produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,native ,,grape1 ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,am]ican ,,w9es4 ,by ,,george ,,husmann1 ,,( ,,h]mann1 ,,miss\ri4 ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,woodw>d1 ,,publi%] ,,& ,,import]1 ,art1 ,ar*itectural & ,rural ,books1 #acf ,,*amb]s ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,orange ,,judd ,,co41 #bde ,broadway4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahff1 by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,woodw>d1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,to ,,! ,,grape ,,gr[]s ,,( ,,our ,,c\ntry1 ,,"o ,,& ,,indivisible1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,_! ,,fri5d ,,& ,,fell[-,,labor]1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,index4 ,,page4 ,,introduction #i ,,grape ,,culture4 ,rem>ks on its ,hi/ory 9 ,am]ica1 especially at ! ,we/2 its ,progress & its ,future1 #ac ,,propagation ,,( ,,! ,,v9e4 ,i4--,f ,se$ #bg ,,ii4--,by ,s+le ,eyes #cj ,! ,propagat+ ,h\se #ca ,mode ( ,op]at+ #cb ,,iii4--,by ,cutt+s 9 ,op5 ,air #cg ,,iv4--,by ,lay]+ #ci ,v4--,by ,graft+ #dj ,,! ,,v9ey>d4 ,location & ,soil #dc ,prep>+ ! ,soil #de ,,:at ,,%all ,,we ,,plant8 ,*oice ( ,v>ieties #dg ,! ,concord #dh ,norton's ,virg9ia #dh ,h]bemont #di ,delaw>e #di ,h>t=d ,prolific #di ,cl9ton #ej ,,plant+4 ,plant+4 #ea ,treatm5t ( ! ,v9e ! ,fir/ ,summ] #ef ,treatm5t ( ! ,v9e ! ,second ,summ] #eg ,treatm5t ( ! ,v9e ! ,?ird ,summ] #fc ,treatm5t ( ! ,v9e ! ,f\r? ,summ] #fi ,tra9+ ! ,v9es on ,arbors & ,walls #ga ,o!r ,me?ods ( ,tra9+ ! ,v9e #ge ,diseases ( ! ,v9e #gh ,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,grape #hj ,birds #hd ,fro/s #he ,girdl+ ! ,v9e to ,ha/5 ,maturity #hf ,manur+ ! ,v9e #ia ,?9n+ ( ! ,fruit #ia ,r5ew+ ,old ,v9es #ib ,prun+ ,saws #ic ,pres]v+ ! ,fruit #ie ,ga!r+ ! ,fruit to ,make ,w9e #if ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,grapes4 ,,class ,i4--,,v>ieties ,,mo/ ,,g5]ally ,,us$4 ,concord 7,description7 #ig ,concord 7,plate7 #aaa ,norton's ,virg9ia 7,description7 #ih ,norton's ,virg9ia 7,plate7 #hg ,h]bemont 7,plate7 #ii ,h]bemont 7,description7 #aja ,h>t=d ,prolific 7,description7 #aja ,h>t=d ,prolific 7,plate7 #aje ,cl9ton #ajb ,delaw>e 7,description7 #ajb ,delaw>e 7,plate7 #ha ,,class ,,ii4--,,heal?y ,,v>ieties ,,promis+ ,,well4 ,cyn?iana #ajc ,arkansas #ajd ,taylor #ajd ,m>?a #ajg ,maxatawney 7,description7 #ajg ,maxatawney 7,plate7 #agg ,rog]s' ,hybrid1 ,no4 #a #ajg ,crevel+ 7,description7 #ajh ,crevel+ 7,plate7 #aag ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,se$l+ #ajh ,cunn+ham #aji ,rul&] #aji ,l\isiana #aaj ,alvey #aaj ,cassady #aaj ,blood's ,black #aac ,union ,village 7,description7 #aac ,union ,village 7,plate7 #afg ,p]k9s #aac ,cl>a 7,description7 #aad ,cl>a 7,plate7 #abg ,ive's ,se$l+ #aad ,,class ,,iii4--,,heal?y ,,v>ieties--,,b ,,inf]ior ,,9 ,,quality4 ,m9or ,se$l+ #aaf ,m>y ,ann #aai ,nor!rn ,muscad9e #aai ,logan #aai ,br[n #aai ,hyde's ,eliza #aai ,m>ion ,port #abj ,poes*el's ,mammo? #abj ,cape #abj ,dracut ,amb] #abj ,els9burgh #abj ,g>b]'s ,alb9o #aba ,frankl9 #aba ,l5oir #aba ,nor? ,am]ica #aba ,,class ,,iv4--,,v>ieties ,,( ,,good ,,quality1 ,,b ,,subject ,,to ,,disease4 ,catawba #aba ,diana #abb ,isabella #abb ,g>rigues #abc ,tokalon #abc ,anna #abc ,all5's ,hybrid #abc ,cuyahoga #abc ,dev]eux #abd ,k+sess+ #abd ,rog]s' ,hybrid1 ,no4 #ae #abd ,,class ,v4--,,v>ieties ,,unwor?y ,,( ,,cultivation4 ,oporto #abd ,massa*usetts ,:ite #abe ,,w9e ,,mak+4 ,ga!r+ ! ,grapes #aca ,! ,w9e ,cell> #acc ,app>atus = ,w9e ,mak+4--,! ,grape ,mill & ,press #acf ,f]m5t+ ,vats #acg ,! ,w9e ,casks #ach ,mak+ ! ,w9e #adj ,aft] ,treatm5t ( ! ,w9e #adf ,diseases ( ! ,w9e & _! ,rem$ies #adg ,treatm5t ( flat & ,turbid ,w9e #adg ,use ( ! ,husks & ,lees #adh ,dr4 ,gall's & ,petoil's ,me?od ( ,w9e ,mak+ #adh ,! ,mu/ ,scale or ,sac*>omet] #aej ,! ,acidimet] & ,its ,use #aea ,! ,*ange ( ! ,mu/1 by ,f]m5tation1 into ,w9e #aeg ,normal ,mu/ #afa ,! ,mu/ ( ,am]ican ,grapes #afb ,w9e ,mak+ ,made ,easy #agc ,,/ati/ics4 ,co/ ( ,e/abli%+ ,a ,v9ey>d #agi ,co/ ( an acre ( ,concord #agi ,co/ ( an acre ( ,h]bemont #agi ,co/ ( an acre ( ,norton's ,virg9ia #ahj ,co/ ( an acre ( ,delaw>e #ahj ,co/ ( an acre ( ,catawba #ahj ,product #aha ,produce ,fif? ,ye> #ahb ,yield ( ,mr4 ,,mi*ael ,,poes*el',s ,v9ey>d #ahd ,new ,v9ey>d ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,,poes*el1 ,plant$ 9 #ahfa2 ,fir/ ,p>tial ,crop1 #ahfc2 ,second ,crop1 #ahfd2 ,?ird ,crop1 #ahfe1 #ahd1 #ahe ,yield ( ,v9ey>d ( ,mr4 ,,william ,,poes*el1 #aheg1 #aheh1 #ahei1 #ahfj #ahe ,yield ( ,v9ey>d ( ,mr4 ,,william ,,poes*el #ahfa1 #ahfb1 #ahfc1 #ahfd #ahf ,yield ( ,v9ey>d ( ,mr4 ,,william ,,poes*el #ahfe #ahg ,yield ( ,delaw>e ,v9ey>d ( ,,john ,e4 ,,motti] #ahi ,,introduction ,x is ) a great deal ( hesitation ,i und]take to write a book ab\t ,grapes1 a subject :i* has be51 & /ill is1 elucidat$ e day2 & ab\t :i* we h already sev]al works1 :i* no d\bt are m le>n$1 m elaborate1 ?an any?+ ,i may produce4 ,b ! subject is ( su* va/ importance1 & ! area suitable = grape culture s l>ge1 ! div]sity ( soil & climate s great1 t ,i may be p>don$ if ,i /ill ?9k t ,i c\ld be ( "s use to ! beg9n]2 x is = !m1 & n = my bre?r5 ( ! craft m le>n$ ?an ,i am1 t ,i write4 ,if !y c le>n any?+ f ! pla9 talk ( a practical work]1 to help !m along 9 ! good "w1 ,i am well repaid4 ,ano!r object ,i h 9 view is to make grape gr[+ z easy z possible2 & ,i may be p>don$ if ,i say t1 9 my op9ion1 x is a defect 9 all books we h on grape culture1 t ! mann] ( prep>+ ! soil1 tra9+1 etc41 are on too co/ly a plan to be foll[$ by m5 ( little means4 ,if we are fir/ to tr5* & prep>e ! soil1 at a co/ ( ab\t #cjj p] acre1 & !n pay #bjj m = trellis1 labor1 etc41 ! poor man1 he :o mu/ "w = a liv+1 c n af=d to raise grapes4 ,& yet x is f ! ranks ( ^! /urdy sons ( toil t ,i w\ld ga9 my recruits = t peaceful army ^: sword is ! prun+-hook2 x is f _! hone/1 h>d-work+ h&s ,i expect ! gr&e/ results4 ,he :o has already weal? en\gh at comm& c ( c\rse af=d to raise grapes ) bone-du/1 a%es1 & all ! f]tiliz]s4 ,he c walk ar\nd & give 8 ord]s1 mak+ grape culture an elegant pa/ime = 8 leisure h\rs1 z well z a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,b1 be+ "o ( ! fir/ class myself1 ,i _h to fight my way up ?r\gh untold difficulties f ! l[e/ r\nd ( ! ladd]2 _h to ga9 :at k ,i possess f de> exp]i5ce1 & c !re=e sympa?ize ) ^? :o mu/ comm5ce )\t means4 ,x is my e>ne/ desire to save !m "s ( ! losses :i* ,i _h to suff]1 to light5 _! toil by a little pla9 advice4 ,if ,i c succe$ 9 ?is1 my object is accompli%$4 ,9 ne>ly all our books on grape culture ,i notice ano!r defect1 especially 9 ^? publi%$ 9 ! ,ea/2 x is1 t !y conta9 a great deal ( good advice ab\t grape culture1 b v little ab\t w9e-mak+1 & ! treatm5t ( w9e 9 ! cell>4 ,= u "h at ! ,we/ ?is is an all-important po9t1 & ev5 our ,ea/]n fri5ds1 if !y cont9ue to plant grapes at ! rate !y h done = ! la/ few ye>s1 w soon glut ! m>ket1 & w be =c$ to make !m into w9e4 ,i %all !re=e try to give su* simple in/ructions ab\t w9e-mak+ & its managem5t z w enable e "o to make a good saleable & dr9kable w9e1 bett] ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! =eign w9es1 :i* are n[ sold at two to ?ree doll>s p] bottle4 ,i firmly believe t ?is cont95t is de/9$ to be ! greate/ w9e-produc+ c\ntry 9 ! _w2 & t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 w9e1 ! mo/ :olesome & pure/ ( all /imulat+ dr9ks1 w be )9 ! rea* ( ! common labor]1 & take ! place ( ! noxi\s & poison\s liquors :i* are n[ ! curse ( s _m ( our labor+ m51 & h blight$ ! happ9ess ( s _m homes4 ,pure light w9e ,i consid] ! be/ temp]ance ag5t2 b z long z bad :isky & br&y cont9ue to be ! common dr9k ( its citiz5s we c n hope to accompli% a ?or\gh re=m2 = human nature seems to crave & ne$ a /imulant4 ,let u !n try to supply ! mo/ innoc5t & heal?y "o1 ! exhil>at+ juice ( ! grape4 ,i h also endeavor$ ?r\gh\t to give pla9 facts1 to sub/antiate ) pla9 figures all ,i ass]t2 & 9 no case h ,i all[$ fancy to roam 9 idle speculations :i* _c be demon/rat$ 9 practice4 ,i d n pret5d t my ef=t is ! mo/ compreh5sive & practical essay on ! grape1 z "s ( our fri5ds call _! productions1 b ,i c claim = x /rict adh]5ce to tru? & actual results4 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to give ! botanical description ( ! grape-v9e1 & ! process ( hybridiz+1 etc42 ?is has already be5 s well & ?or\ghly done by my fri5d ,,full]1 t ,i c d no bett] ?an ref] ! sci5tific read] to 8 book4 ,i am writ+ m = ! practical f>m]1 & w\ld r fill :at ,i ?9k a vacancy1 ?an repeat :at has be5 s well said by o!rs4 ,) ^! few rem>ks1 :i* ,i ?\ght due to ! public & myself1 ,i leave x to y1 bro!r-w9egr[]s1 to say :e!r or n ,i h accompli%$ my task4 ,to all & e "o :o plants a s+le v9e ,i w\ld ext5d ! h& ( good fell[%ip1 = he is a labor] 9 ! great "w to cov] ?is glori\s l& ( ! free ) smil+ v9ey>ds1 & to make its b>r5 spots fl[ ) noble grape juice1 "o ( ! be/ gifts ( an all-b\ntiful ,creator4 ,all hail to y1 ,i greet y f ,free ,miss\ri4 ,,grape ,,culture ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,am]ica1 ,,especially ,,at ,,! ,,we/--,,its ,,progress ,,& ,,its ,,future4 ,9 an old *ronicle1 entitl$1 ,! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,t5? ,c5tury1 by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,pra/a1 publi%$ at ,/ralsund1 we f9d ! foll[+ leg5d3 ,,leif1 son ( ,,eric ! ,r$1 b\ght ,,by>nes' vessel1 & mann$ x ) ?irty-five m51 among :om 0 also a ,g]man1 ,,tyrk] by "n1 :o _h liv$ a long "t ) ,,leif',s fa!r1 :o _h become v mu* atta*$ to him 9 y\?4 ,& !y left port at ,icel&1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ajjj4 ,b1 :5 !y _h be5 at sea sev]al days1 a trem5d\s /orm arose1 ^: wild fury made ! waves swell m\nta9 high1 & ?reat5$ to de/roy ! frail vessel4 ,& ! /orm cont9u$ = sev]al days1 & increas$ 9 fury1 s t ev5 ! /\te/ he>t quak$ ) fe>2 !y believ$ t _! h\r _h come1 & drift$ along at ! m]cy ( w9d & waves4 ,only ,,leif1 :o _h lately be5 conv]t$ to ,,*ri/ our ,"l1 /ood calmly at ! helm & did n fe>2 b call$ on ,him :o _h walk$ ! wat] & quiet$ ! bill[s1 ) firm fai?1 t ,he also _h p[] to deliv] !m1 if !y b tru/$ 9 ,him4 ,&1 behold6 :ile he /ill spoke to !m ( ! wond]ful de$s ( ! ,"l1 ! cl\ds cle>$ away1 ! /orm lull$2 & aft] a few h\rs ! sea1 calm$ d[n1 & rock$ ! tir$ & exhau/$ m5 into a deep & calm sleep4 ,& :5 !y awoke1 ! next morn+1 !y c\ld h>dly tru/ _! eyes4 ,a beautiful c\ntry lay be=e !m1 gre5 hills1 cov]$ ) beautiful =e/s--a maje/ic /ream roll$ its bill[s into ! ocean2 & !y ca/ ! an*or1 & ?ank$ ! ,"l1 :o _h deliv]$ !m f dea?4 ,a delightful c\ntry x seem$1 full ( game1 & birds ( beautiful plumage2 & :5 !y w5t a%ore1 !y c\ld n resi/ ! temptation to explore x4 ,:5 !y return$1 aft] sev]al h\rs1 ,,tyrk] alone 0 miss+4 ,aft] wait+ "s "t = 8 return1 ,,leif1 ) twelve ( 8 m51 w5t 9 se>* ( him4 ,b !y _h n gone f>1 :5 !y met him1 lad5 d[n ) grapes4 ,^u _! enquiry1 :]e he _h /ay$ s long1 he answ]$3 ,i did n g f>1 :5 ,i f\nd ! trees all cov]$ ) grapes2 & z ,i 0 born 9 a c\ntry1 ^: hills are cov]$ ) v9ey>ds1 x seem$ s mu* l home to me1 t ,i /ay$ a :ile & ga!r$ !m4 ,!y _h n[ a tw(old occupation1 to cut timb]1 & ga!r grapes2 ) ! latt]1 !y load$ ! boat4 ,& ,leif gave a "n to ! c\ntry1 & call$ x ,v9l&1 or ,w9el&4 ,s f> ! tradition4 ,x is said t com+ ev5ts ca/ _! %ad[s be=e !m4 ,if ?is is s1 may we n recognize "o ( ^? %ad[s 9 ! old ,norman leg5d ( ev5ts :i* transpir$ m ?an eight hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,is x n ! =e%ad[+ ( ! de/9y ( ?is great cont95t1 to become1 9 tru? & v]ity1 a ,w9el&4 ,truly1 ! results ( to-day w\ld c]ta9ly ju/ify u 9 ! ass]tion1 t !re is z mu*1 nay m1 tru? ?an fiction 9 x4 ,let u take a glance at ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( grape culture1 & see :at has be5 ! progress 9 ?is comp>atively new bran* ( horticulture4 ,f ! v fir/ settlem5t ( ,am]ica1 ! v9e seems to h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! coloni/s1 & x is said t z e>ly z #aefd1 w9e 0 made f ! native grape 9 ,florida4 ,! e>lie/ attempt to e/abli% a v9ey>d 9 ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies 0 by ! ,london ,company 9 ,virg9ia1 ab\t ! ye> #afbj2 & by #afcj1 ! prospect seems to h be5 enc\rag+ en\gh to w>rant ! importation ( sev]al ,fr5* v9e-dress]s1 :o1 x is said1 ru9$ ! v9es by bad treatm5t4 ,w9e 0 also made 9 ,virg9ia 9 #afdg1 & 9 #afea premiums 7 (f]$ = its production4 ,,bev]ly ev5 m5tions1 t prior to #agbb1 !re 7 v9ey>ds 9 t colony1 produc+ sev5 hundr$ & fifty gallons p] ye>4 ,9 #affd1 ,colonel ,,ri*>d ,,nicoll1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 grant$ to ,,paul ,,ri*>ds1 a privilege ( mak+ & sell+ w9e free ( all duty1 he hav+ be5 ! fir/ to ent] ^u ! cultivation ( ! v9e on a l>ge scale4 ,,beau*amp ,,plantag5et1 9 8 description ( ! prov9ce ( ,new ,albion1 publi%$ 9 ,london1 9 #afdh1 /ates t ! ,engli% settl]s 9 ,uv$ale1 n[ ,delaw>e1 _h v9es runn+ on mulb]ry & sassafras trees2 & enum]ates f\r k9ds ( grapes1 namely3 ,?\l\se ,muscat1 ,sweet ,sc5t$1 ,great ,fox1 & ,?ick ,grape2 ! fir/ two1 aft] five mon?s1 be+ boil$ & salt$ & well f9$1 make a /rong r$ ,x]es2 ! ?ird1 a light cl>et2 ! f\r?1 a :ite grape :i* creeps on ! l&1 makes a pure1 gold color$ w9e4 ,,t5nis ,,pale1 a ,fr5*man1 out ( ^! f\r1 made eight sorts ( excell5t w9e2 & says ( ! ,muscat1 aft] x _h be5 long boil$1 t ! second draught w intoxicate aft] f\r mon?s old2 & t "h may be ga!r$ & made two hundr$ tuns 9 ! v9tage mon?s1 & t ! v9es ) good cultivation w m5d4 ,9 #afcc1 ,,william ,,p5n attempt$ to e/abli% a v9ey>d ne> ,philadelphia1 b )\t success4 ,aft] "s ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,,task]1 ( ,m>yl&1 & ,mr4 ,,antil1 ( ,%rewsbury1 ,n4,j41 seem to h succe$$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 f an article :i* ,mr4 ,,antil wrote ( ! culture ( ! grape1 & ! manufacture ( w9e1 t he cultivat$ only =eign v>ieties4 ,9 #agif1 ! ,fr5* settl]s 9 ,ill9ois made "o hundr$ & t5 hog%eads ( /rong w9e f native grapes4 ,at ,h>mony1 ne> ,pittsburgh1 a v9ey>d ( t5 acres 0 plant$ by ,,fr$]ic ,,rapp1 & 8 associates f ,g]many2 & !y cont9u$ to cultivate grapes & silk1 aft] _! removal to ano!r ,h>mony 9 ,indiana4 ,9 #agij1 a ,swiss colony 0 f\nd$1 & a fund ( t5 ?\s& doll>s rais$ 9 ,jessam9e c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a v9ey>d1 b fail$1 z !y attempt$ to plant ! =eign v9e4 ,9 #ahja1 !y remov$ to a spot1 :i* !y call$ ,vevay1 9 ,switz]l& ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 on ! ,ohio1 =ty-five miles bel[ ,c9c9nati4 ,"h !y plant$ native v9es1 especially ! ,cape1 or ,s*uylkill ,muscadel1 & met ) bett] success4 ,b1 aft] ab\t =ty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 !y seem to h become disc\rag$1 & _! v9ey>ds h n[ almo/ disappe>$4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ crude exp]im5ts 9 ,am]ican grape culture2 & f "s cause or ano!r1 !y seem n to h be5 enc\rag+ en\gh to w>rant _! cont9uation4 ,b a new impetus 0 giv5 to ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 by ! introduction ( ! ,catawba1 by ,major ,,adlum1 ( ,georget[n1 ,d4,c41 :o ?\ght1 t by s do+1 he conf]r$ a great] b5efit ^u ! nation ?an he w\ld h done1 _h he paid ! national debt4 ,x seems to h be5 plant$ fir/ on an ext5sive scale by ,,ni*olas ,,longwor?1 ne> ,c9c9nati1 :om we may ju/ly call "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,am]ican grape culture4 ,he adopt$ ! sy/em ( leas+ p>cels ( unimprov$ l& to poor ,g]mans1 to plant ) v9es2 = a %>e1 ,i believe1 ( "o-half ( ! proce$s4 ,x 0 8 ambition to make ! ,ohio ! ,rh9e ( ,am]ica1 & he has c]ta9ly done a good deal to effect x4 ,9 #aheh1 ! :ole numb] ( acres plant$ 9 grapes ar\nd ,c9c9nati1 0 e/imat$1 by a committee appo9t$ = t purpose1 at twelve hundr$ acres1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,,longwor? own$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two & a half acres1 "u *>ge ( tw5ty-sev5 t5ants4 ,! annual produce 0 e/imat$ by ! committee at no less ?an two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& gallons1 wor? ab\t z _m doll>s !n4 ,we may safely e/imate ! numb] ( acres 9 cultivation !re n[1 at two ?\s&4 ,among ! pr9cipal grape gr[]s !re1 ,i w m5tion ,messrs4 ,,rob]t ,,bu*anan1 au?or ( an excell5t "w on grape culture1 ,,motti]1 ,,bog51 ,,w]k1 ,,rehfuss1 ,,dr4 ,,mo%]1 etc4 ,well d ,i rememb]1 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 "s f\rte5 ye>s old1 h[ (t5 my fa!r w\ld ent] into conv]sation ) v9tn]s f ! old c\ntry1 ab\t ! feasibility ( grape culture 9 ,miss\ri4 ,he always cont5d$ t grapes %\ld succe$ well "h1 z ! woods 7 full ( wild grapes1 "s ( v fair quality1 & t ?is w\ld indicate a soil & climate favorable to ! v9e4 ,!y w\ld ridicule ! idea1 & ass]t t labor 0 too high "h1 ev5 if ! v9es w\ld succe$1 to make x pay2 b !y c\ld n %ake 8 fai? 9 ! ultimate success ( grape culture4 ,alas6 he liv$ only long en\gh to see ! fir/ dawn+s ( t glori\s future :i* he _h s (t5 anticipat$1 & none ent]$ ) m g5u9e zeal ^u ! occupation ?an he1 :5 an untimely dea? took him f ! labor he lov$ s well1 & did n ev5 all[ him to ta/e ! fir/ fruits ( ! v9es he _h plant$ & fo/]$4 ,_h he be5 sp>$ until n[1 8 mo/ sangu9e hopes w\ld be v]ifi$4 ,i also well rememb] ! fir/ cultivat$ grape v9e :i* produc$ fruit 9 ,h]mann4 ,x 0 an ,isabella1 plant$ by a ,mr4 ,,fugg]1 on ! corn] ( ,ma9 & ,s*ill] /reets1 & tra9$ ov] an arbor4 ,x produc$ ! fir/ crop 9 #ahde1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 & s pl5tifully did x be>1 t sev]al p]sons 7 enc\rag$ by ?is app>5t success1 to plant v9es4 ,9 #ahdf1 ! fir/ w9e 0 made "h1 & agreeably surpris$ all :o tri$ x1 by its good quality4 ,! ,catawba _h dur+ t "t1 be5 import$ f ,c9c9nati1 & ! fir/ p>tial crop f x1 9 #ahdh1 0 s pl5tiful1 t e body1 almo/1 comm5c$ plant+ v9es1 & (t5 9 v unfavorable localities4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 _h a bad influ5ce on s caprici\s a v>iety z ! ,catawba2 rot & mildew appe>$1 & _m became disc\rag$1 because !y did n realize :at !y _h anticipat$4 ,a numb] ( unfavorable seasons br\ght grape gr[+ almo/ to a /& /ill "h4 ,"s ( our mo/ ent]pris+ grape gr[]s /ill p]sev]$1 & succe$$ by c>eful treatm5t1 9 mak+ ev5 ! ,catawba pay v h&some returns4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 t ! att5tion ( "s ( our grape-gr[]s 0 drawn t[>ds a small1 insignificant look+ grape1 :i* _h be5 obta9$ by a ,mr4 ,,wi$]spreck] f ,mr4 ,,he9ri*s1 :o _h br\ght x f ,c9c9nati1 &1 almo/ at ! same "t1 by ,dr4 ,,kehr1 :o _h br\ght x ) him f ,virg9ia4 ,! v9e seem$ a r\gh cu/om]1 & its fruit v insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! l>ge bun* & b]ry ( ! ,catawba1 b we soon obs]v$ t x kept its foliage bright & gre5 :5 t ( ! ,catawba became sickly & dropp$2 & also1 t no rot or mildew damag$ ! fruit1 :5 t ( ! ,catawba 0 ne>ly de/roy$ by x4 ,a few tri$ to propagate x by cutt+s1 b g5]ally fail$ to make x gr[4 ,!y !n resort$ to graft+ & lay]+1 ) mu* bett] success4 ,aft] a few ye>s a few bottles ( w9e 7 made f x1 & f\nd to be v good4 ,b at ?is "t x almo/ receiv$ its dea?-bl[1 by a v unfavorable lett] f ,mr4 ,,longwor?1 :o _h be5 ask$ 8 op9ion ( x1 & pron\nc$ x wor?less4 ,( c\rse1 ) ! majority1 ! fiat ( ,mr4 ,,longwor?1 ! fa!r ( ,am]ican grape-culture1 0 conclusive evid5ce1 & !y ab&on$ x4 ,n all1 h[ev]2 a few p]sev]$1 among !m ,messrs4 ,,jacob ,,rommel1 ,,poes*el1 ,,lang5do]f]1 ,,gre91 & myself4 ,we ?\ght ,mr4 ,,longwor? 0 human1 & might be mi/ak52 & tru/$ z mu* to ! evid5ce ( our s5ses z to 8 v]dict1 !re=e increas$ x z fa/ z we c\ld1 & ! sequel prov$ t we 7 "r4 ,aft] a few ye>s m w9e 0 made f x 9 l>g] quantities1 f\nd to be mu* bett] ?an ! fir/ imp]fect samples2 & n[ t despis$ & condemn$ grape is ! great v>iety = r$ w9e1 equal1 if n sup]ior to1 ! be/ ,burgundy & ,port2 a w9e ( :i* good judges1 heavy import]s ( ! be/ ,european w9es too1 w tell y t x has n its equal among all ! =eign r$ w9es2 :i* has already sav$ ! lives ( ?\s&s ( suff]+ *ildr51 m51 & wom51 & !re=e "o ( ! greate/ bless+s an all-m]ciful ,god has ev] be/[$ ^u suff]+ humanity4 ,?is despis$ grape is n[ ! rage1 & #ejj1jjj ( ! plants c\ld h be5 sold f ?is place alone ! la/ fall1 if !y c\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,ne$ ,i "n x8 x is ! ,norton's ,virg9ia4 ,truly1 great oaks f little acorns gr[6 & ,i boldly prophecy to-day t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( our hillsides w be cov]$ ) its luxuriant foliage1 & its purple juice become "o ( ! exports to ,europe2 provid$1 always1 t we d n gr[ s fond ( x z to dr9k x all4 ,i ?9k t ?is is pre-em95tly a ,miss\ri grape4 ,"h x seems to h f\nd ! soil 9 :i* x fl\ri%es be/4 ,i h se5 x 9 ,ohio1 b x does n look !re z if x 0 ! same grape4 ,& :y %\ld x8 ,!y drove x f !m & disc>d$ x 9 its y\?2 we fo/]$ x1 & d y n ?9k1 de> read]1 !re sometimes is gratitude 9 plants z well z 9 m58 ,o!r ,/ates may plant x & succe$ ) x1 too1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b x w cl+ ) ! true/ devotion to ^? localities :]e x 0 c>$ = 9 its y\?4 ,h we n also f\nd1 dur+ ! late w>1 t ! ,g]mans1 ! adopt$ citiz5s ( ?is great c\ntry1 clung ) a he>ti] devotion to our noble flag1 & %$ _! blood m freely = x1 ?an ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( native-born ,am]icans8 ,& :y8 ,because "h !y f\nd protection1 equal rights = all1 & t fre$om :i* _h be5 ! idol ( _! he>ts1 & haunt$ _! dreams by night2 because !y _h be5 oppress$ s long !y m fully appreciat$ ! bless+s ( a free gov]nm5t ?an ^? :o _h enjoy$ x f _! bir?4 ,b y may call me fanta/ical = comp>+ plants to human be+s1 & w say1 plants h no appreciation ( su* ?+s4 ,bro!r ,skeptic1 h y1 or has any body1 div9$ all ! secrets ( ,nature's work%op8 ,truly we may say t we h n1 & we meet ) facts e day :i* are /rang] ?an fiction4 ,! ,concord _h z small a beg9n+ ) u4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahee a few eyes ( its wood 7 s5t me by ,mr4 ,,jas4 ,g4 ,,s\l>d1 ( ,gal5a1 ,ill4 ,i graft$ !m ^u old ,catawba v9es1 & "o ( !m grew4 ,! next ye> ,i di/ribut$ "s ( ! scions to our v9e-gr[]s1 :o graft$ !m also4 ,:5 my v9e comm5c$ to be> ,i 0 a/oni%$1 aft] :at ,i _h he>d ( ! poor quality ( ! fruit f ! ,ea/1 to f9d x s f9e1 & s luxuri\s & heal?y2 & we propagat$ x z fa/ z possible4 ,n[1 sc>cely n9e ye>s f ! "t :5 ,i receiv$ ! fir/ scions1 hundr$s ( acres are be+ plant$ ) x "h1 & "o-?ird ( an acre ( x1 plant$ five ye>s ago1 has produc$ = me1 9 fruit1 w9e1 lay]s1 cutt+s1 & plants1 ! r\nd sum ( t5 ?\s& doll>s dur+ t "t4 ,its w9e1 if press$ z soon z ! grapes are ma%$1 is em95tly "o ( ^? :i* make? glad ! he>t ( man1 & is evid5tly de/9$ to become "o ( ! common dr9ks ( our labor+ classes4 ,x is light1 agreeable to ! palate1 has a v enliv5+ & invigorat+ effect1 & c be gr[n z *eap z good cid]4 ,i am satisfi$ t an acre w1 ) good cultivation1 produce f #a1jjj to #a1ejj gallons p] ye>4 ,my v9es produc$ ?is season at ! rate ( #b1ejj gallons to ! acre1 b ?is may be call$ an extra-l>ge crop4 ,i h cit$ ! hi/ory ( ^! two v>ieties 9 our neighborhood m]ely z examples ( progress4 ,x w\ld lead too f> "h1 to foll[ ! hi/ory ( all our lead+ v>ieties1 ?\gh _m a goodly /ory might be told ( !m4 ,our fri5ds 9 ! ,ea/ claim z mu* = ! ,delaw>e & o!rs1 ) :i* we h n be5 able to succe$4 ,& "h let me say t ! soon] we dive/ ourselves ( ! idea t "o grape %\ld be ! grape = ?is imm5se c\ntry ( ours2 ! soon] we try to adapt ! v>iety to ! locality--n ! locality to ! v>iety--! soon] we w succe$4 ,! idea is absurd1 & unwor?y ( a ?9k+ p1 t "o v>iety %\ld succe$ equally well or ill 9 su* a div]sity ( soil & climate z we h 9 ?is broad l& ( ours4 ,x is 9 direct conflict ) ! laws ( vegetable physiology1 z well z ) common s5se & exp]i5ce4 ,9 plant+ our v9ey>ds we %\ld fir/ g to "o already e/abli%$1 :i* we ?9k has ! same soil & location1 or ne>ly s1 z ! "o we are go+ to plant4 ,( ^? v>ieties :i* succe$ !re we %\ld plant ! l>ge/ numb]1 & plant a limit$ numb] also ( all ^? v>ieties :i* come recomm5d$ by good au?ority4 ,a few seasons w %[ :i* v>iety suits our soil1 & :at we ought to plant 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs4 ,?us ! ,h]bemont1 ! ,cyn?iana1 ,delaw>e1 ,taylor1 ,cunn+ham1 ,rul&]1 ,m>?a1 & ev5 ! ,iona1 may all f9d _! prop] location1 :]e ea* w ri*ly rew>d _! cultivator2 & c]ta9ly !y are all too good n to be tri$4 ,n[1 let u see :at progress ! c\ntry at l>ge has made 9 grape-gr[+ dur+1 say1 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,!n1 ,i ?9k ,i may safely ass]t1 t ! v9ey>ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry did n comprise m ?an ?ree to f\r ?\s& acres4 ,n[ ,i ?9k ,i may safely call !m ov] two millions ( acres4 ,!n1 our :ole li/ embrac$ ab\t t5 v>ieties1 all told1 ( :i* only ! ,catawba & ,isabella 7 consid]$ wor?y ( g5]al cultivation2 n[ we c\nt our native v>ieties by ! hundr$s1 & ! ,catawba & ,isabella w soon numb] among ! ?+s :i* h be54 ,public ta/e has become educat$1 & !y are laid aside 9 disgu/1 :5 su* v>ieties z ! ,h]bemont1 ,delaw>e1 ,cl>a1 ,all5's ,hybrid1 ,iona1 ,adirondac1 & o!rs c be _h4 ,!n1 grape-gr[+ 0 conf9$ to only a few small settlem5ts2 n[ !re is n a ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia1 b has its v9ey>ds2 & especially our ,we/]n ,/ates h ent]$ ^u a race :i* %all excel ! o!r 9 ! good "w4 ,our bre?r5 9 ,ill9ois bid fair to outdo u1 & v9ey>ds spr+ up z if by magic1 ev5 on ! prairies4 ,nay1 grape-culture bids fair to ext5d into ,m9nesota1 a c\ntry :i* 0 consid]$ too cold = almo/ any?+ except oats1 p9es1 wolves1 be>s1 & specim5s ( d>+ humanity encas$ 9 triple wool4 ,we beg9 to f9d out t we h v>ieties :i* w /& almo/ any?+ if !y are only some:at protect$ 9 w9t]4 ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t only c]ta9 favor$ locations & soils 9 ea* ,/ate w\ld produce good grapes--= in/ance1 sunny hillsides along l>ge /reams2 n[ we beg9 to see t we c gr[ "s v>ieties ( grape on almo/ any soil4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ v9ey>ds ,i h ev] se5 is on "o ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,miss\ri riv]1 :]e all ! v>ieties plant$ !re--"s six or sev5--seem$ p]fectly at home 9 ! ri*1 s&y m\ld1 :]e x ne$s no tr5*+ to loos5 ! soil4 ,!n1 grape-gr[+1 ) ! v>ieties !n 9 cultivation1 0 a problem to be solv$2 n[1 ) ! v>ieties we h prov$1 x is a c]ta9ty t x is "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable bran*es ( horticulture1 pay+ ?\s&s ( doll>s to ! acre e ye>4 ,!n1 w9e w5t begg+ at a doll> a gallon2 n[ x sells z fa/ z made at f two doll>s to six doll>s a gallon4 ,in/ead ( ! only w9e !n consid]$ fit to dr9k1 we numb] our w9e-produc+ v>ieties by ! doz51 all bett] ?an ! ,catawba2 among ! mo/ prom95t ( :i* ,i w "n--( v>ieties produc+ :ite w9e1 ! ,h]bemont1 ,delaw>e1 ,cassidy1 ,taylor1 ,rul&]1 ,cunn+ham1 & ,l\isiana2 ( light-r$ w9es1 ! ,concord2 ( d>k-r$ w9es1 ! ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,cyn?iana1 ,arkansas & ,cl9ton2 s t e palate c be suit$4 ,& ,cali=nia bids fair to outdo u all2 = !re1 ,i am told1 sev]al k9ds ( w9e are made f ! same grape1 9 ! same v9ey>d1 & 9 fabul\s quantities4 ,to cite an example ( ! increase 9 plant+3 9 #ahed ! :ole numb] ( v9es gr[n & sold 9 ,h]mann did n exce$ two ?