,a ,,guide ,,to ,,me?ods ,,& ,,obs]vation ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,,/udies ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,obs]vation ,by ,,calv9 ,,ol9 ,,davis ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,,r& ,mc,n,a,l,l,y ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,copyright1 #aiad1 ,by ,r&1 ,mc,nally ,company ,! ,r&-,mc,nally ,press ,*icago ,,introduction ,! outl9es h]e) pres5t$ h gr[n out ( ! necessities ( a c\rse conduct$ by ! writ] 9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,! c\rse has be5 /yl$ ,me?ods & ,high ,s*ool ,obs]vations 9 ,hi/ory4 ,x has be5 op5 only to s5iors & graduate /ud5ts :o h specializ$ 9 hi/ory & :o expect to tea* t subject 9 high s*ools4 ,! "w has consi/$ ( "o class meet+ p] week = eighte5 weeks1 & ( tw5ty h\r-obs]vations ( hi/ory tea*+ 9 ! ,ann ,arbor ,high ,s*ool4 ,! outl9es1 !re=e1 7 design$ to s]ve z a guide to ^! obs]vations & z a basis = subsequ5t discussions4 ,9 ord] t ! /ud5ts might h a deep] appreciation ( ! mean+ ( hi/ory & ! v>i\s conceptions t h be5 held reg>d+ x1 & 9 ord] t !y might possess at lea/ a g5]al k ( ! place hi/ory has occupi$ 9 ! s*ools1 ! elem5ts compos+ hi/orical ev5ts1 & ! values attribut$ to hi/orical /udy1 x seem$ appropriate to preface ! special qu]ies respect+ me?od by "s introductory sugge/ions ( a g5]al "*4 ,?is fact expla9s ! inclusion ( su* mat]ial z is f\nd 9 ! fir/ few pages ( ! pres5t booklet4 ,9 ! hope1 !re=e1 t /ud5ts ( ,education 9 o!r colleges1 univ]sities1 & normal s*ools may f9d sugge/ions 9 ! mat]ial "h br\ght toge!r1 & t tea*]s 9 active s*ool "w may also receive "s practical help !refrom1 ! writ] has be5 enc\rag$ to place ! outl9es at ! disposal ( ! public4 ,if !y %all prove ( s]vice to 8 colleagues & _! /ud5ts else:]e1 8 aim & purpose w be fully met4 ,,calv9 ,,ol9 ,,davis ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,april1 #aiad ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction iii ,i4 ,,def9itions #a ,,ii4 ,,aspects ,,( ,,hi/ory #a ,,iii4 ,,s\rce ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,hi/ory #b ,,iv4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,purpose ,,& ,,cont5t ,,( ,,hi/ory #f ,v4 ,,notable ,,influ5ces ,,& ,,p]sons ,,t ,,h ,,modifi$ ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,c5tury #g ,,vi4 ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,curriculum #i ,,vii4 ,,value ,,& ,,aims ,,( ,,hi/ory #aa ,,viii4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,hi/ory #ah ,,ix4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,approa* ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,hi/ory #bb ,x4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,hi/ory #bc ,,xi4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ools #be ,,xii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,equipm5t #bf ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,pupil',s ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,equipm5t #bg ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,classroom #bh ,,xv4 ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson #bi ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,lesson #cj ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,recitation ,,lesson #ca ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,review ,,lesson #ce ,,xix4 ,,! ,,lesson ,,9 ,,civics #ce ,,xx4 ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,dogmatically ,,/at$ #cf ,,xxi4 ,,"s ,,positive ,,guides ,,& ,,sugge/ions #cg ,bibliography on ,me?ods #dj ,a ,select$ ,li/ ( ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,fiction #db ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,me?ods ,,& ,,obs]vation ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,,/udies ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,obs]vation ,i4 ,def9itions4 #a4 ,hi/ory is ! sci5ce ( ! developm5t ( m5 9 _! activity z social be+s4--,b]nheim4 #b4 ,hi/ory is ! biography ( a political society or commonweal?4--,arnold4 #c4 ,hi/ory is ! /ory ( man liv+ 9 social relations 9 ! _w4--,h9sdale4 #d4 ,hi/ory is a record ( ! actions ( m54--,anon4 #e4 ,hi/ory is pa/ politics4--,freeman4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,:i* ( ! above def9itions appeals to y mo/8 ,:y8 #b4 ,are !re any criticisms to be made respect+ any ( ! above def9itions8 #c4 ,:at common idea runs ?r\gh all ! above def9itions8 #d4 ,quote at lea/ "o o!r def9ition ( hi/ory4 #e4 ,=mulate = y\rself a ?or\ghly satisfy+ def9ition ( hi/ory4 ,,ii4 ,aspects ( ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,milit>y4 #b4 ,political & ,con/itutional4 #c4 ,ecclesia/ical4 #d4 ,economic1 ,indu/rial1 & ,comm]cial4 #e4 ,educational4 #f4 ,lit]>y4 #g4 ,social4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,:i* ( ! above m5tion$ aspects %\ld receive ! *ief emphasis 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool8 ,9 ! high s*ool8 #b4 ,w\ld ! con/itu5cy ( ! s*ools affect ! answ]8 #c4 ,w\ld ! ye> 9 :i* ! c\rse is (f]$ 9 ! high s*ool affect ! answ]8 #d4 ,c y "n o!r factors t w\ld affect ! answ]8 #e4 ,precisely :at phases ( hi/ory w\ld be includ$ "u ea* ( ! above aspects8 #f4 ,d ! aspects m5tion$ exhau/ ! categories8 #g4 ,s f> z y h obs]v$1 are ! practices 9 ! high s*ool1 respect+ ! aspects ( hi/ory to be taught1 9 accord ) y\r ideals & !ories8 ,,iii4 ,s\rce ,mat]ial = ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,prim>y ,s\rce ,mat]ial4 7a7 ,monum5ts1 inscriptions1 build+s1 tablets1 columns1 co9s1 tools & ut5sils1 tape/ries1 pott]y1 implem5ts1 & all ar*ological & antiqu>ian mat]ial4 7b7 ,legal docum5ts1 e4g41 /atute books1 *>t]s1 petitions1 decl>ations1 decrees1 ord]s1 c\rt records1 proclamations1 treaties4 7c7 ,lit]>y =ms1 e4g41 manuscripts1 notes1 books1 di>ies1 lett]s1 pap] money1 newspap]s4 7d7 ,n>rative mat]ial1 e4g41 biographies1 *ronicles1 memoirs1 & acc\nts ( cu/oms1 sup]/itions1 c]emonials1 etc4 #b4 ,quasi-,prim>y ,s\rce ,mat]ial1 or ! ,auxili>y ,s\rces ( ,hi/ory4 7a7 ,hi/orical geography1 involv+ a consid]ation ( ! orig91 mean+1 di/ribution1 & *anges ( geographical names4 7b7 ,e?nology & sociology4 7c7 ,geology1 paleontology1 & physical geography4 7d7 ,paleography1 or ! sci5ce ( anci5t writ+s4 7e7 ,diplomatics1 or treatises on (ficial docum5ts4 7f7 ,epigraphy1 or ! sci5ce ( inscriptions4 7g7 ,numismatics1 or ! /udy ( co9s4 7h7 ,languages4 #c4 ,second>y ,au?orities4 7a7 ,textbooks4 7b7 ,l>ge hi/orical works1 e4g41 ,p>kman's1 ,bancr(t's1 ,mc,master's1 ,fiske's4 7c7 ,biographies ( hi/orical p]sonages1 e4g41 ,! ,life ( ,cav\r2 ,! ,true ,george ,wa%+ton2 ,bism>ck4 7d7 ,comp5diums ( ,hi/ory1 e4g41 ,gre5's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 7e7 ,special treatises ( hi/orical epo*s1 e4g41 ,?waites' ,! ,colonies2 ,wilson's ,division & ,reunion4 7f7 ,encyclopdic articles1 e4g41 ,wat]loo 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica2 ,cyclop$ias ( ,hi/ory2 ,paul ,monroe's ,cyclopdia ( ,education4 7g7 ,diction>ies ( hi/orical names & ref]5ces1 e4g41 ,l['s ,diction>y ( ,engli% ,hi/ory or ,l>n$'s ,hi/ory = ,ready ,ref]5ce1 #f vols4 7h7 ,philosophical1 legal1 & con/itutional treatises be>+ on hi/ory1 e4g41 ,bryce's ,am]ican ,commonweal?2 ,o/rogorski's ,democracy & ,! ,p>ty ,sy/em2 ,montesquieu's ,! ,_s ( ! ,laws4 7i7 ,hi/orical novels1 e4g41 ,hugo's ,les ,mis]ables2 hi/orical dramas1 e4g41 ,%akespe>e's ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice2 hi/orical poems1 e4g41 ,longfell['s ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%2 hi/orical essays & monographs1 e4g41 articles 9 ! ,hi/orical ,review & o!r contempor>y magaz9es4 7j7 ,writ+s on local hi/ory1 e4g41 ,cooley's ,hi/ory ( ,mi*igan2 ,putnam's ,prim>y & ,second>y ,education 9 ,mi*igan2 ,mi*igan ,pione] ,collection ,articles4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,h[ c prim>y s\rce mat]ial be employ$ by tea*]s ( hi/ory 9 ! elem5t>y & high s*ool8 #b4 ,to :at ext5t ought x to be employ$8 #c4 ,w\ld ! c\rse ( hi/ory (f]$1 ! ye> 9 :i* x is taught1 & ! "* ( ! s*ool & its pupils1 affect ! answ]8 ,if s1 h[8 #d4 ,:at place 9 ! high s*ool has su* a book z ,hill's ,lib]ty ,docum5ts8 #e4 ,to :at ext5t d ! obs]vations made by y co9cide ) y\r views respect+ ! use ( prim>y s\rce mat]ial8 #f4 ,make a li/ ( t5 or m s\rce mat]ials y p]sonally c\ld use 9 y\r tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,:y w\ld y select ! mat]ial y h8 #a4 ,h[ c ! quasi-prim>y s\rce mat]ial be us$ 9 elem5t>y s*ools & high s*ools8 #b4 ,:at phases ( su* mat]ial d y plan to use8 #c4 ,:at is ! basis = y\r selection8 #d4 ,c\ld e high s*ool tea*] ( hi/ory make effective use ( ! mat]ial y m5tion8 #e4 ,:at d$uction foll[s f y\r answ]8 #f4 ,:at h be5 y\r obs]vations respect+ ! employm5t ( mat]ial ( ?is k9d8 ,w\ld su* mat]ial l5d itself to use 9 e recitation p]iod8 #a4 ,%\ld m ?an "o textbook be us$ 9 a giv5 c\rse 9 hi/ory8 ,:y8 #b4 ,does ! grade 9 :i* ! subject is taught affect ! answ]8 #c4 ,h[ c ! l>g] hi/orical works1 biographies1 & comp5diums ( hi/ory be us$ 9 ! high s*ool8 #d4 ,is x practicable to h special reports f su* s\rces made daily8 #e4 ,%\ld ! tea*] expect all pupils to make frequ5t special reports8 #f4 ,9 h[ f> is x feasible to supplem5t ! textbook by means ( def9ite class-read+s8 #g4 ,%\ld class-read+s be assign$ on a page basis1 or on a topical basis1 or be left to individual selection & spontane\s ef=t8 #h4 ,%\ld exact ref]5ces be giv5 or %\ld pupils be enc\rag$ to ma/] ! art ( f9d+ = !mselves1 )9 giv5 limits1 ! supplem5t>y data s\ght8 #i4 ,precisely h[ c a high s*ool tea*] make use ( su* a treatise z ,montesquieu's ,! ,_s ( ! ,laws8 #aj4 ,make a li/ ( at lea/ tw5ty selections f hi/orical novels1 hi/orical dramas1 poems1 essays1 & monographs t y1 z a tea*] ( hi/ory1 c\ld employ 9 ! high s*ool4 ,:at fact or ev5t w\ld y attempt to illu/rate by ea* ( ^! selections8 #aa4 ,:at use %\ld high s*ool tea*]s & pupils make ( mat]ial deal+ ) local hi/ory8 #ab4 ,:at con/itutes a good textbook 9 hi/ory = high s*ool use8 #ac4 ,make a li/ ( "s ( ! mod]n textbooks on ea* ( ! foll[+ phases ( hi/ory3 7a7 ,anci5t2 7b7 ,m$ival & ,mod]n2 7c7 ,engli%2 7d7 ,fr5*2 7e7 ,am]ican2 7f7 ,civil ,gov]nm5t4 ,:at w\ld be y\r fir/ & y\r second *oices ( texts 9 ea* ( ^! six divisions1 & :y1 specifically1 w\ld y make ^? *oices8 #ad4 ,:at texts are us$ 9 ! high s*ools y h obs]v$8 #ae4 ,:at s*ool au?orities ought to select ! texts to be us$ 9 ! high s*ool8 #af4 ,h[ f> h y\r obs]vations 9 ! high s*ool be5 9 accord ) y\r ideals & !ories ) respect to ! k9ds & uses ( hi/orical mat]ial ( all k9ds8 ,,iv4 ,conceptions ( ! ,purpose & ,cont5t ( ,hi/ory4#a #a4 ,z polite lit]ature3 ! ,greek & ,roman idea1 e4g41 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,livy1 ,sallu/1 ,cs>1 ,tacitus4 #b4 ,z annals & *ronicles only3 ! ,m$ival idea1 e4g41 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ,froiss>t1 ,e9h>d4 #c4 ,z a basis = gov]nm5tal policies & z a means ( int]pret+ lit]ature3 ! ,r5aissance idea1 e4g41 ,ma*iavelli1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio4 #d4 ,z a basis = !ological dogma & religi\s practices3 ! ,re=mation idea1 e4g41 ,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 & ! ,jesuits4 #e4 ,z a basis = int]pret+ legal in/itutions & practices3 ! idea ( ! #ag? c5tury1 e4g41 ! ,juri/s4 #f4 ,z a f\ndation = philosophical speculation & a means ( discov]+ ! deep] influ5ces t affect humanity & h5ce influ5ce action & produce ev5ts3 ! idea ( ! #ah? c5tury1 e4g41 ,voltaire & ,montesquieu4 ,voltaire held t human nature is ! same "u all circum/ances & at all times1 & h5ce s\ght to judge hi/orical ev5ts by ab/ract univ]sal /&>ds4 ,! natural man 0 8 ideal man4 ,montesquieu1 9 ,! ,_s ( ! ,laws1 s\ght to %[ t ev5ts 9 hi/ory are b ! manife/ation ( spiritual law1 z reveal$ 9 conditions ( climate1 geography1 soil1 natural res\rces1 racial temp]am5t1 etc4 #g4 ,z a f\ndation = p]sonal reactions1 e4g41 criticisms1 int]pretation1 moraliz+1 p]sonal philosophiz+1 or z m]e facts ent]ta9+ly told3 ! idea ( ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 #h4 ,hi/ory z sci5ce1 i4e41 z explanatory ( exi/+ social in/itutions1 cu/oms1 beliefs3 ! idea ( ! #bj? c5tury4 #a ,! fundam5tal purpose ( hi/orical writ+ has ev] be5 ! record+ ( ev5ts4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 diff]5t ages h /ress$ o!r aims4 ,v4 ,"s ,notable ,influ5ces & ,p]sons t h modifi$ ! ,conception ( ! ,mean+ ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury4 #a4 ,romantic ,s*ool 7late #ah? c5tury & e>ly #ai? c5tury71 ) its deep rev]5ce = ! ,middle ,ages4 ,h5ce sympa!tic treatm5t ( hi/ory4 #b4 ,h]d] 7#agdd-ahjc71 ) 8 philosophy ( becom+ or developm5t4 ,h]d] s\ght to %[ t all ev5ts are b ! manife/ation ( a deity /riv+ to "w out an ideal univ]se4 ,h5ce all ev5ts mu/ be judg$ by ! /&>ds ( ! "t & c\ntry 9 :i* !y appe>1 i4e41 be judg$ by ! *>act]i/ics ( ! age & p affect$4 #c4 ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca7 c>ri$ ! !ory ( ,h]d] to m complete conclusions4 #d4 ,niebuhr 7#aggf-ahca71 "o ( ! mo/ acute hi/orical critics & philologi/s ( mod]n times4 ,niebuhr 0 among ! fir/ to emphasize ! ne$ ( a critical exam9ation ( s\rce mat]ial1 & ( ! build+ up ! pa/ out ( ^! data4 #e4 ,ranke1 ,leopold von 7#agie-ahhf74 ,8 aim 0 to set be=e ! read] ! entire picture ( ev5ts ) _! causes1 relations1 & consequ5ces4 #f4 ,guizot1 ,franois ,p4 ,g4 7#aghg-ahgd74 ,8 great influ5ce 0 9 ext5d+ ! scope ( hi/ory s z to include univ]sal hi/ory1 n m]ely national hi/ory1 or ! hi/ory ( isolat$ & local ev5ts4 #g4 ,c>lyle 7#agie-ahha71 ?r\gh 8 ke5 insight into "* & 8 love ( h]o-wor%ip1 introduc$ ! vividly reali/ic & picturesque elem5t4 #h4 ,buckle 7#ahba-ahfb7 includ$ economic =ces 9 8 /udies & s\ght ! _s ( hi/ory ap>t f