---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,incorporated ,affiliated with ,,the ,,american ,,horticultural ,,society ,,report of the proceedings of the ,twenty-fifth ,annual ,meeting ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,mich4 ,,september #aj and #aa1 #aicd ,,index ,officers1 ,directors and ,committees #c ,state ,vice-,presidents #d ,list of ,members #e ,constitution #h ,by-,laws #i ,the ,president #aj ,proceedings of the ,twenty-fifth ,annual ,convention #aa ,address of ,welcome by ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg #aa ,report of ,secretary #ac ,report of ,treasurer #ae ,reports of ,standing ,committees #af ,business ,session #ah ,the ,dietetic ,importance of ,nuts--,dr4 ,john ,harvey ,kellogg #bj ,nut ,culture ,work of the ,living ,tree ,guild--,miss ,dorothy ,sawyer #bh ,progress report on ,nut ,growing in the ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 region--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #ca ,some ,random ,notes on ,nut ,culture--,d4 ,c4 ,snyder #cd ,winter ,injury of ,filberts at ,geneva1 #aicc-cd--,prof4 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate #cf ,notes on ,hickories--,a4 ,b4 ,anthony #da ,letter from ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath--,poland #de ,the ,chestnut ,situation in ,illinois--,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby #dg ,report on ,commercial ,cracking and ,merchandising of ,black ,walnuts--,h4 ,f4 ,stokes #ej ,nut ,culture in ,ontario--,george ,corsan #ec ,nut ,growing on a ,commercial ,basis--,miss ,amelia ,riehl #ed ,some ,notes on the ,hardiness of the ,english ,walnut in ,michigan and ,ontario--,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson #ee ,nut ,tree ,prospects in the ,tennessee ,valley--,john ,w4 ,hershey #fa ,some ,new ,hicans and ,pecans--,j4 ,g4 ,duis #fb ,some ,old ,friends--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #fd ,nut ,growing in ,vermont--,zenas ,h4 ,ellis #ff ,a ,roll ,call of the ,nuts--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #fi ,nut ,culture in the ,north--,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson #hd ,varieties of ,nut ,trees for the ,northernmost ,zone--,c4 ,a4 ,reed #hg ,notes on the ,,tour1 ,tuesday ,september #aa1 #aicd #ajd ,address of ,prof4 ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 ,director1 ,experiment ,station at ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,east ,lansing #ajd ,the #aicd ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,contest--,carl ,f4 ,walker #ajg ,mr4 ,ellis' ,report as ,delegate to ,paris ,horticultural ,exposition #aji ,report of ,resolutions ,committee #aaj ,communications from3 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatley #aaa ,b4 ,d4 ,wallace #aac ,vera ,nekiassena #aad ,divisional ,forest ,officer--,kashmir #aae ,john ,w4 ,hershey #aaf ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel #aag ,geo4 ,w4 ,gibbens #aag ,fred ,kettler #aah ,telegram to ,dr4 ,morris #aai ,catalogue of ,nut trees in ,kellogg ,plantings #abj ,exhibits at ,convention #abb ,attendance #abd ,books and ,bulletins on ,northern ,nut ,growing #abf ,advertisement--,hobbies ,magazine #abg ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president4 ,,frank ,h4 ,,frey1 ,,room #icj1 ,,la ,,salle ,,st4 ,,station1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,vice-,president4 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimmerman1 #cb ,,south #ac,,th ,,st41 ,,harrisburg1 ,,pa4 ,secretary4 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,state ,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,station1 ,,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer44 ,,carl ,f4 ,,walker1 #bhea ,e4 ,,overlook ,,road1 ,,cleveland ,,heights1 ,,ohio ,,directors ,,frank ,h4 ,,frey1 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimmerman1 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,carl ,f4 ,,walker1 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder4 ,,editor ,,of ,,publications ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,,committees ,executive4 ,,frank ,h4 ,,frey1 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimmerman1 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,carl ,f4 ,,walker1 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder4 ,auditing4 ,,zenas ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,h4 ,,burgart4 ,finance4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,h4 ,r4 ,,weber4 ,press and ,publication4 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,,karl ,w4 ,,greene1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,,zenas ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,slate4 ,membership4 ,,col4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,mitchell1 ,,miss ,,dorothy ,c4 ,,sawyer1 ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,,carl ,f4 ,,walker4 ,program4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilkinson1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,karl ,w4 ,,greene1 ,h4 ,r4 ,,weber4 ,hybrids and ,promising ,seedlings4 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimmerman1 ,,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,,drake1 ,,miss ,,amelia ,,riehl1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilkinson1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed4 ,survey4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,carl ,f4 ,,walker1 ,,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,mac ,,daniels1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,exhibits4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,weber1 ,,miss ,,mildred ,,jones1 ,,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby4 ,,dean ,,of ,,the ,,association ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,connecticut4 ,,field ,,secretary ,,zenas ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,,fair ,,haven1 ,,vermont4 ,,official ,,journal ,,american ,,fruit ,,grower1 #acgj ,,ontario ,,st41 ,,cleveland1 ,,ohio4 ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,argentina1 ,s4 ,a4 ,francisco ,m4 ,croce ,arkansas ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,california ,will ,j4 ,thorpe ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly ,canal ,zone ,l4 ,c4 ,leighton ,connecticut ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,dist4 of ,columbia ,l4 ,h4 ,mitchell ,illinois ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson ,iowa ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder ,kansas ,w4 ,p4 ,orth ,kentucky ,e4 ,c4 ,rice ,maryland ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,massachusetts ,james ,h4 ,bowditch ,michigan ,harry ,burgart ,minnesota ,carl ,weschcke ,missouri ,j4 ,w4 ,schmid ,nebraska ,william ,caha ,new ,jersey ,lee ,w4 ,jaques ,new ,york ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber ,oregon ,c4 ,e4 ,schuster ,pennsylvania ,john ,rick ,rhode ,island ,philip ,allen ,vermont ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis ,virginia ,dr4 ,j4 ,russel ,smith ,washington ,major ,h4 ,b4 ,ferris ,west ,virginia ,andrew ,cross ,wisconsin ,lt4 ,g4 ,h4 ,turner ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association ,list of ,members as of ,january #a1 #aice ,,argentina1 ,s4 ,a4 ,croce1 ,francisco ,m41 ,mendoza ,,arkansas 99 ,drake1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f41 ,fayetteville ,,california ,thorpe1 ,william ,j41 #aede ,divisadero ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,chipman1 ,g4 ,f41 ,the ,country ,guide1 ,winnipeg1 ,manitoba ,gage1 ,j4 ,h41 #ajg ,flatt ,ave41 ,hamilton1 ,ont4 ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,u41 ,west ,bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,middleton1 ,m4 ,s41 ,esq41 ,district ,horticulturist1 ,vernon1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,canal ,,zone ,leighton1 ,l4 ,c41 ,box #adeb1 ,cristobal ,,connecticut ,bartlett1 ,f4 ,a41 ,f4 ,a4 ,bartlett ,tree ,expert ,co41 ,stamford ,beeman1 ,henry ,w41 ,new ,preston ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 #ca ,owen ,st41 ,hartford ,little1 ,norman ,b41 ,rocky ,hill 99 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,merribrooke1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,stamford ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewater ,rowley1 ,dr4 ,john ,c41 #ajdf ,asylum ,st41 ,hartford ,southworth1 ,geo4 ,f41 ,milford ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,gravatt1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f41 ,forest ,pathology1 ,plant ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,wash4 ,greene1 ,karl ,w41 #bbjc ,foxhall ,rd41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington 99 ,littlepage1 ,thomas ,p41 ,union ,trust ,bldg41 ,washington ,mitchell1 ,col4 ,lennard ,h41 #bbai ,california ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,dep't of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,,illinois ,anthony1 ,a4 ,b41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,sterling ,bontz1 ,mrs4 ,lillian1 ,general ,delivery1 ,peoria ,colby1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,s41 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,frey1 ,frank ,h41 ,room #icj1 ,la,salle ,st4 ,station1 ,chicago ,oakes ,royal1 ,bluffs ,ramsdell1 ,t4 ,a41 ,hotel ,galt1 ,sterling ,riehl1 ,miss ,amelia1 ,evergreen ,heights1 ,godfrey ,spencer1 ,mrs4 ,may ,r41 #bge ,w4 ,decatur ,st41 ,decatur ,,indiana ,galbreath1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,s41 #af ,w4 ,washington ,st41 ,huntington ,minton1 ,charles ,f41 #hbe ,south ,jefferson ,st41 ,huntington ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,indiana ,nut ,nursery1 ,rockport ,,iowa ,helmick1 ,j4 ,k41 ,columbus ,junction ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society1 ,state ,house1 ,des ,moines ,johnson1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,t41 ,knoxville ,rohrbacher1 ,wm41 #haa ,east ,college ,st41 ,iowa ,city ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,ft4 ,madison ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point ,van ,meter1 ,w4 ,l41 ,adel ,,kansas ,orth1 ,w4 ,p41 ,mt4 ,hope ,,kentucky ,horine1 ,dr4 ,emmet ,f41 #ebc ,breslin ,medical ,bldg41 ,louisville ,rice1 ,e4 ,c41 ,absher ,,maryland ,close1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,p41 ,college ,park ,hahn1 ,albert ,g41 ,route ,no4 #f1 ,bethesda ,porter1 ,john ,j41 #aaii ,the ,terrace1 ,hagerstown ,mehring1 ,upton ,f41 ,keymar ,purnell1 ,j4 ,edgar1 ,box #bd1 ,salisbury ,,massachusetts ,allen1 ,edward ,e41 ,hotel ,ambassador1 ,cambridge 99 ,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,st41 ,boston ,brown1 ,daniel ,l41 #fj ,state ,st41 ,boston ,hale1 ,richard ,w41 #fj ,state ,st41 ,boston ,kaan1 ,dr4 ,helen ,w41 ,wellesley ,college1 ,wellesley ,putnam1 ,mrs4 ,ellen ,m41 #abi ,babson ,st41 ,mattapan ,russell1 ,mrs4 ,newton ,h41 #ab ,burnett ,ave41 ,south ,hadley ,ryan1 ,henry ,e41 ,sunderland ,smith1 ,leon ,c41 #fj ,day ,ave41 ,westfield ,wellman1 ,sargeant ,h41 ,windridge1 ,topsfield ,,michigan ,bradley1 ,homer ,l41 #ef ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek ,burgart1 ,harry1 ,michigan ,nut ,nursery1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,union ,city ,healey1 ,scott1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,otsego ,healy1 ,oliver ,t41 ,michigan ,nut ,nursery1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,union ,city 9999 ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,john ,harvey1 #bjb ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek 9999 ,kellogg1 ,w4 ,k41 ,battle ,creek ,morrison1 ,j4 ,robert1 ,paw ,paw ,neilson1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,a41 ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,e4 ,lansing ,otto1 ,arnold ,g41 #daej ,three ,mile ,drive1 ,detroit ,stocking1 ,frederick ,n41 #cdef ,cadillac ,st41 ,detroit ,wieber1 ,frank ,a41 ,fowler ,,minnesota ,andrews1 ,miss ,frances ,e41 #bde ,clifton ,ave41 ,minneapolis ,weschcke1 ,carl1 #ih ,wabasha ,st41 ,st4 ,paul ,,missouri ,schmid1 ,j4 ,w41 #fae ,s4 ,holland1 ,springfield ,,nebraska ,caha1 ,wm41 ,wahoo ,,new ,,jersey ,buckwalter1 ,alan ,r41 ,flemington 99 ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,place1 ,jersey ,city ,orner1 ,george ,d41 #gea ,ridgewood ,rd41 ,maplewood ,,new ,,york ,bennett1 ,f4 ,h41 #ai ,east #ibnd ,st41 ,new ,york ,bixby1 ,mrs4 ,willard ,g41 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin ,collins1 ,joseph ,n41 #cce ,w4 #hgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,cooke1 ,frank ,s41 #cda ,bowery1 ,new ,york ,crysdale1 ,stanley ,a41 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,auburn ,curtis1 ,elroy1 #eh ,worth ,st41 ,new ,york ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,graham1 ,s4 ,h41 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,ithaca 99 ,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #c ,east #hith ,st41 ,new ,york ,kelly1 ,mortimer ,b41 #ag ,battery ,place1 ,new ,york 99 ,lewis1 ,clarence1 #ajjj ,park ,ave41 ,new ,york ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h41 c_/o ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 99 ,montgomery1 ,robert ,h41 #che ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york ,pickhardt1 ,dr4 ,otto ,c41 #aag ,east #hjth ,st41 ,new ,york ,sawyer1 ,miss ,dorothy ,c41 ,living ,tree ,guild1 #dfh ,fourth ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,sefton1 ,pennington1 #id ,lake ,ave41 ,auburn ,slate1 ,geo4 ,l41 ,state ,agricultural ,exp4 ,station1 ,geneva ,smith1 ,gilbert ,l41 ,state ,school1 ,wassaic ,tice1 ,david1 ,lockport ,tukey1 ,dr4 ,harold ,b41 ,state ,agricultural ,exp4 ,station1 ,geneva 99 ,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 #i ,w4 #edth ,st41 ,new ,york ,,ohio ,canaday1 ,ward ,m41 ,home ,bank ,bldg41 ,toledo ,cranz1 ,eugene ,f41 ,mount ,tom ,farm1 ,ira ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,route ,no4 #g1 ,wooster ,gerber1 ,e4 ,p41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,apple ,creek ,park1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b41 ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,columbus ,tabor1 ,rollin ,h41 ,mount ,vernon ,thorton1 ,willis1 ,fenway ,hall ,hotel1 ,cleveland ,walker1 ,carl ,f41 #bhea ,e4 ,overlook ,rd41 ,cleveland ,heights 99 ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,,oregon ,schuster1 ,c4 ,e41 ,horticulturist1 ,corvallis ,,pennsylvania ,baum1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,yellow ,house ,gebhardt1 ,f4 ,c41 #adj ,east #bith ,st41 ,erie ,hershey1 ,john ,w41 ,downingtown ,hostetter1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bird-,in-,hand ,hostetter1 ,l4 ,k41 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,lancaster ,jones ,nurseries1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #cef ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leach1 ,will1 ,cornell ,bldg41 ,scranton ,mc,intyre1 ,a4 ,c41 ,dep't of ,forestry1 ,state ,college ,miller1 ,herbert1 ,pinecrest ,poultry ,farms1 ,richfield 99 ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,square1 ,reading ,ruhl1 ,a4 ,w41 ,langhorne ,terrace1 ,langhorne ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 #eej ,elm ,ave4 ,theiss1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e41 ,muncy 99 ,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,clarkson ,ave4 ,wister ,sts41 ,germantown ,wright1 ,ross ,pier1 #bce ,west #fth ,st41 ,erie ,zimmerman1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 #cb ,so4 #acth ,st41 ,harrisburg ,,rhode ,,island 9999 ,allen1 ,phillip1 #agh ,dorance ,st41 ,providence ,,vermont ,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,springfield ,elfgren1 ,ivar ,p41 #aa ,sheldon ,place1 ,rutland 99 ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,fair ,haven ,,virginia ,ricketts1 ,e4 ,t41 ,box #afh-;,d1 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,alexandria ,stoke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adba ,watts ,ave41 ,roanoke ,,washington ,ferris1 ,major ,hiram ,b41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gd1 ,spokane ,,west ,,virginia ,cross1 ,andrew1 ,ripley ,,wisconsin ,turner1 ,lieut4 ,g4 ,h41 #icb ,prospect ,ave41 ,portage 99 ,life ,member 9999 ,contributing ,member ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this ,society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the ,association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on exhibits1 on hybrids1 on survey1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the ,association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,annual members shall pay two dollars annually4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars1 and shall be exempt from further dues and will be entitled to same benefits as annual members4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association will entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided2 that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest or the donation4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the ,association1 or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the ,treasurer4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,,article ,v ,members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due1 and if not paid within two months1 they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues1 and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid within ten days from the receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,president--,frank ,h4 ,frey ,report of the ,proceedings at the ,twenty-fifth ,annual ,convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association 7,,incorporated7 ,september #aj1 #aa1 #aicd ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,michigan ,the first session convened at #i3cj ,a4 ,m41 ,september #aj1 at the ,kellogg ,hotel with ,president ,frey in the chair4 ,the ,president3 ,this is the twenty-fifth annual convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 our silver anniversary4 ,fifteen years ago the convention was held in this city4 ,we are glad to be back again and happy to have with us ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg who has consented to extend a welcome4 ,,mr4 ,,kellogg3 ,i am glad to welcome this association1 and you as individuals1 to ,battle ,creek4 ,a year ago when an invitation was sent you thru ,professor ,neilson to make this your meeting place for #aicd1 we were very much pleased to have the invitation accepted4 ,now that we have the pleasure of your presence we hope you may have an enjoyable and profitable time4 ,battle ,creek was undoubtedly put on the map many years ago by the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium and has since been kept prominently before the public by the extensive advertising that has been done by the companies located here which manufacture ready-to-eat foods4 ,the records indicate that more than #ae1jjj carloads of these foods are shipped every year to almost every country on the globe4 ,more than #d1ejj people are given employment4 ,so much for the magic words1 ,battle ,creek4 ,my interest in nuts dates from my earliest recollection when my father took the children nutting4 ,in the evening we often gathered around the kerosene lamp1 the kitchen stove and father with an inverted flat iron in his lap and a pan of ,ohio hickory nuts near by4 ,these1 accompanied by some red-cheeked apples1 entertained us royally4 ,no movies in those days4 ,about ten or twelve years ago ,mrs4 ,kellogg and ,i had the opportunity of listening to a talk by ,mr4 ,george ,hebden ,corsan1 ,sr4 ,he devoted considerable time to the subject of nut culture1 mentioning his own experiences in ,canada and also the work of ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,jones of ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania4 ,a few years later ,mr4 ,corsan became associated with the ,bird ,sanctuary enterprise1 a few miles west of ,battle ,creek1 and very shortly thereafter was talking nut culture4 ,the result was we began to order nut trees by the carloads4 ,with this beginning it was only a year or two when ,mr4 ,corsan told me of the wonderful experience1 as well as the ability1 of ,professor ,neilson of ,toronto in nut culture4 ,as you are doubtless aware ,professor ,neilson decided to locate in ,michigan and he made a connection with the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college at ,lansing4 ,professor ,neilson is present and better prepared to tell you of the work that has been accomplished thru his efforts during the last five years4 ,he may also have an opportunity of showing you the results of some of his work in nut grafting4 ,now just a word furthermore with reference to this wonderful town of ,battle ,creek which in #aicb celebrated its centennial4 ,with the exception of ,detroit1 ,chicago and ,new ,york1 there is probably no city so well known the world over as ,battle ,creek1 this having been accomplished thru the advertising of the sanitarium since its establishment in #ahfe1 and the advertising of ready-to-eat cereal foods for more than forty years1 during which time the magic words ,battle ,creek have appeared on packages of cereals1 in newspapers1 magazines and other advertising more than six billion times4 ,one of the food factories located in ,battle ,creek frequently prints1 fills and ships more than #a1ejj1jjj packages per day1 or the equivalent of #dj carloads4 ,this same factory gives employment to more than #b1bjj people1 none of whom work more than six hours per day4 ,this six hour plan has been established more than #c-a_/b years and the minimum wage paid per hour to the men is #fg cents4 ,in conclusion1 ,i must admit that most of my interest in nut culture has been by proxy4 ,professor ,neilson and ,mr4 ,corsan are both with us today and no doubt will have an opportunity of showing you some of the progress that has been made in the vicinity of ,wintergreen and ,gull ,lakes1 the ,state ,agricultural ,farm and the ,kellogg ,ranch4 ,we assure you it has been a pleasure to have you with us on this occasion and we should be glad to have your convention meet with us annually4 ,you have my best wishes for the continued success and prosperity of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,vice-,president1 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,it will be rather a difficult task to respond to an address of welcome of such a notable character as ,mr4 ,kellogg's4 ,however1 ,i want to express my sincere appreciation for being commissioned to respond to such a hearty welcome4 ,i'm glad to be here for several other reasons4 ,first1 because this association represents a number of people who in themselves represent different lines of action4 ,we have first the men and women who are in this association from an experimental standpoint4 ,we have also a number who are here with a commercial planting standpoint4 ,then we have another group that represents the growing and selling of nut trees4 ,but1 in addition to that and most important of all1 we have another set that represents the consuming public1 notably ,mr4 ,kellogg and his brother4 ,about their work there need not be a great deal said4 ,i remember1 when ,i first began to become interested in nut culture1 ,i wrote to ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg4 ,i don't remember at the present time where he said his plantings were1 but ,i wrote to him in connection with pecans1 and he said he had a grove of them planted4 ,he said they were quite large but they hadn't borne and he believed that they would not bear in this section because it was so far north4 ,he advised me to get in communication with ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,jones4 ,that was practically the information ,i got from everybody ,i wrote to1 so ,i went to see ,mr4 ,jones4 ,dr4 ,kellogg has advanced the idea of nuts as food4 ,not only that but he has continuously stood for the belief that they are more suitable for human food than many of the proteins of animal nature4 ,in addition to that he publishes one of the best health magazines in the country4 ,dr4 ,kellogg is putting out a health magazine that is further advanced than any other magazine that ,i know of4 ,it gives me great pleasure to respond to the address of welcome and ,i wish to thank ,mr4 ,kellogg on the part of the association and myself4 ,report of the ,secretary for #aicd ,the present secretary assumed office in ,september #aicc without the benefit of previous membership in the association and knowledge of its affairs4 ,considerable time has been spent in getting acquainted with these affairs4 ,president ,frey1 ,mr4 ,reed1 and ,dr4 ,deming have been especially helpful in orienting the secretary and assisting in answering correspondence4 ,the late ,mr4 ,russell1 and his successor1 ,mr4 ,walker1 have handled all matters referred to them in a prompt and efficient manner4 ,much credit is due to ,mrs4 ,russell for the efficient manner in which she attended to the treasurer's duties during ,mr4 ,russell's illness4 ,one of the chief duties of the secretary is the answering of correspondence pertaining to association affairs and inquiries regarding nut culture4 ,a total of #age letters were written for the association4 ,fifty-three were to the officers and ,mr4 ,reed regarding association affairs1 while #abb concerned nut cultural problems and memberships4 ,a number of letters were referred to ,mr4 ,reed and a few to ,prof4 ,mac,daniels for reply4 ,in addition to the correspondence addressed to the association regarding nuts1 an equal or larger number of inquiries concerning nuts addressed to the station were also answered4 ,a list of names of people interested in nuts1 but not members of the association1 is being accumulated from this correspondence4 ,the circular describing the association and its work was reprinted and a list of nut nurseries and tree seedsmen prepared by ,mr4 ,reed was mimeographed4 ,these were enclosed in all association and station letters sent to non-members in answer to nut inquiries4 ,their effect in bringing in new members and their influence on the sale of nut trees is of course unknown4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels and ,dr4 ,colby also used these circulars in correspondence4 ,a list of available publications on nut culture has also been prepared and will be mimeographed shortly4 ,a campaign to sell many of the surplus reports of the association was planned1 but owing to unforeseen obstacles the reports were not available and the plans for selling them were shelved until after this meeting4 ,if the reports are soon assembled at ,geneva it is planned to circularize agricultural and horticultural libraries and attempt to place complete or nearly complete sets in as many as possible4 ,attractive prices will be made on sets of those reports of which we have an oversupply4 ,a mimeographed list of cions available from the ,bixby collection was prepared at ,mr4 ,reed's suggestion and sent to all members and other interested persons4 ,mrs4 ,bixby received as many copies as she needed4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,bregger1 editor of the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 has cooperated with the secretary in publishing notes pertaining to association activities4 ,he is desirous of publishing articles on nut culture4 ,it is to be hoped that contributions may be received from members interested in various phases of nut growing4 ,other publications are eager for articles on all phases of horticulture4 ,if nut culture is to receive its due publicity more than a few must take their pens in hand4 ,it is with great regret and sadness that the death on ,april #bg1 #aicd1 of our treasurer1 ,newton ,h4 ,russell1 is recorded4 ,his enthusiasm1 interest and kindly personality will be greatly missed4 ,he was very active in promoting nut culture in ,massachusetts4 ,we have lost a valuable member4 ,the discontinuance of the ,national ,nut ,news leaves us without an official organ4 ,this is a serious handicap to our work4 ,the stimulation of interest provided by the regular arrival of a publication containing the latest news and newest developments in our field1 is a valuable aid in nut culture and association activities4 ,the provision of such a medium is one of our most pressing problems4 ,our membership is at a low point and should be doubled4 ,the secretary is desirous of cooperating with the membership committee in a campaign to increase the membership4 ,with our dues at their present low figure it should not be difficult to interest many in the association4 ,such a campaign should follow several lines4 ,first3 ,every member should attempt to secure additional members4 ,second3 ,many who dropped out when dues were high should be invited to return4 ,third3 ,attempts should be made to contact certain groups4 ,all of the northern experiment stations and agricultural colleges should have a member of their horticultural department in the association4 ,groups such as doctors1 lawyers1 nurserymen1 farmers and others should be informed of the association and what it offers to each4 ,fourth3 ,the agricultural college and experiment station libraries should be induced to take out memberships and bring their sets of reports up to date4 ,such a campaign is more than one person can handle1 and several should participate in it4 ,treasurer's ,report ,year ,ending ,august #ca1 #aicd ,,receipts ,annual ,memberships #bff4ge ,contributing ,memberships #aj4jj ,sale of ,reports #bi4jj ,sale of ,bulletins #b4be ,for ,subscriptions to ,national ,nut ,news #h4jj ,total #caf4jj #caf4jj ,,disbursements ,reprints1 ,k4 ,w4 ,greene 7for ,mr4 ,bixby7 #ba4aj ,printing #aica ,report1 ,balance1 ,american ,fruits ,pub4 ,co4 #ej4jj ,subscriptions1 ,national ,nut ,news #ah4jj ,printing #aicb ,report1 ,lightner ,pub4 ,corp4 #bjj4jj ,expenses ,downingtown ,convention1 ,j4 ,w4 ,hershey #ac4hb ,membership ,dues1 ,american ,horticultural ,society #b4jj ,expense ,handling ,surplus ,reports1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed #i4fi ,advertising1 ,lightner ,pub4 ,corp4 #d4jj ,printing #aicc ,report1 ,lightner ,pub4 ,corp4 #abe4cb ,release ,expense of ,account with ,litchfield ,savings ,society #a4fh ,loss on ,check #b4jj ,postage1 ,f4 ,h4 ,frey #ab4aj ,postage and ,miscl4 ,expense for #aicc ,report1 ,f4 ,h4 ,frey #ai4ib ,mimeographing1 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate #b4be ,printing1 ,postage and ,supplies1 ,c4 ,f4 ,walker #ab4de ,check ,charges ,taxes 4#fh ,total #die4ja #die4ja ,excess of ,disbursements over ,receipts #agi4ja ,,cash ,,account ,cash on hand or in bank as reported as of ,aug4 #ca1 #aicc #cjf4ja ,account in ,litchfield ,savings ,society as of ,aug4 #ca1 #aicc #ae4id ,total cash on hand or in bank as of ,aug4 #ca1 #aicc #cba4ie #cba4ie ,excess of ,disbursements over ,receipts #agi4ja ,balance1 ,cash in bank1 ,august #ca1 #aicd #adb4id ,accounts1 ,due or ,payable ,none ,press and ,publication ,committee ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,we have had one or two articles in each issue of the ,national ,horticultural ,magazine1 published by the ,american ,horticultural ,society in ,washington4 ,the editor has promised to have in each issue of his magazine something relating to nuts4 ,he is particularly anxious to get short articles with a single illustration1 articles about a page long which will attract attention1 be easy to read and stimulate interest in nuts4 ,i would be glad to receive articles of that nature for submission to the editor4 ,it is unfortunate that we no longer have an official journal1 the ,national ,nut ,news having gone out of existence4 ,we have an opportunity to make the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 with which we have been acquainted a good many years1 our official journal1 and that will come up in the course of this meeting4 ,membership ,committee ,,mr4 ,,walker3 ,from our increase in membership--forty new members--and from their addresses1 one is able to judge of the work of ,prof4 ,neilson1 he being very active in obtaining new members4 ,there are others of our members who also have been active and to whom credit is due for the increase in membership4 ,an analysis of the membership of the past six years indicates that we are on the increase again4 ,we have retained over #ij of those who were members last year4 ,i feel as though we need not try to get everybody in the world to plant nut trees4 ,but there is no reason why we should not greatly increase our membership4 ,program ,committee ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,at nine o'clock tomorrow morning busses will be at the hotel to take us to the ,kellogg plant4 ,about #aj3cj we will proceed to the sanitarium4 ,we will try and meet at the ,kellogg ,hotel at #ab3jj ,p4,m4 where we are to be the guest of ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg for luncheon4 ,after lunch1 at one o'clock1 we will board the busses and proceed to the ,kellogg farm4 ,at the farm we will look over the buildings for a few minutes1 call at the ,kellogg ,school1 and then stop for a few moments and look over our bittersweet plantation4 ,then we will go on to the ,kellogg ,bird ,sanctuary and see what is being done there in conserving wild fowl4 ,after we leave the sanctuary we will visit a block of about fifteen acres of hickory trees1 where ,i have been doing top working experiments for the last three or four years4 ,then we will inspect our variety plantation of nut trees and proceed to ,mr4 ,kellogg's estate4 ,at #e3cj the ,kellogg ,company will provide motor boats to take us for a cruise on ,gull ,lake4 ,at #f3cj we will have our dinner at ,bunbury ,inn on ,gull ,lake and then have a few addresses and a business session4 ,report of ,committee on ,hybrids and ,promising ,seedlings ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,one or two interesting seedlings have come to our attention during the past year4 ,one a hickory nut that was drawn to the attention of the ,pennsylvania ,nut ,growers' ,association ,january last4 ,it is a rather good nut and bears very well4 ,i think ,mr4 ,hershey has some of the trees for sale4 ,the other1 a very interesting shellbark1 came to my attention4 ,the nut is large1 the best cracker for a shellbark that ,i have seen1 the tree itself is beautiful and1 although the party who owns it says it bears every other year1 it seems to me to produce a good many nuts every year that ,i have seen it4 ,another1 probably worthless1 but interesting1 seems to me to be an ,english walnut x butternut hybrid4 ,the party insists she planted walnuts from a typical ,english walnut tree1 but the trees from these nuts1 of which there are a number bearing small nuts1 certainly have the earmarks of the butternut4 ,these plants will be kept under observation and a later report given concerning them4 ,we have a number of first generation hybrids1 but so far as ,i am aware we have no second or following generation hybrids in the nut line4 ,it seems to me that if we plant a lot of the nuts from these first generation hybrids and1 when the plants are large enough1 distribute them to parties who will give them space and care for them until they come into bearing1 somebody sooner or later will get hold of some valuable material4 ,work along this line ,i expect to advance through our committee as rapidly as practical4 ,it seems to me that the seedlings of our first generation hybrids should not be destroyed as has frequently been done in the past4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,i have seen quite a few hybrids between the heartnut and the butternut4 ,i believe the ,mitchel is about the best4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,we found that the tree had stood the winter very well and that it was bearing a good crop4 ,we brought along a few samples labeled the ,mitchel hybrid heartnut4 ,it looked to me to be a promising nut4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,mr4 ,mitchel thought it was a worthless butternut4 ,i told ,mr4 ,mitchel that ,i thought it was well worth saving and ,i hope that one of these days we shall succeed in propagating it4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,stokes1 in ,virginia1 has located some black walnuts that will be excellent4 ,mr4 ,hershey's name and work have been mentioned4 ,he writes me that the territory of the ,tennessee ,valley is a wonderful lay-out and he is putting on a contest for different kinds of nuts4 ,he may have some desirable nuts to present later on4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,if ,mr4 ,reed is not planning to discuss those ,jones hybrids in his paper ,i wish he1 or someone else who is acquainted with them1 would make some remarks to be placed on record4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,we think that the two most promising of the ,jones hybrids are numbers #ib and #bjj4 ,those were ,mr4 ,jones' own numbers4 ,about three years ago we began making an intensive study of them4 ,ninety-two seemed to bear better and be a little more promising than #bjj1 and so it was named first4 ,it was named ,buchanan in honor of the only president of the ,united ,states who came from ,pennsylvania4 ,last year number #bjj showed up so favorably that it seemed well to name that one also1 so just about a year ago the name of ,bixby was suggested and it met with universal approval4 ,that1 ,i think1 is all that ,i have to say about the hybrids4 ,we are watching them very closely4 ,from here east we had a very severe winter last year4 ,apple orchards very1 very old were killed all through the east and with them thousands and thousands of ,english walnut trees4 ,in ,washington we have practically no crop of filberts and our ,english walnuts were affected generally4 ,we have yet to find a single hybrid between black walnut and ,english walnut which appears to be promising4 ,there is a record1 but ,i think we should have brought to our attention from time to time what was known as the ,james ,river hybrid4 ,it was an enormous black walnut tree that grew on the ,james ,river near ,jamestown4 ,it was visited in #aibh by ,mr4 ,karl ,greene and ,mr4 ,hershey4 ,mr4 ,greene said that the tree measured thirteen feet in circumference4 ,you don't often see trees as large as that in any part of the country4 ,that is in a part of the country where the ,english walnut has not done well4 ,the tree must have been somewhere around #bjj years old when it died4 ,it was probably grown from a hybrid between an ,english walnut and a black walnut4 ,our ,american colonists brought the ,english walnut with them about the same time they brought our first apples and peaches and plums and everything else4 ,this tree throws some light on the question as to when the first ,english walnut first came to this country4 ,a week ago yesterday ,i was riding along a country road down in ,maryland4 ,i saw a row of trees4 ,one tree in the middle of that row was as big as any other three there4 ,i slowed up and looked at them more closely4 ,the large tree was a hybrid and the others were not4 ,committee on ,exhibits3 ,on the tables ,prof4 ,neilson has a number of plates of the northern pecan at its best4 ,besides that he has two remarkable specimens of hybrid hickories4 ,one is a ,mc,callister1 and the other is of unknown origin4 ,there are also on the tables other remarkable nuts grown in this part of the ,united ,states1 in ,ontario and in ,british ,columbia4 ,there are chestnuts1 ,english walnuts1 ,japanese heartnuts and others4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,you will recall that one year ago ,i was made custodian of the back records of the association4 ,within two weeks of the time of last year's meeting ,i personally procured the reports which were stacked away in ,mr4 ,bixby's barn1 and took them to ,washington4 ,a little later ,dr4 ,deming and the late ,mr4 ,russell made a trip to ,redding1 ,connecticut1 and sent me #ejj pounds of back reports4 ,still later ,mr4 ,karl ,greene brought to me about another #ejj pounds of reports4 ,i had then about #aijj pounds4 ,we put them in the basement of the building where our office was and then we began to move around4 ,it began to cost something to move them4 ,i communicated with ,mr4 ,slate and found that there was abundant space at ,geneva1 and the authorities were willing that they should be housed there4 ,so ,i had the reports tied up and arranged with a truck man to move them to ,geneva4 ,i made the arrangements with a man who agreed to move them for #be4 ,then he backed out4 ,i didn't feel like incurring a greater expense by sending them by railroad1 so ,i waited until last week and took a bundle from each year in my own car4 ,they are in the secretary's care at ,geneva at the present time4 ,the rest of the reports will presently be stored in ,mr4 ,littlepage's packing shed out in his apple orchard4 ,there are still a few reports in the ,bixby's barn and ,dr4 ,deming can tell how many more he has4 ,,the ,,president3 ,each current report will be sold at #a4jj per copy and old reports at #ej;c a copy4 ,if someone wanted an entire set we would sell all eighteen or nineteen numbers now for #f4jj4 ,the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 published in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 has agreed to have the magazine appear as the official journal of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,bregger3 ,we will deem it a privilege1 and ,i'm sure an obligation1 to take on this responsibility of acting as official journal of your society and give to you at least a column each month4 ,we are already acting as official organ of other horticultural societies and it seems to work out very well4 ,in addition to the column that your secretary would have each month you could run further articles on nut growing1 which would be of additional interest to your members4 ,you would have some #aej1jjj of our readers who are interested in fruit growing1 and who would be interested in nut growing1 as possible new members for your organization4 ,they would receive your announcements and articles each month and you could get in touch with them1 through that column1 for additional membership4 ,,mr4 ,,walker3 ,i move that the ,american ,fruit ,grower be made the official organ of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 that the secretary be the official correspondent with the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 that the subscription price be paid by the treasurer direct to the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 that the present membership fee remain the same1 two dollars1 to all members1 with the privilege of receiving the ,american ,fruit ,grower4 ,the motion was seconded by ,prof4 ,neilson4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,ellis has offered to donate #aj4jj this year1 if it is necessary1 to apply on subscriptions for the membership4 ,i don't know that we will have to call on him for this but it is certainly a display of fine spirit4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i want to express my great satisfaction that the ,american ,fruit ,grower has offered to act as our official organ on such advantageous terms4 ,fourteen years ago1 before ,mr4 ,bregger's career as an editor began1 ,i edited a nut column in the ,fruit ,grower4 ,the motion was carried4 ,the following named were elected as committee to nominate officers for next year3 ,dr4 ,deming1 ,colonel ,mitchell1 ,professor ,neilson1 ,mr4 ,weber1 and ,dr4 ,colby4 ,resolutions ,committee3 ,professor ,slate1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 and ,dr4 ,colby4 ,motion was duly made1 seconded and carried that2 honorary membership in this association may be conferred upon any person by a majority vote of members present at any business session or by letter ballot of members in good standing and honorary membership should be conferred only on individuals who have rendered outstanding or meritorious service in connection with the promotion of interest in nut bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg and ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,kellogg were nominated for honorary members of the ,association and unanimously elected4 ,the ,dietetic ,importance of ,nuts ,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,,harvey ,,kellogg1 ,michigan ,nuts1 which supply the finest edible fats and proteins which science has discovered1 occupy the smallest place in the nation's food budget of any of our substantial native foods4 ,this is a remarkable situation well worthy of consideration in view of the fact that1 according to ,prof4 ,elliot of ,oxford ,university and the eminent ,prof4 ,ami of ,montreal1 and many other paleontologists1 nuts were the chief diet of the earliest representatives of the race who appeared in the ,eocene period of geologic time4 ,at that time1 according to ,prof4 ,elliot1 the regions inhabited by man bore great forests of walnut1 hickory1 and other nut trees1 the fossil relics of which are found in great abundance in association with the remains of prehistoric man4 ,it is significant1 also1 that man's nearest relatives1 the gorilla1 orangutan1 and chimpanzee still stick to the original bill of fare4 ,i once made an ape so angry by offering him a bit of meat that he threatened to attack me and finally1 as ,i persisted in offering him the meat1 seized it and flung it as far away as possible1 then scrubbed his soiled hand with dust and wiped it on the grass to get rid of the taint of the meat4 ,he gave every evidence of feeling deeply insulted4 ,biology classifies man as a primate along with the great apes and1 according to the great ,cuvier1 assigns to him along with other primates1 a diet consisting of nuts1 fruits1 soft grains1 tender shoots and succulent roots4 ,the great ice sheet which crept down over the greater part of the northern hemisphere during the glacial period destroyed the nut forests4 ,the greater part of the primate family1 including man1 moved ,south and survive today in ,central ,africa1 where1 along with their furry cousins1 the gorilla and the chimpanzee1 they still adhere to a dietary almost wholly of plant foods4 ,those who remained behind were compelled to resort to a flesh diet to avoid starvation4 ,flesh eating naturally led to cannibalism1 and the historians tell us that only a few thousand years ago1 the survivors of the glacial terrors who roamed the ,british ,isles1 from which the ancestors of most ,americans emigrated1 roamed the forests clad in the skins of animals and feasted upon their enemies4 ,when the grain-eating ,romans conquered and civilized our barbarian ancestors and taught them agriculture1 plant foods again became the chief sources of nutriment1 but a meat appetite had been developed and is still characteristic of the ,anglo-,saxon race1 while most of the rest of the world are almost exclusively plant feeders4 ,four hundred millions of ,chinese eat so little meat that it is1 in the case of south ,china1 not even mentioned in the national food budget4 ,sixty millions of ,japanese eat an average of #d pounds per capita4 ,two hundred millions of ,east ,indians never taste meat4 ,as a matter of fact1 only ,americans1 ,english1 ,germans and ,scandinavians are large meat eaters4 ,evidently1 the ,american meat appetite as well as the ,american sugar tooth is enormously exaggerated4 ,it is somewhat encouraging1 however1 to note that the eating habits of the ,american people are changing4 ,within a