,,india3 ,,:at ,,c ,,x ,,tea* ,,u8 ,a ,c\rse ( ,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge ,,by ,f4 ,,max ,m,ue,l,l,e,r1 ,k4,m4 ,,text ,,& ,,foot-,,notes ,,complete4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,alex&] ,,wild]1 ,m4,d4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,funk ,,wagnalls1 ,,publi%]s1 #aj ,,& #ab ,,dey ,,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,publi%]s4 ,?is volume conta9s ! entire text ( ! ,engli% edition1 also all ! footnotes4 ,^? portions ( ! ,app5dix :i* s]ve to illu/rate ! text are ins]t$ 9 _! appropriate places z footnotes4 ,t "p ( ! ,app5dix :i* is ( special int]e/ only to ! ,sanscrit s*ol> is omitt$4 ,pr(essor ,max ,muell] writes 9 ?is book n z a !ologian b z a s*ol>1 n int5d+ ei!r to attack or def5d ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,8 /yle is *>m+1 because he always writes ) fre$om & animation4 ,9 "s passages possibly 8 language might be misund]/ood4 ,we h ?\ght x be/ to add a few notes4 ,! notes ( ! ,am]ican editor are sign$ ,a4,w42 ours1 ,am4 ,pubs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,e4 ,b4 ,,c[ell ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,& ,,fell[ ,,( ,,corpus ,,*ri/i ,,college ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,my ,,de> ,,c[ell3 ,z ^! ,lectures w\ld nev] h be5 writt5 or deliv]$ b = y\r he>ty enc\ragem5t1 ,i hope y w n[ all[ me to d$icate !m to y1 n only z a tok5 ( my s9c]e admiration ( y\r great a*ievem5ts z an ,ori5tal s*ol>1 b also z a memorial ( our fri5d%ip1 n[ m ?an ?irty ye>s old1 a fri5d%ip :i* has gr[n f ye> to ye>1 has wea!r$ _m a /orm1 & w la/1 ,i tru/1 = :at to bo? ( u may rema9 ( our %ort passage f %ore to %ore4 ,i mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t 9 d$icat+ ^! ,lectures to y1 ,i d n wi% to ?r[ ^u y any responsibility = ! views :i* ,i h put =w>d 9 !m4 ,i "k t y d n agree ) "s ( my views on ! anci5t religion & lit]ature ( ,india1 & ,i am well aw>e t ) reg>d to ! rec5t date :i* ,i h assign$ to ! :ole ( :at is commonly call$ ! ,classical ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 ,i /& almo/ alone4 ,no1 if fri5d%ip c claim any voice 9 ! c\rts ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 let me assure y t ,i %all consid] y\r outspok5 criticism ( my ,lectures z ! v be/ pro( ( y\r true & hone/ fri5d%ip4 ,i h ?r\gh life consid]$ x ! greate/ honor if real s*ol>s1 ,i mean m5 n only ( le>n+1 b ( judgm5t & "*1 h consid]$ my writ+s wor?y ( a sev]e & se>*+ criticism2 & ,i h c>$ f> m = ! production ( "o s+le new fact1 ?\gh x spoke aga9/ me1 ?an = any am\nt ( empty praise or empty abuse4 ,s9c]e devotion to 8 /udies & an unsw]v+ love ( tru? ought to furni% ! true s*ol> ) an armor imp]meable to flatt]y or abuse1 & ) a visor t %uts out no ray ( light1 f :atev] qu>t] x may come4 ,m light1 m tru?1 m facts1 m comb9ation ( facts1 ^! are 8 que/4 ,& if 9 t que/ he fails1 z _m h fail$ be=e him1 he kn[s t 9 ! se>* = tru? failures are sometimes ! condition ( victory1 & ! true conqu]ors (t5 ^? :om ! _w calls ! vanqui%$4 ,y "k bett] ?an anybody else ! pres5t /ate ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip4 ,y "k t at pres5t & = "s "t to come ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip means discov]y & conque/4 ,e "o ( y\r own works m>ks a real advance1 & a p]man5t occupation ( new gr\nd4 ,b y "k also h[ small a /rip has z yet be5 explor$ ( ! va/ cont95t ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 & h[ mu* /ill rema9s t]ra incognita4 ,no d\bt ?is explor+ "w is tr\blesome1 & (t5 disappo9t+1 b "y /ud5ts mu/ le>n ! tru? ( a rem>k lately made by a di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 ^: dea? we all deplore1 ,dr4 ,burnell1 t no tr\ble is ?r[n away :i* saves tr\ble to o!rs4 ,we want m5 :o w "w h>d1 ev5 at ! risk ( see+ _! labors unrequit$2 we want /rong & bold m5 :o are n afraid ( /orms & %ipwrecks4 ,! wor/ sailors are n ^? :o suff] %ipwreck1 b ^? :o only dabble 9 puddles & are afraid ( wett+ _! feet4 ,x is easy n[ to criticise ! labors ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 ,?omas ,colebrooke1 & ,horace ,hayman ,wilson1 b :at w\ld h become ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip if !y _h n ru%$ 9 :]e ev5 n[ s _m fe> to tread8 & :at w become ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip if _! conque/s are =ev] to m>k ! limits ( our k8 ,y "k be/ t !re is m to be discov]$ 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature ?an ,nalas & ,sakuntalas1 & surely ! "y m5 :o e ye> g out to ,india are n defici5t 9 ! _s ( ent]prise1 or ev5 ( adv5ture8 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld x be said t ! race ( bold explor]s1 :o once r5d]$ ! "n ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice illu/ri\s ov] ! :ole _w1 has well-nigh become ext9ct1 & t ,engl&1 :i* (f]s ! /ronge/ inc5tives & ! mo/ brilliant opportunities = ! /udy ( ! anci5t language1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory ( ,india1 is no long] 9 ! van ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip8 ,if "s ( ! "y c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice :o li/5$ to my ,lectures1 quietly made up _! m9ds t su* a reproa* %all be wip$ out1 if a few ( !m at lea/ det]m9$ to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 & to %[ to ! _w t ,engli%m5 :o h be5 able to a*ieve by pluck1 by p]sev]ance1 & by real political g5ius ! mat]ial conque/ ( ,india1 d n mean to leave ! laurels ( its intellectual conque/ entirely to o!r c\ntries1 !n ,i %all inde$ rejoice1 & feel t ,i h paid back1 9 h[ev] small a degree1 ! l>ge debt ( gratitude :i* ,i owe to my adopt$ c\ntry & to "s ( its greate/ /atesm51 :o h giv5 me ! opportunity :i* ,i c\ld f9d n[h]e else ( realiz+ ! dreams ( my life--! publication ( ! text & comm5t>y ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! mo/ anci5t book ( ,sanskrit1 aye ( ,aryan lit]ature1 & n[ ! edition ( ! translations ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,i h left my ,lectures v mu* z ,i deliv]$ !m at ,cambridge4 ,i am fond ( ! =m ( ,lectures1 because x seems to me ! mo/ natural =m :i* 9 our age didactic composition ought to take4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece ! dialogue reflect$ mo/ truly ! intellectual life ( ! p1 & z 9 ! ,middle ,ages le>n$ lit]ature naturally assum$ ) ! recluse 9 8 mona/ic cell ! =m ( a long monologue1 s ) u ! lecture places ! writ] mo/ readily 9 t position 9 :i* he is accu/om$ to deal ) 8 fell[-m51 & to communicate 8 k to o!rs4 ,x has no d\bt c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,9 a lecture :i* is meant to be didactic1 we h1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 to say & to repeat c]ta9 ?+s :i* mu/ be famili> to "s ( our read]s1 :ile we are also =c$ to leave out in=mation :i*1 ev5 9 its imp]fect =m1 we %\ld probably n hesitate to submit to our fell[-/ud5ts1 b :i* we feel we h n yet suffici5tly ma/]$ & matur$ to enable u to place x cle>ly & simply be=e a l>g] public4 ,b ! advantages outweigh ! disadvantages4 ,a lecture1 by keep+ a critical audi5ce con/antly be=e our eyes1 =ces u to cond5se our subject1 to discrim9ate betwe5 :at is important & :at is n1 & (t5 to d5y ourselves ! pleasure ( display+ :at may h co/ u ! greate/ labor1 b is ( little consequ5ce to o!r s*ol>s4 ,9 lectur+ we are con/antly rem9d$ ( :at /ud5ts are s apt to =get1 t _! k is meant n = !mselves only1 b = o!rs1 & t to "k well means to be able to tea* well4 ,i confess ,i c nev] write unless ,i ?9k ( somebody = :om ,i write1 & ,i %\ld nev] wi% = a bett] audi5ce to h be=e my m9d ?an ! le>n$1 brilliant1 & k9d-he>t$ assembly by :i* ,i 0 greet$ 9 y\r ,univ]sity4 ,/ill ,i mu/ confess t ,i did n succe$ 9 br++ all ,i wi%$ to say1 & m p>ticul>ly ! evid5ce on :i* "s ( my /atem5ts re/$1 up to ! high] level ( a lecture2 & ,i h !re=e add$ a numb] ( notes conta9+ ! less-organiz$ matt] :i* resi/$ z yet t treatm5t :i* is necess>y be=e our /udies c realize _! highe/ purpose1 t ( fe$+1 invigorat+1 & inspirit+ ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,y\rs affectionately1 ,f4 ,,max ,m,ue,l,l,e,r4 ,,ox=d1 ,decemb]1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,,d$ication1 ,,introduction1 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,:at ,,c ,,india ,,tea* ,,u8 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,tru?ful ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,h9dus1 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,human ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,lit]ature1 ,,iv4 ,,objections1 ,v4 ,,! ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,v$a1 ,,vi4 ,,v$ic ,,deities1 ,,vii4 ,,v$a ,,& ,,v$anta1 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,pr(essor ,max ,muell] has be5 s long & widely kn[n 9 ! _w ( lett]s z to r5d] any =mal introduction unnecess>y4 ,he has be5 f 8 e>ly y\? an assidu\s /ud5t ( philology1 ju/ly reg>d+ x z an important key to hi/ory & an invaluable auxili>y to intellectual progress4 ,a glance at 8 p]sonal c>e] w %[ ! gr\nd ^u :i* 8 reputation is e/abli%$4 ,fri$ri* ,maximilian ,muell]1 ! son ( ,wilhelm ,muell]1 ! ,saxon poet1 0 born at ,dessau1 ,decemb] #f?1 #ahbc4 ,he matriculat$ at ,leipzig 9 8 eighte5? ye>1 giv+ 8 pr9cipal att5tion to classical philology1 & receiv+ 8 degree 9 #ahdc4 ,he imm$iately began a c\rse ( ,ori5tal /udies1 *iefly ,sanskrit1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,pr(essor ,brockhaus1 & 9 #ahdd engag$ 9 8 translation ( ! ,hitopadesa4 ,he remov$ f ,leipzig to ,b]l91 & att5d$ ! lectures ( ,bopp1 ,rueck]1 & ,s*ell+4 ,! next ye> he w5t to ,p>is to li/5 to ,eug5e ,burn\f at ! ,college de ,france4 ,he n[ began ! collect+ ( mat]ial = 8 great qu>to edition ( ! ,rig-,v$a ,sanhita & ! ,comm5t>y ( ,saganadranja4 ,he visit$ ,engl& = ?is purpose to exam9e ! manuscripts 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y & at ! ,indian ,h\se4 ,at ! recomm5dation ( ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ! ,ori5tali/1 he 0 commission$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to publi% 8 edition 9 ,engl& at _! exp5se4 ,! fir/ volume appe>$ 9 #ahdi1 & five o!rs foll[$ dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,9 #ahej he deliv]$ a c\rse ( ,lectures on ,comp>ative ,philology at ,ox=d1 & ! next ye> 0 made memb] ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 curator1 etc41 & appo9t$ ,taylorian ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,european ,languages & ,lit]ature4 ,he receiv$ also num]\s o!r m>ks ( di/9ction f univ]sities1 & 0 made "o ( ! eight =eign memb]s ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,! ,volney prize 0 aw>d$ him by ! ,fr5* ,academy = 8 ,essay on ! ,comp>ative ,philology ( ,indo-,european ,languages & its ,be>+ on ! ,e>ly ,civilization ( ,mank9d4 ,8 writ+s h be5 num]\s4 ,besides edit+ ! translations ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,pr9cipal ,religions1 he has publi%$ a ,h&book = ! ,/udy ( ,sanskrit1 a ,sanskrit-,engli% ,diction>y & ,gramm>1 ,lectures ^u ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,essays on ,my?ology1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 etc4 ,he seems to h no int]mission1 b p5etrates :]e o!rs w\ld n h v5tur$1 or h falt]$ f utt] we>9ess4 ,9 ! field ( philology he has few pe]s1 :ile 9 e>ly ,sanskrit le>n+ he has virtually tak5 ! "p ( an innovator4 ,:ile rev]5tly foll[+ aft] ,sir ,william ,jones1 ,colebrooke1 ,w9dis*mann1 ,bopp1 & o!rs ( equal di/9ction1 he sets aside ! receiv$ views 9 reg>d to *ronology & hi/orical occurr5ces4 ,! era ( ,vikramaditya & ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 be>+ a date almo/ simultane\s ) ! ,augu/an p]iod at ! ,we/1 are po/pon$ by him to a lat] c5tury4 ,x may be t he has ov]look$ "s canon ( int]pretation t w\ld h modifi$ 8 results4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o hesitate to accept 8 conclusions freely ackn[l$ge 8 s*ol>ly en?usiasm1 p]si/5t en]gy1 & great erudition4 ,sanskrit 9 8 judgm5t con/itutes an ess5tial elem5t ( a lib]al education4 ,:ile he>tily admir+ ! employm5t ( "s ( ! be/ tal5t & noble/ g5ius ( our age 9 ! /udy ( developm5t 9 ! outw>d _w1 f ! fir/ gr[? ( ! e>? & ! beg9n+ ( organic life to ! highe/ /ages1 he pleads e>ne/ly t !re is an inw>d & intellectual _w also to be /udi$ 9 its hi/orical developm5t 9 /rict analogy ) ! o!r1 lead+ up to ! beg9n+ ( rational ?\ght 9 its /eady progress f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ /ages4 ,9 t /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 9 t /udy ( ourselves1 our true selves1 ,india occupies a place :i* is second to no o!r c\ntry4 ,:atev] sph]e ( ! human m9d may be select$ = special /udy1 :e!r language1 religion1 my?ology1 or philosophy1 :e!r laws1 cu/oms1 primitive art or primitive sci5ce1 we mu/ g to ,india1 because "s ( ! mo/ valuable & mo/ in/ructive mat]ials 9 ! hi/ory ( man are treasur$ up !re1 & !re only4 ,he inveighs mo/ eloqu5tly aga9/ ! n>r[+ ( our horizon to ! hi/ory ( ,greeks & ,romans1 ,saxons & ,celts1 ) a dim backgr\nd ( ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 & ,babylon1 leav+ out ( sight our ne>e/ intellectual relatives1 ! ,aryans ( ,india1 ! fram]s ( t mo/ wond]ful language ! ,sanskrit1 ! fell[-work]s 9 ! con/ruction ( our fundam5tal concepts1 ! fa!rs ( ! mo/ natural ( natural religions1 ! mak]s ( ! mo/ transp>5t ( my?ologies1 ! inv5tors ( ! mo/ subtle philosophy1 & ! giv]s ( ! mo/ elaborate laws4 ,x is ! purpose ( hi/orical /udy to enable ea* g5]ation to pr(it f ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o came be=e1 & advance t[>d high] aims1 )\t be+ oblig$ to />t anew f ! same po9t z its ance/ors aft] ! mann] ( e race ( brutes4 ,he :o kn[s little ( ^? :o prec$$ is v likely to c>e little = ^? com+ aft]4 ,life w\ld be to him a *a9 ( s&1 :ile x ought to be a k9d ( electric *a9 t makes our he>ts tremble & vibrate ) ! mo/ anci5t ?\ghts ( ! ,pa/1 z well z ) ! mo/ di/ant hopes ( ! ,future4 ,9 no j s5se is ?is an exagg]ation4 ,deep z sci5ce & rese>* h explor$1 ext5sive z is ! field :i* g5ius & art h occupi$1 !y h an ,h]culean labor yet to p]=m be=e ,india w h yield$ up all h] opul5ce ( le>n+4 ,! lit]ature ( ! _w 9 all ages has be5 ri*ly furni%$1 if n actually inspir$1 f t f\nta94 ,! ,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts1 s mu* laud$ 9 ! e>li] writ+s ( ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 & ,pho5icians1 0 abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! lore ( ^! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/4 ,! fir/ ,ionian sages light$ ! tor* ( philosophy at ! alt> ( ,zoroa/]4 ,! conque/ ( ,asia ,m9or by ! ,p]sians br\ght ,?ales1 ,anaxim5es1 & ,h]akleitos into contact ) ! ,eranian dogmas4 ,! leav5 ?us imp>t$ _h a pot5t influ5ce ^u ! entire mass ( ,grecian ?\ght4 ,we f9d x easy to trace its action ^u op9ions 9 lat] p]iods & among ! new] nations4 ,kant1 ,hegel1 ,/ew>t1 & ,hamilton1 z well z ,plato1 ,z5o1 & ,ari/otle1 _h _! prototypes 9 ! _w & antiquity beyond4 ,ev5 ! fir/ ,z>a?u/ra 0 an expon5t & n ! orig9ator ( ! ,religion & ,sci5ce ( ,light4 ,we are ?us c>ri$ by ?is r\te back to ! anci5t ,aryan ,home = ! s\rces f :i* s _m gold5 /reams h issu$4 ,9 ! ,sanskrit books & mantras we mu/ look = ! treasures t make human s\ls ri*4 ,p]haps we h be5 too mu* dispos$ to reg>d t =m] _w z a wond]l&1 a rep]tory ( folk-lore1 or a !atre ( gross & revolt+ sup]/ition4 ,we are n[ requir$ by c&or & ju/ice to revise su* notions4 ,^! primeval peoples1 9 _! way & 9 a language ak9 to ours1 ador$ ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 & contemplat$ ! future ( ! s\l ) a sure & c]ta9 hope4 ,nor did !y1 :ile obs]v+ ! myriads ( races int]v5+ betwe5 man & ! monad1 reg>d ! _w beyond z wa/e & void4 ,intellig5ces ( e grade 7 believ$ to p ! region betwe5 mortals & ! ,inf9ite4 ,! angels & ar*angels1 & ! spirits ( ! j made p]fect--devas & pitris !y call$ !m--m9i/]$ ab\t ! ?rone ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & abode 9 ! v>i\s sph]es ( univ]sal space4 ,mu* ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 our ?\ght & !irs consi/s 9 ! names & n 9 ! sub/ance ( our beliefs4 ,we may ?us be prep>$ to receive :at ,india c tea* u4 ,9 h] classic dialect1 ! ,sanskrit1 we may read ) :at success ! *ildr5 ( ! m5 :o j\rney$ f ! anci5t ,aryan ,home into ! ,punjab & ,aryav>tta h v5tur$ to look inw>d ^u !mselves1 upw>d to some?+ n !mselves1 & to see :e!r !y c\ld n und]/& a little ( ! true purport ( t my/]y :i* we call life ^u e>?4 ,x 0 p]fectly natural1 z well z p]fectly "r1 t z ! behold] caught a glance ( ! ,inf9ite ,beyond1 ! image impress$ itself ^u 8 s5sorium1 z w\ld be ! case f look+ at ! sun1 & he w\ld z a result p]ceive t ,inf9ite 9 all t he look$ ^u4 ,?us to ! ,sanskrit-speak+ ,aryan1 z to ! enlight5$ m9d ( to-day1 n to see x 0 utt] bl9dness4 ,:at we call sci5ce1 law1 morality1 religion1 0 9 8 view p]vad$ alike ?r\gh\t by ?is concept ( ,div9e pres5ce1 or else x w\ld h be5 less ?an a dream t _h n come to ! awak+4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ! light1 n f ! s5ses or ! logical und]/&+1 b f ! et]nal _w4 ,let u n dwell on any d>k] %ade ( ! picture4 ,cl\ds are d>k to ^? :o are b5ea? !m2 b on ! upp] side1 :]e ! sun %9es1 !y gl[ ) gold5 spl5dor4 ,let u be will+ to contemplate ,india frat]nally1 & ^u t side :]e ! radiance ( ! ,div9e %$s a refulg5t illum9ation4 ,,alex&] ,,wild]4 ,,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may #ad?1 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,india4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,:at ,,c ,,india ,,tea* ,,u8 ,:5 ,i receiv$ f ! ,bo>d ( ,hi/orical ,/udies at ,cambridge ! invitation to deliv] a c\rse ( lectures1 specially int5d$ = ! c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 ,i hesitat$ = "s "t1 feel+ extremely d\btful :e!r 9 a few public disc\rses ,i c\ld say any?+ t w\ld be ( real use to !m 9 pass+ _! exam9ations4 ,to enable "y m5 to pass _! exam9ations seems n[ to h become ! *ief1 if n ! only object ( ! univ]sities2 & to no class ( /ud5ts is x ( great] importance to pass _! exam9ations1 & to pass !m well1 ?an to ! c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice4 ,b al?\gh ,i 0 afraid t att5dance on a few public lectures1 su* z ,i c\ld give1 w\ld h>dly b5efit a c&idate :o 0 n already fully prep>$ to pass ?r\gh ! fi]y ordeal ( ! ?ree ,london exam9ations1 ,i c\ld n on ! o!r h& %ut my eyes completely to ! fact t1 aft] all1 univ]sities 7 n meant entirely1 or ev5 *iefly1 z /epp+-/ones to an exam9ation1 b t !re is some?+ else :i* univ]sities c tea* & ought to tea*--nay1 :i* ,i feel q sure !y 7 orig9ally meant to tea*--some?+ t may n h a m>ketable value be=e a ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s1 b :i* has a p]man5t value = ! :ole ( our life1 & t is a real int]e/ 9 our "w1 &1 m ?an t1 a love ( our "w1 &1 m ?an t1 a true joy & happ9ess 9 our "w4 ,if a univ]sity c tea* t1 if x c engraft t "o small liv+ g]m 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y m5 :o come "h to /udy & to prep>e !mselves = ! battle ( life1 &1 = :at is /ill m difficult to enc\nt]1 ! daily dull drudg]y ( life1 !n1 ,i feel conv9c$1 a univ]sity has done m1 & conf]r$ a m la/+ b5efit on its pupils ?an by help+ !m to pass ! mo/ difficult exam9ations1 & to take ! highe/ place among ,s5ior ,wrangl]s or ,fir/-,class m54 ,un=tunately1 t k9d ( "w :i* is n[ requir$ = pass+ "o exam9ation aft] ano!r1 t process ( cramm+ & cr[d+ :i* has ( late be5 br\ght to ! highe/ pit* ( p]fection1 has (t5 ! v opposite effect1 & in/ead ( excit+ an appetite = "w1 x is apt to produce an indiff]5ce1 if n a k9d ( intellectual nausea1 t may la/ = life4 ,& n[h]e is ?is s mu* to be fe>$ z 9 ! case ( c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice4 ,aft] !y h pass$ _! fir/ exam9ation = admission to ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 & giv5 pro( t !y h receiv$ ! b5efits ( a lib]al education1 & acquir$ t g5]al in=mation 9 classics1 hi/ory1 & ma!matics1 :i* is provid$ at our public s*ools1 & =ms no d\bt ! be/ & sure/ f\ndation = all m special & pr(essional /udies 9 lat] life1 !y sudd5ly f9d !mselves torn away f _! old /udies & _! old fri5ds1 & compell$ to take up new subjects :i* to _m ( !m seem /range1 outl&i%1 if n repulsive4 ,/range alphabets1 /range languages1 /range names1 /range lit]atures & laws h to be fac$1 to be got up z x is call$1 n f *oice1 b f dire necessity4 ,! :ole c\rse ( /udy dur+ two ye>s is det]m9$ = !m1 ! subjects fix$1 ! books prescrib$1 ! exam9ations regulat$1 & !re is no "t to look ei!r "r or left1 if a c&idate wi%es to make sure ( tak+ ea* successive f5ce 9 good /yle1 & )\t an accid5t4 ,i "k q well t ?is _c be help$4 ,i am n speak+ aga9/ ! sy/em ( exam9ations 9 g5]al1 if only !y are intellig5tly conduct$2 nay1 z an old exam9] myself1 ,i feel b\nd to say t ! am\nt ( k produc$ ready-made at ^! exam9ations is to my m9d p]fectly a/\nd+4 ,b :ile ! answ]s are !re on pap]1 /r+s ( dates1 li/s ( royal names & battles1 irregul> v]bs1 /ati/ical figures & :atev] else y l1 h[ seldom d we f9d t ! he>t ( ! c&idates is 9 ! "w :i* !y h to d4 ,! results produc$ are c]ta9ly mo/ ample & volum9\s1 b !y r>ely conta9 a sp>k ( orig9al ?\ght1 or ev5 a clev] mi/ake4 ,x is "w done f necessity1 or1 let u be j1 f a s5se ( duty1 b x is seldom1 or h>dly ev]1 a labor ( love4 ,n[ :y %\ld t be8 ,:y %\ld a /udy ( ,greek or ,lat9--( ! poetry1 ! philosophy1 ! laws & ! art ( ,greece & ,italy--seem cong5ial to u1 :y %\ld x excite ev5 a c]ta9 en?usiasm1 & comm& g5]al respect1 :ile a /udy ( ,sanskrit1 & ( ! anci5t poetry1 ! philosophy1 ! laws1 & ! art ( ,india is look$ ^u1 9 ! be/ case1 z curi\s1 b is consid]$ by mo/ p z useless1 t$i\s1 if n absurd8 ,&1 /range to say1 ?is feel+ exi/s 9 ,engl& m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 ev5 9 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,russia1 !re is a vague *>m connect$ ) ! "n ( ,india4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful poems 9 ! ,g]man language is ! ,wei%eit d] ,brahman51 ! ,wisdom ( ! ,brahmans1 by ,rueck]t1 to my m9d m ri* 9 ?\ght & m p]fect 9 =m ?an ev5 ,goe!'s ,we/-oe/li*] ,divan4 ,a s*ol> :o /udies ,sanskrit 9 ,g]many is suppos$ to be initiat$ 9 ! deep & d>k my/]ies ( anci5t wisdom1 & a man :o has travell$ 9 ,india1 ev5 if he has only discov]$ ,calcutta1 or ,bombay1 or ,madras1 is li/5$ to l ano!r ,m>co ,polo4 ,9 ,engl& a /ud5t ( ,sanskrit is g5]ally consid]$ a bore1 & an old ,indian civil s]vant1 if he beg9s to describe ! m>vels ( ,elephanta or ! ,t[]s ( ,sil5ce1 runs ! risk ( produc+ a c\nt-out4 ,!re are inde$ a few ,ori5tal s*ol>s ^: works are read1 & :o h acquir$ a c]ta9 celebrity 9 ,engl&1 because !y 7 really m5 ( uncommon g5ius1 & w\ld h rank$ among ! great glories ( ! c\ntry1 b = ! mis=tune t _! en]gies 7 devot$ to ,indian lit]ature--,i mean ,sir ,william ,jones1 "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ( ! sons ( m51 z ,dr4 ,johnson call$ him1 & ,?omas ,colebrooke4 ,b ! names ( o!rs :o h done good "w 9 _! day also1 m5 su* z ,ballantyne1 ,bu*anan1 ,c>ey1 ,crawfurd1 ,davis1 ,elliot1 ,ellis1 ,h\ghton1 ,leyd51 ,mack5zie1 ,m>sd51 ,muir1 ,pr9sep1 ,r5nell1 ,turn\r1 ,upham1 ,walli*1 ,w>r51 ,wilk9s1 ,wilson1 & _m o!rs1 are h>dly kn[n beyond ! small circle ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s2 & _! works are look$ = 9 va9 9 libr>ies :i* pr(ess to repres5t ) a c]ta9 complet5ess ! pr9cipal bran*es ( s*ol>%ip & sci5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,h[ _m times1 :5 ,i advis$ "y m51 c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 to devote !mselves be=e all ?+s to a /udy ( ,sanskrit1 h ,i be5 told1 ,:at is ! use ( our /udy+ ,sanskrit8 ,!re are translations ( ,sakuntala1 ,manu1 & ! ,hitopadesa1 & :at else is !re 9 t lit]ature t is wor? read+8 ,kalidasa may be v pretty1 & ! ,laws ( ,manu are v curi\s1 & ! fables ( ! ,hitopadesa are v qua9t2 b y w\ld n comp>e ,sanskrit lit]ature ) ,greek1 or recomm5d u to wa/e our "t 9 copy+ & edit+ ,sanskrit texts :i* ei!r tea* u no?+ t we d n "k already1 or tea* u some?+ :i* we d n c>e to "k8 ,?is seems to me a mo/ unhappy misconception1 & x w be ! *ief object ( my lectures to try to remove x1 or at all ev5ts to modify x1 z mu* z possible4 ,i %all n attempt to prove t ,sanskrit lit]ature is z good z ,greek lit]ature4 ,:y %\ld we always comp>e8 ,a /udy ( ,greek lit]ature has its own purpose1 & a /udy ( ,sanskrit lit]ature has its own purpose2 b :at ,i feel conv9c$ (1 & hope to conv9ce y (1 is t ,sanskrit lit]ature1 if /udi$ only 9 a "r _s1 is full ( human int]e/s1 full ( lessons :i* ev5 ,greek c\ld nev] tea* u1 a subject wor?y to occupy ! leisure1 & m ?an ! leisure1 ( e ,indian civil s]vant2 & c]ta9ly ! be/ means ( mak+ any "y man :o has to sp5d five-&-tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,india1 feel at home among ! ,indians1 z a fell[-work] among fell[-work]s1 & n z an ali5 among ali5s4 ,!re w be abundance ( useful & mo/ int]e/+ "w = him to d1 if only he c>es to d x1 "w su* z he w\ld look = 9 va91 :e!r 9 ,italy or 9 ,greece1 or ev5 among ! pyramids ( ,egypt or ! palaces ( ,babylon4 ,y w n[ und]/& :y ,i h *os5 z ! title ( my lectures1 ,:at c ,india tea* u8 ,true1 !re are _m ?+s :i* ,india has to le>n f u2 b !re are o!r ?+s1 &1 9 "o s5se1 v important ?+s1 :i* we too may le>n f ,india4 ,if ,i 7 to look ov] ! :ole _w to f9d out ! c\ntry mo/ ri*ly end[$ ) all ! weal?1 p[]1 & beauty t nature c be/[--9 "s p>ts a v p>adise on e>?--,i %\ld po9t to ,india4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ "u :at sky ! human m9d has mo/ full develop$ "s ( its *oice/ gifts1 has mo/ deeply pond]$ on ! greate/ problems ( life1 & has f\nd solutions ( "s ( !m :i* well des]ve ! att5tion ev5 ( ^? :o h /udi$ ,plato & ,kant--,i %\ld po9t to ,india4 ,& if ,i 7 to ask myself f :at lit]ature we1 "h 9 ,europe1 we :o h be5 nurtur$ almo/ exclusively on ! ?\ghts ( ,greeks & ,romans1 & ( "o ,semitic race1 ! ,jewi%1 may draw t corrective :i* is mo/ want$ 9 ord] to make our inn] life m p]fect1 m compreh5sive1 m univ]sal1 9 fact m truly human1 a life1 n = ?is life only1 b a transfigur$ & et]nal life--aga9 ,i %\ld po9t to ,india4 ,i "k y w be surpris$ to he> me say ?is4 ,i "k t m p>ticul>ly ^? :o h sp5t _m ye>s ( active life 9 ,calcutta1 or ,bombay1 or ,madras1 w be horror-/ruck at ! idea t ! humanity !y meet ) !re1 :e!r 9 ! baza>s or 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 or 9 s-call$ native society1 %\ld be able to tea* u any lessons4 ,let me !re=e expla9 at once to my fri5ds :o may h liv$ 9 ,india = ye>s1 z civil s]vants1 or (fic]s1 or mission>ies1 or m]*ants1 & :o ought to "k a great deal m ( t c\ntry ?an "o :o has nev] set foot on ! soil ( ,aryav>ta1 t we are speak+ ( two v diff]5t ,indias4 ,i am ?9k+ *iefly ( ,india su* z x 0 a ?\s&1 two ?\s&1 x may be ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2 !y ?9k ( ! ,india ( to-day4 ,& aga91 :5 ?9k+ ( ! ,india ( to-day1 !y rememb] *iefly ! ,india ( ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 or ,madras1 ! ,india ( ! t[ns4 ,i look to ! ,india ( ! village communities1 ! true ,india ( ! ,indians4 ,:at ,i wi% to %[ to y1 ,i mean m especially ! c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 is t ?is ,india ( a ?\s&1 or two ?\s&1 or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ay ! ,india ( to-day also1 if only y "k :]e to look = x1 is full ( problems1 ! solution ( :i* conc]ns all ( u1 ev5 u 9 ?is ,europe ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,if y h acquir$ any special ta/es "h 9 ,engl&1 y w f9d pl5ty to satisfy !m 9 ,india2 & :oev] has le>n$ to take an int]e/ 9 any ( ! great problems t occupy ! be/ ?9k]s & work]s at home1 ne$ c]ta9ly n be afraid ( ,india prov+ to him an intellectual exile4 ,if y c>e = geology1 !re is "w = y f ! ,himalayas to ,ceylon4 ,if y are fond ( botany1 !re is a flora ri* en\gh = _m ,hook]s4 ,if y are a zoologi/1 ?9k ( ,haeckel1 :o is j n[ ru%+ ?r\gh ,indian =e/s & dr$g+ 9 ,indian seas1 & to :om 8 /ay 9 ,india is l ! realization ( ! brighte/ dream ( 8 life4 ,if y are int]e/$ 9 e?nology1 :y ,india is l a liv+ e?nological museum4 ,if y are fond ( ar*aeology1 if y h ev] assi/$ at ! op5+ ( a b>r[ 9 ,engl&1 & "k ! delight ( f9d+ a fibula1 or a knife1 or a fl9t 9 a heap ( rubbi%1 read only ,g5]al ,cunn+ham's ,annual ,reports ( ! ,ar*aeological ,survey ( ,india1 & y w be impati5t = ! "t :5 y c take y\r spade & br+ to light ! anci5t ,vih>as or colleges built by ! ,buddhi/ mon>*s ( ,india4 ,if ev] y amus$ y\rselves ) collect+ co9s1 :y ! soil ( ,india teems ) co9s1 ,p]sian1 ,c>ian1 ,?racian1 ,p>?ian1 ,greek1 ,mac$onian1 ,scy?ian1 ,roman1#a & ,mohamm$an4 ,:5 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 0 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 an e>!n pot 0 f\nd on ! bank ( a riv] 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b5>es1 conta9+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-two gold d>ics4#b ,w>r5 ,ha/+s consid]$ himself z mak+ ! mo/ munific5t pres5t to 8 ma/]s t he might ev] h x 9 8 p[] to s5d !m1 by pres5t+ ^? anci5t co9s to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors4 ,! /ory is t !y 7 s5t to ! melt+-pot4 ,at all ev5ts !y _h disappe>$ :5 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s return$ to ,engl&4 ,x re/s ) y to prev5t ! revival ( su* v&alism4 ,9 "o ( ! la/ numb]s ( ! ,asiatic ,j\rnal ( ,b5gal y may read ( ! discov]y ( a treasure z ri* 9 gold almo/ z "s ( ! tombs op5$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann at ,myk5ae1 nay1 ,i %\ld add1 p]haps1 n q unconnect$ ) "s ( ! treasures f\nd at ,myk5ae2 yet h>dly any "o has tak5 notice ( x 9 ,engl&6#c ,! /udy ( ,my?ology has assum$ an entirely new "*1 *iefly ow+ to ! light t has be5 ?r[n on x by ! anci5t ,v$ic ,my?ology ( ,india4 ,b ?\gh ! f\ndation ( a true ,sci5ce ( ,my?ology has be5 laid1 all ! detail has /ill to be work$ out1 & c\ld be work$ out n[h]e bett] ?an 9 ,india4 ,ev5 ! /udy ( fables owes its new life to ,india1 f :5ce ! v>i\s migrations ( fables h be5 trac$ at v>i\s times & ?r\gh v>i\s *annels f ,ea/ to ,we/4#d ,buddhism is n[ kn[n to h be5 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( our leg5ds & p>ables4 ,b "h1 too1 _m problems /ill wait = _! solution4 ,?9k1 = in/ance1 ( ! allusion to ! fable ( ! donkey 9 ! lion's sk91 :i* occurs 9 ,plato's ,cratylus4#e ,0 t borr[$ f ! ,ea/8 ,or take ! fable ( ! weasel *ang$ by ,aphrodite into a woman :o1 :5 %e saw a m\se1 c\ld n refra9 f mak+ a spr+ at x4 ,?is1 too1 is v l a ,sanskrit fable2 b h[ !n c\ld x h be5 br\ght into ,greece e>ly en\gh to appe> 9 "o ( ! com$ies ( ,/rattis1 ab\t #djj ,b4,c48#f ,"h1 too1 !re is /ill pl5ty ( "w to d4 ,we may g back ev5 f>!r into antiquity1 & /ill f9d /range co9cid5ces betwe5 ! leg5ds ( ,india & ! leg5ds ( ! ,we/1 )\t z yet be+ able to say h[ !y travell$1 :e!r f ,ea/ to ,we/1 or f ,we/ to ,ea/4 ,t at ! "t ( ,solomon !re 0 a *annel ( communication op5 betwe5 ,india & ,syria & ,pale/9e is e/abli%$ beyond d\bt1 ,i believe1 by c]ta9 ,sanskrit words :i* occur 9 ! ,bible z names ( articles ( export f ,ophir1 articles su* z ivory1 apes1 peacocks1 & s&alwood1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 c\ld n h be5 export$ f any c\ntry b ,india4#g ,nor is !re any reason to suppose t ! comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ,india1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean 0 ev] completely int]rupt$1 ev5 at ! "t :5 ! ,book ( ,k+s is suppos$ to h be5 writt54 ,n[ y rememb] ! judgm5t ( ,solomon1 :i* has always be5 admir$ z a pro( ( great legal wisdom among ! ,jews4#h ,i mu/ confess t1 n hav+ a legal m9d1 ,i nev] c\ld suppress a c]ta9 %udd]#i :5 read+ ! decision ( ,solomon3 ,divide ! liv+ *ild 9 two1 & give half to ! "o1 & half to ! o!r4 ,let me n[ tell y ! same /ory z x is told by ! ,buddhi/s1 ^: sacr$ ,canon is full ( su* leg5ds & p>ables4 ,9 ! ,kanjur1 :i* is ! ,tibetan translation ( ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 we likewise read ( two wom5 :o claim$ ea* to be ! "m ( ! same *ild4 ,! k+1 aft] li/5+ to _! qu>rels = a long "t1 gave x up z hopeless to settle :o 0 ! real "m4 ,^u ?is ,visakha /epp$ =w>d & said3 ,:at is ! use ( exam9+ & cross-exam9+ ^! wom58 ,let !m take ! boy & settle x among !mselves4 ,!reupon bo? wom5 fell on ! *ild1 & :5 ! fight became viol5t ! *ild 0 hurt & began to cry4 ,!n "o ( !m let him g1 because %e c\ld n be> to he> ! *ild cry4 ,t settl$ ! "q4 ,! k+ gave ! *ild to ! true "m1 & _h ! o!r beat5 ) a rod4 ,?is seems to me1 if n ! m primitive1 yet ! m natural =m ( ! /ory--%[+ a deep] k ( human nature & m wisdom ?an ev5 ! wisdom ( ,solomon4#aj ,_m ( y may h /udi$ n only languages1 b also ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 & is !re any c\ntry 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ important problems ( t sci5ce1 say only ! gr[? & decay ( dialects1 or ! possible mixture ( languages1 ) reg>d n only to words1 b to grammatical elem5ts also1 c be /udi$ to great] advantage ?an among ! ,aryan1 ! ,dravidian1 & ! ,munda inhabitants ( ,india1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) _! v>i\s invad]s & conqu]ors1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,yue-t*i1 ! ,arabs1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,moguls1 & la/ly ! ,engli%8 ,aga91 if y are a /ud5t ( ,jurisprud5ce1 !re is a hi/ory ( law to be explor$ 9 ,india1 v diff]5t f :at is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( law 9 ,greece1 9 ,rome1 & 9 ,g]many1 yet bo? by its contra/s & by its simil>ities full ( sugge/ions to ! /ud5t ( ,comp>ative ,jurisprud5ce4 ,new mat]ials are be+ discov]$ e ye>1 z1 = in/ance1 ! s-call$ ,dh>ma or ,samayakarika ,sutras1 :i* h suppli$ ! mat]ials = ! lat] metrical law-books1 su* z ! fam\s ,laws ( ,manu4 ,:at 0 once call$ ,! ,code ( ,laws ( ,manu1 & confid5tly ref]r$ to #abjj1 or at lea/ #ejj ,b4,c41 is n[ hesitat+ly ref]r$ to p]haps ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 & call$ nei!r a ,code1 nor a ,code ( ,laws1 lea/ ( all1 ! ,code ( ,laws ( ,manu4 ,if y h le>n$ to appreciate ! value ( rec5t rese>*es into ! antec$5ts ( all law1 namely ! f\ndation & gr[? ( ! simple/ political communities--& n[h]e c\ld y h _h bett] opportunities = x ?an "h at ,cambridge--y w f9d a field ( obs]vation op5$ be=e y 9 ! /ill-exi/+ village e/ates 9 ,india t w amply repay c>eful rese>*4 ,& take t :i*1 aft] all1 :e!r we confess or d5y x1 we c>e = m 9 ?is life ?an = any?+ else--nay1 :i* is (t5 f> m c>$ = by ^? :o d5y ?an by ^? :o confess--take t :i* supports1 p]vades1 & directs all our acts & ?\ghts & hopes--)\t :i* !re c be nei!r village-community nor empire1 nei!r cu/om nor law1 nei!r "r nor wrong--take t :i*1 next to language1 has mo/ firmly fix$ ! specific & p]man5t b>ri] betwe5 man & bea/--:i* alone has made life possible & be>able1 & :i*1 z x is ! deepe/1 ?\gh (t5-hidd5 spr+ ( individual life1 is also ! f\ndation ( all national life--! hi/ory ( all hi/ories1 & yet ! my/]y ( all my/]ies--take religion1 & :]e c y /udy its true orig91#aa its natural gr[?1 & its inevitable decay bett] ?an 9 ,india1 ! home ( ,brahmanism1 ! bir?place ( ,buddhism1 & ! refuge ( ,zoroa/rianism1 ev5 n[ ! "m ( new sup]/itions--& :y n1 9 ! future1 ! reg5]ate *ild ( ! pure/ fai?1 if only purifi$ f ! du/ ( n9ete5 c5turies8 ,y w f9d y\rselves ev]y:]e 9 ,india betwe5 an imm5se pa/ & an imm5se future1 ) opportunities su* z ! old _w c\ld b seldom1 if ev]1 (f] y4 ,take any ( ! burn+ que/ions ( ! day--popul> education1 high] education1 p>liam5t>y repres5tation1 codification ( laws1 f9ance1 emigration1 poor-law2 & :e!r y h any?+ to tea* & to try1 or any?+ to obs]ve & to le>n1 ,india w supply y ) a laboratory su* z exi/s n[h]e else4 ,t v ,sanskrit1 ! /udy ( :i* may at fir/ seem s t$i\s to y & s useless1 if only y w c>ry x on1 z y may c>ry x on "h at ,cambridge bett] ?an any:]e else1 w op5 be=e y l>ge lay]s ( lit]ature1 z yet almo/ unkn[n & unexplor$1 & all[ y an insight into /rata ( ?\ght deep] ?an any y h kn[n be=e1 & ri* 9 lessons t appeal to ! deepe/ sympa?ies ( ! human he>t4 ,dep5d ^u x1 if only y c make leisure1 y w f9d pl5ty ( "w 9 ,india = y\r leisure h\rs4 ,india is n1 z y may imag9e1 a di/ant1 /range1 or1 at ! v utmo/1 a curi\s c\ntry4 ,india = ! future belongs to ,europe1 x has its place 9 ! ,indo-,european _w1 x has its place 9 our own hi/ory1 & 9 :at is ! v life ( hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,y "k h[ "s ( ! be/ tal5t & ! noble/ g5ius ( our age has be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! outw>d or mat]ial _w1 ! gr[? ( ! e>?1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( liv+ cells1 _! comb9ation & diff]5tiation1 lead+ up to ! beg9n+ ( organic life1 & its /eady progress f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ /ages4 ,is !re n an inw>d & intellectual _w also :i* has to be /udi$ 9 its hi/orical developm5t1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( pr$icative & demon/rative roots1 _! comb9ation & diff]5tiation1 lead+ up to ! beg9n+ ( rational ?\ght 9 its /eady progress f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ /ages8 ,& 9 t /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 9 t /udy ( ourselves1 ( our true selves1 ,india occupies a place second to no o!r c\ntry4 ,:atev] sph]e ( ! human m9d y may select = y\r special /udy1 :e!r x be language1 or religion1 or my?ology1 or philosophy1 :e!r x be laws or cu/oms1 primitive art or primitive sci5ce1 ev]y:]e1 y h to g to ,india1 :e!r y l x or n1 because "s ( ! mo/ valuable & mo/ in/ructive mat]ials 9 ! hi/ory ( man are treasur$ up 9 ,india1 & 9 ,india only4 ,& :ile ?us try+ to expla9 to ^? ^: lot w soon be ca/ 9 ,india ! true position :i* t wond]ful c\ntry holds or ought to hold 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 ,i may p]haps be able at ! same "t to appeal to ! sympa?ies ( o!r memb]s ( ?is ,univ]sity1 by %[+ !m h[ imp]fect our k ( univ]sal hi/ory1 our insight into ! developm5t ( ! human intellect1 mu/ always rema91 if we n>r[ our horizon to ! hi/ory ( ,greeks & ,romans1 ,saxons & ,celts1 ) a dim backgr\nd ( ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 & ,babylon1#ab & leave out ( sight our ne>e/ intellectual relatives1 ! ,aryans ( ,india1 ! fram]s ( ! mo/ wond]ful language1 ! ,sanskrit1 ! fell[-work]s 9 ! con/ruction ( our fundam5tal concepts1 ! fa!rs ( ! mo/ natural ( natural religions1 ! mak]s ( ! mo/ transp>5t ( my?ologies1 ! inv5tors ( ! mo/ subtle philosophy1 & ! giv]s ( ! mo/ elaborate laws4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* we ?9k ess5tial 9 a lib]al education1 :ole *apt]s ( hi/ory :i* we tea* 9 our s*ools & univ]sities1 t _c = "o mom5t comp>e ) ! *apt] relat+ to ,india1 if only prop]ly und]/ood & freely int]pret$4 ,9 our "t1 :5 ! /udy ( hi/ory ?reat5s to become almo/ an impossibility--su* is ! mass ( details :i* hi/orians collect 9 ar*ives & p\r out be=e u 9 monographs--x seems to me m ?an ev] ! duty ( ! true hi/orian to f9d out ! real proportion ( ?+s1 to arrange 8 mat]ials accord+ to ! /ricte/ rules ( arti/ic p]spective1 & to keep completely out ( sight all t may be rightly ignor$ by u 9 our own passage across ! hi/orical /age ( ! _w4 ,x is ?is p[] ( discov]+ :at is really important t di/+ui%es ! true hi/orian f ! m]e *ronicl]1 9 ^: eyes ev]y?+ is important1 p>ticul>ly if he has discov]$ x himself4 ,i ?9k x 0 ,fr$]ick ! ,great :o1 :5 sigh+ = a true hi/orian ( 8 reign1 compla9$ bitt]ly t ^? :o wrote ! hi/ory ( ,prussia nev] =got to describe ! buttons on 8 uni=m4 ,& x is probably ( su* hi/orical works t ,c>lyle 0 ?9k+ :5 he said t he _h wad$ ?r\gh !m all1 b t no?+ %\ld ev] induce him to h& ev5 _! names & titles d[n to po/]ity4 ,& yet h[ mu* is !re ev5 9 ,c>lyle's hi/ories t might safely be consign$ to oblivion6 ,:y d we want to "k hi/ory8 ,:y does hi/ory =m a recogniz$ "p ( our lib]al education8 ,simply because all ( u1 & e "o ( u1 ought to "k h[ we h come to be :at we are1 s t ea* g5]ation ne$ n />t aga9 f ! same po9t & toil ov] ! same gr\nd1 b1 pr(it+ by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o came be=e1 may advance t[>d high] po9ts & nobl] aims4 ,z a *ild :5 gr[+ up might ask 8 fa!r or gr&fa!r :o _h built ! h\se !y liv$ 91 or :o _h cle>$ ! field t yield$ !m _! food1 we ask ! hi/orian :5ce we came1 & h[ we came into possession ( :at we call our own4 ,hi/ory may tell u aft]w>d _m useful & amus+ ?+s1 gossip1 su* z a *ild might l to he> f 8 "m or gr&mo!r2 b :at hi/ory has to tea* u be=e all & ev]y?+1 is our own antec$5ts1 our own ance/ors1 our own desc5t4 ,n[ our pr9cipal intellectual ance/ors are1 no d\bt1 ! ,jews1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,saxons1 & we1 "h 9 ,europe1 %\ld n call a man educat$ or enlight5$ :o 0 ignorant ( ! debt :i* he owes to 8 intellectual ance/ors 9 ,pale/9e1 ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,g]many4 ,! :ole pa/ hi/ory ( ! _w w\ld be d>kness to him1 & n kn[+ :at ^? :o came be=e him _h done = him1 he w\ld probably c>e little to d any?+ = ^? :o are to come aft] him4 ,life w\ld be to him a *a9 ( s&1 :ile x ought to be a k9d ( electric *a9 t makes our he>ts tremble & vibrate ) ! mo/ anci5t ?\ghts ( ! pa/1 z well z ) ! mo/ di/ant hopes ( ! future4 ,let u beg9 ) our religion4 ,no "o c und]/& ev5 ! hi/orical possibility ( ! ,*ri/ian religion )\t kn[+ some?+ ( ! ,jewi% race1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ *iefly 9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& 9 ord] to appreciate ! true relation ( ! ,jews to ! re/ ( ! anci5t _w1 & to und]/& :at ideas 7 peculi>ly _! own1 & :at ideas !y %>$ 9 common ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,semitic /ock1 or :at moral & religi\s impulses !y receiv$ f _! hi/orical contact ) o!r nations ( antiquity1 x is absolutely necess>y t we %\ld pay "s att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ,babylon1 ,n9eveh1 ,pho5icia1 & ,p]sia4 ,^! may seem di/ant c\ntries & =gott5 p1 & _m might feel incl9$ to say1 ,let ! dead bury _! dead2 :at are ^? mummies to u8 ,/ill1 su* is ! m>vell\s cont9uity ( hi/ory1 t ,i c\ld easily %[ y _m ?+s :i* we1 ev5 we :o are "h assembl$1 owe to ,babylon1 to ,n9eveh1 to ,egypt1 ,pho5icia1 & ,p]sia4 ,e "o :o c>ries a wat* owes to ! ,babylonians ! division ( ! h\r into sixty m9utes4 ,x may be a v bad division1 yet su* z x is1 x has come to u f ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & x came to !m f ,babylon4 ,! sexagesimal division is peculi>ly ,babylonian4 ,hipp>*os1 #aej ,b4,c41 adopt$ x f ,babylon1 ,ptolemy1 #aej ,a4,d41 gave x wid] curr5cy1 & ! ,fr5*1 :5 !y decimat$ ev]y?+ else1 respect$ ! dial-plates ( our wat*es1 & left !m ) _! sixty ,babylonian m9utes4 ,e "o :o writes a lett] owes 8 alphabet to ! ,romans & ,greeks2 ! ,greeks ow$ _! alphabet to ! ,pho5icians1 & ! ,pho5icians le>n$ x 9 ,egypt4 ,x may be a v imp]fect alphabet--z all ! /ud5ts ( phonetics w tell y--yet1 su* z x is & has be51 we owe x to ! old ,pho5icians & ,egyptians1 & 9 e lett] we trace1 !re lies imb$d$ ! mummy ( an anci5t ,egyptian hi]oglyphic4 ,:at d we owe to ! ,p]sians8 ,x does n seem to be mu*1 = !y 7 n a v inv5tive race1 & :at !y knew !y _h *iefly le>n$ f _! neighbors1 ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,/ill1 we owe !m some?+4 ,fir/ ( all1 we owe !m a l>ge debt ( gratitude = hav+ all[$ !mselves to be beat5 by ! ,greeks2 = ?9k :at ! _w w\ld h be5 if ! ,p]sians _h beat5 ! ,greeks at ,m>a?on1 & _h enslav$--t means1 annihilat$--! g5ius ( anci5t ,greece4 ,h[ev]1 ?is may be call$ r an involunt>y contribution to ! progress ( humanity1 & ,i m5tion x only 9 ord] to %[ h[ n>r[ly1 n only ,greeks & ,romans1 b ,saxons & ,anglo-,saxons too1 escap$ becom+ ,p>sis or ,fire-wor%ipp]s4 ,b ,i c m5tion at lea/ "o volunt>y gift :i* came to u f ,p]sia1 & t is ! relation ( silv] to gold 9 our bi-metallic curr5cy4 ,t relation 01 no d\bt1 fir/ det]m9$ 9 ,babylonia1 b x assum$ its practical & hi/orical importance 9 ! ,p]sian empire1 & spread f !re to ! ,greek colonies 9 ,asia1 & !nce to ,europe1 :]e x has ma9ta9$ itself ) slight v>iation to ! pres5t day4 ,a tal5t#ac 0 divid$ into sixty m9ae1 a m9a into sixty %ekels4 ,"h we h aga9 ! ,babylonian sexagesimal sy/em1 a sy/em :i* owes its orig9 & popul>ity1 ,i believe1 to ! fact t sixty has ! greate/ numb] ( divisors4 ,%ekel 0 translat$ into ,greek by ,/at]1 & an ,a!nian gold /at]1 l ! ,p]sian gold /at]1 d[n to ! times ( ,croesus1 ,d>ius1 & ,alex&]1 0 ! sixtie? "p ( a m9a ( gold1 n v f> !re=e f our sov]eign4 ,! proportion ( silv] to gold 0 fix$ z ?irte5 or ?irte5 & a ?ird to "o2 & if ! weight ( a silv] %ekel 0 made z ?irte5 to t51 su* a co9 w\ld correspond v ne>ly to our flor94#ad ,half a silv] %ekel 0 a dra*ma1 & ?is 0 !re=e ! true ance/or ( our %ill+4 ,aga9 y may say t any attempt at fix+ ! relative value ( silv] & gold is1 & always has be51 a great mi/ake4 ,/ill x %[s h[ closely ! _w is held toge!r1 & h[1 = good or = evil1 we are :at we are1 n s mu* by ourselves z by ! toil & moil ( ^? :o came be=e u1 our true intellectual ance/ors1 :atev] ! blood may h be5 compos$ ( t ran ?r\gh _! ve9s1 or ! bones :i* =m$ ! raft]s ( _! skulls4 ,& if x is true1 ) reg>d to religion1 t no "o c\ld und]/& x & appreciate its full purport )\t kn[+ its orig9 & gr[?1 t is1 )\t kn[+ some?+ ( :at ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,mesopotamia1 ! hi]oglyphic & hi]atic texts ( ,egypt1 & ! hi/orical monum5ts ( ,pho5icia & ,p]sia c alone reveal to u1 x is equally true ) reg>d to all ! o!r elem5ts t con/itute ! :ole ( our intellectual life4 ,if we are ,jewi% or ,semitic 9 our religion1 we are ,greek 9 our philosophy1 ,roman 9 our politics1 & ,saxon 9 our morality2 & x foll[s t a k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,saxons1 or ( ! fl[ ( civilization f ,greece to ,italy1 & ?r\gh ,g]many to ^! isles1 =ms an ess5tial elem5t 9 :at is call$ a lib]al1 t is1 an hi/orical & rational education4 ,b !n x might be said1 ,let ?is be en\gh4 ,let u "k by all means all t des]ves to be kn[n ab\t our real spiritual ance/ors 9 ! great hi/orical k+doms ( ! _w2 let u be grateful = all we h inh]it$ f ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 ,pho5icians1 ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,saxons4 ,b :y br+ 9 ,india8 ,:y add a new burd5 to :at e man has to be> already1 be=e he c call himself fairly educat$8 ,:at h we inh]it$ f ! d>k dwell]s on ! ,indus & ! ,ganges1 t we %\ld h to add _! royal names & dates & de$s to ! ar*ives ( our already ov]burd5$ memory8 ,!re is "s ju/ice 9 ?is compla9t4 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,india are n our intellectual ance/ors 9 ! same direct way z ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,saxons are2 b !y repres5t1 nev]!less1 a collat]al bran* ( t family to :i* we belong by language1 t is1 by ?\ght1 & _! hi/orical records ext5d 9 "s respects s f> beyond all o!r records & h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 su* p]fect & su* legible docum5ts1 t we c le>n f !m lessons :i* we c le>n n[h]e else1 & supply miss+ l9ks 9 our intellectual ance/ry f> m important ?an t miss+ l9k 7:i* we c well af=d to miss71 ! l9k betwe5 ,ape & ,man4 ,i am n speak+ z yet ( ! lit]ature ( ,india z x is1 b ( some?+ f> m anci5t1 ! language ( ,india1 or ,sanskrit4 ,no "o supposes any long] t ,sanskrit 0 ! common s\rce ( ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,anglo-,saxon4 ,?is us$ to be said1 b x has long be5 %[n t ,sanskrit is only a collat]al bran* ( ! same /em f :i* spr+ ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,anglo-,saxon2 & n only ^!1 b all ! ,teutonic1 all ! ,celtic1 all ! ,slavonic languages1 nay1 ! languages ( ,p]sia & ,arm5ia also4 ,:at1 !n1 is x t gives to ,sanskrit its claim on our att5tion1 & its supreme importance 9 ! eyes ( ! hi/orian8 ,fir/ ( all1 its antiquity--= we "k ,sanskrit at an e>li] p]iod ?an ,greek4 ,b :at is f> m important ?an its m]ely *ronological antiquity is ! antique /ate ( pres]vation 9 :i* t ,aryan language has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,! _w _h kn[n ,lat9 & ,greek = c5turies1 & x 0 felt1 no d\bt1 t !re 0 "s k9d ( simil>ity betwe5 ! two4 ,b h[ 0 t simil>ity to be expla9$8 ,sometimes ,lat9 0 suppos$ to give ! key to ! =mation ( a ,greek ^w1 sometimes ,greek seem$ to betray ! secret ( ! orig9 ( a ,lat9 ^w4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 ! anci5t ,teutonic languages1 su* z ,go?ic & ,anglo-,saxon1 & ! anci5t ,celtic & ,slavonic languages too1 came to be /udi$1 no "o c\ld help see+ a c]ta9 family lik5ess among !m all4 ,b h[ su* a lik5ess betwe5 ^! languages came to be1 & h[1 :at is f> m difficult to expla91 su* /rik+ diff]5ces too betwe5 ^! languages came to be1 rema9$ a my/]y1 & gave rise to ! mo/ gratuit\s !ories1 mo/ ( !m1 z y "k1 devoid ( all sci5tific f\ndation4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ,sanskrit /epp$ into ! mid/ ( ^! languages1 !re came light & w>m? & mutual recognition4 ,!y all ceas$ to be /rang]s1 & ea* fell ( its own accord into its "r place4 ,sanskrit 0 ! elde/ si/] ( !m all1 & c\ld tell ( _m ?+s :i* ! o!r memb]s ( ! family _h q =gott54 ,/ill1 ! o!r languages too _h ea* _! own tale to tell2 & x is out ( all _! tales toge!r t a *apt] 9 ! human m9d has be5 put toge!r :i*1 9 "s respects1 is m important to u ?an any ( ! o!r *apt]s1 ! ,jewi%1 ! ,greek1 ! ,lat91 or ! ,saxon4 ,! process by :i* t anci5t *apt] ( hi/ory 0 recov]$ is v simple4 ,take ! words :i* occur 9 ! same =m & ) ! same mean+ 9 all ! sev5 bran*es ( ! ,aryan family1 & y h 9 !m ! mo/ g5u9e & tru/wor?y records 9 :i* to read ! ?\ghts ( our true ance/ors1 be=e !y _h become ,h9dus1 or ,p]sians1 or ,greeks1 or ,romans1 or ,celts1 or ,teutons1 or ,slaves4 ,( c\rse1 "s ( ^! anci5t *>t]s may h be5 lo/ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! sev5 bran*es ( ! ,aryan family1 b ev5 !n1 if !y are f\nd 9 six1 or five1 or f\r1 or ?ree1 or ev5 two only ( its orig9al bran*es1 ! probability rema9s1 unless we c prove a lat] hi/orical contact betwe5 ^! languages1 t ^! words exi/$ be=e ! great ,aryan ,sep>ation4 ,if we f9d agni1 mean+ fire1 9 ,sanskrit1 & ignis1 mean+ fire1 9 ,lat91 we may safely conclude t fire 0 kn[n to ! undivid$ ,aryans1 ev5 if no trace ( ! same "n ( fire occurr$ any:]e else4 ,& :y8 ,because !re is no indication t ,lat9 rema9$ long] unit$ ) ,sanskrit ?an any ( ! o!r ,aryan languages1 or t ,lat9 c\ld h borr[$ su* a ^w f ,sanskrit1 aft] ^! two languages _h once become di/9ct4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 ! ,li?uanian ugnis1 & ! ,scotti% +le1 to %[ t ! ,slavonic & possibly ! ,teutonic languages also1 knew ! same ^w = fire1 ?\gh !y replac$ x 9 "t by o!r words4 ,words1 l all o!r ?+s1 w die1 & :y !y %\ld live on 9 "o soil & )] away & p]i% 9 ano!r1 is n always easy to say4 ,:at has become ( ignis1 = in/ance1 9 all ! ,romance languages8 ,x has )]$ away & p]i%$1 probably because1 aft] los+ its f9al unacc5tuat$ syllable1 x became awkw>d to pron\nce2 & ano!r ^w1 focus1 :i* 9 ,lat9 meant fireplace1 he>?1 alt>1 has tak5 its place4 ,suppose we want$ to "k :e!r ! anci5t ,aryans be=e _! sep>ation knew ! m\se3 we %\ld only h to consult ! pr9cipal ,aryan diction>ies1 & we %\ld f9d 9 ,sanskrit mu%1 9 ,greek ,greek3 mus1 9 ,lat9 mus1 9 ,old ,slavonic myse1 9 ,old ,high ,g]man mus1 enabl+ u to say t1 at a "t s di/ant f u t we feel incl9$ to measure x by ,indian r ?an by our own *ronology1 ! m\se 0 kn[n1 t is1 0 nam$1 0 conceiv$ & recogniz$ z a species ( its own1 n to be conf\nd$ ) any o!r v]m94 ,& if we 7 to ask :e!r ! enemy ( ! m\se1 ! cat1 0 kn[n at ! same di/ant "t1 we %\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ decid$ly1 ,no4 ,! cat is call$ 9 ,sanskrit m>gara & vidala4 ,9 ,greek & ,lat9 ! words usually giv5 z names ( ! cat1 ,greek3 galee & ,greek3 ail\ros1 mu/ella & feles1 did n orig9ally signify ! tame cat1 b ! weasel or m>t54 ,! "n = ! real cat 9 ,greek 0 ,greek3 katta1 9 ,lat9 catus1 & ^! words h suppli$ ! names = cat 9 all ! ,teutonic1 ,slavonic1 & ,celtic languages4 ,! animal itself1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 came to ,europe f ,egypt1 :]e x _h be5 wor%ipp$ = c5turies & tam$2 & z ?is arrival probably dates f ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 we c well und]/& t no common "n = x c\ld h exi/$ :5 ! ,aryan nations sep>at$4#ae ,9 ?is way a m or less complete picture ( ! /ate ( civilization1 previ\s to ! ,aryan ,sep>ation1 c be & has be5 recon/ruct$1 l a mosaic put toge!r ) ! fragm5ts ( anci5t /ones2 & ,i d\bt :e!r1 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 we %all ev] rea* to a l[] /ratum ?an t :i* is reveal$ to u by ! conv]g+ rays ( ! diff]5t ,aryan languages4 ,nor is t all2 = ev5 t ,proto-,aryan language1 z x has be5 recon/ruct$ f ! ru9s scatt]$ ab\t 9 ,india1 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,g]many1 is cle>ly ! result ( a long1 long process ( ?\ght4 ,"o %r9ks f *ronological limitations :5 look+ into su* di/ant p]iods ( life4 ,b if we f9d ,sanskrit z a p]fect lit]>y language1 totally diff]5t f ,greek & ,lat91 #aejj ,b4,c41 :]e c ^? /reams ( ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 meet1 z we trace !m back to _! common s\rce8 ,& !n1 :5 we h foll[$ ^! mighty national /reams back to _! common meet+-po9t1 ev5 !n t common language looks l a rock wa%$ d[n & smoo!d = ages by ! ebb & fl[ ( ?\ght4 ,we f9d 9 t language su* a comp\nd1 = in/ance1 z asmi1 ,i am1 ,greek ,greek3 esmi4 ,:at w\ld o!r languages give = su* a pure concept z ,i am8 ,!y may say1 ,i /&1 or ,i live1 or ,i gr[1 or ,i turn1 b x is giv5 to few languages only to be able to say ,i am4 ,to u no?+ seems m natural ?an ! auxili>y v]b ,i am2 b1 9 reality1 no "w ( art has requir$ great] ef=ts ?an ?is little ^w ,i am4 ,& all ^? ef=ts lie b5ea? ! level ( ! common ,proto-,aryan spee*4 ,_m diff]5t ways 7 op51 7 tri$1 too1 9 ord] to arrive at su* a comp\nd z asmi1 & su* a concept z ,i am4 ,b all 7 giv5 up1 & ?is "o alone rema9$1 & 0 pres]v$ =ev] 9 all ! languages & all ! dialects ( ! ,aryan family4 ,9 z-mi1 z is ! root1 & 9 ! comp\nd z-mi1 ! pr$icative root z1 to be1 is pr$icat$ ( mi1 ,i4 ,b no language c\ld ev] produce at once s empty1 or1 if y l1 s g5]al a root z z1 to be4 ,z meant orig9ally to brea!1 & f x we h asu1 brea?1 _s1 life1 also z ! m\?1 ,lat9 os1 oris4 ,by con/ant we> & te> ?is root z1 to brea!1 _h fir/ to lose all signs ( its orig9al mat]ial "*1 be=e x c\ld convey t purely ab/ract mean+ ( exi/5ce1 )\t any qualification1 :i* has r5d]$ to ! high] op]ations ( ?\ght ! same s]vice :i* ! n\ght1 likewise ! inv5tion ( ,indian g5ius1 has to r5d] 9 ari?metic4 ,:o w say h[ long ! friction la/$ :i* *ang$ z1 to brea!1 into z1 to be8 ,& ev5 a root z1 to brea!1 0 an ,aryan root1 n ,semitic1 n ,turanian4 ,x possess$ an hi/orical individuality--x 0 ! "w ( our =efa!rs1 & repres5ts a ?read :i* unites u 9 our ?\ghts & words ) ^? :o fir/ ?\ght = u1 ) ^? :o fir/ spoke = u1 & ^: ?\ghts & words m5 are /ill ?9k+ & speak+1 ?\gh divid$ f !m by ?\s&s1 x may be by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is is :at ,i call hi/ory 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 some?+ really wor? kn[+1 f> m s ?an ! sc&als ( c\rts1 or ! but*]ies ( nations1 :i* fill s _m pages ( our ,manuals ( ,hi/ory4 ,& all ?is "w is only beg9n+1 & :oev] likes to labor 9 ^! ! mo/ anci5t ( hi/orical ar*ives w f9d pl5ty ( discov]ies to make--& yet p ask1 ,:at is ! use ( le>n+ ,sanskrit8 ,we get accu/om$ to ev]y?+1 & cease to wond] at :at w\ld h />tl$ our fa!rs & upset all _! /ratifi$ notions1 l a sudd5 e>?quake4 ,e *ild n[ le>ns at s*ool t ,engli% is an ,aryan or ,indo-,european language1 t x belongs to ! ,teutonic bran*1 & t ?is bran*1 toge!r ) ! ,italic1 ,greek1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 ,iranic1 & ,indic bran*es1 all spr+ f ! same /ock1 & =m toge!r ! great ,aryan or ,indo-,european family ( spee*4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh x is taught n[ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 0 really1 b fifty ye>s ago1 l ! op5+ ( a new horizon ( ! _w ( ! intellect1 & ! ext5sion ( a feel+ ( close/ frat]nity t made u feel at home :]e be=e we _h be5 /rang]s1 & *ang$ millions ( s-call$ b>b>ians into our own ki? & k94 ,to speak ! same language con/itutes a clos] union ?an to h drunk ! same milk2 & ,sanskrit1 ! anci5t language ( ,india1 is sub/antially ! same language z ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,anglo-,saxon4 ,?is is a lesson :i* we %\ld nev] h le>n$ b f a /udy ( ,indian language & lit]ature1 & if ,india _h taught u no?