\s&4 ,?is season two millions ( plants h be5 gr[n & sold1 & n half en\gh to meet ! dem&4 ,x is said t ! tone ( ! press is a fair indication ( public s5tim5t4 ,if ?is is true :at does x prove8 ,take "o ( our horticultural p]iodicals1 & n9e-t5?s ( ! adv]tisem5ts w be ,grape-v9es = sale1 9 any quantity & at any price1 f five doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s p] #ajj1 rais$ ,nor?1 ,ea/1 ,s\?1 & ,we/4 ,turn to ! read+ matt]1 & y c h>dly turn ov] a leaf b ! subject ( grapes />es y 9 ! face1 ) a quiet impunity1 :i* pla9ly says1 ,! nation is affect$ ) grape fev]2 & :ile our read]s h grape on ! bra9 !re is no fe> ( ov]dos+4 ,:y1 ! be/ pro( ,i c give my read]s t grape fev] does exi/ to an al>m+ degree1 is ?is v book itself4 ,7 n ,i & !y affect$ ) ! disease1 ,i %\ld nev] h presum$ to try _! pati5ce4 ,b1 =tunately1 ! rem$y is )9 easy rea*4 ,plant grapes1 e "o ( y :o is ?us afflict$1 until our hillsides are cov]$ ) !m1 & we h made our b>r5 spots blossom z ! rose4 ,truly1 ! results we h already obta9$1 are *e]+ en\gh4 ,& yet all ?is has be5 pr9cipally a*iev$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 :ile ! nation 0 involv$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s /ruggles ! _w ev] saw1 :ile its v exi/5ce 0 endang]$1 & ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( h] patriotic sons p\r$ out _! blood l wat]1 & ! husb&man left 8 home2 ! v9tn] 8 v9ey>d1 to fight ! battles ( 8 c\ntry4 ,:at !n %all we become n[1 :5 peace has smil$ once m ^u our belov$ c\ntry2 & ! ?\s&s ( brave arms1 :o br&i%$ ! sword1 sabre1 or musket1 h come home once m2 & _! weapons h be5 turn$ into pl\gh%>es1 & _! swords into prun+ hooks8 ,:5 all ! /rong & will+ h&s w cle> our hillsides1 & ,god's sun %9es ^u "o great & unit$ p2 great] & m glori\s ?an ev]2 because n[ !y are truly free4 ,truly ! future lies be=e u1 ri* 9 glori\s promise2 & ere long ! words & ! prophecy conta9$ 9 ! old leg5d w become sob] tru?1 & ,am]ica w be1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific "o smil+ & happy ,w9el&2 :]e ea* labor] %all sit "u 8 own v9e1 & none w be too poor to enjoy ! pure/ & mo/ :olesome ( all /imulants1 good1 *eap1 native w9e4 ,!n drunk5ness1 n[ ! curse ( ! nation1 w disappe>1 & peace & good w t[>ds all w rule our actions4 ,& we1 bro!r grape gr[]s8 ,ours is ?is great & glori\s task2 let u "w unceas+ly1 ) h&1 he>t1 & m9d2 truly ! object is wor?y ( our be/ endeavors4 ,let ^? :o beg9 to-day1 rememb] h[ easy _! task ) ! a*ievem5ts & exp]im5ts ( o!rs be=e !m1 comp>$ ) ! labors ( ^? :o 7 ! pione]s 9 ! cultivation ( ! v9e4 ,,propagation ,,( ,,! ,,v9e4 ,i4--,,f ,,se$4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ! mo/ natural mode1 7 n ! grape ev5 m liable to sport ?an almo/ any o!r fruit4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! only me?od ^u :i* we c dep5d = obta9+ new & m valuable v>ieties ?an we already possess1 & to :i* we are already indebt$ = all ! progress made 9 v>ieties1 a progress :i* is1 inde$1 v enc\rag+2 = :o w\ld d5y t we are to-day immeasurably 9 advance ( :at we 7 t5 ye>s ago4 ,among ! innum]able v>ieties :i* spr+ up e day1 & :i* f9d ready pur*as]s1 j because !y are new1 !re are c]ta9ly "s ( decid$ m]it4 ,b ^? :o gr[ se$l+s1 %\ld be> 9 m9d1 t ! li/ ( our v>ieties is already too l>ge2 t x w\ld be bett] if ?ree-f\r?s ( !m 7 /rick5 (f1 & t no new v>iety %\ld be br\ght be=e ! public1 unless x has "s decid$ sup]iority ov] any ( ! v>ieties we already h1 9 quality1 productiv5ess & exemption f disease4 ,x is poor enc\ragem5t to ! grape gr[+ public1 to pay f two to five doll>s a v9e = a new v>iety1 ) "s high-s\nd+ "n1 if1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( sup]ior cultivation & fai?ful trial1 !y f9d _! co/ly pet inf]ior to "s v>iety !y already possess$1 & ( :i* ! plants c\ld be obta9$ at a co/ ( f t5 to fifty c5ts ea*4 ,! grapes f :i* ! se$ is to be us$1 %\ld be fully ripe1 & none b well develop$1 l>ge b]ries1 %\ld be tak54 ,keep ^! dur+ ! w9t]1 ei!r 9 ! pulp1 or 9 cool1 moi/ s&1 s t _! vitality may rema9 unimpair$4 ,! soil ^u :i* y\r se$-b$ is made1 %\ld be light1 deep & ri*1 & if x is n s naturally1 %\ld be made s ) well decompos$ leaf-m\ld4 ,z soon z ! wea!r 9 spr+ w p]mit1 dig up ! soil to ! dep? ( at lea/ eighte5 in*es1 pulv]is+ x well2 !n s[ ! se$ 9 drills1 ab\t a foot ap>t1 & ab\t "o in* ap>t 9 ! r[s1 cov]+ !m ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd necess>y to %ade ! "y plants :5 !y come up1 to prev5t ! sun f scald+ !m1 b ?is %\ld n be cont9u$ too long1 z ! plants w become too t5d]1 if protect$ too long4 ,:5 ! "y plants h gr[n ab\t six in*es1 !y may be suppli$ ) small /icks1 to :i* !y w cl+ readily2 ! gr\nd %\ld be kept clean & mell[1 & a light mul* %\ld be appli$1 :i* w keep ! soil loose & moi/4 ,! "y plants %\ld be closely wat*$1 & if any ( !m %[ signs ( disease1 !y %\ld at once be pull$ up2 also ^? :i* %[ a v feeble & delicate gr[?2 = we %\ld only try to gr[ v>ieties ) good1 heal?y con/itutions4 ,9 ! ,fall1 ! "y plants %\ld be ei!r tak5 up1 & c>efully heel$ 91 or !y %\ld be protect$ by e>?1 /raw1 or litt] ?r[n ov] !m4 ,9 ! ,spr+1 !y may be transplant$ to _! p]man5t locations2 ! tops %ort5$ 9 to six in*es1 & ! roots %ort5$ 9 to ab\t six in*es f ! /em4 ,! soil = _! reception %\ld be mod]ately light & ri*1 & loos5$ up to ! dep? ( at lea/ eighte5 in*es4 ,make a hole ab\t eight in*es deep1 !n ?r[ 9 soil s z to raise a small m\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! hole1 ab\t two in*es high2 on ?is place ! "y v9e1 & c>efully spread ! roots 9 all directions2 !n fill up ) well pulv]iz$ soil1 s t ! upp] eye or bud is ev5 ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 !n press ! soil d[n lightly2 place a good /ake1 ( ab\t f\r feet high1 ) ! plant1 & all[ b "o %oot to gr[1 :i* %\ld be neatly ti$ to ! /ake z x gr[s4 ,! v9es may be plant$ 9 r[s six feet ap>t1 & ?ree feet ap>t 9 ! r[s1 z _m ( !m w prove wor?less1 & h to be tak5 out4 ,all[ all ! lat]als to gr[ on ! "y cane1 z ?is w make x %ort-jo9t$ & /ocky4 ,cultivate ! gr\nd well1 /irr+ x freely ) pl\gh1 cultivator1 hoe1 & rake1 :i* g5]ally is ! be/ mul* t c be appli$4 ,) ! prop] c>e & att5tion1 our se$l+s w g5]ally gr[ f ?ree to f\r feet1 & make /\t1 %ort-jo9t$ wood ?is second season4 ,%\ld any ( !m look p>ticul>ly promis+1 fruit may be obta9$ a ye> soon] by tak+ ! wood ( x1 & graft+ /rong old v9es ) x4 ,^! grafts w g5]ally be> fruit ! next season4 ,! me?od to be foll[$ w be giv5 9 ano!r place4 ,at ! end ( ! second season ! v9es %\ld be prun$ to ab\t ?ree eyes or buds1 & ! soil hill$ up ar\nd !m s z to cov] !m up completely4 ,! next spr+ take (f ! cov]+1 & :5 ! "y %oots appe> all[ only two to gr[4 ,aft] !y h gr[n ab\t eighte5 in*es1 p9* (f ! top ( ! weake/1 s z to ?r[ ! gr[? into ! /ronge/ %oot1 :i* keep neatly ti$ to ! /ake1 treat+ x z ! summ] be=e1 all[+ all ! lat]als to gr[4 ,cultivate ! soil well4 ,at ! end ( ?is season's gr[? ! v9es %\ld be /rong en\gh to be> ! foll[+ summ]4 ,if !y h made f eight to t5 feet ( /ocky gr[?1 ! lead+ cane may be prun$ to t5 or twelve eyes1 & ! small] "o to a spur ( two eyes4 ,if !y w fruit at all1 !y w %[ x next summ]1 :5 only ^? promis+ well %\ld be kept1 & ! b>r5 & wor?less ones disc>d$4 ,,ii4--,,by ,,s+le ,,eyes4 ,z ?is me?od is mo/ly foll[$ only by ^? :o propagate ! v9e = sale 9 l>ge quantities1 & b to a limit$ ext5t by ! practical v9ey>di/1 ,i w give only an outl9e ( ! mo/ simple mann]1 & on ! *eape/ plan4 ,^? wi%+ fur!r in=mation w d well to consult ,! ,grape ,culturi/1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,full]1 9 :i* excell5t "w !y w f9d full in/ructions4 ,! pr9cipal advantages ( ?is mode ( propagation are ! foll[+3 #a/4 ,! facility ) :i* new & r>e k9ds c be multipli$1 z e well rip5$ bud almo/ c be trans=m$ into a plant4 #b;d4 ,z ! plants are />t$ "u glass1 by bottom heat1 x l5g!ns ! season ( _! gr[? f "o to two mon?s4 #c;d4 ,e v>iety ( grape c be propagat$ by ?is me?od ) ! greate/ ease1 ev5 ^? :i* only gr[ ) ! greate/ difficulty1 or n at all1 f cutt+s 9 op5 gr\nd4 ,z to ! m]its or dem]its ( plants gr[n "u glass f s+le eyes1 to ^? gr[n f cutt+s or lay]s 9 op5 gr\nd1 op9ions diff] v mu*1 & bo? h _! advocates4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n see :y a plant gr[n c>efully f a s+le eye %\ld n be z good z "o propagat$ by any o!r me?od2 a poor plant is n wor? hav+1 :e!r propagat$ by ?is or any o!r me?od1 &1 un=tunately1 we h too _m ( !m4 ,,! ,,propagat+ ,,h\se4 ,i w only give a description ( a lean-to ( ! *eape/ k9d1 = :i* any common hot-b$ sa%1 six feet long1 c be us$4 ,*oose = a location ! s\? side ( a hill1 z1 by mak+ ! h\se almo/ entirely und]gr\nd1 a great deal ( build+ mat]ial c be sav$4 ,excavate ! gr\nd z = a cell>--say five feet deep on ! upp] side1 sev5 feet wide1 & ( any l5g? to suit conv5i5ce1 & ! numb] ( plants y wi% to gr[4 ,inside ( ! excavation set po/s or scantl+s1 ! upp] r[ to be sev5 feet long above ! gr\nd1 & two feet bel[ ! gr\nd2 ! l[] r[ f\r & "o-half feet above ! gr\nd1 s t ! ro( w h ab\t two & "o-half feet pit*4 ,^u ^! nail ! raft]s1 ( two-in* planks4 ,!n take bo>ds1 say common in*-plank1 & set !m up beh9d ! po/s1 "o above ! o!r1 to prev5t ! e>? f fall+ 94 ,?is w make all ! wall t is ne$$ on bo? sides4 ,on ! ends1 bo>ds c be nail$ to bo? sides ( ! po/s1 & ! int]v5+ space till$ ) sp5t tan or saw-du/4 ,^u ! raft]s place ! sa% on ! l[] side2 ! upp] side may be cov]$ ) bo>ds or %+les1 :]e also ! v5tilat+ holes c be left1 to be clos$ ) trap-doors4 ,! h\se is to be divid$ into two comp>tm5ts--! furnace-room on "o end1 ab\t eight feet long1 & ! propagat+ h\se1 ,! furnace is bel[ ! gr\nd1 say f\r feet long1 ! flue to be made ( brick1 & to ext5d "u ! :ole l5g? ( ! b5*4 ,to make ! flue1 lay a r[ ( bricks flat & crosswise2 on ! ends ( ^! place two o!rs on _! edges1 & across ! top lay a r[ flat1 9 ! same way z ! bottom ones 7 plac$4 ,?is gives ! flue f\r in*es by eight 9 ! cle>4 ,! flue %\ld rise r abruptly f ! furnace1 say ab\t a foot2 x c !n be c>ri$ fifty feet )1 say six to n9e in*es rise1 & /ill h suffici5t draft4 ,inside ( ! propagat+ room we h aga9 two comp>tm5ts--! propagat+ b5*1 ne>e/ to ! furnace1 & a %elf = ! reception ( ! "y plants1 aft] _! fir/ transplant+ f ! cutt+-pots or boxes4 ,make a %elf or table along ! :ole l5g? ( ! h\se2 at ! l[] end x %\ld be ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! glass1 & five feet wide4 ,to a h\se (1 say fifty feet1 ! propagat+ b5* may be1 say twelve feet long1 & ! room bel[ x & ar\nd ! flue %\ld be inclos$ ) bo>ds1 z x w keep ! heat bett]4 ,,mode ,,( ,,op]at+4 ,! wood %\ld be cut f ! v9es 9 ! fall1 z soon z ! leaves h dropp$4 ,= propagat+1 use only firm1 well-rip5$ wood ( ! la/ season's gr[?1 & ab\t m$ium ?ickness4 ,^! are to be pref]r$ to ei!r v l>ge or v small ones4 ,! "t to comm5ce op]at+ w v>y accord+ to climate2 "h x %\ld be ! e>ly "p ( ,febru>y4 ,! wood to be us$ = propagat+ c be kept 9 a cool cell>1 9 s&1 or buri$ 9 ! gr\nd out doors4 ,take out ! cutt+s1 & cut !m up into pieces z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,?r[ ^! into wat] z !y are cut2 x w prev5t !m f becom+ dry4 ,x w be f\nd ( b5efit ) h>d-wood$ v>ieties to pack !m 9 damp moss = a week or s be=e !y are put into ! propagat+ pots or boxes2 x w s(t5 ! alburn\s matt]1 & make !m /rike root m readily4 ,!y %\ld !n be put into1 say six-in* pots1 fill$ to ab\t an in* ( ! top ) pure co>se s&1 firmly pack$4 ,place ! cutt+s1 ! buds up1 ab\t an in* ap>t1 all ov] ! surface ( ! pot2 press d[n firmly ) ?umb & =ef+] until ! bud is ev5 ) ! surface2 sift on s& en\gh to cov] ! upp] po9t ( ! bud ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* deep2 press d[n ev5ly1 us+ ! bottom ( ano!r pot = ! purpose1 & apply wat] en\gh to moi/5 ! :ole cont5ts ( ! pot4 ,in/ead ( ! pots1 %all[ boxes ( ab\t six in*es deep1 c also be us$1 ) a few holes bor$ 9 ! bottom = dra9age4 ,aft] ! pots h be5 fill$ ) cutt+s !y are plac$ 9 a temp]ature ( f #dj to #de1 :]e !y rema9 f two to ?ree weeks1 wat] be+ appli$ only en\gh to keep !m moi/1 n wet4 ,z roots are =m$ at a mu* l[] degree ( temp]ature ?an leaves1 !y %\ld n be =c$ too mu* at ! beg9n+1 or ! leaves w appe> be=e we h any roots to support !m4 ,b :5 ! cutt+ has =m$ its roots fir/1 ! foliage1 :5 x does appe>1 w gr[ mu* m rapidly1 & )\t any *eck4 ,!n remove !m to ano!r position1 plung+ ! pots into s& to ! dep? (1 say ?ree in*es1 & raise ! temp]ature at fir/ to #fj = ! fir/ few days1 !n gradually raise x to #hj4 ,:5 ! buds beg9 to pu%1 raise ! temp]ature to #ij or #ie1 & keep ! air moi/ by frequ5t wat]+s1 say once a day4 ,! be/ = ?is purpose is pure ra9-wat]1 b x %\ld be ( ne>ly ! same temp]ature z ! air 9 ! h\se1 =1 if appli$ cold1 x w\ld surely *eck ! gr[? ( ! plants4 ,! "y gr[? %\ld be exam9$ e day1 to see if !re is any sign ( rott+2 %\ld ?is be ! case1 give a little m air1 b admit no sudd5 cold curr5ts1 z !y are (t5 fatal4 ,! glass %\ld be :itewa%$1 to avoid ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,:5 ! "y v9es h made a gr[? ( two or ?ree in*es %ift !m into ?ree-in* pots4 ,s f> we h us$ only pure s&1 :i* did n conta9 mu* plant food1 because ! gr[? 0 produc$ f ! food /or$ up 9 ! bud & wood1 & :at little !y obta9$ f ! s&1 wat]1 & air4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 our "y v9es want m sub/antial food4 ,!y %\ld !re=e be pott$ into soil1 mix$ f rott5 sod1 leaf-m\ld1 & well-decompos$ old b>ny>d manure4 ,?is %\ld be mix$ toge!r six mon?s be=e us+2 add1 be=e us+1 "o-qu>t] s&1 !n mix ?or\ghly1 & sift all ?r\gh a co>se sieve4 ,9 op]at+1 put a quantity ( soil on ! pott+ b5*1 provide a quantity ( brok5 bricks or pot%]ds = dra9age1 loos5 ! plants f ! pots by lay+ !m on _! side1 giv+ !m a sudd5 j> ) ! h&1 to loos5 ! s& ar\nd !m2 draw out ! plant c>efully1 hold+ x ) "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r y place a piece ( ! dra9age mat]ial into ! pot2 cov] x ) soil ab\t an in*2 !n put 9 ! plant1 hold+ x s t ! roots spread out naturally2 fill 9 soil ar\nd !m until ! pot is full2 press ! soil d[n firmly1 b n h>d en\gh to break ! roots4 ,:5 ! plants are pott$ give !m wat] to settle ! e>? ar\nd ! roots1 & keep ! air some:at conf9$ = a few days1 until !y h become e/abli%$1 :5 m air may be giv5 !m4 ,keep ! temp]ature at #he to #ie dur+ ! day1 & #gj to #hj dur+ ! night4 ,:5 ! plants h made ab\t six in*es ( gr[? !y c ei!r be plac$ 9 ano!r h\se1 or 9 hot-b$ frames1 if !y are to be kept "u glass4 ,! usual mann] ( keep+ !m 9 pots dur+ summ]1 %ift+ !m into l>g] & l>g] sizes1 ,i consid] injuri\s to ! free developm5t ( ! plants1 z ! roots are di/ort$ & cramp$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! pots1 & _c spread naturally4 ,i pref] %ift+ !m into cold frames1 9 :i* b$s h be5 prep>$ ( light1 ri* soil1 into :i* ! "y plants c be plant$1 & kept "u :itewa%$ hot-b$ sa%es = a :ile1 :i*1 aft] sev]al weeks1 may be remov$1 & only a light %ad+ sub/itut$ 9 _! place1 :i*1 aft] sev]al weeks m1 c also be remov$4 ,?us ! "y plants are gradually h>d5$1 _! roots h a *ance to spread ev5ly & naturally1 )\t any cramp+2 & su* plants1 al?\gh !y may n make z tall a gr[? z ^? kept "u glass all ! season1 w really /& transplant+ into ! v9ey>d mu* bett] ?an ^? hot-h\se pets1 :i* may look well en\gh1 b really are1 l spoil$ & pamp]$ *ildr51 b poorly fitt$ to /& ! r\gh vicissitudes ( e-day life4 ,! "y plants %\ld be lightly ti$ to small /icks provid$ = ! purpose1 z x w all[ free circulation ( air1 & admit ! sun m freely to ! roots4 ,9 ! fall1 aft] _! leaves h dropp$1 !y %\ld be c>efully tak5 up1 %ort5$ to ab\t a foot ( _! gr[?1 & !y are !n ready ei!r to sell1 if !y are to be dispos$ ( 9 t way1 or = plant+ into ! v9ey>d4 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be c>efully assort$1 mak+ ?ree classes ( !m--! /ronge/1 m$ium1 & ! smalle/--ea* to be put sep>ate4 ,! latt] g5]ally are n fit to transplant into ! v9ey>d1 b !y may be heel$ 91 & gr[n 9 b$s ano!r ye>1 :5 !y w (t5 make v good plants4 ,heel+ 9 may be done z %[n 9 ,figure #b1 lay+ ! v9es z close 9 ! r[s z !y c conv5i5tly be laid1 & !n fill ! tr5* ) well-pulv]iz$ soil4 ,!y c ?us be safely kept dur+ ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,i h only giv5 an outl9e ( ! mo/ simple & *eape/ mode ( gr[+ plants f s+le eyes1 su* z ev5 ! v9ey>di/ may foll[4 ,= descriptions ( m ext5sive & co/ly build+s1 if !y desire !m1 !y _h bett] apply to an ar*itect4 ,i h also n giv5 ! mode ( propagat+ f gre5 wood1 z ,i d n ?9k1 plants ?us propagat$ are desirable4 ,!y are apt to be feeble & diseas$1 & ,i ?9k1 ! c\ntry at l>ge w\ld be mu* bett] (f1 _h n a s+le plant ev] be5 produc$ by t me?od4 ,plants f s+le eyes may also be gr[n 9 a common hot-b$2 b z 9 ?is ! heat c n be z well regulat$ at w1 ,i ?9k x1 ^u ! :ole1 n desirable1 z ! exp5se ( a propagat+ h\se on ! *eap plan ,i h indicat$1 is b v little m1 & w c]ta9ly 9 ! long run1 pay mu* bett]4 ,( c\rse1 close att5tion & c>eful wat*+ is ! fir/ requisite 9 all ! op]ations4 ,,iii4--,,by ,,cutt+s ,,9 ,,op5 ,,air4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! easie/ & mo/ simple me?od = ! v9ey>di/2 c be foll[$ successfully ) ! majority ( v>ieties1 :i* h mod]ately s(t wood1 & ev5 a "p ( ! h>d wood v>ieties w g5]ally gr[1 if manag$ c>efully4 ,,mode ,,( ,,op]at+4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods1 :i* are foll[$ ) m or less success4 ,i w fir/ describe t :i* ,i h f\nd mo/ successful1 namely1 %ort cutt+s1 ( two or ?ree eyes ea*1 :i* are made ( any s\nd1 well rip5$ wood1 ( la/ season's gr[?4 ,prune ! v9es 9 ! fall or e>ly w9t]1 & make ! cutt+s z soon z conv5i5t2 = if ! wood is n kept p]fectly fre% & gre51 ! cutt+s w fail to gr[4 ,n[1 cut up all ! s\nd1 well-rip5$ wood into l5g?s ( f two to f\r eyes ea*1 mak+ !m ( a uni=m l5g? ( say eight in*es1 & prep>e !m z %[n 9 ,figure #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,^! %\ld be ti$ into conv5i5t bundles1 f #ajj to #bej 9 ea*1 tak+ c>e to ev5 ! l[] ends1 & !n buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 mak+ a hole some:at deep] ?an ! cutt+s are long1 into :i* ! bundles are set on _! l[] ends1 & soil ?r[n 9 betwe5 & ov] !m4 ,9 spr+1 z soon z ! gr\nd is dry en\gh1 ! cutt+-b$ %\ld be prep>$4 ,*oose = ?is a light1 ri* soil1 :i* %\ld be well pulv]iz$1 to ! dep? ( at lea/ a foot1 & if n light en\gh1 x %\ld be made s by add+ "s leaf m\ld4 ,n[ draw a l9e along ! :ole l5g? ( ! b$2 !n take a spade & put x d[n p]p5dicul> along ! l9e or ne>ly s1 mov+ x a little backw>ds & =w>ds1 s z to op5 ! cut4 ,n[ take ! cutt+ & press x d[n into ! cut ?us made1 until ! upp] bud is ev5 ) ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! cutt+s may be put close 9 ! r[s1 say an in* ap>t1 & ! r[s made two feet ap>t4 ,press ! gr\nd firmly d[n ) y\r foot along ! l9e ( cutt+s1 s z to pack x closely ar\nd ! cutt+4 ,aft] ! b$ is f9i%$1 mul* !m ) /raw1 or litt]1 sp5t tan or saw-du/1 say ab\t an in* ?ick1 & if none ( ^! c be _h1 leaves f ! =e/ may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,?is w s]ve to protect ! "y leaves f ! sun1 & w also keep an ev5 moi/ure dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 at ! same "t keep+ ! soil loose & por\s4 ,if we$s appe>1 !y %\ld be pull$ up1 & ! cutt+s1 kept clean ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,!y w g5]ally make a firm1 h>dy gr[? ( f "o to f\r feet1 h become us$ to all ! h>d%ips & *anges ( ! wea!r2 & z !y h =m$ _! roots j :]e !y ought to be1 ab\t eight in*es bel[ ! gr\nd1 w n suff] s mu* f transplant+1 z ei!r a s+le eye or a lay]1 ^: roots h to be put mu* deep] 9 transplant+1 ?an !y 7 be=e1 & ?us1 z x 71 become acclimat$ to ! l[] regions4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i ?9k1 t a good plant gr[n f a cutt+ is pref]able to t propagat$ by any o!r me?od4 ,9 ! ,fall1 ! v9es are c>efully tak5 up1 assort$ & heel$ 91 9 ! same mann] z describ$1 ) s+le eyes1 & cut back to ab\t ?ree in*es ( _! gr[?4 ,!y are !n ready = transplant+ into ! v9ey>d4 ,,iv4--,,by ,,lay]+4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t me?od ( increas+ su* v>ieties z w n gr[ readily f cutt+s2 & v9es ?us propagat$ w1 if treat$ "r1 make v good plants4 ,to lay] a v9e1 %ort5 9 its la/ season's gr[? to ab\t "o-half2 !n prep>e ! gr\nd ?or\ghly1 pulv]iz+ x well2 !n1 e>ly 9 spr+ make a small furr[1 ab\t an in* deep1 !n b5d ! cane d[n & fa/5 x firmly 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 by wood5 hooks or pegs1 made = ! purpose4 ,!y may ?us be left1 until ! "y %oots h gr[n1 say six in*es2 !n fill up ) f9ely pulv]iz$ soil or leaf-m\ld4 ,! v9es w ?us /rike root g5]ally at e jo9t4 ,! "y %oots may be ti$ to small /icks1 provid$ = ! purpose1 & :5 !y h gr[n ab\t a foot1 _! tips %\ld be p9*$ (f to make !m gr[ m /ocky4 ,9 ! ,fall !y are tak5 up c>efully1 comm5c+ to dig at ! end fur!/ remov$ f ! v9e1 & sep>ate ea* plant betwe5 ! jo9ts1 s t e %oot has a sy/em ( roots by itself4 ,!y are !n ei!r plant$ imm$iately1 or heel$ 9 z describ$ be=e4 ,v4--,,by ,,graft+4 ,! pr9cipal advantages to be ga9$ by ?is me?od are3 #a/4 ,! facility by :i* new & r>e k9ds may be increas$1 by graft+ !m on /rong /ocks ( heal?y v>ieties1 :5 !y w (t5 gr[ f t5 to tw5ty feet ! fir/ season1 produc+ an abundance ( wood to propagate4 #b;d4 ,! %ort "t 9 :i* fruit c be obta9$ f new & untri$ v>ieties1 z _! grafts w g5]ally be> ! next season4 #c;d4 ,9 e v9ey>d !re are1 9 ^! days ( _m v>ieties1 v9es :i* h prov$ inf]ior1 yet by graft+ into !m "s sup]ior v>iety1 !y may be made v valuable4 #d?4 ,! facility by :i* v9es c be =c$ "u glass1 by graft+ on small pieces ( roots1 & ! c]ta9ty ) :i* e bud c ?us be made to gr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! v9e1 h[ev]1 does n unite ) ! same facility z ! pe> & apple1 &1 to ensure success1 mu/ be graft$ "u gr\nd1 :i* makes ! op]ation a difficult & disagreeable "o4 ,x w !re=e h>dly become a g5]al practice2 b1 = ! purposes above nam$1 is ( suffici5t importance1 to make x desirable t e v9ey>di/ %\ld be able to p]=m x4 ,i h g5]ally _h ! be/ success 9 graft+ "h ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dig away ! gr\nd ar\nd ! v9e y wi% to graft1 until y come to a smoo? place to ins]t y\r scion2 !n cut (f ! v9e ) a %>p knife1 & ins]t "o or two scions1 z 9 common cleft-graft+1 tak+ c>e to cut ! w$ge on ! scion v ?91 ) %\ld]s on bo? sides1 z %[n 9 ,figure #d1 cutt+ y\r scion to two eyes1 to bett] insure success4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to ins]t ! scion prop]ly1 z ! inn] b>k or lib] ( ! v9e is v ?91 & ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds ^u a p]fect junction ( ! /ock & scion4 ,if ! v9e is /rong en\gh to hold ! scion firmly1 no fur!r b&age is necess>y2 if n1 x %\ld be w\nd firmly & ev5ly ) bass b>k4 ,!n press ! soil firmly on ! cut1 & fill up ! hole ) well pulv]iz$ e>?1 to ! top ( ! scion4 ,exam9e ! /ock f "t to "t1 & remove all wild %oots & suck]s1 :i* x may ?r[ up1 z !y w rob ! graft ( n\ri%m5t & enfeeble x4 ,o!rs pref] to graft 9 ,may1 :5 ! leaves h exp&$1 & ! mo/ rapid fl[ ( sap has ceas$1 keep+ ! scions 9 a cool place1 to prev5t ! buds f />t+4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 precisely ! same mann]1 & w be j z successful1 ,i ?9k1 b ! grafts t h be5 put 9 e>ly1 h ! advantage ( sev]al weeks ov] ! o!rs1 & ! latt] w seldom make z /rong a gr[?1 or rip5 _! wood z well z ^? put 9 e>ly4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,full] p]=ms ! op]ation 9 ! fall1 prev5t+ ! graft f freez+ by inv]t+ a fl[]-pot ov] x1 & !n cov]+ ) /raw or litt]4 ,he claims = ?is me?od--#a/4 ,t x c be p]=m$ at a "t :5 ! gr\nd is m dry1 & 9 bett] condition1 & bus9ess n s press+ z 9 spr+4--#b;d4 ,t ! scion & /ock h m "t to unite1 & w =m _! junction completely dur+ ! w9t]1 & w !re=e />t soon]1 & make a m rapid gr[? ?an 9 spr+4 ,x c]ta9ly looks feasible en\gh1 & is well wor? try+1 z1 :5 ! op]ation succe$s1 x mu/ evid5tly h advantages ov] any ( ! o!r modes4 ,v9es ,i _h graft$ 9 ,m>* h sometimes made tw5ty to ?irty feet ( gr[?1 & produc$ a full crop ! next season4 ,?is w %[ "o ! advantage to be d]iv$ f x 9 propagat+ new & sc>ce v>ieties1 & 9 ha/5+ ! fruit+ ( !m4 ,%\ld a se$l+1 = in/ance1 look v promis+ 9 foliage & g5]al appe>ance1 fruit may be obta9$ f x f "o to two seasons soon] by graft+ "s ( ! wood on /rong /ocks1 ?an f ! orig9al plant4 ,h5ce ! va/ importance ( graft+1 ev5 to ! practical v9ey>di/4 ,,! ,,v9ey>d4 ,,location ,,& ,,soil4 ,z ! selection ( a prop] location is ( va/ importance1 & "o ( ! ma9 conditions ( success1 great c>e & judgm5t %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! *oice4 ,"s v>ieties ( grapes may be gr[n on almo/ any soil1 x is true2 b ev5 !y w %[ a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! fruit1 ev5 if ! quantity 7 satisfactory2 on indiff]5t soil1 & 9 an inf]ior location4 ,ev]ybody %\ld gr[ grapes en\gh = 8 own use1 :o owns an acre ( gr\nd1 b e "o _c gr[ !m & make ! mo/ delici\s w9e4 ,! be/ locations are g5]ally on ! hillsides1 along our l>g] riv]s1 wat]-c\rses1 & lakes1 slop+ to ! ,ea/1 ,s\?1 & ,s\?we/1 z !y are g5]ally m exempt f late spr+ fro/s & e>ly fro/s 9 fall4 ,! location %\ld be %elt]$ f ! cold w9ds f ! nor? & nor?we/1 b fully expos$ to ! prevail+ w9ds 9 summ] f ! s\? & s\?we/4 ,if a hill is *os5 at any di/ance f a l>ge body ( wat]1 x %\ld be high & airy1 ) z g5tle a slope z c be obta9$4 ,! locations along creeks & small] wat]-c\rses %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$1 z !y are subject to late spr+ fro/s1 & are g5]ally damp & moi/4 ,! soil %\ld be a dry1 calc>e\s loam1 suffici5tly deep1 say ?ree feet2 if possible1 dra9+ itself readily4 ,%\ld ?is n be ! case naturally1 x %\ld be done ) tiles4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck by ! =ce ( a rem>k made by m$ical fri5d la/ summ]1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9ual ra9s1 ! ague 0 v preval5t4 ,x 0 ?is3 :]ev] y w f9d ! ague an habitual gue/ ) ! inhabitants y ne$ n look = heal?y grapev9es4 ,:]ev] we f9d /agnant wat] let u avoid ! neighbor+ hillsides1 = !y w\ld n be cong5ial to our grape-v9es4 ,b on ! bluffs ov]hang+ ! banks ( our l>ge /reams1 especially on ! nor!rn & we/]n sides1 :]e ! v9es are %elt]$ f ! nor? & we/ w9ds1 & fully expos$ to ! w>m s\!rn w9ds ( our summ] days1 & :]e ! fogs aris+ f ! wat] yet give suffici5t humidity to ! atmosph]e1 ev5 9 ! hotte/ summ] days1 to refre% ! leaf dur+ ! night & morn+ h\rs2 :]e ! soil on ! s\!rn & ea/]n slopes is a mixture ( decompos$ /one & leaf-m\ld1 & feels l velvet to ! feet--!re is ! p>adise = ! grape2 & ! soil is already bett] prep>$ = x ?an ! h& ( man c ev] d4 ,su* locations %\ld be *eap to ! grape-gr[] at any price4 ,we f9d !m v frequ5tly along ! nor!rn banks ( ! ,miss\ri & ,mississippi riv]s1 & !y w no d\bt become ! favor$ grape regions ( ! c\ntry4 ,! grape gr[s !re ) a luxuriance & heal? :i* is almo/ incr$ible to ^? liv+ 9 less favor$ locations4 ,b ! "q may be ask$ "h1 :at %all be done by ^? :o d n live 9 ^! favor$ regions1 & yet w\ld l to gr[ grapes8 ,i answ]1 let !m *oose ! be/ location !y h1 ! mo/ free & airy1 & let !m *oose only ^? /urdy v>ieties t )/& ev]y?+4 ,!y _c gr[ ! mo/ delicate v>ieties--! ,h]bemont1 ! ,delaw>e1 ! ,cl>a1 are n = !m2 b !y c gr[ ! ,concord1 ,h>t=d ,prolific1 & ,norton's ,virg9ia1 & !y at lea/ are v good1 al?