generation1 and especially since the ,world ,war1 there has been a notable change in the national bill of fare4 ,more cereals are consumed than formerly1 but the greatest per capita increase is shown in the consumption of fruits and vegetables1 and especially greenstuffs1 such as lettuce1 spinach1 kale1 and other greens4 ,this increase in the use of certain foods is not due to the fact that the ,american appetite is increasing or the ,american stomach enlarging1 but to the spread among the people of scientific information concerning nutrition4 ,through experiments upon rats and various other animals1 including man himself1 fundamental principles have been discovered and a real science of nutrition has been developed1 the axioms1 formulae1 and basic ideas of which are as clearly established as are those of geometry and chemistry4 ,we are no longer left to be led astray by guess-work or fancy in supplying our nutritive needs1 and have verified the truth so aptly expressed by that shrewd old ,roman philosopher1 ,seneca1 who said1 ,there is nothing against which we ought to be more on our guard than1 like a flock of sheep1 following the crowd of those who preceded us4 ,this change in the eating habits of the ,american people has been brought about by disillusionment respecting the importance of meats4 ,fifty years ago1 every physiologist taught that the liberal consumption of meat was essential4 ,this idea was based1 first1 upon the supposition that protein1 the chief constituent of lean meat1 is the most important source of energy2 and1 second1 the belief that food of animal origin is better adapted to human sustenance than plant foods1 through having undergone a process of refinement and concentration in the transformation from plant to animal4 ,modern studies of nutrition have shown that both these ideas are without scientific basis4 ,unfortunately for the nut-growing industry1 and still more unfortunately for the ,american people1 the claims of nuts to consideration in this re-adjustment of the bill of fare have been generally overlooked1 and it seems evident that the only hope for the nut industry lies in the creation of a larger demand for these nutrients from the plant world by acquainting the public with their superlative merits4 ,of course1 room must be made for the increased intake of nuts by lessened consumption of something which nuts may advantageously replace in the bill of fare4 ,most nuts consist almost exclusively of proteins and fat4 ,proteins and fats likewise are almost the sole constituents of meat4 ,nuts are thus the vegetable analogues of meat and are competitors for a place on the bill of fare4 ,physiologists are agreed that the ,american people are eating too much meat1 and it is the general spread of this conviction that has lessened the consumption of flesh foods in this country and has crippled the packing industry4 ,a few years ago1 the meat packers1 finding that the consumption of meat had fallen off nearly one-fourth since the beginning of the century1 began a vigorous campaign of publicity to increase the demand for their products4 ,a special board was established for the purpose and through the activities of this board an enormous amount of misinformation has been broadcasted which has influenced a number of people to eat more meat to save the live stock industry1 to use the packers' appealing slogan and incidentally to help the packing industry1 and there has been some increase in the use of pork1 although the falling off in the consumption of beef has continued in spite of unscrupulous efforts to deceive and mislead the people1 to their injury4 ,the two greatest obstacles in the way of the nut growing industry are the ignorance of the people with respect to the value of nuts as staple foods and the frantic efforts being made by those interested in the meat industry to increase the demand for their products4 ,a counter campaign of education is needed to set before the people the true facts as revealed by modern chemical and bacteriological research1 by the discoveries of nutrition laboratories and by the clinical observations of thousands of eminent clinicians4 ,the false claims for meat must be met1 for it is only by lessening the consumption of meat that room can be made for the dietetic use of nuts4 ,here are some of the errors that should be corrected4 ,claim #a ,that meat is an essential food staple1 and that without it there would result loss of vitality and of individual and racial stamina4 ,no respectable physiologist will support this claim today1 although half a century ago all physiologists held these now obsolete views4 ,claim #b ,that flesh foods are necessary for blood building1 especially red meats1 because of their iron content4 ,this claim is wholly without scientific support4 ,modern experiments have shown that anemic animals recover most quickly on a diet rich in plant iron4 ,green foods have been proven to be sources of the best iron1 which is associated with chlorophyl4 ,the iron of meat has been once used and is of the same sort as that which the body throws away4 ,it is inferior to the iron of green plants1 from which the ox makes his red blood4 ,nuts contain a rich store of this precious plant iron1 as do also beans4 ,claim #c ,that beef and other flesh meats are muscle and strength builders par excellence4 ,this claim no longer has scientific support4 ,sugar is fuel of the body engine4 ,when the butcher's daughter1 ,gertrude ,ederle1 failed in her first attempt to swim the ,english ,channel1 she very justly charged her collapse before reaching the ,english shore to the mutton stew her trainer gave her before starting4 ,when in a second attempt1 she adopted my suggestion through a mutual acquaintance1 to eat sugar instead of meat1 she made a world record4 ,this practice is1 ,i believe1 now adopted by all successful channel swimmers4 ,non-flesh eaters are far superior to meat-eaters in endurance under special strains4 ,when ,dempsey defeated the ,argentinean giant1 he had trained on modest allowances of meat and his last meal had consisted of vitamin-rich fresh vegetables1 while ,firpo loaded himself up with steaks and chops4 ,when ,battling ,nelson lost his championship1 he explained to a newspaper reporter1 ',twas the beefsteak that done it4 ,i swiped an extra beefsteak when my trainer was not looking1 and it made me tired4 ,de ,lesseps1 the famous ,french engineer1 became a confirmed and enthusiastic flesh abstainer when he found his sturdy beef-fed ,englishmen could not compete in work on the ,suez ,canal with the ,arab laborers1 who subsisted on wheat bread and onions1 as did the builders of the pyramids1 according to ,herodotus1 #e1jjj years before4 ,he declared1 in fact1 that without the hardy ,arabs1 he could not have done the work4 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 in his story of his ,east ,africa hunting expedition1 said in ,scribners ,magazine that a horse with a heavy man on his back could always run down a lion fleeing for his life in a mile and a half4 ,claim #d ,that a man can live on a flesh or muscle meat diet such as chops and steaks4 ,the famous pedestrian1 ,weston1 informed me that on his long walks1 he never ate meat and on his walk across the continent lived on corn flakes and milk4 ,carl ,mann1 a grocer's clerk not professionally trained1 competing in a government supervised walking race from ,dresden to ,berlin1 #abc miles1 against the picked pedestrians of the ,german army and several professionals1 won easily on a fleshless diet consisting of nuts and fresh vegetables which he pulled out of the vegetable gardens as he hurried by4 ,the only protein he ate was derived from nuts4 ,the ,tarahumari ,indians of ,mexico are the most tireless runners in the world4 ,their ancestors were the dispatch runners of ,montezuma in pre-,colombian days1 and they still adhere to the simple plant regimen of their forbears4 ,at the time of the ,boxer uprising in ,china some years ago1 the rice-fed ,japanese were the first to arrive of the military representatives of numerous nations who raced to the rescue of the foreign embassies besieged by the fanatical and bloodthirsty ,boxers4 ,claim #e ,that a man can live and enjoy good health for a year or many years on a purely flesh or muscle-meat diet4 ,the packers' much heralded ,stefansson stunt of living a year on an exclusive meat diet was a discreditable fake4 ,stefansson did not live on a meat diet1 but on a diet consisting of one-fifth protein and four-fifths fat 7caloric intake74 ,when compelled against his protest to eat steaks and chops1 he was made very ill with acidosis within two days1 vomiting and purging so violently that he was compelled to make a complete and immediate change4 ,prof4 ,newburgh of our ,state ,university stated that ,stefansson ate no more real muscle meat than the average man usually eats4 ,the ,stefansson experiment proved but one thing1 namely1 that a man even when accustomed to a meat diet1 cannot live on lean meat alone for more than two days without becoming ill4 ,dr4 ,newburgh produced nephritis1 or acute inflammation of the kidneys1 in rats by feeding them exclusively on meat for a few weeks4 ,claim #f ,that ,eskimos thrive on a meat diet4 ,captain ,mc,millan who accompanied ,peary on his discovery of the ,north ,pole1 a year or two ago informed me that the ,eskimo is short lived4 ,that he becomes at #ej years very old and useless and at #ee infirm and helpless1 and rarely lives to the age of #fj years4 ,the ,arctic traveler ,stefansson said to me1 ,i do not claim to have proven that a man can live better or longer on a flesh diet1 but only that he can live4 ,of course the scientific argument is against such a diet4 ,prof4 ,irving ,fisher of ,yale ,university some years ago made a series of endurance tests in which the endurance of the athletes of the ,yale gymnasium was compared with that of physicians and men nurses of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium4 ,as ,prof4 ,fisher said in his report1 which was published in the ,yale ,scientific ,review1 the endurance of the ,battle ,creek flesh-abstainers was found to be not only greater in all the tests1 but far greater4 ,in the arm holding 7arms extended sidewise7 tests1 the ,battle ,creek men held their arms out longer than any ,yale man and nine times as long as the same number of ,yale men4 ,vegetarian bicyclists have for many years held all the championships in endurance riding tests from ,land's ,end to ,john ,o',groats4 ,through ,finland's minister to the ,united ,states ,i have learned that ,nurmi1 the ,finnish runner whose record stands unequalled1 was trained on a non-flesh dietary4 ,the ,great ,war taught the world among many other important lessons1 the fact that meat may be dispensed with not only without injury1 but with great and very definite benefits4 ,during the ,world ,war1 ,denmark sold her cattle to ,germany and reduced her meat ration to a very low minimum1 with the result that her death rate was reduced one-third4 ,in ,germany1 where at the beginning of the war the cattle were killed to save food and a practically meatless ration was maintained for more than three years1 diabetes1 ,bright's disease1 and many other chronic maladies were reduced in frequency to an extraordinary degree4 ,after the war1 as ,i was informed by the medical director of one of the largest life insurance companies in this country1 it was discovered that the death losses among the company's ,german policy holders1 not excepting war casualties1 were far below the prewar average4 ,the ,chittenden standard now universally accepted1 fixes the protein intake at #aj per cent of the total ration4 ,this leaves little room for meat1 and not a few authorities reduce the protein to a still lower level4 ,for some years1 ,mc,collum of ,johns ,hopkins has been calling attention to the evils of the meat and bread diet1 which he declares to be about the worst diet one can adopt1 and adds1 ,we could entirely dispense with meats without suffering any ill effects whatever4 ,chalmers ,watson of ,edinburgh found that rats on a lean meat diet deteriorated so rapidly that after two or three generations they became deformed and dwarfed and ceased to reproduce4 ,the ,international ,scientific ,food ,commission appointed by the ,allies at the time of the ,great ,war and charged with the duty of fixing the minimum ration of different food essentials1 declared it to be unnecessary to fix a minimum meat ration1 in view of the fact that no absolute physiological need exists for meat1 since the proteins of meat can be replaced by other proteins of animal origin1 such as those contained in milk1 cheese and eggs1 as well as by proteins of vegetable origin4 ,it is evident from the above facts that an effort to induce the ,american people to eat less meat and more nuts would do no harm and should prove substantially beneficial4 ,a leading textbook on ,nutrition and ,clinical ,dietetics by ,carter1 ,howe and ,mason of ,columbia ,university1 calls attention to the encouraging fact that ,of late there has been a distinct reaction in the meat-eating of the wealthier classes1 and one sees less meat and more vegetable habits as they progress upward in the scale of civilization4 ,also1 on account of their sedentary habits1 people find that the ingestion of considerable quantities of animal protein1 with the consequent increase in intestinal putrefaction1 gives rise to symptoms of toxemia1 which have assumed a very definite place in the pathology of disease4 ,that meat enormously increases intestinal putrefaction cannot be questioned4 ,it is this fact which makes the difference between the excreta of a dog or lion and that of a cow or horse4 ,all carnivorous animals suffer from autointoxication4 ,the eminent pathologist of the ,philadelphia ,zoo states that all dogs over three years of age have hardened arteries1 while horses practically never show arterial changes even when very old4 ,dr4 ,charles ,mayo states that three out of four dogs over #ab years have cancer4 ,i quote the following paragraphs from a poster prepared some years ago as a reply to ,meat ,is ,wholesome poster distributed by the packers through the post office department which presents ample evidence that meat is by no means always wholesome3 ,a bacteriological examination made in the laboratory of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium of fresh meats purchased at seven different markets1 all in apparently fresh condition1 showed the following number of bacteria per ounce3 ,bacteria ,per ,ounce ,beefsteak #cg1ejj1jjj- #de1jjj1jjj ,pork ,chops #e1ajj1jjj- #hg1jjj1jjj ,beef ,liver #c1jjj1jjj- #ide1jjj1jjj ,corned ,beef #cjj1jjj- #iaj1jjj1jjj ,hamburger ,steak #e1ajj1jjj-b1bej1jjj1jjj ,pork ,liver #c1jjj1jjj-b1hfb1jjj1jjj ,the above figures agree with the findings of ,tissier1 ,distaso1 ,weinzirl1 ,farger1 ,walpole1 and other bacteriological authorities4 ,the ,fresh ,droppings of ,animals ,bacteria ,per ,ounce ,calf #dej1jjj1jjj ,horse #gej1jjj1jjj ,goat #b1jgj1jjj1jjj ,cow #b1djj1jjj1jjj ,oyster ,juice #ajb1jjj1jjj ,the bacteria in meats are identical in character with those of manure1 and are more numerous in some meats than in fresh manure4 ,all meats become infected with manure germs in the process of slaughtering1 and the number increases the longer the meat is kept in storage4 ,ordinary cooking does not destroy all of the germs of meat4 ,the importance of suppressing this intestinal putrefaction is becoming more and more evident as medical investigation and discoveries are continually bringing out new facts which show an intimate relation between intestinal poisons and many chronic maladies1 including gall bladder disease1 high blood pressure1 heart disease which kills #cjj1jjj ,americans annually1 ,bright's disease1 insanity and premature senility4 ,many physicians are on this account saying daily to patients1 ,eat less meat4 ,cut out beefsteak and chops1 and ,change your intestinal flora so as to clear your coated tongue and eliminate the poison that taints your breath4 ,nuts have the great advantage that although richer in protein than is meat1 they are much less putrescible4 ,fresh meats are practically always in a state of putrefaction when eaten while nuts are delivered to us by the generous hand of ,nature in aseptic packages1 ready to eat1 and presenting pure nutriment in the most condensed and refined form known to science4 ,fresh meats are always contaminated with colon and putrefactive germs with which they become contaminated in the slaughtering process4 ,if flesh is to be used as food1 animals should be killed with the same antiseptic precautions which are employed in modern surgery4 ,this is never done1 and within a few days after killing1 the flesh of a slaughtered animal is swarming with colon germs1 and when long kept for use of hotels and many restaurants1 is covered with a beard of green mold4 ,such food is fit only for scavengers4 ,hamburger steak and pork liver often contain more manure germs than the fresh droppings of animals4 ,the liberal substitution of nuts for meats would save billions annually4 ,according to ,prof4 ,baker1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 fully #hj per cent of the total feed and food products in the ,united ,states is consumed by live stock4 ,most of these animals are consumed as food4 ,the enormous loss involved is shown by the fact that #ajj pounds of digestible foodstuffs are required to produce #c pounds of beef4 ,according to an announcement by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,statistics1 the per capita annual cost of meat in the ,united ,states is more than #hj4jj1 which totals for the whole population nearly #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj per annum4 ,prof4 ,baker suggests that the annual per capita consumption of meat might without injury be reduced from the present #agj pounds to fifty pounds1 which would make a saving of #f1jjj1jjj1jjj at least1 for #a1jjj1jjj1jjj would easily supply from nuts and other plant sources more than enough food to replace the discarded meats4 ,the general belief that nuts are an expensive food is an error4 ,when a man pays a dollar for three pounds of steak1 he is probably not aware of the fact that three-fourths of what he buys is simply water1 so that the actual solid nutriment purchased amounts to not more than three-quarters of a pound1 making the actual cost of the water-free food #a4cc per pound4 ,two pounds of almonds or other nut meats which might be purchased at the same cost1 would yield twice as much and better food4 ,if the whole beef industry were wiped out1 the country would be the gainer4 ,what the nut industry needs most is a campaign of education to tell the ,american public about the superior values of nuts and to correct the errors broadcasted by the ,meat ,board4 ,the public must not only be taught the value of nuts as set forth in ,mr4 ,russell's admirable book1 but should be encouraged by government aid to plant nut trees on barren mountain sides and areas devastated by lumbering operations4 ,if every lumberman had been required by law to plant a nut tree for every ten timber trees cut down during the last #ej years1 a food source would have been provided which would insure more than an ample supply of precious protein and satisfying fat to feed #abj1jjj1jjj of ,americans if the cereal food crops were destroyed by a drouth or predatory insects4 ,if nut trees were planted along all our highways and railway thoroughfares1 a food crop would be produced of greater nutrient value than that yielded at the present time by the entire live stock industry4 ,that an educational campaign may be made to succeed was shown by the experience of the raisin producers of ,california4 ,some years ago1 when the raisin industry was prostrate1 ,i received a letter from the secretary of an association organized for the purpose of trying to revive the industry1 asking for information concerning the food value of raisins4 ,i called attention to the fact that the raisin is rich in food iron and a good source for this food mineral and suggested that if the people were made acquainted with this fact through a broad advertising campaign1 the demand for this delectable fruit might be greatly increased4 ,have you eaten your iron8 soon appeared in the newspapers throughout the land1 and the raisin farmers of ,california found it necessary to enlarge their vineyards4 ,a discouraging feature of the nut industry to beginners is the long time required to bring trees to bearing4 ,on this account1 it seems to me that state and federal governments should lend the industry a helping hand4 ,i would suggest that this association should instruct its president and secretary to make an earnest effort to persuade state and federal governments to give more attention to the planting of nut trees in their reforesting operations4 ,a broad belt of nut trees running the length of the great timberline which is to be created for the protection of the western states from a recurrence of drouth1 might prove a more dependable protection to our food supply than the possible effect of a narrow strip of woodland upon the country's climate4 ,i append a table which shows the high food value of nuts as compared with other common foods4 ,one pound of walnut meats equals in food value each of the following3 ,pounds ,beef loin1 lean #d4jj ,beef ribs1 lean #f4ej ,beef neck1 lean #i4ej ,veal #e4ej ,mutton leg1 lean #d4bj ,ham1 lean #c4jj ,fowls #d4jj ,chicken1 broilers #aj4jj ,red ,bass #be4jj ,trout #d4hj ,frog's legs #ae4jj ,oysters #ac4ej ,lobsters #bb4jj ,eggs #e4jj ,milk #i4ej ,evaporated cream #d4jj ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i am sure everyone feels that the trip here would be worth while if we didn't receive another bit of information but your paper1 and they would really like to develop some kind of an ailment so that they could place themselves under your care4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,about five years ago ,i spent a few hours here in ,battle ,creek1 largely as a guest of ,dr4 ,kellogg over at his home4 ,while ,i was there he introduced me to quite a variety of soy bean products and he rather disturbed me by telling me that beans had much the same food values as nuts4 ,he reminded me that you could grow a crop of beans every year4 ,you can't be sure of doing that with nut trees4 ,he gave me an economic idea to think about4 ,i wonder if he has anything to say about beans now4 ,are beans going to supplant nuts8 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,i confess that it seems to me1 from a practical and economic standpoint1 that the soy bean is a very strong rival of the nut industry4 ,i would like to inquire how many acres are at the present time planted in nuts4 ,how many acres have been added in the last twenty years8 ,there are1 at the present time1 more than #c1jjj1jjj acres of soy beans being planted every year4 ,it has only been a short time since they were first introduced and there are more being planted every year4 ,i believe that the government ought to take an interest in this matter of nut tree planting1 for ,i believe that is the best way in which it can be promoted4 ,i have for several years been trying to find someone who has made a fortune out of raising nuts but ,i have not yet found such a man4 ,i believe1 however1 that it is a veritable gold mine of value but will have to have governmental aid4 ,i think the government should require all of these slaughtering lumbermen to plant nut trees in the place of the trees they are cutting down4 ,,mr4 ,,corsan3 ,the nut tree is one of the things that will make the boys and girls of the farm love their homes4 ,in a few years boys and girls will be going back to a beautiful farm1 not to pig pens1 but where there are beautiful trees4 ,nut ,culture ,work of the ,living ,tree ,guild ,by ,,miss ,,dorothy ,c4 ,,sawyer1 ,new ,york ,the ,living ,tree ,guild appreciates the privilege of presenting a paper at the silver anniversary convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,we feel in a humble mood when talking to you4 ,we are new comers in the field and the work we have done in furthering interest in the subject of northern nut culture is only taking what you have created and endeavoring to make it intelligible and useful to the public4 ,it is something which arouses our enthusiasm4 ,we have great faith in the value of planting grafted nut trees in the ,north4 ,this new resource for beautifying and making idle land productive is no longer restricted to this small group of nut culturists1 but it is now practical1 for anyone with a little land and the urge to grow things1 to enjoy the planting of nut trees4 ,our function is in educating more people to an appreciation of what improved nut trees are and what they can do as they are at present developed4 ,nut growing is just beginning to come into its own and the nut tree should take its place as a valuable shade tree1 should be included in the home orchard and used as a paying crop by the farmer in the ,north4 ,the ,guild is especially interested in introducing and popularizing new horticultural developments4 ,it publishes a new type of tree as a publisher does a book4 ,we serve as a connecting link between the horticulturist and the layman1 aiming to coordinate the work of horticulturists and to interpret the meaning of this work to prospective planters of trees4 ,we act as a sort of educational sieve1 our aim being to extend the number of tree planters4 ,this is a sales job and the ,living ,tree ,guild is a sales organization4 ,we work through the press by means of conservative advertising and publicity articles1 through personal contact by means of exhibits and individual interviews and through the mails by means of carefully prepared bulletins of information and well selected photographs4 ,we work to gather all the authentic information and offer this to our customers as a unique service4 ,frankly we believe that there is no other organization in the country that is as closely associated as we are with the authorities on tree planting4 ,dr4 ,morris1 whom we all know as the dean of northern nut culture1 is a member of our ,board of ,advisors4 ,in order to symbolize the grafted nut tree the ,guild has adopted a brand name1 ,guild ,pedigree1 based on the fact that the mother trees have been carefully selected and are well known for their quality4 ,experiments have shown that they represent a selected family line and develop true to its characteristics4 ,we have been in touch with northern nut tree planting for a good many years1 but our sales work has been limited to the past three years which1 of course1 means that we have never tried to sell nut trees in so-called normal times4 ,yet ,guild ,pedigrees have bucked these economic obstacles and they are becoming recognized as offering a remarkable opportunity to the business man who has property and to the busy farmer to make their idle land productive with a minimum amount of care and attention4 ,they realize that the difficult operation of grafting has been successfully accomplished and that they need only prepare the ground for planting according to the character of the soil and with a little pruning and cultivation within a few years may be assured of a new type of crop for which there is a growing demand4 ,they recognize the value of these trees over ordinary fruit trees which require numerous sprayings a year and whose extremely perishable crop must be carefully picked from the trees4 ,everyone knows that a certain amount of effort is required to get good returns from farming1 but comparatively speaking improved nut trees have a decided advantage in their facility of growth1 which means that they can be planted by a much wider range of growers than almost any other kind of crop4 ,in all of this we speak primarily of the black walnut which we recognize as the best nut tree for extensive planting in the ,north4 ,we believe the hazel hybrids and filberts are of value as a secondary nut crop1 as fillers-in between the black walnuts or used as ornamental bushes for screening around the grounds4 ,where local conditions justify it we recommend that the home orchard include a variety of nut trees1 the ,english walnut1 the northern pecan1 certain hybrid hickories and a highly blight-resistant chestnut4 ,the ,guild has realized from the start that most laymen know little or nothing about the planting of nut trees4 ,we1 therefore1 work with them individually1 advising them in detail on their particular plantings4 ,we keep a record of all ,guild ,pedigree nut trees1 particularly of the black walnut1 each one of which bears a tag with a serial number4 ,we keep a record of this number and are gradually building up a case history of each tree1 in so far as possible1 in some instances complete with photographs4 ,we include the conditions under which the tree was planted1 whether as an orchard or as an ornamental tree1 the amount of care and attention given it and its gradual development and increase in bearing4 ,this is also being done with every tree that is included in the experimental orchard the ,guild is operating in the ,connecticut ,river valley4 ,the data that we are obtaining in this way is aiding us in publishing the latest authentic information on what happens when nut trees are planted by laymen under varying conditions4 ,we believe these records will be a unique contribution of the ,guild to northern nut culture4 ,by this means we can already point to certain ,guild ,pedigrees as having made unusual growth or only average development1 together with the probable explanation1 and of course to some that have died from natural causes or from attacks by woodchucks or the like4 ,we can offer records of plantings of ,pedigrees that have been made in practically all the leading states1 ,canada and even abroad4 ,perhaps one of the most interesting case histories is that of ,pedigree ,no4 #aebg which was planted in the spring of #aicb as a ,washington ,bicentennial tree4 ,this tree1 set as a single specimen1 came into full leaf immediately after planting and a year later was all of seven feet tall and had three mature black walnuts for its first crop4 ,it is the proud possession of two small boys4 ,young as we are in the field we have given authentic information on the planting of northern nut trees to several thousands of tree lovers4 ,we have found a definite demand for detailed knowledge1 and recognition of our work has been shown by the great interests in exhibits we have staged and from several awards which we have received from such organizations as the ,horticultural ,society of ,new ,york4 ,an analysis shows that ,guild nut tree plantings range from the true farmer to the gentleman farmer1 from the small lot owner to the owner of hundreds of acres of non-dividend paying land1 from the keen horticulturist to the youth who is taking his first step in following a fascinating new hobby4 ,the selling of nut trees is a very special problem4 ,it is not like selling other kinds of trees4 ,we recognize the fact that those who plant ,pedigree nut trees are in a class by themselves and we1 therefore1 set up a separate department for them1 making a special study of the subject4 ,we feel certain that there is a great future ahead for nut growing in the ,north with our associations cooperating in the distribution of information and stock developed from actual experimentation over a period of years4 ,above all it is important to understand what others are doing1 and appreciate that the commercial side should go hand in hand with the purely horticultural4 ,progress ,report on ,nut ,growing in the ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,region ,by ,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels ,new ,york ,the status of nut growing in the ,ithaca region was reported at the ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 meeting of this association in #aicb4 ,since that time there has been little change in the situation except that a few more of the varieties have come into bearing1 and the severe winter of #aicc-cd has injured the trees of many varieties4 ,the plantings in the vicinity of ,ithaca are confined chiefly to those of the ,department of ,pomology at ,cornell ,university1 and those of ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham who is a member of this association and has been planting nut trees for many years4 ,other than these there are only scattered trees either native or planted around the dooryards by amateurs without any very keen interest in northern nut growing4 ,the purpose of the plantings at ,cornell ,university is primarily to test out varieties for their suitability for growing in the rather rigorous climate of the region4 ,farmers and others throughout ,new ,york state look to the experiment stations for information regarding the possibilities of nut culture and the varieties which might be planted to advantage4 ,as has been pointed out previously1 the number of varieties adapted to the region is distinctly limited because of unfavorable climatic conditions4 ,these climatic conditions are more fully described in ,bulletin #egc of the ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station at ,cornell entitled ,nut ,growing in ,new ,york ,state4 ,the breeding of new varieties and other investigational work is being carried on at the ,geneva ,experiment ,station where1 as you know1 ,prof4 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate has been growing many varieties of filberts for some years4 ,the university plantings at ,ithaca consist of about an acre set about #bj years ago1 including a number of varieties of different nuts recommended for planting at that time4 ,there is also about an acre of butterjaps which are growing vigorously but have shown little promise of value because of a lack of hardiness and generally poor cracking quality4 ,the most important planting is about #e acres of cleared woodland in which many hickories have come up naturally4 ,these have been top worked to many of the leading hickory varieties4 ,a considerable number of walnut stocks have also been planted in this area and top-worked to walnut varieties4 ,plans are under way to acquire #aj or #ae additional acres to be used for further variety tests as new varieties are brought to light in the various nut variety contests which are being carried on4 ,up to and including #aicd the black walnuts that have fruited are the ,thomas1 the ,ohio1 and the ,stabler4 ,of these the ,thomas is the only one which is at all satisfactory4 ,this variety has fruited #c years in succession and has matured well-filled nuts every year4 ,the ,ohio and ,stabler have been shy bearers and in addition the nuts have been small and not well filled4 ,both are evidently adapted to a longer growing season than that at ,ithaca4 ,in #aicd one ,stambaugh graft matured about #dj nuts4 ,this variety appears promising but needs further testing4 ,in another year or two at least a dozen more of the promising varieties of black walnuts should come into bearing4 ,among the hickories the ,barnes1 of which there are #c trees1 has fruited several times but in no case have the nuts been filled4 ,the ,brooks1 the ,stanley1 and the ,weiker have also fruited sparingly but the nuts have not been filled4 ,during the past season1 #aicd1 a few nuts were borne on the ,taylor1 ,kentucky1 and ,vest hickory trees1 which were well filled4 ,it may be that these varieties will prove suitable for the region4 ,the ,kentucky looks particularly promising4 ,the ,beaver and the ,fairbanks have borne a few nuts but the quality is not sufficiently good to make them worth growing4 ,the ,burlington hybrid pecan makes a very beautiful tree and has set nuts in several seasons1 but they are not well filled4 ,about half a dozen varieties of northern pecans have been fairly hardy but the seasons are too short to mature the nuts4 ,they have always been frozen on the trees while still very green4 ,during the past winter the temperature went down to -#ce deg4 ,f4 at the ,university orchard4 ,this killed most of the ,persian walnuts outright4 ,even the hardy varieties1 ,rush and ,hall1 were killed back to a few buds on the trunks and larger branches4 ,this experience has been quite general throughout ,new ,york where the temperature went down below -#be deg4 ,f4 ,it is to be hoped that some of the new sorts being introduced from the ,ukraine will be better able to stand the low temperatures experienced in ,new ,york4 ,the low temperature very seriously damaged the #fj ,chinese chestnuts growing in the ,university orchard1 killing the terminals back for several feet and the sapwood all the way out to the combium and down to the snow line4 ,the trees so injured made only fair recovery and it is doubtful if they are worth saving4 ,some ,chinese chestnut trees nearer ,cayuga ,lake where the temperature only reached -#bg deg4 ,f4 were only slightly injured4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that around -#cj deg4 ,f4 was the critical temperature for the ,chinese chestnut4 ,the ,japanese walnuts were not injured seriously by the cold weather of the winter4 ,many of the more tender seedlings had already been eliminated by the cold winters of the past4 ,the ,japanese walnuts were1 however1 badly damaged by the late spring frost which froze off the catkins and new shoots4 ,this has occurred several times in the last ten years and is a serious drawback to the bearing of this species4 ,hickories and black walnuts for the most part showed no injury except in the case of rapidly growing grafts4 ,all of the ,mc,callister hican grafts were killed outright as were a number of grafts of the shellbark hickory 7,carya laciniosa74 ,at ,enfield ,park where the probable temperature was about -#bg deg4 ,f4 one ,mc,callister pecan graft survived4 ,the filberts were quite generally damaged both in wood and catkins1 except the ,rush1 which fruited heavily4 ,northern pecans had their terminals killed back about #f inches but were otherwise uninjured4 ,in my judgment the greatest need of northern nut growing is the discovery and testing of new varieties adapted to the different northern regions4 ,to find and test these varieties is probably the greatest service that the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association can perform4 ,we cannot expect that nurserymen will propagate commercially the new nuts which are discovered until they are sufficiently tested to establish the value of the variety for different regions4 ,as has been pointed out1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association is in much the same position as was the ,american ,pomological ,society #ajj or more years ago when information regarding new varieties was the main interest of the fruit industry4 ,in this connection it would seem to me well worth while to carry out the idea proposed by ,dr4 ,deming last year which he called the ,roll ,call of ,nut ,varieties4 ,the older sorts have now been planted sufficiently widely by members of the association to make it possible to get some adequate idea of their suitability for growing in various localities4 ,those who have the interest of the association at heart should do all they can to obtain and grow any new varieties that offer any promise of being adapted to their locality4 ,it is only by carrying out such a program that we shall have any real basis for making recommendations as to varieties adapted to different regions4 ,i must confess that ,i am still skeptical about a commercial nut industry in ,new ,york on the basis of our present varieties4 ,after more than #bj years of variety testing in ,ithaca only the ,thomas black walnut has shown any real merit4 ,all the other sorts that were propagated and recommended have shown themselves to be quite unsuitable to the climate4 ,a grower setting out a commercial orchard #bj years ago on the basis of our knowledge of varieties at that time would now have practically nothing to show1 except as he happened to have the ,thomas black walnut1 or possibly some of the hickories of northern origin4 ,at the present time the number of promising varieties known has been greatly increased4 ,they are1 however1 not available in the trade1 nor will they be until they have been adequately tested to establish their merit4 ,fortunately some of the nurserymen growing nut trees are willing to run test orchards as well4 ,they are few in number and of course their work must be augmented by the work of others in the association4 ,what we need more than anything else are test orchards in different localities in which the relative yield of the different varieties over a period of years will be kept4 ,on the basis of such data recommendations as to varieties to plant can be made with some degree of assurance that the information given is sound4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,prof4 ,mac,daniels may have told you of a number of promising varieties which he personally has been responsible for bringing to light during the last year4 ,if he didn't ,i hope that he will tell as a matter of record how he came to get them and just what they are4 ,,prof4 ,,macdaniels3 ,prof4 ,o4 ,f4 ,curtis of ,cornell ,university and ,i made a pilgrimage of about a thousand miles back to the stamping ground of our youth with the avowed purpose of hunting down some of the best black walnuts of the region4 ,the trip1 though a hurried one1 was packed with interest4 ,in all1 four walnuts were located which seemed well worth testing4 ,probably the best of these is the ,albert ,todd4 ,the nut is thin hulled1 a little smaller than the ,thomas but with a thicker kernel4 ,the tree was about dead when found but scions were procured and are now growing at ,ithaca and ,geneva4 ,another variety is the ,emerson1 located at ,madison1 ,ohio4 ,this is a large round nut with a rather tough shell and high proportion of kernel4 ,mr4 ,emerson has a good stand of native walnut growing on bottom land4 ,a few years ago he sold #be trees to a furniture company for #ajjj4 ,the third nut ,dr4 ,curtis found on a previous journey to ,ohio4 ,it is a large nut of rather unusual shape being higher than it is long4 ,it has good cracking quality and deserves further testing4 ,the fourth walnut1 the ,chase1 is growing in a dooryard at ,oberlin1 ,ohio4 ,it is larger than any of the others1 with good shell conformation4 ,it has the reputation of not always filling out the kernels1 a condition which may be seasonal or possibly an inherent defect4 ,grafts of all four of these walnuts are growing at ,ithaca and at ,geneva and will be available after a year or two4 ,we had one disappointment in that a tree that we particularly wanted was found to have died only two years before4 ,it was the old story of being too late4 ,certainly such experiences ought to spur this association to new efforts in trying to locate the best nut trees before they are destroyed4 ,some ,random ,notes on ,nut ,culture ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,iowa ,any notes concerning the behavior of nut trees in ,iowa this year necessarily recall the trying weather conditions and these must be referred to again and again4 ,although winter temperatures were quite mild1 catkins on the filberts and hazels were so badly injured that none bloomed on the filberts and very few on the ,jones hybrids which had previously been hardy4 ,the native hazels bloomed but set very few nuts1 apparently because of their repeatedly freezing during the blooming period4 ,the ,winkler hazel seems to be a phenomenal individual and a poor parent1 not reproducing anywhere nearly true4 ,thus far all its seedlings have produced nuts inferior to the parent variety even when they were from seed which was cross-pollinated by other choice hazels or filberts4 ,they do1 however1 show much variation in foliage1 bushes and fruit and what the second generation may bring forth is yet to be determined4 ,established hazel plants endured the extreme heat and drought splendidly1 but newly planted bushes did not4 ,well-rooted layers and divisions planted out early made a splendid start1 then backed up and were a total failure before the ,july rains came4 ,that you may know how dry it was in ,iowa the first six months of #aicd1 let me tell you that only about two-thirds of the oats sown in ,april in well prepared soil got moisture enough to germinate then1 and about the same part of the corn planted in ,may germinated4 ,well1 along in ,june a shower furnished enough moisture to germinate the remaining part1 so we had corn #b to #c feet high and in adjacent hills only #b or #c inches high1 and oats which were headed out mixed with others of the same sowing which were just up4 ,the walnuts endured these extremely dry conditions better than any fruit or nut bearing trees4 ,young seedlings made quite a satisfactory growth and year old seedlings lined out for future grafting made almost a perfect stand1 as did the grafted trees which were unsold and lined out at the end of the selling season4 ,the heavy loss in walnuts was in the grafts set in ,may4 ,this will be mentioned later4 ,the shortage of moisture in #aicc apparently was responsible for considerable winter killing of young hickories which were in sod4 ,there was no loss in cultivated ground4 ,the hickories were like the apples this year in that they did not bloom much1 and unlike them in that the apples ripened ahead of their normal season1 while the hickories ripened later4 ,stratford nuts are usually ready to gather ,september #a but this year are still clinging to the trees4 ,fairbanks is our most prolific kind4 ,nuts closely resembling ,fairbanks1 yet somewhat different from it1 keep bobbing up on different sides of us when there is a good crop of hickory nuts4 ,none of them have yet been superior to ,fairbanks4 ,perhaps one should give each a good testing and keep up a search for one with better quality than ,fairbanks4 ,certainly there is no reason for calling ,stratford a hybrid4 ,it is one of a group of shagbarks with smaller leaves and buds1 and thinner husks than are found in what we would call a typical shagbark4 ,the shagbarks might be divided into several species and be as distinct as some of the species of other trees1 such as the ash for example4 ,vest and ,hand represent another group with thin1 wavy shells and thereby are quite distinct from the typical shagbarks4 ,on account of extremely hot weather coming so early the nut trees were grafted earlier than usual and in this order3 chestnuts1 bitternuts1 hickory stocks1 shagbark stocks and1 after a few days1 the walnuts and pecans4 ,the grafting was successful in the order worked4 ,immediately after the walnuts and pecans were worked the temperature began mounting1 reaching #aad deg4 ,f4 in the shade at one time1 and of course much more in the sun and just above the bare dry ground4 ,the chestnuts and bitternuts had time to knit together before the extreme heat and gave a splendid stand4 ,the shagbarks also made a good stand4 ,but the walnuts and pecan stocks were near a total failure4 ,apparently what occurred was that the grafting wax and paraffin which was coated over the scion melted and penetrated the union1 like that much kerosene or penetrating oil1 and prevented callusing4 ,the cions remained plump and green for a long time except for a thin layer at the cut surfaces4 ,the usual resin1 beeswax1 linseed oil and lamp black grafting wax was used4 ,can anyone suggest a wax which will remain absolutely dry under the conditions described above8 ,what happened1 