p>ticul> m5 & ev5ts4 #i4 ,macaulay 7#ahjj-ahei7 pres5t$ hi/orical philosophy & ! laws & !ories ( gov]nm5t 9 eloqu5t & fasc9at+ /yle1 ?us br++ to ! popul> m9d an int]e/ t _h h]et(ore be5 slight4 #aj4 ,fr\de 7#ahah-ahid71 9 *>m+ lit]>y /yle b ) c>elessness ( detail1 emphasiz$ ! p]sonal elem5t 9 hi/ory & set himself ! ideal ( simply record+ human actions )\t !oriz+ !ron4 #aa4 ,/ubbs 7#ahbe-aija7 introduc$ ! critical /udy ( m$ival s\rces into ,engl&1 employ$ exact me?ods ( "w1 & gave impetus to con/itutional hi/ory4 #ab4 ,gre5 7#ahcg-ahhc7 depict$ ! progress ( ! life ( ! p & dealt only incid5tally ) ! political hi/ory ( ! /ate4 #ac4 ,s*moll] 7#ahch- 7 emphasiz$ ! economic aspects ( hi/ory4 ,,vi4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,curriculum4 #a4 ,pre-,r5aissance ,p]iod3 ,incid5tal hi/orical /udy made 9 connection ) ! /udy ( biography & lit]ature4 #b4 ,r5aissance ,p]iod3 ,hi/orical /udies pursu$ z auxili>y to ! int]pretation ( ! classics4 #c4 ,po/-,r5aissance ,p]iod 9 ,europe4 7a7 ,h]aldry & local1 contempor>y hi/orical incid5ts & ev5ts taught 9 ,ritt]ak$emi5 aft] #afdh4 7b7 ,9 ,g]many1 ! sy/ematic /udy ( hi/ory 9 s*ools really dates f ab\t #ahjf1 ?\gh an indep5d5t /atus 0 giv5 hi/ory 9 ! univ]sities 7p>ticul>ly 9 ,gtt+57 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 7c7 ,9 ,france1 hi/orical /udy 0 introduc$ by ,guizot 7ab\t #ahcc7 b receiv$ no great att5tion until aft] #ahfj1 ?\gh !re 0 nom9ally a *air ( hi/ory 9 ! ,collge de ,france aft] #agfi4 7d7 ,9 ,engl&1 none b incid5tal att5tion 0 giv5 hi/orical /udy until aft] ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ?\gh !re 0 a pr(essor%ip ( anci5t hi/ory at ,ox=d 9 #afbb1 & pr(essor%ips ( mod]n hi/ory 7 f\nd at bo? ,ox=d & ,cambridge 9 #agbd4 #d4 ,hi/orical ,/udy 9 ,am]ica4 7a7 ,hi/ory 0 taught incid5tally by pr(essors ( philosophy 9 mo/ ( ! univ]sities f _! f\nd+4 7b7 ,yale _h a pr(essor%ip ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory 9 #aggh-agie4 7c7 ,h>v>d e/abli%$ ! fir/ pr(essor%ip 9 hi/ory 79 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m7 9 #ahci1 ,j>$ ,sp>ks be+ ! fir/ incumb5t4 7d7 ,columbia ,univ]sity & ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan e/abli%$ *airs ( hi/ory 9 #aheg4 7e7 ,yale e/abli%$ a *air ( hi/ory 9 #ahfe4 7f7 ,! fir/ sem9>y 9 hi/ory 0 e/abli%$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan 9 #ahfi by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,k4 ,adams4 7g7 ,g5]al hi/ory & anci5t hi/ory 7 f\nd 9 normal s*ools aft] ab\t #ahej4 7h7 ,9 second>y s*ools 7fir/ 9 academies1 !n lat] 9 high s*ools7 hi/ory 0 taught z a sep>ate /udy f ab\t #ahcj4 ,g5]al hi/ory or anci5t hi/ory receiv$ almo/ ! sole emphasis1 ?\gh ,engli% hi/ory 0 sometimes taught4 ,9 #ahdg ,h>v>d fir/ began ! practice ( requir+ hi/ory = admission4 7i7 ,hi/ory "w 9 elem5t>y s*ools grew out ( ! /udy ( geography1 & became a sep>ate /udy ab\t #ahde4 7j7 ,until ab\t #ahic ! only c\rse giv5 really s]i\s att5tion 9 ! high s*ool 0 t ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! classical c\rse4 ,! c\rses 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory1 ,engli% ,hi/ory & ,am]ican ,hi/ory 71 = ! mo/ "p1 booki%1 sup]ficial1 & devitaliz$4 7k7 ,! ,madison ,conf]5ce 7in/itut$ by ! ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 9 #ahib7 gave ! fir/ conc]t$ impetus to ! s]i\s /udy ( hi/ory 9 ,am]ican public s*ools4 7l7 ,! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,t5 ( ! ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 9 #ahic conta9s ext5sive & almo/ revolutioniz+ sugge/ions = improv+ ! organization1 /udy1 & pres5tation ( hi/ory 9 ! s*ools4 7m7 ,! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association 9 #ahif supplem5t$ ! contempor>y ef=ts at re=m4 7n7 ,! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,five ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association 9 #aijg embodi$ ! be/ ideas :i* ! decade _h develop$ look+ to fur!r improvem5t ( hi/orical /udy & tea*+4 7o7 ,! ,committee ( ,eight has /ill m rec5tly s\ght to p]fect ! art ( /udy+ & tea*+ ! subject4 ,,vii4 ,values & ,aims ( ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,psy*ological4 7a7 ,x develops ! p[] ( con/ructive imag9ation ?r\gh ! visualiz+ ( sc5es1 ev5ts1 & *>act]s1 & ! ef=t to put oneself back into ! pa/4 7b7 ,x tra9s ! reason+ faculty ?r\gh ! necessity ( analyz+ data1 seek+ causes & effects1 & foll[+ hi/orical developm5t :]ev] x may lead4 7c7 ,x develops ! p[] ( associative memory ?r\gh ! necessity ( br++ facts into _! ess5tial & def9ite relations4 7d7 ,x tra9s ! judgm5t1 ?r\gh requir+ ! m9d to make e/imates respect+ 7#a7 ,! probability ( ! fact record$4 7#b7 ,! possibility & probability ( accurate /atem5t on ! "p ( ! "o record+ ! ev5t4 7#c7 ,! effici5cy ( ! adju/m5t ( means to ends4 7#d7 ,! righte\sness ( ! act4 7#e7 ,! motives & ideals t dom9at$ ! act4 7e7 ,x develops ! p[] ( comp>ison ?r\gh dem&+ att5tion to simil>ities & diff]5ces 9 motives1 ag5ts1 means1 processes1 ev5ts1 places1 dates1 & results4 7f7 ,x develops ! p[] ( classification--( cord9at+ & subord9at+ data4 7g7 ,x develops ! habit ( =m+ g5]alizations f detail$ facts4 7h7 ,x gives a real conception ( ! mean+ ( "t1 ?r\gh ! consid]ations ( man's sl[ evolution 9 social relations4 7i7 ,x gives ability to take a l>ge view ( life's affairs & int]e/s1--to see ?+s 9 _! ess5tial relations4 #b4 ,social1 ,political1 & ,civic4 7a7 ,x gives habits ( analyz+ ! aims & motives ( m51 & ! means !y employ to atta9 _! ends1 i4e41 x gives insight into "* & h5ce makes social adju/m5t easi]4 7b7 ,x develops tol]ance = ! op9ions1 convictions1 & ideals ( o!rs1 & t5ds to prev5t h>d1 dogmatic1 & uncompromis+ judgm5ts & attitudes4 7c7 ,x gives appreciation ( ! civic & political in/itutions ( to-day--_! orig91 developm5t1 & purposes--& h5ce tea*es ! rights & obligations t are inh]5t 9 citiz5%ip4 7d7 ,x inspires patriotism ?r\gh ar\s+ noble emotions t revolve ab\t inh]it$ responsibilities4 ,a /udy ( ! times t tri$ m5's s\ls t5ds to =m s\ls t are capable ( endur+ trial4--,h9sdale4 7e7 ,x reveals ! sl[ evolution>y processes t op]ate 9 social life1 & h5ce t5ds to enc\rage "o to put himself 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( social evolution & to /rive = social bett]m5t :ile he at ! same "t is pati5t ) exi/+ conditions4 7f7 ,x breaks d[n prov9cialism ?r\gh reveal+ ! relations1 common traits1 & int]dep5d5ce ( "o community ) ano!r1 & "o nation ) all o!r nations4 #c4 ,moral & ,religi\s4 7a7 ,x habituates to weigh+ motives & actions z reg>ds _! righte\sness4 7b7 ,x implants ideals ( p]sonal "* by disclos+ ! p]sonal qualities & moral accompli%m5ts ( m5 & wom5 :o h1 9 l>ge ways1 affect$ hi/ory1 & :o h 9 consequ5ce receiv$ la/+ honor & r5[n4 7c7 ,x tea*es u to see some?