\gh !y may n be ! be/4 ,!re is no excuse = any "o 9 ?is c\ntry :y he %\ld n gr[ 8 own grapes1 = ! use ( 8 family at lea/1 if he has any gr\nd to gr[ !m on4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,soil4 ,9 ?is1 ! f\ndation ( all grape-gr[+1 ! v9ey>di/ mu/ also look to ! condition 9 :i* he f9ds ! soil4 ,%\ld x be free ( /ones1 /umps1 & o!r ob/ructions1 ! pl\gh & sub-soil pl\gh w be all-suffici5t4 ,%\ld y\r soil be new1 p]haps a piece ( wild =e/ l&1 h x c>efully grubb$1 & e tree & /ump tak5 out by ! roots4 ,aft] ! gr\nd is cle>$ take a l>ge break+-pl\gh1 ) ?ree yoke ( /urdy ox51 & pl\gh z deep z y c1 say twelve to f\rte5 in*es4 ,n[ foll[ 9 ! same furr[ ) an implem5t we call "h a sub-soil /irr]1 & :i* is simply a pl\gh-%>e ( w$ge %ape1 runn+ 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[1 & a /rong c\lt]1 runn+ up f x ?r\gh ! beam ( ! pl\gh1 %>p 9 front1 to cut ! roots2 ! dep? ( ! furr[ is regulat$ by a movable :eel runn+ 9 front1 :i* c be set by a screw4 ,) two yoke ( ox5 ?is w loos5 ! soil to ! dep? (1 say tw5ty in*es1 :i* is suffici5t1 unless ! sub-soil is v t5aci\s4 ,9 l& already cultivat$1 :]e !re are no roots to ob/ruct1 two yoke ( ox5 or f\r horses atta*$ to ! pl\gh1 & "o yoke ( ox5 or a pair ( horses or mules to ! sub-soil pl\gh1 w be suffici5t4 ,9 /ony soil ! pick & %ovel mu/ take ! place ( ! pl\gh1 z x w\ld be impossible to "w x ?or\ghly ) ! latt]2 b ,i ?9k !re is no advantage 9 ! common me?od ( tr5*+ or inv]t+ ! soil1 z is n[ practic$ to a v great ext5t4 ,if we exam9e ! gr[? ( our native v9es we w g5]ally f9d _! roots ext5d+ along ! surface ( ! soil4 ,x is unnatural to suppose t ! grape1 ! mo/ sun-lov+ ( all our plants1 %\ld be buri$ ) its roots sev]al feet bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 f> beyond ! rea* ( sun & air4 ,!re=e1 if y c af=d x1 "w y\r soil deep & ?or\ghly2 x w be labor well inve/$2 is ! be/ prev5tive aga9/ dr\?1 & also ! be/ dra9age 9 wet wea!r2 b h x 9 its natural position--n inv]t x2 & d n plant too deep4 ,%\ld ! soil be v poor x may be enri*$ by manure1 a%es1 bone-du/1 etc42 b x w seldom be f\nd necess>y1 z mo/ ( our soil is ri* en\gh2 & x is n advisable to /imulate ! gr[? too mu*1 z x w be rank & unheal?y1 & injuri\s to ! quality & flavor ( ! fruit4 ,wet spots may be dra9$ by gutt]s fill$ ) loose /ones1 or tiles1 & !n cov]$ ) e>?4 ,surface-dra9+ c be done by runn+ a small dit* or furr[ e six? or eigh? r[1 p>allel ) ! hillside1 & lead+ into a ma9 dit* at ! end or ! middle ( ! v9ey>d4 ,/eep hillsides %\ld be t]rac$ or b5*$2 b1 z ?is is v exp5sive1 !y %\ld be avoid$4 ,,:at ,,%all ,,we ,,plant8 ,,*oice ,,( ,,v>ieties4 ,x is a v difficult matt]1 9 a va/ c\ntry l ours1 :]e ! soil & climate diff] s mu*1 to recomm5d any ?+2 & ,i ?9k x a mi/ake1 into :i* _m ( our prom95t grape-gr[]s h fall51 to recomm5d any v>iety1 simply because x succe$$ well ) !m1 = g5]al cultivation4 ,grape-gr[+ is1 p]haps1 m ?an any o!r bran* ( horticulture or pomology1 dep5d5t ^u soil1 location & climate1 & x w n d to dictate to ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry1 9 :i* ! extremes meet1 t !y %\ld all plant "o v>iety4 ,yet ?is has be5 done by "s :o pret5d to be au?orities1 & x %[s1 m ?an any ?+ else1 t !y h m arrogance ?an k4 ,i1 = my "p1 h se5 su* widely diff]5t results1 f ! same v>ieties1 "u ! same treatm5t1 & 9 v9ey>ds only a few miles ap>t1 b ) a diff]5t soil & diff]5t aspect1 t ,i am reluctant to recomm5d to my next neighbor1 :at he %all plant4 ,b1 :ile ! task is a difficult "o1 yet we may lay d[n c]ta9 rules1 :i* c gov]n u 9 selection ( v>ieties to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,we %\ld *oose--#a/4 ,! v>iety :i* has giv5 ! mo/ g5]al satisfaction 9 ! ,/ate or c\nty 9 :i* we live1 or ! ne>e/ locality to u4 #b;d--,visit ! ne>e/ accessible v9ey>d 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 obs]ve closely :i* v>iety has ! heal?ie/ foliage & fruit2 rip5s ! mo/ uni=mly & p]fectly2 & ei!r sells be/ 9 m>ket1 or makes ! be/ w9e1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 is ( good quality1 & productive en\gh4 ,y\r obs]vations1 ?us tak51 w be a bett] guide ?an ! op9ion ( ! mo/ skillful grape gr[] a ?\s& miles (f4 ,i w n[ "n a few ( ! mo/ prom95t v>ieties :i* %\ld at lea/ be tri$ by e grape gr[]4 ,,! ,,concord4 ,?is grape seems to h giv5 ! mo/ g5]al satisfaction all ov] ! c\ntry1 & seems to be ! grape = ! million4 ,:]ev] he>d f1 x seems to be uni=mly heal?y & productive4 ,our ,ea/]n fri5ds compla9 ( its inf]ior quality2 ?is may be ow+ p>tly to _! %ort seasons1 & p>tly to ! too e>ly ga!r+ ( ! fruit4 ,x is "o ( ^? v>ieties :i* color e>ly1 b %\ld hang a long "t aft] color+1 to atta9 its full p]fection4 ,"h x is at lea/ v good2 makes an excell5t w9e1 &1 if we take into consid]ation its enorm\s productiv5ess1 its vigor & adaptability to all soils & climates1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t z yet x /&s )\t a rival1 & w be a safe inve/m5t almo/ any:]e4 ,our long summ]s br+ x to a p]fection ( :i* our ,ea/]n fri5ds h no idea1 until !y try x "h4 ,x w d well 9 almo/ any soil4 ,,norton',s ,,virg9ia4 ,?is1 s f>1 is ! lead+ grape = r$ w9e1 & its reputation "h & 9 ! entire ,we/ is n[ s fully e/abli%$1 t x w\ld be difficult inde$ to p]suade our p into ! belief1 t any o!r grape c\ld make a bett] r$ w9e4 ,x is heal?y & uni=mly productive1 & w be safe to plant1 ,i ?9k1 9 ne>ly all ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,i r d\bt t our ,ea/]n fri5ds w succe$ 9 mak+ a fir/ class w9e f x1 z ,i ?9k _! summ]s are too %ort1 to develop all its good qualities4 ,w succe$ 9 almo/ any soil1 b atta9s its greate/ p]fection 9 s\!rn slopes ) some:at /rong soil4 ,,h]bemont4 ,?is is a truly delici\s grape1 b some:at t5d]1 & wants a long season to fully rip5 its fruit & br+ out all its good qualities4 ,w h>dly d mu* fur!r nor? ?an we are "h1 9 ,miss\ri1 b is1 ,i ?9k1 de/9$ to be "o ( ! lead+ grapes = ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,if y h a w>m1 s\!rn exposure1 some:at /ony1 ) lime/one f\ndation1 plant ! ,h]bemont1 & y w n be disappo9t$4 ,x is heal?y & v productive2 m refre%+ ?an ! ,delaw>e1 & makes an excell5t w9e4 ,,delaw>e4 ,is mu* recomm5d$ by ,ea/]n au?orities1 & :]e x succe$s1 is c]ta9ly a f9e grape & makes a delici\s w9e4 ,"h at ! ,we/1 x has prov$ a failure 9 mo/ locations1 be+ subject to leaf-blight1 & a feeble gr[]4 ,!re are "s locations1 h[ev]1 :]e x w fl\ri%2 & :oev] is ! =tunate possessor ( su* a "o %\ld n =get to plant x4 ,x seems to fl\ri% be/ 9 light1 w>m1 some:at s&y soil4 ,,h>t=d ,,prolific4 ,?is is imm5sely productive2 ( v fair quality "h2 h>dy & heal?y2 & if plant$ = e>ly m>ket+1 w give g5]al satisfaction4 ,x hangs well to ! bun*1 & ev5 makes a v fair w9e4 ,w fl\ri% 9 almo/ e soil4 ,,cl9ton4 ,h>dy1 heal?y & productive2 w make a fair w9e1 b is "h n equal ev5 to ! ,concord1 & f> beh9d ! ,norton's ,virg9ia 9 quality4 ,may be desirable fur!r nor?4 ,,plant+4 ,! di/ance at :i* ! v9es may be plant$ w ( c\rse v>y some:at ) ! gr[? ( ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! r[s may all be six feet ap>t1 z ?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t di/ance = cultivat+1 & gives ample space = a horse & man to pass ?r\gh ) pl\gh or cultivator4 ,sl[-gr[+ v>ieties1 su* z ! ,delaw>e & ,catawba1 may be plant$ six feet ap>t 9 ! r[s1 mak+ ! di/ance six feet ea* way2 b ! ,concord1 ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,h]bemont1 ,h>t=d ,prolific1 ,cunn+ham1 & all ! /rong gr[]s1 w ne$ m room1 say t5 feet 9 ! r[s1 s z to give ! v9es ample room to spread1 & all[ free circulation ( air--"o ( ! fir/ conditions ( heal? 9 ! v9es1 & quality ( ! fruit4 ,! next "q to be consid]$ is3 ,%all we plant cutt+s or root$ plants8 ,my pref]5ce is decid$ly = ! latt]1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,cutt+s are unc]ta91 ev5 ( ^? v>ieties :i* gr[ ! mo/ readily2 & we _c expect to h any?+ l an ev5 gr[?1 su* z we c h if ! plants are c>efully assort$4 ,"s ( ! cutt+s w always fail1 & !re w be gaps & vacancies :i* are h>d to fill1 ev5 if ! /ronge/ plants are tak5 = replant+4 ,!re=e1 let u *oose plants4 ,b we %\ld n only *oose root$ plants1 b ! be/ we c get2 & ^! are good "o ye> old1 :e!r gr[n f cutt+s1 lay]s or s+le eyes4 ,a good plant %\ld h pl5ty ( /rong1 well-rip5$ roots2 n cov]$ ) excresc5ces & w>ts1 :i* is always a sign ( ill heal?2 b smoo? & firm2 ) well-rip5$1 %ort-jo9t$ wood4 ,!y %\ld be ( uni=m size1 z !y w !n make an ev5 /& 9 ! v9ey>d1 :5 n =c$ by ! propagator into an unnaturally rank gr[? by artificial manures4 ,?is latt] consid]ation1 ,i ?9k1 is v important1 z we c h>dly expect su* plants1 :i* h be5 pett$ & pamp]$1 & f$ on ri* diet1 to ?rive on ! e-day f>e !y w f9d 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,d n take second or ?ird rate plants1 if y c help x2 !y may live & gr[1 b !y w nev] make ! gr[? :i* a plant ( bett] quality w\ld make4 ,we may he> ( good results sometimes1 obta9$ by plant+ second-rate plants1 b c]ta9ly ! results w\ld be bett] if bett] plants _h be5 *os54 ,especially important is ! selection ( good plants ) ^? v>ieties :i* d n propagate & transplant readily1 su* z ! ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,delaw>e1 & o!r h>d-wood v>ieties4 ,bett] pay d\ble ! price y w\ld h to give = inf]ior plants2 ! be/ are ! *eape/ 9 ! end1 z !y w make ! heal?ie/ v9es1 & be> soon]4 ,b ,i w\ld also caution my read]s aga9/ ^? :o w sell y extra l>ge lay]s1 = imm$iate be>+1 & ^: plants are bett] ?an ^? :om anybody else may gr[1 z _! adv]tisem5ts w t]m x4 ,x is "t t ?is humbug %\ld cease2 "t t ! public 9 g5]al %\ld "k1 t !y _c1 9 nature & reason1 expect any fruit f a plant transplant$ ! same season2 & t ^? :o pret5d x c be done1 )\t vital injury to ! plant1 are only seek+ to fill _! pockets at ! co/ ( _! cu/om]s4 ,!y "k well en\gh !mselves t x _c be done )\t kill+ or fatally injur+ ! plant1 yet !y w impose ^u ! cr$ulity ( _! confid+ cu/om]s2 make !m pay f #c to #e a piece = a plant1 :i* ^! good s\ls w buy1 ) a vision ( a f9e crop ( grapes be=e _! eyes1 plant !m1 ) long tops1 on :i* !y may obta9 a few sickly bun*es ( fruit ! fir/ season2 b if !y d ! v9es w make a feeble gr[?1 n rip5 _! fruit1 & p]haps be w9t]-kill$ ! next season4 ,x is l lay+ ! burd5 ( a full gr[n man on ! %\ld]s ( a *ild2 :at 0 p]haps no burd5 at all to ! "o1 w kill ! o!r4 ,!n1 aga91 ^! plants1 sup]ior to ^? ( e "o else4 ,x is ! duty ( e propagator & nurs]y-man to raise good plants2 he c d x if he tries2 x is = 8 int]e/ z mu* z = ! int]e/ ( 8 cu/om]s to raise plants ( ! be/ quality2 & we h no reason to suppose t we are inf9itely sup]ior to our neighbors4 ,:ile ! fir/ is a d[nright sw9dle1 ! latt] is ! height ( arrogance4 ,if we _h a good deal less ( bomba/ & self laudation1 & m ( hone/y & fair deal+ 9 ! pr(ession1 ! public w\ld h m confid5ce 9 pr(essional m51 & w\ld be m likely to practice :at we prea*4 ,!re=e1 if y look ar\nd = plants1 d n g to ^? :o adv]tise1 lay]s = imm$iate be>+1 or plants ( sup]ior quality to all o!rs gr[n2 b g to m5 :o h hone/y & mode/y en\gh to s5d y a sample ( _! be/ plants1 if requir$1 & :o are n av]se to let y see h[ !y gr[ !m4 ,*oose _! good1 /rong heal?y1 "o ye> old plants1 ) /rong1 firm1 heal?y roots1 & let ^? :o wi% to be humbugg$ buy ! lay]s = imm$iate be>+4 ,y mu/ be cont5t to wait until ! ?ird ye> = ! fir/ crop2 b1 !n1 if y h treat$ y\r plants z y ought to d1 y c look = a crop t w make y\r he>t glad to see & ga!r x4 ,y _c1 9 reason & nature expect x soon]4 ,if y\r gr\nd has be5 prep>$ 9 ! ,fall1 s mu* ! bett]1 & if ?r[n into ridges1 s z to elevate ! gr\nd some:at1 :]e ! r[ is to be1 !y may be plant$ 9 ! ,fall4 ,! advantages ( ,fall plant+ are z foll[s3 ,! gr\nd w g5]ally "w bett]1 z we h bett] wea!r 9 ! ,fall2 & g5]ally m "t to sp>e2 ! gr\nd c settle among ! roots2 ! roots w h heal$ & callus$ ov]1 & ! "y plant be ready to />t ) full vigor 9 spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,m>k y\r gr\nd1 lay+ x (f ) a l9e1 & put d[n a small /ick or peg1 eighte5 in*es long1 :]ev] a plant is to /&4 ,dig a hole1 ab\t eight to t5 in*es deep1 z %[n 9 ,figure #e1 9 a slant+ direction1 rais+ a small m\nd 9 ! bottom1 ( well-pulv]iz$1 mell[ e>?2 !n1 hav+ prun$ y\r plant z %[n 9 ,figure #f1 ) its roots & tops %ort5$ 91 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 lay x 91 re/+ ! l[] end on ! m\nd ( e>?1 spread out its roots ev5ly to all sides1 & !n fill 9 among ! roots ) ri*1 well-pulv]iz$ e>?1 ! upp] bud be+ left above ! gr\nd4 ,:5 plant$ 9 ! fall1 raise a small m\nd ar\nd y\r v9e1 s t ! wat] w dra9 (f1 & ?r[ a h&ful ( /raw or any o!r mul* on top1 to protect x4 ,( c\rse1 ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ :5 ! gr\nd is dry en\gh to be light & mell[1 & w readily "w 9 among ! roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,v9e ,,! ,,fir/ ,,summ]4 ,! fir/ summ] aft] plant+ no?+ is necess>y b to keep ! gr\nd free f we$s1 & mell[1 /irr+ freely ) hoe1 rake1 pl\gh1 & cultivator1 :5ev] necess>y4 ,%\ld ! v9es gr[ /rong !y may be ti$ to ! /akes provid$ 9 plant+1 to elevate !m some:at above ! gr\nd4 ,all[ all ! lat]als to gr[1 z x w make ! wood /rong] & m /ocky4 ,!y may ev5 be summ]-lay]$ 9 ,july1 lay+ d[n ! "y cane1 & cov]+ ! ma9 /em ab\t an in* deep ) mell[ soil1 leav+ ! ends ( ! lat]als out ( ! gr\nd4 ,) free-gr[+ k9ds1 su* z ! ,concord & ,h>t=d ,prolific1 ^! w g5]ally root readily1 & make v good plants1 ! lat]als mak+ ! /ems ( ! lay]s4 ,) v>ieties t d n root s readily1 z ! ,delaw>e & ,norton's ,virg9ia1 x w seldom be successful1 & %\ld n be practic$4 ,! v9ey>d may ?us be made to pay exp5ses1 & furni% ! v9es = fur!r plantations ! fir/ ye>4 ,!y are tak5 up & divid$ 9 ! fall1 z direct$ 9 ! *apt] = lay]s4 ,9 ! fall1 prune ! v9e to ?ree buds1 if /rong en\gh1 to "o or two if x has only made a weak gr[?4 ,a fair gr[? is f f\r to five feet ! fir/ summ]4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 trellis %\ld be provid$ = ! v9es1 z we may expect !m to gr[ f twelve to fifte5 feet ! com+ summ]4 ,! *eape/ & mo/ economical are ^? ( /rong upright po/s1 say f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 made ( r$ c$> if x c be _h1 if n1 ( any good1 durable timb]--mulb]ry1 locu/1 or :ite oak--& sev5 feet long1 along :i* ,no4 #aj wire is /ret*$ horizontally4 ,make ! holes = ! po/s ) a po/-hole aug]1 two feet deep2 set 9 ! po/s1 *>r$ on "o end1 to make !m durable4 ,if wire is to be us$1 "o po/ e sixte5 feet w be en\gh1 ) a small] /ake betwe51 to s]ve z a support = ! wires4 ,n[ /ret* y\r wire1 ! l[e/ "o ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd1 ! second "o eighte5 in*es above x1 & ! ?ird eighte5 in*es above ! second4 ,! wires may be fa/5$ to ! po/s by nails1 ar\nd :i* !y c be twi/$1 or by loops ( wire driv5 into ! po/4 ,:]e timb] is pl5ty1 la?s made ( black oak may be made to s]ve ! same purpose2 b ! po/s mu/ !n be set mu* clos]1 & ! wire w be ! *eape/ & neate/ 9 ! end4 ,a good _m grape-gr[]s tra9 _! v9es to /akes1 believ+ x to be *eap]1 b ,i h f\nd x m exp5sive ?an trellis made 9 ! above mann]1 & x is c]ta9ly a v slov5ly me?od1 comp>$ ) ! latt]4 ,trellis is mu* m conv5i5t = ty+ ! v9es1 ! canes c be di/ribut$ mu* m ev5ly1 & ! fruit & "y wood1 n be+ huddl$ & cr[d$ toge!r z on /akes1 w rip5 mu* m ev5ly1 & be ( bett] quality1 z ! air & sun h free access to x4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,v9e ,,! ,,second ,,summ]4 ,we f9d ! "y v9e at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is season prun$ to ?ree buds ( ! la/ season's gr[?4 ,f ^! we may expect f two to ?ree /rong %oots or canes4 ,our fir/ "w w be to cultivate ! :ole gr\nd1 say f f\r to six in*es deep1 pl\gh+ betwe5 ! r[s1 & hoe+ ar\nd ! v9es ) a two-prong$ ,g]man hoe1 or k>/4 ,figure #g %[s "o ( ^! implem5ts1 ( ! be/ =m = t purpose4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be completely inv]t$1 b nev] d x 9 wet wea!r1 z ?is w make ! gr\nd h>d & cloggy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,( ! "y %oots1 if !re are ?ree1 leave only ! two /ronge/1 ty+ ! be/ ( !m neatly to ! trellis ) bass1 or pawpaw b>k1 or rye /raw4 ,if a ,catawba or ,delaw>e1 y may let !m gr[ un*eck$1 ty+ !m along ! upp]mo/ wire1 :5 !y h gr[n above x4 ,! ,concord1 ,h]bemont1 ,norton's ,virg9ia1 & o!r /rong-gr[+ v>ieties1 ,i treat 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:5 ! "y %oot has rea*$ ! second wire ,i p9* (f its lead]4 ,?is has ! t5d5cy to =ce ! lat]als into /rong] gr[?1 ea* =m+ a m$ium-siz$ cane4 ,on ^! we int5d to gr[ our fruit ! com+ season1 z ! buds on ^! lat]als w g5]ally produce m & f9] fruit ?an ! buds on ! /rong canes4 ,figure #h w %[ ! mann] ( tra9+ ! second summ]1 ) "o cane lay]$1 = ! purpose ( rais+ plants4 ,?is is done z describ$ be=e2 only1 z ! v9e w make a mu* /rong] gr[? ?is season ?an ! fir/1 ! lay]+ maybe done 9 ,june1 z soon z ! "y %oots are /rong en\gh4 ,figure #i %[s ! v9e prun$ & ti$1 at ! end ( ! second season4 ,figure #aj illu/rates ! mann] ( tra9+ & ty+ ! ,catawba or ,delaw>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! above is a comb9ation ( ! s+le cane & b[ sy/em1 & ! horizontal arm tra9+1 :i* ,i fir/ tri$ on ! ,concord f %e] necessity2 :5 ! results pleas$ me s mu* t ,i h adopt$ x ) all /rong-gr[+ v>ieties4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ me to ! trial ( ?is me?od 7 z foll[s3 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfb1 :5 my ,concord v9es 7 mak+ _! second season's gr[?1 we _h1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 ! mo/ de/ructive hail /orm ,i h ev] se5 "h4 ,e leaf 0 cut f ! v9es1 & ! "y succul5t %oots 7 all cut (f to ab\t ?ree to ?ree & a half feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! v9es1 be+ "y & vigor\s1 pu%$ out ! lat]als vigor\sly1 ea* ( !m mak+ a fair-siz$ cane4 ,9 ! fall1 :5 ,i came to prune !m1 ! ma9 cane 0 n long en\gh1 & ,i m]ely %ort5$ 9 ! lat]als to f f\r to six buds ea*4 ,on ^! ,i _h z f9e a crop ( grapes z ,i ev] saw1 f9e1 l>ge1 well-develop$ bun*es & b]ries1 & a great _m ( !m1 z ea* _h produc$ its fruit-be>+ %oot4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h foll[$ ?is me?od altoge!r1 & obta9$ ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be kept ev5 & mell[ dur+ ! summ]1 & ! v9es neatly ti$ to ! trellis ) ba/ or /raw4 ,!re are _m o!r me?ods ( tra9+2 = in/ance1 ! old b[ & /ake tra9+1 :i* is foll[$ to a great ext5t ar\nd ,c9c9nati1 & 0 foll[$ to "s ext5t "h4 ,b x cr[ds ! :ole mass ( fruit & leaves toge!r s closely t mildew & rot w foll[ almo/ z a natural consequ5ce1 & ^? :o foll[ x are almo/ ready to give up grape-culture 9 despair4 ,nor is ?is surpris+4 ,) _! t5aci\s adh]5ce to s fickle a v>iety z ! ,catawba1 & to practices & me?ods ( :i* exp]i5ce ought to h taught !m ! utt] impracticability long ago1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t grape-culture is ) !m a failure4 ,we h a class ( grape-gr[]s :o nev] le>n1 nor ev] =get1 any?+2 ^! we _c expect %\ld prosp]4 ,! grape-gr[]1 ( all o!rs1 %\ld be a close obs]v] ( nature 9 h] v>i\s moods1 a ?9k+ & a reason+ be+2 he %\ld be try+ & exp]im5t+ all ! "t1 & be ready always to ?r[ aside 8 old me?ods1 %\ld he f9d t ano!r w m fully meet ! wants ( 8 plants4 ,only ?us c he expect to prosp]4 ,!re is also ! arm sy/em1 ( :i* we he> s mu* n[-a-days1 & :i* c]ta9ly looks v pretty on pap]4 ,b pap] is pati5t1 & :ile x _c be d5i$ t x has its advantages1 if e spur & %oot c\ld be made to gr[ j z repres5t$ 9 draw+s1 ) ?ree f9e bun*es to ea* %oot2 yet1 ^u apply+ x practically1 we f9d t v9es are /ubborn1 & "s %oots w outgr[ o!rs2 & be=e we h>dly "k h[1 ! :ole beautiful sy/em is out ( ord]4 ,x may d to foll[ 9 g>d5s1 on arbors & walls1 ) a few v9es1 b ,i d n ?9k t x w ev] be successfully foll[$ 9 v9ey>d culture = a numb] ( ye>s1 z x involves too mu* labor 9 ty+ up1 prun+1 etc4 ,i ?9k ! me?od describ$ above w m fully meet ! wants ( ! v9y>di/ ?an any ,i h yet se5 tri$2 x is s simple t e intellig5t p]son c soon become famili> ) x1 & x gives u new1 heal?y wood = be>+ e season4 ,prun+ may be done 9 ! fall1 z soon z ! leaves h dropp$4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,v9e ,,! ,,?ird ,,season4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird season1 we f9d our v9e prun$ to two spurs ( two eyes ea*1 & f\r lat]al canes1 ( f f\r to six eyes ea*4 ,^! are ti$ firmly to ! trellis z %[n 9 ,figure #ab1 = :i* purpose small twigs ( will[s 7especially ! gold5 will[1 ( :i* e grape-gr[] %\ld plant a supply7 are ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! gr\nd is pl\gh$ & ho$ deeply1 z describ$ be=e1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to pl\gh s deep z to cut or te> ! roots ( ! v9e4 ,our v9es be+ ti$1 pl\gh$1 & ho$1 we come to "o ( ! mo/ important & delicate op]ations to be p]=m$2 "o ( z great--nay1 great]--importance ?an prun+4 ,i mean summ]-prun+1 or p9*+1 i4e4 ?umb or f+] prun+4 ,fall-prun+1 or cutt+ back1 is b ! beg9n+ ( ! discipl9e "u :i* we int5d to keep our v9es2 summ]-prun+ is ! cont9uation1 & "o is useless1 & _c be foll[$ sy/ematically )\t ! o!r4 ,let u look at our v9e well1 be=e we beg91 & comm5ce ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! "t to p]=m ! fir/ summ]-prun+ is :5 ! "y %oots are ab\t six to eight in*es long1 & :5 y c see pla9ly all ! small bun*es or buttons--! embryo fruit4 ,we comm5ce on ! l[] two spurs1 hav+ two buds ea*4 ,f ^! two %oots h />t$4 ,"o ( !m we int5d = a be>+ cane next summ]2 !re=e all[ x to gr[ un*eck$ = ! pres5t1 ty+ x1 if long en\gh1 to ! l[e/ wire4 ,! o!r1 :i* we int5d = a spur aga9 next fall1 we p9* ) ?umb & f+] to j beyond ! la/ bun* or button1 tak+ out ! lead] betwe5 ! la/ bun* & ! next leaf1 z %[n 9 ,figure #aa1 ! cross l9e indicat+ :]e ! lead] is to be p9*$ (f4 ,we n[ come to ! next spur1 on ! opposite side1 :]e we also leave "o cane to gr[ un*eck$1 & p9* (f ! o!r4 ,we n[ g ov] all ! %oots com+ f ! arms or lat]als ti$ to ! trellis1 & also p9* !m beyond ! la/ bun*4 ,%\ld any ( ! buds h pu%$ out two %oots1 we rub (f ! weake/2 we also take (f all b>r5 or weak %oots4 ,if any ( !m are n suffici5tly develop$ we pass !m ov]1 & g ov] ! v9es aga91 9 a few days aft] ! fir/ p9*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,?is e>ly p9*+ ( ! %oot has a t5d5cy to ?r[ all ! vigor into ! developm5t ( ! "y bun*1 & ! leaves rema9+ on ! %oot1 :i* n[ gr[ ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,x is a g5tle *eck+1 & lead+ ! sap into o!r *annels2 n ! viol5t process :i* is (t5 foll[$ long aft] ! bloom1 :5 ! wood has become s h>d5$ t x mu/ be cut ) a knife1 & by :i* ! plant is robb$ ( a l>ge quantity ( its leaves1 to ! injury ( bo? fruit & v9e4 ,let any ( my read]s1 :o wi% to satisfy !mselves1 summ]-prune a v9e1 accord+ to ! me?od describ$ "h1 & leave ! next v9e until aft] ! bloom1 & he w pla9ly p]ceive ! diff]5ce4 ,! m]it ( fir/ hav+ practis$ ?is me?od "h1 :i* ,i consid] "o ( va/ importance 9 grape-culture1 belongs to ,mr4 ,,william ,,poes*el1 ( ?is place1 :o 0 l$ to d s1 by obs]v+ ! rapid developm5t ( ! "y bun*es on a %oot :i* _h accid5tally be5 brok5 beyond ! la/ bun*4 ,n[1 !re is h>dly an intellig5t grape-gr[] "h1 :o does n foll[ x2 & ,i ?9k x has add$ m ?an "o-?ird to ! quantity & quality ( my crop4 ,x also gives a *ance to de/roy ! small1 :ite worm1 a species ( leaf-fold]1 :i* is v tr\blesome j at ?is "t1 eat+ ! "y fruit & leaves1 & :i* makes its web among ! t5d] leaves at ! end ( ! %oot4 ,! be>+ bran*es hav+ all be5 p9*$ back1 we c leave our v9es alone until aft] ! bloom1 only ty+ up ! "y canes f ! spurs1 %\ld x become necess>y4 ,b d n tie !m ov] ! be>+ canes1 b lead !m to ! empty space on bo? sides ( ! v9e2 z our object mu/ be to give ! fruit all ! air & light we c4 ,by ! "t ! grapes h bloom$1 ! lat]als w h pu%$ f ! axils ( ! leaves on ! be>+ %oots4 ,n[ g ov] ^! aga91 & p9* ea* lat]al back to "o leaf1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ab4 ,?is w make ! leaf :i* rema9s gr[ & exp& rapidly1 s]v+ at ! same "t z a conductor ( sap to ! "y bun* opposite1 & %ad+ x :5 x becomes fully develop$4 ,! canes f ! spurs1 :i* we left un*eck$1 & :i* we design to be> fruit ! next season1 may n[ also be /opp$ or p9*$1 :5 !y are ab\t ?ree feet long1 to />t _! lat]als into /rong] gr[?4 ,p9* (f all ! t5drils2 ?is is a v busy "t = ! v9e-dress]1 & ^u 8 close att5dance & dilig5ce n[1 dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ! value ( 8 crop4 ,besides1 a /it* 9 "t saves n9e1 & he c save an incr$ible am\nt ( labor by do+ ev]y?+ at ! prop] "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,9 a %ort "t1 ! lat]als on ! fruit-be>+ bran*es :i* h be5 p9*$ w ?r[ out suck]s aga94 ,^! are /opp$ aga91 leav+ "o leaf ( ! "y gr[?4 ,leave ! lat]als on ! canes int5d$ = next ye>s' fruit+ to gr[ un*eck$1 ty+ !m neatly ) bass1 or pawpaw b>k1 or ) rye /raw4 ,?is is ab\t all t is necess>y = ?is summ]1 except an occasional ty+ up ( a fruit+ bran*1 %\ld its burd5 become m ?an x c be>4 ,b ! majority ( ! bran*es w be able to su/a9 _! fruit )\t ty+1 & ! "y gr[? :i* may yet />t f ! lat]als may be left un*eck$1 z x w s]ve to %ade ! fruit :5 rip5+4 ,( c\rse1 ! soil mu/ be kept clean & mell[1 z 9 ! =m] summ]4 ,?is %ort prun+ is also a p>tial prev5tative aga9/ mildew & rot1 & ! la/ extremely wet season has aga9 %[n ! importance ( lett+ 9 light & air to all p>ts ( ! v9e2 z ^? v9ey>ds1 :]e a /rict sy/em ( e>ly summ] prun+ _h be5 foll[$1 did n suff] half z mu* f rot & mildew z ^? :]e ! old slov5ly me?od /ill prevail$4 ,my read]s w p]ceive1 t ,fall-prun+1 or %ort5+-9 ! rip5$ wood ( ! v9e1 & summ]-prun+1 %ort5+ 9 & ?9n+ out ! "y gr[?1 h "o & all ! same object 9 view1 namely1 to keep ! v9e )9 prop] b\nds1 & conc5trate all its en]gies = a two-fold object1 namely1 ! production & rip5+ ( ! mo/ p]fect fruit1 & ! production ( /rong1 heal?y wood = ! com+ season's crop4 ,bo? op]ations are1 9 fact1 only diff]5t p>ts ( "o & ! same sy/em1 ( :i* summ]-prun+ is ! prep>atory1 & fall prun+ ! f9i%+ "p4 ,if we ?9k t a v9e is sett+ m fruit ?an x is able to be> & rip5 p]fectly1 we h x 9 our p[] to ?9 x1 by tak+ away all imp]fect bun*es1 & feeble %oots4 ,we %\ld all[ no m wood to gr[ ?an we ne$ = next season's be>+2 if we all[ ?ree canes to gr[ :]e only two are ne$$1 we wa/e ! en]gies ( ! v9e1 :i* %\ld all be conc5trat$ ^u rip5+ its fruit 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition1 & produc+ ! necess>y wood = next season's be>+1 & t ( ! be/ & mo/ vigor\s quality1 b no m4 ,if we prune ! v9e too long1 we ov]-tax its en]gies2 mak+ x be> m fruit ?an x c p]fect1 & ! result w be poor1 badly-rip5$ fruit1 & small & imp]fect wood4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we prune ! v9e too %ort1 we w h a rank1 excessive gr[? ( wood & leaves1 & enc\rage rot & mildew4 ,only practice & exp]i5ce w tea* u ! exact m$ium1 & ! obs]v+ v9tn] w soon f9d out :]e he has be5 wrong1 bett] ?an he c be taught by a hundr$ pages ( elaborate advice4 ,diff]5t v>ieties w require diff]5t treatm5t1 & x w\ld be fooli%ness to suppose t two v>ieties s entirely diff]5t1 z = in/ance1 ! ,concord & ! ,delaw>e1 c\ld be prun$1 tra9$ & p9*$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! fir/1 be+ a rank & vigor\s gr[]1 ) long jo9ts1 w require mu* long] prun+ ?an ! latt]1 :i* is a sl[-gr[+1 %ort-jo9t$ v9e4 ,"s v>ieties1 ! ,taylor = in/ance1 also ! ,norton1 w fruit bett] if prun$ to spurs on old wood1 ?an on ! "y canes2 x w !re=e be ! be/ policy = ! v9tn] 9 prun+ ^!1 to reta9 ! old arms or canes1 prun+ all ! heal?y1 /rong %oots !y h to two buds1 z long z ! old arms rema9 heal?y2 always1 h[ev]1 gr[+ a "y cane to fall back ^u1 %\ld ! old arm become diseas$2 :]eas1 ! ,catawba & ,delaw>e1 be+ only mod]ate gr[]s1 w fl\ri% & be> be/ :5 prun$ %ort1 & to a cane ( la/ season's gr[?4 ,! ,concord & ,h]bemont1 aga91 w be> be/ on ! lat]als ( la/ season's gr[?1 & %\ld be tra9$ accord+ly4 ,!re=e x is1 because only a few ( ! common labor]s w take ! pa9s to ?9k & obs]ve closely1 t we f9d among !m b few good v9e-dress]s4 ,at ! end ( ?is season1 we f9d our ,concords or ,h]bemonts1 ) ! old fruit-be>+ cane1 & a spur on ea* side1 f :i* h gr[n two canes2 "o ( :i* 0 /opp$1 l all o!r fruit-be>+ bran*es1 & :i* we n[ prune to a spur ( two eyes2 & ano!r1 :i* 0 /opp$ at ab\t ?ree feet1 & on :i* ! lat]als 7 all[$ to gr[ un*eck$4 ,we !re=e h "o ( ^! canes1 ) its lat]als1 on ea* side ( ! v9e4 ,^! lat]als are n[ prun$ precisely z ! la/ season1 ea* be+ cut back to f f\r to six eyes1 & ! old cane1 :i* has borne fruit1 is cut away altoge!r4 ,) ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,taylor1 & "s o!rs1 :i* w be> m readily on spurs f old wood1 ! old cane is reta9$1 provid$ ! %oots on x are s\nd & heal?y1 ) well develop$ buds2 ! weak ones are cut away altoge!r1 & ! o!rs cut back to two eyes ea*4 ,"o ( ! canes is prun$1 z 9 ! ,concord1 to be ti$ to "o side ( ! trellis1 ! next spr+4 ,?is closes our summ] & fall prun+ = ! ?ird ye>4 ,( ! ga!r+ ( ! fruit1 z well = m>ket z = w9e1 ,i %all speak 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,v9e ,,! ,,f\r? ,,summ]4 ,we may n[ consid] ! v9e z e/abli%$1 able to be> a full crop1 & :5 ti$ to ! trellis 9 spr+1 to pres5t ! appe>ance1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! op]ations to be p]=m$ are precisely ! same z 9 its ?ird ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,9 addition1 ,i w "h rem>k1 t 9 wet seasons ! soil ( ! v9ey>d %\ld be /irr$ z little z possible1 z x w bake & clog1 & 9 dry seasons x %\ld be deeply work$ & /irr$1 z ?is loose surface-soil w reta9 moi/ure mu* bett] ?an a h>d surface4 ,%\ld ! v9es %[ a decrease 9 vigor1 !y may be manur$ ) a%es or compo/1 or /ill bett]1 ) surface-soil f ! woods4 ,?is w s]ve to repl5i% ! soil :i* may h be5 wa%$ (f & is mu* m b5eficial ?an /able manure4 ,:5 ! latt] is appli$1 a small tr5* %\ld be dug j above ! v9e1 ! manure laid 91 & cov]$ ) soil4 ,b an abundance ( fre% soil1 drawn up well ar\nd ! v9e1 is c]ta9ly ! be/ ( all manures4 ,:]e a v9e has fail$ to gr[ ! fir/ season1 replant ) extra /rong v9es1 z !y w f9d x difficult to cat* up ) ! o!rs2 or ! vacancy c be fill$ up ! next season1 by a lay] f a neighbor+ v9e1 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dig a tr5* f ! v9e to ! empty place1 ab\t eight to t5 in*es deep1 & b5d into x "o ( ! canes ( ! v9e1 left to gr[ un*eck$ = t purpose1 & prun$ to ! prop] l5g?4 ,let ! end ( x come out to ! surface ( ! gr\nd ) "o or two eyes above x1 at ! place :]e ! v9e is to be1 & fill up ) good1 well pulv]iz$ e>?4 ,x w /rike roots at almo/ e jo9t1 & gr[ rapidly1 b1 z x takes a good deal ( n\ri%m5t f ! p>5t v9e1 t mu/ be prun$ mu* %ort] ! fir/ ye>4 ,:5 ! lay] has become well e/abli%$1 x is cut f ! p>5t v9e2 g5]ally ! second season4 ,prun+ is be/ done 9 ! fall1 b x c be done on mild days all ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s1 ev5 z late z ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,fall-prun+ w prev5t all fl[ ( sap1 & ! cutt+s are also bett] if made 9 ! fall1 & buri$ 9 ! gr\nd dur+ w9t]4 ,all ! s\nd1 well-rip5$ wood ( la/ season's gr[? may be made into cutt+s1 :i* may be ei!r plant$1 z direct$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 or sold2 & are an accession to ! product ( ! v9ey>d n to be despis$1 = !y w g5]ally defray all exp5ses ( cultivation4 ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,v9es ,,on ,,arbors ,,& ,,walls4 ,?is is altoge!r diff]5t f ! treatm5t 9 v9ey>ds2 ! fir/ has = its object to gr[ ! mo/ p]fect fruit1 & to br+ ! v9e1 ) all its p>ts1 )9 ! easy rea* & control ( ! op]ator2 9 ! latt]1 our object is to cov] a l>ge space ) foliage1 = ornam5t & %ade1 fruit be+ b a second>y consid]ation4 ,h[ev]1 if ! v9e is treat$ judici\sly1 x w also produce a l>ge quantity ( fruit1 al?