as near as ,i can tell1 is that the extremely hot weather and the continuation of it melted the grafting wax and the paraffin4 ,they fused and made a new combination which looked like grease and absolutely prevented any growth4 ,the shagbark hickories gave a good stand1 about as perfect a stand as you could expect in hickories4 ,last of all the pecan stocks were worked4 ,they should have been the easiest to work but they were a total failure4 ,that is because the hot weather set in less than a week after they were set1 while the others had more time4 ,the problem ,i would like to see solved is one of a wax which will remain absolutely dry during such times1 and ,i think then we will have solved one of the big problems of propagation4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,i've had more or less trouble with grafting waxes since ,i began to graft nut trees1 and ,i have therefore been looking for a wax that would stand up under extremely hot weather and which could be applied cold and was not too costly4 ,i think ,i have found one that comes nearest to the ideal4 ,it is an asphalt tree emulsion made by the ,flintkote ,co4 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,this emulsion can be purchased in five gallon drums at #fj;c a gallon in ,detroit4 ,it can be diluted with water and applied in a thin or heavy coating4 ,i used this wax last summer and ,i am better pleased with it than any other wax ,i have ever tried4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,i thought a few years ago that ,i had eliminated wax trouble1 but finally ,i came to the conclusion that when you have a temperature that runs beyond the place that will melt ordinary paraffin the heat will kill the grafts4 ,,mr4 ,,walker3 ,this question is an old one4 ,last winter and the winter before ,i did a little work on the old reports4 ,you will find some mighty good winter reading there4 ,i find things hashed and rehashed over and over again4 ,the subject of grafting wax1 of course1 was discussed years ago4 ,i might caution you on the asphalt4 ,it will have to be the highest1 purest grade4 ,,member3 ,you can easily prevent wax from getting in between the scion and the stock by using a paper or cellophane4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,these grafts were tied with tape4 ,i'm sure that this oil would penetrate anything which was not absolutely air tight4 ,winter ,injury of ,filberts at ,geneva #aicc-cd;,a ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,slate ,new ,york ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,last year ,i reported to you the winter injury to the ,geneva filbert collection resulting from a very mild winter4 ,this year ,i am reporting the damage resulting from the coldest winter on record in western ,new ,york4 ,varieties that have withstood both winters may be considered sufficiently hardy for anything western ,new ,york and regions with a similar climate have to offer in climate4 ,a brief summary of the winter and its effects on other fruit plants in the vicinity of ,geneva will serve as a background for the data on filberts4 ,the first severe cold occurred on ,december #bi when the temperature dropped to -#ba deg4 ,f4 ,this equalled the previous low record established in ,february1 #ahif4 ,on ,february #i the minimum temperature recorded was -#ca deg4 ,f4 or ten degrees lower than anything previously recorded in the history of the ,station4 ,the minimum on ,february #h was -#af deg4 ,f4 and on ,february #aj1 -#ah deg4 ,f4 ,fruit trees suffered severe injury from these extreme temperatures4 ,nearly all the older ,baldwin apple trees in the vicinity were killed or so severely injured as to be of no further value for fruit production4 ,peach fruit buds were all killed and many of the trees succumbed1 even in well cared for orchards4 ,very few sweet cherry buds survived1 and many trees were injured or killed4 ,delaware1 ,catawba and ,niagara grapes were also killed to the ground or lost most of their buds4 ,japanese plums failed to bloom1 and the trees were severely injured4 ,nearly all climbing roses were killed to the ground4 ,even the native elderberry1 ,sambucus canadensis1 was killed back in many cases4 ,such was the winter experienced by the filberts4 ,before classifying the filbert varieties as to their hardiness1 some general statements regarding the effect of the cold on the filberts may be of interest4 ,the injury to the wood seemed to be due to a gradual drying out and the clear cut distinction between winter killed wood and live wood so evident in peaches1 apples1 and pears did not show in the filberts4 ,the wood of the filberts had a dried out appearance with a few brown streaks so that one could not predict definitely in ,february the amount of injury4 ,it was not until midsummer that a true picture of the injury to the wood could be obtained4 ,this gradual drying out of the wood without the clear cut distinctions between dead and live wood also characterized the winter killing of the wood of grapes and raspberries4 ,in the spring new growth on the injured filbert wood started late4 ,if the injury was slight the foliage soon reached normal size4 ,in some cases the early leaves were very small1 but later attained normal size4 ,with trees that were severely injured the leaves remained small until midsummer and then gradually turned yellow and died4 ,many branches were killed outright and failed to start or only a bud here and there would start4 ,on the trees of a few varieties that were injured the least1 a few small leaves were the chief evidence of winter injury4 ,the recuperative power of the filbert seems to be nearly as great as that of the peach and pear insofar as this may be determined by observation in the orchard4 ,in spite of the past winter the station filbert orchards present a fairly good appearance except for a few varieties4 ,it is probably safe to consider filberts as hardy as peaches and sweet cherries4 ,the flowers of the filbert show a greater range in hardiness than those of peaches and sweet cherries4 ,the staminate flowers or catkins of a few varieties are definitely hardier than peach flowers4 ,not a single peach blossom survived but three filberts bloomed with only slightly more than the usual amount of catkin killing4 ,the pistillate or female flowers are much hardier than peach flowers4 ,the pistillate flowers are also hardier than the wood as flowers were observed on trees the wood of which was nearly dead by midsummer4 ,in the older orchard about #af varieties bore a number of pistillate flowers that were recorded as medium or greater4 ,these did not all set nuts1 however1 owing to the scarcity of pollen1 but the crop on seven varieties was about medium4 ,it should be emphasized at this point that there were no peaches1 practically no ,japanese plums1 very few sweet cherries1 and very few grapes in the ,station orchards and vineyards this year4 ,trees in the partially protected orchard fared somewhat better in regard to catkin injury than those in the more exposed orchard4 ,that full exposure to the wind has much to do with winter killing of catkins is shown by the following4 ,after the severe freeze of ,december #bi and #cj when -#ba deg4 ,f4 was experienced1 catkins of several varieties were forced in the office4 ,these all opened and shed pollen normally4 ,january #bi and #cj near zero temperatures were experienced with very strong winds4 ,catkins forced in the office immediately after this were nearly all killed4 ,since zero temperatures are not uncommon at ,geneva in winter1 but are rare with strong winds1 much of the injury may be attributed to the combination of wind and cold4 ,young trees were injured less in wood than old trees4 ,this is well shown by a comparison of two lots of ,kentish ,cob of different ages4 ,nine #i-year-old trees were killed back from #ej to #hj percent in addition to considerable weakening of the remaining wood4 ,eleven two-year-old trees in the same orchard were uninjured4 ,the importance of exposure to winds as a factor in causing catkin killing is further shown by a comparison of catkin killing in the two filbert orchards at ,geneva4 ,in the younger orchard which is exposed to the full sweep of the west wind not a catkin survived on any of the #ff varieties in that orchard4 ,in the other older orchard which is protected on the west and north by buildings and spruce trees1 sufficient catkins survived on three varieties to provide for proper pollination4 ,in discussing the effects of winter injury on the different varieties it will be necessary to make a distinction between the two orchards4 ,orchard #f is the partially protected planting while ,orchard #af is fully exposed4 ,most of the trees in ,orchard #f were nine years old1 while those in ,orchard #af are six years old or less4 ,wood injury1 catkin injury1 and pistil injury will be treated separately4 ,in the first group are those varieties which suffered very severe wood injury4 ,they are ,clackamas1 ,early ,globe1 ,english ,cluster1 and ,oregon4 ,the latter two are very similar and may be identical4 ,these were all nine year old trees located in ,orchard #f4 ,the trees were so severely injured that their recovery is doubtful and the development of new trees from suckers will be necessary4 ,clackamas evidently suffered root killing as only one of the six trees is producing suckers4 ,in this group the trees leaved out1 but the foliage was small1 usually less than one-fifth the size of normal foliage1 and growth weak4 ,by ,august the leaves were yellow and many were shrivelling4 ,varieties moderately to severely injured in ,orchard #f were ,barcelona1 ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly71 ,fertile de ,coutard1 ,minna1 ,purple ,aveline1 ,red ,aveline1 ,white ,aveline1 ,white ,lambert1 ,d',alger1 and ,montebello4 ,in ,orchard #af the severely injured varieties were ,garibaldi1 ,kentish ,filbert1 ,marquis of ,lorne1 ,princess ,royal1 ,red ,skinned1 ,the ,shah1 ,webbs ,prize ,cob1 ,bandnuss1 ,einzeltragende ,kegelformige1 ,liegels ,zellernuss1 ,multiflora1 ,schlesierin1 ,sicklers ,zellernuss1 ,truchsess ,zellernuss1 ,vollkugel1 ,volle ,zellernuss1 ,romische ,nuss1 ,kruse and ,rush4 ,the trees of varieties in this group were severely injured1 but have a fair chance of recovering4 ,in many cases from #ej to #ij percent of the top was killed outright1 and new growth was weak4 ,most of the trees have a few fairly strong shoots from the trunk or larger branches from which a new top may be developed4 ,four out of #bb trees of ,barcelona were killed entirely1 indicating root as well as top killing4 ,the last group includes those varieties of which less than #bj percent of the wood was killed4 ,the new growth was weakened slightly or not at all4 ,in many cases the tree is apparently uninjured and occasionally a single tree of a variety may be severely injured while the others are unhurt4 ,varieties in ,orchard #f belonging in this group are ,alpha1 ,buttner ,zeller1 ,cosford1 ,daviana1 ,gubener ,zeller1 ,gunzlebener ,zeller1 ,gustav ,zeller1 ,lange ,landsberger1 ,fichtwerdersche ,zeller1 ,noce ,lunghe1 ,italian ,red1 ,large ,globe1 ,medium ,long1 ,bollwiller1 ,nottingham1 ,halle1 ,red ,lambert1 ,gasaway1 ,guebener ,barcelloner1 ,blumberger ,zeller1 ,bixby1 ,jones ,nos4 #hc1 #bjg1 #bfi1 #caj1 and ,corylus colurna4 ,in ,orchard #af varieties in this group include ,cannon ,ball1 ,duke of ,edinburgh1 ,pearson's ,prolific1 ,barr's ,zellernuss1 ,berger's ,zellernuss1 ,beethe's ,zellernuss1 ,eckige ,barcelloner1 ,grosse ,kugelnuss1 ,heynicks ,zellernuss1 ,jeeves ,samling1 ,kadetten ,zellernuss1 ,kaiserin ,eugenie1 ,kurzhullige ,zellernuss1 ,longe von ,downton1 ,ludolph's ,zellernuss1 ,luisen's ,zellernuss1 ,mogulnuss1 ,neue ,riesennuss1 ,northamptonshire1 ,prolifique a coque serree1 ,imperial de ,trebizond1 and ,russ4 ,native sorts in this group are ,winkler1 ,littlepage1 ,wilder1 a ,corylus americana variety from the east end of ,lake ,ontario1 and a ,corylus rostrata from ,rhode ,island4 ,seventeen #c-year old ,french varieties were also uninjured1 but in view of the general lack of wood killing1 on young filberts1 they are not included in this list4 ,it is evident then that we have a number of varieties of which the wood is fairly hardy4 ,catkin killing was very severe in both orchards and only those varieties which had a few live catkins are listed4 ,in ,orchard #f the catkin killing on five trees of ,italian ,red ranged from #bj to #ej percent and on six trees of ,red ,lambert from #aj to #bj percent4 ,a few catkins on ,alpha also survived4 ,the remaining #ce filbert varieties in this orchard lost all their catkins4 ,several ,jones hybrids in this orchard fared somewhat better4 ,a few catkins survived on ,bixby4 ,jones #bfi lost #aj percent1 ,jones #caj lost #cj percent1 and ,jones #bjg lost none of its catkins4 ,all the catkins were killed on ,jones #hc4 ,in ,orchard #af1 the story is soon told4 ,not a single live catkin was found in the spring on the #ff filbert varieties in this orchard4 ,of the native hazels ,bush lost all its catkins1 and ,winkler none4 ,all catkins were dead on the ,corylus rostrata from ,rhode ,island4 ,as stated earlier1 the pistillate flowers were hardier than the catkins and nearly all varieties in both orchards had at least an occasional female flower4 ,however1 only those in which the number of pistillate flowers was described as medium or numerous will be recorded here4 ,in ,orchard #f these varieties were ,alpha1 ,cosford1 ,fichtwerdersche1 ,gubener ,zeller1 ,gunzlebener ,zeller1 ,gustav's ,zeller1 ,longe ,landsberger1 ,noce ,lunghe1 ,italian ,red1 ,medium ,long1 ,bollwiller1 ,white ,lambert1 ,gasaway1 ,gubener ,barcelloner1 ,blumberger ,zeller1 and ,unknown4 ,five ,jones hybrids including ,bixby had a full pistillate bloom4 ,due to wood injury and possibly to a scarcity of pollen only a few of these varieties bore more than a few nuts4 ,varieties bearing a medium crop are ,cosford1 ,italian ,red1 ,medium ,long1 ,gubener ,zeller1 ,gunzlebener ,zeller1 ,bollwiller1 and ,unknown4 ,four of ,jones hybrids including ,bixby1 are bearing fair crops4 ,the other varieties in this orchard are bearing only an occasional nut or none4 ,in ,orchard #af the pistillate flowers were described as medium or numerous on the following varieties3 ,barr's ,zellernuss and the ,winkler hazel4 ,the other #fe varieties bore only an occasional flower4 ,no filbert pollen was available in this orchard1 consequently ,winkler is the only variety fruiting4 ,in ,orchard #af were #ecd two-year-old trees from crosses between ,rush and various filbert varieties4 ,the cross was made by ,mr4 ,reed and the seedlings were sent to ,geneva by the late ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,of these #ecd seedlings1 #fb bore catkins4 ,the catkins on #ad of these were uninjured1 #ai had varying amounts of injury1 and #bi suffered #ajj percent killing4 ,three hundred and ninety-two bore pistillate flowers and #gd of these would probably have had full crops had they been pollinated4 ,in view of the complete loss of catkins on the filbert varieties in this orchard1 the survival of catkins on about half of the blooming seedlings is of considerable interest to the filbert breeder4 ,in addition1 none of these hybrids experienced any wood killing4 ,if the list of varieties which passed through the very severe winter of #aicc-cd is compared with the list of varieties which were not seriously injured by the very mild winter of #aicb-cc1 only two sorts1 ,italian ,red and ,red ,lambert are found to be satisfactorily hardy in wood and catkin4 ,red ,lambert is too unproductive to be used except as a pollenizer4 ,italian ,red may therefore be considered the most promising variety now available for western ,new ,york conditions4 ,the nut is satisfactory and the tree is one of the most productive4 ,cosford and ,medium ,long may also be considered among the hardiest in spite of the complete loss of catkins last winter4 ,in all previous winters they have been among the hardiest in wood and catkins4 ,no variety should be eliminated because of a lack of hardiness during the coldest winter on record in the region where it is being grown1 if it possesses other desirable characters4 ,i think considerable encouragement may be derived from the previous winter's experience4 ,we are at last down to rock bottom and know what is hardy and what is not4 ,it is evident from the behavior of the ,jones hybrids and ,mr4 ,reed's hybrids involving a similar parentage that sufficiently hardy varieties will result from this line of breeding work to make filbert culture possible in those sections of the country that are not too cold for peaches4 ,footnote ,a3 ,approved by the ,director of the ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station for publication as ,journal ,paper ,no4 #di4 ,notes on ,hickories ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,anthony ,sterling1 ,illinois ,i am satisfied only when ,i am trying for the best1 and the best to me in nuts is the hickory4 ,for the past nine years in the nut season1 and sometimes out of it1 for nut shucks tell their story1 ,i have been combing my own territory with hopes of finding some hickories more worth while4 ,about twenty miles westward from my home brings one to the ,mississippi ,river4 ,one hundred years ago most of this twenty mile land tract was covered with timber1 more or less interspersed with hickories1 most of which have been cut down4 ,along the ,mississippi there were then shellbarks and shagbarks1 together with pecans1 the latter of which ,i understand are all gone now4 ,my own location was originally prairie land out of which one could not go in any direction without passing through a woodland tract4 ,these nearer woods held in nut trees more shagbarks than of any other nut variety1 with the bitter hickory nut coming in second place4 ,as ,i thought about it1 given a good enough tree1 it seemed to me the hickory was the greatest one we could grow4 ,grandfather had let pass his opportunity to save any choice ones4 ,so had my father4 ,and if the neighborhood zest was overfreighted with purpose to find such trees ,i had not found it out4 ,it looked to me like a worthwhile endeavor not to let this neglect go further1 even though chance finds were much lessened from what they probably once were4 ,having three or four kinds of hickories is no doubt a fine thing for us4 ,nature cannot manage nearly so well with them as can man1 but she makes something of a hit once in a while4 ,more than we think for1 perhaps1 in the hickories we are using to graft from1 there is quite likely1 in the sizeable shagbarks1 something besides shagbark4 ,their distinctiveness1 for which we selected them1 is due to a fortunate1 unlike cross bringing out their exceptional characteristics4 ,what most hinders progress is quite conceivably a sort of swamped unchangeableness4 ,that is very possibly the likely ailment we've got in our hazelnuts4 ,there were no three or four kinds of them scattered more or less everywhere about the country with which nature could make chance crosses as with hickories4 ,seemingly my locality ought to yield as many1 perhaps more1 exceptional hickory specimens than many could4 ,here1 or near here1 the pecan of the south had reached its northernmost trek4 ,here also was the shagbark1 shellbark1 bitternut4 ,and uniformity here should have more chance of a knockout4 ,a riddance of sameness4 ,hazelnuts conceded no such diversity to help nature make freaks4 ,in the hickory field was alteration1 hope1 and chance4 ,in the assemblage of varieties there is given opportunity for crosses that nature occasionally delves into1 and in the additional eccentric types getting mixed1 tending to offer in rare instances special merit4 ,we have then through mixture1 not that fixedness that usually stands in the way1 but a getting away from set types where once in thousands of offerings a more useful specimen is made1 one nature herself cannot handle to our advantage1 but for which we should have our eyes open1 and make use of when chance comes our way4 ,just two years ago tomorrow ,i came upon what to me was an eye feast4 ,a half grown hickory tree whose top-most limbs bent as in rare instances do limbs when heavily laden with sleet4 ,and the nuts were of good size for shagbarks4 ,with the shucks off there were forty-two pounds of them4 ,they proved to be quite good crackers4 ,i sent a sample to ,dr4 ,deming and he very considerately gave them the name ,anthony4 ,from the shape of the nut1 ,i believe it has a trace of the bitternut hickory in its make-up4 ,mr4 ,reed has likewise expressed such an opinion in writing me regarding it4 ,this foreign blood tinge gives it1 ,i believe1 its jump in size and its rather attractive form1 also ,i think1 a bit lessening in quality4 ,while we would like the very highest quality in our nuts1 it is conceivable that it may be advisable to do with them as is done with peaches4 ,take the ,elberta1 with its many good traits1 even though it does fail somewhat in quality4 ,having found this nut tree just two years ago hardly gives time enough for adequate judgement of its merits4 ,with something like three-fourths of an inch of rain this year1 from sometime in ,march to the seventeenth of ,june1 none of our crops can be judged by their performance4 ,skipping last year1 except for a very few nuts1 this hickory came out this season heavy with bloom4 ,i was watching it at blooming time4 ,on ,may #bc ,i brought home from it a bit of bloom1 laid it on a paper and the next morning it had shed its pollen4 ,the next morning after that we had a frost on low ground4 ,this tree is near such ground4 ,with frost1 and two dry seasons1 this year's crop has amounted to but one and one-half quarts4 ,most hickories have done little since #aicb4 ,another hickory tree found last year that ,i call ,no4 #b did have four and one-half pounds on it last season4 ,it is hardly half grown1 is a shagbark1 my best find toward cracking out in halves1 and the earliest in maturing nuts of any hickory ,i have found4 ,it has no crop this year but is worth keeping an eye on the coming seasons4 ,no4 #c is my best find in quality1 quite good of cracking1 good in size for a shagbark and has possibly a trace of shellbark in its make-up4 ,while bearing light crops1 it has been very consistent in doing so every year for at least three years4 ,it is an old tree1 medium early in maturing its nuts and doubtless could do better if freed from the under and surrounding smaller trees4 ,its crop1 shucks on this year1 is sixty-five pounds1 or above eighteen pounds shucks off but not dried4 ,to the best of my present knowledge1 and with such conveniences as ,i had1 and to aid in grafting1 ,i should have been told to make a long narrow box1 put a wire screen bottom on it1 make a cover for it1 fasten a wire at each end1 put my scion wood in and let it down deep in a cistern1 and let it hang two or three inches over the water for scion keeping4 ,when grafting ,i should have been told to carry my ,merribrooke melter around in an empty pail to keep the wind from blowing it out and to be able to better hold the blaze down and keep the wax at the right temperature4 ,and when and if the blaze does go out1 do not try taking the thing apart for relighting4 ,instead1 split a small stick1 put a match in the split1 take out the wax cup1 strike the match and reach down from the top for relighting4 ,talk to people about better hickories and you discern first that the subject has never been brought to their attention4 ,on further discussion1 when they are made to understand that worthwhile hickories can be grown1 you come to the balking point4 ,it's the crop6 ,it's too far off6 ,people do not let the time question bother them when they set out the usual dooryard trees because expectancy goes no further than trees4 ,in our latitude grafted hickories1 first of all trees1 rightly should be in everyone's dooryard4 ,it takes about as much time to grow the best ornamental and shade trees as to make a hickory tree4 ,and the latter furnishes quite as much ornament1 just as much shade as were it some other kind of tree4 ,even if one cannot live long enough to eat nuts from his own planting1 plant grafted hickories anyway4 ,left to their own1 and most people's council1 their lesser tree selections would approach the eventual worth of a good hickory4 ,why not make the choice a good one8 ,no one knows1 so far as ,i have ascertained1 the age of a hickory4 ,it is much beyond that of an apple tree1 at least in my locality4 ,of its close relation1 the pecan of the south1 it has been said there are pecan trees there now bearing nuts that were here when ,christopher ,columbus discovered ,america4 ,not long ago ,i read that there are something like five thousand telescope nuts in the country4 7,you know we here are all interested in nuts47 ,i can understand that it is interesting to search off in vast spaces to ascertain facts1 but it is hard to understand why more people cannot find interest in rare and useful nut sports that can be strived for and1 in addition to that enthusiasm1 help give to future mankind that first of all essentials1 food4 ,whether we can get a helpful clue with experiences of the past ,i do not know4 ,but ,i often cannot help but recall a bit of the blindness of man when ,i think of the potato4 ,it was once said that they were fit only for hogs to eat4 ,many years back when they were having war in ,ireland1 soldiers would go through people's home and take all they had to eat4 ,it was found1 however1 where there was a potato patch soldiers would run right over them1 giving no thought of there finding food4 ,there then was a chance for home dwellers to better hold their own and it gave the impetus1 the beginning of potato growing1 to the ,caucasian race and the name we have to this day1 ,irish potato4 ,years later1 when they still had kings in ,france1 their ruler realized his poor subjects could help themselves so much if they would only grow potatoes4 ,there seemed no way of getting them to do so4 ,one day1 however1 the king went and had a plat of ground planted to potatoes1 set guards around it day and night1 and let it be known they were the king's potatoes and no one was going to be allowed to steal them4 ,that awoke the people4 ,if potatoes were that good the king would have them1 they would have them also4 ,franklin ,roosevelt likes trees4 ,do you suppose we could get him to be a king to lead for the finest in tree planting1 grafted hickory-nut trees8 ,another thing4 ,every bit we can add to the feeling and knowledge of our securing is a help to us4 ,we have many people whose make-up is not one that enables them to provide for their later years1 not even if they earned ten dollars a day over a long period of time4 ,planting grafted hickories would be something of a standby1 extend away into the years1 and helping too when physical strength is no more ours4 ,so too1 we can count too much sometimes on what we have in a bank4 ,we may do likewise with an insurance company4 ,and there have been people whose governments went back on them4 ,ours has1 on gold promises6 ,all one's hickory trees1 had he such1 are not likely to treat him like that1 at least won't all die in a bunch6 ,they won't even refuse a crop because of a depression6 ,and if one couldn't eat all of his nuts or even any of them1 they are something to offer in trade for that which can be used4 ,again1 if ,i am not mistaken1 there is nothing that we of this latitude do grow or can grow in field or garden that so equally takes the place of meat as do nuts4 ,speaking of gardens1 it has been said gardening is an occupation for which no man is too high or too low4 ,likewise could the truth be so said for so clean a pursuit as nut growing4 ,history has spoken of the age of acorns4 ,we hope we can look into a not too distant future and rightly see additional help1 food1 leisure1 income for everybody made so partially1 in a little way at least1 in an age with nuts4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,mr4 ,anthony sent me quite a generous sample of his hickory and ,i got to be quite familiar with it4 ,i consider the ,anthony one of our best hickories4 ,it is quite evident from his paper that he is a thinking man1 and ,i noticed that he has found out in two or three years things which ,i have found out only after twenty-five or thirty years of study and which ,i thought were exclusively possessions of my own4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,the shellbarks and shagbarks are among the finest looking trees in ,washington4 ,they are symmetrical1 erect and have dark green or light green foliage4 ,at this time of year they are taking on a superb golden yellow4 ,the landscape gardeners use the hickories for the golden effect of the foliage4 ,before we get through with this meeting ,i would like to get some reports from the people from the ,north as to which species grow the farthest north4 ,is it the black walnut or the shagbark8 ,does the bitternut grow farther north than either one of them8 ,,mr4 ,,corsan3 ,yes4 ,the bitternut grows #aej miles north of ,ottawa4 ,the hickory is much farther north than the black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,it has always been my impression that the butternut reached farther north than the black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,ellis3 ,the hickories go as far north as ,lake ,champlain4 ,the butternuts go up as far as the line of ,canada4 ,,mr4 ,,corsan3 ,butternuts go way above the ,canadian line4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,in ,new ,england the shagbark grows considerably farther north than the black walnut and west of the ,great ,lakes the black walnut grows farther north than the hickory4 ,,mr4 ,,walker3 ,i believe the bitternut grows farther north than the butternut4 ,i think the rivers have an influence on them4 ,getting away from the rivers you don't have to go so far before they run out4 ,,the ,,president3 ,with the exhibits is a picture of a ,wisconsin black walnut ,i grafted myself4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman also has one growing4 ,the meat of this black walnut is as white and sweet as an ,english walnut4 ,i think it is quite promising for northern territory4 ,mr4 ,reed1 did you have an opportunity to test them4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,they impressed me as being very promising4 ,i tried to get cions but was not able to at that time4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i don't think ,i have ever seen a hickory nut tree so loaded with nuts as a ,manahan which ,i have grafted on bitternut4 ,the ,taylor every year sets a bunch of young nutlets1 but ,i have never yet seen a catkin on it4 ,i don't know anything that will pollinate it4 ,until we select buds for hickory nuts and walnuts as they do for citrus and other fruit1 ,i don't believe we can get very far4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i have some hickories growing and fruiting well on bitternut4 ,i've also seen enough of them not growing well so that ,i prefer shagbark to bitternut4 ,i prefer shagbark on shagbark4 ,motion was made and carried that the next annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association be held at ,rockport1 ,indiana1 ,monday and ,tuesday1 ,september #i and #aj1 #aice4 ,letter from ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath ,kosseev1 ,poland 7,read by ,title7 ,being eager to get on time to the walnut harvest in the ,carpathian region and personally select walnuts for planting in ,canada and the ,u4,s4,a4 ,i borrowed #djj and--now ,i am here4 ,on ,october #aa ,i sent to ,toronto eight boxes of selected walnuts1 about #ej1jjj in all1 and ,i hope they will arrive in ,toronto in time for the ,royal ,winter ,fair4 ,there are #dc varieties and amongst them some of very high quality are on the way to our ,acadia4 ,but it was no easy task to find out here good walnuts4 ,i bought #adjj kilograms of different nuts before ,i picked out of them #fjj kg4 for ,canada4 ,besides me three men were busy searching for the best walnuts in the orchards of ,kosseev and ,kooty4 ,inclosed please find a description of #de walnut trees and their nuts4 ,a collection of these nuts ,i am sending you separately4 ,i found here that3 #a4 ,every walnut tree bears nuts of different variety4 ,the nuts differ from nuts of other trees in shape1 hardness of shell1 size1 texture and flavor of kernels4 #b4 ,on every tree walnuts are of three sizes1 large1 medium and small4 ,it depends how much sunshine they receive4 ,those nearer to the trunk and on the northern side of the tree are the smallest4 #c4 ,according to flavor the walnut trees may be divided into three different groups4 ,those which bear nuts of sweet kernel are the best4 ,those nuts which have some bitter flavor are not bad1 but those which are languid or tasteless are no good at all4 #d4 ,giants have kernels smaller than the cavity of their shell4 ,but ,i was told that in this country somewhere are ,giants with sweet1 hard kernels which fill up their paper-thin shell fully4 ,some gentleman pointed to the city of ,tchernievtjee as a source of good ,giants4 ,it is not far from ,kosseev1 but on the other side of ,rumanian frontier4 ,it means that ,i should go to the province of ,bookovina if we wish to find those perfect ,giants4 ,i sent to ,canada some good ,giants1 but not perfect ones yet4 ,a physician who resides in ,kooty told me that in the mountaineers villages of ,rozhen 7#ejj meters above sea level7 there is a tree bearing awfully sweet walnuts4 ,he ate those nuts but he does not know the name of the owner4 ,now it is my task to find those nuts4 ,in the village of ,twedeev 7#djj meters above sea level7 is a tree bearing one year large nuts and next year small nuts4 ,but those small nuts are awfully oily4 ,i failed to secure nuts from that tree but ,i know its whereabouts4 ,there in the mountains about #fjj meters above the sea level comes the line beyond which no walnut tree grows4 ,that line is stretched from the east to the west along the northern slope of the ,carpathian region4 ,i have seen some nuts from that colder belt4 ,in shape they are rough1 but one variety has papershell and sweet flavor4 ,it seems to me that among these 7as natives call them ,hutzoolian walnuts7 we could find some good variety for northern ,ontario and maybe ,manitoba4 ,my nearest task will be to go along the cold line and select some walnut trees there4 ,kooty and ,kooseev district are really walnut country4 ,this district produces papershell walnuts for other parts of ,poland4 ,but walnut trees could be found five degrees to the north4 ,too1 ,i wish to investigate walnuts north of the ,dniester ,river and then proceed farther north to find the northern limit beyond which no walnut grows4 ,i am going to publish #cjjj questionnaires1 one for each walnut tree4 ,i or my friends would examine these questionnaires when filled out4 ,maybe we'll come across some extra good walnut through this inquiry4 ,but the easiest way to locate the best walnut is to organize a walnut contest as you did in ,michigan1 with the help of ,mr4 ,kellogg4 ,with the help of the local agricultural papers we could have such a contest and ,i am sure we'll have an amazing success4 ,do your best to get some funds for the prizes4 ,then please go to the ,royal ,winter ,fair which starts this fall ,november #ba and inspect my walnuts ,i shipped there recently4 ,create a judging committee of ,prof4 ,neilson1 ,mr4 ,corsan1 ,dr4 ,currelly and others4 ,open a couple nuts of each variety and judge which walnuts are the best4 ,then write me from what trees ,i should cut scions4 ,you see1 ,i am waiting now for winter to cut scions from trees bearing the best walnuts ,i found4 ,then after ,xmas ,i'll ship to ,canada a large box containing about #aj1jjj walnut scions4 ,i expect to cut every scion personally and that way secure the best stuff for the spring grafting4 ,i am told that there are in ,latvia filberts of very good type4 ,latvian filberts have grown eight inches thick in diameter4 ,in that country the ground is frozen in ,october1 like in ,manitolia4 ,it seems to me that the ,latvian filbert will be ideal for the northern part of the ,north ,america4 ,i wish to go there too while ,i am in ,europe4 ,i would bring the ,latvian filbert to ,canada and the ,u4,s4,a4 if a small financial support could be given to me to accomplish this task4 ,to assure bringing of the best walnut into ,canada and the ,u4,s4,a4 ,i made an agreement with a local gardener to graft for us #ejj walnut seedlings with the scions ,i would secure for him4 ,thus grafted seedlings could be brought to ,canada the next fall4 ,furthermore1 ,i have an idea to create the largest and the best walnut which ever grew on the globe4 ,for this purpose ,i selected several walnut trees bearing ,giant nuts and ,i wish to pollenize them next spring with pollen of a tree which yields the hardest and the sweetest kernel4 ,such a tree is in the city of ,stanislav4 ,and here in ,kosseev is a tree bearing ,giants which before they are dried weigh ten nuts to one kilogram 7#b4bjd pounds74 ,i hope that combination could give us a desirable type4 ,it is also desirable for me to stay in this country until the fall of #aice4 ,then ,i am sure that we'd have some desirable walnuts and filberts4 ,i hope that my friends in ,canada and the ,u4,s4,a4 would come with financial help to give me a chance to accomplish my task4 ,to assure the shipment of scions ,i need one hundred dollars4 ,for my existence in this country ,i need #bdj for next twelve months1 and for traveling expenses about #ajj4 ,all together ,i need #ejj4 ,i hope that some ,canadian or ,american would understand the importance of my expedition and will come with the help4 ,please put my case before some people who would back me in my enterprise4 ,,mr4 ,,corsan3 ,mr4 ,crath is a ,presbyterian minister1 he is out of a job and he is a man of extraordinary practical skill in agriculture4 ,now he informs me that1 up in the ,carpathian mountain region1 in the valleys they don't have the ,english walnut1 but the estates up in the mountains for hundreds of years have cultivated and selected it4 ,the estates are being divided up and the trees cut down4 ,he has gone up there to select these trees to have the nuts sent to him before the dealers get them and kill-dry to insure them against spoiling4 ,the ,chestnut ,situation in ,illinois ,by ,,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,illinois ,illinois claims prominence as a state where the commercial chestnut crop has been a profitable one for many years1 beginning nearly three decades ago4 ,before chestnut blight1 ,endothia parasitica 7,murrill71 killed the trees in the ,east1 tons of nuts were gathered there and a considerable quantity marketed2 these1 however1 were chiefly of the smaller native species and little attention was paid to the trees1 most of which were wild4 ,during the past few years some consideration has been given chestnut culture in the far ,west2 this development1 however1 is quite recent4 ,two men stand out as pioneers in ,illinois nut growing3 the late ,george ,w4 ,endicott of ,villa ,ridge1 who crossed the native ,american with the ,giant ,japanese chestnut in #ahie1 his work resulting in the origination of the ,boone1 ,blair1 and ,riehl varieties1 the fruit of which combines the size of the ,japanese with the quality of the ,american parent2 and the late ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl of ,godfrey1 who for over #cj years1 until his death in #aibe1 carried on experimental work in nut culture1 originating1 among others1 the ,fuller and ,gibbens chestnuts1 superior late and early varieties4 ,both ,mr4 ,endicott and ,mr4 ,riehl planted the better varieties in orchard form and found the undertaking a very profitable one4 ,the third large orchard planting in ,illinois is located at ,farina and owned by the ,whitford family4 ,here the soil type is less favorable for chestnuts and the water drainage is not of the best1 but in spite of these disadvantages1 the trees are productive4 ,these orchards1 with other smaller plantings in the state1 came into full bearing at about the time of the gradual failure of the eastern crops and have made money for their owners1 especially where attention was paid to sizing the nuts and to other advanced marketing practices4 ,during the past twenty years1 interest in chestnut culture in ,illinois has been increasing gradually4 ,many plantings of the improved varieties have been made in widely scattered localities4 ,through the co-operation of ,mr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,glenn1 of the ,state ,nursery ,inspection ,service1 a survey of ,illinois has been begun to locate all the chestnut trees in the state4 ,by the fall of #aicd1 with about one-third of the counties surveyed1 a total of #g1fja chestnut trees has been found1 approximately one-half of which are of bearing and one-half non-bearing age4 ,this latter group includes nursery stock and newly planted young trees mostly of named varieties4 ,in a preliminary study of the approximately #c1gjj trees of bearing age1 a number of facts of interest were noted4 ,nearly all these chestnuts were of the named varieties1 the plantings ranging in size from #a to #hjj individuals and in age from #e to #dj years4 ,most of them were planted in orchard form and given some attention as to cultural needs4 ,however1 there were over #djj older trees averaging from #ej to #fj years with five1 #hj years of age and three reported to be #acj years old4 ,these older trees are in poor condition as a rule1 with many dead tops and branches and hollow trunks1 but still struggling for life and producing some nuts4 ,very little care had been given them4 ,they were found along the roadside1 in pastures1 in the yard about the home1 in rows bordering an orchard4 ,some of these older trees were known to be seedlings from seeds brought in from the ,east2 others had been planted1 the trees coming from eastern sections4 ,very few of these trees are infected with blight4 ,they indicate ages at which chestnut trees may be productive in ,illinois if blight is controlled4 ,satisfactory soil and climatic conditions for chestnut culture are found in most sections of ,illinois1 since plantings are reported from ,pulaski ,county in the extreme south to ,lee in the north1 and in the central sections from ,champaign west to ,hancock ,county4 ,as the survey progresses1 it is probable that these limits will be extended4 ,one of the reasons for the state survey was to make a careful inspection of the trees found for evidence of chestnut blight and to have the necessary steps taken for its prompt eradication4 ,blight was found in ,illinois in #aibf1 and efforts have been made since that time to eradicate it4 ,only a few infected trees were located prior to #aicd4 ,most of them have been destroyed4 ,in this year's 7#aicd7 survey1 #abc diseased trees were found1 and these are being handled in the most effective way to check further spread of the blight4 ,these trees were found in nine counties1 mostly scattered over the southern third of the state1 with one infection center in central ,illinois in ,logan ,county4 ,such is the present status of the chestnut in ,illinois4 ,what of the future8 ,we believe that chestnut blight will continue to spread4 ,the disease has been reported in several of the near-by states1 including ,michigan1 ,indiana and ,iowa4 ,with the scattered centers of infection in ,illinois1 it is probable that other diseased trees will continue to appear4 ,only the most determined efforts to check it1 based upon a thorough understanding of the life cycle of its causal fungus1 can be of any possible value in keeping it in control for any considerable time4 ,continuous inspection of the trees1 with prompt removal of diseased material1 such as cankers and infected branches1 following methods recognized as sanitary1 and immediate burning will be very helpful in checking the trouble4 ,when the entire tree is infected1 necessitating its removal1 the stump should be treated by peeling back the bark and building a hot fire around the trunk in order that all bark tissues shall be destroyed4 ,it is advisable1 also1 that all chestnut trees be given good care1 especially as regards their needs for plant nutrients4 ,beginning with the young trees1 newly planted1 bark injuries of any kind should be guarded against4 ,extreme care is necessary in the training of the scaffold branches1 as the tree grows1 in order that the mature tree shall be well formed with as few large wounds as possible through the removal of large branches4 ,the application of fungicidal sprays1 such as ,bordeaux1 at intervals throughout the growing season1 may be helpful4 ,the trunk and the main branches1 especially1 of young trees should be protected from sun scald4 ,borers and other insects must be kept out4 ,injury from tools used about the trees must be guarded against4 ,any break in the bark offers easy entrance to the fungus spores4 ,wrapping the trunk with burlap or paper may be very helpful in preventing such injuries4 ,probably the best time of year to make necessary pruning cuts is in early spring4 ,pruning should be followed by the painting of the wounds with shellac1 later covering this with a good grade of paint4 ,the tree should be well fed to aid in the growth of callus formation to cover the wound quickly4 ,other methods of attack in solving the problem include the immunization of the chestnut against the blight and the breeding of resistant varieties4 ,experimental work along these lines is being carried on by individuals and ,federal and ,state agencies1 but the work has not as yet progressed sufficiently to give results of commercial value4 ,if careful cultural methods are followed in every locality1 with special emphasis on the prompt and thorough disposal of diseased material1 by removal and burning1 we can look forward to a number of years of profitable chestnut production in ,illinois4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,is the ,riehl orchard free from blight8 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,one of the same gentlemen who visited ,ithaca the other day1 by authority1 is making a very careful survey for disease of the nut trees in the eastern and northern ,united ,states4 ,the ,riehl orchard that we visited last year about this time had considerably over #ajj trees badly diseased4 ,we'll have to do the best we can with the old trees but watch the young ones carefully4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,don't you think that one of the commonest causes of the blight of chestnut trees is through the wounds and the inoculations made by the claws of squirrels8 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,yes1 and also woodpeckers4 ,the old trees can be preserved for a longer or shorter time1 depending on the care that is given to them4 ,we found the disease down in the ,endicott orchard1 even in plantings of mature standing4 ,there have been several trees located at ,lincoln where the disease has been found4 ,any of those old trees where there are any injuries to the bark will be subject to the trouble4 ,report on ,commercial ,cracking and ,merchandising of ,black ,walnuts ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,virginia 7,read by ,title7 ,the #aicc black walnut crop of southwestern ,virginia was light and exceedingly spotted4 ,some districts reported a complete