+ ( ! intangible =ces t ov]ride p]sonal pref]5ces & h9d] ! direct application ( pr9ciples s9c]ely held4 7d7 ,x inspires a love ( tru?4 7e7 ,x develops *>ity = ! pa/2 =be>ance = ! pres5t2 & fai? & hope = ! future4 #d4 /hetic 7appeal+ to ! s5se ( ord]1 beauty1 & proportion74 7a7 ,x /irs to an appreciation ( ! beauties ( man's h&work 9 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 musical & lit]>y =m1 indu/ry & comm]ce4 7b7 ,x reveals ! beauties ( human g5ius 9 adapt+ in/itutions & gov]nm5tal =ms & processes to desir$ ends4 7c7 ,x ref9es & enri*es ! emotions by br++ !m into contact ) ! emotional expressions ( ! race4 7d7 ,x develops lit]>y expression1 & a ta/e = good read+4 7e7 ,x ?rills & inspires1 & incites to m ?or\gh-go+ ef=ts to atta9 ideals ( proportion & ord]4 #e4 ,practical4 7a7 ,x aids 9 int]pret+ _m allusions 9 lit]ature & curr5t expressions4 7b7 ,x vitalizes geography4 7c7 ,x gives a p]spective = view+ all o!r bran*es ( /udy1 & h5ce = a fair] compreh5sion ( !m4 7d7 ,x makes ! exp]i5ces ( travel intelligible4 7e7 ,x gives a fund ( in=mation = use 9 conv]sation & public utt]ances4 7f7 ,x breaks d[n prov9cialism2 develops tol]ation1 sympa?y1 & human int]e/2 & h5ce makes int]c\rse ) fell[m5 m frictionless & cordial4 7,see ,social ,value47 7g7 ,x creates an int]e/ 9 ! res\rces1 raw mat]ials1 tools1 & processes ( "o's vocation1 & fo/]s pride & cont5tm5t ) labor4 7h7 ,x expla9s racial1 economic1 religi\s1 & social cleavages & prejudices1 & makes = a tru] democracy ( feel+4 7i7 ,x gives insight into legal1 gov]nm5tal1 & bus9ess in/itutions & =ms1 & h5ce makes easi] ! adju/m5t to gov]nm5tal & bus9ess requirem5ts4 7,see ,social ,value47 #f4 ,cultural or ,p]sonal4 7a7 ,x gives an elevat$ viewpo9t f :i* bett] to obs]ve all aspects ( civilization to-day & !reby to compreh5d !m m fully4 7b7 ,x furni%es an inexhau/ible s\rce ( pleasure & satisfaction = leisure h\rs & = ! consolation ( old age4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,c y "n any o!r values t %\ld be includ$ 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory8 #b4 ,does ! /udy ( hi/ory yield equal value 9 ea* ( ! gr\ps m5tion$8 #c4 ,:i* "o ( ! gr\ps ( values seems to y mo/ important & h5ce %\ld receive greate/ emphasis8 #d4 ,c y sugge/ o!r items "u ea* gr\p ( values8 #e4 ,illu/rate h[ a tea*] might proce$ to ex]cise ! p[] ( 7a7 imag9ation2 7b7 reason+2 7c7 memory2 7d7 judgm5t2 7e7 comp>ison2 7f7 classification2 7g7 g5]alization4 #f4 ,f y\r obs]vations d ! tea*]s consci\sly /rive to realize ^! values 9 ! class8 #g4 ,d ! tea*]s seek to get back ( ! records ( ev5ts & to discov] ! motives1 ideas1 & ideals t produc$ ^? ev5ts8 ,:at is ! me?od us$ to d s8 #h4 ,d ! tea*]s assume h>d1 dogmatic1 & uncompromis+ attitudes t[>d ! int]pretation ( ! facts1 or d !y give /ud5ts opportunity to use _! own judgm5t8 #i4 ,does x seem to y t /ud5ts really d put !mselves back 9 imag9ation & live ?r\gh ! p]iod !y are /udy+8 ,:at is ! secret ( atta9+ ?is ideal8 #aj4 ,are /ud5ts con/antly seek+ = causes ( ! hi/orical ev5ts8 ,h[ does ! tea*] secure ?is ef=t8 #aa4 ,are ! textbook facts rememb]$ l>gely z words1 or d ! /ud5ts really ent] into ! _s & significance ( !m8 ,:at evid5ces h y = y\r conclusions8 #ab4 ,does rote memory or associative memory receive ! emphasis8 #ac4 ,does ! tea*] correlate ! hi/ory lesson ) o!r subjects ( /udy8 ,if s1 h[ is ?is done8 #ad4 ,does ! tea*] correlate ! hi/ory lesson ) ! life int]e/s ( ! pupils8 ,if s1 h[ is ?is done8 #ae4 ,does ! tea*] expla9 ! in/itutions1 =ms1 & proc$ures ( ! pa/ by ref]5ce to _! c\nt]p>ts ( to-day8 ,are su* int]pretative means employ$ ) suffici5t frequ5cy1 complet5ess1 v>iety1 & cle>ness8 #af4 ,does ! tea*] inspire patriotism8 ,if s1 h[ is ?is accompli%$8 #ag4 ,is ! "w ( su* a "* t /ud5ts are infus$ ) a _s ( tol]ation1 sympa?y1 & respect = o!rs outside _! imm$iate circle ( int]e/8 #ah4 ,does ! tea*] enc\rage ! weigh+ ( motives & actions ) ref]5ce to _! righte\sness8 ,d y approve ( ?is practice8 #ai4 ,does ! tea*] seek to h ! /ud5ts be l noble *>act]s 9 hi/ory8 ,:at c y say = & aga9/ ?is practice8 #bj4 ,ought ! tea*] to /rive consci\sly to use hi/ory to develop e?ical ideas 9 pupils8 #ba4 ,h[ does hi/ory ex]t a religi\s influ5ce on its /ud5ts8 #bb4 ,does hi/ory inspire a love ( tru? to any diff]5t degree ?an does any o!r subject ( /udy8 #bc4 ,does ! tea*] seek to br+ out ! /hetic values ( hi/ory8 ,h[ does %e d s8 #bd4 ,%\ld appeal be made frequ5tly to ! emotional side ( pupils' natures8 #be4 ,is adequate opportunity giv5 pupils to develop lit]>y expression8 ,h[ is ?is done8 #bf4 ,are y satisfi$ t a ta/e = hi/orical read+ is be+ develop$ 9 ! pupils8 ,:at obs]vations make y ?9k z y d8 #bg4 ,does ! tea*] s conduct ! class "w t ! practical values ( hi/ory are realiz$8 #bh4 ,does ! class really appe> to enjoy ! "w8 ,:at evid5ces h y ( ?is8 #bi4 ,does ! class feel t ! recitation p]iod is a delight or a bore8 ,:at evid5ces h y t ?is is s8 #cj4 ,:i* phases ( ! "w receive ! greate/ emphasis3 7a7 acquisition ( facts1 7b7 m5tal tra9+1 7c7 moral tra9+1 7d7 ar\s+ int]e/ 9 indep5d5t hi/orical /udy1 7e7 developm5t ( patriotism & public _s1 or 7f7 p[] ( judg+ m58 ,d y approve ( ?is di/ribution ( emphasis8 #ca4 ,:i* ( ! foll[+ aims %\ld ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 ! high s*ool emphasize1 viz41 7a7 giv+ to y\?s ! k & p[] = ! "r int]pretation ( ! civilizations ( ! pa/1 7b7 assi/+ y\?s to an und]/&+ ( ! developm5t & significance ( pres5t-day civilizations & aid+ !m to adju/ !mselves to ^! civilizations2 7c7 giv+ a p]spective f :i* to pre-view1 9 "p1 ! tr5d ( ! future & to plan "o's c>e] accord+ly8 #cb4 ,f y\r obs]vations d ! tea*]s /ress ! ev5ts1 or ! motives1 ! ideals1 & ! ideas t gave rise to ! ev5ts8 ,:at w\ld be y\r aim "h8 #cc4 ,( :at does ?9k+ consi/8 #cd4 ,are pupils 9 ! classes obs]v$ expect$ to ?9k = !mselves8 ,are !y enc\rag$ to express _! p]sonal reactions to ! facts pres5t$8 #ce4 ,:at guid+ pr9ciple %\ld a high s*ool tea*] or textbook writ] set = himself 9 select+ f ! inf9ite mass ( data record$ ! mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! high s*ool1 7a7 t :i* reveals ! developm5t ( p]sonal lib]ty--political1 religi\s1 economic2 7b7 t :i* reveals ! developm5t ( democratic in/itutions2 7c7 t :i* reveals ! gr[? ( altruism or ! humanit>ian _s2 7d7 t :i* reveals ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 indu/ry1 & f9ance2 7e7 t :i* reveals ! developm5t ( ?