\gh n ( z good quality z 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,our fir/ object mu/ be to gr[ v /rong plants1 to cov] a v l>ge space4 ,prep>e a bord] by digg+ a tr5* two feet deep & f\r feet wide4 ,fill ) ri* soil1 decompos$ leaves1 burnt bones1 a%es1 etc4 ,into ?is plant ! /ronge/ plants y h1 prun$ z = v9ey>d plant+4 ,leave b "o %oot to gr[ on !m dur+ ! fir/ summ]1 :i*1 if prop]ly treat$1 w get v /rong4 ,cut back to ?ree buds ! com+ fall4 ,^! w ea* ?r[ out a /rong %oot1 :i* %\ld be ti$ to ! arbor !y are design$ to cov]1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ad1 & all[$ to gr[ un*eck$4 ,9 ! fall foll[+ cut ea* %oot back to ?ree buds1 z our fir/ object mu/ be to get a good basis = our v9es4 ,^! w give u n9e canes ! ?ird summ]2 & z ! v9e is n[ ?or\ghly e/abli%$ & /rong1 we c beg9 to "w 9 good e>ne/4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! v9e has ?ree diff]5t sections or pr9cipal bran*es1 ea* ) ?ree canes4 ,cut "o ( ^! back to two eyes1 & ! o!r two to six or eight buds ea*1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! v9e1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ae4 ,! next spr+ tie ^! neatly to ! trellis1 & :5 ! "y %oots appe> ?9 out ! weake/1 & leave ! o!rs to gr[ un*eck$4 ,! next fall cut back z indicat$ by ! black cross l9es1 ! weake/ to be cut back to "o or two eyes1 & ! /rong] ones to ?ree or f\r1 ! spurs at ! bottom to come 9 z a res]ve1 %\ld any ( ! bran*es become diseas$4 ,figure #af %[s ! mann] ( prun+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,9 ?is mann] a v9e c be made1 9 c\rse ( "t1 to cov] a l>ge space1 & get v old4 ,! great v9e at ,w9dsor ,palace 0 plant$ m ?an sixty ye>s ago1 & 9 #ahej x produc$ two ?\s& l>ge bun*es ( magnific5t grapes4 ,! space cov]$ by ! bran*es 0 "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight feet long1 & sixte5 feet wide1 & x _h a /em two feet n9e in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ v9es on record4 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be /rongly manur$ to come to full p]fection4 ,o!r au?orities pref] ! ,?om]y sy/em ( tra9+1 b ,i ?9k x mu* m complicat$ & difficult to foll[4 ,^? wi%+ to foll[ x w f9d full directions 9 ,,dr4 ,,grant',s & ,,full]',s books1 :i* are v explicit on ?is me?od4 ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,v9e4 ,!re are _m o!r sy/ems 9 vogue among v9e-dress]s 9 ,g]many & ,france1 b z our native grapes are s mu* /rong] 9 gr[?1 & are 9 ?is climate s mu* m subject to mildew & rot1 ,i ?9k ^! me?ods1 ^u ! :ole1 b poorly adapt$ to ! wants ( our native grapes1 h[ev] judici\s !y may be !re4 ,i w only m5tion a few ( !m "h2 "o because x is to a great ext5t foll[$ 9 ,mexico & ,cali=nia1 & seems to suit t dry climate & arid soil v well2 & ! o!r1 because x w (t5 s]ve z a pretty bord] to b$s 9 g>d5s4 ,! fir/ is ! s-call$ buck or /ool me?od ( tra9+4 ,! v9e is made to =m its head--i4e41 ! "p f :i* ! bran*es />t--ab\t a foot above ! gr\nd1 & all ! "y %oots are all[$ to gr[1 b summ]-prun$ or *eck$ j beyond ! la/ bun* ( grapes4 ,! next spr+ all ( ! "y %oots are cut back to two eyes1 & ?is sy/em ( spurr+ 9 is kept up1 & ! v9e w 9 "t pres5t ! appe>ance ( a bu% or m9iature tree1 produc+ all its fruit )9 a foot f ! head1 & )\t fur!r support ?an its own /em4 ,v old v9es tra9$ 9 ?is mann] (t5 h tw5ty to tw5ty-five spurs1 & pres5t1 ) _! fruit all hang+ 9 masses ar\nd ! ma9 trunk1 a pleas+ b r odd aspect4 ,?is me?od c\ld n be appli$ "h ) any *ance ( success only to ^? v>ieties :i* are sl[ gr[]s1 & at ! same "t v h>dy4 ,! ,delaw>e w\ld p]haps be ! mo/ suitable ( all v>ieties ,i "k = a trial ( ?is me?od2 su* /rong gr[]s z ! ,concord & ,norton's ,virg9ia c\ld nev] be kept )9 ! prop] b\nds1 & x w\ld be useless to try x on !m4 ,x might be ( advantage on poor soil1 :]e !re is at ! same "t a sc>city ( timb]4 ,figure #ag %[s an old v9e prun$ aft] ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! o!r me?od ( dw>f+ ! grape is practic$ to make a pretty bord] along walks 9 g>d5s1 & is z foll[s3 ,plant y\r v9es ab\t eight feet ap>t2 treat !m ! fir/ season z 9 common v9ey>d plant+1 b at ! end ( ! fir/ season cut back to two eyes4 ,n[ provide po/s1 ?ree to ?ree & a half feet long2 drive !m into ! gr\nd ab\t eighte5 in*es to two feet1 :i* c be easily done if !y are po9t$ at "o end1 & nail a la? on top ( !m4 ,?is is y\r trellis = ! v9es1 & %\ld be ab\t eighte5 in*es above ! gr\nd :5 ready4 ,n[ all[ bo? %oots :i* w />t f ! two buds to gr[ un*eck$2 & :5 !y h gr[n above ! trellis1 tie "o d[n to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left1 all[+ !m to ramble at w along x4 ,! next fall !y are ea* cut back to ! prop] l5g?1 to meet ! next v9e1 & 9 spr+ ti$ firmly to ! la?1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ah4 ,:5 ! "y %oots appe>1 all bel[ ! trellis are rubb$ (f1 b all ^? above ! trellis are summ]-prun$ or p9*$ imm$iately beyond ! la/ bun* ( grapes1 z 9 v9ey>d culture1 & ! trellis1 ) its g>l& ( fruit1 w pres5t a v pretty appe>ance ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,9 ! fall all ( ^! %oots are prun$ to "o bud1 f :i* w gr[ ! fruit-be>+ %oot = ! next season1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ai2 & ! same treatm5t is repeat$ dur+ ! summ] & fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,v9e4 ,i _c agree ) ,mr4 ,,full] t ! diseases ( ! v9e are n =midable 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are s =midable t !y ?reat5 to de/roy "s v>ieties altoge!r2 & ! ,catawba1 once ! glory & pride ( ! ,ohio v9ey>ds1 has = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s suff]$ s mu* f !m1 t _m ( ! grape-gr[]s :o are too n>r[-m9d$ to try any?+ else are ab\t giv+ up grape-gr[+ 9 despair4 ,x is v =tunate1 !re=e1 t we h v>ieties :i* d n suff] f ^! diseases1 or only 9 a v slight degree2 & my advice to ! beg9n] 9 grape-culture w\ld be1 n to plant l>gely ( any v>iety :i* is subject to disease4 ,m5 may talk ab\t sulphur+1 & du/+ _! v9es ) sulphur ?r\gh bell[s2 b ,i w\ld r h v9es :i* w be> a good crop )\t ^! w9dy appliances4 ,we c c]ta9ly f9d "s v>ieties = e locality :i* d n ne$ !m1 & ^! we %\ld plant4 ,! mildew is our mo/ =midable disease1 & w v (t5 sweep away two-?irds ( a crop ( ,catawbas 9 a few days4 ,x g5]ally appe>s "h f ! fir/ to ! fifte5? ( ,june1 aft] abundant ra9s1 & damp1 w>m wea!r4 ,x seems to be a p>asitic fungus1 & sulphur appli$ by means ( a bell[s1 or du/$ ov] ! fruit & v9e is said to be a p>tial rem$y4 ,close & e>ly summ]-prun+ w d mu* to prev5t x1 ?r[+1 z x does1 all ! /r5g? ( ! v9e into ! "y fruit1 develop+ x rapidly1 & also all[+ free circulation ( air4 ,9 "s v>ieties--= in/ance1 ! ,delaw>e--x w only affect ! leaves1 caus+ !m to blight & drop (f1 aft] :i* ! fruit1 al?\gh x may atta9 full size1 w n rip5 nor become sweet1 b )] & drop (f prematurely4 ,9 seasons :5 ! wea!r is dry & ! air pure1 x w n appe>4 ,x is mo/ preval5t 9 locations :i* h a t5aci\s subsoil1 & "u-dra9+ w v likely prove a p>tial prev5tive1 z excess ( moi/ure ab\t ! roots is no d\bt "o ( its causes4 ,! gray rot1 or s-call$ grape *ol]a1 g5]ally foll[s ! mildew1 & ,i ?9k t ! latt] is ! pr9cipal cause ( x1 z ,i h g5]ally f\nd x on b]ries ^: /ems h be5 injur$ by ! mildew4 ,! b]ry fir/ %[s a sort ( gray m>bl+2 9 a day or two x turns to a grayi%-blue color1 & f9ally )]s & drops f ! bun*4 ,x w cont9ue to affect b]ries until !y beg9 to color1 b only attack a few v>ieties--! ,catawba1 ,to ,kalon1 ,k+sess+1 & sometimes ! ,diana4 ,! spott$1 or br[n rot1 w also attack _m ( our v>ieties2 x is v de/ructive to ! ,isabella & ,catawba1 & ev5 ! ,concord is n q free f x4 ,b x is1 aft] all1 n v de/ructive1 & n half z dang]\s z ! mildew or gray rot4 ,e>ly & close summ]-prun+ is a p>tial prev5tative aga9/ all ^! diseases1 z x w ha/5 ! developm5t ( ! fruit1 all[ free circulation ( air1 & ! "y leaves :i* appe> on ! lat]als aft] p9*+ seem to be bett] able to )/& ! effects ( ! mildew1 (t5 rema9+ fre% & gre51 & %ad+ ! fruit1 :5 ! fir/ gr[? ( leaves h already dropp$4 ,b an ounce ( prev5tion is bett] ?an a p\nd ( cure1 & our be/ prev5tive is to plant none b heal?y v>ieties4 ,a grape1 h[ev] good x may be 9 quality1 is n fit = g5]al cultivation if s]i\sly affect$ ) any ( ^! diseases4 ,no?+ c be m disc\rag+ to ! grape-gr[] ?an to see 8 v9es "o day ri* 9 ! promise ( an abundant crop1 & a few days aft]w>ds see two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s swept away by disease4 ,x is because ,i h s (t5 felt ?is bitt] disappo9tm5t1 t ,i w\ld w>n my read]s aga9/ plant+ v>ieties subject to !m4 ,i w\ld save !m f ! disc\ragem5t & bitt] losses :i* ,i h exp]i5c$1 :5 x 0 out ( my p[] to prev5t x4 ,!y c prev5t x1 = ! grape-gr[+ ( to-day is no long] ! same unc]ta9 occupation x 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,we ( to-day h our *oice ( v>ieties n subject to disease2 let u make x judici\sly1 & we may be sure ( a pay+ crop e ye>4 ,,insects ,,injuri\s ,,to ,,! ,,grape4 ,! grape has _m enemies ( ?is k9d1 b if !y are closely wat*$ f ! beg9n+ _! ravages are easily kept )9 prop] b\nds4 ,! common gray cut-worm w (t5 eat ! "y t5d] %oots ( ! v9e1 & draw !m into ! gr\nd bel[4 ,:]ev] ?is is p]ceiv$ ! rascal c easily be f\nd by digg+ = him "u "s ( ! loose clods ( gr\nd bel[ ! v9e1 & %\ld be de/roy$ )\t m]cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,delaw>e4--,b]ries #a_/b diamet]4 ,small worms1 belong+ to ! family ( leaf-fold]s1 "s ( !m :iti% gray1 "s blui% gre51 w 9 spr+ make _! webs among ! "y1 d[ny leaves at ! end ( ! %oots1 eat+ ! "y bun*es or buttons1 & ! leaves4 ,^! c be de/roy$ :5 summ] prun+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,look close = !m1 z !y are v small2 yet v de/ructive if let alone4 ,a small1 gray beetle1 ( ab\t ! size & color ( a hemp-se$1 w (t5 eat a hole into ! bud1 :5 x is j swell+1 & ?us de/roy x4 ,he is v %y1 & w drop f ! v9e z soon z y come ne> him4 ,x is a good plan to spread a newspap] "u ! v9e1 & !n %ake x1 :5 he w drop on ! pap] & c be caught4 ,ano!r bug1 ( ab\t ! size ( a fly1 gray1 ) r\nd black specks1 w sometimes pay u a visit4 ,!y w come 9 sw>ms1 & eat ! upp] side ( ! leaves1 leav+ only ! skeletons4 ,!y are v de/ructive1 dev\r+ e leaf1 z f> z !y g2 !y c also be %ak5 (f on a pap] or %eet spread "u ! v9e4 ,! ?rip1 a small1 r ?ree-corn]$1 :iti%-gre5 insect1 has ( late be5 v tr\blesome1 z !y eat ! "u side ( ! leaves ( "s v>ieties1 especially ! ,delaw>e & ,norton's ,virg9ia1 :5 ! leaf w %[ ru/y specks on ! surface1 & f9ally drop (f4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to g ?r\gh ! v9ey>d at night1 "o man c>ry+ a light$ tor*1 & ! o!r beat+ ! v9es1 :5 !y w fly into ! flame1 & be burnt4 ,!y are a great annoyance1 & h defoliat$ :ole v9ey>ds "h la/ fall4 ,ano!r leaf-fold] makes 8 appe>ance ab\t mid-summ]1 mak+ its web on ! leaf1 draw+ x toge!r1 & !n dev\r+ 8 own h\se4 ,x is a small1 gre5i%1 & v active worm1 :o1 if he smells a rat1 w drop out ( 8 web1 & desc5d to ! gr\nd 9 d\ble-quick "t4 ,i "k ( no o!r plan1 ?an to cat* him & cru% 8 web betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb4 ,! aphis1 or plant l\se1 (t5 cov]s ! "y %oots ( ! v9e1 suck+ its juices4 ,:5 a %oot is attack$ by !m1 x w be be/ to take x (f & cru% !m "u y\r feet1 z ! %oot is apt to be sickly aft]w>ds1 any way4 ,! grape v9e sphynx w be f\nd occasionally4 ,x is a l>ge1 gre5 worm1 ) black dots1 & v voraci\s4 ,=tunately1 x is n num]\s1 & c easily be f\nd & de/roy$4 ,!re are also sev]al cat]pill>s--! yell[ be>1 ! hog cat]pill>1 & ! blue cat]pill>1 :i* w fe$ ^u ! leaves4 ,! only rem$y ,i "k aga9/ !m is h& pick+1 b !y h n z yet be5 v num]\s1 nor v de/ructive4 ,wasps are sometimes v tr\blesome :5 ! fruit rip5s1 /++ ! b]ries & suck+ ! juice4 ,a great _m c be caught by hang+ up bottles1 ) a little molasses1 :i* !y w ent]1 & get /uck 9 ! molasses4 ,,birds4 ,^! are sometimes v tr\blesome at ! "t ( rip5+1 & especially ! oriole is a h>d cu/om]1 z he w g5]ally dip 8 bill into e b]ry2 (t5 ru9+ a f9e bun*1 or a numb] ( !m1 9 a %ort "t4 ,i h !re=e be5 compell$ to wage a w> ^u "s ( ! fea!r$ tribe1 al?\gh !y are my especial favorites1 & ,i _c see a bird's ne/ robb$4 ,h[ev]1 !re are "s :o d n visit ! v9ey>d1 except = ! purpose ( de/roy+ our grapes1 & ^! c n compla9 if we won't /& x any long]1 b take ! gun1 & retaliate on !m4 ,! oriole1 ! r$ bird1 ?ru%1 & cat bird are among ! numb]1 & al?\gh ,i w\ld l to sp>e ! latt] ?ree1 9 ?ankful remembrance ( _m a gratuit\s conc]t1 ! fir/ mu/ take 8 *ance ( p[d] & lead1 = ! little rascal is too aggravat+4 ,a few dry bu%es1 rais$ above ! trellis w s]ve z _! re/+ place be=e !y comm5ce _! "w ( de/ruction1 :]e !y c be easily kill$4 ,,fro/s4 ,al?\gh our w9t]s are seldom sev]e en\gh to de/roy ! h>dy v>ieties1 yet !y w (t5 fatally injure su* half h>dy v>ieties z ! ,h]bemont & ,cunn+ham1 & ! sev]e w9t] ( #ahfc1-'fd1 kill$ ev5 ! ,catawba1 d[n to ! sn[ l9e1 & sev]ely injur$ ! ,norton's ,virg9ia1 & ev5 ! ,concord4 ,=tunately1 su* w9t]s occur b r>ely1 & ev5 9 localities :]e ! v9es are (t5 de/roy$ by ! sev]e cold 9 w9t]1 ?is %\ld det] no "o f gr[+ grapes1 z1 ) v little extra labor he c protect !m1 & br+ !m safely ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,i always cov] my t5d] v>ieties1 9 fact1 all t ,i feel n q safe to leave out1 ev5 9 sev]e w9t]s1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! v9es are prop]ly prun$ 9 ! fall2 !n select a some:at ra9y day1 :5 ! canes w b5d m easily4 ,"o man goes ?r\gh ! r[s1 & b5ds ! canes to ! gr\nd along ! trellis1 :ile ano!r foll[s ) ! spade1 & ?r[s e>? en\gh on !m to hold !m 9 _! places4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,i run a pl\gh ?r\gh ! r[s1 & cov] !m up completely4 ,9 ! spr+ :5 all dang] f fro/ is ov]1 ,i take a s-call$ spad+ =k1 & lift ! v9es4 ,! entire co/ ( cov]+ an acre ( grape v9es & tak+ !m up aga9 9 spr+1 w n exce$ #aj2 surely a trifl+ exp5se1 if we c !reby ensure a full crop4 ,we h ?us a protection aga9/ ! cold 9 w9t]1 b ,i "k none aga9/ e>ly fro/s1 9 fall1 & late spr+ fro/s2 & ! grape gr[] %\ld !re=e avoid all localities :]e !y are preval5t4 ,! imm$iate neighborhood ( l>ge /reams1 or lakes1 w g5]ally save ! grape gr[] f _! disa/r\s influ5ce2 & our summ]s1 "h1 along ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri riv]1 are 9 reality full two mon?s long] ?an !y are 9 ! l[1 small valleys1 only f\r to six miles (f4 ,let ! grape gr[]1 9 *oos+ a locality1 look well to ?is1 & avoid ! hills along ^! n>r[ valleys4 ,ei!r *oose a location suffici5tly elevat$1 to be beyond _! influ5ce1 or1 :at is bett] /ill1 *oose x on ! bluffs above our l>ge /reams2 :]e ! atmosph]e1 ev5 9 ! heat ( summ]1 w nev] become too dry = ! heal? ( ! v9e4 ,x is a sad spectacle to see ! hopes ( a :ole summ] fru/rat$ by "o cold night2 to see ! v9es :i* promis$ an abundant crop b ! day be=e1 br[n$ & wilt$ beyond all hopes ( recov]y1 & ! *e]less prospect be=e y1 t x may occur e spr+2 or to see ! f9e/ crop ( grapes1 :5 j rip5+1 scor*$ & wilt$ by j "o night's fro/1 fit = no?+ b v9eg>4 ,!re=e1 look well to ?is1 :5 y *oose ! site ( y\r v9ey>d1 & r pay five times ! price = a location free f fro/1 ?an = ! ri*e/ f>m along ! s-call$ creek bottoms1 or worse /ill1 sl\ghs ( /agnant wat]4 ,,girdl+ ,,! ,,v9e ,,to ,,ha/5 ,,maturity4 ,! practice ( girdl+ to induce e>ly rip5+ is suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ by ,col4 ,,bu*att1 ( ,metz1 9 #agde4 ,he claim$ = x t x w\ld also greatly improve ! quality ( ! fruit1 z well z ha/5 maturity4 ,t x accompli%es ! latt]1 _c be d5i$2 x also seems to increase ! size ( ! b]ries1 b ,i h>dly ?9k ! fruit c comp>e 9 flavor ) a well develop$ bun*1 rip5$ 9 ! natural way4 ,z x may be ( practical value to ^? :o gr[ grapes = ! m>ket1 enabl+ !m to supply _! cu/om]s a week e>li] at lea/1 & also make ! fruit look bett]1 & be ( int]e/ to ! amateur cultivator1 ,i w describe ! op]ation = _! b5efit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,,norton',s ,,virg9ia--,b]ries #a_/c diamet]4 ,x c be p]=m$ ei!r on wood ( ! same season's gr[?1 or on t ( la/ ye>1 b 9 any case only ^u su* z c be prun$ away ! next fall4 ,if y desire to affect ! fruit ( a :ole arm or cane1 cut away a r+ ( b>k by pass+ y\r knife all ar\nd x1 & mak+ ano!r incision f a qu>t] to half an in* above ! fir/1 tak+ out ! int]m$iate piece ( b>k clean1 d[n to ! wood4 ,x %\ld be p]=m$ imm$iately aft] ! fruit is set4 ,! bun*es ( fruit above ! incision w become l>g]1 & ! fruit rip5 & color f9ely1 f a week to t5 days be=e ! fruit on ! o!r canes4 ,( c\rse1 ! cane ?us girdl$1 _c be us$ = ! next season1 & mu/ be cut away entirely4 ,! result seems to be ! consequ5ce ( an ob/ruction to ! d[nw>d fl[ ( ! sap1 :i* !n develops ! fruit mu* fa/]4 ,rip5+ c also be ha/5$ by plant+ aga9/ ! s\? side ( a wall or bo>d f5ce1 :5 ! reflection ( ! rays ( ! sun w create a great] degree ( w>m?4 ,b no?+ c be s absurd & unnatural ?an ! practice ( "s1 :o w take away ! leaves f ! fruit1 to ha/5 its rip5+4 ,! leaves are ! lungs ( ! plants2 ! conductors & elevators ( sap2 & no?+ c be m injuri\s ?an to take !m away f ! fruit at ! v "t :5 !y are mo/ ne$$4 ,! consequ5ce ( su* an unwise c\rse w be ! wilt+ & )]+ ( ! bun*es1 &1 %\ld !y rip5 at all1 !y w be defici5t 9 flavor4 ,good fruit mu/ rip5 9 ! %ade1 only ?us w x atta9 its full p]fection4 ,ano!r practice v injuri\s to ! v9es is /ill 9 practice 9 "s v9ey>ds1 & _c be too /rongly condemn$4 ,x is ! s-call$ cutt+ 9 ( ! "y gr[? 9 ,augu/4 ,^? :o practice x1 seem to labor "u ! misappreh5sion t ! "y canes1 aft] !y h rea*$ ! top ( ! trellis1 & are ( ! prop] l5g? & /r5g? = _! next ye>'s crop1 d n ne$ t "p ( ! "y gr[? beyond ^! limits any m1 & t all ! surplus gr[? is ( evil4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is idea !y arm !mselves ) a villa9\s look+ ?+ call$ a bill-hook1 & cut & sla% away at ! "y gr[? unm]cifully1 tak+ away "o-half ( ! leaves & "y wood at "o fell swoop4 ,! consequ5ce is a /agnation ( sap3 ! wood !y h left1 _c1 & ought n to rip5 p]fectly1 & if any?+ l a cold w9t] foll[s1 ! v9es w ei!r be kill$ entirely1 or v mu* injur$ at lea/4 ,! intellig5t v9e dress] w tie 8 "y canes1 away f ! be>+ wood z mu* z he c1 to give ! fruit ! fulle/ v5tilation2 b :5 !y h rea*$ ! top ( ! trellis1 tie !m along x & let !m ramble z !y please4 ,!y w ?us =m a natural ro( ov] ! fruit1 keep (f all injuri\s dews1 & %ade ! grapes f above4 ,!re is no?+ m pleas+ to ! eye ?an a v9ey>d 9 ,septemb]1 ) its weal? ( d>k gre5 foliage above1 & its purple clu/]s ( fruit b5ea?1 coyly peep+ f "u _! leafy cov]+4 ,su* grapes w h an exquisite bloom1 & color1 z well z ?9 sk9 & ri* flavor1 :i* ^? hang+ 9 ! scor*+ rays ( ! sun c nev] atta94 ,,manur+ ,,! ,,v9e4 ,z rem>k$ be=e1 ?is w seldom be necess>y1 if ! v9tn] is c>eful en\gh to gu>d aga9/ wa%+ ( ! top-soil1 & to turn "u all leaves1 etc41 ) ! pl[ 9 ! ,fall4 ,! be/ manure is und\bt$ly fre% surface soil f ! woods4 ,%\ld ! v9es1 h[ev]1 %[ a mat]ial decrease 9 vigor1 x may become necess>y to use a top-dress+ ( decompos$ leaves1 a%es1 bone-du/1 *>coal1 etc4 ,fre% /able-y>d manure ,i w\ld consid] ! la/1 & only to be us$ :5 no?+ bett] c be obta9$4 ,turn "u ) ! pl[1 z soon z ! manure is spread4 ,no?+1 ,i ?9k1 is m injuri\s ?an ! cont9ual dr5*+ ) slops1 di%-wat]1 etc41 :i* "s good s\ls ( h\sewives are fond ( be/[+ on _! pet grape v9es 9 ! g>d54 ,x creates a rank1 un:olesome gr[?1 & w cause mildew & rot1 if any?+ c4 ,,?9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,fruit4 ,?is w sometimes be necess>y1 to m fully develop ! bun*es4 ,! be/ ?9n+ is ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( bun*es at ! "t ( ! fir/ summ] prun+4 ,if a v9e %[s m fruit1 ?an ! v9e dress] ?9ks x c well rip51 take away all weak & imp]fect %oots1 & also all ! small & imp]fect bun*es4 ,if ! numb] ( bun*es on ! fruit be>+ bran*es is r$uc$ to two on ea*1 x w be no injury1 b make ! rema9+ numb] ( bun*es s mu* m p]fect4 ,?9n+ out ! b]ries on ! bun*es1 al?\gh x w s]ve to make ! rema9+ b]ries m p]fect & l>g]1 is /ill a v labori\s process1 & w h>dly be foll[$ to any ext5t 9 v9ey>ds1 al?\gh x c well be practis$ on ! few pet v9es ( ! amateur1 & w c]ta9ly height5 ! beauty ( ! bun*es & b]ries4 ,,r5ew+ ,,old ,,v9es4 ,%\ld a v9e become old & feeble1 x c be r5ew$ by lay]+4 ,! v9e is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,prune all ! old wood away1 leav+ b "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s ( y\r canes2 !n dig a tr5* f ! v9e along ! trellis1 say ?ree feet long1 eight in*es deep2 into ?is b5d d[n ! old v9e1 /ump1 head & all1 fa/5+ x d[n ) a /rong hook1 if necess>y1 lett+ ! end ( ! "y cane come out ab\t ?ree eyes above ! gr\nd1 & fill up ) ri*1 well pulv]iz$ soil4 ,! v9e w make new roots at e jo9t1 & become vigor\s1 &1 s to say1 "y1 aga94 ,"s recomm5d ?is process = "y v9es1 ! fir/ ye> aft] plant+2 b if good plants h be5 *os5 & plant$1 x w n be necess>y4 ,feeble & poor plants may ne$ ?is process1 b if plants h good /rong roots :5 plant$1 7& only su* %\ld be plant$ :5 !y c be obta9$71 !y w n be b5efit$ by x4 ,a ,,few ,,necess>y ,,improvem5ts4 ,prun+ ,%e>s4 ,^! are v h&y1 & ) !m ! "w c be done quick]1 & ) less labor1 z b a slight pressure ( ! h& w cut a /rong v9e4 ,fig4 #bb w %[ ! %ape ( "o = heavy prun+4 ,!y are made by ,j4 ,t4 ,,h5ry1 ,hampd51 ,connecticut1 & c be _h 9 almo/ all h>dw>e /ores4 ,! spr+s %\ld be ( brass1 z /eel spr+s are v apt to break4 ,a mu* light] & small] k9d1 ) b "o spr+1 is v conv5i5t = ga!r+ grapes1 z x w cut ! /em easily & smoo?ly1 & n %ake ! v9e1 z cutt+ ) ! knife w d4 ,!y are also h&y to clip out unripe & rott5 b]ries1 & %\ld be g5]ally us$ in/ead ( knives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,prun+ ,saws4 ,x w sometimes be necess>y to use ^!1 to cut out old /umps1 etc41 al?\gh1 if a v9e is well manag$1 x w seldom be necess>y4 ,fig4 #bc w %[ a k9d :i* is v conv5i5t = ! purpose1 & w also s]ve = or*>d prun+2 ! blade is n>r[1 connect$ ) ! h&le1 & c be turn$ 9 any direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,fruit ,,= ,,m>ket4 ,9 ?is1 ! v9ey>di/1 ( c\rse1 only aims at pr(it1 & = t purpose ! grapes are (t5 ga!r$ :5 !y are h>dly color$--long be=e !y are really ripe--because ! public w g5]ally buy !m at a high price4 ,let u hope1 h[ev]1 t bett] ta/e w 9 "t prevail1 & t ev5 a majority ( ! public w le>n to appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ripe & unripe fruit4 ,i w\ld advise my read]s at lea/ to wait until ! fruit is fully & ev5ly color$2 = x is our duty to d all we c to correct ?is vici\s lean+ t[>ds swall[+ unripe fruit1 :i* is s preval5t 9 ?is nation1 & ! produc] w n lose any?+ ei!r1 because 8 fruit w look mu* bett]1 x w !re=e br+ ! same price :i* half rip5$ fruit w\ld h br\ght1 ev5 a week soon]1 & w weigh heavi]4 ,e grape w g5]ally color full two weeks be=e x is fully ripe2 & z !y are "o ( ! fruits t w n rip5 aft] !y are ga!r$1 !y w %rivel & look indiff]5t if ga!r$ be=e4 ,to %ip !m to m>ket any di/ance1 !y %\ld be pack$ 9 l[1 %all[ boxes1 say six in*es high1 s t !y w hold ab\t two lay]s ( grapes4 ,cut ! bran*es c>efully1 ) z long a /em z possible1 = m conv5i5t h&l+1 tak+ c>e to pres]ve all ! bloom1 & clipp+ out all ! unripe b]ries4 ,!y are g5]ally weigh$ 9 ! basket be=e pack+4 ,n[ put a lay] ( v9e leaves on ! bottom ( ! box2 !n make a lay] ( grapes1 lay+ !m z close z possible2 !n put a lay] ( leaves ov] !m2 on !m put ano!r lay] ( grapes1 fill+ up ev5ly2 !n spread leaves r ?ickly ov] !m1 & nail on ! cov]4 ,! box %\ld be p]=at$ ) holes1 to admit "s air4 ,! grapes mu/ be p]fectly dry :5 ga!r$1 & ! box %\ld be well fill$ to prev5t %ak+ & bruis+4 ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,fruit4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! fruit mu/ be ?or\ghly ripe4 ,:5 fully ripe1 ! /em w turn br[n1 & %rivel some:at4 ,! fruit is !n c>efully ga!r$1 & laid ^u a dry floor1 or %elves1 = a day or two1 s t "s ( ! moi/ure w evaporate4 ,!y c !n be pack$ 9 boxes1 9 ab\t ! same mann] z describ$ be=e1 b pap] w be bett] ?an leaves = ?is purpose4 ,!y are !n put away on %elves1 9 an airy room1 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be free f fro/1 9 an ev5 temp]ature ( f #cj to #dj4 ,!y %\ld be exam9$ f "t to "t1 & ! decay$ b]ries tak5 out4 ,!y may ?us be kept = sev]al mon?s4 ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,fruit ,,to ,,make ,,w9e4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! grapes %\ld hang z long z x is safe to all[ !m2 = x w make a v mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! w9e1 z ! wat] w evaporate1 & only ! sug> rema92 & ! flavor or ! b\quet w only be fully develop$ 9 fully rip5$ fruit4 ,= ga!r+1 use clean t9 or wood5 pails2 cut ! /ems z %ort z possible1 & clip or p9* out all unripe or rott5 b]ries1 leav+ none b fully ripe b]ries on ! bun*4 ,! fur!r process w be describ$ "u w9e mak+4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,grapes4 ,i w\ld "h1 aga9 rem>k1 t ,i consid] ! "q ( :at to plant z *iefly a local "o1 = :i* ,i d n presume to lay d[n fix$ rules2 b :i* e "o mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 det]m9e = himself1 by visit+ v9ey>ds z ne>ly simil> 9 soil & location to ! "o he int5ds to plant1 & !n closely obs]v+ ! habits ( ! v>ieties aft] plant+4 ,only ?us c we obta9 c]ta9 results2 n by foll[+ bl9dly 9 ! foot/eps ( s-call$ au?orities1 :o may live a hundr$1 or a ?