli$ r\nd ! /&>d ( _! *ief ,s(in1 ! son ( ,khlid1 at ,orna ) ! av[$ purpose ( tak+ ?is occasion by ! =elock :5 ! tables 7 turn$ at ,ohad4 ,mahomet1 kn[+ t _! movem5ts dep5d$ solely ^u ,s(in1 despat*$ ,abdullah ibn ,oneis ) in/ructions to assass9ate him4#bag ,! accr$it$ envoy volunte]$ himself = ! s]vice1 :i* he accompli%$ by de/roy+ ,s(ian by surprise4 ,nei!r ,ibn ,i%ak1 nor ,ibn ,hi%am1 nor ,ibn ,sd h any?+ to say ab\t 'in/ructions' = assass9ation4 ,abdullah-b9 ,oneis may h be5 s5t z a spy to reconnoitre ! movem5ts ( ,s(in & 8 army1 or to br+ advices conc]n+ him1 b x _c be affirm$ t he 0 tutor$ by ,mohammad to assass9ate ,s(ian1 ev5 on ! supposition t 8 mission 0 to kill ! latt]4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,ju/ifications ( ,s(ian's alleg$ murd]4 ,among ! ,arabs ! int]national law ( e/ates 9 _! ho/ile relations1 & ! milit>y law & usage ( =m] times1 n =gett+ to m5tion ! ,european int]national law z late z ! la/ c5tury1 ma9ta9$ ! broad pr9ciple t 9 w> ev]y?+ done aga9/ an enemy is lawful t he may be de/roy$1 ?\gh un>m$ & def5celess2 t fraud or ev5 poison may be employ$ aga9/ him2 t a mo/ unlimit$ "r is acquir$ to 8 p]son & prop]ty4#bah ,e sort ( fraud except p]fidy 0 all[$ to be practis$ t[>ds an enemy 9 w>4 ,i all[ ( any k9d ( deceit1 writes ,bynk]%oek1 a writ] on int]national law1 ! successor ( ,puff5dorf & ! pr$ecessor ( ,wolff & ,vattel1 p]fidy alone except$1 n because any?+ is unlawful aga9/ an enemy1 b because :5 our fai? _h be5 pl$g$ to him1 s f> z ! promise ext5ds1 he ceases to be an enemy4#bai ,9 ! case ( ,s(in !re 0 no p]fidy1 trea*]y1 or violation ( fai?1 nor 0 !re any p]mission grant$ by ,mohammad = 8 assass9ation4 ,he s5t1 if x be prov$ he did 7b x is nev] prov$71 ,abdullah aga9/ ,s(in :o _h made e prep>ation ( arms1 & :o _h mu/]$ toge!r sev]al ,b$\9 tribes to attack ,mohammad1 to fight & kill him2 x 0 a /raight=w>d c\rse all[$ by ! usages ( ! milit>y law4 ,mohammad _h di/9ctly & expressly int]dict$ p]fidy1 deceit & assass9ation4 ,d n1 said he1 *>g+ 8 comm&]s & soldi]s on ! po9t ( m>*+ = a milit>y exp$ition1 commit p]fidy1 & d n mutilate1 & d n kill a *ild4#bbj ,he also laid d[n ! gold5 maxim1 ,belief is ! re/ra9t to assass9ation4 ,no believ] %\ld commit assass9ation4#bba #e4--;,ab ,rafe4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,ab ,rafe4 ,ab ,rafe1 call$ also ,sallm ,ibn ,abul ,hokeik1 0 ! *ief ( ,bani ,naze]1 :o _h w>r$ ) ! ,moslems at ,m$9a1 & _h be5 bani%$ to ,khyb]4 ,he _h tak5 a prom95t "p 9 ! assembl+ ( mo/ ( ! ,b$\9 tribes at ! w> ( ! conf$]ates :5 !y besieg$ ,m$9a4 ,subsequ5tly1 he _h excit$ ,bani ,fez>a & o!r ,b$\9 tribes to c>ry on _! depr$ations among ! ,moslems4 ,a b& ( ! latt] 0 dispat*$ to inflict condign puni%m5t ^u him1 & he met ) 8 dea? at _! h&s4 ,b ! acc\nt ( 8 execution are full ( contradictions & discrepancies4 ,b none ( ^! div]se /ories has1 t ,mohammad comm&$ ! assass9ation ( ,ab ,rafe1 :ile ,ibn ,i%ak gives no acc\nt ( him at all4 ,ibn ,hi%am has--,t ,ab ,rafe _h br\ght ! conf$]ate army aga9/ ,mohammad1 & "s ( ,khazraj _h ask$ p]mission to kill him1 & ,mohammad p]mitt$ !m4#bbb ,sir ,w4 ,muir n>rates t ,mohammad gave !m comm& to make away ) ,abul ,huckeick1#bbc :il/ ! ,secret>y ( ,wkidi1 :om he foll[s1 simply says1 ,he gave comm& to kill him4 ,mak+ away ) a p]son creates an idea ( secret murd] tantam\nt to 'assass9ation1' b su* is n ! word+ ( ! orig9al4 ,s5d+ a p>ty to kill1 or fight ) an enemy are synonym\s1 & p]missible by ! int]national or milit>y law1 ! ,arab mode ( fight+ mo/ly consi/+ ( s+le combats4 #f4--,oseir-b9 ,zrim4#bbd ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,oseir-b9 ,zrim4 ,oseir-ibn ,z>im1 ! *ief ( ,bani ,naze]1 _h ma9ta9$ a ho/ile animosity aga9/ ! ,moslems ( ,m$9a1 to w> ) :om he _h enroll$ himself 9 ! adv]se tribe ( ,ghatafn4 ,prep>ations 7 briskly made by ?is tribe to make a havoc ( ,m$9a1 & ,oseir _h be5 made ! h]o ( ! ent]prise4 ,h]eupon ,mohammad delegat$ ! mission ( br++ ! insurg5t to ,m$9a to ,abdullah-b9 ,rawha & "s o!rs1 ) a promise ( mak+ him ,gov]nor ( ,khyb]1#bbe & treat+ him ) m>k$ di/9ction1 if he yield$ to ! wi%es ( ! ,prophet4 ,oseir compli$1 & set out ) 8 foll[]s to ,m$9a4 ,on a camel 7 m\nt$ ,abdullah-b91 ,oneis1 & ,oseir4 ,h>dly !y _h travell$ six miles :5 ,oseir rep5t$ ( 8 det]m9ation to g to ,m$9a1 & /ret*$ =? 8 h& t[>ds ! sword ( ,abdullah1 :o leap$ f ! camel & cut (f 8 leg1 ,oseir 9 ! meantime w\nd+ ,abdullah's head ) 8 camel /aff4#bbf ,n[1 :e!r ,oseir 0 assass9at$ or murd]$ p]fidi\sly2 :e!r he m$itat$ trea*]y1 & ,abdullah /ruck him 9 8 self-def5ce1--:atev] might be ! case1 c]ta9ly !re is no?+ 9 ! n>rative ( ,oseir's dea? to %[ t ,mohammad _h s5t him on a secret err& ) a view ( gett+ rid ( ! ,jewi% *ief z ,sir ,w4 ,muir expla9s4#bbg ,! /ory is n imp>t$ by e>lie/ writ]s l ,ibn ,i%ak1 & ! traditions ( a lat] date are incoh]5t1 "o-sid$1 & imp]fect4 ,not)/&+ ^! inaccuracies1 no acc\nt tells u t m&ates 7 issu$ = fight+ ) or kill+ ,oseir1 mu* less = 8 assass9ation4 #g4--,! alleg$ int5d$ ,assass9ation ( ,ab ,s(ian4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! int5d$ assass9ation ( ,ab ,s(ian4 ,a ,b$\9 ,arab 0 s5t by ,ab ,s(ian to ,m$9a to assass9ate ,mohammad4 ,! emiss>y 0 track$ 9 8 evil attempt1 & confess$ ! purpose ) :i* he _h come4 ,?is is relat$ by ,ibn ,sd ,katib ,wakidi z ! cause ( ,mohammad's s5d+ ,amr ,ibn ,omeya to assass9ate ,ab ,s(ian4#bbh ,accord+ to ,hi%amee1 ,amr 0 commission$ by ! ,prophet to fight ) ,ab ,s(in1 & to kill him 9 imm$iate rev5ge = ! murd] ( ,khobeib & 8 companions captur$ at ,raji4#bbi ,n[1 ,ibn ,i%ak & ,wkid pres]ve absolute sil5ce on ?is head4 ,ibn ,hi%am relates no?+ ab\t assass9ation4 ,x is only ,ibn ,sd ,ktib ,wkid :o h&s d[n to po/]ity ! ord]s ( ,mohammad = ! assass9ation ( ,ab ,s(ian4 ,?is tradition is nei!r /r5g!n$ by any /]l+ witness1 nor is x a g5u9e "o2 & = ?is v reason x 0 n accept$ by ,ibn ,i%k or ev5 by ,wakidi1 s prone to ! recital ( apocryphal traditions4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,irv+ & ,muir quot$3 conclud+ rem>ks4 ,ref]r+ to ! above attempt$ assass9ation ,mr4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ says3 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( 8 c>e] ,mahomet 9 m ?an "o in/ance n>r[ly escap$ fall+ by ! h& ( an assass94 ,he himself is *>g$ ) ! use ( insidi\s means to rid himself ( an enemy1 = x is said t he s5t ,amru ,ibn ,omeya on a secret err& to ,mecca1 to assass9ate ,abu ,s(ian1 b ! plot 0 discov]$1 & ! assass9 only escap$ by rapid flight4 ,! *>ge1 h[ev]1 is n well sub/antiat$1 & is contr>y to 8 g5]al "* & conduct4#bcj ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes3 ,!re is j a %ad[ ( possibility t ! tradition may h be5 fabricat$ by ! anti-,omeyad p>ty to ?r[ odium on ! memory ( ,abu ,s(in1 z hav+ be5 deem$ by ,mahomet wor?y ( dea?4 ,b ?is is n to be put aga9/ ! evid5ce ( unanim\s & app>5tly indep5d5t traditions4#bca ,b1 9 fact1 !re are no unanim\s & app>5tly indep5d5t traditions ( ! comm& ( ,mohammad to assass9ate ,ab ,s(ian2 !re is only "o & b "o1 by ,ibn ,sd1 :i* is :olly unreliable1 & t too f ! lips ( ! w\ld-be assass9 himself :o be=e ! introduction ( ,islam 0 a pr(essional cut?roat1 ^: n>ration1 !re=e1 des]ves n our belief4 ,ev5 if x be tak5 = grant$ t ,mohammad did s5d "s "o to assass9ate ,ab ,s(ian1 :o _h already s5t "s "o to assass9ate ,mohammad z relat$ by ,ibn ,sd1 x 0 ju/ifi$ 9 self-def5ce4 ,x 0 a measure = retaliation1 n "o ( m]e rev5ge1 b only a means ( protective retribution1 :i* is lawful "u ! milit>y law4#bcb ,footnote #bje3 ,selections f ! ,kur-n by ,edw>d ,william ,lane1 ) an ,introduction by ,/anley ,lane ,poole4 ,intro41 p4 xliv3 ,trbn] ,co41 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,islam "u ! ,arabs1 by ,r4,d4 ,osborn1 p4 #fj1 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,wkidi's ,campaigns ( ,mohammad1 pp4 #agb #agc3 ,calcutta ,bapti/ ,mission ,press2 edit$ by ,a4 ,von ,krem]4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes t ,hi%ami says1 t ,mahomet1 be+ vex$ by ,asma's v]ses1 said publicly1 ',:o w rid me ( ?is woman8' ,b !re is no su* ^w 9 ,ibn ,hi%m :i* may be r5d]$ 'publicly4' ,footnote #bji3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #iid4 ,wakidi does n give ?is s5t5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 he says1 ,slim _h tak5 a v[ to kill ,ab ,afak or die himself4 ,footnote #baj3 ,ibn ,sad ,ktib ,wkid1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,footnote #baa3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #adg-adh4 ,footnote #bab3 ,9 ! collections ( ,bokhri 9 ! ,book ( ,campaigns2 & 9 ! ,book ( ,jihd by ,moslim4 ,footnote #bac3 ,mohammad-b9 ,sd ,ktib ,wakidi & ,mohammad-b9 ,i%ak4 ,! latt] 9 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #eea4 ,footnote #bad3 ,vide ,osaba-fi ,tamiz ,issahba2 or1 ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,p]sons :o knew ,mohammad1 by ,ibn ,hajr-al-,askalani4 ,"p ,i1 ,no4 #ajba1 p4 #dcd4 ,footnote #bae3 ,ibn ,abbs 0 only five ye>s old at t "t1 & 0 at ,mecca4 ,8 evid5ce is consequ5tly inadmissible4 ,footnote #baf3 ,yahya-b9 ,sae$ al ,ans>ee1 ,ali-b9 ,abdullah-b9 ,abbs1 ,ibnal ,mosayyab1 ,at ,ibrahim-b9 ,maisura1 ,mohammad-b9 ,sire51 ,ksim1 & ,abdullah-b9 ,om> say t ,ikrama 0 a li>4 ,vide ,miznul ,et$al ( ,zahabi1 ,k\kabi ,durrri ,%>ah1 ,saheeh ,bokh>i1 by ,%amsudd9 ,kirmni2 & ,mrafat ,anwa-ilm ,hadees1 by ,abu ,om>-ad-,dami%ki4 ,footnote #bag3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #bah3 ,elem5ts ( ,int]national ,law1 by ,h5ry ,:eaton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,six? edition1 by ,william ,bea* ,lawr5ce1 ,bo/on1 #ahee2 ,"p ,,iv1 ,*apt] ,i1 p4 #cgd1 quot+ ,bynk]%oek2 9 p4 #daf1 quot+ ,bynk]%oek & ,wolff4 ,footnote #bai3 ,ibid1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! collections ( ,moslem ,apud ,boreida1 vide ,mi%kat1 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #bba3 ,! collections ( ,ab ,dad 9 ! ,book ( ,jihd1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,! ,life ( ,mohammad bas$ on ,mohammad-ibn ,i%ak1 by ,abdel ,malik-ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #gad4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,or ,yoseir-b9 ,razim4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,z ,khyb] 0 n yet conqu]$1 nei!r ,mohammad c\ld make su* a promise1 nor ! ,jews c\ld h be5 induc$ to believe x2 !re=e ! /ory is a false "o4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,! ,life ( ,mohammad1 by ,abdel ,malik-b9 ,hi%am1 pp4 #ihj-iha4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #af-ag4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,! ,life ( ,mohammad1 by ,abdel ,malik-b9 ,hi%am1 pp4 #iib-iic4 ,! fight+ 01 accord+ to ,arab cu/om1 9 s+le combats4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,mahomet & 8 ,successors1 by ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 p4 #aah1 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,footnote #bca3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bj1 foot-note4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,comp>e ,contributions to ,political ,sci5ce1 by ,francis ,lieb]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bej4 ,! alleg$ ,cruelties 9 execut+ ! ,prison]s ( ,w> & o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,treatm5t ( ! prison]s ( w>4 ,"s ( ! w> prison]s _h receiv$ ! condign puni%m5t ( execution = _! crimes 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( w>4 ,x has be5 alleg$ by "s ,european biograph]s ( ,mohammad t _! 7! w> prison]s'7 execution 0 cruel1 & t !y 7 accus$ ( no crime except _! scepticism & political antagonism4#bcc ,! p]sons execut$ 7 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,nadhr-b9-,h>i?4 #b4 ,okba4 #c4 ,abul ,ozza4 #d4 ,moavia-b9-,mughira4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( nations reg>d+ ! prison]s ( w>4 ,be=e review+ ! case ( ea* prison]1 ,i mu/ note1 by way ( introductory rem>ks1 t1 "u ! int]national or milit>y law1 a prison] ( w> is a public enemy arm$ or atta*$ to ! ho/ile army = active aid1 & :o has fall5 into ! h&s ( ! captor1 ei!r fight+ or w\nd$1 on ! fields or 9 ! hospitals1 by individual surr5d] or capitulation4 ,all soldi]s1 ( :atev] species ( arms2 all m5 :o belong to ! ris+ en masse ( ! ho/ile c\ntry2 all ^? :o are atta*$ to ! army = its effici5cy & promote directly ! object ( ! w>1 except religi\s p]sons1 (fic]s ( m$ical /aff1 hospital nurses & s]vants1 all disabl$ m5 or (fic]s on ! field1 or else:]e1 if captur$1 all enemies :o h ?r[n away _! arms & ask$ = qu>t]s1 are prison]s ( w>1 & z su* expos$ to ! inconv5i5ces z well z entitl$ to ! privileges ( a prison] ( w>4 ,he is subject to no puni%m5t = be+ a public enemy1 nor is any rev5ge wreak$ ^u him by ! int]national infliction ( any suff]+ or disgrace1 by cruel imprisonm5t1 want ( food1 by mutilation1 dea?1 or any o!r b>b>ity4 ,b a prison] ( w> rema9s answ]able = 8 crimes committ$ aga9/ ! captor's army or p be=e he 0 captur$1 & = :i* he has n be5 puni%$ by 8 own au?orities4 ,all prison]s ( w> are liable to ! infliction ( retaliatory measures4 #a4--,nadhr-b9-,h>i?4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,! execution ( ,nadhr ,ibn ,h>i?4 ,nadhr 7,nazr71 "o ( ! prison]s ( w>1 0 execut$ aft] ! battle ( ,badr = 8 crime ( sev]ely torm5t+ ! ,moslems at ,mecca4 ,musb _h di/9ctly rem9d$ him ( 8 tortur+ ! companions ( ,mohammad1#bcd s !re 0 no?+ ( a cruel & v9dictive _s ( ! ,prophet display$ t[>ds 8 enemies 9 ! execution ( ,nazr z x is made out by ,sir ,w4 ,muir4#bce ,on ! o!r h&1 8 execution is d5i$ by "s critics1 l ,ibn ,m&a & ,ab ,naeem1 :o say1 t ,nazr-b9-,h>is 0 pres5t at ! battle ( ,hona91 ,a4,h4 #h1 six ye>s aft] t ( ,badr1 & 0 pres5t$ ) "o hundr$ camels by ,mohammad4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir himself puts d[n v quietly ,nadhir ,ibn al ,h>i?'s "n 9 a foot-note 7,vol4 ,,iv1 page #aea7 z a recipi5t ( "o hundr$ camels at ,hona94 ,! same ,nadhr-b9-,h>i? is %[n among ! e>lie/ ,moslem refugees :o _h fl$ to ,abyss9ia4 ,^! discrepancies leave no d\bt t ! /ory ( ,nadhr's execution is n a fact4 ,x is also relat$ by ! n>rators1 :o ass]t ,nazr's execution at ,badr1 t 8 daught] or si/] came to ,mohammad & address$ him sev]al v]ses1 ! he>+ ( :i* produc$ su* a t5d] emotion 9 him1 t 8 eyes %$ te>s & said1 he w\ld n h issu$ ord]s = 8 execution _h he he>d ^! v]ses be=e4 ,! foll[+ are two ( ! v]ses :i* ,mohammad he>d3 ,m kn ,z>raka lao mananta va rubba mmannal fata va ho-al mughizul mohnihoo4 ,?\ w\ld/ no h>m h se5 to set him free1 ,ang] h[ high = p>don has no plea4 ,b ,zobi]-b9-,bakr says1 he he>d "s le>n$ m5 :o object$ to ^! v]ses on ! gr\nd t !y 7 all concoct$2 & ,i ?9k t ! :ole /ory ( ,nazr's execution is a spuri\s "o4 #b4--,okba-b9-,mueit4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,! execution ( ,okba4 ,ano!r prison]1 nam$ ,okba1 0 execut$ aft] ! battle ( ,badr = a crime simil> to t ( ,nazr4 ,x is relat$ t :ile he 0 go+ to be execut$1 he ask$ :o w\ld take c>e ( 8 little girl4 ,mohammad repli$1 ,hell-fire6 ,?is is altoge!r an apocryphal /ory1 & owes its orig9 to ! relation ( ,okba to ! tribe ( ,banunn>1 or ! *ildr5 ( fire4 ,wackidi does n give 8 au?orities = ! /ory1 & ,ibn ,is-hak gives only "o imm$iately be=e him1 :i* is cut %ort ( ano!r int]v5+ l9k ( au?orities up to ! sc5e ( occurr5ce4 ,abu ,daood n>rates x f ,masrook1 :o gave x on ! au?ority ( ,abdullah-b9-,mas-ood1 :o does n say he 0 pres5t at ! sc5e or he he>d x directly or indirectly f ,mohammad4 ,besides ! circum/ances "u :i* ,masrook gave out ?is /ory are v suspici\s1 & %[ t calumny 0 at "w4 ,masrook 0 propos$ by ,zohak to be entru/$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( a c]ta9 di/rict4 ,omm>a1 ! son ( ,okba1 object$ to ?is1 z ,masrook 0 "o ( ! murd]]s ( ,osman1 ! ?ird ,khalif4 ,masrook 9 reply said to ,omm>a1 on ! au?ority ( ,ibn ,masood1 t :5 ?y fa!r 0 be+ execut$1 he _h ask$ ! ,prophet1 :o w take c>e ( 8 little girl4 ,! ,prophet repli$1 ,hell-fire4 ,!re=e1 ,i am satisfi$ = !e ) :at ! ,prophet _h *os5 = ?y fa!r4#bcf ,!re is a discrepancy 9 ! mode ( ,okba's execution z well z ab\t ! p]son :o execut$ him4 ,ibn ,is-hak says1 t x 0 ,asim :o kill$ him1 & ,ibn ,hi%am1 t x 0 ,ali4 ,ibrahim is ( op9ion1 t ,okba 0 execut$ at ,taimee1#bcg & ,mohammad-b9-,khobeib ,ha%imi1#bch t he 0 crucifi$1 f :i* o!rs diff] & say t he 0 behead$4 ,i h no belief 9 ,okba's execution at all4 ,sid5ote3 #fa4 ,free lib]ty grant$ to ,ozza1 a prison] ( w>4 ,abul ,ozza1 "o ( ! prison]s ( ,badr1 & :o 0 "o ( ! p]secutors ( ! ,moslems at ,mecca1 _h bes\ght ,mohammad to release him by way ( compassion = 8 five daught]s4 ,mohammad grant$ him 8 life & 8 lib]ty4#bci ,?is directly po9ts to ! univ]sal g5]osity ( ! ,prophet1 & f ?is x w appe> t ! /ory ( ,okba's execution runs contr>y to 8 g5]al "* & conduct4 ,on ^! gr\nds ! execution ( ,okba might be reject$ z a fiction4 #c4--;,abul ,ozza4 ,sid5ote3 #fb4 ,abul ,ozza prov$ a traitor & 0 execut$4 ,abul ,ozza1 "o ( ! prison]s ( ,badr1 0 all[$ 8 fre$om )\t any ransom1 on ! condition t he w\ld nev] aga9 be> up arms 9 any w> aga9/ ! ,prophet2 b he prov$ a traitor4 ,he exhort$ ! ,arabs to make w> on ,mohammad1 & jo9$ himself ! invad+ army ( ,mecca4 ,he 0 doom$ to mis=tune1 he 0 caught at ,hamra1 & duly execut$4#bdj ,?is 0 9 full accordance ) ! laws & usages ( w> 7vide ante1 p>a4 #eh74 #d4--,moavia ,ibn ,mughira4 ,sid5ote3 ,! execution ( ,moavia ,ibn ,mughira4 ,moavia ,ibn ,mughira1 also a prison] ( w>1 0 grant$ ?ree days' truce1 on ! condition t if he 7 f\nd 9 ,m$9a aft] ! appo9t$ "t1 he 0 to be execut$4 ,! p]iod _h pass$1 & he 0 /ill lurk+ at ,m$9a4 ,at l5g? he 0 f\nd out & kill$ by ,zeid & ,amm> on _! return f ,hamra-al-,assad1 aft] five or six days4 ,x is app>5t t ,moavia violat$ 8 truce1 & 8 lurk+ 9 ,m$9a might be ei!r z a spy#bda or sc\t secretly seek+ in=mation4 ,sid5ote3 #fd4 ,ju/ification ( ,mughira's execution4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 :o calls him ,o?mn ,ibn ,mughra1 makes out a fav\rable case 9 8 behalf4 ,he writes3 ,he incauti\sly l+]$ at ,m$na till ! la/ day ( 8 t]m ( grace1 :5 he set out = ,mecca4#bdb ,b ,ibn ,hi%am di/9ctly writes t he /ay$ at ,m$9a aft] ! ?ree days _h pass$ & 0 f\nd lurk+ !re4 ,ev5 accord+ to ,wackidi he 0 caught on ! f\r? day4 ,b ?is is f> f tru?1 =1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 ,mohammad 0 abs5t aft] ! battle ( ,ohad = five days at ,hamra-al-,assad2 !n h[ he 7,ibn ,mughira7 c\ld h endeav\r$ to avoid ! return+ ,moslem =ce f ,hamra-al-,assad1 & lose 8 way1 z ,sir ,w4 ,muir gives x out1 only on ! f\r? day8 ,"o ( ! enemies1 :o _h invad$ ,m$9a & attack$ ,mohammad1 01 aft] be+ captur$1 all[$ ?ree days' truce on explicit conditions t he 0 to be kill$ !re if f\nd aft] ?ree days1 & 0 also provid$ ) a camel & provisions = ! way1 0 discov]$ lurk+ !reab\t on ! fif? or six? day1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he lo/ 8 life4 ,?is is call$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir z be+ p]i%$ by a too great confid5ce 9 ! g5]osity ( 8 enemy1#bdc--;i4e41 ,mohammad4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,wackidi ,campaigns ( ,mohammad1 p4 #aja1 ,calcutta1 #ahee4 ,footnote #bce3 ,x 0 at ,o!il t ! cruel & v9dictive _s ( ,mahomet t[>ds 8 enemies fir/ began to display itself4--,muir's ,life ( ,mohamet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aae4 ,aft] ?is1 ! au?or n>rates ! execution ( ,nazr4 ,ibn ,is-hak4 ,vide ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #deh2 ,wackidi1 p4 #ajh2 ,abu ,daood1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aj4 ,?is /ory is n giv5 by ,ibn ,hi%am & ,ibn ,sd4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,abu ,daood z be=e4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,zorknee1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eda4 ,footnote #bch3 ,srat ,halabi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #bci3 ,wackidi1 #aje4 ,insn-ul ,oyoon or ,srat ,halab1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,wackidi1 p4 #aje2 ,hi%ami1 p4 #eia2 ,insn-ul-,oyoon or ,srat ,halab1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #bda3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #eia2 ,wackidi1 pp4 #cbd & #cbe4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahe4 ,! int5d$ ,execution ( ! ,prison]s ( ,badr4 ,sid5ote3 #fc4 ,! wrong v]sion ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes3 ,x w\ld ev5 seem to h be5 contemplat$ at ! close ( ! battle to kill all ! prison]s4 ,mahomet is repres5t$ by tradition z himself direct+ ?is c\rse4 ,9 a foot-note he says1 ,?us ,mahomet said3 ',tell n ,sad ( 8 bro!r's dea?' 7,mbad1 a prison]1 see above1 page #aaj note72 b kill ye e man 8 prison]4--7,wckidi1 #ajj47 ,aga93 ,take n any man 8 bro!r prison]1 b r kill him 7page #aja74 ,i w\ld n1 h[ev]1 lay too mu* /ress on ^! traditions4 ,i am incl9$ r to view !m z call$ into exi/5ce by ! passages quot$ bel[ f ! ,coran4#bdd ,! contemplat$ execution ( ! prison]s is n borne out by ! traditions :i* ,sir ,w4 ,muir himself looks ^u z fabricat$ ones4 ,! true translation ( ! passages 9 ,wackidi ref]r$ to above is z foll[s3-- ,fir/ passage4--,tell n ,said ( 8 bro!r's kill+ 7i4e41 be+ kill$71 s he w kill e prison] 9 y\r h&s4--7,wackidi1 page #ajj47 ,?is obvi\sly means1 t d n let ,sae$ "k t 8 bro!r ,whid1 :o 0 made prison] & kill$ by ,om> or ,abu ,b>da1 0 kill$4 ,if y d s1 he w1 be+ enrag$1 kill e prison] n[ 9 y\r h&s4 ,x is v /range t ,sir ,w4 ,muir translates ! s5t5ce to mean kill ye e man 8 prison]6 ,second passage4--,no body mu/ take 8 bro!r's prison]1 s t he may be kill$1 mean+ none ( y %\ld seize o!r p]son's prison]4 ,if y d s1 p]haps1 ! o!r p]son may kill ! prison] 9 ! conte/4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir has q misund]/ood ! s5t5ce4 ,sid5ote3 #ff4 ,mohammad nev] blam$ 9 ! ,koran = reliev+ prison]s4 ,!re are "s fictiti\s traditions on ! subject t ,mohammad 0 reprim&$ 9 ! ,koran 7,sura1 viii1 #fh1 #fi7 = releas+ ! prison]s ( ,badr1 mean+ t he ought to h execut$ !m4 ,! v]se is translat$ ?us3-- ,x is n = a ,prophet to take prison]s until 7hatta7 he ha? slaught]$ 9 ! l&4 ,ye wi% to h ! goods ( ?is _w1 b ,god wi%es = ! next1 = ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,7 x n = a book f ,god t _h gone be=e1 !re w\ld h t\*$ y1 = :i* ye took1 a mighty puni%m5t4 ,! v]se #fh1 if x is rightly translat$1 w mean t prison]s %\ld n be execut$4 ,! ^w 'hatta' means 'until1' & is also us$ z a causative ^w4 ,i pref] ! latt]1 & translate-- ,x is n = any ,prophet t prison]s may be br\ght to him 9 ord] t he may make slaught] 9 ! l&1 :i* means1 t x is n prop] = a ,prophet to take prison]s ( w> 9 ord] to slaught] !m4 ,?is mean+ is 9 consonance ) ! o!r passage 9 ! ,koran 7xlvii1 #d71 :i* re/ricts ! treatm5t ( ! prison]s ( w> to ei!r free dismissal or ransom4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! v]se r reprim&$ ^? :o wi%$ to kill ! prison]s2 & 9 ! second1 ^? :o desir$ to exact ransom = _! lib]ty4 ,!y ought to h set !m at lib]ty )\t any pecuni>y advantage1 if !y knew any good 9 _! des]v+ free lib]ty4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,ibid1 p4 #aag4 ,k9d ,treatm5t ( ! ,prison]s ( ,w> by ,mohammad4 ,sid5ote3 #fg4 ,! ,koran enjo9s1 ! prison]s ( w> to be ei!r freely lib]at$ or ransom$1 b nei!r execut$ nor enslav$4 ,! prison]s ( w> 7 always treat$ k9dly by ,mohammad1 & ! anci5t practice ( kill+ & enslav+ !m 0 mu* disc\rag$ & aboli%$ by ! ,koran4 ,& :5 ye meet ^? :o misbelieve1 !n /rike (f heads until ye h massacr$ !m1 & b9d fa/ ! bonds6 ,!n ei!r a free grant 7( lib]ty7 or a ransom until ! w> %all h laid d[n its burd5s4--,sura1 xlvii1 #d & #e4 ,reg>d+ ! prison]s ( ,badr ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes3 ,9 pursuance ( ,mahomet's comm&s1 ! citiz5s ( ,m$9a1 & su* ( ! refugees z possess$ h\ses1 receiv$ ! prison]s & treat$ !m ) mu* consid]ation4 ,bless+ be on ! m5 ( ,m$9a6 said ^! prison]s 9 latt] days4 ,!y made u ride1 :ile !y !mselves walk$2 !y gave u :eat5$ bread to eat1 :5 !re 0 little ( x1 cont5t+ !mselves ) dates4 ,x is n surpris+ t :51 "s "t aft]1 _! fri5ds came to ransom !m1 sev]al ( ! prison]s :o _h be5 ?us receiv$ decl>$ !mselves adh]5ts ( ,islam3 & to su* ! ,prophet grant$ a lib]ty )\t ! usual paym5t4#bde ,! prison]s ( ! ,bani ,mu/alik 7 releas$ )\t pay+ any ransom4#bdf ,! ,bani ,hawaz9 7 made prison]s ( w> at ,hona91 f\ght 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,hegira1 b 7 all set free )\t any exaction ( ransom f !m4 ,mohammad fir/ releas$ 8 prison]s1 & ! m5 ( ,mecca & ,m$9a *e]fully foll[$ 8 example4#bdg ,! prison]s 7 six ?\s& 9 numb]4#bdh ,a p>ty ( eighty1 z relat$ by ,moslim 9 8 ,saheeh1 or ( =ty or fifty ,korei%1 z n>rat$ by ,ibn ,hi%am 7p4 #gde71 w5t r\nd ab\t ,mohammad's camp :ile /ation$ at ,hodeibia 9 ,a4,h4 #f1 seek+ to cut (f any /ray foll[]s1 & hav+ attack$ ! camp itself ) /ones & arr[s1 !y 7 caught & tak5 prison]s to ,mohammad1 :o1 ) 8 usual g5]osity1 p>don$ & releas$ !m4 ,khalid-,ibn-,wale$1 9 ! ye> ( 8 victory1 ,a4,h4 #aa1 :5 he 0 s5t to call ! ,bani ,jazima to embrace ,islam1 _h made !m prison]s & ord]$ _! execution4 ,"s ( ! bett]-in=m$ ( ! ,moslems ( ! injunctions ( ! ,koran1 ( releas+ prison]s ei!r freely or by exact+ ransom1 int]pos$ & accus$ him ( committ+ an act ( ! ,"t ( ,ignorance4 ,mohammad1 mu* displeas$1 griev$ at ! intellig5ce1 & said twice1 ',o ,god6 ,i am innoc5t ( :at ,khalid ha? done4'#bdi ,footnote #bde3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #abb & #abc4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,ibid1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,ibid1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #adh & #adi4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #hgg4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 pp4 #hcc & #hce4 ,! ,execution ( ! ,bani ,koreiza4 ,sid5ote3 #fh4 ,high treason ( ! ,bani ,koreiza aga9/ ,m$9a1 & _! execution4 ,! ,bani ,koreiza1 a ,jewi% tribe liv+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mecca _h ent]$ into an alliance ) ! ,moslem ,commonweal? to def5d ! city ( ,m$9a f ! attack ( ! aggressors4 ,:ile ,m$9a 0 besieg$ by ! t5 ?\s& ,korei% & o!r ,b$\9 tribes 9 ,a4,h4 #f1 !y 7! ,koreiza71 in/ead ( co-op]at+ ) ! ,moslems1 defect$ f _! allegiance & ent]$ into negotiations ) ! besieg+ foe4 ,aft] ! cessation ( ! siege1 !y 7 besieg$ 9 _! turn1 & a fe>ful example 0 made ( !m1 n by ,mohammad1 b by an arbit] *os5 & appo9t$ by !mselves4 ,! execution ( "s ( !m 0 n on acc\nt ( _! be+ prison]s ( w>2 !y 7 w>-traitors & rebels1 & des]v$ dea? accord+ to ! int]national law4 ,_! crime 0 high treason aga9/ ,m$9a :ile x 0 blockad$4 ,!re _h no actual fight+ tak5 place betwe5 ! ,bani ,koreiza & ! ,moslems1 aft] ! =m] _h ?r[n (f _! allegiance to ! latt] & _h aid$ & abett$ ! enemies ( ! realm4 ,!y 7 besieg$ by ! ,moslems to puni% !m = _! high treason1 & consequ5tly !y 7 n prison]s ( w>4 ,ev5 su* prison]s ( w> suff] = high treason4 ,treat+1 9 ! field1 ! rebelli\s enemy accord+ to ! law & usages ( w>1 has nev] prev5t$ ! legitimate ,gov]nm5t f try+ ! lead]s ( ! rebellion1 or *ief rebels = high treason1 & f treat+ !m accord+ly1 unless !y are includ$ 9 a g5]al amne/y4#bej ,sid5ote3 #fi4 ,! :ole ( ! ,bani ,koreiza 0 nev] execut$4 ,! :ole tribe ( ! ,bani ,koreiza 0 n execut$1 nor all ! male prison]s 7 put to ! sword4#bea ,! numb] sla9 0 comp>atively v small4 ,t !y 7 n execut$ at ! comm&s ( ,mohammad1 nor all ( !m 7 kill$1 nor a div9e sanction 0 alleg$ = x1 is %[n by ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,koran3 ,& he caus$ ^? ( ! p ( ! ,book 7! ,jews7 :o _h aid$ ! conf$]ates to come d[n ( _! =tresses1 & ca/ dismay into _! he>ts3 "s ye slew2 o!rs ye took prison]s4--,sura1 xxxiii1 #bf4 ,! slay+ & tak+ ( prison]s is attribut$ to !m to :om ! v]se is address$ z _! own act4 ,sid5ote3 #gj4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! ,bani ,koreiza 7 n sold4 ,! re/ ( ! ,bani ,koreiza1--male adults1 wom51 & *ildr51--7 ei!r lib]at$ or got !mselves ransom$4 ,we read 9 ,oyoon-al-,as> by ,ibn ,sayyad-al-,nas "s acc\nt ( ! ransom4 ,osman-b9-,affan ga!r$ mu* money by ! transaction4 ,b ,sir ,w4 ,muir quotes f ,hi%amee1 t ! re/ ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 s5t to be sold among ! ,b$\9 tribes ( ,najd1 9 ex*ange ( horse & arms4#beb ,b !re is no au?ority = ?is /ory4 ,abul ,mo'tam> ,soleiman1 9 8 ,campaigns ( ,mohammad1 gives ano!r acc\nt :i* is m probable4 ,he writes3-- ,out ( :at 0 captur$ f ,bani ,koreiza ,mohammad took sev5te5 horses & di/ribut$ !m among 8 p4 ,! re/ he divid$ into two halves4 ,"o-half he s5t ) ,sd b9 ,obdd to ,syria1 & ! o!r half ) ,ans b9 ,quz to ! l& ( ,ghatafn1 & ord]$ t !y may be us$ !re = bre$+ purposes4 ,!y did s1 & got good horses4#bec ,sid5ote3 #ga4 ,! exagg]at$ numb] ( ! p]sons execut$4 ,! numb] ( male adults execut$ has be5 mu* exagg]at$1 ?