\ght & ! in/itutions t aim to develop & tra9 x2 or 7f7 t :i* reveals ! developm5t ( social relations & activities8 ,,viii4 ,elem5ts ( ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,"t ,elem5t3 ,! :51 or *ronology4 7a7 ,units ( measurem5t3 day1 mon?1 ye>1 decade1 c5tury1 adm9i/ration1 sov]eignty1 m9i/ry1 epo*1 era1 & ! unit det]m9$ by ! movem5t ( ! ev5ts !mselves z !y naturally coh]e4 7b7 ,dates z ag5cies = assign+ def9ite position 9 "t4 #b4 ,place ,elem5t3 ,! :]e1 or geography4 7a7 ,units ( location3 cont95t1 nation1 empire1 k+dom1 /ate1 section1 region1 di/rict1 t[n1 city1 c\nty1 & ! geographical gr\ps or c5t]s =m$ by ! ev5ts !mselves z !y coh]e4 #c4 ,physical ,elem5t3 7a7 ,climate & meteorology affect+ 7#a7 ,"* ( ! p4 7#b7 ,occupations4 7b7 ,topography1 affect+ 7#a7 ,movem5t ( races1 armies1 productions1 etc4 7#b7 ,size & b\nd>ies ( /ates4 7#c7 ,location & "* ( cities4 7#d7 ,indu/ries4 7#e7 ,trade & transportation4 7c7 ,natural res\rces1 soil1 & products1 affect+ 7#a7 ,livelihood4 7#b7 ,"* ( p4 7d7 ,viol5t & infrequ5t ph5om5a ( nature1 e>?quakes1 /orms1 eclipses1 comets1 volcanic eruptions1 etc41 affect+ 7#a7 ,beliefs & actions ( p4 #d4 ,human ,elem5t4 7a7 ,! national or race _s4 7b7 ,! religi\s emotions & aspirations4 7c7 ,! s5tim5tal int]e/s4 7d7 ,! ,zeitgei/ or _s ( ! age4 7e7 ,! g5ius ( individuals4 #e4 ,sup]human ,elem5t4 7a7 ,! moral ord] 9 ! univ]se1 or ! seem+ law t rules ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & actions ( m5--! law ( cause & effect4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,:i* "t-units are mo/ commonly us$ 9 ! classes y h obs]v$8 ,d y approve ( ! cu/om8 #b4 ,:at advantage is ga9$ f ! use ( su* units ov] :at is ga9$ 9 us+ o!r units8 #c4 ,are !re any ( ! units m5tion$ t ought to be us$ sp>+ly1 if at all8 #d4 ,does ! tea*] obs]v$ /ress dates suffici5tly8 ,does %e ov]-/ress !m8 #e4 ,"u :at circum/ances %\ld a date be le>n$8 #f4 ,:at is ! be/ me?od ( gett+ pupils to rememb] dates8 #g4 ,h[ _m dates ought to be requir$ 9 any c\rse 9 hi/ory 9 ! high s*ool8 #h4 ,:at pr9ciple ( selection ought to guide 9 ! *oice8 #i4 ,is x wise to require ! le>n+ ( "s dates = ! recitation p]iod only ) ! expectation t !y %all !n fade f ! m9d8 #aj4 ,is x wise to drill on dates frequ5tly8 #aa4 ,:at is ! value ( memoriz$ dates8 #ab4 ,:at w\ld be y\r views respect+ ! foll[+ li/ ( dates 7le>n$ 9 _! full significance7 z ! only fix$ requir$ dates = ! entire high s*ool c\rse3 ,b4,c4 #ajjj2 #ggf2 #eid2 #ejj2 #dei2 #cbc2 #bfd2 #adf2 #ei2 #ca2 ,a4,d4 #cac2 #cie2 #dgf2 #ebg2 #fbb2 #gcb2 #hjj2 #hdc2 #ifb2 #ajff2 #ajie2 #abae2 #adjj2 #adec2 #adib2 #aeag2 #aehh2 #aeih2 #afjc2 #afji2 #afbj2 #afdh2 #afhh2 #aggf2 #aghi3 #ahae2 #ahcj2 #ahdh2 #ahfa2 #ahfg2 #ahga2 #ahih4 #ac4 ,does ! tea*] always seek to connect hi/orical ev5ts ) geography8 #ad4 ,is su* connection real or m]ely v]bal8 #ae4 ,:at me?ods are us$ to br+ ab\t ?is p]man5t association ( ev5t & place 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils8 #af4 ,:at unit ( location is *iefly us$8 ,is ?is wise8 #ag4 ,:at is ! real importance ( /ress+ geography :ile /udy+ hi/ory8 #ah4 ,are /ud5ts expect$ to make use ( outl9e maps8 #ai4 ,h[ _m su* maps does ea* /ud5t make dur+ ! seme/]8 #bj4 ,are ! maps made dur+ giv5 recitation p]iods "u ! sup]vision ( ! tea*]1 or at ! conv5i5ce ( ! /ud5ts8 ,:i* is ! bett] plan8 #ba4 ,d ! /ud5ts devote mu* "t to map-mak+8 #bb4 ,d !y m]ely color ! map1 or d !y fill 9 all important geographical & hi/orical items8 #bc4 ,are maps ev] drawn1 r\ghly1 on ! blackbo>ds by ei!r tea*] or pupils8 ,if s1 is !re decid$ m]it 9 s do+8 #bd4 ,are wall maps us$ frequ5tly8 ,if s1 :o indicates locations--tea*] or pupils8 #be4 ,is x advisable to conduct ! class 9 p]son to ne>-by hi/oric places8 #bf4 ,w\ld x be wise to employ analog\sly =m$ geographical t]ritory t is famili> to ! /ud5ts to vivify & int]pret f>-di/ant hi/orical places8 #bg4 ,does ! tea*] seek to impress ! importance ( physical elem5ts 9 %ap+ hi/ory8 #bh4 ,does ! tea*] emphasize ?is elem5t ( hi/ory suffici5tly8 #bi4 ,h[1 9 detail1 c su* influ5ces be reveal$ to high s*ool /ud5ts s t _! real significance c be recogniz$8 #cj4 ,is ! significance ( national or race _s 9 produc+ hi/ory suffici5tly emphasiz$ by ! tea*]8 #ca4 ,c y give an illu/ration ( its notable op]ation8 #cb4 ,has ! influ5ce ( religi\s emotions & aspirations be5 %[n by ! tea*] 9 its full significance8 #cc4 ,c y give an illu/ration ( ! complete modification ( hi/ory because ( s5tim5tal int]e/s8 #cd4 ,are su* modifications some:at common & important8 #ce4 ,does ! tea*] impress ?is fact ^u 8 pupils8 #cf4 ,does ! tea*] make cle> ! significance ( ! ,zeitgei/1 or _s ( ! age1 9 %ap+ hi/ory8 #cg4 ,h[ mu* att5tion is giv5 to ! /udy ( notable *>act]s 9 hi/ory8 #ch4 ,ought biography to occupy a m important place 9 ! high s*ool c\rse 9 hi/ory8 #ci4 ,h[ is su* /udy secur$ 9 ! s*ool y h obs]v$1--?r\gh collat]al read+s by ! class1 individual reports1 or incid5tal classroom discussions8 #dj4 ,does ! tea*] suffici5tly /ress ! fact t all hi/ory is b ! op]ation ( cause & effect8 #da4 ,are /ud5ts requir$ to seek = causes back ( ! ev5ts8 #db4 ,are /ud5ts enc\rag$ & expect$ to trace causes ?r\gh ! v>i\s sequ5ces ( effects8 ,,ix4 ,me?ods ( ,approa* to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,*ronologically1 s9ce !re is a cont9uity 9 ! subject1 & cause prec$es effect4 ,! *ildhood ( hi/ory is be/ = ! *ild1 ! boyhood ( hi/ory = ! boy1 ! y\?hood ( hi/ory = ! y\?1 & ! manhood ( hi/ory = ! man4--,s4 ,s4 ,laurie1 ,s*4 ,rev4 #d3fej4 #b4 ,c\nt]-*ronologically1 i4e41 f ! pres5t "t & imm$iate surr\nd+s to remote ages & di/ant peoples4 #c4 ,spirally1 i4e41 cov]+ ! entire field ( /udy 9 an elem5t>y mann]2 !n repeat+ ! c\rse on a m advanc$ plane2 !n tak+ up ! "w a ?ird & f\r? "t1 supplem5t+ & exp&+ ) ea* new attack4 #d4 ,biographically1 i4e41 by means ( biographies only4 #e4 ,topically1 i4e41 trac+ ! developm5t ( p>ticul> elem5ts 9 hi/ory1 cont9u\sly & un9t]rupt$ly1 f ! e>ly /ages to complete =ms4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,:i*1 to y1 seems ! be/ approa* to ! /udy ( hi/ory8 #b4 ,may sev]al ( ! above-m5tion$ modes be employ$ simultane\sly8 #c4 ,is x l>gely true t ! p]sonal or biographic appeals mo/ to ! *ild2 ! speculative1 to ! boy2 ! vitally & concretely con/ructive1 to ! y\?2 & ! critical & philosophical to ! adult8 ,if s1 :at %\ld be ! "* ( ! "w 9 hi/ory 9 ! high s*ool8 ,x4 ,! ,process ( ,le>n+ ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,acquir+ & relat+ detail$ facts4 #b4 ,=mulat+ a m5tal picture ( ! ev5ts4 #c4 ,analyz+ ! conditions & det]m9+ ! vital1 di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 #d4 ,gett+ back ( ! out] =ms1 visible expression1 or ! vital facts to ! real life ( ! p--_! ideals1 ideas1 emotions1 & beliefs4 #e4 ,discov]+ ! motives t produc$ ! ev5ts consid]$4 #f4 ,d$uc+ ! pr9ciples t op]ate 9 human relations4 #g4 ,apply+ ^? pr9ciples to contempor>y civilization to-day1 & =e%ad[+ ! probable tr5d ( society 9 ! future4 #h4 ,hold+ consci\sly to ! fact t hi/ory is dynamic1 n /atic1 i4e41 t all hi/orical mat]ial con/itutes a unity t is reveal$ "u ! two laws ( cont9uity & diff]5tiation4 ,!re are no breaks or leaps 9 ! life ( a p4 ,developm5t may ha/5 or may slack51 & may seem to cease = a "t1 b x is always cont9u\s2 x always proce$s out ( antec$5t conditions1 & if x be arre/$ = a "t x beg9s aga9 at ! po9t :]e x end$4 ,s9ce ! ess5ce ( hi/ory is ! real life ( a p--_! ideas & feel+s--hi/ory develops z ideas & feel+s develop4 ,b ?