\s& miles f u1 & ^: success ) c]ta9 v>ieties1 on soil entirely diff]5t f ours1 "u diff]5t atmosph]ic influ5ces1 c by no means be tak5 by u z evid5ce ( our success "u o!r circum/ances4 ,,class #a4--,v>ieties mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,,concord4 ,orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,e4 ,,bull1 ( ,concord1 ,mass4 ,?is v>iety seems to be ! *oice ( ! majority ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & h[ev] mu* op9ions may diff] ab\t its quality1 nobody seems to "q its h>d9ess1 productiv5ess1 heal? & value z a m>ket fruit4 ,"h x is ( v good quality--& our ,ea/]n bre?r5 h no idea :at a really well rip5$ ,miss\ri gr[n ,concord grape is4 ,x seems to become bett] ! fur!r x is gr[n ,we/ & ,s\?2 an obs]vation :i* ,i ?9k applies ) equal =ce to ! ,h>t=d ,prolific1 ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,h]bemont & o!rs4 ,bun* l>ge1 heavy %\ld]$--some:at compact2 b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 black1 ) blue bloom2 butt]y1 sweet & ri* "h1 :5 well rip5$2 ) v ?9 sk9 & t5d] pulp4 ,a /rong & vigor\s gr[]2 ) heal?y1 h>dy foliage2 free f mildew1 & b slightly subject to rot2 succe$s well 9 almo/ any soil2 & is1 s f>1 ! mo/ pr(itable grape we gr[4 ,a f9e m>ket fruit1 & also makes a f9e1 light r$ w9e1 :i* is g5]ally pref]r$ to ! ,catawba4 ,c be easily gr[n f cutt+s4 ,,norton',s ,,virg9ia1 7,,norton',s ,,se$l+1 ,,virg9ia ,,se$l+74 ,orig9at$ by ,,dr4 ,n4 ,,norton1 ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia4 ,?is grape has op5$ a new era 9 ,am]ican grape culture1 & e successive ye> b adds to its reputation4 ,:ile ! w9e ( ! ,catawba is (t5 comp>$ to ,hock1 9 ! w9e ( ,norton's ,virg9ia1 we h "o ( an entirely diff]5t "*2 & x is a conc$$ fact t ! be/ r$ w9es ( ,europe are surpass$ by ! ,norton z an a/r+5t1 d>k r$ w9e1 ( great body1 f9e flavor1 & sup]ior m$ical quality4 ,v9e vigor\s & h>dy1 productive2 />t+ a week lat] 9 ! ,spr+ ?an ! ,catawba1 yet color+ a week soon]2 & w succe$ 9 almo/ any soil1 al?\gh produc+ ! ri*e/ w9e 9 w>m1 s\!rn aspects4 ,bun*es m$ium1 compact2 b]ries small1 black1 sweet & ri*2 ) d>k blui% r$ juice2 only mod]ately juicy4 ,heal?y 9 all locations1 z f> z ,i "k1 b ,i d\bt its utility 9 ! ,ea/1 z ,i d n ?9k ! summ]s w>m & long en\gh4 ,seems to atta9 its greate/ p]fection 9 ,miss\ri1 b is univ]sally e/eem$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,v difficult to propagate1 z x w h>dly gr[ f cutt+s 9 op5 air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,h]bemont4--,b]ries #a_/c diamet]4 ,,h]bemont 7,,h]bemont ,,madeira1 ,,w>r574 ,orig9 unc]ta94 ,:]ev] ?is noble grape w succe$ & fully rip51 x is h>d to f9d a bett]1 = table1 z well z = w9e4 ,its home seems to be ! ,s\?2 & ,i ?9k x w become "o ( ! lead+ v>ieties1 z soon z ! new ord] ( ?+s has be5 fully e/abli%$1 & free1 intellig5t labor has tak5 ! place ( ! drudg+1 dull toil ( ! slave4 ,x is p>ticul>ly fond ( w>m1 s\!rn exposures1 ) light lime/one soil1 & x w\ld be useless to plant x on soil ret5tive ( moi/ure4 ,bun* long1 l>ge %\ld]$ & compact2 b]ry m$ium1 black1 ) blue bloom--bags ( w9e1 z ,d[n+ fitly calls !m2 sk9 ?91 sweet fle%1 )\t pulp1 juicy & high flavor$1 nev] clogs ! palate2 f9e = ! table1 & makes an excell5t w9e1 :i* %\ld be press$ imm$iately aft] ma%+ ! grapes1 :5 x w be :ite1 & ( an exquisite flavor2 g5]ally rip5s ab\t same "t z ,catawba4 ,a v vigor\s & heal?y gr[]1 b t5d] 9 ri* soils1 & %\ld be protect$ 9 w9t]4 ,extremely productive4 ,,h>t=d ,,prolific4 ,rais$ by ,mr4 ,,/eel1 ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn43 h>dy1 vigor\s & productive2 bun* l>ge1 %\ld]$1 r compact2 b]ry full m$ium1 globul>1 ) a p]ceptible foxy flavor2 sk9 ?ick1 black1 cov]$ ) blue bloom2 fle% sweet1 juicy2 mu* bett] "h ?an at ! ,ea/2 ( v fair quality = its "t ( rip5+2 hangs well to ! bun* "h1 al?\gh said to drop at ! ,ea/4 ,= m>ket1 ?is is p]haps z pr(itable z any v>iety kn[n1 z x rip5s v e>ly & uni=mly1 produc+ imm5se crops4 ,i h made w9e f x1 :i*1 al?\gh n ( v high "*1 yet ranks z fair4 ,,cl9ton4 ,orig9 unc]ta92 f ,we/]n ,new ,york2 vigor\s1 h>dy & productive2 free f disease2 bun* m$ium1 long & n>r[1 g5]ally %\ld]$1 compact2 b]ry m$ium1 r\ndi% oblong1 black1 cov]$ ) bloom2 juicy2 some:at acid2 colors e>ly1 b %\ld hang late to become ?or\ghly ripe2 brisk v9\s flavor1 b some:at ( ! aroma ( ! fro/ grape2 makes a d>k r$ w9e1 ( good body1 & mu* resembl+ cl>et1 b n equal to ,norton's ,virg9ia1 or ev5 ! ,concord1 9 my e/imation4 ,al?\gh safe & reliable1 ,i ?9k x has lately be5 ov] prais$ z a w9e grape1 & z x is a v long1 /raggl+ gr[]1 x is "o ( ! h>de/ v9es to keep "u control4 ,propagates ) ! greate/ ease4 ,,delaw>e4 ,fir/ dissem9at$ & made kn[n to ! public by ,mr4 ,a4 ,,?ompson1 ( ,delaw>e1 ,ohio4 ,?is is claim$ by _m to be ! be/ ,am]ican grape2 & al?\gh ,i am incl9$ to d\bt ?is1 & pref]1 = my ta/e1 a well rip5$ ,h]bemont1 x is c]ta9ly a v f9e fruit4 ,un=tunately1 x is v p>ticul> 9 its *oice ( soil & location1 & x seems z if !re are v few locations at ! ,we/ :]e x w succe$4 ,:oev] has a location1 h[ev]1 :]e x w gr[ vigor\sly & hold its leaves1 w d well to plant x almo/ exclusively1 z x makes a w9e ( v high "*1 & is v productive4 ,a light1 w>m soil seems to be ! fir/ requisite1 & ! bluffs on ! nor? side ( ! ,miss\ri riv] seem to be peculi>ly adapt$ to x1 :ile x w n fl\ri% on ^? on ! s\? side4 ,bun* small1 compact1 & g5]ally %\ld]$2 b]ry bel[ m$ium1 r\nd2 sk9 ?91 ( a beautiful fle%-color1 cov]$ ) a lilac bloom2 v transluc5t2 pulp sweet & t5d]1 v9\s & delici\s2 wood v firm2 %ort-jo9t$2 some:at difficult to propagate1 ?\gh n s mu* s z ,norton's ,virg9ia4 ,subject 9 _m locations1 to leaf-blight1 & is !re a v sl[ gr[]4 ,f9e = ! table1 & makes an excell5t :ite w9e1 equal to1 if n sup]ior1 to ! be/ ,rh5i% w9es1 :i* sells readily at f five to six doll>s p] gallon4 ,al?\gh ,i _c recomm5d x = g5]al cultivation1 x %\ld be tri$ e :]e1 & plant$ ext5sively :]e x w succe$4 ,rip5s ab\t five days lat] ?an ,h>t=d ,prolific4 ,,class #b4--;,heal?y v>ieties promis+ well4 ,,cyn?iana 7,,r$ ,,riv]74 ,orig9 unkn[n--said to come f ,arkansas4 ,?is grape promises fair to become a dang]\s rival to ,norton's ,virg9ia1 :i* v>iety x resembles s closely 9 wood & foliage1 t x is difficult if n impossible to di/+ui% x f t v>iety4 ,! bun* & b]ry are ( ! same color z ,norton's ,virg9ia1 b some:at l>g]1 & m juicy2 sweet]1 ) n q z mu* a/r+5cy1 & p]haps a few days e>li]4 ,makes an excell5t d>k r$ w9e1 ) n z mu* a/r+5cy1 b ev5 m delicate aroma1 & 0 pron\nc$ ! be/ r$ w9e on exhibition1 at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 :]e x 0 9 competition ) eight samples ( ! ,norton's ,virg9ia4 ,a /rong gr[]1 & productive2 z difficult to propagate z ! ,norton4 ,mr4 ,,full] evid5tly has n ! true v>iety1 :5 he calls x wor?less1 & id5tical ) ! ,*ippewa & ,miss\ri1 f bo? ( :i* x is entirely di/9ct4 ,,arkansas4 ,closely resembles ! =ego+1 & w also make an excell5t w9e ( a simil> "*4 ,i consid] bo? ( ^! v>ieties z great acquisitions1 z !y are p]fectly heal?y1 v productive1 & w make a w9e unsurpass$ 9 m]it by any ( _! class4 ,,taylor 7,,bullitt47 ,?is grape1 "u prop] treatm5t1 has prov$ v productive ) me1 & w make a w9e ( v high quality4 ,! bun*es & b]ries are small1 x is true2 b n mu* m s ?an ! ,delaw>e2 x also sets its fruit well1 & z x is h>dy1 heal?y1 & a /rong gr[]1 x promises to be "o ( our lead+ w9e grapes4 ,bun*es small1 b compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry small2 :ite at ! ,ea/2 pale fle%-color "h2 r\nd1 sweet1 & )\t pulp2 sk9 v ?94 ,requires long prun+ on spurs1 to br+ out its fruitfulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,h>t=d ,,prolific4--,b]ries #a_/b diamet]4 ,,m>?a4 ,?is new grape1 gr[n f ! se$ ( ! ,concord1 by t en?usia/ic & w>m-he>t$ horticulturi/1 ,,samuel ,,mill]1 ( ,lebanon1 ,pa41 promises to be "o ( ! greate/ acquisitions to our li/ ( really h>dy & good grapes1 :i* h lately come be=e ! public4 ,x has fruit$ ) me ! la/ extremely unfavorable season1 & has /ood ! h>de/ te/ any grape c\ld be put to1 )\t fl9*+4 ,bun* m$ium1 b compact & heavy1 %\ld]$2 b]ry pale yell[1 cov]$ ) a :ite bloom2 p]haps a trifle small] ?an ! ,concord2 r\nd2 pulpy1 b sweet z honey1 ) only en\gh ( ! foxy aroma to give x "*2 juicy--v good4 ,i e/eem x m highly ?an any o!r :ite grape ,i h1 z x has ! heal?y habit & vigor\s gr[? ( its p>5t1 & promises to make an excell5t :ite w9e4 ,hangs to ! bun* well1 & w rip5 "s days be=e ! ,concord4 ,,maxatawney4 ,ano!r v promis+ :ite grape--a /rong gr[]1 & heal?y2 may be some:at too late 9 ! ea/1 b w1 ,i ?9k1 be valuable at ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,bun* m$ium to l>ge---n %\ld]$2 b]ry above m$ium2 oval2 pale yell[1 ) a slight amb] t9t on "o side2 pulp t5d]1 sweet & sprightly2 few se$s2 f9e aroma2 quality1 be/4 ,rip5s ab\t same "t z ,catawba2 seems to be productive4 ,,rog]s' ,,hybrid1 ,,no4 #a4 ,?is v>iety1 :i* is also too late 9 rip5+ = ! ,ea/1 to be mu* e/eem$ !re1 fruit$ ) me la/ season1 & m ?an fulfill$ all ! expectations ,i ent]ta9$ ( x4 ,x is ! be/ ( ,mr4 ,,rog]s' ,hybrids1 :i* ,i h yet ta/$2 & its productiv5ess1 heal?y habit1 l>ge b]ry1 & good quality1 makes x "o ( ! mo/ desirable ( all ! grapes we raise "h1 = ! table & m>ket4 ,bun* m$ium1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry v l>ge1 oblong1 pale fle%-color2 sk9 ?92 pulp t5d]2 few se$s1 sep>at+ freely f ! pulp2 sweet1 v9\s & juicy2 quality v good4 ,rip5s ab\t same "t z ,catawba4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ,mr4 ,,rog]s has n nam$ "s ( ! be/ ( 8 hybrids1 z ! numb]s give rise to _m mi/akes1 & a great deal ( confusion4 ,x w\ld be 9 ! int]e/ ( grape-gr[+ if ?is 0 avoid$1 by nam+ at lea/ ! be/ ( !m4 ,,crevel+1 7,,catawissa7 7,,bloom74 ,?is grape1 al?\gh n q p]haps s e>ly z has be5 claim$ = x--rip5+ ab\t five days aft] ,h>t=d ,prolific--is yet ( mu* bett] quality2 & if x only %\ld prove productive en\gh1 w no d\bt make an excell5t w9e4 ,bun* long1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry full m$ium1 black1 r\nd1 ) little bloom2 pulp t5d]2 d>k juice1 sweet & v good--seems to be h>dy & heal?y4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,se$l+4 ,bun* l>ge1 %\ld]$1 compact2 b]ry l>ge1 oblong1 black1 ) blue bloom2 pulpy1 b sweet & good2 rip5s only a few days aft] ,h>t=d ,prolific--v productive1 h>dy & heal?y2 /rong gr[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ %[y m>ket grapes we h--n mu* small] ?an ,union ,village--& z x rip5s ev5ly1 & is ( v fair quality1 is q a favorite 9 ! m>ket4 ,makes also a w9e ( v fair quality4 ,,cunn+ham4 ,= ! ,we/1 & v likely fur!r ,s\?1 ?is is a v desirable grape = w9e1 ( ! ,h]bemont class4 ,bun* compact & heavy1 sometimes %\ld]$2 b]ry r small1 black1 )\t pulp1 juicy sweet & good2 productive1 b some:at t5d]2 /rong gr[]2 %\ld be cov]$ 9 ,w9t]2 makes a v delici\s w9e1 ( ! ,madeira class1 :i* v (t5 rema9s sweet = a :ole ye>4 ,rip5s late1 ab\t a week aft] ! ,catawba4 ,,rul&]4 ,mr4 ,,full] evid5tly does n "k ?is grape1 z he says x is ! same z ,logan4 ,! ,rul&] we h "h1 is claim$ to be a true =eign v>iety4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x is ei!r a se$l+ f =eign se$1 rais$ 9 ! c\ntry1 or "o ( ! ,s\!rn grapes ( ! ,h]bemont class4 ,be ?is z x may h[ev]1 x c]ta9ly be>s no resemblance to ! ,logan1 :i* is a true ,fox1 ( ! ,labrusca family4 ,v9e a /rong1 vigor\s1 %ort-jo9t$ gr[]1 ) he>t-%ap$1 light gre51 smoo? leaves2 v heal?y1 & m h>dy ?an ei!r ! ,h]bemont or ,cunn+ham4 ,bun* r small1 v compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry small1 black1 )\t pulp1 juicy sweet & delici\s2 n subject to rot or mildew3 makes a delici\s1 high flavor$ w9e1 b n a great deal ( x4 ,! w9e ( ?is v>iety is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ delicate & valuable ones we h yet made "h & on ! soil ar\nd ,h]mann1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 take pref]5ce ov] ! ,delaw>e4 ,rip5s a few days lat] ?an ,concord4 ,,l\isiana 7,,burgund]74 ,introduc$ "h by ,mr4 ,f4 ,,mu5*1 :o receiv$ x f ,mr4 ,,!>d1 ( ,l\isiana1 :]e x has be5 cultivat$ = "s "t4 ,"s claim t x is ! grape :i* makes ! fam\s :ite ,burgundy w9e ( ,europe4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x is also a native1 gr[n f =eign se$1 l ! =ego+1 :i* x closely resembles 9 foliage & wood2 b w1 ,i ?9k1 make a w9e ( /ill high] quality1 p]haps ! mo/ delicate :ite w9e we yet h4 ,x c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ! ,rul&] 9 appe>ance1 b has a m sprightly flavor4 ,rip5s at ! same "t4 ,,alvey 7,,hag>74 ,?is nice little grape w c]ta9ly make "o ( ! mo/ delici\s r$ w9es we h1 if x c only be rais$ 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,x is heal?y & mod]ately productive1 b a sl[ gr[]4 ,bun* loose1 small1 %\ld]$2 b]ry small1 black1 )\t pulp1 juicy1 sweet & delici\s2 quality be/4 ,rip5s ab\t ! same "t z ! ,concord4 ,,cassady4 ,bun* m$ium1 v compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 r\nd1 gre5i%-:ite1 cov]$ ) :ite bloom2 ?ick sk91 pulpy1 b v sweet1 & ( f9e flavor2 makes an excell5t :ite w9e2 v productive1 b some:at subject to leaf-blight 9 wet seasons2 does n rot or mildew4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,concord4--,b]ries #a_/b diamet]4 ,,blood',s ,,black4 ,has (t5 be5 conf\nd$ ) ,m>y ,ann1 z bo? v>ieties 7 dissem9at$ "h1 by diff]5t p]sons1 "u ! same "n4 ,! true ,blood's ,black is a few days lat] ?an ,h>t=d ,prolific2 bun* heavy & compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry r\nd1 black1 full m$ium1 ( v fair quality1 & an excell5t e>ly m>ket grape4 ,! v9e is heal?y1 h>dy1 & enorm\sly productive4 ,,union ,,village4 ,p]haps ! l>ge/ native grape1 ( fair quality2 bun* l>ge1 heavy & compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry v l>ge1 oval1 black1 ) blue bloom1 pulpy1 b juicy1 sweet & good4 ,( bett] quality "h ?an ,isabella2 tol]ably free f disease1 & a spl5did m>ket & table fruit4 ,rip5s r late4 ,,p]k9s4 ,= ^? :o d n object to a good deal ( foxy flavor1 ?is w be a valuable m>ket grape1 on acc\nt ( its e>l9ess1 beautiful color1 & great productiv5ess4 ,mr4 ,,full] has evid5tly n ! true v>iety1 z he describes x z a black grape1 s\r & wor?less4 ,bun* m$ium1 compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry full m$ium1 oval1 fle%-color1 ) a beautiful lilac bloom2 v sweet1 pulpy & foxy4 ,rip5s at same "t ) ,h>t=d ,prolific4 ,v9e a /rong gr[]1 heal?y & h>dy4 ,,cl>a4 ,= family use1 !re is at pres5t no grape "h at ! ,we/1 :i* is sup]ior to ?is 9 quality2 & al?\gh x w n pay to plant l>gely1 ei!r = m>ket or w9e1 yet no "o :o c appreciate a really good grape1 %\ld be )\t a few v9es ( x at lea/4 ,bun* long1 r loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 pale yell[1 transluc5t1 )\t pulp1 sweet1 juicy1 & ( excell5t flavor2 v9e mod]ately productive & heal?y4 ,rip5s ) ,catawba4 ,,ives' ,,se$l+1 7,,ives' ,,madeira74 ,?is v>iety is recomm5d$ s mu* lately1 z a sup]ior grape = r$ w9e1 t ,i w m5tion x "h1 al?\gh ,i h n yet fruit$ x4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,col4 ,,w>+1 ( ,hamilton ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 & is said to be free f rot1 heal?y & vigor\s1 & to make an excell5t r$ w9e1 ! mu/ hav+ sold f ! press at #d to #e p] gallon4 ,! foll[+ description is f bun*es s5t me f ,ohio la/ fall3 ,bun* m$ium1 compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry r bel[ m$ium1 black1 oblong1 juicy1 sweet & well flavor$2 rip5s ab\t ! "t ( ! ,concord4 ,v9e vigor\s & heal?y2 said to propagate ) ! greate/ ease2 evid5tly belong+ to ! ,labrusca species4 ,we h a se$l+ "h ( ! ,norton's ,virg9ia1 rais$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,,lang5dorf]1 ( ?is neighborhood1 :i* promises to be a valuable w9e grape = ?is location4 ,x has n yet be5 nam$1 & ! own] says w nev] receive a "n1 unless x proves1 9 "s respect1 sup]ior to any?+ we h yet4 ,he has fruit$ x twice1 & made w9e f x ! la/ season1 :i* is ( a v high "*1 resembl+ ,madeira1 ( a br[ni%-yell[ color2 spl5did flavor1 & ( great body4 ,! v9e is a /rong gr[]1 heal?y & v productive2 bun* long1 seldom %\ld]$1 v compact2 b]ry small1 black1 ) blue bloom2 only mod]ately juicy1 & rip5s a week lat] ?an its p>5t4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x w be ( great value "h & fur!r s\? z a w9e grape1 al?\gh x w\ld rip5 too late to suit ! climate fur!r nor?4 ,x may be expect$ "h t ,i %\ld speak ( ! ,iona1 ,israella1 & ,adirondac1 z _m1 & good au?orities too1 ?9k !y w be v valuable4 ,! ,iona & ,israella h fruit$ b once ) me1 la/ summ]1 & my exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 has n be5 long en\gh to w>rant a decid$ op9ion4 ,z f> z x goes1 h[ev]1 x has be5 decid$ly unfavorable4 ,my ,iona v9e set ab\t tw5ty five bun*es1 b mildew$ & rott$ s badly1 t ,i h>dly sav$ z _m b]ries4 ,x may improve 9 "t1 b ,i h>dly ?9k x w d = our soil2 :atev] x may d = o!rs--& ,i _c put x d[n z promis+ well4 ,x is a grape ( f9e quality1 :]e x w succe$4 ,! ,israella /ood ! climate & bad wea!r bravely1 b rip5$ at lea/ five days lat] ?an ! ,h>t=d ,prolific close by1 & 0 n z good 9 quality z t grape2 9 fact1 ! mo/ insipid & ta/eless grape ,i ev] tri$4 ,!y may bo? improve1 h[ev]1 ^u clos] acqua9tance1 or be bett] 9 o!r locations4 ,"h1 ,i d n feel w>rant$ 9 prais+ !m1 & a description w h>dly be ne$$1 z _! orig9ator has tak5 good c>e to s fully br+ _! m]its1 real or imag9>y1 be=e ! grape-gr[+ community1 t x w\ld be sup]flu\s = me to describe !m4 ,! ,adirondac ,i saw & mu* admir$ at ! ,ea/1 9 #ahfc2 & if its orig9ator1 ,mr4 ,,bailey1 _h only be5 lib]al en\gh to furni% me ) a scion ( two eyes1 = :i* ,i (f]$ to pay him at ! rate ( a doll> p] eye1 ,i w\ld1 p]haps1 be able to report ab\t x4 ,in/ead ( ! scion1 he s5t me a dri$ up v9e1 :i* _h no life 9 x :5 ,i receiv$ x1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ^! disadvantages1 ,i h n be5 able to fruit x yet4 ,x seems to be heal?y & vigor\s1 h[ev]2 & %\ld ! quality ( ! fruit be ! same z at ! ,ea/1 may be a valuable acquisition4 ,on ?is li/ ,i h only m5tion$ ^? :i* h fruit$ "h f f\r to five ye>s1 ) v few exceptions1 & :i* h g5]ally1 dur+ t "t1 prov$ successful4 ,to fully w>rant ! recomm5dation ( a grape = g5]al cultivation ,i ?9k1 we %\ld h fruit$ x at lea/ five or six ye>s2 & al?\gh !re are _m on ?is li/ :i* ,i %\ld n hesitate to plant l>gely1 yet ,i h pref]r$ to be r a little ov] cauti\s ?an too sangu9e4 ,,class #c4--;,heal?y v>ieties1 b inf]ior 9 quality4 ,,m9or ,,se$l+1 7,,v5ango74 ,?is grape has attract$ "s att5tion lately--"s p]sons claim+ = x sup]ior qualities z a w9e grape1 ev5 class+ x ) ! ,delaw>e1 a /atem5t :i* ,i _c believe4 ,x is a rank ,fox1 & ,i c !re=e h>dly ?9k x w make a w9e to suit a fa/idi\s palate4 ,bun* m$ium1 v compact1 sometimes %\ld]$2 b]ry full m$ium1 pale r$1 r\nd1 sweet1 b v pulpy & foxy4 ,rip5s lat] ?an ,catawba2 is v productive1 vigor\s & heal?y--n subject to rot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,crevel+4--,b]ries #a_/b diamet]4 ,,m>y ,,ann4 ,! e>lie/ grape we h--heal?y1 h>dy & productive--b 9 po9t ( quality1 a r poor ,isabella1 :i* x mu* resembles4 ,bun* full m$ium1 mod]ately compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 oval1 black1 pulpy1 ) a good deal ( acidity1 & /rong flavor4 ,rip5s ab\t f\r to five days be=e ! ,h>t=d ,prolific1 b is mu* inf]ior to t v>iety 9 quality4 ,,nor!rn ,,muscad9e4 ,v productive & heal?y1 b too foxy1 & liable to drop f ! bun* :5 ripe4 ,bun* m$ium1 compact1 sometimes %\ld]$2 b]ry r\nd1 br[n1 sweet1 v foxy--pulpy4 ,rip5s ab\t five days lat] ?an ,h>t=d ,prolific4 ,,logan4 ,rip5s ab\t same "t ) ,h>t=d ,prolific--b r inf]ior 9 quality4 ,bun* long1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 oval2 resembl+ ,isabella4 ,,br[n4 ,resembl+ ,isabella1 b m free f disease2 good gr[] & productive2 w suit ^? :o l ! ,isabella4 ,,hyde',s ,,eliza1 7,,canby',s ,,augu/74 ,bun* m$ium1 compact2 b]ry m$ium1 r\nd1 black1 juicy2 r pleasant1 b unproductive1 & ( little value1 :]e bett] v>ieties c be _h4 ,,m>ion ,,port4 ,resembles ! =ego+2 may1 p]haps1 make a bett] w9e1 b _c be recomm5d$4 ,,poes*el',s ,,mammo?4 ,gr[n "h1 f se$ ( ! ,mammo? ,catawba1 by ,mr4 ,,mi*ael ,,poes*el4 ,bun* m$ium1 compact1 sometimes %\ld]$2 b]ry v l>ge1 r\nd1 pale r$1 pulpy2 r defici5t 9 flavor1 b v l>ge2 free f disease4 ,rip5s a week lat] ?an ,catawba4 ,,cape 7,,alex&]1 ,,s*uylkill ,,muscadell74 ,bun* r small1 compact2 b]ry m$ium1 black1 r\nd1 pulpy1 r sweet1 d>k juice4 ,said to make a good r$ w9e1 b my exp]i5ce has n be5 favorable4 ,rip5s late--a week aft] ! ,catawba4 ,,dracut ,,amb]4 ,a ,fox ,grape1 pale r$1 pulpy1 inf]ior 9 quality & color to ,p]k9s1 :i* x closely resembles2 rip5s ab\t same "t4 ,,els9burgh1 7,,miss\ri ,,bird',s ,,eye74 ,?is old v>iety 0 l>gely dissem9at$ "u ! latt] "n1 by ,,ni*olas ,,longwor?1 ( ,c9c9nati4 ,x is a nice little grape2 b too unproductive to be ( any value "h1 al?\gh x makes a v sup]ior w9e4 ,bun* long & loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry small1 r\nd1 black1 mod]ately juicy1 ) little pulp1 sweet & good4 ,rip5s a week be=e ! ,catawba4 ,,g>b]',s ,,alb9o4 ,a grape ( v fair quality1 & r e>ly1 b a %y be>]4 ,bun* small1 r loose2 b]ry m$ium1 pale yell[1 sweet & good4 ,,frankl94 ,a /rong gr[]2 said to be v productive2 resembl+ ,cl9ton 9 foliage & g5]al habit4 ,bun* small1 compact2 b]ry bel[ m$ium1 black1 juicy1 ) a m>k$ fro/ grape flavor1 & h>dly wor?y ( cultivation4 ,,l5oir4 ,( ! ,h]bemont class1 b ab\t a week e>li]2 ( good quality1 b too unproductive to be recomm5d$4 ,bun* m$ium1 compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry small1 r\nd1 black1 sweet & good4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,e>ly & h>dy1 b too unproductive1 & bun* too small4 ,bun* small1 %\ld]$2 b]ry r\nd2 ( v good quality = its season2 black1 juicy4 ,rip5s z e>ly z ,h>t=d ,prolific4 ,,class #d4--,v>ieties ( good quality1 b subject to disease4 ,,catawba4 ,?is well kn[n grape 0 br\ght into notice by ,major ,,adlum1 ( ,georget[n1 ,d4,c41 :o ?\ght he _h1 by its introduction1 conf]r$ a great] boon ^u ! ,am]ican p1 ?an if he _h paid ! national debt4 ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s1 x has be5 s mu* subject to disease1 t x _c be recomm5d$ any long]1 except = "s peculi> locations4 ,x is said to be heal?y 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois & ,i[a1 :]e x w n /& ! w9t]1 h[ev]1 )\t protection4 ,bun* l>ge1 mod]ately compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 r$1 cov]$ ) lilac bloom2 juicy1 pulpy1 sweet1 some:at a/r+5t1 ( good flavor4 ,a fair grape = ! table1 & makes a good w9e1 resembl+ ,hock1 b subject to mildew1 rot & leaf-blight4 ,,diana4 ,a se$l+ ( ! =ego+1 rais$ by ,mrs4 ,,diana ,,crehore4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ v>iable ( all ! grapes1 be+ v f9e "o season1 & v indiff]5t ! next4 ,bun* l>ge & long1 compact1 %\ld]$2 b]ry pale r$1 r\nd1 some:at pulpy2 ?ick sk92 juicy & sweet1 ) a peculi> flavor1 :i* ,,dr4 ,,w>d] v aptly calls fel9e2 o!rs call x delicate4 ,v productive1 b subject to leaf-blight1 mildew & rot2 al?\gh p]haps n s mu* z ! ,catawba4 ,rip5s ab\t a week e>li]4 ,,isabella4 ,unwor?y ( cultivation "h1 b said to be bett] at ! ,nor?4 ,bun* long1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 oval1 black2 t\gh pulp1 ) a good deal ( acidity1 juicy1 & a peculi> flavor4 ,rip5s irregul>ly4 ,subject to rot & leaf-blight4 ,,g>rigues4 ,closely resembl+ ! ,isabella1 b rip5s m ev5ly1 & is ( some:at bett] quality4 ,,tokalon4 ,bun* l>ge1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry black1 l>ge1 sweet & butt]y2 ( v good quality1 b v mu* subject to disease4 ,rip5s some:at lat] ?an ,catawba4 ,,anna4 ,bun* l>ge & loose2 b]ry pale amb]1 cov]$ ) :ite bloom2 sweet1 tol]able flavor1 b poor be>]1 & subject to mildew4 ,rip5s ab\t same "t z ,catawba4 ,,all5',s ,,hybrid1 7,,all5',s ,,:ite ,,hybrid74 ,bun* l>ge & loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 ne>ly r\nd2 :ite1 )\t pulp1 juicy & delici\s2 quality v good1 b v>iable2 sometimes be/4 ,said to be a hybrid ( ,vitis ,labrusca & a =eign grape1 rais$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,,all51 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 & is really a f9e grape1 al?\gh too t5d] & v>iable = ext5sive v9ey>d culture4 ,rip5s ab\t two weeks be=e ,catawba4 ,,cuyahoga 7,,coleman',s ,,:ite74 ,mu* recomm5d$ 9 ,ohio1 :]e x orig9at$1 b unwor?y ( culture "h1 be+ a poor gr[]1 a %y be>] & v mu* subject to leaf-blight4 ,bun* m$ium1 compact2 b]ry dirty gre5i%-:ite2 ?ick sk92 pulpy1 & insipid4 ,,dev]eaux4 ,?is is1 9 dry seasons1 a really f9e grape1 b subject to leaf-blight & mildew 9 hot seasons4 ,bun* (t5 a foot long1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry bel[ m$ium1 r\nd1 black1 juicy2 )\t pulp1 sweet & v9\s4 ,belong+ to ! ,h]bemont family2 is a /rong gr[]2 v productive1 & r t5d]4 ,may be valuable 9 well dra9$ soils1 & s\!rn climate1 z x und\bt$ly w make a f9e w9e4 ,,k+sess+4 ,bun* long & loose1 l>ge1 %\ld]$2 b]ry m$ium1 r\nd1 pale r$1 ) f9e lilac bloom2 pulpy2 ( fair quality1 b subject to leaf-blight1 & mildew4 ,,rog]s' ,,hybrid1 ,,no4 #ae4 ,bun* l>ge1 loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry above m$ium1 r$ ) blue bloom1 r\ndi%-oblong1 pulpy1 ) peculi> flavor1 sweet & juicy4 ,a %[y grape1 b n v good 9 quality1 & mu* subject to mildew & rot4 ,rip5s at ! same "t ) ,catawba4 ,,class #e4--,v>ieties unwor?y ( cultivation4 ,,oporto4 ,( all ! humbugs ev] p]petrat$ ^u ! grape-gr[+ public1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ gl>+4 ,! v9e1 al?\gh a rank & heal?y gr[]1 is unproductive2 seldom sett+ m ?an half a doz5 b]ries on a bun*1 & ^! are s s\r1 h su* a h>d pulp1 ) su* a decid$ fro/-grape ta/e & flavor1 & are s defici5t 9 juice1 t no s5sible man %\ld ?9k ( mak+ !m into w9e1 mu* less call x1 z its dissem9ator did1 ! true port w9e grape4 ,,massa*usetts ,,:ite4 ,?is 0 s5t me "s eight ye>s ago1 by ,b4 ,m4 ,,watson1 z ! be/ & h>die/ :ite grape 9 cultivation1 & he *>g$ me ! mod]ate sum ( #e ea*1 = small pot plants1 ) h>dly two eyes ( rip5$ wood4 ,aft] c>eful nurs+ ( ?ree ye>s1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ my labors rew>d$ by a mod]ate crop ( ! vile/ r$ ,fox ,grapes x has ev] be5 my ill luck to try4 ,! =ego+ h all be5 tri$ by me1 & h be5 *>act]iz$ & classifi$ z ,i h f\nd !m "h4 ,! foll[+ are v>ieties ,i h n fruit$ yet1 al?