failure1 a most unusual condition4 ,the volume of shelled nuts offered on the local market was smaller than usual1 due partly to scarcity of the nuts and partly because the mountain folk who produce most of the kernels were not so keen at cracking walnuts for a pittance when once they had tasted the sweets of #dj cents per hour on road work offered as part of the ,federal recovery program4 ,this1 apparently1 will become a factor in the development of commercial cracking plants4 ,the price was better than for several years past4 ,home-cracked nuts sold at an average price of #be cents per pound to local consumers1 who took most of the season's production4 ,sales to northern concerns were mostly at from #cj to #ce cents for hand-picked goods1 ranging up to #ch cents per pound by midsummer4 ,i do not know present prices4 ,the writer knows of no new development in mechanical cracking and separating processes4 ,at the present time he is completing the construction of a power driven cracker of new design1 but any report must await successful operation4 ,in the marketing of kernels five channels may be considered3 #a4 ,the local consumer market1 which should be cultivated as far as possible4 #b4 ,mail order consumer1 usually reached by advertising4 ,a two-pound carton lined with wax paper makes a most satisfactory unit for sales of this kind4 ,this package has been selling generally at #a4be1 postpaid4 #c4 ,commercial consumers1 who are usually manufacturers of food products1 such as bakeries1 ice cream manufacturers1 confectioners1 etc4 ,usually these people buy from wholesale supply houses4 ,in order to hold this trade the producer should be in a position to fill orders throughout the year4 ,an ,in-and-outer cannot hope to hold this excellent class of customers4 #d4 ,wholesale supply houses1 who specialize on supplying commercial consumers and nut stores4 ,these people depend on buying their season's supply as cheaply as possible during the flush period and distributing later at a profit4 ,it is to their interest to demoralize the market early1 so they can buy cheaply1 and later proclaim a scarcity so the market will advance to profitable levels4 ,they seem fully alive to their interests4 ,at the opening of the past season one very prominent ,new ,york buyer was offering from #af to #ah cents per pound for hand-picked kernels1 though ,i knew of none selling at anywhere near that figure4 ,this class of customer is rather unsatisfactory1 though they will pay fair prices late in the season if a real shortage exists1 and they are out of supplies4 #e4 ,a good1 honest broker or commission merchant is probably the most satisfactory channel for handling large quantities of kernels4 ,he is acquainted with actual prices and market conditions1 as well as a large list of possible customers4 ,his customers are usually commercial consumers1 though he also sells wholesale supply houses4 ,his commission is usually #c per cent4 ,as a note of warning1 be sure your broker is honest1 then stick to him4 ,some concerns masquerading as brokers or commission merchants are really wholesale buyers on their own account4 ,they will charge the shipper a commission on sales to themselves at a low figure4 ,the ,baltimore market seems especially cursed with this sort of thing1 though it is now1 ,i believe1 forbidden by a code4 ,as a whole1 ,baltimore is not a very satisfactory market for black walnut kernels1 though the largest in the ,east4 ,i find ,philadelphia and ,new ,york more satisfactory4 ,the outlook for the #aicd black walnut crop in this section is most promising4 ,a dry spring was favorable to a good set of nuts1 while plenty of rain during the summer guarantees good size4 ,prices will probably be satisfactory1 due to the extreme drought in the ,west and the labor situation already referred to4 ,at this point ,i shall digress from the subject assigned me4 ,the following matter may be left off the record1 at your discretion4 a4 ,in my #aicb report ,i made mention of several promising black walnut seedlings found in this locality4 ,samples of the nuts of the parent trees of the #aica crop have been kept to the present time4 ,all have deteriorated to a greater or lesser degree except the ,stanley1 which is as sweet and good as when gathered4 ,the ,stanley and ,caldwell are precocious as grafted trees4 ,the ,bowman seedling tree1 which was reported as most precocious1 is continuing its record of not having missed a crop since its third season from seed4 ,it must be reported1 however1 that a two-year-old graft of this tree has not borne1 as yet4 b4 ,one thing of interest concerning the black walnut that has been observed is the scarcity of the walnut web worm this season1 none having been observed by the writer up to ,september #ast4 ,is this a general or a local condition8 ,the year of the ,geneva convention1 #aica1 was the worst ever observed by the writer in this respect4 ,do web worms occur in cycles1 or do other conditions govern their appearance8 c4 ,the injury caused by the melting of grafting and coating waxes by the hot sun is well known4 ,last spring an attempt was made to overcome the difficulty by painting the waxed surface with aluminum bronze paint4 ,the experiment was a complete success1 as even straight paraffine failed to melt beneath the aluminum coating during the hottest summer here on record4 ,english walnut grafts so protected were more than usually successful4 ,reflection of the sun's rays by the bright surface undoubtedly lowered the temperature to below the melting point of the paraffine4 ,this lowered temperature was also doubtless beneficial to the life processes of the graft union4 ,direct coating of the trunks of newly set trees with the aluminum paint1 without the use of wax1 was also tried with satisfactory results4 ,applied direct to the dormant buds of the sweet cherry1 however1 it proved toxic1 as the buds never developed4 ,this was no doubt due to the bronzing liquid rather than to the aluminum4 ,the material is very easily applied1 either with a brush or spray1 and makes a silvery1 impervious and very durable coating4 ,it should be completely effective as a preventative of sun-burn of the bark of tender species1 especially to cover the creosote applications sometimes used by tree surgeons4 ,such black coverings often defeat their purpose in the hot sun by killing the living tissues by the absorption of the sun's heat4 ,at the present time manufacturers are being corresponded with looking to the development of a bronzing liquid that shall be non-toxic to buds4 ,now if some investigator will come forward with a non-toxic1 water soluble coating material for the roots of nursery stock1 ,professor ,neilson's dream will be fully realized4 ,last year ,mr4 ,homer ,jacobs of the ,davey ,tree ,expert ,company gave us a very excellent report of his company's experiments with various coatings used in connection with the moving of large trees4 ,it is to be hoped that they will add aluminum bronze paint to the list of materials tested1 and give us the benefit of their findings at our next convention4 ,in the meantime1 the private experiments mentioned will be continued4 d4 ,a publicity stunt for the furtherance of nut culture is being tried in the way of vases filled with sprays of ,oriental chestnut1 with opening burrs1 displayed in the windows of our leading department store1 with a showing of fall goods4 ,a card gives credit for the display4 ,judging from the enthusiasm with which the store manager and the window dresser received the suggestion1 it would appear that the idea could be used almost anywhere4 ,if living sprays were not available1 a display of nuts hardy to the locality could doubtless be used in the same manner4 ,cards identifying the nuts and stating they were grown 7or could be grown7 locally would add to the interest4 ,it is a matter of deepest personal regret that1 due to a combination of ,new ,deal1 raw deal and general lack of a great deal1 ,i am unable to be with you other than in spirit4 ,i salute you4 ,nut ,culture in ,ontario ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,corsan ,islington1 ,ontario ,as most of you know1 ,i was away from my place for six years1 but in the meantime my nut trees grew and yielded4 ,the past season has been most severe on nut trees and plants4 ,last winter the winds came straight across the land without any apparent obstruction1 and it blew all winter long and we had no snow4 ,then a dry summer with a little moisture in the fall has created a situation that was never known before4 ,last year ,i gathered nine large baskets of filberts but this year ,i secured only about three baskets of filberts and these from bushes that were in a protected place4 ,most of the male catkins had frozen4 ,the filberts in the unprotected places died4 ,a ,burlington ,hican 7purchased as a ,marquardt7 lived under circumstances that hardly any other tree could withstand4 ,one ,stanley shellbark lived and one died4 ,it is strange how hardy the pecans are4 ,not a bud was killed last winter4 ,it is seldom that the pecans mature a crop as the summer season is too short in ,ontario1 but they grow well and make a beautiful tree4 ,we find that hickories grafted on pecan stocks do well1 putting on two and one-half to three feet of new growth in a year4 ,the butternut is so common around certain parts of ,ontario and ,quebec that the people do not even bring it to market1 but they do appreciate it4 ,i am carrying on a program over the air as ,i am the ,nut man of station ,,cfrb and follow the farm report on prices at #a3de o'clock each afternoon4 ,we are trying to influence the farmers to plant nut trees along the lanes1 around the barns and in the pastures and thus beautify the farms and bring the boys and girls back from the cities4 ,none of the work that has been done in the research line of agriculture has approached the value of the work that ,prof4 ,neilson has done here in ,michigan in the last few years4 ,the surface of the farms can be planted to grains and vegetables and yield practically nothing1 but you can plant a nut tree and it will reach down into the sub-soil with its long roots and bring up the finest food in the form of nut meats4 ,nut ,growing on a ,commercial ,basis ,by ,,amelia ,,riehl1 ,illinois 7,read by ,title7 ,i have several times given figures stating the size of our chestnut crop and the income from year to year4 ,to this ,i might add that the crop last year amounted to #f1dbc pounds and was sold at wholesale for #a1jhb4gf4 ,because we do a good part of the work ourselves1 it is hard to figure the cost of harvesting4 ,but the amount we paid out in cash comes away below #ajj4jj4 ,we still think it pays to grow chestnuts1 though things look pretty bad around here now4 ,this was the third very dry season we have had in succession1 and the very worst of all4 ,we had no rain at all for over seventy days1 and the heat was terrible4 ,everything suffered from drought4 ,even forest trees on the island below us died from lack of moisture4 ,you can imagine what happened to the nut trees on the steep hillsides4 ,all were more or less scorched1 and many of them actually died4 ,these are the old trees that father planted years ago4 ,the young trees1 which were planted after he was gone1 on fairly level ground1 are heavy with burrs1 and ,i know will produce a fair crop of nuts as usual4 ,for the first time in several years we will have no hazels4 ,they bloomed very early this year and were caught by late frost4 ,there are a few walnuts on some of the trees1 but ,i doubt if they will be well filled4 ,for forty years father tried to grow ,english walnuts1 but never succeeded in getting any of them to bear nuts4 ,finally gave it up in disgust4 ,after he was gone we started out all over again1 planting several varieties that were thought to be hardy4 ,now for the first time one of them has set eight nuts4 ,it is the ,alpine variety1 scions of which were given me by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,of course1 it is yet to be seen whether or not there is anything in these nuts4 ,but it is encouraging anyway4 ,we all send greetings to our many friends at the convention4 ,will be with you in thought and wish you all a happy time4 ,some ,notes on the ,hardiness of the ,english ,walnut in ,michigan and ,ontario ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,michigan ,in a study of the desirable characters of nut trees for planting in the northern part of the ,united ,states and in southern ,canada1 one is forced to place hardiness first4 ,rapid growth1 high yield and excellent quality of nuts are of little value if hardiness is lacking4 ,hardiness1 of course1 is a relative term and may be applied to disease and insect resistance1 adaptability to diverse soils and capacity to withstand extremes of winter and summer temperatures4 ,in the present paper emphasis will be placed on resistance to winter cold and to unusual weather conditions1 such as occurred during the autumn of #aicc and the winter of #aicc and #aicd4 ,in order to properly understand the effect of the past winter on the ,english walnut1 it will be necessary to devote some attention to the weather conditions that prevailed in the southern half of ,michigan in the autumn of #aicc4 ,a perusal of the meteorological records shows that the average maximum and minimum temperatures in ,september and ,october were unusually high and that there was a heavy rainfall in these two months4 ,the following table shows the precipitation and temperatures recorded at the ,kellogg ,farm where most of our nut cultural experiments are conducted4 ,september--,the average maximum temperature1 #gi4a2 average minimum temperature1 #ee4g2 precipitation1 #d4ee inches4 ,october--,the average maximum temperature1 #fj4a2 average minimum temperature1 #ch4d2 precipitation1 #f4ha inches4 ,the unusually high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused growth to continue much later than normally and thus prevented the wood from ripening properly before winter set in4 ,english walnuts are found at several places throughout the lower peninsula and more particularly in the southern half of the state4 ,in no place1 however1 are the trees numerous with the exception of a small area around ,lexington1 where there are approximately #ajj trees4 ,inasmuch as this paper deals with the effect of low temperatures on the ,english walnut1 the minimum temperatures of the weather station nearest to the places mentioned in the following text are given hereunder4 ,lowest ,place ,mo4--,date ,temp4 ,allegan ,feb4 #i -#ai ,bay ,city ,feb4 #i -#bj ,caro ,feb4 #i -#cj ,croswell ,feb4 #i -#bf ,fennville ,feb4 #i -#bj ,flint ,feb4 #i -#ae ,grand ,rapids ,feb4 #i -#af ,gull ,lake--,kellogg ,farm ,feb4 #i -#ah ,hart ,feb4 #i -#bb ,lansing ,feb4 #i -#ah ,mount ,pleasant ,feb4 #i -#ba ,muskegon ,feb4 #i -#af ,owosso ,feb4 #i -#bj ,saranac ,feb4 #bj -#be ,sparta ,feb4 #i -#bb;,a ,leamington1 ,ont4 ,feb4 #i -#ah ,guelph ,feb4 #i -#cj ,simcoe ,feb4 #i -#cj ,footnote ,a3 ,unofficial4 ,the extreme cold of the past winter following a warm1 wet autumn caused a great deal of injury to ,english walnut trees in this state and elsewhere4 ,the data presented herein were obtained by a careful examination of several plantations or individual trees scattered over the southern half of the lower peninsula in ,michigan and in southwestern ,ontario4 ,to properly present this information it seems desirable to group the varieties or strains according to their place of origin4 ,group #a4 ,cultivated ,varieties from the ,pacific ,coast4 ,in this group we have ,mayette1 ,franquette and ,seeando4 ,the ,mayette has been considered one of the hardiest of the cultivated varieties and was therefore included in the plantings at the ,kellogg ,farm4 ,more than twenty trees were planted and every one died last winter or in the preceding winter4 ,seeando1 a new and supposedly hardy variety from ,washington state1 was planted in limited numbers in the spring of #aicc1 but every tree perished last winter4 ,franquette was not planted as a nursery tree1 but was top-grafted on several large black walnuts at the ,kellogg ,farm and at ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan4 ,the grafts made a vigorous growth but only two out of eleven lived through the winter4 ,in ,simcoe1 ,ontario1 where the minimum temperature was -#cj;,f1 a six-year-old tree was so badly injured that it will likely die this winter1 but should it not perish1 the degree of injury is so severe that it will be of very little value4 ,in the ,niagara district the ,franquette top-grafted in #aibf on black walnut came through in moderately good condition1 but in this part of ,ontario the minimum temperature was only #aj below zero ,f4 ,group #b4 ,new ,varieties of ,canadian ,origin4 ,this group contains ,broadview and ,mc,dermid4 ,broadview scions were secured from ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,gellatly of ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c41 who discovered the variety near ,broadview1 ,b4 ,c4 ,these scions were grafted on a medium-sized black walnut in #aica and have since made a remarkable growth1 but notwithstanding the vigorous growth there was no killing back during the past winter or in preceding winters4 ,this variety was also grown as a top-graft by ,mr4 ,carl ,walker of ,cleveland ,heights1 ,ohio1 where the minimum temperature last winter was -#bf degrees ,f4 ,some killing back was reported on this tree1 but the injury was not severe enough to be serious4 ,the ,broadview is reported to have endured without injury -#be degrees ,f4 in ,british ,columbia and in ,russia1 where the parent tree originated1 equally low temperatures are said to prevail4 ,the ,mc,dermid was obtained from ,mr4 ,peter ,mc,dermid of ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ontario4 ,this tree is a third generation tree in ,ontario and is descended from a tree brought out from ,germany more than #ajj years ago4 ,the nuts are large with a moderately thick shell and contain a kernel of excellent quality4 ,mc,dermid has been grown as a top graft at ,simcoe1 ,ontario1 ,east ,lansing1 the ,kellogg ,farm and ,estate near ,augusta and at ,south ,haven1 ,michigan4 ,all of the trees of this ,variety grown in ,michigan came through without injury1 but the tree at ,simcoe1 ,ontario1 suffered somewhat by killing back of the past season's growth4 ,the larger branches and trunk1 however1 were uninjured and have since made a rank growth4 ,the ,mc,dermid top-grafted on a black walnut on ,mr4 ,g4 ,tolles' farm at ,south ,haven proved hardy and was one of the few ,english walnut trees in ,michigan to bear nuts this year4 ,at the ,michigan ,state ,college where the temperature went to -#ah degrees ,f4 vigorous ,mc,dermid grafts on a thrifty black walnut were uninjured whereas all the ,franquette grafts on the same tree were killed outright4 ,similar results were noted on several trees at the ,kellogg ,farm near ,augusta1 ,michigan4 ,group #c4 ,carpathian ,walnuts4 ,this strain of ,juglans regia was introduced into ,canada by ,rev4 ,p4 ,c4 ,crath of #dh ,peterboro ,avenue1 ,toronto1 ,ontario1 from the ,carpathian mountains in southeastern ,poland4 ,in this part of ,europe the winter temperatures are reported to go to -#bj degrees ,f41 and occasionally lower4 ,in the winter of #aibh-bi a vast amount of injury was done to fruit trees and the less hardy ,english walnut trees in ,poland1 but a number of ,english walnuts came through without serious injury4 ,scion wood of some hardy selections was sent in #aicb to the writer by ,mr4 ,crath1 who was then in ,poland4 ,this material was grafted on vigorous growing black walnuts in the spring of #aicb and good results were secured with two varieties4 ,these varieties made a vigorous growth1 but notwithstanding this they showed not the slightest injury in the spring of #aicd4 ,the growth made during the summer of #aicd has been remarkable and if this unusually vigorous growth survives the coming winter it would seem as though we have an exceptionally hardy strain4 ,the nut characters and productiveness of these varieties have not yet been determined in ,michigan1 but if they are equal to some of the trees of the same origin1 then we will have very valuable trees4 ,these strains have been named ,crath and are distinguished by ,nos4 #b and #e4 ,about #ajj small seedlings of ,polish origin were purchased from ,mr4 ,landega of ,toronto1 ,ontario1 an associate of ,mr4 ,crath1 and planted at the ,kellogg ,farm in #aicb4 ,these trees have been subjected to trying conditions through drouth1 competition with alfalfa1 late growth and severe winter temperatures4 ,as a result some have died1 but a number are growing nicely1 and it is expected that some of these will eventually become established4 ,seedlings of this lot suffered only slight injury near ,sparta1 ,michigan1 but grafts from these same seedling trees set on a vigorous young black walnut were very severely injured4 ,another tree from this group endured the severe cold at ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 during the past winter and made a rapid growth this season4 ,scions from another fine tree of ,polish origin growing at ,mr4 ,crath's place in ,toronto were set on several trees in this state in the spring of #aicc and in every case endured the lowest temperature without much injury to the new growth4 ,a very unusual condition was noted1 though on three young black walnut trees top-grafted to scions of this tree4 ,on these trees the vigorous grafts appeared to be uninjured in the wood1 but the bark at the point of union on both stock and scion was so severely injured that the grafts died4 ,an examination showed evidences of bark splitting and this was undoubtedly caused by a severe and sudden cold spell following a very late and extremely vigorous growth4 ,scions of this strain were grafted on a medium sized black walnut at ,caro1 ,michigan1 and these endured -#cj degrees ,f4 without serious injury4 ,a small black walnut tree at the ,kellogg ,farm top-grafted to scions of another ,crath seedling showed bark injury on the lower half of the stock1 but fortunately the extent of the injury was not great and the graft was saved4 ,it also made a vigorous growth this season notwithstanding the hot dry weather and injury to the bark on the stock4 ,scions of this strain were grafted on a vigorous black walnut on the farm of ,f4 ,wilde at ,wayland in #aicc4 ,these scions made an extraordinary growth that season and were subjected to a temperature of -#bj degrees ,f4 last winter4 ,some killing back occurred but no permanent injury was done as the grafts have made a good growth this season4 ,pomeroy ,seedlings ,this strain of walnuts originated on the farm of ,mr4 ,norman ,pomeroy of ,lockport1 ,new ,york4 ,trees from this plantation1 or seedlings of these trees1 are grown at various places throughout ,michigan with the heaviest concentration near ,lexington4 ,there are also a number of ,pomeroy seedlings on the farm of ,mr4 ,grant ,fox at ,leamington1 ,ontario4 ,all of the trees in the ,lexington district were more or less severely injured by killing back of the branches and occasionally by bark splitting or bark killing4 ,at ,st4 ,louis one very fine tree was nearly girdled by bark injury and will undoubtedly die4 ,near ,ithaca another tree showed moderate killing back and in the city two trees were killed to the ground and one other so severely injured as to be useless4 ,the trees at ,leamington1 ,ontario1 were also severely injured1 especially those that bore thin-shelled nuts4 ,some of the larger trees in this plantation which bore nuts with moderate thick shells were not as severely injured1 and this would seem to indicate that there may be a relationship between thickness of shell and resistance to winter cold4 ,in this plantation it was also found on another occasion that the trees which bore thin-shelled nuts produced long vigorous succulent shoots with a large pith and loose1 spongy buds4 ,on the other trees that bore thick-shelled nuts the shoot growth was shorter and firmer than on the trees with thin-shelled nuts4 ,in contrast to these trees the buds on the ,crath trees ,nos4 #b and #e were short1 rather broad and very solid4 ,the wood also was very hard and well matured with a small pith even on vigorous shoots4 ,this seems to indicate that there may be a relationship between density and maturity of wood and buds and winter hardiness4 ,other ,seedlings ,at various places in ,michigan there are ,english walnut trees that originated in ,england or which are seedlings of trees that came from ,england4 ,an exceptionally good tree of ,english origin grows near ,ionia and is called ,larson after the owner of the farm on which it grew4 ,the ,larson tree is at least #ej years old and bears nuts of large size and excellent quality in favorable seasons4 ,this variety was propagated for the college by the ,michigan ,nut ,nursery and some of these trees were planted at the ,kellogg ,farm in #aicc4 ,unfortunately the past winter killed all the young trees and so severely injured the parent tree that its recovery is doubtful4 ,beck is another good variety of ,english origin that grows near ,allegan on the ,monterey road4 ,the original tree of this variety was very severely injured and much greater injury was noted on seven-year-old grafts of this variety which had been set on a black walnut4 ,at ,vassar there is a tree of ,english origin that yields very fine nuts1 but this one was also severely injured4 ,near ,conklin there is an old tree of ,german origin and this was likewise severely injured1 but not so much as the trees from ,england4 ,chinese ,walnuts ,the ,chinese walnut is a geographic form of the so-called ,english walnut4 ,it occurs over a large area of central and northern ,china1 and it is believed that trees from the northernmost range of this species in ,china are somewhat hardier than the average ,english walnut from western ,europe4 ,the number of trees of this species under observation is very limited1 but those that have been seen appear to be promising4 ,the largest and best tree observed grows on the property of ,mr4 ,geo4 ,corsan at ,islington1 ,ontario4 ,this tree was subjected to -#bf degrees ,f4 last winter and was somewhat injured4 ,the growth this spring was delayed longer than normally and some killing back was noted4 ,eventually the tree started to grow and made a normal amount of growth4 ,scions from this tree were grafted on two black walnut trees at the ,kellogg ,farm in #aicc and a vigorous growth was made in that season4 ,these grafts were carefully examined in the spring of #aicd and were found uninjured4 ,subsequently a very large graft on one medium sized black walnut tree died1 but this was due to injury at the point of union rather than to the graft above4 ,the remaining scions made a good growth this season4 ,seedling trees of another strain of ,chinese walnut showed some variation in their hardiness4 ,some came through in good condition and made a vigorous growth but others were more or less injured4 ,the limited number of trees under observation scarcely justifies definite conclusion1 but it would seem as though this form of ,juglans regia is worthy of a wider trial in southern ,michigan4 ,types of ,winter ,injury ,the following forms of winter injury which have been referred to in the preceding notes are given special attention hereunder4 7#a7 ,killing back of branches4 ,this type was found on every tree except the hardy varieties of ,polish and ,russian origin4 ,in some cases the large branches were killed outright1 but usually the injury was confined to small branches1 and the degree of injury varied from slight to very severe killing4 ,branches so injured were attacked by fungus diseases and some were beginning to decay and fall off when examined in ,october4 ,killing back of the branches was also noted on one excellent heartnut at ,scotland1 ,ontario4 ,this tree was subjected to -#cj degrees ,f4 but was less severely injured than many of the ,english walnuts noted above1 and when examined in ,september showed a vigorous new growth throughout most of the top4 ,there were also several vigorous seedlings from this tree growing near by which were only slightly injured in the bark or which were uninjured4 ,it was interesting to observe that the seedlings of the old heartnut tree that were apparently of hybrid origin were not injured in the least and bore good crops of nuts this year1 but the seedlings that were pure heartnuts were injured slightly4 ,this point suggests the desirability of crossing the finest heartnuts with the best butternuts to get a combination of the hardiness of the butternut with the good qualities of the heartnut4 ,bark ,killing ,bark injury is often found on fruit trees following a severe winter and is occasionally found on nut trees4 ,it may be due to bark splitting or to desiccation or both4 ,in severe cases of bark splitting the bark splits vertically and laterally from the ground up for several feet1 but in milder cases the bark is only split away for a short distance4 ,where the bark is loosened for some distance around the tree or vertically it dies shortly thereafter1 but where only a small amount of splitting occurs1 the tree may recover if given attention4 ,in such cases the bark should be cut back to the living tissue and all particles of dead or injured bark scraped off4 ,the exposed area should then be coated with a good tree paint or asphaltic emulsion4 ,the severest case of bark splitting observed was on a vigorous young heartnut seedling at ,guelph1 ,ontario4 ,on this tree the bark was completely split away entirely around the trunk from the ground up for several feet and the injury was so great that the tree died early in the summer4 ,within a short distance of this tree was another tree of the same origin that was quite uninjured1 but this tree1 however1 was a hybrid between the butternut and the heartnut4 ,on this hardy tree there was a heavy crop of nuts that were intermediate in form between the heartnut and the butternut1 this indicating its hybrid origin4 ,practically all of these hybrids escaped injury even though the temperature was -#cj degrees ,f4 ,bark injury was also noticed at the ,kellogg ,farm on several black walnut trees that had been grafted in the nursery and which were planted in #aicb and #aicc4 ,on these trees the scion variety was uninjured but the bark on the stock was more or less affected from the ground up to the point of union4 ,all trees thus affected came out into leaf1 but shortly afterward the leaves withered and the top died4 ,bark injury from splitting or desiccation was more prevalent on young vigorous growing trees1 and on older trees that had been stimulated into a strong growth by fertilizers or late cultivation4 ,suggested ,means of ,control ,since it is impossible to control temperatures and precipitation1 it is perhaps a vain hope to expect complete immunity from winter injury to the ,english walnut4 ,it is possible1 however1 to lessen the degree of injury by certain measures of precaution4 ,these are as follows3 7#a7 ,plant only the hardiest varieties4 ,the past winter showed very clearly that the commercial varieties of ,english walnut or seedlings as grown in this state are not hardy enough to endure the severe cold that periodically occurs in ,michigan4 ,this limits the choice of varieties to those from central ,europe or north ,china where rigorous climatic conditions prevail4 ,as already pointed out1 the varieties that endured the past winter were from the ,carpathian region in ,poland or western ,russia and north ,china4 ,these varieties have not been widely distributed in this state and it may be found that even these will have a limited range in ,michigan4 ,their behavior1 however1 shows that they are somewhat hardier than varieties from western ,europe or ,england4 ,unfortunately the supply of trees of these apparently hardy kinds is limited and it will take some time to work up a stock of the best strains4 ,in the meantime1 those who desire to plant the ,english walnut had better wait until a supply of the hardier kind is available or plant some other hardy species such as the black walnut4 7#b7 ,thoroughly drain all soils intended for nut trees4 ,well drained soils favor good root development and seem to lessen late growth1 thus reducing to a slight extent at least the severe killing back that is noticeable on such growth4 7#c7 ,use nitrogenous fertilizers in moderation4 ,fertilizers rich in nitrogen may stimulate the late growth and predispose the tree to killing back4 7#d7 ,do not cultivate the soil around nut trees late in the summer4 ,late cultivation stimulates late growth and prevents the trees from properly ripening their buds and wood4 ,this late growth invariably suffers more severely from winter cold than growth that is well matured4 ,nut ,tree ,prospects in the ,tennessee ,valley ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,hershey ,tree ,crop ,specialist1 ,division of ,forestry4 ,tennessee ,valley ,authority4 ,this is a vital question to discuss in the economic welfare of any community1 but the sooner the value of tree crops is recognized1 the sooner will the agriculturists be on a more simple economic basis and ,i feel that the members of this association agree with me when ,i say that the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority ,board of ,directors should be complimented by this body for their foresight in making tree crops a part of their economic scheme4 ,in my five months of work the points that ,i believe are of most interest to this body are that ,i have actually made a cursory tree crop survey of the whole ,valley--fifteen hundred miles long and seventy-five miles wide4 ,this is the first time this kind of work has ever been attempted in the world on an extensive scale4 ,the results of this survey have been approximately the following3 7#a7 ,a keen interest by all the ,county ,agents in the tree crops question4 7#b7 ,i was astonished at the surprising number of ,county ,agents that had been advocating nut trees as a farm asset4 ,it gave me considerable pleasure to note the number who had nuts sticking around their offices they had gathered up because of their interest in trying to find a good cracker of either hickory or walnut4 ,as we all know it would be impossible for me to attempt to fine-tooth-comb an area as large as the ,tennessee ,valley basin for thin shelled nuts1 but with the enthusiasm shown by the ,county ,agents we will have excellent co-operation with them in getting publicity in local papers for the contests that we have run to date on all the tree crops4 ,the announcement of this association's prize contest is going to have an outstanding influence in getting a lot of samples of nuts and you can easily see the stimulant to get two prizes in the place of one is going to make a lot of men and women and children scour the country for the nut that will possibly take the prize in both contests4 ,i want to say that ,i feel that these nuts1 from the few samples and reports ,i have at hand1 are going to give the balance of the ,united ,states a run for their money in the contest4 ,my work1 when developed along the lines as recommended1 will not only comprise the development of nuts but of all tree crops in general4 ,not only in introducing selected tree crops to the farmers but in the breeding of superior crops4 ,the tree crops idea like the ,authority's power idea will have1 in the words of ,dr4 ,kellogg1 in a recent letter to me1 ,it will not only influence the welfare of the farmers in the ,valley but over the whole ,united ,states4 ,first in showing the farmers on a worth while scale the value of tree crops and second in introducing this health food into the diet of the ,american people4 ,some ,new ,hicans and ,pecans in ,illinois ,from ,j4 ,g4 ,,duis1 ,shattuc1 ,illinois 7,read by ,title7 ,i am writing a short account of the new nuts ,i have discovered in this vicinity1 all in the ,kaskaskia ,river ,valley and not one fifty miles away4 ,the ,duis1 ,swagler1 ,joffrey and ,carlyle pecans4 ,the ,duis black walnut4 ,the ,gerardi and ,nussbaumer hicans4 ,and the ,dintleman hybrid4 ,the ,duis pecan grows about four miles up the river from ,carlyle4 ,i claim it as the largest northern pecan in existence1 with the ,swagler not far second in size4 ,both have been bearing the two years ,i have known them1 the ,duis rather prolifically4 ,however1 it was so severely whipped last fall1 and the season so dry this year1 that ,i do not expect a crop off either tree1 though ,i have not visited them as they are rather inaccessible4 ,both graft fairly well1 especially the ,swagler4 ,the ,joffrey pecan grows alone in a corn field south of ,pelican ,pouch1 a glacial moraine south of ,carlyle about six miles4 ,it is the plumpest1 thinnest shelled nut of northern variety1 and above average size4 ,fair bearer to the best of my knowledge1 but a severe hail storm and a season of severe walnut caterpillars ruined two years' prospects4 ,the ,carlyle pecan grows in the ,state ,fish ,hatchery and ,park at ,carlyle1 and ,i have only the word of the game warden and caretaker for size and quality4 ,the same hail and caterpillar pest hit that tree4 ,the ,duis black walnut is from a scrub tree on ,shoal ,creek1 about five miles northwest of ,carlyle and is about crowded out by other trees4 ,my oldest grafted tree from it is about seven years old and has been bearing consistently since two years old4 ,even this year1 after two severe dry seasons1 and a late frost that nipped the early shoots1 it has a fine crop even though other trees1 grafted and seedlings1 are mostly barren4 ,the nuts are medium to rather large and readily crack out in halves comparable to the ,stabler when properly prepared for cracking4 ,there are so many new walnuts ,i know nothing about that ,i presume there are better ones4 ,i claim only secondary credit for resurrecting the ,nussbaumer hican and the ,dintleman hybrid1 presumably king hickory and bitternut4 ,the ,nussbaumer is the hybrid mentioned in ,fuller's ,nut ,culturist some fifty years ago4 ,i thought of this for several months and corresponded regarding this nut and finally made a couple of trips down the river to ,mascoutah and vicinity4 ,i could hardly find a man old enough to know ,mr4 ,nussbaumer1 who was a druggist there4 ,later he removed to ,okawville and from there to ,texas1 where he died a number of years ago4 ,i was advised to see an old nurseryman by the name of ,jacob ,leibrock1 now deceased4 ,i was told he had two of the trees from seed4 ,he had1 but both bore bitternuts and he had cut them down4 ,i did not think till later that they probably were not from the ,nussbaumer tree and when ,i wrote for more information he had passed away4 ,he advised me to see two men toward ,fayetteville down the river4 ,the first one did not know where the tree was4 ,the second one did but was too busy to go to it1 so ,i hired him to go as soon as possible and advise me and if possible send me some samples and ,i would return later4 ,from what he told me ,i was sure ,i was off the track of the ,nussbaumer1 but on the trail of a new and better nut4 ,he said the tree bore sacks full and the nuts were so thin shelled you could crack them in your hand4 ,i went farther down the river to ,fayetteville1 not far from which place east the tree was located1 but was there informed the tree was dead4 ,however1 the informer told me he had a seedling from it1 but upon investigation found he had a fullblood pecan1 probably planted by a jaybird from a number of bearing trees in close proximity1 for ,i was satisfied by this time the nut was not even part pecan4 ,the two original nuts probably never grew4 ,the innkeeper advised me that ,mr4 ,dintleman1 a nurseryman of ,belleville1 ,ill41 had been much interested in the nuts and might have a tree4 ,so ,i wrote him asking about it and also wrote ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,dintleman wrote me that our well known ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 had a seven-year-old budded tree from buds he sent4 ,and ,mr4 ,reed advised me to write a farm advisor in ,missouri4 ,through him ,i was informed a ,mr4 ,george ,miller1 near ,bluffton1 son of ,judge ,miller1 mentioned in ,fuller's book1 had a tree thirty years old4 ,in short1 ,i found not only the one tree ,i was after but a second king hickory and bitternut cross with a shell so thin you could crack it with your hands4 ,shall we call it a ,hickbit8 ,mr4 ,wilkinson sent me graftwood and stated he expected we call it the ,dintleman4 ,the ,nussbaumer1 ,mr4 ,miller informed me1 is not a good bearer1 but it may be due to location or lack of pollinization4 ,i now have several trees of each from spring grafts4 ,all the above trees grow in overflow ground1 sometimes in water for weeks1 called slashes4 ,the ,stabler walnut also seems to like that1 but the ,thomas does not and is outgrown by the three-year-old ,stablers4 ,i will know more about that in a year or two4 ,however1 nearly all grow very well on the prairie land around here and some seem to bear better4 ,may ,i add another observation4 ,cultivation will produce bigger1 better and more nuts1 same as for corn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,evening session4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i'd like to speak for a moment about some old friends1 one of whom we shall never see any more1 ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,if you will take the trouble to go back through our annual reports and see the number of articles he has written and the diversity of subjects he has written on1 and see what an important part he has taken in our discussions1 you will get a good idea of the ability and broad-mindedness1 the scientific knowledge and the honesty of ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,there is one thing that perhaps you don't all know1 and that is that his collection of nuts has been sold to the ,united ,states ,government4 ,there is something fewer of you know and that is that this sale was brought about by the persistent energy1 mental and physical1 of ,mr4 ,reed4 ,the other old friend1 whom we shall perhaps never see again at a meeting1 is ,dr4 ,morris4 ,i've seen him twice this summer1 had several letters from him1 and lunched with him once4 ,he has with him his devoted wife and his little daughter and he appears to be fairly well4 ,he doesn't look very different from what he has when he attended our meetings4 ,he is up and around and he walked about the place for fifteen or twenty minutes with ,mrs4 ,morris and me looking at his trees4 ,some other old friends that ,i would like to call to your attention are our past reports4 ,i suppose that ,i have read those reports more times than anybody else1 since ,i have edited nearly all of them4 ,i go back over them occasionally even now and ,i have been astonished to find the value of the papers and discussions that are contained there4 ,i recommend to all of you who have these reports to make a review of them and see how many things were known during the early years of our association1 as ,mr4 ,walker has said1 that we are now rehashing4 ,when you go over the names of the men who made up the membership of the association in its early days1 men whom many of you perhaps have never seen1 or have seen very seldom1 you can understand how these pioneers in nut growing would have had something interesting to say4 ,i've made a little list of names of these men1 some of whom are gone1 and the rest of whom we seldom see4 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,prof4 ,craig1 ,henry ,hales1 ,prof4 ,close1 ,prof4 ,hutt1 ,w4 ,n4 ,roper1 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,prof4 ,collins1 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 ,prof4 ,van ,deman1 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 ,dr4 ,smith1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,mrs4 ,erlanger1 ,col4 ,sober1 ,prof4 ,drake and many others4 ,i think it will pay you all to look back through those annual reports and see what the pioneer nut growers of this country have recorded4 ,mr4 ,reed1 ,i was saying that ,mr4 ,bixby's collection of nut trees had been sold to the ,government and that it was through your help that this sale was made4 ,now ,i'd like to ask you if there is any information that you could properly release to the meeting about the sale of those trees4 ,i am sure everyone of us would be interested to know where they are going4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,the trees have been bought by the ,interior ,department with funds placed at their disposal for the purpose of planting trees for the national forests4 ,their attitude has been rather liberal in this case4 ,they have felt that if they could get trees planted1 regardless of whether they were planted on ,interior ,department land or not1 it would be justified expense4 ,when the matter was laid before them1 they at once thought of the arboretum which is now being developed within the ,district of ,columbia4 ,the final purchase was made largely in order that the arboretum might be able to start off with the ,bixby collection as a nucleus4 ,a complete list of all varieties that are in the collection will go there4 ,another part of the purchase comes to the branch of the ,agricultural ,department which ,i represent1 and practically all of the varieties in the ,bixby collection which are not now in the plant at ,beltsville will be sent there4 ,it was the original plan of the ,interior ,department that all of the trees which neither the arboretum nor the branch of the department which ,i represent needed1 should go to the ,shenandoah ,national ,park in ,virginia1 and it was with that understanding that the deal was closed4 ,after the deal was closed and a notice was sent to the authorities in charge at the park that a certain number of seedlings of different species and a certain number of grafted trees would be delivered there sometime this fall1 the ,shenandoah authorities took the strange attitude that they couldn't use grafted trees4 ,in other words1 they preferred mongrels to thoroughbreds4 ,we chuckled in our sleeves4 ,but nevertheless they threw back upon us several grafted trees to find some place for4 ,we immediately took it up with the ,forest ,service4 ,they have land in ,north ,carolina where all of the trees can be planted fifty feet apart1 not cultivated1 but nursed and cared for1 and available for study by our own department and the state of ,north ,carolina and any individuals4 ,i have omitted mentioning that there are certain limitations on the ability of the ,interior officials to buy trees for ,interior ,department planting4 ,it is a definite policy of the ,interior ,department that in all national parks they plant only ,american species4 ,that automatically eliminated many trees of the ,bixby collection4 ,but the arboretum wanted a good many of those trees and so did we4 ,there are still in the ,bixby collection several fine ,persian walnut trees4 ,we haven't been able to trace their source1 but it is my impression that they are of ,chinese origin4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,he had a row of ,pomeroy trees4 ,,prof4 ,,slate3 ,he also had some trees from ,chinese seed1 because he sent some of them to ,geneva4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,we have the ,bixby correspondence4 ,by the terms of the purchase ,mrs4 ,bixby was to deliver to the ,interior ,department