+ else1 x w\ld h taught u m ?an almo/ any o!r language ev] did4 ,x is q amus+1 ?\gh in/ructive also1 to read :at 0 writt5 by s*ol>s & philosoph]s :5 ?is new light fir/ dawn$ on ! _w4 ,!y w\ld n h x1 !y w\ld n believe t !re c\ld be any community ( orig9 betwe5 ! p ( ,a!ns & ,rome1 & ! s-call$ ,nigg]s ( ,india4 ,! classical s*ol> sc\t$ ! idea1 & ,i myself /ill rememb] ! "t1 :5 ,i 0 a /ud5t at ,leipzig1 & began to /udy ,sanskrit1 ) :at contempt any rem>ks on ,sanskrit or comp>ative gramm> 7 treat$ by my tea*]s1 m5 su* z ,gottfri$ ,h]mann1 ,haupt1 ,we/]mann1 ,/allbaum1 & o!rs4 ,no "o ev] 0 = a "t s completely laugh$ d[n z ,pr(essor ,bopp1 :5 he fir/ publi%$ 8 ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ,sanskrit1 ,z5d1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,go?ic4 ,all h&s 7 aga9/ him2 & if 9 comp>+ ,greek & ,lat9 ) ,sanskrit1 ,go?ic1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 or ,p]sian1 he happ5$ to h plac$ "o s+le acc5t wrong1 ! %\ts ( ^? :o knew no?+ b ,greek & ,lat91 & probably look$ 9 _! ,greek diction>ies to be q sure ( _! acc5ts1 w\ld nev] end4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 r ?an admit a relation%ip betwe5 ,h9dus & ,scots1 w\ld r believe t ! :ole ,sanskrit language & ! :ole ( ,sanskrit lit]ature--m9d1 a lit]ature ext5d+ ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s & l>g] ?an ! anci5t lit]ature ( ei!r ,greece or ,rome--0 a =g]y ( ^? wily prie/s1 ! ,brahmans4 ,i rememb] too h[1 :5 ,i 0 at s*ool at ,leipzig 7& a v good s*ool x 01 ) su* ma/]s z ,nobbe1 ,=big]1 ,funkha5el1 & ,palm--an old s*ool too1 :i* c\ld boa/ ( ,leibnitz among its =m] pupils7 ,i rememb]1 ,i say1 "o ( our ma/]s 7,dr4 ,klee7 tell+ u "o aft]noon1 :5 x 0 too hot to d any s]i\s "w1 t !re 0 a language spok5 9 ,india1 :i* 0 mu* ! same z ,greek & ,lat91 nay1 z ,g]man & ,russian4 ,at fir/ we ?\ght x 0 a joke1 b :5 "o saw ! p>allel columns ( num]als1 pron\ns1 & v]bs 9 ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 writt5 on ! blackbo>d1 "o felt 9 ! pres5ce ( facts1 be=e :i* "o _h to b[4 ,all "o's ideas ( ,adam & ,eve1 & ! ,p>adise1 & ! t[] ( ,babel1 & ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhet1 ) ,hom] & ,a,eneas & ,virgil too1 seem$ to be :irl+ r\nd & r\nd1 till at la/ "o pick$ up ! fragm5ts & tri$ to build up a new _w1 & to live ) a new hi/orical consci\sness4 ,"h y w see :y ,i consid] a c]ta9 k ( ,india an ess5tial portion ( a lib]al or an hi/orical education4 ,! concept ( ! ,european man has be5 *ang$ & widely ext5d$ by our acqua9tance ) ,india1 & we "k n[ t we are some?+ diff]5t f :at we ?\ght we 74 ,suppose ! ,am]icans1 ow+ to "s cataclysmal ev5ts1 _h =gott5 _! ,engli% orig91 & aft] two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s f\nd !mselves 9 possession ( a language & ( ideas :i* !y c\ld trace back hi/orically to a c]ta9 date1 b :i*1 at t date1 seem$1 z x 71 fall5 f ! sky1 )\t any explanation ( _! orig9 & previ\s gr[?1 :at w\ld !y say if sudd5ly ! exi/5ce ( an ,engli% language & lit]ature 7 reveal$ to !m1 su* z !y exi/$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury--expla9+ all t seem$ be=e almo/ miracul\s1 & solv+ almo/ e "q t c\ld be ask$8 ,well1 ?is is mu* ! same z :at ! discov]y ( ,sanskrit has done = u4 ,x has add$ a new p]iod to our hi/orical consci\sness1 & reviv$ ! recollections ( our *ildhood1 :i* seem$ to h vani%$ =ev]4 ,:atev] else we may h be51 x is q cle> n[ t1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 we 7 some?+ t _h n yet develop$ into an ,engli%man1 or a ,saxon1 or a ,greek1 or a ,h9du ei!r1 yet conta9$ 9 itself ! g]ms ( all ^! *>act]s4 ,a /range be+1 y may say4 ,yes1 b = all t a v real be+1 & an ance/or too ( :om we mu/ le>n to be pr\d1 f> m ?an ( any su* mod]n ance/ors1 z ,normans1 ,saxons1 ,celts1 & all ! re/4 ,& ?is is n all yet t a /udy ( ,sanskrit & ! o!r ,aryan languages has done = u4 ,x has n only wid5$ our views ( man1 & taught u to embrace millions ( /rang]s & b>b>ians z memb]s ( "o family1 b x has imp>t$ to ! :ole anci5t hi/ory ( man a reality :i* x nev] possess$ be=e4 ,we speak & write a great deal ab\t antiquities1 & if we c lay hold ( a ,greek /atue or an ,egyptian ,sph9x or a ,babylonian ,bull1 our he>t rejoices1 & we build museums gr&] ?an any royal palaces to receive ! treasures ( ! pa/4 ,?is is q "r4 ,b are y aw>e t e "o ( u possesses :at may be call$ ! ri*e/ & mo/ wond]ful ,museum ( ,antiquities1 old] ?an any /atues1 sph9xes1 or bulls8 ,& :]e8 ,:y1 9 our own language4 ,:5 ,i use su* words z fa!r or "m1 he>t or te>1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 "h & !re1 ,i am h&l+ co9s or c\nt]s t 7 curr5t be=e !re 0 "o s+le ,greek /atue1 "o s+le ,babylonian ,bull1 "o s+le ,egyptian ,sph9x4 ,yes1 ea* ( u c>ries ab\t ) him ! ri*e/ & mo/ wond]ful ,museum ( ,antiquities2 & if he only kn[s h[ to treat ^? treasures1 h[ to rub & poli% !m till !y become transluc5t aga91 h[ to arrange !m & read !m1 !y w tell him m>vels m m>vell\s ?an all hi]oglyphics & cunei=m inscriptions put toge!r4 ,! /ories !y h told u are beg9n+ to be old /ories n[4 ,_m ( y h he>d !m be=e4 ,b d n let !m cease to be m>vels1 l s _m ?+s :i* cease to be m>vels because !y happ5 e day4 ,& d n ?9k t !re is no?+ left = y to d4 ,!re are m m>vels /ill to be discov]$ 9 language ?an h ev] be5 reveal$ to u2 nay1 !re is no ^w1 h[ev] common1 if only y "k h[ to take x to pieces1 l a cunn+ly contriv$ "w ( art1 fitt$ toge!r ?\s&s ( ye>s ago by ! mo/ cunn+ ( arti/s1 ! human m9d1 t w n make y li/5 & m>vel m ?an any *apt] ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,b ,i mu/ n all[ myself to be c>ri$ away f my prop] subject4 ,all ,i wi% to impress on y by way ( introduction is t ! results ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 :i*1 )\t ! aid ( ,sanskrit1 w\ld nev] h be5 obta9$1 =m an ess5tial elem5t ( :at we call a lib]al1 t is an hi/orical education--an education :i* w enable a man to d :at ! ,fr5* call s'ori5t]1 t is1 to f9d 8 ,ea/1 8 true ,ea/1 & ?us to det]m9e 8 real place 9 ! _w2 to "k1 9 fact1 ! port :5ce man />t$1 ! c\rse he has foll[$1 & ! port t[>d :i* he has to /e]4 ,we all come f ! ,ea/--all t we value mo/ has come to u f ! ,ea/1 & 9 go+ to ! ,ea/1 n only ^? :o h receiv$ a special ,ori5tal tra9+1 b ev]ybody :o has enjoy$ ! advantages ( a lib]al1 t is1 ( a truly hi/orical education1 ought to feel t he is go+ to 8 old home1 full ( memories1 if only he c read !m4 ,in/ead ( feel+ y\r he>ts s9k )9 y1 :5 next ye> y approa* ! %ores ( ,india1 ,i wi% t e "o ( y c\ld feel :at ,sir ,william ,jones felt1 :51 j "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 he came to ! end ( 8 long voyage f ,engl&1 & saw ! %ores ( ,india ris+ on ! horizon4 ,at t "t1 "y m5 go+ to ! wond]l& ( ,india 7 n a%am$ ( dream+ dreams & see+ visions2 & ?is 0 ! dream dream$ & ! vision se5 by ,sir ,william ,jones1 !n simple ,mr4 ,jones3 ,:5 ,i 0 at sea la/ ,augu/ 7t is 9 ,augu/1 #aghc71 on my la/ voyage to ?is c\ntry 7,india7 ,i _h long & ard5tly desir$ to visit1 ,i f\nd "o ev5+1 on inspect+ ! obs]vations ( ! day1 t ,india lay be=e u1 ,p]sia on our left1 :ile a breeze f ,arabia blew ne>ly on our /]n4 ,a situation s pleas+ 9 itself & to me s new1 c\ld n fail to awak5 a tra9 ( reflections 9 a m9d :i* _h e>ly be5 accu/om$ to contemplate ) delight ! ev5tful hi/ories & agreeable fictions ( ?is ,ea/]n _w4 ,x gave me inexpressible pleasure to f9d myself 9 ! mid/ ( s noble an amphi!atre1 almo/ encircl$ by ! va/ regions ( ,asia1 :i* has ev] be5 e/eem$ ! nurse ( sci5ces1 ! inv5tress ( delightful & useful arts1 ! sc5e ( glori\s actions1 f]tile 9 ! productions ( human g5ius1 & inf9itely div]sifi$ 9 ! =ms ( religion & gov]nm5t1 9 ! laws1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 & languages1 z well z 9 ! features & complexions ( m54 ,i c\ld n help rem>k+ h[ important & ext5sive a field 0 yet unexplor$1 & h[ _m solid advantages unimprov$4 ,india wants m su* dream]s z t "y ,mr4 ,jones1 /&+ alone on ! deck ( 8 vessel & wat*+ ! sun div+ into ! sea--) ! memories ( ,engl& beh9d & ! hopes ( ,india be=e him1 feel+ ! pres5ce ( ,p]sia & its anci5t mon>*s1 & brea?+ ! breezes ( ,arabia & its gl[+ poetry4 ,su* dream]s "k h[ to make _! dreams come true1 & h[ to *ange _! visions into realities4 ,& z x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 s x is n[2 or at lea/1 s x may be n[4 ,!re are _m bright dreams to be dream$ ab\t ,india1 & _m bright de$s to be done 9 ,india1 if only y w d !m4 ,?\gh _m great & glori\s conque/s h be5 made 9 ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ! ,ea/1 s9ce ! days :5 ,sir ,william ,jones#af l&$ at ,calcutta1 dep5d ^u x1 no "y ,alex&] "h ne$ despair because !re are no k+doms left = him to conqu] on ! anci5t %ores ( ! ,indus & ! ,ganges4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,pl9y 7,,vi4 #bf7 tells u t 9 8 day ! annual dra9 ( bullion into ,india1 9 return = h] valuable produce1 rea*$ ! imm5se am\nt ( five hundr$ & fifty millions ( se/]ces4 ,see ,e4 ,?omas1 ,! ,indian ,balh>a1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,cunn+ham1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 #ahha1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #c3 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham describes ?is treasure 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal z hav+ be5 f\nd on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,oxus 9 #ahgg1 & conta9+ co9s f ,d>ius d[n to ,antio*us ! ,great1 & ,eu?ydemus1 ,k+ ( ,baktria4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t x _h be5 buri$ !re 9 #bjh ,b4,c41 :5 ,baktria 0 invad$ by ,antio*us & ,eu?ydemus defeat$4 ,! co9s1 figures1 & ornam5ts1 _m ( !m1 7 manife/ly ,p]sian1 & d\btless _h be5 br\ght into t c\ntry & kept by ! victori\s g5]als ( ,alex&]4 ,"s ( ! works ( art une>!d by ,dr4 ,s*liemann at ,myk5ae are ei!r ,p]sian or ,assyrian 9 "*1 & are l ^? f\nd on ! ,oxus4 ,pr(essor ,=*hamm] v plausibly supposes t !y 7 spoils f ! ,p]sian camp :i* _h be5 aw>d$ to ,myk5ae z h] %>e aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,m>donius4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,select$ ,essays1 vol4 i41 p4 #ejj1 ,! ,migration ( ,fables4 ,footnote #e3 ,cratylus1 #daa ,a4 ,/ill1 z ,i h put on ! lion's sk91 ,i mu/ n be fa9t-he>t$4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ?is may ref] to ,h]cules1 & n to ! fable ( ! donkey 9 ! lion's or ! tig]'s sk94 ,9 ! ,hitopadesa1 a donkey1 be+ ne>ly />v$1 is s5t by 8 ma/] into a corn-field to fe$4 ,9 ord] to %ield him he puts a tig]'s sk9 on him4 ,all goes well till a wat*man approa*es1 hid+ himself "u 8 gray coat1 & try+ to %oot ! tig]4 ,! donkey ?9ks x is a gray female donkey1 beg9s to bray1 & is kill$4 ,on a simil> fable 9 ,a,esop1 see ,b5fey1 ,pants*atantra1 vol4 i41 p4 #dfc2 ,m4 ,m41 ,select$ ,essays1 vol4 i41 p4 #eac4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,fragm5ta ,comic 7,didot71 p4 #cjb2 ,b5fey1 l4 c4 vol4 i41 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #g3 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 i41 p4 #bca4 ,! names employ$ 9 ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,bible are said to be ,tamil4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #h3 #a ,k+s #c3be4 ,footnote #i3 ,! ,bible /ory is dramatic2 ! o!r is n4 ,! %udd] is a tribute to ! dramatic p[] ( ! ,bible n>rative4 ,! *ild 0 9 no dang] ( be+ cut 9 twa94 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ v]sion ! *ild is injur$4 ,:y does n ,pr(4 ,muell] %udd] :5 ! *ild is hurt & cries8 ,! ,solomonic *ild is n hurt & does n cry4 ,is n ! ,bible /ory ! m humane1 ! m dignifi$1 ! m dramatic8 ,& no canon ( criticism requires u to believe t a poor v]sion ( a /ory is ! m primitive4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see "s excell5t rem>ks on ?is subject 9 ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhi/ ,bir?-,/ories1 vol4 i41 pp4 xiii4 & xliv4 ,! le>n$ s*ol> gives ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory f a ,s+halese translation ( ! ,gataka1 dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & he expresses a hope t ,dr4 ,fausboell w soon publi% ! ,pali orig9al4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is is true ( :at !ologians call natural religion1 :i* is assum$ to be a gr[? out ( human consci\sness2 b ! ,*ri/ian religion is n a natural religion4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #ab3 ,!re are traces ( ,aryan occupation at ,babylon1 ,rawl9son assures u1 ab\t tw5ty c5turies ,b4,c4 ,?is w\ld sugge/ a possible int]*ange ( religi\s ideas betwe5 ! e>li] ,aryan & ,akkado-,*aldean peoples4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 #ahha1 pp4 #afb-afh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,sim1 ! ,p]sian ^w = silv]1 has also ! mean+ ( "o ?irte5?2 see ,cunn+ham1 l4 c4 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! common dome/ic cat is fir/ m5tion$ by ,caes>ius1 ! physician1 bro!r ( ,gregory ( ,nazianus1 ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x came f ,egypt1 :]e x 0 reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,h]odotus d5om9ates x ,greek3 ail\ros1 :i* 0 also ! designation ( ! weasel & m>t54 ,kallima*us employs ! same title1 :i* 8 comm5tator expla9s z ,greek3 kattos4 ,9 lat] times ?is "n ( unc]ta9 etymology has sup]s$$ e o!r4 ,! e>li] ,sanskrit writ]s appe> to h _h no k ( ! animal2 b ! m>gara is nam$ by ,manu1 & ! vidala by ,panini4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #af3 ,sir ,william ,jones 0 ?irty-sev5 ye>s ( age :5 he sail$ = ,india4 ,he receiv$ ! honor ( knigh?ood 9 ,m>*1 #aghc1 on 8 appo9tm5t z ,judge ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,judicature at ,=t ,william1 at ,b5gal4--,a4 ,w4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,tru?ful ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,h9dus4 ,9 my fir/ ,lecture ,i endeavor$ to remove ! prejudice t ev]y?+ 9 ,india is /range1 & s diff]5t f ! intellectual life :i* we are accu/om$ to 9 ,engl&1 t ! tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s :i* a civil s]vant has to sp5d 9 ! ,ea/ seem (t5 to him a k9d ( exile t he mu/ be> z well z he c1 b t sev]s him completely f all ^? high] pursuits by :i* life is made enjoyable at home4 ,?is ne$ n be s & ought n to be s1 if only x is cle>ly se5 h[ almo/ e "o ( ! high] int]e/s t make life wor? liv+ "h 9 ,engl&1 may f9d z ample scope 9 ,india z 9 ,engl&4 ,to-day ,i %all h to grapple ) ano!r prejudice :i* is ev5 m mis*iev\s1 because x =ms a k9d ( icy b>ri] betwe5 ! ,h9dus & _! rul]s1 & makes any?+ l a feel+ ( true fell[%ip betwe5 ! two utt]ly impossible4 ,t prejudice consi/s 9 look+ ^u our /ay 9 ,india z a k9d ( moral exile1 & 9 reg>d+ ! ,h9dus z an inf]ior race1 totally diff]5t f ourselves 9 _! moral "*1 &1 m p>ticul>ly 9 :at =ms ! v f\ndation ( ! ,engli% "*1 respect = tru?4 ,i believe !re is no?+ m di%e>t5+ to any high-m9d$ "y man ?an ! idea t he w h to sp5d 8 life among human be+s :om he c nev] respect or love--natives1 z !y are call$1 n to use ev5 m (f5sive names--m5 :om he is taught to consid] z n am5able to ! recogniz$ pr9ciples ( self-respect1 uprightness1 & v]acity1 & ) :om !re=e any community ( int]e/s & action1 mu* m any real fri5d%ip1 is suppos$ to be out ( ! "q4 ,s (t5 has t *>ge ( untru?fulness be5 repeat$1 & s g5]ally is x n[ accept$1 t x seems almo/ ,quixotic to try to fight aga9/ x4 ,nor %\ld ,i v5ture to fight ?is almo/ hopeless battle1 if ,i 7 n conv9c$ t su* a *>ge1 l all *>ges br\ght aga9/ a :ole nation1 re/s on ! mo/ flimsy induction1 & t x has done1 is do+1 & w cont9ue to d m mis*ief ?an any?+ t ev5 ! bitt]e/ enemy ( ,engli% dom9ion 9 ,india c\ld h inv5t$4 ,if a "y man :o goes to ,india z a civil s]vant or z a milit>y (fic]1 goes !re fully conv9c$ t ! p :om he is to meet ) are all li>s1 li>s by nature or by national in/9ct1 nev] re/ra9$ 9 _! deal+s by any reg>d = tru?1 nev] to be tru/$ on _! ^w1 ne$ we wond] at ! feel+s ( disgu/ ) :i* he ?9ks ( ! ,h9dus1 ev5 be=e he has se5 !m2 ! feel+s ( di/ru/ ) :i* he approa*es !m1 & ! contemptu\s way 9 :i* he treats !m :5 br\ght into contact ) !m = ! transaction ( public or private bus9ess8 ,:5 su* t>es h once be5 s[n by ! enemy1 x w be difficult to ga!r !m up4 ,x has become almo/ an article ( fai? ) e ,indian civil s]vant t all ,indians are li>s2 nay1 ,i "k ,i %all nev] be =giv5 = my h]esy 9 v5tur+ to d\bt x4 ,n[1 q ap>t f ,india1 ,i feel mo/ /rongly t e "o ( ^! int]national condemnations is to be deprecat$1 n only = ! sake ( ! self-conceit$ & un*>itable /ate ( m9d f :i* !y spr+1 & :i* !y s]ve to /r5g!n & confirm1 b = purely logical reasons also1 namely = ! reckless & slov5ly "* ( ! induction on :i* su* conclusions re/4 ,because a man has travell$ 9 ,greece & has be5 *eat$ by 8 dragoman1 or be5 c>ri$ (f by brig&s1 does x foll[ t all ,greeks1 anci5t z well z mod]n1 are *eats & robb]s1 or t !y approve ( *eat+ & robb]y8 ,& because 9 ,calcutta1 or ,bombay1 or ,madras1 ,indians :o are br\ght be=e judges1 or :o hang ab\t ! law-c\rts & ! baza>s1 are n di/+ui%$ by an unreason+ & uncompromis+ love ( tru?1 is x n a v vici\s induction to say1 9 ^! days ( c>eful reason+1 t all ,h9dus are li>s--p>ticul>ly if y be> 9 m9d t1 accord+ to ! late/ c5sus1 ! numb] ( inhabitants ( t va/ c\ntry am\nts to two hundr$ & fifty-?ree millions4 ,are all ^! two hundr$ & fifty-?ree millions ( human be+s to be set d[n z li>s1 because "s hundr$s1 say ev5 "s ?\s&s ( ,indians1 :5 !y are br\ght to an ,engli% c\rt ( law1 on suspicion ( hav+ committ$ a !ft or a murd]1 d n speak ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?8 ,w\ld an ,engli% sailor1 if br\ght be=e a d>k-sk9n$ judge1 :o spoke ,engli% ) a /range acc5t1 b[ d[n be=e him & confess at once any misde$ t he may h committ$2 & w\ld all 8 mates ru% =w>d & eag]ly be> witness aga9/ him1 :5 he _h got himself into tr\ble8 ,! rules ( induction are g5]al1 b !y dep5d on ! subjects to :i* !y are appli$4 ,we may1 to foll[ an ,indian prov]b1 judge ( a :ole field ( rice by ta/+ "o or two gra9s only1 b if we apply ?is rule to human be+s1 we are sure to fall into ! same mi/ake z ! ,engli% *apla9 :o _h once1 on bo>d an ,engli% vessel1 *ri/5$ a ,fr5* *ild1 & :o rema9$ fully conv9c$ = ! re/ ( 8 life t all ,fr5* babies _h v long noses4 ,i c h>dly ?9k ( any?+ t y c\ld safely pr$icate ( all ! inhabitants ( ,india1 & ,i confess to a little n]v\s tremor :5ev] ,i see a s5t5ce beg9n+ ) ,! p ( ,india1 or ev5 ) ,all ! ,brahmans1 or ,all ! ,buddhi/s4 ,:at foll[s is almo/ inv>iably wrong4 ,!re is a great] diff]5ce betwe5 an ,afghan1 a ,sikh1 a ,h9du/ani1 a ,b5galese1 & a ,dravidian ?an betwe5 an ,engli%man1 a ,fr5*man1 a ,g]man1 & a ,russian--yet all are class$ z ,h9dus1 & all are suppos$ to fall "u ! same sweep+ condemnation4 ,let me read y :at ,sir ,john ,malcolm says ab\t ! div]sity ( "* to be obs]v$ by any "o :o has eyes to obs]ve1 among ! diff]5t races :om we promiscu\sly call ,h9dus1 & :om we promiscu\sly condemn z ,h9dus4 ,aft] describ+ ! p ( ,b5gal z weak 9 body & timid 9 m9d1 & ^? bel[ ,calcutta z ! l[e/ ( our ,h9du subjects1 bo? 9 "* & appe>ance1 he cont9ues3 ,b f ! mom5t y ent] ! di/rict ( ,beh>1 ! ,h9du inhabitants are a race ( m51 g5]ally speak+1 n m di/+ui%$ by _! l(ty /ature & robu/ frame ?an !y are = "s ( ! f9e/ qualities ( ! m9d4 ,!y are brave1 g5]\s1 humane1 & _! tru? is z rem>kable z _! c\rage4 ,b because ,i feel b\nd to prote/ aga9/ ! indiscrim9at+ abuse t has be5 heap$ on ! p ( ,india f ! ,himalaya to ,ceylon1 d n suppose t x is my wi% or int5tion to draw an ideal picture ( ,india1 leav+ out all ! d>k %ades1 & giv+ y no?+ b sweetness & light4 ,hav+ nev] be5 9 ,india myself1 ,i c only claim = myself ! "r & duty ( e hi/orian1 namely1 ! "r ( collect+ z mu* in=mation z possible1 & ! duty to sift x accord+ to ! recogniz$ rules ( hi/orical criticism4 ,my *ief s\rces ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! national "* ( ! ,indians 9 anci5t times w be ! works ( ,greek writ]s & ! lit]ature ( ! anci5t ,indians !mselves4 ,= lat] times we mu/ dep5d on ! /atem5ts ( ! v>i\s conqu]ors ( ,india1 :o are n always ! mo/ l5i5t judges ( ^? :om !y may f9d x m difficult to rule ?an to conqu]4 ,= ! la/ c5tury to ! pres5t day1 ,i %all h to appeal1 p>tly to ! au?ority ( ^? :o1 aft] sp5d+ an active life 9 ,india & among ! ,indians1 h giv5 u ! b5efit ( _! exp]i5ce 9 publi%$ works1 p>tly to ! te/imony ( a numb] ( di/+ui%$ civil s]vants & ( ,indian g5tlem5 also1 ^: p]sonal acqua9tance ,i h enjoy$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,g]many4 ,z ,i h *iefly to address myself to ^? :o w !mselves be ! rul]s & adm9i/rators ( ,india 9 ! future1 all[ me to beg9 ) ! op9ions :i* "s ( ! mo/ em95t1 &1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ judici\s among ! ,indian civil s]vants ( ! pa/ h =m$ & delib]ately express$ on ! po9t :i* we are to-day discuss+1 namely1 ! v]acity or want ( v]acity among ! ,h9dus4 ,& "h ,i mu/ beg9 ) a rem>k :i* has be5 made by o!rs also1 namely1 t ! civil s]vants :o w5t to ,india 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 & "u ! auspices ( ! old ,ea/ ,india ,company1 _m ( :om ,i _h ! honor & pleasure ( kn[+ :5 ,i fir/ came to ,engl&1 seem$ to h se5 a great deal m ( native life1 native mann]s1 & native "* ?an ^? :om ,i _h to exam9e five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 & :o are n[1 aft] a di/+ui%$ c>e]1 com+ back to ,engl&4 ,india is no long] ! di/ant isl& :i* x 01 :]e ea* ,crusoe _h to make a home = himself z be/ he c\ld4 ,) ! %ort & easy voyages f ,engl& to ,india & f ,india to ,engl&1 ) ! frequ5t mails1 & ! telegrams1 & ! ,anglo-,indian newspap]s1 (ficial life 9 ,india has assum$ ! "* ( a tempor>y exile r1 :i* ev5 ,engli% ladies are n[ m ready to %>e ?an fifty ye>s ago4 ,?is is a difficulty :i* _c be remov$1 b mu/ be met1 & :i*1 ,i believe1 c be/ be met by inspir+ ! new civil s]vants ) new & high] int]e/s dur+ _! /ay 9 ,india4 ,i knew ! late ,pr(essor ,wilson1 our ,bod5 ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit at ,ox=d1 = _m ye>s1 & (t5 li/5$ ) deep int]e/ to 8 ,indian rem9isc5ces4 ,let me read y :at he1 ,pr(essor ,wilson1 says ( 8 native fri5ds1 associates1 & s]vants3#ag ,i liv$1 bo? f necessity & *oice1 v mu* among ! ,h9dus1 & _h opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) !m 9 a great] v>iety ( situations ?an ^? 9 :i* !y usually come "u ! obs]vation ( ,europeans4 ,9 ! ,calcutta m9t1 = in/ance1 ,i 0 9 daily p]sonal communication ) a num]\s body ( artific]s1 me*anics1 & labor]s1 & always f\nd among !m *e]ful & unwe>i$ indu/ry1 good-humor$ compliance ) ! w ( _! sup]iors1 & a read9ess to make :atev] ex]tions 7 dem&$ f !m2 !re 0 among !m no drunk5ness1 no disord]ly conduct1 no insubord9ation4 ,x w\ld n be true to say t !re 0 no di%one/y1 b x 0 comp>atively r>e1 inv>iably petty1 & mu* less =midable ?an1 ,i believe1 x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ 9 o!r m9ts 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,!re 0 consid]able skill & ready docility4 ,s f> f !re be+ any s]vility1 !re 0 extreme frankness1 & ,i %\ld say t :]e !re is confid5ce )\t fe>1 frankness is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal features 9 ! ,indian "*4 ,let ! p feel sure ( ! temp] & good-w ( _! sup]iors1 & !re is an end ( res]ve & timidity1 )\t ! slighte/ dep>ture f respect4444 ,!n1 speak+ ( ! mu*-abus$ ,indian ,p&its1 he says3 ,! /udies :i* engag$ my leisure br\ght me into connection ) ! m5 ( le>n+1 & 9 !m ,i f\nd ! simil> m]its ( indu/ry1 intellig5ce1 *e]fulness1 frankness1 ) o!rs peculi> to _! avocation4 ,a v common *>act]i/ic ( ^! m51 & ( ! ,h9dus especially1 0 a simplicity truly *ildi%1 & a total unacqua9tance ) ! bus9ess & mann]s ( life4 ,:]e t feature 0 lo/1 x 0 *iefly by ^? :o _h be5 long famili> ) ,europeans4 ,among ! ,p&its or ! le>n$ ,h9dus !re prevail$ great ignorance & great dread ( ! ,european "*4 ,!re is1 inde$1 v little int]c\rse betwe5 any class ( ,europeans & ,h9du s*ol>s1 & x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t mutual misappreh5sion %\ld prevail4 ,speak+1 la/ly1 ( ! high] classes 9 ,calcutta & else:]e1 ,pr(essor ,wilson says t he witness$ among !m poli%$ mann]s1 cle>ness & compreh5siv5ess ( und]/&+1 lib]ality ( feel+1 & indep5d5ce ( pr9ciple t w\ld h /amp$ !m g5tlem5 9 any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,) "s ( ?is class1 he adds1 ,i =m$ fri5d%ips :i* ,i tru/ to enjoy ?r\gh life4 ,i h (t5 he>d ,pr(essor ,wilson speak 9 ! same1 & 9 ev5 /rong] t]ms ( 8 old fri5ds 9 ,india1 & 8 correspond5ce ) ,ram ,comul ,s51 ! gr&fa!r ( ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s51#ah a mo/ or?odox1 n to say bigot$1 ,h9du1 :i* has lately be5 publi%$1 %[s on :at intimate t]ms ,engli%m5 & ,h9dus may be1 if only ! advances are made on ! ,engli% side4 ,!re is ano!r ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit1 ( :om y\r ,univ]sity may well be pr\d1 & :o c\ld speak on ?is subject ) f> great] au?ority ?an ,i c4 ,he too w tell y1 & ,i h no d\bt has (t5 told y1 t if only y look out = fri5ds among ! ,h9dus1 y w f9d !m1 & y may tru/ !m4 ,!re is "o book :i* = _m ye>s ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( recomm5d+1 & ano!r aga9/ :i* ,i h always be5 w>n+ ^? ( ! c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice :om ,i happ5$ to see at ,ox=d2 & ,i believe bo? ! advice & ! w>n+ h 9 sev]al cases borne ! v be/ fruit4 ,! book :i* ,i consid] mo/ mis*iev\s1 nay1 :i* ,i hold responsible = "s ( ! greate/ mis=tunes t h happ5$ to ,india1 is ,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india1 ev5 ) ! antidote aga9/ its poison1 :i* is suppli$ by ,pr(essor ,wilson's notes4 ,! book :i* ,i recomm5d1 & :i* ,i wi% might be publi%$ aga9 9 a *eap] =m1 s z to make x m g5]ally accessible1 is ,colonel ,sleeman's ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 publi%$ 9 #ahdd1 b writt5 orig9ally 9 #ahce-ahcf4 ,mill's ,hi/ory1 no d\bt1 y all "k1 p>ticul>ly ! c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 :o1 ,i am sorry to say1 are recomm5d$ to read x1 & are exam9$ 9 x4 ,/ill1 9 ord] to sub/antiate my /rong condemnation ( ! book1 ,i %all h to give a few pro(s3 ,mill 9 8 e/imate ( ! ,h9du "* is *iefly guid$ by ,dubois1 a ,fr5* mission>y1 & by ,orme & ,bu*anan1 ,t5nant1 & ,w>d1 all ( !m nei!r v compet5t nor v unprejudic$ judges4 ,mill1#ai h[ev]1 picks out all t is mo/ unfavorable f _! works1 & omits ! qualifications :i* ev5 ^! writ]s felt b\nd to give to _! :olesale condemnation ( ! ,h9dus4 ,he quotes z s]i\s1 = in/ance1 :at 0 said 9 joke1#bj namely1 t a ,brahman is an ant's ne/ ( lies & impo/ures4 ,next to ! *>ge ( untru?fulness1 ,mill upbraids ! ,h9dus = :at he calls _! litigi\sness4 ,he writes3#ba ,z (t5 z c\rage fails !m 9 seek+ m d>+ gratification to _! hatr$ & rev5ge1 _! malignity f9ds a v5t 9 ! *annel ( litigation4 ,)\t imput+ di%onorable motives1 z ,mill does1 ! same fact might be /at$ 9 a diff]5t way1 by say+1 ,z (t5 z _! consci5ce & respect ( law keep !m f seek+ m d>+ gratification to _! hatr$ & rev5ge1 say by murd] or poison+1 _! tru/ 9 ,engli% ju/ice leads !m to appeal to our c\rts ( law4 ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 9 8 ,hi/orical ,disquisitions conc]n+ ,india1#bb seems to h consid]$ ! litigi\s subtlety ( ! ,h9dus z a sign ( high civilization r ?an ( b>b>ism1 b he is %>ply correct$ by ,mr4 ,mill1 :o tells him t n[h]e is ?is subtlety c>ri$ high] ?an among ! wilde/ ( ! ,iri%4 ,t c\rts ( ju/ice1 l ! ,engli%1 9 :i* a v]dict 0 n to be obta9$1 z =m]ly 9 ,mohamm$an c\rts1 by bribes & corruption1 %\ld at fir/ h prov$ v attractive to ! ,h9dus1 ne$ n surprise u4 ,b is x really true t ! ,h9dus are m fond ( litigation ?an o!r nations8 ,if we consult ,sir ,?omas ,munro1 ! em95t ,gov]nor ( ,madras1 & ! p[]ful advocate ( ! ,ryotw> settlem5ts1 he tells u 9 s _m words3#bc ,i h _h ample opportunity ( obs]v+ ! ,h9dus 9 e situation1 & ,i c affirm1 t !y are n litigi\s4#bd ,b ,mill goes fur!r /ill1 & 9 "o place he actually assures 8 read]s#be t a ,brahman may put a man to dea? :5 he li/s4 ,9 fact1 he repres5ts ! ,h9dus z su* a mon/r\s mass ( all vices1 t1 z ,colonel ,vans ,k5n$y#bf rem>k$1 society c\ld n h held toge!r if x _h really consi/$ ( su* reprobates only4 ,nor does he seem to see ! full be>+ ( 8 rem>ks4 ,surely1 if a ,brahman might1 z he says1 put a man to dea? :5ev] he li/s1 x w\ld be ! /ronge/ te/imony 9 _! favor t y h>dly ev] he> ( _! avail+ !mselves ( su* a privilege1 to say no?+ ( ! fact--& a fact x is--t1 accord+ to /ati/ics1 ! numb] ( capital s5t5ces 0 "o 9 e #aj1jjj 9 ,engl&1 b only "o 9 e million 9 ,b5gal4#bg ,colonel ,sleeman's ,rambles are less kn[n ?an !y des]ve to be4 ,to give y an idea ( ! man1 ,i mu/ read y "s extracts f ! book4 ,8 sket*es be+ orig9ally address$ to 8 si/]1 ?is is h[ he writes to h]3 ,,my ,,de> ,,si/]3 ,7 any "o to ask y\r c\ntrym5 9 ,india1 :at _h be5 _! greate/ s\rce ( pleasure :ile !re1 p]haps n9e 9 t5 w\ld say ! lett]s :i* !y receive f _! si/]s at home4444 ,& :ile ?us contribut+ s mu* to our happ9ess1 !y no d\bt t5d to make u bett] citiz5s ( ! _w & s]vants ( gov]nm5t ?an we %\ld o!rwise be2 = 9 our '/ruggles ?r\gh life' 9 ,india1 we h all1 m or less1 an eye to ! approbation ( ^? circles :i* our k9d si/]s repres5t1 :o may !re=e be consid]$ 9 ! exalt$ light ( a valuable species ( unpaid magi/racy to ! gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,!re is a t\* ( ! old ,engli% *ivalry ev5 9 ^! few words address$ to a si/] ^: approbation he values1 & ) :om he hop$ to sp5d ! w9t] ( 8 days4 ,hav+ be51 z he confesses1 idle 9 answ]+ lett]s1 or r1 too busy to f9d "t = long lett]s1 he made use ( 8 en=c$ leisure1 :ile on 8 way f ! ,n]buddah ,riv] to ! ,himmaleh ,m\nta9s1 9 se>* ( heal?1 to give to 8 si/] a full acc\nt ( 8 impressions & exp]i5ces 9 ,india4 ,?\gh :at he wrote 0 int5d$ at fir/ to int]e/ & amuse 8 si/] only & ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family at home1 he adds1 9 a m s]i\s tone3 ,( "o ?+ ,i mu/ beg y to be assur$1 t ,i h n[h]e indulg$ 9 fiction1 ei!r 9 ! n>rative1 ! recollections1 or ! conv]sations4 ,:at ,i relate on ! te/imony ( o!rs1 ,i believe to be true2 & :at ,i relate on my own1 y may rely ^u z be+ s4 ,:5 plac+ 8 volumes be=e ! public at l>ge 9 #ahdd1 he expresses a hope t !y may t5d to make ! p ( ,india bett] und]/ood by ^? ( our c\ntrym5 ^: de/9ies are ca/ among !m1 & inspire m k9dly feel+s t[>d !m4 ,y may ask :y ,i consid] ,colonel ,sleeman s tru/wor?y an au?ority on ! ,indian "*1 m tru/wor?y1 = in/ance1 ?an ev5 s accurate & unprejudic$ an obs]v] z ,pr(essor ,wilson4 ,my answ] is--because ,wilson liv$ *iefly 9 ,calcutta1 :ile ,colonel ,sleeman saw ,india1 :]e alone ! true ,india c be se51 namely1 9 ! village-communities4 ,= _m ye>s he 0 employ$ z ,commission] = ! suppression ( ,?uggee4 ,! ,?ugs 7 pr(essional assass9s1 :o committ$ _! murd]s "u a k9d ( religi\s sanction4 ,!y 7 orig9ally all ,mohamm$ans1 b = a long "t pa/ ,mohamm$ans & ,h9dus _h be5 indiscrim9ately associat$ 9 ! gangs1 ! =m] class1 h[ev]1 /ill pr$om9at+4#bh ,9 ord] to hunt up ^! gangs1 ,colonel ,sleeman _h con/antly to live among ! p 9 ! c\ntry1 to ga9 _! confid5ce1 & to wat* ! good z well z ! bad features 9 _! "*4 ,n[ :at ,colonel ,sleeman cont9ually insi/s on is t no "o kn[s ! ,indians :o does n "k !m 9 _! village-communities--:at we %\ld n[ call _! communes4 ,x is t village-life :i* 9 ,india has giv5 its peculi> impress to ! ,indian "*1 m s ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry we "k4 ,:5 9 ,indian hi/ory we he> s mu* ( k+s & emp]ors1 ( rajahs & mah>ajahs1 we are apt to ?9k ( ,india z an ,ea/]n mon>*y1 rul$ by a c5tral p[]1 & )\t any trace ( t self-gov]nm5t :i* =ms ! pride ( ,engl&4 ,b ^? :o h mo/ c>efully /udi$ ! political life ( ,india tell y ! v opposite4 ,! political unit1 or ! social cell 9 ,india has always be51 &1 9 spite ( repeat$ =eign conque/s1 is /ill ! village-community4 ,"s ( ^! political units w occasionally comb9e or be comb9$ = common purposes 7su* a conf$]acy be+ call$ a gramagala71 b ea* is p]fect 9 itself4 ,:5 we read 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu#bi ( (fic]s appo9t$ to rule ov] t51 tw5ty1 a hundr$1 or a ?\s& ( ^! villages1 t means no m ?an t !y 7 responsible = ! collection ( taxes1 & g5]ally = ! good behavior ( ^! villages4 ,& :51 9 lat] times1 we he> ( circles ( eighty-f\r villages1 ! s-call$ ,*\rasees 7,katurasiti#cj71 & ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty villages1 ?is too seems to ref] to fiscal arrangem5ts only4 ,to ! ord9>y ,h9du1 ,i mean to n9ety-n9e 9 e hundr$1 ! village 0 8 _w1 & ! sph]e ( public op9ion1 ) its b5eficial influ5ces on individuals1 seldom ext5d$ beyond ! horizon ( 8 village4#ca ,colonel ,sleeman 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o call$ att5tion to ! exi/5ce ( ^! village-communities 9 ,india1 & _! importance 9 ! social fabric ( ! :ole c\ntry bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times2 & ?\gh !y h s9ce become f> bett] kn[n & celebrat$ ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 x is /ill bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive to read ,colonel ,sleeman's acc\nt4 ,he writes z a m]e obs]v]1 & un9flu5c$ z yet by any !ories on ! developm5t ( e>ly social & political life among ! ,aryan nations 9 g5]al4 ,i d n mean to say t ,colonel ,sleeman 0 ! fir/ :o po9t$ out ! palpable fact t ! :ole ( ,india is p>cell$ out into e/ates ( villages4 ,ev5 s e>ly an obs]v] z ,mega/h5es#cb seems to h be5 /ruck by ! same fact :5 he says t 9 ,india ! husb&m5 ) _! wives & *ildr5 live 9 ! c\ntry1 & entirely avoid go+ into t[n4 ,:at ,colonel ,sleeman 0 ! fir/ to po9t out 0 t all ! native virtues ( ! ,h9dus are intimately connect$ ) _! village-life4 ,t village-life1 h[ev]1 is naturally ! lea/ kn[n to ,engli% (ficials1 nay1 ! v pres5ce ( an ,engli% (ficial is (t5 said to be suffici5t to drive away ^? native virtues :i* di/+ui% bo? ! private life & ! public adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & equity 9 an ,indian village4#cc ,take a man out ( 8 village-community1 & y remove him f all ! re/ra9ts ( society4 ,he is out ( 8 elem5t1 &1 "u temptation1 is m likely to g wrong ?an to rema9 true to ! traditions ( 8 home-life4 ,ev5 betwe5 village & village ! usual re/ra9ts ( public morality are n always recogniz$4 ,:at w\ld be call$ !ft or robb]y at home is call$ a successful raid or conque/ if direct$ aga9/ di/ant villages2 & :at w\ld be falsehood or trick]y 9 private life is honor$ by ! "n ( policy & diplomacy if successful aga9/ /rang]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rules ( hospitality appli$ only to p ( o!r villages1 & a man ( ! same village c\ld nev] claim ! "r ( an ,ati?i1 or gue/4#cd ,let u he> n[ :at ,colonel ,sleeman tells u ab\t ! moral "* ( ! memb]s ( ^! village-communities1#ce & let u n =get t ! ,commission] = ! suppression ( ,?uggee _h ample opportunities ( see+ ! d>k z well z ! bright side ( ! ,indian "*4 ,he assures u t falsehood or ly+ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same village is almo/ unkn[n4 ,speak+ ( "s ( ! mo/ savage tribes1 ! ,gonds1 = in/ance1 he ma9ta9s t no?+ w\ld induce !m to tell a lie1 ?\gh !y w\ld ?9k no?+ ( lift+ a h]d ( cattle f a neighbor+ pla94 ,( ^! m5 x might p]haps be said t !y h n yet le>n$ ! value ( a lie2 yet ev5 su* blissful ignorance ought to c\nt 9 a nation's "*4 ,b ,i am n plead+ "h = ,gonds1 or ,bhils1 or ,san?als1 & o!r non-,aryan tribes4 ,i am speak+ ( ! ,aryan & m or less civiliz$ inhabitants ( ,india4 ,n[ among !m1 :]e rights1 duties1 & int]e/s beg9 to cla% 9 "o & ! same village1 public op9ion1 9 its limit$ sph]e1 seems /rong en\gh to det] ev5 an evil-dispos$ p]son f tell+ a falsehood4 ,! fe> ( ! gods also has n yet lo/ its p[]4#cf ,9 mo/ villages !re is a sacr$ tree1 a pipal-tree 7,ficus ,indica71 & ! gods are suppos$ to delight to sit among its leaves1 & li/5 to ! music ( _! ru/l+4 ,! depon5t takes "o ( ^! leaves 9 8 h&1 & invokes ! god1 :o sits above him1 to cru% him1 or ^? de> to him1 z he cru%es ! leaf 9 8 h&1 if he speaks any?+ b ! tru?4 ,he !n plucks & cru%es ! leaf1 & /ates :at he has to say4 ,! pipal-tree is g5]ally suppos$ to be occupi$ by "o ( ! ,h9du deities1 :ile ! l>ge cotton-tree1 p>ticul>ly among ! wild] tribes1 is suppos$ to be ! abode ( local gods1 all ! m t]rible because entru/$ ) ! police ( a small settlem5t only4 ,9 _! pun*ayets1 ,sleeman tells u1 m5 adh]e habitually & religi\sly to ! tru?1 & ,i h _h be=e me hundr$s ( cases1 he says1 9 :i* a man's prop]ty1 lib]ty1 & life has dep5d$ ^u 8 tell+ a lie1 & he has refus$ to tell x4 ,c\ld _m an ,engli% judge say ! same8 ,9 _! own tribunals "u ! pipal-tree or cotton-tree1 imag9ation commonly did :at ! deities1 :o 7 suppos$ to preside1 _h ! cr$it ( do+4 ,if ! depon5t told a lie1 he believ$ t ! god :o sat on 8 sylvan ?rone above him1 & se>*$ ! he>t ( man1 mu/ "k x2 & f t mom5t he knew no re/1 he 0 always 9 dread ( 8 v5geance4 ,if any accid5t happ5$ to him1 or to ^? de> to him1 x 0 attribut$ to ?is (f5d$ deity2 & if no accid5t happ5$1 "s evil 0 br\ght ab\t by 8 own disord]$ imag9ation4#cg ,x 0 an excell5t sup]/ition1 inculcat$ 9 ! anci5t law-books1 t ! ance/ors wat*$ ! answ] ( a witness1 because1 accord+ z x 0 true or false1 !y !mselves w\ld g to heav5 or to hell4#ch ,all[ me to read y ! ab/ract ( a conv]sation betwe5 an ,engli% (ficial & a native law-(fic] z report$ by ,colonel ,sleeman4 ,! native lawy] 0 ask$ :at he ?\ght w\ld be ! effect ( an act to disp5se ) oa?s on ! ,koran & ,ganges-wat]1 & to sub/itute a solemn decl>ation made 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & "u ! same p5al liabilities z if ! ,koran or ,ganges-wat] _h be5 9 ! depon5t's h&4 ,i h practic$ 9 ! c\rts1 ! native said1 = ?irty ye>s1 & dur+ t "t ,i h f\nd only ?ree k9ds ( witnesses--two ( :om w\ld1 by su* an act1 be left precisely :]e !y 71 :ile ! ?ird w\ld be releas$ by x f a v salut>y *eck4 ,&1 pray1 :at are ! ?ree classes into :i* y divide ! witnesses 9 our c\rts8 ,fir/1 ,sir1 are ^? :o w always tell ! tru?1 :e!r !y are requir$ to /ate :at !y "k 9 ! =m ( an oa? or n4 ,d y ?9k ?is a l>ge class8 ,yes1 ,i ?9k x is2 & ,i h f\nd among !m _m :om no?+ on e>? c\ld make to sw]ve f ! tru?4 ,d :at y please1 y c\ld nev] fright5 or bribe !m into a delib]ate falsehood4 ,! second are ^? :o w n hesitate to tell a lie :5 !y h a motive = x1 & are n re/ra9$ by an oa?4 ,9 tak+ an oa?1 !y are afraid ( two ?+s1 ! ang] ( ,god & ! odium ( m54 ,only ?ree days ago1 he cont9u$1 ,i requir$ a p[] ( attorney f a lady ( rank1 to enable me to act = h] 9 a case p5d+ be=e ! c\rt 9 ?is t[n4 ,x 0 giv5 to me by h] bro!r1 & two witnesses came to decl>e t %e _h giv5 x4 ',n[1' said ,i1 '?is lady is kn[n to live "u ! curta91 & y w be ask$ by ! judge :e!r y saw h] give ?is pap]3 :at w y say8' ,!y bo? repli$3 ',if ! judge asks u ! "q )\t an oa?1 we w say ,yes2 x w save mu* tr\ble1 & we "k t %e did give ! pap]1 ?\gh we did n really see h] give x2 b if he puts ! ,koran into our h&s1 we mu/ say ,no1 = we %\ld o!rwise be po9t$ at by all ! t[n z p]jur$ wret*es--our enemies w\ld soon tell ev]ybody t we _h tak5 a false oa?4' ,n[1 ! native lawy] w5t on1 ! =m ( an oa? is a great *eck on ?is sort ( p]sons4 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( m5 :o w tell lies :5ev] !y h a suffici5t motive1 :e!r !y h ! ,koran or ,ganges-wat] 9 _! h& or n4 ,no?+ w ev] prev5t _! do+ s2 & ! decl>ation :i* y propose w\ld be j z well z any o!r = !m4 ,:i* class d y consid] ! mo/ num]\s ( ! ?ree8 ,i consid] ! second ! mo/ num]\s1 & wi% ! oa? to be reta9$ = !m4 ,t is1 ( all ! m5 y see exam9$ 9 our c\rts1 y ?9k ! mo/ come "u ! class ( ^? :o w1 "u ! influ5ce ( /rong motives1 tell lies1 if !y h n ! ,koran or ,ganges-wat] 9 _! h&s8 ,yes4 ,b d n a great _m ( ^? :om y consid] to be includ$ among ! second class come f ! village-communities--! peasantry ( ! c\ntry8 ,yes4 ,& d y n ?9k t ! greate/ "p ( ^? m5 :o w tell lies 9 ! c\rt1 "u ! influ5ce ( /rong motives1 unless !y h ! ,koran or ,ganges-wat] 9 _! h&s1 w\ld refuse to tell lies1 if que/ion$ be=e ! p ( _! villages1 among ! circle 9 :i* !y live8 ,( c\rse ,i d2 ?ree-f\r?s ( ^? :o d n scruple to lie 9 ! c\rts1 w\ld be a%am$ to lie be=e _! neighbors1 or ! eld]s ( _! village4 ,y ?9k t ! p ( ! village-communities are m a%am$ to tell lies be=e _! neighbors ?an ! p ( t[ns8 ,mu* m--!re is no comp>ison4 ,& ! p ( t[ns & cities be> 9 ,india b a small proportion to ! p ( ! village-communities8 ,i %\ld ?9k a v small proportion inde$4 ,!n y ?9k t 9 ! mass ( ! population ( ,india1 out ( our c\rts1 ! fir/ class1 or ^? :o speak tru?1 :e!r !y h ! ,koran or ,ganges-wat] 9 _! h&s or n1 w\ld be f\nd m num]\s ?an ! o!r two8 ,c]ta9ly ,i d2 if !y 7 always to be que/ion$ be=e _! neighbors or eld]s1 s t !y c\ld feel t _! neighbors & eld]s c\ld "k :at !y say4 ,x 0 f a simple s5se ( ju/ice t ,i felt b\nd to quote ?is te/imony ( ,colonel ,sleeman z to ! tru?ful "* ( ! natives ( ,india1 :5 left to !mselves4 ,my int]e/ lies altoge!r ) ! p ( ,india1 :5 left to !mselves1 & hi/orically ,i %\ld l to draw a l9e aft] ! ye> "o ?\s& aft] ,*ri/4 ,:5 y read ! atrocities committ$ by ! ,mohamm$an conqu]ors ( ,india f t "t to ! "t :5 ,engl& /epp$ 9 &1 :atev] may be said by h] envi\s critics1 made1 at all ev5ts1 ! broad pr9ciples ( our common humanity respect$ once m 9 ,india1 ! wond]1 to my m9d1 is h[ any nation c\ld h surviv$ su* an ,inf]no )\t be+ turn$ into devils !mselves4 ,n[1 x is q true t dur+ ! two ?\s& ye>s :i* prec$e ! "t ( ,mahmud ( ,gazni1 ,india has _h b few =eign visitors1 & few =eign critics2 /ill x is surely extremely /range t :5ev]1 ei!r 9 ,greek1 or 9 ,*9ese1 or 9 ,p]sian1 or 9 ,arab writ+s1 we meet ) any attempts at describ+ ! di/+ui%+ features 9 ! national "* ( ! ,indians1 reg>d = tru? & ju/ice %\ld always be m5tion$ fir/4 ,ktesias1 ! fam\s ,greek physician ( ,artax]xes ,mnemon 7pres5t at ! battle ( ,cunaxa1 #djd ,b4,c471 ! fir/ ,greek writ] :o tells u any?+ ab\t ! "* ( ! ,indians1 su* z he he>d x describ$ at ! ,p]sian c\rt1 has a special *apt] ,on ! ,ju/ice ( ! ,indians4#ci ,mega/h5es1#dj ! ambassador ( ,seleucus ,nicator at ! c\rt ( ,s&rocottus 9 ,palibo?ra 7,pataliputra1 ! mod]n ,patna71 /ates t !fts 7 extremely r>e1 & t !y honor$ tru? & virtue4#da ,arrian 79 ! second c5tury1 ! pupil ( ,epictetus71 :5 speak+ ( ! public ov]se]s or sup]9t5d5ts 9 ,india1 says3#db ,!y ov]see :at goes on 9 ! c\ntry or t[ns1 & report ev]y?+ to ! k+1 :]e ! p h a k+1 & to ! magi/rates1 :]e ! p are self-gov]n$1 & x is aga9/ use & wont = ^! to give 9 a false report2 b inde$ no ,indian is accus$ ( ly+4#dc ,! ,*9ese1 :o come next 9 ord] ( "t1 be> ! same1 ,i believe1 unanim\s te/imony 9 favor ( ! hone/y & v]acity ( ! ,h9dus4 ,! e>lie/ witness is ,su-we1 a relative ( ,fan-*51 ,k+ ( ,siam1 :o betwe5 #bbb & #bbg ,a4,d4 sail$ r\nd ! :ole ( ,india1 till he rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,indus1 & !n explor$ ! c\ntry4 ,aft] 8 return to ,s9to1 he receiv$ f\r ,yueh-*i horses1 s5t by a k+ ( ,india z a pres5t to ! ,k+ ( ,siam & 8 ambassador4 ,at ! "t :5 ^! horses arriv$ 9 ,siam 7x took !m f\r ye>s to travel !re71 !re 0 /ay+ at ! c\rt ( ,siam an ambassador ( ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 ,khang-?ai1 & ?is is ! acc\nt :i* he receiv$ ( ! k+dom ( ,india3 ,x is a k+dom 9 :i* ! religion ( ,buddha fl\ri%es4 ,! inhabitants are /raight=w>d & hone/1 & ! soil is v f]tile4 ,! k+ is call$ ,meu-lun1 & 8 capital is surr\nd$ by walls1 etc4 ,?is 0 9 ab\t #bca ,a4,d4 ,9 #fje we he> aga9 ( ! ,emp]or ,yang-ti s5d+ an ambassador1 ,fei-tu1 to ,india1 & ?is is :at among o!r ?+s he po9ts out z peculi> to ! ,h9dus3 ,!y believe 9 solemn oa?s4#dd ,let me quote ,hi\5-?sang1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ pilgrims1 :o visit$ ,india 9 ! sev5? c5tury4#de ,?\gh ! ,indians1 he writes1 are ( a light temp]am5t1 !y are di/+ui%$ by ! /raight=w>dness & hone/y ( _! "*4 ,) reg>d to ri*es1 !y nev] take any?+ unju/ly2 ) reg>d to ju/ice1 !y make ev5 excessive concessions4444 ,/raight=w>dness is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( _! adm9i/ration4 ,if we turn to ! acc\nts giv5 by ! ,mohamm$an conqu]ors ( ,india1 we f9d ,idrisi1 9 8 ,geography 7writt5 9 ! elev5? c5tury71 summ+ up _! op9ion ( ! ,indians 9 ! foll[+ words3#df ,! ,indians are naturally incl9$ to ju/ice1 & nev] dep>t f x 9 _! actions4 ,_! good fai?1 hone/y1 & fidelity to _! engagem5ts are well kn[n1 & !y are s fam\s = ^! qualities t p flock to _! c\ntry f e side4 ,aga91 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,%ems-ed-d9 ,abu ,abdallah quotes ! foll[+ judgm5t ( ,b$i ezr ,z5an3 ,! ,indians are innum]able1 l gra9s ( s&1 free f all deceit & viol5ce4 ,!y fe> nei!r dea? nor life4#dg ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury we h ! te/imony ( ,m>co ,polo1#dh:o ?us speaks ( ! ,abraiaman1 a "n by :i* he seems to mean ! ,brahmans :o1 ?\gh1 n trad]s by pr(ession1 might well h be5 employ$ = great comm]cial transactions by ! k+4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case dur+ times :i* ! ,brahmans w\ld call times ( di/ress1 :5 _m ?+s 7 all[$ :i* at o!r times 7 =bidd5 by ! laws4 ,y mu/ "k1 ,m>co ,polo says1 t ^! ,abraiaman are ! be/ m]*ants 9 ! _w1 & ! mo/ tru?ful1 = !y w\ld n tell a lie = any?+ on e>?4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury we h ,fri> ,jordanus1 :o goes out ( 8 way to tell u t ! p ( ,less] ,india 7,s\? & ,we/]n ,india7 are true 9 spee* & em95t 9 ju/ice4#di ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,kamal-edd9 ,abd-errazak ,sam>k&i 7#adac-adhb71 :o w5t z ambassador ( ! ,khakan to ! pr9ce ( ,kalikut & to ! ,k+ ( ,vidyanag>a 7ab\t #addj-adde71 be>s te/imony to ! p]fect security :i* m]*ants enjoy 9 t c\ntry4#ej ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,abu ,fazl1 ! m9i/] ( ! ,emp]or ,akb>1 says 9 8 ,ay9 ,akb>i3 ,! ,h9dus are religi\s1 affable1 *e]ful1 lov]s ( ju/ice1 giv5 to retirem5t1 able 9 bus9ess1 admir]s ( tru?1 grateful & ( unb\nd$ fidelity2 & _! soldi]s "k n :at x is to fly f ! field ( battle4#ea ,& ev5 9 q mod]n times ! ,mohamm$ans seem will+ to admit t ! ,h9dus1 at all ev5ts 9 _! deal+s ) ,h9dus1 are m /raight=w>d ?an ,mohamm$ans 9 _! deal+s ) ,mohamm$ans4 ,?us ,me] ,sulamut ,ali1 a v5]able old ,mussulman1 &1 z ,colonel ,sleeman says1 a mo/ valuable public s]vant1 0 oblig$ to admit t a ,h9du may feel himself au?oriz$ to take 9 a ,mussulman1 & might ev5 ?9k x m]itori\s to d s2 b he w\ld nev] ?9k x m]itori\s to take 9 "o ( 8 own religion4 ,!re are no less ?an sev5ty-two sects ( ,mohamm$ans2 & e "o ( ^! sects w\ld n only take 9 ! foll[]s ( e o!r religion on e>?1 b e memb] ( e "o ( ! o!r sev5ty-"o sects2 & ! ne>] t sect is to 8 own1 ! great] ! m]it ( tak+ 9 its memb]s4#eb ,s ,i c\ld g on quot+ f book aft] book1 & aga9 & aga9 we %\ld see h[ x 0 love ( tru? t /ruck all ! p :o came 9 contact ) ,india1 z ! prom95t feature 9 ! national "* ( its inhabitants4 ,no "o ev] accus$ !m ( falsehood4 ,!re mu/ surely be "s gr\nd = ?is1 = x is n a rem>k t is frequ5tly made by travell]s 9 =eign c\ntries1 ev5 9 our "t1 t _! inhabitants inv>iably speak ! tru?4 ,read ! acc\nts ( ,engli% travell]s 9 ,france1 & y w f9d v little said ab\t ,fr5* hone/y & v]acity1 :ile ,fr5* acc\nts ( ,engl& are seldom )\t a fl+ at ,p]fide ,albion6 ,b if all ?is is true1 h[ is x1 y may well ask1 t public op9ion 9 ,engl& is s decid$ly unfri5dly to ! p ( ,india2 at ! utmo/ tol]ates & patronizes !m1 b w nev] tru/ !m1 nev] treat !m on t]ms ( equality8 ,i h already h9t$ at "s ( ! reasons4 ,public op9ion ) reg>d to ,india is made up 9 ,engl& *iefly by ^? :o h sp5t _! lives 9 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,madras1 or "s o!r ( ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ,india4 ,! native elem5t 9 su* t[ns conta9s mo/ly ! mo/ unfavorable specim5s ( ! ,indian population4 ,an insight into ! dome/ic life ( ! m respectable classes1 ev5 9 t[ns1 is difficult to obta92 &1 :5 x is obta9$1 x is extremely difficult to judge ( _! mann]s accord+ to our /&>d ( :at is prop]1 respectable1 or g5tlemanlike4 ,! misund]/&+s are frequ5t & (t5 mo/ grotesque2 & su*1 we mu/ confess1 is human nature1 t :5 we he> ! diff]5t & (t5 mo/ conflict+ acc\nts ( ! "* ( ! ,h9dus1 we are naturally skeptical ) reg>d to unsuspect$ virtues among !m1 :ile we are q dispos$ to accept unfavorable acc\nts ( _! "*4 ,le/ ,i %\ld seem to be plead+ too mu* on ! native side ( ! "q1 & to exagg]ate ! difficulty ( =m+ a correct e/imate ( ! "* ( ! ,h9dus1 let me appeal to "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 le>n$1 & judici\s memb]s ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ,m\nt/u>t ,elph9/one4 ,engli%m5 9 ,india1#ec he says1 h less opportunity ?an might be expect$ ( =m+ op9ions ( ! native "*4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 few "k mu* ( ! p beyond _! own class1 & :at !y d "k1 !y le>n f newspap]s & publications ( a description :i* does n exi/ 9 ,india4 ,9 t c\ntry also1 religion & mann]s put b>s to our intimacy ) ! natives1 & limit ! numb] ( transactions z well z ! free communication ( op9ions4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! int]ior ( families b by report1 & h no %>e 9 ^? num]\s occurr5ces ( life 9 :i* ! amiable p>ts ( "* are mo/ exhibit$4 ,mission>ies ( a diff]5t religion1#ed judges1 police-magi/rates1 (fic]s ( rev5ue or cu/oms1 & ev5 diplomati/s1 d n see ! mo/ virtu\s portion ( a nation1 nor any portion1 unless :5 influ5c$ by passion1 or occupi$ by "s p]sonal int]e/4 ,:at we d see we judge by our own /&>d4 ,we conclude t a man :o cries l a *ild on slight occasions mu/ always be incapable ( act+ or suff]+ ) dignity2 & t "o :o all[s himself to be call$ a li> w\ld n be a%am$ ( any bas5ess4 ,our writ]s also conf\nd ! di/9ctions ( "t & place2 !y comb9e 9 "o "* ! ,m>atta & ! ,b5galese1 & tax ! pres5t g5]ation ) ! crimes ( ! h]oes ( ! ,mahabh>ata4 ,x might be argu$1 9 opposition to _m unfavorable te/imonies1 t ^? :o h kn[n ! ,indians longe/ h always ! be/ op9ion ( !m2 b ?is is r a complim5t to human nature ?an to !m1 s9ce x is true ( e o!r p4 ,x is m 9 po9t1 t all p]sons :o h retir$ f ,india ?9k bett] ( ! p !y h left1 aft] comp>+ !m ) o!rs1 ev5 ( ! mo/ ju/ly-admir$ nations4 ,b :at is /ill m extraord9>y ?an ! ready acceptance ( judgm5ts unfavorable to ! "* ( ! ,h9dus1 is ! det]m9$ way 9 :i* public op9ion1 sway$ by ! /atem5ts ( c]ta9 unfavorable critics1 has p]si/5tly ignor$ ! evid5ce :i* memb]s ( ! ,civil ,s]vice1 (fic]s & /atesm5--m5 ( ! highe/ au?ority--h giv5 aga9 & aga91 9 direct opposition to ^! unfavorable op9ions4 ,"h1 too1 ,i mu/ ask to be all[$ to quote at lea/ a few ( ^! witnesses on ! o!r side4 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s ?us speaks ( ! ,h9dus 9 g5]al3 ,!y are g5tle & b5evol5t1 m susceptible ( gratitude = k9dness %[n !m1 & less prompt$ to v5geance = wrongs inflict$ ?an any p on ! face ( ! e>?2 fai?ful1 affectionate1 submissive to legal au?ority4 ,bi%op ,heb] said3 ,! ,h9dus are brave1 c\rte\s1 intellig5t1 mo/ eag] = k & improvem5t2 sob]1 indu/ri\s1 dutiful to p>5ts1 affectionate to _! *ildr51 uni=mly g5tle & pati5t1 & m easily affect$ by k9dness & att5tion to _! wants & feel+s ?an any p ,i ev] met )4#ee ,elph9/one /ates3 ,no set ( p among ! ,h9dus are s deprav$ z ! dregs ( our own great t[ns4 ,! villag]s are ev]y:]e amiable1 affectionate to _! families1 k9d to _! neighbors1 & t[>d all b ! gov]nm5t hone/ & s9c]e4 ,includ+ ! ,?ugs & ,dacoits1 ! mass ( crime is less 9 ,india ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,?ugs are almo/ a sep>ate nation1 & ! ,dacoits are desp]ate ruffians 9 gangs4 ,! ,h9dus are mild & g5tle p1 m m]ciful to prison]s ?an any o!r ,asiatics4 ,_! fre$om f gross debau*]y is ! po9t 9 :i* !y appe> to mo/ advantage2 & _! sup]iority 9 purity ( mann]s is n flatt]+ to our self-e/eem4#ef ,yet ,elph9/one c be mo/ sev]e on ! real faults ( ! p ( ,india4 ,he /ates t1 at pres5t1 want ( v]acity is "o ( _! prom95t vices1 b he adds#eg t su* deceit is mo/ common 9 p connect$ ) gov]nm5t1 a class :i* spreads f> 9 ,india1 z1 f ! nature ( ! l&-rev5ue1 ! l[e/ villag] is (t5 oblig$ to resi/ =ce by fraud4#eh ,sir ,john ,malcolm writes3#ei ,i h h>dly ev] kn[n :]e a p]son did und]/& ! language1 or :]e a calm communication 0 made to a native ( ,india1 ?r\gh a well-in=m$ & tru/wor?y m$ium1 t ! result did n prove1 t :at _h at fir/ be5 /at$ z falsehood _h ei!r proce$$ f fe> or f misappreh5sion4 ,i by no means wi% to /ate t our ,indian subjects are m free f ?is vice ?an o!r nations t occupy a ne>ly equal position 9 society1 b ,i am positive t !y are n m addict$ to untru?4 ,sir ,?omas ,munro be>s ev5 /rong] te/imony4 ,he writes3#fj ,if a good sy/em ( agriculture1 unrivall$ manufactur+ skill1 a capacity to produce :atev] c contribute to ei!r conv5i5ce or luxury1 s*ools e/abli%$ 9 e village = tea*+ read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1#fa ! g5]al practice ( hospitality & *>ity among ea* o!r1 &1 above all1 a treatm5t ( ! female sex full ( confid5ce1 respect1 & delicacy1 are among ! signs :i* d5ote a civiliz$ p--!n ! ,h9dus are n inf]ior to ! nations ( ,europe--& if civilization is to become an article ( trade betwe5 ,engl& & ,india1 ,i am conv9c$ t ,engl& w ga9 by ! import c>go4 ,my own exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ! native "* has be51 ( c\rse1 v limit$4 ,^? ,h9dus :om ,i h _h ! pleasure to "k p]sonally 9 ,europe may be look$ ^u z exceptional1 z ! be/ specim5s1 x may be1 t ,india c\ld produce4 ,also1 my int]c\rse ) !m has naturally be5 su* t x c\ld h>dly h br\ght out ! d>k] sides ( human nature4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,i h _h "s excell5t opportunities ( wat*+ a numb] ( native s*ol>s "u circum/ances :]e x is n difficult to detect a man's true "*--,i mean 9 lit]>y "w &1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 lit]>y controv]sy4 ,i h wat*$ !m c>ry+ on su* controv]sies bo? among !mselves & ) c]ta9 ,european s*ol>s1 & ,i feel b\nd to say t1 ) h>dly "o exception1 !y h display$ a f> great] respect = tru? & a f> m manly & g5]\s _s ?an we are accu/om$ to ev5 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!y h %[n /r5g?1 b no rud5ess2 nay1 ,i "k t no?+ has surpris$ !m s mu* z ! co>se invective to :i* c]ta9 ,sanskrit s*ol>s h condesc5d$1 rud5ess ( spee* be+1 accord+ to _! view ( human nature1 a safe sign n only ( bad bre$+1 b ( want ( k4 ,:5 !y 7 wrong1 !y h readily admitt$ _! mi/akes2 :5 !y 7 "r1 !y h nev] sne]$ at _! ,european adv]s>ies4 ,!re has be51 ) few exceptions1 no quibbl+1 no special plead+1 no untru?fulness on _! "p1 & c]ta9ly none ( t l[ cunn+ ( ! s*ol> :o writes d[n & publi%es :at he kn[s p]fectly well to be false1 & snaps 8 f+]s at ^? :o /ill value tru? & self-respect m highly ?an victory or applause at any price4 ,"h1 too1 we might possibly ga9 by ! import c>go4 ,let me add t ,i h be5 repeat$ly told by ,engli% m]*ants t comm]cial honor /&s high] 9 ,india ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & t a di%onor$ bill is h>dly kn[n !re4 ,i h left to ! la/ ! witnesses :o might o!rwise h be5 suspect$--,i mean ! ,h9dus !mselves4 ,! :ole ( _! lit]ature f "o end to ! o!r is p]vad$ by expressions ( love & rev]5ce = tru?4 ,_! v ^w = tru? is full ( mean+4 ,x is s a t or s a t y a1 s a t be+ ! p>ticiple ( ! v]b z1 to be4 ,true1 !re=e1 0 ) !m simply t :i* is4 ,! ,engli% soo? is connect$ ) sat1 also ! ,greek ,greek3 on = ,greek3 eson1 & ! ,lat9 s5s1 9 praes5s4 ,we are all v apt to consid] tru? to be :at is tr[$ by o!rs1 or believ$ 9 by l>ge majorities4 ,t k9d ( tru? is easy to accept4 ,b :oev] has once /ood alone1 surr\nd$ by noisy ass]tions1 & ov]:elm$ by ! clamor ( ^? :o ought to "k bett]1 or p]haps :o did "k bett]--call him ,galileo or ,d>w91 ,col5so or ,/anley1 or any o!r "n--he kn[s :at a real delight x is to feel 9 8 he>t ( he>ts1 ?is is true--?is is--?is is s a t--:atev] daily1 weekly1 or qu>t]ly pap]s1 :atev] bi%ops1 ar*bi%ops1 or popes1 may say to ! contr>y4 ,ano!r "n = tru? is ! ,sanskrit r it a1 :i* orig9ally seems to h meant /raight1 direct1 :ile a nr it a is untrue1 false4 ,n[ "o ( ! highe/ praises be/[$ ^u ! gods 9 ! ,v$a is t !y are s a t y a1 true1 tru?ful1 tru/wor?y2#fb & x is well kn[n t bo? 9 mod]n & anci5t times1 m5 always ascribe to ,god or to _! gods ^? qualities :i* !y value mo/ 9 !mselves4 ,o!r words appli$ to ! gods z tru?ful be+s are1 a d r o g h a1 lit4 n deceiv+4#fc ,a d r o g h a-v a k means1 he ^: ^w is nev] brok54 ,?us ,indra1 ! ,v$ic ,jupit]1 is said to h be5 prais$ by ! fa!rs#fd z rea*+ ! enemy1 ov]com+ him1 /&+ on ! summit1 true ( spee*1 mo/ p[]ful 9 ?