\gh ,i h !m on trial4 ,v>ieties highly recomm5d$ by good au?orities3 ,telegraph1 ,black ,hawk1 ,rog]s' ,hybrids1 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ai1 #bb1 #cc1 ,hettie1 ,lydia1 ,*>lotte1 ,mottl$1 ,paul9e1 ,wilm+ton1 ,cotaction & ,miles4 ,!re are innum]able o!r v>ieties1 = :i* _! orig9ators all claim peculi> m]its1 & "s ( :om may prove valuable4 ,b all :o br+ new v>ieties be=e ! public1 %\ld consid] t we h already names en\gh1 nay1 m ?an are good = u1 & t x is useless to swell ! li/ /ill m1 unless we c d s ) a v>iety1 sup]ior 9 "s respects to our be/ v>ieties4 ,a new grape1 to claim favor at ! h&s ( ! public1 %\ld be heal?y1 h>dy1 a good gr[]1 & productive2 & ( sup]ior quality1 ei!r = ! table or = w9e4 ,!re are "s v>ieties circulat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z natives1 :i* are really no?+ b =eign v>ieties1 or1 p]haps1 rais$ f =eign se$4 ,!y w n succe$ 9 op5 air1 al?\gh n[ & !n !y w rip5 a bun*4 ,! ,br9kle1 ,canadian ,*ief1 ,*ild's ,sup]b1 & ,el ,paso belong to ?is class4 ,a really good table grape %\ld h a l>ge am\nt ( sug>1 b temp]$ & made m agreeable by a due proportion ( acid1 z1 if ! acid is want+1 x w ta/e insipid2 a t5d] pulp1 agreeable flavor1 a l>ge am\nt ( juice1 a good siz$ bun*1 l>ge b]ry1 small se$s1 ?9 sk91 & hang well to ! bun*4 ,a good w9e grape %\ld h a l>ge am\nt ( sug>1 ) ! acid 9 due proportion1 a di/9ctive flavor or aroma2 ?\gh n s /rong z to become disagreeable1 & = r$ w9es a c]ta9 am\nt ( a/r+5cy4 ,x is an old v9tn]'s rule1 t ! v>ieties ) small b]ries w g5]ally make ! be/ w9e1 z !y are g5]ally ri*] 9 sug>1 & h m "* ?an v>ieties ) l>g] b]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,cl>a4--,b]ries #a_/b diamet]4 ,,w9e-,,mak+4 ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,grapes4 ,al?\gh ,i h describ$ ! process already1 ,i w "h aga9 reit]ate t ! grapes %\ld be ?or\ghly ripe4 ,?is does n simply mean t !y are well color$4 ,! ,concord g5]ally beg9s to color "h ! #e? ( ,augu/1 & we c\ld ga!r ! majority ( our grapes1 ( t v>iety1 = m>ket1 by ! #ae? or #bj? ( t mon?2 b = w9e-mak+ we all[ !m to hang until ! #ae? or #bj? ( ,septemb]1 & sometimes into ,octob]4 ,?us only d we get ! full am\nt ( sug> & delicacy ( aroma :i* t grape is capable ( develop+1 z ! wat] evaporates1 & ! sug> rema9s2 x also loses ne>ly all ! acidity f its pulp2 & ! latt]1 :i* is s t\gh & h>d imm$iately aft] color+1 ne>ly all dissolves & becomes t5d]4 ,! be/ evid5ces ( a grape be+ ?or\ghly ripe are3 #a/4 ,! /em turns br[n1 & beg9s to %rivel2 #bnd1 ! b]ry beg9s to %rivel ar\nd ! /em2 #c;d1 ?9 & transp>5t sk92 #d?1 ! juice becomes v sweet1 & /icks to ! f+] l honey or molasses1 aft] h&l+ ! grapes = "s "t4 ,x is (t5 ! case t "s bun*es rip5 mu* lat] on ! v9es4 ,9 su* a case1 ! ripe/ %\ld be ga!r$ fir/1 & ^? t are n fully ripe rema9 on ! v9es until mature4 ,!y w rip5 mu* quick] if ! ripe/ bun*es h be5 remov$ fir/4 ,! fir/ implem5ts ne$$ = ! ga!r+ are clean wood5 & t9 pails & %>p knives1 or bett] /ill1 ! small %e>s spok5 ( 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w4 ,ea* ga!r] is provid$ ) a pail1 or two may g toge!r1 hav+ a pail ea*1 s t "o c empty & ! o!r keep fill+ dur+ ! "t4 ,if !re are a good _m unripe b]ries on ! bun*es1 !y may be put into a sep>ate pail1 & all t are s(t w give an inf]ior w9e4 ,! bun* is cut ) z %ort a /em z possible1 z ! /em conta9s a great deal ( acid & a/r+5cy2 e unripe or decay$ b]ry is pick$ out1 s t no?+ b p]fectly s\nd1 ripe b]ries rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,! next implem5t t we ne$ is a wood5 tub or vat1 to c>ry ! grapes to ! mill2 or ! wagon1 if ! v9ey>d is any di/ance f ! cell>4 ,?is is made ( ?9 bo>ds1 half-in* p9e lumb] g5]ally2 #c feet high inside1 #aj in*es wide at ! bottom1 #bj in*es wide at ! top1 be+ flat on "o side1 :]e x is c>ri$ on ! back1 & b\nd ) ?9 iron hoops4 ,x is c>ri$ by two lea!r-/raps runn+ ov] ! %\ld]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 & %\ld conta9 ab\t eight to t5 pails1 or a little ov] two bu%els ( grapes4 ,! c>ri] c pass easily ?r\gh ! r[s ) x to any "p ( ! v9ey>d1 & lean x aga9/ a po/ until full4 ,if ! v9ey>d is close to ! cell> or press-h\se1 ! grapes c be c>ri$ to x directly2 if too f>1 we mu/ provide a long tub or vat1 to place on ! wagon1 into :i* ! grapes are empti$4 ,i w "h aga9 repeat t ! utmo/ cleanl9ess %\ld be obs]v$ 9 all ! app>atus2 & no tub or vat %\ld be us$ t is 9 ! lea/ degree m\ldy4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be p]fectly sweet & clean1 & a /rict sup]vision kept up1 t ! labor]s d n drop any crumbs ( bread1 c41 among ! grapes1 z ?is w imm$iately cause acet\s f]m5tation4 ,! wea!r %\ld be dry & fair1 & ! grapes dry :5 ga!r$4 ,,! ,,w9e-,,cell>4 ,z ! w9e-cell> & press-h\se are g5]ally built toge!r1 ,i w also describe !m toge!r4 ,a good cell> %\ld keep ab\t an ev5 temp]ature 9 cold & w>m wea!r1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be built suffici5tly deep1 ar*$ ov] ) /one1 well v5tilat$1 & kept dry4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is hilly1 a nor!rn or nor?we/]n slope %\ld be *os51 z x is a great conv5i5ce1 if ! entrance c be made ev5 ) ! gr\nd4 ,its size dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! quantity ( w9e to be /or$4 ,i w "h give ! dim5sions ( "o ,i am con/ruct+ at pres5t1 & :i* is calculat$ to /ore f #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj gallons ( w9e4 ,! pr9cipal cell> w be #ajj feet long1 by #ah-a_/b feet wide inside1 & #ab feet high "u ! middle ( ! ar*4 ,?is w be divid$ into two comp>tm5ts2 ! back "o1 at ! f>!/ end ( ! cell>1 to be #dj feet1 :i* is de/9$ to keep old w9e ( =m] v9tages2 z x is ! deepe/ bel[ ! gr\nd1 x w keep ! coole/ temp]ature4 ,x is divid$ f ! front comp>tm5t by a wall & doors1 s t x c be %ut (f %\ld x become necess>y to heat ! o!r1 :ile ! mu/ is f]m5t+4 ,! o!r comp>tm5t w be #fj feet long1 & is int5d$ = ! new w9e1 z ! temp]ature w be some:at high]1 &1 !re=e1 bett] adapt$ to ! f]m5tation ( ! mu/4 ,?is w be provid$ ) a /ove1 s t ! air c be w>m$1 if necess>y1 dur+ f]m5tation4 ,?is w also be clos$ by fold+ doors1 #e-a_/b feet wide4 ,!re w be ab\t six v5tilators1 or air-flues1 on ea* side ( ^! two cell>s1 built 9 ! wall1 con/ruct$ some:at l *imneys1 comm5c+ at ! bottom1 ^: upp] t]m9us is ab\t two feet above ! ar*1 & clos$ ) a grate & trap-doors1 s t !y c be clos$ & op5$ at w1 to admit air & light4 ,be=e ?is pr9cipal cell> is an ar*$ entrance1 tw5ty feet long inside1 also clos$ by fold+ doors1 & z wide z ! pr9cipal cell>4 ,?is w be v conv5i5t to /ore empty casks1 & c also be us$ z a f]m5t+ room 9 ,fall1 %\ld x be ne$$4 ,! ar* ( ! pr9cipal cell> w be cov]$ ) ab\t six feet ( e>?2 ! walls ( ! cell> to be two feet ?ick4 ,! press-h\se w be built above ! cell>1 ov] its entire l5g?1 & w also be divid$ into two rooms4 ,! "p f>!/ f ! entrance ( ! cell>1 to be #fj feet by #ah1 w be ! press-h\se prop]1 ) fold+ doors on bo? sides1 ab\t ! middle ( ! build+1 & ev5 ) ! surface gr\nd1 s t a wagon c pass 9 on "o side & out on ! o!r4 ,?is w conta9 ! grape-mill1 w9e-presses1 app>atus = /emm+1 & f]m5t+ vats = :ite or light-color$ w9e4 ,! o!r "p1 #dj feet long1 w conta9 an app>atus = di/ill+1 ! casks & vats to /ore ! husks = di/ill+1 & ! vats to f]m5t v d>k color$ w9es on ! husks1 %\ld x be necess>y4 ,x w also be us$ z a %op1 conta9 a /ove1 & be floor$1 s t x w be conv5i5t1 9 wet & cold wea!r1 to cut cutt+s1 c4 ,a l>ge ci/]n1 to be built on "o side ( ! build+1 s t ! necess>y wat] = clean+ casks1 c41 w be h&y2 ) a =ce-pump1 w complete ! arrangem5t4 ,i ne$ h>dly add "h1 t ! :ole cell> %\ld be pav$ ) flags or brick1 & well dra9$1 s t x w be p]fectly dry4 ,?is cell> is de/9$ to hold two r[s ( casks1 five feet long1 on ea* side4 ,= ?is purpose lay]s ( /rong beams are provid$1 ^u :i* ! casks are laid 9 su* a mann] t !y are ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd1 front+ to ! middle1 & at lea/ a foot or eighte5 in*es ( space all[$ betwe5 !m & ! wall1 s t a man c conv5i5tly pass & exam9e !m4 ,?is w leave five & a-half to six feet ( space betwe5 ! two r[s1 to draw (f ! w9e1 move casks1 c4 ,?is cell> w1 at ! pres5t rates ( "w1 co/ ab\t #f1jjj4 ,( c\rse1 ! cell>1 z be=e rem>k$1 c be built accord+ to ! wants ( ! grape-gr[]4 ,= m]ely keep+ w9e dur+ ! fir/ w9t]1 a common h\se cell> w d2 b dur+ ! hot days ( summ] w9e w n keep well 9 x4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,w9e-,,mak+4--,,! ,,grape ,,mill ,,& ,,press4 ,?is mill c be made v simple1 ( two wood5 roll]s1 fa/5$ 9 a squ>e frame1 runn+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & turn$ ) a crank & cog-:eel4 ,! roll]s %\ld be ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 & set f> en\gh ap>t to ma% ! b]ries1 b n ! se$s & /ems4 ,a v conv5i5t app>atus1 mill & press1 is manufactur$ by ,geiss ,brosius1 ,belleville1 ,ill41 & :]e ! quantity to be made does n exce$ #b1jjj gallons1 x w answ] e purpose4 ,! mill has /one roll]s1 :i* c be set by screws to ! prop] di/ance1 ) a cutt+ app>atus on top1 = apples 9 mak+ cid]1 :i* c be tak5 (f at w4 ,! press is by itself1 & consi/s ( an iron screw1 com+ up ?r\gh ! plat=m1 ) a z9c tube ar\nd x to prev5t ! mu/ f com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,! plat=m has a d\ble bottom1 ! l[] "o ) grooves2 ! upp] consi/s simply ( bo>ds1 ) grooves ?r\gh x to all[ ! mu/ to run ?r\gh4 ,^! bo>ds are held 9 _! places by wood5 pegs1 & c be tak5 (f at w4 ,a circul> hopp]1 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 & made ( la?s screw$ to iron r+s1 ) ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* space betwe5 !m1 encloses ! z9c tube4 ,! out] frame is con/ruct$ 9 ! same way1 is ab\t #b-a_/b feet 9 diamet]1 & b\nd ) /rong wood5 & iron hoops4 ,! ma%$ grapes are p\r$ into ! frame1 a close-fitt+ cov] is put on1 :i* is held d[n by a /rong block1 & ! p[] is appli$ by an iron nut j on ! top ( ! screw1 ) holes 9 ea* end to apply /rong wood5 lev]s4 ,! app>atus is /rong1 simple1 & conv5i5t1 & presses rem>kably fa/ & clean1 z ! mu/ c run (f bel[1 on ! outside & also on ! inside4 ,! co/ ( mill & press is ab\t #ij1 b ea* c be _h sep>ately = #de4 ,if a l>ge am\nt ( grapes are to be press$1 ! press %\ld be ( mu* l>g] dim5sions1 b may be con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple--a /rong1 l>ge plat=m1 ) a /rong screw com+ ?r\gh ! middle1 & a frame made ( la?s1 screw$ to a /rong wood5 frame1 ?r\gh :i* ! mu/ c run (f freely1 ) ano!r frame ar\nd ! outside ( ! plat=m4 ,! mu/ runs (f ?r\gh grooves to ! l[] side1 :]e x is let (f by a sp\t4 ,x may be l>ge en\gh to conta9 a hundr$ bu%els ( grapes at a s+le press+1 = a great deal dep5ds ^u ! ability ( ! v9tn] to press a l>ge am\nt j at ! prop] "t1 :5 ! mu/ has f]m5t$ on ! husks j z long z he desires x to d4 ,,f]m5t+ ,,vats4 ,^! %\ld correspond some:at ) ! size ( ! casks we int5d to fill2 b !y are some:at unh&y if !y hold m ?an1 say f\r hundr$ gallons4 ,!y are made ( oak or :ite p9e bo>ds1 #a-a_/b in* ?ick1 b\nd securely by iron hoops1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 &1 say1 five feet wide4 ,! bottom & inside mu/ be work$ clean & smoo?1 to facilitate wa%+4 ,:5 ! mu/ is to f]m5t a long] "t on ! husks1 z is (t5 ! case 9 r$ w9es1 a false bottom %\ld be provid$1 = ! purpose ( hold+ ! husks d[n bel[ ! surface ( ! mu/4 ,x is made to fit ! size ( ! vat1 & p]=at$ ) holes1 & held 9 its place by /icks ( two in*es squ>e1 let into ! bottom ( ! vat1 & :i* g ?r\gh ! false bottom4 ,a hole is bor$ ?r\gh !m1 & ! bottom held d[n by means ( a peg pass$ ?r\gh ?is hole4 ,! vat is clos$ by a tight-fitt+ cov]1 ?r\gh :i* a hole is bor$1 l>ge en\gh to admit a t9 tube ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 to let (f ! gas4 ,! vats are set high en\gh above ! gr\nd to admit draw+ (f ! mu/ ?r\gh a faucet ne> ! bottom ( ! vat4 ,= ^? grapes :i* are to be press$ imm$iately we ne$ no false bottoms or cov]s = ! vats4 ,z f]m5tation g5]ally progresses v rapidly "h1 & x is n desirable ) mo/ ( our w9es to f]m5t !m on ! husks v long1 z !y g5]ally h a/r+5cy en\gh1 op]ations "h are mu* m simple ?an 9 ,europe4 ,! mu/ is g5]ally all[$ to run into a l>ge funnel1 fill$ ) oat /raw1 & passes ?r\gh a hose into ! casks 9 ! cell>4 ,a hole c be left ?r\gh ! ar* = t purpose1 z x is mu* m conv5i5t ?an to c>ry ! mu/ 9 buckets f ! press into ! casks4 ,x is sometimes desirable to /em ! grapes1 al?\gh x is seldom practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is c be easily done by pass+ ! bun*es rapidly ov] a groov$ bo>d1 made some:at 9 ! =m ( a common wa%bo>d1 only ! grooves %\ld be r\nd at ! bottom & ! edges on top4 ,x is seldom desirable "h4 ,,! ,,w9e ,,casks4 ,^! %\ld be made ( well-season$ :ite oak /aves1 & c1 ( c\rse1 be ( v>i\s sizes to meet ! wants ( ! v9tn]4 ,! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t size = cell> use ,i h f\nd to be ab\t #ejj gallons4 ,^! are suffici5tly l>ge to develop ! w9e fully1 & yet c be fill$ quick en\gh to n int]rupt f]m5tation4 ,( c\rse1 ! v9tn] mu/ h "s ( all sizes1 ev5 d[n to ! five-gallon keg2 b = keep+ w9e1 a cask ( #ejj gallons takes less room comp>atively1 & ! w9e w atta9 a high] degree ( p]fection ?an 9 small] casks4 ,! /aves to make su* a cask %\ld be ab\t #e feet long1 & #a-a_/b to #b in*es ?ick1 & be ! v be/ wood to be _h4 ,! cask w1 :5 ready1 be ab\t z high z x is long1 %\ld be c>efully work$ & plan$ inside1 to facilitate wa%+ & h a s-call$ door on "o end1 #ab in*es wide & #ah in*es high1 :i* is fa/5$ by means ( an iron bolt & screw1 & a /rong b> ( wood4 ,?is is to facilitate clean+2 :5 a cask is empty1 ! door is tak5 out1 & a man slips into ! cask ) a broom & bru%1 & c>efully wa%es (f all remnants ( lees1 etc41 :i*1 z ! lees ( ! w9e are v slimy & t5aci\s1 _c be remov$ by m]ely p\r+ 9 wat] & %ak+ x ab\t4 ,x is also mu* m conv5i5t to let ^! l>ge casks rema9 9 _! places1 ?an to move !m ab\t4 ,! casks are b\nd ) /rong iron hoops4 ,to prep>e ! new casks1 & also ! vats1 etc41 = ! reception ( ! mu/1 !y %\ld be ei!r fill$ ) pure wat]1 & all[$ to soak = sev]al days1 to draw out ! tann92 !n empti$1 scald$ ) hot wat]1 & aft]w>ds /eam$ )1 say two or ?ree gallons ( boil+ w9e2 or !y c be made w9e-gre51 by putt+ 9 ab\t half a bu%el ( unslak$ lime1 & p\r+ 9 ab\t ! same quantity ( hot wat]4 ,aft] ! lime has fall5 ap>t1 add ab\t two qu>ts ( wat] to ea* p\nd ( lime1 put 9 ! bung1 & turn ! cask ab\t2 leav+ x lie sometimes on "o side1 sometimes on ! o!r1 s t ! lime w come 9 contact ) e "p ( ! cask4 ,!n p\r out ! lime-wat]2 wa% once or twice ) w>m wat]1 & r9se ) a decoction ( v9e leaves1 or ) w>m w9e4 ,!n r9se once m ) cold wat]1 & x w be fully prep>$ to receive ! mu/4 ,?is is also to be obs]v$ ) old casks1 :i* h become1 by neglect or o!rwise1 m\ldy1 or h a peculi> tang4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,w9e4 ,z we h our app>atus all prep>$ n[1 we c comm5ce ! op]ation itself4 ,?is c be done 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! class ( w9e we are ab\t to make4 ,to make :ite1 or light-color$ w9e1 ! grapes :i* 7 ga!r$ & ma%$ dur+ ! day1 c be press$ & put into ! cask ! foll[+ night4 ,to ma% !m1 we place ! mill above "o ( ! f]m5t+ vats1 ma%+ !m z quick z !y are c>ri$ or haul$ to ! press-h\se4 ,! vat is simply cov]$ ) a clo? dur+ ! day4 ,if ! season has be5 good1 ! mu/ w make good w9e )\t ! addition ( any?+ else4 ,9 poor seasons x w be necess>y to add wat] & sug>1 to improve its quality1 b ,i w speak ( ?is me?od 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ! mu/ :i* w run (f1 is fir/ drawn f ! vat1 & by "s kept sep>ate2 b ,i ?9k1 x makes1 ^u ! :ole1 a bett] w9e1 if ! press+ is add$ to x4 ,! husks1 or ma%$ grapes1 are !n p\r$ ^u ! press1 & press$ until fully dry4 ,to accompli% ?is ! press is op5$ sev]al times1 & ! edges ( ! cake1 or *eese1 z "s call x1 are cut (f ) an axe or cleav] & put on top1 aft] :i* !y are press$ d[n aga94 ,! casks are !n fill$ ) ! mu/2 ei!r completely1 if x is int5d$ t ! mu/ %\ld f]m5t above1 z x is call$1 or "u1 :5 ! cask is n completely fill$1 s t ! husks1 :i* ! mu/ w ?r[ up1 w rema9 9 ! cask4 ,bo? me?ods h _! advantages1 b ,i pref] ! =m]1 ) a v simple contrivance1 to exclude ! air1 & also prev5t wa/e4 ,?is is a siphon or t9 tube1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a d\ble elb[1 ( :i* "o end fits tightly 9 ! bung hole1 & ! o!r empties into a di% ( wat]1 to be set on "o end ( ! cask1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas escapes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev] 9 press+1 be guid$ some:at by ! wea!r4 ,9 w>m wea!r f]m5tation w comm5ce mu* soon]1 & be m viol5t1 ?an :5 ! wea!r is cold4 ,consequ5tly we %\ld press mu* soon] 9 w>m wea!r1 ?an :5 ! air is cool4 ,late 9 ! fall1 x is sometimes advisable to leave ! mu/ a day long] on ! husks1 ?an indicat$ bel[4 ,! cell> %\ld be kept at an ev5 temp]ature ( ab\t #fj dur+ ! fir/ few weeks1 & if x does n naturally atta9 ?is temp]ature1 !n x %\ld be w>m$ by a /ove1 z mu* ( ! quality ( ! w9e dep5ds ^u a ?or\gh f]m5tation dur+ ! fir/ t5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,:5 viol5t f]m5tation has ceas$1 say aft] ab\t t5 or twelve days1 & ! mu/ has become quiet1 ! cask %\ld be clos$ ) a tight bung1 & ! w9e is left until x is cle>4 ,9 ab\t two to ?ree mon?s x ought to be p]fectly cle> & f9e--is !n rack$1 i4e41 drawn f ! lees1 by means ( a faucet1 & put into clean1 sweet casks4 ,x is v important t ! casks are w9e-season$1 t is1 h no o!r tang ?an ( w9e4 ,= mu/1 fre% br&y or :iskey casks may be us$1 b aft] ! w9e has f]m5t$1 x w n d to use su*1 z ! w9e w acquire ! smell & ta/e ( ! liquor4 ,:5 a cask has be5 empti$1 x %\ld be c>efully clean$1 z be=e describ$1 by ent]+ at ! door1 or ) small] casks1 by tak+ out ! head4 ,aft] x is ?or\ghly cleans$1 x may be fumigat$ slightly1 by burn+ a small piece ( sulphur$ pap]1 or a nutmeg 9 x1 & !n fill$4 ,to keep empty casks 9 good condition !y %\ld1 aft] clean+1 be all[$ to become ?or\ghly dry1 :5 !y are sulphur$1 clos$ tightly1 & laid away 9 ! cell>4 ,! op]ation ( sulphur+ %\ld be repeat$ e six weeks4 ,if want$ = use1 !y are simply r9s$ ) cold wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,= rack+ ! w9e1 we %\ld h3 #a/ a l>ge brass faucet4 #b;d4 ,pails ( a peculi> %ape1 wid] at ! top1 to prev5t wa/age4 #c;d4 ,a wood5 funnel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 to hold ab\t six gallons4 ,9 rack+--fir/ c>efully lift ! bung ( ! cask1 z ! exclusion ( air f above w\ld cause a gurgl+ motion 9 ! cask1 if tapp$ bel[1 :i* w\ld /ir up ! lees 9 ! bottom4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ loos5$ ) a hamm] ! wood5 peg1 clos+ ! tap hole1 let y\r assi/ant hold ! pail opposite ! hole1 hold ! faucet 9 y\r "r h&1 & ) ! left1 )draw ! plug1 ins]t+ ! faucet quickly4 ,drive x 9 firmly ) a hamm]1 & y are ready = ! "w4 ,d n fully op5 ! faucet at fir/1 because ! fir/ pailful is g5]ally n q cle>1 & %\ld run sl[ly4 ,y c keep ?is by itself2 & ?is1 & ! la/ f ! lees1 is g5]ally put into a cask toge!r & all[$ to settle aga94 ,x w make a good1 cle> w9e aft] a few weeks4 ,z soon z ! w9e runs q cle> & limpid1 x c be put into ! cask de/9$ to receive x1 & y c let x run z fa/ z x c be empti$4 ,:5 ! w9e has run (f d[n to ! tap hole1 ! cask may be c>efully rais$ on ! o!r end1 "o ins]t+ a brick or piece ( bo>d "u x1 :ile ! o!r lifts g5tly & sl[ly4 ,?is may be repeat$ sev]al times1 z long z ! w9e runs cle>2 & ev5 ! some:at cl\dy w9e may be put ) ! fir/ pailful into a sep>ate cask4 ,z soon z x comes ?ick or muddy1 x is "t to /op4 ,! lees are empti$ out1 & w1 if di/ill$1 make a f9e flavor$ & v /rong br&y4 ,?is treatm5t c be appli$ to all :ite & light-color$ w9es1 :5 x is n desirable to h a c]ta9 a/r+5cy 9 ! w9e4 ,! ,catawba1 ,concord1 ,h]bemont1 ,delaw>e1 ,rul&]1 ,cassady1 ,taylor1 ,l\isiana1 ,h>t=d ,prolific1 & ,cunn+ham %\ld all be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! ,concord1 al?\gh x w1 "u ?is treatm5t1 make only a light r$ w9e1 ( :i* ! color c be *ang$ to d>k r$ by f]m5t+ on ! husks1 is n desirable if treat$ 9 ! latt] mann]2 z ! peculi> foxy aroma ( ! grape w be imp>t$ to ! mu/ to su* a degree1 z to make ! flavor disagreeable1 ,i %all recur to ! subject ( flavor 9 w9es 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,to make r$ w9e1 ! mu/ %\ld be f]m5t$ on ! husks1 z g5]ally ! d>ke/ color is desir$1 & also1 a c]ta9 a/r+5cy1 :i* ! w9e w acquire pr9cipally f ! se$s1 sk9s1 & /ems ( ! grapes1 :i* conta9 ! tann94 ,! grapes are ma%$1 & put into ! f]m5t+ vat1 ( ! k9d describ$ be=e1 ) false bottoms4 ,aft] ! vat is fill$ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ! false bottom is put on1 ! husks are press$ d[n by x1 until !y are cov]$ ab\t six in*es by ! mu/1 & ! cov] put on4 ,x is seldom desirable "h to f]m5t long] ?an ?ree days on ! husks1 if ! wea!r is w>m--9 a temp]ature ( #fj--two days w (t5 be en\gh1 z ! w9e w become too r\gh & a/r+5t by an excessively long f]m5tation4 ,only exp]i5ce w be ! prop] guide "h1 & also ! individual ta/e4 ,x w be g5]ally "t to press1 :5 ! mu/ has *ang$ its sweet ta/e1 & acquir$ a some:at r\gh & bitt] "o4 ,:]e x is desir$ to make a v d>k color$ w9e1 )\t too mu* a/r+5cy1 ! grapes %\ld be /emm$1 z mo/ ( ! r\gh & bitt] ta/e is 9 ! /ems2 & x c !n be f]m5t$ on ! husks = six or eight days4 ,9 ?is mann] ! celebrat$ ,burgundy w9es are made2 also mo/ ( ! r$ w9es ( ,france & ,g]many4 ,_m ( !m are ev5 all[$ to g ?r\gh ! :ole process ( f]m5tation1 & ! husks are fill$ into ! cask ) ! mu/1 ?r\gh a door1 made 9 ! upp] side ( ! cask2 & x !re rema9s1 until ! cle> w9e is drawn (f4 ,?is is seldom desirable "h1 h[ev]1 z our r$ w9e grapes h suffici5t a/r+5cy & color )\t ?is process4 ,! treatm5t dur+ f]m5tation1 rack+1 etc41 is precisely ! same z ) :ite w9e1 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t ! r$ w9e is g5]ally all[$ to /ay long] on ! lees2 = our object 9 mak+ ?is class ( w9e is diff]5t ?an 9 mak+ :ite1 or s-call$ ,s*ill] or light r$ w9e4 ,9 :ite & light color$ w9es we desire smoo?ness & delicacy ( b\quet & ta/e2 9 d>k r$ w9es1 we desire a/r+5cy & body1 z !y are to be ! s-call$ /oma* or m$ical w9es4 ,x is !re=e g5]ally rack$ b once1 9 ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y or ,m>*1 & ! :ite & light color$ w9es are rack$ 9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y1 z soon z !y h become cle>--& aga9 9 ,m>*4 ,we also use no sulphur 9 fumigat+ ! casks1 z x takes away ! color to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,we g5]ally d n use any?+1 b simply clean ! casks well1 9 rack+ r$ w9e4 ,i w say a few words 9 reg>d to "u f]m5tation4 ,if ?is me?od is to be foll[$1 ! casks are n fill$1 b en\gh space left to all[ ! w9e to f]m5t1 )\t ?r[+ out lees & husks at ! bung4 ,! bung is !n cov]$1 by lay+ a sack fill$ ) s& ov] x1 & :5 f]m5tation is ov]--z well by ?is z by ! o!r me?od--! casks are fill$ ) mu/ or w9e1 kept 9 a sep>ate cask = ! purpose4 ,! casks %\ld always be kept well fill$1 & mu/ be look$ ov] & fill$ e two or ?ree weeks1 z ! w9e w cont9ually lose 9 quantity1 by evaporation ?r\gh ! wood ( ! casks4 ,! casks %\ld be v>ni%$ or bru%$ ov] ) l9se$ oil1 z ?is w prev5t evaporation to "s ext5t4 ,9 w9e mak+1 & giv+ ! w9e its "*1 we c only be guid$ by practice & individual ta/e1 z well z ! prevail+ ta/e ( ! consum+ public4 ,if ! prevail+ ta/e is = light color$1 smoo? & delicate w9es1 we c make !m s1 by press+ imm$iately1 & rack+ soon1 & frequ5tly4 ,if a d>k color$1 a/r+5t w9e is desir$1 we c f]m5t on ! husks1 & leave x on ! lees a long] p]iod4 ,!re is a m$ium c\rse1 9 ?is z 9 ev]y?+ else2 & ! intellig5t v9tn] w soon f9d ! rules :i* %\ld guide him1 by practice ) diff]5t v>ieties4 ,among ! w9es to be treat$ z d>k r$1 ,i w "n ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,cyn?iana1 ,arkansas1 & ,cl9ton1 &1 ,i suppose1 ,ives' ,se$l+4 ,x w\ld be insult+ to ^! noble w9es to class ) !m ! ,oporto1 :i* may make a v d>k color$ liquid1 b no w9e wor? ! "n1 unless an imm5se quantity ( sug> is add$1 & en\gh ( wat] to dilute ! peculi> vile aroma ( t grape4 ,,aft] ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,w9e4 ,ev5 if ! w9e 0 p]fectly f9e & cle>1 :5 drawn (f1 x w g ?r\gh a second f]m5tation z soon z w>m wea!r sets x--say 9 ,may or ,june4 ,if ! w9e is cle> & f9e1 h[ev]1 ! f]m5tation w be less viol5t1 ?an if x is n s cle>1 z ! lees1 :i* ! w9e has nev] entirely deposit$2 act z !y f]m5t4 ,x is n safe or judici\s1 !re=e1 to bottle ! w9e be=e ?is second f]m5tation is ov]4 ,z soon z ! w9e has become p]fectly cle> & f9e aga9--g5]ally 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]--x c be bottl$4 ,= bottl+ w9e we ne$3 #a/4 clean bottles4 #b;d4 good corks1 :i* mu/ fir/ be scald$ ) hot wat]1 to s(t5 !m1 & draw out all impurities1 & !n soak$ 9 cold wat]4 #c;d4 a small funnel4 #d?4 a small faucet4 #e?4 a cork-press1 ( iron or wood4 #f?4 a light wood5 mallet to drive 9 ! corks4 ,aft] ! faucet has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! cask1 fill y\r bottles s t !re w be ab\t an in* ( room betwe5 ! cork & ! w9e4 ,let !m /& ab\t five m9utes be=e y drive 9 ! cork1 :i* %\ld always be ( r full size1 & made to fit by compress+ x ) ! press at "o end4 ,!n drive 9 ! cork ) ! mallet1 & lay ! bottles1 ei!r 9 s& on ! cell> floor1 or on a rack made = t purpose4 ,!y %\ld be laid s t ! w9e cov]s ! cork1 to exclude all air4 ,! great] bulk ( ! w9e1 h[ev]1 if yet on h&2 c be kept 9 casks4 ,all ! w9e to be kept ?us1 %\ld be rack$ once 9 ab\t six mon?s1 & ! casks kept well fill$4 ,mo/ ( our native w9es1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally sold aft] ! second rack+ 9 ,m>*1 & a great _m ev5 z soon z cle>--9 ,janu>y4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,w9e ,,& ,,_! ,,rem$ies4 ,^! w seldom occur1 if ! w9e has be5 prop]ly treat$4 ,cases may arise1 h[ev]1 :5 x w become necess>y to rack ! w9e1 or f9e x by artificial means4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,flat ,,& ,,turbid ,,w9e4 ,! cause ( ?is is g5]ally a want ( ,tann94 ,if ! w9e has a peculi>1 flat1 s(t ta/e1 & looks cl\dy1 ?is is g5]ally ! case4 ,draw ! w9e into ano!r cask1 :i* has be5 well sulphur$1 & add "s pulv]iz$ tann91 :i* c be _h 9 e drug /ore4 ,! tann9 may be dissolv$ 9 wat]--ab\t an ounce to e two hundr$ gallons ( w9e--& ! w9e well /irr$1 by ins]t+ a /ick at ! bung4 ,%\ld x n h become cle> aft] ab\t ?ree weeks1 x %\ld be f9$4 ,?is c be done1 by add+ ab\t an ounce ( p[d]$ gum-arabic to ea* =ty gallons1 & /irr+ ! w9e well :5 x has be5 p\r$ 94 ,or1 take "s w9e out ( ! casks--add to ea* =ty gallons :i* x conta9s ! :ites ( t5 eggs1 :ipp$ to foam ) ! w9e tak5 out--p\r 9 ! mixture aga9--/ir up well1 & bung up tight4 ,aft] a week ! w9e w g5]ally be cle>1 & %\ld !n be drawn (f4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,husks ,,& ,,lees4 ,^! %\ld be di/ill$1 & w make a v /rong1 f9e flavor$ br&y4 ,! husks are put into empty b>rels or vats--/amp$ d[n close1 & a cov] ( clay made ov] !m1 to exclude ! air4 ,!y w ?us und]go a f]m5tation1 & be ready = di/illation 9 ab\t a mon?4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 fre% f ! press1 h[ev]2 = if !y come into contact ) ! air1 !y w soon become s\r & m\ldy4 ,! lees c be di/ill$ imm$iately4 ,good fre% lees1 f r a/r+5t w9es are also an excell5t rem$y :5 ! w9e becomes flat1 z be=e describ$4 ,,dr4 ,,gall',s ,,& ,,petiol',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,w9e ,,mak+4 ,! process ( w9e mak+ be=e describ$1 h[ev]1 c only be appli$ 9 su* seasons1 & ) su* v>ieties ( grapes1 t conta9 all ! necess>y elem5ts = a good w9e 9 due proportion4 ,= unfavorable seasons1 ) su* v>ieties ( grapes z are defici5t 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 we mu/ take a diff]5t c\rse--foll[ a diff]5t me?od4 ,to see our way cle>ly be=e u 9 ?is1 let u fir/ exam9e :i* are ! con/itu5t p>ts ( mu/ or grape juice4 ,a *emical analysis ( mu/1 %[s ! foll[+ result3 ,grape juice conta9s sug>1 wat]1 free acids1 tann91 gummy & muc\s sub/ances1 color+ matt]1 fragrant or flavor+ sub/ances1 7aroma b\quet74 ,a good w9e %\ld conta9 all ^! +r$i5ts 9 due proportion4 ,if !re is an excess ( "o1 & a want ( ! o!r1 ! w9e w lose 9 quality4 ,mu/1 :i* conta9s all ( ^!1 9 due proportion1 we call normal mu/1 & only by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( sug> & acids 9 ?is s-call$ normal mu/1 c we ga9 ! k h[ to improve su* mu/1 :i* does n conta9 ! necess>y proportion ( ea*4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( unfavorable seasons 9 ,europe1 :5 ! grapes did n rip5 fully1 & 7 sadly defici5t 9 sug>1 set intellig5t m5 to ?9k+ h[ ?is defect c\ld be rem$i$2 & a grape crop1 :i* 0 almo/ wor?less1 f its want ( sug>1 & its excess ( acids1 c\ld be made to yield at lea/ a fair article1 in/ead ( ! s\r & unsaleable article g5]ally produc$ 9 su* seasons4 ,among ! =emo/ :o exp]im5t$ ) ?is object 9 view ,i w "h "n ,,*aptal1 ,,petiol2 b especially ,,dr4 ,,ludwig ,,gall1 :o has at la/ r$uc$ ! :ole sci5ce ( w9e-mak+ to su* a ma!matical c]ta9ty1 t we /& amaz$ only1 t s simple a process %\ld n h be5 discov]$ long ago4 ,x is ! old /ory ( ! egg ( ,columbus2 b ! poor v9tn]s ( ,g]many1 & ,france1 & we "h1 are none ! less deeply indebt$ to ^? intellig5t & p]sev]+ m5 = ! incalculable b5efits !y h conf]r$ ^u u4 ,! production ( good w9e is ?us r$uc$ to a ma!matical c]ta9ty2 al?