\gh x is immat]ial1 :5 an execution duly au?oriz$ by ! int]national law ( a c\ntry takes place1 to consid] ! smallness or greatness ( ! numb]4 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ,m\lvie ,ame] ,ali ( ,calcutta on ! subject1 :o has v judici\sly criticis$ ! same3 ,pass+ n[ to ! m5 execut$1 he says1 "o c at once see h[ x has be5 exagg]at$4 ,"s say !y 7 #djj2 o!rs h c>ri$ ! numb] ev5 up to #ijj4 ,b ,*ri/ian hi/orians g5]ally give x z v>y+ f #gjj to #hjj4 ,i look ^u ?is z a gross exagg]ation4 ,ev5 #djj w\ld seem an exagg]at$ numb]4 ,! traditions agree 9 mak+ ! w>like mat]ials ( ! ,bani ,koreiza consi/ ( #cjj cuirasses1 #ejj buckl]s1 #a1ejj sabres1 c4 ,9 ord] to magnify ! value ( ! spoil1 ! traditions probably exagg]at$ ^! numb]s4#bed ,b tak+ !m z !y /&1 & rememb]+ t su* arms are always kept greatly 9 excess ( ! numb] ( fight+ m51 ,i am l$ to ! conclusion t ! w>riors c\ld n h be5 m ?an #bjj or #cjj4 ,! mi/ake probably arose f conf\nd+ ! :ole body ( prison]s :o fell into ! h&s ( ! ,moslems ) ^? execut$4#bee ,ev5 #bjj seems to be a l>ge numb]1 z all ( ! prison]s 7 put up = ! night 9 ! h\se ( ,b9t-al-,h>is1#bef :i* w\ld h be5 insuffici5t = su* a l>ge numb]4 ,footnote #bej3 ,miscellane\s ,writ+s ( ,francis ,lieb]1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,contributions to ,political ,sci5ce1 p4 #bgc1 ,philadelphia1 #ahha4 ,footnote #bea3 ,"s ( ! ,koreizites 7 releas$1 among :om we he> ( ,zobeir ,ibn ,bat1 & ,rifa4 ,!y 7 p>don$ by ,mohammad4 ,footnote #beb3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #bec3 ,hi/ory ( ,mohammad's ,campaigns3 ,edit$ by ,von ,krem]1 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #bed3 ,comp>e ! rem>ks ( ,ibn-,khaldn 7,prelgomnes d' ,ibn ,khald\n1 traduits p> ,m4 de ,slane1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ad74 ,footnote #bee3 ,a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$1 by ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali1 ,m\lvi1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b41 ( ! ,inn] ,temple1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 p4 #aac3 ,william & ,norgate1 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #bef3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #fhi4 ,o!rs say ! males 7 kept 9 ! h\se ( ,osman-b9-,za$1 & ! females & *ildr5 9 ! h\se ( ,b9t-al-,h>is4 ,vide ,insan-al-,oyoon1 by ,halabi4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ic4 ,"s ,miscellane\s ,objections ,refut$4 #a4--,omm ,kirfa4 ,sid5ote3 #gb4 ,! execution ( ,omm ,kirfa = brig&age4 ,! b>b>\s execution ( ,omm ,kirfa1 a female1 :o 0 notori\s z ! mi/ress ( a ne/ ( robb]s1 by ty+ h] ea* leg to a sep>ate camel & be+ torn asund]1 is n a fact4 ,x is only m5tion$ by ,katib ,wckidi1 & is n to be f\nd 9 any o!r e>lie/ acc\nt ( ,wckidi1 ,ibn ,is-hak1 & ,ibn ,hi%am4 ,ev5 ,katib ,wckidi does n say t ! execution 0 ord]$ by ,mohammad1 & x is n fair on ! "p ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir to hold ,mohammad an accomplice 9 ! f]oci\s act1 because he reads ( no disapprobation express$ by ! ,prophet at su* an inhuman treatm5t4#beg ,b 9 ! fir/ place ! n>ration is a m]e fiction2 & secondly1 ! traditions are1 z a rule1 always incomplete2 9 "o place !y are giv5 %ort]1 & 9 ano!r long]1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! occasion on :i* !y are orig9ally recit$4 ,ibn ,hi%am relates1 t ,zaid-b9-,h>isa ord]$ ,kays-b9-,mosahh> to execute ,omm ,kirfa1 s he execut$ h] ) a viol5t execution4 7',katlan ,aneefan1' p4 #ihj47 ,he does n relate t ,mohammad 0 ev5 in=m$ ( ! execution aft] ! p>ty _h return$ f ?is t]rible mission4 ,i ?9k ! ^w 'aneef' 7viol5t or sev]e71 z us$ orig9ally by ! n>rator1 might h be5 ! cause ( ! gr[? ( ! /ory ( execut+ by ty+ up to two camels1 by way ( a gratuit\s explanation or gloss>y1 z ano!r tradition relates t %e 0 ti$ to ! tails ( two horses 7vide ,koo/alanee 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,bokh>ee1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cjg74 #b4--,urnee ,robb]s4 ,sid5ote3 #gc4 ,! alleg$ mutilation ( ! ,urnee robb]s4 ,"s ,urnee robb]s1 lately conv]t$1 _h plund]$ ! camels ( ,m$9a & b>b>\sly h&l$ _! h]dsman1 = !y cut (f 8 h&s & legs1 & /ruck ?orny spikes into 8 tongue & eyes1 till he di$4 ,! b&its 7 pursu$1 captur$1 & execut$ by ,kurz-b9-,jabir4 ,!y _h m]it$ dea?1 says ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 b ! mode 9 :i* he inflict$ x 0 b>b>\s & inhuman4 ,! arms & legs ( eight m5 7 cut (f1 & _! eyes 7 put out4 ,! %apeless1 sightless trunks ( ^! wret*$ ,b$\9s 7 !n impal$ ^u ! pla9 ( ,al ,ghba1 until life 0 ext9ct4#beh ,z ! robb]s _h mutilat$ ! h]dsman1 ?is gave curr5cy to _! hav+ be5 mutilat$ 9 retaliation4 ,b 9 fact ,mohammad nev] ord]$ mutilation 9 any case4 ,he 0 s av]se to ?is practice1 t sev]al traditions f v>i\s s\rces emanat+ f him to ! effect1 prove t he prohibit$ mutilation le/ he himself be mutilat$ by div9e judgm5t4#bei ,sid5ote3 #gd4 ,amputation or bani%m5t sub/itut$ tempor>ily 9 place ( imprisonm5t = want ( a well-organiz$ sy/em ( jails4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir cont9ues3--,on reflection1 ,mahomet appe>s to h felt t ?is puni%m5t exce$$ ! b\nds ( humanity4 ,he accord+ly promulgat$ a ,revelation1 9 :i* capital puni%m5t is limit$ to simple dea? or crucifixion4 ,amputation ( ! h&s & feet is1 h[ev]1 sanction$ z a p5al measure2 & amputation ( ! h&s is ev5 enjo9$ z ! prop] p5alty = !ft1 :e!r ! crim9al be male or female4 ,?is b>b>\s cu/om has accord+ly be5 p]petuat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,mahometan _w4 ,b ! putt+ out ( ! eyes is n recogniz$ among ! legal puni%m5ts4#bfj ,^! alt]native puni%m5ts 7 prescrib$ = ! he9\s crimes ( highway robb]y1 dacoity1 & !ft by h\se-break+4 ,!y 7 7i7 capital puni%m5t1 7ii7 amputation1 & 7iii7 bani%m5t 7,sura1 v1 #cg1 #db71 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,! la/ two 7 ( a tempor>y nature sub/itut$ = imprisonm5t = want ( an organiz$ sy/em ( jails & prisons4 ,:5 ! ,commonweal? 0 9 its infancy1 ! tr\bles ( ! invasions & w>s ( ! aggressive ,korei% & _! allies _h left nei!r peace nor security at ,m$9a to take su* adm9i/rative measures z to organize a sy/em ( build+1 gu>d+1 & ma9ta9+ jails1 _! inmates & _! e/abli%m5ts4 ,z soon z jails 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,mohammadan ,commonweal?1 amputation & bani%m5t gave way to imprisonm5t4 ,! prison]s ( w>1 n be+ crim9als1 us$ to be made ov] by ,mohammad to "s citiz5s ( ,m$9a1 z 9 ! case ( ! prison]s ( ! battle ( ,badr1 to keep !m 9 _! h\ses z gue/s1 on acc\nt ( ! want ( prisons2 b z = ! o!r crim9als--! highway robb]s1 dacoits1 & h\se-break]s--!y c\ld n be treat$ & ent]ta9$ s hospitably4 ,?us !re 0 left no alt]native = !m except ei!r to bani% su* crim9als1 or to aw>d !m corporal puni%m5t 9 ! %ape ( amputation4#bfa #c4--,torture ( ,k9ana4 ,sid5ote3 #ge4 ,torture ( ,k9ana4 ,x is relat$ by ! biograph]s t ,k9ana1 *ief ( ! ,jews ( ,khyb]1 & 8 c\s9 _h kept back1 9 contrav5tion ( _! compact1 a portion ( _! ri*es4 ,on ! discov]y ( ?is attempt at imposition1 ,k9ana 0 subject$ to cruel torture--'fire be+ plac$ ^u 8 brea/ till 8 brea? _h almo/ dep>t$'--9 ! hope t he w\ld confess :]e ! re/ ( 8 treasures 7 conceal$4 ,mahomet !n gave comm&1 & ! heads ( ! *ief & 8 c\s9 7 sev]$ f _! bodies4#bfb ,! /ory ( ,k9ana's be+ subject$ to extortion & put to dea? = hid+ "s treasure1 = :i* he _h contrav5$ 8 contract1 is altoge!r a spuri\s "o4 ,k9ana 0 execut$ 9 retaliation = trea*]\sly kill+ ,mahmud1 ! bro!r ( ,mohammad-b9-,moslama1 to :om he 0 made ov] = execution4 ,!re is "o tradition1 )\t any au?ority1 to ! effect1 t ,zobeir 0 produc+ fire on ,k9ana's brea/ by ! friction ( fl9t & /eel4 ,?is1 if x be a fact1 does n %[ t x 0 done by ,mohammad's direction & approval4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are sev]al traditions f ! ,prophet himself 9 :i* he has =bidd5 to puni% any "o ) fire4 ,x is relat$ by ,bokh>ee f ,ibn ,abbs1 t ,mohammad said1 ,god only c puni% ) fire4 ,x is also relat$ by ,abu ,daood f ,abdullah1 t ! ,prophet said1 ,no body ought to puni% any "o ) fire except ! ,"l ( ! fire4#bfc #d4--;,a ,s++-,girl execut$4 ,sid5ote3 #gf4 ,! alleg$ execution ( a s++-girl4 ,f g5]al amne/y ext5d$ to ! citiz5s ( ,mecca1 ,mahomet exclud$ t5 or twelve p]sons4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 only f\r 7 actually put to dea?4444 ,! two next 7 r5egade ,moslems1 :o hav+ %$ blood at ,m$9a _h fl$ to ,mecca1 & abjur$ ,islam4 ,!y 7 bo? sla91 & also a s++-girl belong+ to "o ( !m1 :o _h be5 9 ! habit ( annoy+ ! ,prophet by abusive v]ses4 ,_! names are ,abdallah ibn ,khalal & ,mikyas ibn ,subba4 ,! murd] committ$ by ! =m] is said to h be5 wilful1 t ( ! latt] un9t5tional4 ,abdallah _h two s++-girls4 ,bo? 7 s5t5c$ to dea?1 b "o escap$ & aft]w>ds obta9$ qu>t]2 ! execution ( ! o!r appe>s to h be5 ! wor/ act committ$ by ,mahomet on ! pres5t occasion4#bfd ,abdullah _h committ$ cold-blood$ murd]1 & mo/ probably ! s++-girl belong+ to him _h tak5 a %>e 9 8 crime4 ,h] execution 0 ow+ to h] be+ an accomplice or abettor 9 ! f\l act :i* 0 ju/ifi$ by law4 ,!n :y %\ld ! execution be consid]$ a wor/ act8 ,mohammad felt ! deepe/ respect = ! weak] sex1 & _h enjo9$ dur+ ! w>f>es n to kill wom52 b ! law makes no diff]5ce among/ ! sexes1 bo? sexes be+ liable to puni%m5t accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,sid5ote3 #gg4 ,! *>itable _s ( ,mohammad t[>ds 8 enemies4 ,! magnanimity1 clem5cy1 =be>ance1 & =giv5ess ( ,mohammad at ! "t ( 8 victory at ,mecca 7 v rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,lane ,poole ) 8 usual acum5 writes3--,b ! f9al key/one 0 set 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! flight 7,a4,d4 #fcj71 :5 a body ( ! ,kurey% broke ! truce by attack+ an ally ( ! ,muslims2 & ,mohammad =?) m>*$ ^u ,mekka ) t5 ?\s& m51 & ! city1 def5ce be+ hopeless1 surr5d]$4 ,n[ 0 ! "t = ! ,prophet to %[ 8 blood?ir/y nature4 ,8 old p]secutors are at 8 feet4 ,w he n trample on !m1 torture !m1 rev5ge himself aft] 8 own cruel mann]8 ,n[ ! man w come =w>d 9 8 true col\rs3 we may prep>e our horror1 & cry %ame be=eh&4 ,b :at is ?is8 ,is !re no blood 9 ! /reets8 ,:]e are ! bodies ( ! ?\s&s t h be5 but*]$8 ,facts are h>d ?+s2 & x is a fact t ! day ( ,mohammad's greate/ triumph ov] 8 enemies 0 also ! day ( 8 gr&e/ victory ov] himself4 ,he freely =gave ! ,kurey% all ! ye>s ( sorr[ & cruel scorn !y _h inflict$ on him3 he gave an amne/y to ! :ole population ( ,mekka4 ,f\r crim9als1 :om ju/ice condemn$1 made up ,mohammad's proscription li/ :5 he ent]$ z a conqu]or ! city ( 8 bitt]e/ enemies4 ,! army foll[$ ! example1 & ent]$ quietly & peaceably2 no h\se 0 robb$1 no woman insult$4#bfe #e4--;,abu ,basr4 ,sid5ote3 #gh4 ,abu ,basr n c\nt5anc$ by ! ,prophet 9 contrav5tion ( ! _s ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir says t ,abu ,basr1 ! free-boot]1 0 c\nt5anc$ by ! ,prophet 9 a mann] sc>cely consi/5t ) ! lett]1 & c]ta9ly oppos$ to ! _s1 ( ! truce ( ,hodeibia4#bff ,x 0 "o ( ! articles ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia betwe5 ! ,korei% & ,mohammad1 t if any "o goe? ov] to ,mohammad )\t ! p]mission ( 8 gu>dian1 he %all be s5t back to him4#bfg ,a %ort "t aft]1 ,abu ,basr1 a ,moslem imprison$ at ,mecca1 effect$ 8 escape & appe>$ at ,m$9a4 ,8 gu>dians1 ,azh> & ,akhnas1 s5t two s]vants to ,mohammad ) a lett] & in/ructions to br+ ! des]t] back to 8 h\se4 ,! obligation ( surr5d] 0 at once admitt$ by ,mohammad1 ?\gh ,abu ,basr plead$ ! p]secution :i* he us$ to suff] at ,mecca z ! cause ( refus+ to return1 b ,mohammad argu$ t x 0 n prop] = him to break ! t]ms ( ! peace1 & ,abu ,basr 0 compell$ to set out = ,mecca4 ,b he _h travell$ only a few miles :5 he trea*]\sly seiz$ ! sword ( "o ( 8 escorts & slew him4 ,! o!r s]vant fl$ back to ,m$9a1 :i!r ,abu ,basr also foll[$ him4 ,on ! return ( ! latt]1 he cont5d$ t ! ,prophet _h already fulfill$ ! treaty to its v lett] 9 deliv]+ him up1 b ! ,prophet repli$1 ,alas = 8 "m6 ,:at a k9dl] ( w>1 if he _h ) him any "o6 ,:5 he he>d ?is he knew t ! ,prophet 0 aga9 go+ to s5d him back to 8 gu>dians1#bfh ! ,korei%1 s he w5t away to ! sea%ore1 :]e he1 ) o!rs :o _h jo9$ him aft] _! flight f captivity at ,mecca1 us$ to waylay ! c>avans f ,mecca4 ,?is /ory1 :i* is also briefly n>rat$ by ,ibn ,is-hak1 & m fully by ,%amee1 ,zoorkanee & ,ibn-al-,kyyim1 does n %[ t ,mohammad act$ aga9/ ! _s & lett] ( ! truce ( ,hodeibia4 ,he himself nev] c\nt5anc$ ,abu ,basr2 on ! contr>y1 he deliv]$ him up 9 con=mity ) ! t]ms ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 & :5 he _h return$1 ,abu ,basr _h e reason to believe t ,mohammad w\ld aga9 despat* him to ! qu>t]s :5ce he _h come4 ,b x appe>s ,abu ,basr w5t away to ! sea%ore1 out ( ,mohammad's jurisdiction1 & x 0 n ! duty ( ! ,prophet to effect 8 arre/ & s5d him back to ,mecca :il/ he 0 n ) him1 or r out ( 8 jurisdiction4 ,_h he ev5 kept him ) himself at ,m$9a aft] he _h once made him ov] to ! p>ty s5t =? to take *>ge ( him1 & 7 no o!r dem&s made = 8 deliv]y1 ,i d n ?9k ,mohammad c\ld be fairly blam$ = x accord+ to ! int]national law ( ! ,arabs1 or ev5 accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia itself4 #f4--;,employm5t ( ,nueim to break up ! conf$]ates :o _h besieg$ ,m$9a4 ,sid5ote3 #gi4 ,nueim n employ$ by ! ,prophet to circulate false reports 9 ! enemy's camp4 ,:5 ,m$9a 0 besieg$ = sev]al days by ! ,korei% & _! conf$]ates1 ! army ( ,m$9a 0 h>ass$ & we>i$ ) increas+ wat* & duty4 ,nueim1 an ,arab ( a neutral tribe1 repres5t$ himself z a secret believ]1 & (f]$ 8 s]vices to ! ,prophet1 :o accept$ !m1 & employ$ him to hold back ! conf$]ates f ! siege1 if he c\ld1 say+ w> v]ily 0 a game ( deception4 ,nueim excit$ mutual di/ru/ betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,korei%4 ,he told ! ,jews n to fight aga9/ ,mohammad until !y got ho/ages f ! ,korei% z a gu>antee aga9/ _! be+ des]t$4 ,& to ! ,korei% he said t ! ,jews int5d$ to ask ho/ages f !m4 ,d n give !m1 he said1 !y h promis$ ,mahomet to give up ! ho/ages to be sla94#bfi ,?is is "o tradition1 & !re is ano!r to ! effect t ! ,jews _h !mselves ask$ = ! ho/ages1 b ! ,korei% _h n repli$ yet1 :5 ,nueim came to ! ,jews & said1 he 0 !re ) ,abu ,s(ian :5 _! mess5g] _h come = ! dem& ( ho/ages1 & t ,abu ,s(ian is n go+ to s5d !m any4#bgj ,a ?ird tradition 9 ,motamid ,ibn ,solyman's supplem5t to ,wackidi's ,campaigns ( ,mohammad gives no su* /ory at all4 ,x has altoge!r a diff]5t n>ration to ! effect1 t !re 0 a spy ( ! ,korei% 9 ! ,moslem camp :o _h ov]he>d ,abdullah-b9-,rawaha say+1 t ! ,jews _h ask$ ! ,korei% to s5d !m sev5ty p]sons1 :o1 on _! arrival1 w\ld be kill$ by !m4 ,nueim w5t to ! ,korei%1 :o 7 wait+ = 8 message1 & told :at he _h he>d z already relat$4#bga ,?is contradicts ! /ory giv5 by ,ibn ,hi%am & ,mr4 ,muir4 ,b anyh[ ! /ory does n prove t ,mohammad _h giv5 p]mission to ,nueim to speak falsehood or spread trea*]\s reports4 ,sid5ote3 #hj4 ,deception 9 way all[$ by ! int]national law4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir is n ju/ifi$ 9 8 rem>ks :5 he writes1--,we _c1 inde$1 approve ! employm5t ( ,nueim to break up ! conf$]acy by falsehood & deception1 b ?is p]haps w\ld h>dly affect 8 "* 9 ,arab e/imation2#bgb & fur!r on he writes1--,:5 ,m$na 0 beleagur$ by ! conf$]ate army1 ,mahomet s\ght ! s]vices ( ,nueim1 a traitor1 & employ$ him to s[ di/ru/ among ! enemy by false & trea*]\s reports3 =1 said he1 :at else is w> b a game at deception4#bgc ,! utmo/ t c be made out f ! =m] tradition quot$ by ,mr4 ,muir1 & contradict$ by ano!r tradition ( equal =ce1 is t ,mohammad all[$ deception 9 w> by quot+ ! prov]bial say+1 t w> is a game at deception4 ,9 ?is he _h ! sanction ( ! milit>y law or ! int]national law1 z deception 9 w> is a milit>y necessity1 & all[$ by ! law & usages ( w>4 ,a mod]n au?or on ! int]national law says3-- ,milit>y necessity admits ( all direct de/ruction ( life or limb ( arm$ enemies1 & ( o!r p]sons ^: de/ruction is incid5tally unavoidable 9 ! arm$ conte/s ( ! w>2 x all[s ( ! captur+ ( e arm$ enemy1 & e enemy ( importance to ! ho/ile gov]nm5t1 or ( peculi> dang] to ! captor2 x all[s ( all de/ruction ( prop]ty1 & ob/ruction ( ! ways & *annels ( traffic1 travel1 or communication1 & ( all )hold+ ( su/5ance or means ( life f ! enemy2 ( ! appropriation ( :atev] an enemy's c\ntry af=ds necess>y = ! subsi/5ce & safety ( ! army1 & ( su* deception z does n involve ! break+ ( good fai? ei!r positively pl$g$1 reg>d+ agreem5ts ent]$ into dur+ ! w>1 or suppos$ by ! mod]n law ( w> to exi/4#bgd ,sid5ote3 #ha4 ,lecky's ,/&>d ( ,morality4 ,b suppos+ ! mod]n morality does n approve ( ,mohammad :at h>dly affect$ 8 "* 9 ,arab e/imation1 are !re no div]sities 9 moral judgm5ts8 ,! moral unity to be expect$ 9 diff]5t ages is n a unity ( /&>d or ( facts1 b a unity ( t5d5cy4 ,t "s savage kill _! old p>5ts1 t infanticide has be5 practis$ )\t compunction by ev5 civiliz$ nations1 t ! be/ ,romans saw no?+ wrong 9 ! gladiatorial %[s1 t political or rev5geful assass9ations h be5 = c5turies admitt$1 t slav]y has be5 sometimes hon\r$ & sometimes condemn$1 are unque/ionable pro(s1 t ! same act may be reg>d$ 9 "o age z innoc5t1 & 9 ano!r z crim9al4 ,n[ x is und\bt$ly true1 t 9 _m cases an hi/orical exam9ation w reveal special circum/ances expla9+ or palliat+ ! app>5t anomaly4 ,x has be5 (t5 %[n t ! gladiatorial %[s 7 orig9ally a =m ( human sacrifice adopt$ ?r\gh religi\s motives2 t ! rude nomadic life ( savages r5d]+ impossible ! pres]vation ( ag$ & helpless memb]s ( ! tribe1 ! murd] ( p>5ts 0 reg>d$ z an act ( m]cy bo? by ! murd]] & ! victim2 t be=e an effective adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 organiz$1 private v5geance 0 ! sole pres]vation aga9/ crime1 & political assass9ation aga9/ usurpation2 t ! ins5sibility ( "s savages to ! crim9ality ( !ft arises f ! fact t !y 7 accu/om$ to h all ?+s 9 common2 t ! ,sp>tan law legaliz+ !ft arose p>tly f a desire to fo/] milit>y dext]ity among ! p1 b *iefly f a desire to disc\rage weal?2 t slav]y 0 introduc$ ?r\gh motives ( m]cy to prev5t conqu]ors f kill+ _! prison]s4 ,all ?is is true1 b !re is ano!r & a m g5]al answ]4 ,x is n to be expect$1 & x is n ma9ta9$1 t m5 9 all ages %\ld h agre$ ab\t ! application ( _! moral pr9ciples4 ,all t is cont5d$ = is1 t ^! pr9ciples are !mselves ! same4 ,"s ( :at appe> to u mon/r\s acts ( cruelty 7 dictat$ by t v feel+ ( humanity1 ! univ]sal p]ception ( ! m]it ( :i* !y are cit$ to disprove2 & ev5 :5 ?is is n ! case1 all t c be inf]r$ is1 t ! /&>d ( humanity 0 v l[4 ,b /ill humanity 0 recogniz$ z a virtue1 & cruelty z a vice4#bge ,! alleg$ p]mission to kill ! ,jews4 ,sid5ote3 #hb4 ,murd] ( ,ibn ,san9a4 ,x is relat$ by "s ( ! biograph]s ( ,mohammad1 eag]ly recit$ by o!rs ( ,europe1 t1 on ! morn+ aft] ! murd] ( ,kb1 ,mahomet gave a g5]al p]mission to 8 foll[]s to slay any ,jews :om !y might *ance to meet1#bgf & t ! murd] ( ,ibn ,san9a1 a ,jewi% m]*ant1 by ,muheiasa1 a ,moslem1 0 ! direct consequ5ce ( ?is ord]4 ,:5 ,huweisa upbraid$ ,muheiasa = kill+ 8 conf$]ate ! ,jew1 & appropriat+ 8 weal?1--,by ! ,"l6 repli$ ,muheiasa1 if he t comm&$ me to kill him comm&$ to kill !e also1 ,i w\ld h done x4 ,:at6 ,huweisa cri$1 w\ld/ ?\ h sla9 ?9e own bro!r at ,mahomet's bidd+8--,ev5 s1 answ]$ ! fanatic4 ,/range inde$6 ,huweisa respond$4 ,ha? ! new religion rea*$ to ?is pit*6 ,v]ily x is a wond]ful ,fai?4 ,& ,huweisa 0 conv]t$ f t v h\r4#bgg ,ibn ,is-hak says ?is /ory 0 relat$ to him by a fre$man ( ! ,bani ,hrisa tribe f ! daught] ( ,muheiasa1 :o _h he>d x f h] fa!r4#bgh 7#a7 ,n[ !re is no?+ kn[n ( ?is my/]i\s p]son1 ! fre$man ( ! tribe ( ,hris1 !re=e no reliance c be put on 8 /ory4 7#b7 ,we h no k ( ! daught] ( ! murd]] ,muheiasa1 or ,moheisa1 z he is call$ by ! biograph]1 ,ibn ,hi%am4 7#c7 ,muheiasa himself has n t respectable "* :i* c l5d ev5 a %ad[ ( v]acity to 8 n>ration4 7#d7 ,& la/ly1 ! /ory t ,mohammad _h giv5 g5]al p]mission to 8 foll[]s to slay any ,jew :om !y might *ance to meet1 & consequ5tly ,muheiasa kill$ ,ibn ,san9a1 & ,huweisa became a conv]t to ,islam1 is contradict$ by ano!r c\nt]-tradition 9 ,ibn ,hi%am 7pp4 #eed-eee71 :o has relat$ f ,ab ,obeida1 :o relates f ,ab ,om>-al-,madan1 t1 dur+ ! execution ( ! ,bani ,koreiza 7vide p>a4 #fh71 "o ,kb-b9-,yahooza 0 made ov] to ,muheiasa = execution4 ,:5 ! latt] execut$ 8 victim1 ,huweisa1 8 bro!r1 :o 0 /ill unbeliev+1 upbraid$ ,muheiasa4 ,if he1 respond$ ,muheiasa1 t comm&$ me to kill him _h comm&$ me to kill !e also1 ,i w\ld h kill$ !e4 ,huweisa 0 q surpris$ at 8 bro!r's reply1 & w5t away a/oni%$4 ,dur+ ! night he us$ to wake up repeat$ly1 & wond] at 8 bro!r's /aun* devotion to 8 fai?4 ,9 ! morn+1 he said1 ,by ! ,"l6 ,?is is a wond]ful fai?1 & came to ! ,prophet to embrace ,islam4 ,^! rem>ks %[ t ! alleg$ p]mission to kill ! ,jews1 & ,ibn ,san9a's murd]1 & ,huweisa's conv]sion 9 consequ5ce !re(1 is all a m]e concoction4 ,sid5ote3 #hc4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$4 ,ev5 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ?\gh v fond ( collect+ all su* apocryphal traditions reflect+ on ! "* ( ! ,prophet1 d\bts ! v]acity ( ?is "o1 & decl>es its improbability & inexp$i5cy4 ,he writes3-- ,b ! ord] itself is a /range "o1 & mu/1 "o w\ld suppose1 h be5 accompani$ by "s conditions or res]vations n "h app>5t4 ,x 0 surely n exp$i5t = ! ,prophet's cause at ?is "t t ! /reets ( ,m$na %\ld h fl[$ ) blood by ! /rict execution ( ?is comm&4 ,yet su* is ! di/9ct t5or ( ! be/ traditions4 ,! ord] 0 n an unlikely "o to h issu$ at a "t :5 ,mahomet 0 irritat$ aga9/ ! ,jews by _! trea*]y2 & ,hi%mi has a tradition t x 0 promulgat$ :5 ,mahomet direct$ ! massacre ( all ! males ( ! ,coreitza1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! m likely v]sion1 if ! o!r tradition _h n be5 s /rong & positive4#bgi ,b ! tradition quot$ by him is by no means ! be/ or /ronge/ z ,i h %[n above4 ,hi%amee does n say t ! ord] 0 promulgat$ at ! execution ( ! ,bani ,koreiza4 ,he simply n>rates ! /ory ( ,muheiasa & ,huweisa to h tak5 place at t "t4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,bani ,naze]4 ,sid5ote3 #hd4 ,! ,bani ,naze]4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,bani ,naze] has be5 c5sur$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 :o says3 ,! pretext on :i* ! ,bani ,nadhr 7 besieg$ & expatriat$ 7namely1 t ,gabriel _h reveal$ _! design aga9/ ! ,prophet's life71 0 feeble & unwor?y ( an hone/ cause4#bhj ,a :ole ,sura 9 ! ,koran is devot$ to ! ,bani ,naze]1 b x does n h9t at ! alleg$ crime ( _! attempt on ! life ( ! ,prophet or _! expulsion = ! same cause4 ,! traditions on ! subject are unsupport$1 ex p>te1 & leg5d>y4 ,_h su* a tradition be5 curr5t at ! "t ( ,mohammad1 or :at is call$ ,sadr ,av-val 7! fir/ or ,apo/olic ,age71 we %\ld c]ta9ly h _h scores ( n>rators on ! subject4#bha ,_! crime 0 trea*]y1#bhb & !y 7 a dang]\s elem5t to ,m$9a1 = a comb9ation1 at any p]iod1 betwe5 ! trea*]\s ,jews & ! aggressive ,korei%1 or o!r enemies ( ,islam1 w\ld h prov$ fatal to ! safety ( ,m$9a4 ,b _! bani%m5t 0 too mild a puni%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 #he4 ,fruit-trees n cut d[n4 ,x is said t ,mohammad cut d[n ! surr\nd+ date trees & burn$ ! *oice/ ( !m dur+ ! siege ( ! ,bani ,naze]1 & ju/ifi$ himself by publi%+ ! v]ses ( ! ,,lix ,sura ( ! ,koran4#bhc ,b ! date trees cut d[n 7 nei!r be>+ fruit1 nor did !y supply any /aple article ( food to ! ,bani ,naze]1 or ! public 9 g5]al4 ,! ,le5a m5tion$ 9 ! v]se ref]r$ to above is a tree )\t fruit4 ,?us no fruit trees 7 de/roy$4 7,zoorknee ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ih47 ,trees n be>+ fruits 7 only cut1 :i* is also ju/ifi$ "u ! ,law ( ,moses4 7,see ,deut]onomy ,,xx1 #bj47 ,females & ! ,treaty ( ,hodeibia4 ,sid5ote3 #hf4 ,females & ! treaty ( ,hodeibia4 ,females 7 n includ$ 9 ! truce ( ,hodeibia4 ,! /ipulation = ! surr5d] ( des]t]s ref]r$ only to ! male sex4 ,all wom5 :o 7 to come ov] to ,m$9a f ,mecca dur+ ! p]iod ( ! peace 71 by ! dictates ( ,sura ,,lx1 #aj1 to be tri$1 & if _! pr(ession 0 f\nd s9c]e1 !y 7 to be reta9$4 ,!y 7 prohibit$ f m>ry+ ! unbeliev]s4 ,! gu>dians ( su* believ+ females 7 to receive f ! ,moslem commonweal? :at !y _h sp5t ^u _! *>ges4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir und]/&s f ,sura ,,lx1 v]se #aj1 t ! wom5 ref]r$ to !re9 7 ! wives ( ! ,meccans1 & says3--,! unbelief ( _! husb&s dissolv$ ! previ\s m>riage2 !y n[ might legally contract fre% nuptials ) believ]s1 provid$ only t re/itution 7 made ( any sums exp5d$ by _! =m] husb&s z d[] ^u !m4#bhd ,b !re is no?+ ei!r to %[ t ! wom5 _h _! husb&s at ,mecca1 or to prove1 t1 on acc\nt ( _! husb&s' unbelief1 _! m>riages 7 annull$4 ,z m>riage ) wom5 ) husb&s is =bidd5 9 ,sura ,,iv1 v]se #bh1 & ! v]se ,,lx1 #aj1 "u discussion1 does n designate !m z m>ri$ wom51 ,i fairly conclude t ?is v]se treats only ( su* z 7 n m>ri$4 ,x is n ! ,law ( ! ,koran t ! unbelief ( ei!r p>ty dissolves _! previ\s m>riage4 ,x only enjo9s nei!r to m>ry idolatresses1 nor to w$ ,moslem daught]s ) idolat]s until !y believe4--7,sura ,,ii1 #bbj47 ,sid5ote3 #hg4 ,/anley def5d$4 ,sir ,william ,muir1 aft] quot+ ,sura ,,lx1 #aj-ab1 says1 ,/anley on ,cor9?ians 7#a ,cor4 ,,vii1 #a-dj7 quotes ! above passage1 & says t ! rule x conta9s resembles t ( ! ,apo/le1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ade4 ,b !re is really no analogy betwe5 !m2 ! ,gospel rule diff]s toto coelo f t ( ,mahomet3--,if any bro!r ha? a wife t believe? n1 & %e be pleas$ to dwell ) him1 let him n put h] away4--,& simil>ly ! case ( a believ+ wife ) an unbeliev+ husb&4 7#a ,cor4 ,,vii1 #ab-af47 ,:]eas ,mahomet decl>es ! m>riage bond de facto annull$ by ! unbelief ( ei!r p>ty1 :i* inde$ 0 only to be expect$ f 8 loose ideas reg>d+ ! m>riage contract4#bhe ,i ?9k ,/anley is q correct1 & ! ,gospel & ! ,koranic rule resemble ea* o!r 9 ?is respect4 ,because ! ord]1 !y 7! believ+ wom57 are n lawful = !m 7unbeliev]s71 nor are ! unbeliev]s lawful = ^! 7believ+ wom571 does n relate to ! wom5 already m>ri$2 & ! words1 d n reta9 any "r 9 ! infidel woman 444 if any ( y\r wives escape f y to ! infidels 444 are to ! same purport z #a ,cor4 ,,vii1 #ae1 ,b if ! unbeliev+ dep>t let !m dep>t4 ,a bro!r or a si/] is n "u bondage 9 su* cases4#bhf ,sid5ote #hh4 ,m>riage a /rict bond ( union4 ,mohammad _h no loose ideas reg>d+ ! m>riage tie4 ,he _h made ! m>riage contract m firm & irrevocable1 except "u v exceptional circum/ances1 ?an x 0 "u ! ,arab society2 & call$ x a /rict bond ( union4#bhg ,mohammad's own daught]1 ,ze9ab1 0 ! wife ( an unbeliev+ husb& & _h fl$ to h] fa!r at ,m$9a "u ! p]secution at ,mecca aft] ! ,hegira4#bhh ,h] m>riage ) h] unbeliev+ p>tn] 0 n cancell$ by ,mohammad1 & on ! conv]sion ( ! son-9-law1 :5 he came aft] a p]iod ( six ye>s aft] 8 wife _h come to ,m$9a1 ,mohammad rejo9$ !m toge!r "u _! previ\s m>riage4 ,!irs 0 nei!r a fre% m>riage nor a fre% d[ry4 7,vide ,ibn ,abbas' tradition 9 ! collections ( ,ahm$1 ,ibn ,abi ,daood1 ,ibn ,maja & ,trimizee47 ,safwan-b9-,omayya & ,ikrama-b9 ,abi ,jahl _h believ+ wives at ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ,mecca1 & _! m>riages 7 n dissolv$ by ,mohammad4 7,vide ,ibn ,%ahab's tradition 9 ,movatta by ,malik1 & 9 ! ,tabakat ( ,ibn ,sad ,katib ,wkidi47 ,simil>ly ,ibn ,s(ian & ,hakeem-b9-,hizam _h _! unbeliev+ wives reta9$ by !m aft] !y _h !mselves be5 conv]t$ to ,islam1 & _! =m] connubial connection 0 n sev]$ by ,mohammad4 7,vide ! sev]al traditions 9 ,baihakee to ! above effect47 ,x 0 only ! legi/s & juris-consults ( a lat] age :o wrongly con/ru$ ! passage 9 ,sura ,,lx1 #aj1 to mean t ! unbelief ( ei!r p>ty dissolv$ ! m>riage tie4 ,footnote #beg3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #beh3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ai4 ,9 ! collections ( ,bokh>ee ! /ory is trac$ to ,ans4 ,b ,ans c\ld n be a witness to ,mohammad's comm& = mutilation1 z ,ans did n come until ! exp$ition to ,khyb]2 & ! execution ( ^? robb]s took place be=e t4 ,! /ory f ,jbir 9 ,ibn ,m>daveih's collections to ! same effect is n au!ntic1 z ,jbir1 :o says he 0 s5t by ,mohammad 9 pursuit ( ! robb]s1 & committ$ ! act1 0 n a conv]t at t "t4 ,koo/alanee1 ! au?or ( ,mooahib1 has decl>$ ! tradition ( ,ibn ,j>ir ,tab>i on ! subject z an apocryphal1 i4e41 ,zaeef4 ,vide ,zoorkanee on ,movahib1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #bei3 ,ibn ,hi%am 7p4 #dfc7 relates f ,ibn ,is-hak t ,om> ask$ p]mission to mutilate ,sohail1 b ,mohammad repli$1 ,i w\ld n mutilate him2 if ,i d1 ,god w mutilate me1 ?\gh ,i be a ,prophet4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,?is subject has be5 fully & judici\sly discuss$ by ! ,honorable ,sy$ ,ahm$ ,khan ,bahadur1 ,c4,s4,i41 9 8 ,comm5t>y ( ! ,koran2 ,sura4 iv4 pp4 #aih-bjd4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,vide ,mi%kt ,book ( ,retaliation1 pp4 #bdc-bdd4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aca1 foot-note4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,introduction to ,lane's ,selections f ! ,kur-n1 by ,/anley ,lane ,poole1 p4 lxvii4 ,london3 ,trubn] & ,co41 #ahgi4 ,footnote #bff3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,ibid1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,vide ,zoorkanee on ,movahib1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bdd2 also ,zd-ul-,mad1 by ,ibn-al-,kyyim1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #cgf1 ,cawnpore1 #abih ,a4,h42 & ,se]at-ul-,mohammadiya1 by ,mohammad ,k>mat-ul-,ali ( ,delhi1 9 loco4 ,! ,life is compil$ f ,se]at ,halabi & ,se]at ,%mee & 0 li?ograph$ 9 ,bombay4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,hi%amee1 page #fha2 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bff4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,se]at ,halabi1 or ,insan-al-,oyoon1 ,vol ,,ii1 page #gi4 ,footnote #bga3 ,hi/ory ( ,mohammad's ,campaigns1 by ,wackidi1 pp4 #cfh-cfi3 ,edit$ by ,von ,krem]1 ,calcutta1 #ahef4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bhb4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pages #cjh-cji4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,lieb]'s ,miscellane\s ,writ+s1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bej4 ,footnote #bge3 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne4 ,by ,william ,edw>d ,h>tpole ,lecky1 ,m4,a41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aja-ajb4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #adh4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,ibid1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,ibn ,hi%am1 p4 #eed4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #adh #adi1 foot-note4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #cjh4 ,footnote #bha3 ,! tradition t ,mohammad _h gone to ,bani ,naze] ask+ _! aid 9 defray+ a c]ta9 price ( blood1 & !y attempt$ ^u 8 life 7,muir1 ,,iii1 #bjh-bji7 z relat$ by ,ibn ,is-hak 79 ,ibn ,hi%am1 page #feb7 is a ,mursal 7vide ,zoorknee1 ,"p ,,ii1 page #ie71 & consequ5tly 0 n curr5t 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,ibn ,ockba1 an e>lie/ biograph] ( ,mohammad1 di$ #adj1 says1--! cause ( ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,bani ,naze] 0 ?is3 t !y _h in/igat$ ! ,korei% to fight aga9/ ,mohammad1 & _h reconnoitr$ ! weak po9ts ( ,m$9a4 ,ibn ,m>daveih ,abd-b9-,hame$1 & ,abdu ,razzak h relat$ traditions to ! effect t1 aft] ! ev5t ( ,badr1 ! ,korei% _h writt5 to ! ,jews ( ,m$9a to make w> ^u ,mohammad1 & ! ,bani ,naze] _h resolv$ to break ! compact4 ,vide ,zoorknee1 ,"p ,,ii1 pp1 #if-ig4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,comp>e ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bac & #cjb1 foot-note4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #df1 foot-note4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,! v]ses ( ! ,koran are giv5 bel[3 #aj4 ,o ,believ]s6 :5 believ+ wom5 come ov] to y z refugees1 !n make trial ( !m4 ,god be/ kn[e? _! fai?2 b if ye h also asc]ta9$ _! fai?1 let !m n g back to ! infidels2 !y are n lawful = !m1 nor are ! unbeliev]s lawful = ^! wom54 ,b give !m back :at !y h sp5t4 ,no crime %all x be 9 y to m>ry !m1 provid$ y give !m _! d[]s4 ,d n reta9 a "r 9 ! infidel wom51 & dem& back :at y h sp5t & let !m dem& back :at !y h sp5t4 ,?is is ! ord9ance ( ,god :i* ,he orda9e? among y3 & ,god is ,kn[+1 ,wise4 #aa4 ,& if any ( y\r wives escape f y to ! infidels f :om y aft]w>ds take any spoil1 !n give to ^? ^: wives %all h fl$ away1 ! l ( :at !y %all h sp5t2 & fe> ,god 9 :om ye believe4--,sura ,,lx4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,sura ,,iv1 #be4 ,rodwell's translation4 ,h[ ,mohammad disc\rag$ divorce & took sev]al /eps 9 ! ,koran to prohibit ! facility ( divorce prevail+ 9 ! ,arab society has be5 fully discuss$ by me 9 my book ,! ,propos$ ,political1 ,legal1 & ,social ,re=ms "u ,moslem ,rule1 pp4 #abi-adc1 ,bombay ,education ,society ,press1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,"s ( ! bas] sort f among/ ! ,corei%1 he>+ ( h] dep>ture1 w5t 9 pursuit1 det]m9$ to br+ h] back4 ,! fir/ t appe>$ 0 ,habbr1 :o /ruck ! camel ) 8 spe>1 & s affright$ ,ze9ab z to cause h] a misc>riage4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #g4 ,! ,popul> ,jihd or ,crusade2 ,accord+ to ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law4 ,sid5ote #hi4 ,! ,koran enjo9$ only def5sive w>s4 ,almo/ all ! common ,mohammadan & ,european writ]s ?9k t a religi\s w> ( aggression is "o ( ! t5ets ( ,islam1 & prescrib$ by ! ,koran = ! purpose ( proselytiz+ or exact+ tribute4 ,b ,i d n f9d any su* doctr9e enjo9$ 9 ! ,koran1 or taught1 or prea*$ by ,mohammad4 ,8 mission 0 n to wage w>s1 or to make conv]ts at ! po9t ( ! sword1 or to exact tribute or ext]m9ate ^? :o did n believe 8 religion4 ,8 sole mission 0 to enlight5 ! ,arabs to ! true wor%ip ( ! "o ,god1 to recomm5d virtue & d5\nce vice1 :i* he truly fulfill$4 ,t he & 8 foll[]s 7 p]secut$1 t !y 7 expell$ f _! h\ses & 7 invad$ ^u & w>r$ aga9/2 t to repel incursions & to ga9 ! lib]ty ( consci5ce & ! security ( 8 foll[]s' lives & ! fre$om ( _! religion1 he & !y wag$ def5sive w>s1 enc\nt]$ sup]ior numb]s1 made def5sive treaties1 secur+ ! ma9 object ( ! w>1 i4e41 ! fre$om ( _! liv+ unmole/$ at ,mecca & ,m$9a1 & ( hav+ a free int]c\rse to ! ,sacr$ ,mosque1 & a free ex]cise ( _! religion3 all ^! are que/ions q sep>ate & irrelevant1 & h no?