\ght4 ,d r o g h a v a k1#fe on ! contr>y1 is us$ = deceitful m54 ,?us ,vasi%?a1 "o ( ! great ,v$ic poets1 says3 ,if ,i _h wor%ipp$ false gods1 or if ,i believ$ 9 ! gods va9ly--b :y art ?\ angry ) u1 ,o ,gatav$as8 ,may li>s g to de/ruction6 ,s a t y a m1 z a neut]1 is (t5 us$ z an ab/ract1 & is !n rightly translat$ by tru?4 ,b x also means t :i* is1 ! true1 ! real2 & !re are sev]al passages 9 ! ,rig-,v$a :]e1 in/ead ( tru?1 ,i ?9k we ought simply to translate s a t y a m by ! true1 t is1 ! real1 ,greek3 to ontos on4#ff ,x s\nds1 no d\bt1 v well to translate ,saty5a uttabhita bhumih by ! e>? is f\nd$ on tru?2 & ,i believe e translator has tak5 s a t y a 9 t s5se "h4 ,ludwig translates1 ,von d] ,wahrheit i/ die ,erde ge/uetzt4 ,b su* an idea1 if x conveys any tangible mean+ at all1 is f> too ab/ract = ^? e>ly poets & philosoph]s4 ,!y meant to say ! e>?1 su* z we see x1 is held up1 t is1 re/s on some?+ real1 ?\gh we may n see x1 on some?+ :i* !y call$ ! ,real1#fg & to :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 !y gave _m m names1 su* z ,r i t a1 ! "r1 ,b r a h m a n1 etc4 ,( c\rse :]e !re is t /rong rev]5ce = tru?1 !re mu/ also be ! s5se ( guilt aris+ f untru?4 ,& ?us we he> "o poet pray t ! wat]s may wa% him clean1 & c>ry (f all 8 s9s & all untru?3 ,c>ry away1 ye wat]s1#fh :atev] evil !re is 9 me1 :]ev] ,i may h deceiv$1 or may h curs$1 & also all untru? 7anritam74#fi ,or aga91 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a ,,iv4 #af3 ,may all ?y fatal sn>es1 :i* /& spread out sev5 by sev5 & ?reefold1 cat* ! man :o tells a lie1 may !y pass by him :o tells ! tru?6 ,f ! ,brahmanz1 or !ological treatises ( ! ,brahmans1 ,i %all quote a few passages only3 ,:osoev]#gj speaks ! tru?1 makes ! fire on 8 own alt> blaze up1 z if he p\r$ butt] into ! light$ fire4 ,8 own light gr[s l>g]1 & f to-morr[ to to-morr[ he becomes bett]4 ,b :osoev] speaks untru?1 he qu5*es ! fire on 8 alt>1 z if he p\r$ wat] into ! light$ fire2 8 own light gr[s small] & small]1 & f to-morr[ to to-morr[ he becomes m wick$4 ,let man !re=e speak tru? only4#ga ,& aga93#gb ,a man becomes impure by utt]+ falsehood4 ,& aga93#gc ,z a man :o /eps on ! edge ( a sword plac$ ov] a pit cries out1 ,i %all slip1 ,i %all slip into ! pit1 s let a man gu>d himself f falsehood 7or s974 ,9 lat] times we see ! respect = tru? c>ri$ to su* an extreme1 t ev5 a promise1 unwitt+ly made1 is consid]$ to be b9d+4 ,9 ! ,ka?a-,upani%ad1 = in/ance1 a fa!r is introduc$ (f]+ :at is call$ an ,all-sacrifice1 :]e ev]y?+ is suppos$ to be giv5 up4 ,8 son1 :o is /&+ by1 taunts 8 fa!r ) n hav+ altoge!r fulfill$ 8 v[1 because he has n sacrific$ 8 son4 ,^u ?is1 ! fa!r1 ?\gh angry & aga9/ 8 w1 is oblig$ to sacrifice 8 son4 ,aga91 :5 ! son arrives 9 ! l[] _w1 he is all[$ by ! ,judge ( ! ,dead to ask = ?ree favors4 ,he !n asks to be re/or$ to life1 to be taught "s sacrificial my/]ies1 &1 z ! ?ird boon1 he asks to "k :at becomes ( man aft] he is dead4 ,yama1 ! "l ( ! ,dep>t$1 tries 9 va9 to be let (f f answ]+ ?is la/ "q4 ,b he1 too1 is b\nd by 8 promise1 & !n foll[s a disc\rse on life aft] dea?1 or immortal life1 :i* =ms "o ( ! mo/ beautiful *apt]s 9 ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india4 ,! :ole plot ( "o ( ! great epic poems1 ! ,ramayana1 re/s on a ra% promise giv5 by ,dasara?a1 k+ ( ,ayodhya1 to 8 second wife1 ,kaikeyi1 t he w\ld grant h] two boons4 ,9 ord] to secure ! succession to h] own son1 %e asks t ,rama1 ! elde/ son by ! k+'s o!r wife1 %\ld be bani%$ = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,mu* z ! k+ rep5ts 8 promise1 ,rama1 8 elde/ son1 w\ld on no acc\nt let 8 fa!r break 8 ^w1 & he leaves 8 k+dom to w&] 9 ! =e/ ) 8 wife ,sita & 8 bro!r ,lak%mana4 ,aft] ! fa!r's dea?1 ! son ( ! second wife decl9es ! ?rone1 & comes to ,rama to p]suade him to accept ! k+dom ( 8 fa!r4 ,b all 9 va94 ,rama w keep 8 exile = f\rte5 ye>s1 & nev] dis[n 8 fa!r's promise4 ,"h foll[s a curi\s dialogue betwe5 a ,brahman ,gabali & ,pr9ce ,rama1 ( :i* ,i %all give "s extracts3#gd ,! ,brahman1 :o is a prie/ & c\rti]1 says1 ',well1 desc5dant ( ,raghu1 d n ?\1 s noble 9 s5tim5ts1 & au/]e 9 "*1 ent]ta91 l a common man1 ?is useless ?\ght4 ,:at man is a k9sman ( any o!r8 ,:at relation%ip has any "o ) ano!r8 ,a man is born alone & dies alone4 ,h5ce he :o is atta*$ to any "o z 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 is to be reg>d$ z if he 7 insane1 = no "o belongs to ano!r4 ,?\ oughte/ n to ab&on ?y fa!r's k+dom & /ay "h 9 a sad & mis]able abode1 att5d$ ) _m trials4 ,let ?yself be inaugurat$ k+ 9 ! weal?y ,ayodhya4 ,dasara?a1 ?y fa!r is no?+ to !e1 or ?\ to him2 ! k+ is "o1 & ?\ ano!r1 d !re=e :at is said4444 ,!n (f] oblations to ! dep>t$ spirits 7( ?y =efa!rs7 on prescrib$ days2 b see :at a wa/e ( food6 ,= :at c a dead man eat8 ,if :at is eat5 by "o "h ent]s into ! body ( ano!r 7viz41 ( ! dep>t$71 let ,sraddhas be (f]$ to ^? :o are travell+2 !y ne$ n !n get food to eat on _! j\rney4 ,^! books 7! ,v$as71 7:i* enjo9 m5 to7 sacrifice1 give1 consecrate !mselves1 practise au/]ities1 & =sake ! _w1 are compos$ by clev] m5 to induce o!rs to be/[ gifts4 ,au?oritative words d n fall f heav54 ,let me1 & o!rs l y\rselves1 embrace :atev] ass]tion is support$ by reason4 ,adh]e to :at is app>5t to ! s5ses1 & reject :at is invisible4444 ,?is _w is ! next _w2 d ?\ !re=e enjoy pleasure1 = e virtu\s man does n ga9 x4 ,virtu\s m5 are greatly di/ress$1 :ile ! unrighte\s are se5 to be happy4' ,^! positivi/ s5tim5ts s\nd /range1 p>ticul>ly f ! m\? ( a ,brahman4 ,b ! poet evid5tly wi%es to repres5t a ,brahman liv+ at c\rt1 :o has an argum5t ready = any?+ & ev]y?+ t is likely to please 8 k+4 ,b :at does ,rama answ]8 ,! words1 he says1 :i* y h address$ to me1 ?\gh !y recomm5d :at seems to be "r & salut>y1 advise1 9 fact1 ! contr>y4 ,! s9ful transgressor1 :o lives accord+ to ! rules ( h]etical sy/ems1 obta9s no e/eem f good m54 ,x is good conduct t m>ks a man to be noble or ignoble1 h]oic or a pret5d] to manl9ess1 pure or impure4 ,tru? & m]cy are immemorial *>act]i/ics ( a k+'s conduct4 ,h5ce royal rule is 9 its ess5ce tru?4 ,on tru? ! ^w is bas$4 ,bo? sages & gods h e/eem$ tru?4 ,! man :o speaks tru? 9 ?is _w atta9s ! highe/ imp]i%able /ate4 ,m5 %r9k ) fe> & horror f a li> z f a s]p5t4 ,9 ?is _w ! *ief elem5t 9 virtue is tru?2 x is call$ ! basis ( ev]y?+4 ,tru? is "l 9 ! _w2 virtue always re/s on tru?4 ,all ?+s are f\nd$ on tru?2 no?+ is high] ?an x4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ,i n be true to my promise1 & fai?fully obs]ve ! tru?ful injunction giv5 by my fa!r8 ,nei!r ?r\gh covet\sness1 nor delusion1 nor ignorance1 w ,i1 ov]p[]$ by d>kness1 break ?r\gh ! b>ri] ( tru?1 b rema9 true to my promise to my fa!r4 ,h[ %all ,i1 hav+ promis$ to him t ,i w\ld ?us reside 9 ! =e/s1 transgress 8 injunction1 & d :at ,bh>ata recomm5ds8 ,! o!r epic poem too1 ! ,mahabh>ata1 is full ( episodes %[+ a pr(\nd reg>d = tru? & an almo/ slavi% submission to a pl$ge once giv54 ,! dea? ( ,bhi%ma1 "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! /ory ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 is due to 8 v[ nev] to hurt a woman4 ,he is ?us kill$ by ,sikh&91 :om he takes to be a woman4#ge ,7 ,i to quote f all ! law-books1 & f /ill lat] works1 ev]y:]e y w\ld he> ! same key-note ( tru?fulness vibrat+ ?r\gh !m all4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppress ! fact t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 a lie 0 all[$1 or1 at all ev5ts1 excus$ by ,indian lawgiv]s4 ,?us ,gautama says3#gf ,an untru? spok5 by p "u ! influ5ce ( ang]1 excessive joy1 fe>1 pa91 or grief1 by infants1 by v old m51 by p]sons labor+ "u a delusion1 be+ "u ! influ5ce ( dr9k1 or by madm51 does n cause ! speak] to fall1 or1 z we %\ld say1 is a v5ial1 n a mortal s94#gg ,?is is a l>ge admission1 yet ev5 9 t op5 admission !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( hone/y4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 ! ,mahabh>ata is ?is excuse plead$4#gh ,nay1 !re is 9 ! ,mahabh>ata#gi ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,kausika1 call$ ,satyavad91 ! ,tru?-speak]1 :o goes to hell = hav+ spok5 ! tru?4 ,he once saw m5 fly+ into ! =e/ be=e robb]s 7dasyu74 ,! robb]s came up soon aft] !m1 & ask$ ,kausika1 :i* way ! fugitives _h tak54 ,he told !m ! tru?1 & ! m5 7 caught by ! robb]s & kill$4 ,b ,kausika1 we are told1 w5t to hell = hav+ spok5 ! tru?4 ,! ,h9dus may seem to h be5 a prie/-ridd5 race1 & _! devotion to sacrifice & c]emonial is well kn[n4 ,yet ?is is :at ! poet ( ! ,mahabh>ata d>es to say3 ,let a ?\s& sacrifices 7( a horse7 & tru? be weigh$ 9 ! balance--tru? w exce$ ! ?\s& sacrifices4#hj ,^! are words address$ by ,sakuntala1 ! des]t$ wife1 to ,k+ ,du%yanta1 :5 he decl9$ to recognize h] & 8 son4 ,& :5 he refuses to li/5 to h] appeal1 :at does %e appeal to z ! highe/ au?ority8--,! voice ( consci5ce4 ,if y ?9k ,i am alone1 %e says to ! k+1 y d n "k t wise man )9 y\r he>t4 ,he kn[s ( y\r evil de$--9 8 sight y commit s94 ,a man :o has committ$ s9 may ?9k t no "o kn[s x4 ,! gods "k x & ! old man )94#ha ,?is mu/ suffice4 ,i say once m t ,i d n wi% to repres5t ! p ( ,india z two hundr$ & fifty-?ree millions ( angels1 b ,i d wi% x to be und]/ood & to be accept$ z a fact1 t ! damag+ *>ge ( untru?fulness br\ght aga9/ t p is utt]ly unf\nd$ ) reg>d to anci5t times4 ,x is n only n true1 b ! v opposite ( ! tru?4 ,z to mod]n times1 & ,i date !m f ab\t #ajjj aft] ,*ri/1 ,i c only say t1 aft] read+ ! acc\nts ( ! t]rors & horrors ( ,mohamm$an rule1 my wond] is t s mu* ( native virtue & tru?fulness %\ld h surviv$4 ,y might z well expect a m\se to speak ! tru? be=e a cat1 z a ,h9du be=e a ,mohamm$an judge4#hb ,if y fright5 a *ild1 t *ild w tell a lie2 if y t]rorize millions1 y mu/ n be surpris$ if !y try to escape f y\r fangs4 ,tru?fulness is a luxury1 p]haps ! greate/1 & let me assure y1 ! mo/ exp5sive luxury 9 our life--& happy ! man :o has be5 able to enjoy x f 8 v *ildhood4 ,x may be easy en\gh 9 our days & 9 a free c\ntry1 l ,engl&1 nev] to tell a lie--b ! old] we gr[1 ! h>d] we f9d x to be always true1 to speak ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,! ,h9dus too _h made t discov]y4 ,!y too knew h[ h>d1 nay h[ impossible x is1 always to speak ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,!re is a %ort /ory 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 to my m9d full ( deep mean+1 & p]vad$ by ! real s5se ( tru?1 ! real s5se ( ! difficulty ( tru?4 ,8 k9sman said to ,aruna ,aupavesi1 ,?\ art advanc$ 9 ye>s1 e/abli% ?\ ! sacrificial fires4 ,he repli$3 ,!reby y tell me h5ce=? to keep sil5ce4 ,= he :o has e/abli%$ ! fires mu/ n speak an untru?1 & only by n speak+ at all1 "o speaks no untru?4 ,to t ext5t ! s]vice ( ! sacrificial fires consi/s 9 tru?4#hc ,i d\bt :e!r 9 any o!r ( ! anci5t lit]atures ( ! _w y w f9d traces ( t extreme s5sitiv5ess ( consci5ce :i* despairs ( our ev] speak+ ! tru?1 & :i* decl>es sil5ce gold1 & spee* silv]1 ?\gh1 9 a mu* high] s5se ?an our prov]b4 ,:at ,i %\ld wi% to impress on ^? :o w soon f9d !mselves ! rul]s ( millions ( human be+s 9 ,india1 is ! duty to %ake (f national prejudices1 :i* are apt to deg5]ate into a k9d ( madness4 ,i h kn[n p ) a br[n sk9 :om ,i c\ld look up to z my bett]s4 ,look = !m 9 ,india1 & y w f9d !m1 & if y meet ) disappo9tm5ts1 z no d\bt y w1 ?9k ( ! p ) :ite sk9s :om y h tru/$1 & :om y c tru/ no m4 ,we are all apt to be ,ph>isees 9 int]national judgm5ts4 ,i read only a few days ago 9 a pamphlet writt5 by an enlight5$ politician1 ! foll[+ words3 ,exp]i5ce only c tea* t no?+ is s truly a/oni%+ to a morally deprav$ p z ! ph5om5on ( a race ( m5 9 ^: ^w p]fect confid5ce may be plac$#hd4444 ,! natives are consci\s ( _! inf]iority 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 ?is4 ,!y require to be taught rectitude ( conduct mu* m ?an lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,if y approa* ! ,h9dus ) su* feel+s1 y w tea* !m nei!r rectitude1 nor sci5ce1 nor lit]ature4 ,nay1 !y might appeal to _! own lit]ature1 ev5 to _! law-books1 to tea* u at lea/ "o lesson ( tru?fulness1 tru?fulness to ourselves1 or1 9 o!r words1 humility4 ,:at does ,yagnavalkya say8#he ,x is n our h]mitage1 he says--our religion we might say--/ill less ! color ( our sk91 t produces virtue2 virtue mu/ be practic$4 ,!re=e let no "o d to o!rs :at he w\ld n h done to himself4 ,& ! laws ( ! ,manavas1 :i* 7 s mu* abus$ by ,mill1 :at d !y tea*8#hf ,evil-do]s ?9k inde$ t no "o sees !m2 b ! gods see !m1 & ! old man )94 ,self is ! witness ( ,self1 ,self is ! refuge ( ,self4 ,d n despise ?y own ,self1 ! highe/ witness ( m54#hg ,if1 fri5d1 ?\ ?9ke/ ?\ art self-alone1 rememb] !re is ! sil5t ?9k] 7! ,highe/ ,self7 always )9 ?y he>t1 & he sees :at is good & :at is evil4#hh ,o fri5d1 :atev] good ?\ maye/ h done f ?y v bir?1 all w g to ! dogs1 if ?\ speak an untru?4 ,or 9 ,vasi%?a1 ,,xxx4 #a3 ,practice righte\sness1 n unrighte\sness2 speak tru?1 n untru?2 look f>1 n ne>2 look up t[>d ! highe/1 n t[>d any?+ l[4 ,no d\bt !re is moral depravity 9 ,india1 & :]e is !re no moral depravity 9 ?is _w8 ,b to appeal to int]national /ati/ics w\ld be1 ,i believe1 a dang]\s game4 ,nor mu/ we =get t our /&>ds ( morality diff]1 &1 on "s po9ts1 diff] consid]ably f ^? recogniz$ 9 ,india2 & we mu/ n wond] if sons d n at once condemn z crim9al :at _! fa!rs & gr&fa!rs consid]$ "r4 ,let u hold by all means to our s5se ( :at is "r & :at is wrong2 b 9 judg+ o!rs1 :e!r 9 public or 9 private life1 :e!r z hi/orians or politicians1 let u n =get t a k9dly _s w nev] d any h>m4 ,c]ta9ly ,i c imag9e no?+ m mis*iev\s1 m dang]\s1 m fatal to ! p]man5ce ( ,engli% rule 9 ,india1 ?an = ! "y civil s]vants to g to t c\ntry ) ! idea t x is a s9k ( moral depravity1 an ants' ne/ ( lies2 = no "o is s sure to g wrong1 :e!r 9 public or 9 private life1 z he :o says 9 8 ha/e3 ,all m5 are li>s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ag3 ,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india1 ed4 ,wilson1 vol4 i41 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s5 is ! pres5t spiritual director ( ! ,brahmo ,samag1 ! !i/ic organization f\nd$ by ! late ,rammohun ,roy4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ai3 ,mill's ,hi/ory1 ed4 ,wilson1 vol4 i41 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #bj3 ,l4 c4 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #ba3 ,l4 c4 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #bb3 ,p4 #bag4 ,footnote #bc3 ,mill's ,hi/ory1 vol4 i41 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #bd3 ,manu1 ,,viii4 #dc1 says3 ,nei!r a ,k+ himself nor 8 (fic]s mu/ ev] promote litigation2 nor ev] neglect a lawsuit in/itut$ by o!rs4 ,footnote #be3 ,mill's ,hi/ory1 vol4 i41 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #bf3 ,l4 c4 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,elph9/one1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ed4 ,c[ell1 p4 #bai1 note4 ,( ! #bcb s5t5ces ( dea? #fd only 7 c>ri$ out 9 ,engl&1 :ile ! #ei s5t5ces ( dea? 9 ,b5gal 7 all c>ri$ out4 ,footnote #bh3 ,sir ,*4 ,trevelyan1 ,*ri/ianity & ,h9duism1 #ahhb1 p4 #db4 ,?is w be news to _m4 ,x has be5 q common to include ! ,?ugs ) ! wor%ipp]s ( ,bhavani1 ! consort ( ,siva4 ,! ^w signifies a deceiv]1 :i* elim9ates x f e religi\s association4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bi3 ,manu ,,vii4 #aae4 ,footnote #cj3 ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot1 ,supplem5t to ! ,gloss>y ( ,indian ,t]ms1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i see f ,dr4 ,hunt]'s late/ /ati/ical tables t ! :ole numb] ( t[ns & villages 9 ,briti% ,india am\nts to #dic1dbi4 ,out ( ?is numb] #ddh1cbj h less ?an #ajjj inhabitants1 & may be call$ villages4 ,9 ,b5gal1 :]e ! gr[? ( t[ns has be5 mo/ enc\rag$ ?r\gh ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts1 ! total numb] ( home/eads is #aag1jdb1 & m ?an half ( ^! conta9 less ?an #bjj inhabitants4 ,only #aj1jgg t[ns 9 ,b5gal h m ?an #ajjj inhabitants1 t is1 no m ?an ab\t a sev5te5? "p ( all ! settlem5ts are any?+ b :at we %\ld call sub/antial villages4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! la/ c5sus gives u #aje1abd villages1 aga9/ #big t[ns4 ,see ,london ,times1 #ad? ,aug4 #ahhb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,anci5t ,india z describ$ by ,mega/h5es & ,arrian1 by ,mc,crindle1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cc3 ,p]jury seems to be committ$ by ! meane/ & enc\rag$ by "s ( ! bett] sort among ! ,h9dus & ,mussulmans1 ) z little remorse z if x 7 a pro( ( +5uity1 or ev5 a m]it4--,sir ,w4 ,jones1 ,address to ,gr& ,jury at ,calcutta1 9 ,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,india1 vol4 i41 p4 #cbd4 ,! long] we possess a prov9ce1 ! m common & grave does p]jury become4--,sir ,g4 ,campbell1 quot$ by ,rev4 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,ori5tal ,religions1 ,india1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,vasi%?a1 translat$ by ,buehl]1 ,,viii4 #h4 ,footnote #ce3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,baldw91 au?or ( ,prehi/oric ,nations1 decl>es t ?is sy/em ( village-communities exi/$ 9 ,india long be=e ! ,aryan conque/4 ,he attributes x to ,cu%ite or ,a,ethiopic influ5ce1 & ) great plausibility4 ,nev]!less1 ! same sy/em fl\ri%$ 9 prehi/oric ,greece1 ev5 till ! ,roman conque/s4 ,mr4 ,palgrave obs]v$ x exi/+ 9 ,arabia4 ,oman is less a k+dom ?an an aggregation ( municipalities1 he rem>ks2 ea* t[n1 ea* village has its sep>ate exi/5ce & corporation1 :ile t[ns & villages1 9 _! turn1 are subject$ to "o or o!r ( ! ance/ral *iefs4 ,! ,ionian & ,pho5ician cities exi/$ by a simil> t5ure1 z did also ! ,free ,cities ( ,europe4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 to h be5 ! e>li] =m ( rule4 ,mega/h5es notic$ x 9 ,india4 ,! village-communities1 says ,sir ,*>les ,metcalf1 are little republics1 hav+ ev]y?+ !y want )9 !mselves1 & almo/ indep5d5t ( any =eign relations4 ,!y seem to la/ :]e no?+ else la/s4 ,^! villages usually consi/ ( ! hold]s ( ! l&1 ^? :o f>m & cultivate x1 ! e/abli%$ village-s]vants1 prie/1 blacksmi?1 c>p5t]1 acc\ntant1 wa%]man1 pott]1 b>b]1 wat*man1 %oemak]1 etc4 ,! t5ure & law ( inh]itance v>ies ) ! diff]5t native races1 b t5ant%ip = a specific p]iod seems to be ! mo/ common4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #cf3 ,sleeman1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #cg3 ,sleeman1 ,rambles1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,vasi%?a ,,xvi4 #cb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ktesiae ,fragm5ta 7ed4 ,didot71 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #dj3 ,see ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahgf1 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #da3 ,mega/h5is ,fragm5ta 7ed4 ,didot7 9 ,fragm4 ,hi/or4 ,graec4 vol4 ii41 p4 #dbf b3 ,greek3 ,ale!ian te humoios kai aret5 apode*ontai ,footnote #db3 ,indica1 cap4 xii4 #f4 ,footnote #dc3 ,see ,mc,crindle 94 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahgf1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #dd3 ,see ,/anislas ,juli51 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahdg1 ,a\t1 pp4 #ih1 #aje4 ,footnote #de3 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #df3 ,elliot1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 vol4 i41 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,mehr53 ,manuel de la ,cosmographie du moy5 age1 traduction de l'ouvrage de ,%ems-ed-d9 ,ab\ ,abdallah de ,damas4 ,p>is3 ,l]\x1 #ahgd1 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #dh3 ,m>co ,polo1 ed4 ,h4 ,yule1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #di3 ,m>co ,polo1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #ej3 ,notices des ,manuscrits1 tom4 xiv41 p4 #dcf4 ,he seems to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ to /ate t ! ,p]sian text ( ! ,kalilah & ,dimna 0 d]iv$ f ! wise p ( ,india4 ,footnote #ea3 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,india1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #eb3 ,sleeman1 ,rambles1 vol4 i41 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #ec3 ,elph9/one's ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ed4 ,c[ell1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #ed3 ,?is /atem5t may well be d\bt$4 ,! mission>y /aff 9 ,india is v l>ge & has be5 = ye>s pa/4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t _m ( its memb]s are well in=m$ respect+ ,h9doo "* 9 all grades ( society4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #ee3 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,india1 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,hi/ory ( ,india1 pp4 #cge-cha4 ,footnote #eg3 ,l4 c41 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #eh3 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #ei3 ,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ed4 ,wilson1 vol4 i41 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,l4 c41 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #fa3 ,sir ,?omas ,munro e/imat$ ! *ildr5 educat$ at public s*ools 9 ! ,madras presid5cy z less ?an "o 9 ?ree4 ,b l[ z x 01 x 01 z he ju/ly rem>k$1 a high] rate ?an exi/$ till v lately 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe4--,elph9/one1 ,hi/4 ( ,india1 p4 #bje4 ,9 ,b5gal !re exi/$ no less ?an #hj1jjj native s*ools1 ?\gh1 d\btless1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a poor quality4 ,accord+ to a ,gov]nm5t ,report ( #ahce1 !re 0 a village-s*ool = e #djj p]sons4--,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 ,,ix4 #ahc-aic4 ,ludl[ 7,briti% ,india1 ,i4 #fb7 writes3 ,9 e ,h9du village :i* has reta9$ its old =m ,i am assur$ t ! *ildr5 g5]ally are able to read1 write1 & ciph]2 b :]e we h swept away ! village-sy/em1 z 9 ,b5gal1 !re ! village-s*ool has also disappe>$4 ,footnote #fb3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #hg1 #d2 #ade1 #e2 #agd1 #a2 ,v4 #bc1 #b4 ,footnote #fc3 ,rig-,v$a ,,iii4 #cb1 #i2 ,,vi4 #e1 #a4 ,footnote #fd3 ,rig-,v$a ,,vi4 #bb1 #b4 ,footnote #fe3 ,rig-,v$a ,,iii4 #ad1 #f4 ,footnote #ff3 ,?is is ! favorite expression ( ,plato = ! ,div9e1 :i* ,c>y1 ,davis1 & o!rs r5d] ,real ,be+4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #fg3 ,sometimes !y trace ev5 ?is ,s a t y a or ,r i t a1 ! ,real or ,"r1 to a /ill high] cause1 & say 7,rig-,v$a ,x4 #aij1 #a73 ,! ,"r & ,real 0 born f ! ,light$ ,heat2 f !nce 0 born ,night1 & !nce ! bill[y sea4 ,f ! sea 0 born ,samvats>a1 ! ye>1 he :o ord]e? day & night1 ! ,"l ( all t moves 7w9ks74 ,! ,mak] 7dhatri7 %ap$ ,sun & ,moon 9 ord]2 he %ap$ ! sky1 ! e>?1 ! welk91 & ! highe/ heav54 ,footnote #fh3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #bc1 #bb4 ,footnote #fi3 ,or x may mean1 ,:]ev] ,i may h deceiv$1 or sworn false4 ,footnote #gj3 ,satapa?a ,brahmana ,,ii4 #b1 #c1 #ai4 ,footnote #ga3 ,cf4 ,muir1 ,metrical ,translations1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #gb3 ,sat4 ,br4 ,,iii4 #a1 #b1 #aj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,taitt4 ,aranyaka ,x4 #i4 ,footnote #gd3 ,muir1 ,metrical ,translations1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #ge3 ,holtzmann1 ,das alte indis*e ,epos1 p4 #ba1 note #hc4 ,footnote #gf3 ,v4 #bd4 ,footnote #gg3 ,?is p]mission to prev>icate 0 /ill fur!r ext5d$4 ,! foll[+ five untru?s are enum]at$ by v>i\s writ]s z n con/itut+ mortal s9s--namely1 at ! "t ( m>riage1 dur+ dalliance1 :5 life is 9 dang]1 :5 ! loss ( prop]ty is ?reat5$1 & = ! sake ( a ,brahmana4 ,aga91 ano!r writ] cites ! decl>ation t an untru? is v5ial if x is spok5 at ! "t ( m>riage1 dur+ dalliance1 9 je/1 or :ile suff]+ great pa94 ,x is evid5t t ,v5us laugh$ at lov]s' oa?s 9 ,india z well z else:]e2 & t false te/imony extract$ by torture 0 excus$4 ,manu decl>$ t 9 "s cases ! giv] ( false evid5ce f a pi\s motive w\ld n lose 8 seat 9 heav52 inde$1 t :5ev] ! dea? ( a man ( any ( ! f\r ca/es w\ld be occasion$ by true evid5ce1 falsehood 0 ev5 bett] ?an tru?4 ,he gives z ! primeval rule1 to say :at is true & :at is pleasant1 b n :at is true & unpleasant1 or :at is pleasant & n true4 ,! ,vi%nu-purana gives l c\nsel1 add+ ! foll[+ aphorism3 ,a consid]ate man w always cultivate1 9 act1 ?\ght1 & spee*1 t :i* is good = liv+ be+s1 bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next4 ,ab\t ! same lic5se appe>s to be us$ 9 ?is c\ntry & w9k$ at4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #gh3 ,i4 #cdab2 ,,iii4 #achdd2 ,,vii4 #hgdb2 ,,viii4 #cdcf1 #cdfd4 ,footnote #gi3 ,mahabh>ata ,,viii4 #cddh4 ,footnote #hj3 ,muir1 l4 c4 p4 #bfh2 ,mahabh>ata ,i4 #cjie4 ,footnote #ha3 ,mahabh>ata ,i4 #cjae-af4 ,footnote #hb3 ,?is expla9s satisfactorily h[ ! ,h9doos became li>s1 & ( c\rse admits t !y did become s4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #hc3 ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 translat$ by ,eggel+1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xii41 p4 #cac1 ,sec4 #bj4 ,footnote #hd3 ,sir ,*>les ,trevelyan1 ,*ri/ianity & ,h9duism1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #he3 ,,iv4 #fe4 ,footnote #hf3 ,,viii4 #he4 ,footnote #hg3 ,,viii4 #ij4 ,footnote #hh3 ,,viii4 #ib4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,human ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,lit]ature4 ,my fir/ lecture 0 int5d$ to remove ! prejudice t ,india is & always mu/ be a /range c\ntry to u1 & t ^? :o h to live !re w f9d !mselves /r&$1 & f> away f t liv+ /ream ( ?\ghts & int]e/s :i* c>ries u along 9 ,engl& & 9 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,my second lecture 0 direct$ aga9/ ano!r prejudice1 namely1 t ! p ( ,india ) :om ! "y civil s]vants w h to pass ! be/ ye>s ( _! life are a race s deprav$ morally1 & m p>ticul>ly s devoid ( any reg>d = tru?1 t !y mu/ always rema9 /rang]s to u1 & t any real fell[%ip or fri5d%ip ) !m is q out ( ! "q4 ,to-day ,i %all h to grapple ) a ?ird prejudice1 namely1 t ! lit]ature ( ,india1 & m especially ! classical ,sanskrit lit]ature1 :atev] may be its int]e/ to ! s*ol> & ! antiqu>ian1 has little to tea* u :i* we _c le>n bett] f o!r s\rces1 & t at all ev5ts x is ( little practical use to "y civilians4 ,if only !y le>n to express !mselves 9 ,h9du/ani or ,tamil1 t is consid]$ q en\gh2 nay1 z !y h to deal ) m5 & ) ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 & z1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 !y are to be m5 ( ! _w & m5 ( bus9ess1 x is ev5 suppos$ to be dang]\s1 if !y all[$ !mselves to become absorb$ 9 que/ions ( ab/ruse s*ol>%ip or 9 rese>*es on anci5t religion1 my?ology1 & philosophy4 ,i take ! v opposite op9ion1 & ,i %\ld advise e "y man :o wi%es to enjoy 8 life 9 ,india1 & to sp5d 8 ye>s !re ) pr(it to himself & to o!rs1 to le>n ,sanskrit1 & to le>n x well4 ,i "k x w be said1 ,:at c be ! use ( ,sanskrit at ! pres5t day8 ,is n ,sanskrit a dead language8 ,& are n ! ,h9dus !mselves a%am$ ( _! anci5t lit]ature8 ,d !y n le>n ,engli%1 & d !y n pref] ,locke1 & ,hume1 & ,mill to _! anci5t poets & philosoph]s8 ,no d\bt ,sanskrit1 9 "o s5se1 is a dead language4 ,x 01 ,i believe1 a dead language m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,buddha1 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 comm&$ 8 disciples to prea* 9 ! dialects ( ! p2 & ,k+ ,asoka1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 he put up 8 ,edicts1 :i* 7 int5d$ to be read1 or at lea/ to be und]/ood by ! p1 _h !m engrav$ on rocks & pill>s 9 ! v>i\s local dialects f ,cabul#hi 9 ! nor? to ,ballabhi 9 ! s\?1 f ! s\rces ( ! ,ganges & ! ,jumnah to ,allahabad & ,patna1 nay ev5 d[n to ,orissa4 ,^! v>i\s dialects are z diff]5t f ,sanskrit z ,italian is f ,lat91 & we h !re=e good reason to suppose t1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 if n e>li]1 ,sanskrit _h ceas$ to be ! spok5 language ( ! p at l>ge4 ,!re is an int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,kullavagga1 :]e we are told t1 ev5 dur+ ,buddha's lifetime1 "s ( 8 pupils1 :o 7 ,brahmans by bir?1 compla9$ t p spoil$ ! words ( ,buddha by e "o repeat+ !m 9 8 own dialect 7nirutti74 ,!y propos$ to translate 8 words into ,sanskrit2 b he decl9$1 & comm&$ t ea* man %\ld le>n 8 doctr9e 9 8 own language4#ij ,& !re is ano!r passage1 quot$ by ,h>dy 9 8 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #ahf1 :]e we read t at ! "t ( ,buddha's fir/ prea*+ ea* ( ! c\ntless li/5]s ?\ght t ! sage 0 look+ t[>d him1 & 0 speak+ to him 9 8 own tongue1 ?\gh ! language us$ 0 ,magadhi4#ia ,sanskrit1 !re=e1 z a language spok5 by ! p at l>ge1 _h ceas$ to exi/ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,yet su* is ! m>vell\s cont9uity betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t 9 ,india1 t 9 spite ( repeat$ social convulsions1 religi\s re=ms1 & =eign invasions1 ,sanskrit may be said to be /ill ! only language t is spok5 ov] ! :ole ext5t ( t va/ c\ntry4 ,?\gh ! ,buddhi/ sov]eigns publi%$ _! edicts 9 ! v]nacul>s1 public inscriptions & private (ficial docum5ts cont9u$ to be compos$ 9 ,sanskrit dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,& ?\gh ! language ( ! sacr$ writ+s ( ,buddhi/s & ,ga9as 0 borr[$ f ! vulg> dialects1 ! lit]ature ( ,india nev] ceas$ to be writt5 9 ,paninean ,sanskrit1 :ile ! few exceptions1 z1 = in/ance1 ! use ( ,prakrit by wom5 & inf]ior *>act]s 9 ! plays ( ,kalidasa & o!rs1 are !mselves n )\t an important hi/orical significance4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t mom5t1 aft] a c5tury ( ,engli% rule & ,engli% tea*+1 ,i believe t ,sanskrit is m widely und]/ood 9 ,india ?an ,lat9 0 9 ,europe at ! "t ( ,dante4 ,:5ev] ,i receive a lett] f a le>n$ man 9 ,india1 x is writt5 9 ,sanskrit4 ,:5ev] !re is a controv]sy on que/ions ( law & religion1 ! pamphlets publi%$ 9 ,india are writt5 9 ,sanskrit4 ,!re are j\rnals writt5 9 ,sanskrit :i* mu/ entirely dep5d = _! support on read]s :o pref] t classical language to ! vulg> dialects4 ,!re is ,! ,p&it1 publi%$ at ,b5>es1 conta9+ n only editions ( anci5t texts1 b treatises on mod]n subjects1 reviews ( books publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 & controv]sial articles1 all 9 ,sanskrit4 ,ano!r pap] ( ! same k9d is ! ,pratna-,kamra-n&9i1 ! ,delight ( lov]s ( old ?+s1 publi%$ likewise at ,b5>es1 & full ( valuable mat]ials4 ,!re is also ! ,vidyodaya1 ! ,rise ( ,k1 a ,sanskrit j\rnal publi%$ at ,calcutta1 :i* sometimes conta9s important articles4 ,!re are probably o!rs1 :i* ,i d n "k4 ,!re is a mon?ly s]ial publi%$ at ,bombay1 by ,m4 ,more%w> ,kunte1 call$ ! ,%ad-d>%ana-,*9tanika1 or ,/udies 9 ,indian ,philosophy1 giv+ ! text ( ! anci5t sy/ems ( philosophy1 ) comm5t>ies & treatises1 writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 ?\gh 9 ?is case accompani$ by a ,m>a?i & an ,engli% translation4 ,( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ,sanskrit books1 two editions are n[ com+ out 9 mon?ly numb]s1 ! "o publi%$ at ,bombay1 by :at may be call$ ! lib]al p>ty1 ! o!r at ,prayaga 7,allahabad7 by ,dayan&a ,s>asvati1 ! repres5tative ( ,indian or?odoxy4 ,! =m] gives a p>aphrase 9 ,sanskrit1 & a ,m>a?i & an ,engli% translation2 ! latt] a full explanation 9 ,sanskrit1 foll[$ by a v]nacul> comm5t>y4 ,^! books are publi%$ by subscription1 & ! li/ ( subscrib]s among ! natives ( ,india is v consid]able4 ,!re are o!r j\rnals1 :i* are *iefly writt5 9 ! spok5 dialects1 su* z ,b5gali1 ,m>a?i1 or ,h9di2 b !y conta9 occasional articles 9 ,sanskrit1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,h>isk&rak&rika1 publi%$ at ,b5>es1 ! ,tattvabodh9i1 publi%$ at ,calcutta1 & sev]al m4 ,x 0 only ! o!r day t ,i saw 9 ! ,lib]al1 ! j\rnal ( ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s5's p>ty1#ib an acc\nt ( a meet+ betwe5 ,brahmavrata ,samadhyayi1 a ,v$ic s*ol> ( ,nuddea1 & ,ka%9a? ,trimbak ,telang1 a ,m4,a4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bombay4 ,! "o came f ! ea/1 ! o!r f ! we/1 yet bo? c\ld conv]se flu5tly 9 ,sanskrit4#ic ,/ill m extraord9>y is ! numb] ( ,sanskrit texts1 issu+ f native presses1 = :i* !re seems to be a l>ge dem&1 = if we write = copies to be s5t to ,engl&1 we (t5 f9d t1 aft] a ye> or two1 all ! copies h be5 b\ght up 9 ,india itself4 ,t w\ld n be ! case ) ,anglo-,saxon texts 9 ,engl&1 or ) ,lat9 texts 9 ,italy6 ,b m ?an ?is1 we are told t ! anci5t epic poems ( ! ,mahabh>ata & ,ramayana are /ill recit$ 9 ! temples = ! b5efit ( visitors1 & t 9 ! villages l>ge cr[ds assemble ar\nd ! ,ka?aka1 ! read] ( ^! anci5t ,sanskrit poems1 (t5 int]rupt+ 8 recitations ) te>s & sighs1 :5 ! h]o ( ! poem is s5t into bani%m5t1 :ile :5 he returns to 8 k+dom1 ! h\ses ( ! village are adorn$ ) lamps & g>l&s4 ,su* a recitation ( ! :ole ( ! ,mahabh>ata is said to occupy n9ety days1 or sometimes half a ye>4#id ,! p at l>ge require1 no d\bt1 t ! ,brahman n>rator 7,ka?aka7 %\ld int]pret ! old poem1 b !re mu/ be "s few p pres5t :o und]/&1 or imag9e !y und]/&1 ! old poetry ( ,vyasa & ,valmiki4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( ,brahmans#ie ev5 n[1 :5 s little inducem5t exi/s = ,v$ic /udies1 :o "k ! :ole ( ! ,rig-,v$a by he>t & c repeat x2 & :at applies to ! ,rig-,v$a applies to _m o!r books4 ,b ev5 if ,sanskrit 7 m ( a dead language ?an x really is1 all ! liv+ languages ( ,india1 bo? ,aryan & ,dravidian1 draw _! v life & s\l f ,sanskrit4#if ,on ?is po9t1 & on ! great help t ev5 a limit$ k ( ,sanskrit w\ld r5d] 9 ! acquisition ( ! v]nacul>s1 ,i1 & o!rs bett] qualifi$ ?an ,i am1 h spok5 s (t51 ?\gh )\t any practical effect1 t ,i ne$ n speak aga94 ,any c&idate :o kn[s b ! elem5ts ( ,sanskrit gramm> w well und]/& :at ,i mean1 :e!r 8 special v]nacul> may be ,b5gali1 ,h9du/ani1 or ev5 ,tamil4 ,to a classical s*ol> ,i c only say t betwe5 a civil s]vant :o kn[s ,sanskrit & ,h9du/ani1 & ano!r :o kn[s ,h9du/ani only1 !re is ab\t ! same diff]5ce 9 _! p[] ( =m+ an intellig5t appreciation ( ,india & its inhabitants1 z !re is betwe5 a travell] :o visits ,italy ) a k ( ,lat91 & a p>ty p]sonally conduct$ to ,rome by ,messrs4 ,cook ,co4 ,let u exam9e1 h[ev]1 ! objection t ,sanskrit lit]ature is a dead or an artificial lit]ature1 a little m c>efully1 9 ord] to see :e!r !re is n "s k9d ( tru? 9 x4 ,"s p hold t ! lit]>y works :i* we possess 9 ,sanskrit nev] _h any real life at all1 t !y 7 altoge!r s*ola/ic productions1 & t !re=e !y c tea* u no?+ ( :at we really c>e =1 namely1 ! hi/orical gr[? ( ! ,h9du m9d4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t at ! pres5t mom5t1 at all ev5ts1 & aft] a c5tury ( ,engli% rule1 ,sanskrit lit]ature has ceas$ to be a motive p[] 9 ,india1 & t x c tea* u no?+ ( :at is pass+ n[ ?r\gh ! ,h9du m9d & influ5c+ x = good or = evil4 ,let u look at ! facts4 ,sanskrit lit]ature is a wide & a vague t]m4 ,if ! ,v$as1 su* z we n[ h !m1 7 compos$ ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 & if x is a fact t consid]able works cont9ue to be writt5 9 ,sanskrit ev5 n[1 we h be=e u a /ream ( lit]>y activity ext5d+ ov] ?ree ?\s& f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,) ! exception ( ,*9a !re is no?+ l ?is 9 ! :ole _w4 ,x is difficult to give an idea ( ! enorm\s ext5t & v>iety ( t lit]ature4 ,we are only gradually becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! untold treasures :i* /ill exi/ 9 manuscripts1 & ) ! titles ( t /ill l>g] numb] ( works :i* mu/ h exi/$ =m]ly1 "s ( !m be+ /ill quot$ by writ]s ( ! la/ ?ree or f\r c5turies4#ig ,! ,indian ,gov]nm5t has ( late ye>s ord]$ a k9d ( bibliographical survey ( ,india to be made1 & has s5t "s le>n$ ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 bo? ,european & native1 to places :]e collections ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 are kn[n to exi/1 9 ord] to exam9e & catalogue !m4 ,"s ( ^! catalogues h be5 publi%$1 & we le>n f !m t ! numb] ( sep>ate works 9 ,sanskrit1 ( :i* mss4 are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 am\nts to ab\t #aj1jjj4ih ,?is is m1 ,i believe1 ?an ! :ole classical lit]ature ( ,greece & ,italy put toge!r4 ,mu* ( x1 no d\bt1 w be call$ m]e rubbi%2 b !n y "k t ev5 9 our days ! writ+s ( a v em95t philosoph] h be5 call$ m]e rubbi%4 ,:at ,i wi% y to see is ?is1 t !re runs ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ,india1 ?r\gh its ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s1 a high road1 or1 x is p]haps m accurate to say1 a high m\nta9-pa? ( lit]ature4 ,x may be remote f ! turmoil ( ! pla91 h>dly visible p]haps to ! millions ( human be+s 9 _! daily /ruggle ( life4 ,x may h be5 trodd5 by a few solit>y w&]]s only4 ,b to ! hi/orian ( ! human race1 to ! /ud5t ( ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 ^? few solit>y w&]]s are aft] all ! true repres5tatives ( ,india f age to age4 ,d n let u be deceiv$4 ,! true hi/ory ( ! _w mu/ always be ! hi/ory ( ! few2 & z we measure ! ,himalaya by ! height ( ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 we mu/ take ! true measure ( ,india f ! poets ( ! ,v$a1 ! sages ( ! ,upani%ads1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,v$anta & ,sankhya philosophies1 & ! au?ors ( ! olde/ law-books1 & n f ! millions :o are born & die 9 _! villages1 & :o h nev] = "o mom5t be5 r\s$ out ( _! dr[sy dream ( life4 ,to l>ge multitudes 9 ,india1 no d\bt1 ,sanskrit lit]ature 0 n m]ely a dead lit]ature1 x 0 simply non-exi/5t2 b ! same might be said ( almo/ e lit]ature1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! lit]atures ( ! anci5t _w4 ,/ill1 ev5 beyond ?is1 ,i am q prep>$ to ackn[l$ge to a c]ta9 ext5t ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 t a great portion ( ,sanskrit lit]ature has nev] be5 liv+ & national1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! ,greek & ,roman lit]atures reflect$ at times ! life ( a :ole nation2 & x is q true besides1 t ! ,sanskrit books :i* are be/ kn[n to ! public at l>ge1 belong to :at might correctly be call$ ! ,r5aissance p]iod ( ,indian lit]ature1 :5 ^? :o wrote ,sanskrit _h !mselves to le>n ! language1 z we le>n ,lat91 & 7 consci\s t !y 7 writ+ = a le>n$ & cultivat$ public only1 & n = ! p at l>ge4 ,?is w require a full] explanation4 ,we may divide ! :ole ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 beg9n+ ) ! ,rig-,v$a & end+ ) ,dayan&a's ,introduction to 8 edition ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 8 by no means un9t]e/+ ,rig-,v$a-bhumika1 into two great p]iods3 t prec$+ ! great ,turanian invasion1 & t foll[+ x4 ,! =m] comprises ! ,v$ic lit]ature & ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,buddhism1 ! latt] all ! re/4 ,if ,i call ! invasion :i* is g5]ally call$ ! invasion ( ! ,sakas1 or ! ,scy?ians1 or ,indo-,scy?ians1 or ,turu%kas1 ! ,turanian#ii invasion1 x is simply because ,i d n z yet wi% to commit myself m ?an ,i c help z to ! nationality ( ! tribes :o took possession ( ,india1 or1 at lea/1 ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,india1 f ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ,!y are be/ kn[n by ! "n ( ,yueh-*i1 ?is be+ ! "n by :i* !y are call$ 9 ,*9ese *ronicles4 ,^! ,*9ese *ronicles =m ! pr9cipal s\rce f :i* we d]ive our k ( ^! tribes1 bo? be=e & aft] _! invasion ( ,india4 ,_m !ories h be5 />t$ z to _! relation%ip ) o!r races4 ,!y are describ$ z ( p9k & :ite complexion & z %oot+ f horseback2 & z !re 0 "s simil>ity betwe5 _! ,*9ese "n ,yueh-*i & ! ,go?i or ,go?s1 !y 7 id5tifi$ by ,remusat#ajj ) ^? ,g]man tribes1 & by o!rs ) ! ,getae1 ! neighbors ( ! ,go?s4 ,tod w5t ev5 a /ep f>!r1 & trac$ ! ,gats 9 ,india & ! ,rajputs back to ! ,yueh-*i & ,getae4#aja ,"s light may come 9 "t out ( all ?is d>kness1 b = ! pres5t we mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! fact t1 betwe5 ! fir/ c5tury be=e & ! ?ird c5tury aft] our era1 ! greate/ political revolution took place 9 ,india ow+ to ! repeat$ inroads ( ,turanian1 or1 to use a /ill less objectionable t]m1 ( ,nor!rn tribes4 ,_! pres5ce 9 ,india1 record$ by ,*9ese hi/orians1 is fully confirm$ by co9s1 by inscriptions1 & by ! traditional hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 su* z x is2 b to my m9d no?+ atte/s ! pres5ce ( ^! =eign invad]s m cle>ly ?an ! break1 or1 ,i c\ld almo/ say1 ! blank 9 ! ,brahmanical lit]ature ( ,india f ! fir/ c5tury be=e to ! ?ird c5tury aft] our era4#ajb ,if we consid] ! political & social /ate ( t c\ntry1 we c easily und]/& :at w\ld happ5 9 a case ( invasion & conque/ by a w>like race4 ,! invad]s w\ld take possession ( ! /rongholds or ca/les1 & ei!r remove ! old ,rajahs1 or make !m _! vassals & ag5ts4 ,ev]y?+ else w\ld !n g on exactly z be=e4 ,! r5ts w\ld be paid1 ! taxes collect$1 & ! life ( ! villag]s1 t is1 ( ! great majority ( ! p ( ,india1 w\ld g on almo/ undi/urb$ by ! *ange ( gov]nm5t4 ,! only p :o might suff] w\ld be1 or1 at all ev5ts1 might be ! prie/ly ca/e1 unless !y %\ld come to t]ms ) ! new conqu]ors4 ,! prie/ly ca/e1 h[ev]1 0 also to a great ext5t ! lit]>y ca/e1 & ! abs5ce ( _! old patrons1 ! native ,rajahs1 might well produce = a "t a complete cessation ( lit]>y activity4 ,! rise ( ,buddhism & its =mal adoption by ,k+ ,asoka _h already consid]ably %ak5 ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! old ,brahmanic hi]>*y4 ,! ,nor!rn conqu]ors1 :atev] _! religion may h be51 7 c]ta9ly n believ]s 9 ! ,v$a4 ,!y seem to h made a k9d ( compromise ) ,buddhism1 & x is probably due to t compromise1 or to an amalgamation ( ,saka leg5ds ) ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 t we owe ! s-call$ ,mahayana =m ( ,buddhism--& m p>ticul>ly ! ,amitabha wor%ip--:i* 0 f9ally settl$ at ! ,c\ncil "u ,kani%ka1 "o ( ! ,turanian rul]s ( ,india 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,if !n we divide ! :ole ( ,sanskrit lit]ature into ^! two p]iods1 ! "o ant]ior to ! great ,turanian invasion1 ! o!r po/]ior to x1 we may call ! lit]ature ( ! =m] p]iod anci5t & natural1 t ( ! latt] mod]n & artificial4 ,( ! =m] p]iod we possess1 fir/1 :at has be5 call$ ! ,v$a1 i4e41 ,k1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w--a consid]able mass ( lit]ature1 yet evid5tly a wreck only1 sav$ out ( a g5]al deluge2 secondly1 ! works collect$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 n[ kn[n to u *iefly 9 :at is call$ ! ,pali dialect1 ! ,ga?a dialects1 & ,sanskrit1 & probably mu* add$ to 9 lat] times4 ,! second p]iod ( ,sanskrit lit]ature compreh5ds ev]y?+ else4 ,bo? p]iods may be subdivid$ aga91 b ?is does n conc]n u at pres5t4 ,n[ ,i am q will+ to admit t ! lit]ature ( ! second p]iod1 ! mod]n ,sanskrit lit]ature1 nev] 0 a liv+ or national lit]ature4 ,x "h & !re conta9s remnants ( e>li] times1 adapt$ to ! lit]>y1 religi\s1 & moral ta/es ( a lat] p]iod2 & :5ev] we are able to dis5tangle ^? anci5t elem5ts1 !y may s]ve to ?r[ light on ! pa/1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 supplem5t :at has be5 lo/ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,v$ic times4 ,! metrical ,law-books1 = in/ance1 conta9 old mat]ials :i* exi/$ dur+ ! ,v$ic p]iod1 p>tly 9 prose1 z ,sutras1 p>tly 9 m anci5t metres1 z ,ga?as4 ,! ,epic poems1 ! ,mahabh>ata & ,ramayana1 h tak5 ! place ( ! old ,itihasas & ,akhyanas4 ,! ,puranz1 ev51 may conta9 mat]ials1 ?\gh mu* alt]$1 ( :at 0 call$ 9 ,v$ic lit]ature ! ,purana4#ajc ,b ! great mass ( t lat] lit]ature is artificial or s*ola/ic1 full ( int]e/+ compositions1 & by no means devoid ( orig9ality & occasional beauty2 yet ) all t1 curi\s only1 & appeal+ to ! int]e/s ( ! ,ori5tal s*ol> f> m ?an ! broad human sympa?ies ( ! hi/orian & ! philosoph]4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india1 ! lit]ature dom9at$ by ! ,v$ic & ! ,buddhi/ic religions4 ,t lit]ature op5s to u a *apt] 9 :at has be5 call$ ! ,education ( ! ,human ,race1 to :i* we c f9d no p>allel any:]e else4 ,:oev] c>es = ! hi/orical gr[? ( our language1 t is1 ( our ?\ghts2 :oev] c>es = ! fir/ intelligible developm5t ( religion & my?ology2 :oev] c>es = ! fir/ f\ndation ( :at 9 lat] times we call ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy1 metronomy1 gramm>1 & etymology2 :oev] c>es = ! fir/ intimations ( philosophical ?\ght1 = ! fir/ attempts at regulat+ family life1 village life1 & /ate life1 z f\nd$ on religion1 c]emonial1 tradition & contract 7samaya7--mu/ 9 future pay ! same att5tion to ! lit]ature ( ! ,v$ic p]iod z to ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome & ,g]many4 ,z to ! lessons :i* ! e>ly lit]ature ( ,buddhism may tea* u1 ,i ne$ n dwell on !m at pres5t4 ,if ,i may judge f ! num]\s que/ions t are address$ to me ) reg>d to t religion & its /rik+ co9cid5ces ) ,*ri/ianity1 ,buddhism has already become a subject ( g5]al int]e/1 & w & ought to become s m & m4#ajd ,on t :ole class ( lit]ature1 h[ev]1 x is n my int5tion to dwell 9 ?is %ort c\rse ( ,lectures1 :i* c h>dly suffice ev5 = a g5]al survey ( ,v$ic lit]ature1 & = an elucidation ( ! pr9cipal lessons :i*1 ,i ?9k1 we may le>n f ! ,hymns1 ! ,brahmanz1 ! ,upani%ads1 & ! ,sutras4 ,x 0 a real mis=tune t ,sanskrit lit]ature became fir/ kn[n to ! le>n$ public 9 ,europe ?r\gh specim5s belong+ to ! second1 or1 :at ,i call$1 ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,! ,bhagavadgita1 ! plays ( ,kalidasa1 su* z ,sakuntala or ,urvasi1 a few episodes f ! ,mahabh>ata & ,ramayana1 su* z ^? ( ,nala & ! ,yagnadattabadha1 ! fables ( ! ,hitopadesa1 & ! s5t5ces ( ,bh>trih>i are1 no d\bt1 extremely curi\s2 & z1 at ! "t :5 !y fir/ became kn[n 9 ,europe1 !y 7 repres5t$ to be ( extreme antiquity1 & ! "w ( a p =m]ly suppos$ to be q incapable ( high lit]>y ef=ts1 !y naturally attract$ ! att5tion ( m5 su* z ,sir ,william ,jones 9 ,engl&1 ,h]d] & ,goe! 9 ,g]many1 :o 7 pleas$ to speak ( !m 9 t]ms ( highe/ admiration4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion at t "t to speak ( ,kalidasa1 z1 = in/ance1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt did ev5 9 s rec5t a "w z 8 ,kosmos1 z ! great contempor>y ( ,virgil & ,horace1 :o liv$ at ! spl5did c\rt ( ,vikramaditya1 ?is ,vikramaditya be+ suppos$ to be ! f\nd] ( ! ,samvat era1 #ef ,b4,c4 ,b all ?is is n[ *ang$4 ,:oev] ! ,vikramaditya 0 :o is suppos$ to h defeat$ ! ,sakas1 & to h f\nd$ ano!r era1 ! ,samvat era1 #ef ,b4,c41 he c]ta9ly did n live 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,nor are ! ,indians look$ ^u any long] z an illit]ate race1 & _! poetry z popul> & artless4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are judg$ n[ by ! same /&>ds z ,p]sians & ,arabs1 ,italians or ,fr5*2 &1 measur$ by t /&>d1 su* works z ,kalidasa's plays are n sup]ior to _m plays t h long be5 all[$ to re/ 9 du/ & peace on ! %elves ( our libr>ies4 ,_! antiquity is no long] believ$ 9 by any critical ,sanskrit s*ol>4 ,kalidasa is m5tion$ ) ,bh>avi z a fam\s poet 9 an inscription#aje dat$ ,a4,d4 #ehe-f 7#ejg ,saka era71 & = ! pres5t ,i see no reason to place him mu* e>li]4 ,z to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 :i* us$ to be assign$ to a fabul\s antiquity1#ajf & are s /ill sometimes by ^? :o write at r&om or at second-h&1 ,i d\bt :e!r1 9 _! pres5t =m1 !y c be old] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 nay ,i am q prep>$ to see an ev5 lat] date assign$ to !m4 ,i "k ?is w seem h]esy to _m ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 b we mu/ try to be hone/ to ourselves4 ,is !re any evid5ce to con/ra9 u to assign ! ,manava-dh>ma-sa/ra1 su* z we n[ possess x1 writt5 9 cont9u\s ,slokas1 to any date ant]ior to #cjj ,a4,d48 ,& if !re is n1 :y %\ld we n op5ly /ate x1 *all5ge opposition1 & feel grateful if our d\bts c be remov$8 ,t ,manu 0 a "n ( high legal au?ority be=e t "t1 & t ,manu & ! ,manavam are frequ5tly quot$ 9 ! anci5t legal ,sutras1 is q true2 b ?is s]ves only to confirm ! conviction t ! lit]ature :i* succe$$ ! ,turanian invasion is full ( wrecks sav$ f ! int]v5+ deluge4 ,if :at we call ! ,laws ( ,manu _h really exi/$ z a code ( laws1 l ! ,code ( ,ju/9ian1 dur+ previ\s c5turies1 is x likely t x %\ld n[h]e h be5 quot$ & appeal$ to8 ,v>ahamihira 7:o di$ #ehg ,a4,d47 ref]s to ,manu sev]al times1 b n to a ,manava-dh>ma-sa/ra2 & ! only "t :]e he seems actually to quote a numb] ( v]ses f ,manu1 ^! v]ses are n to be met ) 9 our text4#ajg ,i believe x w be f\nd t ! c5tury 9 :i* ,v>ahamih>a liv$ & wrote 0 ! age ( ! lit]>y ,r5aissance 9 ,india4#ajh ,t ,kalidasa & ,bh>avi 7 fam\s at t "t1 we "k f ! evid5ce ( inscriptions4 ,we also "k t dur+ t c5tury ! fame ( ,indian lit]ature _h rea*$ ,p]sia1 & t ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 ,khosru ,nu%irvan1 s5t 8 physician1 ,b>zoi1 to ,india1 9 ord] to translate ! fables ( ! ,pankatantra1 or r _! orig9al1 f ,sanskrit into ,pahlavi4 ,! fam\s ,n9e ,gems1 or ! n9e classics1 z we %\ld say1 h be5 ref]r$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! same age1#aji & ,i d\bt :e!r we %all be able to assign a mu* e>li] date to any?+ we possess ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 except+ always ! ,v$ic & ,buddhi/ic writ+s4 ,al?\gh ! specim5s ( ?is mod]n ,sanskrit lit]ature1 :5 !y fir/ became kn[n1 s]v$ to ar\se a g5]al int]e/1 & s]ve ev5 n[ to keep alive a c]ta9 sup]ficial sympa?y = ,indian lit]ature1 m s]i\s /ud5ts _h soon dispos$ ( ^! compositions1 & :ile gladly admitt+ _! claim to be call$ pretty & attractive1 c\ld n ?9k ( all[+ to ,sanskrit lit]ature a place among ! _w-lit]atures1 a place by ! side ( ,greek & ,lat91 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 or ,g]man4 ,!re 0 inde$ a "t :5 p began to imag9e t all t 0 wor? kn[+ ab\t ,indian lit]ature 0 kn[n1 & t ! only gr\nd on :i* ,sanskrit c\ld claim a place among ! recogniz$ bran*es ( le>n+ 9 a univ]sity 0 its usefulness = ! /udy ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,at t v "t1 h[ev]1 n[ ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 a new />t 0 made1 :i* has giv5 to ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip an entirely new "*4 ,! *ief au?or ( t movem5t 0 ,burn\f1 !n pr(essor at ! ,college de ,france 9 ,p>is1 an excell5t s*ol>1 b at ! same "t a man ( wide views & true hi/orical in/9cts1 & ! la/ man to wa/e 8 life on m]e ,nalas & ,sakuntalas4 ,be+ br\ght up 9 ! old traditions ( ! classical s*ool 9 ,france 78 fa!r 0 ! au?or ( ! well-kn[n ,greek ,gramm>71 !n = a "t a promis+ "y b>ri/]1 ) influ5tial fri5ds su* z ,guizot1 ,?i]s1 ,mignet1 ,villema91 at 8 side1 & ) a brilliant future be=e him1 he 0 n likely to sp5d 8 life on pretty ,sanskrit ditties4 ,:at he want$ :5 he ?rew himself on ,sanskrit 0 hi/ory1 human hi/ory1 _w-hi/ory1 & ) an un]r+ grasp he laid hold ( ,v$ic lit]ature & ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 z ! two /epp+-/ones 9 ! sl\gh ( ,indian lit]ature4 ,he di$ "y1 & has left a few ar*es only ( ! build+ he wi%$ to re>4 ,b 8 _s liv$ on 9 8 pupils & 8 fri5ds1 & few w\ld d5y t ! fir/ impulse1 directly or indirectly1 to all t has be5 accompli%$ s9ce by ! /ud5ts ( ,v$ic & ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 0 giv5 by ,burn\f & 8 lectures at ! ,college de ,france4 ,:at !n1 y may ask1 d we f9d 9 t anci5t ,sanskrit lit]ature & _c f9d any:]e else8 ,my answ] is3 ,we f9d !re ! ,aryan man1 :om we "k 9 8 v>i\s *>act]s1 z ,greek1 ,roman1 ,g]man1 ,celt1 & ,slave1 9 an entirely new "*4 ,:]eas 9 8 migrations nor?w>d 8 active & political en]gies are call$ out & br\ght to _! highe/ p]fection1 we f9d ! o!r side ( ! human "*1 ! passive & m$itative1 c>ri$ to its fulle/ gr[? 9 ,india4 ,9 "s ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a we c /ill wat* an e>li] phase4 ,we see ! ,aryan tribes tak+ possession ( ! l&1 & "u ! guidance ( su* w>like gods z ,indra & ! ,m>uts1 def5d+ _! new homes aga9/ ! assaults ( ! black-sk9n$ aborig9es z well z aga9/ ! inroads ( lat] ,aryan coloni/s4 ,b t p]iod ( w> soon came to an end1 & :5 ! great mass ( ! p _h once settl$ d[n 9 _! home/eads1 ! milit>y & political duties seem to h be5 monopoliz$ by :at we call a ca/e1#aaj t is by a small ari/ocracy1 :ile ! great majority ( ! p 7 satisfi$ ) sp5d+ _! days )9 ! n>r[ sph]es ( _! villages1 little conc]n$ ab\t ! outside _w1 & cont5t ) ! gifts t nature be/[$ on !m1 )\t mu* labor4 ,we read 9 ! ,mahabh>ata 7,,xiii4 #bb73 ,!re is fruit on ! trees 9 e =e/1 :i* e "o :o likes may pluck )\t tr\ble4 ,!re is cool & sweet wat] 9 ! pure riv]s "h & !re4 ,!re is a s(t b$ made ( ! twigs ( beautiful creep]s4 ,& yet wret*$ p suff] pa9 at ! door ( ! ri*6 ,at fir/ sight we may feel incl9$ to call ?is quiet enjoym5t ( life1 ?is m]e look+ on1 a deg5]acy r ?an a gr[?4 ,x seems s diff]5t f :at we ?9k life ought to be4 ,yet1 f a high] po9t ( view x may appe> t ^? ,s\!rn ,aryans h *os5 ! good "p1 or at lea/ ! "p good = !m1 :ile we1 ,nor!rn ,aryans1 h be5 c>eful & tr\bl$ ab\t _m ?+s4 ,x is at all ev5ts a problem wor? consid]+ :e!r1 z !re is 9 nature a ,s\? & a ,nor?1 !re are n two hemisph]es also 9 human nature1 bo? wor? develop+--! active1 combative1 & political on "o side1 ! passive1 m$itative1 & philosophical on ! o!r2 & = ! solution ( t problem no lit]ature furni%es su* ample mat]ials z t ( ! ,v$a1 beg9n+ ) ! ,hymns & end+ ) ! ,upani%ads4 ,we ent] into a new _w--n always an attractive "o1 lea/ ( all to u2 b x possesses "o *>m1 x is real1 x is ( natural gr[?1 & l ev]y?+ ( natural gr[?1 ,i believe x _h a hidd5 purpose1 & 0 int5d$ to tea* u "s k9d ( lesson t is wor? le>n+1 & t c]ta9ly we c\ld le>n n[h]e else4 ,we are n call$ ^u ei!r to admire or to despise t anci5t ,v$ic lit]ature2 we h simply to /udy & to try to und]/& x4 ,!re h be5 silly p]sons :o h repres5t$ ! developm5t ( ! ,indian m9d z sup]ior to any o!r1 nay1 :o w\ld make u g back to ! ,v$a or to ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/s 9 ord] to f9d !re a tru] religion1 a pur] morality1 & a m sublime philosophy ?an our own4 ,i %all n ev5 m5tion ! names ( ^! writ]s or ! titles ( _! works4 ,b ,i feel equally impati5t :5 ,i see o!r s*ol>s criticis+ ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india z if x 7 ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z if x repres5t$ an enemy t mu/ be defeat$1 & t c claim no m]cy at our h&s4 ,t ! ,v$a is full ( *ildi%1 silly1 ev5 to our m9ds mon/r\s conceptions1 :o w\ld d5y8 ,b ev5 ^! mon/rosities are int]e/+ & in/ructive2 nay1 _m ( !m1 if we c b make all[ance = diff]5t ways ( ?\ght & language1 conta9 g]ms ( tru? & rays ( light1 all ! m /rik+ because break+ ^u u ?r\gh ! veil ( ! d>ke/ night4 ,"h lies ! g5]al1 ! truly human int]e/ :i* ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india possesses1 & :i* gives x a claim on ! att5tion1 n only ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s or ( /ud5ts ( anci5t hi/ory1 b ( e educat$ man & woman4 ,!re are problems :i* we may put aside = a "t1 ay1 :i* we mu/ put aside :ile engag$ ea* 9 our own h>d /ruggle = life1 b :i* w recur = all t1 & :i*1 :5ev] !y d recur1 w /ir u m deeply ?an we l to confess to o!rs1 or ev5 to ourselves4 ,x is true t ) u "o day only out ( sev5 is set ap>t = re/ & m$itation1 & = ! consid]ation ( :at ! ,greeks call$ ,greek3 ta megi/a--! greate/ ?+s4 ,x is true t t sev5? day also is pass$ by _m ( u ei!r 9 m]e *ur*-go+ r\t9e or 9 ?\ghtless re/4 ,b :e!r on week-days or on ,sundays1 :e!r 9 y\? or 9 old age1 !re are mom5ts1 r>e ?