all of ,mr4 ,bixby's records pertaining to those trees1 and as far as she has been able to get things together they have been turned over to me4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,in addition to our annual reports ,i want to say a word about the reports of the ,national ,pecan ,growers' ,association4 ,twenty-five years ago ,i took out a life membership in that association for #aj4jj1 and ,i have been getting annual reports ever since4 ,while they relate almost exclusively to the southern pecan they have also many scientific articles on the development of twigs1 blossoms and fruit1 on pruning and grafting and on fertilizing and cultivating1 which are of importance to all nut growers4 ,i think perhaps ,i won't go into the subject which has been talked of so much today1 the severe winter and summer we have had4 ,but ,j4 ,g4 ,rush in our third annual report has a paper which is entitled1 ,the ,persian ,walnut1 ,its ,disaster1 ,etc41 which describes events twenty-two years ago very similar to those that have taken place in the last winter4 ,nut ,growing in ,vermont ,by ,,zenas ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,fair ,haven ,in all my life of over seventy years ,i have never seen a time like the present4 ,we have passed through the coldest winter and the dryest summer ever known4 ,i raise on my place in old ,vermont every kind of tree that will grow there1 and try many that will not1 or only with more or less protection4 ,i have apples1 pears1 plums1 cherries1 peaches and figs1 with berries of all kinds4 ,i have nut trees of many different varieties1 hickories1 black and ,english walnuts1 filberts1 hazel-filberts1 pecans1 almonds and butternuts4 ,which have stood the cold and drought the best8 ,strange as it may seem1 my nut trees have stood the extreme temperatures the best4 ,my hardiest apples like the ,wealthy1 ,yellow ,transparent1 ,wolf ,river1 and ,pewaukee have gone down to their death1 or so near thereto that ,i never expect to see any fruit from them again4 ,whereas1 on the other hand1 my hickories1 black walnuts1 butternuts and hazel-filberts have not even lost a leaf4 ,wonderful to relate and almost unbelievable my large pecan tree1 over forty feet in height1 and a foot in diameter1 is as hale and hearty as ever4 ,august #aeth last ,i picked and cracked some of my improved butternuts and hazel-filberts1 and found the kernels large1 full grown and normal in every way4 ,whereas ,i have not an apple or pear fit to eat1 no1 not even a berry either4 ,i set out my butternut years ago in the position of honor in front of my house1 and it has merited it ever since4 ,the kernels came out in halves and often times whole4 ,i have given away many of the nuts for planting1 even as far away as ,kew ,gardens1 ,england4 ,money could not buy the parent tree4 ,i would not exchange it for the best cattle ranch in ,colorado1 the best wheat farm in ,kansas1 or the best cotton plantation in both the ,carolinas4 ,it is self-sustaining1 does not require any subsidy from ,uncle ,sam1 or any twenty-five thousand dollars a year official to regulate it4 ,it is better than any dollar nowadays1 always worth #ajj per cent in gold instead of #fa cents1 as is our government kind4 ,the reason is1 ,god rules it1 instead of a mere man with any combination of the alphabet you can make4 ,it is the same with my improved hazel-filberts which grow tall and rank and bend down to the ground with their branches heavily laden with large1 well-filled nuts4 ,my ,thomas black walnuts are doing well1 as also my ,sier's hybrid hickories2 both are perfectly hardy but not bearing this year as it is the off year for them4 ,the butternut and hazel-filberts have never an off year but1 like the brook1 go on forever4 ,my ,english walnuts with some protection passed the winter in perfect safety4 ,but the almonds1 though protected as well1 fared very poorly1 showing that they are not near so hardy as the former4 ,the other kinds of nut trees that ,i have mentioned1 even to the pecan1 withstood the rigors of the winter with no protection whatever4 ,my true filberts fared rather poorly but are coming up lustily from below the snow line and will1 ,i think1 be as good as ever if the past winter does not repeat itself4 ,what does this all mean8 ,it means that we should plant more nut trees instead of so many fruit trees1 especially the apple1 which has proven more liable to cold injury than even the pear1 if we would have any of the delectable valuable products of the tree kind4 ,why1 just think of it1 a few nut trees planted around every home in the country would do more to relieve the present depression than all the other agencies and remedies put together4 ,frost does not impair their fruit4 ,nuts will keep through the year or longer4 ,insects do not injure them as they do the soft1 unprotected fruits4 ,squirrels may take their toll but they are far easier to destroy than a bug4 ,to hunt them is grand sport for young people1 whereas to chase a bug is no fun at all4 ,the workman1 the professional man1 the merchant1 should especially raise them as they would take no time from their business4 ,their children would think it no work at all to gather them1 that is if they were like the children of my youth who looked forward to gathering nuts as one of the pleasantest pastimes of the year4 ,if all our city parks1 public squares1 playgrounds1 roadsides1 waste places and other like areas were planted with them1 all children even to the poorest could have a sufficiency of the healthiest food that would build up their bodies into strong healthy adults who could go out into the country and build it up again as it was years ago1 instead of the vast1 desolate region it is now4 ,what makes children so puny and so unwilling to do any real work today8 ,it is because emigration from nut-eating countries being shut off1 and our native nut trees cut down or uncared for1 there is nothing to keep up the supply of the best food for the body today4 ,the remedy is to raise more nuts so the children and adults as well can again be fed on the most valuable1 healthy and strength-giving food ,god ever made4 ,then1 too1 crime would be greatly reduced1 especially of the juvenile kind4 ,the spare time of our youth would be taken up for about three months in a year with a clean1 pure1 pleasant1 agreeable occupation instead of searching for mischief and quasi-vicious adventures4 ,have no juvenile crime and the adult crime is reduced to a minimum1 or obliterated entirely4 ,god started man on a nut eating diet and kept him thereon for centuries4 ,as long as he stuck to it he was all right4 ,we do not hear much about that era1 for happy is the nation that has no history4 ,then he had no diseases to speak of except extreme old age1 no wars and hardly any troubles4 ,but when1 in the ,garden of ,eden1 the ,devil tempted him to switch off onto some other diet1 he has been wrong ever since4 ,so then1 let us return to our old diet as far as possible and have something of an ,eden again about us today4 ,perhaps you people of ,michigan would like to know what my town of ,fair ,haven is4 ,it gave you ,james ,witherell who1 while congressman from ,vermont1 resigned to accept the supreme judgeship of the great territory of ,michigan4 ,in the war of #ahab he had command of the troops thereof and1 when ordered by the cowardly ,general ,hull to surrender them to the ,british1 absolutely refused4 ,after that war he laid out anew the war stricken city of ,detroit4 ,his grandson1 ,thomas ,witherell ,palmer1 the son of a native born ,fair ,haven girl1 became your ,united ,states ,senator1 ,minister to ,spain and1 in #ahic1 ,president of the ,world ,fair commission at ,chicago4 ,he gave to ,detroit that large and beautiful park named after him4 ,so you see ,henry ,ford is not the whole architect of that great city1 as good ,vermont blood had to relay its foundations and get it well under way for that great auto magnate to make it the fourth city in the ,union4 ,a ,roll ,call of the ,nuts ,by ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,connecticut ,in the report of the proceedings at the eighth annual meeting of this association1 held at ,stamford1 ,conn41 ,september #e and #f1 #aiag1 is an address by the ,vice ,president1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt of ,north ,carolina1 entitled ,reasons for ,our ,limited ,knowledge as to ,what ,varieties of ,nut ,trees to ,plant4 ,i quote from that address3 ,in #ahdg the ,american ,pomological ,society was formed as a national clearing house of horticultural ideas4 ,the first work the society undertook was to determine the varieties of the different classes of fruits suitable for planting in different sections of the country4 ,patrick ,barry of ,rochester1 one of the pioneers of ,american horticulture1 was for years the chairman of the committee on varietal adaptation and did an immense amount of work on that line4 ,at the meetings of the society he went alphabetically over the variety lists of fruits and called for reports on each one from growers all over the country4 ,this practice was kept up for years and the resulting data were collected and compiled in the society's reports4 ,a similar systematic roll call of classes and varieties of nuts grown by the members of this association would be of immense value to intending planters of nut trees4 ,in northern nut growing1 however1 it may be questioned if we have yet arrived at the ,patrick ,barry stage4 ,these were the words of ,prof4 ,hutt in #aiag1 seventeen years ago4 ,i believe that nut growing has now arrived at the ,patrick ,barry stage4 ,it seems right1 therefore1 that we should begin to have an annual roll call of the nuts4 ,to this end ,i have prepared a list of nuts of the different genera1 species and varieties grown in the northeastern ,united ,states4 ,this list is long but by no means complete and this1 by the nature of things1 it can never be4 ,it is evident that there will not be time enough to go over more than a small part of this list4 ,it is1 therefore1 proposed to have the list mimeographed and sent to all members for their reports4 ,members are asked particularly to add to the list the names and performances of any varieties not listed of which they may have knowledge4 ,in this way we shall soon be able to make our lists as nearly complete as possible4 ,in order to reduce bulk and expense it will be necessary to print the names in compact form4 ,it is suggested that the lists be kept for reference and that any report be made on a separate sheet under the proper heading4 ,i will go as far in it now as you want me to4 ,as ,i call the names of the nuts on this list ,i will ask the members present to report1 as briefly as possible1 any knowledge they may have as to the performance of each nut1 such as the earliness of its fruiting1 size and regularity of crops1 growth and vigor of tree and character of nuts4 ,,hickories ,,the ,,anthony3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,barnes 7,shag4 x ,mock473 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,there are some at ,itaca which bear4 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,this is undoubtedly a ,shagbark--mockernut hybrid4 ,it is entirely at home when grafted on the mockernut4 ,this makes it of value for there are few of our named hickories that will do well when grafted on the mockernut4 ,in #aicc ,i top-worked a mockernut with ten grafts of the ,barnes4 ,in #aicd it bore #cj fine nuts4 ,it appears to be an excellent nut4 ,there are three other nuts that ,i know do well on the mockernut4 ,one is the ,wampler from ,indiana introduced by ,w4 ,c4 ,reed4 ,another is the ,minnie raised by ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder4 ,the fourth nut is the ,gobble4 ,the ,barnes is mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bc1 #aicb proceedings4 ,carl ,weschcke has it growing at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,bates 7pecan x ,mock473 ,mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bc1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,beam3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,beaver 7,shag4 x ,bitter473 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,it grows rapidly4 ,the nuts are not of very good quality1 like most bitternut hybrids4 ,the ,beaver is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek and is mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,carl ,weschcke has it growing at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 has one one-year graft on bitternut1 height #e feet4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage1 ,hamilton1 ,ont41 has one ,beaver tree planted in #aibd and moved in #aibe growing in light sandy soil on north shore at west end ,lake ,ontario4 ,diameter of the trunk is about three inches1 tree fifteen feet high1 bore first time in #aicd4 ,it is growing at the ,riehl ,farm1 ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and in the ,jones ,nursery1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,beam3 ,is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,billau3 ,is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,bontrager 7,shag473 ,won third prize in #aibi contest1 page #ec1 #aica4 ,tree owned by ,john ,d4 ,bontrager1 ,middlebury1 ,ind4 ,,the ,,brooks 7,shag473 ,is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,it won ninth prize in #aibi contest1 page #ec1 #aica1 to ,mrs4 ,john ,brooks1 ,ottumwa1 ,iowa4 ,carl ,weschcke has it growing at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,burlington 7,pecan x shell473 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,the true name of the nut we call ,marquardt4 ,the ,michigan ,nut ,nursery have trees bearing4 ,miss ,jones3 ,a characteristic of all shellbark x pecan hybrids is that they don't fill well4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,are they in exceedingly rich soil or just ordinary8 ,i find that nuts respond to rich soil4 ,miss ,jones3 ,they are in ordinary soil4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,we have two trees at ,ithaca about ten years old which have borne but the nuts have not filled very well4 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,is the ,burlington worth growing8 ,does it fill so badly that it is not a success8 ,miss ,jones3 ,the kernel fills out about three-fourths of the way4 ,it fills better than the ,mc,callister4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,i have never seen such a fine nut in my life4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson3 ,it is a good hybrid and a wonderful bearer4 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,every year8 ,mr4 ,wilkinson3 ,yes1 and matures unusually early4 ,the ,burlington is in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,it is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,carl ,weschcke has young trees growing at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman has some young trees at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,f4 ,h4 ,frey has young tree in yard at ,chicago1 but it has not borne nuts as yet4 ,foliage is beautiful1 leaves being rather broad but some kind of blight seems to turn them dark and they curl up about middle of the summer4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hershey3 ,of the hybrid hickories the ,burlington should be eliminated from the list and a great many others of the hickories should be thrown out as rapidly as possible4 ,,the ,,burton 7pecan x shell473 ,mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,it is growing in ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and on ,kellogg farm1 ,michigan4 ,,the ,,caldwell3 ,it is growing in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,casper3 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,parent tree in ,illinois4 ,,the ,,cedar ,,rapids3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report1 also ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,it is growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 the ,kellogg farm at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and in the ,carl ,weschcke plantings at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,clark 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's in #aica report4 ,this hickory is growing on the ,carl ,weschcke place at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and in ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman's nut orchard at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,comins3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,cook 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,creager3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,this hickory is growing in the ,kellogg farm plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,dennis 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,this hickory is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and in ,carl ,weschcke nut orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports the ,dennis promises to be a heavy1 early bearer of fairly good quality4 ,,the ,,des ,,moines 7pecan x shell473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and by ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,is growing in the ,riehl and ,kellogg farms plantings4 ,,the ,,drew 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and his paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,edaburn3 ,mentioned by ,mr4 ,bixby in his paper in #aibf report4 ,carl ,weschcke has it growing in his orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,emerick3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,eureka 7shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,eversman 7shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,fairbanks 7shag4 x bitter473 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,i had eleven nuts on my tree last year4 ,they are very small trees4 ,dr4 ,neilson3 ,a ,fairbanks grafted on a pignut in the spring of #aica at the ,kellogg estate has quite a few nuts on it this season4 ,miss ,jones3 ,they bear well and regularly4 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,yes1 they do at my place1 too4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,what kind of a flavor has it8 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,it is bitter when you keep it but not when fresh4 ,mr4 ,snyder3 ,don't judge them by one nut4 ,they get better as you eat them4 ,the more you eat the better you like them4 ,miss ,jones3 ,people that try them at our place don't notice much difference between those hybrids and the shellbarks4 ,i give them to people any time during the winter1 and they don't notice the difference4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,mr4 ,bixby said at one of the conventions that the ,fairbanks was a good grower1 easy to propagate1 bore well1 not so good as to size1 thin shelled and had all the desirable characteristics of a good nut except that it wasn't good to eat4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,the ,fairbanks is mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,it is growing in the ,riehl orchard at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 in the ,carl ,weschcke orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and in the ,e4 ,c4 ,rice plantings at ,absher1 ,ky4 ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman has some young ,fairbanks trees at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes reports it is a very poor quality hickory at ,wooster1 ,ohio1 but may be valuable for double working4 ,,the ,,fluhr 7shag4 x shell473 ,awarded seventh prize in #aibi contest1 page #ec1 #aica report1 to ,edgar ,fluhr1 ,kiel1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,freel 7shag473 ,entered in #aibi contest by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa4 ,,the ,,froman 7shag473 ,awarded ninth prize in #aibi contest to ,arlie ,w4 ,froman1 ,bacon1 ,ind4 ,,the ,,galloway3 ,h4 ,r4 ,weber3 ,i notice the ,galloway is not listed among the hickory hybrids4 ,the parent tree is growing in ,hamilton ,county1 ,ohio1 and1 is supposed to be a pecan x bitternut hybrid4 ,,the ,,gerardi 7pecan x shell473 ,a ,member3 ,it is like the ,nussbaumer4 ,this hybrid is mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,also see description by ,joseph ,gerardi1 page #de1 #aicb report4 ,it is growing in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,gissel3 ,it is growing in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and in orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,glover 7shag473 ,it is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,it is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 the ,carl ,weschcke orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and the ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman orchard at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 has two-year grafts on shellbark and bitternut stocks4 ,it seems to do better on the shellbark stocks4 ,,the ,,gobble 7shag473 ,mentioned on page #ed1 #aica report4 ,tree owned by ,william ,gobble1 ,holsten1 ,va4 ,,the ,,goheen 7shag473 ,awarded sixth prize in #aibi contest to ,mrs4 ,hamill ,goheen1 ,pennsylvania ,furnace1 ,penna4 ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman has young trees growing at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,green3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,greenbay 7pecan x shell473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,griffin3 ,mr4 ,bixby1 page #ae1 #aibh1 report1 states it is an early bearer4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 reports the ,griffin is precocious when grafted on pecan but cracking test by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed shows it to have a very low cracking value4 ,,the ,,grupe3 ,is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,it is growing in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,hagen 7shag4 x shell473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,it was awarded ninth prize in #aibi contest4 ,parent tree owned by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hagen1 ,guttenberg1 ,iowa4 ,it is growing in the ,snyder ,bros4' plantings at ,center ,point1 ,iowa1 the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and in the ,carl ,weschcke orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,hales 7shag473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,hand3 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,it is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and in the orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls41 ,wis4 ,,the ,,hill 7shell473 ,introduced by ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa1 and mentioned by ,mr4 ,bixby in his paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,huber3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,huff3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,iowa 7shell473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,kelsey3 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,carl ,weschcke has it growing in his orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,kentucky 7shag4 x mock473 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,this is said to be a shagbark x mockernut hybrid but ,i see no reason for the belief4 ,it is a vigorous grower4 ,one year my trees were liberally sprinkled with nuts4 ,i know that they bear from year to year1 but the squirrels get the nuts4 ,i think it is a shy bearer4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman3 ,it bears regularly at my place but at ,mr4 ,littlepage's it isn't bearing4 ,this hickory is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bc1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,kirtland 7shag473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and in ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,it is growing in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 and in the orchards of ,carl ,weschcke1 ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and of ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,lake 7shag473 ,awarded first prize in #aibi contest to ,mrs4 ,c4 ,lake1 ,new ,haven1 ,ind41 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 ,,the ,,leonard 7shell473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,laney 7shag4 x bitter473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,i have never known them to bear anything yet at my place in ,connecticut4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman3 ,they haven't borne at my place1 either4 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,the ,laney hickory is growing in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and the ,carl ,weschcke orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,lingenfelter 7shag473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,it is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,manahan 7shag473 ,mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and in ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,it is growing in the ,riehl orchard at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and the ,carl ,weschcke orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,mann 7of ,michigan shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,mann 7of ,ohio1 shag4 x shell473 ,awarded ninth prize in #aibi contest to ,howard ,mann1 ,delta1 ,ohio4 ,,the ,mc,c,a,l,l,i,s,t,e,r 7pecan x shell473 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,has anyone any new information about the filling or bearing of the ,mc,callister8 ,mr4 ,wilkinson3 ,it fills well but not heavily4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,i have watched the ,mc,callister for years and years and the nuts have failed to fill4 ,but there is a tree that has the reputation of bearing a very considerable quantity of nuts4 ,we went over to see the tree and we found that it stood where the soil was very rich4 ,i have wanted ever since then to try some ,mc,callisters and give them all of the plant food that they could possibly consume4 ,i believe that that has a good deal to do with filling4 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,heavy fertilization influences the filling of nuts4 ,the ,mc,callister is mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,it is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 the orchards of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice at ,absher1 ,ky41 of ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman at ,topsfield1 ,mass41 and in the ,government plantings at ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,it is also growing and doing well in the ,waite ,orchard at ,normandy1 ,tenn41 see page #cd1 #aicb report4 ,,the ,,milford 7shag473 ,it is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,it is growing in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster4 ,,the ,,minnie 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,parent tree is growing in the yard of the ,snyder farm at ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,this hickory is growing in the ,riehl orchard at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,morton 7pecan x shell473 ,mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,peschke 7shag473 ,awarded tenth prize in #aibi contest to ,grace ,peschke1 ,ripon1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,pleas 7pecan x bitter473 ,miss ,jones3 ,it has a very thin shell4 ,you can crack it with your hand4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,miss ,riehl has said that it is worth growing for ornamental effect4 ,it has great long catkins that make it really a beautiful thing1 and yet it is like all of the others as far as ,i know1 it has that bitter principle4 ,it is very much the same as the other bitternut hybrids4 ,the ,pleas is mentioned in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in the #aibf report and is listed in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,it is being grown on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 in the ,carl ,weschcke orchard at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman has young trees doing well at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,renggenberg 7shag473 ,awarded eighth prize in #aibi contest to ,edward ,renggenberg1 ,madison1 ,wis41 ,r4 #a1 ,box #adb4 ,,the ,,rockville 7pecan x shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,also mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,is growing at the ,riehl farm1 ,godfrey1 ,ill41 the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and in orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania4 ,,the ,,roddy 7shag4 x shell473 ,awarded fourth prize in #aibi contest to ,john ,roddy1 ,napoleon1 ,ohio4 ,,the ,,romig3 ,is in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman has some young trees in his orchard at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,sande 7shag4 x shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,sayer 7shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,schoenberger 7shag473 ,awarded tenth prize in #aibi contest to ,roy ,schoenberger1 ,nevada1 ,ohio4 ,,the ,,seaver 7shag473 ,awarded ninth prize in #aibi contest to ,j4 ,k4 ,seaver1 ,harvard1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,schinnerling3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,is growing in ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and in orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,,the ,,shaul3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,siers 7mock4 x bitter473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,mentioned in ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,is growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 in orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,sobolewski 7shag473 ,awarded ninth prize in #aibi contest to ,jos4 ,sobolewski1 ,norwich1 ,conn41 ,r4 #e1 ,box #ef;,a4 ,,the ,,sprunger 7shell73 ,awarded ninth prize in #aibi contest to ,caleb ,sprunger1 ,berne1 ,ind4 ,,the ,,stanley 7shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,is growing in plantings on ,kellogg farm at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,stratford 7shag4 x bitter473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,it is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and the orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 reports it is one of the most precocious and productive nuts he has when grafted on pignut4 ,it has not missed bearing some nuts in the last four seasons4 ,,the ,,swain 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report2 ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,swartz 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,tama ,,queen 7shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,taylor 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report2 ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report1 and ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,this hickory is growing in orchard of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports the ,taylor is a light bearer but good in quality4 ,the ,tiedke 7pecan x shell473 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,vest 7shag473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,wampler3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,weed 7shag4 x bitter473 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bc1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,weiker 7shag4 x shell473 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report2 ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report and ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,is growing in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 and the orchards of ,carl ,weschcke at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 and ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman at ,topsfield1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,weschcke3 ,a hybrid hickory at ,fayette1 ,iowa1 owned by ,carl ,weschcke of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 who has grafted many bitternut seedlings at ,river ,falls1 ,wis41 with cions from this tree4 ,,the ,,westphal3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,wright 7pecan x shell73 ,awarded eighth prize in #aibi contest to ,c4 ,d4 ,wright1 ,sumner1 ,mo4 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb4 ,this hickory is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,woods 7shag4 x shell473 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,zimmerman 7shag4 x shell473 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #ai1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,zurcher3 ,awarded sixth prize in #aibi contest to ,menno ,zurcher1 ,apple ,creek1 ,ohio4 ,,northern ,,pecans ,,the ,,busseron3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,this pecan has been generally propagated by nurserymen and is widely distributed4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 reports it does better on shellbark stock than on pignut stock4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 reports the ,busseron pecan has proved to be much the most precocious bearer1 that ripened well filled nuts on top of the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 elevation #a1cjj feet1 fifty miles from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in a climate distinctly colder than ,philadelphia4 ,,the ,,butterick3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,this pecan has been generally propagated and distributed by nurserymen4 ,,the ,,greenriver3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,this pecan is also well distributed4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 reports ,greenriver graft on shagbark stock grew eight feet tall in two years4 ,,the ,,indiana3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,this pecan also generally distributed4 ,,the ,,kentucky3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,major3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 reports the major has ripened nuts on top of ,blue ,ridge ,mountain1 elevation #a1cjj feet1 fifty miles from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in a climate distinctly colder than ,philadelphia4 ,the nuts are small4 ,,the ,,niblack3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,mr4 ,hershey reports it should be put on the obsolete list4 ,,the ,,norton3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,sargeant ,h4 ,wellman1 ,topsfield1 ,mass41 has some fine young trees but they are not yet bearing4 ,,the ,,posey3 ,is growing in the ,jones and ,riehl nurseries and in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,upton3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,warrick 7,warwick73 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 reports that on the ,piedmont plateau1 elevation #ejj feet1 forty miles from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in a climate approximating that of ,philadelphia1 the ,warrick has often not ripened its nuts although some seasons it does4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey states the ,warrick should be put on the obsolete list4 ,,the ,,witte3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,the nut is very small but of good quality4 ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey states the pecan should be put on the obsolete list4 ,,black ,,walnuts ,,the ,,adams3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report1 also ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report1 and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,the ,adams is growing in the ,kellogg planting at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,allen3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report1 also his paper in #aica report4 ,the ,allen is growing on the ,kellogg farm at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage of ,hamilton1 ,ontario1 has some young trees which have not yet borne nuts4 ,,the ,,alley3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report1 also ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,anglin3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,asbury3 ,was in the #aibf contest4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in the #aica report4 ,it is growing in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,atkins3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in the #aica report4 ,,the ,,aygarn3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,barlee3 ,is in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,beck3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report1 also his paper in the #aica report4 ,this walnut is growing in the plantings on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and the ,kellogg farm at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 states the ,beck walnut is not promising there4 ,,the ,,bechtold3 ,is growing in the ,riehl planting at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,benge3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,bloss3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,bohanan3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,this walnut is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,bontz3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,booth3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,this walnut is growing at the ,riehl farm4 ,,the ,,bowman3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,bomberger3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,brougham3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,bruer3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,burroughs3 ,this walnut is growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,burton3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,this walnut is growing on the ,riehl farm4 ,it was entered in #aibf contest by ,herbert ,burton1 ,hartford1 ,kentucky4 ,,the ,,carper3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,cooper3 ,this walnut is growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,creitz3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,this walnut is growing on the ,riehl and ,kellogg farms4 ,,the ,,cresco3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and his paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,deming 7,ornamental73 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,dependahl3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,edras3 ,parent tree owned by ,gerald ,w4 ,adams1 ,morehead1 ,iowa1 see page #ea of #aica report4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,fayette3 ,is growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,freel3 ,awarded first prize in #aibi contest to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,fritz3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,galloway3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,jones ,nursery at ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,germaine3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and his paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,glory 7curly wood73 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,graham3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,riehl and ,kellogg plantings4 ,,the ,,graybill3 ,see ,mr4 ,stokes' paper with test record1 page #ajh of #aicb report1 and ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb report4 ,is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,gregory3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb report4 ,,the ,,grundy3 ,awarded fifth prize in #aibi contest to ,mr4 ,rohwer1 ,grundy ,center1 ,iowa4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and his paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,riehl and ,kellogg orchards4 ,,the ,,harris3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,hancock3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,hare3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing on ,riehl farm4 ,was entered in #aibf contest by ,frank ,h4 ,hare1 ,rushville1 ,schuyler ,county1 ,ill41 and is mentioned on page #ea1 #aica report4 ,,the ,,hepier3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,is growing on the ,riehl and ,kellogg farms4 ,,the ,,herman 7,rush73 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,hilton3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,hine3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,hobbs3 ,was entered in #aibf contest by ,c4 ,t4 ,s4 ,hobbs1 ,fort ,blackmore1 ,va41 ,r4 #a4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,homeland3 ,parent tree owned by ,clinton ,thomas1 ,troutville1 ,va4 ,see ,mr4 ,stokes' paper with tests1 pages #ajh and #aji1 #aicb report4 ,,the ,,hopwood3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,howell3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,huber3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,impit3 ,given eleventh place in #aibi contest4 ,submitted by ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,west ,bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,the ,,jumbo3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,kettler 7,wisconsin ,no4 #a73 ,parent tree owned by ,fred ,kettler1 ,platteville1 ,wis4 ,has taken first prize in state fair contests4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman and ,mr4 ,frey have young trees which have not yet borne nuts4 ,see ,mr4 ,kettler's letter in this report4 ,,the ,,kinder3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,knapbe3 ,submitted in #aibf contest by ,j4 ,j4 ,knapbe1 ,new ,weston1 ,ohio4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,kurtz3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,lamb 7curly wood73 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,grafts from this tree are growing in several eastern orchards1 including the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,it is not as yet definitely known if the propagated trees will reproduce the curly texture of the wood of the parent tree4 ,,the ,,lee3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb1 and ,mr4 ,reed's paper1 page #aea1 #aicb report2 also tests recorded in ,mr4 ,stokes' paper1 page #aji1 #aicb report4 ,,the ,,lewis3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,is growing in the ,kellogg plantings at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,lucas3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,lutz3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,marion3 ,awarded second prize in #aibi contest to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa4 ,,the ,,mark3 ,entered in #aibi contest by ,c4 ,e4 ,mark1 ,washington ,court ,house1 ,ohio4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,mattingly3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,mc,c,o,y3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,mc,m,i,l,l,e,n3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,is growing in the ,riehl and ,kellogg plantings4 ,,the ,,metcalf3 ,awarded eighth prize in the #aibi contest to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa4 ,in fair seasons has borne heavy crops each year4 ,is supposed to be the mother tree of the ,freel and ,marion4 ,,the ,,miller3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,kellogg plantings4 ,,the ,,mintle3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,riehl and ,kellogg plantings4 ,,the ,,monterey3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report and ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb report4 ,is growing in the ,riehl plantings at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports it is not promising there4 ,,the ,,morris3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,,the ,,myers3 ,entered in #aibf contest by ,elmer ,r4 ,myers1 ,bellefontaine1 ,ohio1 ,r4 #b4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,nichols3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,ogden3 ,entered in #aibf contest by ,mrs4 ,joe ,ogden1 ,bedford1 ,ky4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing at ,riehl farm4 ,,the ,,ohio3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,has been generally planted in all nut tree orchards4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 has few young trees doing fine and bore a few nuts in #aicd2 largest in hull he had ever seen4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario1 planted one ,ohio walnut in #aibd1 moved it in #aibe4 ,it started to bear in #aibh and has borne every year since except one4 ,tree now #be feet in height1 trunk six inches in diameter1 is growing in light1 sandy soil near west end of north shore of ,lake ,ontario4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports the ,ohio as not promising there4 ,,the ,,paradox 7hybrid73 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bj1 #aicb report4 ,is supposed to be a rapid grower but has not proved satisfactory in the east4 ,,the ,,patterson3 ,submitted in #aibf contest by ,mrs4 ,william ,patterson1 ,wever1 ,iowa4 ,,the ,,patuxent3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,is growing in the ,riehl and ,kellogg orchards4 ,,the ,,peanut3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,pearl3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,pinecrest3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb1 and ,mr4 ,reed's paper1 page #aea1 #aicb report2 also ,mr4 ,stokes' paper and tests1 page #aaj1 #aicb report4 ,,the ,,powers3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,rohwer3 ,took second prize in #aibf contest4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario1 has young grafts of this walnut growing but not old enough to bear4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports that the ,rohwer there is probably next to the ,thomas in quality4 ,,the ,,royal 7hybrid73 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report4 ,is reported to be a rapid grower but has not proved satisfactory in the east4 ,,the ,,ruddick3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,schimmoller3 ,entered in #aibf contest by ,will ,t4 ,schimmoller1 ,fort ,jennings1 ,ohio4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,stabler3 ,parent tree in ,howard ,county1 ,maryland4 ,has been generally planted in nut orchards but has not proved satisfactory4 ,it is a fine cracker4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 reports it does fine there1 better than ,ohio4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports it is not promising there4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario1 has one tree four years of age1 which bore a few nuts in #aicd4 ,stood last winter's weather 7-#cj degrees ,f47 with no damage whatever4 ,,the ,,stambaugh3 ,took first prize in #aibf contest4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,it is being generally tested in nut orchards4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario1 has some young trees growing which are not old enough to bear4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports the ,stambaugh there is heavily veined1 is oily1 soon shrivels and is not very good quality4 ,,the ,,stanley3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb1 and ,mr4 ,stokes' paper with tests1 pages #ajh and #aaj1 #aicb report4 ,,the ,,stevens3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb1 and ,mr4 ,reed's paper1 page #aea1 and ,mr4 ,stokes' paper with tests1 pages #aji and #aaj1 in #aicb