+ to d ) ! subject 9 h&1 i4e41 ! popul> ,jihad1 or ! crusade = ! purpose ( proselytiz+1 exact+ tribute1 & ext]m9at+ ! idolat]s1 said to be "o ( ! t5ets ( ,islam4 ,all ! def5sive w>s1 & ! v]ses ( ! ,koran relat+ to ! same1 7 /rictly tempor>y & transitory 9 _! nature4 ,!y _c be made an example (1 or be con/ru$ into a t5et or injunction = aggressive w>s1 nor 7 !y int5d$ s to be4 ,ev5 !y _c be an example or in/ruction = a def5sive w> to be wag$ by ! ,mohammadan community or commonweal?1 because all ! circum/ances "u :i* ,mohammad wag$ 8 def5sive w>s 7 local & tempor>y4 ,b almo/ all ,european writ]s d n und]/& t ! ,koran does n tea* a w> ( aggression1 b _h only1 "u ! adv]se circum/ances1 to enjo9 a w> ( def5ce1 cle>ly sett+ =? ! gr\nds 9 its ju/ification & /rictly prohibit+ (f5sive measures4 ,sid5ote #ij4 ,! ,common ,law & ,jihad4 ,all ! fight+ injunctions 9 ! ,koran are1 9 ! fir/ place1 only 9 self-def5ce1 & none ( !m has any ref]5ce to make w>f>e (f5sively4 ,9 ! second place1 x is to be p>ticul>ly not$ t !y 7 transitory 9 _! nature1 & are n to be consid]$ positive injunctions = future obs]vance or religi\s precepts = com+ g5]ations4#bhi ,!y 7 only tempor>y measures to meet ! em]g5cy ( ! aggressive circum/ances4 ,! ,mohammadan ,common ,law is wrong on ?is po9t1 :]e x all[s unbeliev]s to be attack$ )\t provocation4 ,b ?is x places "u ! category ( a non-positive injunction4 ,a positive injunction is t :i* is incumb5t on e believ]4 ,b attack+ unbeliev]s )\t any provocation1 or (f5sively1 is n incumb5t on e believ]4 ,! ,h$aya has3--,! sacr$ injunction conc]n+ w> is suffici5tly obs]v$ :5 x is c>ri$ on by any "o p>ty or tribe ( ,mussulmans2 & x is !n no long] ( any =ce ) respect to ! re/4#bij ,sid5ote #ia4 ,jihad :5 positive4 ,! ,mohammadan ,common ,law makes ! fight+ only a positive injunction :]e !re is a g5]al summons1 7t is1 :]e ! infidels invade a ,mussulman t]ritory1 & ! ,imm = ! "t be+ issues a g5]al proclamation1 requir+ all p]sons to /& =? to fight17 = 9 ?is case w> becomes a positive injunction ) respect to ! :ole ( ! inhabitants1#bia--?is is sanction$ by ! ,law ( ,nations & ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,sid5ote3 #ib4 ,! ,h$aya quot$ & refut$4 ,! ,h$aya1 or a ,comm5t>y ( ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law by ,nuradd9 ,ali ( ,murgh9an 7di$ 9 #eic1 ,a4,h47 has3-- ,! de/ruction ( ! sword#bib is incurr$ by ! infidels1 al?\gh !y be n ! fir/ aggressors1 z appe>s f ! v>i\s passages 9 ! sacr$ writ+s :i* are g5]ally receiv$ to ?is effect4#bic ,?is ass]tion is n borne out by ! sacr$ injunction ( ! ,koran1 &1 on ! contr>y1 is 9 direct contradiction to ! same4 ,!re are sev]al passages 9 ! ,koran already quot$ 9 pages #af-be1 :i* expressly =bid ! tak+ ( (f5sive measures1 & enjo9 only def5sive w>s4 ,!re are "s o!r passages :i* are n s expressive z ! sev]al o!rs ref]r$ to above1 or 9 o!r words1 are n conditional4 ,b ! law ( int]pretation1 ! g5]al scope & t5or ( ! ,koran1 & ! context ( ! v]ses & p>allel passages1 all %[ t ^? few v]ses :i* are n conditional %\ld be con/ru$ z conditional 9 con=mity ) o!r passages m cle>1 expressive1 & conditional1 & ) ! g5]al laws ( scriptural int]pretation4 ,n[1 ! au?or ( ! ,h$aya & o!r writ]s on ! ,common ,law quote only ^? few passages f ! ,koran :i* are absolute or unconditional1 & %ut _! eyes aga9/ ^? _m conditional v]ses1 & g5]al scope & t5or ( ! ,koran4 ,limit$1 or ,conditional4 ,g5]al1 or ,absolute4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sura ,,xxii1 #ci-db4 ,sura ,,ii1 #bde1 7read toge!r ) #bdg47 ,sura ,,ii1 #ahf-ahi4 ,sura ,,ix1 #abd4 #bab4 #bad4 ,! context1 p>allel passages ,sura ,,iv1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #hf4 & _! hi/ory1 %[ !m #ia1 #ib1 #ic4 to be limit$ & conditional1 ,sura ,,viii1 #ci-da1 #eh-ff4 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al #gc1 #gd4 scope ( ! ,koran4 ,sura ,,ix1 #a-ae4 #bi1 #cf4 ,quot$ 9 pages #af-be1 #ce4 ,sid5ote3 #ic4 ,rule ( int]pretation4 ,n[1 !re are only two v]ses 9 ! ,koran 7,sura ,,ii1 v4 #bde1 & ,sura ,,ix1 v4 #abd7 conta9+ an absolute or non-conditional injunction = mak+ w> aga9/ ! unbeliev]s4 ,p]haps y may be able to deta* "s m s5t5ces1 or dislocate "s half v]ses f among/ ^? giv5 "u ! head ( conditional4 ,b ^! absolute1 z well z ^? deta*$ & dislocat$ p>ts ( "s o!r v]ses w n1 by any rule ( int]pretation1 %[ absolute injunction to wage w> aga9/ ! unbeliev]s )\t any provocation or limitation4 ,!re is a rule 9 ! exegesis ( ! ,koran1 z well z 9 o!r ,scriptural int]pretations1 t :5 two comm&m5ts1 "o conditional1 & ! o!r g5]al or absolute1 are f\nd on ! same subject1 ! conditional is to be pref]r$1 & ! absolute %\ld be con/ru$ z conditional1 because ! latt] is m expressive ( ! views ( ! au?or ?an ! g5]al :i* is consid]$ z vague 9 its expression4 ,! rule is3--,:]e a passage :i* is ambigu\s1 or :i* conta9s any unusual expression1 or 9 :i* a doctr9e is slightly treat$1 or is 9 g5]al t]ms1 mu/ be int]pret$ agreeably to :at is reveal$ m cle>ly 9 o!r p>ts1 or :]e a subject is m cle>ly discuss$4 ,a s+le or g5]al passage is n to be expla9$ 9 contradiction to _m o!rs re/rict$1 conditional1 & limit$ consi/5tly ) !m1 & ) prop] res]vations4 ,sid5ote3 #id4 ,! ,common ,law & its comm5tators4 ,x is n to be wond]$ t ! ,mohammadan legi/s or ! compil]s ( ! ,common ,law are wrong 9 ?is po9t4 ,because1 z a rule1 or z a matt] ( fact1 !y h compil$ ! ,common ,law f diff]5t s\rces irrespective ( ! ,koran1 & ! comm5tators ( ! ,common ,law take ! tr\ble ( v9dicat+ its views1 pr9ciples & casui/ries1 & ju/ify+ ! ,moslem conque/s "u ! ,khalifs by ! au?ority ( ! ,koran4 ,!n only !y commit ! unp>donable blund] ( cit+ isolat$ p>ts ( solit>y v]ses ( ! ,koran1 :i* are nei!r expressive en\gh nor are 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,9 do+ s1 !y avoid ! _m o!r conditional & m explicit v]ses on ! same subject4 ,sid5ote3 #ie4 ,kifaya quot$4 ,! au?or ( ,kifaya1 a comm5t>y on ! ,h$aya1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( ! ,hegira1 rem>ks on ! words ( ! text1 ,! de/ruction ( ! sword is incurr$ by ! infidels1 al?\gh !y be n ! fir/ aggressors1 already quot$ 9 ! #ibnd p>a41 & says2 ,fight+ aga9/ ! infidels :o d n become conv]ts to ,islam1 & d n pay ! capitation-tax1 is incumb5t1 ?\gh !y d n attack fir/4 ,! au?or ( ! ,h$aya has m5tion$ ?is aggressive measure specially1 because app>5tly ! words ( ,god1 if !y attack y !n slay !m1#bid indicate t ! fight+ aga9/ ! unbeliev]s is only incumb5t :5 !y fight fir/1 b1 h[ev]1 su* is n ! case4 ,x is incumb5t to fight ) !m1 ?\gh !y be n ! aggressors4#bie ,sid5ote3 #if4 ,fur!r quotation4 ,! same au?or writes 9 cont9uation ( ! above quotation1 & attempts to reconcile 8 !ory ) ! num]\s precepts ( ! ,koran1 :i* d n p]mit ! w> ( aggression3-- ,"k1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ! ,prophet 0 enjo9$ to =give1 & )draw f ^? :o jo9$ o!r gods ) ,god4 ,god said1 ':]e=e do/ ?\ =give ) k9dly =giv5ess1 & )draw f ^? :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,me4' ,!n ,he enjo9$ him to summon ! p to ! fai? by k9d w>n+ & k9d disputation1 say+1 ',summon ?\ to ! way ( ?y ,"l ) wisdom & k9dly w>n+3 dispute ) !m 9 ! k9de/ mann]4' ,!n ,he all[$ fight+1 :5 !y1 ! unbeliev]s1 7 ! aggressors1 & said3--',a sanction is giv5 to ^? :o h f\ght because !y h suff]$ outrages2' i4e41 !y are all[$ to fight 9 self-def5ce4 ,& ,god said1 ',if !y attack y1 !n kill !m' 7,,ii1 #ahg72 & also said1 ',if !y lean to peace1 lean ?\ also to x4' 7,,viii4 #fc74 ,!n he enjo9$ to fight aggressively dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,god said1 ',& :5 ! sacr$ mon?s are pass$1 kill !m :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god1 :]ev] ye f9d !m1 & seize !m' 7,,ix4 #e74 ,aft] ?is ,he enjo9$ = fight+ absolutely1 at e "t & 9 e place4 ,god said1 ',& d battle aga9/ !m until !re be no m 7fitnah7 p]secution' 7,,ii4 #ahi2 ,,vii4 #dj74bif ,sid5ote3 #ig4 ,! ,kifaya refut$4 ,"h ! au?or ( ,kifaya has contriv$ to make out by way ( subt]fuge & sophi/ry five successive p]iods ( ! policy ( ! ,koran reg>d+ w>f>e aga9/ ! unbeliev]s3 ,fir/ ,p]iod ,=giv5ess & )drawal ,sura ,,xv1 #he4 ,,vi1 #ajf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,second ,p]iod ,summon+ ,sura ,,xvi1 #abf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,?ird ,p]iod ,fight+ 9 self-def5ce ,sura ,,xxii1 #dj4 ,,ii1 #ahg4 ,,viii1 #fc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,f\r? ,p]iod ,fight+ aggressively ,sura ,,ix1 #e4 dur+ c]ta9 times ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,fif? ,p]iod ,aggressive fight+ absolutely4 ,sura ,,ii1 #ahi4 ,,viii1 #dj4 ,he is wrong 9 hi/ory1 *ronology z well z 9 und]/&+ ! g5]al scope ( ! ,koran & ! t5or ( ! ,suras4 ,he does n reg>d ev5 ! context ( ! v]ses quot$4 ,! v]ses conta9+ injunctions = turn+ aside1 %unn+1 =giv+1 pass+ ov]1 & )draw+ are f\nd ev5 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,m$9ite ,suras4--7,vide ,sura ,,ii1 #ajc2 ,v1 #af1 #df2 ,sura ,,iv1 #ff1 #hc2 & ,,vii1 #aih47 ,!y h no?+ to d ei!r ) w> or peace4 ,! summon+ ( p to ! fai? ( ,god 0 ! *ief duty ( ! ,prophetical (fice1 & 0 n conf9$ to any special p]iod1 & 0 alike dur+ times ( w> & peace4 ,ev5 dur+ ! actual w>f>e x 0 incumb5t on ! ,prophet to give qu>t]s to ! enemy1 if he desir$1 to li/5 to 8 prea*+s4--7,vide ,sura ,,ix1 #f47 ,sid5ote3 #ih4 ,s4 ,,ix1 v4 #e1 discuss$4 ,! fif? v]se ( ! n9? ,sura is by no means an injunction to attack fir/ or wage an aggressive w>4 ,?is v]se is "o ( ! sev]al publi%$ at ,m$9a aft] ! ,meccans _h violat$ ! treaty ( ,hodeibia & attack$ ! ,bani ,khozaa1 :o 7 9 alliance ) ,mohammad4 ,! ,meccans 7 giv5 f\r mon?s' "t to submit1 9 default ( :i* !y 7 to be attack$ = _! violation ( ! treaty & = _! attack+ ! ,bani ,khozaa4 ,!y submitt$ be=eh&1 & ,mecca 0 conqu]$ by compromise4 ,! v]ses ref]r$ to above 7,sura ,,ix1 #a-ae1 c47 7 n act$ ^u4 ,s !re 0 no injunction to wage an aggressive w>4 ,?is subject has be5 discuss$ at pages #ea-ee ( ?is "w1 & ! read] is ref]r$ to !m = full] in=mation4 ,sid5ote3 #ii4 ,s4 ,,ii1 v4 #ahi1 discuss$4 ,! #ahi? v]se ( ! second ,sura is n at all an absolute injunction to wage a w> ( aggression4 ,! v]ses #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh & #ahi1 if read toge!r1 w %[ t ! injunction = fight+ is only 9 def5ce4 ,! v]ses are3-- #ahf4 ,& fight = ! cause ( ,god aga9/ ^? :o fight aga9/ y3 b commit n ! inju/ice ( attack+ !m fir/2 v]ily ,god love? n ! unju/4 #ahg4 ,& kill !m :]ev] ye %all f9d !m2 & eject !m f :atev] place !y h eject$ y2 = 7fitnah7 p]secution is worse ?an slaught]2 yet attack !m n at ! sacr$ ,mosque until !y attack y !re91 b if !y attack y !n slay !m3 su* is ! recomp5se ( ! infidels6 #ahh4 ,b if !y desi/1 !n v]ily ,god is ,graci\s1 ,m]ciful-- #ahi4 ,& d battle1 aga9/ !m until !re be no m 7fitnah7 p]secution & ! only wor%ip be t ( ,god3 b if !y desi/1 !n let !re be no ho/ility1 save aga9/ wrong-do]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ajj4 ,s4 ,,ii1 #ahi1 ,,viii1 #dj1 are def5sive4 ,besides1 ?is v]se z well z ! =tie? v]se ( ,sura ,,viii h indications 9 !mselves ( _! relat+ to a def5sive w>4 ,z ! torture1 aggression1 9 %ort1 ! p]secutions suff]$ by ! ,moslems f ! ,korei%1 are v cle>ly indicat$ by ! ^w fitnah 9 ^! two v]ses1 ! object ( fight+ or c\nt]fight+ by ! ,moslems is pla9ly set =?1 :i* is to suppress ! p]secutions4 ,!y h cle> ref]5ce to ! p]secution1 to /op or remove :i* !y enjo9$ fight+1 & ?is 0 fight+ 9 self-def5ce obvi\sly4 ,!y also %[ t ! ,meccans _h n desi/$ f p]secut+ & attack+ ! ,moslems1 & !re=e a provision 0 made t if !y discont9ue _! incursions1 !re w be no m ho/ility4 ,?is is q suffici5t to %[ t ^! v]ses relate to ! def5sive w>s ( ,mohammad4 ,sid5ote3 #aja4 ,all injunctions local & = ! "t be+4 ,la/ly1 suppos+ ! ,koran p]mitt$ wag+ aggressive w>s aga9/ ! ,meccans1 :o 7 ! fir/ aggressors1 ?is does n corroborate ! !ory or pr9ciple ( ! ,common ,law ( mak+ lawful aggressive w>s 9 future on ! au?ority ( ^! v]ses1 z all ( !m 9 ! ,koran on ! subject ( w> relate only to ,pagan ,arabs1 :o _h long p]sev]$ 9 _! ho/ility to ! e>ly ,moslems or to ! ,jews1 :o1 be+ 9 league ) ! ,moslems1 w5t ov] to _! enemies1 & aid$ !m aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,^! v]ses are n b9d+ on o!r p]sons1 :o are n "u ! same circum/ance z ! ,moslems 7 "u1 at ,m$9a4 ,see p>a4 #ij4 ,sid5ote3 #ajb4 ,a9ee quot$ & refut$4 ,ano!r comm5tator ( ! ,h$aya1 ,a9ee#big 7:o di$ 9 #hee7 foll[s ,kifaya already quot$1 & m5tions "s o!r v]ses ( ! ,koran on ! w> ( aggression1 :i* ! au?or ( ,kifaya has left uncit$ 9 8 "w4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- 444 ,!n d battle ) ! r+lead]s ( infidelity1--= no oa?s are b9d+ on !m--t !y may desi/4--7,sura ,,ix1 #ab47 ,w> is prescrib$ to y1 b f ?is ye are av]se4--7,sura ,,ii1 #bab47 ,m>* ye =?1 ! light & heavy1 & cont5d ) y\r sub/ance & y\r p]sons on ! ,way ( ,god4--7,sura ,,ix1 #da47 ,! fir/ v]se :5 x is complete runs ?us3--,b if1 aft] alliance made1 !y break _! oa?s & revile y\r religion1 !n d battle ) ! r+lead]s ( infidelity1--= no oa?s are b9d+ on !m--t !y may desi/2 & fully %[s by its word+ t x relates to ! w> ( def5ce1 z ! break+ ( alliances1 & revil+ ( ! ,moslem religion 7 ! gr\nds ( mak+ w> ) ! object 9 view t ! aggressors may desi/4 ,?is v]se is "o ( ^? 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? ,sura1 :i* h already be5 discuss$4--7,vide pages #ea-ee47 ,! second v]se 7,,ii1 #bab7 does n all[ a w> ( aggression1 z ! next v]se 7,,ii1 #bad7 expressly m5tions ! attacks made by ! aggressors on ! ,moslems4 ,x has be5 quot$ at full l5g? 9 page #ah4 ,! ?ird v]se 7,,ix1 #da7 0 publi%$ on ! occasion ( ! exp$ition ( ,tbuk1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly a def5sive measure1 & has be5 discuss$ 9 pages #ea to #ee4 ,sid5ote3 #ajc4 ,s>akhsee quot$ & refut$4 ,s>akhsee g5]ally entitl$ ,%ums-ul-a-imma 7! ,sun ( ! ,lead]s71 :o di$ 9 #fga ,a4,h41 z quot$ by ,ibn ,abde5 9 8 ,radd-ul-,muhtr1#bih makes sev]al /ages 9 publi%+ ! injunctions = fight+4 ,he writes3-- ,"k ?\1 t ! comm& = fight+ has desc5d$ by degrees4 ,fir/ ! ,prophet 0 enjo9$ to proclaim & )draw1 ',pr(ess publicly !n :at ?\ ha/ be5 bidd5 & )draw f ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god' 7,,xv1 #id74 ,!n he 0 ord]$ to dispute k9dly2 ',summon ?\ to ! way ( ?y ,"l ) wisdom & ) k9dly w>n+3 dispute ) !m 9 ! k9de/ w>n+' 7,,xvi1 #abf74 ,!n !y 7 all[$ to fight1 ',a sanction is giv5 to ^? :o are f\ght4444' 7,,xxii1 #dj74 ,!n !y 7 all[$ to fight if !y 7! unbeliev]s7 attack$ !m1 ',if !y attack y1 !n kill !m' 7,,ii1 #ahg74 ,aft] ?is !y 7 enjo9$ to fight on ! condition ( pass+ ov] ! sacr$ mon?s1 ',& :5 ! sacr$ mon?s are pass$1 !n kill ! poly!i/s' 7,,ix1 #e74 ,aft] ?is !y 7 enjo9$ to fight absolutely1 ',& fight = ! cause ( ,god4444' 7,,ii1 #ahf1 #bde74 ,& ?us ! matt] 0 settl$4 ,!re 0 no injunction = fight+ absolutely or aggressively 9 ! ,koran4 ,i h already expla9$ ! #e? v]se ( ! n9? ,sura z n all[+ an (f5sive w>4 ,& ! same is ! case ) ! #ahf? v]se ( ! second ,sura1 :i* has 9 itself ! condition ( fight+ aga9/ ^? only :o f\ght aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,! o!r v]se1 #bde?1 ( ! same ,sura is re/rict$ by ! v]se #ahf?1 7& is expla9$ by ! v]se #bde?71 :i* ref]s to ! def5sive measures4 ,?is v]se is quot$ 9 page #ai ( ?is "w4 ,sid5ote3 #ajd4 ,ibn ,haj> quot$ & refut$4 ,%ahbude5 ,ahm$-b9-,hajr ,makki writes3-- ,fight+ 0 prohibit$ be=e ! ,hegira1 z ! ,prophet 0 enjo9$ only to prea* & w>n & to be pati5t 9 ! p]secutions ( ! unbeliev]s 9 ord] to conciliate !m4 ,aft] ?is1 ,god gave sanction to ! ,moslems = fight+1 7aft] t _h be5 prohibit$ 9 sev5ty & odd v]ses71 :5 ! unbeliev]s 7 ! aggressors1 & said1 ',& fight = ! cause ( ,god aga9/ ^? :o fight aga9/ y' 7,,ii1 #ahg74 ,& x is a g5u9e tradition f ,zohri t ! fir/ reveal$ v]se sanction+ x 01 ',a sanction is giv5 to ^? :o are f\ght1 because !y h suff]$ outrages' 7,,xxii1 #dj73 t is a sanction 0 giv5 = fight+ on ! gr\nd ( ! ^w 'f\ght4' ,!n ! w> ( aggression 0 made lawful 9 o!r ?an ! sacr$ mon?s1 ',:5 ! sacr$ mon?s are ov]4444' 7,,ix1 #e74 ,aft] ?is1 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,hegira1 aft] ! victory ( ,mecca1 ! fight+ 0 enjo9$ absolutely by ! words ( ,god2 ',m>* ye =?1 ! light & ! heavy' 7,,ix1 #da72 & 'attack ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god 9 all' 7,,ix1 #cf74 ,& ?is is ! v v]se ( ! sword1 & "s say ! prec$+ v]se is ! v]se ( ! sword1 :ile o!rs ?9k t bo? be> on ! same subject1 i4e41 ( ! sword4#bii ,sid5ote3 #aje4 ,ibn ,haj> refut$4 ,i h already expla9$ ! sev]al v]ses quot$ by ! au?or 9 prec$+ p>as41 b h only to pass rem>ks on ! only v]se1 i4e4 7,,ix1 #cf71 :i* ! au?ors cit$ h n d>$ to m5tion1 because x goes contr>y to _! ass]tion4 ,p]haps x is a slip 9 ! rapidity ( ,ibn ,haj> rem>ks1 = :i* he may be excus$4 ,b ,i w n hesitate 9 say+ t g5]ally ! ,mohammadan legi/s1 :ile quot+ ! ,koran 9 support ( _! !ories1 quote "s dislocat$ portion f a v]se )\t any he$ to its context1 & ?us cause a great & irrep>able mis*ief by mislead+ o!rs1 especially ! ,european writ]s1 z x is app>5t f ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,lane quot$ 9 p>a4 #aac ( ?is "w4 ,! v]se ref]r$ to by ! au?or m5tion$ 9 ! la/ p>a41 ,ibn ,haj> ,makki1 is z foll[s3 ,attack ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god 9 all1 z !y attack y 9 all4--7,,ix1 #cf47 ,?is speaks evid5tly ( ! def5sive w>1 & has n ! slighte/ or fa9te/ idea ( a w> ( aggression on ! "p ( ! ,moslems4 ,?is v]se ref]s to ! exp$ition ( ,tbuk4 ,sid5ote3 #ajf4 ,halabi quot$4 ,noorudde5 ,ali al ,halabi 7di$ #ajdd ,a4,h471 ! au?or ( ,insan-ul-,oyoon1 a biography ( ! ,prophet1 writes3-- ,x is n hidd5 t ! ,prophet = t5 & odd ye>s 0 w>n+ & summon+ p )\t fight+1 & be>+ pati5tly ! sev]e p]secutions ( ! ,meccan ,arabs & ! ,m$9ite ,jews on himself & on 8 foll[]s1 because ,god _h enjo9$ him to w>n & to h pati5ce to be> ! injuries by )hold+ f !m1 9 accordance ) ,8 words1 ',)draw f !m' 7,v1 #df72 & 'endure !m ) pati5ce' 7,,xvi1 #abh2 ,,xviii1 #bg2 ,,xxxi1 #af2 ,,lii1 #dh2 & ,,lxxiii1 #aj74 ,he also us$ to promise !m victory4 ,8 companions at ,mecca us$ to come to him beat5 & injur$1 & he us$ to tell !m1 ',endure ) pati5ce1 ,i am n comm&$ to fight1' because !y 7 b a small p>ty at ,mecca4 ,aft] ?is1 :5 he 0 settl$ at ,m$9a aft] ! ,hegira & 8 foll[]s became num]\s :o pref]r$ him to _! fa!rs1 *ildr51 & wives1 & ! unbeliev]s p]si/$ 9 _! idolatry1 *>g+ him ) falsehoods1 !n ,god p]mitt$ 8 foll[]s to fight1 b aga9/ ^? only :o us$ to fight aga9/ !m 7! ,moslems71 & 7 aggressors1 z he said1 ',if !y fight y1 !n kill !m' 7,,ii1 #ahg74 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> ( ,saf> ,a4,h4 #b4444 ,!n ! :ole ,arab ho/ m>*$ aga9/ ! ,moslems to fight aga9/ !m f e direction4 ,! ,moslems pass$ :ole nights 9 arms1 & dur+ ! day !y 7 9 ! same /ate1 & long$ to pass peaceful nights )\t fe> f anybody except f ,god4 ,!n x 0 reveal$1 ',god ha? promis$ to ^? ( y :o believe & d ! ?+s t are "r1 t he w cause !m to succe$ o!rs 9 ! l&1 z he gave succession to ^? :o 7 be=e !m1 & t ,he w e/abli% = !m t religion :i* !y delight 91 & aft] _! fe>s ,he w give !m security 9 ex*ange' 7,s4 ,,xxiv1 #ed74 ,aft] ?is to attack fir/ 0 all[$ aga9/ ^? :o _h n f\ght1 b 9 o!r ?an ! sacr$ mon?s1 viz41 ,rajab1 ,zulkada1 ,zulhijja1 & ,mohuram1 accord+ to ! precept1 ',& :5 ! sacr$ mon?s are pass$1 kill ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god 444' 7,,ix1 #e74 ,!n ! ord] became incumb5t aft] ! victory ( ,mecca1 9 ! next ye>1 to fight absolutely )\t any re/riction1 )\t any reg>d to any condition & "t1 by ! words ( ,god1 ',attack ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god 9 all' at any "t 7,,ix1 #cf74 ,s x is kn[n t ! fight+ 0 =bidd5 be=e ! ,hegira up to ! mon? ( ,saf> 9 its second ye>1 z ! ,prophet 0 9 ?is p]iod ord]$ to prea* & w>n )\t any fight+1 :i* 0 =bidd5 9 sev5ty & odd v]ses4 ,!n x 0 p]mitt$ to fight aga9/ only ^? :o f\ght aga9/ !m4 ,!n x 0 all[$ to fight aga9/ ^? :o f\ght aggressively 9 o!r ?an ! sacr$ mon?s4 ,aft] ?is x 0 enjo9$ absolutely to wage w> aga9/ !m :e!r !y did or did n fight1 at all times1 :e!r dur+ ! sacr$ mon?s1 or o!rs ( ! ye>4#cjj ,sid5ote3 #ajg4 ,halabi refut$4 ,nei!r ! fif? v]se ( ! n9? ,sura1 nor ! ?irty-six? ( ! same1 all[$ w> ( aggression4 ,bo? ( !m 7 publi%$ on ! occasions ( def5sive w>s1 & ! p>ty aga9/ :om !y 7 direct$ 7 ! aggressors4 ,all ! v]ses quot$ by ,halabi1 be>+ on ! subject1 h be5 discuss$ & expla9$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 f #ib to #ajf4 ,sid5ote3 #ajh4 ,a9ee aga9 quot$ & refut$4 ,a9ee1 ! au?or ( ! comm5t>y on ! ,h$aya1 call$ ,b9ayah1 9 ju/ify+ ! w> ( aggression aga9/ ! unbeliev]s1 quotes two v]ses f ! ,koran1#cja & two traditions f ! ,prophet1#cjb & says1--,if x be object$ t ^! absolute injunctions are re/rict$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 'if !y attack y1 !n kill !m' 7,,ii1 #ahg71 :i* %[s t ! fight+ is only incumb5t :5 ! unbeliev]s are ! aggressors 9 fight+1 z x 0 held by ,s\ri1 ! reply is t ! v]se 0 abrogat$ by ano!r1 ',s fight aga9/ !m until !re be no m p]secution' 7,,ii1 #ahi71 & 'fight aga9/ ^? :o d n believe 9 ,god4' 7,,ix1 #bi74cjc ,b he is wrong 9 ass]t+ t ! v]se ,,ii1 #ahg 0 abrogat$ by ,,ii1 #ahi1 & ,,ix1 #bi4 ,!re is no au?ority = su* a gratuit\s assumption4 ,& besides1 bo? ^! v]ses 7,,ii1 #ahi1 & ,,ix1 #bi7 relate to def5sive w>s z x has be5 already expla9$ 9 p>as4 #if-ii4 ,sid5ote3 #aji4 ,cont9uation ( ! above4 ,! v]se #ahi %[s by its v word+ ! exi/5ce ( fitnah or p]secution1 torture1 & fight+ on ! "p ( ! aggressors4 ,by suppress+ ! ,meccans' p]secution1 ! ,moslems _h to rega9 _! civil & religi\s lib]ty1 f :i* !y 7 s unju/ly depriv$4 ,& ?is w> ( ! ,moslems to repel ! =ce ( _! aggressors 0 ! w> ( def5ce & protection enjo9$ 9 ! v]se4 ,! #bi? v]se ( ! n9? ,sura app]ta9s to ! exp$ition ( ,tbuk if n to t ( ,khyb]4 ,^! exp$itions 7 ( a def5sive "*4 ,vide pages #cg & #da4 ,sid5ote3 #aaj4 ,traditions quot$ & refut$4 ,! juri/s fur!r quote a tradition f ! compilation ( ,ab ,daood t ! ,prophet _h said1 ,! ,jihd w la/ up to ! day ( ! ,resurrection3 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 ,jihd does n lit]ally & classically mean w>f>e or fight+ 9 a w>4 ,x means1 z us$ by ! classical poets z well z by ! ,koran1 to d "o's utmo/2 to lab\r2 to toil2 to ex]t "o's-self or 8 p[]1 ef=ts1 endeav\rs1 or ability2 to employ "o's-self vigor\sly1 dilig5tly1 /udi\sly1 s$ul\sly1 e>ne/ly1 or ) en]gy2 to be dilig5t or /udi\s1 to take pa9s or extraord9>y pa9s4 ,vide ,app5dix ,a4 ,9 ! second place1 ,yezid b9 ,abi ,%aiba1 a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! tradition1 is a ,mujhool1#cjd i4e41 8 biography is n kn[n1 !re=e 8 tradition c h no au?ority4 ,!re is also ano!r tradition 9 ,bokhree to ! effect t ! ,prophet _h said1 ,i h be5 enjo9$ to fight ! p until !y confess t !re is no god b ! ,god4 ,?is tradition goes q contr>y to ! v]ses ( ! ,koran :i* enjo9 to fight 9 def5ce1--t is1 until ! p]secution or civil discord 0 remov$4--7,vide ,sura ,,ii1 #ahi2 ,,viii1 #dj47 ,?us x appe>s t ei!r ! :ole tradition is a spuri\s "o1 or "s ( ! n>rators 7 wrong 9 int]pret+ ! words ( ! ,prophet4 ,sid5ote3 #aaa4 ,e>ly ,moslem legi/s quot$ aga9/ ,jihd4 ,t ! ,koran did n all[ w> ( aggression ei!r :5 x 0 reveal$1 or 9 future z ! e>ly jurisconsults did inf] f x1 w be fur!r %[n f ! op9ions ( ! e>ly ,moslems2 legi/s ( ! fir/ & second c5tury ( ! ,hegira1 l ,ibn 7son (7 ,om> ! second khalif1 ,sotian ,s\ri1 ,ibn ,%obormah1 ,at & ,am>-b9-,d9>4 ,all ^! e>ly legi/s held t ! fight+ 0 n religi\sly incumb5t 7wjib71 & t x 0 only a volunt>y act1 & t only ^? 7 to be f\ght aga9/ :o attack$ ! ,moslems4#cje ,sid5ote3 ,biographical sket*es ( ! legi/s4 ,i w give "h %ort biographical sket*es ( ! legi/s nam$ above-- 7#a47 ,ab ,abd-ur-,rahman ,abdullah ibn ,om> ibn-al ,khattab 0 "o ( ! mo/ em95t among ! companions ( ,muhammad by 8 piety1 8 g5]osity1 8 contempt ( ! _w1 8 le>n+ & 8 virtues4 ,?\gh entitl$ by bir? to aspire to ! highe/ places 9 ! empire1 he nev] he>k5$ to ! dictates ( ambition2 possess+ a va/ influ5ce ov] ! ,moslims by 8 rank1 8 in/ruction1 & 8 holy life1 he nei!r employ$ nor abus$ x 9 fav\r ( any p>ty1 & dur+ ! civil w>s :i* rag$ among ! foll[]s ( ,islamism1 he rema9$ neutral1 solely occupi$ ) ! duties ( religion4 ,= a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s p]sons came f all p>ts to consult him & le>n f him ! ,traditions4444 ,he di$ at ,mekka ,a4,h4 #gc 7,a4,d4 #fib-c7 ag$ #hd ye>s4444--,tabakat al ,fokaha1 fol4 #e4 7#b47 ,at ,ibn ,abi ,rabah4--,he held a high rank at ,mekka z a juris-consult1 a ,tb1 & a dev\t ascetic2 & he d]iv$ 78 k ( ! law & ! ,traditions7 f ! lips ( ,jbir ,ibn ,abd ,allah al-,ansr1 & ,abd ,allah ,ibn ,abbas1 ,abd ,allah ,ibn ,zubair1 & _m o!rs ( ,muhammad's companions4 ,8 own au?ority z a traditioni/ 0 cit$ by ,amr ibn ,d9r1 ,al-,aama%1 ,al-,auzi1 & a great numb] ( o!rs :o _h he>d him tea*4 ,! (fice ( ,mufti at ,mekka devolv$ on him & on ,mujhid1 & 0 fill$ by !m :il/ !y liv$4444 ,he di$ ,a4,h4 #aae 7,a4,d4 #gcc-d72 "s say #aad at ! age ( eighty-eight ye>s4--,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y1 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,b>on ,mac,guckin ,de ,slane2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bjc-bjd4 ,london1 ,,mdcccxliii4 7#c47 ,amr ,ibn ,d9r4--,he is c\nt$ among ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,tbis & consid]$ z a traditioni/ ( v highe/ au?ority4 ,he 0 only "o ( ! ,mujatahid ,imms4 ,di$ ,a4,h4 #abf1 7,a4,d4 #gdc-d71 ag$ eighty ye>s4--,tab-al-,fokaha4 7#d47 ,abd ,allah ,ibn ,%uburma ibn ,tufail ad ,dubbi1 a celebrat$ ,imm1 & ,tbi 0 an em95t jurisconsult ( ,kufa4 ,he le>n$ ! ,traditions f ,ans1 ,z-,%abi1 & ,ibn ,srn1 & 8 own au?ority 0 cit$ = ,traditions by ,s(fian ,a?-,?auri1 ,s(yan ibn ,oya9a1 & o!rs4 ,8 v]acity & 8 em95ce z a doctor ( ! law 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,he 0 an ab/emi\s1 intellig5t1 dev\t1 g5]\s1 ( a h&some c\nt5ance1 & possess+ a tal5t = poetry4 ,he act$ "u ! ,khalif ,al-,mamun1 z kad ( ! cultivat$ c\ntry 7,sawd7 ar\nd ,kufa4 ,born ,a4,h4 #ib1 7,a4,d4 #gaj-aa72 di$ ,a4,h4 #add 7,a4,d4 #gfa-b74--,tabal-,fak4 ,al-,yfi4 7#e47 ,s(yan ,a?-,?auri 7,z-,sauri7 0 native ( ,kfa & a ma/] ( ! highe/ au?ority 9 ! ,traditions & o!r sci5ces2 8 piety1 devotion1 v]acity1 & contempt = worldly goods 7 univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & z an ,imm1 he is c\nt$ among ! ,mujtahids4444 ,s(yan ibn ,oya9a decl>$ t he did n "k a man bett] in=m$ ?an ,soyfan ,a?-,?auri respect+ :at 0 p]mitt$ & :at 0 =bidd5 by ! law4444 ,s(yan 0 born ,a4,h4 #ie 7,a4,d4 #gac-d74 ,o!r acc\nts place 8 bir? 9 #if or #ig4 ,he di$ ,a4,h4 #afa 7,a4,d4 #gac-d7 at ,basra4444 ,x has be5 /at$ by "s t ,s(yan di$ ,a4,h4 #afb1 b ! fir/ is ! true date4--,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y1 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,b>on ,mac,guckin ,de ,slane1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #egf-h4 ,london1 ,,mdcccxliii4 ,sid5ote3 #aac4 ,european writ]s' mi/ake4 ,t x is a mi/ake on ! "p ( ! ,european writ]s to ass]t t ! ,koran all[s w>s ( aggression1 or 9 o!r words1 to wage w> aga9/ ! unbeliev]s )\t any provocation1 is %[n by ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,urquh>t & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,william ,lane4 ,! latt] writes3 ,misl$ by ! decision ( ^? doctors1 & an op9ion preval5t 9 ,europe1 ,i repres5t$ ! laws ( 'holy w>' z m sev]e ?an ,i f\nd !m to be accord+ to ! lett] & _s ( ! ,kur-n1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 & accord+ to ! ,hanafee code4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,urquh>t = sugge/+ to me ! necessity ( revis+ my =m] /atem5t on ! subject2 & mu/ express my conviction t no precept is to be f\nd 9 ! ,kur-n1 :i*1 tak5 ) ! context1 c ju/ify unprovok$ w>4#cjf ,sid5ote3 #aad4 ,sir ,william ,muir quot$4 ,i w quote sev]al rem>ks ( ,european writ]s1 includ+ cl]gym5 & ,indian mission>ies1 to %[ h[ a/ray !y g 9 attribut+ to ! ,koran & ,mohammad ! w>s ( aggressions & compulsory proselytiz+4 ,sir ,william ,muir repres5ts ! pr9ciples ( ,islam z requir+ con/ant prosecutions ( w>1 & writes-- ,x 0 ess5tial to ! p]man5ce ( ,islam t its aggressive c\rse %\ld be cont9u\sly pursu$1 & t its claim to an univ]sal acceptance1 or at ! lea/ to an univ]sal supremacy1 %\ld be en=c$ at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,)9 ! limits ( ,arabia ! "w appe>$ n[ to be accompli%$4 ,x rema9$ to ga9 ov] ! ,*ri/ian & idolatr\s tribes ( ! ,syrian des]t1 & !n 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l to ?r[ d[n ! gauntlet ( w> be=e ! empires ( ,rome & ,p]sia1 :i*1 hav+ treat$ ) contempt ! summons ( ! ,prophet address$ to !m 9 solemn w>n+ f\r ye>s ago1 7 n[ rife = *a/isem5t4#cjg ,! occasion to :i* ,sir ,w4 ,muir ref]s "h 0 to wipe out ! memory ( ! rev]se at ,muta4 ,! exp$ition to ,muta 0 occasion$ by ! murd] ( a mess5g] or envoy dispat*$ by ,mohammad to ! ,ghassnide pr9ce at ,bo/ra4 ,a p>ty 0 s5t to puni% ! (f5d+ *ief1 ,%>ahbil4 ,?is c\ld1 by no means1 be ma9ta9$ z a w>like _s or an aggressive c\rse = ! prosecution ( w>1 or = en=c+ ! claim ( univ]sal supremacy at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,sid5ote3 #aae4 ,islam n aggressive4 ,t ,islam z prea*$ by ,mohammad 0 nev] aggressive has be5 fully %[n 9 sev]al places ( ! ,koran4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ( 8 m9i/ry1 ,mohammad 0 p]secut$1 reject$1 despis$ & at la/ made an outlaw by ! ,korei% at ,mecca1 & a fugitive seek+ protection 9 a di/ant city2 exil$1 attack$ ^u1 besieg$1 defeat$1 & prev5t$ f return+ to ,mecca or visit+ ! ,holy ,kaaba by ! same enemies at ,mecca & o!r surr\nd+ tribes :o _h jo9$ !m1 & ev5 f )9 ,m$9a plott$ aga9/ by ! ,jews :o 7 n less aggressive t[>ds him ?an _! conf$]ates ( ,mecca1 ! ,korei%1 :om !y _h in/igat$ to make w> on him & _h br\ght an ov]:elm+ army1 _h prov$ traitors1 &1 ev5 m injuri\s ?an ! ,korei% !mselves4 ,consequ5tly1 he 0 con/antly 9 dang]s & tr\bles1 & "u su* circum/ances x 0 impossible = him to be aggressive1 to get "t or opportunity to pursue any aggressive c\rse1 or en=ce1 at ! po9t ( ! sword1 any attempt ( 8 = univ]sal acceptance1 or univ]sal supremacy ev5 if he _h design$ s4 ,b x 0 f> f 8 pr9ciples to h *]i%$ ! object ( univ]sal conque/4 ,t ,islam ev] /epp$ beyond ! limits ( ,arabia & its bord] l&s1 admits ,sir4 ,w4 ,muir 9 8 ,r$e ,lecture = #ahha1 j tw5ty ye>s aft] he _h writt5 ! passage ,i am deal+ )1 0 due to circum/ances r ?an design4 ,! fai? 0 meant orig9ally = ! ,arabs4 ,f fir/ to la/1 ! call 0 address$ prim>ily to !m4 ,he writes 9 a footnote ( ! same lecture 7page #e73 ,x is true t ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e1 ,mahomet _h address$ dispat*es to ! ,kais]1 & ! ,*osroes1 & o!r neighb\r+ pot5tates1 summon+ !m to embrace ! true fai?4 ,b ! /ep _h nev] be5 foll[$ up 9 any way4#cjh ,sid5ote3 #aaf4 ,mr4 ,freeman quot$4 ,mr4 ,freeman writes reg>d+ ,mohammad3-- ,mahomet _h be=e him ! example ( ,mosaic ,law1 :i* prea*$ a f> m rigor\s m&ate ( ext]m9ation aga9/ ! guilty nations ( ,canaan4 ,he _h be=e him ! practice ( all surr\nd+ p[]s1 ,*ri/ian1 ,jewi%1 & ,hea!n2 ?\gh1 f ! disaffection ( ,syria & ,egypt to ! or?odox ?rone ( ,con/ant9ople1 he might h le>n$ h[ easily p]secution defeats its own end4444 ,"u 8 circum/ances1 x is really no v great gr\nd to condemnation t he did appeal to ! sword4 ,he did no m ?an foll[ ! prec$5ts ( 8 own & e surr\nd+ nation4 ,yet "o might say t a man ( su* mighty g5ius z ,mahomet mu/ h be51 might h be51 fairly expect$ to rise sup]ior to ! trammels ( prejudice & prec$5t4#cji ,mohammad nev] pr(ess$ to h foll[$ ! foot/eps ( ,moses & ,jo%ua 9 wag+ w> ( ext]m9ation & proselytism4 ,he only appeal$ to ! sword 9 8 & 8 foll[]s' def5ce4 ,nev] he seems to h be5 anxi\s to copy ! practice ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 & ,egyptians4 ,8 w>s ( def5ce1 z !y c]ta9ly all 71 7 v mild1 specially ) reg>d to ! treatm5t ( *ildr51 wom51 & old m5 :o 7 nev] to be attack$2 & above all1 9 ! mildness %[n t[>ds ! captives ( w> :o 7 ei!r to be set free or ransom$1--b 7 nev] to be enslav$1--contr>y to ! practice ( all ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,?is virtual abolition ( slav]y 7vide ,sura ,,xlvii1 #e1 & ,app5dix ,b7 has be5 a great boon to mank9d 9 g5]al z a b5eficial result ( ,mohmamad's w>s ( def5ce4 ,sid5ote3 #aag4 ,! ,revd4 ,/eph5s quot$4 ,! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,/eph5s writes3-- ,9 ! ,koran1 ! ,mussulman is absolutely & positively comm&$ to make w> ^u all ^? :o decl9e to ackn[l$ge ! ,prophet until !y submit1 or1 9 ! case ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 pur*ase exemption f ! con=mity by ! paym5t ( tribute4 ,! mission ( ! ,mussulman1 z decl>$ 9 ! ,koran1 is di/9ctly aggressive4 ,we might say t ,mahomet bequea!d to 8 disciples a rov+ commission to propagate 8 fai? by ! employm5t ( =ce :]e p]suasion fail$4 ',o ,prophet1 fight = ! religion ( ,god'--',/ir up ! fai?ful to w>1' su* are comm&s :i* ,mahomet believ$ to be giv5 him by ,god4 ',fight aga9/ !m :o believe n a ,god1 nor ! la/ day1' 'attack ! idolatr\s 9 all ! mon?s1' su* are 8 own exhortations to 8 disciples4#caj ,! ,rev]5d g5tleman is v mu* mi/ak5 9 8 ass]tions aga9/ ! ,koran4 ,!re is no absolute or positive comm& 9 ! ,koran = a w> ( aggression or compulsory proselytism4 ,! s5t5ces quot$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5s are b mutilat$ v]ses =cibly dislocat$ f _! context4 ,a disjo9t$ portion ( a v]se1 or a s+le s5t5ce ( x _c be br\ght =? to prove any doctr9e or !ory4 ,due reg>d mu/ be made = ! context1 ! g5]al scope1 & p>allel passages4 ,! v]ses ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,/eph5s are ,sura ,,iv1 #hf1 & ,sura ,,ix1 #bi1 #cf4 ,all ^! h be5 quot$ 9 full & discuss$ else:]e4#caa ,!y relate only to def5sive w>s4 ,sid5ote3 #aah4 ,mr4 ,boswor? ,smi? quot$4 ,mr4 ,boswor? ,smi? says3-- ,! free tol]ation ( ! pur] among ! cre$s ar\nd him1 :i* ! ,prophet _h at fir/ enjo9$1 gradually *anges into intol]ance4 ,p]secut$ no long]1 ,mohamm$ becomes a p]secutor himself2 ) ! ,koran 9 "o h&1 ! scymit> 9 ! o!r1 he goes =? to (f] to ! nations ! ?reefold alt]native ( conv]sion1 tribute1 dea?4#cab ,mohammad nev] *ang$ 8 practice ( tol]ation nor 8 own tea*+s into intol]ance2 he 0 always p]secut$ at ,mecca & ,m$9a1 b1 = all we "k1 he himself nev] turn$ a p]secutor4 ,! ?ree-fold alt]native s mu* talk$ (1 & s little prov$1 is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 ! ,koran4 ,?is subject has be5 fully discuss$ 9 p>as4 #cd-ci4 ,sid5ote3 #aai4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,sale quot$4 ,mr4 ,george ,sale1 9 8 celebrat$ prelim9>y disc\rse to ! translation ( ! ,koran1 writes1 ref]r+ to ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,mohammad's mission3-- ,hi!rto ,mohamm$ _h propagat$ 8 religion by fair means1 s t ! :ole success ( 8 ent]prise1 be=e 8 flight to ,m$9a1 mu/ be attribut$ to p]suasion only1 & n to compulsion4 ,= be=e ?is second oa? ( fealty or inauguration at al ,akaba1 he _h no p]mission to use any =ce at all2 & 9 sev]al places ( ! ,korn1 :i* he pret5d$ 7 reveal$ dur+ 8 /ay at ,mecca1 he decl>es 8 bus9ess 0 only to prea* & admoni%2 t he _h no au?ority to compel any p]son to embrace 8 religion2 & t :e!r p believ$ or n1 0 none ( 8 conc]n1 b belong$ solely to ,god4 ,& he 0 s f> f all[+ 8 foll[]s to use =ce1 t he exhort$ !m to be> pati5tly ^? injuries :i* 7 (f]$ !m on acc\nt ( _! fai?2 & :5 p]secut$ himself *ose r to quit ! place ( 8 bir? & retire to ,m$9a1 ?an to make any resi/ance4 ,b ?is great passiv5ess & mod]ation seems entirely ow+ to 8 want ( p[] & ! great sup]iority ( 8 oppressors = ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( 8 mission2 = no soon] 0 he enabl$ by ! assi/ance ( ^? ( ,m$9a to make head aga9/ 8 enemies1 ?an he gave out1 t ,god _h all[$ him & 8 foll[]s to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! infidels2 & at l5g?1 z 8 =ces increas$1 he pret5d$ to h ! div9e leave ev5 to attack !m1 & to de/roy idolatry1 & set up ! true fai? by ! sword2 f9d+ by exp]i5ce t 8 designs w\ld o!rwise proce$ v sl[ly1 if !y 7 n utt]ly ov]?r[n1 & kn[+ on ! o!r h& t innovators1 :5 !y dep5d solely on _! own /r5g?1 & c compel1 seldom run any risk2 f :5ce1 ! politician obs]ves1 x foll[s1 t all ! arm$ prophets h succe$$1 & ! un>m$ ones h fail$4 ,moses1 ,cyrus1 ,!seus & ,romulus w\ld n h be5 able to e/abli% ! obs]vance ( _! in/itutions = any l5g? ( "t _h !y n be5 arm$4 ,! fir/ passage ( ! ,korn1 :i* gave ,mohamm$ ! p]mission ( def5d+ himself by arms1 is said to h be5 t 9 ! tw5ty-second *apt]3 aft] :i* a great numb] to ! same purpose 7 reveal$4 ,t ,mohamm$ _h a "r to take up arms = 8 own def5ce aga9/ 8 unju/ p]secutors1 may p]haps be all[$2 b :e!r he ought aft]w>ds to h made use ( t means = ! e/abli%+ ( 8 religion1 is a "q :i* ,i w n "h det]m9e4 ,h[ f> ! secul> p[] may or ought to int]pose 9 affairs ( ?is nature1 mank9d are n agre$4 ,! me?od ( conv]t+ by ! sword gives no v fav\rable idea ( ! fai? :i* is s propagat$1 & is disall[$ by e body 9 ^? ( ano!r religion1 ?\gh ! same p]sons are will+ to admit ( x = ! advancem5t ( _! own2 suppos+ t ?\gh a false religion ought n to be e/abli%$ by au?ority1 yet a true "o may2 & accord+ly =ce is z con/antly employ$ 9 ^! cases by ^? :o h ! p[] 9 _! h&s z x is con/antly compla9$ ( by ^? :o suff] ! viol5ce4#cac ,i d n agree ) ^! words ( ,mr4 ,george ,sale reg>d+ ,mohammad1 & at l5g?1 z 8 =ces increas$1 he pret5d$ to h ! div9e leave ev5 to attack !m1 & to de/roy idolatry1 & set up ! true fai? by ! sword2 he nev] attack$ ! ,korei% or o!rs except 9 8 own def5ce4 ,! de/ruction ( idolatry 0 ! *ief mission ( ,mohammad1 & t ev5 0 n resort$ to by =ce ( arms4 ,!re 7 nei!r compulsory conv]sions nor 8 hi/ory po9ts to any extirpation ( ! idolat]s at ! po9t ( sword f _! native c\ntries1 z ! *ief objects ( 8 mission4 ,! p]secutions & civil discord 7 to be remov$ or put a /op to1 & =ce 0 us$ to repel =ce1 b no?+ m4 ,conv]sion by ! sword 0 n en=c$ on any proselyte by ,mohammad4 ,sid5ote3 #abj4 ,major ,osborn quot$4 ,major ,osborn has drawn a v d>k picture ( :at he calls ,! ,doctr9e ( ,jehad1 9 8 ,islam "u ! ,arabs4#cad ,! def5sive w>s ( ,mohammad are expla9$ by him z means ( livelihood cong5ial to ! ,arab m9d1 & c>ry+ ) x no /a9 ( disgrace or immorality4 ,?is 0 robb]y4 ,:y %\ld n ! fai?ful eke out _! scanty means by adopt+ ?is lucrative & hon\rable pr(ession1 :i* 0 op5 to ev]yone :o _h a sword & knew h[ to use x8444 ,surely1 to despoil ^! infidels & employ _! prop]ty to fe$ ! hungry & clo! ! nak$ among ! p ( ,god1 w\ld be a "w well pleas+ 9 ,8 sight4444 ,& ?us 0 ! fir/ advance made 9 ! conv]sion ( ! religion ( ,islam ) ! religion ( ! sword 7pages #df-dg74 ,aft] ?is ! ,major writes aga93 ,! n9? ,sura is t :i* conta9s ! ,prophet's proclamation ( w> aga9/ ! vot>ies ( all cre$s o!r ?an t ( ,islam 7page #eb74 ,!n he quotes sev]al v]ses1 "s ( !m half s5t5ces1 viol5tly di/ort$1 f ! eigh? & n9? ,suras1 9 a consecutive =m1 )\t giv+ ! numb]s4 ,^! are ,sura ,,ix1 #bj1 #cd1 #ce1 #hb1 #aba2 ,sura ,,viii1 #fg2 ,sura ,,ix1 #cf1 #e1 #bi1 #ai2 ,sura ,,xlvii1 #d2 ,sura ,,ix1 #e2 & ,sura ,,viii1 #db4 ,la/ly1 ! le>n$ ,major concludes by say+1--,su* 0 ! "* ( ! ,sacr$ ,w> enjo9$ ^u ! ,fai?ful4 ,x is ,muhammad's greate/ a*ievem5t & 8 wor/4 ,:5 subject$ himself to ! pa9s ( p]secution he _h le>n$ to p]ceive h[ p[]less 7 torm5ts appli$ to ! body to "w a *ange ( conviction 9 ! m9d4 ',let !re be no viol5ce 9 religion' _h !n be5 "o ( ! maxims he _h laid d[n4 ',unto e "o ( y1' he _h said 9 =m] days1 speak+ ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 'h we giv5 a law1 & an op5 pa?2 & if ,god _h pleas$ ,he _h surely made y "o p2 b ,he ha? ?\ght fit to give y diff]5t laws1 t he might try y 9 t :i* ,he ha? giv5 y respectively4 ,!re=e1 /rive to excel ea* o!r 9 good works2 unto ,god %all ye all return1 & !n w ,he decl>e unto y t conc]n+ :i* ye h disagre$4' ,b ! intoxication ( success _h long ago /ill$ ! voice ( 8 bett] self4 ,! ag$ ,prophet /&+ on ! br9k ( ! grave1 & leav+ z 8 la/ legacy a m&ate ( univ]sal w>1 irresi/ibly recalls1 by =ce ( contra/1 ! p>t+ words to 8 disciples ( ano!r religi\s tea*] t !y %\ld g =? & prea* a gospel ( peace to all nations4 ,nor less /rik+ 9 _! contra/ is ! response to ei!r m&ate2--! ,arab1 ) ! ,koran 9 "o h& & ! sword 9 ! o!r1 spread+ 8 cre$ amid ! gl>e ( burn+ cities1 & ! %rieks ( violat$ homes1 & ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/ work+ 9 ! moral d>kness ( ! ,roman _w ) ! g5tle b irresi/ible p[] ( light1 lay+ anew ! f\ndations ( society1 & cleans+ at _! s\rce ! pollut$ spr+s ( dome/ic & national life4 ,sid5ote3 #aba4 ,major ,osborn refut$4 ,! le>n$ au?or quot$ above has ei!r misund]/ood ! "* ( ! w>s ( ! ,prophet ( ,islam1 or has grossly misrepres5t$ x4 ,he errs 9 two po9ts3 ,fir/1 he makes ! w>s z w>s ( conque/1 compulsion1 & aggression1 :]eas !y 7 all und]tak5 9 ! def5ce ( ! civil & religi\s rights ( ! e>ly ,moslems1 :o 71 z ,i h said be=e1 p]secut$1 h>ass$1 & torm5t$ at ,mecca = _! religion1 & aft] a long p]iod ( p]secution ) occasional fre% & vigor\s measures1 7 condemn$ to sev]] & h>d] suff]+s1 7 expell$ f _! homes1 leav+ _! de> relations1 & religi\s bre?r5 to endure ! calamities ( ! p]secution1 & :ile tak+ refuge at ,m$9a 7 attack$ ^u by sup]ior numb]s1 sev]al ( ! surr\nd+ tribes ( ,arabs & ,jews jo9+ ! aggressive ,korei%1 mak+ ru9\s inroads & ?reat5+ ! ,moslems ) /ill great] & heavi] mis]ies4 ,f ?is /atem5t x w appe> t ^! w>s 7 nei!r ( conque/ nor ( compulsory conv]sion4 ,! second great mi/ake "u :i* ,major ,osborn seems to lab\r is t he takes ! injunctions ( w> aga9/ ! ,meccans or o!r aggressors z a g5]al obligation to wage w> aga9/ all unbeliev]s 9 ! ,moslem fai?4 ,9 fact1 ^! injunctions 7 only aga9/ ^? aggressors :o _h actually committ$ great encroa*m5ts on ! rights & lib]ties ( ! e>ly ,moslems1 & _h inflict$ v disa/r\s injuries on !m4 ,^! injunctions _h & h no?+ to d ) ! future guidance ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,sid5ote3 #abb4 ,! ,i,xth ,sura ( ! ,koran4 ,x is a great misrepres5tation on ! "p ( ,major ,osborn to ass]t t ! n9? ,sura is t :i* conta9s ! ,prophet's proclamation ( w> aga9/ ! vot>ies ( all cre$s o!r ?an t ( ,islam4 ,no /atem5t c\ld be f>!r f tru? ?an ?is ( 84 ,! n9? ,sura1 or1 m correctly1 ! beg9n+ or op5+ v]ses ( x1 conta9 ! ,prophet's proclamation ( w> aga9/ ^? ( ! ,meccan idolat]s1 :o1 9 violation ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 _h attack$ ! ,moslems4--7,sura ,,ix1 #d1 #h1 #aj1 #ab #ac1 vide pages #bc-be47 ,!y 7 all[$ f\r mon?s' "t 7,,ix1 #b1 #e7 to make t]ms4 ,!y submitt$1 & ,mecca 0 tak5 by compromise1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! ?reat5$ w> 0 nev] wag$4 ,^? :o _h n brok5 _! treaties 7 especially m5tion$1 ) :om ! proclamation or ! p]iod all[$ = peace _h no connection4--7,vide ,sura ,,ix1 #d1 #g1 quot$ above1 pages #bc-bd47 ,?us x is q cle> t ! proclamation ( w> 0 only aga9/ ! violators & aggressors1 & n aga9/ ! vot>ies ( all cre$s o!r ?an t ( ,islam4 ,i h fur!r discuss$ ! n9? ,sura 9 p>a4 #dj ( ?is "w4 ,! o!r v]ses ( ?is ,sura ref] to ! exp$ition ( ,tabk1 :i* 0 purely def5sive 9 its nature z has be5 describ$ 9 p>a4 #cc ( ?is book4 7,see also p>a4 #db47 ,sid5ote3 #abc4 ,! ,rev]5d ,:]ry quot$4 ,! ,rev]5d ,e4,m4 ,:]ry1 ,m4,a41 9 8 note on ,sale's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 says3-- ,?\gh ,muhammad und\bt$ly took ,moses z 8 patt]n1 & suppos$ himself foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps :5 he gave ! comm& to fight aga9/ ! infidels1 yet !re is no comp>ison betwe5 !m :atev] s f> z w>r+ aga9/ infidels is conc]n$4 ,! ,israelites 7 comm&$ to slay ! ,canaanites z div9ely orda9$ in/rum5ts ( de/ruction2 b ,muhammad inaugurat$ w> z a means ( proselytism4 ,! ,israelite 0 n p]mitt$ to proselytize f among ! ,canaanites1 7,exod4 ,,xxiii4 #bg-cc71 b ,muslims are requir$ to proselytize by sword-p[]4#cae ,mohammad nev] _h said t he did foll[ ! foot/eps ( ,moses 9 giv+ ! comm& ( fight+ 9 self-def5ce1 & 9 repell+ =ce by =ce4 ,!re c\ld be no comp>ison :atsoev] betwe5 ! w>s ( ,moses1 :i* 7 m]ely w>s ( conque/1 aggression1 ext]m9ation1 & expatriation1 & ^? ( ,mohammad wag$ only 9 self-def5ce4 ,mohammad did n inaugurate 8 c>e] by prosecut+ w> z a means ( proselytism1 & nev] did proselytiz$ any "o by ! %e] /r5g? ( ! sword4 ,mr4 ,t4,h4 ,horne1 ,m4,a41 writes reg>d+ ! extirpation ( ! ,canaanites3-- ,aft] ! "t ( ,god's =be>ance 0 expir$1 !y _h /ill ! alt]native1 ei!r to flee else:]e1 z 9 fact1 _m ( !m did1 or to surr5d] !mselves1 r5\nce _! idolatries1 & s]ve ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,comp>e ,deut4 ,,xx4 #aj-ag4caf ,?is 0 c]ta9ly compulsory conv]sion & proselytiz+ at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,sid5ote3 #abd4 ,example cit$ f ! ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,!re is only "o in/ance 9 ! ,koran 9 :i* an example is cit$ = ! w> ( def5ce by ,mohammad1 f ! ,jewi% ,hi/ory4 ,x is ! ask+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _! prophet ,samuel to raise up a k+ = !m to fight 9 _! def5ce aga9/ ! ,phili/9es1 :o _h v mu* oppress$ ! ,israelites4 ,saul 0 appo9t$ k+ ov] ! ,israelites1 & ,david kill$ ,golia?1 call$ ,jlut 9 ! ,koran1 :i* 0 9 def5ce ( ! ,israelites4 ,i h quot$ ! v]ses relat+ to ! above subject f ! ,koran 7,sura ,,ii1 #bdg & #beb7 9 page #ai? ( ?is "w4 ,ha/ ?\ n consid]$ ! assembly ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 :5 !y said to a prophet ( !irs1--',raise up = u a k+2 we w d battle = ! cause ( ,god8' ,he said1 ',may x n be t :5 fight+ is orda9$ y1 ye w\ld n fight8' ,!y said1 ',& :y %\ld we n fight 9 ! cause ( ,god1 s9ce we are driv5 =? f our dwell+s & our *ildr58'4444 ,?is %[s t :at ! ,koran or ,mohammad took z an example f ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews 0 only _! def5sive w>4 ,sid5ote3 #abe4 ,mosaic injunctions4 ,x is v unfair ( ! ,*ri/ians to make too mu* ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad1 :i* 7 purely ( a def5sive nature1 & (f] apologies = ! mo/ cruel w>s ( conque/ & ext]m9ation by ,moses1 ,jo%ua & o!r ,jewi% wor?ies "u ! express comm&s ( ,god4--7,vide ,numb]s ,,xxxi2 ,deut4 ,,xxi1 c47 ,b see :at ,mr4 ,:]ry says4 ,he writes 9 8 comm5ts on ! #aia v]se ( ! second ,sura ( ! ,koran4 7#aia74 ,kill !m1 c4 ,mu* is made ( expressions l ?is1 by "s ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 to %[ ! cruel "* ( ! ,arabian prophet1 & ! inf]5ce is !nce drawn t he 0 an impo/or & 8 ,qurn a fraud4 ,)\t d5y+ t ,muhammad 0 cruel1 we ?9k ?is mode ( assault to be v unsatisfactory to say ! lea/1 z x is capable ( be+ turn$ aga9/ ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,if ! claim ( ,muhammad to h receiv$ a div9e comm& to ext]m9ate idolatry by ! slaught] ( all imp5it5t idolat]s be admitt$1 ,i c see no objection to 8 practice4 ,! "q at issue is ?is4 ,did ,god comm& su* slaught] ( idolat]s1 z he comm&$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,canaanites or ( ! ,amalekites8 ,tak+ ! /& ( ! ,muslim1 t ,god did s comm& ,muhammad & 8 foll[]s1 8 morality 9 ?is respect may be def5d$ on precisely ! same gr\nd t ! morality ( ,moses & ,jo%ua is def5d$ by ! ,*ri/ian4#cag ,sid5ote3 #abf4 ,! ,revd4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes quot$4 ,! ,revd4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes 9 8 ,notes on ,muhammadanism writes3-- ,jihd 7lit4 'an ef=t'7 is a religi\s w> aga9/ ! infidels1 z enjo9$ by ,muhammad 9 ! ,qurn4 ,srat-un-,nisa 7,,vi47 ,fight !re=e = ! religion ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,god ha? inde$ promis$ ,p>adise to e "o4 ,b ,god ha? pref]r$ ^? :o fight = ! fai?4 7,,iv1 #ig47 ,srat-ul-,muhammad 7,,xlvii74 ,^? :o fight 9 ! def5ce ( ,god's true religion1 ,god w n suff] _! works to p]i%4 7,,xlvii1 #e47cah ,! fir/ v]se quot$ by ,mr4 ,hughes app]ta9s to ! w> ( def5ce4 ,! v]se 9 itself has express indications ( its relat+ to ! w> ( def5ce1 b ,mr4 ,hughes 0 n incl9$1 p]haps1 to copy x 9 full4 ,he m]ely quotes half a s5t5ce1 & %uts 8 eyes f o!r words & phrases ( ! same v]se4 ,! v]se has be5 quot$ 9 page #bj4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,fight !n on ! pa? ( ,god3 lay n burd5s on any b ?yself2 & /ir up ! fai?ful4 ,! p[]s ( ! infidels1 ,god w haply re/ra92 = ,god is /rong] 9 pr[ess1 & /rong] to puni%4--7,sura ,,iv1 #hf47 ,! sev]e p]secution1 ! int5se torture & mighty aggression ( ! ,meccans & _! allies is ref]r$ to 9 ! orig9al ^w ,bss1 r5d]$ pr[ess into ,engli% & ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s v]se #gg1 :i* %[s t ! w> h]e9 enjo9$ 0 to re/ra9 ! aggressions ( ! enemy & to repel =ce by =ce4 ,x is v unfair on ! "p ( ! ,revd4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes to twi/ or dislocate half a s5t5ce f a v]se & put x =? to demon/rate & prove a c]ta9 object ( 84 ,sid5ote3 #abg4 ,mean+ ( ,jihad4 ,! second v]se quot$ by ! same au?or is a m]e mi/ranslation4 ,!re is no su* ^w 9 ! orig9al :i* admits ( be+ r5d]$ z fight+4 ,! true translation ( ! s5t5ce quot$ above f ,sura ,,iv1 v]se #ig1 is z foll[s3-- ,good promises ha? he made to all4 ,b ,god ha? assign$ to ! /r5u\s a ri* recomp5se above ^? :o sit /ill at home4 ,! ^w r5d]$ /r5u\s is orig9ally mojahid 7plural ,mojahid91 f ,jihd71 :i* 9 classical ,arabic & ?r\gh\t ! ,koran means to d "o's utmo/1 to make ef=t1 to /rive1 to ex]t1 to employ "o's-self dilig5tly1 /udi\sly1 s$ul\sly1 e>ne/ly1 zeal\sly1 or ) en]gy1 & does n mean fight+ or w>f>e4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly appli$ to religi\s w>1 b 0 nev] us$ 9 ! ,koran 9 su* a s5se4 7,vide ,app5dix ,a47 ,sid5ote3 #abh4 ,sura ,,xlvii1 v4 #e4 ,! ?ird in/ance quot$ by ,mr4 ,hughes is also a mi/ranslation ( a s5t5ce 9 v]se #e1 ,sura ,,xlvii4 ,! orig9al ^w is kotel1 :i* means ^? :o are kill$1 & n ^? :o fight1 z expla9$ & translat$ by ! au?or4 ,! correct r5d]+ ( ! s5t5ce is ?is3 ,& ^? :o are kill$1 _! "w ,god w n suff] to misc>ry4 ,"s read ! ^w ktal1 :i* means ^? :o f\ght1 b ! g5]al & au?oriz$ read+ is kotel1 i4e41 ^? :o are kill$4 ,ev5 if x be tak5 = grant$ t ! =m] is ! correct read+1 x w be expla9$ by sev]al o!r v]ses :i* mean fight+ 9 def5ce1 & n fight+ aggressively1 :i* n only has be5 nev] taught 9 ! ,koran b is always prohibit$ 7,,ii1 #ahf74 ,! v]se to t effect runs ?us3-- ,& fight = ! cause ( ,god aga9/ ^? :o fight aga9/ y2 b commit n ! inju/ice ( attack+ !m fir/4 ,v]ily ,god love? n ! unju/4--7,,ii1 #ahf47 ,?is v]se p]mitt$ only def5sive w> & prohibit$ e aggressive measure4 ,all o!r v]ses m5tion$ 9 connection ) fight+ on ! "p ( ! ,moslems mu/ be int]pret$ 9 con=mity ) ?is4 ,sid5ote3 #abi4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,malcolm ,mac,coll quot$4 ,! ,rev4 ,malcolm ,mac,coll writes3-- ,! ,koran divides ! e>? into p>ts3 ,d>-ul-,islam1 or ! ,h\se ( ,islam2 & ,d>-ul-,h>b1 or ! ,h\se ( ! enemy4 ,all :o are n ( ,islam are ?us aga9/ x1 & x is accord+ly ! duty ( ! ,true ,believ]s to fight aga9/ ! infidels till !y accept ,islam1 or are de/roy$4 ,?is is call$ ! ,djihad or ,holy ,w>1 :i* c only end ) ! conv]sion or dea? ( ! la/ infidel on e>?4 ,x is ?us ! sacr$ duty ( ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful to make w> on ! non-,mussulman _w z occasion may (f]4 ,b ,d>-ul-,h>b or ! non-,mussulman _w1 is subdivid$ into ,idolat]s & ,ketabi1 or ',p ( ! ,book1'--i4e41 p :o possess div9ely inspir$ ,scriptures1 namely1 ,jews1 ,sam>itans1 & ,*ri/ians4 ,all ! inhabitants ( ,d>-ul-,h>b are infidels1 & consequ5tly outside ! pale ( ,salvation4 ,b ! ,ketabi are entitl$ to c]ta9 privileges 9 ?is _w1 if !y submit to ! conditions :i* ,islam imposes4 ,o!r infidels mu/ make _! *oice betwe5 "o ( two alt]natives--,islam or ! sword4 ,! ,ketabi are all[$ a ?ird alt]native1 namely1 submission & ! paym5t ( tribute4 ,b if !y refuse to submit1 & presume to fight aga9/ ! ,true ,believ]s1 !y lapse at once into ! condition ( ! re/ ( ,d>-ul-,h>b & may be summ>ily put to dea? or sold z slaves4#cai ,i am v sorry ! ,rev4 g5tleman is altoge!r wrong 9 8 ass]tions aga9/ ! ,koran4 ,!re is nei!r su* a division ( ! _w 9 ! ,koran1 nor su* words z ,d>-ul-,islam & ,d>-ul-,h>b are to be f\nd any:]e 9 x4 ,!re is no injunction 9 ! ,koran to ! ,true ,believ]s to fight aga9/ ! infidels till !y accept ,islam1 fail+ :i* !y are to be put to dea?4 ,! words ,d>-ul-,islam & ,d>-ul-,h>b are only to be f\nd 9 ! ,mohammadan ,common ,law1 & are only us$ 9 ! "q ( jurisdiction4 ,no ,moslem magi/rate w pass a s5t5ce 9 a crim9al case aga9/ a crim9al :o _h committ$ an (f5ce 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,! same is ! case 9 civil c\rts#cbj4 ,all ! inhabitants ( ,d>-ul-,h>b are n necess>ily infidels4 ,mohammadans1 ei!r p]man5tly or tempor>ily by obta9+ p]mission f ! sov]eign ( ! =eign l&1 c be ! inhabitants ( a ,d>-ul-,h>b1 a c\ntry out ( ! ,moslem jurisdiction1 or at w> ) x4 ,sid5ote3 #acj4 ,! unt5able !ories ( ! ,common ,law & conclusion4 ,x is only a !ory ( our ,common ,law1 9 its milit>y & political *apt]s1 :i* all[ wag+ unprovok$ w> ) non-,moslems1 exact+ tribute f ! p ( ! ,book1 & o!r idolat]s1 except ^? ( ,arabia1 = :i* ! ,hanafi ,code ( ! ,common ,law has no?+ %ort ( conv]sion to ,islam or de/ruction by ! sword4 ,z a rule1 our canonical legi/s support _! !ories by quotations f ! ,mohammadan ,reveal$ ,law1 i4e41 ! ,koran1 z well z f ! ,sonnah1 or ! traditions f ! ,prophet1 h[ev] absurd & unt5able may be _! process ( reason+ & argum5tative d$uctions4 ,9 ?is !ory ( wag+ w> )1 & exact+ tribute or ! capitation-tax f1 ! non-,moslem _w1 !y quote ! #i? & o!r ,suras4 ,^! v]ses h be5 copi$ & expla9$ else:]e 9 ?is book4 ,! casui/ic sophi/ry ( ! canonical legi/s 9 d$uc+ ^! w> !ories f ! ,koran is altoge!r futile4 ,^! v]ses relate only to ! w>s wag$ by ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s purely 9 _! self-def5ce4 ,nei!r ^! v]ses _h any?+ to d ) wag+ unprovok$ w> & exact+ tributes dur+ ,mohammad's "t1 nor c\ld !y be made a law = future milit>y conque/4 ,^! 7 only tempor>y 9 _! op]ations & purely def5sive 9 _! nature4 ,! ,mohammadan ,common ,law is by no means div9e or sup]human4 ,x mo/ly consi/s ( unc]ta9 traditions1 ,arabian usages & cu/oms1 "s frivol\s & =tuit\s analogical d$uctions f ! ,koran1 & a multitud9\s array ( casui/ical sophi/ry ( ! canonical legi/s4 ,x has n be5 held sacr$ or un*angeable by enlight5$ ,mohammadans ( any ,moslem c\ntry & 9 any age s9ce its compilation 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,hejira4 ,all ! ,mujtahids1 ,ahl ,hadis1 & o!r non-,mokallids _h _h no reg>d = ! f\r s*ools ( ,mohammadan religi\s jurisprud5ce1 or ! ,common ,law4 ,sid5ote3 ,sura ,,xlvii1 #af1 & ,sura ,,xlvii1 #d & #e4 ,sura ,,xlviii1 #af1 is n g5]ally quot$ by ! canonical legi/s 9 support ( _! !ory ( ,jehd1 b by "s few4 ,x is n 9 ! %ape ( a comm& or injunction2 x is 9 a prophetical tone3-- ,say to ^? ,arabs ( ! des]t :o /ay$ beh9d1 ,ye %all be call$ =? aga9/ a p ( mighty val\r2 ,ye %all d battle ) !m1 or !y %all submit 7,yoslemoon7#cba4444 ,! v]ses #d & #e ( ,sura ,,xlvii1 l all o!r v]ses on ! subject1 app]ta9 to ! w>s ( def5ce1 & no "o has ev] quot$ !m = w>s ( aggression4 ,^! v]ses h already be5 quot$ at page #he4 ,! abolition ( ! future slav]y z enjo9$ 9 ! #e? v]se has be5 treat$ sep>ately 9 ,app5dix ,b4 ,! ,arabs1 l o!r b>b>\s nations r\nd !m1 us$ ei!r to kill ! prison]s ( w> or to enslave !m2 b ?is injunction ( ! ,koran aboli%$ bo? ( ^! b>b>\s practices4 ,! prison]s h5ce=w>d 7 nei!r to be kill$ nor enslav$1 b 7 to be set at lib]ty ) or )\t ransom4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,ata1 a le>n$ legi/ ( ,mecca1 :o fl\ri%$ at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hegira1 & held a high rank !re z a juris-consult1 7vide p>a4 #aab7 held1 t ,jihad 0 only incumb5t on ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 & 0 n b9d+ on any "o else aft] !m4 ,see p>a4 #aab1 & ,tafsr ,majma-ul-,bayn by ,tabrasee "u ,sura ,,ii4 #bab4 ,footnote #bij3 ,! ,h$aya or ,guide2 or1 ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,mussulman ,laws1 translat$ by ,*>les ,hamilton2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,book ,,ix1 ,*4 ,i1 page #adj ,london1 ,,mdccxci4 ,footnote #bia3 ,! ,h$aya or ,guide2 or1 ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,mussulman ,laws1 translat$ by ,*>les ,hamilton2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,book ,,ix1 ,*4 ,i1 page #ada4 ,footnote #bib3 ,arab ,kattl2 mean+ w> 9 its op]ation1 su* z fight+1 slay+1 c4 ,footnote #bic3 ,! ,h$aya1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ada4 ,footnote #bid3 ,sura ,,ii1 #ahg4 ,footnote #bie3 ,! ,h$aya1 ) its comm5t>y call$ ,kifaya1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gjh4 ,calcutta ,m$ical ,press1 #ahcd4 ,z a g5]al rule ! ,mohammadan au?ors d n ref] to ! v]ses ( ! ,koran by _! numb]4 ,!y g5]ally quote ! fir/ s5t5ce1 or ev5 a portion ( x4 ,! ,no4 ( v]ses are m9e4 ,i h foll[$ ,fluegel & ,rodwell's numb]s ( v]ses 9 _! editions & translations ( ! ,koran4 ,footnote #bif3 ,kifaya z be=e4 ,footnote #big3 ,b9ayah1 a comm5t>y ( ! ,h$aya1 by ,a9ee4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 page #ghi4 ,footnote #bih3 ,"p4 ,,iii1 page #bai4 ,footnote #bii3 ,tuhfatul ,muhtj fi ,%>ah-al-,m9haj1 ,"p ,,iv1 page #acg4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,insan-ul-,oyoon1 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #bhi1 #bia4 ,*apt] on ,campaign4 ,footnote #cja3 ,sura ,,ix1 #e & #ab4 ,^! v]ses h be5 discuss$ at pages #ea-ee4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,! ,jihd w la/ till ! day ( ! ,resurrection4 ,i h be5 enjo9$ to fight ! p until !y confess !re is no god b ! ,god4 ,= ^! traditions see ! next p>a4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,vide ,a9ee's ,comm5t>y ( ! ,h$aya1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #gij4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,vide ,a9ee's ,comm5t>y ( ! ,h$aya1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #gih4 ,footnote #cje3 ,vide ,kzee ,budrude5 ,mahmood b9 ,ahm$ ,a9ee's 7:o di$ 9 #hee ,a4,h47 ,comm5t>y on ! ,h$aya call$ ,b9ayah1 & g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,a9ee1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ghi-ij1 ,book ( ,in/itute4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 by ,edw>d ,william ,lane2 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aag1 note3 fif? edition1 ,london1 #ahga4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bea-beb4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,! ,e>ly ,caliphate & ,rise ( ,islam1 be+ ! ,r$e ,lecture = #ahha1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge by ,sir ,william ,muir1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll4,d41 page #e1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,footnote #cji3 ,! ,hi/ory & ,conque/s ( ! ,s>ac5s1 by ,edw>d4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 pp4 #da-db2 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #caj3 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam2 ,! ,bible & ! ,koran2 by ! ,rev4 ,w4,r4,w4 ,/eph5s1 ,london1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ih-ii4 ,footnote #caa3 ,vide p>as4 #ag1 #bi1 #abf4 ,footnote #cab3 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism4 ,lectures deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,febru>y & ,m>* #ahgd1 by ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,second ,edition1 page #acg2 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #cac3 ,! ,koran1 by ,george ,sale4 ,! ,*&os ,classics4 ,! ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ,section ,,ii1 pp4 #cg-ch4 ,footnote #cad3 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #ahgf1 pp4 #df-ed4 ,footnote #cae3 ,a ,compreh5sive ,comm5t>y on ! ,qurn2 compris+ ,sale's ,translation & ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ) additional ,notes & ,em5dations1 by ! ,revd4 ,e4,m4 ,:]ry1 ,m4,a41 page #bbj2 ,london3 ,trbn] ,co41 #ahhb4 ,footnote #caf3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,critical ,/udy & ,k ( ! ,holy ,scripture1 by ,?omas ,h>twell ,horne1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ebd2 ,london4 #ahbh4 ,footnote #cag3 ,comm5t>y on ! ,qurn by ! ,revd4 ,:]ry1 page #ceh4 ,footnote #cah3 ,notes on ,muhammadanism2 be+ outl9es ( ! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,islam1 by ! ,revd4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes1 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 ,c4,m4,s41 ,mission>y to ! ,afghans1 page #bjf2 ,second ,edition1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #cai3 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 ,london1 ,decemb] #ahgg1 page #hcb4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,?is subject has be5 fully treat$ 9 my ,! ,propos$ ,political1 ,legal1 & ,social ,re=ms 9 ,moslem ,/ates1 pp4 #bb-be3 ,bombay ,education ,society ,press1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #cba3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ) o!r ,european translators ( ! ,koran1 translates ! ^w !y %all pr(ess ,islam 7,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ci1 footnote74 ,x ought to be translat$ !y %all submit4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! comm5tators & canonical legi/s 9 ?is ^w4 ,"s translate ! ^w ,yoslemoon %all pr(ess ,islam1 & o!rs %all submit4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! int]pretation ( ! same ^w is m]ely ( a sect>ian nature1 ea* p>ty wi%+ to s]ve _! own purpose4 ,^? legi/s :o held t ! poly!i/s & idolat]s may ei!r be f\ght aga9/ or be submitt$ to ! au?ority ( ,islam by be+ tribut>ies1 took ! ^w 9 its prop] s5se ( submission4 ,^? :o held t ! p ( ! ,book ought only to be made tribut>ies1 :ile all o!r idolat]s & poly!i/s %\ld be compell$ ei!r to p]i% or to embrace ,islam1 int]pret ! ^w te*nically to mean ! religion ( ,islam4 ,b z ! v]se is n a legal comm&1 we condemn at once ! casui/ic sophi/ry ( ! legi/s4 ,app5dix ,a ,,on ,,! ,,^w ,,jihad ,,z ,,occurr+ ,,9 ,,! ,,koran ,,& ,,wrongly ,,translat$ ,,w>f>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,jihd or ,jihd does n mean w> or crusade4 #a4 ,! popul> ^w ,jihd or ,jihd1 occurr+ 9 sev]al passages ( ! ,koran1 & g5]ally con/ru$ by ,*ri/ians & ,moslems alike z mean+ ho/ility or ! wag+ ( w> aga9/ infidels1 does n classically or lit]ally signify w>1 w>f>e1 ho/ility or fight+1 & is nev] us$ 9 su* a s5se 9 ! ,koran4 ,! ,arabic t]ms = w>f>e or fight+ are ,h>ab & ,kitl4 ,sid5ote3 ,classical mean+ ( ,jihd1 c4 #b4 ,! words ,jahada1 & ,jhada signify t a p]son /rove1 lab\r$ or toil$2 ex]t$ himself or 8 p[]1 or ef=ts1 or endeav\rs1 or ability employ$ himself vigor\sly1 dilig5tly1 /udi\sly1 s$ul\sly1 e>ne/ly or ) en]gy2 0 dilig5t or /udi\s1 took pa9s or extraord9>y pa9s#cbb2 = example1 ! t]m ,jhada fil-amr signifies t a p]son did 8 utmo/ or us$ 8 utmo/ p[]s1 or ef=ts1 or endeav\rs1 or ability 9 prosecut+ an affair4#cbc ,! inf9itive n\n ,jihdan also means difficulty or emb>rassm5t1 di/ress1 affliction1 tr\ble1 inconv5i5ce1 fatigue1 or we>9ess4#cbd ,jauh>ce1 a lexicologi/ ( great repute1 ^: "w is conf9$ to classical t]ms & _! significations1 says 9 8 ,sihh t ,jhada fi ,sabeelillah or ,mojhadatan & ,jihdan & also ,ajtahada & ,tajhada mean exp5d+ p[] & ef=t4 ,fayoomee1 au?or ( ,misbahel ,mone]1 :i* conta9s a v l>ge collection ( classical words & phrases ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 also says t ,jhada fi ,sabeelillah ,jihdan & ,ajtahada fil ,amr mean he exp5d$ 8 utmo/ ef=ts & p[] 9 seek+ to atta9 an object4 ,sid5ote3 ,po/-classical or te*nical mean+ ( ,jihd4 #c4 ,x is only a po/-classical & te*nical mean+ ( ,jihd to use ! ^w z signify+ fight+ aga9/ an enemy4 ,mr4 ,lane says1 ,jahada came to be us$ by ! ,moslems to signify g5]ally he f\ght1 w>r$ or wag$ w> aga9/ unbeliev]s & ! l4 ,?is signification is n[ giv5 by ^? lexicologi/s :o d n re/rict !mselves to ! def9ition ( classical t]ms or significations1 l ! au?or ( ,kmoos4 ,mr4 ,lane1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ,maddool ,kmoos an ,arabic-,engli% lexicologi/1 cle>ly %[s t ! def9ition ( ,jihd1 z ! act ( wag+ w>1 is only ( ,moslem orig9 & is n classical4 ,& ,i w %[ 9 sequ5ce t ! ,moslem usage ( ,jihd1 z signify+ ! wag+ ( w>1 is a po/-,koranic usage1 & t 9 ! ,koran x is us$ classically & lit]ally 9 its natural s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,classical tongue & ,arabian poets4 #d4 ,:at is call$ ! classical language ( ,arabia or ! loghat1 & is an au?ority = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,arabic t]ms & _! significations1 is ! language :i* 0 spok5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,p59sula previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ,mohammad4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mohammad ! language 0 rapidly corrupt$ by ! introduction ( =eign words4 ,?is 0 d\btless ow+ to ! great ext5sion ( ! ,mohammadan p[] at ?is p]iod4 ,! classical poets are ^? :o di$ be=e ^! great conque/s 7 effect$1 & are ! mo/ reliable au?orities = ,arabic words & _! significations1 & !y are call$ ,jhil4 ,next to ! classical poets are ! po/-classical1 or ,mokhadrams1 ,islmi & ,m[allads4 ,mokhadram is a poet :o liv$ p>tly be=e & p>tly aft] ,mohammad1 & :o did n embrace ,islmism dur+ ! life ( ! ,prophet4 ,! ,islmi poets are ! ,mohammadan poets ( ! fir/ & second c5turies ( ! ,hejira1 & ,m[allads1 ! poets ( ! f\r? rank1 foll[$ ! ,islmis4 ,! e>lie/ classical poets date only a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,mohammad1 & ! late/1 ab\t a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,islmi poets is ! fir/ & second c5turies1--i4e41 ^? :o liv$ aft] ! fir/ corruption ( ! ,arabic language1 b be=e ! corruption _h become ext5sive4 ,! ,m[allads co-exi/$ ) ! g5]al & rapid corruption ( ! language f ! beg9n+ or middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conjugation & decl5sion ( ,jahd & ,jihd #e4 ,! words ,jahd & ,jihd & _! d]ivations1 am\nt+ to f\rte5 9 numb]1 occur 9 ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,koran3-- #a4 ,jhada ,*apt] xxix1 #e2 ix1 #ai4 #b4 ,j_hka ,d4 xxxi1 #ad1 xxix1 #g4 #c4 ,jhadoo ,d4 ii1 #bae2 viii1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf2 ix1 #af1 #bj1 #hi2 xlix1 #ae2 iii1 #acf2 xvi1 #aaa2 xxix1 #fi4 #d4 ,yojhido ,d4 xxix1 #e4 #e4 ,yojhidoona ,d4 v1 #ei4 #f4 ,yojhidoo ,d4 ix1 #dd1 #hb4 #g4 ,tojhidoona ,d4 lxi1 #aa4 #h4 ,jihd ,d4 xxv1 #ed2 xxii1 #gg2 ix1 #bd2 lx1 #a4 #h499 ,jahd ,d4 v1 #eh2 vi1 #aji2 xvi1 #dj2 xxiv1 #eb2 xxxv1 #dj4 #i499 ,johd ,d ix1 #hj4 #aj4 ,jhid ,d4 ix1 #gd2 lxvi1 #i4 #aa4 ,jhidhoom ,d4 xxv1 #ed4 #ab4 ,mojhidna ,d4 iv1 #ig2 bis4 xlvii1 #cc4 #ac4 ,mojhidoona ,d4 iv1 #ig4 #ad4 ,jhidoo ,d4 v1 #ci2 ix1 #da1 #hg2 xxii1 #gg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! ,koran4 #f4 ,!re are altoge!r #cf v]ses 9 ! ,koran conta9+ ! words not$ above1 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s & v]ses3-- ,*apt] ii1 #bae4 ,d4 iii1 #acf4 ,d4 iv1 #ig4 ,d4 v1 #ci1 #eh1 #ei4 ,d4 vi1 #aji4 ,d4 viii1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf4 ,d4 ix1 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #da1 #dd1 #gd1 #hj1 #hb1 #hg1 #hi4 ,d4 xvi1 #dj1 #aaa4 ,d4 xxii1 #gg4 ,d4 xxiv1 #eb4 ,d4 xxv1 #ed4 ,d4 xxix1 #e1 #g1 #fi4 ,d4 xxxi1 #ad4 ,d4 xxxv1 #dj4 ,d4 xlvii1 #cc4 ,d4 xlix1 #ae4 ,d4 xl1 #a4 ,d4 xli1 #aa4 ,d4 xlvi1 #i4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 :at s5se !y are us$ 9 ! ,koran4 #g4 ,out ( ! above1 ! v]ses conta9+ ! words ,jahd & ,johd1--i4e41 v1 #eh2 vi1 #aji2 xvi1 #dj2 xxiv1 #eb2 xxxv1 #dj2 & ix1 #hj1 m>k$ 991 are altoge!r out ( dispute1 z 9 all ! =m] passages1 except ! la/ "o1 its obvi\s mean+ is mo/ or utmo/ solemn oa?s1#cbe or mo/ en]getic oa?s or /ronge/ or mo/ =cible oa?s1#cbf & ! latt] signifies small provisions ^u :i* a man possess+ a little prop]ty c live ) difficulty4 ,! re/ are ( two k9ds--fir/1 ! v]ses occurr+ 9 ! ,meccan ,suras4 ,z !n ! ,moslems _h n resort$ to arms 9 _! def5ce1 ?\gh suff]+ f p]secutions1 ,mohammadan comm5tators & juri/s & ,*ri/ian writ]s are unanim\s 9 con/ru+ ,jihd 9 its natural s5se ( ex]tion1 ef=t1 en]gy1 & pa9/ak+4 ,secondly1 ! v]ses conta9+ ! same words occurr+ 9 ! ,m$9a ,suras1 :i* 7 reveal$ or publi%$ :5 ! ,moslems _h tak5 arms 9 _! def5ce4 ,z reg>ds ?is p]iod1 ! words are consid]$ to h an entirely new & an altoge!r =tuit\s mean+1 viz41 a religi\s w> ( aggression4 ,ev5 "s v]ses ( ?is p]iod are r5d]$ by ,mohammadans & ,*ri/ians 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv5tional significations ( ,jihd4 #h4 ,i fully admit t 9 ! po/-classical language ( ! ,arabs1--i4e41 t 9 use subsequ5t to ! "t ( ,mohammad1 :5 ! language 0 rapidly corrupt$1 ! ^w ,jihd 0 us$ to signify w>f>e or fight+1 b ?is 0 9 a milit>y s5se4 ,s9ce t p]iod ! ^w has come to be us$ z mean+ ! wag+ ( a w> or a crusade only 9 milit>y tactics1 & m rec5tly x f\nd its way 9 ! same s5se into ! ,mohammadan law-books & lexicons ( lat] dates4 ,b ! subsequ5t corrupt or po/-classical language _c be accept$ z a f9al or ev5 a satisfactory au?ority ^u ! po9t4 ,x 0 decid$ by common cons5t1 says ,mr4 ,edw>d ,william ,lane1 9 8 ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon 7,preface1 pp4 viii & ix71 t no poet1 nor any o!r p]son1 %\ld be tak5 z an absolute & unque/ionable au?ority ) respect to ! words or _! significations1 ! gramm>1 or ! prosody ( ! classical language1 unless he 7 "o :o _h di$ be=e ! promulgation ( ,el-,islm1 or :o _h liv$ p>tly be=e & p>tly aft] t ev5t2 or1 z !y t]m x1 unless he 7 a ',jhilee' or a ',mukhadram1' or 7z "s pron\nce x7 ',mukhadrim1' or ',muhadram' or ',muhadrim4' ,a poet ( ! class next aft] ! ,mukhadrams is t]m$ an ',islmee3' & z ! corruption ( ! language _h become consid]able 9 8 "t1 ev5 among ^? :o aim$ at *a/5ess ( spee*1 he is n cit$ z an au?ority absolutely & unque/ionably l ! two prec$+ classes4 ,a poet ( ! next class1 :i* is ! la/1 is t]m$ ',muwell$2' he is absolutely po/-classical2 & is cit$ z an unque/ionable au?ority ) respect only to ! rhetorical sci5ces4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod ( ! ,muwell$s is n di/9ctly /at$3 b x mu/ h prec$$ ! middle ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,flight2 = ! classical age may be correctly def9$ z hav+ ne>ly end$ ) ! fir/ c5tury1 :5 v few p]sons born be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ,el-,islm ?r\gh ,arabia 7 liv+4 ,?us ! be/ ( ! ,islmi poets may be reg>d$1 & are g5]ally reg>d$1 z hold+ classical rank1 ?\gh n z be+ absolute au?orities ) respect to ! words & ! significations1 ! gramm>1 & ! prosody ( ! classical language4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,*5ry1 ,m4,a41 writes3#cbg-- ,)9 a c5tury ( ,mohammad's flight f ,mecca1 ! ,moslem empire /ret*$ f ,ka%g> & ,mooltan to ,morocco & ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,arab man ( lett]s 0 expos$ to ! corrupt+ prop9quity ( m5 ( v diff]5t races4 ,only a poet ( ,ignorance1 t is1 "o :o di$ be=e ! prea*+ ( ,islam1 or a ,mokhadram1 t is1 :o 0 contempor>y ) x1 0 look$ ^u z ( p>am\nt & unque/ionable au?ority4 ,an ,islmi1 t is1 "o :o 0 born aft] ! rise ( ,islam1 0 ( lea/ consid]ation1 & aft] ! fir/ c5tury1 ! poets are call$ ,muwalladn & are only quot$ = _! lit]>y beauties1 & n z au?orities = ! ,arab tongue4 ,sid5ote3 ,mohammadan comm5tators1 c41 quot$4 #i4 ,all comm5tators1 p>aphra/s1 & jurisconsults admit t ! prim>y & orig9al signification ( ! words ,jahad & ,jihd is p[]1 ability1 & toil1 & t its use1 z mak+ w>s or crusades1 is conv5tional & figurative4 ,ibn ,attiah says reg>d+ v]se #fi1 ,*apt] ,,xxix1 t x is ,meccan1 & 0 reveal$ be=e ! enjo9+ ( ! ,orfee or conv5tional ,jihd 7vide ,fat-hul bayan fi maquasidil ,koran1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #eag1 by ,siddik ,hussan74 ,khateeb ,koo/lane1 9 8 ,ir%aduss>i1 a p>aphrase ( ,bokh>i1 says t ,jihd is d]iv$ f ,jahd1 :i* means toil & lab\r1 or f ,johd1 :i* means p[]4 ,& 9 te*nical language x means fight+ ) infidels to assi/ ,islam 7,vol4 ,v1 page #bf74 ,mohammad ,allaudd9 ,al ,haskafi 7di$ #ajhh ,a4,h471 ! au?or ( ,dur-ral-,mukhtr1 a comm5t>y on ,tanviral ,absr1 by ,%eikh ,mohammad ,al ,tam>t%i 7di$ #ajjd71 says 9 ! *apt] on ,jihd1 t 9 ! classical language x is ! inf9itive n\n ( ,jhada fi ,sabil-,allah1 & 9 ! language ( ! law x means invit+ ! infidels to ! true fai? & fight+ ) him :o does n accept x4 ,& ,ibn bid9 ,%mi1 9 8 annotation on ! above "w1 says3 ,! inf9itive n\n ( ,jhada means to d "o's utmo/1 & t x is g5]al1 & includes any p]son :o supports all t is reasonable & =bids :at is wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 ! ^w ,jihd 0 div]t$ f its orig9al signification to its figurative mean+ ( wag+ religi\s w>8 #aj4 ,x is admitt$ by all lexicologi/s1 comm5tators1 & jurisconsults t ,jihd 9 classical ,arabic means to lab\r1 /rive e>ne/ly1 & t ! *ange ( its mean+ or ! te*nical signification occurr$ only 9 ! po/-classical p]iod1 i4e41 long aft] ! publication ( ! ,koran4 ,x is obvi\sly improp]1 !re=e1 to apply ! po/-classical mean+ ( ! ^w :]e x occurs 9 ! ,koran4 ,?is fact is fur!r admitt$ by all ! ,mohammadan comm5tators & ,engli% translators ( ! ,koran1 :o r5d] ! ^w 9 its orig9al & lit]al mean+ 9 all ! ,meccan & 9 ! e>ly ,m$9ite ,suras or ,*apt]s ( ! ,koran4#cbh ,x is only 9 a few ( ! late/ *apt]s ( ! ,koran publi%$ at lat] dates at ,m$9a1 t !y 7! comm5tators & translators7 deviate f ! orig9al mean+1 & pref] ! subsequ5t unclassical & te*nical signification ( wag+ w> or crusade4 ,sid5ote3 ,all v]ses ( ! ,koran conta9+ ! ^w ,jihd & its d]ivation quot$ & expla9$4 #aa4 ,i h]e9 place 9 juxtaposition ! sev]al ,engli% translations ( ! ^w ,jihd1 toge!r ) its etymological d]ivation & sev]al grammatical =ms1 to %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,mr4 ,george ,sale & ! ,rev4 ,j4,m4 ,rodwell & o!r ,european au?ors g5]ally give ! lit]al1 orig9al1 & classical mean+2 & 9 ! second place1 to %[ h[ !y diff] 9 giv+ v>i\s mean+s1 lit]al & te*nical1 9 "s passages to ! same ^w 9 ! same v]ses4 ,x w be obs]v$ f a p]usal ( ! /atem5t1 t ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rodwell1 ,m4,a41 is m correct ?an ! e>lie/ ,engli% translator ( ! ,koran1 ,mr4 ,george ,sale1 & ! late/1 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,palm]4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ unsatisfactory ( all 9 ?is respect1 z ev]y:]e1 except 9 six places--,,xxix1 #g2 ,v1 #ci1 #ei2 ,,iv1 #ig2 & ,,ix1 #gd1 #hi--;he translates ,jihd z mean+ fight+--a circum/ance :i* n unnaturally leads to ! supposition t he _h paid b slight he$ to ! context4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,,xxxi4 #ad ,j_hka ,/rive ,endeav\r to prevail ,/rive4 #b ,,xxv4 #ed ,jhid1 ,jihdan4 ,oppose !m h]e) ) /rong opposition4 ,by means ( ! ,koran /rive aga9/ !m ) a mighty /rife4 ,fight /r5u\sly2 /r5u\s fight4 #c ,,xxii4 #gg ,jhidoo ,fight 9 ! def5ce ( ,god's religion4 ,d valiantly ,fight /r5u\sly4 #d ,,xvi4 #aaa ,jhadoo ,h s9ce s\ght 9 ! def5ce ( ! true religion4 ,f\ght ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 #e ,,xxix4 #e ,jhada ,/rive? ,make? ef=ts ,fight /r5u\sly2 fight /r5u\sly4 #f ,,xxix4 #g ,j_hka ,endeav\r ,/rive ,/rive4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #g ,,xxix4 #fi ,jhadoo ,utmo/ endeav\r ,made ef=ts ,fight /r5u\sly4 #h ,,xvi4 #dj ,jahd ,mo/ solemnly ,mo/ sacr$ ,mo/ /r5u\s4 #i ,,xxxv4 #dj ,jahd ,mo/ solemn ,mightie/ ,mo/ /r5u\s4 #aj ,,ii4 #bae ,jhadoo ,fight 9 ,god's cause ,fight ,wage w>4 #aa ,,iii4 #acf ,jhadoo ,^? :o f\ght /r5u\sly4 ,did valiantly ,f\ght well4 #ab ,,viii4 #gc ,jhadoo be-am-walhim-w-anfosa-him4 ,employ$ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons 9 fight = ! religion ( ,god4 ,sp5t _! sub/ance & !mselves = ! cause ( ,god4 ,f\ght /r5u\sly ) _! weal? & p]son4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ac ,,viii4 #ge ,jhadoo ,h f\ght = ,god's true religion4 ,f\ght ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 #ad ,,viii4 #gf ,jhadoo ,h f\ght ) y4 ,f\ght ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 #ae ,,vi4 #aji ,jahd ,mo/ solemn ,mo/ b9d+ ,mo/ /r5u\s #af ,,xlvii4 #cc ,mojhidna ,:o fight valiantly ,valiant ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 #ag ,,lxi4 #aa ,jhidoo ,def5d ,god's true religion ) y\r sub/ance & 9 y\r p]son4 ,d valiantly ,to fight /r5u\sly4 #ah ,,iv4 #ig #a/4 ,mojhidna #a/4 ,^? :o employ _! =tune & _! p]sons = ! religion ( ,god4 #a4 ,def5d ,god's true religion valiantly4 #a4 ,/r5u\s4 #bnd4 ,mojhid9a4 #bnd4 ,^? :o employ _! =tune & p]sons4 #b4 ,cont5d e>ne/ly4 #b4 ,/r5u\s4 #crd4 ,mojhid9a4 #crd4 ,^? :o fight #c4 ,/r5u\s #c4 ,/r5u\s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ai ,,xxiv4 #eb ,jahd ,mo/ solemn ,mo/ solemn ,mo/ /r5u\s4 #bj ,,lxvi4 #i ,jhid ,attack ! hypocrites ) argum5ts4 ,make w> ,fight /r5u\sly4 #ba ,,ix4 #gd ,jhid ,wage w> ,cont5d ,/rive /r5u\sly4 #bb ,,lxi4 #a ,jihadan ,to fight 9 ! def5ce ( my religion4 ,to fight ,fight+ /r5u\sly4 #bc ,,xlix4 #e ,jhadoo ,:o employ _! sub/ance & _! p]son 9 ! def5ce ( ,god's true religion4 ,cont5d ) _! sub/ance & _! p]son4 ,fight /r5u\sly ) _! weal? & _! p]sons4 #bd ,,ix4 #af ,jhadoo ,^? among y :o s\ght = 8 religion4 ,valiantly ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #be ,,ix4 #ai ,jhada ,fighte? ,fighte? ,/r5u\s4 #bf ,,ix4 #bj ,jhadoo ,f\ght = 8 religion4 ,d valiantly ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 #bg ,,ix4 #bd ,jihdan ,advancem5t ,ef=ts ,fight+ /r5u\sly4 #bh ,,ix4 #da ,jhidoo ,employ y\r sub/ance & y\r p]son = ! advancem5t ( ,god's religion4 ,cont5d ) y\r sub/ance & ) y\r p]son4 ,fight /r5u\sly ) y\r weal? & y\r p]sons4 #bi ,,ix4 #dd ,yojhidoo ,employ+ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons = ! advancem5t ( ,god's true religion4 ,cont5d+ ) y\r sub/ance & y\r p]son4 ,fight+ /r5u\sly4 #cj ,,ix4 #hb ,yojhidoo ,employ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons = ! advancem5t ( ,god's true religion4 ,cont5d+ ) _! ri*es & _! p]sons4 ,fight+ /r5u\sly ) _! weal? & _! p]sons4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ca ,,ix4 #hg ,jhidoo ,g =? to w> ,cont5d ,fight /r5u\sly4 #cb ,,ix4 #hi ,jhidoo ,expose _! =tunes & _! lives4 ,cont5d ) purse & p]sons4 ,/r5u\s ) _! weal? & ) _! p]son4 #cc ,v4 #ci ,jhidoo ,fight = 8 religion4 ,cont5d e>ne/ly ,be /r5u\s4 #cd ,v4 #eh ,jhd ,mo/ firm ,mo/ solemn ,mo/ /r5u\s4 #ce ,v4 #ei ,yojahidoona ,!y %all fight = ! religion ( ,god4 ,w !y cont5d ,/r5u\s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s]ial ,no4 ,no4 ( ! ,*apt] & ! ,v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,orig9al ,words4 ---------------------------- ,george ,sale's ,translation4 ,,engli% ,rev4 ,rodwell's ,translation4 ,h5ry ,palm]'s ,translation4 ,,translations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ab4 ,! above v]ses quot$ ) rem>ks4 ,i w n[ proce$ to give a correct translation ( all ! v]ses ( ! ,koran ref]r$ to above1 9 ! *ronological ord] ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,koran z f> z x is asc]ta9$ toge!r ) my obs]vations & rem>ks on !m1 & quotations f ,mohammadan comm5tators :5 necess>y4 ,i4--,,! ,,meccan ,,suras4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,lokman1 ,,xxxi1 #ad4 #ac4 ,b if !y ex]t _! utmo/ 7,j_hka7 to make !e to jo9 t ) ,me ( :i* ?\ had/ no k1 obey !m n4 ,*apt] ,,xxxi is "o ( ! olde/ ( ! ,meccan ,suras1 hav+ be5 reveal$ betwe5 ! six? & t5? ye> ( ! ,prophet's mission4 ,! admonition relates to a man's behavi\r to 8 p>5ts4 ,he is enjo9$ to treat !m ) k9dness1 b n to obey !m if !y lead him to poly!ism4 ,"h ,j_h means if !y two 7p>5ts7 task or toil !e1 or make ef=ts & endeav\r 7t ?\ %\ld/ associate any god ) ,god71 & none ( ! translators & comm5tators take ! ^w to mean ! mak+ ( w> or ho/ilities or fight+4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,furkan1 ,,xxv1 #ec1 #ed4 #ad4 ,moreov] _h ,we pleasur$ ,we _h c]ta9ly rais$ up a w>n] 9 e city4 ,d n !n obey ! unbeliev]s1 b by means ( ?is 7,jhid7 ex]t ) !m ) a 7,jihadan kabir7 /r5u\s ex]tion 7or lab\r ) great lab\r74 ,?is evid5tly relates to ! ,koran1 or ! w>n+ m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 & x is wrong to translate ,jihd z mean+ to fight /r5u\sly ) !m1 or z incit+ to /r5u\s fight+ z translat$ by ,h5ry ,palm] 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hh74 ,mr4 ,sale & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rodwell d n translate x fight+1 & s ,mohammadan comm5tators4 ,fakhr-ud-d9 ,razi 7di$ #fjf ,a4,h471 ! ,imam1 9 8 great comm5t>y says3 ,"s say ,jhid hoom bih ,jihdn ,kabir means to make ef=ts 9 prea*+1 b "s say x meant fight+1 & o!rs say x meant bo?2 b ! =m] is ne>] ! tru?1 z ! *apt] 0 reveal$ at ,mecca1 & ! comm& = fight+ 0 issu$ aft] ! ,flight1 "s "t aft]w>ds 7,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #dij74 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,! ,pilgrimage1#cbi ,,xxii1 #gf1 #gh4 #ae4 ,believ]s6 b[ d[n ) wor%ip y\r ,"l & "w righte\sness1 haply ye may prosp]4 ,& 7',jhidoo'7 make ef=ts 9 ,god1 z 7,jihdehi7 y\r mak+ ef=ts is ,8 due1 ,he ha? elect$ y1 & ha? n laid on y any h>d%ip 9 religion1 ! ,fai? ( y\r fa!r ,abraham4 ,he ha? nam$ y ! ,muslims4 ,messrs4 ,sale & ,palm] translate ! ^w "h z mean+ fight+1 :i* is wrong1 z x is unclassical & n lit]al4 ,rodwell translates x d valiantly1 & ,sir ,william ,muir says x is us$ 9 ! m g5]al s5se 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cb74 ,?is v]se is a brief & concise v]sion ( ! great maxim 9 ,deut4 ,,vi4 #e2 ,m>k ,,xii4 #cj2 & ,luke ,x4 #bg1-- ,?\ %alt love ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d1 & ) all ?y /r5g?4 ,see also ,luke ,,xiii4 #bd3 ,/rive to ent] 9 at ! /raight gate4 ,sid5ote3 7#d7 ,! ,bee1 ,,xvi1 #ajh1 #aaa4 #af4 ,:oso aft] he ha? believ$ 9 ,god d5ie? ,him if he 7 =c$ to x1 & if 8 he>t rema9 /eadfa/ 9 ! fai?1 %all be guiltless2 b :oso op5e? 8 he>t to infidelity--on !m1 9 t case1 %all be wra? f ,god1 & a sev]e puni%m5t awaite? !m4 ,to ^? also :o aft] _! trials fl$ _! c\ntry1 !n 7,jhadoo7 toil$ & endur$ ) pati5ce4 ,v]ily1 ?y ,"l w aft]w>ds be =giv+1 graci\s4 ,dr4 ,spr5g] 7,life ( ,mohammad1 p4 #aei7 expla9s ?is v]se ( ! sev5 slaves pur*as$ & manumitt$ by ,abu ,bekr4 ,!y _h be5 tortur$ = pr(ess+ ,islam1 %ortly aft] ,mohammad assum$ ! prophetic (fice4 ,! flight ref]r$ to 9 v]se #aaa? is ! e>ly ,abyss9ian flight4 ,^! v]ses relate to ! p]secutions endur$ by humble & ne$y ,moslems f _! t[nspeople ( ,mecca4 ,^! ,moslems1 aft] be+ p]secut$ & =c$ z f> z d5y+ ,god1 :ile _! rema9+ /eadfa/ 9 ! fai?1 _h to flee else:]e1 & !n suff]$ mu* 9 _! w&]+s2 b !y endur$ _! lab\rs & fatigues1 losses1 disadvantages bo? 9 body & m9d1 pati5tly4 ,!re is no allusion to fight+ or wag+ w>4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rodwell & ,mr4 ,palm] are bo? wrong 9 translat+ ',jhadoo' z fight+4 ,sale is "r 9 n translat+ x z fight+1 b he is too p>aphra/ic :5 he translates1 & :o h s9ce f\ght 9 def5ce ( ! true religion1 z _! ,jihd 0 only _! great ex]tion & toil 9 suff]+ f p]secutions4 ,sid5ote3 7#e7 ,! ,spid]1 ,,xxix1 #e4 #ag4 ,& :oso 7',jhada'7 lab\rs 7',yojhido'7 toils = 8 own good only4 ,v]ily ,god is indep5d5t ( all ! worlds4 ,mr4 ,palm] is wrong 9 mak+ ,jhada & ,yojhido to mean fight+ /r5u\sly4 ,mr4 ,sale & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,rodwell are "r 9 translat+ by /rive? & ef=ts respectively1 & s is ,sir ,w4 ,muir 9 tak+ x into1 :at he /yles1 ! g5]al s5se ( ! v]se 7,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cb74 ,sid5ote3 7#f7 ,! ,spid]1 ,,xxix1 #g4 #ah4 ,moreov] ,we h enjo9$ on man to %[ k9dness to p>5ts1 b if !y 7,j_h7 /rive ) !e 9 ord] t ?\ jo9 t ) ,me ( :i* ?\ ha/ no k1 !n obey !m n4 ,to ,me d ye return1 & ,i w tell y ( y\r do+s4 ,none ( ! comm5tators take ! ^w ,j_h 9 ?is passage to mean fight+ or crusade1 & x is difficult1 !re=e1 to und]/& :y ! ^w %\ld h be5 di/ort$ f its prop] lit]al & classical mean+ 9 o!r places ( ! same book4 ,sid5ote3 7#g7 ,! ,spid]1 ,,xxix1 #fi4 #ai4 ,& ^? :o 7,jhadoo7 made ef=ts = ,u1 9 our pa? w we surely guide2 = v]ily ,god is ) ^? :o d righte\s de$s4 ,mr4 ,palm] translates ! ^w "h z mean+ f\ght1 contr>y to ,mr4 ,sale1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rodwell1 & ,sir ,william ,muir1 :o translate x endeav\r1 ef=t1 & /rive4 ,! conv5tional t]m ,jihd1 mean+ crusade or w>f>e1 0 n 9 use 9 ! "t ( ! revelation ( ! ,koran4 ,sid5ote3 7#h7 ,! ,bee1 ,,xvi1 #dj4 #bj4 ,& !y swe> by ,god ) _! 7,jahd7 utmo/ oa?s t ',god w nev] raise him :o once is dead4' ,nay2 b on ,him is a promise b9d+ ?\gh mo/ m5 "k x n4 ,sale r5d]s ! ^w mo/ solemnly2 ,rodwell1 mo/ sacr$ oa?2 ,palm]1 mo/ /r5u\s oa?4 ,sid5ote3 7#i7 ,creator1 ,,xxxv1 #dj4 #ba4 ,!y swore by ,god ) _! 7,jahd7 utmo/ oa? t %\ld a prea*] come to !m !y w\ld yield to guidance m ?an any p3 b :5 ! prea*] came to !m1 x only increas$ 9 !m _! e/rangem5t4 ,sale's r5d]+ is mo/ solemn oa?1 ,rodwell's1 mightie/ oa?1 & ,palm]'s1 mo/ /r5u\s oa?4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,m$9ite ,,suras4 ,sid5ote3 7#aj7 ,! ,c[ or ,heif]1 ,,ii1 #bae4 #bb4 ,b !y :o believe1 & :o fly _! c\ntry1 & 7,jahadoo7 ex]t _! utmo/ 9 ! way ( ,god1 may hope = ,god's m]cy1 & ,god is ,graci\s & ,m]ciful4 ,mr4 ,sale & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rodwell translate ,jahadoo z ^? :o fight1 & ,mr4 ,palm] z ^? :o wage w>2 b !re is no reason to *ange ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,sir ,william ,muir translates ! v]se ?us3-- ,b !y t believe & !y :o emigrate = ! sake ( _! fai? & /rive e>ne/ly 9 ! way ( ,god1 let !m hope 9 ! m]cy ( ,god1 = ,god is =giv+1 m]ciful4#ccj ,9 a footnote he says3--,! ^w ,jihd is ! same z t subsequ5tly us$ = a religi\s w>2 b x _h n yet probably acquir$ its fix$ application4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 its g5]al s5se be=e ! ,hejira1 & probably up to ! battle ( ,badr4#cca ,i h only to add t ! ^w nev] acquir$ its fix$ application dur+ ! lifetime ( ! ,prophet1 nor is x us$ z su* 9 any *apt] ( ! ,koran ei!r be=e or aft] ! ,hejira4 ,! connection ( flight m5tion$ 9 ! v]se z put toge!r ) ,jihd1 %[s t x means ! lab\r1 toil1 & di/ress :i* befel ! fugitives 9 leav+ _! families unprotect$ 9 ! h&s ( _! p]secutors on _! expulsion f _! c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 7#aa7 ,a'l ,amrn1 ,,iii1 #acf4 #bc4 ,d ye ?9k t ye c\ld ent] ,p>adise )\t ,god tak+ k ( ^? among y :o 7,jhadoo7 h toil$ & ( ^? :o /eadfa/ly endur$4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rodwell translates ,jhadoo1 did valiantly1 & does n agree ) ,sale & ,palm]1 :o translate x1 f\ght /r5u\sly1 or f\ght well4 ,by ! connection ( endur+ pati5tly1 ! ^w ,jhadoo probably means ^? :o toil$ & suff]$ 9 _! exile f ,mecca4 ,sid5ote3 7#ab7 ,! ,spoils1 ,,viii1 #gc4 #bd4 ,v]ily1 !y :o believe & h fl$ _! homes & 7,jhadoo7 toil$ ) _! sub/ance & !mselves 9 ! way ( ,god1 & !y :o h tak5 9 & h help$1 %all be ne> ( k9 ! "o to ! o!r4 ,& !y :o h believ$1 b h n fl$ _! homes1 %all h no rights ( k9dr$ ) y at all1 until !y too fly _! c\ntry4 ,yet if !y seek aid f y1 on acc\nt ( ! fai?1 y\r "p is to give !m aid1 except aga9/ a p betwe5 :om & y\rself !re may be a treaty4 ,& ,god beholde? y\r actions4 ,sale r5d]s ! ^w ,jihd 7or ,jhadoo7 9 ?is passage z mean+ employ$ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons 9 fight+4 ,rodwell 444 ,sp5t _! sub/ance & !mselves4 ,palm] 444 ,f\ght /r5u\sly ) _! weal? & p]son4 ,z ! ^w ,jihd has be5 appli$ "h to bo? "o's-self & 8 sub/ance or weal?1 x _c mean fight+1 ev5 if tak5 9 ! te*nical signification4 ,sid5ote3 7#ac7 ,! ,spoil1 ,,viii1 #ge4 #be4 ,b z = ^? :o h believ$ & fl$ _! c\ntry & 7,jhadoo7 took pa9s 9 ! way ( ,god1 & h be5 a refuge or help1 ^! are ! fai?ful1 m]cy is _! due & a noble provision4 ,sale 444 ,f\ght4 ,rodwell 444 ,f\ght4 ,palm] 444 ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is passage to w>rant a dep>ture f ! lit]al & prop] signification ( ! ^w ,jhadoo1 & us+ x 9 a po/-,koranic s5se4 ,sid5ote3 7#ad7 ,! ,spoil1 ,,viii1 #gf4 #bf4 ,& !y :o h believ$ & h s9ce fl$ _! c\ntry1 7,jhadoo7 toil$ ) y1 ^! also are ( y4 ,^? :o are unit$ by ! ties ( blood are ! ne>e/ ( k9 to ea* o!r4 ,?is is 9 ! ,book ( ,god4 ,v]ily ,god kn[e? all ?+s4 ,sale 444 ,f\ght4 ,rodwell 444 ,f\ght4 ,palm] 444 ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 ,!re is no valid excuse "h = *ang+ ! signification ( ! ^w ,jhadoo into t :i* is nev] us$ 9 ! ,koran or 9 ! classical ,arabic4 ,sid5ote3 7#ae7 ,! ,cattle1 ,,vi1 #aji4 #bg4 ,) _! 7,jahd7 mo/ b9d+ oa? h !y sworn by ,god4444 ,sale 444 ,mo/ solemn oa?4 ,rodwell 444 ,mo/ b9d+ oa?4 ,palm] 444 ,mo/ /r5u\s oa?4 ,sid5ote3 7#af7 ,mohammad1 ,,xlvii1 #cc #bh4 ,& ,we w surely te/ y until ,we "k 7,mojhide5a7 :o did _! utmo/1 & :o 7 ! /eadfa/ among y2 & ,we w te/ ! reports4 ,sale 444 ,:o fight valiantly4 ,rodwell 444 ,valiant4 ,palm] 444 ,f\ght valiantly4 ,mojhid is n synonym\s ) ,moktil ,sid5ote3 7#ag7 ,battle ,array1 ,,lxi1 #aa4 #bi4 ,believe 9 ,god & ,8 ,apo/le & 7,jhidoo7 d /rive 9 ! way ( ,god ) y\r weal? & y\r p]sons6 ,sale 444 ,:o f\ght valiantly4 ,rodwell 444 ,:o f\ght valiantly4 ,palm] 444 ,fight /r5u\sly4 ,devotion or wor%ip has be5 divid$ into two k9ds1--bodily1 :i* also includes m5tal2 & pecuni>y or monet>y1 & ! believ]s are exhort$ "h to wor%ip ,god bo? bodily & m5tally4 ,sid5ote3 7#ah7 ,wom51 ,,iv1 #ig4 #cj4 ,^? believ]s :o sit at home free f tr\ble & ^? :o 7#a1 ,mojhidoona7 toil 9 ! way ( ,god ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons %all n be treat$ alike4 ,god has assign$ to ^? :o 7#b1 ,majhadoona7 /rive ) _! p]sons & ) _! sub/ance a rank above ^? :o sit at home4 ,goodly promises ha? ,he made to all2 b ,god ha? assign$ to ^? 7#c1 ,moj_hna7 :o make ef=ts a ri* recomp5se above ^? :o sit at home4 ,sale3 #a/ 444 ,^? :o employ _! =tune & _! sub/ance = ! religion ( ,god4 #bnd 444 ,^? :o employ _! =tune & _! sub/ance4 #crd 444 ,^? :o fight4 ,rodwell3 #a/ 444 ,^? :o fight valiantly4 #bnd 444 ,cont5d e>ne/ly4 #crd 444 ,/r5u\s4 ,palm]3 #a/ 444 ,/r5u\s4 #bnd 444 ,/r5u\s4 #crd 444 ,/r5u\s4 ,i h already expla9$ ! two sorts ( wor%ip or s]vice ( ,god--bodily & m5tal4 ,! same applies "h too4 ,sid5ote3 7#ai7 ,light1 ,,xxiv1 #eb4 #ca4 ,& !y swore by ,god ) _! utmo/ oa?4444 ,sale 444 ,mo/ solemn oa?4 ,rodwell 444 ,mo/ solemn oa?4 ,palm] 444 ,mo/ /r5u\s oa?4 ,sid5ote3 7#bj7 ,! ,=bidd+1 ,,lxvi1 #i4 #cb4 ,o ,prophet1 7,jhid7 d ?y utmo/ ) ! unbeliev]s & hypocrites1 & be /rict t[>ds !m4 ,sale 444 ,attack ! infidels ) arms & ! hypocrites ) argum5ts4 ,rodwell 444 ,make w>4 ,palm] 444 ,fight /r5u\sly4 ,sid5ote3 7#ba7 ,! ,immunity1 ,,ix1 #gd4 #cc4 ,! same v]se1 ^w = ^w4 ,sale 444 ,wage w>4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d aga9/4 ,palm] 444 ,/rive /r5u\sly4 ,! ^w ,jhid is ! same 9 bo? ! passages1 yet ! translators diff] 9 _! int]pretation ( x4 ,z !re _h be5 no w> aga9/ ! hypocrites1 ! ^w _c be held to be> ! con/ruction !y put on x1 ev5 if we depriv$ x ( its prop] signification4 ,9 "o place ,sale takes ,jhid to mean attack+ ) arms1 & 9 ano!r he takes x 9 ! s5se ( attack+ ) argum5ts4 ,!re is no signification ( attack+ 9 ,jihd1 b only t ( ex]t+1 & ! v]se simply means1 ex]t ?yself 9 prea*+ to1 & remon/rat+ )1 ! unbeliev]s & hypocrites1 & also be /rict t[>ds !m1--i4e41 n to be smoo? ) !m1 nor to be beguil$ by !m4#ccb ,sid5ote3 7#bb7 ,! tri$1 ,,lxi4 #cd4 ,o ,ye believ]s6 take n my foe & y\r foe = fri5ds3 ye %[ !m k9dness al?\gh !y believe n t tru? :i* ha? come to y3 !y drive =? ! ,apo/le & y\rself because ye believe 9 ,god y\r ,"l6 ,if ye h come =?#ccc 7,jihdan7 lab\r+ 9 my cause1 & f a desire to please ,me1 ye %[ !m k9dness 9 private1 !n ,i well "k :at ye conceal & :at ye discov]6 ,& :oso ( y do? ?is ha? v]ily1 !re=e1 gone a/ray f ! ev5 way4 ,sale translates ,jihdan z mean+ to fight 9 ! def5ce ( my religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,to fight on my pa?4 ,palm] 444 ,fight+ /r5u\sly4 ,! translators quot$ above say t ,htib _h in=m$ ! ,meccans ( an int5d$ surprise ( ,mecca on ! "p ( ,mohammad ) ! view ( mak+ t]ms = 8 own family1 :i* _h be5 left !re4 ,on ?is occasion ! passage 0 reveal$4 ,?is %[s t ! campaign ( ,mecca is t]m$ ,jihd4 ,b ,sir ,william ,muir does n agree ) !m4 ,he says 9 a footnote3--,! op5+ v]ses ( ! sixtie? ,sura are said to ref] to ,htib2 b !y appe> to h a g5]al be>+ aga9/ too great intimacy ) ! ,corei% dur+ ! truce & to be1 !re=e1 ( a prior date4#ccd #ce4 ,htib's /ory4 ,! /ory reg>d+ ,htib's revelation ( ! int5d$ attack ^u ,mecca by ,mohammad1 is n support$ by au!ntic & tru/wor?y traditions4 ,! au!ntic tradition ( ,bokh>i#cce only /ates t ! occasion ( ! v]se be+ reveal$ 0 9 ! case ( ,htib1 b does n say t x 0 dur+ ! campaign ( ,mecca1 nor t ! in=mation conta9$ any?+ ab\t ! int5d$ campaign4 ,! au!ntic tradition only says t ! report conta9$ in=mation reg>d+ "s ( ! affairs ( ! ,prophet4 ,besides ?is1 x is wrong to translate 9 kun tum kh>ajtum ,jihadan fi ,sabili1 z if ye g =? to fight 9 def5ce ( my religion1 or if ye g =? to fight on my pa?1 or if ye g =? fight+ /r5u\sly 9 my cause4 ,x simply means1 if y h come out /riv+ 9 my cause1 & ! s5t5ce is a complem5t or correlative ( ! v]se1 mean+1 if y h come out ( ,mecca1 /riv+1 or to /rive1 9 my cause1 suff]+ f exile & und]go+ ! afflictions & di/resses ( liv+ homeless1 leav+ y\r family & prop]ty unprotect$1 & all ^! pa9s 7,jihd7 y h tak5 to please me1 !n y %\ld n make fri5ds ) my foes & y\r foes1 :o d n believe 9 ! tru? :i* has come to y1 & h driv5 out ! ,prophet & y\rselves 7f ,mecca1 y\r home7 only = ! reason t y believe 9 ,god y\r ,"l4 ,sid5ote3 7#bc7 ,! ,ap>tm5t1 ,,xlix1 #ae4 #cf4 ,! true believ]s are ^? only :o believe 9 ,god & 8 ,apo/le & aft]w>ds d\bt n2 & :o 7,jhadoo7 /rive ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons on ! pa? ( ,god4 ,^! are ! s9c]e4 ,sale "h translates ,jhadoo ^? :o employ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons 9 ! def5ce ( ,god's true religions4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons4 ,palm] 444 ,fight /r5u\sly ) _! weal? & p]sons4 ,see my obs]vations "u ,no4 #ag1 p>a4 #bh4 ,sid5ote3 7#bd7 ,! ,immunity1 ,,ix1 #af4 #cg4 ,?9k n t ye %all be =sak5 & t ,god do? n yet "k ^? among y :o 7,jhadoo7 d _! utmo/ & take none = _! intimate fri5ds besides ,god & ,8 ,apo/les & ! fai?ful4 ,b ,god is well appris$ ( y\r do+s4 ,sale 444 ,f\ght = 8 religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,f\ght valiantly4 ,palm] 444 ,f\ght /r5u\sly4 ,sid5ote3 7#be7 ,ibid1 #ai4 #ch4 ,d ye place ! giv+ dr9k to ! pilgrims & ! visitation ( ! sacr$ temple on ! same level ) him :o believe? 