\gh !y be1 yet = all t ! mo/ critical mom5ts ( our life1 :5 ! old simple que/ions ( humanity return to u 9 all _! int5sity1 & we ask ourselves1 ,:at are we8 ,:at is ?is life on e>? meant =8 ,are we to h no re/ "h1 b to be always toil+ & build+ up our own happ9ess out ( ! ru9s ( ! happ9ess ( our neighbors8 ,& :5 we h made our home on e>? z com=table z x c be made ) /eam & gas & electricity1 are we really s mu* happi] ?an ! ,h9du 9 8 primitive home/ead8 ,) u1 z ,i said j n[1 9 ^! ,nor!rn climates1 :]e life is & always mu/ be a /ruggle1 & a h>d /ruggle too1 & :]e accumulation ( weal? has become almo/ a necessity to gu>d aga9/ ! unc]ta9ties ( old age or ! accid5ts inevitable 9 our complicat$ social life--) u1 ,i say1 & 9 our society1 h\rs ( re/ & m$itation are b few & f> betwe54 ,x 0 ! same z long z we "k ! hi/ory ( ! ,teutonic races2 x 0 ! same ev5 ) ,romans & ,greeks4 ,! ,european climate1 ) its long cold w9t]s1 9 _m places also ! difficulty ( cultivat+ ! soil1 ! conflict ( int]e/s betwe5 small communities1 has develop$ ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 7n to say self-indulg5ce7 to su* an ext5t t mo/ ( ! virtues & mo/ ( ! vices ( ,european society c be trac$ back to t s\rce4 ,our own "* 0 =m$ "u ^! influ5ces1 by inh]itance1 by education1 by necessity4 ,we all lead a fight+-life2 our highe/ ideal ( life is a fight+-life4 ,we "w till we c "w no long]1 & are pr\d1 l old horses1 to die 9 h>ness4 ,we po9t ) inw>d satisfaction to :at we & our ance/ors h a*iev$ by h>d "w1 9 f\nd+ a family or a bus9ess1 a t[n or a /ate4 ,we po9t to ! m>vels ( :at we call civilization--our spl5did cities1 our high-roads & bridges1 our %ips1 our railways1 our telegraphs1 our electric light1 our pictures1 our /atues1 our music1 our !atres4 ,we imag9e we h made life on e>? q p]fect--9 "s cases s p]fect t we are almo/ sorry to leave x aga94 ,b ! lesson :i* bo? ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s are nev] tir$ ( tea*+ is t ?is life is b a j\rney f "o village to ano!r1 & n a re/+-place4 ,?us we read3#aaa ,z a man j\rney+ to ano!r village may enjoy a night's re/ 9 ! op5 air1 b1 aft] leav+ 8 re/+-place1 proce$s aga9 on 8 j\rney ! next day1 ?us fa!r1 "m1 wife1 & weal? are all b l a night's re/ to u--wise p d n cl+ to !m =ev]4 ,in/ead ( simply despis+ ?is ,indian view ( life1 might we n pause = a mom5t & consid] :e!r _! philosophy ( life is entirely wrong1 & ours entirely "r2 :e!r ?is e>? 0 really meant = "w only 7= ) u pleasure also has be5 *ang$ into "w71 = con/ant hurry & flurry2 or :e!r we1 /urdy ,nor!rn ,aryans1 might n h be5 satisfi$ ) a little less ( "w1 & a little less ( s-call$ pleasure1 b ) a little m ( ?\ght & a little m ( re/4 ,=1 %ort z our life is1 we are n m]e may-flies1 t are born 9 ! morn+ to die at night4 ,we h a pa/ to look back to & a future to look =w>d to1 & x may be t "s ( ! riddles ( ! future f9d _! solution 9 ! wisdom ( ! pa/4 ,!n :y %\ld we always fix our eyes on ! pres5t only8 ,:y %\ld we always be rac+1 :e!r = weal? or = p[] or = fame8 ,:y %\ld we nev] re/ & be ?ankful8 ,i d n d5y t ! manly vigor1 ! sil5t endurance1 ! public _s1 & ! private virtues too1 ( ! citiz5s ( ,european /ates repres5t "o side1 x may be a v important side1 ( ! de/9y :i* man has to fulfil on e>?4 ,b !re is surely ano!r side ( our nature1 & possibly ano!r de/9y op5 to man 9 8 j\rney across ?is life1 :i* %\ld n be entirely ignor$4 ,if we turn our eyes to ! ,ea/1 & p>ticul>ly to ,india1 :]e life is1 or at all ev5ts 01 no v sev]e /ruggle1 :]e ! climate 0 mild1 ! soil f]tile1 :]e vegetable food 9 small quantities suffic$ to keep ! body 9 heal? & /r5g?1 :]e ! simple/ hut or cave 9 a =e/ 0 all ! %elt] requir$1 & :]e social life nev] assum$ ! gigantic1 ay mon/r\s proportions ( a ,london or ,p>is1 b fulfill$ itself )9 ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( village-communities--0 x n1 ,i say1 natural !re1 or1 if y l1 0 x n int5d$ !re1 t ano!r side ( human nature %\ld be develop$--n ! active1 ! combative1 & acquisitive1 b ! passive1 ! m$itative1 & reflective8 ,c we wond] t ! ,aryans1 :o /epp$ z /rang]s into "s ( ! happy fields & valleys along ! ,indus or ! ,ganges1 %\ld h look$ ^u life z a p]petual ,sunday or holiday1 or a k9d ( long vacation1 delightful s long z x la/s1 b :i* mu/ come to an end soon] or lat]8 ,:y %\ld !y h accumulat$ weal?8 :y %\ld !y h built palaces8 :y %\ld !y h toil$ day & night8 ,aft] hav+ provid$ f day to day = ! small necessities ( ! body1 !y ?\ght !y _h ! "r1 x may be ! duty1 to look r\nd ^u ?is /range exile1 to look inw>d ^u !mselves1 upw>d to some?+ n !mselves1 & to see :e!r !y c\ld n und]/& a little ( ! true purport ( t my/]y :i* we call life on e>?4 ,( c\rse we %\ld call su* notions ( life dreamy1 unreal1 unpractical1 b may n !y look ^u our notions ( life z %ort-sight$1 fussy1 &1 9 ! end1 mo/ unpractical1 because involv+ a sacrifice ( life = ! sake ( life8 ,no d\bt ^! are bo? extreme views1 & !y h h>dly ev] be5 held or realiz$ 9 t extreme =m by any nation1 :e!r 9 ! ,ea/ or 9 ! ,we/4 ,we are n always plodd+--we sometimes all[ ourselves an h\r ( re/ & peace & ?\ght--nor 7 ! anci5t p ( ,india always dream+ & m$itat+ on ,greek3 ta megi/a1 on ! great problems ( life1 b1 :5 call$ ^u1 we "k t !y too c\ld fight l h]oes1 & t1 )\t ma*9]y1 !y c\ld by pati5t toil raise ev5 ! meane/ h&iwork into a "w ( art1 a real joy to ! mak] & to ! buy]4 ,all !n t ,i wi% to put cle>ly be=e y is ?is1 t ! ,aryan man1 :o _h to fulfil 8 mission 9 ,india1 might naturally be defici5t 9 _m ( ! practical & fight+ virtues1 :i* 7 develop$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,aryans by ! v /ruggle )\t :i* !y c\ld n h surviv$1 b t 8 life on e>? _h n !re=e be5 entirely wa/$4 ,8 v view ( life1 ?\gh we _c adopt x 9 ?is ,nor!rn climate1 may yet act z a lesson & a w>n+ to u1 n1 = ! sake ( life1 to sacrifice ! highe/ objects ( life4 ,! greate/ conqu]or ( antiquity /ood 9 sil5t wond]m5t be=e ! ,indian ,gymnosophi/s1 regrett+ t he c\ld n communicate ) !m 9 _! own language1 & t _! wisdom c\ld n rea* him except ?r\gh ! contam9at+ *annels ( sundry int]pret]s4 ,t ne$ n be s at pres5t4 ,sanskrit is no long] a difficult language1 & ,i c assure e "y ,indian civil s]vant t if he w b g to ! f\nta9-head ( ,indian wisdom1 he w f9d !re1 among mu* t is /range & useless1 "s lessons ( life :i* are wor? le>n+1 & :i* we 9 our ha/e are too apt to =get or to despise4 ,let me read y a few say+s only1 :i* y may /ill he> repeat$ 9 ,india :51 aft] ! heat ( ! day1 ! old & ! "y assemble toge!r "u ! %ad[ ( _! village tree--say+s :i* to !m seem tru?2 to u1 ,i fe>1 m]e truism6 ,z all h to sleep toge!r laid l[ 9 ! e>?1 :y d fooli% p wi% to injure "o ano!r8#aab ,a man seek+ = et]nal happ9ess 7mok%a7 might obta9 x by a hundr$? "p ( ! suff]+s :i* a fooli% man endures 9 ! pursuit ( ri*es4#aac ,poor m5 eat m excell5t bread ?an ! ri*3 = hung] gives x sweetness4#aad ,our body is l ! foam ( ! sea1 our life l a bird1 our company ) ^? :om we love does n la/ =ev]2 :y !n sleepe/ ?\1 my son8#aae ,z two logs ( wood meet ^u ! ocean & !n sep>ate aga91 ?us d liv+ creatures meet4#aaf ,our meet+ ) wives1 relations1 & fri5ds occurs on our j\rney4 ,let a man !re=e see cle>ly :]e he is1 :i!r he w g1 :at he is1 :y t>ry+ "h1 & :y griev+ = any?+4#aag ,family1 wife1 *ildr51 our v body & our weal?1 !y all pass away4 ,!y d n belong to u4 ,:at !n is ours8 ,our good & our evil de$s4#aah ,:5 ?\ goe/ away f "h1 no "o w foll[ !e4 ,only ?y good & ?y evil de$s1 !y w foll[ !e :]ev] ?\ goe/4#aai ,:atev] act1 good or bad1 a man p]=ms1 ( t by necessity he receives ! recomp5se4#abj ,accord+ to ! ,v$a#aba ! s\l 7life7 is et]nal1 b ! body ( all creatures is p]i%able4 ,:5 ! body is de/roy$1 ! s\l dep>ts else:]e1 fett]$ by ! bonds ( our works4 ,if ,i "k t my own body is n m9e1 & yet t ! :ole e>? is m9e1 & aga9 t x is bo? m9e & ?9e1 no h>m c happ5 !n4#abb ,z a man puts on new g>m5ts 9 ?is _w1 ?r[+ aside ^? :i* he =m]ly wore1 ev5 s ! ,self#abc ( man puts on new bodies :i* are 9 accordance ) 8 acts4#abd ,no weapons w hurt ! ,self ( man1 no fire w burn x1 no wat] moi/5 x1 no w9d w dry x up4 ,x is n to be hurt1 n to be burnt1 n to be moi/5$1 n to be dri$ up4 ,x is imp]i%able1 un*ang+1 immovable1 )\t beg9n+4 ,x is said to be immat]ial1 pass+ all und]/&+1 & un*angeable4 ,if y "k ! ,self ( man to be all ?is1 grieve n4 ,!re is no?+ high] ?an ! atta9m5t ( ! k ( ! ,self4#abe ,all liv+ creatures are ! dwell+ ( ! ,self :o lies envelop$ 9 matt]1 :o is immortal1 & spotless4 ,^? :o wor%ip ! ,self1 ! immovable1 liv+ 9 a movable dwell+1 become immortal4 ,despis+ ev]y?+ else1 a wise man %\ld /rive aft] ! k ( ! ,self4 ,we %all h to return to ?is subject aga91 = ?is k ( ! ,self is really ! ,v$anta1 t is1 ! end1 ! highe/ goal ( ! ,v$a4 ,! highe/ wisdom ( ,greece 0 to "k ourselves2 ! highe/ wisdom ( ,india is to "k our ,self4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to indicate by "o ^w ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,indian "*1 z ,i h "h tri$ to sket* x1 ,i %\ld say x 0 transc5d5t1 us+ t ^w1 n 9 its /rict te*nical s5se1 z fix$ by ,kant1 b 9 its m g5]al acceptation1 z d5ot+ a m9d b5t on transc5d+ ! limits ( empirical k4 ,!re are m9ds p]fectly satisfi$ ) empirical k1 a k ( facts1 well asc]ta9$1 well classifi$1 & well labell$4 ,su* k may assume v va/ proportions1 &1 if k is p[]1 x may imp>t great p[]1 real intellectual p[] to ! man :o c wield & utilize x4 ,our own age is pr\d ( t k9d ( k1 & to be cont5t ) x1 & nev] to attempt to look beyond x1 is1 ,i believe1 "o ( ! happie/ /ates ( m9d to be 94#abf ,b1 = all t1 !re is a ,beyond1 & he :o has once caught a glance ( x1 is l a man :o has gaz$ at ! sun--:]ev] he looks1 ev]y:]e he sees ! image ( ! sun4 ,speak to him ( f9ite ?+s1 & he w tell y t ! ,f9ite is impossible & mean+less )\t ! ,inf9ite4 ,speak to him ( dea?1 & he w call x bir?2 speak to him ( "t1 & he w call x ! m]e %ad[ ( et]nity4 ,to u ! s5ses seem to be ! organs1 ! tools1 ! mo/ p[]ful eng9es ( k2 to him !y are1 if n actually deceiv]s1 at all ev5ts heavy fett]s1 *eck+ ! flight ( ! _s4 ,to u ?is e>?1 ?is life1 all t we see1 & he>1 & t\* is c]ta94 ,"h1 we feel1 is our home1 "h lie our duties1 "h our pleasures4 ,to him ?is e>? is a ?+ t once 0 n1 & t aga9 w cease to be2 ?is life is a %ort dream f :i* we %all soon awake4 ,( no?+ he pr(esses great] ignorance ?an ( :at to o!rs seems to be mo/ c]ta91 namely :at we see1 & he>1 & t\*2 & z to our home1 :]ev] t may be1 he kn[s t c]ta9ly x is n "h4 ,d n suppose t su* m5 are m]e dream]s4 ,f> f x6 ,& if we c only br+ ourselves to be q hone/ to ourselves1 we %all h to confess t at times we all h be5 visit$ by ^! transc5d5tal aspirations1 & h be5 able to und]/& :at ,wordswor? meant :5 he spoke ( ^? ,ob/9ate que/ion+s ,( s5se & outw>d ?+s1 ,fall+s f u1 vani%+s2 ,blank misgiv+s ( a creature ,mov+ ab\t 9 worlds n realiz$4 ,! transc5d5t temp]am5t acquir$ no d\bt a m complete supremacy 9 ! ,indian "* ?an any:]e else2 b no nation1 & no individual1 is entirely )\t t ye>n+ beyond2 inde$ we all "k x "u a m famili> "n--namely1 ,religion4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% betwe5 religion & a religion1 q z mu* z 9 ano!r bran* ( philosophy we h to di/+ui% betwe5 language & a language or _m languages4 ,a man may accept a religion1 he may be conv]t$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & he may *ange 8 own p>ticul> religion f "t to "t1 j z he may speak diff]5t languages4 ,b 9 ord] to h a religion1 a man mu/ h religion4 ,he mu/ once at lea/ 9 8 life h look$ beyond ! horizon ( ?is _w1 & c>ri$ away 9 8 m9d an impression ( ! ,inf9ite1 :i* w nev] leave him aga94 ,a be+ satisfi$ ) ! _w ( s5se1 unconsci\s ( its f9ite nature1 undi/urb$ by ! limit$ or negative "* ( all p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 w\ld be incapable ( any religi\s concepts4 ,only :5 ! f9ite "* ( all human k has be5 receiv$ is x possible = ! human m9d to conceive t :i* is beyond ! ,f9ite1 call x :at y l1 ! ,beyond1 ! ,unse51 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,sup]natural1 or ! ,div9e4 ,t /ep mu/ h be5 tak5 be=e religion ( any k9d becomes possible4 ,:at k9d ( religion x w be1 dep5ds on ! "* ( ! race :i* elaborates x1 its surr\nd+s 9 nature1 & its exp]i5ce 9 hi/ory4 ,n[ we may seem to "k a great _m religions--,i speak "h1 ( c\rse1 ( anci5t religions only1 ( :at are sometimes call$ national or auto*?on\s religions--n ( ^? f\nd$ 9 lat] times by individual prophets or re=m]s4 ,yet1 among ^? anci5t religions we seldom "k1 :at aft] all is ! mo/ important po9t1 _! orig9 & _! gradual gr[?4 ,! ,jewi% religion is repres5t$ to u z p]fect & complete f ! v fir/1 & x is ) great difficulty t we c discov] its real beg9n+s & its hi/orical gr[?4 ,& take ! ,greek & ! ,roman religions1 take ! religions ( ! ,teutonic1 ,slavonic1 or ,celtic tribes1 & y w f9d t _! p]iod ( gr[? has always pass$1 long be=e we "k !m1 & t f ! "t we "k !m1 all _! *anges are purely metamorphic--*anges 9 =m ( sub/ances ready at h&4 ,n[ let u look to ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,india4 ,) !m1 fir/ ( all1 religion 0 n only "o int]e/ by ! side ( _m4 ,x 0 ! all-absorb+ int]e/2 x embrac$ n only wor%ip & pray]1 b :at we call philosophy1 morality1 law1 & gov]nm5t--all 0 p]vad$ by religion4 ,_! :ole life 0 to !m a religion--ev]y?+ else 01 z x 71 a m]e concession made to ! ephem]al requirem5ts ( ?is life4 ,:at !n c we le>n f ! anci5t religi\s lit]ature ( ,india1 or f ! ,v$a8 ,x requires no v pr(\nd k ( ,greek religion & ,greek language to discov] 9 ! ,greek deities ! orig9al outl9es ( c]ta9 physical ph5om5a4 ,e s*oolboy kn[s t 9 ,zeus !re is some?+ ( ! sky1 9 ,poseidon ( ! sea1 9 ,hades ( ! l[] _w1 9 ,apollo ( ! sun1 9 ,artemis ( ! moon1 9 ,hephae/os ( ! fire4 ,b = all t1 !re is1 f a ,greek po9t ( view1 a v consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ,zeus & ! sky1 betwe5 ,poseidon & ! sea1 betwe5 ,apollo & ! sun1 betwe5 ,artemis & ! moon4 ,n[ :at d we f9d 9 ! ,v$a8 ,no d\bt "h & !re a few philosophical hymns :i* h be5 quot$ s (t5 t p h begun to imag9e t ! ,v$a is a k9d ( collection ( ,orphic hymns4 ,we also f9d "s purely my?ological hymns1 9 :i* ! ,devas or gods h assum$ ne>ly z mu* dramatic p]sonality z 9 ! ,hom]ic hymns4 ,b ! great majority ( ,v$ic hymns consi/s 9 simple invocations ( ! fire1 ! wat]1 ! sky1 ! sun1 & ! /orms1 (t5 "u ! same names :i* aft]w>d became ! prop] names ( ,h9du deities1 b z yet ne>ly free f all t c be call$ irrational or my?ological4 ,!re is no?+ irrational1 no?+ ,i mean we _c ent] into or sympa?ize )1 9 p implor+ ! /orms to cease1 or ! sky to ra91 or ! sun to %9e4 ,i say !re is no?+ irrational 9 x1 ?\gh p]haps x might be m accurate to say t !re is no?+ 9 x t w\ld surprise anybody :o is acqua9t$ ) ! gr[? ( human reason1 or at all ev5ts1 ( *ildi% reason4 ,x does n matt] h[ we call ! t5d5cy ( ! *ildi% m9d to conf\nd ! manife/ation ) t :i* manife/s itself1 effect ) cause1 act ) ag5t4 ,call x ,animism1 ,p]sonification1 ,metaphor1 or ,poetry1 we all "k :at is meant by x1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( all ^! names2 we all "k t x exi/s1 & ! y\nge/ *ild :o beats ! *air aga9/ :i* he has fall51 or :o scolds 8 dog1 or :o s+s3 ,ra91 ra91 g to ,spa91 c tea* u t1 h[ev] irrational all ?is may seem to u1 x is p]fectly rational1 natural1 ay inevitable 9 ! fir/ p]iods1 or ! *ildi% age ( ! human m9d4 ,n[ x is exactly ?is p]iod 9 ! gr[? ( anci5t religion1 :i* 0 always presuppos$ or po/ulat$1 b 0 abs5t ev]y:]e else1 t is cle>ly put be=e u 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,x is ?is anci5t *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ,indian lit]ature1 :ile we look = x 9 va9 9 ,greece or ,rome or else:]e4 ,x has be5 a favorite idea ( ^? :o call !mselves /ud5ts ( man1 or an?ropologi/s1 t 9 ord] to "k ! e>lie/ or s-call$ prehi/oric phases 9 ! gr[? ( man1 we %\ld /udy ! life ( savage nations1 z we may wat* x /ill 9 "s p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 ,polynesia1 & ,am]ica4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is1 & no?+ c be m useful ?an ! obs]vations :i* we f9d collect$ 9 ! works ( su* /ud5ts z ,waitz1 ,tylor1 ,lubbock1 & _m o!rs4 ,b let u be hone/1 & confess1 fir/ ( all1 t ! mat]ials on :i* we h "h to dep5d are (t5 extremely untru/wor?y4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,:at d we "k ( savage tribes beyond ! la/ *apt] ( _! hi/ory8 ,d we ev] get an insight into _! antec$5ts8 ,c we und]/&1 :at aft] all is ev]y:]e ! mo/ important & ! mo/ in/ructive lesson to le>n1 h[ !y h come to be :at !y are8 ,!re is inde$ _! language1 & 9 x we see traces ( gr[? t po9t to di/ant ages1 q z mu* z ! ,greek ( ,hom] or ! ,sanskrit ( ! ,v$as4 ,_! language proves inde$ t ^! s-call$ hea!ns1 ) _! complicat$ sy/ems ( my?ology1 _! artificial cu/oms1 _! un9telligible :ims & savag]ies1 are n ! creatures ( to-day or ye/]day4 ,unless we admit a special creation = ^! savages1 !y mu/ be z old z ! ,h9dus1 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 z old z we ourselves4 ,we may assume1 ( c\rse1 if we l1 t _! life has be5 /ation>y1 & t !y are to-day :at ! ,h9dus 7 no long] #cjjj ye>s ago4 ,b t is a m]e guess1 & is contradict$ by ! facts ( _! language4 ,!y may h pass$ ?r\gh ev] s _m vicissitudes1 & :at we consid] z primitive may be1 = all we "k1 a relapse into savag]y1 or a corruption ( some?+ t 0 m rational & intelligible 9 =m] /ages4 ,?9k only ( ! rules t det]m9e m>riage among ! l[e/ ( savage tribes4 ,_! complication passes all und]/&+1 all seems a *aos ( prejudice1 sup]/ition1 pride1 vanity1 & /upidity4 ,& yet we cat* a glimpse "h & !re t !re 0 "s reason 9 mo/ ( t unreason2 we see h[ s5se dw9dl$ away into nons5se1 cu/om into c]emony1 c]emony into f>ce4 ,:y !n %\ld ?is surface ( savage life repres5t to u ! l[e/ /ratum ( human life1 ! v beg9n+s ( civilization1 simply because we _c dig beyond t surface8 ,n[1 ,i d n wi% to be misund]/ood4 ,i d n claim = ! anci5t ,indian lit]ature any m ?an ,i %\ld will+ly conc$e to ! fables & traditions & songs ( savage nations1 su* z we c /udy at pres5t 9 :at we call a /ate ( nature4 ,bo? are important docum5ts to ! /ud5t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,man4 ,i simply say t 9 ! ,v$a we h a ne>] approa* to a beg9n+1 & an intelligible beg9n+1 ?an 9 ! wild invocations ( ,hott5tots or ,bu%m54 ,b :5 ,i speak ( a beg9n+1 ,i d n mean an absolute beg9n+1 a beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! "q has be5 ask$ :e!r we c\ld br+ ourselves to believe t man1 z soon z he c\ld /& on 8 legs1 in/ead ( crawl+ on all f\rs1 z he is suppos$ to h done1 bur/ =? into s++ ,v$ic hymns8 ,b :o has ev] ma9ta9$ ?is8 ,surely :oev] has eyes to see c see 9 e ,v$ic hymn1 ay1 9 e ,v$ic ^w1 z _m r+s )9 r+s z are 9 ! olde/ tree t 0 ev] hewn d[n 9 ! =e/4 ,i %all say ev5 m1 & ,i h said x be=e1 namely1 t suppos+ t ! ,v$ic hymns 7 compos$ betwe5 #aejj & #ajjj ,b4,c41 we c h>dly und]/& h[1 at s e>ly a date1 ! ,indians _h develop$ ideas :i* to u s\nd decid$ly mod]n4 ,i %\ld give any?+ if ,i c\ld escape f ! conclusion t ! collection ( ! ,v$ic ,hymns1 a collection 9 t5 books1 exi/$ at lea/ #ajjj ,b4,c41 t is1 ab\t #ejj ye>s be=e ! rise ( ,buddhism4 ,i d n mean to say t some?+ may n be discov]$ h]eaft] to enable u to ref] t collection to a lat] date4 ,all ,i say is t1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 s f> z all hone/ ,sanskrit s*ol>s "k at pres5t1 we _c well br+ our pre-,buddhi/ic lit]ature into n>r[] limits ?an five hundr$ ye>s4 ,:at !n is to be done8 ,we mu/ simply keep our preconceiv$ notions ( :at p call primitive humanity 9 abeyance = a "t1 & if we f9d t p ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago 7 famili> ) ideas t seem novel & n9ete5?-c5tury-l to u1 well1 we mu/ some:at modify our conceptions ( ! primitive savage1 & rememb] t ?+s hid f ! wise & prud5t h sometimes be5 reveal$ to babes4 ,i ma9ta9 !n t = a /udy ( man1 or1 if y l1 = a /udy ( ,aryan humanity1 !re is no?+ 9 ! _w equal 9 importance ) ! ,v$a4 ,i ma9ta9 t to ev]ybody :o c>es = himself1 = 8 ance/ors1 = 8 hi/ory1 or = 8 intellectual developm5t1 a /udy ( ,v$ic lit]ature is indisp5sable2 & t1 z an elem5t ( lib]al education1 x is f> m important & f> m improv+ ?an ! reigns ( ,babylonian & ,p]sian k+s4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! reluctance ) :i* ^! facts are accept$1 p>ticul>ly by ^? to :om !y ought to be mo/ welcome1 ,i mean ! /ud5ts ( an?ropology4 ,in/ead ( devot+ all _! en]gy to ! /udy ( ^! docum5ts1 :i* h come ^u u l a miracle1 !y seem only b5t on inv5t+ excuses :y !y ne$ n be /udi$4 ,let x n be suppos$ t1 because !re are sev]al translations ( ! ,rig-,v$a 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 !re=e all t ! ,v$a c tea* u has be5 le>n$4 ,f> f x4 ,e "o ( ^! translations has be5 put =w>d z t5tative only4 ,i myself1 ?\gh dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ,i h giv5 translations ( a numb] ( ! m important hymns1 h only v5tur$ to publi% a specim5 ( :at ,i ?9k a translation ( ! ,v$a ought to be2 & t translation1 t traduction raisonnee z ,i v5tur$ to call x1 ( twelve hymns only1 fills a :ole volume4 ,we are /ill on ! m]e surface ( ,v$ic lit]ature1 & yet our critics are ready ) ev] s _m argum5ts :y ! ,v$a c tea* u no?+ z to a primitive /ate ( man4 ,if !y mean by primitive t :i* came absolutely fir/1 !n !y ask = some?+ :i* !y w nev] get1 n ev5 if !y discov]$ ! private correspond5ce ( ,adam & ,eve1 or ( ! fir/ ,homo & ,fem9a sapi5s4 ,we mean by primitive ! e>lie/ /ate ( man ( :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 we c hope to ga9 any k2 & "h1 next to ! ar*ives hidd5 away 9 ! secret draw]s ( language1 9 ! treasury ( words common to all ! ,aryan tribes1 & 9 ! radical elem5ts ( :i* ea* ^w is comp\nd$1 !re is no lit]>y relic m full ( lessons to ! true an?ropologi/1 to ! true /ud5t ( mank9d1 ?an ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,indic>um1 vol4 i41 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ij3 ,kulavagga ,v4 #cc1 #a4 ,! expression us$ is ,kh&aso aropema'ti4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhi/ ,suttas1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xi41 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #ib3 ,! ,brahmo-,samaj1 a !i/ic s*ool4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ic3 ,! ,lib]al1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ,r4 ,g4 ,bh&>k>1 ,consid]ation ( ! date ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ( ,bombay1 #ahgb2 ,talboys ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ii4 #cfe1 #egb2 ,holtzmann1 ,ueb] das alte indis*e ,epos1 #ahha1 p4 #a2 ,phe>1 ,! ,aryan ,village 9 ,india & ,ceylon1 p4 #ai4 ,t ! ,mahabh>ata 0 publicly read 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 we le>n f ,bana2 see ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,bombay1 vol4 x41 p4 #hg1 note4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ie3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #if3 ,e p]son acqua9t$ ) ! spok5 spee* ( ,india kn[s p]fectly well t its elevation to ! dignity & usefulness ( writt5 spee* has dep5d$1 & mu/ /ill dep5d1 ^u its borr[+ l>gely f its p>5t or k9dr$ s\rce2 t no man :o is ignorant ( ,arabic or ,sanskrit c write ,h9du/ani or ,b5gali ) elegance1 or purity1 or precision1 & t ! condemnation ( ! classical languages to oblivion w\ld consign ! dialects to utt] helplessness & irretrievable b>b>ism4--,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,asiatic ,j\rnal1 ,jan41 #ahcf2 vol xix41 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ig3 ,x w\ld be a mo/ useful "w = any "y s*ol> to draw up a li/ ( ,sanskrit books :i* are quot$ by lat] writ]s1 b h n yet be5 met ) 9 ,indian libr>ies4 ,footnote #ih3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #ii3 ,?is vague t]m1 ,turanian1 s mu* us$ 9 ! ,p>si ,scriptures1 is us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( unclassifi$ e?nically4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,re*]*es sur les langues ,t>t>es1 #ahbj1 vol4 i41 p4 #cbg2 ,lass51 ,i4 ,a41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #aja3 ,lass51 :o at fir/ reject$ ! id5tification ( ,gats & ,yueh-*i1 0 aft]w>d incl9$ to accept x4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,! ,yueh-*i appe> to h begun _! invasion ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 ,at ?is p]iod ! ,grecian k+dom ( ,bactria1 aft] a brilliant exi/5ce ( a c5tury1 _h fall5 be=e ! ,to*>i1 a ,scy?ian p4 ,! new invad]s1 call$ ,greek3 ,eph?alitai by ! ,greeks1 _h be5 driv5 out ( _! old abodes & n[ occupi$ ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,p>?ia at ! we/1 ! ,oxus & ,surkhab1 & ext5d+ into ,little ,?ibet4 ,!y 7 h]dsm5 & nomads4 ,at ?is "t ,india 0 gov]n$ by ! desc5dants ( ,asoka1 ! great propag&i/ ( ,buddhism4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 or probably e>li]1 ! ,yueh-*i1 "u ,k>ranos1 cross$ ! ,indus & conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 :i* rema9$ subject to !m = ?ree c5turies4 ,! ,*9ese hi/orians ,sze-ma ,tsi5 & ,han-yo1 give ^! acc\nts1 :i* are h[ev] confirm$ by numismatic & o!r evid5ce4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aed1 note4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,9 ,june1 #ahhb1 a ,conf]5ce on ,buddhism 0 held at ,sion ,college1 to discuss ! real or app>5t co9cid5ces betwe5 ! religions ( ,buddha & ,*ri/4 ,pr(essor ,muell] address$ two lett]s to ! secret>y1 :i* 7 aft]w>d publi%$1 decl>+ su* a discussion 9 g5]al t]ms almo/ an impossibility4 ,! "n ( ,buddhism1 he says1 is appli$ to religi\s op9ions1 n only ( ! mo/ v>y+1 b ( a decid$ly opposite "*1 held by p on ! highe/ & l[e/ /ages ( civilization1 divid$ into endless sects1 nay1 f\nd$ on two di/9ct codes ( canonical writ+s4 ,two ,buddhi/ prie/s :o 7 read+ ,sanskrit ) him w\ld h>dly recognize ! ,buddhism n[ practic$ 9 ,ceylon z _! own religion4 ,he also ackn[l$g$ ! />tl+ co9cid5ces betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 & t ,buddhism exi/$ at lea/ #djj ye>s be=e ,*ri/ianity4 ,he w\ld g f>!r1 & feel extremely grateful if anybody w\ld po9t out to him ! hi/orical *annels ?r\gh :i* ,buddhism _h influ5c$ e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,i h be5 look+ = su* *annels all my life1 says he1 b hi!rto ,i h f\nd none4 ,:at ,i h f\nd is t = "s ( ! mo/ />tl+ co9cid5ces !re are hi/orical antec$5ts on bo? sides2 & if we knew ^! antec$5ts1 ! co9cid5ces become f> less />tl+4 ,if ,i d f9d 9 c]ta9 ,buddhi/ works doctr9es id5tically ! same z 9 ,*ri/ianity1 s f> f be+ fright5$1 ,i feel delight$1 = surely tru? is n ! less true because x is believ$ by ! majority ( ! human race4 ,i believe we h made "s progress dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,i /ill rememb] ! "t :5 all hea!n religions 7 look$ ^u z ! "w ( ! devil47,a#a7 ,we "k n[ t !y are /ages 9 a gr[?1 & 9 a gr[? n det]m9$ by an accid5tal environm5t only1 b by an orig9al purpose1 a purpose to be realiz$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race z a :ole4 ,ev5 mission>ies h begun to approa* ! hea!n 9 a new & bett] _s4 ,!y look = :at may safely be pres]v$ 9 ! religion ( _! pupils1 & on t common gr\nd !y try to erect a pur] fai? & a bett] wor%ip1 in/ead ( attempt+ to de/roy ! sacr$ f\ndations ( religion1 :i*1 ,i believe1 exi/1 or at lea/1 exi/$1 9 e human he>t4 ,he also /ates t ! publi%+ ( ! ,rig-,v$a & ,comm5t>y1 8 life-"w1 _h produc$ a complete revolution bo? 9 our views ( anci5t religions & 9 ! religi\s life ( ! ,h9dus !mselves2 & ?is n s mu* on ! surface z 9 its deepe/ f\ndations4--,a4 ,w4 ,a#a3 ,we h no k ( su* a belief4 ,! common ,*ri/ian !ory is t ,*ri/ianity is z old z ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 & t tru? 9 o!r religions is ! result ( contact1 some:]e1 at "s "t1 ) ,*ri/ianity4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #aje3 ,publi%$ by ,fleet 9 ! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahgf1 pp4 #fh-gc1 & fir/ m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,bhao ,daji1 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society1 ,bombay ,bran*1 vol4 ix4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,sir ,william ,jones fix$ _! date at #abhj ,b4,c42 ,elph9/one z #ijj ,b4,c4 ,x has rec5tly be5 /at$ t !y c\ld n reasonably be plac$ lat] ?an ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,a v useful indication ( ! age ( ! ,dh>ma-sutras1 z comp>$ ) ! metrical ,dh>ma-sa/ras or ,samhitas1 is to be f\nd 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce 9 !m ( any ref]5ce to writt5 docum5ts4 ,su* writt5 docum5ts1 if !y exi/$1 c\ld h>dly be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce 9 law-books1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! nature ( witnesses is discuss$ 9 support ( loans1 pl$ges1 etc4 ,n[1 we see t 9 treat+ ( ! law ( debt & debtors17,a#a7 ! ,dh>ma-sutras ( ,gautama1 ,baudhayana1 & ,apa/amba nev] m5tion evid5ce 9 writ+4 ,vasi%?a only ref]s to writt5 evid5ce1 b 9 a passage :i* may be int]polat$17,a#b7 consid]+ t 9 o!r respects 8 treatm5t ( ! law ( debt is v crude4 ,manu's metrical code %[s "h aga9 its usual "*4 ,x is evid5tly bas$ on anci5t orig9als1 & :5 x simply reproduces !m1 gives u ! impression ( great antiquity4 ,b x freely admits m mod]n +r$i5ts1 & does s 9 our case4 ,x speaks ( witnesses1 fixes _! m9imum numb] at ?ree1 & discusses v m9utely _! qualifications & disqualifications1 )\t say+ a ^w ab\t writt5 docum5ts4 ,b 9 "o place 7,,viii4 #afh7 x speaks ( ! valuelessness ( writt5 agreem5ts obta9$ by =ce1 ?us recogniz+ ! practical employm5t ( writ+ = comm]cial transactions4 ,pr(essor ,jolly17,a#c7 x is true1 sugge/s t ?is v]se may be a lat] addition1 p>ticul>ly z x occurs totidem v]bis 9 ,n>ada 7,,iv4 #ee72 b ! f9al composition ( ,manu's ,samhita1 su* z we possess x1 c h>dly be ref]r$ to a p]iod :5 writ+ 0 n yet us$1 at all ev5ts = comm]cial purposes4 ,manu's ,law-book is old] ?an ,yagnavalkya's1 9 :i* writ+ has become a famili> subject4 ,vi%nu (t5 agrees lit]ally ) ,yagnavalkya1 :ile ,n>ada1 z %[+ ! fulle/ developm5t ( ! law ( debt1 is mo/ likely ! late/47,a#d7 ,see ,brihatsamhita1 ed4 ,k]n1 pref41 p4 #dc2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #ahge1 p4 #ajf4 ,a#a3 ,ueb] das ,indis*e ,s*uldre*t von ,j4 ,jolly1 p4 #bia4 ,a#b3 ,jolly1 l4 c41 p4 #cbb4 ,a#c3 ,l4 c41 p4 #bij4 ,a#d3 ,jolly1 l4 c41 p4 #cbb4 ,he places ,katyayana & ,brihaspati aft] ,n>ada1 possibly ,vyasa & ,h>ita also4 ,see also ,/5zl]1 ,z4 d ,d4 ,m4 ,g4 ix4 #ffd4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,pr(essor ,muell] rejects ! !ory ( ! ,samvat era & ! ,r5aissance ( ,sanskrit lit]ature 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,in/ead1 he ackn[l$ges ! exi/5ce ( a ,saka era1 be>+ date ) ! coronation ( ,kani%ka1 #gh ,a4,d4 ,al?\gh ?is mon>* 0 a patron ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & ! ?ird collection ( _! sacr$ books 0 made "u 8 auspices1 our au?or consid]s ! p]iod ( ,saka or ,yu5-*i dom9ation f #bd ,b4,c4 till #agh ,a4,d4 z a lit]>y int]regnum4 ,he is n will+ to sugge/ any date = ! ,mahabh>ata or ,ramayana1 :i* appe> to h be5 !n extant4 ,he exon]ates ,indian epic poetry1 h[ev]1 f any imputation ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,n s ) a/ronomy4 ,aryabhata1 ! eld]1 :o describ$ ! motion ( ! e>? v accurately1 he consid]s to h _h no pr$ecessors2 & also cites o!r ,indian au?ors :o describ$ ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac ) ,greek names or _! equival5ts1 & assign$ ea* to a region 9 ! body ( ! ,creator1 z we n[ see x m>k$ out 9 our almanacs4 ,9 ?is matt] he is c]ta9ly plausible4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance & ! reign & prop] era ( ,vikramaditya are set d[n at ab\t #eej ,a4,d4 ,he foll[s ,dr4 ,bhao ,daji1 & is su/a9$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 au?or ( ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 & o!r works on religi\s ar*itecture4 ,x 0 ! p]iod ( le>n$ & lit]>y m51 z well z ( active religi\s controv]sy4 ,believ]s 9 ,buddha & believ]s 9 ! ,v$a liv$ toge!r at ?is "t1 he rem>ks1 v mu* z ,prote/ants & ,roman ,ca?olics d at ! pres5t day--fight+ :5 !re is an opportunity or necessity = x1 b o!rwise %>+ ! same air z fell[-creatures4 ,among a cr[d ( o!rs we may in/ance ,dignaga1 a ,buddhi/1 ,kalidasa1 a ,siva wor%ipp]1 & ,manatunga1 a ,ga9a1 z frequ5t+ ! royal c\rt4 ,vasub&hu1 to :om ! revival ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature 0 l>gely due1 0 ! son ( a ,brahman & a /ud5t ( ! ,nyaya philosophy2 z1 inde$1 ,hi\5-?sang1 ! ,*9ese travell]1 also /udi$ logic "u a ,brahmana tea*]4 ,vikramaditya oscillat$ betwe5 all p>ties4 ,hav+ qu>rell$ ) ! ,k+ ( ,kasmira & ,manorhita1 ! great ,buddhi/ tea*] at ! conv5t ne> ,pe%aw]1 he call$ an assembly ( ,sa/rikas & ,sramanas1 at :i* ! latt] 7 d5\nc$4 ,he also plac$ ,matrigupta 7,kalidasa87 ov] t c\ntry4 ,at 8 dea?1 h[ev]1 ! regal au?ority 0 surr5d]$ to ! legitimate k+1 :o 9 8 turn re9/at$ ,siladitya1 ! successor ( ,vikrama1 on ! ?rone4 ,?is k+ also call$ an assembly ( div9es1 & ! ,buddhi/s 7 re/or$ to _! =m] position4 ,z !y seem to h con/itut$ ! pr9cipal m5 ( le>n+1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t !y 7 ! actual re/or]s ( ! gold5 p]iod to ,india4 ,! ,n9e ,gems1 ,pr(essor ,muell] is v confid5t1 belong to ?is p]iod4 ,he decl>es t ! philosophical ,sutras h no asc]ta9$ date prior to #cjj ,a4,d4 ,accord+ to him1 we ne$ n ref] _m fam\s au?ors to a p]iod ant]ior to ! fif? c5tury4 ,kalidasa1 f be+ ! contempor>y ( ,augu/us1 becomes ! contempor>y ( ,ju/9ian1 & ! v books :i* 7 mo/ admir$ by ,sanskrit /ud5ts z specim5s ( anci5t ,indian poetry & wisdom f9d _! rightful place 9 ! p]iod ( lit]>y r5aissance1 co9cid+ ) an age ( r5ew$ lit]>y activity 9 ,p]sia1 soon to be foll[$ !re1 z lat] 9 ,india1 by ! great ,mohamm$an conque/s4 ,x appe>s to me t he is altoge!r too iconocla/ic4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! app>5t lat5ess ( date is due to ! de/ruction ( books :5 ! ,buddhi/s 7 driv5 out ( ,india4 ,x w\ld be z logical1 x seems to me1 to assign a po/-,*ri/ian date to ! ,v5didad & ,yasna because !y _h be5 lo/ & 7 collect$ anew "u ! auspices ( a ,sassanid k+4 ,we are told 9 ! second book ( ! ,maccabees t ,antio*us ,epiphanes burn$ ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 & t ,judas ,makkabaeus made a new collection2 yet nobody pret5ds t !y ought to be assign$ to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ 9 due s9c]ity give "s room to fai?4 ,a/ronomy 0 also /udi$4 ,aryabhatta ! eld] _h describ$ ! e>? z mak+ a revolution :i* produc$ ! daily ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun4 ,pr(essor ,muell] ?9ks he _h no pr$ecessors4 ,v>ahamihira wrote dur+ ! reign ( ,vikramaditya1 & employs ! ,yuga 9 opposition to ! ,saka era4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ! ,greek zodiac 0 employ$4 ,bad>ayana describes ! pictorial repres5tations ( ! ,twelve ,signs & _! relation to ! body ( ,brahman or ! ,creator3 ,! ,ram is ! head2 ! face ( ! ,creator is ! ,bull2 ! brea/ w\ld be ! ,man-pair2 ! he>t1 ! ,crab2 ! ,lion1 ! /oma*2 ! ,maid1 ! hip2 ! ,balance-be>]1 ! belly2 ! eigh? 7,scorpion71 ! membrum2 ! ,ar*]1 8 pair ( ?ighs2 ! ,mak>a1 8 pair ( knees2 ! ,pot1 8 pair ( legs2 ! ,fi%-pair1 8 two feet4 ,ano!r writ] gives !m 9 l s]ies z ! memb]s ( ,kala or ,"t4 ,o!r evid5ce seems ev5 m conclusive2 ,v>ahamihira giv+ ! actual ,greek names 9 a ,sanskrit dress4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #aji3 ,k]n1 ,preface to ,brihatsamahita1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,dur+ times ( conque/ & migration1 su* z are repres5t$ to u 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! sy/em ( ca/es1 z x is describ$1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 w\ld h be5 a simple impossibility4 ,x is d\btful :e!r su* a sy/em 0 ev] m ?an a social ideal1 b ev5 = su* an ideal ! mat]ials w\ld h be5 want+ dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,aryas 7 fir/ tak+ possession ( ! l& ( ! ,sev5 ,riv]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 dur+ t e>ly p]iod1 !re mu/ h be5 a division ( labor1 & h5ce we expect to f9d & d f9d 9 ! gramas ( ! ,five ,nations1 w>riors1 sometimes call$ nobles1 lead]s1 k+s2 c\nsellors1 sometimes call$ prie/s1 prophets1 judges2 & work+ m51 :e!r pl\gh]s1 or build]s1 or road-mak]s4 ,^! ?ree divisions we c cle>ly p]ceive ev5 9 ! e>ly hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,boehtl+k1 ,sprue*e1 #eaja4 ,footnote #aab3 ,mahabh4 ,,xi4 #aba4 ,footnote #aac3 ,pankat4 ,,ii4 #abg 7#aag74 ,footnote #aad3 ,mahabh4 ,v4 #aadd4 ,footnote #aae3 ,l4 c4 ,,xii4 #abjej4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,l4 c4 ,,xii4 #hfi4 ,footnote #aag3 ,l4 c4 ,,xii4 #hgb4 ,footnote #aah3 ,l4 c4 ,,xii4 #abdec4 ,footnote #aai3 ,l4 c4 ,,xii4 #abdef4 ,footnote #abj3 ,l4 c4 ,,iii4 #achdf 7#bci74 ,footnote #aba3 ,l4 c4 ,,iii4 #achfd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,kam4 ,nitis1 #a1 #bc 7,boehtl+k1 #iah74 ,footnote #abc3 ,atman1 see ,lecture ,,vii4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #abd3 ,vi%nu-sutras ,,xx4 #ej-ec4 ,footnote #abe3 ,apa/amba ,dh>ma-sutras ,i4 #h1 #bb4 ,footnote #abf3 ,c a /ate be ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( happ9ess1 9 :i* ! ess5tial be+ is ov]look$ & n reg>d$2 :]eas t subtl] ess5ce is ! reality :i* gives life1 en]gy1 & purity to all our motives8 ,is to be ( ! e>?1 e>?y1 a great] felicity ?an to ackn[l$ge t :i* is f heav58 ,i tr[ n4--,a4 ,w4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,objections4 ,x may be q true t controv]sy (t5 does m h>m ?an good1 t x enc\rages ! wor/ ( all tal5ts1 t ( plausibility1 n to say di%one/y1 & g5]ally leaves ! _w at l>ge worse conf\nd$ ?an x 0 be=e4 ,x has be5 said t no clev] lawy] w\ld %r9k f tak+ a brief to prove t ! e>? =ms ! c5tre ( ! _w1 &1 ) all respect = ,engli% juries1 x is n impossible t ev5 9 our days he might ga9 a v]dict aga9/ ,galileo4 ,nor d ,i d5y t !re is a p[] & vitality 9 tru? :i* 9 ! end ov]comes & survives all opposition1 z %[n by ! v doctr9e ( ,galileo :i* at pres5t is held by hundr$s & ?\s&s :o w\ld f9d x extremely difficult to advance "o s+le argum5t 9 its support4 ,i am ready to admit also t ^? :o h done ! be/ "w1 & h contribut$ mo/ l>gely t[>d ! advancem5t ( k & ! progress ( tru?1 h seldom wa/$ _! "t 9 controv]sy1 b h m>*$ on /raight1 little conc]n$ ei!r ab\t applause on ! "r or abuse on ! left4 ,all ?is is true1 p]fectly true1 & yet ,i feel t ,i _c escape f devot+ ! :ole ( a lecture to ! answ]+ ( c]ta9 objections :i* h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! views :i* ,i h put =w>d ) reg>d to ! "* & ! hi/orical importance ( ,v$ic lit]ature4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! :ole subject is new1 ! numb] ( compet5t judges small1 & mi/akes n only possible1 b almo/ inevitable4 ,besides1 !re are mi/akes & mi/akes1 & ! errors ( able m5 are (t5 in/ructive1 nay "o might say sometimes almo/ indisp5sable = ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,!re are criticisms :i* may be safely ignor$1 criticisms = ! sake ( criticism1 if n inspir$ by mean] motives4 ,b !re are d\bts & difficulties :i* sugge/ !mselves naturally1 objections :i* h a "r to be he>d1 & ! v removal ( :i* =ms ! be/ approa* to ! /ronghold ( tru?4 ,n[h]e has ?is pr9ciple be5 s fully recogniz$ & be5 act$ on z 9 ,indian lit]ature4 ,:atev] subject is />t$1 ! rule is t ! argum5t %\ld beg9 ) ! purvapak%a1 ) all t c be said aga9/ a c]ta9 op9ion4 ,e possible objection is welcome1 if only x is n altoge!r frivol\s & absurd1 & !n only foll[s ! utt>apak%a1 ) all t c be said aga9/ ^! objections & 9 support ( ! orig9al op9ion4 ,only :5 ?is process has be5 fully gone ?r\gh is x all[$ to repres5t an op9ion z siddhanta1 or e/abli%$4 ,!re=e1 be=e op5+ ! pages ( ! ,v$a1 & giv+ y a description ( ! poetry1 ! religion1 & philosophy ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,india1 ,i ?\ght x "r & necess>y to e/abli%1 fir/ ( all1 c]ta9 po9ts )\t :i* x w\ld be impossible to =m a "r appreciation ( ! hi/orical value ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 & ( _! importance ev5 to u :o live at s great a di/ance f ^? e>ly poets4 ,! fir/ po9t 0 purely prelim9>y1 namely t ! ,h9dus 9 anci5t1 & 9 mod]n times also1 are a nation des]v+ ( our int]e/ & sympa?y1 wor?y also ( our confid5ce1 & by no means guilty ( ! *>ge s recklessly br\ght aga9/ !m--! *>ge ( an habitual disreg>d ( tru?4 ,secondly1 t ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india is n to be consid]$ simply z a curiosity & to be h&$ ov] to ! good pleasure ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 b t1 bo? by its language1 ! ,sanskrit1 & by its mo/ anci5t lit]>y docum5ts1 ! ,v$as1 x c tea* u lessons :i* no?+ else c tea*1 z to ! orig9 ( our own language1 ! fir/ =mation ( our own concepts1 & ! true natural g]ms ( all t is compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( civilization1 at lea/ ! civilization ( ! ,aryan race1 t race to :i* we & all ! greate/ nations ( ! _w--! ,h9dus1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ! ,slaves1 ! ,celts1 & la/1 n lea/1 ! ,teutons1 belong4 ,a man may be a good & useful pl\ghman )\t be+ a geologi/1 )\t kn[+ ! /ratum on :i* he takes 8 /&1 or ! /rata b5ea? t give support to ! soil on :i* he lives & works1 & f :i* he draws 8 n\ri%m5t4 ,& a man may be a good & useful citiz51 )\t be+ an hi/orian1 )\t kn[+ h[ ! _w 9 :i* he lives came ab\t1 & h[ _m phases mank9d _h to pass ?r\gh 9 language1 religion1 & philosophy1 be=e x c\ld supply him ) t intellectual soil on :i* he lives & works1 & f :i* he draws 8 be/ n\ri%m5t4 ,b !re mu/ always be an ari/ocracy ( ^? :o "k1 & :o c trace back ! be/ :i* we possess1 n m]ely to a ,norman c\nt1 or a ,sc&9avian vik+1 or a ,saxon e>l1 b to f> old] ance/ors & b5efactors1 :o ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 7 toil+ = u 9 ! sweat ( _! face1 & )\t :om we %\ld nev] be :at we are--! ance/ors ( ! :ole ,aryan race1 ! fir/ fram]s ( our words1 ! fir/ poets ( our ?\ghts1 ! fir/ giv]s ( our laws1 ! fir/ prophets ( our gods1 & ( ,him :o is ,god above all gods4 ,t ari/ocracy ( ^? :o "k--di color *e sanno--or try to "k1 is op5 to all :o are will+ to ent]1 to all :o h a feel+ = ! pa/1 an int]e/ 9 ! g5ealogy ( our ?\ghts1 & a rev]5ce = ! ance/ry ( our intellect1 :o are 9 fact hi/orians 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 i4e4 inquir]s into t :i* is pa/1 b n lo/4 ,?irdly1 hav+ expla9$ to y :y ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india1 ! really anci5t lit]ature ( t c\ntry1 ,i mean t ( ! ,v$ic p]iod1 des]ves ! c>eful att5tion1 n ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s only1 b ( e educat$ man & woman :o wi%es to "k h[ we1 ev5 we "h 9 ,engl& & 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury ( ours1 came to be :at we are1 ,i tri$ to expla9 to y ! diff]5ce1 & ! natural & inevitable diff]5ce1 betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! human "* 9 su* diff]5t climates z ^? ( ,india & ,europe4 ,& :ile admitt+ t ! ,h9dus 7 defici5t 9 _m ( ^? manly virtues & practical a*ievem5ts :i* we value mo/1 ,i wi%$ to po9t out t !re 0 ano!r sph]e ( intellectual activity 9 :i* ! ,h9dus excell$--! m$itative & transc5d5t--& t "h we might le>n f !m "s lessons ( life :i* we ourselves are b too apt to ignore or to despise4 ,f\r?ly1 fe>+ t ,i might h rais$ too high expectations ( ! anci5t wisdom1 ! religion & philosophy ( ! ,v$ic ,indians1 ,i felt x my duty to /ate t1 ?\gh primitive 9 "o s5se1 we mu/ n expect ! ,v$ic religion to be primitive 9 ! an?ropological s5se ( ! ^w1 z conta9+ ! utt]ances ( be+s :o _h j brok5 _! %ells1 & 7 wond]+ly look+ out = ! fir/ "t ^u ?is /range _w4 ,! ,v$a may be call$ primitive1 because !re is no o!r lit]>y docum5t m primitive ?an x2 b ! language1 ! my?ology1 ! religion & philosophy t meet u 9 ! ,v$a op5 vi/as ( ! pa/ :i* no "o w\ld v5ture to measure 9 ye>s4 ,nay1 !y conta91 by ! side ( simple1 natural1 *ildi% ?\ghts1 _m ideas :i* to u s\nd mod]n1 or second>y & t]ti>y1 z ,i call$ !m1 b :i* nev]!less are old] ?an any o!r lit]>y docum5t1 & give u tru/wor?y in=mation ( a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght ( :i* we knew absolutely no?+ be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,v$as4#abg ,b ev5 ?us our pa? is n yet cle>4 ,o!r objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! ,v$a z an hi/orical docum5t4 ,"s ( !m are important2 & ,i h at times %>$ !m myself4 ,o!rs are at lea/ in/ructive1 & w give u an opportunity ( te/+ ! f\ndation on :i* we /&4 ,! fir/ objection !n aga9/ our treat+ ! ,v$a z an hi/orical docum5t is t x is n truly national 9 its "*1 & does n repres5t ! ?\ghts ( ! :ole ( ! population ( ,india1 b only ( a small m9ority1 namely ( ! ,brahmans1 & n ev5 ( ! :ole class ( ,brahmans1 b only ( a small m9ority ( !m1 namely ( ! pr(essional prie/s4 ,objections %\ld n be bas$ on dem&s :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 are unreasonable4 ,h ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! ,v$ic hymns d n repres5t ! :ole ( ,india1 t is ! :ole ( its anci5t population1 9 ! same mann] z !y say t ! ,bible repres5ts ! ,jews or ,hom] ! ,greeks1 consid]$ :at !y are ask+ =8 ,s f> f d5y+ t ! ,v$ic hymns repres5t only a small &1 x may be1 a prie/ly m9ority ( ! anci5t population ( ,india1 ! true hi/orian w\ld probably feel incl9$ to urge ! same cautions aga9/ ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,hom]ic poems also4 ,no d\bt1 aft] ! books :i* compose ! ,old ,te/am5t _h be5 collect$ z a ,sacr$ ,canon1 !y 7 kn[n to ! majority ( ! ,jews4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! primitive /ate ( ! ,jews1 ( _! moral1 intellectual1 & religi\s /atus :ile 9 ,mesopotamia or ,canaan or ,egypt1 we %\ld f9d t ! diff]5t books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t tea* u z little ( ! :ole ,jewi% race1 ) all its local *>act]i/ics & social di/9ctions1 z ! ,hom]ic poems d ( all ! ,greek tribes1 or ! ,v$ic hymns ( all ! inhabitants ( ,india4 ,surely1 ev5 :5 we speak ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks or ! ,romans1 we "k t we %all n f9d !re a complete picture ( ! social1 intellectual1 & religi\s life ( a :ole nation4 ,we "k v little ( ! intellectual life ( a :ole nation1 ev5 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ay1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,we may "k some?+ ( ! g5]als1 ( ! comm&]s-9-*ief1 b ( ! privates1 ( ! millions1 we "k next to no?+4 ,& :at we d "k ( k+s or g5]als or m9i/]s is mo/ly no m ?an :at 0 ?\ght ( !m by a few ,greek poets or ,jewi% prophets1 m5 :o 7 "o 9 a million among _! contempor>ies4 ,b x might be said t ?\gh ! writ]s 7 few1 ! read]s 7 _m4 ,is t s8 ,i believe y w\ld be surpris$ to he> h[ small ! numb] ( read]s is ev5 9 mod]n times1 :ile 9 anci5t times read+ 0 re/rict$ to ! v smalle/ class ( privileg$ p]sons4 ,!re may h be5 li/5]s at public & private fe/ivals1 at sacrifices1 & lat] on 9 !atres1 b read]s1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 are a v mod]n inv5tion4 ,!re nev] has be5 s mu* read+1 read+ spread ov] s l>ge an area1 z 9 our times4 ,b if y ask$ publi%]s z to ! numb] ( copies sold ( books :i* are suppos$ to h be5 read by ev]ybody1 say ,macaulay's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ! ,life ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 or ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 y w\ld f9d t out ( a population ( ?irty-two millions n "o million has possess$ itself ( a copy ( ^! works4 ,! book :i* ( late has probably _h ! l>ge/ sale is ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & yet ! :ole numb] ( copies sold among ! eighty millions ( ,engli%-speak+ p is probably n m ?an f\r millions4 ,( ord9>y books :i* are call$ books ( ! season1 & :i* are suppos$ to h _h a great success1 an edition ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& copies is n consid]$ unsatisfactory by publi%]s or au?ors 9 ,engl&4 ,b if y look to o!r c\ntries1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,russia1 x w\ld be v difficult inde$ to "n books t c\ld be consid]$ z repres5tative ( ! :ole nation1 or z ev5 kn[n by m ?an a v small m9ority4 ,& if we turn our ?\ghts back to ! anci5t nations ( ,greece & ,italy1 or ( ,p]sia & ,babylonia1 :at book is !re1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 ( :i* we c\ld say t x _h be5 read or ev5 he>d ( by m ?an a few ?\s& p8 ,we ?9k ( ,greeks & ,romans z lit]>y p1 & s no d\bt !y 71 b 9 a v diff]5t s5se f :at we mean by ?is4 ,:at we call ,greeks & ,romans are *iefly ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns & ,rome1 & "h aga9 ^? :o c\ld produce or :o c\ld read su* works z ! ,dialogues ( ,plato or ! ,epi/les ( ,horace con/itut$ a v small intellectual ari/ocracy inde$4 ,:at we call hi/ory--! memory ( ! pa/--has always be5 ! "w ( m9orities4 ,millions & millions pass away unhe$$1 & ! few only to :om has be5 giv5 ! gift ( fus+ spee* & ?\ght into =ms ( beauty rema9 z witnesses ( ! pa/4 ,if !n we speak ( times s di/ant z ^? repres5t$ by ! ,rig-,v$a1 & ( a c\ntry s dis9tegrat$1 or r z yet s little integrat$ z ,india 0 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 surely x requires b little reflection to "k t :at we see 9 ! ,v$ic poems are b a few sn[-clad peaks1 repres5t+ to u1 f a f> di/ance1 ! :ole m\nta9-range ( a nation1 completely lo/ beyond ! horizon ( hi/ory4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ,v$ic hymns z repres5t+ ! religion1 ! ?\ghts & cu/oms ( ,india ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 we _c mean by ,india m ?an "s unkn[n quantity ( :i* ! poets ( ! ,v$a are ! only spokesm5 left4 ,:5 we n[ speak ( ,india1 we ?9k ( #bej millions1 a six? "p ( ! :ole human race1 peopl+ ! va/ p59sula f ! ,himalayan m\nta9s betwe5 ! arms ( ! ,indus & ! ,ganges1 d[n to ,cape ,comor9 & ,ceylon1 an ext5t ( c\ntry ne>ly z l>ge z ,europe4 ,9 ! ,v$a ! /age on :i* ! life ( ! anci5t k+s & poets is act$1 is ! valley ( ! ,indus & ! ,punjab1 z x is n[ call$1 ! ,sapta ,s9dhasah1 ! ,sev5 ,riv]s ( ! ,v$ic poets4 ,! l& wat]$ by ! ,ganges is h>dly kn[n1 & ! :ole ( ! ,dekkan seems n yet to h be5 discov]$4 ,!n aga91 :5 ^! ,v$ic hymns are call$ ! lucubrations ( a few prie/s1 n ! outp\r+s ( ! g5ius ( a :ole nation1 :at does t mean8 ,we may no d\bt call ^! anci5t ,v$ic poets prie/s1 if we l1 & no "o w\ld d5y t _! poetry is p]vad$ n only by religi\s1 my?ological1 & philosophical1 b likewise by sacrificial & c]emonial conceits4 ,/ill a prie/1 if we trace him back f> en\gh1 is only a presbyt]os or an eld]1 &1 z su*1 ^? ,v$ic poets _h a p]fect "r to speak 9 ! "n ( a :ole class1 or ( ! village community to :i* !y belong$4 ,call ,vasi%?a a prie/ by all means1 only d n let u imag9e t he 0 !re=e v l ,c>d9al ,mann+4 ,aft] we h made e possible concession to argum5ts1 mo/ ( :i* are purely hypo!tical1 !re rema9s ?is great fact t "h1 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 we h poems1 compos$ 9 p]fect language1 9 elaborate metre1 tell+ u ab\t gods & m51 ab\t sacrifices & battles1 ab\t ! v>y+ aspects ( nature & ! *ang+ conditions ( society1 ab\t duty & pleasure1 philosophy & morality--articulate voices rea*+ u f a di/ance f :i* we nev] he>d be=e ! fa9te/ :isp]2 & in/ead ( ?rill+ ) delight at ?is almo/ miracul\s discov]y1 "s critics /& alo( & c d no?+ b f9d fault1 because ^! songs d n repres5t to u primitive m5 exactly z !y ?9k !y ought to h be52 n l ,papuas or ,bu%m51 ) arborace\s habits & half-animal clicks1 n z wor%ipp+ /ocks or /ones1 or believ+ 9 feti*es1 z accord+ to ,comte's inn] consci\sness !y ought to h done1 b r1 ,i mu/ confess1 z be+s :om we c und]/&1 ) :om to a c]ta9 ext5t we c sympa?ize1 & to :om1 9 ! hi/orical progress ( ! human intellect1 we may assign a place n v f> beh9d ! anci5t ,jews & ,greeks4 ,once m !n1 if we mean by primitive1 p :o inhabit$ ?is e>? z soon z ! vani%+ ( ! glacial p]iod made ?is e>? inhabitable1 ! ,v$ic poets 7 c]ta9ly n primitive4 ,if we mean by primitive1 p :o 7 )\t a k ( fire1 :o us$ unpoli%$ fl9ts1 & ate raw fle%1 ! ,v$ic poets 7 n primitive4 ,if we mean by primitive1 p :o did n cultivate ! soil1 _h no fix$ abodes1 no k+s1 no sacrifices1 no laws1 aga91 ,i say1 ! ,v$ic poets 7 n primitive4 ,b if we mean by primitive ! p :o h be5 ! fir/ ( ! ,aryan race to leave beh9d lit]>y relics ( _! exi/5ce on e>?1 !n ,i say ! ,v$ic poets are primitive1 ! ,v$ic language is primitive1 ! ,v$ic religion is primitive1 &1 tak5 z a :ole1 m primitive ?an any?+ else t we are ev] likely to recov] 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( our race4 ,:5 all ^! objections _h fail$1 a la/ trump 0 play$4 ,! anci5t ,v$ic poetry 0 said to be1 if n ( =eign orig91 at lea/ v mu* infect$ by =eign1 & m p>ticul>ly by ,semitic influ5ces4 ,x _h always be5 urg$ by ,sanskrit s*ol>s z "o ( ! *ief attractions ( ,v$ic lit]ature t x n only all[$ u an insight into a v e>ly phase ( religi\s ?\ght1 b t ! ,v$ic religion 0 ! only "o ! developm5t ( :i* took place )\t any extrane\s influ5ces1 & c\ld be wat*$ ?r\gh a long] s]ies ( c5turies ?an any o!r religion4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 we "k h[ p]plex+ x is 9 ! religion ( anci5t ,rome to di/+ui% betwe5 ,italian & ,greek +r$i5ts1 to say no?+ ( ,etruscan & ,pho5ician influ5ces4 ,we "k ! difficulty ( f9d+ out 9 ! religion ( ! ,greeks :at is purely home-gr[n1 & :at is tak5 ov] f ,egypt1 ,pho5icia1 x may be f ,scy?ia2 or at all ev5ts1 slightly color$ by ^? =eign rays ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 9 ! religion ( ! ,hebrews1 ,babylonian1 ,pho5ician1 & at a lat] "t ,p]sian influ5ces h be5 discov]$1 & ! m we advance t[>d mod]n times1 ! m ext5sive becomes ! mixture ( ?\ght1 & ! m difficult ! task ( assign+ to ea* nation ! %>e :i* x contribut$ to ! common intellectual curr5cy ( ! _w4 ,9 ,india alone1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,v$ic ,india1 we see a plant entirely gr[n on native soil1 & entirely nurtur$ by native air4 ,= ?is reason1 because ! religion ( ! ,v$a 0 s completely gu>d$ f all /range infections1 x is full ( lessons :i* ! /ud5t ( religion c\ld le>n n[h]e else4 ,n[ :at h ! critics ( ! ,v$a to say aga9/ ?is8 ,!y say t ! ,v$ic poems %[ cle> traces ( ,babylonian influ5ces4 ,i mu/ ent] into "s details1 because1 small z !y seem1 y c see t !y involve v wide consequ5ces4 ,!re is "o v]se 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 ,,viii4 #gh1 #b1abh :i* has be5 translat$ z foll[s3 ,oh ,indra1 br+ to u a brilliant jewel1 a c[1 a horse1 an ornam5t1 toge!r ) a gold5 ,mana4#abi ,n[ :at is a gold5 ,mana8 ,! ^w does n occur aga9 by itself1 ei!r 9 ! ,v$a or any:]e else1 & x has be5 id5tifi$ by ,v$ic s*ol>s ) ! ,lat9 m9a1 ! ,greek ,greek3 mna1 ! ,pho5ician manah 7,hebrew3 ,ma-ne71#acj ! well-kn[n weight :i* we actually possess n[ among ! treasures br\ght f ,babylon & ,n9eveh to ! ,briti% ,museum4#aca ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld be irrefragable evid5ce ( at all ev5ts a comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ,babylon & ,india at a v e>ly "t1 ?\gh x w\ld 9 no way prove a real influ5ce ( ,semitic on ,indian ?\ght4 ,b is x s8 ,if we translate saka mana hiranyaya by ) a m9a ( gold1 we mu/ take mana hiranyaya z in/rum5tal cases4 ,b saka nev] gov]ns an in/rum5tal case4 ,?is translation !re=e is impossible1 & al?\gh ! passage is difficult1 because mana does n occur aga9 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 ,i %\ld ?9k we might take mana hiranyaya = a dual1 & translate1 ,give u also two gold5 armlets4 ,to suppose t ! ,v$ic poets %\ld h borr[$ ?is "o ^w & ?is "o measure f ! ,babylonians1 w\ld be aga9/ all ! rules ( hi/orical criticism4 ,! ^w mana nev] occurs aga9 9 ! :ole ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 no o!r ,babylonian weight occurs aga9 9 ! :ole ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 & x is n likely t a poet :o asks = a c[ & a horse1 w\ld ask 9 ! same brea? = a =eign weight ( gold1 t is1 = ab\t sixty sov]eigns4 ,b ?is is n ! only loan t ,india has be5 suppos$ to h negotiat$ 9 ,babylon4 ,! tw5ty-sev5 ,nak%atras1 or ! tw5ty-sev5 con/ellations1 :i* 7 *os5 9 ,india z a k9d ( lun> ,zodiac1 7 suppos$ to h come f ,babylon4 ,n[ ! ,babylonian ,zodiac 0 sol>1 &1 9 spite ( repeat$ rese>*es1 no trace ( a lun> ,zodiac has be5 f\nd1 :]e s _m ?