\ghts & feel+s nev] exhibit !mselves repeat$ly 9 ! same =ms1 b take on new modes ( expression 9 ! v process ( gr[?4--,mace4 ,,qu]ies #a4 ,does ! tea*] obs]v$ lay emphasis on details z ends 9 !mselves or z means to o!r ends8 #b4 ,is !re a ri*ness ( details or is !re a de>? ( !m8 #c4 ,are details pres5t$ 9 a vivid mann]1 ) _m gripp+ t5tacles1 or are !y set =? 9 bold1 un9t]e/+ =ms only8 #d4 ,are ! details intimately fus$ or correlat$8 #e4 ,is ef=t made to get ea* pupil to develop a m5tal picture ( ! sc5e repres5t$ by ! details8 #f4 ,:5 ! image is fa%ion$1 is an ef=t made to discrim9ate & to ab/ract ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics8 #g4 ,is ef=t made to get at ! _s ( ! hi/orical fact1 & to discov] ! motives t op]at$ to produce x8 #h4 ,are g5]alizations & pr9ciples ( human ?\ght1 feel+1 & conduct d$uc$ f ! /udy8 #i4 ,is ef=t made to te/ ! validity ( su* pr9ciples among social relation%ips ( to-day8 #aj4 ,does ! tea*] make hi/ory appe> :at x is1 i4e41 a ceaseless developm5t1 a unity1 or does %e leave ! impression among ! pupils t hi/ory is a mass ( disconnect$ dead facts8 ,,xi4 ,! ,organization ( ,hi/ory 9 ,high ,s*ools4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,plan #a ,,plan #b ,,plan #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #i? grade ,g5]al ,hi/ory ,anci5t ,hi/ory #aj? grade ,m$4 ,mod4 ,hi/ory,anc4 ,m$4 ,hi/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aa? grade ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,engli% ,hi/ory ,mod]n ,hi/ory #ab? grade ,u4,s4 ,hi/4 ,civics,u4,s4 ,hi/4 ,civics ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,plan #d ,,plan #e ,,plan #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #i? grade ,loc4 ,hi/41 ,civics ,anci5t ,hi/ory ,rec5t hi/ory & ,indu/ries ,local ,civics ,local ,indu/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aj? grade ,anci5t ,hi/ory ,m$4 ,mod4 ,hi/4 ,indu/4 ,hi/4 #a_/b ,comm]4 ,hi/4 #a_/b ,anci5t ,hi/ory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aa? grade ,m$4 ,mod4 ,hi/4 ,eng4 ,hi/ory #a_/b ,mod4 ,m$4 or ,u4 ,s4 ,hi/ory #a_/b ,eng4 ,hi/ory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ab? grade ,u4 ,s4 ,hi/4 ,civics,u4 ,s4 ,hi/ory #a_/b ,u4 ,s4 ,hi/ory ,civics #a_/b ,civics ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,qu]ies #a4 ,:i* ( ! above plans appeals to y mo/8 ,:y s8 #b4 ,:at is ! plan ( organization 9 ! s*ool obs]v$8 #c4 ,:at c\rses are prescrib$1 & :at are elective8 ,d y approve8 #d4 ,h[ _m recitation p]iods p] week are allott$ to ! "w 9 ea* c\rse8 ,is ?is wise8 #e4 ,is !re "o p]iod p] week devot$ to unassign$ or unprep>$ class "w8 #f4 ,if s1 h[ is ! p]iod employ$8 #g4 ,d y approve ( su* a p]iod z a regul> feature ( ! c\rse8 #h4 ,:at ju/ification is !re 9 mak+ ! fir/ ye>'s "w consi/ ( ,local ,hi/ory1 ,civics1 & ,indu/ries8 #i4 ,:at argum5t is !re = plac+ ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! #ab? grade1 & mak+ x an elective /udy8 #aj4 ,is ! "w 9 ,advanc$ ,civics pres5t$ 9 a sep>ate c\rse1 or is x correlat$ & int]wov5 ) ! "w 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,hi/ory8 #aa4 ,:at argum5ts c y give = & aga9/ ! practice8 #ab4 ,:at is ! scope & aim ( ea* ( ! c\rses ,( hi/ory y h obs]v$8 ,,xii4 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,prep>ation & ,equipm5t4 #a4 ,has ! tea*] ! k9d ( p]sonality y c\ld wi% = y\rself8 #b4 ,is h] voice melodi\s & pleas+8 #c4 ,has %e w9some mann]s8 #d4 ,is %e sympa!tic ) h] /ud5ts8 #e4 ,does %e %[ di/9ctive qualities ( lead]%ip8 #f4 ,has %e evid5tly _h a good g5]al tra9+ 9 lit]ature1 sociology1 philosophy1 biology1 & psy*ology8 #g4 ,has %e evid5tly _h ext5sive & special tra9+ 9 hi/ory & political sci5ce8 #h4 ,has %e _h pr(essional tra9+ 9 educational psy*ology1 hi/ory ( education1 me?ods1 & g5]al adm9i/ration ( s*ool "w8 #i4 ,is %e ti$ to ! textbook8 #aj4 ,does %e h a fund ( explanatory & illu/rative mat]ial at h] comm&8 #aa4 ,is %e accurate1 positive1 & confid5t8 #ab4 ,has %e a s5se ( humor & ( ! fitness ( ?+s8 ,has %e self-control1 or does %e1 = example1 use s>casm & ridicule8 #ac4 ,has %e cle>ly prep>$ h]self anew = ! lesson 9 h&8 ,:at evid5ces h y ( ?is8 #ad4 ,does %e inspire h] pupils8 ,h[8 #ae4 ,is !re good discipl9e8 ,if s1 h[ is x secur$8 #af4 ,does ! tea*] seem to be famili> ) local hi/ory1 local geography1 & bo? local & g5]al indu/rial1 political1 & social conditions8 #ag4 ,does %e seem to be famili> ) ! local libr>y & its equipm5t8 #ah4 ,does %e "k h] pupils--_! int]e/s1 home life1 & ambitions8 #ai4 ,does %e possess en?usiasm1 en]gy1 optimism1 sympa?y1 imag9ation1 =ce1 incisiv5ess1 tact1 judgm5t1 g5iality1 social graces1 c\rtesy1 & k9dl9ess8 #bj4 ,does %e grasp ! subject 9 its unity & entirety8 #ba4 ,c %e tell a tale simply & pleas+ly8 #bb4 ,is %e int]e/$ 9 curr5t ev5ts8 #bc4 ,does %e possess a cle> insight into "* & life8 #bd4 ,has %e travel$8 ,,xiii4 ,! ,pupil's ,prep>ation & ,equipm5t4 #a4 ,h ! pupils evid5tly _h a good elem5t>y s*ool tra9+8 #b4 ,d ! pupils give evid5ce ( hav+ _h previ\s hi/orical tra9+ 9 ! high s*ool8 ,:at is ! basis ( y\r conclusion8 #c4 ,h ! pupils ?or\ghly prep>$ = ! day's recitation8 #d4 ,h !y app>5tly conf9$ !mselves to ! text1 or h !y gone outside ?is = mat]ial8 #e4 ,h !y /udi$ ! lesson toge!r8 ,d y approve ( su* /udy8 #f4 ,if pupils %[ !y h n s\ght to prep>e ! lesson well1 :at proc$ure does ! tea*] foll[8 ,d y approve8 #g4 ,h ! pupils outl9$ ! lesson8 ,is x well t !y %\ld d s8 #h4 ,app>5tly1 h ! pupils be5 %[n h[ to /udy1 i4e41 h[ to prep>e ! "w mo/ advantage\sly8 ,:at 0 ! mode ( do+ ?is8 #i4 ,h ! pupils attack$ ! lesson because x 0 made to appe> vital to ! solution ( "s really int]e/+ problem8 #aj4 ,h ! pupils really gott5 beh9d ! facts to ! _s ( ! movem5t8 #aa4 ,h ! pupils app>5tly attempt$ to correlate geography ) ! hi/ory8 ,:at evid5ces h y ( ?is8 #ab4 ,h ! pupils acqua9t$ !mselves ) all unusual words & phrases us$ 9 ! text8 ,,xiv4 ,! ,classroom4 #a4 ,is !re any?