9 ,god & ! la/ day1 & 7,jhada7 take? pa9s 9 ! way ( ,god4 ,!y are n held equal by ,god1 & ,god guide? n ! unrighte\s4 ,sale 444 ,fighte?4 ,rodwell 444 ,fighte?4 ,palm] 444 ,is /r5u\s4 ,sid5ote3 7#bf7 ,! ,immunity1 ,,ix1 #bj4 #ci4 ,!y :o h believ$ & fl$ _! homes & 7,jhadoo7 toil$ ) _! sub/ance & ) _! p]sons on ! pa? ( ,god are ( ! highe/ degree ) ,god1 & ^! are !y :o %all enjoy felicity6 ,sale 444 ,employ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons 9 ! def5ce ( ,god's true religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,& /riv5 ) _! sub/ance & ) _! p]sons 9 ! pa? ( ,god4 ,palm] 444 ,be5 /r5u\s 9 ! way ( ,god ) _! weal? & _! p]sons4 ,sid5ote3 7#bg7 ,ibid1 #bd4 #dj4 ,say1 if y\r fa!r & y\r sons & y\r bre?r5 & y\r wives1 & y\r k9dr$ & weal? :i* ye h ga9$1 & m]*&ise :i* ye fe> may be unsold1 & dwell+s :]e9 ye may delight be de>] to y ?an ,god & ,8 ,apo/le & 7,jihdan7 toil+ 9 ,my cause1 !n wait until ,god %all ,himself ent] on ,8 "w2 ,god guide? n ! impi\s4 ,sale 444 ,advancem5t ( 8 religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,ef=ts on 8 pa?4 ,palm] 444 ,fight+ /r5u\sly4 ,sid5ote3 7#bh7 ,ibid1 #da4 #da4 ,m>* ye =? light & heavy & 7,jhidoo7 toil ) y\r sub/ance & p]sons on ! way ( ,god4 ,?is1 if ye knew x1 w be be/ = y4 ,sale 444 ,employ y\r sub/ance & y\r p]sons = ! advancem5t ( ,god's true religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d ) y\r4444 ,palm] 444 ,fight /r5u\sly ) y\r weal? & p]sons4 ,sid5ote3 7#bi7 ,! ,immunity1 ,,ix1 #dd4 #db4 ,!y :o believe 9 ,god & 9 ! la/ day w n ask leave to be exempt f 7,yojhadoo7 toil+ ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons4 ,b ,god kn[e? !m t fe> ,him4 ,sale 444 ,employ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons = ! advancem5t ( ,god's true religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d+ ) _! sub/ance & p]sons4 ,palm] 444 ,fight+ /r5u\sly4 ,sid5ote3 7#cj7 ,ibid1 #hb4 #dc4 ,!y :o 7 left 9 _! homes 7 delight$ beh9d ,god's ,apo/le & 7 av]se f 7,yojhidoo7 ex]t+ ) _! ri*es & _! p]sons = ! cause ( ,god1 & said1 ',m>* n out 9 ! heat4' ,say1 a fi]c] heat w be ! fire ( hell6 ,w\ld t !y und]/ood ?is4 ,sale 444 ,employ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons = ! advancem5t ( ,god's true religion4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d+ ) _! ri*es & _! p]sons4 ,palm] 444 ,fight+ /r5u\sly ) _! weal? & _! p]son4 ,sid5ote3 7#ca7 ,ibid1 #hg4 #dd4 ,moreov] :5 a ,sura 0 s5t d[n ) ',believe 9 ,god1 & 7,jhidoo7 toil 9 company ) 8 ,apo/le1' ^? ( !m :o are possess$ ( ri*es dem&$ exemption1 & said1 ',all[ u to be ) ^? :o sit at home4' ,sale 444 ,g =? to w>4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d4 ,palm] 444 ,fight /r5u\sly4 ,sid5ote3 7#cb7 ,! ,immunity1 ,,ix1 #hi4 #de4 ,b ! ,apo/le1 & ^? :o %>e 8 fai? 7,jhadoo7 ex]t$ ) _! sub/ance & _! p]sons1 & ^! 6 good ?+s await !m & ^! are !y :o %all be happy4 ,sale 444 ,expose _! =tune & _! lives4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d ) purse & p]son4 ,palm] 444 ,are /r5u\s ) _! weal? & ) _! p]sons4 ,sid5ote3 7#cc7 ,! ,table1 ,v1 #ci4 #df4 ,o ye :o believe6 fe> ,god & desire union ) ,him & 7,jhidoo7 toil on ,8 pa?4 ,x may be t y w obta9 happ9ess4 ,sale 444 ,fight4 ,rodwell 444 ,cont5d e>ne/ly4 ,palm] 444 ,be /r5u\s4 ,sid5ote3 7#cd7 ,ibid1 #eh4 #dg4 ,& ! fai?ful w say1 ',are ^! !y :o swore by ,god _! 7,jahda7 utmo/ oa? t !y 7 surely on y\r side8' ,va9 _! works2 & !y !mselves %all come to ru94 ,sale 444 ,mo/ firm4 ,rodwell 444 ,mo/ solemn4 ,palm] 444 ,mo/ /r5u\s4 ,sid5ote3 7#ce7 ,ibid1 #ei4 #dh4 ,o ye :o believe6 %\ld any ( y des]t 8 religion1 ,god w !n raise up a p :om ,he love?1 & :o love ,him1 l[ly t[>ds ! fai?ful1 l(ty to ! unbeliev]s 7,yojhidoona7 /riv+ 9 ! pa? ( ,god1 & n fe>+ ! blame ( ! blam]4 ,?is is ! ,grace ( ,god2 on :om ,he w ,he be/[e? x1 & ,god is all-embrac+1 ,omnisci5t6 ,sale 444 ,!y %all fight = ! religion ( ,god4 ,rodwell 444 ,= ! cause ( ,god w !y cont5d4 ,palm] 444 ,/r5u\s 9 ! way ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,jihd does n mean ! wag+ ( w>4 #di4 ,^! are all ! v]ses ( ! ,koran :i* conta9 ! ^w ,jahd or ,jihd1 or any d]ivations f !m4 ,i believe t ,i h cle>ly %[n by means ( a c>eful comp>ison betwe5 ! translators & comm5tators & ! orig9al passages 9 ! ,koran1 t ! ^w ,jahd or ,jihd 9 ! classical ,arabic & z us$ 9 ! ,koran does n mean wag+ w> or fight+1 b only to d "o's utmo/ & to ex]t1 lab\r or toil4 ,! mean+ :i* has come to be ascrib$ to ! ^w is und\bt$ly a conv5tional "o1 & is "o t has be5 appli$ to x at a p]iod mu* less rec5t ?an ! revelation ( ! v>i\s *apt]s ( ! ,koran4 ,sid5ote3 ,katal & ,kitl4 #ej4 ,i d n mean to cont5d t ! ,koran does n conta9 injunctions to fight or wage w>4 ,!re are _m v]ses enjo9+ ! ,prophet's foll[]s to prosecute a def5sive w>1 b n "o ( aggression4 ,! words katal & kitl di/9ctly indicate ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion4 #ea4 ,i h already analys$ all ! v]ses conta9+ ^! words 7katal & kitl7 9 ?is book4 ,:at ,i h aim$ at 9 ! ,app5dix is to %[ t ^? au?ors & translators :o cite c]ta9 v]ses ( ! ,koran conta9+ ! ^w ,jahd or ,jihd & its d]ivations 9 support ( _! ass]tion1 & t ! ,mohammadan religion sanctions ! wag+ ( w> & ! %$d+ ( blood1 are altoge!r 9 ! wrong4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,! ,sihh ( ,j\h>i 7:o di$ #cig or #cih71 ! ,zs ( ,zamakh%ire 7born #dfg1 di$ #ech ,a4,h471 ,lisanul-,arab ( ,ibn ,mok>ram 7born #fcj1 di$ #gaa71 & ,kamoos ( ,fyrozabadee 7born #gbi1 di$ #haf71 vide ,lane's ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 ,book ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 page #dgc4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,! ,misbh by ,fayoomee 7f9i%$ #gcd ,a4,h471 vide ,lane's ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 ,book ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 page #dgc4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,sihh1 ,zs1 ,ibnel ,a!] ,jezree1 au?or ( ,nihayeh 7di$ #fjf71 ! ,mughrib ( ,almot>razi 7born #ecf1 di$ #faj71 ! ,misbh & ,kmoos1 vide ,lane1 ibid1 page #dgd4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,vide ,rodwell's ,translation ( ! ,koran 9 loco4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,vide ,lane's ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon 9 loco4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,! ,assemblies ( ,al ,h>iri1 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,?omas ,*5ry1 ,m4,a41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,introduction1 p4 #fg4 ,william & ,norgate1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,9 ! treaty ( ,m$9a1 :i* 0 made z e>ly z ! second ye> ( ! ,hejira1 ! ^w ,jihd is us$1 reg>d+ :i* ,sir ,w4 ,muir says3--,?is ^w came subsequ5tly to h exclusively ! te*nical signification ( ,jihd or crusade or fight+ = ! ,fai?4 ,if we give x ?is signification "h1 x w\ld involve ! clause 9 ! suspicion ( be+ a lat] addition2 = z yet we h no di/9ct developm5t ( ! int5tion ( ,mahomet to impose 8 religion on o!rs by =ce3 x w\ld h be5 dang]\s1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( p>ties1 to advance ?is pr9ciple4 ,! ^w is sometimes us$ 9 ! m g5]al s5se 9 ! ,coran2 ,sura ,,xxix1 #e1 #fi2 ,,xx1 #gg1 & a few o!r places4--,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cb4 ,aga9 he says ) ref]5ce to ,sura ,,ii1 v4 #bae1 :i* also conta9s ! same ^w3 ,! ^w 7,jihd7 is ! same z t subsequ5tly us$ = a religi\s w>1 b x _h n yet probably acquir$ its fix$ application4 ,x 0 appli$ 9 its g5]al s5se be=e ! ,hejira1 & probably up to ! battle ( ,badr4--,ibid1 p4 #gd1 footnote4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,?is ,sura is g5]ally said to h be5 reveal$ at ,mecca1 b ?is is probably only ! case z reg>ds v]ses #a1 #bd1 #dc1 #ef1 #fj1 #fe1 #fg1 #ge4 ,mr4 ,muir places x at ! close ( ! ,meccan ,suras ( ! fif? p]iod4 ,see ,nold1 p4 #aeh2 ,rev4 ,rodwell1 p4 #ejj4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,vide ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #gd4 ,footnote #cca3 ,ibid1 footnote4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,vide ,sura ,,lxxii1 #i2 ,,xvii1 #fi4 ,footnote #ccc3 i4e41 f ,mecca :5 driv5 out ( x by ! ,meccans 9 y\r p]secution4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #cce3 ,kitabul ,jihd1 ,maghzi & ,tafse]4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,slav]y ,,& ,,concub9e-,,slaves ,,z ,,concomitant ,,evils ,,( ,,w>4 ,sid5ote3 ,slav]y & concub9age n all[$ by ! ,koran4 #a4 ,x is a false accusation aga9/ ! ,koran1 t x all[s enslavem5t ( ! captives ( w>1 & sanctions female captives to ! conqu]ors' embrace1 or1 9 o!r words1 female captives are made concub9es on ! field ( battle4 ,!re is n a s+le s5t5ce 9 ! ,koran all[+ ei!r ( ! above allegations4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 9 8 ,life ( ,mahomet1 c\ld nei!r quote any v]se ( ! ,koran sanction+ ! enslavem5t ( ! captives ( w> or s]vile concub9age1 nor 0 he able to relate any in/ance ( !m dur+ ! sev]al battles describ$ !re94 ,yet1 9 a rec5t "w1#ccf he ref]s boldly1 b vaguely1 to ! ,koran2 & reg>d+ ! battle ( ,walaja f\ght by ,khlid aga9/ ! ,p]sians 9 ,a4,h4 #ab writes1 aft] quot+ ,khlid's oration on ga9+ ! victory3-- ,n[1 also1 ! cunn+ device ( ! ,corn1 ) respect to ! o!r sex1 began to tell4 ,p]sian ladies1 bo? maids & matrons1 'tak5 captive by ! "r h&1' 7 =?)1 )\t /9t ( numb]1 lawful to ! conqu]ors' embrace2 &1 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is privilege1 !y 7 no?+ lo? to execute ^u ! hea!n '! judgm5t writt54' ,i d n und]/& :y1 if su* 0 ! case1 ,khlid did n ref] ! believ]s to ! s-call$ cunn+ device ( ! ,koran8 ,by ref]r+ to ?is imag9>y device ( ! ,koran to ! lawfulness ( female captives to ! conqu]ors' embrace1 he might h /ruck a *ord1 at :i* e ,b$\9 he>t w\ld h leapt ) joy1 in/ead ( ref]r+1 z he did1 m]ely to ! ri*es ( ! l& & fair fields4 ,9 fact !re is no su* inducem5t 9 ! ,koran4 ,sid5ote3 ,measures tak5 by ! ,koran to aboli% slav]y4 #b4 ,slaves are m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran defacto1 b n dejure4 ,! ,koran took sev]al measures to aboli% future slav]y4 ,its /eps = its abolition 7 tak5 9 e moral1 legal1 religi\s1 & political dep>tm5ts4 ,! lib]ation ( slaves 0 morally decl>$ to be a "w ( piety & righte\sness--7,sura ,,xc1 #ac2 ,,ii1 #agb74ccg ,legally ! slaves 7 to be emancipat$ on _! agree+ to pay a ransom--7,sura ,,xxiv1 #cc74cch ,!y 7 to be set at lib]ty z a p5alty = culpable homicide--7,sura ,,iv1 #id72cci or 9 expiation = us+ an objectionable =m ( divorce--7,sura ,,lviii1 #d72cdj & also !y 7 to be manumitt$ f ! ,public ,funds out ( ! poor-taxes--7,sura ,,ix1 #fj74cda ,!y 7 religi\sly to be fre$ 9 expiation ( a false oa? tak5 9 mi/ake--7,sura ,v1 #ia74cdb ,^! 7 ! measures = ! abolition ( exi/+ slav]y4 ,! future slav]y 0 aboli%$ by ! ,koran by putt+ hamm] deep unto its root & by annihilat+ its real s\rce4 ,! captives ( w> 71 accord+ to ! cle> injunctions ( ! ,koran conta9$ 9 ! #e? v]se ( ! #dg? ,sura1 to be dismiss$ ei!r by a free grant or by exact+ a ransom4 ,!y 7 nei!r to be enslav$ nor kill$4 #d4 ,:5 ye enc\nt] ! unbeliev]s /rike (f _! heads1 till ye h made a great slaught] among !m1 & ( ! re/ make fa/ ! fett]s4 #e4 ,& aft]w>ds let !re ei!r be free dismissals or ransom+1 till ! w> ha? laid d[n its burd5s4 ,?us d4444 ,sura ,,xlvii4 ,^! v]ses convey v cle>ly ! decree ( ! abolition ( future slav]y1 & d n require any fur!r rem>ks4 ,moreov] !y 7 act$ ^u accord+ly ev5 9 ! lifetime ( ! ,prophet4 ,sid5ote3 ,none ( ! prison]s ( w> 7 enslav$4 #c4 ,none ( ! prison]s ( ,badr ,a4,h4 #b1 ( ,k>k>t-al-,kadr ,a4,h4 #c1 ( ,katan 9 ,najd ,a4,h4 #d1 ( ,zat-al ,riqa#cdc ,a4,h4 #e1 ( ,bani ,mu/alik ,a4,h4 #e1 ( ,koreiza ,a4,h4 #e1 ( ,batan ,makka ,a4,h4 #f1cdd or ( ,hona9 7,hawz97 ,a4,h4 #h1cde 0 enslav$4 ,all1 )\t an exception1 7 set free ei!r by way ( free dismissal1 or by exact+ ransom 79 ca% or 9 ex*ange ( ,moslem prison]s7 9 /rict con=mity ) ! dictates ( ,sura ,,xlvii1 #e4 ,!re 7 no prison]s 9 ! battles ( ,ohad ,a4,h4 #c1 ,ahzab ,a4,h4 #e1 & ,khyb] ,a4,h4 #g4cdf ,sid5ote3 ,bani ,koreiza n enslav$4 #d4 ,"s w cont5d reg>d+ ! ,bani ,koreiza t _! wom5 & *ildr5 7 made slaves1 & z su* sold 9 ,najd4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quotes ! judgm5t ( ,sd 9 ! case ( ! ,bani ,koreiza1--,t ! female captives & ! *ildr5 %all be sold into slav]y1 & t x 0 approv$ ( by ,mohammad4 ,he writes fur!r3-- ,a fif? ( ! booty 01 z usual1 res]v$ = ! ,prophet1 & ! re/ divid$4 ,f ! fif? ,mahomet made c]ta9 pres5ts to 8 fri5ds ( female slaves & s]vants2 & !n s5t ! re/ ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 to be sold among ! ,b$\9 tribes ( ,najd 9 ex*ange = horses & arms4#cdg ,i h %[n 9 p>a4 #cj ( ?is book 7pages #cg & #ch7 t ,mohammad nev] appreciat$ ! judgm5t ( ,sd4 ,& ,i h fur!r to add t ! said judgm5t1 accord+ to true reports1 did n conta9 ! illegal v]dict ( enslav+ ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! ,bani ,koreiza1 z ?is might h gone directly aga9/ ! ,koran & ! prec$5ts ( ! ,prophet4 ,9 ! collections ( ,bokh>i1 ,book ( ,campaigns1 ,*apt] on ,bani ,koreiza1 !re are two traditions cit$ on ! subject4 ,bo? ( !m quote ! words ( ,sd to ! effect t ! wom5 & *ildr5 be imprison$4 ,! same is ! case 9 ,bokh>i's o!r *apt]s 7,book ( ,jihd1 ,*apt] on ! ,surr5d] ( ,enemy1 ,book ( ,mankib1 ,*apt] on ! ,m]its ( ,sd74 ,x is n a fact t ,mohammad made c]ta9 pres5ts to 8 fri5ds ( ! female slaves out ( ! captives ( ,bani ,koreiza4 ,! captives 7 n made slaves1 !re=e x is wrong to conf\nd captives ) slaves4 ,!re is no pro( to ! effect t !y 7 enslav$4 ,! ,koran di/9ctly says t !y 7 prison]s 7,sura ,,xxxiii1 #bf74 ,9 fact1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 n guilty ( treason1 & des]v$ no puni%m5t4 ,sd's judgm5t mu/ be ei!r wrong reg>d+ !m1 or appli$ only to ^? :o 7 guilty4 ,"o woman alone1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 0 put to dea?2 x 0 %e :o ?rew ! mill/one f ! battlem5ts 7,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bgg74 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t all ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 releas$ aft]w>ds2 "s ransom$ !mselves1 o!rs w5t (f ) _! fre$om4 ,b nobody 0 ev] sold 9 slav]y4 ,! ass]tion ( ,hi%amee1 quot$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 t ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 s5t to be sold among ! ,b$\9 tribes ( ,najd 9 ex*ange = horses & arms 7,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bgi71 is void ( all au?ority1 & is 9 direct contradiction ( :at ,abul ,mo'tam> ,soleiman b9 ,t>khan 7di$ #adc ,a4,h4 & 0 prior to ,hi%amee7 says1 & ^: acc\nt seems to be m probable4 ,8 v]sion is t ! horses ( ,bani ,koreiza 7 s5t by ,mohammad to ,syria & ,najd = ! purpose ( bre$+1 & t !y got big horses4 ,vide ,wkidi ,campaigns ( ,mohammad1 page #cgd1 ,calcutta1 #ahee4 ,?is %[s t only horses1 & n wom5 & *ildr51 7 s5t to ,najd4 ,! words ( ,hi%amee 7page #fic7 are sabya m9 sabya ,bani ,koreiza4 ,sabya1 plural ( sabi1 applies to bo? p]son & prop]ty1 z !y say sabal advva vaghairohu1 he made captive1 captur$ or took prison] ! enemy1 & o!r ?an an enemy4 7,vide ,lane's ,arabic ,diction>y1 page #acjc1 col4 #a47 ,s probably ,hi%amee _h 9 view only ! horses captur$ ( ! ,bani ,koreiza & s5t to ,najd1 b n ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! captives ( ,koreiza4 ,sid5ote3 ,rihna4 #e4 ,rihna1 a woman ( ! captives ( ,koreiza1 is said by ,sir ,w4 ,muir to h be5 tak5 by ,mohammad = 8 concub9e4 ,he always conf\nds prison]s ) slaves1 & female captives z well z slaves ) concub9es4 ,!re are sev]al conflict+ & contradictory traditions reg>d+ ,rihna4 ,mohammad b9 ,sd ,ktib ,wakidi has relat$ v>i\s traditions f ,om>-b9-al ,hakam1 ,mohammad b9 ,kb1 & f o!r v>i\s s\rces t ,mohammad _h m>ri$ ,rihna4 ,! ,ktib says ?is tradition is held by le>n$ m54 ,b he has also he>d "s "o relat+ t %e 0 8 concub9e4#cdh ,b ,sir ,w4 ,muir *ooses ! latt] unc]ta9 & unau!ntic traditions4 ,he writes 9 a footnote3-- ,%e is repres5t$ z say+1 :5 he (f]$ h] m>riage & ! same privileges z 8 o!r wives3 ',nay1 ,o ,prophet6 ,b let me rema9 z ?y slave2 ?is w be easi] bo? = me & = !e4'#cdi ,ev5 if ?is tradition be a g5u9e "o1 he is n au?oriz$ 9 8 rem>ks 9 ! text1 :]e he says-- ,he invit$ h] to be 8 wife1 b %e decl9$2 & *ose to rema9 7z inde$1 hav+ refus$ m>riage1 %e _h no alt]native7 8 slave or concub9e4 ,%e 0 nei!r enslav$1 nor made a concub9e4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! writ] ( ! ,life ( ,mahomet mo/ absurdly conf\nds slav]y & concub9age4 ,sid5ote3 ,om>1 ! second ,khalif1 lib]at$ all ! ,arab slaves4 #f4 ,dur+ ! sov]eignty ( ,om>1 ! second ,khalif1 9 accordance ) ! injunctions ( ,mohammad to aboli% slav]y1 all ! exi/+ ,arab slaves 7 set free4 ,x w appe> t ! wi%es ( ,mohammad to t effect 7 b p>tially c>ri$ out4 ,9 ages t succe$$ ! dea? ( ,mohammad1 !y 7 altoge!r lo/ sight (1 & ev5 ,arabs 7 all[$ to be enslav$ by ! lat] juri/s4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 9 8 late/ "w1 entitl$ ,! ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 says3-- ,yet great numb]s ( ! ,arabs !mselves 7 slaves1 tak5 prison] dur+ ! apo/asy1 or 9 ! previ\s int]tribal w>f>e1 & held 9 captivity by _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,om> felt ! inconsi/5cy4 ,x 0 n fit t any ( ! noble race %\ld rema9 9 bondage4 ,:51 !re=e1 he succe$$ to ! ,caliphate1 he decre$3 ',! ,"l1' he said1 'ha? giv5 to u ( ,arab blood ! victory1 & great conque/s )\t4 ,x is n meet t any "o ( u1 tak5 9 ! days ( ,ignorance1#cej or 9 ! w>s aga9/ ! apo/ate tribes1 %\ld be hold5 9 slav]y4' ,all slaves ( ! ,arab desc5t 7 accord+ly ransom$1 except+ only su* bondmaids z _h borne _! ma/]s' *ildr54 ,m5 :o _h lo/ wives or *ildr5 n[ set out 9 se>*1 if haply !y might f9d & claim !m4 ,/range tales are told ( "s ( ! disconsolate j\rneys4 ,a%? recov]$ two ( 8 wives tak5 captive 9 ,nojeir4 ,b "s ( ! wom5 :o _h be5 c>ri$ prison]s to ,m$na pref]r$ rema9+ ) _! captors4#cea ,ev5 ?is spee* ( ,om> %[s t no "o 0 enslav$ dur+ ! w>s ( ,mohammad1 z he only ref]s to ! captives ( ! days ( ,ignorance be=e ! ,prophet1 & ^? tak5 9 w>s aga9/ ! apo/ate tribes aft] him hav+ be5 enslav$4 ,sid5ote3 ,concub9age4 #g4 ,! ,koran has nev] all[$ concub9age ) female captives4 ,& aft] ! abolition ( future slav]y enjo9$ 9 ! ,koran1 !re is no good 9 discuss+ ! subject ( concub9age1 :i* dep5ds on ! legality or o!rwise ( slav]y4 ,! ,koran _h tak5 e>ly measures = prev5t+ ! evil directly & indirectly1 positively & negatively4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x recognizes m>riage z ! only legal condition ( ! union ( bo? sexes4 ,m>riage 0 also enjo9$ ) ! exi/+ female slaves4 7,vide ,sura ,,iv1 #c1 #bi2 & ,,xxiv1 #cb1 #cc47 ,! prev5tion ( concub9age is set =? 9 pla9 t]ms 9 ,sura ,v1 #g4 ,! v]ses run ?us3-- #c4 ,& if ye are appreh5sive t ye %all n deal fairly ) orphans1 !n ( o!r wom5 :o seem good 9 y\r eyes m>ry1 b two or ?ree or f\r1 & if ye /ill fe> t ye %all n act equitably1 !n 7m>ry7 "o only2 or 7m>ry7 ! slaves :om ye h acquir$4 ,?is w be m prop] t ye may n h num]\s families or h\seholds4 ,& give wom5 _! d[ry z a free gift2 b if ( _! own free w !y k9dly give up aught !re( to y1 !n enjoy x z conv5i5t & pr(itable4 #bi4 ,& :oev] ( y is n ri* en\gh to m>ry free-believ+ wom51 !n let him m>ry su* ( y\r believ+ maid5s z h fall5 into y\r h&s z slaves4 ,god well kn[e? y\r fai?4 ,ye are sprung1 ! "o f ! o!r4 ,m>ry !m !n ) ! leave ( _! ma/]s1 & give !m a fair d[]2 b let !m be *a/e & free f =nication1 & n ent]ta9]s ( lov]s4--,sura ,,iv4 #cb4 ,& m>ry ^? among y :o are s+le1 & y\r good s]vants & y\r h&maid5s4 ,if !y are poor1 ,god ( 8 b\nty w enri* !m4 ,& ,god is all-b\nte\s1 kn[+4 ,& let ^? :o _c f9d a mat* live 9 cont95ce till ,god ( 8 b\nty %all enri* !m4 #cc4 ,& to ^? ( y\r slaves :o desire a de$ ( manumission1 execute x = !m1 if ye "k good 9 !m1 & give !m a portion ( ! weal? ( ,god :i* ,he ha? giv5 y4--,sura ,,xxiv4 ,& y are p]mitt$ to m>ry virtu\s wom51 :o are believ]s1 & virtu\s wom5 ( ^? :o h be5 giv5 ! ,scriptures be=e y1 :5 y h provid$ !m _! portions1 liv+ *a/ely ) !m )\t =nication1 & n tak+ concub9es4--,sura ,v4 ,! #bh? v]se ( ! f\r? ,sura does by no means sanction concub9age4 ,x has no?+ to d ) x4 ,x only treats ( m>riage4 ,x1 toge!r ) its prec$+ v]se1 po9ts out :om we c m>ry & :om n4 ,its next v]se int]dicts concub9age :5 x enjo9s m>riage ) ! !n exi/+ slaves4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>ia ! ,coptic4 #h4 ,i w "h take ! opportunity ( notic+ ,m>ia ! ,coptic1 :o is alleg$ to h be5 a concub9e-slave ( ,mohammad1 al?\gh %e does n come "u ! category ( prison]s made slaves4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ! ,roman ,gov]nor ( ,egypt _h writt5 to ,mohammad3--,i s5d = ?9e acceptance two damsels1 highly e/eem$ among ! ,copts4#ceb ,! writ] conv]ts !m at once into two slave-girls1 & rem>ks1 a /range pres5t1 h[ev]1 = a ,*ri/ian ,gov]nor to make4#cec ,%e 0 nei!r a captive1 nor a slave1 nor 0 %e describ$ z su* 9 ! ,gov]nor's lett]4 ,i am at a loss to "k :y or h[ %e has be5 treat$ by ! biograph]s ( ! ,prophet z a slave or a concub9e4 7#a7 ,i h great d\bts reg>d+ ! tru? ( ! /ory t ,mok[kas ! ,gov]nor _h s5t two maids to ,mohammad1 & tak+ x = grant$ !y 7 s s5t1 t "o ( !m 0 ! alleg$ ,m>ia2 7#b7 x is n a fact t %e 0 a slave2 7#c7 nor a concub9e-slave ( ! ,prophet2 7#d7 nor %e z su* bore a son to him2 7#e7 & la/ly1 ! notori\s sc&al ab\t h] mu* talk$ ( by ,european writ]s is a m]e calumny & a false /ory4 ,x w be a v t$i\s & irksome task to copy ! v>i\s traditions be>+ on ! above subjects & to discuss _! au!nticity1 & criticise _! g5u95ess1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! te*nicalities peculi> to ! ,sci5ce ( ,traditions1 z well z on ! basis ( sci5tific & rational criticism4 ,!re=e ,i w notice only briefly ea* ( ! above subjects4 ,sid5ote3 ,dispat* to ,mok[kas4 #i4 7#a7 ,t ,mohammad _h s5t a dispat* to ,mok[kas1 ! ,roman ,gov]nor ( ,egypt1 & t 9 reply he _h s5t ,m>ia ! ,coptic maid1 toge!r ) o!r pres5ts1 to ,mohammad1 is n to be f\nd 9 ! traditions collect$ by ! be/ critics ( ,mohammadan traditions l ,bokh>i & ,muslim1 :o _h sift$ ! :ole incoh]5t mass ( g5u9e & apocryphal traditions reg>d+ ! ,prophet1 & _h pick$ up b a v small portion ( !m :i* !y ?\ght to be relatively g5u9e4 ,we c fairly conclude t su* a tradition1 :i* is relat$ by o!r non-critics & /ory-tell]s1 :o h indiscrim9ately n>rat$ e tradition--:e!r g5u9e or apocryphal--l ,wkidi & ,ibn ,sd1 0 surely reject$ by ^! ,imams 7,doctors 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,tradition7 z hav+ n ! lea/ possibility ( its g5u95ess4 ,ev5 ,ibn ,i%ak 7di$ #aej71ced ,hi%am-b9-,abdul ,malik 7di$ #bac ,a4,h471#cee & ,abul ,mo'tam> ,soleiman 7di$ #adc ,a4,h4#cef7ceg h n ins]t$ ! portion ( ! tradition ( ,m>ia ! ,coptic maid be+ s5t by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nor to ,mohammad4 ,! tradition n>rat$ by ,ibn ,sd--7#a7 ?r\gh ,wkidi & ,abd-ul-,hamd f ,jf>1 7#b7 & ,abdullah b9 ,abdur ,rahmn b9 ,abi ,ssta--is und\bt$ly apocryphal1 ,wkidi & ,abd-ul-,hamd are ( impea*$ integrity1 or no au?ority at all4 ,ibn ,khallikan1 9 8 ,biographical ,diction>y1 translat$ by ,slane1 writes reg>d+ ,wkidi3--,! ,traditions receiv$ f him are consid]$ ( feeble au?ority1 & d\bts h be5 express$ on ! subject ( 8 7v]acity47#ceh ,ibn ,haj> ,askaln writes reg>d+ ,wkidi 9 8 ,takrib1 t he has be5 /ruck (f z an au?ority 7lit]ally left out71 not)/&+ 8 va/ k4 ,zahabi's op9ion ( ,wkidi 9 ,mizn-al-,et$al is t ,ahm$ b9 ,hanbal said he 0 ! greate/ li>4 ,bokh>i & ,ab ,htim say he is /ruck (f 7or left out z an au?ority74 ,reg>d+ ,abd-ul-,hamd1 ,zahabi writes t ,abu ,htim said he is n quot$ z an au?ority1 & ,s(in said he 0 a weak au?ority4 ,jf> & ,abdullah b9 ,abdur ,rahmn b9 ,abi ,ssta are ( ! middle p]iod 9 ! ,tabae5's class1 & d n quote _! au?ority on ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>ia nei!r a slave2 #aj4 7#b7 ,suppos+ t ! ,gov]nor ( ,egypt _h s5t two ,coptic maids1 ) o!r pres5ts1 to ,mohammad1 x does n foll[ necess>ily t !y 7 slave-girls4 ,x is nev] /at$ 9 hi/ory t !y 7 captives ( w>1 or1 if !y 7 s1 t !y 7 enslav$ subsequ5tly4 ,!re is no au?ority = a haphaz>d conjecture t !y 7 slave-girls4 ,sid5ote3 nor a concub9e-slave4 #aa4 7#c7 ,ev5 if x be admitt$ t ,m>ia ! ,coptic 0 a slave-girl1 !re is no pro( t %e 0 a concub9e-slave4 ,x is a /]eotyp$ fabrication ( traditioni/s1 & ! unp>donable blund] on ! "p ( ,european writ]s1 t !y almo/ always conf\nd female-slaves1 & ev5 sometimes captives1 ) concub9e-slaves4 ,none ( ! six /&>d collectors ( traditions--,imams ,bokh>i 7di$ #bef ,a4,h471 ,muslim 7di$ #bfa ,a4,h471 ,aboo ,daood 7di$ #bge ,a4,h471 ,tirmizee 7di$ #bgi ,a4,h471 ,nasee 7di$ #cjc ,a4,h471 & ,ibn ,mja 7di$ #bgc ,a4,h47--has n>rat$ t ,m>ia ! ,coptic 0 a concub9e-slave ( ! ,prophet4 ,ev5 ! e>ly biograph]s--,ibn ,i%ak 7di$ #aej ,a4,h47 & ,ibn ,hi%am 7di$ #bac ,a4,h47 h n made any m5tion to ?is effect4 ,x is only ,mohammad b9 ,sd1 ! ,secret>y to ,wkidi1 :o n>rates ! tradition1--fir/ly ?r\gh ,wkidi1 ,abd-ul-,hamd1 & ,jf>1 & secondly ?r\gh ,wkidi1 ,yakoob b9 ,mohammad1 & ,abdullah b9 ,abdur ,rahmn b9 ,abi ,ssta4 ,^! bo? ascriptions are apocryphal4 ,i h already quot$ my au?orities aga9/ ,wkidi & ,abd-ul-,hamd4 ,yakoob b9 ,mohammad has be5 impea*$ by ,abu ,z>a1 a critic 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,traditions4#cei ,jf> & ,abdullah bo? fl\ri%$ aft] ! fir/ c5tury4 ,_! evid5ce to ! suppos$ fact ab\t a c5tury ago is inadmissible4 ,9 ! ,biographical ,diction>ies ( ! contempor>ies ( ! ,prophet1 !re are ?ree p]sons nam$ ,m>ia4#cfj ,"o is said to h be5 a h\semaid ( ! ,prophet2 ! second 0 a h\semaid ^: kunniat 7patronymic7 is giv5 z ,omm ,rabab 7"m ( ,rabab74 ,! ?ird is call$ ,m>ia ! ,coptic4 ,x appe>s !re 0 only "o ,m>ia2 %e may h be5 a female s]vant 9 ! h\sehold ( ! ,prophet4 ,! n>rators h1 by cit+ diff]5t circum/ances reg>d+ !m1 made !m ?ree diff]5t p]sons1 & "o ( !m a concub9e-slave1 z !y c\ld n ?9k a h\se or family complete )\t a slave-girl or a concub9e-slave4 ,! biograph]s (t5 commit su* blund]s4 ,9 giv+ diff]5t anecdotes ( really ! same p]sons1 !y make z _m p]sons z !y h anecdotes4 ,t anyone ( ! ,m>ias 0 a concub9e-slave is a m]e conjecture1 or a /]eotyp$ =m ( traditional confusion 9 mix+ up maids]vants ) slaves or concub9e-slaves4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>ia _h no son4 #ab4 7#d7 ,^? :o h conv]t$ ,m>ia into a slave or a concub9e-slave h furni%$ h]--! creature ( _! own imag9ation--) a son4 ,!re are v>i\s traditions z to ! numb] & names ( ! ,prophet's sons1 all ( :om di$ 9 infancy4 ,"s traditions give diff]5t names to "o1 & o!rs give z _m sons z ! names are report$4 ,!re might h be5 a son ( ,mohammad by ! "n ( ,ibrahim1 b t he 0 born ( ,m>ia ! ,coptic is a p]fect my?4 ,?is piece ( ! /ory is ! cont9uation ( ! traditions ( ,ibn ,sd1 :i* ,i h already criticiz$ 9 p>as4 #i & #aa4 ,ibn ,sd has relat$ ano!r tradition ?r\gh ,om> b9 ,asim & ,katda to ! effect t ,mohammad's son ,ibrahim 0 born ( a captive woman4 ,asim has be5 condemn$ by ,abu ,hatim1 a doctor & critic 9 ! ,mohammadan traditional lit]ature2#cfa & ,katda 7di$ #aag ,a4,h47 0 n a contempor>y witness ( :at he relates4 ,?us he fails 9 giv+ any au?ority to 8 n>ration4 ,!re are two m traditions 9 ,ibn ,sd f simil> au?orities l ,katda1 namely1 ,zohri 7di$ #abd ,a4,h47 & ,mak-hool 7di$ #aah ,a4,h47--n contempor>ies ( ,mohammad1 b ( ! class ( ,tabae5--to ! effect t ,mohammad _h said1 ,_h ,ibrahim liv$1 ! capitation-tax w\ld h be5 remitt$ to e ,copt6 & t ,_h ,ibrahim liv$1 8 mat]nal uncles w\ld nev] h be5 enslav$6 ,!y d n say :o 0 ,ibrahim6 ,ano!r & ! la/ tradition 9 ,ibn ,sd ?r\gh ,yahia b9 ,hammd1 ,abu ,avna1 ,soleiman-al-,aama%1 ,muslim1 & ,b>a is to ! effect t ,ibrahim 0 born f a ,coptic maid ( ! ,prophet4 ,! n>rator ,soleiman-al-,aama% 0 a modallis 7,takrib 9 loco71 or 9 o!r words1 a li>4 ,besides ! :ole *a9 ( ! n>ration is ,mo-an-an4 ,9 none ( ! canonical collections ( traditions l ^? ( ,bokh>i1 ,muslim1 & o!rs ,ibrahim is said to h be5 born ( ,m>ia4 ,!re=e any ( _! traditions reg>d+ ,ibrahim is n aga9/ u4 ,x is also relat$ 9 "s g5u9e traditions t an eclipse ( ! sun took place on ! day ( ,ibrahim's dea?4#cfb ,! hi/orians h relat$ only "o eclipse1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ! ,hejira1 :5 ,mohammad 0 at ,hodeibia4 ,?is %[s t ,ibrahim c\ld n be ,m>ia's son4 ,%e only c\ld come to ,arabia a ye> lat]1 z ! dispat*es to sev]al pr9ces 7 s5t only 9 ! sev5? ye>4 ,yfaee1 9 8 hi/ory ,mirt-uz-,zamn1 has not$ t ! sun 0 eclips$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ! ,hejira4 ,9 ! t5? ye>1 he says1--,a g5u9e tradition has t ! sun 0 eclips$ on ! day ( ,ibrahim's dea?1 & x has be5 /at$ above t x 0 eclips$ 9 ! six? ye>4 ,!re is "s difficulty4 ,x 0 not$ once only dur+ ! "t ( ! ,prophet4 ,if x occurr$ twice1 !re is no difficulty2 & if n1 "o ( ^! two ev5ts mu/ be wrong1 ei!r ! eclipse took place 9 ! t5? ye>1 or ! ,prophet's son di$ 9 ! six? ye>4 ,b hi/orically ! eclipse 0 notic$ only 9 ! six? ye>4 ,!re are diff]5t dates ( ,ibrahim's dea? report$ by ! biograph]s--! f\r?1 t5?1 & f\rte5? ( lun> mon?s1 b 9 none ( !m c an eclipse take place4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ory ( ,haphsa & ,m>ia a spuri\s "o4 #ac4 7#e7 ,la/ly1 ,i h to notice ! infam\s calumny aga9/ ,mohammad concoct$ up by 8 enemies1 t ,haphsa surpriz$ ! ,prophet 9 h] own private room ) ,m>ia4 ,%e reproa*$ h] "l bitt]ly1 & ?reat5$ to make ! occurr5ce kn[n to all 8 wives4 ,afraid ( ! exposure & anxi\s to appease 8 (f5d$ wife1 he begg$ ( h] to keep ! matt] quiet1 & promis$ to =ego ! society ( ,m>ia altoge!r4 ,b he aft]w>ds releas$ himself f x by a special revelation--7,sura ,,lxvi1 #a74 ,sir ,w4 ,muir rem>ks3-- ,z 9 ! case ( ,ze9ab1 ,mahomet produc$ a message f ,heav51 :i* disall[$ 8 promise ( sep>ation f ,m>y4444 ,! passage 9 ! ,koran relat+ to ! affair is z foll[s3-- ,o ,prophet6 ,:y ha/ ?\ =bidd5 ?yself t :i* ,god ha? made lawful unto !e1#cfc out ( desire to please ?y wives2 = ,god is =giv+ & m]ciful8#cfd ,sid5ote3 ,! affair n notic$ 9 ! e>ly biographies4 #ad4 ,n[ ?is is p]fectly a fictiti\s /ory4 ,nei!r !re 0 any su* affair1 nor is !re any?