+s h be5 f\nd1 9 ! cunei=m inscriptions4 ,b suppos+ ev5 t a lun> ,zodiac _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,babylon1 no "o acqua9t$ ) ,v$ic lit]ature & ) ! anci5t ,v$ic c]emonial w\ld easily all[ himself to be p]suad$ t ! ,h9dus _h borr[$ t simple division ( ! sky f ! ,babylonians4 ,x is well kn[n t mo/ ( ! ,v$ic sacrifices dep5d on ! moon1 f> m ?an on ! sun4#acb ,z ! ,psalmi/ says1 ,he appo9t$ ! moon = seasons2 ! sun kn[e? 8 go+ d[n1 we read 9 ! ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #he1 #ah1 9 a v]se address$ to sun & moon1 ,!y walk by _! own p[]1 "o aft] ! o!r 7or f ea/ to we/71 z play+ *ildr5 !y g r\nd ! sacrifice4 ,! "o looks ^u all ! worlds1 ! o!r is born aga9 & aga91 det]m9+ ! seasons4 ,he becomes new & new1 :5 he is born2 z ! h]ald ( ! days1 he goes be=e ! dawns4 ,by 8 approa* he det]m9es _! %>e = ! gods1 ! moon increases a long life4 ,! moon1 !n1 det]m9es ! seasons1 ! ritus1 ! moon fixes ! %>e1 t is1 ! sacrificial oblation = all ! gods4 ,! seasons & ! sacrifices 7 9 fact s intimately connect$ toge!r 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! anci5t ,h9dus1 t "o ( ! commone/ names = prie/ 0 ritv-ig1 lit]ally1 ! season-sacrific]4 ,besides ! rites :i* h to be p]=m$ e day1 su* z ! five ,mahayagnz1 & ! ,agnihotra 9 ! morn+ & ! ev5+1 ! important sacrifices 9 ,v$ic times 7 ! ,full & ,new-moon sacrifices 7d>sapurnamasa72 ! ,season-sacrifices 7katurmasya71 ea* season consi/+ ( f\r mon?s2#acc & ! ,half-ye>ly sacrifices1 at ! two sol/ices4 ,!re are o!r sacrifices 7agrayana1 etc47 to be p]=m$ 9 autumn & summ]1 o!rs 9 w9t] & spr+1 :5ev] rice & b>ley are rip5+4#acd ,! regulation ( ! seasons1 z "o ( ! fundam5tal conditions ( an incipi5t society1 seems 9 fact to h be5 s intimately connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 z ! gu>dians ( ! seasons & ! protectors ( law & ord]1 t x is sometimes difficult to say :e!r 9 _! /at$ sacrifices ! ma9t5ance ( ! cal5d> or ! ma9t5ance ( ! wor%ip ( ! gods 0 m prom95t 9 ! m9ds ( ! old ,v$ic prie/s4 ,! tw5ty-sev5 ,nak%atras !n 7 cle>ly sugge/$ by ! moon's passage4#ace ,no?+ 0 m natural = ! sake ( c\nt+ days1 mon?s1 or seasons ?an to obs]ve ! tw5ty-sev5 places :i* ! moon occupi$ 9 h] passage f any po9t ( ! sky back to ! same po9t4 ,x 0 f> easi] ?an to det]m9e ! sun's position ei!r f day to day1 or f mon? to mon?2 = ! />s1 be+ h>dly visible at ! actual ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 ! idea ( ! sun's conjunction ) c]ta9 />s c\ld n sugge/ itself to a li/less obs]v]4 ,! moon1 on ! contr>y1 progress+ f night to night1 & com+ successively 9 contact ) c]ta9 />s1 0 l ! f+] ( a clock1 mov+ r\nd a circle1 & com+ 9 contact ) "o figure aft] ano!r on ! dial-plate ( ! sky4 ,nor w\ld ! portion ( ab\t "o ?ird ( a lunation 9 addition to ! tw5ty-sev5 />s f new moon to new moon1 create mu* confusion 9 ! m9ds ( ! r\gh-&-ready reckon]s ( ^? e>ly times4 ,all !y 7 conc]n$ ) 7 ! tw5ty-sev5 cele/ial /ations :i*1 aft] be+ once trac$ out by ! moon1 7 fix$1 l s _m mile-/ones1 = det]m9+ ! c\rse ( all ! cele/ial travell]s t c\ld be ( any int]e/ = signs & = seasons1 & = days & = ye>s4 ,a circle divid$ into tw5ty-sev5 sections1 or any tw5ty-sev5 poles plant$ 9 a circle at equal di/ances r\nd a h\se1 w\ld answ] ! purpose ( a primitive ,v$ic obs]vatory4 ,all t 0 want$ to be kn[n 0 betwe5 :i* pair ( poles ! moon1 or aft]w>d ! sun also1 0 visible at _! ris+ or sett+1 ! obs]v] occupy+ ! same c5tral position on e day4 ,our notions ( a/ronomy _c 9 fact be too crude & too imp]fect if we wi% to und]/& ! fir/ beg9n+s 9 ! reckon+ ( days & seasons & ye>s4 ,we _c expect 9 ^? days m ?an :at any %eph]d w\ld "k at pres5t ( ! sun & moon1 ! />s & seasons4 ,nor c we expect any obs]vations ( heav5ly ph5om5a unless !y _h "s be>+ on ! practical wants ( primitive society4 ,if !n we c wat* 9 ,india ! natural1 nay inevitable1 gr[? ( ! division ( ! heav5 into tw5ty-sev5 equal divisions1 ea* division m>k$ by />s1 :i* may h be5 obs]v$ & nam$ long be=e !y 7 us$ = ?is new purpose--if1 on ! o!r h&1 we c\ld h>dly und]/& ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! ,indian c]emonial except z det]m9$ by a k ( ! lun> a/]isms1 ! lun> mon?s1 & ! lun> seasons1 surely x w\ld be a s5seless hypo!sis to imag9e t ! ,v$ic %eph]ds or prie/s w5t to ,babylonia 9 se>* ( a k :i* e %eph]d might h acquir$ on ! banks ( ! ,indus1 & t1 aft] _! return f t c\ntry only1 :]e a language 0 spok5 :i* no ,h9du c\ld und]/&1 !y set to "w to compose _! sacr$ hymns & arrange _! simple c]emonial4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t :at is natural 9 "o place is natural 9 o!r places also1 & we may sum up )\t fe> ( s]i\s contradiction1 t no case has be5 made out 9 favor ( a =eign orig9 ( ! elem5t>y a/ronomical notions ( ! ,h9dus z f\nd or presuppos$ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns4#acf ,! ,arabs1 z is well kn[n1 h tw5ty-eight lun> /ations1 ! ,manzil1 & ,i c see no reason :y ,mohamm$ & 8 ,b$\9s 9 ! des]t %\ld n h made ! same obs]vation z ! ,v$ic poets 9 ,india1 ?\gh ,i mu/ admit at ! same "t t ,colebrooke has br\ght =w>d v cog5t argum5ts to prove t1 9 _! sci5tific employm5t at lea/1 ! ,arabic ,manzil 7 really borr[$ f an ,indian s\rce4#acg ,! ,*9ese1 too1 h _! fam\s lun> /ations1 ! ,sieu1 orig9ally tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 & aft]w>d rais$ to tw5ty-eight4#ach ,b "h aga9 !re is no necessity :atev] = admitt+1 ) ,biot1 ,lass51 & o!rs1 t ! ,h9dus w5t to ,*9a to ga9 _! simple/ elem5t>y notions ( lun> *rononomy4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,*9ese began ) tw5ty-f\r1 & rais$ !m to tw5ty-eight2 ! ,h9dus began ) tw5ty-sev51 & rais$ !m to tw5ty-eight4 ,secondly1 out ( ^! tw5ty-eight a/]isms1 !re are sev5te5 only :i* c really be id5tifi$ ) ! ,h9du />s 7t>as74 ,n[ if a sci5tific sy/em is borr[$1 x is borr[$ complete4 ,b1 9 our case1 ,i see really no possible *annel ?r\gh :i* ,*9ese a/ronomical k c\ld h be5 conduct$ to ,india s e>ly z #ajjj be=e our era4 ,9 ,*9ese lit]ature ,india is nev] m5tion$ be=e ! middle ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/2 & if ! ,kinas 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit lit]ature are meant = ,*9ese1 :i* is d\btful1 x is important to obs]ve t t "n nev] occurs 9 ,v$ic lit]ature4#aci ,:5 !re=e ! impossibility ( s e>ly a communication betwe5 ,*9a & ,india _h at la/ be5 recogniz$1 a new !ory 0 =m$1 namely1 t ! k ( ,*9ese a/ronomy 0 n import$ /raight f ,*9a to ,india1 b 0 c>ri$1 toge!r ) ! ,*9ese sy/em ( division ( ! heav5s into tw5ty-eight mansions1 into ,we/]n ,asia1 at a p]iod n mu* lat] ?an #aajj ,b4,c41 & 0 !n adopt$ by "s ,we/]n p1 ei!r ,semitic or ,iranian4 ,9 _! h&s x 0 suppos$ to h receiv$ a new =m1 su* z adapt$ x to a rud] & less sci5tific me?od ( obs]vation1 ! limit+ />s ( ! mansions be+ conv]t$ into zodiacal gr\ps or con/ellations1 & 9 "s in/ances alt]$ 9 position1 s z to be br\ght ne>] to ! g5]al planet>y pa? ( ! ecliptic4 ,9 ?is *ang$ =m1 hav+ become a means ( r\ghly det]m9+ & describ+ ! places & movem5ts ( ! planets1 x 0 believ$ to h pass$ into ! keep+ ( ! ,h9dus1 v probably along ) ! fir/ k ( ! planets !mselves1 & ent]$ ^u an indep5d5t c>e] ( hi/ory 9 ,india4 ,x /ill ma9ta9$ itself 9 its old seat1 leav+ its traces lat] 9 ! ,bundaha%2 & made its way s f> we/w>d z f9ally to become kn[n & adopt$ by ! ,arabs4 ,) due respect = ! a/ronomical k ( ^? :o hold ?is view1 all ,i c say is t ?is is a novel1 & no?+ b a novel1 )\t any facts to support x1 & t ! few facts :i* are kn[n to u d n enable a c>eful reason] to g beyond ! conclusions /at$ _m ye>s ago by ,colebrooke1 t ! ,h9dus _h und\bt$ly made "s progress at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! a/ronomy cultivat$ by !m = ! regulation ( "t4 ,_! cal5d>1 bo? civil & religi\s1 0 gov]n$ *iefly1 n exclusively1 by ! moon & ! sun2 & ! motions ( ^! lum9>ies 7 c>efully obs]v$ by !m1 & ) su* success t _! det]m9ation ( ! moon's synodical revolution1 :i* 0 :at !y 7 pr9cipally conc]n$ )1 is a mu* m correct "o ?an ! ,greeks ev] a*iev$4 ,!y _h a division ( ! ecliptic into tw5ty-sev5 & tw5ty-eight p>ts1 sugge/$ evid5tly by ! moon's p]iod 9 days1 & seem+ly _! own2 x 0 c]ta9ly borr[$ by ! ,arabians4 ,!re is "o m argum5t :i* has be5 adduc$ 9 support ( a ,babylonian1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a ,semitic influ5ce to be discov]$ 9 ,v$ic lit]ature :i* we mu/ %ortly exam9e4 ,x ref]s to ! /ory ( ! ,deluge4 ,t /ory1 z y "k1 has be5 trac$ 9 ! traditions ( _m races1 :i* c\ld n well h borr[$ x f "o ano!r2 & x 0 r a surprise t no allusion ev5 to a local deluge %\ld occur 9 any ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 p>ticul>ly z v elaborate acc\nts ( diff]5t k9ds ( deluges are f\nd 9 ! lat] ,epic poems1 & 9 ! /ill lat] ,puranz1 & =m 9 fact a v famili> subject 9 ! religi\s traditions ( ! p ( ,india4 ,?ree ( ! ,avat>as or inc>nations ( ,vi%nu are connect$ ) a deluge1 t ( ! ,fi%1 t ( ! ,tortoise1 & t ( ! ,bo>1 ,vi%nu 9 ea* case rescu+ mank9d f de/ruction by wat]1 by assum+ ! =m ( a fi%1 or a tortoise1 or a bo>4 ,?is be+ s1 x seem$ a v natural conclusion to make t1 z !re 0 no m5tion ( a deluge 9 ! mo/ anci5t lit]ature ( ,india1 t leg5d _h p5etrat$ into ,india f )\t at a lat] "t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,v$ic lit]ature became m g5]ally kn[n1 /ories ( a deluge 7 discov]$1 if n 9 ! hymns1 at lea/ 9 ! prose writ+s1 belong+ to ! second p]iod1 commonly call$ ! ,brahmana p]iod4 ,n only ! /ory ( ,manu & ! ,fi%1 b ! /ories ( ! ,tortoise & ( ! ,bo> also1 7 met ) !re 9 a m or less complete =m1 & ) ?is discov]y ! idea ( a =eign importation lo/ mu* ( its plausibility4 ,i %all read y at lea/ "o ( ^! acc\nts ( a ,deluge :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 & y c !n judge = y\rselves :e!r ! simil>ities betwe5 x & ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis are really su* z to require1 nay z to admit1 ! hypo!sis t ! ,h9dus borr[$ _! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge f _! ne>e/ ,semitic neighbors4 ,we read 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana ,i4 #h1 #a3 ,9 ! morn+ !y br\ght wat] to ,manu = wa%+1 z !y br+ x ev5 n[ = wa%+ our h&s4 ,:ile he 0 ?us wa%+1 a fi% came into 8 h&s4 #b4 ,! fi% spoke ?is ^w to ,manu3 ',keep me1 & ,i %all save !e4' ,manu said3 ',f :at wilt ?\ save me8' ,! fi% said3 ',a flood w c>ry away all ^! creatures1 & ,i %all save !e f x4' ,manu said3 ',h[ can/ ?\ be kept8' #c4 ,! fi% said3 ',s long z we are small1 !re is mu* de/ruction = u1 = fi% swall[s fi%4 ,keep me !re=e fir/ 9 a j>4 ,:5 ,i outgr[ t1 dig a hole & keep me 9 x4 ,:5 ,i outgr[ t1 take me to ! sea1 & ,i %all !n be beyond ! rea* ( de/ruction4' #d4 ,he became soon a l>ge fi% 7gha%a71 = su* a fi% gr[s l>ge/4 ,! fi% said3 ',9 su* & su* a ye> ! flood w come4 ,!re=e :5 ?\ ha/ built a %ip1 ?\ %alt m$itate on me4 ,& :5 ! flood has ris51 ?\ %alt ent] into ! %ip1 & ,i w save !e f ! flood4' #e4 ,hav+ ?us kept ! fi%1 ,manu took him to ! sea4 ,!n 9 ! same ye> :i* ! fi% _h po9t$ out1 ,manu1 hav+ built ! %ip1 m$itat$ on ! fi%4 ,& :5 ! flood _h ris51 ,manu ent]$ into ! %ip4 ,!n ! fi% swam t[>d him1 & ,manu fa/5$ ! rope ( ! %ip to ! fi%'s horn1 & he ?us ha/5$ t[>d#adj ! ,nor!rn ,m\nta94 #f4 ,! fi% said3 ',i h sav$ !e2 b9d ! %ip to a tree4 ,may ! wat] n cut !e (f1 :ile ?\ art on ! m\nta94 ,z ! wat] subsides1 d ?\ gradually slide d[n ) x4' ,manu !n slid d[n gradually ) ! wat]1 & !re=e ?is is call$ '! ,slope ( ,manu' on ! ,nor!rn ,m\nta94 ,n[ ! flood _h c>ri$ away all ^! creatures1 & ?us ,manu 0 left !re alone4 #g4 ,!n ,manu w5t ab\t s++ praises & toil+1 wi%+ = (fspr+4 ,& he sacrific$ !re also ) a ,paka-sacrifice4 ,he p\r$ cl>ifi$ butt]1 ?ick5$ milk1 :ey1 & curds 9 ! wat] z a libation4 ,9 "o ye> a woman arose f x4 ,%e came =? z if dripp+1 & cl>ifi$ butt] ga!r$ on h] /ep4 ,mitra & ,v>una came to meet h]4 #h4 ,!y said to h]3 ',:o art ?\8' ,%e said3 ',! daught] ( ,manu4' ,!y rejo9$3 ',say t ?\ art ours4' ',no1' %e said1 'he :o has begott5 me1 8 ,i am4' ,!n !y wi%$ h] to be _! si/]1 & %e half agre$ & half did n agree1 b w5t away1 & came to ,manu4 #i4 ,manu said to h]3 ',:o art ?\8' ,%e said3 ',i am ?y daught]4' ',h[1 lady1 art ?\ my daught]8' he ask$4 ,%e repli$3 ',! libations :i* ?\ ha/ p\r$ into ! wat]1 cl>ifi$ butt]1 ?ick5$ milk1 :ey & curds1 by !m ?\ ha/ begott5 me4 ,i am a b5$iction--p]=m 7me7 ?is b5$iction at ! sacrifices4 ,if ?\ p]=m 7me7 x at ! sacrifice1 ?\ wilt be ri* 9 (fspr+ & cattle4 ,& :atev] bless+ ?\ wilt ask by me1 w always accrue to !e4' ,he !re=e p]=m$ t b5$iction 9 ! middle ( ! sacrifice1 = ! middle ( ! sacrifice is t :i* comes betwe5 ! introductory & ! f9al (f]+s4 #aj4 ,!n ,manu w5t ab\t ) h]1 s++ praises & toil+1 wi%+ = (fspr+4 ,& ) h] he begat t (fspr+ :i* is call$ ! (fspr+ ( ,manu2 & :atev] bless+ he ask$ ) h]1 always accru$ to him4 ,%e is inde$ ,ida1 & :osoev]1 kn[+ ?is1 goes ab\t 7sacrifices7 ) ,ida1 begets ! same (fspr+ :i* ,manu begat1 & :atev] bless+ he asks ) h]1 always accrues to him4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is ! acc\nt ( a deluge1 & ,manu acts 9 "s respects ! same "p :i* is assign$ to ,noah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b if !re are simil>ities1 ?9k ( ! dissimil>ities1 & h[ !y are to be expla9$4 ,x is q cle> t1 if ?is /ory 0 borr[$ f a ,semitic s\rce1 x 0 n borr[$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = 9 t case x w\ld really seem impossible to acc\nt = ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two /ories4 ,t x may h be5 borr[$#ada f "s unkn[n ,semitic s\rce _c1 ( c\rse1 be disprov$1 because no tangible pro( has ev] be5 produc$ t w\ld admit ( be+ disprov$4 ,b if x 71 x w\ld be ! only ,semitic loan 9 anci5t ,sanskrit lit]ature--& t alone ought to make u pause6 ,! /ory ( ! bo> & ! tortoise too1 c be trac$ back to ! ,v$ic lit]ature4 ,= we read 9 ! ,taittiriya ,samhita3#adb ,at fir/ ?is 0 wat]1 fluid4 ,pragapati1 ! "l ( creatures1 hav+ become w9d1 mov$ on x4 ,he saw ?is e>?1 & becom+ a bo>1 he took x up4 ,becom+ ,visvak>man1 ! mak] ( all ?+s1 he clean$ x4 ,x spread & became ! widespread ,e>?1 & ?is is :y ! ,e>? is call$ ,pri?ivi1 ! widespread4 ,& we f9d 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana#adc ! foll[+ slight allusion at lea/ to ! tortoise my?3 ,pragapati1 assum+ ! =m ( a tortoise 7,kurma71 br\ght =? all creatures4 ,9 s f> z he br\ght !m =?1 he made !m 7ak>ot71 & because he made !m he 0 7call$7 tortoise 7,kurma74 ,a tortoise is 7call$7 ,kasyapa1 & !re=e all creatures are call$ ,kasyapa1 tortoise-l4 ,he :o 0 ?is tortoise 7,kurma7 0 really ,aditya 7! sun74 ,"o o!r allusion to some?+ l a deluge1#add important *iefly on acc\nt ( ! "n ( ,manu occurr+ 9 x1 has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! ,ka?aka 7,,xi4 #b71 :]e ?is %ort s5t5ce occurs3 ,! wat]s clean$ ?is1 ,manu alone rema9$4 ,all ?is %[s t ideas ( a deluge1 t is1 ( a subm]sion ( ! e>? by wat] & ( its rescue ?r\gh div9e aid1 7 n altoge!r unkn[n 9 ! e>ly traditions ( ,india1 :ile 9 lat] times !y 7 embodi$ 9 sev]al ( ! ,avat>as ( ,vi%nu4 ,:5 we exam9e ! num]\s acc\nts ( a deluge among diff]5t nations 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w1 we c easily p]ceive t !y d n ref] to "o s+le hi/orical ev5t1 b to a natural ph5om5on repeat$ e ye>1 namely1 ! deluge or flood ( ! ra9y season or ! w9t]4#ade ,?is is n[h]e cle>] ?an 9 ,babylon4 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t ! twelve cantos ( ! poem ( ,izdub> or ,nimrod ref] to ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye> & ! twelve repres5tative signs ( ! ,zodiac4 ,dr4 ,haupt aft]w>d po9t$ out t ,eabani1 ! wise bull-man 9 ! second canto1 corresponds to ! second mon?1 ,ijj>1 ,april-,may1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,zodiac by ! bull2 t ! union betwe5 ,eabani & ,nimrod 9 ! ?ird canto corresponds to ! ?ird mon?1 ,sivan1 ,may-,june1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,zodiac by ! tw9s2 t ! sickness ( ,nimrod 9 ! sev5? canto corresponds to ! sev5? mon?1 ,ti%ri1 ,septemb]-,octob]1 :5 ! sun beg9s to wane2 & t ! flood 9 ! elev5? canto corresponds to ! elev5? mon?1 ,%abatu1 d$icat$ to ! /orm-god ,rimmon1#adf repres5t$ 9 ! ,zodiac by ! wat]man4#adg ,if t is s1 we h surely a "r to claim ! same natural orig9 = ! /ory ( ! ,deluge 9 ,india :i* we are b\nd to admit 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,& ev5 if x c\ld be prov$ t 9 ! =m 9 :i* ^! leg5ds h rea*$ u 9 ,india !y %[ traces ( =eign influ5ces1#adh ! fact w\ld /ill rema9 t su* influ5ces h be5 p]ceiv$ 9 comp>atively mod]n treatises only1 & n 9 ! anci5t hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,o!r conjectures h be5 made ) ev5 less f\ndation ?an t :i* w\ld place ! anci5t poets ( ,india "u ! influ5ce ( ,babylon4 ,*9a has be5 appeal$ to1 nay ev5 ,p]sia1 ,p>?ia1 & ,bactria1 c\ntries beyond ! rea* ( ,india at t e>ly "t ( :i* we are "h speak+1 & probably n ev5 !n consolidat$ into indep5d5t nations or k+doms4 ,i only wond] t traces ( ! lo/ ,jewi% tribes h n be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,v$as1 consid]+ t ,afghani/an has s (t5 be5 po9t$ out z "o ( _! favorite retreats4 ,aft] hav+ ?us c>efully exam9$ all ! traces ( suppos$ =eign influ5ces t h be5 br\ght =w>d by v>i\s s*ol>s1 ,i ?9k ,i may say t !re really is no trace :atev] ( any =eign influ5ce 9 ! language1 ! religion1 or ! c]emonial ( ! anci5t ,v$ic lit]ature ( ,india4 ,z x /&s be=e u n[1 s x has gr[n up1 protect$ by ! m\nta9 ramp>ts 9 ! nor?1 ! ,indus & ! ,des]t 9 ! we/1 ! ,indus or :at 0 call$ ! sea 9 ! s\?1 & ! ,ganges 9 ! ea/4 ,x pres5ts u ) a home-gr[n poetry & a home-gr[n religion2 & hi/ory has pres]v$ to u at lea/ ?is "o relic1 9 ord] to tea* u :at ! human m9d c a*ieve if left to itself1 surr\nd$ by a sc5]y & by conditions ( life t might h made man's life on e>? a p>adise1 if man did n possess ! /range art ( turn+ ev5 a p>adise into a place ( mis]y4#adi ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #abg3 ,if we appli$ ! "n ( lit]ature to ! cyl9d]s ( ,babylon & ! papyri ( ,egypt1 we %\ld h to admit t "s ( ^! docum5ts are m anci5t ?an any date we d>e z yet assign to ! hymns collect$ 9 ! t5 books ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,footnote #abh3 ,a nah bh>a vyanganam gam asvam abhyanganam ,saka mana hiranyaya4 ,footnote #abi3 ,grassman translates1 ,zuglei* mit gold5em ,g]ae?2 ,ludwig1 ,zusammt mit gold5em ,zi]ra?2 ,zimm]1 ,und e9e ,mana gold4 ,! ,pet]sburg ,diction>y expla9s mana by e9 be/immtes ,g]ae? od] ,gewi*t 7,gold74 ,footnote #acj3 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,haupt1 ,die ,sum]is*-akkadis*e ,spra*e1 p4 #bgb1 mana is an ,akkadian ^w4 ,footnote #aca3 ,accord+ to ! weights ( ! lions & ducks pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 an ,assyrian m9a 0 #ggdg gra9s4 ,! same diff]5ce is /ill pres]v$ to ! pres5t day1 z ! man ( ,%iraz & ,bagdad is j d\ble t ( ,tabraz & ,bu%ir1 ! av]age ( ! =m] be+ #ad4j & t ( ! latt] only #f4ihe4 ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #acb3 ,preface to ! f\r? volume ( my edition ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 p4 li4 ,footnote #acc3 ,vaisvadevam on ! full-moon ( ,phalguna1 ,v>unapraghasah on ! full-moon ( ,a%adha1 ,sakam$hah on ! full-moon ( ,krittika1 see ,boehtl+k1 ,diction>y1 s4 v4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see ,vi%nu-smriti1 ed4 ,jolly ,,lix4 #d2 ,aryabhata1 ,introduction4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,preface to vol4 iv4 ( ,rig-,v$a1 p4 li4 7#ahfb74 ,footnote #acf3 ,see ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 pp4 #ceb-ceg4 ,footnote #acg3 ,l4 c4 p4 lxx4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 xlvii4 ,footnote #aci3 ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata & else:]e ! ,kinas are m5tion$ among ! ,dasyus or non-,aryan races 9 ! nor? & 9 ! ea/ ( ,india4 ,k+ ,bhagadatta is said to h _h an army ( ,kinas & ,kiratas17,b#a7 & ! ,pandavas are said to rea* ! t[n ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,kul9das1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntries ( ,kinas1 ,tukh>as1 & ,d>adas4 ,all ?is is z vague z e?nological indications g5]ally are 9 ! late epic poetry ( ,india4 ,! only possibly real elem5t is t ,kirata & ,kina soldi]s are call$ kankana1 gold or yell[ color$17,b#b7 & comp>$ to a =e/ ( ,k>nik>as1 :i* 7 trees ) yell[ fl[]s47,b#c7 ,9 ,mahabh4 ,,vi4 #i1 v4 #cgc1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cdd1 ! ,kinas occur 9 company ) ,kambogz & ,yavanas1 :i* aga9 conveys no?+ def9ite4 ,b#a3 ,lass51 i4 p4 #ajbi2 ,mahabh4 ,,iii4 #aag1 v4 #ab1cej2 vol4 i4 p4 #fai4 ,b#b3 ,mahabh4 ,v4 #ah1 v4 #ehd2 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajf4 ,b#c3 ,see ,vakaspatya s4 v42 ,kaskx ,k>nik>agaurah4 ,*9ese s*ol>s tell u t ! "n ( ,*9a is ( mod]n orig91 & only dates f ! ,?s9 dyna/y or f ! fam\s ,emp]or ,%i hoang-ti1 #bdg ,b4,c4 ,b ! "n itself1 ?\gh 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 occurs 9 e>li] docum5ts1 & may1 z ,lass5 ?9ks17,b#d7 h become kn[n to ! ,we/]n neighbors ( ,*9a4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t ! ,s9im too1 m5tion$ 9 ,isaiah xlix4 #ab1 h be5 tak5 by ! old comm5tators = p ( ,*9a1 visit+ ,babylon z m]*ants & travell]s4 ,b#d3 ,lass51 vol4 i4 p4 #ajbi1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #adj3 ,i pref] n[ ! read+ ( ! ,kanva-sakha1 abhidudrava1 in/ead ( atidudrava or adhidudrava ( ! o!r ,,mss4 ,see ,web]1 ,ind4 ,/reif51 i4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ada3 ,x is n necess>y to e/abli% lit]>y borr[+2 = on ! !ory ( ,bible inspiration & tru/wor?9ess we mu/ assume t ! ,aryans z well z ! ,semites 7 sav$ 9 ! ark4 ,! /ory ( a flood supports ! /ory ( ! flood to a c]ta9 ext5t4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #adb3 ,,vii4 #a1 #e1 #a seq42 ,muir1 i4 p4 #eb2 ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 i4 #ge4 ,footnote #adc3 ,,vii4 #e1 #a1 #e2 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 i4 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #add3 ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/reif51 i4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ade3 ,see ,lecture ,v4 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #adf3 ,m accurately ,ramanu1 ! ,vul or /orm-god ( ,george ,smi?2 & ! god ( ! ,m9d & high] intellect at ,babylon4 ,8 arcane "n is said to h be5 ,yav1 ,hebrew3 ,,yh: or ,greek3 ,iao4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ,haupt1 ,d] ,keil9s*riftli*e ,s9tflu?b]i*t1 #ahha1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,m4 ,m41 ,g5esis & ,ave/a 7,g]man translation71 i4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #adi3 ,no "o is m compet5t ?an ! le>n$ au?or to give a v]dict on all ! evid5ce :i* has be5 ga!r$2 b we are only at ! beg9n+ ( rese>* into ! int]c\rse ( mank9d 9 remote times1 & mu* t 0 once ?\ght home-gr[n has already be5 trac$ to di/ant po9ts4 ,x is 9 ! g5]al l9e ( progress 9 rese>* t m evid5ce may be expect$ to connect ,v$ic ?\ght ) o!r cultures4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,v$a4 ,al?\gh !re is h>dly any dep>tm5t ( le>n+ :i* has n receiv$ new light & new life f ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india1 yet n[h]e is ! light t comes to u f ,india s important1 s novel1 & s ri* z 9 ! /udy ( religion & my?ology4 ,x is to ?is subject !re=e t ,i mean to devote ! rema9+ lectures ( ?is c\rse4 ,i d s1 p>tly because ,i feel myself mo/ at home 9 t anci5t _w ( ,v$ic lit]ature 9 :i* ! g]ms ( ,aryan religion h to be /udi$1 p>tly because ,i believe t = a prop] und]/&+ ( ! deepe/ convictions1 or1 if y l1 ! /ronge/ prejudices ( ! mod]n ,h9dus1 no?+ is s useful z a k ( ! ,v$a4 ,x is p]fectly true t no?+ w\ld give a fals] impression ( ! actual ,brahmanical religion ?an ! anci5t ,v$ic lit]ature1 suppos+ we 7 to imag9e t ?ree ?\s& ye>s c\ld h pass$ ov] ,india )\t produc+ any *ange4 ,su* a mi/ake w\ld be ne>ly z absurd z to d5y any diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,v$ic ,sanskrit & ! spok5 ,b5gali4 ,b no "o w ga9 a s*ol>like k or a true insight into ! secret spr+s ( ,b5gali :o is ignorant ( ! gramm> ( ,sanskrit2 & no "o w ev] und]/& ! pres5t religi\s1 philosophical1 legal1 & social op9ions ( ! ,h9dus :o is unable to trace !m back to _! true s\rces 9 ! ,v$a4 ,i /ill rememb] h[1 _m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i began to publi% = ! fir/ "t ! text & ! comm5t>y ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 x 0 argu$ by a c]ta91 p]haps n q dis9t]e/$ p>ty1 t ! ,v$a 0 p]fectly useless2 t no man 9 ,india1 h[ev] le>n$1 c\ld read x1 & t x 0 ( no use ei!r = mission>ies or = any "o else :o wi%$ to /udy & to influ5ce ! native m9d4 ,x 0 said t we ought to /udy ! lat] ,sanskrit1 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 ! epic poems1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! ,puranz4 ,! ,v$a might d v well = ,g]man /ud5ts1 b n = ,engli%m54 ,!re 0 no excuse = su* ignorant ass]tions ev5 ?irty ye>s ago1 = 9 ^! v books1 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 & 9 ! ,puranz1 ! ,v$a is ev]y:]e proclaim$ z ! highe/ au?ority 9 all matt]s ( religion4#aej ,a ,brahman1 says ,manu1 unle>n$ 9 holy writ1 is ext+ui%$ 9 an in/ant l dry grass on fire4 ,a twice-born man 7t is1 a ,brahmana1 a ,k%atriya1 & a ,vaisya7 n hav+ /udi$ ! ,v$a1 soon falls1 ev5 :5 liv+1 to ! condition ( a ,sudra1 & 8 desc5dants aft] him4 ,h[ f> ?is lic5se ( ignorant ass]tion may be c>ri$ is %[n by ! same au?orities :o d5i$ ! importance ( ! ,v$a = a hi/orical /udy ( ,indian ?\ght1 boldly *>g+ ^? wily prie/s1 ! ,brahmans1 ) hav+ )held _! sacr$ lit]ature f any b _! own ca/e4 ,n[1 s f> f )hold+ x1 ! ,brahmans h always be5 /riv+1 & (t5 /riv+ 9 va91 to make ! /udy ( _! sacr$ lit]ature obligatory on all ca/es except ! ,sudras1 & ! passages j quot$ f ,manu %[ :at p5alties 7 ?reat5$ if *ildr5 ( ! second & ?ird ca/es1 ! ,k%atriyas & ,vaisyas1 7 n in/ruct$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans4 ,at pres5t ! ,brahmans !mselves h spok51 & ! reception !y h accord$ to my edition ( ! ,rig-,v$a#aea & its native comm5t>y1 ! zeal ) :i* !y h !mselves tak5 up ! /udy ( ,v$ic lit]ature1 & ! e>ne/ness ) :i* diff]5t sects are /ill discuss+ ! prop] use t %\ld be made ( _! anci5t religi\s writ+s1 %[ abundantly t a ,sanskrit s*ol> ignorant (1 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 det]m9$ to ignore ! ,v$a1 w\ld be n mu* bett] ?an a ,hebrew s*ol> ignorant ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to give y "s *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ! religion & poetry ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,!y c only be few1 & z !re is no?+ l sy/em or unity ( plan 9 t collection ( #ajag hymns1 :i* we call ! ,samhita ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ,i _c promise t !y w give y a complete panoramic view ( t intellectual _w 9 :i* our ,v$ic ance/ors pass$ _! life on e>?4 ,i c\ld n ev5 answ] ! "q1 if y 7 to ask x :e!r ! religion ( ! ,v$a 0 poly!i/ic or mono!i/ic4 ,mono!i/ic1 9 ! usual s5se ( t ^w1 x is decid$ly n1 ?\gh !re are hymns t ass]t ! unity ( ! ,div9e z fe>lessly z any passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ! ,koran4 ,?us "o poet says 7,rig-,v$a ,i4 #afd1 #df73 ,t :i* is "o1 sages "n x 9 v>i\s ways--!y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mat>isvan4 ,ano!r poet says3 ,! wise poets repres5t by _! words ,him :o is "o ) beautiful w+s1 9 _m ways4#aeb ,& aga9 we he> ( a be+ call$ ,hiranyag>bha1 ! gold5 g]m 7:atev] ! orig9al ( t "n may h be571 ( :om ! poet says3#aec ,9 ! beg9n+ !re arose ,hiranyag>bha2 he 0 ! "o born "l ( all ?is4 ,he e/abli%$ ! e>? & ?is sky4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,t ,hiranyag>bha1 ! poet says1 is alone ,god above all gods 7yah deve%u adhi devah ekah asit7--an ass]tion ( ! unity ( ! ,div9e :i* c\ld h>dly be exce$$ 9 /r5g? by any passage f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b by ! side ( su* passages1 :i* are few 9 numb]1 !re are ?\s&s 9 :i* ev] s _m div9e be+s are prais$ & pray$ to4 ,ev5 _! numb] is sometimes giv5 z ?rice elev5#aed or ?irty-?ree1 & "o poet assigns elev5 gods to ! sky1 elev5 to ! e>?1 & elev5 to ! wat]s1#aee ! wat]s "h int5d$ be+ ^? ( ! atmosph]e & ! cl\ds4 ,^! ?irty-?ree gods h ev5 wives apportion$ to !m1#aef ?\gh few ( ^! only h z yet atta9$ to ! honor ( a "n4#aeg ,^! ?irty-?ree gods1 h[ev]1 by no means include all ! ,v$ic gods1 = su* important deities z ,agni1 ! fire1 ,soma1 ! ra91 ! ,m>uts or ,/orm-gods1 ! ,asv9s1 ! gods ( ,morn+ & ,ev5+1 ! ,wat]s1 ! ,dawn1 ! ,sun are m5tion$ sep>ately2 & !re are n want+ passages 9 :i* ! poet is c>ri$ away into exagg]ations1 till he proclaims ! numb] ( 8 gods to be1 n only ?irty-?ree1 b ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-n9e4#aeh ,if !re=e !re mu/ be a "n = ! religion ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 poly!ism w\ld seem at fir/ sight ! mo/ appropriate4 ,poly!ism1 h[ev]1 has assum$ ) u a mean+ :i* r5d]s x totally inapplicable to ! ,v$ic religion4 ,our ideas ( poly!ism be+ *iefly d]iv$ f ,greece & ,rome1 we und]/& by x a c]ta9 m or less organiz$ sy/em ( gods1 diff]5t 9 p[] & rank1 & all subord9ate to a supreme ,god1 a ,zeus or ,jupit]4 ,! ,v$ic poly!ism diff]s f ! ,greek & ,roman poly!ism1 &1 ,i may add1 likewise f ! poly!ism ( ! ,ural-,altaic1 ! ,polynesian1 ! ,am]ican1 & mo/ ( ! ,african races1 9 ! same mann] z a conf$]acy ( village communities diff]s f a mon>*y4 ,!re are traces ( an e>li] /age ( village-community life to be discov]$ 9 ! lat] republican & mon>*ical con/itutions1 & 9 ! same mann] no?+ c be cle>]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,greece1 ?an t ! mon>*y ( ,zeus 0 prec$$ by :at may be call$ ! sept>*y ( sev]al ( ! great gods ( ,greece4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! my?ology ( ! ,teutonic nations also4#aei ,9 ! ,v$a1 h[ev]1 ! gods wor%ipp$ z supreme by ea* sept /& /ill side by side4 ,no "o is fir/ always1 no "o is la/ always4 ,ev5 gods ( a decid$ly inf]ior & limit$ "* assume occasionally 9 ! eyes ( a devot$ poet a supreme place above all o!r gods4#afj ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! purpose ( accurate reason+1 to h a "n1 diff]5t f poly!ism1 to signify ?is wor%ip ( s+le gods1 ea* occupy+ = a "t a supreme position1 & ,i propos$ = x ! "n ( ,ka!no!ism1 t is1 a wor%ip ( "o god aft] ano!r1 or ( ,h5o!ism1 ! wor%ip ( s+le gods4 ,?is %ort] "n ( ,h5o!ism has f\nd m g5]al acceptance1 z convey+ m def9itely ! opposition betwe5 ,mono!ism1 ! wor%ip ( "o only ,god1 & ,h5o!ism1 ! wor%ip ( s+le gods2 &1 if b prop]ly def9$1 x w answ] its purpose v well4 ,h[ev]1 9 rese>*es ( ?is k9d we _c be too mu* on our gu>d aga9/ te*nical t]ms4 ,!y are inevitable1 ,i "k2 b !y are almo/ always mislead+4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a hymn address$ to ! ,indus & ! riv]s t fall into x1 ( :i* ,i hope to read y a translation1 because x det]m9es v accurately ! geographical sc5e on :i* ! poets ( ! ,v$a pass$ _! life4 ,n[ native s*ol>s call ^! riv]s d e v a t a s or deities1 & ,european translators too speak ( !m z gods & goddesses4 ,b 9 ! language us$ by ! poet ) reg>d to ! ,indus & ! o!r riv]s1 !re is no?+ to ju/ify u 9 say+ t he consid]$ ^! riv]s z gods & goddesses1 unless we mean by gods & goddesses some?+ v diff]5t f :at ! ,greeks call$ ,riv]-gods & ,riv]-goddesses1 ,nymphs1 ,najades1 or ev5 ,muses4 ,& :at applies to ^! riv]s applies m or less to all ! objects ( ,v$ic wor%ip4 ,!y all are /ill oscillat+ betwe5 :at is se5 by ! s5ses1 :at is creat$ by fancy1 & :at is po/ulat$ by ! und]/&+2 !y are ?+s1 p]sons1 causes1 accord+ to ! v>y+ disposition ( ! poets2 & if we call !m gods or goddesses1 we mu/ rememb] ! rem>k ( an anci5t native !ologian1 :o rem9ds u t by d e v a t a or deity he means no m ?an ! object celebrat$ 9 a hymn1 :ile ,r i s h i or se] means no m ?an ! subject or ! au?or ( a hymn4 ,x is difficult to treat ( ! s-call$ gods celebrat$ 9 ! ,v$a accord+ to any sy/em1 = ! simple reason t ! concepts ( ^! gods & ! hymns address$ to !m sprang up spontane\sly & )\t any pre-e/abli%$ plan4 ,x is be/ p]haps = our purpose to foll[ an anci5t ,brahmanical writ]1 :o is suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,he tells u ( /ud5ts ( ! ,v$a1 be=e 8 "t1 :o admitt$ ?ree deities only1 viz41 ,a g n i or fire1 ^: place is on ! e>?2 ,v a y u or ,i n d r a1 ! w9d & ! god ( ! ?und]/orm1 ^: place is 9 ! air2 & ,s u r y a1 ! sun1 ^: place is 9 ! sky4 ,^! deities1 !y ma9ta9$1 receiv$ sev]ally _m appellations1 9 consequ5ce ( _! greatness1 or ( ! div]sity ( _! functions1 j z a prie/1 accord+ to ! functions :i* he p]=ms at v>i\s sacrifices1 receives v>i\s names4 ,?is is "o view ( ! ,v$ic gods1 &1 ?\gh too n>r[1 x _c be d5i$ t !re is "s tru? 9 x4 ,a v useful division ( ! ,v$ic gods might be made1 & has be5 made by ,yaska1 into t]re/rial1 a]ial1 & cele/ial1 & if ! old ,h9du !ologians meant no m ?an t all ! manife/ations ( div9e p[] 9 nature might be trac$ back to ?ree c5tres ( =ce1 "o 9 ! sky1 "o 9 ! air1 & "o on ! e>?1 he des]ves great cr$it = 8 sagacity4 ,b he himself p]ceiv$ evid5tly t ?is g5]alization 0 n q applicable to all ! gods1 & he goes on to say3 ,or1 x may be1 ^! gods are all di/9ct be+s1 = ! praises address$ to !m are di/9ct1 & _! appellations also4 ,?is is q "r4 ,x is ! v object ( mo/ ( ^! div9e names to imp>t di/9ct individuality to ! manife/ations ( ! p[]s ( nature2 & ?\gh ! philosoph] or ! inspir$ poet might p]ceive t ^! num]\s names 7 b names1 :ile t :i* 0 nam$ 0 "o & "o only1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly n ! idea ( mo/ ( ! ,v$ic ,ri%is !mselves1 /ill less ( ! p :o li/5$ to _! songs at fairs & fe/ivals4 ,x is ! peculi> "* ( t phase ( religi\s ?\ght :i* we h to /udy 9 ! ,v$a1 t 9 x ! ,div9e is conceiv$ & repres5t$ z manifold1 & t _m functions are %>$ 9 common by v>i\s gods1 no attempt hav+ yet be5 made at organiz+ ! :ole body ( ! gods1 %>ply sep>at+ "o f ! o!r1 & subord9at+ all ( !m to sev]al or1 9 ! end1 to "o supreme head4 ,avail+ ourselves ( ! division ( ! ,v$ic gods into t]re/rial1 a]ial1 & cele/ial1 z propos$ by "s ( ! e>lie/ ,indian !ologians1 we %\ld h to beg9 ) ! gods connect$ ) ! e>?4 ,be=e we exam9e !m1 h[ev]1 we h fir/ to consid] "o ( ! e>lie/ objects ( wor%ip & adoration1 namely ,e>? & ,heav51 or ,heav5 & ,e>?1 conceiv$ z a div9e c\ple4 ,n only 9 ,india1 b among _m o!r nations1 bo? savage1 half-savage1 or civiliz$1 we meet ) ,heav5 & ,e>? z "o ( ! e>lie/ objects1 pond]$ on1 transfigur$1 & animat$ by ! e>ly poets1 & m or less cle>ly conceiv$ by e>ly philosoph]s4 ,x is surpris+ t x %\ld be s1 = ! conception ( ! ,e>? z an indep5d5t be+1 & ( ,heav5 z an indep5d5t be+1 & !n ( bo? toge!r z a div9e c\ple embrac+ ! :ole univ]se1 requires a consid]able ef=t ( ab/raction1 f> m ?an ! concepts ( o!r div9e p[]s1 su* z ! ,fire1 ! ,ra91 ! ,lightn+1 or ! ,sun4 ,/ill s x is1 & z x may help u to und]/& ! ideas ab\t ,heav5 & ,e>?1 z we f9d !m 9 ! ,v$a1 & %[ u at ! same "t ! /rong contra/ betwe5 ! my?ology ( ! ,aryans & t ( real savages 7a contra/ ( great importance1 ?\gh ,i admit v difficult to expla971 ,i %all read y fir/ "s extracts f a book1 publi%$ by a fri5d ( m9e1 ! ,rev4 ,william ,wyatt ,gill1 = _m ye>s an active & mo/ successful mission>y 9 ,mangaia1 "o ( ^? ,polynesian isl&s t =m a girdle r\nd "o qu>t] ( our globe1#afa & all %>e 9 ! same language1 ! same religion1 ! same my?ology1 & ! same cu/oms4 ,! book is call$ ,my?s & ,songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific1#afb & x is full ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( my?ology & religion4 ,! /ory1 z told him by ! natives ( ,mangaia1 runs z foll[s3#afc ,! sky is built ( solid blue /one4 ,at "o "t x almo/ t\*$ ! e>?2 re/+ ^u ! /\t broad leaves ( ! t e v e 7:i* atta9s ! height ( ab\t six feet7 & ! delicate indig5\s arr[-root 7^: sl5d] /em r>ely exce$s ?ree feet74444 ,9 ?is n>r[ space betwe5 e>? & sky ! inhabitants ( ?is _w 7 p5t up4 ,ru1 ^: usual resid5ce 0 9 ,avaiki1 or ! %ades1 _h come up = a "t to ?is _w ( ours4 ,pity+ ! wret*$ conf9$ resid5ce ( ! inhabitants1 he employ$ himself 9 endeavor+ to raise ! sky a little4 ,= ?is purpose he cut a numb] ( /rong /akes ( diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 & firmly plant$ !m 9 ! gr\nd at ,rangimotia1 ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 & ) him ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,?is 0 a consid]able improvem5t1 z mortals 7 !reby enabl$ to /& erect & to walk ab\t )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,h5ce ,ru 0 nam$ ',! sky-support]4' ,:]e=e ,teka s+s 7#agid73 ',=ce up ! sky1 ,o ,ru1 ,& let ! space be cle>6' ,"o day :5 ! old man 0 survey+ 8 "w1 8 graceless son ,maui contemptu\sly ask$ him :at he 0 do+ !re4 ,ru repli$3 ',:o told y\ng/]s to talk8 ,take c>e ( y\rself1 or ,i w hurl y out ( exi/5ce4' ',d x1 !n1' %\t$ ,maui4 ,ru 0 z good z 8 ^w1 & =?) seiz$ ,maui1 :o 0 small ( /ature1 & ?rew him to a great height4 ,9 fall+ ,maui assum$ ! =m ( a bird1 & lightly t\*$ ! gr\nd1 p]fectly unh>m$4 ,maui1 n[ ?ir/+ = rev5ge1 9 a mom5t resum$ 8 natural =m1 b exagg]at$ to gigantic proportions1 & ran to 8 fa!r1 say+3 ',ru1 :o supporte/ ! _m heav5s1 ,! ?ird1 ev5 to ! highe/1 asc5d6' ,ins]t+ 8 head betwe5 ! old man's legs1 he ex]t$ all 8 prodigi\s /r5g?1 & hurl$ poor ,ru1 sky & all1 to a trem5d\s height--s high1 inde$1 t ! blue sky c\ld nev] get back aga94 ,unluckily1 h[ev]1 = ! sky-support+ ,ru1 8 head & %\ld]s got entangl$ among ! />s4 ,he /ruggl$ h>d1 b fruitlessly1 to extricate himself4 ,maui walk$ (f well pleas$ ) hav+ rais$ ! sky to its pres5t height1 b left half 8 fa!r's body & bo? 8 legs +lori\sly susp5d$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,?us p]i%$ ,ru4 ,8 body rott$ away1 & 8 bones came tumbl+ d[n f "t to "t1 & 7 %iv]$ on ! e>? into c\ntless fragm5ts4 ,^! %iv]$ bones ( ,ru are scatt]$ ov] e hill & valley ( ,mangaia1 to ! v edge ( ! sea4 ,:at ! natives call ! bones ( ,ru 7t e i v i o ,r u7 are pieces ( pumice-/one4 ,n[ let u consid]1 fir/ ( all1 :e!r ?is /ory1 :i* ) slight v>iations is told all ov] ! ,polynesian isl&s1#afd is pure nons5se1 or :e!r !re 0 orig9ally "s s5se 9 x4 ,my conviction is t nons5se is ev]y:]e ! *ild ( s5se1 only t un=tunately _m *ildr51 l t y\ng/] ,maui1 consid] !mselves mu* wis] ?an _! fa!rs1 & occasionally succe$ 9 hurl+ !m out ( exi/5ce4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( _m ( ! anci5t my?s t !y repres5t ev5ts :i* happ5 e day1 or e ye>1 z hav+ happ5$ once ^u a "t4#afe ,! daily battle betwe5 day & night1 ! ye>ly battle betwe5 w9t] & spr+1 are repres5t$ almo/ l hi/orical ev5ts1 & "s ( ! episodes & t\*es belong+ orig9ally to ^! con/ant battles ( nature1 h c]ta9ly be5 transf]r$ into & mix$ up ) battles t took place at a c]ta9 "t1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! siege ( ,troy4 ,:5 hi/orical recollections fail$1 leg5d>y acc\nts ( ! anci5t battles betwe5 ,night & ,morn+1 ,w9t] & ,spr+1 7 always at h&2 &1 z 9 mod]n times we con/antly he> good /ories1 :i* we h kn[n f our *ildhood1 told aga9 & aga9 ( any man :om !y seem to fit1 9 ! same mann]1 9 anci5t times1 any act ( pr[ess1 or d>+1 or mis*ief1 orig9ally told ( ! sun1 ! ori5t ,conqu]or ( gloomy ,night1 0 readily transf]r$ to & believ$ ( any local h]o :o might seem to be a second ,jupit]1 or ,m>s1 or ,h]cules4 ,i h little d\bt !re=e t z ! acc\nts ( a deluge1 = in/ance1 :i* we f9d almo/ ev]y:]e1 are orig9ally recollections ( ! annual torr5ts ( ra9 or sn[ t cov]$ ! little worlds )9 ! k5 ( ! anci5t village-b>ds1#aff ?is te>+ asund] ( heav5 & e>? too 0 orig9ally no m ?an a description ( :at might be se5 e morn+4 ,dur+ a d>k night ! sky seem$ to cov] ! e>?2 ! two seem$ to be "o1 & c\ld n be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r4#afg ,!n came ! ,dawn1 :i* ) its bright rays lift$ ! cov]+ ( ! d>k night to a c]ta9 po9t1 till at la/ ,maui appe>$1 small 9 /ature1 a m]e *ild1 t is1 ! sun ( ! morn+--?r[n up sudd5ly1 z x 71 :5 8 fir/ rays %ot ?r\gh ! sky f b5ea? ! horizon1 !n fall+ back to ! e>?1 l a bird1 & ris+ 9 gigantic =m on ! morn+ sky4 ,! dawn n[ 0 hurl$ away1 & ! sky 0 se5 lift$ high above ! e>?2 & ,maui1 ! sun1 m>*$ on well pleas$ ) hav+ rais$ ! sky to its pres5t height4 ,:y pumice-/one %\ld be call$ ! bones ( ,ru1 we _c tell1 )\t kn[+ a great deal m ( ! language ( ,mangaia ?an we d at pres5t4 ,x is mo/ likely an indep5d5t say+1 & 0 aft]w>d unit$ ) ! /ory ( ,ru & ,maui4 ,n[ ,i mu/ quote at lea/ a few extracts f a ,maori leg5d z writt5 d[n by ,judge ,mann+3#afh ,?is is ! ,g5esis ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s3 ,! ,heav5s :i* are above u1 & ! ,e>? :i* lies b5ea? u1 are ! prog5itors ( m51 & ! orig9 ( all ?+s4 ,=m]ly ! ,heav5 lay ^u ! ,e>?1 & all 0 d>kness4444 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,heav5 & ,e>? s\ght to discov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & d>kness1 betwe5 day & night4444 ,s ! sons ( ,rangi 7,heav57 & ( ,papa 7,e>?7 consult$ toge!r1 & said1 ',let u seek means :]eby to de/roy ,heav5 & ,e>?1 or to sep>ate !m f ea* o!r4' ,!n said ,tumatau5ga 7! ,god ( ,w>71 ',let u de/roy !m bo?4' ,!n said ,tane-,mahuta 7! ,=e/ ,god71 ',n s2 let !m be sep>at$4 ,let "o ( !m g upw>d & become a /rang] to u2 let ! o!r rema9 bel[ & be a p>5t = u4' ,!n f\r ( ! gods tri$ to sep>ate ,heav5 & ,e>?1 b did n succe$1 :ile ! fif?1 ,tane1 succe$$4 ,aft] ,heav5 & ,e>? _h be5 sep>at$1 great /orms arose1 or1 z ! poet expresses x1 "o ( _! sons1 ,ta:iri-,matea1 ! god ( ! w9ds1 tri$ to rev5ge ! outrage committ$ on 8 p>5ts by 8 bro!rs4 ,!n foll[ dismal dusky days1 & dripp+ *illy skies1 & arid scor*+ bla/s4 ,all ! gods fight1 till at la/ ,tu only rema9s1 ! god ( w>1 :o _h dev\r$ all 8 bro!rs1 except ! ,/orm4 ,m fights foll[1 9 :i* ! great] "p ( ! e>? 0 ov]:elm$ by ! wat]s1 & b a small portion rema9$ dry4 ,aft] t1 light cont9u$ to increase1 & z ! light increas$1 s also ! p :o _h be5 hidd5 betwe5 ,heav5 & ,e>? increas$4444 ,& s g5]ation 0 add$ to g5]ation d[n to ! "t ( ,maui-,potiki1 he :o br\ght dea? into ! _w4 ,n[ 9 ^! latt] days ,heav5 rema9s f> remov$ f 8 wife1 ! ,e>?2 b ! love ( ! wife rises upw>d 9 sighs t[>d h] husb&4 ,^! are ! mi/s :i* fly upw>d f ! m\nta9-tops2 & ! te>s ( ,heav5 fall d[nw>d on 8 wife2 behold ! dew-drops6 ,s f> ! ,maori ,g5esis4 ,let u n[ return to ! ,v$a1 & comp>e ^! crude & some:at grotesque leg5ds ) ! language ( ! anci5t ,aryan poets4 ,9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a ! sep>at+ & keep+ ap>t ( ,heav5 & ,e>? is sev]al times allud$ to1 & "h too x is repres5t$ z ! "w ( ! mo/ valiant gods4 ,9 ,i4 #fg1 #c x is ,agni1 fire1 :o holds ! e>? & supports ! heav52 9 ,x4 #hi1 #d x is ,indra :o keeps !m ap>t2 9 ,,ix4 #aja1 #ae ,soma is celebrat$ = ! same de$1 & 9 ,,iii4 #ca1 #ab o!r gods too %>e ! same honor4#afi ,9 ! ,ait>eya ,brahmana we read3#agj ,^! two worlds 7,heav5 & ,e>?7 7 once jo9$ toge!r4 ,!y w5t asund]4 ,!n x did n ra91 nor did ! sun %9e4 ,& ! five tribes did n agree ) "o ano!r4 ,! gods !n br\ght ! two 7,heav5 & ,e>?7 toge!r1 & :5 !y came toge!r !y =m$ a w$d+ ( ! gods4 ,"h we h 9 a %ort] =m ! same fundam5tal ideas3 fir/1 t =m]ly ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 toge!r2 t aft]w>d !y 7 sep>at$2 t :5 !y 7 ?us sep>at$ !re 0 w> ?r\gh\t nature1 & nei!r ra9 nor sun%9e2 t1 la/ly1 ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 conciliat$1 & t !n a great w$d+ took place4 ,n[ ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ,greek & ,roman lit]ature1 h[ famili> ^! & simil> conceptions ab\t a m>riage betwe5 ,heav5 & e>? 7 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,!y seem to possess !re a m special ref]5ce to ! annual reconciliation betwe5 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 :i* takes place 9 spr+1 & to _! =m] e/rangem5t dur+ w9t]4 ,b ! fir/ cosmological sep>ation ( ! two always po9ts to ! want ( light & ! impossibility ( di/9ction dur+ ! night1 & ! gradual lift+ up ( ! blue sky ?r\gh ! ris+ ( ! sun4#aga ,9 ! ,hom]ic hymns#agb ! ,e>? is address$ z ,"m ( gods1 ! wife ( ! />ry ,heav52#agc & ! ,heav5 or ,a,ether is (t5 call$ ! fa!r4 ,_! m>riage too is describ$1 z1 = in/ance1 by ,euripides1 :5 he says3 ,!re is ! mighty ,e>?1 ,jove's ,a,ether3 ,he 7! ,a,ether7 is ! creator ( m5 & gods2 ,! e>? receiv+ ! moi/ drops ( ra91 ,be>s mortals1 ,be>s food1 & ! tribes ( animals4 ,h5ce %e is n unju/ly reg>d$ ,z ! "m ( all4#agd ,& :at is m curi\s /ill is t we h evid5ce t ,euripides receiv$ ?is doctr9e f 8 tea*]1 ! philosoph] ,anaxagoras4 ,= ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus#age tells u t ,euripides frequ5t$ ! lectures ( ,anaxagoras4 ,n[1 x 0 ! !ory ( t philosoph] t orig9ally all ?+s 7 9 all ?+s1 b t aft]w>d !y became sep>at$4 ,euripides lat] 9 life associat$ ) ,sokrates1 & became d\btful reg>d+ t !ory4 ,he accord+ly prop\nds ! anci5t doctr9e by ! m\? ( ano!r1 namely ,melanippe1 :o says3 ,?is say+ 7my?7 is n m9e1 b came f my "m1 t =m]ly ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 "o %ape2 b :5 !y 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 !y gave bir? & br\ght all ?+s into ! light1 trees1 birds1 bea/s1 & ! fi%es :om ! sea fe$s1 & ! race ( mortals4 ,?us we h met ) ! same idea ( ! orig9al union1 ( a sep>ation1 & ( a subsequ5t reunion ( ,heav5 & ,e>? 9 ,greece1 9 ,india1 & 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,let u n[ see h[ ! poets ( ! ,v$a address ^! two be+s1 ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,!y are mo/ly address$ 9 ! dual1 z two be+s =m+ b "o concept4 ,we meet1 h[ev]1 ) v]ses :i* are address$ to ! ,e>? by h]self1 & :i* speak ( h] z k9d1 )\t ?orns1 & pleasant to dwell on1#agf :ile !re are cle> traces 9 "s ( ! hymns t at "o "t ,dyaus1 ! sky1 0 ! supreme deity4#agg ,:5 invok$ toge!r !y are call$ ,d y a v a - p r i t h i v y a u1 f d y u1 ! sky1 & p r i t h i v i1 ! broad e>?4 ,if we exam9e _! epi!ts1 we f9d t _m ( !m reflect simply ! physical aspects ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,?us !y are call$ u r u1 wide2 u r u v y a k a s1 widely exp&$1 d u r e - a n t e1 ) limits f> ap>t1 g a b h i r a1 deep2 g h r i t a v a t1 giv+ fat2 m a d h u d u g h a1 yield+ honey or dew2 p a y a s v a t1 full ( milk2 b h u r i - r e t a s1 ri* 9 se$4 ,ano!r class ( epi!ts repres5ts !m already z end[$ ) c]ta9 human & sup]human qualities1 su* z a s a s k a t1 nev] tir+1 a g a r a1 n decay+1 :i* br+s u v ne> to immortal2 a d r u h1 n injur+1 or n deceiv+1 p r a k e t a s1 provid5t1 & !n pita-mata1 fa!r & "m1 devaputra1 hav+ ! gods = _! sons1 r i t a - v r i d h & r i t a v a t1 protectors ( ! ,rita1 ( :at is "r1 gu>dians ( et]nal laws4 ,"h y see :at is s int]e/+ 9 ! ,v$a1 ! gradual advance f ! mat]ial to ! spiritual1 f ! s5su\s to ! sup]s5su\s1 f ! human to ! sup]human & ! div9e4 ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 se51 &1 accord+ to our notions1 !y might simply be class$ z visible & f9ite be+s4 ,b ! anci5t poets 7 m hone/ to !mselves4 ,!y c\ld see ,heav5 & ,e>?1 b !y nev] saw !m 9 _! entirety4 ,!y felt t !re 0 some?+ beyond ! purely f9ite aspect ( ^! be+s1 & !re=e !y ?\ght ( !m1 n z !y w\ld ?9k ( a /one1 or a tree1 or a dog1 b z some?+ n-f9ite1 n altoge!r visible or kn[able1 yet z some?+ important to !mselves1 p[]ful1 /rong to bless1 b also /rong to hurt4 ,:atev] 0 betwe5 ,heav5 & ,e>? seem$ to be !irs1 _! prop]ty1 _! realm1 _! dom9ion4 ,!y held & embrac$ all2 !y seem$ to h produc$ all4 ,! ,devas or bright be+s1 ! sun1 ! dawn1 ! fire1 ! w9d1 ! ra91 7 all !irs1 & 7 call$ !re=e ! (fspr+ ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,?us ,heav5 & ,e>? became ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r & ,"m4 ,!n we ask at once3 ,7 !n ^! ,heav5 & ,e>? gods8 ,b gods 9 :at s5se8 ,9 our s5se ( ,god8 ,:y1 9 our s5se1 ,god is altoge!r incapable ( a plural4 ,!n 9 ! ,greek s5se ( ! ^w8 ,no1 c]ta9ly n2 = :at ! ,greeks call$ gods 0 ! result ( an intellectual gr[? totally indep5d5t ( ! ,v$a or ( ,india4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t :at we call gods 9 anci5t my?ologies are n sub/antial1 liv+1 individual be+s1 ( :om we c pr$icate ?is or t4 ,d e v a1 :i* we translate by god1 is no?+ b an adjective1 expressive ( a quality %>$ by heav5 & e>?1 by ! sun & ! />s & ! dawn & ! sea1 namely brightness2 & ! idea ( god1 at t e>ly "t1 conta9s nei!r m nor less ?an :at is %>$ 9 common by all ^! bright be+s4 ,t is to say1 ! idea ( god is n an idea ready-made1 :i* c\ld be appli$ 9 its ab/ract purity to heav5 & e>? & o!r su* l be+s2 b x is an idea1 gr[+ out ( ! concepts ( heav5 & e>? & ( ! o!r bright be+s1 sl[ly sep>at+ itself f !m1 b nev] conta9+ m ?an :at 0 conta9$1 ?\gh confus$ly1 9 ! objects to :i* x 0 successively appli$4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t heav5 & e>?1 hav+ once be5 rais$ to ! rank ( undecay+ or immortal be+s1 ( div9e p>5ts1 ( gu>dians ( ! laws1 7 ?us p]man5tly settl$ 9 ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! p4 ,f> f x4 ,:5 ! ideas ( o!r gods1 & ( m active & m di/9ctly p]sonal gods _h be5 elaborat$1 ! ,v$ic ,ri%is ask$ )\t hesitation3 ,:o !n has made heav5 & e>?8 n exactly ,heav5 & ,e>?1 z conceiv$ be=e1 b heav5 & e>? z se5 e day1 z a "p ( :at began to be call$ ,nature or ! ,univ]se4 ,?us "o poet says3#agh ,he 0 inde$ among ! gods ! clev]e/ workman :o produc$ ! two brilliant ones 7heav5 & e>?71 t gladd5 all ?+s2 he :o measur$ out ! two bright ones 7heav5 & e>?7 by 8 wisdom1 & e/abli%$ !m on ev]la/+ supports4 ,& aga93#agi ,he 0 a good workman :o produc$ heav5 & e>?2 ! wise1 :o by 8 might br\ght toge!r ^! two 7heav5 & e>?71 ! wide1 ! deep1 ! well-fa%ion$ 9 ! bottomless space4 ,v soon ?is great "w ( mak+ heav5 & e>? 0 ascrib$1 l o!r mighty works1 to ! mightie/ ( _! gods1 to ,indra4 ,at fir/ we read t ,indra1 orig9ally only a k9d ( ,jupit] pluvius1 or god ( ra91 /ret*$ out heav5 & e>?1 l a hide2#ahj t he held !m 9 8 h&1#aha t he upholds heav5 & e>?1#ahb & t he grants heav5 & e>? to 8 wor%ipp]s4#ahc ,b v soon ,indra is prais$ = hav+ made ,heav5 & ,e>?2#ahd & !n1 :5 ! poet rememb]s t ,heav5 & ,e>? _h be5 prais$ else:]e z ! p>5ts ( ! gods1 & m especially z ! p>5ts ( ,indra1 he does n hesitate = a mom5t1 b says3#ahe ,:at poets liv+ be=e u h rea*$ ! end ( all ?y greatness8 = ?\ ha/ inde$ begott5 ?y fa!r & ?y "m toge!r#ahf f ?y own body6 ,t is a /rong measure1 & a god :o once c\ld d t1 0 no d\bt capable ( any?+ aft]w>d4 ,! same idea1 namely t ,indra is great] ?an heav5 & e>?1 is express$ 9 a less outrage\s way by ano!r poet1 :o says#ahg t ,indra is great] ?an heav5 & e>?1 & t bo? toge!r are only a half ( ,indra4 ,or aga93#ahh ,! div9e ,dyaus b[$ be=e ,indra1 be=e ,indra ! great ,e>? b[$ ) h] wide spaces4 ,at ! bir? ( ?y spl5dor ,dyaus trembl$1 ! ,e>? trembl$ = fe> ( ?y ang]4#ahi ,?us1 f "o po9t ( view1 ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 ! greate/ gods1 !y 7 ! p>5ts ( ev]y?+1 & !re=e ( ! gods also1 su* z ,indra & o!rs4 ,b1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 e god t 0 consid]$ z supreme at "o "t or o!r1 mu/ necess>ily h made heav5 & e>?1 mu/ at all ev5ts be great] ?an heav5 & e>?1 & ?us ! *ild became great] ?an ! fa!r1 ay1 became ! fa!r ( 8 fa!r4 ,indra 0 n ! only god t creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,9 "o hymn#aij t creation is ascrib$ to ,soma & ,pu%an1 by no means v prom95t *>act]s2 9 ano!r#aia to ,hiranyag>bha 7! gold5 g]m72 9 ano!r aga9 to a god :o is simply call$ ,dhatri1 ! ,creator1#aib or ,visvak>man1#aic ! mak] ( all ?+s4 ,o!r gods1 su* z ,mitra & ,savitri1 names ( ! sun1 are prais$ = uphold+ ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & ! same task is sometimes p]=m$ by ! old god ,v>una#aid also4 ,:at ,i wi% y to obs]ve 9 all ?is is ! p]fect fre$om ) :i* ^! s-call$ gods or ,devas are h&l$1 & p>ticul>ly ! ease & naturalness ) :i* n[ ! "o1 n[ ! o!r em]ges z supreme out ( ?is *aotic !ogony4 ,?is is ! peculi> "* ( ! anci5t ,v$ic religion1 totally diff]5t bo? f ! ,poly!ism & f ! ,mono!ism z we see x 9 ! ,greek & ! ,jewi% religions2 & if ! ,v$a _h taught u no?+ else b ?is h5o!i/ic phase1 :i* mu/ ev]y:]e h prec$$ ! m highly-organiz$ phase ( ,poly!ism :i* we see 9 ,greece1 9 ,rome1 & else:]e1 ! /udy ( ! ,v$a w\ld n h be5 9 va94 ,x may be q true t ! poetry ( ! ,v$a is nei!r beautiful1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 nor v pr(\nd2 b x is in/ructive4 ,:5 we see ^? two giant spectres ( ,heav5 & ,e>? on ! backgr\nd ( ! ,v$ic religion1 ex]t+ _! influ5ce = a "t1 & !n vani%+ be=e ! light ( y\ng] & m active gods1 we le>n a lesson :i* x is well to le>n1 & :i* we c h>dly le>n any:]e else--! lesson h[ gods 7 made & unmade--h[ ! ,beyond or ! ,inf9ite 0 nam$ by diff]5t names 9 ord] to br+ x ne> to ! m9d ( man1 to make x = a "t compreh5sible1 until1 :5 "n aft] "n _h prov$ ( no avail1 a nameless ,god 0 felt to answ] be/ ! re/less crav+s ( ! human he>t4 ,i %all next translate to y ! hymn to :i* ,i ref]r$ be=e z address$ to ! ,riv]s4 ,if ! ,riv]s are to be call$ deities at all1 !y belong to ! class ( t]re/rial deities4 ,b ! reason :y ,i s+le out ?is hymn is n s mu* because x ?r[s new light on ! !ogonic process1 b because x may help to imp>t "s reality to ! vague conceptions :i* we =m to ourselves ( ! anci5t ,v$ic poets & _! surr\nd+s4 ,! riv]s invok$ are1 z we %all see1 ! real riv]s ( ! ,punjab1 & ! poem %[s a mu* wid] geographical horizon ?an we %\ld expect f a m]e village-b>d4#aie #a4 ,let ! poet decl>e1 ,o ,wat]s1 y\r exce$+ greatness1 "h 9 ! seat ( ,vivasvat4#aif ,by sev5 & sev5 !y h come =? 9 ?ree c\rses1 b ! ,s9dhu 7! ,indus7 exce$s all ! o!r w&]+ riv]s by h] /r5g?4 #b4 ,v>una dug out pa?s = !e to walk on1 :5 ?\ ranne/ to ! race4#aig ,?\ proce$e/ on a precipit\s ridge ( ! e>?1 :5 ?\ art "l 9 ! van ( all ! mov+ /reams4 #c4 ,! s\nd rises up to heav5 above ! e>?2 %e /irs up ) spl5dor h] endless p[]4#aih ,z f a cl\d1 ! %[]s ?und] =?1 :5 ! ,s9dhu comes1 ro>+ l a bull4 #d4 ,to !e1 ,o ,s9dhu1 !y 7! o!r riv]s7 come z l[+ "m-c[s 7run7 to _! "y ) _! milk4#aii ,l a k+ 9 battle ?\ leade/ ! two w+s1 :5 ?\ rea*e/ ! front ( ^! d[n-ru%+ riv]s4 #e4 ,accept1 ,o ,ganga 7,ganges71 ,yamuna 7,jumna71 ,s>asvati 7,sursuti71 ,sutudri 7,sutlej71 ,p>u%ni 7,iravati1 ,ravi71 my praise6#bjj ,) ! ,asikni 7,akes9es7 li/51 ,o ,m>udvridha1#bja & ) ! ,vita/a 7,hydaspes1 ,behat72 ,o ,argikiya1#bjb li/5 ) ! ,su%oma4#bjc #f4 ,fir/ ?\ goe/ unit$ ) ! ,tri%tama on ?y j\rney1 ) ! ,sus>tu1 ! ,rasa 7,ramha1 ,araxes8#bjd71 & ! ,sveti--,o ,s9dhu1 ) ! ,kubha 7,koph51 ,cabul riv]7 to ! ,gomati 7,gomal71 ) ! ,mehatnu to ! ,krumu 7,kurum7--) :om ?\ proce$e/ toge!r4 #g4 ,sp>kl+1 bright1 ) mighty spl5dor %e c>ries ! wat]s across ! pla9s--! unconqu]$ ,s9dhu1 ! quicke/ ( ! quick1 l a beautiful m>e--a sight to see4 #h4 ,ri* 9 horses1 9 *>iots1 9 g>m5ts1 9 gold1 9 booty1#bje 9 wool1#bjf & 9 /raw1#bjg ! ,s9dhu1 h&some & "y1 clo!s h]self 9 sweet fl[]s4#bjh #i4 ,! ,s9dhu has yok$ h] easy *>iot ) horses2 may %e conqu] prizes = u 9 ! race4 ,! greatness ( h] *>iot is prais$ z truly great--t *>iot :i* is irresi/ible1 :i* has its own glory1 & abundant /r5g?4#bji ,?is hymn does n s\nd p]haps v poetical1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w2 yet if y w try to realize ! ?\ghts ( ! poet :o compos$ x1 y w p]ceive t x is n )\t "s bold & p[]ful conceptions4 ,take ! mod]n peasants1 liv+ 9 _! villages by ! side ( ! ,?ames1 & y mu/ admit t he w\ld be a rem>kable man :o c\ld br+ himself to look on ! ,?ames z a k9d ( a g5]al1 rid+ at ! head ( _m ,engli% riv]s1 & lead+ !m on to a race or a battle4 ,yet x is easi] to travel 9 ,engl&1 & to ga9 a comm&+ view ( ! riv]-sy/em ( ! c\ntry1 ?an x 0 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago to travel ov] ,india1 ev5 ov] t "p ( ,india :i* ! poet ( our hymn comm&s4 ,he takes 9 at "o swoop ?ree great riv]-sy/ems1 or1 z he calls !m1 ?ree great armies ( riv]s--^? fl[+ f ! nor?