\gh we _c 9 a bad season1 produce z high flavor$ & delicate w9es1 z 9 ! be/ ye>s1 we c n[ always make a fair article1 by foll[+ ! simple rules laid d[n by ,,dr4 ,,gall4 ,:5 ?is me?od 0 fir/ introduc$1 x 0 calumniat$ & despis$--call$ adult]ation ( w9e1 & ev5 prohibit$ by ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe2 b1 ,,dr4 ,,gall fe>lessly *all5g$ 8 oppon5ts to h 8 w9es analyz$ by ! mo/ em95t *emi/s2 :i* 0 repeat$ly done1 & ! results %[$ t !y conta9$ no?+ b su* +r$i5ts :i* pure w9e %\ld conta92 & s9ce m5 l ,,von ,,babo1 ,,dob]e9] & o!rs h op5ly endors$ & recomm5d$ galliz+1 prejudice is giv+ way be=e ! light ( sci5tific k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,b to det]m9e ! am\nt ( sug> & acids conta9$ 9 ! mu/ we ne$ a few necess>y implem5ts4 ,^! are3 ,,! ,,mu/ ,,scale ,,or ,,sac*>omet]4 ,! mo/ suitable "o n[ 9 use is ! ,oe*sle's mu/ scale1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple t ! in/rum5t s9ks ! deep] into any fluid1 ! ?9n] x is1 or ! less sug> x conta9s4 ,fig4 #cb %[s ?is in/rum5t1 :i* is g5]ally made ( silv]1 or ,g]man silv]1 al?\gh !y are also made ( glass4 ,a1 repres5ts a holl[ cyl9d]--be/ made ( glass1 fill$ ) mu/ to ! brim1 into :i* place ! mu/ scale ,b4 ,x is compos$ ( ! holl[ float a1 :i* keeps x susp5d$ 9 ! fluid2 ( ! weight c1 = hold+ 9 a p]p5dicul> position2 & ( ! scale e divid$ by small l9es into f fifty to "o hundr$ degrees4 ,be=e ! gauge is plac$ 9 ! mu/1 draw x sev]al times ?r\gh ! m\?1 to moi/5 x--b all[ no saliva to adh]e to x4 ,:5 ! guage ceases to desc5d1 note ! degree to :i* x has sunk2 aft] :i* press x d[n ) ! f+] a few degrees fur!r1 & on its /&+ /ill aga91 ! l9e to :i* ! mu/ rea*es1 indicates its s-call$ weight1 express$ by degrees4 ,! mu/ %\ld be weigh$ 9 an entirely fre% /ate1 be=e x %[s any sign ( f]m5tation1 & %\ld be free f husks1 & pure4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* is indisp5sable to e "o :o int5ds to make w9e1 c be obta9$ 9 ne>ly e l>ge t[n1 f ! prom95t opticians4 ,,jacob ,,blattn]1 at ,/4 ,l\is keeps !m = sale4 ,! sac*>omet] w indicate ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! mu/1 & its use is s simple1 t e "o c soon become famili> ) x4 ,! next /ep 9 ! improvem5t ( w9es 0 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( acids ! mu/ conta9$1 & ?is problem has also be5 successfully solv$ by ! inv5tion ( ! acidimet]3 ,,! ,,acidimet] ,,& ,,its ,,use4 ,! fir/ in/rum5t ( ?is k9d :i* came into g5]al use1 0 "o inv5t$ by ,,dr4 ,,otto1 & consi/s ( a glass tube1 f t5 to twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 half an in* 9 wid?1 & clos$ at ! l[] end4 ,fig4 #cc %[s ,,otto',s ,acidimet]4 ,! tube is fill$ to ! p>tition l9e a1 ) t9cture ( litmus4 ,! mu/ to be exam9$1 be=e x has begun to f]m5t is !n p\r$ into ! tube1 until x rea*es ! l9e #j4 ,! blue t9cture ( litmus1 :i* w\ld /ill be blue1 if wat] _h be5 add$1 is turn$ into rose-color by ! action ( ! acids conta9$ 9 ! mu/4 ,if a solution ( #a1cfi p] c5t1 ( cau/ic ammonia is add$ to ?is r$ fluid1 & ! tube is turn$ ar\nd to effect ! necess>y mixture1 keep+ its m\? clos$ ) ! ?umb1 aft] ! addition ( m or less ( ! ammonical fluid1 x w *ange into violet4 ,?is t+e indicates ! saturation ( ! acids1 & ! height ( ! fluid 9 ! tube n[ %[s ! quantity ( acid 9 ! mu/1 by :ole1 half & f\r? p>ts p] c5t4 ,! l9es m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 indicate :ole p] c5ts42 ! %ort int]m$iate l9es1 "o-f\r? p] c5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,:5 ,,dr4 ,,gall1 %ortly be=e ! v9tage ( #ahej1 fir/ publicly recomm5d$ ! dilution ( ! acids1 he 0 oblig$ to ref] to ?is in/rum5t1 z already kn[n1 & ev]y:]e at h&1 :i* 0 at ! same "t *eap1 & simple 9 its use4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t if mu/ is exam9$ by ?is in/rum5t1 ! quantity ( acids conta9$ 9 x1 is really some:at l>g] ?an indicat$ by ! in/rum5t2 because ! acids conta9$ 9 ! mu/ require = _! saturation a weak] solution ( ammonia ?an acetic acid4 ,z h[ev]1 ,,otto',s acidimet] %[s ab\t "o eigh? ( ! acids less ?an ! mu/ actually conta9s1 & ab\t z mu* acids comb9$ ) e>?s is remov$ dur+ f]m5tation1 ,,dr4 ,,gall recomm5ds t ! quantity ( acids be r$uc$ to #f-a_/b1 or at mo/ #g ?\s&?s ( ,,otto',s acidimet]1 & ! results h %[n t ?is 0 ab\t ! "r proportion2 z ! w9es 9 :i* ! acids 7 ?us dilut$ 7 9 favor ) all consum]s4 ,! acidimet] ref]r$ to 0 aft]w>ds improv$1 by mak+ ! tube long] & m n>r[1 & divid+ x into t5?s ( p] c5ts1 in/ead ( f\r?s2 ?us divid+ ! :ole above #j into ?\s&?s4 ,b al?\gh by ?is improv$ acidimet] ! quantity ( acids c\ld be asc]ta9$ ) m nicety1 !re rema9$ "o defect1 t 9 (t5 turn+ ! glass tube = mix+ ! fluids1 "s ( ! cont5ts adh]$ to ! ?umb 9 clos+ its m\?4 ,?is defect 0 rem$i$ 9 a new acidimet]1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,,geisl]1 :o also inv5t$ ! new vaporimet] = ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( alcohol conta9$ 9 w9e4 ,x is bas$ on ! same pr9ciple z ,,otto',s1 b diff]s altoge!r 9 its con/ruction4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts1 all made ( glass2 ! mix+ bottle1 ,fig4 #cd2 ! ,pipette1 ,fig4 #ce2 & ! burette1 ,fig #cf4 ,besides1 !re %\ld be ready ?ree small glasses--"o fill$ ) t9cture ( litmus1 ! second ) a solution ( #a1cfi p] ammonia1 & ! ?ird ) ! mu/ or w9e to be te/$2 also1 a tall] glass1 or vessel1 hav+ its bottom cov]$ ) cotton1 9 :i* glass ! burette1 aft] x has be5 fill$ ) ! solution ( ammonia1 is to be plac$ 9 an upright position until want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,to use ?is in/rum5t ! mu/ & ! t9cture ( litmus1 hav+ fir/ receiv$ ! normal temp]ature ( #ad ,reaum]1 are br\ght into ! mix+ bottle by means ( ! pipette1 :i* is a holl[ tube ( glass1 op5 on bo? ends4 ,to fill x1 place its l[] end into ! t9cture or mu/1 apply ! m\? to ! upp] end1 & by means ( suction fill x ) ! t9cture ( litmus to above ! l9e indicat$ at ,a4 ,! op5+ ( ! top is !n quickly clos$ ) ! ?umb2 by alt]nately rais+ ! ?umb1 & press+ x d[n aga91 s mu* ( ! t9cture is !n all[$ to fl[ back into ! glass s z to l[] ! fluid to ! l9e indicat$ at ,a4 ,! rema9d] is !n br\ght into ! bottle1 & ! la/ drops =c$ out by bl[+ into ! pipette4 ,9 fill+ x ) mu/1 raise ! fluid 9 ! same way1 until x comes up to ! l9e indicat$ at ,b1 & !n empty into ! mix+ bottle4 ,! burette consi/s ( two holl[ tubes ( glass4 ,9 fill+ x1 hold ! small] tube ) ! "r h& into ! glass conta9+ ! solution ( ammonia1 apply ! m\? to ! l>g] "o1 & by draw+ 9 ! fluid ! tube is fill$ exactly to ! l9e indicat$ at #j ( ! tube4 ,hold+ ! mix+ bottle by ! neck betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&1 place ! small] tube ( ! burette into ! m\? ( ! mix+ bottle1 :i* mu/ be con/antly %ak52 let en\gh ( ! solution ( ammonia be br\ght drop by drop1 into ! mixture 9 ! bottle1 till ! r$ has be5 *ang$ into ! deep r$di% blue ( ! purple onion4 ,?is is ! sign ( ! prop] saturation ( ! acids4 ,to di/+ui% /ill bett]1 turn ! mix+ bottle upside d[n1 by clos+ its m\? ) ! ?umb1 & exam9e ! color ( ! fluid 9 ! tube-%ap$ neck ( ! bottle1 & aft]w>ds1 %\ld x be requir$1 add ano!r drop ( ! ammonia4 ,repeat ?is until ! prop] tone ( color has be5 rea*$1 nei!r r$ nor blue4 ,aft] ?us fix+ ! precise po9t ( ! saturation ( ! acids1 ! burette is held upright1 & ! quantity ( ! solution ( ammonia consum$ is accurately det]m9$1--t is1 to :at l9e on ! scale ! burette has be5 empti$4 ,! quantity ( ! solution s us$ corresponds ) ! quantity ( acids conta9$ 9 ! mu/--! l>g] division l9es opposite ! numb]s indicat+ ! ?\s&?s "p1 & ! small] l9es or dots ! t5 ?\s&?s "p4 ,until ! eye has le>n$ by practice to recognize ! po9ts ( saturation by ! tone ( color1 x c be prov5 by means ( litmus pap]4 ,:5 ! mixture 9 ! bottle beg9s to turn blue1 put 9 ! end ( a slip ( litmus pap] ab\t half an in* deep1 & !n draw ?is end ?r\gh y\r f+]s1 moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,s long z ! ends ( ! blue litmus pap] become m or less r$d5$1 ! acids h n be5 completely saturat$4 ,only :5 x rema9s blue1 has ! po9t ( saturation be5 rea*$4 ,9 exam9+ r$ mu/1 ! me?od %\ld be modifi$ z foll[s3--,in/ead ( fir/ fill+ ! pipette ) t9cture ( litmus1 fill x ) wat] to ! l9e ,a1 & transf] x into ! bottle4 ,aft] ! quantity ( mu/ has be5 add$1 drop six-?\s&?s ( ! solution ( ammonia into ! mixture1 con/antly %ak+ x :ile dropp+1 !n te/ x1 & s on1 until1 aft] e fur!r addition requir$ ) litmus pap]1 x is no long] r$d5$ aft] hav+ be5 wip$ (f4 ,,dr4 ,,gall fur!r gives ! foll[+ directions1 z a guide1 to di/+ui% & det]m9e ! proportion ( acids :i* a mu/ %\ld conta91 to be /ill agreeable to ! palate1 & good3 ,*emi/s di/+ui% ! acid conta9$ 9 ! grape z ! v9\s1 malic1 grape1 citric1 tannic1 gelat9\s & p>a-citric acids4 ,:e!r all ^! are conta9$ 9 ! mu/1 or :i* ( !m1 is ( small mom5t = u to "k4 ,= ! practical w9e-mak]1 x is suffici5t to "k1 ) full c]ta9ty1 t1 z ! grape rip5s1 :ile ! proportion ( sug> increases1 ! quantity ( acids cont9ually dim9i%es2 & h5ce1 by leav+ ! grapes on ! v9es z long z possible1 we h a d\ble means ( improv+ _! products--! mu/ or w9e4 ,all w9es1 )\t exception1 to be ( good & ( agreeable ta/e1 mu/ conta9 f #d-a_/b to #g ?\s&?s p>ts ( free acids1 & ea* mu/ conta9+ m ?an sev5 ?\s&?s p>ts ( free acids may be consid]$ z hav+ too little wat] & sug> 9 proportion to its quantity ( acids4 ,9 all w9e-gr[+ c\ntries ( ,g]many1 = a numb] ( ye>s pa/1 exp]i5ce has prov$ t a correspond+ addition ( sug> & wat] is ! means ( conv]t+ ! s\re/ mu/1 n only into a good dr9kable w9e1 b also into z good a w9e z c be produc$ 9 favorable ye>s1 except 9 t peculi> & delicate aroma f\nd only 9 ! mu/ ( well-rip5$ grapes1 & :i* mu/ & w always di/+ui% ! w9es made 9 ! be/ seasons f ^? made 9 poor seasons4 ,! sac*>omet] & acidimet]1 prop]ly us$1 w give u ! exact k ( :at ! mu/ conta9s1 & :at x lacks2 & we h ! means at h&1 by add+ wat]1 to r$uce ! acids to _! prop] proportion2 & by add+ sug>1 to increase ! am\nt ( sug> ! mu/ %\ld conta92 9 o!r words1 we c *ange ! poor mu/ ( indiff]5t seasons into ! normal mu/ ( ! be/ seasons 9 ev]y?+1 except its b\quet or aroma1 !reby conv]t+ an un:olesome & disagreeable dr9k into an agreeable & heal?y "o4 ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,! ,,mu/1 ,,by ,,f]m5tation1 ,,into ,,w9e4 ,let u glance = a few mom5ts at ?is wond]ful1 simple1 & yet s complicat$ process1 to give a cle>] insight into ! functions :i* man has to p]=m to assi/ ,nature1 & h h] "w = him1 to atta9 ! desir$ end4 ,i _c put ! matt] 9 a bett] light = my read]s ?an to quote aga9 f ,,dr4 ,,gall4 ,he says3--,to =m a correct op9ion ( :at may & c be done 9 ! manufacture ( w9e1 we mu/ be ?or\ghly conv9c$ t ,nature1 9 h] op]ations1 has o!r objects 9 view ?an m]ely to s]ve man z 8 c>eful cook & butl]4 ,_h ! highe/ object ( ! ,creator1 9 ! creation ( ! grape1 be5 simply to comb9e 9 ! juice ( ! fruit no?+ b :at is indisp5sable to ! =mation ( t delici\s bev]age = ! accommodation ( man1 x might h be5 /ill easi] done = him by at once fill+ ! b]ries ) w9e already made4 ,b 9 ! production ( fruits1 ! fir/ object ( all is to provide = ! propagation & pres]vation ( ! species4 ,ea* fruit conta9s ! g]m ( a new plant1 & a quantity ( nutriti\s matt] surr\nd+ & develop+ t g]m4 ,! g5]al belief is1 t ?is nutriti\s matt]1 & ev5 ! peculi> comb9ation 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! fruit1 has be5 made directly = ! imm$iate use ( man4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ake4 ,! nutriti\s matt] ( ! grape1 z 9 ! apple1 pe>1 or any simil> product1 is design$ by ,nature only to s]ve z ! fir/ n\ri%m5t ( ! future plant1 ! g]m ( :i* lies 9 x4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( fruits ( no use :atev]1 & are ev5 noxi\s to man1 & !re are ?\s&s m :i*1 be=e !y c be us$1 mu/ be dive/$ ( c]ta9 p>ts1 necess>y1 inde$1 to ! nutrition ( ! future plant1 b unfit1 9 its pres5t /ate1 = ! use or n\ri%m5t ( man4 ,= in/ance1 b>ley conta9s />*1 mucilag9\s sug>1 gum1 adhesive matt]1 vegetable album51 phosphate ( lime1 oil1 fibre & wat]4 ,all ^! are necess>y to ! =mation ( roots1 /alks1 leaves1 fl[]s & ! new gra92 b = ! manufacture ( be]1 ! brew] ne$s only ! fir/ ?ree sub/ances4 ,! same rule applies to ! grape4 ,9 ?is use ( ! grape1 all dep5ds ^u ! judgm5t ( man to select su* ( its p>ts z he wi%es1 & by 8 skill he adapts & applies !m 9 ! be/ mann] = 8 purposes4 ,9 eat+ ! grapes1 he ?r[s away ! sk9s & se$s2 = rais9s1 he evaporates ! wat]1 reta9+ only ! solid p>ts1 f :i*1 :5 he uses !m1 he rejects _! se$s4 ,if he manufactures mu/1 he lets ! sk9s rema94 ,9 mak+ w9e1 he sets free ! c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! mu/1 & removes ! lees1 gum1 t>t>1 &1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ deposit$ dur+1 & imm$iately aft] f]m5tation1 z well z :5 x is put into casks & bottles4 ,he n only removes f ! w9e its s$im5ts1 b wat*es ! f]m5tation1 & *ecks x z soon z its v9\s f]m5tation is ov]1 & ! =mation ( v9eg> ab\t to beg94 ,he ref9es 8 w9e by an addition ( =eign sub/ances if necess>y2 he sulphurizes x2 &1 by "o means or ano!r1 rem$ies its di/emp]s4 ,! manufacture ( w9e is ?us a _m-sid$ art2 & he :o does n und]/& x1 or kn[s n h[ to guide & direct ! p[]s ( ,nature to 8 own purposes1 may z well give up all hopes ( success 9 x4 ,s f> ,,dr4 ,,gall2 & to ! intellig5t & unbias$ m9d1 ! tru? & =ce ( ^! rem>ks w be app>5t1 )\t fur!r ext5d+ or expla9+ !m4 ,h[ absurd1 !n1 ! bl9d rav+s ( ^? :o talk ab\t natural w9es1 & w\ld condemn e addition ( sug> & wat] to ! mu/ by man1 :5 ,nature has n fully done h] "p1 z adult]ation & fraud4 ,:y1 !re is no su* ?+ z a natural w9e2 = w9e--good w9e--is ! product ( art1 & a manufacture f beg9n+ to end4 ,w\ld we n ?9k t p>5t extremely cruel1 z well z fooli%1 :o w\ld h h] *ild )\t clo?+1 simply because ,nature _h all[$ x to be born )\t x8 ,w\ld n ! *ild suff] & die1 because its "m fail$ to aid ,nature 9 h] "w1 by clo?+ & fe$+ x :5 x is yet unable to fe$ & clo! itself8 ,& yet1 w\ld n t w9e-mak] act equally fooli% :o has x )9 8 p[] to rem$y ! defici5cies ( ,nature ) su* means z %e h]self supplies 9 good season1 & :i* ought & w\ld be 9 ! mu/ b = unfavorable circum/ances1 ov] :i* we h no control8 ,w9e ?us improv$ is j z pure z if ! sug> & wat] _h naturally be5 9 ! grapes 9 "r proportions2 j z b5eficial to heal?2 & only ! fanatical "k-no?+ c call x adult]at$4 ,b ! prejudices w disappe> be=e ! light ( sci5ce & tru?1 h[ev] mu* ignorance may clamor aga9/ x4 ,,galileo1 :5 =c$ to abjure publicly 8 great discov]y ( ! motion ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun z a h]esy & lie1 murmur$ betwe5 8 tee? ! celebrat$ words1 ,& yet x moves4 ,x did move2 & ! !ory is n[ an ackn[l$g$ tru?1 ) :i* e s*oolboy is famili>4 ,?us w x be ) improv$ w9e-mak+4 ,x w yet be foll[$1 g5]ally & univ]sally1 z sure z ! public w le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 good & poor w9e4 ,let u n[ obs]ve = a mom5t ! *ange :i* f]m5tation makes 9 conv]t+ ! mu/ into w9e4 ,! nitrog5e\s comp\nds--vegetable album51 glut5--:i* are conta9$ 9 ! grape1 & :i* are dissolv$ 9 ! mu/ z completely z ! sug>1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances turn into ! f]m5t+ pr9ciple1 & s *ange ! mu/ into w9e4 ,?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by ! f]m5t+ sub/ance com+ into contact ) ! air1 & receiv+ oxyg5 f x1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x coagulates1 & %[s itself 9 ! turbid /ate ( mu/1 or "y w9e4 ,! coagulation ( ! lees takes place b gradually1 & j 9 ! degree ! exhau/$ lees settle4 ,! sug> gradually turns into alcohol4 ,! acids p>tly rema9 z t>t>ic acid1 are p>tly turn$ into e!r1 or settle ) ! lees1 *ry/allize1 & adh]e to ! bottom ( ! casks4 ,! e!ric oil1 or aroma1 rema9s1 & develops into b\quet2 also ! tann91 to a c]ta9 degree4 ,! album5 & glut5 pr9cipally settle1 al?\gh a small portion ( !m rema9s 9 ! w9e4 ,! color+ matt] & extractive pr9ciple rema91 b *ange some:at by f]m5tation4 ,?us x is ! mu/ conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( sug> ne$s a long] "t to become cle> ?an t conta9+ b a small portion ( x2 !re=e1 _m s\!rn w9es reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sug> undecompos$1 & !y are call$ sweet1 or liqueur w9es2 :]eas1 w9es 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! sug> has be5 decompos$ are call$ s\r or dry w9es4 ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to be ?us explicit to give my read]s an insight into ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n u 9 w9e-mak+4 ,i h quot$ freely f ! excell5t "w ( ,,dr4 ,,gall4 ,we w n[ see :e!r & h[ we c r$uce x to practice4 ,i w try & illu/rate ?is by an example4 ,,normal ,,mu/4 ,exp]im5ts cont9u$ = a numb] ( ye>s h prov$ t1 9 favorable seasons1 grape juice conta9s1 on ! av]age1 9 #a1jjj lbs43 ,sug>1 #bdj lbs4 ,acids1 #f ,wat]1 #ged ----- #a1jjj ,?is proportion w\ld con/itute :at ,i call a normal mu/4 ,b n[ we h an inf]ior season1 & ! mu/ conta9s1 in/ead ( ! above proportions1 z foll[s3 ,sug>1 #aej lbs4 ,acids1 #i ,wat]1 #hda ----- #a1jjj ,:at mu/ we d to br+ su* mu/ to ! condition ( a normal mu/8 ,?is is ! "q ?us aris+4 ,to solve x1 we calculate ?us3 ,if1 9 six p\nds ( acids 9 a normal w9e1 #bdj p\nds ( sug> appe>1 h[ mu* sug> is want$ = n9e p\nds ( acids8 ,answ]1 #cfj p\nds4 ,our next "q is3 ,if1 9 six p\nds ( acids 9 a normal mu/1 #ged p\nds ( wat] appe>1 h[ mu* wat] is requir$ = n9e p\nds ( acids8 ,answ]1 #a1aca p\nds4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! mu/ :i* we int5d to improve by neutraliz+ its acids1 %\ld conta9 #cfj p\nds ( sug>1 n9e p\nds ( acids1 & #a1aca p\nds ( wat]1 b conta9s already #aej p\nds ( sug>1 #i p\nds ( acids1 & #hda p\nds ( wat]1 !re rema9 to be add$1 #baj p\nds ( sug>1 no acids1 & #bij p\nds ( wat]4 ,by ameliorat+ a quantity ( #a1jjj p\nds mu/ by #baj p\nds sug>1 & #bij p\nds wat]1 we obta9 #a1ejj p\nds ( mu/1 consi/+ ( ! same prop]ties z ! normal mu/1 :i* makes a fir/-class w9e4 ,?is is w9e-mak+1 accord+ to ,,gall',s me?od1 9 ,europe4 ,n[1 let u see :at we c d ) x on ,am]ican soil1 & ) ,am]ican grapes4 ,,! ,,mu/ ,,( ,,am]ican ,,grapes4 ,if we exam9e ! mu/ ( mo/ ( our ,am]ican w9e grapes closely1 we f9d t !y n only conta9 an excess ( acids 9 inf]ior seasons1 b also a sup]abundance ( flavor or aroma1 & ( tann9 & color+ matt]4 ,especially ( flavor1 !re is su* an abundance t1 7 ! quantity d\bl$ by addition ( sug> & wat]1 !re w\ld /ill be an abundance2 & ) "s v>ieties1 su* z ! ,concord1 if f]m5t$ on ! husks1 x is s /rong z to be disagreeable4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 n only ameliorate ! acid1 b also ! flavor & ! a/r+5cy1 ( :i* ! tann9 is ! pr9cipal cause4 ,!re=e x is1 t to u ! k ( h[ to prop]ly gallize our w9es is /ill m important ?an to ! ,european v9tn]1 & ! results :i* we c realize are yet m important4 ,by a prop] managem5t1 we c *ange mu/1 :i* w\ld o!rwise make a disagreeable w9e1 into "o 9 :i* ev]y?+ is 9 its prop] proportion1 & :i* w delight ! consum]1 to ^: fa/idi\s ta/e if w\ld o!rwise h be5 repugnant4 ,true1 we h "h a m cong5ial climate1 & ! grapes w g5]ally rip5 bett]1 s t we c 9 mo/ seasons produce a dr9kable w9e4 ,b if we c increase ! quantity1 & at ! same "t improve ! quality1 !re is c]ta9ly an inducem5t1 :i* ! practical bus9ess s5se ( our p w n fail to appreciate & make use (4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o difficulty 9 ! way4 ,i d n believe t ! acidimet] c yet be obta9$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & we mu/ import !m direct f ! manufactur]s1 ,,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,m>qu>t1 ( ,bonn1 on ! ,rh9e2 or ,j4 ,,diehn1 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,h[ev]1 ?is difficulty w soon be ov]come2 &1 inde$1 al?\gh x is impossible to practice galliz+ )\t a sac*>omet]1 we may get at ! surplus ( acids ) tol]able c]ta9ty by ! results %[n by ! sac*>omet]4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 ,i w give an example3 ,la/ ye> 0 "o ( ! mo/ unfavorable seasons = ! rip5+ ( grapes we h ev] _h "h1 & especially ! ,catawba lo/ almo/ n9e-t5?s ( its crop by mildew & rot2 x also lo/ its leaves1 & ! result 01 t ! grapes did n rip5 well4 ,:5 ga!r+ my grapes1 ^u weigh+ ! mu/1 ,i f\nd t x rang$ f #eb to #gj2 :]eas1 9 good seasons1 ,catawba mu/ weighs f #hj to #ie4 ,i n[ calculat$ ?us3 if normal mu/ ( ,catawba %\ld weigh at lea/ #hj1 & ! mu/ ,i h to deal ) ?is season w weigh on an av]age only #fj1 ,i mu/ add to ?is mu/ ab\t #a_/b lb4 ( sug> to br+ x up to #hj4 ,b n[ ,i _h ! surplus acid to neutralize yet4 ,to d ?is1 ,i calculat$ ?us3 ,if1 ev5 9 a normal ,catawba mu/1 or a mu/ ( ! be/ seasons1 !re is yet an excess ( acid1 ,i c safely c\nt on !re be+ at lea/ "o-?ird too mu* acid 9 a mu/ t weighs b #fj4 ,i1 !re=e1 add$ to e #ajj gallons ( mu/ #dj gallons ( s(t wat]1 9 :i* ,i _h fir/ dissolv$ #hj lbs4 ( cru%$ sug>1 :i* br\ght ! wat]1 :5 weigh$ aft] dissolv+ ! sug> 9 x1 up to #hj4 ,n[1 ,i _h yet to add #ej lbs41 or half a p\nd to ea* gallon ( ! orig9al mu/1 to br+ ?is up to #hj4 ,i ?us press$1 in/ead ( #ajj gallons1 #aej gallons1 f ! same quantity ( grapes2 & ! result 0 a w9e1 :i* e "o :o has ta/$ x has decl>$ to be excell5t ,catawba4 ,x has a brilliant pale yell[ color1 0 p]fectly cle> #a/ ( ,janu>y1 & sold by me to ! fir/ "o to :om ,i (f]$ x1 at a price :i* ,i h seldom realiz$ = ,catawba w9e made 9 ! be/ seasons1 )\t addition ( sug> or wat]4 ,true1 x has n z /rong an aroma z ! ,catawba ( our be/ seasons1 nor has x z mu* a/r+5cy2 b ?is latt] ,i consid] an advantage1 & x /ill has abundant aroma to give x "*4 ,ano!r exp]im5t ,i made ) ! ,concord satisfi$ me1 )\t "q1 t ! mu/ ( ?is grape w always ga9 by an addition ( wat] & sug>4 ,i press$ sev]al casks ( ! pure juice1 :i*1 z ! ,concord _h held its leaves & rip5$ its fruit v well1 conta9$ sug> en\gh to make a fair w9e1 namely1 #ge4 ,?is ,i g5]ally press$ ! day aft] ga!r+1 & put into sep>ate casks4 ,i !n took "s mu/ ( ! same weight1 b to :i* ,i _h add$1 to e #ajj gallons1 #ej gallons ( wat]1 9 :i* ,i _h dilut$ sug> until ! wat] weigh$ #ge1 or n q two p\nds ( sug> to ! gallon ( wat]1 press$ also aft] ! expiration ( ! same "t1 & o!rwise treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,bo? 7 treat$ exactly alike1 rack$ at ! same "t2 & ! result is1 t e "o :o tries ! two w9es1 )\t kn[+ h[ !y h be5 treat$1 pref]s ! galliz$ w9e to ! o!r--! pure juice ( ! grape4 ,x is m delicate 9 flavor1 has less acidity1 & a m brilliant color ?an ! fir/1 ! ungalliz$ mu/4 ,!y are bo? excell5t1 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! galliz$ w9e4 ,,dr4 ,,gall recomm5ds grape sug> z ! be/ to be us$ = ! purpose4 ,?is is made f potato />*2 b x is h>d to obta9 "h1 & ,i h f\nd cru%$ loaf sug> answ] e purpose4 ,i ?9k ?is sug> has ! advantage ov] grape sug>1 t x dissolves m readily1 & c ev5 be dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 ?us simplify+ ! process v mu*4 ,x w take ab\t two p\nds to ! gallon ( wat] to br+ ?is up to #hj1 :i* w make a w9e ( suffici5t body4 ,! av]age price ( sug> 0 ab\t #bb c5ts p] p\nd1 & ! co/ ( ?us produc+ an additional gallon ( w9e1 c\nt+ 9 labor1 int]e/ on capital1 etc41 w be ab\t #fj c5ts4 ,:5 ! w9e c be sold at f #b to #c p] gallon1 ! read] w easily p]ceive ( :at imm5se advantage ?is me?od is to ! grape-gr[]1 if he c !reby n only improve ! quality1 b also increase ! quantity ( ! yield4 ,! ef=ts made by ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 & ! contributors to ! annual reports f ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 to diffuse a g5]al k ( ?is process1 c !re=e n be comm5d$ too highly4 ,x w help mu* to br+ into g5]al use1 among all classes1 good1 pure1 native w9es2 & z soon z ev] ! poor] classes c obta9 *eap agreeable w9es1 ! use ( bad :iskey & br&y w be ab&on$ m & m1 & ?is nation w become a m temp]ate p4 ,b ?is is only ! fir/ /ep4 ,!re is a way to /ill fur!r increase ! quantity4 ,,dr4 ,,gall & o!rs f\nd1 by analyz+ ! husks ( ! grape aft] ! juice _h be5 extract$ by p[]ful presses1 t !y n only /ill conta9$ a consid]able am\nt ( juice1 b also a great am\nt ( extracts1 or w9e-mak+ pr9ciples1 9 _m in/ances suffici5t = ?ree times ! bulk ( ! juice already express$4 ,?is fact sugge/$ ! "q3 ,z !re are s _m ( ^! valuable prop]ties left1 & only sug> & wat] exhau/$1 :y _c ^! be sub/itut$ until ! o!rs are completely exhau/$8 ,x 0 f\nd t ! husks /ill conta9$ suffici5t ( acids1 tann91 aroma1 color+ matt]1 & glut54 ,all t rema9$ to be add$ 0 wat] & sug>4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?is c\ld be easily done2 & ! results %[$ t w9e made 9 ?is mann] 0 equal1 if n sup]ior1 to "s ( t made f ! orig9al juice1 & 0 (t51 by ! be/ judges1 pref]r$ to t made f ! orig9al mu/4 ,i h also practic$ ?is me?od ext5sively ! la/ season2 & ! result is1 t ,i h fully d\bl$ ! am\nt ( w9e ( ! ,norton's ,virg9ia & ,concord4 ,i h ?us made #b1ejj gallons ( ,concord1 :]e ,i _h b #a1jcj gallons ( orig9al mu/2 & #b1fjj gallons ( ,norton's ,virg9ia1 :]e ,i _h b #a1cjj gallons ( mu/4 ,! w9es ?us made 7 kept /rictly sep>ate f ^? made f ! orig9al juice1 & ! result is1 t _m ( !m are bett]1 & none inf]ior1 to ! orig9al mu/2 & al?