+ di/9ctive ab\t ! classrooms y h obs]v$ t sugge/s _! special uses8 #b4 ,are sitt+s arrang$ 9 fix$ & regul> =ms1 or is x possible = ! class to ga!r ab\t ! tea*]'s *air 9 a social gr\p8 #c4 ,are !re good wall maps 9 ! room8 #d4 ,are !re atlases1 globes1 & geographical diction>ies at h&8 #e4 ,are !re ref]5ce books ( common use8 #f4 ,does ! tea*]'s desk conta9 copies ( textbooks o!r ?an ! text 9 *ief8 #g4 ,are !re suffici5t good blackbo>ds8 #h4 ,is !re a /]eopticon8 #i4 ,does ! s*ool provide an adequate numb] ( /]eopticon slides8 #aj4 ,are ! walls adorn$ ) hi/orical pictures or o!r hi/orical mat]ials8 ,is !re a museum ( hi/ory 9 ! room8 #aa4 ,are pupils enc\rag$ to beautify ! room ) significant objects ( hi/orical int]e/8 ,,xv4 ,! ,assignm5t ( ! ,lesson4 #a4 ,is ! assignm5t giv5 suffici5t att5tion by ! tea*]8 #b4 ,is x made at ! beg9n+ ( ! recitation p]iod or ne> ! close8 ,:at advantages & disadvantages does ea* practice (f]8 #c4 ,does ! assignm5t take into consid]ation ! "* ( ! "w to be /udi$8 ,9 :at ways is ?is true8 #d4 ,does ! assignm5t v>y ) ! /age ( advancem5t ( ! /ud5ts8 ,h[8 #e4 ,does x blaze a way1 s to speak1 ?r\gh ! mass ( facts s t ! pupils really glimpse ! significance ( ! mat]ial be=e !m1 & are /imulat$ to attack x8 #f4 ,does x raise real problems = ! /ud5ts to solve8 #g4 ,does x sugge/ too mu* or too little8 #h4 ,does x take individual diff]5ces suffici5tly into acc\nt8 #i4 ,does x include mat]ial outside ! textbook8 #aj4 ,if s1 is ! mat]ial well *os5 & cle>ly indicat$8 #aa4 ,does ! assignm5t correlate ! textbook mat]ial ) contempor>y life & ) ! exp]i5ces ( ! pupils8 #ab4 ,is ! assignm5t made s cle>ly & def9itely t all pupils ?or\ghly und]/& :at x is8 ,:at evid5ces h y t su* is ! case8 #ac4 ,is ! assignm5t too long = adequate prep>ation8 #ad4 ,does x contemplate t ! pupils w devote home /udy to x8 #ae4 ,h[ mu* "t ought ! assignm5t to require ( a mod]ately good /ud5t8 ,is ?is adequate8 #af4 ,does ! assignm5t sugge/ :at portions ( ! text are to be t\*$ ^u lightly1 :at to be /udi$ = appreciation only1 :at to be critically /udi$ & ma/]$8 #ag4 ,does ! assignm5t include a review ( previ\s "w8 ,h[ mu*8 #ah4 ,does ! assignm5t /ress dates too mu*8 #ai4 ,is ! assignm5t made ) en?usiasm & int]e/1 & does x ?us at once /rike a responsive *ord 9 ! pupils8 ,,xvi4 ,! ,/udy ,lesson4 #a4 ,are pupils enc\rag$ to foll[ a def9ite daily s*$ule 9 /udy+ _! lessons8 ,d y advise ?is8 #b4 ,is !re sup]vis$ /udy 9 ! s*ool8 #c4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! sup]vision giv5 9 su* a p]iod8 #d4 ,judg+ f results1 h ! pupils made good use ( _! /udy p]iods8 #e4 ,is !re 9 ! s*ool a weekly p]iod = consultation & advice8 #f4 ,if pupils are abs5t f s*ool1 is opportunity giv5 = mak+ up "w8 ,h[ is ?is adm9i/]$ s f> z ! /udy ( hi/ory is conc]n$8 #g4 ,is !re ev] provid$ a p]iod = unassign$ "w8 #h4 ,if s1 h[ is ! p]iod employ$8 #i4 ,j :at is ! secret ( gett+ pupils to /udy _! lessons8 #aj4 ,are pupils enc\rag$ to outl9e ! lesson8 #aa4 ,are !y enc\rag$ to make p]sonal notes on ! m>g9 ( ! textbook pages8 ,are !y %[n h[ to annotate8 #ab4 ,are !y advis$ to use notebooks8 ,if s1 :at is ! "* ( ^!8 #ac4 ,d pupils seem m]ely to try to le>n ! text or really to compreh5d ! _s8 #ad4 ,c y sugge/ ways & means ( mak+ ! /udy-lesson m b5eficial8 #ae4 ,does ! tea*] sometimes require ab/racts to be made 9 ord] to tea* selection ( important po9ts8 ,,xvii4 ,! ,recitation ,lesson4 #a4 ,does ! class ent] ! room 9 a happy1 expectant /ate ( m9d1 or does x appe> z ?\gh x 7 ab\t to und]go a disagreeable op]ation8 #b4 ,does ! class come to att5tion z soon z ! signal is giv58 #c4 ,is ! aim ( ! day cle>ly set =?8 ,:o does x1 ! tea*] or ! pupils8 #d4 ,does ! "w ( ! day seem to gr[ out ( "s previ\s discussions or conclusions8 #e4 ,are ! five =mal /eps foll[$8 #f4 ,is emphasis plac$ on in=mation1 drill1 review1 te/+1 or hi/orical m9d$ness8 #g4 ,does ! "w h balance & proportion8 #h4 ,is !re int]e/ & att5tion8 ,:at is ! secret ( x8 #i4 ,are que/ions cle>1 concrete1 & def9ite8 #aj4 ,is appeal made to m ?an "o s5se1 i4e41 audile1 visual1 tactile1 muscul>8 #aa4 ,does ! tea*] really guide & lead1 or does %e c>ry mo/ ( ! burd58 #ab4 ,d ! pupils cop]ate z a team--ea* seek+ to contribute 8 portion freely & all aim+ to atta9 a def9ite goal8 #ac4 ,does ! recitation take on ! _s ( comrade%ip1 i4e41 ( c\rte\s & famili> discussion8 #ad4 ,is ! lesson enliv5$ by means ( anecdotes1 illu/rations1 /ories1 dramatic po/ures1 read+s1 etc48 #ae4 ,is ! hi/ory lesson correlat$ ) geography1 ,engli%1 =eign language /udy1 sci5ce1 manual tra9+1 & o!r s*ool /udies8 #af4 ,is x correlat$ ) ! common life exp]i5ces ( ! pupils1 & ) ! important contempor>y in/itutions & int]e/s ( to-day8 #ag4 ,are criticisms by ! tea*] made suffici5tly frequ5t & direct to make pupils c>eful1 b n s frequ5tly & po9t$ly z to disc\rage pupils8 #ah4 ,are pupils expect$ to pres5t a connect$ acc\nt ( ! topics /udi$ & to d ?is 9 a cle>1 =ceful1 logical mann]8 #ai4 ,are dates & o!r m]e facts prop]ly subord9at$ to ! real ideas = :i* !y /&8 #bj4 ,are ! sali5t po9ts ( ! lesson collect$ & tabulat$ z ! lesson proce$s8 #ba4 ,is ?is done by ! tea*]1 or by ! pupils1 or by bo?8 #bb4 ,d pupils %[ by _! attitude1 facial expression1 & responsiv5ess t !y are satisfi$ ) ! recitation z x progresses8 #bc4 ,are =mal debates & in=mal discussions ev] p]mitt$ 9 ! class8 #bd4 ,is use made ( ! dramatic p[]s ( pupils to int]pret & assimilate hi/ory8 #be4 ,are visits ) ! class made to places & in/itutions ( hi/oric int]e/8 #bf4 ,are mock elections & o!r civic proc$ures all[$8 #bg4 ,is map draw+ requir$8 ,if s1 is ! "w done 9 class "u ! sup]vision ( ! tea*]1 or at ! pleasure & conv5i5ce ( ! pupils8 #bh4 ,is ! /ress laid on arti/ic effects 9 map draw+1 or on a graphic pres5tation ( ! facts 9 _! relations8 #bi4 ,is any use made ( g5ealogical tables or hi/orical *>ts8 ,:at value is !re 9 s do+8 #cj4 ,does ! tea*] dem& ?or\ghness1 complet5ess1 & cle>ness 9 ! recitation ( ! pupils1 or does %e accept vague1 incomplete1 & g5]al /atem5ts8 #ca4 ,does %e int]rupt ! pupils :ile !y are recit+1 or wait until !y are ?r\gh be=e comm5t+ or criticiz+8 ,does %e ask o!r pupils to criticize8 #cb4 ,is ! tea*] al]t1 vivaci\s1 en?usia/ic8 #cc4 ,is %e h]self ?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 ! "w ( ! day8 #cd4 ,is !re unexpect$ v>iety 9 ! class proc$ure8 #ce4 ,does ! tea*] seem to enjoy clean1 h>mless jokes & amus+ incid5ts ) h] pupils8 #cf4 ,is ev]ybody into ! game all ! "t8 #cg4 ,is ! aim ( ! recitation kept con/antly be=e ! class8 #ch4 ,is !re /eady progress t[>d x8 #ci4 ,does ! tea*] praise discrim9at+ly ! good ef=ts ( ! pupils8 #dj4 ,is ! tea*] at all times a fri5d ( ! pupils8 #da4 ,is a def9ite1 cle> summ>y ( ! significant po9ts ( ! lesson made by ! tea*] at ! close ( ! p]iod8 #db4 ,are important g5]alizations =m$1 & valid pr9ciples d$uc$8 #dc4 ,is ! fif? =mal /ep 7t ( application7 tak58 ,if s1 h[ is x done8 #dd4 ,has ! recitation p]iod seem$ %ort or has x be5 a long1 t$i\s h\r8 #de4 ,d pupils leave ! room ) faces agl[ & m9ds key$ to e>ne/ ?