-we/ into ! ,indus1 ^? jo9+ x f ! nor?-ea/1 &1 9 ! di/ance1 ! ,ganges & ! ,jumnah ) _! tribut>ies4 ,look on ! map & y w see h[ well ^! ?ree armies are det]m9$2 b our poet _h no map--he _h no?+ b high m\nta9s & %>p eyes to c>ry out 8 trigonometrical survey4 ,n[ ,i call a man1 :o = ! fir/ "t c\ld see ^? ?ree m>*+ armies ( riv]s1 a poet4 ,! next ?+ t /rikes "o 9 t hymn--if hymn we mu/ call x--is ! fact t all ^! riv]s1 l>ge & small1 h _! own prop] names4 ,t %[s a consid]able advance 9 civiliz$ life1 & x proves no small degree ( coh]5ce1 or :at ! ,fr5* call solid>ity1 betwe5 ! tribes :o _h tak5 possession ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,mo/ settl]s call ! riv] on ^: banks !y settle ! riv]4 ,( c\rse !re are _m names = riv]4 ,x may be call$ ! runn]1#baj ! f]tiliz]1 ! ro>]--or1 ) a little poetical metaphor1 ! arr[1 ! horse1 ! c[1 ! fa!r1 ! "m1 ! wat*man1 ! *ild ( ! m\nta9s4 ,_m riv]s _h _m names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! c\rse1 & x 0 only :5 communication betwe5 diff]5t settlem5ts became m frequ5t1 & a fix$ t]m9ology 0 felt to be a matt] ( necessity1 t ! riv]s ( a c\ntry 7 prop]ly baptiz$ & regi/]$4 ,all ?is _h be5 gone ?r\gh 9 ,india be=e our hymn became possible4 ,& n[ we h to consid] ano!r1 to my m9d mo/ />tl+ fact4 ,we "h h a numb] ( names ( ! riv]s ( ,india1 z !y 7 kn[n to "o s+le poet1 say ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,we !n he> no?+ ( ,india till we come to ! days ( ,alex&]1 & :5 we look at ! names ( ! ,indian riv]s1 repres5t$ z well z !y c\ld be by ,alex&]'s companions1 m]e /rang]s 9 ,india1 & by means ( a /range language & a /range alphabet1 we recognize1 )\t mu* difficulty1 ne>ly all ( ! old ,v$ic names4 ,9 ?is respect ! names ( riv]s h a great advantage ov] ! names ( t[ns 9 ,india4 ,:at we n[ call ,dilli or ,delhi#baa 0 9 anci5t times call$ ,indrapra/ha1 9 lat] times ,%ahjahanabad4 ,oude is ,ayodhya1 b ! old "n ( ,saketa is =gott54 ,! t[n ( ,pataliputra1 kn[n to ! ,greeks z ,palimbo?ra1 is n[ call$ ,patna4#bab ,n[ ,i c assure y ?is p]si/5cy ( ! ,v$ic riv]-names 0 to my m9d some?+ s />tl+ t ,i (t5 said to myself1 ,?is _c be--!re mu/ be some?+ wrong "h4 ,i d n wond] s mu* at ! names ( ! ,indus & ! ,ganges be+ ! same4 ,! ,indus 0 kn[n to e>ly trad]s1 :e!r by sea or by l&4 ,skylax sail$ f ! c\ntry ( ! ,paktys1 i4e4 ! ,pu%tus1 z ! ,afghans /ill call !mselves1 d[n to ! m\? ( ! ,indus4 ,t 0 "u ,d>ius ,hy/aspes 7#eba-dhf74 ,ev5 be=e t "t ,india & ! ,indians 7 kn[n by _! "n1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ,s9dhu1 ! "n ( _! fronti] riv]4 ,! neighbor+ tribes :o spoke ,iranic languages all pron\nc$1 l ! ,p]sian1 ! s z an h4#bac ,?us ,s9dhu became ,h9dhu 7,hidhu71 &1 z h's 7 dropp$ ev5 at t e>ly "t1 ,h9dhu became ,indu4 ,?us ! riv] 0 call$ ,indos1 ! p ,indoi by ! ,greeks1 :o fir/ he>d ( ,india f ! ,p]sians4 ,s9dhu probably meant orig9ally ! divid]1 keep]1 & def5d]1 f sidh1 to keep (f4 ,x 0 a mascul9e1 be=e x became a fem99e4 ,no m tell+ "n c\ld h be5 giv5 to a broad riv]1 :i* gu>d$ peaceful settl]s bo? aga9/ ! inroads ( ho/ile tribes & ! attacks ( wild animals4 ,a common "n = ! anci5t settlem5ts ( ! ,aryans 9 ,india 0 ! ,sev5 ,riv]s1 ,sapta ,s9dhavah4 ,b ?\gh s9dhu 0 us$ z an appellative n\n = riv] 9 g5]al 7cf4 ,rig-,v$a ,,vi4 #ai1 #e1 samudre na s9dhavah yadamanah1 l riv]s long+ = ! sea71 x rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( ,india ! "n ( its p[]ful gu>dian riv]1 ! ,indus4 ,9 "s passages ( ! ,rig-,v$a x has be5 po9t$ out t s9dhu might bett] be translat$ by sea1 a *ange ( mean+1 if s x c be call$1 fully expla9$ by ! geographical conditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are places :]e p c\ld swim across ! ,indus1 !re are o!rs :]e no eye c\ld tell :e!r ! b\ndless expanse ( wat] %\ld be call$ riv] or sea4 ,! two run into ea* o!r1 z e sailor kn[s1 & naturally ! mean+ ( s9dhu1 riv]1 runs into ! mean+ ( s9dhu1 sea4 ,b besides ! two great riv]s1 ! ,indus & ! ,ganges--9 ,sanskrit ! ,ganga1 lit]ally ! ,g-g--we h ! small] riv]s1 & _m ( _! names also agree ) ! names pres]v$ to u by ! companions ( ,alex&]4#bad ,! ,yamuna1 ! ,jumna1 0 kn[n to ,ptolemy z ,greek3 ,diam\na1#bae to ,pl9y z ,jomanes1 to ,arrian1 some:at corrupt$1 z ,job>es4#baf ,! ,sutudri1 or1 z x 0 aft]w>d call$1 ,satadru1 mean+ runn+ 9 a hundr$ /reams1 0 kn[n to ,ptolemy z ,greek3 ,zad>des or ,greek3 ,z>ados2 ,pl9y call$ x ,sydrus2 & ,mega/h5es1 too1 0 probably acqua9t$ ) x z ,greek3 ,zad>des4 ,9 ! ,v$a#bag x =m$ ) ! ,vipas ! fronti] ( ! ,punjab1 & we he> ( fi]ce battles f\ght at t "t1 x may be on ! same spot :]e 9 #ahdf ! battle ( ! ,sutl$ge 0 f\ght by ,sir ,hugh ,g\gh & ,sir ,h5ry ,h>d+e4 ,x 0 probably on ! ,vipas 7lat] ,vipasa71 a nor?-we/]n tribut>y ( ! ,sutl$ge1 t ,alex&]'s army turn$ back4 ,! riv] 0 !n call$ ,hyphasis2 ,pl9y calls x ,hypasis1#bah a v fair approximation to ! ,v$ic ,vipas1 :i* means unfett]$4 ,its mod]n "n is ,bias or ,bejah4 ,! next riv] on ! we/ is ! ,v$ic ,p>u%ni1 bett] kn[n z ,iravati1#bai :i* ,/rabo calls ,hy>otis1 :ile ,arrian gives x a m ,greek appe>ance by call+ x ,hydraotes4 ,x is ! mod]n ,rawi4 ,x 0 ?is riv] :i* ! ,t5 ,k+s :5 attack+ ! ,tritsus "u ,sudas tri$ to cross f ! we/ by cutt+ (f its wat]4 ,b _! /ratagem fail$1 & !y p]i%$ 9 ! riv] 7,rig-,v$a ,,vii4 #ah1 #h-i74 ,we !n come to ! ,asikni1 :i* means black4 ,t riv] _h ano!r "n also1 ,k&rabhaga1 :i* means /reak ( ! moon4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 pron\nc$ t ,greek3 ,s&>ophagos1 & ?is _h ! unlucky mean+ ( ! dev\r] ( ,alex&]4 ,hesy*ius tells u t 9 ord] to av]t ! bad om5 ,alex&] *ang$ ! "n ( t riv] into ,greek3 ,akes9es1 :i* w\ld mean ! ,heal]2 b he does n tell1 :at ! ,v$a tells u1 t ?is "n ,greek3 ,akes9es 0 a ,greek adaptation ( ano!r "n ( ! same riv]1 namely ,asikni1 :i* _h evid5tly suppli$ to ,alex&] ! idea ( call+ ! ,asikni ,greek3 ,akes9es4 ,x is ! mod]n ,*9ab4 ,next to ! ,akes9es we h ! ,v$ic ,vita/a1 ! la/ ( ! riv]s ( ! ,punjab1 *ang$ 9 ,greek into ,hydaspes4 ,x 0 to ?is riv] t ,alex&] retir$1 be=e s5d+ 8 fleet d[n ! ,indus & lead+ 8 army back to ,babylon4 ,x is ! mod]n ,behat or ,jilam4 ,i c\ld id5tify /ill m ( ^! ,v$ic riv]s1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! ,kubha1 ! ,greek ,coph51 ! mod]n ,kabul riv]2#bbj b ! names :i* ,i h trac$ f ! ,v$a to ,alex&]1 & 9 _m cases f ,alex&] aga9 to our own "t1 seem to me suffici5t to impress ^u u ! real & hi/orical "* ( ! ,v$a4 ,suppose ! ,v$a 7 a =g]y--suppose at lea/ t x _h be5 put toge!r aft] ! "t ( ,alex&]--h[ c\ld we expla9 ^! names8 ,!y are names t h mo/ly a mean+ 9 ,sanskrit1 !y are names correspond+ v closely to _! ,greek corruptions1 z pron\nc$ & writt5 d[n by p :o did n "k ,sanskrit4 ,h[ is a =g]y possible "h8 ,i select$ ?is hymn = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because x %[s u ! wide/ geographical horizon ( ! ,v$ic poets1 conf9$ by ! sn[y m\nta9s 9 ! nor?1 ! ,indus & ! range ( ! ,suleiman m\nta9s 9 ! we/1 ! ,indus or ! seas 9 ! s\?1 & ! valley ( ! ,jumna & ,ganges 9 ! ea/4 ,beyond t1 ! _w1 ?\gh op51 0 unkn[n to ! ,v$ic poets4 ,secondly1 because ! same hymn gives u also a k9d ( hi/orical backgr\nd to ! ,v$ic age4 ,^! riv]s1 z we may see !m to-day1 z !y 7 se5 by ,alex&] & 8 ,mac$onians1 7 se5 also by ! ,v$ic poets4 ,"h we h an hi/orical cont9uity--almo/ liv+ witnesses1 to tell u t ! p ^: songs h be5 s /rangely1 ay1 y may almo/ say1 s miracul\sly pres]v$ to u1 7 real p1 lairds ) _! clans1 prie/s1 or r1 s]vants ( _! gods1 %eph]ds ) _! flocks1 dott$ ab\t on ! hills & valleys1 ) inclosures or palisades "h & !re1 ) a few /rongholds1 too1 9 case ( ne$--liv+ _! %ort life on e>?1 z at t "t life might be liv$ by m51 )\t mu* pu%+ & cr[d+ & trampl+ on ea* o!r--spr+1 summ]1 & w9t] lead+ !m on f ye> to ye>1 & ! sun 9 8 ris+ & sett+ lift+ up _! ?\ghts f _! mead[s & groves :i* !y lov$1 to a _w 9 ! ,ea/1 f :i* !y _h come1 or to a _w 9 ! ,we/1 to :i* !y 7 gladly ha/5+ on4 ,!y _h :at ,i call religion1 ?\gh x 0 v simple1 & h>dly r$uc$ z yet to ! =m ( a cre$4 ,!re is a ,beyond1 t 0 all !y felt & knew1 ?\gh !y tri$1 z well z !y c\ld1 to give names to t ,beyond1 & ?us to *ange religion into a religion4 ,!y _h n z yet a "n = ,god--c]ta9ly n 9 our s5se ( ! ^w--or ev5 a g5]al "n = ! gods2 b !y inv5t$ "n aft] "n to enable !m to grasp & compreh5d by "s outw>d & visible tok5s p[]s ^: pres5ce !y felt 9 nature1 ?\gh _! true & full ess5ce 0 to !m1 z x is to u1 invisible & incompreh5sible4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aej3 ,wilson1 ,lectures1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #aea3 ,z x has be5 d\bt$1 & ev5 d5i$1 t ! publication ( ! ,rig-,v$a & its native comm5t>y has _h "s important be>+ on ! resuscitation ( ! religi\s life ( ,india1 ,i feel b\nd to give at lea/ "o f ! _m te/imonials :i* ,i h receiv$ f ,india4 ,x comes f ! ,adi ,brahma ,samaj1 f\nd$ by ,ram ,mohun ,roy1 & n[ repres5t$ by its ?ree bran*es1 ! ,adi ,brahma ,samaj1 ! ,brahma ,samaj ( ,india1 & ! ,sadh>ano ,brahma ,samaj4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,adi ,brahma ,samaj beg to (f] y _! he>ty congratulations on ! completion ( ! gigantic task :i* has occupi$ y = ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,by publi%+ ! ,rig-,v$a at a "t :5 ,v$ic le>n+ has by "s sad fatality become almo/ ext9ct 9 ! l& ( its bir?1 y h conf]r$ a boon ^u u ,h9dus1 = :i* we _c b be et]nally grateful4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #aad1 #e4 ,footnote #aec3 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #aba4 ,footnote #aed3 ,muir1 iv4 #i4 ,footnote #aee3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #aci1 #aa4 ,footnote #aef3 ,rig-,v$a ,,iii4 #f1 #i4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,! foll[+ names ( ,devapatnis or wives ( ! gods are giv5 9 ! ,vaitana ,sutra ,,xv4 #c 7ed4 ,g>be73 ,pri?ivi1 ! wife ( ,agni1 ,vak ( ,vata1 ,s5a ( ,indra1 ,dh5a ( ,brihaspati1 ,pa?ya ( ,pu%an1 ,gayatri ( ,vasu1 ,tri%tubh ( ,rudra1 ,gagati ( ,aditya1 ,anu%tubh ( ,mitra1 ,virag ( ,v>una1 ,pankti ( ,vi%nu1 ,dik%a ( ,soma4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,rig-,v$a ,,iii4 #i1 #i4 ,footnote #aei3 ,grimm %[$ t ,?orr is sometimes ! supreme god1 :ile at o!r times he is ! son ( ,od9n4 ,?is1 z ,pr(essor ,zimm] truly rem>ks1 ne$ n be reg>d$ z ! result ( a revolution1 or ev5 ( gradual decay1 z 9 ! case ( ,dyaus & ,tyr1 b simply z inh]5t 9 ! "* ( a nasc5t poly!ism4 ,see ,zeits*rift fu] ,d4 ,a41 vol4 xii4 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #afj3 ,among n yet civiliz$ races pray]s are address$ to a god ) a special object1 & to t god :o is suppos$ to be mo/ p[]ful 9 a special doma94 ,he becomes = ! mom5t ! highe/ god to :om all o!rs mu/ give place4 ,he may be invok$ z ! highe/ & ! only god1 )\t any slight be+ int5d$ = ! o!r gods4--,zimm]1 l4 c4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #afa3 ,es h&elt si* hi] ni*t um am]ikanis*e od] afrikanis*e ,z]splitt]ung1 sond]n e9e ueb]ras*5de ,glei*>tigkeit dehnt si* dur* die ,weite und ,breite des ,/ill5 ,oceans1 und w5n wir ,oceani5 9 d] voll5 ,auffassung nehm5 mit ,e9s*luss ,mikro-und ,mela-nesi5s 7bis ,malaya71 selb/ weit]4 ,es laes/ si* sag51 dass e9 e9heitli*] ,g$ank5bau1 9 etwa #abj ,la5g5 und #gj ,breitegrad51 e9 ,vi]tel uns]s ,erdglobus ueb]woelbt4--,ba/ian1 ,die ,heilige ,sage d] ,polynesi]1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #afb3 ,h5ry ,s4 ,k+ ,co41 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #afc3 ,p4 #eh4 ,footnote #afd3 ,!re is a second v]sion ( ! /ory ev5 9 ! small isl& ( ,mangaia2 see ,my?s & ,songs1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see be=e1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #aff3 ,?is explanation is consid]$ altoge!r inadequate by _m s*ol>s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n altoge!r a "q ( le>n+1 b also "o ( judgm5t4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #afg3 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdi3 ,! fir/ half is ! e>?1 ! second half ! heav51 _! unit+ ! ra91 ! unit] ,p>ganya4 ,& s x is :5 x 7,p>ganya7 ra9s ?us /rongly--)\t ceas+1 day & night toge!r--!n !y say also1 ,heav5 & e>? h come toge!r4--,f ! ,ait>eya-,aranyaka1 ,,iii4 #b1 #b4--;,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #afh3 ,ba/ian1 ,heilige ,sage d] ,polynesi]1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #afi3 ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,religion ,v$ique1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #agj3 ,ait4 ,br4 ,,iv4 #bg2 ,muir1 iv4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aga3 ,see ,muir1 iv4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #agb3 ,hom]1 ,hymn xxx4 #ag4 ,footnote #agc3 ,greek3 ,*aire !on met]1 halo* ,onranon a/]o5tos4 ,footnote #agd3 ,euripides1 ,*rysippus1 fragm4 #f 7edit4 ,didot1 p4 #hbd73 ,greek3 ,gaia megi/e kai ,dios ai!r1 o m5 an?ropon kai !on g5etor1 he d' ugrobol\s /agonas noti\s p>adexam5e tiktei ?nat\s1 tiktei de ,boran1 phula te !ron1 ho!n onk hadikos met] panton n5omi/ai4 ,footnote #age3 ,dionysius ,halic41 vol4 v4 p4 #cee2 ,muir1 v4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #agf3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #bb1 #ae4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfh4 ,footnote #agh3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #afj1 #d4 ,footnote #agi3 ,l4 c4 ,,iv4 #ef1 #c4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,l4 c4 ,,viii4 #f1 #e4 ,footnote #aha3 ,l4 c4 ,,iii4 #cj1 #e4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,l4 c4 ,,iii4 #cd1 #h4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,l4 c4 ,,iii4 #cd1 #h4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,l4 c4 ,,viii4 #cf1 #d4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #ed1 #c4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,cf4 ,,iv4 #ag1 #d1 :]e ,dyaus is ! fa!r ( ,indra2 see h[ev] ,muir1 iv4 #ca1 note4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,rig-,v$a ,,vi4 #cj1 #a4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,l4 c4 ,i4 #aca1 #a4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,l4 c4 ,,iv4 #ag1 #b4 ,footnote #aij3 ,l4 c4 ,,ii4 #dj1 #a4 ,footnote #aia3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #aba1 #i4 ,footnote #aib3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #aij1 #c4 ,footnote #aic3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #ha1 #b4 ,footnote #aid3 ,rig-,v$a ,,vi4 #gj1 #a4 ,footnote #aie3 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #ge4 ,see ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,lect4 iv4 ,footnote #aif3 ,vivasvat is a "n ( ! sun1 & ! seat or home ( ,vivasvat c h>dly be any?+ b ! e>?1 z ! home ( ! sun1 or1 9 a m special s5se1 ! place :]e a sacrifice is (f]$4 ,footnote #aig3 ,i =m]ly translat$ yat vagan abhi adravah tvam by :5 ?\ ranne/ = ! prizes4 ,grassman _h translat$ simil>ly1 ,:5 ?\1 ,o ,s9dhu1 ranne/ to ! prize ( ! battle1 :ile ,ludwig wrote1 ,:5 ?\1 ,o ,s9dhu1 wa/ fl[+ on to great] p[]s4 ,vaga1 connect$ ) vegeo1 vigeo1 vigil1 wack] 7see ,curtius1 ,grundzuege1 ,no4 #aei71 is "o ( ! _m difficult words 9 ! ,v$a ! g5]al mean+ ( :i* may be guess$1 b 9 _m places _c yet be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,vaga occurs v frequ5tly1 bo? 9 ! s+ul> & ! plural1 & "s ( its mean+s are cle> en\gh4 ,! ,pet]sburg ,diction>y gives ! foll[+ li/ ( !m--swiftness1 race1 prize ( race1 ga91 treasure1 race-horse1 etc4 ,"h we p]ceive at once ! difficulty ( trac+ all ^! mean+s back to a common s\rce1 ?\gh x might be possible to beg9 ) ! mean+s ( /r5g?1 /rife1 conte/1 race1 :e!r fri5dly or w>like1 !n to proce$ to :at is won 9 a race or 9 w>1 viz4 booty1 treasure1 & la/ly to take vagah 9 ! m g5]al s5se ( acquisitions1 goods1 ev5 goods be/[$ z gifts4 ,we h a simil> transition ( mean+ 9 ! ,greek ,greek3 a?los1 conte/1 conte/ = a prize1 & ,greek3 a?lon1 ! prize ( conte/1 rew>d1 gift1 :ile 9 ! plural ,greek3 ta a?la /&s aga9 = conte/1 or ev5 ! place ( combat4 ,! ,v$ic vagambh>a may 9 fact be r5d]$ by ,greek3 a?lophoros1 vagasati by ,greek3 a?losyne4 ,! transition f fight to prize is se5 9 passages su* z3 ,rig-,v$a ,,vi4 #de1 #ab1 vagan indra sravayyan tvaya ge%na hitam dhanam1 ,may we ) ?y help1 ,o ,indra1 w9 ! glori\s fights1 ! (f]$ prize 7cf4 ,greek3 a?lo!tes74 ,rig-,v$a ,,viii4 #ai1 #ah1 te x vagebhih gigyuh mahat dhanam1 ,!y won great-weal? by battles4 ,:at we want = a prop] und]/&+ ( our v]se1 are passages :]e we h1 z "h1 a movem5t t[>d vagz 9 ! plural4 ,su* passages are few2 = in/ance3 ,x4 #ec1 #h1 atra gahama ye asan asevah sivan vayam ut t>ema abhi vagan1 ,let u leave "h ^? :o 7 unlucky 7! dead71 & let u get up to lucky toils4 ,no m is probably meant "h :5 ! ,s9dhu is said to run t[>d h] vagz1 t is1 h] /ruggles1 h] fights1 h] race across ! m\nta9s ) ! o!r riv]s4 ,footnote #aih3 ,on su%ma1 /r5g?1 see ,rig-,v$a1 translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #aje4 ,we f9d subhram su%mam ,,ii4 #aa1 #d2 & iy>ti ) su%mam ,,iv4 #ag1 #ab4 ,footnote #aii3 ,see ,muir1 ,santkrit ,texts1 v4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,o ,m>udvridha ) ,asikni1 ,vita/a2 ,o ,argikiya1 li/5 ) ! ,su%oma1 ,ludwig4 ,asikni & ,vita/a & ,m>udvridha1 ) ! ,su%oma1 he> u1 ,o ,argikiya1 ,grassman4 ,footnote #bja3 ,m>udvridha1 a g5]al "n = riv]4 ,accord+ to ,ro? ! comb9$ c\rse ( ! ,akes9es & ,hydaspes1 be=e ! junction ) ! ,hydraotes2 accord+ to ,ludwig1 ! riv] aft] ! junction ) ,hydraotes4 ,zimm] 7,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #ab7 adopts ,ro?'s1 ,kiep]t 9 8 maps foll[s ,ludwig's op9ion4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,accord+ to ,yaska1 ! ,argikiya is ! ,vipas4 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t9 takes x = ! c\ntry wat]$ by ! ,suwan1 ! ,soanos ( ,mega/h5es4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,accord+ to ,yaska ! ,su%oma is ! ,indus4 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t9 id5tifies x ) ! ,suwan4 ,zimm] 7l4 c4 p4 #ad7 po9ts out t 9 ,arrian1 ,indica1 iv4 #ab1 !re is a v>i\s read+ ,soamos = ,soanos4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #bje3 ,vaginivati is by no means an easy ^w4 ,h5ce all translators v>y1 & none settles ! mean+4 ,muir translates1 yield+ nutrim5t2 ,zimm]1 hav+ pl5ty ( quick horses2 ,ludwig1 l a /rong m>e4 ,vag91 no d\bt1 means a /rong horse1 a rac]1 b vagini nev] occurs 9 ! ,rig-,v$a 9 ! s5se ( a m>e1 & ! text is n vaginivat1 b vaginivati4 ,if vagini meant m>e1 we might translate ri* 9 m>es1 b t w\ld be a m]e repetition aft] svasva1 possess$ ( good horses4 ,vaginivati is *iefly appli$ to ,u%as1 ,s>asvati1 & "h to ! riv] ,s9dhu4 ,x is jo9$ ) vagebhih1 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #c1 #aj1 :i*1 if vagini meant m>e1 w\ld mean ri* 9 m>es ?r\gh horses4 ,we also read1 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #dh1 #af1 sam 7nah mimik%va7 vagaih vaginivati1 :i* we c h>dly translate by give u horses1 ?\ :o art possess$ ( m>es2 nor1 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #ib1 #ae1 yuk%va hi vaginivati asvan1 h>ness ! horses1 ?\ :o art ri* 9 m>es4 ,9 mo/ ( ! passages :]e vaginivati occurs1 ! goddess ?us address$ is repres5t$ z ri*1 & ask$ to be/[ weal?1 & ,i %\ld !re=e pref] to take vagini1 z a collective ab/ract n\n1 l tret9i1 9 ! s5se ( weal?1 orig9ally booty1 & to translate vaginivati simply by ri*1 a mean+ well adapt$ to e passage :]e ! ^w occurs4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,urnavati1 ri* 9 wool1 probably ref]s to ! flocks ( %eep = :i* ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,india 0 fam\s4 ,see ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #abf1 #g4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,silamavati does n occur aga9 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,muir translates1 ri* 9 plants2 ,zimm]1 ri* 9 wat]2 ,ludwig takes x z a prop] "n4 ,sayana /ates t silama is a plant :i* is made into ropes4 ,t ! mean+ ( silamavati 0 =gott5 at an e>ly "t we see by ! ,a?>va-,v$a ,,iii4 #ab1 #b1 sub/itut+ sunritavati1 = silamavati1 z pres]v$ 9 ! ,sankhayana ,grihya-sutras1 #c1 #c4 ,i ?9k silama means /raw1 f :atev] plant x may be tak51 & ?is w\ld be equally applicable to a sala1 a h\se1 a /huna1 a po/1 & to ! riv] ,indus4 ,x may h be51 z ,ludwig conjectures1 an old local "n1 & 9 t case x may possibly acc\nt = ! "n giv5 9 lat] times to ! ,suleiman range4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,madhuvridh is likewise a ^w :i* does n occur aga9 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,sayana expla9s x by nirgundi & simil> plants1 b x is d\btful :at plant is meant4 ,gunda is ! "n ( a grass1 madhuvridh !re=e may h be5 a plant su* z sug>-cane1 t yield$ a sweet juice1 ! ,upp] ,indus be+ fam\s = sug>-cane2 see ,hi\5-?sang1 ,,ii4 p4 #aje4 ,i take adhiva/e ) ,ro? 9 ! s5se %e dresses h]self1 z we might say ! riv] is dress$ 9 hea!r4 ,muir translates1 %e trav]ses a l& yield+ sweetness2 ,zimm]1 %e clo!s h]self 9 ,madhuvridh2 ,ludwig1 ! ,silamavati ?r[s h]self into ! increas] ( ! honey-sweet dew4 ,all ?is %[s h[ little progress c be made 9 ,v$ic s*ol>%ip by m]ely translat+ ei!r words or v]ses1 )\t giv+ at ! same "t a full ju/ification ( ! mean+ assign$ to e s+le ^w4 ,footnote #bji3 ,see ,pet]sburg ,diction>y1 s4 v4 viraps94 ,footnote #baj3 ,among ! ,hott5tots1 ! ,kun5e1 ,okavango1 & ,orange riv]s1 all h ! "n ( ,g>ib1 i4e4 ! ,runn]4--,dr4 ,!oph4 ,hahn1 ,cape ,times1 ,july #aa1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #baa3 ,dehli1 n ,del-high4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bab3 ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*aeological ,survey ( ,india1 vol4 xii4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #bac3 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vi4 #bj1 #ga3 ,indus incolis ,s9dus appellatus4 ,footnote #bad3 ,! hi/ory ( ^! names has be5 treat$ by ,pr(essor ,lass51 9 8 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 & m lately by ,pr(essor ,kaegi1 9 8 v c>eful essay1 ,d] ,rig-,v$a1 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 ,footnote #bae3 ,ptol4 vii4 #a1 #bi4 ,footnote #baf3 ,arrian1 ,indica1 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #bag3 ,rig-,v$a ,,iii4 #cc1 #a3 ,f ! lap ( ! m\nta9s ,vipas & ,sutudri ru% =? ) _! wat] l two lu/y m>es neigh+1 fre$ f _! te!rs1 l two bright "m-c[s lick+ 7_! calf74 ,ord]$ by ,indra & wait+ 8 bidd+ y run t[>d ! sea l two *>iote]s2 runn+ toge!r1 z y\r wat]s rise1 ! "o goes into ! o!r1 y bright ones4 ,footnote #bah3 ,o!r classical names are ,hypanis1 ,bipasis1 & ,bibasis4 ,yaska id5tifies x ) ! ,argikiya4 ,footnote #bai3 ,cf4 ,nirukta ,,ix4 #bf4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! fir/ tribut>ies :i* jo9 ! ,indus be=e its meet+ ) ! ,kubha or ! ,kabul riv] _c be det]m9$4 ,all travell]s 9 ^! nor!rn c\ntries compla9 ( ! cont9ual *anges 9 ! names ( ! riv]s1 & we c h>dly hope to f9d traces ( ! ,v$ic names 9 exi/5ce !re aft] ! lapse ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! riv]s int5d$ may be ! ,%auyook1 ,ladak1 ,abba ,se51 & ,burr9du1 & "o ( ! f\r riv]s1 ! ,rasa1 has assum$ an almo/ fabul\s "* 9 ! ,v$a4 ,aft] ! ,indus has jo9$ ! ,kubha or ! ,kabul riv]1 two names occur1 ! ,gomati & ,krumu1 :i* ,i believe ,i 0 ! fir/ to id5tify ) ! mod]n riv]s ! ,gomal & ,kurrum4 7,ro?1 ,nirukta1 ,erlaeut]ung51 p4 #dc1 ,anm47 ,! ,gomal falls into ! ,indus1 betwe5 ,d]a ,ismael ,khan & ,pah>pore1 & al?\gh ,elph9/one calls x a riv] only dur+ ! ra9y season1 ,klapro? 7,foe-k\e-ki1 p4 #bc7 describes its upp] c\rse z f> m consid]able1 & adds3 ',un peu a l'e/ de ,sirmagha1 le ,gomal trav]se la *a9e de montagnes de ,soliman1 passe devant ,raghzi1 et f]tilise le pays habite p> les tribus de ,dauletkhail et de ,g&ehp\r4 ,il se desse*e au defile de ,pez\1 et son lit ne se remplit plus d'eau que dans la saison des pluies2 alors seulem5t il rejo9t la droite de l',indus1 au sud-e/ de b\rg de ,pah>p\r4' ,! ,kurrum falls into ! ,indus nor? ( ! ,gomal1 :ile1 accord+ to ! poet1 we %\ld expect x s\?4 ,x might be urg$ t poets are n b\nd by ! same rules z geograph]s1 z we see1 = in/ance1 9 ! v]se imm$iately prec$+4 ,b if x %\ld be tak5 z a s]i\s objection1 x w be bett] to give up ! ,gomati ?an ! ,krumu1 ! latt] be+ ! l>g] ( ! two1 & we might !n take ,gomati1 'ri* 9 cattle1' z an adjective belong+ to ,krumu4--,f a review ( ,g5]al ,cunn+ham's ,anci5t ,geography ( ,india1 9 ,nature1 #ahga1 ,sept4 #ad4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,v$ic ,,deities4 ,! next important ph5om5on ( nature :i* 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,v$a z a t]re/rial deity is ,fire1 9 ,sanskrit ,agni1 9 ,lat9 ignis4 ,9 ! wor%ip :i* is paid to ! ,fire & 9 ! high praises be/[$ on ,agni we c cle>ly p]ceive ! traces ( a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( man 9 :i* n only ! mo/ ess5tial com=ts ( life1 b life itself1 dep5d$ on ! k ( produc+ fire4 ,to u fire has become s famili> t we c h>dly =m an idea ( :at life w\ld be )\t x4 ,b h[ did ! anci5t dwell]s on e>? get comm& & possession ( fire8 ,! ,v$ic poets tell u t fire fir/ came to !m f ! sky1 9 ! =m ( lightn+1 b t x disappe>$ aga91 & t !n ,mat>isvan1 a be+ to a c]ta9 ext5t l ,prome!us1 br\ght x back & confid$ x to ! safe keep+ ( ! clan ( ! ,bhrigus 7,phlegyas74#bba ,9 o!r poems we he> ( ! my/]y ( fire be+ produc$ by rubb+ pieces ( wood2 & "h x is a curi\s fact t ! "n ( ! wood ?us us$ = rubb+ is 9 ,sanskrit ,praman?a1 a ^w :i*1 z ,kuhn has %[n1 w\ld 9 ,greek come v ne> to ! "n ( ,prome!us4 ,! possession ( fire1 :e!r by pres]v+ x z sacr$ on ! he>?1 or by produc+ x at pleasure ) ! fire-drill1 repres5ts an enorm\s /ep 9 e>ly civilization4 ,x enabl$ p to cook _! meat in/ead ( eat+ x raw2 x gave !m ! p[] ( c>ry+ on _! "w by night2 & 9 cold] climates x really pres]v$ !m f be+ froz5 to dea?4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! fire %\ld h be5 prais$ & wor%ipp$ z ! be/ & k9de/ ( gods1 ! only god :o _h come d[n f heav5 to live on e>?1 ! fri5d ( man1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 ! m$iator betwe5 gods & m51 ! immortal among mortals4 ,he1 x is said1 protects ! settlem5ts ( ! ,aryans1 & fright5s away ! black-sk9n$ enemies4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 fire 0 conceiv$ by ! ,v$ic poets "u ! m g5]al "* ( light & w>m?1 & !n ! pres5ce ( ,agni 0 p]ceiv$1 n only on ! he>? & ! alt>1 b 9 ! ,dawn1 9 ! ,sun1 & 9 ! _w beyond ! ,sun1 :ile at ! same "t 8 p[] 0 recogniz$ z rip5+1 or z !y call$ x1 z cook+1 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & z support+ also ! w>m? & ! life ( ! human body4 ,f t po9t ( view ,agni1 l o!r p[]s1 rose to ! rank ( a ,supreme ,god4#bbb ,he is said to h /ret*$ out heav5 & e>?--naturally1 because )\t 8 light heav5 & e>? w\ld h be5 invisible & undi/+ui%able4 ,! next poet says t ,agni held heav5 al(t by 8 light1 t he kept ! two worlds asund]2 & 9 ! end ,agni is said to be ! prog5itor & fa!r ( heav5 & e>?1 & ! mak] ( all t flies1 or walks1 or /&s1 or moves on e>?4 ,"h we h once m ! same process be=e our eyes4 ,! human m9d beg9s ) be+ />tl$ by a s+le or repeat$ ev5t1 su* z ! lightn+ /rik+ a tree & dev\r+ a :ole =e/1 or a sp>k ( fire break+ =? f wood be+ rubb$ aga9/ wood1 :e!r 9 a =e/1 or 9 ! :eel ( a c>riage1 or at la/ 9 a fire-drill1 devis$ on purpose4 ,man !n beg9s to wond] at :at to him is a miracle1 none ! less s because x is a fact1 a simple1 natural fact4 ,he sees ! effects ( a p[]1 b he c only guess at its cause1 & if he is to speak ( x1 he c only d s by speak+ ( x z an ag5t1 or z some?+ l a human ag5t1 &1 if 9 "s respects n q human1 9 o!rs m ?an human or sup]human4 ,?us ! concept ( ,fire grew2 & :ile x became m & m g5]aliz$1 x also became m sublime1 m incompreh5sible1 m div9e4 ,)\t ,agni1 )\t fire1 light1 & w>m?1 life w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,h5ce he became ! au?or & giv] ( life1 ( ! life ( plants & animals & ( m52 & 8 favor hav+ once be5 implor$ = light & life & all ?+s1 :at wond] t 9 ! m9ds ( "s poets1 & 9 ! traditions ( ?is or t village-community he %\ld h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( a supreme rul]1 a god above all gods1 _! own true god6 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ proce$ to consid] ! p[]s :i* ! anci5t poets might h discov]$ 9 ! air1 9 ! cl\ds1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 ^? meteoric conflicts :i* by ?und]1 lightn+1 d>kness1 /orms1 & %[]s ( ra9 mu/ h taught man t v important lesson t he 0 n alone 9 ?is _w4 ,_m philosoph]s1 z y "k1 believe t all religion arose f fe> or t]ror1 & t )\t ?und] & lightn+ to tea* u1 we %\ld nev] h believ$ 9 any gods or god4 ,?is is a "o-sid$ & exagg]at$ view4 ,?und]/orms1 no d\bt1 _h a l>ge %>e 9 ar\s+ feel+s ( awe & t]ror1 & 9 mak+ man consci\s ( 8 weakness & dep5d5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! ,v$a1 ,indra is introduc$ z say+3 ,yes1 :5 ,i s5d ?und] & lightn+1 !n y believe 9 me4 ,b :at we call religion w\ld nev] h sprung f fe> & t]ror alone4 ,religion is tru/1 & t tru/ arose 9 ! beg9n+ f ! impressions made on ! m9d & he>t ( man by ! ord] & wisdom ( nature1 & m p>ticul>ly by ^? regul>ly recurr+ ev5ts1 ! return ( ! sun1 ! revival ( ! moon1 ! ord] ( ! seasons1 ! law ( cause & effect1 gradually discov]$ 9 all ?+s1 & trac$ back 9 ! end to a cause ( all causes1 by :atev] "n we *oose to call x4 ,/ill ! meteoric ph5om5a _h1 no d\bt1 _! important %>e 9 ! production ( anci5t deities2 & 9 ! poems ( ! ,v$ic ,ri%is !y naturally occupy a v prom95t place4 ,if we 7 ask$ :o 0 ! pr9cipal god ( ! ,v$ic p]iod1 we %\ld probably1 judg+ f ! rema9s ( t poetry :i* we possess1 say x 0 ,indra1 ! god ( ! blue sky1 ! ,indian ,zeus1 ! ga!r] ( ! cl\ds1 ! giv] ( ra91 ! wield] ( ! ?und]-bolt1 ! conqu]or ( d>kness1 & ( all ! p[]s ( d>kness1 ! br+] ( light1 ! s\rce ( fre%ness1 vigor1 & life1 ! rul] & "l ( ! :ole _w4 ,indra is ?is1 & mu* m 9 ! ,v$a4 ,he is supreme 9 ! hymns ( _m poets1 & may h be5 s 9 ! pray]s address$ to him by _m ( ! anci5t septs or village communities 9 ,india4 ,comp>$ ) him ! o!r gods are said to be decrepit old m54 ,heav51 ! old ,heav5 or ,dyaus1 =m]ly ! fa!r ( all ! gods1 nay ! fa!r ( ,indra himself1 b[s be=e him1 & ! ,e>? trembles at 8 approa*4 ,yet ,indra nev] comm&$ ! p]man5t allegiance ( all ! o!r gods1 l ,zeus & ,jupit]2 nay1 we "k f ! ,v$a itself t !re 7 skeptics1 ev5 at t e>ly "t1 :o d5i$ t !re 0 any su* ?+ z ,indra4#bbc ,by ! side ( ,indra1 & associat$ ) him 9 8 battles1 & sometimes h>dly di/+ui%able f him1 we f9d ! repres5tatives ( ! w9d1 call$ ,vata or ,vayu1 & ! m t]rible /orm-gods1 ! ,m>uts1 lit]ally ! ,sma%]s4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! ,w9d1 a poet says3#bbd ,:]e 0 he born8 ,:5ce did he spr+8 ! life ( ! gods1 ! g]m ( ! _w6 ,t god moves ab\t :]e he li/e?1 8 voices are he>d1 b he is n to be se54 ,! ,m>uts are m t]rible ?an ,vata1 ! w9d4 ,!y are cle>ly ! repres5tatives ( su* /orms z are kn[n 9 ,india1 :5 ! air is d>k5$ by du/ & cl\ds1 :5 9 a mom5t ! trees are /ripp$ ( _! foliage1 _! bran*es %iv]$1 _! /ems snapp$1 :5 ! e>? seems to reel & ! m\nta9s to %ake1 & ! riv]s are la%$ into foam & fury4 ,!n ! poet sees ! ,m>uts approa*+ ) gold5 helmets1 ) spott$ sk9s on _! %\ld]s1 br&i%+ gold5 spe>s1 :irl+ _! axes1 %oot+ fi]y arr[s1 & crack+ _! :ips amid ?und] & lightn+4 ,!y are ! comrades ( ,indra1 sometimes1 l ,indra1 ! sons ( ,dyaus or ! sky1 b also ! sons ( ano!r t]rible god1 call$ ,rudra1 or ! ,h[l]1 a fight+ god1 to :om _m hymns are address$4 ,9 him a new "* is evolv$1 t ( a heal] & savi\r--a v natural transition 9 ,india1 :]e no?+ is s p[]ful = dispell+ miasmas1 re/or+ heal?1 & imp>t+ fre% vigor to man & bea/1 z a ?und]/orm1 foll[+ aft] weeks ( heat & dr\ght4 ,all ^! & sev]al o!rs1 su* z ,p>ganya & ! ,ribhus1 are ! gods ( mid-air1 ! mo/ active & dramatic gods1 ev] pres5t to ! fancy ( ! anci5t poets1 & 9 sev]al cases ! prototypes ( lat] h]oes1 celebrat$ 9 ! epic poems ( ,india4 ,9 battles1 m p>ticul>ly1 ^! fight+ gods ( ! sky 7 con/antly invok$4#bbe ,indra is ! lead] 9 battles1 ! protector ( ! bright ,aryans1 ! de/roy] ( ! black aborig9al inhabitants ( ,india4 ,he has ?r[n d[n fifty ?\s& black fell[s1 ! poet says1 & _! /rongholds crumbl$ away l an old rag4 ,/range to say1 ,indra is prais$ = hav+ sav$ 8 p f _! enemies1 mu* z ,jehovah 0 prais$ by ! ,jewi% prophets4 ,?us we read 9 "o hymn t :5 ,sudas1 ! pi\s k+ ( ! ,tritsus1 0 press$ h>d 9 8 battle ) ! t5 k+s1 ,indra *ang$ ! flood into an easy =d1 & ?us sav$ ,sudas4 ,9 ano!r hymn we read3#bbf ,?\ ha/ re/ra9$ ! great riv] = ! sake ( ,turviti ,vayya3 ! flood mov$ 9 ob$i5ce to !e1 & ?\ made/ ! riv]s easy to cross4 ,?is is n v diff]5t f ! ,psalmi/ 7#gh3ac73 ,he divid$ ! sea1 & caus$ !m to pass ?r\gh2 & he made ! wat]s to /& z an heap4 ,& !re are o!r passages :i* h rem9d$ "s /ud5ts ( ! ,v$a ( ,jo%ua's battle1#bbg :5 ! sun /ood /ill & ! moon /ay$1 until ! p _h av5g$ !mselves ^u _! enemies4 ,= we read 9 ! ,v$a also1 z ,pr(essor ,kaegi has po9t$ out 7l4 c4 p4 #fc71 t ,indra l5g!n$ ! days into ! night1 & t ! ,sun unh>ness$ its *>iot 9 ! middle ( ! day4#bbh ,9 "s ( ! hymns address$ to ,indra 8 orig9al connection ) ! sky & ! ?und]/orm seems q =gott54 ,he has become a spiritual god1 ! only k+ ( all worlds & all p1#bbi :o sees & he>s ev]y?+1#bcj nay1 :o inspires m5 ) _! be/ ?\ghts4 ,no "o is equal to him1 no "o excels him4 ,! "n ( ,indra is peculi> to ,india1 & mu/ h be5 =m$ aft] ! sep>ation ( ! great ,aryan family _h tak5 place1 = we f9d x nei!r 9 ,greek1 nor 9 ,lat91 nor 9 ,g]man4 ,!re are ,v$ic gods1 z ,i m5tion$ be=e1 ^: names mu/ h be5 fram$ be=e t sep>ation1 & :i* occur !re=e1 ?\gh greatly modifi$ 9 "*1 sometimes 9 ,greek1 sometimes 9 ,lat91 sometimes 9 ! ,celtic1 ,teutonic1 & ,slavonic dialects4 ,d y a u s1 = in/ance1 is ! same ^w z ,zeus or ,jupit]1 ,u s h a s is ,eos1 ,n a k t a is ,nyx1 ,s u r y a is ,helios1 ,a g n i is ignis1 ,b h a g a is ,baga 9 ,old ,p]sian1 ,b o g u 9 ,old ,slavonic1 ,v a r u n a is ,uranos1 ,v a t a is ,wotan1 ,v a k is vox1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,m>uts1 or ! /orm-gods1 ! g]ms ( ! ,italic god ( w>1 ,m>s1 h be5 discov]$4 ,besides ^! direct co9cid5ces1 "s indirect relations h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,h]mes & ,s a r a m e y a1 ,dionysos & ,d y u n i s y a1 ,prome!us & p r a m a n t h a1 ,orpheus & ,r i b h u1 ,er9nys & ,s a r a n y u1 ,pan & ,p a v a n a4#bca ,b :ile ! "n ( ,indra z ! god ( ! sky1 also z ! god ( ! ?und]/orm1 & ! giv] ( ra91 is unkn[n among ! nor?-we/]n memb]s ( ! ,aryan family1 ! "n ( ano!r god :o sometimes acts ! "p ( ,indra 7,indrah ,p>ganyatma71 b is mu* less prom95t 9 ! ,v$a1 ,i mean ,p>ganya1 mu/ h exi/$ be=e t ( ,indra1 because two at lea/ ( ! ,aryan languages h c>ri$ x1 z we %all see1 to ,g]many1 & to ! v %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,sometimes ?is ,p>ganya /&s 9 ! place ( ,dyaus1 ! sky4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 ,,xii4 #a1 #ab3bcb ,! ,e>? is ! "m1 & ,i am ! son ( ! ,e>?4 ,p>ganya is ! fa!r2 may he help u6 ,9 ano!r place 7,,xii4 #a1 #db7 ! ,e>?1 in/ead ( be+ ! wife ( ,heav5 or ,dyaus1 is call$ ! wife ( ,p>ganya4 ,n[ :o or :at is ?is ,p>ganya8 ,!re h be5 long controv]sies ab\t him1#bcc z to :e!r he is ! same z ,dyaus1 ,heav51 or ! same z ,indra1 ! successor ( ,dyaus1 :e!r he is ! god ( ! sky1 ( ! cl\d1 or ( ! ra94 ,to me x seems t ?is v expression1 god ( ! sky1 god ( ! cl\d1 is s entire an ana*ronism t we c\ld n ev5 translate x into ,v$ic ,sanskrit )\t committ+ a solecism4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 we mu/ use our mod]n ways ( speak+ :5 we wi% to repres5t ! ?\ghts ( ! anci5t _w2 b we _c be too mu* on our gu>d aga9/ accept+ ! diction>y repres5tative ( an anci5t ^w = its real c\nt]p>t4 ,deva1 no d\bt1 means gods & god1 & ,p a r g a n y a means cl\d1 b no "o c\ld say 9 ,sanskrit p a r g a n y a s y a d e v a h1 ! god ( ! cl\d4 ,! god1 or ! div9e1 or transc5d5tal elem5t1 does n come f )\t1 to be add$ to ! cl\d or to ! sky or to ! e>?1 b x spr+s f ! cl\d & ! sky & ! e>?1 & is sl[ly elaborat$ into an indep5d5t concept4 ,z _m words 9 anci5t languages h an undef9$ mean+1 & l5d !mselves to v>i\s purposes accord+ to ! v>i\s int5tions ( ! speak]s1 ! names ( ! gods also %>e 9 ?is ela/ic & pla/ic "* ( anci5t spee*4 ,!re are passages :]e ,p>ganya means cl\d1 !re are passages :]e x means ra94 ,!re are passages :]e ,p>ganya takes ! place :i* else:]e is fill$ by ,dyaus1 ! sky1 or by ,indra1 ! active god ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is may seem v wrong & v unsci5tific to ! sci5tific my?ologi/4 ,b x _c be help$4 ,x is ! nature ( anci5t ?\ght & anci5t language to be unsci5tific1 & we mu/ le>n to ma/] x z well z we c1 in/ead ( f9d+ fault ) x1 & compla9+ t our =efa!rs did n reason exactly z we d4 ,!re are passages 9 ! ,v$ic hymns :]e ,p>ganya appe>s z a supreme god4 ,he is call$ fa!r1 l ,dyaus1 ! sky4 ,he is call$ a s u r a1 ! liv+ or life-giv+ god1 a "n peculi> to ! olde/ & ! greate/ gods4 ,"o poet says1#bcd ,he rules z god ov] ! :ole _w2 all creatures re/ 9 him2 he is ! life 7atma7 ( all t moves & re/s4 ,surely x is difficult to say m ( a supreme god ?an :at is "h said ( ,p>ganya4 ,yet 9 o!r hymns he is repres5t$ z p]=m+ 8 (fice1 namely t ( s5d+ ra9 ^u ! e>?1 "u ! control ( ,mitra & ,v>un1 :o are !n consid]$ z ! highe/ lords1 ! mightie/ rul]s ( heav5 & e>?4#bce ,!re are o!r v]ses1 aga91 :]e p>ganya occurs ) h>dly any traces ( p]sonality1 b simply z a "n ( cl\d or ra94 ,?us we read3#bcf ,ev5 by day ! ,m>uts 7! /orm-gods7 produce d>kness ) ! cl\d t c>ries wat]1 :5 !y moi/5 ! e>?4 ,"h cl\d is p>ganya1 & x is evid5tly us$ z an appellative1 & n z a prop] "n4 ,! same ^w occurs 9 ! plural also1 & we read ( _m p>ganyas or cl\ds vivify+ ! e>?4#bcg ,:5 ,devapi prays = ra9 9 favor ( 8 bro!r1 he says3#bch ,o "l ( my pray] 7,brihaapati71 :e!r ?\ be ,mitra or ,v>una or ,pu%an1 come to my sacrifice6 ,:e!r ?\ be toge!r ) ! ,adityas1 ! ,vasus or ! ,m>uts1 let ! cl\d 7p>ganya7 ra9 = ,santanu4 ,& aga93 ,/ir up ! ra9y cl\d 7p>ganya74 ,9 sev]al places x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we translate p>ganya by cl\d or by ra91 = ^? :o pray = ra91 pray = ! cl\d1 & :atev] may be ! b5efits ( ! ra91 !y may ne>ly all be call$ ! b5efits ( ! cl\d4 ,!re is a curi\s hymn1 = in/ance1 address$ to ! frogs :o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9s1 come =? f ! dry ponds1 & embrace ea* o!r & *att] toge!r1 & :om ! poet comp>es to prie/s s++ at a sacrifice1 a n v complim5t>y rem>k f a poet :o is himself suppos$ to h be5 a prie/4 ,_! voice is said to h be5 reviv$ by p>ganya1 :i* we %all naturally translate by ra91 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 ! poet may h meant1 = all we "k1 ei!r a cl\d1 or ev5 ! god ,p>ganya himself4 ,i %all try to translate "o ( ! hymns address$ to ,p>ganya1 :5 conceiv$ z a god1 or at lea/ z s mu* ( a god z x 0 possible to be at t /age 9 ! intellectual gr[? ( ! human race4#bci #a4 ,invoke ! /rong god ) ^! songs6 praise ,p>ganya1 wor%ip him ) v5]ation6 = he1 ! ro>+ bull1 scatt]+ drops1 gives se$-fruit to plants4 #b4 ,he cuts ! trees asund]1 he kills evil spirits2 ! :ole _w trembles be=e 8 mighty weapon4 ,ev5 ! guiltless flees be=e ! p[]ful1 :5 ,p>ganya ?und]+ /rikes d[n ! evil-do]s4 #c4 ,l a *>iote]1 /rik+ 8 horses ) a :ip1 he puts =?s 8 mess5g] ( ra94 ,f af> arise ! ro>+s ( ! lion1 :5 ,p>ganya makes ! sky full ( ra94 #d4 ,! w9ds bl[1 ! lightn+s#bdj fly1 plants spr+ up1 ! sky p\rs4 ,food is produc$ = ! :ole _w1 :5 ,p>ganya blesses ! e>? ) 8 se$4 #e4 ,o ,p>ganya1 ?\ at ^: "w ! e>? b[s d[n1 ?\ at ^: "w ho($ animals are scatt]$1 ?\ at ^: "w ! plants assume all =ms1 grant ?\ to u ?y great protection6 #f4 ,o1 ,m>uts1 give u ! ra9 ( heav51 make ! /reams ( ! /rong horse run d[n6 ,& come ?\ hi!r ) ?y ?und]1 p\r+ out wat]1 = ?\ 7,o ,p>ganya7 art ! liv+ god1 ?\ art our fa!r4 #g4 ,d ?\ ro>1 & ?und]1 & give fruitfulness6 ,fly ar\nd u ) ?y *>iot full ( wat]6 ,draw =? ?y wat]-sk91 :5 x has be5 op5$ & turn$ d[nw>d1 & let ! high & ! l[ places become level6 #h4 ,draw up ! l>ge bucket1 & p\r x out2 let ! /reams p\r =? freely6 ,soak heav5 & e>? ) fatness6 & let !re be a good draught = ! c[s6 #i4 ,o ,p>ganya1 :5 ro>+ & ?und]+ ?\ kille/ ! evil-do]s1 !n ev]y?+ rejoices1 :atev] lives on e>?4 #aj4 ,?\ ha/ s5t ra91 /op n[6 ,?\ ha/ made ! des]ts passable1 ?\ ha/ made plants gr[ = food1 & ?\ ha/ obta9$ praise f m54 ,?is is a ,v$ic hymn1 & a v fair specim5 ( :at ^! anci5t hymns are4 ,!re is no?+ v gr& & poetical ab\t !m1 & yet1 ,i say1 take ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( p liv+ 9 our villages1 & dep5d+ on ra9 = _! v life1 & n _m ( !m w be able to compose su* a pray] = ra91 ev5 ?\gh ?ree ?\s& ye>s h pass$ ov] our heads s9ce ,p>ganya 0 fir/ invok$ 9 ,india4 ,nor are ^! v]ses entirely )\t poetical conceptions & descriptions4 ,:oev] has wat*$ a real ?und]/orm 9 a hot climate w recognize ! tru? ( ^? quick s5t5ces3 ! w9ds bl[1 ! lightn+s fly1 plants spr+ up1 ! ho($ cattle are scatt]$4 ,nor is ! idea )\t a c]ta9 dra/ic reality1 t ,p>ganya draws a bucket ( wat] f 8 well 9 heav51 & p\rs out sk9 aft] sk9 79 :i* wat] 0 !n c>ri$7 d[n ^u ! e>?4 ,!re is ev5 a moral s5tim5t p]ceptible 9 ?is hymn4 ,:5 ! /orms ro>1 & ! lightn+s fla% & ! ra9 p\rs d[n1 ev5 ! guiltless trembles1 & evil-do]s are /ruck d[n4 ,"h we cle>ly see t ! poet did n look ^u ! /orm simply z an outbreak ( ! viol5ce ( nature1 b t he _h a pres5tim5t ( a high] w & p[] :i* ev5 ! guiltless fe>s2 = :o1 he seems to say1 is entirely free f guilt8 ,if n[ we ask aga91 ,:o is ,p>ganya8 or ,:at is ,p>ganya8 we c answ] t p>ganya 0 meant orig9ally = ! cl\d1 s f> z x gives ra92 b z soon z ! idea ( a giv] arose1 ! visible cl\d became ! outw>d appe>ance only1 or ! body ( t giv]1 & ! giv] himself 0 some:]e else1 we "k n :]e4 ,9 "s v]ses ,p>ganya seems to /ep into ! place ( ,dyaus1 ! sky1 & ,pri?ivi1 ! e>?1 is 8 wife4 ,9 o!r places1#bda h[ev]1 he is ! son ( ,dyaus or ! sky1 ?\gh no ?\ght is giv5 9 t e>ly /age to ! fact t ?us ,p>ganya might seem to be ! husb& ( 8 "m4 ,we saw t ev5 ! idea ( ,indra be+ ! fa!r ( 8 own fa!r did n />tle ! anci5t poets beyond an exclamation t x 0 a v wond]ful ?+ inde$4 ,sometimes ,p>ganya does ! "w ( ,indra1#bdb ! ,jupit] ,pluvius ( ! ,v$a2 sometimes ( ,vayu1 ! w9d1 sometimes ( ,soma1 ! giv] ( ra94 ,yet ) all ?is he is n ,dyaus1 nor ,indra1 nor ! ,m>uts1 nor ,vayu1 nor ,soma4 ,he /&s by himself1 a sep>ate p]son1 a sep>ate god1 z we %\ld say--nay1 "o ( ! olde/ ( all ! ,aryan gods4 ,8 "n1 p>ganya1 is d]iv$ f a root p>g1 :i*1 l its p>allel =ms p>s & p>%1 mu/ 7,i ?9k7 h _h ! mean+ ( spr9kl+1 irrigat+1 moi/5+4 ,an int]*ange betwe5 f9al g1 s1 & %1 may1 no d\bt1 seem unusual1 b x is n )\t p>allel 9 ,sanskrit4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ! roots ping1 p+]e2 pi%1 to rub2 pis1 to adorn 7z 9 pesz1 ,greek3 poikilos1 etc472 mrig1 to rub1 mri%1 to rub out1 to =get2 mris1 mulc]e4 ,?is v root mrig =ms its p>ticiple z mri%-ta1 l yag1 i%ta1 & vis1 vi%ta2 nay !re are roots1 su* z druh1 :i* optionally take a f9al l+ual or guttural1 su* z dhrut & dhruk4#bdc ,we may !re=e comp>e p>g 9 p>ganya ) su* words z pri%ata1 pri%ati1 speckl$1 drop ( wat]2#bdd also p>su1 cl\d1 prisni1 speckl$1 cl\d1 e>?2 & 9 ,greek ,greek3 prox7o71 ,greek3 p]knos1 etc4#bde ,if d]iv$ f p>g1 to spr9kle1 ,p>ganya w\ld h meant orig9ally he :o irrigates or gives ra94#bdf ,:5 ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,aryan family disp]s$1 !y might all ( !m1 ,h9dus z well z ,greeks & ,celts1 & ,teutons & ,slaves1 h c>ri$ t "n = cl\d ) !m4 ,b y "k t x happ5$ v (t5 t out ( ! commonweal? ( _! anci5t language1 "o & ! same ^w 0 pres]v$1 z ! case might be1 n by all1 b by only six1 or five1 or f\r1 or ?ree1 or two1 or ev5 by "o only ( ! sev5 pr9cipal heirs2 & yet1 z we "k t !re 0 no hi/orical contact betwe5 !m1 aft] !y _h once p>t$ f ea* o!r1 long be=e ! beg9n+ ( :at we call hi/ory1 ! fact t two ( ! ,aryan languages h pres]v$ ! same f9i%$ ^w ) ! same f9i%$ mean+1 is pro( suffici5t t x belong$ to ! mo/ anci5t treasure ( ,aryan ?\ght4 ,n[ !re is no trace1 at lea/ no v cle> trace1 ( ,p>ganya1 9 ,greek1 or ,lat91 or ,celtic1 or ev5 9 ,teutonic4 ,9 ,slavonic1 too1 we look 9 va91 till we come to t almo/ =gott5 side-bran* call$ ! ,lettic1 compris+ ! spok5 ,lituanian & ,letti%1 & ! n[ ext9ct ,old ,prussian4 ,lituania is no long] an indep5d5t /ate1 b x 0 once1 n m ?an six c5turies ago1 a ,gr& ,du*y1 indep5d5t bo? ( ,russia & ,pol&4 ,its fir/ ,gr& ,duke 0 ,r+old1 :o rul$ f #abce1 & 8 successors made successful conque/s aga9/ ! ,russians4 ,9 #acfh ^! gr& dukes became k+s ( ,pol&1 & 9 #aefi ! two c\ntries 7 unit$4 ,:5 ,pol& 0 divid$ betwe5 ,russia & ,prussia1 "p ( ,lituania fell to ! =m]1 "p to ! latt]4 ,!re are /ill ab\t "o million & a half ( p :o speak ,lituanian 9 ,russia & ,prussia1 :ile ,letti% is spok5 by ab\t "o million 9 ,curl& & ,livonia4 ,! ,lituanian language ev5 z x is n[ spok5 by ! common p1 conta9s "s extremely primitive grammatical =ms--9 "s cases almo/ id5tical ) ,sanskrit4 ,^! =ms are all ! m curi\s1 because !y are b few 9 numb]1 & ! re/ ( ! language has suff]$ mu* f ! we> & te> ( c5turies4 ,n[ 9 t remote ,lituanian language we f9d t our old fri5d ,p>ganya has tak5 refuge4 ,!re he lives to ! pres5t day1 :ile ev5 9 ,india he is almo/ =gott51 at lea/ 9 ! spok5 languages2 & !re1 9 ,lituania1 n _m c5turies back might be he>d among a ,*ri/ianiz$ or ne>ly ,*ri/ianiz$ p1 pray]s = ra91 n v diff]5t f t :i* ,i translat$ to y f ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,9 ,lituanian ! god ( ?und] 0 call$ ,p]kunas1#bdg & ! same ^w is /ill us$ 9 ! s5se ( ?und]4 ,9 ,old ,prussian1 ?und] 0 p]cunos1 & 9 ,letti% to ! pres5t day p]kons is ?und]1 god ( ?und]4#bdh ,x 01 ,i believe1 ,grimm :o = ! fir/ "t id5tifi$ ! ,v$ic ,p>ganya ) ! ,old ,slavonic ,p]un1 ! ,poli% ,piorun1 ! ,bohemian ,p]aun4 ,^! words _h =m]ly be5 d]iv$ by ,dobrovsky & o!rs f ! root p]u1 ,i /rike4 ,grimm 7,teutonic ,my?ology1 ,engl4 transl41 p4 #aga7 %[$ t ! full] =ms ,p]kunas1 ,pehrkons1 & ,p]kunos exi/$ 9 ,lituanian1 ,letti%1 ,old ,prussian1 & t ev5 ! ,mordv9ians _h adopt$ ! "n ,porgu9i z t ( _! ?und]-god4 ,simon ,grunau1 :o f9i%$ 8 *ronicle 9 #aeba1 speaks ( ?ree gods1 z wor%ipp$ by ! ,old ,prussians1 ,patollo1 ,patrimpo1 & ,p]kuno1 & he /ates t ,p]kuno 0 invok$ = /orm's sake1 t !y might h ra9 & fair wea!r at ! prop] "t1 & ?und] & lightn+ %\ld n injure !m4#bdi ,! foll[+ ,lituanian pray] has be5 pres]v$ to u by ,lasitzki3#bej ,*eck ?yself1 ,o ,p]cuna1 & d n s5d mis=tune on my field6 & ,i %all give !e ?is flit*4 ,among ! neighbors ( ! ,lets1 ! ,e/honians1 :o1 ?\gh un-,aryan 9 language1 h evid5tly le>n$ mu* f _! ,aryan neighbors1 ! foll[+ pray] 0 he>d1#bea address$ by an old peasant to _! god ,pick] or ,pick51 ! god ( ?und] & ra91 z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury4#beb ,de> ,?und] 7woda ,pick]71 we (f] to !e an ox t has two horns & f\r clov5 ho(s2 we w\ld pray !e = our pl\gh+ & s[+1 t our /raw be copp]-r$1 our gra9 gold5-yell[4 ,pu% else:]e all ! ?ick black cl\ds1 ov] great f5s1 high =e/s1 & wild]nesses4 ,b unto u1 pl\gh]s & s[]s1 give a fruitful season & sweet ra94 ,holy ,?und] 7poeha ,pick571 gu>d our se$-field1 t x be> good /raw bel[1 good e>s above1 & good gra9 )94#bec ,n[1 ,i say aga91 ,i d n wi% y to admire ?is primitive poetry1 primitive1 :e!r x is repeat$ 9 ! ,e/honian f5s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ( our era1 or sung 9 ! valley ( ! ,indus 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury be=e our era4 ,let ae/hetic critics say :at !y l ab\t ^! unc\? poems4 ,i only ask y1 ,is x n wor? a great _m poems1 to h e/abli%$ ?is fact1 t ! same god ,p>ganya1 ! god ( cl\ds & ?und] & lightn+ & ra91 :o 0 invok$ 9 ,india a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,india 0 discov]$ by ,alex&]1 %\ld h be5 rememb]$ & believ$ 9 by ,lituanian peasants on ! fronti] betwe5 ,ea/ ,prussia & ,russia1 n m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & %\ld h reta9$ its old "n ,p>ganya1 :i* 9 ,sanskrit meant %[]+1 "u ! =m ( ,p]kuna1 :i* 9 ,lituanian is a "n & a "n only1 )\t any etymological mean+ at all2 nay1 %\ld live on1 z "s s*ol>s assure u1 9 an abbreviat$ =m 9 mo/ ,slavonic dialects1 namely1 9 ,old ,slavonic z ,p]un1 9 ,poli% z ,piorun1 9 ,bohemian z ,p]aun1 all mean+ ?und] or ?und]/orm8#bed ,su* facts /rike me z if we saw ! blood sudd5ly beg9n+ to fl[ aga9 ?r\gh ! ve9s ( old mummies2 or z if ! ,egyptian /atues ( black granite 7 sudd5ly to beg9 to speak aga94 ,t\*$ by ! rays ( mod]n sci5ce ! old words--call !m mummies or /atues--beg9 inde$ to live aga91 ! old names ( gods & h]oes beg9 inde$ to speak aga94 ,all t is old becomes new1 all t is new becomes old1 & t "o ^w1 ,p>ganya1 seems1 l a *>m1 to op5 be=e our eyes ! cave or cottage 9 :i* ! fa!rs ( ! ,aryan race1 our own fa!rs--:e!r we live on ! ,baltic or on ! ,indian ,ocean--are se5 ga!r$ toge!r1 tak+ refuge f ! buckets ( ,p>ganya1 & say+1 ,/op n[1 ,p>ganya2 ?\ ha/ s5t ra92 ?\ ha/ made ! des]ts passable1 & ha/ made ! plants to gr[2 & ?\ ha/ obta9$ praise f man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h /ill to consid] ! ?ird class ( gods1 9 addition to ! gods ( ! e>? & ! sky1 namely ! gods ( ! highe/ heav51 m s]5e 9 _! "* ?an ! active & fight+ gods ( ! air & ! cl\ds1 & m remote f ! eyes ( man1 & !re=e m my/]i\s 9 ! ex]cise ( _! p[] ?an ! gods ( ! e>? or ! air4 ,! pr9cipal deity is "h no d\bt ! bright sky itself1 ! old ,dyaus1 wor%ipp$ z we "k by ! ,aryans be=e !y broke up into sep>ate p & languages1 & surviv+ 9 ,greece z ,zeus1 9 ,italy z ,jupit]1 ,heav5-fa!r1 & among ! ,teutonic tribes z ,tyr & ,tiu4 ,9 ! ,v$a we saw him *iefly invok$ 9 connection ) ! e>?1 z ,dyava-pri?ivi1 ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,he is invok$ by himself also1 b he is a vani%+ god1 & 8 place is tak5 9 mo/ ( ! ,v$ic poems by ! y\ng] & m active god1 ,indra4 ,ano!r repres5tative ( ! highe/ heav51 z cov]+1 embrac+1 & %ield+ all ?+s1 is ,v>una1 a "n d]iv$ f ! root v>1 to cov]1 & id5tical ) ! ,greek ,ouranos4 ,?is god is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ creations ( ! ,h9du m9d1 because ?\gh we c /ill p]ceive ! physical backgr\nd f :i* he rises1 ! va/1 />ry1 brilliant expanse above1 8 features1 m ?an ^? ( any ( ! ,v$ic gods1 h become completely transfigur$1 & he /&s be=e u z a god :o wat*es ov] ! _w1 puni%es ! evil-do]1 & ev5 =gives ! s9s ( ^? :o implore 8 p>don4 ,i %all read y "o ( ! hymns address$ to him3#bee ,let u be bless$ 9 ?y s]vice1 ,o ,v>una1 = we always ?9k ( !e & praise !e1 greet+ !e day by day1 l ! fires light$ on ! alt>1 at ! approa* ( ! ri* dawns4 #b4 ,o ,v>una1 our guide1 let u /& 9 ?y keep+1 ?\ :o art ri* 9 h]oes & prais$ f> & wide6 ,& y1 unconqu]$ sons ( ,aditi1 deign to accept u z y\r fri5ds1 ,o gods6 #c4 ,aditya1 ! rul]1 s5t =? ^! riv]s2 !y foll[ ! law ( ,v>una4 ,!y tire n1 !y cease n2 l birds !y fly quickly ev]y:]e4 #d4 ,take f me my s91 l a fett]1 & we %all increase1 ,o ,v>una1 ! spr+ ( ?y law4 ,let n ! ?read be cut :ile ,i weave my song6 ,let n ! =m ( ! workman break be=e ! "t6 #e4 ,take f> away f me ?is t]ror1 ,o ,v>una2 ,?\1 ,o righte\s k+1 h m]cy on me6 ,l z a rope f a calf1 remove f me my s92 = away f !e ,i am n ma/] ev5 ( ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 #f4 ,d n /rike u1 ,v>una1 ) weapons :i* at ?y w hurt ! evil-do]4 ,let u n g :]e ! light has vani%$6 ,scatt] our enemies1 t we may live4 #g4 ,we did =m]ly1 ,o ,v>una1 & d n[1 & %all 9 future also1 s+ praises to !e1 ,o mighty "o6 ,= on !e1 unconqu]able h]o1 re/ all /atutes1 immovable1 z if e/abli%$ on a rock4 #h4 ,move f> away f me all self-committ$ guilt1 & may ,i n1 ,o k+1 suff] = :at o!rs h committ$6 ,_m dawns h n yet dawn$2 grant u to live 9 !m1 ,o ,v>una4 #i4 ,y may h obs]v$ t 9 sev]al v]ses ( ?is hymn ,v>una 0 call$ ,aditya1 or son ( ,aditi4 ,n[ ,aditi means inf9itude1 f dita1 b\nd1 & a1 n1 t is1 n b\nd1 n limit$1 absolute1 inf9ite4 ,aditi itself is n[ & !n invok$ 9 ! ,v$a1 z ! ,beyond1 z :at is beyond ! e>? & ! sky1 & ! sun & ! dawn--a mo/ surpris+ conception 9 t e>ly p]iod ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ?an ,aditi1 we meet ) ! ,adityas1 lit]ally ! sons ( ,aditi1 or ! gods beyond ! visible e>? & sky--9 "o s5se1 ! inf9ite gods4 ,"o ( !m is ,v>una1 o!rs ,mitra & ,aryaman 7,bhaga1 ,dak%a1 ,amsa71 mo/ ( !m ab/ract names1 ?\gh po9t+ to heav5 & ! sol> light ( heav5 z _! fir/1 ?\gh almo/ =gott5 s\rce4 ,:5 ,mitra & ,v>una are invok$ toge!r1 we c /ill p]ceive dimly t !y 7 meant orig9ally = day & night1 light & d>kness4 ,b 9 _! m p]sonal & s to say dramatic aspect1 day & night appe> 9 ! ,v$ic my?ology z ! two ,asv9s1 ! two horsem54 ,aditi1 too1 ! inf9ite1 /ill %[s a few traces ( h] be+ orig9ally connect$ ) ! b\ndless ,dawn2 b aga91 9 h] m p]sonal & dramatic "*1 ! ,dawn is prais$ by ! ,v$ic poets z ,u%as1 ! ,greek ,eos1 ! beautiful maid ( ! morn+1 lov$ by ! ,asv9s1 lov$ by ! sun1 b vani%+ be=e him at ! v mom5t :5 he tries to embrace h] ) 8 gold5 rays4 ,! sun himself1 :om we saw reflect$ sev]al times be=e 9 "s ( ! div9e p]sonifications ( ! air & ! sky & ev5 ( ! e>?1 appe>s once m 9 8 full p]sonality1 z ! sun ( ! sky1 "u ! names ( ,surya 7,helios71 ,savitri1 ,pu%an1 & ,vi%nu1 & _m m4 ,y see f all ?is h[ great a mi/ake x w\ld be to attempt to r$uce ! :ole ( ,aryan my?ology to sol> concepts1 & to sol> concepts only4 ,we h se5 h[ l>gely ! e>?1 ! air1 & ! sky h ea* contribut$ _! %>e to ! e>lie/ religi\s & my?ological treasury ( ! ,v$ic ,aryans4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,sun occupi$ 9 t anci5t collection ( ,aryan ?\ght1 :i* we call ,my?ology1 ! same c5tral & comm&+ position :i*1 "u diff]5t names1 x /ill holds 9 our own ?\ghts4 ,:at we call ! ,morn+1 ! anci5t ,aryans call$ ! ,sun or ! ,dawn2 & !re is no solemnity s deep to a rightly-?9k+ creature z t ( ! ,dawn4 7,^! are n my words1 b ! words ( "o ( our greate/ poets1 "o ( ! true/ wor%ipp]s ( ,nature--,john ,rusk947 ,:at we call ,noon1 & ,ev5+1 & ,night1 :at we call ,spr+ & ,w9t]1 :at we call ,ye>1 & ,"t1 & ,life1 & ,et]nity--all ?is ! anci5t ,aryans call$ ,sun4 ,& yet wise p wond] & say1 ,h[ curi\s t ! anci5t ,aryans %\ld h _h s _m sol> my?s4 ,:y1 e "t we say ,good-morn+1 we commit a sol> my?4 ,e poet :o s+s ab\t ! ,may driv+ ! ,w9t] f ! field aga9 commits a sol> my?4 ,e ,*ri/mas numb] ( our newspap]s--r++ out ! old ye> & r++ 9 ! new--is brimful ( sol> my?s4 ,be n afraid ( sol> my?s1 b :5ev] 9 anci5t my?ology y meet ) a "n t1 accord+ to ! /ricte/ phonetic rules 7= ?is is a s9e qua non71 c be trac$ back to a ^w mean+ sun1 or dawn1 or morn+1 or night1 or spr+ or w9t]1 accept x = :at x 0 meant to be1 & d n be greatly surpris$1 if a /ory told ( a sol> eponymos 0 orig9ally a sol> my?4 ,no "o has m /rongly prote/$ aga9/ ! extravagances ( comp>ative my?ologi/s 9 *ang+ ev]y?+ into sol> leg5ds1 ?an ,i h2 b if ,i read "s ( ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d aga9/ ?is new sci5ce1 ,i confess !y rem9d me ( no?+ s mu* z ( ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d1 c5turies ago1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,antipodes6 ,p !n appeal$ to :at is call$ ,common ,s5se1 :i* ought to tea* ev]ybody t ,antipodes c\ld n possibly exi/1 because !y w\ld tumble (f4 ,! be/ answ] t a/ronom]s c\ld give1 01 ,g & see4 ,& ,i c give no bett] answ] to ^? le>n$ skeptics :o try to ridicule ! ,sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology--,g & see6 t is1 g & read ! ,v$a1 & be=e y h f9i%$ ! fir/ ,mandala1 ,i c promise y1 y w no long] %ake y\r wise heads at sol> my?s1 :e!r 9 ,india1 or 9 ,greece1 or 9 ,italy1 or ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e we see s little ( ! sun1 & talk all ! m ab\t ! wea!r--t is1 ab\t a sol> my?4 ,we h ?us se5 f ! hymns & pray]s pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 h[ a l>ge numb] ( s-call$ ,devas1 bright & sunny be+s1 or gods1 7 call$ into exi/5ce1 h[ ! :ole _w 0 peopl$ ) !m1 & e act ( nature1 :e!r on ! e>? or 9 ! air or 9 ! highe/ heav51 ascrib$ to _! ag5cy4 ,:5 we say x ?und]s1 !y said ,indra ?und]s2 :5 we say1 x ra9s1 !y said ,p>ganya p\rs out 8 buckets2 :5 we say1 x dawns1 !y said ! beautiful ,u%as appe>s l a danc]1 display+ h] spl5dor2 :5 we say2 x gr[s d>k1 !y said ,surya unh>nesses 8 /e$s4 ,! :ole ( nature 0 alive to ! poets ( ! ,v$a1 ! pres5ce ( ! gods 0 felt ev]y:]e1 & 9 t s5tim5t ( ! pres5ce ( ! gods !re 0 a g]m ( religi\s morality1 suffici5tly /rong1 x w\ld seem1 to re/ra9 p f committ+ z x 7 be=e ! eyes ( _! gods :at !y 7 a%am$ to commit be=e ! eyes ( m54 ,:5 speak+ ( ,v>una1 ! old god ( ! sky1 "o poet says3#bef ,v>una1 ! great "l ( ^! worlds1 sees z if he 7 ne>4 ,if a man /&s or walks or hides1 if he goes to lie d[n or to get up1 :at two p sitt+ toge!r :isp] to ea* o!r1 ,k+ ,v>una kn[s x1 he is !re z ! ?ird4#beg ,?is e>? too belongs to ,v>una1 ! ,k+1 & ?is wide sky ) its ends f> ap>t4 ,! two seas 7! sky & ! ocean7 are ,v>una's lo9s2 he is also conta9$ 9 ?is small drop ( wat]4 ,he :o %\ld flee f> beyond ! sky1 ev5 he w\ld n be rid ( ,v>una1 ! ,k+4#beh ,8 spies proce$ f heav5 t[>d ?is _w2 ) ?