\gh ,i h kept a c>eful di>y ( w9e-mak+1 9 :i* ,i h not$ ! process h[ ea* cask 0 made1 p]iod ( f]m5tation on ! husks1 quantity ( sug> us$1 etc41 & h n hesitat$ to %[ ?is to e pur*as] aft] he _h ta/$ ( ! w9e1 !y g5]ally1 & ) v few exceptions1 *ose ^? :i* _h ei!r be5 galliz$ 9 "p1 or entirely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,union ,,village4--,b]ries #a_/c diamet]4 ,my me?od 9 mak+ su* w9es 0 v simple4 ,i g5]ally took ! same quantity ( wat]1 ! husks _h giv5 orig9al mu/1 or 9 o!r words1 :5 ,i _h press$ #ajj gallons ( juice1 ,i took ab\t #hj gallons ( wat]4 ,to make ,concord w9e1 ,i add$ #a-c_/d lbs4 ( sug> to ! gallon1 z ,i calculat$ ^u "s sug> rema9+ 9 ! husks1 :i* 7 n press$ entirely dry4 ,?is increas$ ! quantity1 ) ! juice yet conta9$ 9 ! husks to #ajj gallons1 & br\ght ! wat] to #gj2 calculat+ t f #e to #aj /ill rema9$ 9 ! husks1 x w\ld give u a mu/ ( ab\t #hj4 ,! grapes1 z be=e rem>k$1 _h be5 ga!r$ dur+ ! =ego+ day1 & 7 g5]ally press$ 9 ! morn+4 ,z soon z possible ! husks 7 turn$ into ! f]m5t+ vat aga91 all pull$ ap>t & brok51 & ! wat] add$ to !m4 ,z ! f]m5tation _h be5 v /rong be=e1 x imm$iately comm5c$ aga94 ,i g5]ally all[$ !m to f]m5t = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n press$ aga91 b press$ z dry z possible ?is "t4 ,! :ole treatm5t ( ?is mu/ 0 precisely simil> to t ( ! orig9al4 ,9 mak+ ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,i w\ld take1 in/ead ( #a-c_/d lbs41 #b lbs4 ( sug> to ! gallon--z x is naturally a w9e ( great] body ?an ! ,concord--& ,i aim$ to come z ne> to ! natural mu/ z possible4 ,i g5]ally f]m5t$ ?is some:at long]1 z a d>k] color 0 desir$4 ,! "t ( f]m5tation mu/ v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 9 cool] wea!r1 bo? press+s %\ld rema9 long] on ! husks4 ,! results1 9 bo? v>ieties 7 w9es ( excell5t flavor1 good body1 a brilliant color1 ) en\gh ( tann9 or a/r+5cy1 & suffici5t acid--!re=e1 9 e way satisfactory4 ,! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 n conf9$ to ^! alone1 b ext5d$ ov] a numb] ( v>ieties1 ) good results 9 e case4 ,( all v>ieties tri$1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd t ! ,concord w\ld be> ! mo/ ( galliz+1 )\t los+ its own peculi> flavor2 & ,i satisfi$ myself1 t ! quantity 9 ?is grape c safely be increas$ "h1 f #ajj gallons ( mu/ to #bej gallons ( w9e1 & ! quality yet be bett]1 ?an if ! mu/ _h be5 left 9 its normal condition4 ,& x is "h aga9 :]e only exp]i5ce c tea* u h[ f> we c g ) a c]ta9 v>iety4 ,x mu/ be cle> & app>5t to any "o :o is ev] s slightly acqua9t$ ) w9e-mak+1 h[ widely diff]5t ! v>ieties are 9 _! *>act]i/ics & +r$i5ts4 ,we may lay x d[n z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 t our native grapes1 ) _! /rong & peculi> flavors1 & _! sup]abundance ( tann9 & color+ matt]1 w admit ( mu* m galliz+1 ?an ! m delicately flavor$ ,european k9ds4 ,i h ?us tri$ only to give an outl9e ( ! necess>y op]ations1 z well z ! pr9ciples ly+ at ! f\ndation ( !m4 ,i h also spok5 only ( facts z ,i h f\nd !m1 z ,i am well aw>e t ?is is a field 9 :i* ,i h mu* to le>n yet1 & :]e x b poorly becomes me to act ! "p ( tea*]4 ,^? desir+ m detail$ in=mation1 ,i w\ld ref] to ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,reports ( #ahei-fj1 :]e !y w f9d valuable extracts f ! works ( ,,dr4 ,,gall2 & also to ! orig9al works4 ,if we look at ! probable effect ^! me?ods ( improv+ w9es are likely to h ^u grape-culture1 x is b natural t we %\ld ask ! "q3 ,is !re any?+ repreh5sible 9 ! practice--any reason :y x %\ld n become g5]al8 ,! answ] to ?is is v simple4 ,!y conta9 no?+ :i* ! f]m5t$ grape juice1 9 its pure/ & mo/ p]fect /ate does n also conta94 ,!re=e1 !y are z pure z any grape juice c be1 ) ! consid]ation 9 _! favor1 t ev]y?+ is 9 ! "r proportion4 ,!re=e1 if w9e made f pure grape juice c be recomm5d$ = g5]al use1 surely1 ! galliz$ w9es c also be recomm5d$4 ,,dr4 ,,gall has repeat$ly (f]$ to pay a f9e = ! b5efit ( ! poor1 if ! mo/ critical *emical analysis c\ld detect any?+ 9 !m1 :i* 0 injuri\s to heal?1 or :i* pure w9es ought n to conta91 & 8 oppon5ts h always fail$ to %[ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,i "k t "s ( my w9e-mak+ fri5ds w blame me = ?us lett+ ! cat out ( ! bag4 ,!y seem to ?9k t x w\ld be bett] to keep ! k we h ga9$1 to ourselves1 c>efully ev5 hid+ ! fact t any ( our w9es h be5 galliz$4 ,b x has always be5 a deep-seat$ conviction ) me1 t k & tru?1 l ,god's sun %\ld be ! common prop]ty ( all ,8 *ildr5--& t x is ! duty ( e "o n to hide 8 light "u a bu%el1 b seek to imp>t x to all1 :o c\ld1 p]haps1 be b5efitt$ by x4 ,& :y1 9 reality1 %\ld we seek to keep z a secret a practice :i* is p]fectly "r & ju/ifiable8 ,if !re is a prejudice aga9/ x1 7& we "k !re is71 ?is is n ! way to combat x4 ,only by meet+ x op5ly1 & %[+ ! fallacy ( x1 c we hope to conv9ce ! public1 t !re is no?+ wrong ab\t x4 ,tru? & ju/ice ne$ nev] fe> ! light--!y c only ga9 additional =ce f x4 ,i d n ev5 attempt to sell a cask ( galliz$ w9e1 be=e ! pur*as] is made fully acqua9t$ ) ! fact1 t x has be5 galliz$4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse1 t _m1 :o g to "w c>elessly & slov5ly1 w fail to make good w9e1 9 ?is or any o!r way4 ,to make a good article1 ! nature ( ea* v>iety & its peculi>ities mu/ be closely /udi$--we mu/ h z ripe grapes z we c get1 c>efully ga!r$2 & we ne$ n ?9k t wat] & sug> w accompli% ev]y?+4 ,!re is a limit to ev]y?+1 & to galliz+ z well z to any?+ else4 ,z soon z we pass beyond t limit1 an inf]ior product w be ! result4 ,b let u glance a mom5t at ! probable influ5ce ?is discov]y w h on ,am]ican grape culture4 ,x _c be o!rwise ?an 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial2 = :5 we simply look at grape-culture z x 0 t5 ye>s ago1 ) ! simple product ( ! ,catawba z its basis2 a v>iety :i* w\ld only yield an av]age (1 say #bjj gallons to ! acre--(t5 v inf]ior w9e--& look at x to-day1 ) su* v>ieties z ! ,concord1 yield+ an av]age ( f #a1jjj to #a1ejj gallons to ! acre1 :i* we c yet easily d\ble by galliz+1 ?us 9 reality yield+ an av]age ( #b1ejj gallons to ! acre ( uni=mly good w9e2 c we be surpris$ if ev]ybody talks & ?9ks ( rais+ grapes8 ,truly1 ! "t is n f> di/ant--( :i* we h>dly d>$ to dream t5 ye>s ago--& :i* we !n ?\ght we w\ld nev] live to see2 :5 e ,am]ican citiz5 c indulge 9 a daily glass ( t glori\s gift ( ,god to man1 pure1 light w9e2 & ! ,am]ican nation %all become a really temp]ate p4 ,& !re is room = all4 ,let e "o fur!r ! cause ( grape-culture4 ,! labor] by produc+ ! grapes & w9e2 ! me*anic by inv5tions2 ! law-giv] by mak+ laws fur!r+ its culture1 & ! consumption ( x2 & all by dr9k+ w9e1 9 wise mod]ation ( c\rse4 ,,w9e ,,mak+ ,,made ,,easy4 ,"s ( my read]s may ?9k ,i did n look mu* to ?is1 :i* ,i told !m 0 "o ( ! objects ( ?is little "w4 ,to v9dicate x & myself ,i w "h /ate1 t our object %\ld always be to atta9 ! highe/ p]fection 9 ev]y?+4 ,b1 :ile ,i am aw>e t ,i h g5]ally giv5 ! outl9e ( op]ations on a l>ge scale1 ,i h nev] = a mom5t lo/ sight ( ! int]e/s ( ^?1 :o1 l myself1 are compell$1 by bitt] necessity1 to comm5ce at ! l[e/ r\nd ( ! ladd]4 ,& h[ c\ld ,i =get ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( my fir/ ye>s1 :5 h9d]$ by want ( means2 b also ! feel+s ( s9c]e joy1 ( glad triumph1 :5 ,i _h surm\nt$ "o m ob/acle1 & saw ! pa? op5 wid] be=e me at e /ep2 & ,i c1 !re=e1 fully sympa?ize ) ! poor labor]1 :o has no?+ b 8 indu/ri\s h&s & hone/ w to comm5ce )4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x is mo/ advantage\s to foll[ grape-gr[+ & w9e-mak+ ) all ! conv5i5ces ( well prep>$ soil1 sub/antial trellis1 a commodi\s w9e cell> & all its appurt5ances2 yet1 x is also possible to d )\t mo/ ( ^! conv5i5cies 9 ! beg9n+1 & yet succe$4 ,if ! grape-gr[] has n capital to sp>e to buy wire1 he c1 if he has timb] on 8 l&1 split la?s & nail !m to ! po/s in/ead ( wire4 ,he c lay] 8 plants ev5 ! fir/ summ]1 & ?us raise a /ock = fur!r plant+2 or dispose ( !m1 z already m5tion$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w4 ,or he c lease a piece ( l& f "s "o :o wi%es to h a v9ey>d plant$ on x1 & :o w furni% ! plants to him1 besides ! necess>y capital = ! fir/ ye> or s4 ,i h contract$ ) sev]al m5 )\t means 9 ?is mann]1 furni%$ !m a small h\se1 ! necess>y plants1 & paid !m #aej ! fir/ two ye>s1 !y giv+ me half ! returns ( ! v9ey>ds1 9 plants & grapes2 & !y h become weal?y by su* means4 ,"o ( my t5ants has realiz$ ov] #h1jjj = 8 %>e ! la/ season1 & w v likely realize ! same am\nt next season4 ,& if he _c af=d to build a l>ge cell> 9 ! beg9n+1 he c also d ) a small "o1 ev5 ! mo/ common h\se cell> w d ?r\gh ! w9t]1 if x is only kept free f fro/4 ,"o ( our mo/ successful w9e-gr[]s "h1 comm5c$ 8 op]ations ) a simple hole 9 ! gr\nd1 dug "u 8 h\se1 & 8 fir/ w9e press 0 m]ely a l>ge beam1 let into a tree1 :i* act$ z a lev] ^u ! grapes1 ) a press-b$1 also ( 8 own mak+4 ,a few weeks ago ! same man sold 8 la/ ye>'s crop ( w9e = ov] #i1jjj 9 ca%1 & has rais$ "s #b1jjj wor? m 9 v9es1 cutt+s1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 x is n advisable to keep ! w9e ov] summ] 9 an indiff]5t cell>1 b dur+ f]m5tation & ! great] "p ( w9t]1 x w answ] v well1 & he c easily dispose ( 8 w9e1 if good1 z soon z cle>4 ,or he c dispose ( 8 grapes at a fair price1 to "o ( 8 neighbors1 or take !m to m>ket4 ,b !re is ano!r consid]ation1 :i* ,i _c urge too /rongly ^u my read]s1 & :i* w d mu* to make grape-gr[+ & w9e-mak+ easy4 ,x is ! =m+ ( grape colonies1 ( grape-gr[]s' villages4 ,! advantages ( su* a colony w be easily se54 ,if ea* "o has a small piece ( suitable l&1 7& he does n ne$ a l>ge "o to foll[ grape-gr[+71 ! neighbors c easily assi/ ea* o!r 9 pl\gh+ & sub-soil+2 !y w be able to d ) few] "w animals1 z !y c hit* toge!r1 & fir/ prep>e ! soil = "o & !n = ! o!r2 ! ravages ( birds & insects w h>dly be felt2 !y c jo9 toge!r1 & build a l>ge cell> 9 common1 :]e ea* "o c deliv] & /ore 8 w9e1 & ( :i* "o p]haps bett] acqua9t$ ) ! managem5t ( w9e ?an ! o!rs1 & :om all are will+ to tru/1 c h ! managem5t4 ,if !re %\ld be no su* man among !m1 an exp]i5c$ coop] c be hir$ by all1 :o c also manufacture ! necess>y casks4 ,an association ( t k9d has also1 g5]ally1 ! pref]5ce 9 ! m>ket ov] a s+le individual1 & !y are able to obta9 a high] price = _! products1 if !y are ( good quality4 ,!re are ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( acres ( ! be/ grape l&s yet to be _h 9 ! ,we/1 especially 9 ,miss\ri1 at a m]ely nom9al price1 :i* w\ld be well adapt$ = settlem5ts ( t k9d2 :]e ! virg9 soil yet waits only ! bidd+ ( intellig5t labor--( ent]pris+ & indu/ri\s m5--to br+ =? ! ri*e/ fruits4 ,!re is room = all--may x soon be fill$ ) will+ he>ts to und]take ! task4 ,& h[ mu* easi] = y to-day1 m5 ) ! active h& & intellig5t bra91 to comm5ce--) ! c]ta9ty ( success be=e y--) v>ieties :i* w yield a l>ge & sure return e ye>2 ) ! m>ket op5 be=e y1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h comm5c$1 to guide y2 ) ! reputation ( ,am]ican w9es e/abli%$2 ) d\ble ! price p] gallon--& t5 times ! yield--comp>$ ) ! beg9n] ( only t5 ye>s ago1 ) no?+ b unc]ta9ty2 unc]ta9ty ( yield1 unc]ta9ty ( quality1 ( price1 & ( effect+ a sale4 ,x took a brave he>t !n1 & an iron w2 ! det]m9ation to succe$1--succe$ aga9/ all ob/acles4 ,& yet1 hundr$s h comm5c$ ?us1 & h succe$$4 ,c y hesitate1 :5 ! future is all bright be=e y1 & ! ?\s& & "o ob/acles h be5 ov]come8 ,if y d1 y are n fit to be a grape-gr[]4 ,g toil & drudge = s _m c5ts p] day1 9 "s factory1 & end life z y h begun x4 ,god's free air1 ! cultivation ( "o ( ,8 noble/ gifts1 de/9$ to make glad ! he>t 9 ?is rugg$ _w ( ours1 is n = y4 ,i may pity y1 b ,i _c sympa?ize ) nor assi/ y1 except by rais+ a *eap glass ( w9e to gladd5 ev5 y\r *e]less lot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,maxatawny4--,b]ries #a_/b diamet]4 ,,/ati/ics4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,e/abli%+ ,a ,,v9ey>d4 ,9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 all[ances mu/ be made = soil1 locality1 co/ ( plants1 co/ ( timb]1 etc41 :i* w v>y ) ! locality4 ,! e/imation giv5 "h is ab\t :at x w\ld co/ "h1 ) ! lead+ v>ieties4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,concord4 ,prep>+ gr\nd by pl\gh+1 lay+ (f1 etc41 #ej #jj #gjj fir/-class ye>l+ plants1 to be plant$ #faj1 #ab p] hundr$1 #hd #jj #dej po/s1 #ae feet ap>t1 #aj c5ts ea*1 #de #jj #dej int]m$iate /akes1 #c #ac #ej #fjj lbs4 ,no4 #ab wire1 #af c5ts p] lb41 #if #jj ,co/ ( erect+ trellis1 #ej #jj ,att5dance1 labor1 etc41 dur+ fir/ ye>1 #ej #jj ,int]e/ on capital1 #bj #jj ------ #djh #ej ,! foll[+ ye> ! v9ey>d c be made to pay all exp5ses1 by lay]+1 etc4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,h]bemont4 ,prep>+ gr\nd1 #ej #jj #gjj fir/ class plants1 #faj1 #be p] hundr$1 #age #jj #dej po/s1 #aj c5ts ea*1 #de #jj #dej /akes1 #c #ac #ej #fjj lbs4 wire1 #af c5ts p] lb41 #if #jj ,co/ ( erect+ trellis1 #ej #jj ,att5dance1 labor1 dur+ fir/ two ye>s1 #abe #jj ,int]e/ on capital dur+ fir/ two ye>s1 #ff #jj ------ #fbj #ej ,,co/ ,,( ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,norton',s ,,virg9ia4 ,prep>ation ( soil1 etc41 #ej #jj #hej plants1 fir/ class1 to be plant$ #fh1 #be p] hundr$1 #bab #ej #dej po/s1 #aj c5ts ea*1 #de #jj #dej /akes1 #c #ac #ej #fjj lbs4 ,no4 #ab wire1 #af c5ts p] lb41 #if #jj ,co/ ( erect+ trellis1 #ej #jj ,att5dance1 labor1 etc41 dur+ fir/ two ye>s1 #abe #jj ,int]e/ on capital dur+ fir/ two ye>s1 at #f p] c5t4 p] annum1 #gj #jj ------ #ffb #jj ,,co/ ,,( ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,delaw>e4 ,co/ ( prep>+ gr\nd1 #ej #jj #a1bjj fir/-class plants1 plant$ #ff1 #djj #jj #dej po/s1 #aj c5ts ea*1 #de #jj #dej /akes1 #c #ac #ej #fjj lbs4 ,no4 #ab wire1 #af c5ts p] lb4 #if #jj ,co/ ( erect+ trellis1 #ej #jj ,co/ ( cultivation two fir/ ye>s1 #abe #jj ,int]e/ on capital two ye>s1 #ib #jj ------ #hga #ej ,,co/ ,,( ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,catawba4 ,prep>+ gr\nd1 #ej #jj ,co/ ( #a1bjj plants1 #ff1 #de #jj #dej po/s1 #aj c5ts ea*1 #de #jj #dej /akes1 #c #ac #ej #fjj lbs4 wire1 #af c5ts p] lb41 #if #jj ,co/ ( erect+ trellis1 #ej #jj ,att5dance dur+ two ye>s1 #abe #jj ,int]e/ on capital two ye>s1 #ci #jj ------ #dfc #ej ,,product4 ,! foll[+ has be5 ! produce ( a v9ey>d ( ,catawba1 n[ "u my managem5t1 s9ce #ahdi3 ,be>+ ,v9es ,gallons ( ,yield p] season4 be>+4 ,w9e4 ,price4 acre4 #ahdi1 #a/ ye>1 #a1ejj #gej #a4be #fjj #jj #ahej1 #b;d #b1jjj #aej #a4be #ie #jj #ahea1 #c;d #b1jjj #ejj #a4be #cjj #jj #aheb1 #d? #a1hjj #baj #a4be #abj #jj #ahec4 #e? #a1ejj #ehj #a4be #ejj #jj #ahed1 #f? #b1ejj #gej #a4ej #fjj #jj #ahee1 #g? #c1jjj #bcj #b4jj #aej #jj #ahef #h? #d1jjj #aej #b4jj #ge #jj #aheg #i? #d1jjj #b1jjj #a4bj #fjj #jj #aheh1 #aj? #d1jjj #baj #a4bj #fj #jj #ahei1 #aa? #d1bjj #a1bjj #a4bj #cfj #jj #ahfj1 #ab? #d1bjj #a1cjj #a4be #dje #jj #ahfa1 #ac? #d1bjj #aej #a4jj #cg #ej #ahfb1 #ad? #d1bjj #bj #b4jj #aj #jj #ahfc1 #ae? #d1bjj #aej #b4jj #ge #jj #ahfd1 #af? #d1bjj #aej #b4jj #ge #jj #ahfe1 #ag? #d1bjj #ejj #b4jj #bej #jj ,:i* w %[ ! av]age yield p] acre1 to h be5 some:at ov] #bej #jj ,d$uct f ?is co/ ( labor p] ye>1 p] acre1 #ej #jj ,int]e/ on capital1 #dj #jj-ij #jj ,w\ld leave a cle> pr(it1 p] acre1 ( #afj #jj ,! poor returns 7 ne>ly all occasion$ by mildew & rot1 ) ! exception ( #ahfb1 :5 a v de/ructive hail-/orm swept away almo/ ! entire crop2 & 9 #ahfd1 :5 ! v9es 7 all kill$ d[n to ! sn[ l9e by fro/ ! prec$+ w9t]4 ,! foll[+ is ! co/ ( a v9ey>d plant$ by me 9 ,may1 #ahfa1 conta9+ ab\t #c1jjj v9es1 on #b-a_/b acres ( gr\nd4 ,! gr\nd c\ld n be made ready until late 9 ! season1 consequ5tly _m ( ! v9es fail$ to gr[1 & _h to be replant$ ! second season3 #agjj ,norton's ,virg9ia1 #bj4jj p] hundr$1 #cdj #jj #djj ,concord 7small71 #be #ajj #jj #cej ,delaw>e1 #ej #age #jj #aej ,h]bemont1 #be #cg #ej #ej ,cunn+ham1 #ej #be #jj ,o!r v>ieties assort$1 #ajj #jj ,co/ ( cle>+1 pl\gh+1 & plant+1 #ej p] acre1 #abe #jj ,putt+ up trellis1 #aej p] acre1 #cge #jj ,int]e/ on capital1 #ajj #jj -------- #a1cgg #ej ,,product4 ,= lay]s & cutt+s made #a/ ye>1 #cci #jj #b;d #abjj #jj #c;d #bejj #jj ,concord grapes sold1 #b1jjj lbs41 net #af c5ts1 #cbj #jj ,plants & cutt+s f\r? ye>1 #djjj #jj #b1jdj lbs4 ( grapes 7,concord71 m>ket$ at #bd c5ts p] lb41 net #dhi #fj -------- #h1hdh #fj ,,produce ,,fif? ,,ye>4 #a1jcj gallons ,concord at #b4ej #b1ege #jj #a1cjj ,norton's ,virg9ia #d4jj #e1bjj #jj #abe ,h]bemont #c4jj #cge #jj #cj ,cunn+ham #d4jj #abj #jj #dj ,delaw>e #f4jj #bdj #jj #aj ,cl9ton #c4jj #cj #jj #ej ,o!r ,v>ieties #c4jj #aej #jj #ccf ,h>t=d ,prolific ,grapes #bj cts4 p] lb4 #fg #bj #eg1jjj ,plants f cutt+s & lay]s1 av]age price #ajj p] ?\s& #e1gjj #jj --------- #ad1deg #bj ,leav+ ! product ( ! fir/ five ye>s #bc1cje #hj ,f :i* d$uct exp5ses = plants1 trellis1 etc41 #a1bgg ,int]e/ on capital at #e p] c5t4 #ejj ,co/ ( labor #a/4 ye>1 #aej #b;d4 #cjj #c;d4 #djj #d?4 #ejj #e?4 #ejj ----- ,total ,co/ #c1fbg --------- ,leaves cle> pr(it = fir/ five ye>s ( #ai1fgi #hj ,! f\r? ye>1 ne>ly all ! fruit buds ( ! v9es _h be5 kill$ above ! sn[ l9e1 b ,i made1 besides ! grapes sold1 ab\t #a1ejj wor? ( w9e1 :i* 0 empti$ by ! rebels 9 _! raid t fall1 & consequ5tly lo/4 ,! v9es 7 n all 9 be>+ ?is la/ season1 = reasons already giv52 & ! :ole am\nt ( v9es be>+1 0 n m ?an #b1bjj--;h>dly two acres4 ,if my read]s w contra/ ?is ) ! yield ( ! ,catawba v9ey>d1 !y w see ! diff]5ce 9 yield betwe5 v>ieties suit$ to ! climate & soil1 & ^? unus$ to x4 ,! la/ season--al?\gh unfavorable to ! ,catawba--produc$ an enorm\s yield ( ,concord & ,norton's ,virg9ia1 & _c be tak5 z an av]age crop4 ,i ?9k ab\t #gjj gallons ( ,norton's ,virg9ia1 & #a1bjj gallons ( ,concord w\ld be a fair av]age e/imate p] ye>--:i* ! v9es c easily produce1 & rema9 heal?y & vigor\s4 ,,yield ,,( ,,mr4 ,,mi*ael ,,poes*el's ,,v9ey>d4--,,catawba4 ,ye> aft] plant+4 ,acres 9 ,v9es4 ,yield4 ,price4 #ahdg1 #b;d #e-f #bd gallons #b4jj #ahdh1 #c;d #c-f #a1jjj #b4jj #ahdi1 #d? #b #fjj #a4ej #ahej1 #e? #b #cej #a4be #ahea1 #f? #b-a_/b #dej #a4ge #aheb1 #g? #b-a_/b #ejj #a4ej #ahec1 #h? #b-a_/b #cej #b4jj #ahed1 #i? #c-a_/b #hjj #b4jj #ahee1 #aj? #c-a_/b #ej #a4ej #ahef1 #aa? #c-a_/b #a1jjj #a4be #aheg1 #ab? #f #d1ejj #a4ej #aheh1 #ac? #f #a1ajj #a4ge #ahei1 #ad? #f #a1ejj #a4ej #ahfj1 #ae? #f #b1jjj #a4be #ahfa1 #af? #f #bej #a4jj #ahfb1 #ag? #f #cjj #a4ej #ahfc1 #ah? #h #b1jjj #a4ae ,,new ,,v9ey>d ,,( ,,mr4 ,,mi*ael ,,poes*el1 ,,plant$ ,,9 #ahfa1 #ahfc--;,,fir/ ,,p>tial ,,crop4 #ejj ,gallons ,norton's ,virg9ia--#b acres1 at #c p] gallon #a1ejj #jj ,grapes sold f #a_/b acre ( ,concords #djj #jj ,plants f cutt+s & lay]s sold #b1jjj #jj -------- #c1ijj #jj #ahfd4--,,second ,,crop4--,,v9es ,,badly ,,fro/$ ,,9 ,,w9t]4 #b ,acres ( ,norton's ,virg9ia produc$ #fjj gallons1 at #d #ej #b1gjj #jj #b-a_/b ,acres ( ,catawba1 produc$ #djj gallons1 at #b #ae #hej #jj ,grapes sold f #a_/b acre ( ,concord #djj #jj ,plants sold #a1ejj #jj -------- #e1dej #jj #ahfe--,,?ird ,,crop4 #b-c_/d ,acres ( ,norton's ,virg9ia1 produc$ #b1jjj gallons at #d #h1jjj #jj #b-a_/b ,acres ,catawba1 produc$ #dej gallons at #a #ge #ghg #ej #a-a_/d ,acres ,concord1 produc$ #a1jjj gallons1 at #bej #b1ejj #jj #a_/b acre ,h]bemont produc$ #djj gallons1 at #c p] gallon1 #a1bjj #jj #a_/b acre ,rul&] produc$ #ej gallons1 at #e #bej #jj ,plants sold1 #a1ejj #jj --------- #ad1bcg #ej ,?is v9ey>d 0 tr5*$ at an av]age co/ ( #abj doll>s to ! acre1 & mo/ ( ! v9es are plant$ #ee1 evid5tly too close4 ,!y are tra9$ to wire trellis1 z describ$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w1 & receive close att5tion1 & ! v be/ cultivation4 ,,yield ,,( ,,v9ey>d ,,( ,,mr4 ,,william ,,poes*el--#aheg4 #a-a_/b acres ( ,catawba produc$ #a1jej gallons ( w9e2 sold at #a1djb #ej #aheh4 #a-c_/d acres ( ,catawba produc$ #bej gallons2 sold at #a4aj p] gallon1 #bge #jj #ahei4 #a-c_/d acres ,catawba produc$ #cjj gallons2 sold at #a4be p] gallon1 #cge #jj #ahfj4 #b acres ( ,catawba produc$ #h1hdc lbs4 ( grapes2 sold at #aj;c4 p] lb41 #hhd #cj #abj gallons ( w9e1 at #a4bj p] gallon1 #add #jj #bcj #j4ie #bah #ej ,plants sold1 #fjj #jj -------- #a1hdf #hj #ahfa4 #b acres ( ,catawba produc$ #bgj gallons1 at #a4je p] gallon1 #bhc #ej ,plants sold1 #ejj #jj ------ #ghc #ej #ahfb4 #b acres ,catawba produc$ #f1gah lbs4 ( grapes2 sold at #i c5ts p] lb41 #fjd #fb #bbe gallons ( w9e1 sold at #a4be p] gallon1 #bha #be #ge ( ,norton's ,virg9ia1 f ab\t #a-aj? ( an acre1 at #b4ge p] gallon1 #bjf #be ,plants sold1 #fej #jj -------- #a1gdb #ab #ahfc--b-a_/d ,,acres ,,9 ,,all4 #gbj gallons ( ,catawba1 at #a4he p] gallon1 #a1ccb #jj #fj ,concord1 at #b4jj #abj #jj #gj ,h]bemont1 at #b #adj #jj #dj ,norton's ,virg9ia1 #c #abj #jj ,plants sold1 #hjj #jj -------- #b1eab #jj #ahfd--b-a_/d ,,acres ,,9 ,,be>+2 ,,v9es ,,badly ,,fro/$4 #de gallons ,catawba1 #b4jj p] gallon1 #ij #jj #db ,concord1 #b4ej #aje #jj #bj ,norton's ,virg9ia & ,delaw>e mix$1 at #e4be p] gallon1 #aje #jj #aj ,norton's ,virg9ia1 second class1 at #c #cj #jj ,plants sold1 #cjj #jj ------ #fcj #jj #ahfe--e ,,acres ,,9 ,,be>+4 #b-a_/b acre ,catawba produc$ #ijj galls41 at #a4ge1 #a1ege #jj #a_/b ,concord #gjj #b4ej1 #a1gej #jj #a ,norton's ,vir4 #fjj #d4jj1 #b1djj #jj #a_/c ,delaw>e #abj #e4jj1 #fjj #jj #a_/b ,h]bemont #cej #b4ej1 #hge #jj ,balance 9 o!r v>ieties1 #aej #jj ,plants sold1 #idj #jj -------- #h1bij #jj ,?is v9ey>d has "o ( ! be/ locations = ,catawba & ,delaw>e 9 ! neighborhood1 & its proprietor "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t & indu/ri\s cultivators & w9e-manufactur]s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! foll[+ are copi$ f ! report ( a special committee appo9t$ by ! ,c9c9nati ,horticultural ,society1 to inquire into ! condition ( v9ey>ds1 & report :e!r or n grape-gr[+ 0 /ill pr(itable4 ,i regret to say t our ,c9c9nati fri5ds h n1 g5]ally speak+1 paid z mu* att5tion to ! introduction & te/+ ( bett] v>ieties--& !re are b few v9ey>ds 9 t neighborhood--:]e any o!r v>iety ?an ! ,catawba has be5 plant$ to any ext5t4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! signal failure ( t v>iety la/ season w d mu* to op5 _! eyes to ! full importance ( ! subject1 & to ab&on ! ,catawba1 :i* evid5tly w n pay any long]4 ,b1 z we h already said1 !re are o!r v>ieties ( grapes be+ successfully gr[n 9 ?is vic9ity1 & we h ext5d$ our rese>*es to "s ( ^? v9ey>ds1 & give ! results z foll[s3-- ,ives' ,se$l+ is a grape ( mu* promise1 n addict$ to mildew & rot4 ,col4 ,,wahr+1 ( ,indian ,hill1 9 ?is c\nty1 has a small v9ey>d1 only two acres 9 be>+1 :i* made1 ! pa/ season1 #fej gallons ( w9e4 ,! season previ\s1 only "o acre 9 be>+1 yield$ #efj gallons4 ,! ,colonel makes 8 acc\nt = ! pa/ season's bus9ess /& z foll[s3-- #fej gallons ( w9e1 sold at #d4aj p] gallon1 #b1ffe #jj ,sale ( cutt+s1 #a1ejj #jj -------- #d1afe #jj ,d$uct co/ ( tak+ c>e ( v9ey>d1 #ajj #jj -------- ,leav+ net product ( v9ey>d1 #d1jfe #jj ,or ov] #b1jjj p] acre4 ,norton's ,virg9ia is ano!r promis+ grape t is be+ gr[n consid]ably h]eab\ts4 ,! ,messrs4 ,,bog5 h giv5 u _! figures = ! product ( ?is grape1 z foll[s3 #ahfc--;,f #a-a_/b acres1 fir/ ye> 9 be>+1 !y made #ejj gallons1 sold at #c p] gallon1 #a1ejj #jj ,sale ( cutt+s1 #djj #jj ,sale ( roots f lay]s1 #hjj #jj -------- #b1gjj #jj ,d$uct f ?is1 = co/ ( culture1 #ajj #jj -------- ,leaves net1 #b1fjj #jj ,or #a1gcc p] acre4 #ahfd--,yield ( same 9 w9e & cutt+s1 #b1cjj #jj ,or ab\t #a1ejj p] acre4 ,delaw>e is ano!r grape ( v great promise & pr(it1 n[ be+ ext5sively gr[n ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! ,messrs4 ,,bog51 f "o-?ird ( an acre1 fir/ be>+ ye>1 give u ! foll[+ figures = ! pa/ season3 #hg gallons ( w9e1 sold at #f p] gallon1 #ebb #jj ,sold cutt+s1 #dej #jj ,sold roots f lay]s1 #b1jej #jj -------- #c1jbb #jj ,d$uct co/ ( culture1 #bb #jj -------- #c1jjj #jj ,or #i1jjj p] acre4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,motti] gives u1 z ! result ( 8 ,delaw>e v9ey>d = ! pa/ two ye>s1 z foll[s3 #ahfc--;,,f #a-a_/b ,,acres4 #afe gallons ( w9e1 sold at #e p] gallon1 #hbe #jj ,sale ( cutt+s1 #a1fcj #jj -------- #b1dee #jj ,d$uct exp5ses1 #bjj #jj -------- ,leav+ net1 #b1bee #jj ,or #a1ejd p] acre4 #ahfd--;,,f ,,same ,,v9ey>d4 #bjj gallons ( w9e1 at #f p] gallon1 #a1bjj #jj ,sold roots f lay]s1 #a1hce #jj ,sales ( cutt+s1 #b1cfj #jj --------- #e1cie #jj ,d$uct exp5ses1 #bjj #jj -------- ,leaves net1 #e1aie #jj ,or #c1efb p] acre ,mr4 ,,motti] says he might h obta9$ a l>g] yield ( w9e1 b 8 v9ey>d be+ "y1 he w\ld n all[ x to ov]be>4 ,y\r committee1 !re=e1 take pleasure 9 submitt+ ! =ego+ facts1 9 refutation1 9 "p1 ( ! loose & reckless /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,,yeatman1 & take ?is me?od ( ent]+ _! prote/ aga9/ ! same4 7,sign$71 ,e4 ,a4 ,,?ompson4 ,,john ,e4 ,,motti]4 ,! =ego+ conta9s "s valuable facts1 b x w\ld seem to me t our ,c9c9nati fri5ds h h>dly e/imat$ labor & exp5ses high en\gh4 ,we _c beg9 to cultivate our v9ey>ds at z l[ an e/imate4 ,! foll[+ is a r\gh e/imate ( ! la/ season's crop ar\nd ,h]mann4 ,x may be r inaccurate1 b x is ab\t z ne> z ,i c\ld come to ! result4 ,!re are n[1 ,i suppose1 some?+ l #a1jjj acres plant$ 9 grapes1 ( :i* ab\t #djj may be 9 be>+4 ,un=tunately1 ne>ly all ! old v9ey>ds are plant$ ) ! ,catawba1 :i* 0 almo/ an entire failure ?is season1 ! av]age crop be+ only ab\t #ge gallons to ! acre4 ,mo/ ( ! lat] plant+ has be5 done ) ! ,concord & ,norton's ,virg9ia1 b ^! v9ey>ds are n be>+ yet4 ,( ! ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ! av]age crop ! la/ season may h be5 ab\t #fjj gallons to ! acre2 ( ! ,concord1 #a1jjj gallons p] acre4 ,! ,h]bemont may h yield$ ab\t #hjj gallons to ! acre4 ,grapes m>ket$1 mo/ly ,concord1 #bj1jjj lbs4 av]age price1 #ae;c4 p] lb41 #c1jjj #jj ,catawba w9e made1 ab\t #be1jjj gallons2 av]age value1 #a4ej p] gallon1 #cg1ejj #jj ,norton's ,virg9ia w9e made1 ab\t #aj1jjj gallons2 av]age value1 #d p] gallon1 #dj1jjj #jj ,concord w9e made1 ab\t #e1jjj gallons2 av]age value1 #b4ej p] gallon1 #ab1ejj #jj ,h]bemont w9e made1 ab\t #a1ejj gallons2 av]age value1 #c p] gallon1 #d1ejj #jj ,o!r v>ieties made1 ab\t #a1jjj gallons2 av]age value1 #c p] gallons1 #c1jjj #jj ,grape roots1 cutt+s1 etc41 gr[n & sold1 #ej1jjj #jj ---------- #aej1ejj #jj ,i ?9k ! above is r bel[ ! real am\nt2 & ! value ( ! crop may come up ev5 z high z #bjj1jjj4 ,al?\gh grape culture is foll[$ to a l>g] ext5t ar\nd ,h]mann ?an any:]e 9 ! ,/ate1 yet !re are also a great _m grapes gr[n & w9e made ar\nd ,boonville1 9 ,coop] ,c\nty2 & ,augu/a1 ,/4 ,*>les ,c\nty2 also1 ,hannibal1 on ! ,mississippi riv]2 & ,/4 ,joseph1 on ! ,miss\ri2 & !re is h>dly a c\nty 9 ! ,/ate n[ b has "s fl\ri%+ v9ey>ds4 ,! above facts may s]ve to give my read]s a cle>] insight into ! co/ & pr(its ( grape-gr[+1 & also ! comp>ative v>ieties4 ,9 e case1 ! figures giv5 c be reli$ on z actual facts4 ,9 our neighbor+ ,/ates1 ,ill9ois & ,i[a1 grape-gr[+ is progress+ rapidly4 ,!re are already a numb] ( v9ey>ds e/abli%$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,alton1 ,belleville1 ,masc\tah1 ,w>saw1 & ,nauvoo1 9 ,ill9ois2 & 9 ! neighborhood ( ,burl+ton & ,dav5port1 9 ,i[a4 ,i am told t 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mak&a alone1 9 ,jackson ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 at lea/ #gj1jjj v9es ( ! ,concord w be plant$ ! com+ spr+4 ,our si/] ,/ate1 ,kansas1 is also progress+ bravely 9 ! good "w2 & ,i d n ?9k t1 al?\gh our propagators ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry h done _! be/1 !re w be half ! numb] ( v9es = sale t are want$ to meet ! dem&4 ,b1 :ile ,i am fully aw>e ( ! importance ( grape-culture ev]y:]e1 ,i _c help b believe t ! s\?we/ w take ! pref]5ce 9 grape-gr[+ ov] ! ea/]n & nor!rn ,/ates4 ,we h ! advantages ( long] seasons & a w>m] climate1 g5]ally ( ri*] soil1 ( *eap] l&s2 we c cultivate v>ieties :i* _c be gr[n by our ea/]n bre?r51 & !re=e all ! *ances are on our side4 ,! m\nta9\s regions ( ,t5nessee1 ,georgia1 ,arkansas1 ,texas1 & ,alabama may1 p]haps1 rival & ev5 surpass u 9 ! future1 b _! inhabitants at pres5t are n ( ! clay f :i* grape-gr[]s are =m$4 ,!y /ill cl+ to ! demon ( slav]y1 & _! hatr$ ( nor!rn indu/ri\s freem5 seems to be /rong] ?an _! love ( prosp]ity4 ,let u hope t a bett] _s may prevail1 t !y w 9 "t beg9 to see _! own int]e/1 & welcome ) op5 arms e "o :o c assi/ !m 9 develop+ ! natural advantages ( _! l&s4 ,! grape c only fl\ri% on free soil1 & by free intellig5t labor4