\ght1 or d !y seem to g z if fre$ f a prison8 #df4 ,d pupils comm5t on ! day's "w z !y pass out8 ,are su* comm5ts favorable or unfavorable8 #dg4 ,is ! pupil's judgm5t "h ( any great weight8 #dh4 ,h[ does ! tea*] busy h]self betwe5 ! *ange ( classes8 #di4 ,has ! "w be5 su* z to make pupils int]e/$ 9 pursu+ ! /udy ( hi/ory = !mselves8 #ej4 ,has ! "w be5 su* z to help pupils to ?9k = !mselves1 to be accurate1 to be res\rceful1 to develop ! hi/orical habit ( m9d8 #ea4 ,:at 0 ! *ief weakness ( ! recitation p]iod8 #eb4 ,did pupils rise & recite by topic8 #ec4 ,did pupils outl9e ! lesson & !n talk f _! outl9es8 ,:at value has ?is8 #ed4 ,7 mnemonic devices us$8 ,if s1 0 advantage ga9$ !reby8 ,,xviii4 ,! ,review ,lesson4 #a4 ,is !re a /at$ "t = reviews8 ,if s1 h[ long is ! "t devot$ to reviews8 ,is ?is wise8 #b4 ,is ! review lesson really a new view ( ! subject matt]1 or m]ely a go+ ov] ! mat]ial a second "t8 #c4 ,are def9ite unify+ que/ions giv5 out = guidance ( pupils 9 prep>+ = ! review lesson8 #d4 ,is ! review lesson conduct$ orally or 9 writt5 =m8 #e4 ,is !re int]e/ & en?usiasm 9 ! review lesson8 #f4 ,:at seems to be ! purpose ( ! review lesson--to drill1 to te/1 or to organize ! mat]ial 9 new connections8 #g4 ,is ! f9al review wor? :ile1 or c ! same results be obta9$ by con/ant daily review+8 #h4 ,d pupils make comp>isons1 judgm5ts1 reactions8 #i4 ,does ! tea*] employ any b ! l>ge organiz+ que/ions :ile c>ry+ on ! review8 #aj4 ,are review que/ions ( ! k9d t w confront ! pupils 9 real life8 ,,xix4 ,! ,lesson 9 ,civics4 #a4 ,does in/ruction 9 civics occupy a sep>ate p]iod or sep>ate t]m 9 ! hi/ory "w8 #b4 ,is a special textbook us$8 #c4 ,h[ mu* "t is devot$ to civics8 #d4 ,on :at phase ( civics is emphasis laid--national1 /ate1 or local8 #e4 ,is ! civics in/ruction closely correlat$ ) hi/ory8 #f4 ,is x vitaliz$ by visits to contempor>y gov]nm5tal in/itutions8 #g4 ,are curr5t political ev5ts employ$ to illu/rate ! c\rse8 #h4 ,is ! class enc\rag$ to organize z a civic or political body8 #i4 ,are gov]nm5tal =ms & practices br\ght into ! s*ool "w8 #aj4 ,is emphasis plac$ too mu* on details or is ef=t made to get back ( practices to discov] ! orig91 developm5t1 & purpose ( su* practices8 #aa4 ,are !re mock elections1 c\rt trials1 debates8 ,,xx4 ,"s ,pr9ciples ( ,hi/ory ,dogmatically ,/at$4 #a4 ,a p's life ( ?\ght & feel+ obeys ! law ( cont9uity & ( diff]5tiation4 ,! law ( cont9uity means !re are no breaks or leaps 9 ! life ( a p4 ,developm5t may ha/5 or slack5 & may cease = a "t1 b x is always cont9u\s2 ! law ( diff]5tiation means t ?\ghts & feel+s ( a p take on new =ms 9 ! process ( gr[?4--,mace4 #b4 ,hi/ory is an evolution--a cont9u\s movem5t1 & causes always prec$e effects4 #c4 ,! hi/orical attitude is ?is3 ,asc]ta9m5t ( facts1 int]pretation ( actions1 inve/igation ( motives1 b reg>d+ all ev5ts z portions ( human life4 #d4 ,! notable *>act]i/ics ( ! #ai? c5tury are3 7a7 ,rise ( nationality4 7b7 ,/ruggle = con/itutional gov]nm5t4 7c7 ,en?usiasm = natural sci5ce4 7d7 ,developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 7e7 ,indu/rial *anges4 7f7 ,economic !ory & re=m4 ,h5ce1 ! /udy ( hi/ory dem&s t su* items %all be discov]$ z expla9 & support ^! elem5ts4 #e4 ,x is desirable to develop ! hi/oric s5se by work+ outw>d f ! indu/rial activities ( ! community4 #f4 ,x is necess>y to r$uce div]sity to unity4 #g4 ,:at is logically fir/ 9 a subject1 i4e41 ! law or pr9ciple1 comes la/ into ! possession ( ! unfold+ m9d4 #h4 ,! wor/ possible =m ( education is an abortive education--"o t falls back on "s my/]i\s discipl9>y claim = its ju/ification--z if !re 7 any true discipl9e 9 fail+ to ma/] a subject4 #i4 ,hi/ory %[s t m5's actions are gov]n$ by "s k9d ( calculable law4 ,! problem is to discov] ^! laws4 ,,xxi4 ,"s ,positive ,guides & ,sugge/ions4 #a4 ,cle>ly set =? ! problem to be inve/igat$4 #b4 ,discov] ! facts t be> ^u ?is problem--b only ! significant facts4 #c4 ,relate ! facts to ea* o!r4 #d4 ,=mulate a m5tal picture ( ! ev5ts or sc5es4 #e4 ,seek to discov] ! causes t lie back ( ! facts--! geographical1 meteorological1 geological1 biological1 physiographic1 & human4 #f4 ,seek to discov] ! motives1 int]e/s1 & int5tions ( m5 & societies 9 produc+ ! ev5ts4 #g4 ,seek to discov] ! means employ$ to realize or atta9 ! ideal1 motive1 or purpose4 #h4 ,seek to trace ! results--bo? imm$iate & remote1 & bo? subjective & objective--( ! actions ?us made4 #i4 ,seek = pr9ciples ( unity & div]sity 9 int]pret+ ! ev5ts4 #aj4 ,make use ( "t-:oles1 space-:oles1 & organic-:oles1 b avoid mak+ artificial divisions4 #aa4 ,guide ! pupils1 b d n dictate _! reactions4 #ab4 ,make ! /udy /imulate ! intellect1 ! emotions1 ! w4 #ac4 ,=ce ! pupils to ?9k = !mselves--to analyze1 comp>e1 reason1 judge1 & apply4 #ad4 ,%[ t all hi/ory1--battles1 in/itutions1 con/itutions1 etc41--are ! result ( conflicts ( ideas1 emotions1 ideals1 & wills4 #ae4 ,correlate con/antly4 #af4 ,%[ t in/itutions ( to-day /rike _! roots deep 9 ! pa/1 & are b ! complex developm5t ( simpl] =ms4 #ag4 ,put life into ! dead facts2 be int]e/$ & en?usia/ic4 #ah4 ,be hone/ ) ! facts & ) ! pupils2 confess ignorance r ?an endeavor to bluff4 #ai4 ,be free f ! textbook4 #bj4 ,adapt ! "w to ! pupils' capacities4 #ba4 ,ar\se1 /ir1 /imulate ! pupils & fill ) a burn+ zeal to /udy hi/ory4 #bb4 ,h v>iety4 #bc4 ,fe$ ! int]e/ once x is ar\s$4 #bd4 ,drill--b by means ( use1 n by precept4 #be4 ,d n d = pupils :at !y %\ld d = !mselves4 #bf4 ,multiply associations4 #bg4 ,anticipate = ! pupils :at is to come1 i4e41 /imulate int]e/ by giv+ a bird's-eye view ( ! movem5t be=e x is analyz$4 #bh4 ,emphasize ! op]ation ( cause & effect--:at a nation or a p s[s1 s x also reaps4 #bi4 ,avoid rote memoriz+4 #cj4 ,employ recapitulation1 summ>y1 & review frequ5tly4 #ca4 ,always h a lesson plan4 #cb4 ,h ev]ybody into ! game4 #cc4 ,%ape ! "w s t x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a real1 vital1 p]sonal problem4 #cd4 ,appe> to be a le>n] ) ! pupils4 #ce4 ,make mu* use ( blackbo>ds & concrete mat]ial4 #cf4 ,emphasize ! value ( writt5 "w1 outl9es1 map /udy1 & p]sonal reactions4 #cg4 ,illu/rate1 exp\nd1 vivify4 #ch4 ,keep pupils look+ = resemblances4 #ci4 ,tea* ) ref]5ce to applications4 #dj4 ,%[ pupils h[ to /udy hi/ory4 #da4 ,keep 9 t\* ) curr5t ev5ts & devote "s "t ea* week to su* ev5ts4 #db4 ,h frequ5t writt5 "w1 z1 7a7 ,cond5sation ( a few pages ( notable hi/orical works4 7b7 ,ab/racts ( acc\nts ( def9ite ev5ts4 7c7 ,te/s1 exam9ations1 writt5 lessons4 7d7 ,notebooks4 7e7 ,outl9e maps4 #dc4 ,occasionally read selections ( hi/orical mat]ial be=e ! class4 ,,bibliography ,,on ,,me?ods ,all51 ,j4 ,w4 ,place ( ,hi/ory 9 ,education4 ,b>nes1 ,m4 ,s4 ,/udies 9 ,hi/orical ,me?ods4 ,b\rne1 ,h4 ,e4 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics 9 ! ,elem5t>y & ,second>y ,s*ool4 ,bur/all1 ,s>a ,a4 ,impressions ( ,am]ican ,education4 7,*ap4 on ,me?od4 ,edition ( #aijh47 ,b]nheim1 ,e4 ,lehrbu* d] ,hi/oris*5 ,me?ode4 ,committee ( ,t54 ,report1 pp4 #afb-bjc4 ,committee ( ,sev54 ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,s*ools4 ,committee ( ,five4 ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,freeman1 ,e4 ,a4 ,me?ods ( ,hi/orical ,/udy4 ,hall1 ,g4 ,s4 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,hi/ory4 ,h9sdale1 ,b4 ,a4 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,tea* ,hi/ory4 ,h>twell1 ,e4 ,c4 ,! 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