\s& eyes !y ov]look ?is e>?4 ,k+ ,v>una sees all ?is1 :at is betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & :at is beyond4 ,he has c\nt$ ! tw9kl+s ( ! eyes ( m54 ,z a play] ?r[s d[n ! dice1 he settles all ?+s 7irrevocably74 ,may all ?y fatal sn>es :i* /& spread out sev5 by sev5 & ?reefold1 cat* ! man :o tells a lie1 may !y pass by him :o speaks ! tru?4 ,y see ?is is z beautiful1 & 9 "s respects z true1 z any?+ 9 ! ,psalms4 ,& yet we "k t !re nev] 0 su* a ,deva1 or god1 or su* a ?+ z ,v>una4 ,we "k x is a m]e "n1 mean+ orig9ally cov]+ or all-embrac+1 :i* 0 appli$ to ! visible />ry sky1 & aft]w>d1 by a process p]fectly intelligible1 develop$ into ! "n ( a ,be+1 end[$ ) human & sup]human qualities4 ,& :at applies to ,v>una applies to all ! o!r gods ( ! ,v$a & ! ,v$ic religion1 :e!r ?ree 9 numb]1 or ?irty-?ree1 or1 z "o poet said1 ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-n9e gods4#bei ,!y are all b names1 q z mu* z ,jupit] & ,apollo & ,m9]va2 9 fact1 q z mu* z all ! gods ( e religion :o are call$ by su* appellative titles4 ,possibly1 if any "o _h said ?is dur+ ! ,v$ic age 9 ,india1 or ev5 dur+ ! ,p]iklean age 9 ,greece1 he w\ld h be5 call$1 l ,sokrates1 a blasphem] or an a!i/4 ,& yet no?+ c be cle>] or tru]1 & we %all see t "s ( ! poets ( ! ,v$a too1 &1 /ill m1 ! lat] ,v$antic philosoph]1 _h a cle> insight t x 0 s4 ,only let u be c>eful 9 ! use ( t phrase x is a m]e "n4 ,no "n is a m]e "n4 ,e "n 0 orig9ally meant = some?+2 only x (t5 fail$ to express :at x 0 meant to express1 & !n became a weak or an empty "n1 or :at we !n call a m]e "n4 ,s x 0 ) ^! names ( ! ,v$ic gods4 ,!y 7 all meant to express ! ,beyond1 ! ,invisible beh9d ! ,visible1 ! ,inf9ite )9 ! ,f9ite1 ! ,sup]natural above ! ,natural1 ! ,div9e1 omnipres5t1 & omnipot5t4 ,!y fail$ 9 express+ :at1 by its v nature1 mu/ always rema9 inexpressible4 ,b t ,inexpressible itself rema9$1 & 9 spite ( all ^! failures1 x nev] succumb$1 or vani%$ f ! m9d ( ! anci5t ?9k]s & poets1 b always call$ = new & bett] names1 nay calls = !m ev5 n[1 & w call = !m to ! v end ( man's exi/5ce ^u e>?4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bba3 ,muir1 iv4 p4 #bji ,footnote #bbb3 ,muir1 iv4 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,x4 #afh1 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,see ,kaegi1 ,rig-,v$a1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,rig-,v$a ,,ii4 #ac1 #ab2 ,,iv4 #ai1 #f4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,jo%ua x4 #ac4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,rig-,v$a ,,iv4 #cj1 #c2 ,x4 #ach1 #c4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,l4 c4 ,,viii4 #cg1 #c4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,l4 c4 ,,viii4 #gh1 #e4 ,footnote #bca3 ,i am v /rongly incl9$ to reg>d ^! names z ,ku%ite or ,semitic2 ,h]mes1 f ,hebrew3 ,*]em1 ! sun2 ,dionysos1 f dyan1 ! judge1 & nisi1 mank9d2 ,orpheus1 f ,orfa1 ! ,arabic "n ( ,edessa2 ,prome!us1 f pro & man?ano1 to le>n4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,muir1 iv4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,ibid4 p4 #adb4 ,an excell5t pap] on ,p>ganya 0 publi%$ by ,buehl] 9 #ahfb1 ,ori5t und ,occid5t1 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,rig-,v$a ,,vii4 #aja1 #f4 ,footnote #bce3 ,rig-,v$a ,v4 #fc1 #c-f4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,l4 c4 ,i4 #ch1 #i4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,l4 c4 ,i4 #afd1 #ea4 ,footnote #bch3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #ih1 #a4 ,footnote #bci3 ,rig-,v$a ,v4 #hc4 ,see ,buehl]1 ,ori5t und ,occid5t1 vol4 i4 p4 #bad2 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,bo? ,buehl] 7,ori5t und ,occid5t1 vol4 i1 p4 #bbd7 & ,zimm] 7,z4 f4 ,d4 ,a4 vii4 p4 #afi7 say t ! lightn+ is repres5t$ z ! son ( ,p>ganya 9 ,rig-,v$a ,,vii4 #aja1 #a4 ,?is seems d\btful4 ,footnote #bda3 ,rig-,v$a ,,vii4 #ajb1 #a4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,l4 c4 ,,viii4 #f1 #a4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,max ,muell]1 ,sanskrit ,gramm>1 ,sec4 #agd1 #aj4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,cf4 ,gobh4 ,grihya ,s4 ,,iii4 #c1 #ae1 vidyut--/anayitnu--pri%ite%u4 ,footnote #bde3 ,uggvaladatta1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,unadi-sutras1 iii4 #ajc4 admits ! same transition ( % into g 9 ! v]b pri%1 z ! etymon ( p>ganya4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,= diff]5t etymologies1 see ,buehl]1 ,ori5t und ,occid5t1 i4 p4 #bad2 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v4 p4 #adj2 ,grassmann1 9 8 ,diction>y to ! ,rig-,v$a1 s4 v42 ,zimm]1 ,zeitscrift fu] ,deuts*es ,alt]?um1 ,neue ,folge1 vii4 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,9 ord] to id5tify ,p]kunas ) ,p>ganya1 we mu/ g ano!r /ep backw>d1 & look ^u g or g1 9 ! root p>g1 z a weak5+ ( an orig9al k 9 p>k4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a frequ5t phonetic process4 ,see ,buehl]1 9 ,b5fey's ,ori5t und ,occid5t1 ii4 p4 #gag4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,lituanian p]kun-kulke1 ?und]-bolt1 p]kuno gaisis1 /orm4 ,see ,voelkel1 ,die lettis*5 ,spra*re/e1 #ahgi1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,p]kuno1 w> d] dritte ,abgott und man ihn anruffte um's ,gewitt]s will51 damit sie ,reg5 haett5 und s*o5 wett] zu se9] ,zeit1 und ihn d] ,donn] und blix ke9 s*ad5 !tt4 ,cf4 ,gottesides bei d5 alt5 ,preuss51 ,b]l91 #ahgj1 p4 #bc4 ,! triad ( ! gods is call$ ,triburti1 ,tryboze2 l4 c4 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #bej3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 p4 #age2 & ,lasitzki 7,lasicius7 ,joannes ,de ,russorum1 ,moscovit>um et ,t>t>orum religione1 sacrificiis1 nupti>um et fun]um ritu1 ,spirae ,nemetum1 #aehb2 idem ,de ,diis ,samagit>um4 ,footnote #bea3 ,grimm1 l4 c4 p4 #agf1 quot+ f ,joh4 ,gutslaff1 ,kurz] ,b]i*t und ,unt]ri*t von d] fals* heilig g5annt5 ,bae*e 9 ,liefl& ,woehh&a1 ,dorpat1 #afdd1 pp4 #cfb-cfd4 ,footnote #beb3 ,9 mod]n ,e/honian ,pitkne1 ! ,f9ni% ,pitca957874 ,footnote #bec3 ,on =eign influ5ces 9 ,e/honian /ories1 see ,eh/ni*e ,ma]*51 von ,t4 ,kreutzwald1 #ahfi1 ,vorwort 7by ,s*iefn]71 p4 iv4 ,footnote #bed3 ,grimm sugge/s 9 8 ,teutonic ,my?ology t ,p>ganya %\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! ,go?ic fairguni1 or m\nta94 ,he imag9es t f be+ reg>d$ z ! abode ( ! god x _h f9ally be5 call$ by 8 "n4 ,f]gunna & ,virgunia1 two names ( m\nta9s 9 ,g]many1 are relics ( ! "n4 ,! "n ( ! god1 if pres]v$ 9 ! ,go?ic1 w\ld h be5 ,fairguneis2 & inde$ 9 ! ,old ,norse language ,fio]gynn is ! fa!r ( ,frigg1 ! wife ( ,od91 & ,fio]gynnior1 ! ,e>?-goddess1 is "m ( ,?or4 ,pr(essor ,zimm] takes ! same view4 ,grimm ?9ks t ! ,greeks & ,romans1 by *ang+ f into h1 repres5t$ ,f]gunni by ,h]cynia1 &1 9 f9e1 he traces ! words b]g & burg back to ,p>ganya4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bee3 ,rig-,v$a ,,ii4 #bh4 ,footnote #bef3 ,a?>va-,v$a ,,iv4 #af4 ,footnote #beg3 ,psalm cxxxix4 #a1 #b1 ,o ,"l1 ?\ ha/ se>*$ me & kn[n me4 ,?\ kn[e/ my d[nsitt+ & m9e upris+1 ?\ und]/&e/ my ?\ght af> (f4 ,footnote #beh3 ,psalm cxxxix4 #i1 ,if ,i take ! w+s ( ! morn+1 & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea2 ev5 !re %all ?y h& lead me1 & ?y "r h& %all hold me4 ,footnote #bei3 ,rig-v$a ,,iii4 #i1 #i2 ,x4 #eb1 #f4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,v$a ,,& ,,v$anta4 ,i d n wond] t ,i %\ld h be5 ask$ by "s ( my he>]s to devote "p ( my la/ lecture to answ]+ ! "q1 h[ ! ,v$ic lit]ature c\ld h be5 compos$ & pres]v$1 if writ+ 0 unkn[n 9 ,india be=e #ejj ,b4,c41 :ile ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a are said to date f #aejj ,b4,c4 ,classical s*ol>s naturally ask :at is ! date ( our olde/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 & :at is ! evid5ce on :i* s high an antiquity is assign$ to its cont5ts4 ,i %all try to answ] ?is "q z well z ,i c1 & ,i %all beg9 ) a humble confession t ! olde/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 kn[n to u at pres5t1 date n f #aejj ,b4,c41 b f ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,we h !re=e a gap ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 :i* x w require a /rong ar* ( argum5t to bridge ov]4 ,b t is n all4 ,y may "k h[1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 :5 ! age ( ! ,hom]ic poems 0 discuss$1 a ,g]man s*ol>1 ,fr$]ick ,augu/ ,wolf1 ask$ two mom5t\s que/ions3 #a4 ,at :at "t did ! ,greeks fir/ become acqua9t$ ) ! alphabet & use x = inscriptions on public monum5ts1 co9s1 %ields1 & = contracts1 bo? public & private8#bfj #b4 ,at :at "t did ! ,greeks fir/ ?9k ( us+ writ+ = lit]>y purposes1 & :at mat]ials did !y employ = t purpose8 ,^! two que/ions & ! answ]s !y elicit$ ?rew q a new light on ! nebul\s p]iods ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,a fact m firmly e/abli%$ ?an any o!r 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,greece is t ! ,ionians le>n$ ! alphabet f ! ,ph5icians4 ,! ,ionians always call$ _! lett]s ,ph5ician lett]s1#bfa & ! v "n ( ,alphabet 0 a ,ph5ician ^w4 ,we c well und]/& t ! ,ph5icians %\ld h taught ! ,ionians 9 ,asia ,m9or a k ( ! alphabet1 p>tly = comm]cial purposes1 i4e4 = mak+ contracts1 p>tly = enabl+ !m to use ^? useful little %eets1 call$ ,p]iplus1 or ,circumnavigations1 :i* at t "t 7 z preci\s to sailors z maps 7 to ! adv5tur\s seam5 ( ! middle ages4 ,b f t to a writt5 lit]ature1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 !re is /ill a wide /ep4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,g]mans1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor?1 _h _! ,runes = inscriptions on tombs1 goblets1 public monum5ts1 b n = lit]>y purposes4#bfb ,ev5 if a few ,ionians at ,miletus & o!r c5tres ( political & comm]cial life acquir$ ! art ( writ+1 :]e c\ld !y f9d writ+ mat]ials8 & /ill m important1 :]e c\ld !y f9d read]s8 ,! ,ionians1 :5 !y began to write1 _h to be satisfi$ ) a hide or pieces ( lea!r1 :i* !y call$ diph!ra1 & until t 0 br\ght to ! p]fection ( vellum or p>*m5t1 ! occupation ( an au?or _c h be5 v agreeable4#bfc ,s f> z we "k at pres5t ! ,ionians began to write ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c42 &1 :atev] may h be5 said to ! contr>y1 ,wolf's dictum /ill holds good t ) !m ! beg9n+ ( a writt5 lit]ature 0 ! same z ! beg9n+ ( prose writ+4 ,writ+ at t "t 0 an ef=t1 & su* an ef=t 0 made = "s great purpose only4 ,h5ce ! fir/ writt5 sk9s 7 :at we %\ld call ,murray's ,h&books1 call$ ,p]iegesis or ,p]iodos1 or1 if treat+ ( sea-voyages1 ,p]iplus1 t is1 guide-books1 books to lead travell]s r\nd a c\ntry or r\nd a t[n4 ,connect$ ) ^! it9]>ies 7 ! acc\nts ( ! f\ndations ( cities1 ! ,ktisis4 ,su* books exi/$ 9 ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! six? & fif? c5turies1 & _! writ]s 7 call$ by a g5]al t]m1 ,logographi1 or ,greek3 logioi or ,greek3 logopoioi1#bfd z oppos$ to ,greek3 aoidoi1 ! poets4 ,!y 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! ,greek hi/orians1 & ,h]odotus 7#ddc ,b4,c471 ! s-call$ fa!r ( hi/ory1 made frequ5t use ( _! works4 ,! :ole ( ?is incipi5t lit]>y activity belong$ to ,asia ,m9or4 ,f ,guides ?r\gh t[ns & c\ntries1 lit]ature seems to h spread at an e>ly "t to ,guides ?r\gh life1 or philosophical dicta1 su* z are ascrib$ to ,anaxim&] ! ,ionian 7#faj-edg ,b4,c4#bfe71 & ,ph]ekydes ! ,syrian 7#edj ,b4,c474 ,^! names c>ry u into ! broad daylight ( hi/ory1 = ,anaxim&] 0 ! tea*] ( ,anaxim5es1 ,anaxim5es ( ,anaxagoras1 & ,anaxagoras ( ,p]ikles4 ,at t "t writ+ 0 a recogniz$ art1 & its cultivation _h be5 r5d]$ possible *iefly ?r\gh trade ) ,egypt & ! importation ( papyros4 ,9 ! "t ( ,a,eschylos 7#ejj ,b4,c47 ! idea ( writ+ _h become s famili> t he c\ld use x aga9 & aga9 9 poetical metaphors1#bff & !re seems little reason :y we %\ld d\bt t bo? ,peisi/ratos 7#ebh ,b4,c47 & ,polykrates ( ,samos 7#ebc ,b4,c47 7 among ! fir/ collectors ( ,greek manuscripts4 ,9 ?is mann] ! simple que/ions ask$ by ,wolf help$ to r$uce ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,greek lit]ature to "s k9d ( ord]1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to its fir/ beg9n+s4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem b reasonable t ! two fir/ que/ions to be ask$ by ! /ud5ts ( ,sanskrit lit]ature %\ld h be53 #a4 ,at :at "t did ! p ( ,india become acqua9t$ ) an alphabet8 #b4 ,at :at "t did !y fir/ use su* alphabet = lit]>y purposes8 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 ^! que/ions rema9$ 9 abeyance = a long "t1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 x 0 impossible to introduce ev5 ! fir/ elem5ts ( ord] into ! *aos ( anci5t ,sanskrit lit]ature4#bfg ,i c "h /ate a few facts only4 ,!re are no inscriptions to be f\nd any:]e 9 ,india be=e ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,^! inscriptions are ,buddhi/1 put up dur+ ! reign ( ,asoka1 ! gr&son ( ,k&ragupta1 :o 0 ! contempor>y ( ,seleucus1 & at ^: c\rt 9 ,patalibo?ra ,mega/h5es liv$ z ambassador ( ,seleucus4 ,"h1 z y see1 we are on hi/orical gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 !re is little d\bt t ,asoka1 ! k+ :o put up ^! inscriptions 9 sev]al p>ts ( 8 va/ k+dom1 reign$ f #bei-bbb ,b4,c4 ,^! inscriptions are writt5 9 two alphabets--"o writt5 f "r to left1 & cle>ly d]iv$ f an ,aramaaean1 t is1 a ,semitic alphabet2 ! o!r writt5 f left to "r1 & cle>ly an adaptation1 & an artificial or sy/ematic adaptation1 ( a ,semitic alphabet to ! requirem5ts ( an ,indian language4 ,t second alphabet became ! s\rce ( all ,indian alphabets1 & ( _m alphabets c>ri$ *iefly by ,buddhi/ tea*]s f> beyond ! limits ( ,india1 ?\gh x is possible t ! e>lie/ ,tamil alphabet may h be5 directly d]iv$ f ! same ,semitic s\rce :i* suppli$ bo? ! dextrorsum & ! s9i/rorsum alphabets ( ,india4 ,"h !n we h ! fir/ fact--viz4 t writ+1 ev5 = monum5tal purposes1 0 unkn[n 9 ,india be=e ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b writ+ = comm]cial purposes 0 kn[n 9 ,india be=e t "t4 ,mega/h5es 0 no d\bt q "r :5 he said t ! ,indians did n "k lett]s1#bfh t _! laws 7 n writt51 & t !y adm9i/]$ ju/ice f memory4 ,b ,ne>*us1 ! admiral ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :o sail$ d[n ! ,indus 7#cbe ,b4,c471 & 0 !re=e br\ght 9 contact ) ! m]*ants frequ5t+ ! m>itime /ations ( ,india1 0 probably equally "r 9 decl>+ t ! ,indians wrote lett]s on cotton t _h be5 well beat5 toge!r4 ,^! 7 no d\bt comm]cial docum5ts1 contracts1 x may be1 ) ,ph5ician or ,egyptian capta9s1 & !y w\ld prove no?+ z to ! exi/5ce 9 ,india at t "t ( :at we mean by a writt5 lit]ature4 ,9 fact1 ,ne>*us himself affirms :at ,mega/h5es said aft] him1 namely t ! laws ( ! sophi/s 9 ,india 7 n writt54 ,if1 at ! same "t1 ! ,greek travell]s 9 ,india speak ( mile-/ones1 & ( cattle m>k$ by ! ,indians ) v>i\s signs & also ) numb]s1 all ?is w\ld p]fectly agree ) :at we "k f o!r s\rces1 t ?\gh ! art ( writ+ may h rea*$ ,india be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]'s conque/1 its employm5t = lit]>y purposes _c date f a mu* e>li] "t4 ,"h !n we are br\ght face to face ) a mo/ />tl+ fact4 ,writ+ 0 unkn[n 9 ,india be=e ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & yet we are ask$ to believe t ! ,v$ic lit]ature 9 its ?ree well-def9$ p]iods1 ! ,mantra1 ,brahmana1 & ,sutra p]iods1 goes back to at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s be=e our era4 ,n[ ! ,rig-,v$a alone1 :i* conta9s a collection ( t5 books ( hymns address$ to v>i\s deities1 consi/s ( #ajag 7#ajbh7 poems1 #aj1ehj v]ses1 & ab\t #aec1hbf words4#bfi ,h[ 7 ^! poems compos$--= !y are compos$ 9 v p]fect metre--& h[1 aft] hav+ be5 compos$1 7 !y h&$ d[n f #aejj be=e ,*ri/ to #aejj aft] ,*ri/1 ! "t to :i* mo/ ( our be/ ,sanskrit ,,mss4 belong8 ,entirely by memory4#bgj ,?is may s\nd />tl+1 b--:at w s\nd /ill m />tl+1 & yet is a fact t c easily be asc]ta9$ by anybody :o d\bts x--at ! pres5t mom5t1 if e ,,ms4 ( ! ,rig-,v$a 7 lo/1 we %\ld be able to recov] ! :ole ( x--f ! memory ( ! ,srotriyas 9 ,india4 ,^! native /ud5ts le>n ! ,v$a by he>t1 & !y le>n x f ! m\? ( _! ,guru1 nev] f a ,,ms41 /ill less f my pr9t$ edition--& aft] a "t !y tea* x aga9 to _! pupils4 ,i h _h su* /ud5ts 9 my room at ,ox=d1 :o n only c\ld repeat ^! hymns1 b :o repeat$ !m ) ! prop] acc5ts 7= ! ,v$ic ,sanskrit has acc5ts l ,greek71 nay1 :o1 :5 look+ ?r\gh my pr9t$ edition ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 c\ld po9t out a mispr9t )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,i c tell y m4 ,!re are h>dly any v>i\s read+s 9 our ,,mss4 ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 b v>i\s s*ools 9 ,india h _! own read+s ( c]ta9 passages1 & !y h& d[n ^? read+s ) great c>e4 ,s1 in/ead ( collat+ ,,mss41 z we d 9 ,greek & ,lat91 ,i h ask$ "s fri5ds ( m9e to collate ^? ,v$ic /ud5ts1 :o c>ry _! own ,rig-,v$a 9 _! memory1 & to let me h ! v>i\s read+s f ^! liv+ au?orities4 ,"h !n we are n deal+ ) !ories1 b ) facts1 :i* anybody may v]ify4 ,! :ole ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 & a great deal m1 /ill exi/s at ! pres5t mom5t 9 ! oral tradition ( a numb] ( s*ol>s :o1 if !y lik$1 c\ld write d[n e lett]1 & e acc5t1 exactly z we f9d !m 9 our old ,,mss4 ,( c\rse1 ?is le>n+ by he>t is c>ri$ on "u a /rict discipl9e2 x is1 9 fact1 consid]$ z a sacr$ duty4 ,a native fri5d ( m9e1 himself a v di/+ui%$ ,v$ic s*ol>1 tells me t a boy1 :o is to be br\ght up z a /ud5t ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 has to sp5d ab\t eight ye>s 9 ! h\se ( 8 tea*]4 ,he has to le>n t5 books3 fir/1 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a2 !n a prose treatise on sacrifices1 call$ ! ,brahmana2 !n ! s-call$ ,=e/-book or ,aranyaka2 !n ! rules on dome/ic c]emonies2 & la/ly1 six treatises on pronunciation1 gramm>1 etymology1 metre1 a/ronomy1 & c]emonial4 ,^! t5 books1 x has be5 calculat$1 conta9 ne>ly #cj1jjj l9es1 ea* l9e reckon$ z ?irty-two syllables4 ,a pupil /udies e day dur+ ! eight ye>s ( 8 !ological appr5tice%ip1 except on ! holidays1 :i* are call$ non-read+ days4 ,!re be+ #cfj days 9 a lun> ye>1 ! eight ye>s w\ld give him #bhhj days4 ,d$uct f ?is #chd holidays1 & y get #bdif work+ days dur+ ! eight ye>s4 ,if y divide ! numb] ( l9es1 #cj1jjj1 by ! numb] ( work+ days1 y get ab\t twelve l9es to be le>n$ ea* day1 ?\gh mu* "t is tak5 up1 9 addition1 = practis+ & rehe>s+ :at has be5 le>n$ be=e4 ,n[ ?is is ! /ate ( ?+s at pres5t1 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r x w la/ mu* long]1 & ,i always impress on my fri5ds 9 ,india1 & !re=e impress on ^? also :o w soon be settl$ z civil s]vants 9 ,india1 ! duty ( try+ to le>n all t c /ill be le>n$ f ^? liv+ libr>ies4 ,mu* anci5t ,sanskrit lore w be lo/ =ev] :5 t race ( ,srotriyas becomes ext9ct4 ,b n[ let u look back4 ,ab\t a ?\s& ye>s ago a ,*9ese ( ! "n ( ,i-ts+1 a ,buddhi/1 w5t to ,india to le>n ,sanskrit1 9 ord] to be able to translate "s ( ! sacr$ books ( 8 own religion1 :i* 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 into ,*9ese4 ,he left ,*9a 9 #fga1 arriv$ at ,tamralipti 9 ,india 9 #fgc1 & w5t to ! great ,college & ,mona/]y ( ,nal&a1 :]e he /udi$ ,sanskrit4 ,he return$ to ,*9a 9 #fie1 & di$ 9 #gjc4bga ,9 "o ( 8 works :i* we /ill possess 9 ,*9ese1 he gives an acc\nt ( :at he saw 9 ,india1 n only among 8 own co-religioni/s1 ! ,buddhi/s1 b likewise among ! ,brahmans4#bgb ,( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s he says t aft] !y h le>n$ to recite ! five & ! t5 precepts1 !y are taught ! #djj hymns ( ,matriketa1 & aft]w>d ! #aej hymns ( ! same poet4 ,:5 !y are able to recite ^!1 !y beg9 ! /udy ( ! ,sutras ( _! ,sacr$ ,canon4 ,!y also le>n by he>t ! ,gatakamala1#bgc :i* gives an acc\nt ( ,buddha 9 =m] /ates ( exi/5ce4 ,speak+ ( :at he calls ! isl&s ( ! ,s\!rn ,sea1 :i* he visit$ aft] leav+ ,india1 ,i-ts+ says3 ,!re are m ?an t5 isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,!re bo? prie/s & laym5 recite ! ,gatakamala1 z !y recite ! hymns m5tion$ be=e2 b x has n yet be5 translat$ into ,*9ese4 ,"o ( ^! /ories1 he proce$s to say1 0 v]sifi$ by a k+ 7,kie-zhih7 & set to music1 & 0 p]=m$ be=e ! public ) a b& & danc+--evid5tly a ,buddhi/ my/]y play4 ,i-ts+ !n gives a %ort acc\nt ( ! sy/em ( education4 ,*ildr51 he says1 le>n ! =ty-n9e lett]s & ! #aj1jjj comp\nd lett]s :5 !y are six ye>s old1 & g5]ally f9i% !m 9 half a ye>4 ,?is corresponds to ab\t #cjj v]ses1 ea* sloka ( ?irty-two syllables4 ,x 0 orig9ally taught by ,mahesv>a4 ,at eight ye>s1 *ildr5 beg9 to le>n ! gramm> ( ,panini1 & "k x aft] ab\t eight mon?s4 ,x consi/s ( #ajjj slokas1 call$ ,sutras4 ,!n foll[s ! li/ ( roots 7dhatu7 & ! ?ree app5dices 7khila71 consi/+ aga9 ( #ajjj slokas4 ,boys beg9 ! ?ree app5dices :5 !y are t5 ye>s old1 & f9i% !m 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ ! age ( fifte51 !y beg9 to /udy a comm5t>y on ! gramm> 7,sutra71 & sp5d five ye>s on le>n+ x4 ,& "h ,i-ts+ gives ! foll[+ advice to 8 c\ntrym51 _m ( :om came to ,india to le>n ,sanskrit1 b seem to h le>n$ x v imp]fectly4 ,if m5 ( ,*9a1 he writes1 g to ,india1 wi%+ to /udy !re1 !y %\ld fir/ ( all le>n ^! grammatical works1 & !n only o!r subjects2 if n1 !y w m]ely wa/e _! labor4 ,^! works %\ld be le>n$ by he>t4 ,b ?is is suit$ = m5 ( high quality only4444 ,!y %\ld /udy h>d day & night1 )\t lett+ a mom5t pass = idle repose4 ,!y %\ld be l ,confucius1 ?r\gh ^: h>d /udy ! b9d+ ( 8 ,yih-k+ 0 ?ree times cut asund]1 be+ worn away2 & l ,sui-%ih1 :o us$ to read a book repeat$ly "o hundr$ times4 ,!n foll[s a rem>k1 m intelligible 9 ,*9ese ?an 9 ,engli%3 ,! hairs ( a bull are c\nt$ by ?\s&s1 ! horn ( a unicorn is only "o4 ,i-ts+ !n speaks ( ! high degree ( p]fection to :i* ! memory ( ^! /ud5ts atta9$1 bo? among ,buddhi/s & h]etics4 ,su* m51 he says1 c\ld commit to memory ! cont5ts ( two volumes1 le>n+ !m only once4 ,& !n turn+ to ! h]etics1 or :at we %\ld call ! or?odox ,brahmans1 he says3 ,! ,brahmanz are reg>d$ ?r\gh\t ! five divisions ( ,india z ! mo/ respectable4 ,!y d n walk ) ! o!r ?ree ca/es1 & o!r mix$ classes ( p are /ill fur!r dissociat$ f !m4 ,!y rev]e _! ,scriptures1 ! f\r ,v$as1 conta9+ ab\t #ajj1jjj v]ses4444 ,! ,v$as are h&$ d[n f m\? to m\?1 n writt5 on pap]4 ,!re are 9 e g5]ation "s intellig5t ,brahmans :o c recite ^? #ajj1jjj v]ses4444 ,i myself saw su* m54 ,"h !n we h an eye-witness :o1 9 ! sev5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 visit$ ,india1 le>n$ ,sanskrit1 & sp5t ab\t tw5ty ye>s 9 diff]5t mona/]ies--a man :o _h no !ories ( 8 own ab\t oral tradition1 b :o1 on ! contr>y1 z com+ f ,*9a1 0 q famili> ) ! idea ( a writt51 nay1 ( a pr9t$ lit]ature3 & yet :at does he say8 ,! ,v$as are n writt5 on pap]1 b h&$ d[n f m\? to m\?4 ,n[1 ,i d n q agree "h ) ,i-ts+4 ,at all ev5ts1 we mu/ n conclude f :at he says t !re exi/$ no ,sanskrit ,,mss4 at all at 8 "t4 ,we "k !y exi/$4 ,we "k t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era ,sanskrit ,,mss4 7 c>ri$ f ,india to ,*9a1 & translat$ !re4 ,mo/ likely !re=e !re 7 ,,mss4 ( ! ,v$a also 9 exi/5ce4 ,b ,i-ts+1 = all t1 0 "r 9 suppos+ t ^! ,,mss4 7 n all[$ to be us$ by /ud5ts1 & t !y _h always to le>n ! ,v$a by he>t & f ! m\? ( a prop]ly qualifi$ tea*]4 ,! v fact t 9 ! lat] law-books sev]e puni%m5ts are ?reat5$ aga9/ p]sons :o copy ! ,v$a or le>n x f a ,,mss41 %[s t ,,mss4 exi/$1 & t _! exi/5ce int]f]$ s]i\sly ) ! anci5t privileges ( ! ,brahmans1 z ! only legitimate tea*]s ( _! sacr$ scriptures4 ,if n[1 aft] hav+ he>d ?is acc\nt ( ,i-ts+1 we g back = ab\t ano!r ?\s& ye>s1 we %all feel less skeptical 9 accept+ ! evid5ce :i* we f9d 9 ! s-call$ ,pratisakhyas1 t is1 collections ( rules :i*1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 g back to ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 & :i* tell u almo/ exactly ! same z :at we c see 9 ,india at ! pres5t mom5t1 namely t ! education ( *ildr5 ( ! ?ree twice-born ca/es1 ! ,brahmanz1 ,k%atriyas1 & ,vaisyas1 consi/$ 9 _! pass+ at lea/ eight ye>s 9 ! h\se ( a ,guru1 & le>n+ by he>t ! anci5t ,v$ic hymns4 ,! art ( tea*+ _h ev5 at t e>ly "t be5 r$uc$ to a p]fect sy/em1 & at t "t c]ta9ly !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( any?+1 su* z a book1 or sk91 or p>*m5t1 a %eet ( pap]1 p5 or ink1 be+ kn[n ev5 by "n to ! p ( ,india2 :ile e expression connect$ ) :at we %\ld call lit]ature1 po9ts to a lit]ature 7we _c help us+ t ^w7 exi/+ 9 memory only1 & be+ h&$ d[n ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e by means ( oral tradition4 ,i _h to ent] into ^! details because ,i "k t1 ) our ideas ( lit]ature1 x requires an ef=t to imag9e ! b>e possibility ( a l>ge am\nt ( poetry1 & /ill m ( prose1 exi/+ 9 any b a writt5 =m4 ,& yet "h too we only see :at we see else:]e1 namely t man1 be=e ! great discov]ies ( civilization 7 made1 0 able by great] individual ef=ts to a*ieve :at to u1 accu/om$ to easi] contrivances1 seems almo/ impossible4 ,s-call$ savages 7 able to *ip fl9ts1 to get fire by rubb+ /icks ( wood1 :i* baffles our h&ie/ workm54 ,are we to suppose t1 if !y wi%$ to pres]ve "s songs :i*1 z !y believ$1 _h once secur$ !m ! favor ( _! gods1 _h br\ght ra9 f heav51 or l$ !m on to victory1 !y w\ld h f\nd no means ( do+ s8 ,we h only to read su* acc\nts z1 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,william ,wyatt ,gill has giv5 u 9 8 ,hi/orical ,sket*es ( ,savage ,life 9 ,polynesia1#bgd to see h[ anxi\s ev5 savages are to pres]ve ! records ( _! anci5t h]oes1 k+s1 & gods1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! dignity or nobility ( c]ta9 families dep5ds on ^! songs1 or :5 !y conta9 :at might be call$ ! title-de$s to l>ge e/ates4 ,& t ! ,v$ic ,indians 7 n ! only savages ( antiquity :o discov]$ ! means ( pres]v+ a l>ge lit]ature by means ( oral tradition1 we may le>n f ,caes>1#bge n a v cr$ul\s witness1 :o tells u t ! ,druids 7 said to "k a l>ge numb] ( v]ses by he>t2 t "s ( !m sp5t tw5ty ye>s 9 le>n+ !m1 & t !y consid]$ x wrong to commit !m to writ+--exactly ! same /ory :i* we he> 9 ,india4 ,we mu/ return once m to ! "q ( dates4 ,we h trac$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,v$a1 z h&$ d[n by oral tradition1 f our days to ! days ( ,i-ts+ 9 ! sev5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & aga9 to ! p]iod ( ! ,pratisakhyas1 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 t fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 took place ! rise ( ,buddhism1 a religion built up on ! ru9s ( ! ,v$ic religion1 & f\nd$1 s to say1 on ! d5ial ( ! div9e au?ority ascrib$ to ! ,v$a by all or?odox ,brahmans4 ,:atev] exi/s1 !re=e1 ( ,v$ic lit]ature mu/ be accommodat$ )9 ! c5turies prec$+ ! rise ( ,buddhism1 & if ,i tell y t !re are ?ree p]iods ( ,v$ic lit]ature to be accommodat$1 ! ?ird presuppos+ ! second1 & ! second ! fir/1 & t ev5 t fir/ p]iod pres5ts u ) a collection1 & a sy/ematic collection ( ,v$ic hymns1 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t x is f no desire = an extreme antiquity1 b simply f a respect = facts1 t /ud5ts ( ! ,v$a h come to ! conclusion t ^! hymns1 ( :i* ! ,,mss4 d n c>ry u back beyond ! fifte5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 took _! orig9 9 ! fifte5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o fact ,i mu/ m5tion once m1 because ,i ?9k x may c>ry conviction ev5 aga9/ ! /\te/ skepticism4 ,i m5tion$ t ! e>lie/ inscriptions discov]$ 9 ,india belong to ! reign ( ,k+ ,asoka1 ! gr&son ( ,k&ragupta1 :o reign$ f #bei-bbb be=e ,*ri/4 ,:at is ! language ( ^? inscriptions8 ,is x ! ,sanskrit ( ! ,v$ic hymns8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,is x ! lat] ,sanskrit ( ! ,brahmanz & ,sutras8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,^! inscriptions are writt5 9 ! local dialects z !n spok5 9 ,india1 & ^! local dialects diff] f ! grammatical ,sanskrit ab\t z mu* z ,italian does f ,lat94 ,:at foll[s f ?is8 ,fir/1 t ! ar*aic ,sanskrit ( ! ,v$a _h ceas$ to be spok5 be=e ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,secondly1 t ev5 ! lat] grammatical ,sanskrit 0 no long] spok5 & und]/ood by ! p at l>ge2 t ,sanskrit !re=e _h ceas$1 nay1 we may say1 _h long ceas$ to be ! spok5 language ( ! c\ntry :5 ,buddhism arose1 & t !re=e ! y\? & manhood ( ! anci5t ,v$ic language lie f> beyond ! p]iod t gave bir? to ! tea*+ ( ,buddha1 :o1 ?\gh he may h kn[n ,sanskrit1 & ev5 ,v$ic ,sanskrit1 insi/$ aga9 & aga9 on ! duty t 8 disciples %\ld prea* 8 doctr9es 9 ! language ( ! p :om !y wi%$ to b5efit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 :5 ! "t allott$ to me is ne>ly at an end1 ,i f9d1 z x always happ5s1 t ,i h n be5 able to say "o half ( :at ,i hop$ to say z to ! lessons to be le>n$ by u 9 ,india1 ev5 ) reg>d to ?is "o bran* ( human k only1 ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( religion4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 ,i may h succe$$ 9 %[+ y ! entirely new aspect :i* ! old problem ( ! !ogony1 or ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,devas or gods1 assumes f ! light ?r[n ^u x by ! ,v$a4 ,in/ead ( positive !ories1 we n[ h positive facts1 su* z y look = 9 va9 any:]e else2 & ?\gh !re is /ill a consid]able int]val betwe5 ! ,devas ( ! ,v$a1 ev5 9 _! highe/ =m1 & su* concepts z ,zeus1 ,apollon1 & ,a!ne1 yet ! *ief riddle is solv$1 & we "k n[ at la/ :at /uff ! gods ( ! anci5t _w 7 made (4 ,b ?is !ogonic process is b "o side ( ! anci5t ,v$ic religion1 & !re are two o!r sides ( at lea/ ! same importance & ( ev5 a deep] int]e/ to u4 ,!re are 9 fact ?ree religions 9 ! ,v$a1 or1 if ,i may say s1 ?ree naves 9 "o great temple1 re>$1 z x 71 be=e our eyes by poets1 prophets1 & philosoph]s4 ,"h too we c wat* ! "w & ! workm54 ,we h n to deal ) h>d =mulas only1 ) un9telligible c]emonies1 or petrifi$ feti*es4 ,we c see h[ ! human m9d arrives by a p]fectly rational process at all its lat] irrationalities4 ,?is is :at di/+ui%es ! ,v$a f all o!r ,sacr$ ,books4 ,mu*1 no d\bt1 9 ! ,v$a also1 & 9 ! ,v$ic c]emonial1 is already old & un9telligible1 h>d1 & petrifi$4 ,b 9 _m cases ! developm5t ( names & concepts1 _! transition f ! natural to ! sup]natural1 f ! individual to ! g5]al1 is /ill go+ on1 & x is = t v reason t we f9d x s difficult1 nay almo/ impossible1 to translate ! gr[+ ?\ghts ( ! ,v$a into ! full-gr[n & m ?an full-gr[n language ( our "t4 ,let u take "o ( ! olde/ words = god 9 ! ,v$a1 su* z d e v a1 ! ,lat9 deus4 ,! diction>ies tell y t d e v a means god & gods1 & s1 no d\bt1 x does4 ,b if we always translat$ d e v a 9 ! ,v$ic hymns by god1 we %\ld n be translat+1 b completely trans=m+ ! ?\ghts ( ! ,v$ic poets4 ,i d n mean only t our idea ( ,god is totally diff]5t f ! idea t 0 int5d$ to be express$ by d e v a2 b ev5 ! ,greek & ,roman concept ( gods w\ld be totally inadequate to convey ! ?\ghts imb$d$ 9 ! ,v$ic d e v a4 ,d e v a meant orig9ally bright1 & no?+ else4 ,mean+ bright1 x 0 con/antly us$ ( ! sky1 ! />s1 ! sun1 ! dawn1 ! day1 ! spr+1 ! riv]s1 ! e>?2 & :5 a poet wi%$ to speak ( all ( ^! by "o & ! same ^w--by :at we %\ld call a g5]al t]m--he call$ !m ,d e v a s4 ,:5 t _h be5 done1 ,d e v a did no long] mean ! ,bright ones1 b ! "n compreh5d$ all ! qualities :i* ! sky & ! sun & ! dawn %>$ 9 common1 exclud+ only ^? t 7 peculi> to ea*4 ,"h y see h[1 by ! simple/ process1 ! ,d e v a s1 ! bright ones1 might become & did become ! ,d e v a s1 ! heav5ly1 ! k9d1 ! p[]ful1 ! invisible1 ! immortal--&1 9 ! end1 some?+ v l ! ,greek3 !oi 7or dii7 ( ,greeks & ,romans4 ,9 ?is way "o ,beyond1 ! ,beyond ( ,nature1 0 built up 9 ! anci5t religion ( ! ,v$a1 & peopl$ ) ,devas1 & ,asuras1 & ,vasus1 & ,adityas1 all names = ! bright sol>1 cele/ial1 diurnal1 & v]nal p[]s ( nature1 )\t altoge!r exclud+1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! d>k & unfri5dly p[]s1 ^? ( ! night1 ( ! d>k cl\ds1 or ( w9t]1 capable ( mis*ief1 b always de/9$ 9 ! end to succumb to ! valor & /r5g? ( _! bright antagoni/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to ! second nave ( ! ,v$ic temple1 ! second ,beyond t 0 dimly p]ceiv$1 & grasp$ & nam$ by ! anci5t ,ri%is1 namely ! _w ( ! ,dep>t$ ,spirits4#bgf ,!re 0 9 ,india1 z else:]e1 ano!r v e>ly fai?1 spr++ up naturally 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 t _! fa!rs & mo!rs1 :5 !y dep>t$ ?is life1 dep>t$ to a ,beyond1 :]ev] x might be1 ei!r 9 ! ,ea/ f :5ce all ! bright ,devas seem$ to come1 or m commonly 9 ! ,we/1 ! l& to :i* !y seem$ to g1 call$ 9 ! ,v$a ! realm ( ,yama or ! sett+ sun4 ,! idea t be+s :i* once _h be51 c\ld ev] cease to be1 _h n yet ent]$ _! m9ds2 & f ! belief t _! fa!rs exi/$ some:]e1 ?\gh !y c\ld see !m no m1 !re arose ! belief 9 ano!r ,beyond1 & ! g]ms ( ano!r religion4 ,nor 0 ! actual p[] ( ! fa!rs q imp]ceptible or ext9ct ev5 aft] _! dea?4 ,_! pres5ce cont9u$ to be felt 9 ! anci5t laws & cu/oms ( ! family1 mo/ ( :i* re/$ on _! w & _! au?ority4 ,:ile _! fa!rs 7 alive & /rong1 _! w 0 law2 & :51 aft] _! dea?1 d\bts or disputes arose on po9ts ( law or cu/om1 x 0 b natural t ! memory & ! au?ority ( ! fa!rs %\ld be appeal$ to to settle su* po9ts--t ! law %\ld /ill be _! w4 ,?us ,manu says 7,,iv4 #agh73 ,on ! pa? on :i* 8 fa!rs & gr&fa!rs h walk$1 on t pa? ( good m5 let him walk1 & he w n g wrong4 ,9 ! same mann] !n 9 :i*1 out ( ! bright p[]s ( nature1 ! ,devas or gods _h aris51 !re arose out ( pr$icates %>$ 9 common by ! dep>t$1 su* z p i t r i s1 fa!rs1 p r e t a1 gone away1 ano!r g5]al concept1 :at we %\ld call ,manes1 ! k9d ones1 ,ance/ors1 ,%ades1 ,spirits1 or ,gho/s1 ^: wor%ip 0 n[h]e m fully develop$ ?an 9 ,india4 ,t common "n1 ,p i t r i s or ,fa!rs1 gradually attract$ t[>d itself all t ! fa!rs %>$ 9 common4 ,x came to mean n only fa!rs1 b invisible1 k9d1 p[]ful1 immortal1 heav5ly be+s1 & we c wat* 9 ! ,v$a1 bett] p]haps ?an any:]e else1 ! inevitable1 yet mo/ t\*+ metamorphosis ( anci5t ?\ght--! love ( ! *ild = fa!r & "m becom+ transfigur$ into an in/9ctive belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,x is /range1 & really m ?an /range1 t n only %\ld ?is important & prom95t side ( ! anci5t religion ( ! ,h9dus h be5 ignor$1 b t ( late its v exi/5ce %\ld h be5 d\bt$4 ,i feel oblig$1 !re=e1 to add a few words 9 support ( :at ,i h said j n[ ( ! supreme importance ( ?is belief 9 & ?is wor%ip ( ance/ral spirits 9 ,india f ! mo/ anci5t to ! mo/ mod]n times4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o has done s mu* 9 call+ att5tion to ance/or%ip z a natural +r$i5t ( religion among all savage nations1 decl>es 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann]1#bgg t he has se5 x impli$1 t he has he>d x 9 conv]sation1 & t he n[ has x be=e him 9 pr9t1 t no ,indo-,european or ,semitic nation1 s f> z we "k1 seems to h made a religion ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,i d n d\bt 8 words1 b ,i ?9k t on s important a po9t1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ought to h nam$ 8 au?orities4 ,x seems to me almo/ impossible t anybody :o has ev] op5$ a book on ,india %\ld h made su* a /atem5t4 ,!re are hymns 9 ! ,rig-,v$a address$ to ! ,fa!rs4 ,!re are full descriptions ( ! wor%ip due to ! ,fa!rs 9 ! ,brahmanz & ,sutras4 ,! epic poems1 ! law books1 ! ,puranz1 all are brimful ( allusions to ance/ral (f]+s4 ,! :ole social fabric ( ,india1 ) its laws ( inh]itance & m>riage1#bgh re/s on a belief 9 ! ,manes--& yet we are told t no ,indo-,european nation seems to h made a religion ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,! ,p]sians _h _! ,frava%is1 ! ,greeks _! ,greek3 eidola1 or r _! ,greek3 !oi patrooi & _! ,greek3 daimones1 ,greek3 e/hloi1 epi*?onioi1 phylakes ?neton an?ropon2 hoi rha phylass\s9 te dikas kai s*etlia erga1 e]a hessam5oi pante phoitontes ep' aian1 pl\todotai 7,hesiodi ,op]a et ,dies1 vv4 #abb-abf72bgi :ile among ! ,romans ! ,l>es famili>es & ! ,divi ,manes 7 wor%ipp$ m zeal\sly ?an any o!r gods4#bhj ,manu goes s f> z to tell u 9 "o place 7,,iii4 #bjc73 ,an oblation by ,brahmans to _! ance/or transc5ds an oblation to ! deities2 & yet we are told t no ,indo-,european nation seems to h made a religion ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,su* ?+s ought really n to be1 if !re is to be any progress 9 hi/orical rese>*1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t :at ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] meant 0 probably no m ?an t "s s*ol>s did n admit t ! wor%ip ( ! dead =m$ ! :ole ( ! religion ( any ( ! ,indo-,european nations4 ,t1 no d\bt1 is p]fectly true1 b x w\ld be equally true1 ,i believe1 ( almo/ any o!r religion4 ,& on ?is po9t aga9 ! /ud5ts ( an?ropology w le>n m1 ,i believe1 f ! ,v$a ?an f any o!r book4 ,9 ! ,v$a ! ,pitris1 or fa!rs1 are invok$ toge!r ) ! ,devas1 or gods1 b !y are n conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,! ,devas nev] become ,pitris1 & ?\gh su* adjectives z d e v a are sometimes appli$ to ! ,pitris1 & !y are rais$ to ! rank ( ! old] classes ( ,devas 7,manu ,,iii4 #aib1 #bhd1 ,yagnavalkya ,i4 #bfh71 x is easy to see t ! ,pitris & ,devas _h ea* _! indep5d5t orig91 & t !y repres5t two totally di/9ct phases ( ! human m9d 9 ! creation ( its objects ( wor%ip4 ,?is is a lesson :i* ought nev] to be =gott54 ,we read 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 ,,vi4 #eb1 #d3 ,may ! ris+ ,dawns protect me1 may ! fl[+ ,riv]s protect me1 may ! firm ,m\nta9s protect me1 may ! ,fa!rs protect me at ?is invocation ( ! gods4 ,"h no?+ c be cle>] ?an ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! ,fa!rs1 ap>t f ! ,dawns1 ! ,riv]s1 & ! ,m\nta9s1 ?\gh !y are includ$ 9 "o common ,devahuti1 h[ev]1 or invocation ( ! gods4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 f ! v fir/1 betwe5 two classes1 or r betwe5 two concepts ( ,fa!rs1 ! "o compris+ ! di/ant1 half-=gott51 & almo/ my?ical ance/ors ( c]ta9 families or ( :at w\ld h be5 to ! poets ( ! ,v$a1 ! :ole human race1 ! o!r consi/+ ( ! fa!rs :o _h b lately dep>t$1 & :o 7 /ill1 z x 71 p]sonally rememb]$ & rev]$4 ,! old ance/ors 9 g5]al approa* m ne>ly to ! gods4 ,!y are (t5 repres5t$ z hav+ gone to ! abode ( ,yama1 ! rul] ( ! dep>t$1 & to live !re 9 company ) "s ( ! ,devas 7,rig-,v$a ,,vii4 #gf1 #d1 devanam sadhamadah2 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #af1 #a1 devanam vasanih74 ,we sometimes read ( ! great-gr&fa!rs be+ 9 heav51 ! gr&fa!rs 9 ! sky1 ! fa!rs on ! e>?1 ! fir/ 9 company ) ! ,adityas1 ! second ) ! ,rudras1 ! la/ ) ! ,vasus4 ,all ^! are individual poetical conceptions4#bha ,yama himself is sometimes invok$ z if he 7 "o ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! fir/ ( mortals t di$ or t trod ! pa? ( ! ,fa!rs 7! pitriyana1 ,x4 #b1 #g7 lead+ to ! common sunset 9 ! ,we/4#bhb ,/ill 8 real ,deva-l nature is nev] completely lo/1 &1 z ! god ( ! sett+ sun1 he is inde$ ! lead] ( ! ,fa!rs1 b n "o ( ! ,fa!rs himself4#bhc ,_m ( ! b5efits :i* m5 enjoy$ on e>? 7 ref]r$ to ! ,fa!rs1 z hav+ fir/ be5 procur$ & fir/ enjoy$ by !m4 ,!y p]=m$ ! fir/ sacrifices1 & secur$ ! b5efits aris+ f !m4 ,ev5 ! great ev5ts 9 nature1 su* z ! ris+ ( ! sun1 ! light ( ! day & ! d>kness ( ! night1 7 sometimes ref]r$ to !m1 & !y 7 prais$ = hav+ brok5 op5 ! d>k /able ( ! morn+ & hav+ br\ght out ! c[s1 t is1 ! days 7,x4 #fh1 #aa74bhd ,!y 7 ev5 prais$ = hav+ adorn$ ! night ) />s1 :ile 9 lat] writ+ ! />s are said to be ! lights ( ! good p :o h ent]$ into heav54#bhe ,simil> ideas1 we "k1 prevail$ among ! anci5t ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans4 ,! ,fa!rs are call$ 9 ! ,v$a tru?ful 7satya71 wise 7suvidatra71 righte\s 7ritavat71 poets 7kavi71 lead]s 7pa?ikrit71 & "o ( _! mo/ frequ5t epi!ts is somya1 delight+ 9 ,soma1 ,soma be+ ! anci5t intoxicat+ bev]age ( ! ,v$ic ,ri%is1 :i* 0 believ$ to be/[ immortality1#bhf b :i* _h be5 lo/1 or at all ev5ts _h become difficult to obta9 by ! ,aryans1 aft] _! migration into ! ,punjab4#bhg ,! families ( ! ,bhrigus1 ! ,angiras1 ! ,a?>vans#bhh all h _! ,pitris or ,fa!rs1 :o are invok$ to sit d[n on ! grass & to accept ! (f]+s plac$ !re = !m4 ,ev5 ! "n ( ,pitriyagna1 sacrifice ( ! ,fa!rs1 occurs already 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a4#bhi ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a by :i* ^? anci5t ,fa!rs 7 invit$ to come to _! sacrifice 7,rig-v$a ,x4 #ae73bij #a4 ,may ! ,soma-lov+ ,fa!rs1 ! l[e/1 ! highe/1 & ! middle1 arise4 ,may ! g5tle & righte\s ,fa!rs :o h come to life 7aga971 protect u 9 ^! invocations6 #b4 ,may ?is salutation be = ! ,fa!rs to-day1 = ^? :o h dep>t$ be=e or aft]2 :e!r !y n[ dwell 9 ! sky above ! e>?1 or among ! bless$ p4 #c4 ,i invit$ ! wise ,fa!rs 444 may !y come hi!r quickly1 & sitt+ on ! grass readily p>take ( ! p\r$-out draught6 #d4 ,come hi!r to u ) y\r help1 y ,fa!rs :o sit on ! grass6 ,we h prep>$ ^! libations = y1 accept !m6 ,come hi!r ) y\r mo/ bless$ protection1 & give u heal? & weal? )\t fail6 #e4 ,! ,soma-lov+ ,fa!rs h be5 call$ hi!r to _! de> vi&s :i* are plac$ on ! grass4 ,let !m approa*1 let !m li/51 let !m bless1 let !m protect u6 #f4 ,b5d+ y\r knee & sitt+ on my "r1 accept all ?is sacrifice4 ,d n hurt u1 ,o ,fa!rs1 = any wrong t we may h committ$ aga9/ y1 m5 z we are4 #g4 ,:5 y sit d[n on ! lap ( ! r$ dawns1 grant weal? to ! g5]\s mortal6 ,o ,fa!rs1 give ( y\r treasure to ! sons ( ?is man "h1 & be/[ vigor "h on u6 #h4 ,may ,yama1 z a fri5d ) fri5ds1 consume ! (f]+s accord+ to 8 wi%1 unit$ ) ^? old ,soma-lov+ ,fa!rs ( ours1 ! ,vasi%?z1 :o arrang$ ! ,soma draught4 #i4 ,come hi!r1 ,o ,agni1 ) ^? wise & tru?ful ,fa!rs :o l to sit d[n ne> ! he>?1 :o ?ir/$ :5 ye>n+ = ! gods1 :o knew ! sacrifice1 & :o 7 /rong 9 praise ) _! songs4 #aj4 ,come1 ,o ,agni1 ) ^? anci5t fa!rs :o l to sit d[n ne> ! he>?1 :o =ev] praise ! gods1 ! tru?ful1 :o eat & dr9k our oblations1 mak+ company ) ,indra & ! gods4 #aa4 ,o ,fa!rs1 y :o h be5 consum$ by ,agni1 come "h1 sit d[n on y\r seats1 y k9d guides6 ,eat ( ! (f]+s :i* we h plac$ on ! turf1 & !n grant u weal? & /rong (fspr+6 #ab4 ,o ,agni1 ,o ,gatav$as1#bia at our reque/ ?\ ha/ c>ri$ ! (f]+s1 hav+ fir/ r5d]$ !m sweet4 ,?\ gave/ !m to ! ,fa!rs1 & !y f$ on _! %>e4 ,eat also1 ,o god1 ! pr(f]$ oblations6 #ac4 ,! ,fa!rs :o are "h1 & ! ,fa!rs :o are n "h1 ^? :om we "k1 & ^? :om we "k n1 ?\ ,gatav$as1 kn[e/ h[ _m !y are1 accept ! well-made sacrifice ) ! sacrificial portions6 #ad4 ,to ^? :o1 :e!r burn$ by fire or n burn$ by fire1 rejoice 9 _! %>e 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 grant ?\1 ,o ,k+1 t _! body may take t life :i* !y wi% =6#bib ,di/9ct f ! wor%ip (f]$ to ^! primitive ance/ors1 is ! rev]5ce :i* f an e>ly "t 0 felt to be due by *ildr5 to _! dep>t$ fa!r1 soon also to _! gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r4 ,! c]emonies 9 :i* ^! m p]sonal feel+s f\nd expression 7 ( a m dome/ic "*1 & all[$ !re=e ( great] local v>iety4 ,x w\ld be q impossible to give "h ev5 an ab/ract only ( ! m9ute regulations :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,brahmanz1 ! ,srauta1 ,grihya1 & ,samayakarika ,sutras1 ! ,law-books1 & a mass ( lat] manuals on ! p]=mance ( endless rites1 all int5d$ to honor ! ,dep>t$4 ,su* are ! m9ute prescriptions z to times & seasons1 z to alt>s & (f]+s1 z to ! numb] & %ape ( ! sacrificial vessels1 z to ! prop] po/ures ( ! sacrific]s1 & ! diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! vessels1 t x is extremely difficult to cat* hold ( :at we really c>e =1 namely1 ! ?\ghts & int5tions ( ^? :o fir/ devis$ all ^! intricacies4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ?is class ( sacrifices by ,european s*ol>s also1 beg9n+ ) ,colebrooke's excell5t essays on ,! ,religi\s ,c]emonies ( ! ,h9dus1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 ,calcutta1 #agih4 ,b :5 we ask ! simple "q1 ,:at 0 ! ?\ght f :5ce all ?is outw>d c]emonial sprang1 & :at 0 ! natural crav+ ( ! human he>t :i* x seem$ to satisfy1 we h>dly get an intelligible answ] any:]e4 ,x is true t ,sraddhas cont9ue to be p]=m$ all ov] ,india to ! pres5t day1 b we "k h[ widely ! mod]n c]emonial has div]g$ f ! rules laid d[n 9 ! old ,sa/ras1 & x is q cle> f ! descriptions giv5 to u by rec5t travell]s t no "o c und]/& ! purport ev5 ( ^! survivals ( ! old c]emonial1 unless he und]/&s ,sanskrit & c read ! old ,sutras4 ,we are inde$ told 9 full detail h[ ! cakes 7 made :i* ! ,spirits wore suppos$ to eat1 h[ _m /alks ( grass 7 to be us$ on :i* !y _h to be (f]$1 h[ long ea* /alk ought to be1 & 9 :at direction x %\ld be held4 ,all ! ?+s :i* tea* u no?+ are expla9$ to u 9 abundance1 b ! few ?+s :i* ! true s*ol> really c>es = are pass$ ov]1 z if !y _h no int]e/ to u at all1 & h to be discov]$ "u heaps ( rubbi%4 ,9 ord] to ga9 a little light1 ,i ?9k we ought to di/+ui% betwe5-- #a4 ,! daily ance/ral sacrifice1 ! ,pitriyagna1 z "o ( ! five ,great ,sacrifices 7,mahayagnz72 #b4 ,! mon?ly ance/ral sacrifice1 ! ,pinda-pitri-yagna1 z "p ( ! ,new & ,full-moon sacrifice2 #c4 ,! fun]al c]emonies on ! dea? ( a h\sehold]2 #d4 ,! ,agapes1 or fea/s ( love & *>ity1 commonly call$ ,sraddhas1 at :i* food & o!r *>itable gifts 7 be/[$ on des]v+ p]sons 9 memory ( ! deceas$ ance/ors4 ,! "n ( ,sraddha belongs prop]ly to ?is la/ class only1 b x has be5 transf]r$ to ! second & ?ird class ( sacrifices also1 because ,sraddha =m$ an important "p 9 !m4 ,! daily ,pitriyagna or ,ance/or-wor%ip is "o ( ! five sacrifices1 sometimes call$ ! ,great ,sacrifices1#bic :i* e m>ri$ man ought to p]=m day by day4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,grihya-sutras 7,asv4 ,,iii4 #a71 z ,devayagna1 = ! ,devas1 ,bhutayagna1 = animals1 etc41 ,pitriyagna1 = ! ,fa!rs1 ,brahmayagna1 = ,brahman1 i4e4 /udy ( ! ,v$a1 & ,manu%yayagna1 = m51 i4e4 hospitality1 etc4 ,manu 7,,iii4 #gj7 tells u ! same1 namely1 t a m>ri$ man has five great religi\s duties to p]=m3 #a4 ,! ,brahma-sacrifice1 i4e4 ! /udy+ & tea*+ ( ! ,v$a 7sometimes call$ ,ahuta74 #b4 ,! ,pitri-sacrifice1 i4e4 ! (f]+ ( cakes & wat] to ! ,manes 7sometimes call$ ,prasita74 #c4 ,! ,deva-sacrifice1 i4e4 ! (f]+ ( oblations to ! gods 7sometimes call$ ,huta74 #d4 ,! ,bhuta-sacrifice1 i4e4 ! giv+ ( food to liv+ creatures 7sometimes call$ ,prahuta74 #e4 ,! ,manu%ya-sacrifice1 i4e4 ! receiv+ ( gue/s ) hospitality 7sometimes call$ ,brahmya huta74#bid ,! p]=mance ( ?is daily ,pitriyagna1 seems to h be5 extremely simple4 ,! h\sehold] _h to put 8 sacr$ cord on ! "r %\ld]1 to say ,svadha to ! ,fa!rs1 & to ?r[ ! rema9s ( c]ta9 (f]+s t[>d ! s\?4#bie ,! human impulse to ?is sacrifice1 if sacrifice x c be call$1 is cle> en\gh4 ,! five great sacrifices compreh5d$ 9 e>ly times ! :ole duty ( man f day to day4 ,!y 7 connect$ ) 8 daily meal4#bif ,:5 ?is meal 0 prep>+1 & be=e he c\ld t\* x himself1 he 0 to (f] some?+ to ! gods1 a ,vaisvadeva (f]+1#big 9 :i* ! *ief deities 7 ,agni1 fire1 ,soma ! ,visve ,devas1 ,dhanvant>i1 ! k9d ( ,a,esculapius1 ,kuhu & ,anumati 7phases ( ! moon71 ,pragapati1 "l ( creatures1 ,dyava-pri?ivi1 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & ,svi%takrit1 ! fire on ! he>?4#bih ,aft] hav+ ?us satisfi$ ! gods 9 ! f\r qu>t]s1 ! h\sehold] _h to ?r[ "s oblations into ! op5 air1 :i* 7 int5d$ = animals1 & 9 "s cases = invisible be+s1 gho/s & su* l4 ,!n he 0 to rememb] ! ,dep>t$1 ! ,pitris1 ) "s (f]+s2 b ev5 aft] hav+ done ?is he 0 n yet to beg9 8 own repa/1 unless he _h also giv5 some?+ to /rang]s 7ati?is74 ,:5 all ?is _h be5 fulfill$1 & :51 besides1 ! h\sehold]1 z we %\ld say1 _h said 8 daily pray]s1 or repeat$ :at he _h le>n$ ( ! ,v$a1 !n & !n only 0 he 9 h>mony ) ! _w t surr\nd$ him1 ! five ,great ,sacrifices _h be5 p]=m$ by him1 & he 0 free f all ! s9s aris+ f a ?\ghtless & selfi% life4 ,?is ,pitriyagna1 z "o ( ! five daily sacrifices1 is describ$ 9 ! ,brahmanz1 ! ,grihya & ,samayakarika ,sutras1 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! legal ,samhitas4 ,raj5dralal ,mitra#bii in=ms u t or?odox ,brahmans to ?is day pr(ess to obs]ve all ^! five c]emonies1 b t 9 reality only ! (f]+s to ! gods & manes are /rictly obs]v$1 :ile ! read+ is complet$ by ! repetition ( ! ,gayatri only1 & *>ity & fe$+ ( animals are casual & unc]ta94 ,q diff]5t f ?is simple daily ance/ral (f]+ is ! ,pitriyagna or ,pinda-pitriyagna1 :i* =ms "p ( _m ( ! /atutable sacrifices1 &1 fir/ ( all1 ( ! ,new & ,full-moon sacrifice4 ,"h aga9 ! human motive is intelligible en\gh4 ,x 0 ! contemplation ( ! regul> c\rse ( nature1 ! discov]y ( ord] 9 ! com+ & go+ ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! gr[+ confid5ce 9 "s rul+ p[] ( ! _w :i* lift$ man's ?\ghts f 8 daily "w to high] regions1 & fill$ 8 he>t ) a desire to approa* ^! high] p[]s ) praise1 ?anksgiv+1 & (f]+s4 ,& x 0 at su* mom5ts z ! wan+ ( ! moon t 8 ?\ghts w\ld mo/ naturally turn to ^? ^: life _h wan$1 ^: bright faces 7 no long] visible on e>?1 8 fa!rs or ance/ors4 ,!re=e at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,new-moon sacrifice1 we are told 9 ! ,brahmanz#cjj & 9 ! ,srauta-sutras1 t a ,pitriyagna1 a sacrifice to ! ,fa!rs1 has to be p]=m$4 ,a ,karu or pie _h to be prep>$ 9 ! ,dak%inagni1 ! s\!rn fire1 & ! (f]+s1 consi/+ ( wat] & r\nd cakes 7pindz71 7 specially d$icat$ to fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r1 :ile ! wife ( ! sacrific]1 if %e wi%$ = a son1 0 all[$ to eat "o ( ! cakes4#cja ,simil> ance/ral (f]+s took place dur+ o!r sacrifices too1 ( :i* ! ,new & ,full-moon sacrifices =m ! g5]al type4 ,x may be q true t ^! two k9ds ( ance/ral sacrifices h ! same object & %>e ! same "n1 b _! "* is diff]5t2 & if1 z has (t5 be5 ! case1 !y are mix$ up toge!r1 we lose ! mo/ important lessons :i* a /udy ( ! anci5t c]emonial %\ld tea* u4 ,i _c describe ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ,pitriyagnz m decisively ?an by po9t+ out t ! =m] 0 p]=m$ by ! fa!r ( a family1 or1 if we may say s1 by a layman1 ! latt] by a regul> prie/1 or a class ( prie/s1 select$ by ! sacrific] to act 9 8 behalf4 ,z ! ,h9dus !mselves w\ld put x1 ! =m] is a grihya1 a dome/ic1 ! latt] a srauta1 a prie/ly c]emony4#cjb ,we n[ come to a ?ird class ( c]emonies :i* are likewise dome/ic & p]sonal1 b :i* diff] f ! two prec$+ c]emonies by _! occasional "*1 ,i mean ! fun]al1 z di/9ct f ! ance/ral c]emonies4 ,9 "o respect ^! fun]al c]emonies may repres5t an e>li] phase ( wor%ip ?an ! daily & mon?ly ance/ral sacrifices4 ,!y lead up to !m1 &1 z x 71 prep>e ! dep>t$ = _! future dignity z ,pitris or ,ance/ors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( ,ance/ors 9 g5]al mu/ h exi/$ be=e any dep>t$ p]son c\ld h be5 rais$ to t rank1 & ,i !re=e pref]r$ to describe ! ance/ral sacrifices fir/4 ,nor ne$ ,i ent] "h v fully into ! "* ( ! special fun]al c]emonies ( ,india4 ,i describ$ !m 9 a special pap]1 ,on ,sepulture & ,sacrificial ,cu/oms 9 ! ,v$a1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago4#cjc ,_! _s is ! same z t ( ! fun]al c]emonies ( ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,slavonic1 & ,teutonic nations1 & ! co9cid5ces betwe5 !m all are (t5 mo/ surpris+4 ,9 ,v$ic times ! p 9 ,india bo? burn$ & buri$ _! dead1 & !y did ?is ) a c]ta9 solemnity1 &1 aft] a "t1 accord+ to fix$ rules4 ,_! ideas ab\t ! /atus ( ! dep>t$1 aft] _! body _h be5 burn$ & _! a%es buri$1 v>i$ consid]ably1 b 9 ! ma9 !y seem to h believ$ 9 a life to come1 n v diff]5t f our life on e>?1 & 9 ! p[] ( ! dep>t$ to conf] bless+s on _! desc5dants4 ,x soon !re=e became ! int]e/ ( ! survivors to secure ! favor ( _! dep>t$ fri5ds by obs]vances & (f]+s :i*1 at fir/1 7 ! spontane\s manife/ation ( human feel+s1 b :i* soon became traditional1 te*nical1 9 fact1 ritual4 ,on ! day on :i* ! corpse _h be5 burn$1 ! relatives 7samanodakas7 ba!d & p\r$ out a h&ful ( wat] to ! deceas$1 pron\nc+ 8 "n & t ( 8 family4#cjd ,at sunset !y return$ home1 &1 z 0 b natural1 !y 7 told to cook no?+ dur+ ! fir/ night1 & to obs]ve c]ta9 rules dur+ ! next day up to t5 days1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! deceas$4 ,^! 7 days ( m\rn+1 or1 z !y 7 aft]w>d call$1 days ( impurity1 :5 ! m\rn]s )drew f contact ) ! _w1 & %rank by a natural impulse f ! ord9>y occupations & pleasures ( life4#cje ,!n foll[$ ! collect+ ( ! a%es on ! #aa?1 #ac?1 or #ae? day ( ! d>k half ( ! moon4 ,on return+ f !nce !y ba!d1 & !n (f]$ :at 0 call$ a ,sraddha to ! dep>t$4 ,?is ^w ,sraddha1 :i* meets u "h = ! fir/ "t1 is full ( int]e/+ lessons1 if only prop]ly und]/ood4 ,fir/ ( all x %\ld be not$ t x is abs5t1 n only f ! hymns1 b1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 ev5 f ! anci5t ,brahmanz4 ,x seems !re=e a ^w ( a m mod]n orig94 ,!re is a passage 9 ,apa/amba's ,dh>ma-sutras :i* betrays1 on ! "p ( ! au?or1 a consci\sness ( ! m mod]n orig9 ( ! ,sraddhas3#cjf ,=m]ly m5 & gods liv$ toge!r 9 ?is _w4 ,!n ! gods 9 rew>d ( _! sacrifices w5t to heav51 b m5 7 left beh9d4 ,^? m5 :o p]=m sacrifices 9 ! same mann] z ! gods did1 dwelt 7aft] dea?7 ) ! gods & ,brahman 9 heav54 ,n[ 7see+ m5 left beh9d7 ,manu reveal$ ?is c]emony :i* is designat$ by ! ^w ,sraddha4 ,sraddha has assum$ _m#cjg mean+s1 & ,manu1#cjh = in/ance1 uses x almo/ synonym\sly ) pitriyagna4 ,b its orig9al mean+ seems to h be5 t :i* is giv5 ) sraddha or fai?1 i4e4 *>ity be/[$ on des]v+ p]sons1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 on ,brahmanz4 ,! gift 0 call$ sraddha1 b ! act itself also 0 call$ by ! same "n4 ,! ^w is be/ expla9$ by ,n>ayana 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,grihya-sutras ( ,asvalayana 7,,iv4 #g71 ,sraddha is t :i* is giv5 9 fai? to ,brahmans = ! sake ( ! ,fa!rs4#cji ,su* *>itable gifts fl[$ mo/ naturally & abundantly at ! "t ( a man's dea?1 or :5ev] 8 memory 0 reviv$ by happy or unhappy ev5ts 9 a family1 & h5ce ,sraddha has become ! g5]al "n = ev] s _m sacr$ acts commemorative ( ! dep>t$4 ,we he> ( ,sraddhas n only at fun]als1 b at joy\s ev5ts also1 :5 pres5ts 7 be/[$ 9 ! "n ( ! family1 & !re=e 9 ! "n ( ! ance/ors also1 on all :o _h a "r to t di/9ction4 ,x is a mi/ake !re=e to look ^u ,sraddhas simply z (f]+s ( wat] or cakes to ! ,fa!rs4 ,an (f]+ to ! ,fa!rs 01 no d\bt1 a symbolic "p ( ea* ,sraddha1 b its m important "* 0 *>ity be/[$ 9 memory ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,?is1 9 "t1 gave rise to mu* abuse1 l ! alms be/[$ on ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ! motive 0 excell5t4 ,x 0 simply a wi% to b5efit o!rs1 aris+ f ! conviction1 felt m /rongly 9 ! pres5ce ( dea? ?an at any o!r "t1 t z we c c>ry no?