report4 ,,the ,,stillman3 ,awarded third prize in #aibi contest to ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,stillman1 ,mackeys1 ,north ,carolina4 ,,the ,,stout3 ,entered in #aibf contest by ,w4 ,f4 ,stout1 ,hammersville1 ,ohio4 ,,the ,,tasterite3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report and his paper in #aica report4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports the ,tasterite is not promising there4 ,,the ,,ten ,,eyck3 ,one of the standards in past years4 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,thomas3 ,considered the leading walnut in past years and still preferred to all others by many growers4 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,the ,thomas walnut seems to produce the same quality nuts from ,oklahoma to ,new ,york4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rice1 ,absher1 ,ky41 has young trees doing fine but not old enough to bear4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gage1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario1 has two ,thomas trees planted in #aibd and moved in #aibe which started to bear in #aibh and have borne every year since except one4 ,trunks of trees are #f to #g inches in diameter1 trees are #be feet high and growing in light sandy soil near west end of north shore of ,lake ,ontario4 ,temperature last winter reached -#cj ,f4 but no damage to the ,thomas trees4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports at the present time he considers the ,thomas the best all-round walnut1 good in quality1 self-pollinating and a heavy early bearer4 ,,the ,,thorp3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,tilley3 ,submitted in #aibf contest by ,b4 ,j4 ,tilley1 ,murfreesboro1 ,n4 ,c4 ,is growing in the ,riehl orchard4 ,,the ,,vandersloot3 ,submitted in #aibf contest by ,c4 ,e4 ,vandersloot1 ,muddy ,creek ,forks1 ,pa4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,wasson3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,wetzel3 ,awarded fourth prize in #aibi contest to ,annie ,w4 ,wetzel1 ,new ,berlin1 ,pa4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,wheeling3 ,a new excellent walnut located by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa1 in #aicb4 ,,the ,,weidenhammer3 ,see ,dr4 ,zimmerman's report1 page #bb1 #aicb4 ,,the ,,wiard3 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,the ,,woodall3 ,see ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report and ,mr4 ,reed's paper in #aica report4 ,,the ,,worthington3 ,an excellent walnut located by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa4 ,see ,mr4 ,reed's paper1 page #aea1 #aicb report4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 calls attention to the fact that he has a parent black walnut tree on his place1 the nuts of which took second prize in the #aicb ,michigan nut contest4 ,he will later give more information concerning it4 ,,persian ,,walnuts ,the following ,persian walnuts are listed in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in the #aibf report3 ,alpine ,anderson ,boston ,eureka ,franquette ,hall ,holden ,lancaster ,mayette ,meylan ,rush ,prof4 ,neilson's paper in this report covers the following3 ,beck ,broadview ,crath ,franquette ,larson ,mayette ,mc,dermid ,pomeroy ,seeando ,in addition the ,jones ,nursery has growing the following3 ,nebo ,potomac ,sinclair ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey reports the ,alpine and ,lancaster are the same and that the ,franquette1 ,hall1 ,nebo and ,rush should be listed as obsolete for northern planting1 and that the use of the ,eureka in the north is questionable4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 reports that the ,franquette1 ,lancaster1 ,mayette1 ,pomeroy and ,rush winter kill at his place4 ,,butternuts ,the following butternuts are listed in ,mr4 ,reed's paper in the #aica report1 pages #ih and #ii3 ,aiken ,bliss ,buckley ,creitz ,deming ,devon ,helmick ,hergert ,hostetter ,irvine ,lingle ,mandeville ,saugatuck ,sherman ,sherwood ,simonson ,thill ,utterbock ,the ,alverson1 ,deming1 ,irvine1 ,love1 ,luther and ,sherman are covered in ,mr4 ,reed's paper in this report4 ,,heart ,,nuts ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in #aibf report covers the following ,heart nuts3 ,bates1 ,faust1 ,lancaster1 ,ritchie and ,stranger4 ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey reports the ,lancaster should be classed as obsolete as it is practically a hopeless tree1 and that the ,stranger is a rather common-place nut and should be classed as such4 ,mr4 ,hershey reports a new ,heart nut1 the ,hershey1 a seedling grown on his grounds at ,downington1 ,pa4 ,it is growing in a severe frost pocket but has never winter-killed or frost-killed4 ,the nut is excellent4 ,bearing has been light due to crowding1 which has been remedied by cutting down the trees around it4 ,,chestnuts ,most of the named ,chestnuts are listed in ,mr4 ,bixby's paper in the #aibf report and are growing on the ,riehl farm at ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,experiments are still being carried on with hope of producing a blight resistant chestnut4 ,anyone desiring to plant chestnut trees should consult their local nurseryman or farm advisor4 ,,hazels ,,and ,,filberts ,the filberts have not proved entirely hardy for northern territory1 but the native hazels and hybrids appear to be entirely satisfactory4 ,the lists are too long to publish4 ,full and reliable information is contained in ,prof4 ,slate's paper in this report4 ,nut ,culture in the ,north ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilkinson ,rockport1 ,indiana ,there being other papers on the subject of nut culture ,i will confine this to ,indiana and surrounding territory where nut trees of several kinds are native1 and flourished before the coming of the white man4 ,walnut and hickory trees are to be found growing on most kinds of soil1 chestnut and hazels mostly on hill land1 the pecan as a rule in the lowlands along the streams where vast groves of them are yet producing splendid crops of nuts4 ,one mile from my nursery1 around ,enterprise 7which was the boyhood home of our worthy member ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage71 are hundreds of these trees1 including one of the largest in ,indiana4 ,this tree measures #af feet in circumference at waist height and is estimated to be #abe feet high4 ,it has produced more than #ejj pounds of nuts in a season and other trees near here have produced as much as #fjj pounds4 ,one of these has a spread of over #ajj feet4 ,it is not unusual for a large size tree to produce from #cjj to #djj pounds of a good season4 ,one of the largest groves near here is known as the ,major grove near the mouth of ,green ,river1 containing about #cjj acres1 most of the trees on which are pecan trees4 ,some are of immense size and probably as large as can be found north of the cotton belt4 ,a few trees in this grove are estimated to be more than #aej feet tall4 ,along the ,wabash ,river is probably the largest native northern pecan grove consisting of several hundred acres in which it is estimated there are more than #bj1jjj bearing-size pecan trees4 ,at gathering time in the fall this is a very busy place4 ,it is a source of revenue to many besides the owners4 ,i was at this grove two weeks ago and was told there that each year school begins the first of ,august so they can dismiss during ,october and ,november to allow the school children to gather pecans during those two months4 ,school teachers in that territory are required to sign a contract to that effect4 ,this grove lies between ,shawneetown and ,new ,haven1 which are eighteen miles apart4 ,the town of ,new ,haven has a population of about #djj4 ,i was told last fall by one of the three pecan buyers there that1 in one day a few years ago1 the three of them paid more than #ae1jjj for pecans for one day's delivery4 ,this of course did not represent the total day's sales for this territory as many of them were sold at ,shawneetown4 ,so one can easily see why the people there are anxious for their children to help in this harvest1 it being the chief source of fall income to many poor people1 who are given one-half of all the pecans they gather4 ,often on or after a windy day the amount gathered by each one makes a splendid day's wages4 ,many make a practice of coming a distance each fall for this harvest4 ,one party from ,st4 ,louis told me last fall that was his twenty-sixth year at that grove4 ,this grove is surrounded by smaller ones and many single trees growing on cultivated land4 ,none of the native nut trees in this section have ever had any care whatever1 except the ones growing in cultivated fields1 and those only farm crop cultivation4 ,many of the native seedlings seldom bear and some others are shy or irregular bearers4 ,but it is noticeable how much better as a rule those produce that have farm crop cultivation or stand in favorable locations4 ,this is plainly evident in many instances where trees in the last few years have been cleared around and cultivated1 or where an individual tree is standing alone without cultivation1 but has plenty of space1 food and moisture4 ,an excellent example of this is the ,littlepage tree in ,enterprise that is probably #ce years old1 has never been cultivated but stands in a well used stock lot and has been an annual bearer since a small tree4 ,on the other hand1 near here are a number of trees around which the land had been cultivated in farm crops until about ten years ago1 and these trees produced well1 but since that time the land has been abandoned and has grown up in a thicket and the production of these trees has been greatly reduced4 ,about twenty years ago propagation of the better varieties of northern nut trees was begun in southern ,indiana4 ,at that time ,i believe that most of us overlooked the needs of nut trees as we had been used to their taking care of themselves4 ,our attention to them was mostly at nut harvest time4 ,we failed to take into consideration the conditions under which the best bearing trees were growing and too strongly condemned those not bearing so well1 when it was often due to conditions instead of to the trees themselves4 ,the walnut and hickory will succeed and bear with less moisture than the pecan1 though they will do better with plenty of moisture if on well drained land and having good cultivation4 ,we failed to take in consideration that the best bearing pecan trees were growing on low land that was usually overflowed one or more times each season1 leaving plenty of moisture and a deposit of plant food4 ,many articles have been written by nut tree enthusiasts in which the planting of nut trees on unproductive or waste land has been advised4 ,in this the writers were sincere in their statements4 ,this advice has been taken by many1 causing more or less disappointment to the planter and no encouragement to his neighbor4 ,no successful fruit grower would plant an orchard of peach or apple trees on poor or waste land1 forget about them for a few years and expect to go back and harvest a crop of fruit1 and neither need the nut grower expect to4 ,since many trees of the named varieties have been in bearing for a number of years it gives a broad field for studying them1 and their habits are very similar to the native trees1 ,i do not know of a single tree that is not a testimonial to the care and attention it has been given4 ,in my first nursery planting trees were left growing to supply bud and graftwood for future use4 ,these were left entirely too close together to remain until large trees1 but ,i have never yet had nerve enough to remove all that should be taken out1 with the result that they are now crowding and robbing each other of food and moisture retarding both growth and bearing4 ,these are now from #ae to #ai years old and not producing as many nuts as they did several years ago1 or as many as trees several years younger that have more space4 ,my observations convince me that plenty of space1 food and moisture are most essential for best results4 ,the past four years has been a splendid time to study this as our weather conditions have been unusual in that we have in this section had both wet and dry seasons4 ,i am firmly convinced that weather conditions have a great deal to do with the nut crop not only with the quantity of nuts but quality as well4 ,moisture conditions in spring and early summer determine the size of the nut1 and later in the season the quality of the kernel4 ,plenty of moisture in spring and early summer will make a large size nut4 ,after the shell once forms the growth of nut is done4 ,then the plumpness of the kernel depends on the amount of moisture after the shell is formed4 ,lack of moisture the entire season spells a small1 poorly filled nut4 ,trees growing in a crowded position1 or on hard1 dry ground1 seldom ever have all the moisture they need to produce a good crop of well filled nuts4 ,this has been plainly demonstrated with my own and my neighbors' trees in the past few years4 ,the weather of the previous season also may have much to do with the crop the following season1 especially with trees growing under adverse conditions4 ,these conditions can often be largely overcome by the owner1 with fertilizers and cultivation4 ,in planting a tree be sure to give it plenty of space4 ,if the soil is lacking in plant food feed the tree1 remembering it can draw food only from a given space4 ,no one would expect to grow the same farm crop on a plot of ground for many years without fertilizer4 ,prepare to conserve moisture for the hot1 dry season either by cultivation or mulching4 ,one of the thriftiest best bearing nut tree plantings ,i know of is on very sharp1 hilly clay ground in ,rockport1 but the owner fertilizes these trees annually and gives splendid cultivation4 ,a non-bearing nut tree is no better than any other kind of a tree1 so it is not a question of how many nut trees you have1 but how many good bearing nut trees you have4 ,to get the best results provide your trees with space1 food and moisture4 ,varieties of ,nut ,trees for the ,northernmost ,zone ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture ,the northernmost zone of the eastern part of the ,united ,states1 within which conditions appear at all encouraging for the planting of the hardiest varieties of nut trees now available1 may be outlined as covering the milder portions of ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota and ,south ,dakota4 ,beyond the ,canadian border this zone should perhaps include the fruit belt of ,ontario known as the ,niagara ,peninsula1 which skirts ,lake ,ontario from the ,city of ,hamilton to the ,niagara river4 ,no doubt it should also include considerable ,canadian territory immediately adjacent to ,lakes ,erie and ,st4 ,clair1 and north to the lower end of ,lake ,huron4 ,in each ,american state within this general zone there are numerous localities to which several species of edible nuts are indigenous1 others where the butternut alone is found1 and still others to which none of the common kinds appear to be adapted4 ,climate and soil are both limiting factors within this general section4 ,no nut trees are likely to prove hardy to the extent of bearing heavily where winter temperatures are extremely trying or where soils are not of high grade4 ,a fundamental principle involving plant ecology1 which with reference to planted nut trees is too often lost sight of1 is that1 regardless of species1 plants are unlikely to be altogether hardy in any locality where minimum temperatures of winter are appreciably lower1 or growing periods much shorter1 than at the place where the variety in question originated4 ,for example1 it is often assumed that a pecan tree native to southern ,texas1 the lowest point of the range of this species in the ,united ,states1 should do well in southeastern ,iowa1 the northernmost point within the range4 ,likewise1 it is also sometimes assumed that a black walnut variety originating in ,arkansas1 ,texas or ,tennessee should be hardy in the black walnut belts of ,new ,york1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota1 ,pennsylvania1 or wherever the species is indigenous or has been successfully transplanted4 ,there are definite degrees of hardiness which must not be overlooked4 ,a species or variety may be hardy enough to grow thriftily for many years1 and to make a splendid tree1 hundreds of miles north of the latitude at which it will mature occasional crops2 or it may be able to produce crops that are frequent in occurrence yet indifferent as to character2 or there may be occasional crops of first-class nuts2 but good crops of good nuts are exceedingly rare when the minimum temperatures of winter or the length of the growing period are appreciably more adverse than in the locality where the variety originated4 ,a few illustrations may help to make these points clearer4 ,on the ,experimental ,farm of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture at ,arlington1 ,va41 directly opposite ,washington1 on the ,potomac1 there are five pecan trees of the ,schley variety which originated on the ,gulf coast of ,mississippi4 ,these trees have grown splendidly since being planted more than #bj years ago4 ,they blossomed and set nuts more or less regularly after they were about eight or ten years of age1 but it was only in the eighteenth year that a season was late enough in fall for a single nut to mature4 ,another case is afforded by a pecan seedling1 probably from ,texas1 called to the writer's attention by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,conn41 which stands near the outskirts of that city4 ,this is a large1 beautiful tree4 ,it rarely sets crops of nuts1 and when it does the nuts fail to become more than half or two-thirds normal size by the time of autumn frosts4 ,the kernels are then quite undeveloped and the nuts therefore worthless each year4 ,in another case1 near ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 the ,stabler walnut from ,maryland and the ,ohio from ,toledo1 of the state after which it was named1 all appear to be congenially situated insofar as environment is concerned until the nuts are actually harvested and cured4 ,the nuts of each variety appear normal when they drop from the trees1 but during the process of curing1 the kernels wither up too badly to be marketable4 ,the ,thomas from southeastern ,pennsylvania is somewhat better able to adjust itself to ,ithaca conditions1 but it is far from being a commercial success in that region4 ,kinds of ,nuts ,the kinds of nuts suitable for this northern zone naturally divide themselves into three main groups1 viz41 native1 foreign and hybrid4 ,the last might well be divided into three sub-groups1 as native hybrids1 foreign hybrids1 and hybrids between native and foreign species4 ,it is perhaps true that there should also be a fourth subgroup to which chance hybrids should be assigned when there is uncertainty as to which of these three others a given variety may belong4 ,the ,native ,group ,of these three main groups that of the native species is at present by far the most important4 ,it includes the black walnut1 ,juglans nigra2 the butternut1 ,j4 cinerea2 the shagbark hickory1 ,hicoria ovata2 the sweet hickory1 ,h4 ovalis2 the pignut hickory1 ,h4 glabra2 the ,american sweet chestnut1 ,castanea dentata2 the ,american beech1 ,fagus americana2 and two species of native hazelnut1 ,corylus americana2 and the beaked hazelnut1 ,c4 rostrata4 ,black ,walnut ,the black walnut is placed at the head of the native group because of its great all round usefulness4 ,wherever it grows well its timber is of leading value among all ,american species4 ,it is a splendid ornamental and the nuts are highly edible4 ,the black walnut range does not extend as far north as does that of the butternut1 yet wherever it grows well it is much more useful as a tree1 and is successful under a greater variety of conditions4 ,it is probably a more dependable bearer and1 upon the average1 the nuts yield a higher percentage of kernel4 ,many more varieties of black walnut than of butternut have been brought to light and more trees have been propagated4 ,enough varieties of promise have originated in ,michigan alone 7largely as a result of the work of ,prof4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson of ,east ,lansing7 to preclude any obvious need1 at present at least1 of bringing varieties from farther south into this zone4 ,in addition to these1 a number of other varieties have been recognized from equal latitudes1 as in ,new ,york and1 west of ,lake ,michigan1 in ,wisconsin1 southeastern ,minnesota and northern ,iowa4 ,,adams--,the ,adams black walnut is a rather small variety with an approximate size range of from #cd to #dh nuts per pound1 and an average of #ci4 ,in a cracking test of the #aicj crop1 conducted after the kernels had become too dry for most satisfactory cracking1 the yield of quarters was #af4ge per cent2 that of small pieces #g4ha per cent1 and the total #bd4ef per cent4 ,the nuts are much elongated in form1 being sharply pointed at each end4 ,many are quite symmetrical1 thin-shelled and1 when not too dry1 of excellent cracking quality4 ,the kernels examined have been notably bright in color1 firm in texture1 very sweet and highly pleasing to the palate4 ,the quarters are long and slender4 ,the ,adams was first called to public attention in #aibj1 when the late ,henry ,adams of ,scotts1 ,kalamazoo ,county1 ,michigan1 was awarded first prize for an entry of nuts from the original tree which he made in a contest held that year by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,in an article published in the ,michigan farmer of ,detroit1 on ,july #g1 #aibb1 he stated that this tree grew as a sprout in a corn row on land which he cleared in the spring of #ahfi4 ,when the tree was seen by the writer in #aibi1 and again in #aicb1 it gave the impression of having been a moderate or slow grower4 ,such facts as have been obtainable from time to time indicate that it is but a moderate bearer4 ,however1 the character of the soil in which it stands is not of the best1 although it is far from being poor4 ,in better soil it would doubtless produce heavier and more uniform crops4 ,as nearly as it can be ascertained1 the ,adams was first propagated by the late ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby of ,baldwin1 ,long ,island1 who procured scions in #aibb4 ,it was again grafted six years later by ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson of ,rockport1 ,ind41 with scions procured by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,in ,april1 #aicj1 one of the resulting trees was shipped by the ,department to the ,kellogg ,experimental and ,demonstration ,farm1 ,augusta1 ,mich4 ,trees are now growing on the grounds of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture ,horticultural ,field ,station at ,beltsville1 ,md41 and records in the ,bixby file show that a tree was shipped by him to ,mr4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 probably about #aicj4 ,no doubt the variety is growing in other plantings4 ,an entry of ,adams black walnut won third prize in the ,michigan contest conducted under the direction of ,professor ,neilson of ,east ,lansing at the end of the #aibi crop year4 ,during the same year ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,chairman of the ,contest ,committee for the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 made the following comments regarding the ,adams3 ,shell thin1 cracking quality good to perfect1 color of kernel light1 condition plump1 texture tender1 quality rich1 flavor high4 ,his summary was put tersely1 ,an excellent nut4 ,in the event that this variety would do better in a richer soil than that where the parent tree stands1 it might prove to be one of the most desirable of all kinds now known for use in the northernmost zone4 ,the parent tree is now owned by a son of the late ,henry ,adams1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,adams of ,scotts1 who now lives on the old homestead4 ,,allen--,the ,allen black walnut is another ,michigan variety which appears to be of considerable promise4 ,it has been under observation by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington since the summer of #aibc1 when it was called to the attention by the ,honorable ,charles ,w4 ,garfield of ,grand ,rapids4 ,the parent is a healthy double tree standing some twenty rods from ,thornapple ,creek on the farm of ,mr4 ,glenn ,w4 ,allen1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a1 ,middleville1 ,barry ,county4 ,the local conditions of soil and moisture are highly favorable4 ,the tree frequently bears heavy crops1 although1 like most others of the species1 it tends more to alternate rather than to annual bearing4 ,five pounds of the #aica crop tested in ,washington showed a range of from #ca to #cg nuts per pound and an average of #cd4 ,the percentage of quarter kernels was #bb4de1 that of small parts #a4aj1 and that of bad1 ,o4#ca per cent1 making a total kernel yield of #bc4hf per cent4 ,the cracking quality was good1 the kernels were plump1 the quality of the kernel rich and the flavor medium sweet4 ,the ,allen was awarded first prize by ,professor ,neilson in the ,michigan contest of #aibi4 ,it should be well worthy of test planting in the northern zone4 ,it has been disseminated to a very considerable extent for use in small plantings4 ,,alley--,the ,alley is a ,new ,york variety from the farm of ,miss ,amy ,a4 ,alley1 ,lagrangeville1 ,duchess ,county4 ,this farm is within fifteen miles of the ,connecticut line and some #ej to #ge miles above ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,alley was first brought to attention by ,miss ,alley in #aiah1 when she was awarded first prize in the contest for that year of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,the late ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby1 in reporting for the committee in charge1 said that the ,alley had a shell thinner than that of ,stabler and that the cracking quality was #ajj per cent4 ,in none of the tests conducted by the department has this variety ranked with the best of the more recent kinds1 yet because of its latitude of origin and the fact that in general merit it is well above the average seedling1 it is believed that it should be included in northern trial plantings4 ,three pounds of the #aica crop tested by the department counted #ci1 #da and #db nuts each1 respectively4 ,the range was #cf to #de4 ,the percentage yield of quarter kernels was but #ac4if1 for out of #abb nuts cracked #ae1 or #ab4bi per cent1 were bad4 ,the total yield of kernel amounted to #be4eg per cent4 ,the kernels that year were neither particularly plump nor especially well filled4 ,,beck--,the ,beck is another ,michigan variety of black walnut which in many respects has compared favorably with the best varieties yet brought to light from any source4 ,the parent tree was called to the attention of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture in ,march1 #aibi1 by ,mr4 ,howard ,harris1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #g1 ,allegan1 ,allegan ,county1 ,michigan4 ,it was on a farm then owned by ,mr4 ,daniel ,beck1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,hamilton1 also of ,allegan ,county4 ,it is a double tree standing in an open field some #bj rods back of the barn4 ,like many other northern varieties of black walnut1 the nuts are rather small1 ranging in #aicj from #bh to #di per pound1 and having an average of #cg4 ,in that year it had the high percentage of quarter kernels of #be4cf1 and a total percentage of kernel of #cc4jh4 ,the shell was thinner than that of the average black walnut1 the cracking quality very good1 and the kernel bright-colored1 plump1 rich and sweet4 ,the ,beck has been successfully grafted in the ,bixby nursery at ,baldwin1 ,long ,island1 and at the ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ,farm and ,nursery at ,godfrey1 ,illinois2 by ,j4 ,w4 ,arata1 ,mishawka1 ,ind42 by ,professor ,neilson1 and probably by others4 ,it is growing in the government test orchard at ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,,bloss--,the ,bloss black walnut was called to the attention of this department in ,january of #aicd by ,mr4 ,joe ,bloss1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #fe1 ,bristol1 ,indiana1 who at that time forwarded #bc specimen nuts to ,washington4 ,these averaged #cc per pound and had a range of from #bi to #cf4 ,in the test which followed they yielded #ba4je per cent of quarters and #c4ce per cent of small pieces1 making a total of #bd4dj per cent of kernel4 ,the cracking quality was very good1 the kernel bright1 medium sweet1 and fairly rich4 ,on the whole this appeared to be a very good nut4 ,because of the very creditable showing made by these nuts1 it is believed that the ,bloss should be investigated further4 ,it may prove valuable in the general locality of its origin1 and as ,bristol is but a few miles below the ,michigan state line1 it would seem that the variety should be given careful consideration in plantings throughout the milder portions of the northern zone4 ,,bruer--,the ,bruer black walnut first came to attention in #aibf when ,mr4 ,milo ,bruer of ,east ,main ,street1 ,sleepy ,eye1 ,minn41 sent specimen nuts to ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,conn41 for entry in the contest being conducted that year by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,dr4 ,deming reported that he found the shell thin1 the cracking quality good1 the kernel white1 plump1 medium rich in quality1 and of mild1 nutty pecan-like flavor4 ,later examination in ,washington of #bj specimens of the same crop showed that the nuts averaged #cg per pound4 ,by that time they were dried beyond the most satisfactory point for cracking1 and1 consequently1 in this respect1 the quality was medium only4 ,the kernels were then but medium plump4 ,in other respects they appeared to be about as had been observed by ,dr4 ,deming4 ,as this is the best variety yet brought to attention from ,minnesota1 it is believed that it should be used in all northern plantings until superseded by others of superior merit4 ,,cresco--,the parent tree of the ,cresco black walnut stands in a creek bottom1 on what is known as the ,patterson farm1 two miles southwest of ,cresco1 ,howard ,county1 ,iowa4 ,it is probably within ten miles of the ,minnesota state line4 ,so far as known1 with the exception of ,bruer 7of ,minnesota71 the latitude of its place of origin is greater than that of any other variety originating west of ,chicago4 ,it was discovered by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,bents1 proprietor of ,cresco ,nurseries1 ,cresco1 ,iowa1 by whom1 in #aibi1 specimen nuts of the #aibh crop were sent to the late ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 of ,snyder ,bros41 ,inc41 of ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,scions of this variety were also sent to ,mr4 ,snyder1 by whom it was first grafted in #aibi4 ,the ,cresco has since been disseminated to a considerable extent and is now growing in a number of widely remote plantings1 including those of the ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ,farm and ,nursery1 ,godfrey1 ,ill41 and the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture at ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,seventy-three nuts of the #aicj crop examined in ,washington averaged #ce per pound and yielded #bd4ee per cent of quarter kernels1 #d4ji per cent small pieces and #j4gc per cent bad1 making a total kernel percentage of #bi4ah4 ,the latitude of origin1 together with the apparent general merit of the ,cresco black walnut1 makes this variety appear to be of special promise in the northernmost zone4 ,,edras--,this is a particularly promising variety1 brought to light by ,mr4 ,gerald ,w4 ,adams1 of ,moorhead1 ,iowa1 in connection with the #aibf ,association contest2 when it was ,no4 #c of three entries made by ,mr4 ,adams4 7,it was ,no4 #a that was designated by the ,association as ,adams at that time and awarded twelfth prize4 ,this variety received no prize47 ,the variety was first called ,adams in his honor1 but as a ,michigan variety had previously been so designated1 the name was changed to ,edras1 after the first name of ,mrs4 ,adams4 ,the ,edras was rated as being ,outstanding by the late ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder of ,iowa 7,iowa ,state ,hort4 ,soc4 ,ann4 ,rep4 #aibd1 p4 #di74 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake1 of ,fayetteville1 ,ark41 in the ,proceedings of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association 7p4 #bd7 for #aicj1 stated3 ,i think this variety should be kept in mind1 especially for breeding purposes where it is desired to develop a strain with a high percentage of kernel4 ,in a test of nuts from the #aicj crop1 the ,department of ,agriculture obtained a percentage yield of #bj4ih for quarters and a total kernel yield of #cd4ca4 ,that year1 #j4dc per cent of the kernels were found bad1 and #ab4ia per cent were of small parts4 ,it is not improbable that another test would result in an even higher total yield and appreciable improvement in the yield of quarters4 ,this variety has been quite widely disseminated4 ,it is known to be growing on the ,riehl ,farm and ,nursery grounds at ,godfrey1 ,ill42 at the ,morton ,arboretum1 ,lisle1 ,ill42 on the ,kellogg ,experimental and ,demonstration ,farm1 ,augusta1 ,michigan2 on the farm of ,mr4 ,harry ,w4 ,weber1 ,cleves1 ,ohio2 and on the governmental test orchard at ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,the latitude of ,moorhead is somewhat below that of the southern boundary of the northern zone1 yet climatic conditions of extreme western ,iowa are probably no less severe than those of southern ,michigan4 ,for this reason1 and because of the excellent rating that this variety has received1 it is believed that the ,edras should be included in further test plantings of the northernmost zone4 ,,germaine--,the ,germaine black walnut1 named in honor of ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,germaine1 ,r4 #f1 ,allegan1 ,mich41 owner of the original tree1 was called to the attention of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture in ,march of #aibi by ,mr4 ,howard ,harris1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #g1 also of ,allegan1 when he forwarded a few specimen nuts of the #aibh crop to ,washington4 ,these were found to have very good cracking quality and plump kernels of rich quality and pleasing flavor4 ,scions have been placed in the hands of various individuals and agencies4 ,trees of this variety are now growing at ,beltsville1 ,md41 and at ,morton ,arboretum1 ,lisle1 ,ill4 ,,grundy--,the ,grundy black walnut originated with a thrifty young seedling owned by ,mr4 ,john ,rohwer1 ,grundy ,center1 ,iowa4 ,it was brought to light in #aibg1 when it received first prize in a private contest conducted by ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake1 ,fayetteville1 ,ark41 and by him given the temporary designation of ,iowa4 ,according to ,president ,f4 ,h4 ,frey of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 in a statement appearing in the ,proceedings for #aicb 7p4 #aeh71 ,mr4 ,rohwer exhibited this variety during the ,missouri ,state ,fair of #aibh and was given first prize4 ,the same year1 according to this statement1 the ,grundy was awarded second prize during the meeting of the ,mid-,west ,horticultural ,show held in ,cedar ,rapids4 ,in the opinion of ,mr4 ,frey1 the ,grundy is superior to ,rohwer in flavor of kernel and its equal in cracking quality4 ,an entry of ,grundy made in the #aibi contest of the ,association was awarded fifth prize4 ,little is known of the bearing habits of this variety1 although ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 the surviving member of ,snyder ,bros41 ,inc41 of ,center ,point1 wrote to ,washington on ,july #ca1 #aicc1 that he was afraid that both this variety and ,rohwer might not prove to be reliable bearers4 ,an opinion of ,ex-,president of the ,association1 ,c4 ,f4 ,walker1 expressed ,july #af1 #aicc1 by letter to the writer1 was to the effect that the ,grundy walnut was fair only4 ,three pounds of the #aica ,grundy walnuts tested by the ,department at ,washington yielded #bg4gd per cent quarters1 #a4eg per cent bad1 and #b4ce per cent small pieces1 making a total of #ca4ff per cent kernel4 ,the nuts averaged #ce per pound and had a range of from #bh to #cf4 ,the cracking quality was very good1 the kernels bright1 plump1 rich in quality and of agreeable flavor4 ,considering the good points in favor of this variety1 even though its latitude of origin is somewhat below that of the south ,michigan border1 it would seem that until worthier nuts are found1 this should be included in test plantings of the northernmost zone4 ,,harris--,the ,harris walnut first became known to the department in ,december of #aibd1 when ,mr4 ,howard ,harris1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #g1 ,allegan1 ,mich41 owner of the original tree1 submitted specimens for examination4 ,the feature which attracted immediate attention was the superior cracking quality1 due to the largeness and openness of its kernel chambers4 ,the kernels were not as plump as might have been desired1 but this is assumed to have been due to the light1 sandy soil where the parent tree grows4 ,in examining specimens of the #aibg crop1 ,dr4 ,deming noted that the nuts were small1 clean1 the shell thick1 the cracking quality good to perfect1 and the kernel not plump1 light 7in weight7 and texture hard4 ,he placed the flavor at fair to sweet1 yet felt that the variety should be given further consideration4 ,many of the kernels of the nuts which he examined1 like those from this tree during most years1 were shrunken4 ,two pounds of the #aicj crop tested in ,washington yielded #aj4ia per cent of quarters1 #c4cj per cent of bad kernels1 and #d4da per cent of small pieces1 making a total of but #ah4fc per cent4 ,this is a much lower rating than that of any other variety included in this list1 and were it not for the superiority of its cracking quality and the latitude of its origin1 it would hardly now be included4 ,however1 it should probably be included in all test plantings in the northernmost zone1 especially if breeding is contemplated4 ,the soil where this original tree stands is of a light1 sandy nature4 ,allowance for this should be made in evaluating the merits of the variety4 ,,hilton--,the ,hilton black walnut came to the attention of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture in early ,march of #aicc1 when specimens were received through the courtesy of ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels of ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 by whom its propagation had already been successfully begun4 ,professor ,mac,daniels wrote that he did not feel that it was outstanding1 except that apparently it does succeed rather far north and is much above the average in general merit4 ,the nuts sent to ,washington averaged #be per pound1 had a range of from #ba to #bh per pound1 and were therefore quite large1 especially for that latitude4 ,the yield of quarters was #bj4df per cent1 that of small kernel parts ,o4#ff per cent1 and the total #ba4ab per cent4 ,the cracking quality was very good1 the kernel quality rich and the flavor very good4 ,the original tree1 according to ,professor ,mac,daniels1 is tall and difficult to climb4 ,it stands on the lot of a next-door neighbor of ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,wright of ,hilton1 through whom it came to the attention of ,professor ,mac,daniels4 ,as the town of ,hilton is within ten miles of the shore of ,lake ,ontario1 the origin of the variety was practically on the extreme northern edge of western ,new ,york4 ,in view of this1 it is felt that the ,hilton variety should be carefully considered in connection with any planting in the northernmost zone4 ,,huber--,the ,huber black walnut was brought to light by ,mr4 ,ferdinand ,huber1 ,cochrane1 ,wis41 in #aibi1 when he made an entry in the ,association contest4 ,although the nuts were awarded no prize1 the ,bixby report made special mention of these nuts as being notable for the high percentage of kernel 7#aicj ,proc4 ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 p4 #ajh71 having yielded #cb4h per cent of total kernel4 ,the variety has not been tested by the department1 although several attempts have been made to procure specimens for the purpose1 but each such effort has been coincident with a crop failure by this particular tree4 ,,lamb--,the ,lamb black walnut is a variety propagated and grown for its wood only4 ,the parent tree stood on a farm one-quarter mile east of ,ada1 ,kent ,county1 ,michigan1 perhaps ten miles due east of ,grand ,rapids4 ,after the log had been cut and shipped to a mill1 discovery was made that the wood of the original tree had a highly figured grain4 ,mr4 ,george ,lamb1 then ,secretary of the ,american ,walnut ,manufacturers ,association1 #faf ,south ,michigan ,avenue1 ,chicago1 traced the origin of the log back to its source1 where the top was found to be still green1 although the tree had been cut two months previous4 ,scions were cut and sent by ,mr4 ,lamb to the ,department of ,agriculture in ,washington1 and also to ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,merribrooke ,farm1 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,at the suggestion of ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,lamb also sent scions to ,mr4 ,ford ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,some of the scions received by the ,department were placed in the hands of others1 including the late ,messrs4 ,jones1 ,bixby and ,snyder1 also ,prof4 ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 ,director of the ,michigan ,agricultural ,experiment ,station at ,east ,lansing1 and ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,piketown1 ,pa4 ,drs4 ,morris and ,zimmerman1 ,professor ,gardner1 and ,messrs4 ,wilkinson and ,bixby1 were all successful in their efforts at grafting4 ,mr4 ,bixby made new grafts as soon as the original could be cut for scions1 and also made some distributions of scions4 ,at the time of his death in ,august1 #aicc1 there were a dozen or more nursery trees of various sizes and degrees of condition among his stock at ,baldwin4 ,from these1 scions were sold to a number of ,association members during the spring of #aicd4 ,while it has not yet been established that the character of figured grain is transmissible with scions1 the value of such wood is so great that anyone interested in producing walnut trees of outstanding value would do well to investigate this variety to the extent of growing a few trees4 ,in all likelihood the combined results from tests made by a large number of persons would be of great value to science4 ,,tasterite--,the parent tree of the ,tasterite walnut1 owned by ,everl ,church1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 was discovered and named by ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 a neighbor1 living on ,route #e1 also out of ,ithaca4 ,the latter submitted specimens to the department in ,washington in #aibi1 where they made a highly favorable showing4 ,tasterite nuts entered that year in the contest of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 although receiving no award by the committee were given the rating of excellent by ,dr4 ,deming4 ,in #aicj1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake of ,fayetteville1 ,ark41 gave ,tasterite nuts a rating of #ajj per cent on cracking quality4 ,he obtained a total of #bh4je per cent of kernel4 ,nuts of the #aicj crop examined in ,washington averaged #cf per pound1 ranged from #cd to #ch1 and yielded #bj4ib per cent of quarters and #g4bb per cent of small pieces1 making a total of #bh4ad per cent4 ,the shell of the nut is thinner than the average and the cracking quality distinctly superior4 ,the kernels of nuts promptly harvested1 hulled and cured have been bright1 plump1 rich in quality1 and especially pleasing in flavor4 ,the one weak point of the ,tasterite appears to be in the matter of size1 but this smallness is well offset by superiority in the points just mentioned1 and also in what is perhaps more important1 the latitude and altitude of the place of origin4 ,any variety which will yield heavy crops of nuts distinctly superior to the average black walnut in cracking quality and kernel merit at a #db-;degree latitude plus1 and a #b1jjj-;foot altitude1 should be potentially very valuable in the northernmost zone4 ,,wiard--,this is another ,michigan variety1 apparently of much merit4 ,vague bits of information regarding it have reached the department at ,washington from time to time since ,june1 #aibf1 when ,greening ,bros41 of ,monroe1 stated to the writer that ,mr4 ,everett ,wiard1 a fruit grower near the eastern outskirts of ,ypsilanti1 was grafting a promising seedling of his own origin4 ,this clue was not successfully followed up until #aicb1 when a few specimen nuts were obtained4 ,these were found to be of medium size and of excellent cracking quality4 ,the kernels were plump1 bright1 rich in quality1 and of pleasing flavor4 ,on ,february #ab1 #aicd1 ,professor ,neilson wrote the department that this seedling had come to his attention during ,farmers' ,week1 held shortly before1 at ,east ,lansing4 ,he stated that to him this appeared to be one of the best seedlings thus far discovered and that he was recommending it for propagation4 ,he added that the nut was of medium size1 somewhat diamond-shaped1 thin-shelled1 easy to crack and of excellent extractive quality4 ,very likely more will be learned of this variety in the future4 ,butternut ,varieties ,the ,american butternut1 ,juglans cinerea1 although commonly held to be a slow grower1 a tardy and light bearer1 and a producer of thick-shelled nuts hard or impossible to crack without extreme difficulty1 is frequently quite the opposite in one or more1 or all1 of these respects4 ,under favorable environment the trees grow rapidly1 bear early1 and oftentimes the nuts may be easily cracked and the kernels extracted in perfect halves4 ,probably more than a dozen varieties from various portions of the ,north have been named4 ,a few of these appear to be of considerable promise4 ,the northern range of the butternut extends from ,nova ,scotia over ,maine1 across ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 ,new ,york1 the upper peninsula of ,michigan1 and through ,wisconsin and southeastern ,minnesota to ,south ,dakota south to ,georgia and ,arkansas4 ,butternut flavor is preferred by many people to that of any other nut4 ,throughout ,new ,england the kernels are used to no inconsiderable extent in the making of highly pleasing food products4 ,oftentimes the ground kernels are used in the home manufacture of pastries and confections which are either consumed at home or sold on roadside markets at good profit4 ,the butternut is not without certain weak points which must not be forgotten4 ,the timber is less valuable than that of black walnut1 the trees grow to smaller size and seldom live more than #ge or #ajj years2 outside of the best growing sections of the ,north1 it is possible that the majority succumb under #dj years4 ,being less