+ on ?is head m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,x is v /range t ,sir ,w4 ,muir has abruptly left aside1 9 ?is in/ance1 all 8 pr9cipal au?orities1 ! ,arabian biograph]s1 ,ibn ,i%ak1 ,wkidi 78 secret>y71 & ,tab>i4 ,! /ory is n to be f\nd 9 any ( ^! biographies1 nor 9 ! canonical collections ( ,bokh>i1 ,muslim1 & ,tirmizee4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir _h himself laid d[n ! rule t only ^! orig9al au?orities are to be dep5d$ ^u1 & ! lat] au?ors are to be reject$4 ,he writes3-- ,to ! ?ree biographies by ,ibn ,hi%m1 by ,wackidi 8 secret>y1 & ,tab>i1 ! judici\s hi/orian ( ,mahomet w1 z 8 orig9al au?orities1 conf9e himself4 ,he w also receive ) a simil> respect su* traditions 9 ! g5]al collections ( ! e>lie/ traditioni/s--,bokh>i1 ,muslim1 ,tirmizi1 c4--z may be> ^u 8 subject4 ,b he w reject z evid5ce all lat] au?ors1 to ^: s-call$ traditions he w n all[ any hi/orical weight :atev]4#cfe ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir's au?orities n valid4 #ae4 ,b 9 ?is in/ance1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 be+ anxi\s to quote 8 fictiti\s /ory to calumniate ,mohammad1 has ceas$ to be a judici\s hi/orian1 & deviates f 8 self-impos$ rule4 ,he does n reject ! /ory z he ought judici\sly & consci5ti\sly to h done1 z x is n to be f\nd 9 any ( ! e>lie/ & orig9al au?orities m5tion$ by him2 on ! contr>y1 he compromises himself by condesc5d+ to quote f second>y & lat] au?ors4 ,he writes 9 a footnote )\t quot+ 8 orig9al au?ority3-- ,! v]sion giv5 9 ! text is accr$it$ by ,jellood-de51 ,yahia1 ,beizawi1 & ,zamak%>i1 c4 7,vol4 ,,iii1 page #afc47 ,^! au?ors 7 nei!r biograph]s nor hi/orians1 & are !re=e no au?orities at all4 ,zamak%>i & ,beizawi 7 comm5tators 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies respectively4 ,!y give two /ories1 "o reg>d+ ,m>ia & ano!r to ! effect t ! oa? or promise ( ,mohammad _h be5 to ! effect t he w\ld n aga9 p>take ( a species ( /rong-sc5t$ honey dislik$ by 8 wives4 ,jelal-ud-de5 ,mahalli 0 a comm5tator ( ! n9? c5tury ( ! ,hejira4 ,yahia is n kn[n among ! comm5tators4 ,he may be "o ( ! late/ au?ors4 ,! comm5tators are g5]ally no au?ority 9 ! matt] ( traditional lit]ature4 ,to illu/rate allusions 9 ! ,coran1 !y are always ready ) a /ory 9 po9t1 b un=tunately !re are almo/ always diff]5t tales1 all equally opposite to ! same allusion4 ,! allusion1 9 fact1 0 (t5 ! fa!r ( ! /ory4 ,:at 0 orig9ally1 p]haps1 a m]e conjecture ( suppos$ ev5ts t might h giv5 rise to an expression 9 ! ,coran1 or 0 a s+le surmise 9 explanation ( "s passage1 by degrees assume ! g>b ( fact4 ,! tradition & ! facts :i* x pr(esses to atte/ ?us1 no d\bt1 (t5 re/ on no bett] au?ority ?an t ( ! v]se or passage itself4#cff ,sid5ote3 ,! be/ comm5tators & traditioni/s refute ! /ory4 #af4 ,^? comm5tators :o are well v]s$ 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,traditions1 z well z doctors 9 ! traditional lit]ature1 h reject$ ! /ory ( ,m>ia z ! subject-matt] ( ,sura ,,lxvi1 z apocryphal4 ,baghvi1 ! au?or ( ,misbah 7! text ( ,mi%kat71 says t ! ,sura 0 reveal$ on ! subject ( honey1 & n 9 ! case ( ,m>ia4 ,! latt] /ory is nei!r 9 ! ,sahiha9 7,bokh>i & ,muslim71 nor has x be5 n>rat$ 9 any au!ntic way4 ,hfiz ,i%mael ,ibn ,kase]al ,q>a%i1 z quot$ by ,ku/lnee 7notes on ,bokh>i1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 page #cac71 says t ! ,sura 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! case ( honey4 ,imam ,novee1 9 8 notes on ,muslim1 7,vol4 ,i1 page #dfc17 says3--,9 fact x 0 reveal$ 9 ! case ( ! honey1 & n 9 ! case ( ,m>ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ory n accr$it$ by ! ,koran4 #ag4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir himself admits t ! e>lie/ biograph]s d n relate ! /ory1 b gives a false excuse = 8 n foll[+ _! example4 ,he writes3-- ,! biograph]s pass ov] ! sc5e 9 dec5t sil5ce1 & ,i %\ld gladly h foll[$ _! example1 if ! ,coran itself _h n accr$it$ ! facts1 & /amp$ !m ) unavoidable notoriety4#cfg ,! allegation is absurdly false1 z ev]ybody c satisfy himself by ref]r+ to ! ,koran1 :i* does n conta9 ! fictiti\s & spuri\s /ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ory :5 fabricat$4 #ah4 ,! curr5cy ( ! /ory did nei!r take place dur+ ! "t ( ,mohammad1 its prop] age1 nor dur+ ! lifetime ( ! companions4 ,x 0 fabricat$ & impos$ on "s ( ! ,tabaee ( weak au?ority 9 ! second c5tury4#cfh ,!re is no d\bt t ! :ole /ory is a %e] fabrication f beg9n+ to end4 ,sid5ote3 ,ze9ab's case4 #ai4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w (f] a few rem>ks 9 pass+ reg>d+ ,sir ,w4 ,muir's ref]5ce "h to ,ze9ab's case4 ,he writes3-- ,! *>ms ( a second ,ze9ab 7 by accid5t discov]$ too fully be=e ! ,prophet's admir+ gaze4 ,%e 0 ! wife ( ,zeid1 8 adopt$ son & bosom fri5d2 b he 0 unable to smo!r ! flame %e _h k9dl$ 9 8 brea/1 & by div9e comm& %e 0 tak5 to 8 b$4#cfi ,! /ory is f ! beg9n+ to end all untrue4 ,mohammad knew ,ze9ab f h] infancy1 %e 0 8 c\s92 & he _h himself arrang$ h] m>riage ) ,zeid4 ,:5 ,zeid divorc$ h]1 %e 0 ?irty-five ye>s old1 & possibly c\ld h no *>ms to fasc9ate ev5 a /rang]4 ,_h %e be5 *>m+ or fair to look ^u1 ,zeid %\ld n h sep>at$ himself f h]4 ,!re is no hi/orical au?ority = ?is1 or = any o!r v]sion ( ! /ory4 ,! ,koran1 :ile treat+ ! subject1 has n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to any ( ! /ories aft]w>ds made out to ! effect t ,mohammad _h be5 to ,zeid's h\se1 &1 hav+ accid5tally se5 ! beauty ( ,ze9ab's figure ?r\gh ! half-op5$ door2 or t ! w9d blew aside ! curta9 ( ,ze9ab's *amb]1 & disclos$ h] 9 a scanty undress1 0 smitt5 by ! sight4#cgj ,sid5ote3 ,! /ory a spuri\s "o4 #bj4 ,^! /ories1 & ,i believe a few m v>i$ acc\nts ( ! same1 l ^? ( ! /ory ( ,m>ia ! ,coptic1 7 orig9ally m]e conjectures ( suppos$ ev5ts t might h giv5 rise to an expression 9 ! ,koran 7,sura ,,xxxiii1 v]se #cg7--;if n wilful misrepres5tations ( /ory-tell]s & enemies ( ,islam--:i* ! ,european writ]s repres5t 9 ! g>b ( facts4 ,! words ( ! ,koran :i* h be5 ! fa!r ( ! /ory are3-- ,& :5 ?\ said/ to him unto :om ,god _h %ewn fav\r1 & unto :om ?\ also had/ %ewn fav\r1 'keep ?y wife to ?yself1 & fe> ,god1' & ?\ did/ hide 9 ?y m9d :at ,god w\ld br+ to light1 & ?\ did/ fe> m52 b m "r x _h be5 to fe> ,god4 ,?is %[s ,mohammad dissuad$ ,zeid f divorc+ 8 wife1 not)/&+ ! great facility ( divorce common at t "t 9 ,arabia4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir is n ju/ifi$ 9 copy+ ^! /ories f ,tab>i4 ,!y are n relat$ by e>lie/ biograph]s f any au!ntic & reliable s\rce4 ,he ought to h reject$ !m z spuri\s fabrications "u hi/orical criticism1 z he rejects o!r traditions :i* are on a bett] foot+ ( tru? ?an ^! false & malici\sly =g$ /ories4 ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir's conjectures n ju/ifi$4 #ba4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir has exce$$ ! limit he himself _h m>k$ out = a judici\s hi/orian ( ,mohammad :5 he ab\nds 9 8 wild fancies1 & obs]ves-- ,zeid w5t /raightway to ,mahomet1 & decl>$ 8 read9ess to divorce ,ze9ab = him4 ,?is ,mahomet decl9$3 ',keep ?y wife to ?yself1' he said1 '& fe> ,god4' ,b ,zeid c\ld pla9ly see t ^! words proce$$ f unwill+ lips1 & t ! ,prophet _h /ill a long+ eye = ,ze9ab4#cga ,n[ ?is is a m]e libell\s surmise4 ,he goes on /ill ) 8 defamatory conjectures1 & writes3-- ,/ill ! passion = ,ze9ab c\ld n be smo!r$2 x cont9u$ to burn )9 ! he>t ( ,mahomet1 & at la/ bur/+ =?1 scatt]$ o!r consid]ations to ! w9d4#cgb ,mohammad nev] pr(ess$ to h receiv$ a div9e comm& to m>ry ,ze9ab4 ,x 0 n necess>y = him to h done s4 ,! outcry rais$ by ! ,pagan ,arabs 0 n because !y suspect$ an intrigue on ! ,prophet's "p to secure a divorce1 b because !y look$ ^u an adopt$ son 9 ! light ( a true son1 & consid]$1 !re=e1 ! m>riage ) ,ze9ab1 aft] h] divorce f ,zeid1 z fall+ )9 ! prohibit$ degrees4 ,?is adoptive aff9ity 0 already aboli%$ 9 ! ,koran 7,sura ,,xxxiii1 #d73 ,god ha? n made y\r adopt$ sons z y\r own sons4 ,sir ,w4 ,muir gravely mi/akes 9 8 rem>ks :5 he says3-- ,! m>riage caus$ mu* obloquy1 & to save 8 reputation1 ,mahomet _h ! impi\s effront]y to sanction x by special ,revelation f on high1 9 :i* ! ,almighty is repres5t$ z =mally record+ a div9e w>rant = ! union4#cgc ,he quotes v]se #cf1 ,sura ,,xxxiii4 ,b he has himself admitt$ 7,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bbi footnote7 t ?is v]se is r 9 a recitative /yle ( a pa/ ev5t1 & n a div9e comm& to m>ry ,ze9ab4 ,! words we jo9$ !e 9 m>riage unto h] 9 ! v]se d n mean a comm& = m>riage4 ,!y simply mean t ! m>riage _h tak5 place4 ,! phrase we jo9$ !e 9 m>riage unto h] is a m]e =m ( expression4 ,almo/ all human actions are attribut$ to ,god 9 ! ,koran1 & :atev] occurs 9 ! _w by ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 & by ! free ag5cy ( m51 is ref]r$ 9 ! ,koran to ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,a wrong translation ( ,sir ,w4 ,muir4 #bb4 ,9 ! next v]se--,!re is no (f5ce *>geable to ! ,prophet 9 t :i* ,god ha? enjo9$ ^u him--he wrongly translates ,f>aza z enjo9$1 & ?us conveys an idea ( a div9e comm&4 ,f>aza means he made 7a ?+7 lawful or all[able4 ,see ,lane's ,arabic ,diction>y1 ,bk4 ,i1 ,pt4 ,,vi1 page #bcgc4 ,9 giv+ ! above mean+ ,mr4 ,lane quotes ?is v v]se4#cgd ,su* unions 7 made lawful n only to ,mohammad1 b = all ! ,moslems1 & !re 0 no?+ p>tak+ ( a special pr]ogative = him4 ,no special sanction is convey$ by ^! v]ses4 ,no special revelation f on high 0 br\ght =w>d to secure 8 own object or to give him an exceptional privilege4 ,x 0 m]ely said t no blame atta*$ to ! ,prophet = do+ :at 0 lawful4 ,! ^w ,amr1 translat$ comm& & behe/1 9 ,,xxxiii1 #cg & #ch1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir & o!rs1 9 fact means "h & 9 o!r simil> passage 7,,xix1 #ba2 ,,iv1 #ej2 ,,xi1 #gf2 & ,,viii1 #dc1 #df71--;,god's =ekn[l$ge ( future cont+5cies & n a legal comm&4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ^w ,qadr 9 ,,xxxiii1 #ch1 z well z 9 ,,xv1 #fj1 & ,,lxxiii1 #bj1 :i* means ,god's presci5ce & n a pr$e/9at$ decree4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ,ze9ab's case no exceptional privilege 0 secur$4 #bc4 ,9 conclusion1 ,sir ,w4 ,muir rem>ks3-- ,our only matt] ( wond] is t ! ,revelations ( ,mahomet cont9u$ aft] ?is to be reg>d$ by 8 p z inspir$ communications f ! ,almighty1 :5 !y 7 s palpably =m$ to secure 8 own objects1 & p&] ev5 to 8 evil desires4 ,we he> ( no d\bts or que/ion+s1 & we c only attribute ! confid+ & cr$ul\s _s ( 8 foll[]s to ! absolute asc5d5cy ( 8 p[]ful m9d ov] all :o came )9 its influ5ce4#cge ,! v]ses #cg & #ch ( ! ?irty-?ird ,sura _h n 9 any way secur$ ! objects ( ,mohammad1 mu* less p&]$ to 8 evil desire4 ,z 8 m>riage ) ,ze9ab _h tak5 place long be=e !y 7 publi%$1 !y c\ld n be said to conf] any exceptional privilege ^u him4 ,sid5ote3 ,! false /ory trac$ to ,muktil4 #bd4 ,! /ory copi$ by comm5tators t ,mohammad _h accid5tally se5 ,ze9ab & admir$ h] is trac$ to ,muktil1#cgf a comm5tator ( ! ,koran 9 ! second c5tury1 :o di$ at ,basra #aej ,a4,h4 ,! doctors 79 traditions71 writes ,ibn ,khallikan 9 8 ,biographical ,diction>y1 translat$ by ,slane1 diff] 9 op9ion respect+ ,muktil3 "s decl>e t1 z a traditioni/1 he 0 wor?y ( confid5ce1 & o!rs accus$ him ( falsehood4 444 ,ahm$ b9 ,saiyr says3-- ,muktil ,ibn ,sulimn1 a native ( ,balkh1 w5t to ,m>w1 :5ce he proce$$ to ,irk4 ,8 v]acity is suspect$2 8 ,traditions %\ld be left aside & decl>ations %\ld be reject$4 ,speak+ ( ! div9e attributes1 he said ?+s :i* x w\ld be s9ful to repeat4 ,ibrhm ,ibn ,ykb-al-,juz-,jni call$ ,muktil an audaci\s li>4 ,abu ,abd ar-,rahmn an ,nasi said3--,li>s notori\s = =g+ ,traditions & pass+ !m (f z com+ f ! ,prophet 7 f\r 9 numb]3 ,ibn ,abi ,yahya1 at ,m$na2 ,al-,wkidi1 at ,baghdad2 ,muktil ,ibn ,sulimn1 9 ,khorsn2 & ,muhammad ,ibn ,sad1 surnam$ ,al-,maslb1 9 ,syria4 ,wak ,ibn al-,j>rh said ( ,muktil t he 0 a confirm$ li>4 ,abu ,bakr al-,ajurri said3 ,i ask$ ,ab ,dwd ,sulimn ,ibn al ,a%? conc]n+ ,muktil1 & he answ]$3--',all ,traditions giv5 by him %\ld be reject$4' ,accord+ to ,om> ,ibn al-,ghalls1 ,muktil ,ibn ,sulimn 0 a li>1 & 8 traditions 7 to be reject$4 ,z = ,muktil ,ibn ,sulimn1 said ,al-,bukhri1 pass him ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,9 ano!r place1 he says ( him3 ,he is j no?+ at all4 ,yahya ,ibn ,mon decl>$ t ,muktil's traditions 7 ( no value2 & ,ahmad ,ibn ,hanbal said3 ,z = ,muktil ,ibn ,sulimn1 ! au?or ( ! ,comm5t>y1 ,i %\ld n l to cite any?+ on 8 au?ority4 ,8 ,traditions are to be reject$1 said ,ab ,htim ar-,rzi4 ,accord+ to ,zak>iya ,ibn ,yahya z-,sji1 p said ( ,muktil ,ibn ,sulimn1 ! native ( ,khorsn1 t he 0 a li>1 & t 8 traditions %\ld be reject$4#cgg ,sid5ote3 ,ikrama4 ,ikrama 7di$ #ajg ,a4,h471 ano!r li>1 _h only surmis$ be=e ,muktil t ,mohammad might h admir$ ,ze9ab4 ,8 words1 z relat$ by ! traditioni/s1 ,abd b9 ,hamd & ,ibn-al-,munz>1 are z if %e _h fall5 deep 9 8 m9d4#cgh ,b ,muktil has conv]t$ ?is haz>d\s conjecture into a fact4 ,abd ,allah ,ibn al-,h>i? relates z foll[s3-- ,i w5t to visit ,ali1 ! son ( ,abd ,allh ,ibu ,abbs1 & ,i saw ,ikrama ti$ up at ! door ( a privy1 on :i* ,i said3 ',is x ?us t y treat y\r slave8' ,to :i* he repli$4 ',"k t t fell[ has told lies ( my fa!r4'#cgi ,sid5ote3 ,mohammad b9 ,yahya4 ,mohammad b9 ,yahya b9 ,habbn#chj 7di$ #aba ,a4,h47 has also giv5 ! tradition ( ,mohammad's admir+ ,ze9ab at ,zeid's h\se1 b does n give 8 au?ority4 ,he 0 n a contempor>y n>rator1 !re=e 8 n>ration is apocryphal & te*nically ,mursal4 ,sid5ote3 ,katd's conjectural int]pretation n w>rant$4 #be4 ,all ^! silly fables1 wild romances1 & sc&al\s conjectures h _! orig9 9 ,katda's improp] int]pretation ( ^! words1 & ?\ did/ hide 9 ?y m9d :at ,god w\ld br+ to light 7,sura ,,xxxiii1 #cg74 ,katda 7di$ #aag ,a4,h47 conjectur$ t ! ,prophet conceal$ 8 desire t ,zeid %\ld divorce ,ze9ab4 ,b all o!r au?ors#cha h f\nd fault ) ,katda 9 8 surmise1 :i* is n support$ by any ^w 9 ! text or by any contempor>y evid5ce4 ,?is int]pretation ( ,katda is contradict$ by ! v words ( ,mohammad to ,zeid 9 ! same v]se3 ,keep ?y wife to ?yself & fe> ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r conjectures4 #bf4 ,_m h be5 ! conjectures z to :at did ,mohammad hide 9 8 m9d4 ,!re is "o by ,katda already expla9$4 ,ano!r is ?is1 t he knew ,zeid w\ld divorce h]1 b conceal+ ?is 9 8 m9d1 he int]dict$ ,zeid f do+ s4 ,a ?ird conjecture is ?is1 t he conceal$ 9 8 m9d t if ,zeid1 contr>y to 8 7,mohammad's7 advice1 7 to divorce h] 7,ze9ab71 he 7,mohammad7 w\ld m>ry h]4 ,^! conjectures are all f>-fet*$ & arbitr>y1 b x appe>s m probable t ! social inh>mony & dome/ic di/urbances betwe5 ,zeid & ,ze9ab1 & _! resolve ( sep>ation1 7 )held f ! public by ,mohammad1 fe>+ ! sc&al x might give rise to among 8 enemies4 ,?is is ! only secret ref]r$ to 9 ! v]se s (t5 cit$4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 page #ge1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,x is to ransom ! captive4--,,xc1 #ac4 ,!re is no piety 9 turn+ y\r faces t[>ds ! ea/ or ! we/1 b he is pi\s :o believe? 9 ,god & ! ,la/ ,day1 & ! ,angels & ! ,scriptures & ! ,prophets2 :o = ! love ( ,god disburse? 8 weal? to 8 k9dr$ & to ! orphans & ! ne$y1 & ! wayf>] & ^? :o ask2 & = ransom+1 c4--,,ii1 #agb4 ,footnote #cch3 ,& to ^? ( y\r slaves :o desire a de$ ( manumission1 execute x = !m1 if ye "k good 9 !m1 & give !m a portion ( ! weal? ( ,god :i* ,he ha? giv5 y4 ,=ce n y\r female slaves into s91 9 ord] t ye may ga9 he casual fruitions ( ?is _w1 if !y wi% to pres]ve _! mode/y4 ,yet if any "o compel !m1 !n v]ily1 aft] _! compulsion1 w ,god be ,=giv+1 ,m]ciful4--,,xxiv1 #cc4 ,footnote #cci3 ,a believ] kille? n a believ] b by mis*ance3 & :oso kille? a believ] by mis*ance %all be b\nd to free a believ] f slav]y1 c4--,,iv1 #id4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,& ^? :o ?us put away _! wives1 & aft]w>ds w\ld recall _! words1 mu/ free a captive be=e !y c come toge!r aga91 c4--,,lviii1 #d4 ,footnote #cda3 ,b alms are only to be giv5 to ! poor & ! ne$y1 & ^? :o collect !m1 & to ^? ^: he>ts are won to ,islam1 & = ransom+ & = debtors1 & = ! cause ( ,god1 & ! wayf>]1 c4--,,ix1 #fj4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,god w n puni% y = a mi/ak5 ^w 9 y\r oa?s2 b ,he w puni% y 9 reg>d to an oa? tak5 s]i\sly4 ,its expiation %all be to fe$ t5 poor p]sons ) su* middl+ food z ye fe$ y\r families )1 or to clo! !m2 or to set free a captive3 b he :o _c f9d ! means %all fa/ ?ree days4 ,?is is ! expiation ( y\r oa?s :5 ye h sworn4 ,keep !n y\r oa?s4 ,?us ,god make? 8 signs cle> to y4 ,haply ye w be ?ankful4--,v1 #ia4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,vide ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bbc4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,accord+ to ,hi%mi1 p4 #gde1 a p>ty ( fifty or =ty ,korei% w5t r\nd ab\t ,mohammad's camp at ,hodeibia1 seek+ to cut (f any /ray foll[]s2 & hav+ attack$ ! camp itself ) /ones & arr[s1 !y 7 caught & tak5 to ,mohammad1 :o p>don$ & releas$ !m4--,vide ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,,iv1 p4 #ca1 f4n42 & ,moslim's collection ( g5u9e traditions ,kitab-ul ,jihad vas-,siy>1 *apt] on ,tanfeel & ,ransom4 ,footnote #cde3 ,all ! prison]s ( ,hawz9 at ,hona9 7 releas$ )\t tak+ any ransom & 7 n made slaves4 ,see ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #adh-adi4 ,t ,mohammad _h pres5t$ ?ree female slaves to ,ali1 ,o?man1 & ,om> f ! captives ( ,b>d ,hawz91 z /at$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #adi1 is void ( all tru?4 ,! captives 7 n enslav$4 ,!y 7 m]e prison]s1 z ,sir ,w4 ,muir himself calls !m s 7ibid1 pp4 #adh-adi72 yet he /yles ^! ?ree ( !m female slaves4 ,! captives toge!r ) ! captur$ camp 7 remov$ to ! valley ( ,ji]na1 p5d+ negotiations 7ibid1 p4 #adb74 ,at ! end ( ! negotiations ! prison]s 7 releas$4 ,?us !re c\ld be no di/ribution ( prison]s to anyone4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir writes3--,hi%mee says t f ! "t ( ,kheib> slaves became v pl5tiful among ! ,moslems1 p4 #ccc4 ,i d n f9d t1 except+ ! family ( ,k9na1 any m5tion is made ( slaves tak5 at ,kheib>4 ,b money1 :i* ! victors obta9$ pl5tifully at ,kheib>1 c\ld pur*ase !m *eaply 9 any "p ( ,arabia4 7,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #gc-gd1 & footnote47 ,b ! ^w orig9ally us$ by ,hi%amee1 sabaya1 means captives & prop]ty captur$1 & n slaves1 ?\gh captives1 if n ransom$1 7 us$ to be made slaves "u ! ,arab ,int]national ,law4 ,besides ?is ev5 ! family ( ,k9na 0 nev] enslav$4 ,k9na 0 tak5 captive & execut$1 because he _h kill$ ,mahamd b9 ,muslama4 ,vide p>a4 #ge ( ?is book4 ,! /ory t ,mohammad imm$iately on ,k9na's execution s5t = h] & ca/ 8 mantle ov] h]1 signify+ t %e 0 to be 8 own1 & consummat$ 8 m>riage ) h]1 & t h] d[] 0 h] fre$om 7vide ,muir1 ibid1 pp4 #fh-fi71 is n g5u9e & au!ntic4 ,8 family1 by :i* is meant ,s(ia & h] c\s91 0 n enslav$1 & !re is no tradition1 g5u9e or apocryphal1 to corroborate x4 ,i "h take ! opportunity ( quot+ a spee* ascrib$ to ,mohammad :ile address+ ,s(ia1 ! wid[ ( ,k9na1 copi$ by ,abul ,mo'tam> ,soleiman 7di$ ,a4,h4 #adc7 9 8 ,campaigns ( ,mohammad4 ,mohammad address$ h] ?us3--,i give !e *oice ei!r ( ,islam1 or ( ,judaism4 ,if ?\ accepte/ ,islam1 p]haps ,i may keep !e = myself4 ,b if ?\ pref]e/ ,judaism1 ,i may p]haps lib]ate !e1 & jo9 !e to ?y family4 ,vide ,wkidi's ,campaigns ( ,mohammad1 page #cic1 ,calcutta1 #ahef4 ,?is spee* %[s amply t ,mohammad _h no int5tion ( enslav+ ,s(ia4 ,! /ory ( ,mohammad's m>riage ) ,s(ia aft] h] be+ giv5 to & pur*as$ f ,dihya1 emanates f ,anas1 :o _c be reli$ ^u4 ,anas _h v rec5tly be5 associat$ ) ,mohammad4 ,he ent]$ ,mohammad's s]vice only ! o!r day :5 he />t$ = ! exp$ition ( ,khyb]1 & 0 b a boy only a doz5-ye>s old at t "t4 ,x is relat$ by ,bokh>i f ,anas himself1 :o said t ! ,prophet _h ask$ ,abu ,tulhah to get him a boy to s]ve him dur+ ! ,khyb] exp$ition4 ,s he took me to him1 & ,i 0 a boy close to maturity 7,bokh>i-,kitabul ,jihad74 ,anas has giv5 two contradictory acc\nts ab\t ,s(ia2 9 "o he says1 ,dihya ask$ ,mohammad's p]mission = a captive girl1 & took ,s(ia4 ,:5 ,mohammad he>d ab\t ,s(ia1 he ask$ ,dihya to take ano!r "o2 & hav+ lib]at$ ,s(ia m>ri$ h]1 & h] fre$om 0 h] d[]4 ,9 ano!r tradition1 ,anas relates t ,s(ia fell to ! lot ( ,dihya1 & ,mohammad pur*as$ h] f him = sev5 camels4 ,he says3--,! p did n "k :e!r he _h m>ri$ h]1 or _h made h] a concub9e-slave1 b :5 %e rode on a camel1 & ,mohammad put veil r\nd h]1 ! p knew f ?is t %e 0 8 wife4 ,bo? ^! traditions are n>rat$ f ,anas by ,moslem 9 8 ,saheeh 7,book on ,m>riage74 ,! idea t ,mohammad m>ri$ ,s(ia "u ! circum/ances not$ above is n satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,x 0 only ! fancy ( ! p1 or 0 a conjecture ( ,anas4 ,yet ,sir ,w4 ,muir has ! effront]y to rem>k aga9/ ,mohammad t3 ,inde$1 he is n free f ! suspicion ( be+ influ5c$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,k9na by ! desire ( obta9+ 8 wife4 7,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #fh1 footnote47 ,k9na 0 execut$ = kill+ ,mahmood b9 ,muslama1 & ,s(ia 0 nei!r enslav$ nor m>ri$ by ,mohammad4 ,ev5 if x be %[n t ,mohammad m>ri$ h] aft]w>ds "u "s o!r circum/ances1 x 7,sir ,w4 ,muir's presumption7 is an idle guess unw>rant$ by any reasonable argum5t4 ,! traditioni/s1 ,anas & o!rs1 h probably conf\nd$ ,s(ia1 ! aunt ( ,mohammad1 :o 0 ) him dur+ ! exp$ition ( ,khyb] 7vide ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #ff1 footnote71 ) ,k9na's wid[ ( ! same "n1 :om !y fanci$ ,mohammad might h m>ri$ & c>ri$ ) him on ! same camel4 ,! lady = :om ,mohammad l[]$ 8 knee to help h] to asc5d ! camel 7ibid1 page #gj7 0 mo/ probably ,s(ia1 8 aunt4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bgh-bgi4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,vide ,! ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,p]sons :o knew ,mohammad1 by ,ibn ,haj>4 ,9 ,biblo!ca ,indica4 ,a collection ( ori5tal ,s]ies1 publi%$ by ! ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 ,no4 #bae1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,fasciculus #g1 ,calcutta1 #ahff2 ,art4 ,rehana1 ,no4 #ddd4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bgh4 ,footnote #cej3 ,! days ( ,ignorance1 t is1 ! p]iod prec$+ ,islam4 ,footnote #cea3 ,two su* are nam$ by ,tab>i1 ,i1 page #bdh4 ,a light ransom 0 fix$ = ea* ,arab slave--sev5 camels & six "y ones4 ,9 ! case ( "s tribes :i* _h suff]$ mo/ sev]ely 7z ! ,b5i ,hanifa1 ! ,b5i ,k9da1 & ! p ( ,omn discomfit$ at ,dab7 ev5 ?is 0 remitt$4 ,annals ( ,e>ly ,caliphate4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #ef4 ,footnote #cec3 ,ibid1 page #eg1 footnote4 ,footnote #ced3 ,vide ,hi%amee1 page #igb4 ,footnote #cee3 ,ibid1 page #iga4 ,footnote #cef3 ,vide ,takrib by ,ibn ,haj>4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,vide ,hi/ory ( ,muhammad's ,campaigns by ,wkidi2 edit$ by ,von ,krem]1 ,calcutta1 #ahef1 f p4 #cfj to ! end4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #fb4 ,footnote #cei3 ,vide ,mizn-ul-,et$l by ,zahab4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,vide ,nos4 #igf1 #igg1 & #igh 9 ! ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,p]sons :o knew ,mohammad1 by ,ibn ,haj>1 publi%$ by ! ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 ,calcutta1 #ahgj1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ggi1 #ghj1 & #gha4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,vide ,mizn1 by ,zahab4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,an eclipse ( ! sun occurr$ on ! same day1 & ! p spoke ( x z a tribute to ! dea? ( ! ,prophet's son4 ,a vulg> impo/or w\ld h accept$ & confirm$ ! delusion2 b ,mahomet reject$ ! idea4--,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #aff4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,mean+ ! company ( 8 female slave4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #afa & #afb4 ,tak+ concub9e-slaves 0 an e/abli%$ & recogniz$ in/itution ( ! ,arab society1 until ,mohammad aboli%$ x4 ,practically ! cu/om has prevail$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,no blame atta*$ to su* alliances 9 ! social sy/em ( ! ,arabs4 ,! ,caliphs ( ! ,h\se ( ,abbas 7 all ( !m ! *ildr5 ( concub9es except z--,saffah1 ,al-,mahdi1 & ,al-,am9 7,hi/ory ( ,caliphs4 ,by ,sayte4 ,translat$ by ,major ,j>ret1 page #bj1 ,calcutta1 #ahhj74 ,if ! /ory reg>d+ ,mohammad be true1 !re 0 no fe> ( exposure or (f5d+ ! wives4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,introduction1 page ciii4 ,footnote #cff3 ,! ,calcutta ,review1 ,feby4 #ahfh1 page #cgd4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #afj4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,zeid b9 ,aslam 79 ,tabrani71 :o n>rates ! /ory1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ,m>ia1 is a ,tbaee 7di$ ,a4,h4 #acf71 & does n quote 8 au?ority4 ,besides1 8 au?ority itself is impea*$2 vide ,ibn ,adi 9 8 ,kmal4 ,masrook 79 ,sae$ b9 ,mansoor7 only came to ,m$9a long aft] ,mohammad's dea?2 !re=e 8 n>ration1 ev5 if x be g5u9e1 is n reliable4 ,zohak ,ibn ,muzahim 79 ,tabrani71 also a ,tbaee & ( impea*$ au?ority1 n>rates x f ,ibn ,abbs1 b he nev] he>d any tradition f him1 nor _h he ev5 se5 him 7vide ,mzn-ul-,et$al1 by ,zahabi1 & ,ansb1 by ,sam-ni74 ,8 n>ration mu/ be h5ce consid]$ z apocryphal4 ,! ascription ( ,ibn ,om>'s 7di$ #gc ,a4,h47 /ory1 n /rictly to ! po9t1 is untru/wor?y4 ,abu ,hur]a's n>ration is also admitt$ z apocryphal2 vide ,dur-rul-mansoor1 by ,soyut4 ,all ^! traditions are not$ by ,soyut 9 8 ,dur-rul-mansoor4 ,! tradition by ,nasee 7di$ #cjc ,a4,h47 f ,anas 7di$ #ij ,a4,h47 reg>d+ ! affair ( a slave is equally contradict$ by ! tradition f ,aye%a1 ! wid[ ( ! ,prophet1 n>rat$ by ! traditioni/ ,nasee 9 ! same place ( 8 collection ( traditions4 ,?is is ! /ory ( ! honey4 ,vide p>a4 #af1 ubi supra4 ,aye%a's tradition is m tru/wor?y ?an t ( ,anas4 ,hammd b9 ,salma1 a n>rator 9 ! ascription ( ,anas1 has be5 impea*$ ow+ to ! confusion ( 8 memory 9 ! lat] days ( 8 life 7vide ,tekreeb74 ,sabit1 ano!r l9k 9 ! same *a91 0 a /ory-tell] by pr(ession 7vide ,zahabi's ,tabakt17 & _c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,& ,nasee himself has reject$ ! tradition ascrib$ to ,anas1 & is report$ to h said t ,aye%a's tradition has good ascription1 :ile !re is no?+ valid 9 t reg>d+ ,m>ia2 vide ,kamla9's ,annotations on ,jella9 9 loco4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #caj4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,ibid1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bbh1 & footnote at pp4 #bbi & #bcj4 ,footnote #cga3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 page #bbh4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bbi4 ,! tradition quot$ by ,sir ,w4 ,muir 9 ?is page is apocryphal & te*nically ,mursal4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,ibid1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #cgd3 7,t4,a47 he made a ?+ lawful1 or all[able1 to him 7,jel 9 ,,xxxiii1 #ch1 & ,kull 9 page #bge & ,t4,a4997 relat+ to a case into :i* a man has br\ght himself 7,kull73 ?is is said to be ! mean+ :5 ! phrase occurs 9 ! ,kur3 ,an ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 by ,edw>d ,william ,lane1 page #bcge4 ,footnote #cge3 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 page #bca4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,vide ,se]at ,halabi2 or1 ,insan-ul-,oyoon1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #djb4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #dji-daj4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,vide ,dur-rul-mansoor1 by ,sayt1 9 loco4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bjg4 ,footnote #chj3 ,n>rat$ by ,ibn ,sd & ,hkim4 ,footnote #cha3 ,vide ,abdur ,razzk4 ,abd b9 ,hamd1 ,ibn ,j>r1 ,ibn-al-,monz>1 ,ibn ,abi ,htim1 & ,tabrni's ,collections ( ,traditions4 ,app5dix ,c4 ,! ref]5ces to ! p>ticul> ev5ts & circum/ances relat+ to ! def5sive w>s m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran1 quot$ & ref]r$ by me 9 ?is "w1 may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,i4--,! ,p]secutions ( ! ,korei% at ,mecca 7,b4,h4 #aj-a74 ,sura xvi1 #dc1 #dd1 #aaa4 ,sura ii1 #baj1 #bad1 #bae4 ,sura iii1 #aid4 ,sura iv1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,sura xxii1 #eg4 ,sura lx1 #h1 #i4 ,sura xlvii1 #ad4 ,sura xlviii1 #be4 ,sura ix1 #dj1 #dh1 #ie4 ,,ii4--,! ,aggressions ( ! ,korei% at ,m$9a1 z well z ^? ( ! ,inhabitants !re( 7,a4,h4 #aj74 ,sura ii1 #bad2 ,sura viii1 #gb2 ,sura ix1 #ac1 #dh1 #gb4 ,,iii4 ,! ,w>s ( ,def5ce aga9/ ! ,korei% & ! ,arabs1 c41 ) sev]al ,ref]5ces to _! ,aggressions 7,a4,h4 #a-h74 ,sura xxii1 #ci-db4 ,sura ii1 #ahf-ahi1 #bad1 #bae1 #bde1 #bdg1 #beb4 ,sura iv1 #gf-gh1 #hf1 #ia1 #ic4 ,sura viii1 #ai1 #ci-da1 #eh-ff1 #gc1 #gd4 ,sura ix1 #aj1 #ac4 ,,iv4--,! ,v>i\s ,battles1 c4 7#a7 ,! ,battle ( ,badr 7,a4,h4 #b74 ,sura iii1 #aa1 #aai2 ,sura viii1 #e-ai1 #ci-eb1 #ff-gb2 ,sura xlvii1 #d1 #ae4 7#b7 ,! ,battle ( ,ohad 7,a4,h4 #c74 ,sura iii1 #aag-abb2 #acd-aed2 #aei-afb4 7#c7 ,! ,second ,battle ( ,badr 7,a4,h4 #d71 & ,! ,expulsion ( ! ,bani ,naze] 7,a4,h4 #d74 ,sura iii1 #afg2 & ,sura lix1 #b-ad4 7#d7 ,! ,battle ( ,ahzb 7,a4,h4 #e74 ,sura xxxiii1 #i-be4 7#e7 ,! ,jews1 ,bani ,koreiza1 c4 7,a4,h4 #e74 ,sura viii1 #eh-ff2 ,sura xxxiii1 #bf-bg4 7#f7 ,! pilgrimic ,exp$ition to ,hodeibia 7,a4,h4 #f74 ,sura xlviii1 #a-c1 #aj1 #aa1 #bd1 #be2 ,sura lx4 7#g7 ,! ,exp$ition to ,khyb] 7,a4,h4 #g74 ,sura xlviii1 #ag1 #bj-bb4 7#h7 ,! brea* ( ! truce ( ,hodeibia by ! ,korei% 7,a4,h4 #h74 7a7 ,be=e ! ,conque/ ( ,mecca4 ,sura ix1 #a-ae4 7b7 ,aft] ! ,conque/ ( ,mecca1 ,sura ix1 #af-bd4 7#i7 ,! ,battle ( ,hona9 7,a4,h4 #h74 ,sura ix1 #be-bg4 7#aj7 ,aft] ! ,battle ( ,hona9 7,a4,h4 #i74 ,sura ix1 #bh4 7#aa7 ,! ,exp$ition to ,tabuk aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 7,romans7 & _! ,jewi% ,allies 7,a4,h4 #i74 7a7 ,exhortation to g to w> 9 def5ce4 ,sura ix1 #bi-da1 #abd4 7b7 ,backw>dness reproa*$4 #db-eb1 #ef-eg1 #hb-ij4 7c7 ,exhortations = contribution4 #ec-ee1 #eh-fj1 #ha4 7d7 ,! disaffect$ *id$4 #fe-gf1 #aba1 #abb1 #abe-acj4 7e7 ,! ,b$\9s reprobat$4 #ia-ajb4 7f7 ,! p5it5ts =giv54 #ajc-ajg1 #aah4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,amir1 lii4 ,aamir b9 ,t(eil1 *ief ( ,bani ,aamir1 xlvi4 ,abbas1 #cd4 ,abd-b9 ,hamid1 #aji f4n41 #bbb4 ,abd b9 ,kosayy1 xxxiii4 ,abd ,monat1 xvii f4n4 ,abd ,%ams1 xxviii1 #g4 ,abdel ,malik ibn ,hi%am1 #gb f4n41 #gc f4n4 ,abd-ud-,d>1 xxxiii4 ,abd-ul-,kays1 xlvi1 lii4 ,abdul ,hamid1 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,abdul ,rahman1 ,mohammad's in/ruction to him1 xxvii4 ,abdullah1 #if1 #ig4 ,abdullah b9 ,abdur ,rahaman b9 ,abi ,sa/a1 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,abdullah b9 al ,h>i?1 #bbb4 ,abdullah b9 ,jah%1 #ca1 #ef4 ,abdullah b9 ,khalal1 #if4 ,abdullah b9 ,om>1 #fh f4n4 ,abdullah ibn ,abbas1 #ace4 ,abdullah ibn ,masood1 #gi1 #hj4 ,abdullah ibn ,oneis1 #fi1 #gc4 ,abdullah ibn ,rawha1 #gb1 #ajb4 ,abdullah ibn ,%uburma1 ibn ,tufail ad ,dubbi1 #acf4 ,abdullah ibn ,zubair1 #ace4 ,abdur ,razzak1 #aaj f4n4 ,abs1 xxxiv1 xli1 xlii1 xlvi4 ,ab ,abd-ur-,rahman ,abdullah ibn ,om> ibn-al ,khattab1 #ace4 ,abu ,abd-ur ,rahman an ,nasai1 #bba4 ,abu ,afak1 #fa1 #fd1 #fe4 ,abu ,avana1 #baj4 ,abu ,bakr1 vi1 lix1 #i1 #agi4 ,abu ,bakr al ,ajurri1 #bba4 ,abu ,b>da1 #hc4 ,abu ,basir1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja4 ,abu ,b]a ,amr ibn ,malik1 a *ief ( ,bani ,aamir1 xlvi4 ,abu ,cobeis1 #f4 ,abu ,daood1 8 book ( ,jihad1 #ga f4n41 #gh f4n41 #gi1 #hj f4n41 #if1 #acc1 #bjg4 ,abu ,hattim1 #bjg1 #bji4 ,abu ,hur]a1 #bae4 ,abu ,jahl1 #g1 #ee4 ,abu ,naeem1 #gh4 ,abu ,obeida1 #ajg4 ,abu ,om>-ad-,dami%ki1 #fh f4n4 ,abu ,om>-al-,madni1 #ajg4 ,abu ,rafe1 *ief ( ! ,bani ,naze]1 #fa1 #ga-gb4 ,abu ,s(ian1 viii1 #g1 #aa1 #ad1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf2 attempt$ assass9ation (1 #fa4 ,abu ,talib1 #f2 8 dea?1 #g4 ,abu ,yola1 xxii4 ,abu ,z>a1 #bjh4 ,abul ,bakht>i1 #cd4 ,abul ,hukeik1 ! *ief ( ,bani ,naze]1 #ci4 ,abul ,mo'tam> ,soleiman1 #hi1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjf4 ,abul ,ozza1 #gf1 #hj1 #ha4 ,abwa1 ,exp$ition (1 #bi1 #ef4 ,abyss9ia1 ,! emigration ( ! ,moslems to1 v1 xxxiii1 #e2 ! two emigrations (1 #aa2 ,nadhir ibn ,h>e?'s flight to1 #gh1 #agi4 ,age1 ,! ,apo/olic1 #aji4 ,ahl ,hadis1 #afj4 ,ahmas1 liii4 ,ahm$ b9 ,hanbal1 #bba4 ,ahm$ ibn ,abi ,daood1 #aac4 ,ahm$ ,khan1 ,sy$2 8 ,comm5t>y ( ! ,koran1 #ie f4n4 ,ahzab1 vii1 xxii1 xxiii1 #aj1 #aig4 ,a9ee1 a ,comm5t>y ( ! ,h$aya1 #abe1 #acb1 #acd f4n4 ,ajtahada1 #afd4 ,ajtahada fil ,amr1 #afd4 ,akhnas1 #ii4 ,al-,aama%1 #ace4 ,al-,am>an1 #ahb4 ,al-,am91 #bab f4n4 ,al-,auzai1 #ace4 ,ali1 #i1 #hj1 #aif4 ,ali b9 ,abdullah b9 ,abbas1 #fh4 ,al-,is1 #eg4 ,al-,lat1 #g4 ,allah1 #ch4 ,allaudd9 ,al ,haskafi1 #agj ,almot>razi1 #afd4 ,al-,mamun1 ,khalif1 #acf4 ,al ,yafi1 #acf4 ,amalekites1 #aec4 ,am>1 commission$ to fight ) ,abu ,s(ian1 #gd1 #ha1 #bai4 ,am>-b9-,d9>1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf4 ,ame] ,ali1 ,m\lvie1 quot$1 #ij4 ,amr1 #fd4 ,amr b9 ,saasaa1 xxxiv1 xli4 ,amru ibn ,om]ga1 #ge4 ,anaza1 lii4 ,annajmus ,saqib 7/> ( pi]c+ radiance71 xxxvi4 ,annals ( ! ,ea/]n ,caliphate quot$1 #aic1 #bjb4 ,ans1 #ic f4n41 #acf1 #aig-aih1 #bae4 ,ans b9 ,qizi1 #hi4 ,ansab1 #bae4 ,ans>s1 p ( ,m$9a1 #cb1 #da4 ,ap>tm5t1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahh4 ,arabs1 _! society1 ii1 #bf2 pagan1 #abe4 ,arafat1 xlviii4 ,arqam1 ,mohammad s\ght refuge 9 ! h\se (1 xxxiii4 ,asad1 xii1 xiii1 xxxiii1 xlvi1 lii4 ,asas ( ,zamakh%ire1 #afc f4n41 #afd4 ,a%>1 xvi4 ,a%ja1 xii1 xiii1 xlii1 xliii1 xlv4 ,a%raf1 #ff4 ,asim1 #hj4 ,aslam1 xliii4 ,asma b9t ,m>wn1 #fa1 #fb-fd4 ,assemblies ( ,ali ,h>iri1 translat$ by ,?omas ,*5ry1 #afi4 ,z ,sauri1 #acg4 ,z ,%abi1 #acf4 ,a/romancy ( ! ,j9ns1 xxxvi4 ,ata1 #fh1 #aaf f4n41 #acd4 ,ata ibn ,abi ,rabah1 #ace4 ,autas1 xxiii1 #af4 ,aws ,allah1 xxxix4 ,aws ,tribes 7,!71 xxxix1 xlii1 xliv4 ,aye%a1 #bae1 #baf4 ,ayla1 ! ,*ri/ian *ief1 xix4 ,azd1 xlv1 lii4 ,azdite ,tribes 7,!71 xxxix1 xlv4 ,azh>1 #ii4 ,azruh1 ,! ,jews (1 xix4 ,b4 ,badr1 vi1 vii1 viii1 ix1 x1 xi1 xxii1 xli1 xlii1 #aj2 ! battle (1 #aa1 #cb1 #cd2 ,nadhir execut$ at1 #gh1 #aaj f4n41 #agj1 #aha1 #aif4 ,baghdad1 #bba4 ,baghvi1 #bad4 ,bahre91 li4 ,baihakee1 8 traditions1 #aad4 ,balca1 #dj4 ,balkh1 #bb4 ,bahila1 lii4 ,bahra1 lii4 ,bajila1 lii4 ,bakka1 xxxiv1 lii4 ,bakr1 xvii1 xxviii1 xli1 xlii1 lii1 #ae1 #bb1 #ec4 ,bali1 xlvi1 liv4 ,b>iq1 liv4 ,baus1 ,mean+ (1 xxi4 ,bir ,mauna1 xii4 ,boas1 ,battle (1 xlii4 ,bokh>ee1 xxii1 #if1 #acd1 #aii1 #bjg4 ,c4 ,calcutta ,review 7,!7 quot$1 #bac4 ,campaigns ( ,mohammad by ,wackidi1 #gh f4n41 #ajb1 #aig1 #aih4 ,canaan1 #adj4 ,canaanites1 #aec4 ,capitation-tax1 #abj1 #aei4 ,cattle1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahc4 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 xxvii4 ,caz5ove1 ,dr41 xxvii4 ,*aldean1 xxxv4 ,*5ry1 ,?omas1 quot$1 #afi4 ,*osroes1 #adj4 ,*ri/ians1 #ada1 #adb1 #adg1 #aeg4 ,code1 ,! ,hanafee1 #acg1 #aei4 ,comm5t>y ( ! ,koran1 #aed4 ,comm5t>y on ,int]national ,law1 xxx4 ,concub9age n all[$ by ! ,koran1 #aic2 ( ,rihana ) ! ,prophet n prov$1 #bja2 ( ,m>ia ! ,coptic1 #bjd-baa2 ( ,haphsa & ,m>ia1 #baa4 ,coppe's 7,h5ry7 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,spa9 by ! ,arabs quot$1 xxix4 ,cor9?ians1 #a1 vii1 #ab-af2 vii1 #ae1 #aab4 ,c[1 ,! 7,sura71 #aha4 ,creator1 ,! 7,sura71 #aha4 ,cu%ite ,tribes 7,!71 xxxv4 ,cyrus1 #ade4 ,d4 ,dahis1 ,! w> (1 xli4 ,daniel1 ,! ,book (1 xxxv4 ,d>ee1 liv4 ,d>-ul-,h>b1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,d>-ul-,islam1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,david1 #aeb4 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 xxiv4 ,descriptive ,a/ronomy by ,*amb]s quot$1 xxxvi4 ,deutronomy1 xx1 #bj1 #aaj4 ,ditto1 xx1 #aj-ag1 #aeb4 ,ditto1 xxi1 #aec4 ,ditto1 vi1 #e1 #agh4 ,dhumra1 #cj4 ,diction>y1 ,biographical1 by ,ibn ,khallikan quot$1 #ace-acg1 #bjf1 #bcj4 ,diction>y1 ,biographical1 ( p]sons :o knew ,mohammad1 #bjh4 ,dihya s5t by ,mohammad to ! ,roman ,emp]or1 xiii1 #aig4 ,dit*1 ,battle ( !1 #ac1 #ce4 ,dods1 ,dr41 quot$1 lx1 lxxiii1 lxxxiii4 ,d\s1 xlv4 ,duma1 ,! ,*ri/ian *ief (1 xix1 #ab4 ,dumatal ,j&al1 xii4 ,dur-rul-,mansoor1 #bae4 ,dur-rul-,mukhtr1 #agj4 ,dzu ,n[s1 xxxix4 ,e4 ,e>ly ,caliphate & rise ( ,islam1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 #adj4 ,egypt1 #adj2 ,gov]nor (1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,exodus1 xxiii1 #bg-cc1 #aea4 ,extraord9>y ,popul> ,delusions1 by ,*>les ,mackay1 quot$1 xxxviii4 ,f4 ,fadak1 #ae f4n41 #ci4 ,fakhr-ud-de5 ,razi1 #agh4 ,f>aza1 #bai4 ,f>wa1 liv4 ,fasd1 ,! w> (1 xliii4 ,fayoomee1 ,au?or ( ,misbahel ,mone]1 #afd4 ,females 9 connection ) ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 #aaj-aab4 ,fez>a1 xiii1 xxxiv1 xlii1 xlv1 xlvi1 liv1 #ce1 #ci2 execut$ by ,abu ,rafe1 #ga4 ,fitnah 7,p]secutions71 ii1 xvii1 #ag1 #ah1 #dd1 #de1 #abb1 #acc4 ,fluegel1 ,translation ( ! ,koran by1 #abj4 ,=bidd+1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahe4 ,freeman1 ,dr41 quot$1 #adj1 #ada4 ,fruit-trees1 #aji-aaj4 ,furkan1 #agg4 ,fyrozabadee1 #afc f4n4 ,g4 ,ghaba1 ,al1 #ic4 ,ghafiq1 liv4 ,ghanim1 liv4 ,ghassan1 ,! tribes (1 xxxiv1 xlii1 xlvi1 liv4 ,ghassanide1 ,pr9ce at ,bo/ra 7,!71 xxxix1 #af1 #aci4 ,ghatafan1 xii1 xiii1 xli1 #ab1 #ce1 #ci2 tribes (1 #gb1 #hi4 ,ghaus1 xliii4 ,ghazavat1 ,mean+ ( ! ^w1 xxi4 ,ghif>1 xliii4 ,ghussan1 #dj4 ,gibbon quot$1 xxiv1 #bf1 #di f4n4 ,gre51 ,! ,revd4 ,samuel1 quot$1 xxiii-xxiv4 ,h4 ,habb>1 #aac f4n4 ,hafasa1 xxxiv4 ,hafiz ,i%mael ibn ,kase]-al-,q>a%i1 #bad4 ,hakeem-b9-,hizam1 #aad4 ,halabi1 #cj2 ,insan-al-,oyoon (1 #ia2 quot$ & refut$1 #abi-acb4 ,hall's 7,william ,edw>d7 ,int]national ,law1 xxix4 ,hallam1 lxiii1 lxv4 ,hamadan1 liv4 ,hammad b9 ,salma1 #bae4 ,hamra1 ,abul ,ozza caught at1 #ha1 #hb4 ,hamza1 #bi1 #ee4 ,hanafee ,code 7,!71 #acg1 #aei4 ,hanifa1 xxxiv1 xxxix1 liv1 lv1 #bjc4 ,haphsa1 #baa4 ,h>b 7,w>f>e71 #afc4 ,h>b-fij>1 ,battle (1 xli4 ,h>is1 xxxiii1 xxxiv1 xlii1 lv1 #dh f4n41 #fd1 #ajf4 ,h>i? ( ,najrn1 xxxix4 ,h>i? ibn ,amir1 #cd4 ,ha%im1 xxxiv1 #cd4 ,ha%imites 7,!71 xxxiii1 #f4 ,hatib's /ory1 #ahg4 ,hawaz91 xlii1 xliii1 xlvi1 xlviii1 #af1 #ci1 #hf1 #aif4 ,haz>amaut1 li4 ,h$aya 7,!71 #aaf2 quot$1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #abe4 ,hegira 7,!71 #h4 ,hilal b9 ,amr1 b9 ,saasaa1 lv4 ,hims1 #dj4 ,himy>1 xliii1 xlvi1 lv4 ,himy>ite /ock1 xlv4 ,h9zala ,tribe 7,!71 xxxiv4 ,hira1 ,! ,k+dom (1 xli4 ,hi%am1 #cd4 ,hi%ami1 xxxiii1 #gd1 #ha f4n41 #hi1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjj4 ,hi%am-b9-,abdul ,malik1 #bjf4 ,hi/ory & ,conque/ ( ! ,s>ac5s quot$1 #adj1 #ada4 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals quot$1 #aje4 ,hi/ory ( ,mohammadanism 7,!71 quot$1 xxviii4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,spa9 by ! ,arabs1 xxix4 ,hi/ory1 ,! ,jewi%1 #aeb4 ,hodeibia1 ,truce (1 xi1 xiv2 violation ( ! truce1 xvi1 xxvi1 xliii1 xlix1 #ae1 #bb1 #hf2 "o ( ! articles ( ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 #ii2 females 9 connection ) x1 #aaj1 #aif4 ,hona91 xviii1 xxii1 xlvii1 #af2 ,nadhir ibn ,h>i? pres5t at ! ,battle (1 #gh1 #hf1 #aif4 ,horne1 ,t4,h41 #aea4 ,hughes1 ,! ,revd4 ,t4,p41 quot$1 #aed4 ,huweisa1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,i4 ,ibn ,abbas2 8 evid5ce1 #fh1 #if1 #aac1 #bae4 ,ibn ,abde51 #abg4 ,ibn ,abi ,yahya1 #bba4 ,ibn ,adi1 #bae4 ,ibn ,al ,a?ir1 #cj1 #afd f4n4 ,ibn ,ky-yim1 #ajj4 ,ibn al ,mosayyib1 #fh4 ,ibn ,attiah1 #agj4 ,ibn ,hajr al ,askalani1 #fc1 #bjf1 #bjh2 quot$ & refut$1 #abh1 #abi4 ,ibn ,hi%am1 xv1 xxii1 xxxvi1 xlvii1 #cj1 #fc1 #fd1 #fh f4n41 #fi1 #ga1 #gd1 #gh1 #hj1 #hb1 #hf1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic f4n41 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji f4n41 #bjg1 #bad4 ,ibn ,i%ak1 xxii1 #cj1 #fd1 #fi1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #gi1 #hj1 #ia1 #ic f4n41 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aji f4n41 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,ibn ,j>ir ,tab>i1 #ic f4n4 ,ibn ,khaldun1 #ij4 ,ibn ,khallikan's ,biographical ,diction>y quot$1 #acf f4n41 #acg1 #bjf1 #bbj4 ,ibn ,maja1 #aac1 #bjg4 ,ibn ,m&a1 #gh4 ,ibn ,m>daveih1 #ic f4n41 #aji f4n4 ,ibn ,mas-ood1 #gi1 #hj4 ,ibn ,mokrram1 #afc f4n4 ,ibn ,ockba1 #aji f4n4 ,ibn ,om>1 #bae4 ,ibn ,omeya1 #gd4 ,ibn ,sad ,katib ,wakidi1 xxii1 #fc1 #fi1 #gd1 #ge1 #gh1 #aad1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #baj4 ,ibn ,saniua1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,ibn ,sayyad al ,nas1 #hi4 ,ibn ,%ahab1 #aac4 ,ibn ,%obormah1 #acd4 ,ibn ,sirni1 #acf4 ,ibn ,s(ian1 #aad4 ,ibrahim1 #hj4 ,ibrahim1 ! son ( ,mohammad1 #bji1 #baj4 ,ibrahim b9 ,maisura1 #fh f4n4 ,ibrahim ibn ,yakub al ,juz ,jani1 #bba4 ,idolatry1 ,mohammad's abhor5ce (1 #f4 ,ignorance1 ,"t (1 #hg1 #afi1 #bjb4 ,ikrama b9 ,abi ,jahl1 8 ly+ "*1 #fh1 #aac1 #bbb4 ,imam 7,!71 #aag2 ! ,mujtahid1 #acf1 #bjf4 ,immunity1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahe1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia4 ,insan-ul-,oyoon1 #cj1 #hj f4n41 #ha f4n41 #ia f4n41 #ajb1 #abi1 #aca f4n4 ,int]national ,law1 by ,w4,e4 ,hall1 quot$1 xxix4 ,intol]ance ( ! ,korei%1 #h2 allegation on ,mohammad1 xxxi1 #db1 #ea4 ,introduction ( ! ,book1 p4 i4 ,introduction ( ! critical /udy & k ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 by ,t4,h4 ,horne1 quot$1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,irak1 #bba4 ,ir%aduss>i1 #agj4 ,irv+1 ,w41 quot$1 #gd4 ,islam1 ! fir/ propagation at ,mecca1 xxxii-xli2 ! imp$im5ts x receiv$ on acc\nt ( int]nec9e w>s1 xl4 ,islam "u ! ,arabs1 by ,major ,r4,d4 ,osborn1 quot$1 #adf1 #adh4 ,islami poets1 #afe1 #afi4 ,israel1 #aeb4 ,israelites comm&$ to slay ! ,canaanites1 #aea4 ,i/izan1 #ch4 ,j4 ,jaad1 lv4 ,jaafir b9 ,kelab ibn ,rabia1 lv4 ,jabir1 xxii4 ,jabir ibn ,abdullah1 #fh1 #ace4 ,jabra1 ,! ,jews (1 xix4 ,jadila1 xliii4 ,jaf>1 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,jahad1 #agj1 #aib4 ,jahada1 #afc1 #aff1 #agj1 #aia4 ,jahada fil ,amr1 #afc4 ,jahada fi ,sabeel ,allah1 #afd1 #agj4 ,jahadaka1 #aff1 #agc4 ,jahadoo1 #aff1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aia4 ,jahd1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,jahid1 #aff1 #agc1 #ahe4 ,jahid-hom1 #aff4 ,jahidoo1 #aff1 #agc1 #age1 #agf1 #ahj4 ,jahili1 #afe1 #afh4 ,jlt 7,golia?71 #aeb4 ,j>ret's 7,major7 ,translation ( ,hi/ory ( ,caliphs by ,sayte1 #bab4 ,jazima1 #hg4 ,j$da1 ,! abode ( ,bani ,a%>1 xlv4 ,jeif] b9 al ,jal&i1 lvi4 ,jelalud-,de5 ,mahalli1 #bac4 ,jews 7,!7 ( ,m$9a1 iv1 #cd-dj1 #gc2 excit$ to take up arms by ,nueim1 #ajg1 #abe1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb1 #adg1 #aeg4 ,ji]ana1 ,! valley (1 #aif4 ,jihad1 ,! popul>1 #aad-afa2 mean+ def9$1 #aee2 does n mean w> or crusade1 #afc2 classical mean+ ( ,jihad1 c41 #afc2 po/-classical or te*nical mean+ ( ,jihad1 #afd2 ! classical tongue & ,arabian poets1 #afe2 ! conjugation & decl9ation ( ,jahd & ,jihad1 #aff2 ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! ,koran1 #aff2 9 :at s5se !y are us$ 9 ! ,koran1 #afg2 conv5tional significations (1 #afh2 ,mohammadan comm5tators quot$1 #agj2 :5 ! ^w ',jihad' 0 div]t$ f its orig9al signification to its figurative mean+1 ( wag+ religi\s w>1 #agj2 all ! v]ses ( ! ,koran conta9+ ! ^w ,jihad & its d]ivatives quot$ & expla9$1 #aga-aib4 ,jihdan1 #afd1 #agj1 #age1 #ahf4 ,j9n1 ,tribe (1 xxxiv-xxxviii4 ,jizya1 #ce4 ,johd1 #afg1 #afi4 ,johe9a1 xlii1 xliii1 xlvi1 lvi4 ,jomahites 7,!71 xxxiii4 ,jo%ua1 #ada1 #aec4 ,j\h>i1 #afc f4n41 #afd4 ,judzam1 xiii1 xlvi1 #dj4 ,jufi1 lvi4 ,juzam1 see ,judzam4 ,k4 ,kaaba1 viii2 ,moslems prev5t$ f1 xlv1 #e1 #aci2 /ripp$ ( its idols1 xlix1 l4 ,kab1 xxxiv1 lvi4 ,kab b9 ,yahooza1 #ajg4 ,kab ibn ,a%raf1 #fa1 #ff-fh1 #ajf4 ,kah9s1 xxxv1 xxxvi1 xxxviii2 ,kah9ite /ock 7,!71 xlv4 ,kahlanite /ock1 xxxix1 xlv1 xlvi4 ,ka9uka1 xlii1 #cd1 #ce4 ,kalb1 xxxiv1 lvi4 ,katib ,wakidi1 xlvi4 ,k5t's ,comm5t>y on ,int]national ,law1 xxx4 ,khalid ibn ,wale$1 #hg1 #aic4 ,khasafa1 xlvi4 ,khas-am b9 ,amm>1 lvi4 ,khaulan1 lvi4 ,khazraj tribes1 xxxix1 xlii1 xliv4 ,khoza1 xii1 xvi1 xvii1 xliii1 #abc4 ,khozeimah1 xxxiv4 ,khu%a91 xlv4 ,khyb]1 xiii1 xviii1 xxii1 xxiii1 #cg f4n4 ,kifaya1 #abb1 #abe4 ,kilb1 lii4 ,k9ana1 ,tortures (1 lvi1 #ie2 ,bani1 lii4 ,k9da1 xxxiv1 xlii1 lvi4 ,kitab-ul-,maghazi1 xxii4 ,kital 7,w>f>e71 #afc1 #aib1 #aic4 ,koo/lnee1 8 ,comm5t>y ( ,bokh>ee1 xxii1 #ib1 #ic1 #agj4 ,koran does n enjo9 compulsory conv]sion1 xxxi4 ev]y:]e prea*es tol]ance ( e religion1 xxxii4 ,korei%1 ii1 iii1 iv1 v1 vi1 vii1 ix1 x1 xi1 xii1 xiii1 xxiv1 xxxiii1 xxxix2 ! heavy p]secutions (1 l2 _! embassy to ! ,c\rt ( ,abyss9ia1 #e2 s5d sc\ts to se>* = ,mohammad1 #i2 _! sev]ity to fugitives1 id42 _! maltreatm5t ( *ildr5 & wom51 id42 become m & m ho/ile1 #aa2 jo9$ by ! ,bani ,mu/alik1 #ab2 _! anxiety to po/pone ho/ilities1 #ac2 besiege ,m$9a once m1 #ad2 violate ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 xvi1 #ae2 _! intol]ance1 #bg2 excit$ to take up arms by ,nueim1 an ,arab1 #aja1 #aci1 #ahg4 ,korei%ite p]secution1 xxxiv2 c>avans alleg$ to be int]cept$1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg4 ,koreiza1 ,! ,jewi% tribes (1 xiii1 xix1 xxii1 xlii1 #ad1 #cd2 execution (1 #hg-id1 #aif-bjj4 ,kotelu1 #aef4 ,k\kabi ,durr>i ,%>ah1 #fh4 ,kozaite ,tribe 7,!71 xliii1 xlvi4 ,kufa1 #acf2 ! abode ( ,bani ,%aitan1 xxxiv4 ,kulab1 xlii4 ,kunniat 7patronymic71 #bjh4 ,kurz-b9-,jabir1 a ,korei%1 commits a raid ^u ,m$9a1 xi1 #aa1 #ib4 ,ku/alani1 vide ,koo/alanee4 ,l4 ,la-,arjomonnaka 7,i w assur$ly say ( !e71 xxxviii4 ,lahyan1 xii1 #ab1 #fi4 ,lakhm1 #dj4 ,lane1 ,e4,w41 quot$1 #acg-ach f4n41 #afh-afi4 ,lane's ,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 xxxviii1 #afc f4n41 #afd1 #afg1 #bjj1 #bai4 ,la-taatad 7d n attack fir/71 xxvii4 ,law1 ,! common1 9 connection ) ,jihad1 #aaf-aag2 its comm5tators1 #aai-abj1 #aeh4 ,law ( ,moses 7,!71 #aaj1 #adj4 ,law ( ,scriptural int]pretations2 limit$ or conditional1 g5]al or absolute1 #aah4 ,law ( ! ,koran ) reg>d to unbeliev]s1 #aaa4 ,law1 ,! ,mohammadan ,reveal$1 or ! ,koran1 #aei4 ,lecky1 8 /&>d ( ,morality1 #ajd-aje4 ,lecture1 ,! ,r$e1 quot$1 #adj4 ,le5a1 #aaj4 ,legi/s1 ,! e>ly ,moslem1 aga9/ ,jihad1 #acd2 _! biographical sket*es1 #ace-acg4 ,lei?1 #ae f4n4 ,lieb] ,francis quot$1 #cc1 #gf1 #hh2 on ,milit>y necessity1 #ajd4 ,life ( ,mahomet1 f\nd] ( ! ,religion ( ,islamism1 by ! ,revd4 ,s4 ,gre51 xxiv4 ,life ( ,mohammad by ,dr4 ,spr5g] quot$1 xxiv4 ,light1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahe4 ,lisanul-,arab ( ,ibn ,mok>ram1 #afc4 ,loghat1 or ,! ,classical ,tongue ( ,arabia1 #afe4 ,lokman1 #agg4 ,luke1 x1 #bg2 & xiii1 #abd1 #agh4 ,m4 ,mac,coll1 ,! ,revd4 ,malcolm1 quot$1 #aeg4 ,macna1 ,! ,jews (1 xix4 ,maddool ,kamoos1 by ,mr4 ,lane1 #afd4 ,maghazi1 #ch1 #ahg 7acc\nts ( ! ,campaigns ( ,mohammad71 xliv4 ,mahmud1 kill$ by ,k9ana1 #ie4 ,mahmud b9 ,muslama1 bro!r ( ,mohammad b9 ,muslama1 #ie1 #aig4 ,mahrah1 lvi4 ,mak-hool1 #bji4 ,malak1 #ch4 ,malik1 #ch4 ,manakib1 #aii4 ,m>afat1 ,anwa ilm ,hadees1 #fh4 ,m>ia ! ,coptic1 #bjd2 s5t by ! ,roman ,gov]nor to ,mohammad1 #bje2 nei!r a slave nor a concub9e1 #bjf-bjh2 _h no son1 #bji2 ! spuri\s "* ab\t h] /ory1 #baa1 #bad1 #baf4 ,m>k1 ,,xii1 #cj1 p4 #agh4 ,m>r-al ,zahran1 xlviii4 ,m>riage1 a /rict bond ( union 9 ! ,koran1 #aac4 ,m>w1 #bba4 ,m>wan1 #fb4 ,masrook1 #gi1 #bae4 ,mecca1 xvi1 xxii1 #g4 ,meccans1 iii1 #i2 _! invasion ( ,m$9a1 #aj1 #cb4 ,m$9a1 #ajj2 ,korei% m>* ^u1 vi1 vii1 xiii2 ! flight ( ,mohammad to1 #e4 ,mesopotamia1 xxxv1 xlviii4 ,mikyas ibn ,subaba1 #if4 ,mill's 7,*>les7 ,hi/ory ( ,mohammadanism quot$1 xxviii4 ,mirat-uz-,zaman1 #baj4 ,misbah-ul-,mone] ( ,fayoomee1 #afd1 #bad4 ,mi%kat 7,book ( ,retaliation71 #ga f4n41 #if f4n4 ,mizan-ul-,et$al1 #fh1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bae4 ,moadd1 xlvi4 ,moaddite /ock 7,!71 xxxiv1 xliii1 xlvii4 ,mo-an-an1 #baj4 ,moavia ibn ,mughira1 #gf1 #ha-hc4 ,modallis1 #baj4 ,mod]n ,egyptians ( ,lane1 #acg1 #ach4 ,mohajir9 7,refugees71 #cb4 ,moh>ib1 xxxiv1 lvi4 ,moh>ram1 #bc f4n41 #ec4 ,mojahadatan1 #afd4 ,mojahad9a1 #ahd4 ,mojahadoona1 #ahd4 ,mojahid1 #aee1 #ahd4 ,mojahidd91 #aee4 ,mojahid9a1 #aff1 #agd1 #ahd4 ,mojahidoona1 #aff1 #agd1 #ahd4 ,moleil b9 ,zamra1 xliii4 ,mohammad1 8 incapacity to und]take (f5sive w>s aga9/ 8 enemies1 ! ,korei%1 pp4 ii1 iv1 v2 _h no int5tion to waylay ! c>avans at ,badr1 viii-x2 8 s+ul> tol]ation & 8 w>s ( self-def5ce1 xiv2 ! numb] ( 8 w>s1 xx1 xxiii2 consid]$ a sangu9>y tyrant by ! ,revd4 ,m4 ,gre51 xxix2 def5ce ( 8 allegation1 xxiv-xxv2 a second view ( ! w>s ( ,mohammad1 xxviii-xxx4 ,8 imprisonm5t1 8 prea*+ at ,tayif1 xxxiv2 8 foll[]s p]secut$1 #a2 insults (f]$ him1 #e2 prev5t$ f (f]+ 8 pray]s1 id42 8 prea*+ aga9/ idolatry1 #f2 8 insecurity at ,mecca1 #g2 sets (f to ,tayif1 id42 proscrib$ by ! ,korei%1 #i2 hides himself = ?ree days 9 a cave1 id42 ga9s ! battle ( ,badr1 #aj2 defeat$ & w\nd$ at ,ohad1 #ab2 fights ! battle ( ! ,dit*1 #ad2 und]takes ! less] pilgrimage ( ,mecca1 id42 encamps at ,hodeibia1 #ae2 m>*es to def5d ! ,bani ,khoza1 #af2 8 w>s purely def5sive1 #ag-bf2 0 ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ up arms1 #bg2 8 attacks m]e acts ( retaliation1 #cc2 gives qu>t]s to 8 enemies1 & ent]s into a treaty ) ! ,jews1 #cd-dj2 8 la/ w> ) ! ,romans1 #da2 nev] taught intol]ance1 #dc2 ! object ( 8 w>s1 #ej-ea2 8 alleg$ int]ceptions ( ! ,korei% c>avans1 #ee-eg2 ! alleg$ int]ceptions prov$ impossible1 #eh2 ! assass9ations said to h tak5 place at 8 own in/ructions1 #fj-gf2 8 alleg$ cruelty 9 execut+ ! prison]s ( w>1 #gf-hc2 repres5t$ z direct+ ! execution ( ! prison]s ( ,badr1 #hc-he2 8 k9d treatm5t ( ! prison]s ( w>1 #he-hg2 _h no %>e 9 ! execution ( a s++ girl z alleg$ by 8 biograph]s1 #if-ig2 nev] refus$ ,abu ,basir f go+ back to 8 gu>dian1 #ii2 8 adh]5ce to ! treaty ( ,hodeibia1 #ajj2 nev] gave any p]mission = ! murd] ( ,san9a1 #ajf-ajg2 8 ,koran nev] tea*es aggressive w>s1 #abe2 ,freeman ,/eph5s1 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,george ,sale1 ,major ,osborn1 ! ,revd4 ,:]ry1 ! ,revd4 ,hughes1 & ! ,revd4 ,mac,coll1 on ! w>s ( ,mohammad1 #adf-afa4 ,mohammad 7,sura71 #ahd4 ,mohammad b9 ,i%ak1 #fh4 ,mohammad b9 ,kobeib ,ha%imi1 #hj4 ,mohammad b9 ,muslama1 #ie4 ,mohammad b9 ,sad ,kalib ,wakidi1 #fh1 #bja1 #bjg4 ,mohammad b9 ,sire51 #fh4 ,mohammad b9 ,yahya b9 ,habban1 #bbb4 ,mohammad1 ,buddha & ,*ri/1 by ,dr4 ,dods1 quot$1 lxxiv4 ,mohammad ,k>amat-ul ,ali ( ,delhi1 #ajj f4n4 ,mohammad & ,mohammadanism1 by ,b4 ,smi?1 quot$1 #adc4 ,mokatil1 #ahd1 #bbj-bba4 ,mokhadrams1 poets1 #afe1 #afi4 ,mok[kas1 ! ,roman ,gov]nor1 #bje4 ,moleil-b9-,zamra1 xliii4 ,mooahib ( ,koo/lanee1 #ic f4n4 ,mooltan1 #afi4 ,morad1 lvi4 ,morocco1 #afi4 ,mosaic injunctions1 #aec4 ,moses1 ,! law (1 #aaj1 #adj1 #ada1 #ade1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,mo%eim1 ,dr41 quot$1 lxi1 lxiii1 lxv4 ,moslems =c$ to resort to arms 9 pure self-def5ce1 #aj2 ?reat5$ by ,abu ,s(ian ) an attack1 #g1 #ac4 ,moslim1 8 collections1 #ga f4n41 #hf1 #aif1 #aih1 #baj1 #bad4 ,movatta1 by ,malik1 #aad4 ,m[allads1 poets1 #afe4 ,moz>1 xlvi4 ,moze9a1 xlii1 xliii4 ,muallafa ,qolubohum 7^? ^: he>ts are to be won ov]71 xlviii4 ,mudlij1 lv2 a tribe ( ,k9ana1 iv1 #cj4 ,mufti1 #acf4 ,mughrib ( ,almot>razi 7,!71 #afd f4n4 ,muheiasa1 ! murd]] ( ,ibn ,san9a1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,muir's 7,sir ,w47 ,life ( ,mahomet quot$1 i1 vi1 viii1 ix f4n41 xxvii1 xxviii1 xxxi1 xxxii1 xxxiv1 xxxix1 xliii1 xlvi1 xlviii1 xlix1 l1 lxvi1 lxvii1 lxx1 lxxii1 lxxviii1 lxxx1 #i f4n41 #bg1 #bi f4n41 #cj f4n41 #ci1 #dc1 #df1 #dg1 #di f4n41 #ea1 #eb1 #ef1 #eh f4n41 #fd f4n41 #fe1 #fg1 #fh f4n41 #fi1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hi1 #ia1 #ic1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac f4n41 #ach1 #adj1 #afj f4n41 #agj1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aic1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje1 #baj1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai4 ,mujanna1 xlviii4 ,mujhool1 #acd4 ,mujtahid1 #acg1 #afj4 ,muk:umites 7,!71 xxxiii4 ,muntafiq1 lvi4 ,muraisia1 xviii4 ,murra1 xiii1 xlv1 xlvi1 lvi1 #ae1 #ci4 ,mursul1 #aji f4n4 ,musa-b9-,akba1 xxii4 ,musab1 #gh4 ,mu/alik1 xii1 xviii2 a bran* ( ,khoza1 xxiii1 #ab2 releas$ )\t ransom1 #hf1 #aif4 ,muta1 ,exp$ition to1 #ach4 ,mut-im1 #g4 ,n4 ,nadhirb9 ,h>i?1 #gf1 #gg-gh4 ,naeem1 #ac4 ,naja%ee1 xxxiii4 ,najd1 xii1 #ab2 ! ,b$\9 tribes (1 xli1 xlii1 xliii1 #hi1 #aif1 #aii1 #bjj2 celebrat$ = ,bani ,tamim1 xlvii4 ,najran1 ,! ,*ri/ians (1 xxxiii1 #cg1 #dh4 ,nakha1 lvi4 ,nakhla1 ! ,j9ns conv]t$ at1 xxxv1 xxxvi1 #cj1 #ef4 ,nasaee1 #bjg1 #bae1 #baf4 ,nations1 ,! battle (1 #ac4 ,naze] treason$ aga9/ ,m$9a1 xii1 xlii1 #cd1 #ff1 #ga2 its *ief1 #gb2 ! expulsion (1 #ajh-aaj4 ,nazr1 xxxiv1 #gh4 ,nihayeh ( ,ibn-al-,a!]1 #afd f4n4 ,n9ete5? c5tury 7,!7 quot$1 #aeh4 ,n9eveh1 xxxv4 ,nisib91 xxxv4 ,noavee1 #bad4 ,nohd1 lvi4 ,notes on ,muhammadanism1 by ,revd4 ,t4,p4 ,hughes1 #aed4 ,nueim1 8 alleg$ employm5t to break up ! conf$]ates :o _h besieg$ ,m$9a1 #aja-aje4 ,numb]s1 xxxi1 #aec4 ,nuradd9 ,ali-al-,halabi quot$ & refut$1 #abi-acb4 ,o4 ,obada-b9-,samat1 #eh f4n4 ,obeida1 #bi1 #ee4 ,ohad1 ,battle (1 vii1 xii1 xviii1 xxii1 xlii1 xlvii1 #aj1 #aa1 #cd1 #fi1 #aig4 ,okaz1 xlviii4 ,okba b9 ,mueit1 #gf1 #gi-ha4 ,oman1 li4 ,om>1 #hc1 #aif1 #bjb4 ,om> b9 ,asim1 #bji4 ,om> ibn al ,ghallas1 #bji4 ,om> ibn al ,hakam1 #bja4 ,omeir1 #fb1 #fc4 ,omeya b9 ,khalf1 #ef4 ,omiyyiads1 xxxiii4 ,omm ,kirfa1 #ia4 ,omm ,rabab1 #bjh4 ,omm>a1 #hj4 ,oneis1 #gc4 ,orfee1 #agj4 ,orna1 #fi4 ,osaba-fi-,tamiz ,issahba1 #fh f4n4 ,osborn1 ,r4,d41 ,major1 quot$1 #db1 #fb2 refut$1 lxviii1 lxxxv1 lxxxvii1 lxxxviii1 lxxxix1 #adf-adi4 ,oseir ibn ,z>im1 ! *ief ( ,naze] ( ,khyb]1 #ci1 #fa1 #gb-gc4 ,o%eira1 ,exp$ition (1 #bi1 #ef4 ,osman1 ! ,moslem envoy to ,mecca1 xv4 ,osman1 #hj1 #aif4 ,osman b9 ,affan1 #hi4 ,osman b9 ,za$1 #ia f4n4 ,o!il1 #gh f4n4 ,oyoon-al ,as>1 #hi4 ,ozra1 xxxiv1 lvi1 lvii4 ,p4 ,palm]'s 7,h47 ,translation ( ! ,koran quot$1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia4 ,patri>*al =m ( ,gov]nm5t at ,mecca1 iii4 ,p>god 7,veil71 xxxviii4 ,p ( ! ,book 7,kitabi71 #aeg4 ,p]sia1 ,! ,empire (1 #ach4 ,p]secution ( ! e>ly ,moslems1 #a2 notic$ 9 ! ,koran1 #b-d2 _! hi/orical summ>y1 #e2 ( ! ,m$9a conv]ts1 #i2 ( ! ,moslems by ! ,korei% aft] _! flight f ,mecca1 #i2 ( ! ,korei% at ,mecca1 #bbe4 ,phili/9es1 #aeb4 ,pilgrimage1 #ad1 #agh4 ,pilgrims1 #h4 ,poets ,jahili1 ,mokhadrams1 ,islami1 & ,m[allads1 #afe4 ,poole1 ,s4,l41 quot$1 lxxxv1 #fa1 #ig-ih4 ,prison]s ( w> def9$1 #gf4 ,puff5dorf1 #gj4 ,puni%m5t1 ,=ms ( primitive1 #id-ie4 ,pyr5ees1 #afi4 ,q4 ,qadr1 #bbj4 ,qalqa%&i's ,diction>y ( ,arab tribes1 xxxiv4 ,q>a%i1 #bad4 ,r4 ,rabia1 ,! ,bani ,abd-ul-,kays1 ! desc5dants (1 xlvii4 ,radd-ul ,muht> ( ,ibn ,abde51 #abg4 ,raha1 lvii4 ,rahrahan1 ,battle (1 xli4 ,raid ( a ,korei% *ief ^u ,m$9a1 #aa4 ( ,bani ,asad & ,bani ,lahyan1 #ab4 ( ,bani ,duma1 #ab4 ,rajab1 #ef4 ,raji1 xii1 #ab1 #ci1 #gd4 ,rajm1 ,mean+ (1 xxxviii4 ,ramzan1 #bc f4n41 #cb1 #ec4 ,rawasa1 lvii4 ,r$ ,sea1 #e4 ,re=ms1 ,! propos$1 political1 social1 & legal1 #aac f4n41 #aeh f4n4 ,resurrection1 ,! day (1 & ,jihad1 #acc4 ,rifa1 a ,korei%ite1 #hh f4n4 ,rihana1 #bja4 ,ril1 a clan ( ,bani ,aamir1 xlvi4 ,robb]s1 ,! ,urnee1 #ib-ie4 ,rodwell's ,translation ( ! ,koran quot$1 #abj f4n41 #afg1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia4 ,rojm 7conjecture71 xxxviii4 ,romans1 ,! exp$ition aga9/ !m1 #dj-da4 ,rome1 ,! ,empire (1 #ach4 ,romulus1 #ade4 ,s4 ,saad1 xiii1 xlii4 ,saad ,hozeim1 lvii4 ,saad ibn ,bakr1 xiii1 xl1 xliii1 xlv4 ,sabaya1 #aig-bjj4 ,sabit1 #bae4 ,sad1 #ce2 8 judgm5t1 #cg-ch1 #ee1 #aih1 #aii4 ,sad b9 ,obadah1 #hi4 ,sadif1 lvii4 ,sadoos1 lvii4 ,sadr ,av-val 7! ,apo/olic ,age71 #aji4 ,sae$1 #hc4 ,sae$ b9 ,mansoor1 #bae4 ,saffah-al-,mahdi1 #bab4 ,safra1 #ca4 ,safwan b9 ,omayya1 #aac4 ,saheeh1 #aih4 ,saheeh ,bokh>ee1 #fh4 ,saheeh ( ,moslim1 #hf4 ,sahim1 lvii4 ,sahm1 xxxiii f4n4 ,sakeef1 lvii4 ,sakifites 7,!71 xviii1 xxxvi4 ,salaba1 xlvi4 ,salmni1 lviii4 ,sale1 ,g41 8 ,translation ( ! ,koran1 xxix2 quot$1 #adc-adf1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia4 ,saleim1 xii1 xiii1 #ae f4n4 ,salim1 #fe f4n4 ,sallam ibn ,abul ,hokeik1 ,abu ,rafe1 #ga4 ,sam-91 #bae f4n4 ,sam>itan1 #aeg4 ,samuel1 #aeb4 ,s>aya1 ,mean+ (1 xxi4 ,sawad1 #acf4 ,sayte's ,hi/ory ( ,caliphs1 #bab f4n41 #bae f4n4 ,s*$im 7,demons71 xxxviii4 ,seck]1 ,ar*bi%op1 quot$1 #bg4 ,se]at ,halabi1 #hj f4n41 #ha f4n41 #ajj f4n41 #ajb f4n4 ,se]at ,%amee1 #fc1 #ajj f4n4 ,se]at-ul-,mohammadiya1 #ajj4 ,seleucas1 xxxv4 ,self-def5ce1 ,"r (1 xxv4 ,%aban1 #ec4 ,%ahbude5 ,ahm$ b9 ,hajr ,makki1 quot$ & refut$1 #abh-abi4 ,%aiban1 lviii4 ,%aita91 ,battle (1 xxviii1 xlii4 ,%amee1 #ajj4 ,%amsudd9 ,k>mani1 #fh f4n4 ,s>akhsee ,sums-ul-,aimma 7! sun ( lead]s71 #abf-abh4 ,%aw-wal1 #bc4 ,%eb1 ! qu>t] ( ,abu ,tleb1 #f4 ,%eb ,jabala1 ,battle (1 xli4 ,%eikh ,mohammad ,al ,tam>ta%i1 #agj4 ,sihab ( ,j\h>i1 #afc1 #afd4 ,slane1 ,de1 ,b>on ,mac,guckin1 #ace-acg4 ,slav]y & concub9e-slaves z concomitant evils ( w>1 #aic-bbd2 slav]y & concub9age n all[$ 9 ! ,koran1 #aic2 ,sir ,w4 ,muir quot$1 #aic2 measures tak5 by ,mohammad 9 ! ,koran to aboli% slav]y1 #aid-aif2 none ( ! prison]s ( w> 0 enslav$1 #aig-aih2 ! ,bani ,koreiza n enslav$1 #aih-bjj2 ,om> ! second ,khalif lib]at$ all ,arab slaves1 #bjb-bjc4 ,smi?1 ,boswor?1 quot$1 i1 xxvii1 #adc4 ,smi?'s 7,w47 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 xxxvi4 ,sodaa1 lviii4 ,s(fian ,a?-,?auri1 #acf-acg4 ,s(ia1 #aig1 #aih4 ,s(ian ibn ,khalid1 #fa1 #fi-ga4 ,s(ian ibn ,oya9a1 #acf1 #acg4 ,s(ian ,s[ri1 #acd4 ,sohail1 #ic f4n4 ,soleiman-al-,aama%1 #baj4 ,spid]1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahj4 ,spoils1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,spr5g]1 ,dr41 ,life ( ,mahomet quot$1 xxix1 xxxiii1 #agi4 ,/anley def5d$1 #aab4 ,/eph5s1 ,! ,revd41 quot$1 lxxv1 #ada-adb4 ,/ob>t quot$1 lxviii1 #b1 #eb4 ,/rabo1 xxxv4 ,suleim1 xii1 xiii1 xlii1 xlv1 xlvi1 #ab4 ,sura ,,ii1 xvi1 xxvi1 xxvii1 #c1 #aj1 #ah-ai1 #db f4n41 #dd1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #aaa1 #aaf f4n41 #aah1 #abj f4n41 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #aeb1 #aef1 #aff1 #aga f4n41 #agc f4n41 #aha1 #aid1 #bbe4 ,sura ,,iii1 xii1 #c1 #ej1 #aff1 #agd1 #ahb1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,iv1 xv1 xl1 #d1 #aj1 #ai-ba1 #ej1 #ie1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aah1 #abb1 #adb1 #aed1 #aee1 #aff-afg1 #agb1 #agd1 #ahd1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bai1 #bbe4 ,sura ,v1 xxvi1 xxxiii1 #db f4n41 #ej1 #abb1 #acj1 #aff1 #afg1 #aia1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,sura ,,vi1 #abb1 #aed1 #aff1 #afg1 #agd1 #agf1 #ahc4 ,sura ,,vii1 #abb4 ,sura ,,viii1 viii1 ix1 x1 xv1 xvi1 xxvi1 #e1 #ba1 #bb1 #ce-cf1 #de1 #ea1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd1 #acd1 #adg1 #aff1 #afg1 #agd1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,ix 7,sura ,b>t71 xi1 xvii1 xix1 xx1 #a1 #d1 #af1 #bb1 #be1 #cf-cg1 #db f4n41 #ea-ee1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #adc1 #adg1 #adi-aej1 #aei1 #aff-afg1 #agb1 #agc1 #age1 #agf1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #aie1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,sura ,,xi1 #bai4 ,sura ,,xv1 xxxvi1 xxxvii1 xxxviii1 #abb1 #abg1 #bbj4 ,sura ,,xvi1 #b1 #c1 #abb1 #abg1 #acj1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #ahj1 #bbe4 ,sura ,,xviii1 xxxviii1 #db f4n41 #acj4 ,sura ,,xix1 xxxviii1 #bai4 ,sura ,,xx1 #aga f4n4 ,sura ,,xxii1 vi1 #a1 #c1 #ag1 #aah1 #abb1 #abg1 #abh1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #agh1 #bbe4 ,sura ,,xxiv1 iv1 xviii1 #ej1 #aca1 #aff1 #afg1 #ahe1 #aid1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,sura ,,xxv1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #age1 #agg4 ,sura ,,xxvi1 xxxvii1 xxxviii4 ,sura ,,xxix1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #aga f4n41 #agb1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,sura ,,xxxi1 #acj1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #agg4 ,sura ,,xxxii1 xxxvii1 xxxviii4 ,sura ,,xxxiii1 #cg1 #hi1 #aii1 #baf1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,xxxv1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #aha4 ,sura ,,xl1 #afg4 ,sura ,,xli1 xxxviii1 #afg4 ,sura ,,xlvi1 xxxv1 #afg4 ,sura ,,xlvii1 xxvii1 #he1 #ada1 #adg1 #aed1 #aef1 #afj1 #afa1 #aff1 #afg1 #agd1 #ahd1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,xlviii1 xv1 xvi1 xl1 #afj1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,xlix1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #age1 #ahh4 ,sura ,,lii1 #acj4 ,sura ,,lviii1 #aie4 ,sura ,,lix1 #aaj1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,lx1 #d1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab f4n41 #aff1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,sura ,,lxi1 #aff1 #agc1 #age1 #ahd1 #ahf4 ,sura ,,lxvi1 #aff1 #ahe1 #baa1 #bad4 ,sura ,,lxvii1 xxxvii4 ,sura ,,lxxii1 xxxvi1 xxxvii1 #ahf f4n4 ,sura ,,lxxiii1 #acj1 #bbj4 ,sura ,,lxxxv1 #ej4 ,sura ,,lxxxvi1 xxxvi4 ,sura ,,xc1 #aid4 ,sura ,,xcvi1 #e4 ,suras1 ,meccan1 #agg-aha4 ,suras1 ,m$9ite1 #aha-aia4 ,surat-al-,mohammad1 #aed4 ,surat-un-,nisa1 #aed4 ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali ,m\lvie1 ,m4,a41 ,,llb41 #ia f4n4 ,syria1 viii1 #cj1 #dj1 #hi1 #adj1 #bjj4 ,t4 ,tabae51 #bji1 #bae-baf4 ,tabakt al ,fokaha1 #ace-acf4 ,tabakt ( ,ibn ,sd ,ktib ,wakidi1 #aad4 ,tab>i #cj1 #bab4 ,tabi1 #ace1 #acf4 ,tabikha1 ,! ance/ors ( ,bani ,tamim1 xlvii4 ,table1 ,! 7,sura71 #aia4 ,tabuk1 xix1 #cg f4n42 ! la/ exp$ition ( ,mohammad aga9/1 #dj4 ,tafse] ,majma-ul-,bayan ,tab>see1 #aaf f4n41 #ahg4 ,taghlib1 lviii4 ,taimee1 ,okba execut$ at1 #hj4 ,tajahada1 #afd4 ,tajeeb1 lviii4 ,takreeb1 #baj1 #bae4 ,tamim 7,!71 xxvii1 xxxiv1 xli1 xlvi1 lviii4 ,tanfeel1 #g1 #aif4 ,tanvir-al ,absr1 #agj4 ,t>iq 7,comet or night com]71 xxxvi4 ,tay1 xxxix1 xliii1 lviii4 ,tayif1 xxii2 ,mohammad prea*es at1 xxxiv2 sacrilegi\s w> at1 xli4 ,taym b9 ,morra1 xxxiii4 ,te/am5t1 ,! ,old1 #aec4 ,?akeef1 lvii1 #af4 ,!seus1 #ade4 ,tirmizee1 #aac1 #bjg4 ,tojahidoona1 #aff4 ,tradition 7a mursal71 #aji f4n4 ,traditions quot$ & refut$1 #acc4 ,tri$1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahf4 ,tuhfat-ul-,muhtaj fi ,%>ah-al-,m9haj1 #abi f4n4 ,tuleiba1 *ief ( ,bani ,asad b9 ,khozeima1 xlvii4 ,u4 ,urnee ,robb]s1 #ib-ie4 ,urquh>t1 #acg4 ,u ,tayif1 xxxvi4 ,usseya1 a clan ( ,bani ,aamir1 xlvi4 ,uye9a1 ! *ief ( ! ,bani ,fez>a1 xiii1 xlvi4 ,v4 ,vans ,k5n$y1 ,major1 quot$1 #bh4 ,von ,kem]'s ,hi/ory ( ,mohammad's ,campaigns1 #ij f4n41 #ajb4 ,w4 ,wady-al-,kora1 ,! ,jews (1 xiii1 xliii4 ,wahid1 #hc4 ,wajib 7,legal71 ,jihad n1 #acd4 ,waki ibn al-,j>rah1 #bba4 ,wakidi1 #bi f4n41 #cj1 #fc1 #fd1 #gd1 #gh f4n41 #hj f4n41 #ca f4n41 #ia2 ,campaigns ( ,mohammad1 xliii1 #ajb1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bab1 #bba4 ,w>s ( ,mohammad1 _! def5sive nature1 ii4 ,weil1 ,dr41 #fc4 ,:eaton's ,int]national ,law1 #gj f4n4 ,:]ry1 ,! ,revd4 ,e4,m41 quot$1 #aej-aeb1 #aed f4n4 ,wolff1 #gj f4n4 ,woman1 ,! 7,sura71 #ahd4 ,y4 ,yafa-ee1 #baj4 ,yahya1 #bac4 ,yahya b9 ,hammad1 #baj4 ,yahya b9 ,mo91 #bba4 ,yahya b9 ,sae$ al ,ans>ee1 #fh4 ,yakoob b9 ,mohammad1 #bjh4 ,yemama1 li4 ,y5bo1 ! abode ( ,bani ,johe9a1 xliii4 ,yem51 xxxix1 li4 ,yezid b9 ,abi ,%aiba1 #acc4 ,yojahido1 #aff1 #agi4 ,yojahidoo1 #aff1 #agf1 #aij4 ,yojahidoona1 #aff1 #agf1 #aia4 ,yoseir b9 ,razim 7,oseir b9 ,z>im71 #gb f4n4 ,yoslemoon1 #afj4 ,z4 ,zd-al-mad ( ,ibn al ,kyyim1 #ajj f4n4 ,zahabi1 #bae4 ,zakawn1 a clan ( ,bani ,aamir1 xlvi4 ,zalkada1 #ad1 #bc f4n41 #ec4 ,zama1 #cd4 ,zamra1 iv4 ,zamakh%ire1 #afc1 #bac4 ,zat-al-,rikaa1 xii1 #aif4 ,zat ,atlah1 #ae f4n4 ,zeid kill$ ,moavia1 #ha4 ,zeid1 ! adopt$ son ( ,mohammad1 & 8 connection ) ,ze9ab1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,zeid b9 ,arqam1 xxii4 ,zeid b9 ,aslam1 #bae4 ,zeid b9 ,h>is1 seiz$ & plund]$ by ! ,bani ,fez>a1 xiii4 ,zeid ,monat1 xxxiv4 ,ze9ab1 #aac1 #baa2 h] /ory1 #bae-baf2 ! /ory ( ,mohammad's am\r1 a spuri\s "o1 #baf2 ,sir ,w4 ,muir's conjectures ab\t h]1 n ju/ifi$1 #bah2 9 h] case no exceptional privilege 0 secur$ to ,mohammad1 #bbj2 ! false /ory trac$ to ,muktil1 #bbb4 ,zu ,t[a1 ! ,korei% encamp$ at1 xv4 ,zil ,kassa1 a p>ty ( ,moslems sla9 at1 xiii4 ,zobeid1 lviii4 ,zobeir1 a ,korei%ite1 #hh1 #if4 ,zobian1 xli1 xlii1 xlvi4 ,zohak1 #hj4 ,zohak ibn ,muzahim1 #bae4 ,zohra1 xxxiii4 ,zohri1 #abh1 #bji4 ,zorkanee1 #hj f4n42 on ,mooahib1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aji f4n41 #aaj f4n4 ,zu-k>1 ,battle (1 xli4 ,zulhij1 #bc f4n41 #ec4 ,zul-,kada1 xiii1 #bc f4n4 ,zul-,majz xlviii4 ,calcutta2 ,decemb]1 #ahhg4 ,,?ack]1 ,,sp9k ,,co4',s ,,law ,,publications4 ,,?ird ,,edition ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,,! ,,code ,,( ,,civil ,,proc$ure1 ,,act ,,xiv ,,( #ahhb1 ,,) ,,notes1 ,,app5dices1 c4 ,by ! ,hon'ble ,j4 ,o',,k9ealy1 ,"o ( ! ,judges ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,high ,c\rt ( ,judicature1 ,b5gal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,edition4 ,royal #hvo41 clo?4 ,rs4 #ab2 ,po/-free1 ,rs4 #ab-f4 ,,! ,,indian ,,p5al ,,code1 ,& o!r ,laws & ,acts ( ,p>liam5t relat+ to ! ,crim9al ,c\rts ( ,india4 ,) ,notes1 c4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,by ! ,hon'ble ,j4 ,o',,k9ealy1 ,"o ( ! ,judges ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,high ,c\rt ( ,judicature1 ,b5gal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition4 ,j ,publi%$4 ,royal ,octavo1 clo?4 ,rs4 #ah4 ,,! ,,code ,,( ,,crim9al ,,proc$ure1 ,,act ,x ,,( #ahhb1 ,,toge!r ,,) ,rul+s1 ,circul> ,ord]s1 ,notifications1 etc41 ( all ! ,high ,c\rts 9 ,india2 & ,notifications & ,ord]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india & ! ,local ,gov]nm5ts4 ,,edit$ ,,) ,,copi\s ,,notes ,,& ,,full ,,index4 ,by ,,william ,,fis*] ,,agnew1 ,esq14 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 & ,,gilb]t ,s4 ,,h5d]son1 ,esq4 ,m4,a41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,au?or ( ,a ,treatise on ! ,law ( ,succession 9 ,india4 ,second ,edition1 ,by ,,gilb]t ,s4 ,,h5d]son ,to judge f ! /yle 9 :i* _! pres5t "w is edit$1 ! numb] ( cases cit$ be>+ ^u ! v>i\s sections1 ! ample notes app5d$ :]e any explanation is necess>y1 & ! full & complete indexes to ! cases cit$1 we h little hesitation 9 say+ t1 :ile und\bt$ly x is at pres5t ! be/ "w on ! subject1 x ne$ fe> no competition 9 ! future4--,engli%man4