symmetrical1 butternut trees are not as suitable for ornamental planting as are nut trees of many other kinds4 ,nevertheless1 a tree or two of each of the best varieties now available should be included in all nut planting as far south as the species is indigenous1 and perhaps farther down4 ,,alverson--,the parent tree of this variety is owned by ,mr4 ,m4 ,e4 ,alverson1 ,howard ,city1 ,montcalm ,county1 ,michigan4 ,it was first called to public attention when it was awarded third prize in the #aicb ,state contest held at ,east ,lansing under the direction of ,prof4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson1 of ,michigan ,agricultural ,college4 ,a one-pound lot tested in ,washington during ,april of the same year counted #dg specimens4 ,it yielded #ad4dd per cent of quarters and #a4aa per cent of small pieces1 making a total of #ae4ee per cent kernel4 ,the cracking quality was found to be good4 ,the kernels were large1 long1 plump1 medium bright1 and the flavor distinctly pleasing4 ,,deming--,this variety was called to attention by ,olcott ,deming1 a son of ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,conn41 to whom it was awarded first prize in the #aiah contest of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,dr4 ,deming sought to have this variety called ,olcott1 but the name became fixed when it appeared in the ,jones catalogue of #aibj1 and later in various reports of the ,association4 ,the ,deming butternut is probably an early bearer1 as in notes prepared by the late ,j4 ,f4 ,jones for use during the #aibf convention held at ,lancaster1 reference was made to two trees 7,nos4 #hh and #hi71 which were in bearing while still quite young1 the latter of which bore two nuts the next year after being grafted1 and which was then bearing its third consecutive crop4 ,mr4 ,jones began its propagation in #aibj1 commenting to the writer at the time that it was larger and had a thinner shell than ,aiken4 ,,irvine--,this variety was awarded first prize 7#ej4jj7 in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association contest of #aibi4 ,the parent tree is owned by ,mrs4 ,l4 ,k4 ,irvine1 ,menominee1 ,dunn ,county1 ,wis4 ,in a ,washington test of three pounds1 conducted in #aica1 the nuts averaged #ec per pound and had a range of from #dd to #ei4 ,the kernel yield was #bb4ac per cent quarters1 #c4ij per cent small pieces1 and #j4ch per cent bad4 ,the cracking quality was excellent1 the kernels large and highly attractive1 the quality good1 and the flavor mild4 ,this is apparently one of the finest although not the richest or sweetest1 of any variety of butternut yet discovered4 ,it is known to have been successfully propagated but to a limited extent only4 ,,love--,this butternut originated on the farm of ,mr4 ,frank ,love1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,howell1 ,livingston ,county1 ,mich4 ,it was discovered by chance1 when the large size and generally sound condition of the parent tree caught the attention of the writer in #aica4 ,in a cracking test conducted later that year the nuts averaged #ec per pound1 had a range of from #dd to #ga1 and yielded a total of #bg4cb per cent kernel4 ,the yield of quarters was #bd4fh per cent1 and that of small pieces #b4fd per cent4 ,the ,love butternuts are considerably smaller than those of some other varieties1 and in comparison with ,irvine of that year the kernels were much less attractive in appearance1 but richer in quality and of more pleasing flavor4 ,on the whole1 these nuts now stand among the very best yet called to attention1 although during a test made a year later of nuts also from the parent tree1 the result was but #ag4ai per cent of kernel1 composed of #af4hf per cent quarters and #j4cc per cent of small pieces4 ,these nuts have not appeared in any contest1 and in all probability they would have received no award during any but the most favorable years4 ,however1 their record of #aica placed the variety in a class at that time quite by itself4 ,scions from the original tree1 purchased by the department in #aicc1 and placed in the hands of several commercial propagators1 have resulted in at least one living grafted tree4 ,this is being carefully guarded1 and as soon as possible others will be grafted from it4 ,as ,mr4 ,love is quite averse to having the tree cut for scions1 it may not be possible to obtain new scions from the original source4 ,,luther--,this butternut came to light as a result of the contest held by ,professor ,neilson at the end of the #aicb crop year1 when it received second prize4 ,the entry was made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,luther of ,fairgrove1 ,tuscola ,county1 ,mich4 ,in ,washington1 nuts of the #aicb crop averaged #eb per pound and yielded #ae4de per cent of quarters and #b4ba per cent of small pieces1 making a total of #ag4ff per cent of kernel4 ,this test was made in ,april1 after the nuts were rather too dry to crack to the best advantage4 ,at that time the cracking quality was fair only4 ,,sherman--,the ,sherman butternut first became known in #aibi1 when ,mrs4 ,e4 ,sherman1 ,montague ,city1 ,mass41 was awarded ninth prize in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association contest of that year4 ,tested twice in ,washington1 it has at neither time rated with the best in so far as cracking quality is concerned4 ,in #aica it made the high kernel yield of #bi4da per cent4 ,however1 only #aa4gf per cent was of quarters4 ,exactly the same percentage was of small pieces1 and #e4hh per cent of kernels were bad4 ,in #aicb1 the total per cent of kernel dropped to #ae4ca1 that of quarters to #d4gh1 and that of kernels to #j4if1 while that of small pieces rose to #i4eg4 ,further studies will be made to see if under optimum conditions of handling after proper harvesting and curing the record of cracking quality cannot be improved upon4 ,hickories ,according to ,alfred ,rehder1 of ,harvard1 in the ,standard ,cyclopedia of ,horticulture1 six species of hickory are indigenous to that region east of the ,rocky ,mountains here discussed under the term of the northernmost nut zone4 ,these are the shagbark1 the shellbark1 the sweet hickory1 the pignut1 the mockernut and the bitternut4 ,the shagbark hickory1 ,hicoria ovata1 and the sweet hickory1 ,h4 ovalis1 are the principal ones among this group offering promise as sources of varieties fit for cultivation in this zone4 ,the former is well known as a rich-land species1 having shaggy bark and a more or less sharply angled sweet nut2 the latter1 often called pignut1 has recently been listed as sweet hickory to distinguish it from ,h4 glabra1 also called pignut1 yet which is sometimes better4 ,the sweet hickory is less exacting in soil requirements than the shagbark1 although often nearly or quite as good a nut1 popular prejudice notwithstanding4 ,when shelled the kernels can be distinguished only with difficulty4 ,of the other hickories indigenous to this zone1 all are omitted from the discussion for definite reasons1 chief of which is the fact that few or no seedlings of promise have been found4 ,the shellbark1 ,h4 laciniosa1 which is much like the shagbark in many respects1 occurs in this zone sparingly and only in the southernmost part4 ,nuts of this species1 while very large1 are thick-shelled and commonly more or less objectionable because of the frequency with which the kernels are imperfectly developed or entirely wanting4 ,the pignut hickory1 ,h4 glabra1 already mentioned1 is omitted from further discussion because of being no better than the sweet hickory in any known respect1 and because of the frequent bitterness of its kernel4 ,the mockernut1 ,h4 alba1 while indigenous practically everywhere that any other hickory grows1 and producing a sweet1 agreeable kernel1 has too thick a shell to justify particular attention at this time4 ,the bitternut hickory1 ,h4 cordiformis1 is rarely palatable4 ,the tree makes an attractive ornamental1 but is relatively unimportant in so far as timber production is concerned4 ,intermediate forms of hickory and hybrids originated from chance crosses under purely natural conditions are fairly common4 ,quite a good many belonging to one or the other of these groups have been brought to light during the last two decades1 largely as a result of discovery by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,several of these will be discussed in alphabetical order along with varieties of pure species4 ,,anthony--,the ,anthony shagbark originated with a seedling tree discovered by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #f1 ,sterling1 ,whiteside ,county1 ,ill4 ,it appears to be a particularly choice variety1 and as the latitude of ,sterling is practically the same as that of ,chicago1 it might do very well in the lower portion of the northernmost zone4 ,in a cracking test of the #aicb crop the yield of quarters was #da4ff1 that of small pieces #j4fj1 making a total of #db4bf per cent4 ,the nuts were large1 averaging #gd per pound2 attractive in appearance1 clean1 and of nearly white color4 ,the cracking quality was good1 the kernel plump1 bright1 rich in quality and medium sweet in flavor1 but not being equal to some others in this last respect4 ,this is believed to be one of the choicest hickory nuts yet brought to light4 ,,cedar ,,rapids--,this shagbark is from ,cedar ,rapids1 ,linn ,county1 ,iowa1 where the latitude is about #db degrees north1 or about the same as that of ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,tecumseh1 ,mich41 and the boundary line between ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york4 ,like ,anthony 7of ,sterling1 ,ill47 the merit of this variety is believed such as to justify its trial planting in the southern portion of the northernmost zone4 ,the ,cedar ,rapids shagbark was discovered and brought to light by the late ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 senior member of ,snyder ,bros41 ,inc41 nurserymen at ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,the exact or even approximate year of discovery and first propagation is not known to the writer1 but a remark made by ,mr4 ,snyder during the #aicj convention1 and passed on to him by ,dr4 ,deming1 would indicate that grafts were made as early as #aiad4 ,it was1 a ,cedar ,rapids shagbark grafted on a hickory 7probably meaning shagbark71 bore in its third year and has borne every year since1 but the same variety grafted #af years ago on a bitternut has not borne4 ,in various comments made by ,mr4 ,snyder from time to time1 especially in connection with the ,iowa meetings of the ,state ,horticultural ,society and of the ,mid-,west ,horticultural ,exposition1 he continued to rate this as one of the best varieties within his acquaintance4 ,there are a number of grafted trees of this variety in various parts of the country1 but very few yet in bearing4 ,the department at ,washington has had no opportunity to test the nuts in detail4 7,there is also a variety of bitternut from ,iowa known as ,cedar ,rapids1 but the two are quite unlike and should not be confused47 ,,comins--,the original tree of the ,comins shagbark hickory1 awarded eighth prize in the #aibi contest1 is owned by ,mrs4 ,nancy ,e4 ,comins1 ,amherst1 ,hampshire ,county1 ,mass4 ,this variety is probably worthy of further investigation1 although specimens of the #aibi crop examined at ,washington did not appear to as good advantage as did many others4 ,,creager--,the ,creager hickory is a supposed shagbark and bitternut hybrid known since about #aibe1 when it was given a high rating1 named1 propagated and disseminated to a limited extent by ,snyder ,bros41 ,inc41 of ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,it was called to their attention by ,mr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,creager1 ,sumner1 ,bremer ,county1 ,iowa1 discoverer of the original tree4 ,the nuts are quite small1 averaging in a test made in ,washington of the #aicj crop #adi per pound4 ,the yield of kernel was #cj4bg per cent quarters1 #h4gf per cent small pieces1 and the total #ci4jd per cent4 ,as this test was made in ,february1 #aicb1 the nuts were more than a year old1 and allowance should be made for this fact4 ,the parent tree had been cut down in the meantime and nuts were not obtainable later4 ,the shells of the nut are quite thin1 easy to crack1 and the kernels fairly sweet4 ,like most others when their parentage involves a cross with the bitternut1 a distinct bitterness of flavor hangs over in the mouth as an after-taste4 ,the grafted tree is said to be a rapid grower and so highly ornamental as to be well worth growing for its beauty alone4 ,a few trees of such a hybrid as this should be in any variety test planting wherever they will succeed4 ,as the latitude of ,sumner is #dc degrees1 this hybrid should be of interest as far north as ,milwaukee1 ,wis42 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich42 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 and the northern boundary line of ,massachusetts4 ,being primarily an ornamental1 the ,creager might be grown with safety even farther north4 ,,dennis--,the ,dennis shagbark hickory is another variety brought to light by ,snyder ,bros41 ,inc41 of ,center ,point1 ,ia4 ,the original tree was found near the ,city of ,cedar ,rapids and called to their attention by the late ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,dennis of that city4 ,information is lacking as to the exact year1 but according to ,mr4 ,bixby's address before the #aibj convention of the ,association1 ,snyder ,bros4 used ,dennis in #aiaf in top-working4 ,no test of the nuts by the department has yet been possible4 ,however1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder wrote in #aibf that he then considered the ,dennis 444 the best shagbark yet discovered in ,iowa4 ,he added further that where the nuts are gathered and hulled promptly after ripening1 the color of the shell is usually highly attractive4 ,he also stated that the shell was quite thin1 and owing to its inner structure the kernels could be extracted easily4 ,he regarded the quality of the kernel as rich and the flavor sweet and pleasing4 ,this variety is represented in several known plantings and abundant nuts for testing should soon be procurable4 ,meanwhile1 the variety should be included in further test plantings of the northernmost zone4 ,,drew--,the ,drew hickory is a shagbark named in honor of ,mr4 ,arthur ,drew of ,howell1 ,livingston ,county1 ,mich41 by whom it was called to attention in #aiaf4 ,the parent tree stands on the ,lyman ,beach farm1 ,marion township1 about six miles southwest from the post office4 ,it was then one of many young seedlings less than forty feet tall standing in a cattle pasture4 ,when first examined the nuts were unimpressive1 but later specimens received high rating4 ,the tree is difficult to reach and its exact identity probably known only to ,mr4 ,drew4 ,the latitude of origin1 the early age of bearing1 and the superiority of nut1 both with reference to cracking quality and merit of kernel1 seem to call for further study4 ,,emerick--,this shagbark was discovered by ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels of ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,specimens of the #aicb crop were submitted to him by ,miss ,etta ,emerick1 ,west ,camp1 ,ulster ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,in ,washington seven of these nuts averaged #fg per pound and yielded #cc4cc per cent quarters1 #b4bb per cent small pieces1 and a total of #ce4ee per cent kernel4 ,the cracking quality was very good and the nuts otherwise appeared to be of considerable promise4 ,,fairbanks--,this is a hybrid hickory1 apparently the result of a chance cross between shagbark and bitternut4 ,the parent tree was discovered by the late ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 of ,center ,point1 ,iowa1 probably about #aiab4 ,it then stood near a line fence on the farm of ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,fairbanks1 nine miles northwest of ,anamosa1 ,jones ,county1 ,iowa4 ,with reference to the merit of this variety1 the late ,mr4 ,bixby once commented1 ,a heavy bearer1 nuts attractive1 large1 smooth and thin-shelled4 ,the variety has about all the good points desirable except that its palatability is too low4 ,it is the ,ben ,davis of the hickories4 ,the latitude of ,anamosa is such that the ,fairbanks should be hardy in the south three or four tiers of counties of ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 ,new ,york1 and over much of ,massachusetts4 ,it has been widely disseminated1 and because of the popular feeling in its favor1 will likely continue to be planted in experimental orchards4 ,,green--,the parent tree of the ,green sweet hickory is owned by ,mr4 ,steve ,green1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #i1 ,battle ,creek1 ,calhoun ,county1 ,mich4 ,it was brought to attention in #aibi1 when it was awarded fifth prize by the ,association among the hickory entries that year4 ,this variety is the first of its species 7,hicoria ovalis7 to have received a prize from the ,association4 ,,huber--,the ,huber shagbark hickory originated with a seedling tree owned by ,mr4 ,ferdinand ,huber1 ,cochrane1 ,buffalo ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,it came to light in #aibi1 when it was awarded second prize in the ,association contest4 ,,huff--,like ,green1 this variety is a sweet hickory1 ,hicoria ovalis4 ,the parent tree is owned by ,l4 ,s4 ,huff1 ,white ,pigeon1 ,st4 ,joseph ,county1 ,michigan4 ,aside from the fact that it was awarded ninth prize in the ,association contest of #aibi1 little is known as to its merits4 ,,laney--,this variety was brought to light by the late ,john ,dunbar1 ,first ,assistant ,superintendent of ,parks in ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 who wrote the department in ,washington on ,march #ac1 #aiaf1 that the original tree was on a farm owned by ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,sheard1 superintendent of a cemetery in ,webster ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,it appears to be the result of a natural cross between the shagbark and the bitternut hickories4 ,it was given the species name ,laneyi by ,sargent in his ,manual of the ,trees of ,north ,america1 in honor of ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,laney1 ,superintendent of ,parks1 in ,rochester1 by whom it had been called to his attention4 ,this variety is probably of chief value for ornamental and breeding purposes4 ,the nuts are large1 like those of ,fairbanks1 attractive1 thin-shelled1 easy to crack and of pleasing palatability to some people4 ,upon becoming thoroughly cured1 especially after a few months1 the disagreeable taste characteristic of bitternut usually becomes quite pronounced4 ,,mann--,this shagbark hickory came to light when awarded first prize in the ,michigan contest of #aicb1 held under the direction of ,prof4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson1 ,east ,lansing4 ,the parent tree is owned by ,mrs4 ,rae ,d4 ,mann1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,davison1 ,genesee ,county1 ,mich4 ,in a cracking test of nuts from the crop of #aicb1 conducted in ,washington1 the average was #ge per pound2 the yield of quarters was #dc4eb per cent1 that of small pieces #c4ec per cent1 making a total of #dg4jf per cent4 ,the cracking quality was excellent1 the kernels large1 plump1 of rich quality and particularly sweet flavor4 ,the kernels were a trifle dark1 but otherwise this hickory appears to be one of the most promising kinds yet discovered4 ,,miller--,this shagbark hickory is another apparently highly promising variety1 brought to light as a result of ,professor ,neilson's efforts4 ,it was awarded second prize in the #aicb state contest held under his direction4 ,the parent tree is owned by ,mr4 ,d4 ,p4 ,miller1 ,route #c1 ,north ,branch1 ,lapeer ,county1 ,mich4 ,it and ,mann are from adjoining counties1 and the parent trees are probably not over twenty miles apart4 ,the two are of about equal merit and much alike1 although ,miller nuts are somewhat smaller4 ,in the cracking test of the #aicb contest1 fifty nuts weighed one-half pound4 ,of these1 two were spoiled1 yet the percentage of quarters was #dh4jb1 that of small pieces #a4cb1 thus making a total of #di4cd per cent kernel4 ,the cracking quality was excellent1 the kernel a trifle dark1 yet very plump1 rich and sweet4 ,,sande--,the ,sande shagbark hickory is from the farm of ,elmer ,t4 ,sande1 ,story ,city1 ,story ,county1 ,iowa1 about sixteen miles north of ,ames4 ,it was brought to light by the late ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder as early as ,november1 #aibh1 when he became responsible for having it mentioned 7p4 #bd7 in the premium list of the ,seventh ,mid-,west ,horticultural ,exposition held in ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa1 ,november #ad to #ag4 ,it received seventh prize in the #aibi contest of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,mr4 ,snyder commented on this variety1 as recorded in the #aicj proceedings of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association 7p4 #ae71 to the effect that the cracking quality of the ,sande excelled that of any other variety of ,iowa origin known to him at that time4 ,the variety has twice received awards during the ,state ,fair of ,iowa4 ,mr4 ,snyder stated that the parent tree was then rather young but bearing well4 ,as the latitude of ,story ,city is slightly greater than #db degrees1 this variety should do well throughout much of the northernmost zone4 ,,swaim--,the parent tree of the ,swaim shagbark hickory stands on ,maplewood farm1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a1 ,south ,bend1 ,st4 ,joseph ,county1 ,ind41 and is now owned by ,mr4 ,i4 ,h4 ,swaim4 ,it is one of a number of seedlings growing from local nuts planted during the early sixties by the late ,j4 ,m4 ,swaim1 grandfather of the present ,mr4 ,swaim4 ,it was called to the attention of the department in #aiab by ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,swaim1 father of the present owner of the tree1 who is still living near by on the same mail route4 ,the ,swaim was first propagated about #aiad by ,w4 ,c4 ,reed of ,vincennes1 ,ind41 who has found it a highly satisfactory variety1 with reference to regularity and size of crops and general merit of nuts4 ,the ,swaim is one of three varieties to tie for fourth place in the contest of the ,association held in #aiai4 ,in a cracking test conducted in ,washington with one pound of the #aicj crop1 the nuts averaged #hd per pound and yielded #dd4gc per cent of quarters1 #d4fb per cent small pieces1 and #j4dd per cent of bad kernels1 thus making a total of #di4gh per cent of kernel4 ,the cracking quality that year was excellent1 the kernels large1 plump1 and bright4 ,the quality was rich and the flavor sweet and pleasing4 ,as the city of ,south ,bend is but a few miles below the ,michigan state line1 this variety should be well worth considering for use in test plantings throughout the lower fringe of the northernmost zone4 ,,westphal--,the ,westphal is a shagbark hickory from ,mr4 ,otto ,westphal1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,kendall1 ,monroe ,county1 ,wis4 ,it was awarded fourth place in the #aibf contest of the ,philadelphia ,society of ,agriculture4 ,so far as known1 no other examination has been made of the nuts4 ,however1 the place they received in this contest1 together with its latitude of origin1 which is nearly #dd degrees1 should commend the ,westphal to the consideration of all who are interested in hickories for the northernmost region4 ,the ,filbert ,the filbert situation in the north is difficult to characterize4 ,repeated plantings have been established in this part of the country1 probably since colonial days1 only to perish in due time4 ,filbert blight was responsible for much of this loss1 but so also were destructively low temperatures4 ,western ,new ,york now seems to be particularly favored1 as trees there1 notably at ,geneva1 bear regularly4 ,mr4 ,bixby's trees at ,baldwin1 ,long ,island1 failed significantly during practically the whole of their life4 ,similarly1 a comprehensive collection of varieties in the orchard of ,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,baum1 ,boyertown1 ,pa41 fruits practically not at all4 ,trees at ,arlington1 ,va41 on the government experimental farm1 suffer sufficient winter injury each late winter or early spring to be quite regular in non-bearing4 ,the varieties of all these plantings are much the same1 and failure is not due to winter killing of the trees1 as there is normally very little of this4 ,it appears to be due to destruction of the flowers wrought by low temperatures following weather in ,january1 ,february or ,march mild enough to start the flowers into bloom4 ,at the present moment it looks as though ,european varieties of filbert might do much better where the trees bloom in ,april1 as in western ,new ,york1 than where flowers come out in ,february1 as at ,arlington1 or in ,march1 as on ,long ,island4 ,for the present not a great deal of encouragement can be offered regarding the ,european varieties of filbert in the east1 except in the most suitable sections4 ,certain hybrid varieties are now being developed1 but they are not yet available for planting4 ,the ,chestnut ,no species of chestnut now available through the usual nursery channels can be recommended at the present time for planting in the northernmost zone except for experimentation along somewhat doubtful lines4 ,the ,american sweet chestnut appears likely soon to be wiped out by blight4 ,no chestnuts from the ,old ,world1 either ,european1 ,japanese or ,chinese1 have yet been found which are entirely hardy and otherwise satisfactory at this latitude4 ,the ,european chestnut is quite as fatally subject to blight as is the ,american4 ,the ,japanese is mostly of too low degree of palatability to offer much promise1 and horticultural varieties of ,chinese chestnut are not yet available4 ,varieties of the ,chinese hairy chestnut1 ,castanea mollissima1 apparently of much promise1 are now being developed1 but trees are unlikely to become available for foundation stock to nurserymen for several years4 ,other ,species ,the ,persian 7,english7 walnut1 ,juglans regia1 and the ,japanese walnut1 ,j4 sieboldiana1 are both planted to some extent throughout the entire east and north1 but neither promise to assume special prominence in this zone4 ,fine appearing trees in small numbers or occasional orchards of the former may be seen in many places4 ,these are usually near large bodies of water1 as within a mile or so1 or two or three at most1 of the shores of the lower ,great ,lakes1 the ,finger ,lakes of ,new ,york1 ,long ,island ,sound1 and various rivers and other smaller bodies of water within this general section4 ,they are also to be found near buildings1 especially in villages and small towns1 but as orchard trees1 or even single specimens out in the open1 they are almost never met with except possibly while very young4 ,the ,japanese walnut is likewise little more than a novelty in this region4 ,it is probably somewhat more hardy than is the foregoing1 but it is not its equal in desirability4 ,it grows rapidly under favorable environment1 often becomes a handsome ornamental1 comes into fruit while young1 and bears freely but seldom heavily4 ,the nuts are small1 variable in character1 and not particularly popular on the market4 ,in flavor the kernels resemble butternut1 but are much more mild4 ,the nuts of this species are of two distinct types1 the larger being shaped like a guinea egg1 having a rather thick shell1 and of doubtful merit4 ,the other1 known as the heartnut1 is small as a rule1 distinctly heartshaped1 and easily opened with a knife by splitting the shell in half4 ,a number of varieties are available through nurserymen4 ,between these two distinct types of ,japanese walnut there are numerous intermediate forms hard to classify but invariably less desirable than heartnuts4 ,there are also numerous offspring of marked vigor1 producing nuts distinctly butternut-like in form but having even thicker shells4 ,these last do not commend themselves for any purpose other than that of genetic use4 ,summary ,the black walnut1 the shagbark hickory1 the sweet hickory1 the butternut and certain hybrid hickories are now believed to offer greater inducement to prospective planters of nut trees in the northernmost zone east of the ,rocky ,mountains than do other species4 ,varieties of strictly northern origin are now available to those who are capable of doing their own grafting4 ,many of these are of considerable promise1 apparently1 at least1 equal in merit to any of the older varieties now being offered by nurserymen4 ,the ,tour--,september #aath ,on ,tuesday forenoon1 ,september #aa1 the convention visited the ,kellogg ,factory and the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium and at noon returned to the ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg ,hotel1 where a delicious luncheon was served to the members and guests4 ,miss ,mary ,i4 ,barber1 ,director of ,home ,economics of the ,kellogg ,company1 in behalf of ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg1 graciously acted as hostess at the luncheon4 ,on ,tuesday afternoon the convention went to the ,kellogg ,company farm by motor bus and auto to visit the nut trees4 ,they then proceeded to the ,bird ,sanctuary and the ,kellogg estate4 ,this was followed by a motor boat trip around beautiful ,gull ,lake and dinner at ,bunbury ,inn4 ,a session followed the dinner4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i wish to present ,professor ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 the ,director of the ,experiment ,station at ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,east ,lansing1 who has kindly consented to address us this evening4 ,,prof4 ,,gardner3 ,in the field of horticulture we have many problems and these problems may be classified in different ways4 ,from one standpoint1 at least1 there is a typical group or class of problems that arises in connection with a crop like the peach or apple or pear4 ,if you knew that tomorrow or next week or next month you were to attend a meeting of peach or pear growers1 you would have a pretty good idea of the type of questions that would be raised4 ,they concern variety1 insect and disease control1 fertilization1 and many questions relating to harvesting1 packing and marketing the crop4 ,on the other hand1 suppose you were to attend a meeting of peony1 delphinium1 or dahlia growers4 ,you would find not only an entirely different type of question under discussion1 but an entirely different atmosphere4 ,now1 are the problems of those who are interested in nuts more like those of the peach or the delphinium grower8 ,you probably have your own answer to that question4 ,at least1 answers are coming to your mind4 ,to my way of thinking--though of course ,i may be wrong--the kind of problem that presents itself to the person who is interested in growing nuts is more like the type that presents itself to those who are interested in dahlias or delphiniums or sweet peas than the problems that present themselves to the pear or cherry grower4 ,in other words1 it seems to me as though the problems of the nut grower are essentially the problems of the amateur4 ,that does not mean they are less important or less interesting than they would be were the industry on more of a commercial basis like peach growing4 ,about a year ago ,i was talking with ,dr4 ,magness of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry and the discussion happened to turn to nuts4 ,i knew that within the preceding six months ,dr4 ,magness had covered most of the southern states where the pecan is grown commercially and had occasion to give considerable attention to the problems of the pecan industry4 ,i asked1 ,what percentage of the commercial pecan growers at the present time are producing #a1jjj pounds of cured nuts to the acre8 ,he replied1 ,don't ask me what percentage4 ,we can't talk about it in those terms4 ,you can probably list on the fingers of one hand the growers who1 year in and year out1 are producing pecans at the rate of a thousand pounds to the acre1 and certainly you can on the fingers of two hands4 ,to me that was a rather striking statement4 ,dr4 ,magness may not have been entirely correct in his answer1 but he was probably not far off4 ,anyway1 the percentage of commercial pecan growers obtaining really large yields is extremely small4 ,in the ,pacific ,coast ,states1 a larger number and a larger percentage of the walnut growers regularly produce a thousand pounds of cured walnuts to the acre1 though there are more who average #ejj or #fjj pounds4 ,as yet1 in any of our retail markets you may purchase first class named varieties of pecans at from #be;c to #dj;c a pound4 ,the same thing is true of ,english walnuts4 ,if the cultivated varieties of the black walnut1 hickory and the chestnut are to be put on the market in quantity1 they will come into competition with the pecan1 ,english walnut1 almond and ,brazil nut4 ,this means that they must sell at comparable prices4 ,therefore1 one of the principal problems of the nut industry1 as ,i see it1 just as with delphiniums or the peony or the dahlia or iris or in others that ,i might mention1 is the problem of plant materials1 more specifically1 the breeding or discovery of varieties that are superior and that consequently can really compete with the ,english walnut and pecan and that likewise are productive and that can be produced at a low cost4 ,as a matter of fact1 in all of your meetings up to the present time the finding1 testing1 and the evaluating of chance seedlings that appear to be of promise has constituted not only an essential but one of the larger features to claim attention4 ,furthermore1 ,i believe it will continue to claim attention for many years to come4 ,practically all of your present materials1 from the ,fairbanks hickory to the ,thomas or ,stabler walnut1 have just happened--that is1 occurred as chance seedlings4 ,they have been found and recognized as something a little better than the general run4 ,someone has brought them to the attention of the public1 your ,association placed approval on them1 and they have been propagated and finally become more or less disseminated4 ,i presume that by a more thorough combing of the territory more good material will be found and brought to the front4 ,however1 after you do a certain amount of combing1 you eventually exhaust the resources4 ,nevertheless1 when that time comes in a matter of this kind1 a good deal more can be done4 ,if the plum or grape grower had stopped when he had scouted all of the territory where vines are native and had introduced into cultivation the best of the chance seedlings that nature had given us1 we wouldn't have the grapes or plums or other fruits that we have today4 ,at this point ,i wish to make a suggestion as to one thing that this association1 as an association1 and perhaps some of its members as individuals1 can give some attention to as a part of your program in the years to come4 ,it is the job of breeding superior varieties of nuts1 because much improvement is called for in walnuts1 hickories1 and the other kinds before they are all that you or the consuming public wants of them4 ,the situation is essentially the same with nuts as with other fruit and ornamental plants4 ,we have some pretty good peaches1 but ten years from now the producers in ,michigan will be growing very few of the varieties that they are growing today1 and ,i dare say that twenty-five years from now they will be growing hardly any of them4 ,we have some very attractive delphiniums and dahlias1 but in #aiej few of today's favorites will be in cultivation4 ,they will be superseded by new and superior varieties4 ,in #aiej1 or #aige1 we should be growing nut varieties that are far superior to what is available at the present time4 ,to say that there is room for much improvement sounds all right1 but who is going to effect it8 ,nut trees are not the easiest things in the world to grow4 ,they require a long time to come into bearing1 and it is almost out of the question for a person of middle age to undertake a breeding project with a crop like the black walnut or northern hickory and expect to get anywhere4 ,even if an ,experiment ,station undertakes a problem of this kind1 there is the likelihood that it may be dropped before much will have been accomplished1 for the person who starts it may go somewhere else or be compelled to divert his attention to something else1 while the person who succeeds him has no interest in the project4 ,that has happened time and time again with investigations of many kinds1 but it has been particularly true of breeding projects4 ,if we are ever to make any real progress in the breeding of nuts1 one of the first things we need to know is the value of the different materials with which we have to work and the varieties that are used as parents4 ,the ,stabler1 ,thomas and ,ohio are relatively superior black walnuts1 but we do not know which is the best of these for breeding for size or vigor of tree or productivity or quality of nut or any other quality4 ,we haven't the slightest idea4 ,yet before really scientific plant breeding work can be initiated1 there is need of information as to which of these can be depended on for transmitting to its offspring certain specific qualities4 ,through experiment and experience we have learned some of these things with regard to some of the other fruit and ornamental crops4 ,for instance1 we know that the ,j4 ,h4 ,hale is not only a wonderful variety in itself1 but that it has the ability to produce superior progeny4 ,certain other varieties lack this ability4 ,so1 doubtless1 it is with nuts4 ,how are we to obtain this information8 ,if your ,association could get two or three growers1 say here in ,michigan1 to inbreed the ,stabler walnut and grow the resulting seedlings--perhaps a thousand in number--to fruiting age and someone somewhere else to do the same with the ,thomas and with the ,ohio and other varieties1 it would not be long before a body of information would be collected that would furnish a definite basis for the scientific breeding of nuts4 ,incidentally1 the chances are that some of this first group of seedlings would be superior and ,i believe that the chances are better than #ej-ej that the resulting nut orchard would be a fairly good one4 ,where are you going to get these inbred seeds8 ,that probably is what you can put up to your experiment stations4 ,for instance1 ,i am inclined to think that ,mr4 ,neilson1 if he found out that there is a member of this organization that is willing to grow a hundred inbred seedlings of the ,stabler or ,thomas to maturity1 would undertake to hand-pollenize the flowers for that number of seeds1 you would have a start in the direction of developing superior varieties of nuts4 ,i don't mean to say that by undertaking a thing like this you should pay less attention to looking for native trees that are superior1 but your problem now1 and for the next thirty years1 with northern nuts1 is one of materials and the method of procedure that ,i have suggested would put it on a basis of a fairly definite breeding project4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think it is self-evident that this association came here to ,battle ,creek for its convention this year principally because of the work that has been started by the ,michigan ,state ,college4 ,we think that the states and the national government ought to do just what you are doing here1 and the power of the association is going to be back of those projects in the future4 ,to our sorrow1 and ,i'd say to the loss of the entire nation1 several very valuable plantings have been started and the passing of the owner has made it necessary that they be abandoned1 and in some cases lost entirely2 in others a few of the trees have been transplanted4 ,we feel that if these specimen trees can be maintained on state and national property1 it will serve to call attention to this nation's potential resources1 which are not appreciated at present4 ,the #aicd ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,contest ,by ,,carl ,f4 ,,walker1 ,cleveland ,heights1 ,ohio ,the first prize contest confined to the state of ,ohio to discover superior seedling black walnuts was conducted in the fall of #aicc by the ,ohio members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association in co-operation with the farm paper1 the ,ohio ,farmer4 ,the original announcement was made in mid-,september and several follow-up articles were published1 including some illustrations4 ,further publicity was obtained by mailing press copy to the rural newspapers throughout the state4 ,the response was generous with #cjc persons mailing in #dbc samples of black walnuts4 ,these came from all sections of the state1 indicating a universal interest over the entire area4 ,the first package of nuts arrived on ,september #beth and for the next six weeks few further sample lots were received4 ,during the latter part of ,november and up to the date of close of the contest1 ,december #ae1 the entries were mailed to the judges in quantity4 ,this period coincided with inclement weather when outdoor farm work could not be carried on4 ,the growing season had been abnormal due to a lack of precipitation and it is believed that the nuts were not as large nor as well filled as could be expected in a normal season4 ,defoliation through caterpillar attack had been severe1 especially in the northern third of the state1 and this condition may also have affected the normal development4 ,the kernels of many lots were shrunken and since these included some nuts which would otherwise be given a high score1 the method of judging by points1 partly mathematically determined1 was used as a guide only1 rather than an exact means of choosing prize winners4 ,shell structure1 together with the shape and relative size of kernel cavity1 was the determining factor in choosing the prize winners4 ,no differential for kernel color was made1 for it was recognized that this was dependent in part upon the method used in harvesting and in handling the nuts4 ,the varieties that were poorly sealed were discarded4 ,all of the prize winners1 on the basis of the merits of the nuts1 are considered worthy of propagation for home or experimental orchard planting4 ,the locations of the parent trees give a sufficiently general coverage for the entire state for the selection of a variety to propagate for almost all climatic and soil conditions in any part of the state4 ,this1 in itself1 is considered the advantage and the justification of a contest confined to a single state or a limited region4 ,also1 when residents of a state1 through a contest1 discover promising seedlings within their own state1 it is believed that there is created in the sponsors more incentive to compile continuous data about the new kinds than would exist when the prize winners are chosen from regions quite removed4 ,that so many examples were submitted was the result of excellent publicity by the ,ohio ,farmer4 ,the first prize was ten dollars1 the second five dollars1 the third three dollars and the remaining seven prizes were subscriptions to the ,ohio ,farmer of from five years to one year in length4 ,the prize winners were as follows3 ,first--,mrs4 ,willard ,brown1 ,rock ,bridge1 ,o4 ,second--,sam ,tritten1 ,lisbon1 ,o4 ,third--,b4 ,a4 ,cowle1 ,defiance1 ,o41 ,rt4 #h4 ,fourth--,w4 ,w4 ,janson1 ,jefferson1 ,ohio4 ,fifth--,harmon ,barnhart1 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,o41 ,rt4 #f4 ,sixth--,r4 ,e4 ,havice1 ,bellevue1 ,ohio1 ,rt4 #a4 ,seventh--,c4 ,h4 ,markey1 ,beallsville1 ,ohio4 ,eighth--,kermit ,c4 ,hoover1 ,glenford1 ,o4 ,ninth--,ralph ,h4 ,miller1 #cjj ,monroe ,st41 ,delta1 ,o4 ,tenth--,f4 ,c4 ,murphey1 ,sunbury1 ,ohio4 ,the final judging was done at the ,ohio ,state ,experimental ,station by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gourley1 ,chief of ,horticultural ,department1 ,walter ,h4 ,lloyd1 ,editor of the ,ohio ,farmer1 and ,carl ,f4 ,walker1 assisted by ,homer ,l4 ,jacobs of the ,davey ,tree ,expert ,co41 ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,editor of the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 and ,ray ,t4 ,kelsey of the ,ohio ,farmer4 ,,the ,,president3 ,that concludes the program4 ,there is just a little business to handle now4 ,before we go on to that ,i would like to call attention to ,dr4 ,deming's remarks about some of the old timers1 which ,i thought very touching1 interesting and instructive4 ,there are two foreign members of the association whom ,i have never met4 ,one is ,mr4 ,spence1 an ,englishman1 and the other ,mr4 ,wang of ,china4 ,mr4 ,wang was a life member4 ,the reports that ,i sent to him came back4 ,all letters came back4 ,i took it upon myself to write the ,commissioner ,general of the ,united ,states at ,shanghai1 ,china1 and call his attention to the fact that some twelve years ago ,mr4 ,wang secured through this association some black walnuts1 wanting to plant them along a certain highway in ,china4 ,the ,commissioner ,general answered1 saying they could find nothing about him1 and that the trees had not been planted where ,mr4 ,wang had planned4 ,i think ,mr4 ,wang must have died or moved away4 ,there is one item of business ,i think we should have1 and that is a brief report from ,mr4 ,ellis who was our delegate to the horticultural exposition at ,paris4 ,,mr4 ,,ellis3 ,in #aicj ,i was appointed your delegate to represent you at the ,paris ,horticultural ,congress4 ,i sent on the delegate's sheet4 ,i received a reply making me a member of that congress4 ,it went along about a month or two1 then the terrible depression came on and before going ,i thought it better to investigate4 ,so ,i wrote to ,washington and found out that no one was going from there4 ,i wrote to ,canada and no one was going from there4 ,they could not afford it4 ,i said1 ,it's going to cost me #hjj if ,i go4 ,then ,i found out that there was to be a similar congress in ,new ,york1 so ,i switched off and went to the congress at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 and ,i was very glad of it because ,i met a great many more men that ,i liked to meet than if ,i had gone to ,paris4 ,i wrote over to the congress at ,paris and sent another fee of the same amount1 because ,i knew they needed it1 saying that ,i'd decided not to go4 ,they had the congress4 ,the ,president was shot at about that time1 and that kind of broke it up4 ,i received accounts of all the proceedings4 ,they treated me very fairly1 in as much as they put me down as a delegate from the ,united ,states of ,america1 and ,i was the only delegate from the whole ,united ,states4 ,i don't suppose anyone else could afford to go1 so if ,i had gone over1 ,i should have been there all alone4 ,i said to myself1 ,it only cost me a hundred dollars to go out to ,ithaca1 so ,i saved #gjj4 ,i'm not going to make anything out of this4 ,so ,i took that #gjj and ,i gave it away for charitable purposes4 ,you know ,i gave you some4 ,i got a letter from one person privileged1 and ,i never had a more grateful and appreciative letter in my life4 ,the balance of that #hjj and more ,i gave to this purpose4 ,i gave some to the ,catholic ,daughters of ,america1 ,i gave some to the ,parent-,teachers' ,association1 ,i gave some to the schools1 and lots to the poor in one way or another4 ,i've sent five girls to different summer schools of religious education1 and a girl scout to a summer camp4 ,i helped them all out all around1 not only in my own district1 but in other places in different parts of the country4 ,so you got everything4 ,you got your delegate over there duly enrolled1 and you got some money when you most needed it1 and so did all those other people4 ,not only to the amount of #hjj1 but to a good deal more4 ,i feel better satisfied and ,i think that you all ought to be better satisfied4 ,if there is anyone that isn't satisfied1 let him get up and ,i'll argue it out with him4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i might state at this time that there will be another contest this year1 at least for black walnuts and hickories4 ,the prizes will be as follows3 first prize #aj1 second prize #e1 third prize #c1 fourth prize #b1 fifth prize #a1 and honorary mention for others4 ,instructions will be issued and anyone desiring to enter this contest should write the secretary for instructions4 ,it's understood1 ,i might say1 that the nuts will be sent to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington1 who has kindly consented to look after that work and report to a contest committee which will be named later4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will now have the report of the resolutions committee4 ,,resolution ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association assembled in convention at the ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg ,hotel1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan1 ,september #aj and #aa1 #aicd1 expresses its sincere appreciation of the courteous hospitality of the local committee on arrangements1 headed by ,prof4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson4 ,it would mention in particular ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,john ,harvey ,kellogg1 and the ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg ,hotel management4 ,it appreciates the use of the splendid auditorium and is grateful for the attractive bouquets arranged about the room4 ,the association heartily commends the nut work being done in the state of ,michigan with the aid of ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg and under the direction of the ,michigan ,agricultural ,experiment ,station and actively under the lead of ,prof4 ,neilson4 ,the association records its pride in the establishment and maintenance of #aae acres of nut trees for purposes of experimentation and variety testing4 ,in so far as known to the association there is no other tract of equal area in existence for this purpose4 ,be it resolved1 that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes of this meeting and that the secretary be instructed to send copies to ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,john ,harvey ,kellogg1 the ,kellogg ,hotel management1 ,director ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner and ,prof4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association records its extreme sorrow at the death of its active and able1 although but recently elected1 treasurer1 ,newton ,h4 ,russell of ,south ,hadley1 ,massachusetts1 on ,april #bg1 #aicd4 ,for many years ,mr4 ,russell was a very active member of the association1 a regular attendant at its conventions1 and a loyal supporter of its various activities4 ,the genial personalities of both ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,russell are greatly missed at this convention4 ,our deep sympathy is expressed to ,mrs4 ,russell and her children in their bereavement4 ,be it resolved1 that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes of this meeting1 and that the secretary be instructed to send a copy to ,mrs4 ,newton ,h4 ,russell4 ,resolutions ,committee1 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate1 ,chairman ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,a4 ,s4 ,colby4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i think that the thanks of the association are especially due to our president1 ,mr4 ,frey1 for having so successfully stepped into the breach for the completion of the arrangements for this meeting1 and for the very excellent program which he completed4 ,i think he should also be thanked for the separate notices which he sent out1 directing the attention of the persons coming to and going from this meeting to the nut orchards and other things of interest that may be seen on the way4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i thank you4 ,i might say that the suggestion for visiting interesting trees and nut plantings came from ,mr4 ,reed4 ,i want to call to your attention again that next year's meeting will be held at ,rockport1 ,indiana1 on ,september #i and #aj1 #aice4 ,the dues of this association are now only #b4jj1 and action taken at this convention will result in your receiving without additional charge the ,american ,fruit ,grower ,magazine1 which has been adopted as our official journal and included with the dues4 ,you also have the privilege of joining the ,american ,horticultural ,society for the fee of #b instead of #c4jj4 ,we are affiliated with that society and they allow to their affiliated associations the privileges of the members4 ,secure a membership and get the quarterly journal for the price of #b4jj4 ,we certainly recommend this association4 ,we think that you get your money's worth many times over and it does a great deal of good4 ,the only other item of business is a report from the nominating committee4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,your nominating committee reports through the chairman the nomination of the following members as officers for the ensuing year3 ,president--,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,frey1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,vice ,president--,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 of ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,secretary--,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 of ,geneva1 ,new ,york4 ,treasurer--,mr4 ,carl ,f4 ,walker1 of ,cleveland ,heights1 ,ohio4 ,for ,members of the ,executive ,committee--,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,frey1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,mr4 ,carl ,f4 ,walker1 ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson and ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder4 ,as ,dean of the ,association--,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 of ,connecticut4 ,as ,field ,secretary--,mr4 ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis1 of ,vermont4 ,i move that the secretary be authorized to cast one ballot for the election of the ticket nominated4 ,the motion was unanimously carried1 and the officers nominated by the committee were elected for the ensuing year4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i might say that ,i won't1 at least1 have to sing a swan song1 and ,i'm not going to take the time to make any speech of acceptance4 ,i appreciate your confidence in re-electing me and ,i am sure the other officers feel the same way4 ,we'll all do what we can for your interest and what we are all interested in4 ,sometimes we may be a little slow in getting results but with your help ,i think we can make progress4 ,the twenty-fifth annual convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association adjourned at #i3cj ,p4 ,m4 ,tuesday1 ,september #aa1 #aicd4 ,letter from ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly ,british ,columbia ,i have just returned from a six weeks' trip to the ,b4 ,c4 ,coast scouting for new nut trees and selling nut tree nursery stock4 ,the outstanding discovery of the trip is the ,rapier walnut tree4 ,this young giant was planted #bd years ago by ,mr4 ,rapier on ,texada ,isl4 ,i estimate this tree to be #fj to #gj feet in height1 the measured spread is #fj feet one way and #gj at widest point1 and other measurements as follows3 from ground to first limbs there is #h feet of straight trunk with a girth of #g feet one inch taken one foot above ground1 and at #f feet above ground girth is #fi inches4 ,the tree has cropped regularly since it was about #f years old4 ,the largest crop to date was produced in #aica totaling #ejj pounds4 ,the shape of nut is long oval1 size medium4 ,the flavor of those ,i tasted of the #aicc crop certainly was the sweetest ,i have tasted to date for this class of nut4 ,i have no definite information as to source of this tree1 but judge it to be a ,franquette seedling as that was the class of trees sold by the nursery from which the tree was purchased4 ,i have made arrangements for sample nuts from this year's crop and will send you some later4 ,this tree is well worth testing for hardiness as it is evidently self-fertile1 there being no other nut trees of the same age near by4 ,another discovery of interest from the nut breeding angle is the ,mc,donald walnut4 ,this is a hybrid ,english ,x4 ,j4 ,sieboldiana1 growing at ,west ,vancouver1 ,b4 ,c4 ,nut large and heavy shell1 but the best kernel cavity ,i have seen in any of these crosses4 ,the tree is a nice tree and leaves show distinct crossing4 ,this is the first year it has borne and it had #b nuts4 ,one shell ,i am sending you with other samples of new nuts4 ,the ,watt ,english walnut at ,penticton1 ,b4 ,c41 is proving a regular cropper of uniform large round nuts of good flavor4 ,this tree is a seedling from my own nursery4 ,i do not know from what tree it grew1 but it is worthy of testing for hardiness in districts north of present location as there is some evidence of hardiness4 ,i know this tree to be a good cropper but have no definite record of any one year's crop as the tree is located where many persons help themselves to the nuts4 ,the ,lindy walnut from the beaches at ,kelowna1 ,b4 ,c41 continues to make good tree growth and produce good crops of large round nuts with thin shells and well developed kernels of good flavor4 ,this tree is a seedling grown from a nut brought from ,kulu ,hills1 ,india1 in #aiab4 ,this tree is also worthy of trial for hardiness in districts north of present locations4 ,i do not know how this tree is as a self-pollenizer as there are two other trees near by of the same stock and planting4 ,i do know that seedlings grown from this tree make a good growth and look alike in the nursery row and are very uniform as to color and growth of leaf1 in striking contrast to seedlings from some other trees which vary a lot in every feature4 ,in heartnuts the newest ,i have of outstanding promise are from my own nursery4 ,two are now growing at ,peachland1 ,b4 ,c4 ,one1 the ,mac,kenzie1 is a vigorous1 well grown tree and bears regularly heavy crops of large1 rough-shelled heartnuts that are easily cracked4 ,the kernels are light in color and of good flavor4 ,the other1 the ,rover heartnut1 is a young tree just carrying a record crop4 ,tree is in a poor location on the edge of wild timber competing for soil space4 ,the nut is a big step in the elimination of the central division1 so pronounced in most heartnuts4 ,this is the outstanding feature of this nut4 ,cracking and other features are still undetermined but promising4 ,i have a number of others that are promising4 ,one is the ,flavo ,heart1 a heartnut and butternut cross4 ,this is a seedling of ,callender heart and butternut4 ,the outstanding features are the shape of nut1 flavor of kernel and ease of extraction4 ,this is its first crop4 ,from ,b4 ,d4 ,wallace ,portage la ,prairie1 ,manitoba ,i will endeavor to give you a short account of our progress in the culture of butternuts and black walnuts4 ,our success with butternuts has been due1 very largely1 to the method we adopted some twenty years ago and might be summed up in the following report4 ,from one hundred pounds of butternut seed1 which we secured in the fall of #aiad1 and which we planted the same season in ,october1 we got in the following year a splendid stand of seedlings which gave great promise the first summer4 ,during the winter of #aiae a great number of those seedlings were partially or altogether destroyed1 through the climatic conditions of the country4 ,but quite a number of them stood up in splendid condition4 ,after about three years we eliminated everything that did not stand up #ajj per cent and show a splendid growth4 ,we had in the neighborhood of fifty trees and thus1 through a survival of the fittest1 the foundation of this industry became established4 ,we distributed perhaps twenty or more trees to the ,experimental ,farm and other places4 ,these have all stood up1 as far as ,i can learn1 with splendid success4 ,this left about thirty of the original trees in our nurseries4 ,these thirty have never shown any sign of frost killing nor are they in any other way affected4 ,our trees commenced to bear in their sixth year1 in #aibj and have increased in size and fruiting year by year1 until today they are about thirty feet high with a spread of about thirty-six feet and are without question the most beautiful row of trees west of the ,great ,lakes4 ,we have grown at least one hundred thousand trees from the nuts taken from these trees1 which have been distributed over a very wide territory1 reaching from the northern part of ,ontario to the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,many of our customers have now their own trees bearing4 ,in addition to our selling the trees1 we offer to our customers one two-year-old butternut or horse chestnut with each ten dollar order sent in4 ,we took this method to get our nut trees into the hands of a great number of the people4 ,we have followed practically the same line with black walnuts1 but with less success than with butternuts1 as a very much greater percentage of the black walnuts went down4 ,notwithstanding that we have a number of trees which have survived in splendid condition4 ,one of these is bearing for its second year and one other is just bearing for the first time4 ,however1 we have a good deal of hardy wood1 as our trees are growing bushy and we intend to use the butternut seedlings for stocks on which to graft the black walnut4 ,by this method we will not have to wait so long to get a good supply of trees4 ,there is no question whatever about the future success of the butternut1 as we have this year the third generation of them bearing1 which is ample proof that they have become entirely acclimated4 ,the butternuts grow fully as large as in eastern ,canada1 as do also the black walnuts1 and as far as ,i can see the quality is equal if not better4 ,in addition to the butternut and black walnut1 we have made a complete success of the horse chestnut4 ,ours were planted in #aiad1 and commenced bearing about the same time as the butternut1 and we have grown great crops of nuts continually from that date to the present4 ,we are also trying out the heartnut1 both from young trees and from seed4 ,out of three different plantings that is planted the same year but in different sections1 one planting of six trees has stood up completely for the last three years1 whereas the other two freeze back a little4 ,in addition to these we are growing from seed the filbert1 which seems to be hardy1 but is not old enough to fruit yet4 ,however1 there is no question in my mind whatever that we shall succeed with all those different trees1 following our own method of only using wood and seed from those trees which are proof against the most severe climatic conditions4 ,we used this same method thirty-five years ago in laying the foundation for fruit growing4 ,out of twelve thousand of the hardiest fruit trees that we could buy from ,dakota and ,minnesota1 after three years we eliminated all but fourteen trees4 ,these were divided between standard apples1 crab-apples1 plums and plum hybrids4 ,by using northern ,russia plum seed and ,siberian crab seed for roots1 we have been able to lay a foundation for fruit growing in this western country that will live long after we are forgotten4 ,from ,vera ,nekiassena ,turkestan ,my opinion is there are two kin species growing in ,turkestan--,juglans regia ,l and ,j fallasc ,dode2 the first in the ,kopet-,dag1 the second in the ,fansha mountains1 in guissar and ,darwas4 ,the ,j4 regia is further cultivated in ,turkestan gardens and in the ,lowawschan ,valley4 ,the ,j4 ,kamaonia ,dode is occasionally to be observed likewise in gardens4 ,i did not chance to see it personally and am in possession of only one of its nuts4 ,both species 7the ,j4 regia and the ,j4 fallasc7 produce a great variety of nuts as to shape1 thickness of shell and size of kernel4 ,both these species have been united by some authors 7,mr4 ,m4 ,popof in ,bull4 of ,applied ,botany of ,genetics and plant breeding ,,xxii ,n#c 7#aibi71 p4 #bid7 into one--that of ,j4 regia but always distinguishing the ,kopet-dog nuts in the jsp4 turcomanica ,popof2 difference between them being certainly esctant4 ,the number of leaflets of the ,j4 fallasc amounts to #b-d1 they are rounder and more obtuse1 the shell of the nut is thicker and also rounder and smaller4 ,the number of ,j4 regia leaflets is #c-e1 they are narrower and more pointed 7lance shaped71 the nuts more elongated1 larger and their shell thinner4 ,having been for my part mainly occupied with the geographical distribution of nuts without regard to the variation of the fruit shape1 ,i would recommend you to apply for a choice of nuts to ,mr4 ,gursey1 7,caucasus1 ,pjabigorsx71 who is making a special study of the problem4 ,for cultivation in the north you will be interested in ,j4 ,manshurica originating in the ,far ,east and very hardy4 ,it is cultivated and produces fruit in ,leningrad1 young specimens of it were planted on the ,solovetsky ,islands in the ,white ,sea and there outlived excellently4 ,concerning the list of trees appended to your letter1 ,i can give you the following information4 ,j4 ,regia grows well in the park of ,botanic ,institute in ,leningrad1 attaining #h-aj ,m42 in the southern part of ,smolensk district the tree produces fruit as far as ,minsk4 ,there is a considerable number of fruit producing specimens in the ,masir district in the north of ,white ,russia4 ,j4 ,sieboldiana freezes up in cold winters in ,leningrad4 ,j4 cinerea is very hardy and effects self-polinasation in ,white ,russia2 near ,kasan there is one specimen producing about #ajj fruits yearly4 ,j4 rigra produces fruits in ,koslon4 ,corylus ,colurna--a large old specimen esctant in ,leningrad rather frequently observed in many parks of ,european ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,acellana is widely spread in a wild state attaining ,ladoga-laxe4 ,c4 ,mascima frequently in the ,crimea and the ,caucasus4 ,castanea ,sabiva grows in the ,caucasus only1 and cultivated in ,urraina4 ,castanea ,henryii ,corylus chinensis4 ,c4 ,lacquement and ,cticstica ,i do not know in ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,seguinu1 ,c4 ,crensta and ,c4 ,mollissima1 separate strains probably to be had in ,suchum4 ,from ,divisional ,forest ,officer ,utilization ,division1 ,baramulla ,kashmir ,there are two distinct species of of walnut growing here4 ,one which grows from #c1ejj to #g1jjj feet above sea level near about habitations and on rich fertile soil has got good big sized nuts which are very easy to break even with the pressure of hand1 and about which you probably seem interested4 ,the other species grows higher in the forest up to about #aa1jjj feet elevation4 ,it has hard nuts which cannot be broken easily and have moreover very little kernel as compared to former species4 ,even the timber of both the species is distinctly different1 in as much as the former has dark gray color and the latter has reddish gray4 ,regarding nomenclature the botanists differ4 ,the former species is named ,juglans regia hin4 ,the latter species which is wild may be called ,juglans fallax1 ,dode or ,juglans ,kamaonia1 ,dode1 but actually it is a bit different from either and is something midway between the two and so is yet to be determined properly4 ,corylus colurna is the only species of ,corylus found here out of your list4 ,b4 ,the altitudes of walnut zone has been stated above4 ,corylus ,colurna also grows between #h1jjj and #aa1jjj feet4 ,both the walnut species are confined to ,kashmir and ,chamba states1 while ,corylus ,colurna grows all over the ,himalayas4 ,c4 ,the maximum height and girth of a tree ,i have felled was #ajj ft4 and #ae ft4 respectively4 ,this tree grew in a forest at #i1jjj foot altitude amongst firs4 ,trees growing outside in the fields in the open are sometimes bigger in girth but their bole is very short and the height also is small compared with forest grown trees4 ,the trees growing in the fields in the open are of soft rind species4 ,d4 ,the trees growing in the fields and of soft rind species are generally fast grown and they have about #h to #aj rings to an inch4 ,the trees growing in the forest have about #af to #bj rings to an inch4 ,e4 ,the length of frost-free season depends upon the situation and locality1 generally from ,may to ,september there is no frost1 the rest of the season has frost4 ,f4 ,the maximum temperature is #ib degrees1 while the minimum is many points below zero when the country is snow-bound all over4 ,there is snow in the forests for about six months4 ,g4 ,the average annual rainfall is between #ed and #cd inches in the year1 according to the locality4 ,h4 ,all the walnut trees are grown for extraction of oil from their nuts4 ,this oil is used for cooking purposes1 in place of fats and butter4 ,when the tree gets old or gets diseased1 it is felled and timber is used for making furniture and carving4 ,kashmir walnut carving is well known4 ,i4 ,hazel trees grow wild in the forest1 the hazel nuts are collected and are eaten4 ,sometimes these nuts are exported to ,british ,india1 where kernels are used chiefly to adulterate almond kernels4 ,corylus has not been grown here as a garden tree and so ,i do not know its requirements of germination4 ,i will however be thankful to you if you could kindly send me a little fresh seed1 ,c4 ,colema1 to grow it here in ,kashmir4 ,some years ago ,i had sent for the seeds of ,rhamnus ,purshiana from ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,this was sown here but it did not germinate4 ,i shall feel obliged if you could let me know the requirements of this species1 that is1 the situation1 soil1 et cetera1 which this species demands4 ,rhamnus dahuricus grows wild here as a small shrub4 ,do you think ,i can get ,american species by grafting my species with ,rhamnus ,purshiana scions8 ,communication from ,john ,w4 ,hershey1 #aicd ,i called at the experimental nut planting place of the late ,j4 ,w4 ,waite1 at ,normandy1 ,tennessee1 on ,june #ast and found he had been dead about eight months4 ,i talked with a native who told me he was one of the most plucky men he had ever seen1 having had1 because of some disease1 both legs amputated1 was all crippled up otherwise1 and traveled in a wheel chair4 ,he even use to milk cows and drive around in an old buggy4 ,this setting at the ,waite place is going to be of immense value to the ,t4 ,v4 ,a4 tree crop program4 ,i met the daughter who knew very little about the trees1 but the first thing she mentioned was the wonderful nuts they got off the ,mc,calister tree4 ,i could identify a few of the trees but will not make much progress at it until this fall1 when the nuts are ripe4 ,they are heavily set with bloom now4 ,to assist me in this work1 ,i am wondering if the ,association has anything in its files pertaining to the varieties that he has4 ,as you know1 one can identify a tree quicker if he knows what he is looking for4 ,letter ,from ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel ,pleasantville1 ,iowa1 ,september #e1 #aicd ,yesterday1 when coming home1 we drove around 7which was not out of our way7 to see those walnut trees about which you made inquiry4 ,the ,freel tree has been topped and it has made a wonderful growth this year and is going to make a very pretty tree4 ,the ,marion has a few walnuts on this year1 but they are falling off due to the dry weather this year4 ,last year it was loaded4 ,the ,metcalf tree has some on but1 like the others1 most all of them have fallen off4 ,it was also full last year4 ,the ,worthington tree also had some on this year1 but have all fallen off4 ,it also had walnuts on last year4 ,i have never known any of these trees to be a complete failure unless it would be this year due to the drought which has been pretty severe with us4 ,we have had no garden to speak of and the crops in this section have almost been a complete failure4 ,the ,wheeling tree had walnuts on last year but ,i have been unable to get out there this year4 ,it is off the gravel road and it has been raining here for the last two days4 ,i have not been able to get out to the hickory nut trees4 ,they had some nuts on last year but not very plentiful4 ,i have noticed along the highways1 as we would be driving along1 that some of the hickory nut trees were full and others would not have any on1 but do not know as yet how the drought will affect them4 ,i wish we could attend the convention1 but it will be impossible for us this year4 ,letter ,from ,geo4 ,w4 ,gibbens ,godfrey1 ,illinois1 ,september #f1 #aicd ,the ,mid-,west ,nut ,growers' ,association is not functioning4 ,there will be a normal crop of black walnuts in this section of the state4 ,the hickory and pecan crop is very light4 ,the chestnut crop will be light4 ,many of our chestnut trees were killed by the drought this summer4 ,some young trees on cultivated land will develop nuts1 and a few of the older trees may do so4 ,for many years here 7,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ,farm7 we have been trying to grow the ,english walnut to bearing size4 ,this year we have a young tree that is bearing4 ,it is the ,alpine4 ,i wish we could attend the convention4 ,letter ,from ,fred ,kettler ,platteville1 ,wisconsin ,in regard to the ,kettler walnut tree here3 ,it seems to be gradually dying2 has many dead branches1 which is caused by the drought we have had the last few years4 ,we should get #be to #cj inches rainfall a year and we had only #h or #aj last year and about that same amount this year4 ,the ground is wet down only about #ae inches on top4 ,below that it is dry4 ,the old tree had quite a few nuts on this year4 ,however1 most of them were blown off by a cyclone six weeks ago4 ,there is about a peck of nuts on the tree now4 ,all walnuts here are only half a crop on account of the ,june beetle and the weather conditions1 and they are quite small nuts1 the weather being so dry4 ,i grafted #aej of the ,wisconsin ,no #a1 or ,kettler walnut4 ,it was boiling hot here in ,april and ,may and it again spoiled it for me4 ,we watered them every day and shaded them1 but the heat and dry1 hot dirt was too much4 ,all were grafted on young yearling trees close to the ground where ,i covered them with dirt4 ,many started1 but died later2 anyway1 ,i succeeded in getting six more nice trees started 7one to three feet tall now74 ,my tree from last year is about five feet tall and made some side branches2 so you see ,i am getting started4 ,i doubt if ,i can get any graft wood from the old tree next spring4 ,we are in the nursery business just in a small way4 ,we have only the best of varieties4 ,i have discovered also a thin-shell hickory nut with a wonderful meat4 ,i don't know if ,i will get any of the nuts this year as they have been stealing them every year1 ,i am told by the man who owns it4 ,i succeeded in getting one growing on a young pecan tree ,i had4 ,i think it is even better than my walnut4 ,i enclose one with a this year walnut sample4 ,the hickory is a last year sample4 ,what our country needs is timber on every farm from one acre to ten acres1 according to size of farm1 all over the ,united ,states4 ,then we will get more rain4 ,that would be a real crop control--instead of destroying crops like the ,new ,deal is doing4 ,planting a strip of timber from ,canada to the ,gulf will not help anyone4 ,we believe the brain-trusters need a doctor4 ,telegram ,sept4 #aa1 #aicd4 ,dear ,dr4 ,morris3 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association is in session in the ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg ,hotel1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan4 ,the members present are reminded that this is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the ,association4 ,it recalls with interest the first meeting held in ,new ,york ,city1 which was called to order by ,dr4 ,deming1 at which you became charter ,president1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage of ,washington1 charter ,vice ,president1 ,dr4 ,deming1 charter ,secretary4 ,it is the unanimous feeling of the present membership that the society for which you and the others so ably laid the foundation at that time has been abundantly justified by the accomplishments of the organization4 ,we are especially indebted to you for the able leadership from you which the ,association enjoyed1 not only while you served in an executive capacity1 but during the many years which followed while you were an active leading member1 and now for approximately ten years during which you have been ,dean4 ,we regret that impaired health makes it impossible for you to attend meetings at present1 but we assure you that your name is not being forgotten nor is the work which you inaugurated being allowed to lapse4 7,signed by the members present47 ,catalogue of ,top-,grafted ,nut ,trees on the ,kellogg ,farm1 ,kellogg ,school ,grounds1 and ,kellogg ,estate4 ,place and ,variety ,species ,stock ,year ,grafted ,kellogg ,school-- #a4 ,fairbanks ,hybrid ,hickory ,pignut #aicc #b4 ,pleas1 ,des ,hicans ,pignut #aicd ,moines and ,mc,callister ,kellogg ,farm 7,farm ,lane7 #a4 ,broadview ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aica ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #b4 ,allen ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,wiard ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #c4 ,dennis ,shagbark ,pignut #aicd #d4 ,creager ,hybrid ,hickory ,pignut #aicd 7,hickory ,block7 #a4 ,fairbanks ,hybrid ,hickory ,pignut #aica #b4 ,rohwer ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #c4 ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc 7,mc,intyre7 #d4 ,haviland ,shellbark ,pignut #aica #e4 ,mc,callister ,hican ,pignut #aica #f4 ,burlington ,hican ,pignut #aicb #g4 ,des ,moines ,hican ,pignut #aicb #h4 ,creager ,hybrid ,hickory ,pignut #aicb #i4 ,dennis ,shagbark ,pignut #aicb #aj4 ,stanley ,shellbark ,pignut #aica #aa4 ,wiard ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #ab4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aica #ac4 ,des ,moines ,hican ,pignut #aicb #ad4 ,pleas ,hican ,pignut #aicd #ae4 ,cedar ,rapids ,shagbark ,pignut #aica #af4 ,mc,dermid ,english ,black ,walnut #aicc #ag4 ,shinnerling ,shagbark ,pignut #aicb #ah4 ,stratford ,shagbark ,pignut #aicb #ai4 ,hand ,shagbark ,pignut #aicb #bj4 ,rockville ,hican ,pignut #aica #ba4 ,rohwer ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #bb4 ,des ,moines ,hican ,pignut #aicb #bc4 ,stratford ,shagbark ,pignut #aicb #bd4 ,beaver ,hybrid ,hickory ,pignut #aicb #be4 ,gerardi ,hican ,pignut #aicd #bf4 ,creitz ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aica #bg4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicj #bh4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicj ,howell ,black ,walnut ,kellogg ,farm 7#ee acre field7 #a4 ,creitz ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #b4 ,rohwer ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,stambaugh ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,wiard ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,mc,dermid ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #c4 ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #d4 ,wilkinson ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #e4 ,wiard ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #f4 ,adams ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicd #g4 ,beck ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicd #h4 ,wiard ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #i4 ,franquette ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #aj4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aica ,rohwer ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,pasture ,field-- #a4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicj #b4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicj #c4 ,des ,moines ,hican ,bitternut #aicc and ,pleas ,hican #aicd #d4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aica #e4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aica #f4 ,wiard ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #g4 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicj #h4 ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #i4 ,crath ,no4 #b ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #aj4 ,mc,dermid ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #aa4 ,corsan ,chinese ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #ab4 ,carpenter ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,beck ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc #ac4 ,grundy ,black ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb ,franquette ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicc ,kellogg ,estate-- #a4 ,fairbanks ,hickory ,hybrid ,pignut #aica #b4 ,crath ,no4 #e ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #c4 ,burlington ,hican ,pignut #aicb #d4 ,stratford ,shagbark ,nursery ,tree #aicb #e4 ,faust ,heartnut ,japanese ,walnut #aicb #f4 ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #g4 ,crath ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #h4 ,alpine ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #i4 ,turkish ,hazel ,tree ,hazel 7colurna7 ,seedling #aicb #aj4 ,mc,dermid ,english ,walnut ,black ,walnut #aicb #aa4 ,burlington ,hicans ,pignut #aicb ,des ,moines #aicc #ab4 ,fairbanks ,hickory ,hybrid ,pignut #aica ,dennis ,shagbark #aica ,des ,moines ,hicans #aicc #ac4 ,fairbanks ,hybrid ,hickory ,pignut #aica ,burlington ,hican #aica ,des ,moines ,hican #aicb ,stratford ,shagbark #aica ,,exhibits ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,sterling1 ,ill4 ,bitternut ,no4 #a ,bitternut ,no4 #b ,shagbark--,shellbark cross ,no4 #a ,shagbark--,shellbark cross ,no4 #b ,shagbark--,shellbark cross ,no4 #c ,shagbark--,shellbark cross ,no4 #d ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind ,busseron pecan ,indiana pecan ,kentucky pecan ,major pecan ,greenriver pecan ,butterick pecan ,posey pecan ,mc,callister ,hican ,hican variety ,mr4 ,wilkinson suggests calling ,bixby in honor of the late ,willard ,g4 ,bixby4 ,ohio black walnut ,stabler black walnut ,thomas black walnut ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,frey1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,wheeling black walnut1 new find by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 #aicb ,worthington black walnut1 from ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 #aicb ,marion black walnut1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 #aicb ,freel black walnut1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa ,metcalf black walnut1 from ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel ,stabler walnut1 one lobe1 ,o4 ,h4 ,casper1 ,anna1 ,ill4 ,oklahoma seedling1 black walnut1 evidently ,j4 rupestris 7per ,dr4 ,waite1 pg4 #fa--aicb7 ,rohwer black walnut1 from ,john ,rohwer1 ,grundy ,center1 ,iowa ,grundy black walnut1 from ,john ,rohwer1 ,grundy ,center1 ,iowa ,kettler or ,wisconsin ,no4 #a1 from ,fred ,kettler1 ,platteville1 ,wisc4 ,shellbark hickory1 seedling ,no4 #a1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa ,shellbark hickory1 seedling ,no4 #b1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa ,cedar ,rapids shagbark hickory1 from ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,shinnerling shagbark hickory1 from ,chas4 ,shinnerling1 ,amana1 ,iowa ,hagen shagbark hickory1 from ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ontario1 ,canada ,du,chilly and other ,european filberts grown on his place in ,canada ,jones hybrid filberts1 corylus americana--corylus avellana ,photograph of ,corsan nut exhibit at ,canadian ,national ,exhibition ,craxezy1 butternut1 from ,union ,city1 ,mich4 ,from ,harry ,burgart1 ,michigan ,nut ,tree ,nursery ,mitchel hybrid heartnut1 from ,scotland1 ,ontario ,stratford hickory1 exhibited by ,mr4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,mr4 ,snyder says this is the best bearing hickory for his section in ,iowa4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,e4 ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,harris black walnut1 ,allegan1 ,mich4 ,thomas black walnut ,everett ,wiard black walnut1 ,ypsilanti1 ,mich4 ,glen ,allen black walnut1 ,middleville1 ,mich4 ,dan ,beck black walnut1 ,hamilton1 ,mich4 ,ten ,eyck black walnut ,adams black walnut1 ,scotts1 ,mich4 ,m4 ,s4 ,c4 ,campus heartnut1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,crawford heartnut ,mrs4 ,henry ,hanel1 heartnut1 ,williamsburg1 ,mich4 ,gellatly heartnut1 ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,lancaster heartnut1 ,graham ,station ,mc,kenzie heartnut1 ,b4 ,c4 ,mitchell heartnut1 ,scotland1 ,ont4 ,fred ,bourne1 heartnut1 ,milford1 ,mich4 ,w4 ,s4 ,thompson heartnut1 ,r4 #b1 ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ont4 ,english1 ,chatham1 ,ont4 ,mitchell butternut1 ,scotland1 ,ont4 ,col4 ,b4 ,d4 ,wallace butternut1 ,portage ,la ,prairie1 ,manitoba1 ,can4 ,korean pine nuts1 ,abbotsford1 ,p4 ,q4 ,w4 ,s4 ,thompson filbert1 ,r4 #b1 ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ont4 ,harry ,weber hazel1 ,r4 #b1 ,cleves1 ,ohio ,beck ,english walnut1 ,allegan1 ,mich4 ,w4 ,s4 ,thompson ,english walnut1 ,r4 #b1 ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ont4 ,larsen ,english walnut1 ,ionia1 ,mich4 ,english walnut1 from ,broadview1 ,b4 ,c4 ,mc,dermid ,english walnut1 ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ont4 ,clyde ,westphal pecan1 ,marcellus1 ,mich4 ,fairbanks hickory1 grown at ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,haviland hickory1 ,bath1 ,mich4 ,green hickory1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,mrs4 ,ray ,d4 ,mann hickory1 ,davison1 ,mich4 ,hill hickory1 ,davison1 ,mich4 ,lyle ,house hickory1 ,fowlerville1 ,mich4 ,miller hickory1 ,north ,branch1 ,mich4 ,pleas pecan and bitternut hybrid hickory ,burlington hican ,rowley chestnut1 ,orleans1 ,mich4 ,john ,e4 ,dunham1 chestnut1 ,oshtemo1 ,mich4 ,chinese chestnuts1 ,ridgetown1 ,ont4 ,,registration ,frank ,h4 ,frey1 ,chicago1 ,illinois ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,illinois ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,sterling1 ,illinois ,mr4 ,harry ,burgart1 ,union ,city1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,harry ,burgart1 ,union ,city1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,charles ,halder1 ,ceresco1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,anton ,burgart1 ,union ,city1 ,michigan ,mr4 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax1 ,michigan ,carl ,f4 ,walker1 ,cleveland ,heights1 ,ohio ,lennard ,h4 ,mitchell1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,lennard ,h4 ,mitchell1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,homer ,l4 ,bradley1 ,kellogg ,farm1 ,augusta1 ,michigan ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ontario ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania ,oliver ,t4 ,healy1 ,union ,city1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,anna ,h4 ,bregger1 ,bangor1 ,michigan ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,bangor1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,bangor1 ,michigan ,s4 ,e4 ,monroe1 ,chicago1 ,illinois ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,c4 ,m4 ,mc,crary1 ,augusta1 ,michigan ,c4 ,m4 ,mc,crary1 ,augusta1 ,michigan ,mildred ,m4 ,jones1 ,jones ,nurseries1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania ,mr4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,mrs4 ,harry ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,rollin ,h4 ,tabor1 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,ohio ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,l4 ,housser1 ,cloverdale1 ,ontario ,fae ,noverr1 ,enquirer and ,news1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis1 ,fair ,haven1 ,vermont ,joan ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,connecticut ,mrs4 ,oliver ,healy1 ,union ,city1 ,michigan ,mr4 ,howard ,w4 ,harris1 ,allegan1 ,michigan4 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #g ,mr4 ,scott ,healy1 ,otsego1 ,michigan4 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b ,mrs4 ,scott ,healy1 ,otsego1 ,michigan4 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b ,glen ,grunner1 ,coldwater1 ,michigan4 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #c ,leon ,ford1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,marshall ,moon1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,dean ,phillips1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,lawrence ,poole1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,evelyn ,alwood1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,martha ,richmond1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,irene ,va,vn ,de ,bogart1 ,vicksburg1 ,michigan ,cleone ,wells1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,herbert ,bush1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,dorothy ,jenney1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,cecelia ,plushnik1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,vernice ,fox1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,edward ,a4 ,malasky1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept1 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,t4 ,v4 ,hicks1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan4 ,r4 #c ,norman ,crittenden1 ,galesburg1 ,michigan ,arnold ,g4 ,otto1 ,detroit1 ,michigan ,miss ,mary ,barber1 ,kellogg ,co41 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,professor ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 ,m4 ,s4 ,c41 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan ,h4 ,a4 ,cardinell1 ,m4 ,s4 ,c41 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber1 ,apple ,creek1 ,ohio ,lila ,m4 ,gerber1 ,apple ,creek1 ,ohio ,dora ,e4 ,gerber1 ,apple ,creek1 ,ohio ,h4 ,w4 ,kaan1 ,wellesley1 ,massachusetts ,r4 ,s4 ,galbreath1 ,huntington1 ,indiana ,mrs4 ,r4 ,s4 ,galbreath1 ,huntington1 ,indiana ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,connecticut ,everett ,wiard1 ,ypsilanti1 ,michigan ,mrs4 ,e4 ,wiard1 ,ypsilanti1 ,michigan ,,books ,,and ,,bulletins ,,on ,,northern ,,nut ,,growing #a4 ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 #ahif4 ,out of print and out of date but of great interest4 #b4 ,the ,nut ,culturist1 ,fuller1 pub4 ,orange ,judd ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #aijf4 ,out of print and out of date1 but a systematic and well written treatise4 ,these two books are the classics of ,american nut growing4 #c4 ,nut ,growing1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 pub4 ,mac,millan1 ,n4 ,y4 #bnd edition #aica1 price #b4ej4 ,the modern authority1 written in the author's entertaining and stimulating style4 #d4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #aeja1 #aibf1 ,nut ,tree ,propagation1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 to be had free from ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a very full bulletin with many illustrations4 #e4 ,tree ,crops1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 pub4 ,harcourt1 ,brace ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #aibi1 price #d4jj4 ,includes the nut crop4 #f4 ,annual reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association from #aiaa to date4 ,to be had from the secretary4 ,prices on request4 #g4 ,bulletin ,no4 #e1 ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby4 #bnd edition1 #aibj4 ,to be had from the secretary4 ,price #ej cents4 #h4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #acib1 ,black ,walnut ,culture for both ,timber and ,nut ,production4 ,to be had from the ,supt4 of ,documents1 ,gov4 ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #e cents4 #i4 ,year ,book ,separate ,no4 #ajjd1 #aibg1 a brief article on northern nut growing1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 to be had free from ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aj4 ,filberts--,g4 ,a4 ,slate--,bulletin ,no4 #ehh1 ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y41 ,december1 #aicj4 #aa4 ,leaflet ,no4 #hd1 #aicb1 ,planting ,black ,walnut1 ,w4 ,r4 ,mattoon and ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 to be had free from ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ab4 ,harvesting and ,marketing the ,native ,nut ,crops of the ,north1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 #aicb1 mimeographed bulletin1 to be had free from ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ac4 ,dealers in ,black ,walnut ,kernels1 mimeographed bulletin by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 #aica1 to be had free from ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ad4 ,eastern ,nursery ,catalogues ,listing ,nut ,trees1 mimeographed leaflet to be had free from ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ae4 ,twenty ,years ,progress in ,northern ,nut ,culture4 ,a #dh-page booklet of valuable information and instruction by ,john ,w4 ,hershey4 ,nuticulturist1 ,downingtown1 ,penna4 ,price #be cents4 #af4 ,files of ,the ,american ,nut ,journal1 to be had from the publishers1 ,american ,nurseryman ,publishing ,co41 #ci ,state ,st41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,happy ,is the ,man ,who ,has a ,hobby ,,happy is the man who has a hobby1 runs the old saying4 ,and still happier is the hobbyist who regularly receives and reads ,,hobbies--,,the ,,magazine ,,for ,,collectors4 ,here1 in this interesting1 profusely illustrated1 #agj-page monthly you will find news1 pictures1 and information1 as well as buying1 selling and swapping ads1 in all branches of collecting4 ,,hobbies has a particularly fine and complete ,stamp ,collector's ,department--#dj or more pages each month devoted to stamp club news1 notes1 articles on stamps and stamp issuing countries1 department on precancels1 new issues1 and airmails1 and general information4 7,,hobbies1 by the way1 is the ,official ,organ of the great ,society of ,philatelic ,americans47 ,,hobbies is also the outstanding medium for the exchange of information1 news1 and advertising of interest to collectors of ,antiques1 ,autographs1 ,coins1 ,indian ,relics1 ,books1 ,firearms1 ,prints1 ,minerals1 ,shells1 ,glassware1 and many other collected articles4 ,it's fun to have a hobby1 and to know what others who share your interests are doing and thinking6 ,let ,,hobbies keep you posted6 ,and if you haven't a hobby as yet1 but would like to have one1 let ,,hobbies help you to find it6 ,subscribe to ,,hobbies6 ,sample ,copy1 #aj;c ,year's ,subscription1 only #a4jj ,lightner ,publishing ,corp4 #bhaj ,s4 ,michigan ,ave4 ,chicago1 ,illinois