+ out ( ?is _w1 we ought to d z mu* good z possible 9 ! _w ) our worldly goods4 ,at ,sraddhas ! ,brahmanz 7 said to repres5t ! sacrificial fire into :i* ! gifts %\ld be ?r[n4#caj ,if we translate "h ,brahmanz by prie/s1 we c easily und]/& :y !re %\ld h be5 9 lat] times s /rong a feel+ aga9/ ,sraddhas4 ,b prie/ is a v bad r5d]+ ( ,brahmana4 ,! ,brahmanz 71 socially & intellectually1 a class ( m5 ( high bre$+4 ,!y 7 a recogniz$ &1 no d\bt1 a mo/ ess5tial elem5t 9 ! anci5t society ( ,india4 ,z !y liv$ = o!rs1 & 7 exclud$ f mo/ ( ! lucrative pursuits ( life1 x 0 a social1 & x soon became a religi\s duty1 t !y %\ld be support$ by ! community at l>ge4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 t ! recipi5ts ( su* b\nty z 0 be/[$ at ,sraddhas %\ld be /rang]s1 nei!r fri5ds nor enemies1 & 9 no way relat$ to ! family4 ,?us ,apa/amba says3#caa ,! food eat5 7at a ,sraddha7 by p]sons relat$ to ! giv] is a gift (f]$ to gobl9s4 ,x rea*es nei!r ! ,manes nor ! ,gods4 ,a man :o tri$ to curry favor by be/[+ ,sraddhika gifts1 0 call$ by an opprobri\s "n1 a ,sraddha-mitra4#cab ,)\t d5y+ !re=e t 9 lat] times ! sy/em ( ,sraddhas may h deg5]at$1 ,i ?9k we c p]ceive t x sprang f a pure s\rce1 &1 :at = our pres5t purpose is ev5 m important1 f an intelligible s\rce4 ,let u n[ return to ! passage 9 ! ,grihya-sutras ( ,asvalayana1 :]e we met = ! fir/ "t ) ! "n ( ,sraddha4#cac ,x 0 ! ,sraddha to be giv5 = ! sake ( ! ,dep>t$1 aft] 8 a%es _h be5 collect$ 9 an urn & buri$4 ,?is ,sraddha is call$ ekoddi%ta1#cad or1 z we %\ld say1 p]sonal4 ,x 0 meant = "o p]son only1 n = ! ?ree ance/ors1 nor = all ! ance/ors4 ,its object 0 9 fact to raise ! dep>t$ to ! rank ( a ,pitri1 & ?is _h to be a*iev$ by ,sraddha (f]+s cont9u$ dur+ a :ole ye>4 ,?is at lea/ is ! g5]al1 &1 mo/ likely1 ! orig9al rule4 ,apa/amba says t ! ,sraddha = a deceas$ relative %\ld be p]=m$ e day dur+ ! ye>1 & t aft] t a mon?ly ,sraddha only %\ld be p]=m$ or none at all1 t is1 no m p]sonal ,sraddha1#cae because ! dep>t$ %>es h5ce=? 9 ! regul> ,p>vana-sraddhas4#caf ,sankhayana says ! same1#cag namely t ! p]sonal ,sraddha la/s = a ye>1 & t !n ! ,f\r? is dropp$1 i4e4 ! great-gr&fa!r 0 dropp$1 ! gr&fa!r became ! great-gr&fa!r1 ! fa!r ! gr&fa!r1 :ile ! lately ,dep>t$ occupi$ ! fa!r's place among ! ?ree pr9cipal ,pitris4#cah ,?is 0 call$ ! ,sapindik>ana1 i4e4 ! elevat+ ( ! dep>t$ to ! rank ( an ance/or4 ,!re are "h1 z else:]e1 _m exceptions4 ,gobhila all[s six mon?s in/ead ( a ye>1 or ev5 a ,tripak%a1#cai i4e4 ?ree half-mon?s2 & la/ly1 any auspici\s ev5t 7vriddhi7 may become ! occasion ( ! ,sapindik>ana4#cbj ,! full numb] ( ,sraddhas necess>y = ! ,sapindana is sometimes giv5 z sixte51 viz41 ! fir/1 !n "o 9 ea* ( ! twelve mon?s1 !n two seme/ral ones1 & la/ly ! ,sapindana4 ,b "h too mu* v>iety is all[$1 ?\gh1 if ! ,sapindana takes place be=e ! end ( ! ye>1 ! numb] ( sixte5 ,sraddhas has /ill to be made up4#cba ,:5 ! ,sraddha is (f]$ on acc\nt ( an auspici\s ev5t1 su* z a bir? or a m>riage1 ! fa!rs invok$ are n ! fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r1 :o are sometimes call$ asrumukha1 ) te>ful faces1 b ! ance/ors be=e !m1 & !y are call$ n&imukha1 or joyful4#cbb ,colebrooke1#cbc to :om we owe an excell5t description ( :at a ,sraddha is 9 mod]n times1 took evid5tly ! same view4 ,! fir/ set ( fun]al c]emonies1 he writes1 is adapt$ to effect1 by means ( oblations1 ! re-embody+ ( ! s\l ( ! deceas$1 aft] burn+ 8 corpse4 ,! app>5t scope ( ! second set is to raise 8 %ade f ?is _w1 :]e x w\ld else1 accord+ to ! notions ( ! ,h9dus1 cont9ue to roam among demons & evil spirits1 up to heav51 & !n deify him1 z x 71 among ! manes ( dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,= ?is end1 a ,sraddha %\ld regul>ly be (f]$ to ! deceas$ on ! day aft] ! m\rn+ expires2 twelve o!r ,sraddhas s+ly to ! deceas$ 9 twelve successive mon?s2 simil> obsequies at ! end ( ! ?ird =tnight1 & also 9 ! six? mon?1 & 9 ! twelf?2 & ! oblation call$ ,sapindana on ! fir/ anniv]s>y ( 8 decease4#cbd ,at ?is ,sapindana ,sraddha1 :i* is ! la/ ( ! ekoddi%ta sraddhas1 f\r fun]al cakes are (f]$ to ! deceas$ & 8 ?ree ance/ors1 t consecrat$ to ! deceas$ be+ divid$ into ?ree portions & mix$ ) ! o!r ?ree cakes4 ,! portion reta9$ is (t5 (f]$ to ! deceas$1 & ! act ( union & fell[%ip becomes complete4#cbe ,:5 ?is sy/em ( ,sraddhas _h once be5 />t$1 x seems to h spread v rapidly4 ,we soon he> ( ! mon?ly ,sraddha1 n only 9 memory ( "o p]son lately deceas$1 b z "p ( ! ,pitriyagna1 & z obligatory1 n only on h\sehold]s 7agnimat71 b on o!r p]sons also1 &1 n only on ! ?ree upp] ca/es1 b ev51 )\t hymns1 on ,sudras1#cbf & z to be p]=m$1 n only on ! day ( ,new-,moon1 b on o!r days also1#cbg :5ev] !re 0 an opportunity4 ,gobhila seems to look ^u ! ,pindapitriyagna1 z itself a ,sraddha1#cbh & ! comm5tator holds t1 ev5 if !re are no pindz or cakes1 ! ,brahmans ought /ill to be f$4 ,?is ,sraddha1 h[ev]1 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r1 ! true ,sraddha1 call$ ,anvah>ya1 :i* foll[s x1#cbi & :i* is prop]ly kn[n by ! "n ( ,p>vana ,sraddha4 ,! same difficulties :i* confront u :5 we try to =m a cle> conception ( ! "* ( ! v>i\s ance/ral c]emonies1 7 felt by ! ,brahmans !mselves1 z may be se5 f ! long discussions 9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,sraddha-kalpa#ccj & f ! abusive language us$ by ,k&rakanta ,t>kalank>a aga9/ ,raghun&ana4 ,! "q ) !m assumes ! =m ( :at is pradhana 7prim>y7 & :at is anga 7second>y7 9 ^! sacrifices1 & ! f9al result arriv$ at is t sometimes ! (f]+ ( cakes is pradhana1 z 9 ! ,pindapitriyagna1 sometimes ! fe$+ ( ,brahmans only1 z 9 ! ,nitya-sraddha1 sometimes bo?1 z 9 ! ,sapindik>ana4 ,we may safely say1 !re=e1 t n a day pass$ 9 ! life ( ! anci5t p ( ,india on :i* !y 7 n rem9d$ ( _! ance/ors1 bo? ne> & di/ant1 & %[$ _! respect = !m1 p>tly by symbolic (f]+s to ! ,manes1 p>tly by *>itable gifts to des]v+ p]sons1 *iefly ,brahmans4 ,^! (f]tories v>i$ f ! simple/1 su* z milk & fruits1 to ! co/lie/1 su* z gold & jewels4 ,! fea/s giv5 to ^? :o 7 invit$ to (ficiate or assi/ at a ,sraddha seem 9 "s cases to h be5 v sumptu\s1#cca & :at is v important1 ! eat+ ( meat1 :i* 9 lat] times 0 /rictly =bidd5 9 _m sects1 mu/1 :5 ! ,sutras 7 writt51 h be5 fully recogniz$ at ^! fea/s1 ev5 to ! kill+ & eat+ ( a c[4#ccb ,?is %[s t ^! ,sraddhas1 ?\gh1 possibly ( lat] date ?an ! ,pitriyagnz1 belong nev]!less to a v e>ly phase ( ,indian life4 ,& ?\gh mu* may h be5 *ang$ 9 ! outw>d =m ( ^! anci5t ance/ral sacrifices1 _! orig9al solemn "* has rema9$ un*ang$4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 :5 ! wor%ip ( ! anci5t ,devas is ridicul$ by _m :o /ill take "p 9 x1 ! wor%ip ( ! ance/ors & ! (f]+ ( ,sraddhas h ma9ta9$ mu* ( _! old sacr$ "*4 ,!y h sometimes be5 comp>$ to ! communion 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & x is c]ta9ly true t _m natives speak ( _! fun]al & ance/ral c]emonies ) a hu%$ voice & ) real rev]5ce4 ,!y alone seem /ill to imp>t to _! life on e>? a deep] significance & a high] prospect4 ,i c\ld g ev5 a /ep fur!r & express my belief1 t ! abs5ce ( su* s]vices = ! dead & ( ance/ral commemorations is a real loss 9 our own religion4 ,almo/ e religion recognizes !m z tok5s ( a lov+ memory (f]$ to a fa!r1 to a "m1 or ev5 to a *ild1 & ?\gh 9 _m c\ntries !y may h prov$ a s\rce ( sup]/ition1 !re runs ?r\gh !m all a deep well ( liv+ human fai? t ought nev] to be all[$ to p]i%4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h to sanction ! anci5t pray]s = ! ,s\ls ( ! ,dep>t$1 & 9 m s\!rn c\ntries ! s]vices on ,all ,sa9ts' & on ,all ,s\ls' ,day cont9ue to satisfy a crav+ ( ! human he>t :i* mu/ be satisfi$ 9 e religion4#ccc ,we1 9 ! ,nor?1 %r9k f ^! op5 manife/ations ( grief1 b our he>ts "k (t5 a deep] bitt]ness2 nay1 !re w\ld seem to be a high] tru? ?an we at fir/ imag9e 9 ! belief ( ! anci5ts t ! s\ls ( our belov$ ones leave u no re/1 unless !y are appeas$ by daily pray]s1 or1 bett] /ill1 by daily acts ( goodness 9 remembrance ( !m4#ccd ,b !re is /ill ano!r ,beyond t f\nd expression 9 ! anci5t religion ( ,india4 ,besides ! ,devas or ,gods1 & besides ! ,pitris or ,fa!rs1 !re 0 a ?ird _w1 )\t :i* ! anci5t religion ( ,india c\ld n h become :at we see x 9 ! ,v$a4 ,t ?ird ,beyond 0 :at ! poets ( ! ,v$a call ! ,r i t a1 & :i* ,i believe meant orig9ally no m ?an ! /raight l9e4 ,x is appli$ to ! /raight l9e ( ! sun 9 its daily c\rse1 to ! /raight l9e foll[$ by day & night1 to ! /raight l9e t regulates ! seasons1 to ! /raight l9e :i*1 9 spite ( _m mom5t>y deviations1 0 discov]$ to run ?r\gh ! :ole realm ( nature4 ,we call t ,rita1 t /raight1 direct1 or "r l9e1 :5 we apply x 9 a m g5]al s5se1 ! ,law ( ,nature2 & :5 we apply x to ! moral _w1 we try to express ! same idea aga9 by speak+ ( ! ,moral ,law1 ! law on :i* our life is f\nd$1 ! et]nal ,law ( ,"r & ,reason1 or1 x may be1 t :i* makes = righte\sness bo? )9 u & )\t4#cce ,& ?us1 z a ?\ghtful look on nature l$ to ! fir/ p]ception ( bright gods1 & 9 ! end ( a ,god ( light1 z love ( our p>5ts 0 transfigur$ into piety & a belief 9 immortality1 a recognition ( ! /raight l9es 9 ! _w )\t1 & 9 ! _w )91 0 rais$ into ! highe/ fai?1 a fai? 9 a law t und]lies ev]y?+1 a law 9 :i* we may tru/1 :atev] befall1 a law :i* speaks )9 u ) ! div9e voice ( consci5ce1 & tells u ?is is rita1 ?is is "r1 ?is is true1 :atev] ! /atutes ( our ance/ors1 or ev5 ! voices ( our bright gods1 may say to ! contr>y4#ccf ,^! ?ree ,beyonds are ! ?ree revelations ( antiquity2 & x is due almo/ entirely to ! discov]y ( ! ,v$a t we1 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury ( ours1 h be5 all[$ to wat* aga9 ^! e>ly phases ( ?\ght & religion1 :i* _h pass$ away long be=e ! beg9n+s ( o!r lit]atures4#ccg ,9 ! ,v$a an anci5t city has be5 laid b>e be=e our eyes :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( all o!r religions1 is fill$ up ) rubbi%1 & built ov] by new ar*itects4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ in/ructive sc5es ( our di/ant *ildhood h ris5 once m above ! horizon ( our memory :i*1 until ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 seem$ to h vani%$ =ev]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,only a few words m to indicate at lea/ h[ ?is religi\s gr[? 9 ,india conta9$ at ! same "t ! g]ms ( ,indian philosophy4 ,philosophy 9 ,india is1 :at x ought to be1 n ! d5ial1 b ! fulfilm5t ( religion2 x is ! highe/ religion1 & ! olde/ "n ( ! olde/ sy/em ( philosophy 9 ,india is ,v e d a n t a1 t is1 ! end1 ! goal1 ! highe/ object ( ! ,v$a4 ,let u return once m to t anci5t !ologian :o liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & :o told u t1 ev5 be=e 8 "t1 all ! gods _h be5 discov]$ to be b ?ree gods1 ! gods ( ! ,e>?1 ! gods ( ! ,air1 & ! gods ( ! ,sky1 invok$ "u v>i\s names4 ,! same writ] tells u t 9 reality !re is b "o ,god1 b he does n call him ! ,"l1 or ! ,highe/ ,god1 ! ,creator1 ,rul]1 & ,pres]v] ( all ?+s1 b he calls him ,a t m a n1 ,,! ,,self4 ,! "o ,atman or ,self1 he says1 is prais$ 9 _m ways ow+ to ! greatness ( ! godhead4 ,& !n he goes on to say3 ,! o!r gods are b s _m memb]s ( ! "o ,atman1 ,self1 & ?us x has be5 said t ! poets compose _! praises accord+ to ! multiplicity ( ! natures ( ! be+s :om !y praise4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t ?is is ! language ( a philosophical !ologian1 n ( an anci5t poet4 ,yet ^! philosophical reflections belong to ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 if n to an e>li] date2 & ! fir/ g]ms ( su* ?\ghts may be discov]$ 9 "s ( ! ,v$ic hymns also4 ,i h quot$ already f ! hymns su* passages z#cch--,!y speak ( ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni2 !n he is ! heav5ly bird ,g>utmat2 t :i* is & is "o ! poets call 9 v>i\s ways2 !y speak ( ,yama1 ,agni1 ,mat>isvan4 ,9 ano!r hymn1 9 :i* ! sun is lik5$ to a bird1 we read3 ,wise poets repres5t by _! words ! bird :o is "o1 9 _m ways4#cci ,all ?is is /ill t+$ ) my?ology2 b !re are o!r passages f :i* a pur] light beams ^u u1 z :5 "o poet asks3#cdj ,:o saw him :5 he 0 fir/ born1 :5 he :o has no bones bore him :o has bones8 ,:]e 0 ! brea?1 ! blood1 ! ,self ( ! _w8 ,:o w5t to ask ?is f any t knew x8 ,"h1 too1 ! expression is /ill helpless1 b ?\gh ! fle% is weak1 ! _s is v will+4 ,! expression1 ,he :o has bones is meant = t :i* has assum$ consi/5cy & =m1 ! ,visible1 z oppos$ to t :i* has no bones1 no body1 no =m1 ! ,invisible1 :ile brea?1 blood1 & self ( ! _w are b s _m attempts at f9d+ names & concepts = :at is by necessity inconceivable1 & !re=e unnamable4 ,9 ! second p]iod ( ,v$ic lit]ature1 9 ! s-call$ ,brahmanz1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 :at is call$ ! ,upani%ads1 or ! ,v$anta portion1 ^! ?\ghts advance to p]fect cle>ness & def9it5ess4 ,"h ! developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght1 :i* took its beg9n+ 9 ! hymns1 atta9s to its fulfilm5t4 ,! circle becomes complete4 ,in/ead ( compreh5d+ ! ,"o by _m names1 ! _m names are n[ compreh5d$ to be ! ,"o4 ,! old names are op5ly disc>d$2 ev5 su* titles z ,pragapati1 "l ( creatures1 ,visvak>man1 mak] ( all ?+s1 ,dhatri1 creator1 are put aside z inadequate4 ,! "n n[ us$ is an expression ( no?+ b ! pure/ & highe/ subjectiv5ess--x is ,a t m a n1 ! ,self1 f> m ab/ract ?an our ,e g o--! ,self ( all ?+s1 ! ,self ( all ! old my?ological gods--= !y 7 n m]e names1 b names int5d$ = some?+--la/ly1 ! ,self 9 :i* ea* individual self mu/ f9d re/1 mu/ come to himself1 mu/ f9d 8 own true ,self4 ,y may rememb] t ,i spoke to y 9 my fir/ lecture ( a boy :o insi/$ on be+ sacrific$ by 8 fa!r1 & :o1 :5 he came to ,yama1 ! rul] ( ! dep>t$1 0 grant$ ?ree boons1 & :o !n reque/$1 z 8 ?ird boon1 t ,yama %\ld tell him :at became ( man aft] dea?4 ,t dialogue =ms "p ( "o ( ! ,upani%ads1 x belongs to ! ,v$anta1 ! end ( ! ,v$a1 ! highe/ aim ( ! ,v$a4 ,i %all read y a few extracts f x4 ,yama1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,dep>t$1 says3 ,m5 :o are fools1 dwell+ 9 ignorance1 ?\gh wise 9 _! own sight1 & puff$ up ) va9 k1 g r\nd & r\nd1 /agg]+ to & fro1 l bl9d l$ by ! bl9d4 ,! future nev] rises be=e ! eyes ( ! c>eless *ild1 delud$ by ! delusions ( weal?4 ,?is is ! _w1 he ?9ks2 !re is no o!r2 ?us he falls aga9 & aga9 "u my sway 7! sway ( dea?74 ,! wise1 :o by means ( m$itat+ on 8 ,self1 recognizes ! ,old 7! old man )97 :o is difficult to see1 :o has ent]$ into d>kness1 :o is hidd5 9 ! cave1 :o dwells 9 ! abyss1 z ,god1 he inde$ leaves joy & sorr[ f> beh9d4 ,t ,self1 ! ,kn[]1 is n born1 x dies n2 x came f no?+1 x nev] became any?+4 ,! ,old man is unborn1 f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+2 he is n kill$1 ?\gh ! body be kill$4 ,t ,self is small] ?an small1 great] ?an great2 hidd5 9 ! he>t ( ! creature4 ,a man :o has no m desires & no m griefs1 sees ! maje/y ( ! ,self by ! grace ( ! creator4 ,?\gh sitt+ /ill1 he walks f>2 ?\gh ly+ d[n1 he goes ev]y:]e4 ,:o save myself is able to "k t ,god1 :o rejoices1 & rejoices n8 ,t ,self _c be ga9$ by ! ,v$a2 nor by ! und]/&+1 nor by mu* le>n+4 ,he :om ! ,self *ooses1 by him alone ! ,self c be ga9$4 ,! ,self *ooses him z 8 own4 ,b he :o has n fir/ turn$ away f 8 wick$ness1 :o is n calm & subdu$1 or ^: m9d is n at re/1 he c nev] obta9 ! ,self1 ev5 by k4 ,no mortal lives by ! brea? t goes up & by ! brea? t goes d[n4 ,we live by ano!r1 9 :om bo? repose4 ,well !n1 ,i %all tell !e ?is my/]y1 ! et]nal ^w 7,brahman71 & :at happ5s to ! ,self1 aft] rea*+ dea?4 ,"s are born aga91 z liv+ be+s1 o!rs ent] into /ocks & /ones1 accord+ to _! "w1 & accord+ to _! k4 ,b he1 ! ,highe/ ,p]son1 :o wakes 9 u :ile we are asleep1 %ap+ "o lovely sight aft] ano!r1 he inde$ is call$ ! ,light1 he is call$ ,brahman1 he alone is call$ ! ,immortal4 ,all worlds are f\nd$ on x1 & no "o goes beyond4 ,?is is t4 ,z ! "o fire1 aft] x has ent]$ ! _w1 ?\gh "o1 becomes diff]5t accord+ to :at x burns1 ?us ! ,"o ,self )9 all ?+s1 becomes diff]5t1 accord+ to :atev] x ent]s1 b x exi/s also ap>t4 ,z ! sun1 ! eye ( ! _w1 is n contam9at$ by ! ext]nal impurities se5 by ! eye1 ?us ! ,"o ,self )9 all ?+s is nev] contam9at$ by ! suff]+s ( ! _w1 be+ himself ap>t4 ,!re is "o et]nal ?9k]1 ?9k+ non-et]nal ?\ghts2 he1 ?\gh "o1 fulfils ! desires ( _m4 ,! wise :o p]ceive ,him )9 _! ,self1 to !m belongs et]nal life1 et]nal peace4#cda ,:atev] !re is1 ! :ole _w1 :5 gone =? 7f ,brahman71 trembles 9 8 brea?4 ,t ,brahman is a great t]ror1 l a drawn sword4 ,^? :o "k x1 become immortal4 ,he 7,brahman7 _c be rea*$ by spee*1 by m9d1 or by ! eye4 ,he _c be appreh5d$1 except by him :o says1 ,he is4 ,:5 all desires t dwell 9 ! he>t cease1 !n ! mortal becomes immortal1 & obta9s ,brahman4 ,:5 all ! fett]s ( ! he>t "h on e>? are brok51 :5 all t b9ds u to ?is life is undone1 !n ! mortal becomes immortal--"h my tea*+ ends4 ,?is is :at is call$ ,v$anta1 ! ,v$a-end1 ! end ( ! ,v$a1 & ?is is ! religion or ! philosophy1 :i*ev] y l to call x1 t has liv$ on f ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 to ! pres5t day4 ,if ! p ( ,india c be said to h n[ any sy/em ( religion at all--ap>t f _! ance/ral sacrifices & _! ,sraddhas1 & ap>t f m]e ca/e-obs]vances--x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,v$anta philosophy1 ! lead+ t5ets ( :i* are kn[n1 to "s ext5t 9 e village4#cdb ,t great revival ( religion1 :i* 0 inaugurat$ "s fifty ye>s ago by ,ram-,mohun ,roy1 & is n[ kn[n z ! ,brahma-,samag1 "u ! lead]%ip ( my noble fri5d ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s51 0 *iefly f\nd$ on ! ,upani%ads1 & 0 ,v$antic 9 _s4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 an unbrok5 cont9uity betwe5 ! mo/ mod]n & ! mo/ anci5t phases ( ,h9du ?\ght1 ext5d+ ov] m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,to ! pres5t day ,india ackn[l$ges no high] au?ority 9 matt]s ( religion1 c]emonial1 cu/oms1 & law ?an ! ,v$a1 & s long z ,india is ,india1 no?+ w ext+ui% t anci5t _s ( ,v$antism :i* is brea!d by e ,h9du f 8 e>lie/ y\?1 & p]vades 9 v>i\s =ms ! pray]s ev5 ( ! idolat]1 ! speculations ( ! philosoph]1 & ! prov]bs ( ! begg>4 ,= purely practical reasons !re=e--,i mean = ! v practical object ( kn[+ some?+ ( ! secret spr+s :i* det]m9e ! "*1 ! ?\ghts & de$s ( ! l[e/ z well z ( ! highe/ among ! p 9 ,india--an acqua9tance ) _! religion1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! ,v$a1 & ) _! philosophy1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! ,v$anta1 is highly desirable4 ,x is easy to make light ( ?is1 & to ask1 z "s /atesm5 h ask$1 ev5 9 ,europe1 ,:at has religion1 or :at has philosophy1 to d ) politics8 ,9 ,india1 9 spite ( all appe>ances to ! contr>y1 & not)/&+ ! indiff]5ce on religi\s matt]s s (t5 p>ad$ be=e ! _w by ! ,indians !mselves1 religion1 & philosophy too1 are great p[]s /ill4 ,read ! acc\nt t has lately be5 publi%$ ( two native /atesm51 ! adm9i/rators ( two fir/-class /ates 9 ,saura%tra1 ,junagadh1 & ,bhavnag>1 ,gokulaji & ,gaurisank>a1#cdc & y w see :e!r ! ,v$anta is /ill a moral & a political p[] 9 ,india or n4 ,b ,i claim ev5 m = ! ,v$anta1 & ,i recomm5d its /udy1 n only to ! c&idates = ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 b to all true /ud5ts ( philosophy4 ,x w br+ be=e !m a view ( life1 diff]5t f all o!r views ( life :i* are plac$ be=e u 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,y saw h[ beh9d all ! ,devas or gods1 ! au?ors ( ! ,upani%ads discov]$ ! ,atman or ,self4 ,( t ,self !y pr$icat$ ?ree ?+s only1 t x is1 t x p]ceives1 & t x enjoys et]nal bliss4 ,all o!r pr$icates 7 negative3 x is n ?is1 x is n t--x is beyond any?+ t we c conceive or "n4 ,b t ,self1 t ,highe/ ,self1 ! ,p>amatman1 c\ld be discov]$ aft] a sev]e moral & intellectual discipl9e only1 & ^? :o _h n yet discov]$ x 7 all[$ to wor%ip l[] gods1 & to employ m poetical names to satisfy _! human wants4 ,^? :o knew ! o!r gods to be b names or p]sons--p]sonae or masks1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w--pratikas1 z !y call !m 9 ,sanskrit--knew also t ^? :o wor%ipp$ ^! names or p]sons1 wor%ipp$ 9 tru? ! ,highe/ ,self1 ?\gh ignorantly4 ,?is is a mo/ *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,india4 ,ev5 9 ! ,bhagavadgita1 a r popul> & exot]ic exposition ( ,v$antic doctr9es1 ! ,supreme ,"l or ,bhagavat himself is introduc$ z say+3 ,ev5 ^? :o wor%ip idols1 wor%ip me4#cdd ,b t 0 n all4 ,z beh9d ! names ( ,agni1 ,indra1 & ,pragapati1 & beh9d all ! my?ology ( nature1 ! anci5t sages ( ,india _h discov]$ ! ,atman--let u call x ! objective ,self--!y p]ceiv$ also beh9d ! veil ( ! body1 beh9d ! s5ses1 beh9d ! m9d1 & beh9d our reason 79 fact beh9d ! my?ology ( ! s\l1 :i* we (t5 call psy*ology71 ano!r ,atman1 or ! subjective ,self4 ,t ,self too 0 to be discov]$ by a sev]e moral & intellectual discipl9e only1 & ^? :o wi%$ to f9d x1 :o wi%$ to "k1 n !mselves1 b _! ,self1 _h to cut f> deep] ?an ! s5ses1 or ! m9d1 or ! reason1 or ! ord9>y ,ego4 ,all ^! too 7 ,devas1 bright app>itions--m]e names--yet names meant = some?+4 ,mu* t 0 mo/ de>1 t _h seem$ = a "t _! v self1 _h to be surr5d]$1 be=e !y c\ld f9d ! ,self ( ,selves1 ! ,old ,man1 ! ,look]-on1 a subject indep5d5t ( all p]sonality1 an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( all life4 ,:5 t po9t _h be5 rea*$1 !n ! highe/ k began to dawn1 ! ,self )9 7! ,pratyagatman7 0 drawn t[>d ! ,highe/ ,self 7! ,p>amatman71 x f\nd its true self 9 ! ,highe/ ,self1 & ! on5ess ( ! subjective ) ! objective ,self 0 recogniz$ z und]ly+ all reality1 z ! dim dream ( religion--z ! pure light ( philosophy4 ,?is fundam5tal idea is work$ out ) sy/ematic complet5ess 9 ! ,v$anta philosophy1 & no "o :o c appreciate ! lessons conta9$ 9 ,b]keley's philosophy1 w read ! ,upani%ads & ! ,brahmasutras1 & _! comm5t>ies )\t feel+ a ri*] & a wis] man4 ,i admit t x requires pati5ce1 discrim9ation1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-d5ial be=e we c discov] ! gra9s ( solid gold 9 ! d>k m9es ( ,ea/]n philosophy4 ,x is f> easi] & f> m amus+ = %all[ critics to po9t out :at is absurd & ridicul\s 9 ! religion & philosophy ( ! anci5t _w ?an = ! e>ne/ /ud5t to discov] tru? & wisdom "u /range disguises4 ,"s progress1 h[ev]1 has be5 made1 ev5 dur+ ! %ort span ( life t we c rememb]4 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ are no long] a m]e butt = ! invectives ( mission>ies or ! s>casms ( philosoph]s4 ,!y h at la/ be5 recogniz$ z hi/orical docum5ts1 ay1 z ! mo/ anci5t docum5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 & z palaeontological records ( an evolution t beg9s to elicit wid] & deep] sympa?ies ?an ! nebul> =mation ( ! planet on :i* we dwell = a season1 or ! organic developm5t ( t *rysalis :i* we call man4 ,if y ?9k t ,i exagg]ate1 let me read y 9 conclusion :at "o ( ! greate/ philosophical critics#cde--;& c]ta9ly n a man giv5 to admir+ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs--says ( ! ,v$anta1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,s*op5hau] writes3 ,9 ! :ole _w !re is no /udy s b5eficial & s elevat+ z t ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,x has be5 ! solace ( my life--x w be ! solace ( my dea?4#cdf 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h ?us tri$1 s f> z x 0 possible 9 "o c\rse ( lectures1 to give y "s idea ( anci5t ,india1 ( its anci5t lit]ature1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ( its anci5t religion4 ,my object 01 n m]ely to place names & facts be=e y1 ^! y c f9d 9 _m publi%$ books1 b1 if possible1 to make y see & feel ! g5]al human int]e/s t are involv$ 9 t anci5t *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,i wi%$ t ! ,v$a & its religion & philosophy %\ld n only seem to y curi\s or /range1 b t y %\ld feel t !re 0 9 !m some?+ t conc]ns ourselves1 some?+ ( our own intellectual gr[?1 "s recollections1 z x 71 ( our own *ildhood1 or at lea/ ( ! *ildhood ( our own race4 ,i feel conv9c$ t1 plac$ z we are "h 9 ?is life1 we h lessons to le>n f ! ,v$a1 q z important z ! lessons we le>n at s*ool f ,hom] & ,virgil1 & lessons f ! ,v$anta q z in/ructive z ! sy/ems ( ,plato or ,sp9oza4 ,i d n mean to say t ev]ybody :o wi%es to "k h[ ! human race came to be :at x is1 h[ language came to be :at x is1 h[ religion came to be :at x is1 h[ mann]s1 cu/oms1 laws1 & =ms ( gov]nm5t came to be :at !y are1 h[ we ourselves came to be :at we are1 mu/ le>n ,sanskrit1 & mu/ /udy ,v$ic ,sanskrit4 ,b ,i d believe t n to "k :at a /udy ( ,sanskrit1 & p>ticul>ly a /udy ( ! ,v$a1 has already done = illum9at+ ! d>ke/ passages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 ( t m9d on :i* we ourselves are fe$+ & liv+1 is a mis=tune1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a loss1 j z ,i %\ld c\nt x a loss to h pass$ ?r\gh life )\t kn[+ some?+1 h[ev] little1 ( ! geological =mation ( ! e>?1 or ( ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s--& ( ! ?\ght1 or ! w1 or ! law1 t gov]n _! movem5ts4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bfj3 ,on ! e>ly use ( lett]s = public inscriptions1 see ,hayman1 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ada1 #adb1 #aej2 ,hicks1 ,manual ( ,greek ,hi/orical ,inscriptions1 pp4 #a seqq4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,h]od1 7v4 #ei7 says3 ,i saw ,ph5ician lett]s on c]ta9 tripods 9 a temple ( ! ,ism5ian ,apollo at ,!bes 9 ,boeotia1 ! mo/ ( !m l ! ,ionian lett]s4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,mun*1 ,die ,nordis* ,g]manis*5 ,voelk]1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,h]od4 7v4 #eh7 says3 ,! ,ionians f ( old call ,greek3 byblos diph!rai1 because once1 9 default ( ! =m]1 !y us$ to employ ! latt]4 ,& ev5 d[n to my own "t1 _m ( ! b>b>ians write on su* diph!rae4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,hekataeos & ,kadmos ( ,miletos 7#ebj ,b4,c471 ,*>on ( ,lampsakos 7#ejd ,b4,c471 ,xan?os ! ,lydian 7#dfc ,b4,c471 ,ph]ekydes ( ,l]os 7#dhj ,b4,c471 ,hellanikos ( ,mityl5e 7#dej ,b4,c471 etc4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,lewis1 ,a/ronomy1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #bff3 ,see ,hayman1 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 #ahgi1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,see ,m4 ,m41 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 pp4 #dig seqq41 ,on ! ,introduction ( ,writ+ 9 ,india4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,m4 ,m41 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #eae4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,m4 ,m41 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,le>n+ 0 anci5tly pres]v$ by memory4 ,! ,jewi%1 or r ,*aldaic ,kabala1 or ,tradition 0 n writt5 = _m c5turies4 ,! ,druids ( anci5t ,brita9 pres]v$ _! litanies 9 ! same way1 & to a ,b>d a good memory 0 indisp5sable1 or he w\ld h be5 refus$ initiation4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bga3 ,see my article on ! date ( ! ,kasika 9 ! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahhj1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,! translation ( ! mo/ important passages 9 ,i-ts+'s "w 0 made = me by "o ( my ,japanese pupils1 ,k4 ,kasaw>a4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,see ,bunyiu ,nanjio's ,catalogue ( ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka1 p4 #cgb1 :]e ,aryasura1 :o mu/ h liv$ be=e #dcd ,a4,d41 is m5tion$ z ! au?or ( ! ,gatakamala4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,well+ton1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #bge3 ,de ,bello ,gall4 vi4 #ad2 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,see ,de ,c\langes1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 ,book ,i4 ,,ii4 ,we f9d ?is wor%ip ( ! dead among ! ,hell5es1 among ! ,lat9s1 among ! ,sab9es1 among ! ,etruscans2 we also f9d x among ! ,aryas ( ,india4 ,m5tion is made ( x 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,x is spok5 ( 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu z ! mo/ anci5t wor%ip among m54444 ,be=e m5 _h any notion ( ,indra or ( ,zeus1 !y ador$ ! dead2 !y fe>$ !m1 & address$ !m pray]s4 ,x seems t ! religi\s s5tim5t began 9 ?is way4 ,x 0 p]haps :ile look+ ^u ! dead t man fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! sup]natural1 & to h a hope beyond :at he saw4 ,dea? 0 ! fir/ my/]y1 & x plac$ man on ! track ( o!r my/]ies4 ,x rais$ 8 ?\ghts f ! visible to ! invisible1 f ! transitory to ! et]nal1 f ! human to ! div9e4 ,! sacr$ fire repres5t$ ! ance/ors1 & !re=e 0 rev]$ & kept c>efully f pr(anation by ! pres5ce ( a /rang]4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! ,h9du ,law ( ,inh]itance is bas$ ^u ! ,h9du religion1 & we mu/ be cauti\s t 9 adm9i/]+ ,h9du law we d n1 by act+ ^u our notions d]iv$ f ,engli% law1 inadv]t5tly w\nd or (f5d ! religi\s feel+s ( ^? :o may be affect$ by our decisions4--,b5gal ,law ,reports1 #ajc4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,e>?-w&]+ demons1 !y _! *>ge began1 ,! m9i/]s ( good & gu>ds ( man2 ,veil$ ) a mantle ( a]ial light1 ,o'er ,e>?'s wide space !y w+ _! hov]+ flight4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #i1 #bb1 ,deorum manium jura sancta sunto2 nos leto datos divos hab5to4 ,footnote #bha3 ,see ,a?>va-,v$a ,,xviii4 #b1 #di4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #ad1 #a-b4 ,he is call$ ,vaivasvata1 ! sol> 7,x4 #eh1 #a71 & ev5 ! son ( ,vivasvat 7,x4 #ad1 #e74 ,9 a lat] phase ( religi\s ?\ght ,yama is conceiv$ z ! fir/ man 7,a?>va-,v$a ,,xviii4 #c1 #ac1 z comp>$ ) ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #ad1 #a74 ,footnote #bhc3 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #ad4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,9 ! ,ave/a _m ( ^! ?+s are done by ,ahura-,mazda ) ! help ( ! ,frava%is4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,see ,satapa?a ,brahmana ,i4 #i1 #c1 #aj2 ,,vi4 #e1 #d1 #h4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,rig-,v$a ,,viii4 #dh1 #c3 ,we drank ,soma1 we became immortal1 we w5t to ! light1 we f\nd ! gods2 ,,viii4 #dh1 #ab4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,rig-,v$a ,,ix4 #ig1 #ci4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #ad1 #f4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,l4 c4 ,x4 #af1 #aj4 ,footnote #bij3 ,a translation consid]ably diff]+ f my own is giv5 by ,s>vadhik>i 9 8 ,tagore ,lectures = #ahhj1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #bia3 ,cf4 ,max ,muell]1 ,rig-,v$a1 transl4 vol4 i4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #bib3 ,9 a previ\s note w be f\nd ! /atem5t by ,pr(essor ,de ,c\langes1 ( ,/rasburg1 t 9 ,india1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 a belief 9 ! ance/ral spirits came fir/1 & a belief 9 div9ities aft]w>d4 ,pr(essor ,muell] cites o!r argum5ts :i* might be employ$ 9 support ( su* a !ory4 ,! "n ( ! olde/ & greate/ among ! ,devas1 = in/ance1 is n simply ,dyaus1 b ,dyau%-pita1 ,heav5-,fa!r2 & !re are sev]al names ( ! same "*1 n only 9 ,sanskrit1 b 9 ,greek & ,lat9 also4 ,jupit] & ,zeus ,pat] are =ms ( ! appellation m5tion$1 & mean ! ,fa!r 9 ,heav54 ,x does c]ta9ly look z ?\gh ,dyaus1 ! sky1 _h become p]sonal & wor%ipp$ only aft] he _h be5 rais$ to ! category ( a ,pitri1 a fa!r2 & t ?is pr$icate ( ,fa!r mu/ h be5 elaborat$ fir/ be=e x c\ld h be5 us$1 to compreh5d ,dyaus1 ! sky1 ,v>una1 & o!r ,devas4 ,pr(essor ,muell]1 h[ev]1 d5ies t ?is is ! :ole tru? 9 ! case4 ,! ,v$ic poets1 he rem>ks1 believ$ 9 ,devas--gods1 if we mu/ s call !m--lit]ally1 ! bright ones2 ,pitris1 fa!rs2 & ,manu%yas1 m51 mortals4 7,a?>va-,v$a1 ,x4 #f1 #cb47 ,:o came fir/ & :o came aft] x is difficult to say2 b z soon z ! ?ree 7 plac$ side by side1 ! ,devas c]ta9ly /ood ! highe/1 !n foll[$ ! ,pitris1 & la/ came ! mortals4 ,anci5t ?\ght did n compreh5d ! ?ree "u "o concept1 b x pav$ ! way to x4 ,! mortals aft] pass+ ?r\gh dea? became ,fa!rs1 & ! ,fa!rs became ! companions ( ! ,devas4 ,9 ,manu !re is an advance beyond ?is po9t4 ,! _w1 all t moves & re/s1 we are told 7,manu ,,iii41 #bja71 has be5 made by ! ,devas2 b ! ,devas & ,danavas 7 born ( ! ,pitris1 & ! ,pitris ( ! ,ri%is4 ,orig9ally ! ,ri%is 7 ! poets ( ! ,v$as1 sev5 9 numb]2 & we are n told h[ !y came to be plac$ above ! ,devas & ,pitris4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> utt]ly beyond ! p[] to solve4 ,! ,v$as 7 ! production ( ! ,ri%is1 & ! ,pitris1 be+ p]petuat$ ?us to human memory1 became by a figure ( spee* _! (fspr+4 ,! ,devas sprung f ! ,pitris1 because x 0 usual to apo!osize ! dead4 ,our ance/ors desir$1 says ,cic]o1 t ! m5 :o _h quitt$ ?is life %\ld be c\nt$ 9 ! numb] ( gods4 ,aga91 ! conception ( patrons or ,pitris to ea* family & tribe naturally l$ to ! idea ( a ,provid5ce ov] all2 & s ! ,pitri begat ! ,deva4 ,?is religion prec$$ & has outla/$ ! o!r4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bic3 ,satapa?a ,brahmana ,,xi4 #e1 #f1 #a2 ,taitt4 ,ar4 ,,ii4 #aa1 #aj2 ,asvalayana ,grihya-sutras ,,iii4 #a1 #a2 ,p>ask>a ,grihya-sutras ,,ii4 #i1 #a2 ,apa/amba1 ,dh>ma-sutras1 translat$ by ,buehl]1 pp4 #dg seq4 ,footnote #bid3 ,9 ! ,sankhayana ,grihya 7,i4 #e7 f\r ,paka-yagnz are m5tion$1 call$ ,huta1 ahuta1 prahuta1 prasita4 ,footnote #bie3 ,asv4 ,grihya-sutras ,i4 #c1 #aj4 ,footnote #bif3 ,manu ,,iii4 #aag-aah4 ,footnote #big3 ,l4 c4 ,,iii4 #he4 ,footnote #bih3 ,see ,des ,c\langes1 ,anci5t ,city1 ,i4 #c4 ,especially 7 ! meals ( ! family religions acts4 ,! god ! sacr$ fire presid$ !re4 ,he _h cook$ ! bread & prep>$ ! food2 a pray]1 !re=e1 0 due at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! repa/4 ,be=e eat+1 !y plac$ ^u ! alt> ! fir/ fruits ( ! food2 be=e dr9k+1 !y p\r$ out a libation ( w9e4 ,?is 0 ! god's portion4 ,no "o d\bt$ t he 0 pres5t1 t he ate & drank2 = did !y n see ! flame increase z if x _h be5 n\ri%$ by ! provisions (f]$8 ,?us ! meal 0 divid$ betwe5 ! man & ! god4 ,x 0 a sacr$ c]emony1 by :i* !y held communion ) ea* o!r4444 ,! religion ( ! sacr$ fire dates f ! di/ant & dim epo* :5 !re 7 yet no ,greeks1 no ,italians1 no ,h9dus1 :5 !re 7 only ,aryas4 ,:5 ! tribes sep>at$ !y c>ri$ ?is wor%ip ) !m1 "s to ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 o!rs to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4444 ,ea* gr\p *ose its own gods1 b all pres]v$ z an anci5t legacy ! fir/ religion :i* !y _h kn[n & practic$ 9 ! common cradle ( _! race4 ,! fire 9 ! h\se d5ot$ ! ance/or1 or pitri1 & 9 turn ! s]p5t 0 rev]$ z a liv+ fire1 & s an appropriate symbol ( ! ,fir/ ,fa!r4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #bii3 ,taittiriy>anyaka1 ,preface1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,masi masi vo 'sanam iti sruteh2 ,gobhiliya ,grihya sutras1 p4 #ajee4 ,footnote #cja3 ,see ,pindapitriyagna1 von ,dr4 ,o4 ,donn]1 #ahgj4 ,! re/riction to ?ree ance/ors1 fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r1 occurs 9 ! ,vagasaneyi-samhita1 ,,xix4 #cf-cg4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 great v>iety 9 ^! matt]s1 accord+ to diff]5t sakhas4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! ,gobhila-sakha1 ! ,pinda ,pitriyagna is to be consid]$ z sm>ta1 n z srauta 7pinda-pitriyagnah khalv asmakkhakhayam na/i72 :ile o!rs ma9ta9 t an agnimat %\ld p]=m ! sm>ta1 a srautagnimat ! srauta ,pitriyagna2 see ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #fga4 ,on page #ffg we read3 anagn] amavasyasraddha1 nanvah>yam ity ad>aniyam4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,ueb] ,todt5be/attung und ,opf]gebraeu*e im ,v$a1 9 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft1 vol4 ix4 #ahef4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,asvalayana ,grihya-sutras ,,iv4 #d1 #aj4 ,footnote #cje3 ,manu ,v4 #fd-fe4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,buehl]1 ,apa/amba1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ach2 also ,sraddhakalpa1 p4 #hij4 ,?\gh ! ,sraddha is prescrib$ 9 ! ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 ,,iv4 #d1 #b-c1 x is n describ$ !re1 b 9 a sep>ate treatise1 ! ,sraddha-kalpa4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,z mean+ ! food1 sraddha occurs 9 sraddhabhug & simil> words4 ,z mean+ ! sacrificial act1 x is expla9$1 yatraitak khraddhaya diyate tad eva k>ma sraddhasabdabhidheyam4 ,pretam pitrims ka nirdisya bhogyam yat priyam atmanah sraddhaya diyate yatra tak khraddham p>ikirtitam4 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #hib4 ,we also read sraddhanvitah sraddham kurvita1 let a man p]=m ! sraddha ) fai?2 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #ajec4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,manu ,,iii4 #hb4 ,footnote #cji3 ,pitrin uddisya yad diyate brahmanebhyah sraddhaya tak khradd ham4 ,footnote #caj3 ,apa/amba ,,ii4 #af1 #c1 ,brahmanz tv ahavaniy>!4 ,footnote #caa3 ,l4 c4 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #cab3 ,manu ,,iii4 #ach1 #adj4 ,footnote #cac3 ,asv4 ,grihya-sutras ,,iv4 #e1 #h4 ,footnote #cad3 ,x is describ$ z a vikriti ( ! ,p>vana-sraddha 9 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #ajaa4 ,footnote #cae3 ,"o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! acts be=e & aft] ! ,sapindik>ana is not$ by ,salankayana3--,sapindik>anam yavad rigud>bhaih pitrikriya ,sapindik>anad urdhvam dvigunair vidhivad bhavet4 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #icj4 ,footnote #caf3 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #ajbc4 ,footnote #cag3 ,grihya-sutras1 ed4 ,old5b]g1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #cah3 ,a pratyabdikam ekoddi%tam on ! anniv]s>y ( ! deceas$ is m5tion$ by ,gobhiliya1 l4 c4 p4 #ajaa4 ,footnote #cai3 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #ajci4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,sankh4 ,grihya1 p4 #hc2 ,gobh4 ,grihya1 p4 #ajbd4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities ! ekoddi%ta is call$ nava1 new1 dur+ t5 days2 navamisra1 mix$1 = six mon?s2 & purana1 old1 aft]w>d4 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #ajbj4 ,footnote #cba3 ,gobhiliya1 l4 c4 p4 #ajcb4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,gobhiliya1 l4 c4 p4 #ajdg4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,life & ,essays1 ii4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,colebrooke adds t 9 mo/ prov9ces ! p]iods = ^! sixte5 c]emonies1 & = ! conclud+ obsequies entitl$ ,sapindana1 are anticipat$1 & ! :ole is complet$ on ! second or ?ird day2 aft] :i* !y are aga9 p]=m$ at ! prop] times1 b 9 honor ( ! :ole set ( prog5itors in/ead ( ! deceas$ s+ly4 ,x is ?is :i* ,dr4 ,donn]1 9 8 le>n$ pap] on ! ,pindapitriyagna 7p4 #aa71 takes z ! g5]al rule4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,see ?is subject mo/ exhau/ively treat$1 p>ticul>ly 9 its be>+s on ! law ( inh]itance1 9 ,rajkum> ,s>vadhik>i's ,tagore ,law ,lectures = #ahhj1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #hib4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,l4 c4 p4 #hig4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see p4 #fff1 & p4 #ajjh4 ,grihyak>ah pindapitriyagnasya sraddhatvam aha4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,gobhila ,,iv4 #d1 #c1 it>ad anvah>yam4 ,b ! comm5tators add anagn] amavasyasraddham1 nanvah>yam4 ,accord+ to ,gobhila !re ought to be ! ,vaisvadeva (f]+ & ! ,bali (f]+ at ! end ( ea* ,p>vana-sraddha2 see ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutras1 p4 #ajje1 b no ,vaisvadeva at an ekoddi%ta sraddha1 l4 c4 p4 #ajbj4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,l4 c4 pp4 #ajje-ajaj2 ,nirnayas9dhu1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #cca3 ,see ,burnell1 ,! ,law ( ,p>tition1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,kalau tavad gavalambho mamsadanam ka sraddhe ni%iddham1 ,gobhil5a tu madhyama%takayam va/uk>mani ka gavalambho vihitah1 mamsakarus kanva%takyasraddhe2 ,gobhiliya ,grihya-sutra1 ed4 ,k&rakanta ,t>kalank>a1 ,vignapti1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,x may be s]i\sly d\bt$ :e!r pray]s to ! dead or = ! dead satisfy any crav+ ( ! human he>t4 ,) u 9 ! ,nor?1 a %r9k+ f op5 manife/ations ( grief has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! matt]4 ,^? :o refuse to engage 9 su* wor%ip believe & tea* t ! dead are n gods & _c be help$ by our pray]s4 ,reason1 n feel+1 prev5ts su* wor%ip4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,a deep] idea ?an affection inspir$ ?is cu/om4 ,e k9sman 0 always su*1 liv+ or dead2 & h5ce ! s]vice ( ! dead 0 sacr$ & ess5tial4 ,! ,sraddhas 7 adopt$ z ! p]=mance ( su* (fices4 ,!re 7 twelve =ms ( ?is s]vice3 #a4 ,! daily (f]+ to ance/ors4 #b4 ,! sraddha = a p]son lately deceas$1 & n yet includ$ ) ! pitris4 #c4 ,! sraddha (f]$ = a specific object4 #d4 ,! (f]+ made on occasions ( rejoic+4 #e4 ,! sraddha p]=m$ :5 ! rec5tly-dep>t$ has be5 incorporat$ among ! ,pitris4 #f4 ,! sraddha p]=m$ on a p>van-day1 i4e41 new moon1 ! eigh? day1 f\rte5? day1 & full moon4 #g4 ,! sraddha p]=m$ 9 a h\se ( assembly = ! b5efit ( le>n$ m54 #h4 ,expiatory4 #i4 ,"p ( "s o!r c]emony4 #aj4 ,(f]$ = ! sake ( ! ,devas4 #aa4 ,p]=m$ be=e go+ on a j\rney4 #ab4 ,sraddha = ! sake ( weal?4 ,! sraddhas may be p]=m$ 9 "o's own h\se1 or 9 "s seclud$ & pure place4 ,! numb] p]=m$ ea* ye> by ^? :o c af=d x v>ies consid]ably2 b n9ety-six appe>s to be ! m common4 ,! mo/ f]v5t are ! twelve new-moon rites2 f\r ,yuga & f\rte5 ,manu rites2 twelve correspond+ to ! passages ( ! sun into ! zodiacal mansions1 etc4--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #cce3 ,see ,hibb]t ,lectures1 new ed4 pp4 #bdc-bee4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,! same concept is f\nd 9 ! ,platonic ,dialogue betwe5 ,sokrates & ,eu?yphron4 ,! philosoph] asks ! div9] to tell :at is holy & :at impiety4 ,t :i* is pleas+ to ! gods is holy1 & t :i* is n pleas+ to !m is impi\s promptly replies ! mantis1 ,to be holy is to be j1 said ,sokrates2 ,is ! ?+ holy because !y love x1 or d !y love x because x is holy8 ,eu?yphron hurri$ away 9 al>m4 ,he _h ackn[l$g$ unwitt+ly t hol9ess or ju/ice 0 supreme above all gods2 & ?is highe/ concept1 ?is highe/ fai?1 he d>$ n ent]ta94--,a4 ,w4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,9 ,*9ese we f9d t ! same ?ree aspects ( religion & _! intimate relation%ip 7 recogniz$1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,confucius says to ! ,pr9ce ( ,sung3 ,honor ! sky 7wor%ip ( ,devas71 rev]5ce ! ,manes 7wor%ip ( ,pitris72 if y d ?is1 sun & moon w keep _! appo9t$ "t 7,rita74 ,happel1 ,alt*9esis*e ,rei*sreligion1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #cch3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #afd1 #df2 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #caa4 ,footnote #cci3 ,rig-,v$a ,x4 #aad1 #e2 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,rig-,v$a ,i4 #afd1 #d4 ,footnote #cda3 ,greek3 ,tu de phronema t\ pneumatos zoe kai eir5e4 ,see also ,rusk91 ,sesame1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,major ,jacob1 ,manual ( ,h9du ,pan!ism1 ,preface4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,gokulaji ,sampattirama ,zala & 8 views ( ! ,v$anta1 by ,manassukh>ama ,sury>ama ,tripa?i4 ,bombay1 #ahha4 ,z a "y man ,gokulaji1 ! son ( a good family1 le>n$ ,p]sian & ,sanskrit4 ,8 *ief int]e/ 9 life1 9 ! mid/ ( a mo/ successful political c>e]1 0 ! ,v$anta4 ,a little insight1 we are told1 into ?is k turn$ 8 he>t to high] objects1 promis+ him fre$om f grief1 & bless$ness1 ! highe/ aim ( all4 ,?is 0 ! turn+-po9t ( 8 inn] life4 ,:5 ! celebrat$ ,v$anti an*orite1 ,rama ,bava1 visit$ ,junagadh1 ,gokulaji became 8 pupil4 ,:5 ano!r an*orite1 ,p>amahansa ,sakkidan&a1 pass$ ?r\gh ,junagadh on a pilgrimage to ,girn>1 ,gokulaji 0 regul>ly initiat$ 9 ! secrets ( ! ,v$anta4 ,he soon became highly pr(ici5t 9 x1 & ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 :e!r 9 p[] or 9 disgrace1 8 belief 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,v$anta support$ him1 & made him1 9 ! op9ion ( ,engli% /atesm51 ! model ( :at a native /atesman ought to be4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,pr(essor ,ku55 discov]s a simil> idea 9 ! words plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,jehovah by ! prophet ,mala*i1 i4 #ad3 ,= ,i am a great ,k+1 & my "n is fe>$ among ! hea!n4 ,! ref]5ce1 he says1 is di/9ctly to ! adoration already (f]$ to ,yahweh by ! p1 :5ev] !y s]ve _! own gods ) true rev]5ce & hone/ zeal47,a#a7 ,ev5 9 ,deut]onomy ! adoration ( ^! o!r gods by ! nations is repres5t$ z a disp5sation ( ,yahweh4 ,mala*i goes a /ep fur!r1 & accepts _! wor%ip z a tribute :i* 9 reality falls to ,yahweh--to ,him1 ! ,only ,true4 ,?us ! opposition betwe5 ,yahweh & ! o!r gods1 & aft]w>d betwe5 ! "o true ,god & ! imag9>y gods1 makes room "h = ! /ill high] conception t ! adoration ( ,yahweh is ! ess5ce & ! tru? ( all religion4 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aha4 ,a#a3 ,!re is1 we believe1 n ! slighte/ au?ority = read+ ,mala*i 9 ?is way2 any read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is compet5t to judge = himself4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #cde3 ,! au?or's en?usiasm has c>ri$ him beyond b\nds4 ,! weight to be giv5 to ,s*op5hau]'s op9ion t\*+ any religi\s subject may be measur$ by ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! happie/ mom5t ( life is ! complete/ =getfulness ( self 9 sleep1 & ! wret*$e/ is ! mo/ wakeful & consci\s4--,,am4 ,,pubs4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 i1 ,! ,upani%ads1 translat$ by ,m4 ,m42 ,introduction1 p4 lxi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index4 ,a4 ,,abba ,se5 riv]1 #aib4 ,,abraiaman1 #gd4 ,,abu ,,fazl1 on ! ,h9dus1 #ge4 ,,active side ( human nature 9 ,europe1 #abj4 ,,aditi1 mean+ (1 #bae4 ,,aditya1 #aeh4 ,,adityas1 #bae4 ,,adrogha1 #hc4 ,,a]ial ,,gods1 #afh4 ,,afghani/an1 #aei2 inhabitants (1 #ahi4 ,,agni1 god ( fire1 #afg4 ,,agni-,,ignis1 fire1 #da2 z a t]re/rial deity1 #aie4 ,,ait>eya ,,brahmana1 on heav5 & e>?1 #age4 ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great1 #cg2 *anges ! "n ( a riv]1 #aia4 ,,all-,,sacrifice1 !1 #he4 ,,alphabet1 !1 :5ce d]iv$1 #hf2 ,ionian & ,pho5ician1 #bbb2 two us$ 9 ,asoka's inscription1 #bbe4 ,,amitabha wor%ip1 #ajf4 ,,anaxagoras1 8 doctr9e1 #agg4 ,,ance/ors1 spirits (1 #bch2 wor%ip (1 #bci4 ,,animism1 #acj4 ,,aurita1 #hc4 ,,ar*aeological survey ( ,india1 #bf4 ,,arrian1 on ! ,h9dus1 #gc2 riv]s kn[n to1 #aia4 ,,aryans1 !1 our intellectual relatives1 #cc2 sev5 bran*es (1 #da2 f\nd 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature1 #aaf2 religion (1 #afa4 ,,asmi1 ,i am1 #dc4 ,,asoka1 k+1 #if2 adopts ,buddhism1 #ajf2 au?or ( ! fir/ inscriptions1 #bbe2 language ( ! same1 #bcd4 ,,a/ronomy1 anci5t1 9 ,india1 #aad2 9 ! ,v$a1 #aej2 9 ,*9a1 #aea4 ,,atman1 ! ,self1 #bfe4 ,,avat>as ( ,vi%nu1 ?ree1 #aec4 ,b4 ,,babylonian division ( "t1 #cf2 influ5ces on ,v$ic poems1 #ade2 on ,v$ic a/ronomy1 #adg2 zodiac1 #aeh4 ,,b>zoi1 #aad4 ,,ba/ian1 on ! ,polynesian my?s1 #afi4 ,,b5gal1 ! p (1 #ee2 villages (1 #fe2 s*ools 91 #hj4 ,,b5gali1 #afa4 ,,bhagavadgita1 #bgb4 ,,bhagavat1 supreme "l1 #bgb4 ,,bimetallic curr5cy1 #cg4 ,,bhi%ma1 dea? (1 #hc4 ,,bible1 !1 ,sanskrit words 91 #bh2 & ! ,jewi% race1 #adj4 ,,bibliographical survey ( ,india1 #ajb4 ,,books read by anci5t nations comp>$ ) mod]n1 #acg4 ,,bopp1 8 comp>ative gramm>1 #df4 ,,brahma sacrifice1 #bdi4 ,,brahma ,samaj1 ( india1 #afc4 ,,brahmana1 #afb4 ,,brahmanas1 on tru?1 #hd2 z a class1 #bef4 ,,buddha & ! popul> dialects1 #if4 ,,buddhism1 *ief s\rce ( our fables1 #bg2 /rik+ co9cid5ces ) ,*ri/ianity1 #ajh2 its rise1 #bcd4 ,,burn\f1 #aae4 ,c4 ,,cabul riv]1 #aib4 ,,caes>1 on ! ,druids & _! memoriz+1 #bcc4 ,,canaan1 #adj4 ,,c>lyle1 8 op9ion ( hi/orical works1 #af4 ,,ca/e1 orig9 (1 #aag2 9 ! laws ( ,manu1 #aag2 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 #aag4 ,,cat1 ! dome/ic1 its orig9al home1 #db4 ,,*9a1 orig9 ( ! 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( a div9e conception 9 ! human m9d1 #aih4 ,,gold5 ,,rule1 !1 #ib4 ,,goe!',s ,we/-oe/li*] ,divan1 #bb4 ,,gokulaji1 ! model native /atesman1 #bga4 ,,grassman1 translation ( ,sanskrit words1 #ahc4 ,,greek alphabet1 age (1 #bba4 ,,greek lit]ature1 its /udy & use1 #bc2 :5 fir/ writt51 #bbb4 ,,greek deities1 _! physical orig91 #abi4 ,,greek philosophy our model1 #ch4 ,,greek & ,lat91 simil>ity betwe51 #dj4 ,,grimm1 id5tification ( ,p>ganya & ,p]un1 #baj4 ,,gr[? ( anci5t religions1 #abh4 ,,grunau on old ,prussian gods1 #baj4 ,,guide-,,books1 ,greek1 #bbc4 ,,gymnosophi/s1 ,indian1 #abc4 ,h4 ,,h>dy1 8 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 #ig4 ,,ha/+s1 ,w>r51 & ! ,d>ics1 #baf2 op9ion ( ,h9du "*1 #gi4 ,,hebrew religion1 =eign influ5ces 91 #ade4 ,,heb]1 ,bi%op1 op9ion ( ! ,h9dus1 #gi4 ,,heav5 & ,e>?1 #afi2 ,maori leg5d (1 #agc2 ,v$ic leg5ds (1 #age2 ,greek leg5ds (1 #agf2 epi!ts =1 9 ,v$a1 #agh2 z se5 by ,v$ic poets1 #agh4 ,,h5o!ism1 #aff4 ,,h]odotus1 #bbc4 ,,h9dus1 tru?ful "* (1 #eb2 ! *>ge ( _! untru?fulness refut$1 #ec2 orig9 ( ! *>ge1 #ed2 diff]5t races & *>act]i/ics (1 #ee2 te/imony ( tru/wor?y witnesses1 #ee2 _! litigi\sness1 #fj2 _! treatm5t by ,mohamm$an conqu]ors1 #gb2 reason = unfavorable op9ion (1 #gf2 _! comm]cial honor1 #hb2 _! real "* transc5d5t1 #abf2 _! religion1 #abg2 sacrifices & prie/ly rites1 #adh2 k ( a/ronomy1 #aec2 fir/ acqua9t$ ) an alphabet1 #bbd4 ,,h9du/ani1 #ie4 ,,hiranyagh>ba1 #afd4 ,,hi/ory1 its object & /udy1 #cd2 its true s5se1 #dd4 ,,hitopadesa1 fables (1 #aaj4 ,,hott5tot riv] names1 #ahh4 ,,hom]ic ,,hymns1 #adj2 heav5 & e>? 9 !1 #agf4 ,,human ,m9d1 /udy (1 ,india important =1 #cc4 ,,humboldt ,alex&] von1 on ,kalidasa1 #aaj4 ,,hydaspes1 #aib4 ,,hydraotis1 or ,hy>otis1 #aia4 ,,hypasis1 or ,hyphasis1 #aia4 ,i4 ,,ida1 #aef4 ,,idrisi1 on ! ,h9dus1 #gd4 ,,ijj>1 ,april-,may1 #aeh4 ,,india1 :at x c tea* u1 #ai2 a p>adise1 #bd2 its lit]ature a corrective1 #bd2 pa/ & pres5t aspects (1 #be2 its sci5tific treasures1 #be2 a laboratory = all /ud5ts1 #cb2 its population & va/ ext5t1 #adb4 ,,indra1 god ( ! w9d1 ! ,v$ic ,jupit]1 #hc2 ! ,aryan guide1 #aaf2 ! god ( ! ?und]/orm1 #afh2 z creator1 #ahj2 ! pr9cipal god ( ! ,v$a1 #aih2 peculi> to ,india1 #bja4 ,,indus1 ,! riv]1 #afg4 ,,inf9ite1 ,!1 #abf4 ,,inn] ,life1 ,influ5ce ( ,indian lit]ature ^u our1 #bd4 ,,inscriptions 9 ,india1 #bbe4 ,,ionians1 ,!1 _! alphabet1 #bbb2 fir/ writ+1 #bbc4 ,i-,,ts+1 8 visit to ,india1 #bbi2 8 acc\nt ( ,buddhi/ prie/s1 #bbi2 ( education1 #bcj2 ( p]fection ( memory1 #bca2 ( ,brahmans1 #bca4 ,,izdub>1 or ,nimrod1 ! poem (1 #aeh4 ,j4 ,,jehovah1 #bjj4 ,,jews1 ,!1 z a race1 #cf2 _! religion z relat$ to ,ori5tal religions1 #cf2 necess>y to a /udy ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 #ce2 ! beg9n+ & gr[? ( _! religion1 #abh4 ,,jones1 ,sir ,william1 8 voyage to ,india1 #di2 8 dreams become realities1 #ej4 ,,jo%ua',s battle1 #bjj4 ,,j\rnals1 ,sanskrit1 n[ publi%$ 9 ,india1 #ih4 ,,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 #cj4 ,,junagadh1 #bga4 ,,jupit]1 #bja4 ,,jumna1 ! riv]1 #aij4 ,,jurisprud5ce 9 ,india1 #cj4 ,,ju/ice ( ! ,indians1 #gd4 ,k4 ,,kalidasa1 ! poet1 8 age1 #aaj2 plays (1 #aaa4 ,,kamal-,,edd9 ,abd-errazak1 on ! ,h9dus1 #ge4 ,,kausika1 puni%$ = tru?fulness1 #hi4 ,,kani%ka1 ! ,saka k+1 #ajf4 ,,kanjur1 ! wom5 & ! *ild 9 !1 #bi4 ,,ka?aka1 or read]1 #aeh4 ,,ka!no!ism1 #aff4 ,,ke%ub ,*und] ,s51 8 gr&fa!r1 #ei4 ,,k9as1 or ,*9ese1 #aea4 ,,koran1 oa?s on1 #gj4 ,,krumu1 #ahe4 ,,k%atriyas1 #bcb4 ,,ktesias1 on ! ju/ice ( ! ,indians1 #gb4 ,,ktisis1 #bbc4 ,,kubha1 #ahe4 ,,kullavagga1 quotation f !1 #if4 ,,ku551 ,pr(essor1 on wor%ip ( ,yahweh1 #bgb4 ,l4 ,,ladak1 #aib4 ,,lak%mana1 #hf4 ,,l>es famili>es 9 ,rome1 #bdj4 ,,lass51 #aea4 ,,law books ( ,india1 #cj4 ,,life1 ,indian & ,european views (1 #aba2 beautiful s5tim5ts (1 f ,h9du writ+s1 #abd2 a j\rney1 #abj4 ,,law ( ,nature1 #bfc4 ,,laws ( ,manu1 #aaa4 ,,lib]al1 ,!1 ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s5's organ1 #ii4 ,,lib]al education1 ! elem5ts (1 #ch4 ,,lightn+1 son ( ,p>ganya1 #bje4 ,,lit]ature1 writt51 #bbd4 ,,lituania1 #bji2 its language1 #bji2 its god ( ra91 #baj2 pray] to ! same1 #baa4 ,,logographi1 #bbc4 ,,lo/ ,tribes1 ,!1 ( ,israel1 #aei4 ,,ludl[ on village s*ools 9 ,india1 #hj4 ,,ludwig1 translation ( ,sanskrit words1 #ahg4 ,,lun> /ations1 #aej4 ,,lun> zodiac1 #adg4 ,m4 ,,mahabh>ata1 an epic poem1 speaks = ! tru?1 #hh2 yet recit$1 #ii4 ,,mahmud ( ,gazni1 #gb4 ,,ma9e1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #fe4 ,,malcolm1 ,sir ,john1 on ! ,h9dus1 #ee4 ,,mana1 ,a gold51 #adf4 ,,manavas1 ,! laws (1 on evil-do]s1 #ic4 ,,mangaia1 #agj4 ,,mann+1 ,judge1 #agc4 ,,manu1 8 code ( laws1 #cj2 _! true age1 #aaa2 8 connection ) ! deluge1 #aee4 ,,manuscripts1 ! fir/ collectors (1 #bbd4 ,,maori ,g5esis1 #agc4 ,,m>uts1 ! /orm-gods1 #aii4 ,,maui1 son ( ,ru1 #aga2 leg5d (1 #aga2 its orig91 #agc4 ,,mega/h5es on village life1 #fe2 on ,h9du hone/y1 #gb4 ,,melanippe1 #agg4 ,,memory1 p[] (1 #bcb4 ,,metamorphic *anges 9 religions1 #abh4 ,,mill1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 #ei2 e/imate ( ,h9du "*1 #fj4 ,,m9a1 its weight1 #abe4 ,,mitra1 #aef2 invok$1 #bae4 ,,mod]n ,sanskrit lit]ature1 #ajg4 ,,mohamm$ans1 _! op9ion ( ! ,h9dus1 #ge2 ! numb] ( sects1 #gf2 treatm5t ( ,h9dus1 #ij4 ,,mono!ism 9 ! ,v$a1 #afd4 ,,morality1 our1 ,saxon1 #ch4 ,,moral depravity 9 ,india1 #ic4 ,,munro1 ,?omas1 ,sir1 op9ion ( ,h9dus1 #fa4 ,m,ue,l,l,e,r1 ,max1 8 tea*]s1 #de2 int]c\rse ) ,h9dus1 #ha2 op9ion ( _! "*1 #hb4 ,n4 ,,nak%atras1 ,! tw5ty-sev51 #adh4 ,,nakta & ,nyx1 #bja4 ,,nala1 #aaj4 ,,native s*ol>s1 #ha4 ,,ne>*us1 #bbe4 ,,new & ,full-,moon ,sacrifices1 #beb4 ,,new ,te/am5t1 ,revis$ ,edition1 #ada4 ,,newspap]s1 ,sanskrit1 #ih4 ,,n9e gems or classics1 #aae4 ,,nor!rn conqu]ors1 #ajf4 ,,num]als 9 ,sanskrit1 #df4 ,o4 ,,oa?1 ,tak+ an1 9 village communities1 #fh2 its und]/&+ by ! ,h9dus1 #fi2 fe> ( puni%m5t connect$ )1 #gj4 ,,old ,te/am5t1 #adj4 ,,ophir1 #bh4 ,,orange ,riv]1 #ahh4 ,,ori5tal ,,s*ol>s1 names & "w h>dly kn[n1 #bb4 ,,orissa1 #if4 ,,orme1 #fj4 ,,orpheus & ,ribhu1 #bja4 ,,os1 oris1 #dd4 ,,oude1 #ahi4 ,,ouranos1 #bac4 ,p4 ,,pahlavi1 translation ( ! ,pankatantra into1 #aae4 ,,pale/9e1 #cc4 ,,pali dialect1 #ajg4 ,,p&its1 #eg2 ,pr(essor ,wilson on !1 #eh4 ,,pan9i1 #bcj4 ,,pankatantra1 #aad4 ,,papyros1 #bbd4 ,,p>ganya1 #bjb2 hymn to1 #bje2 d]ivation ( "n1 #bjg4 ,,p>vana ,sraddha1 #bfj4 ,,p]iegesis1 #bbc4 ,,p]iodos1 #bbc4 ,,p]iplus1 or circumnavigations1 #bbb4 ,,p]jury1 common 9 ,india1 #ga4 ,,p]kons1 ?und]1 #baj4 ,,p]kuna1 #bab4 ,,p]kunas1 ,lituanian god ( ?und]1 #baj4 ,,p]kuno1 #bab4 ,,p]sians1 :at we owe to1 #cf4 ,,pet]sburgh ,diction>y1 #ahc4 ,,pho5icians1 :at we owe to1 #cf2 _! lett]s1 #bbb4 ,,p9da-,,pitriyagna1 #bea4 ,,pipal tree1 #ej4 ,,pitris1 ! fa!rs1 #bci2 invok$1 #bda4 ,,pitriyagna-,,sacrifices1 #bdh4 ,,plato1 #adb4 ,,pl9y1 ,indian riv]s kn[n to1 #aia4 ,,political communities1 #ca4 ,,poly!ism1 ! k9d (1 9 ! ,v$a1 #afe4 ,,positivi/ s5tim5ts ( a ,brahman1 #hg4 ,,primitive man1 #acc4 ,,pray]s = ra91 #bje2 = ! dead1 #bfb4 ,,prome!us & ,praman?a1 #aie4 ,,proto-,,aryan language1 #dc4 ,,ptolemy1 #cf4 ,,pumice-,,/one1 #aga4 ,,punjab1 !1 riv]s ( !1 #ahc4 ,,puranas1 #afb4 ,r4 ,,raghu1 #hf4 ,,raj5dralal ,mitra1 on sacrifices1 #bea4 ,,rama1 on tru?1 #hg4 ,,rama ,,bava1 ! an*orite1 #bga4 ,,ramayana1 ! plot (1 #hf2 yet recit$1 #ii4 ,,rawl9son1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #aeh4 ,,read]s n num]\s 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 #ada4 ,,recitation ( ! old epics 9 ,india1 #ii4 ,,religion1 its home 9 ,india1 #ca2 our debt to ,ori5tal religions1 #cf2 its transc5d5t "*1 #abf2 metamorphic *anges 91 #abh2 began 9 tru/1 n 9 fe>1 #aig4 ,,remusat on ! ,go?s1 #ajd4 ,,r5aissance p]iod 9 ,india1 #aaj4 ,,revival ( religion 9 ,india1 #bgj4 ,,ribhu & ,orpheus1 #bja4 ,,rig-,,v$a1 editions (1 n[ publi%+1 #ih2 kn[n by he>t1 #ii2 a treasure to ! an?ropologi/1 #acd2 "* ( its poems1 #adc2 its religion primitive1 #add2 complim5t to ! au?or = 8 edition (1 #afc2 ! numb] ( hymns 91 #afc2 age ( ! olde/ manuscripts1 #bba2 total numb] ( words 91 #bbh2 h[ transmitt$1 #bca4 ,,r+old1 ,duke ( ,lituania1 #bji4 ,,ri%is1 ,! ,v$ic1 #afh2 "q ( e>?'s orig91 #ahj2 _! intoxicat+ bev]age1 #bdc4 ,,rita1 ! ?ird ,beyond1 #bfc4 ,,riv]s1 z deities1 #ahb2 hymn to1 #ahc2 names (1 9 ,india1 #ahe4 ,,riv] sy/ems ( ,upp] ,india1 #ahh4 ,,rob]tson',s ,hi/orical ,disquisitions1 #fj4 ,,ru1 ! sky-support]1 #agj2 8 bones1 #aga2 :y pumice-/one1 #agc4 ,r,ue,c,k,e,r,t',s ,wei%eit d] ,brahman51 #bb4 ,,rudra1 ! h[l]1 #aii4 ,s4 ,s1 pron\nc$ z h1 9 ,iranic languages1 #ahi4 ,,sacrifices1 prie/ly1 #adh2 daily & mon?ly1 #bdh4 ,,sakas1 invasion ( !1 #ajd4 ,,sakuntala1 h] appeal to consci5ce1 #ij4 ,,sanskrit language1 its /udy diff]5tly appreciat$1 #ba2 use ( /udy+1 #bc2 its supreme importance1 #ci2 its antiquity1 #dj2 its family relations1 #dj2 its /udy ridicul$1 #de2 its l+ui/ic influ5ce1 #df2 its moral influ5ce1 #dg2 a dead language1 #if2 e>ly dialects (1 #if2 /ill influ5tial1 #ig2 s*ol>s' use (1 #ih2 j\rnals 91 #if2 all liv+ languages 9 ,india draw _! life f1 #ajj4 ,,sanskrit lit]ature1 human int]e/ (1 #ie2 ! lit]ature ( ,india1 #ii2 manuscripts exi/+1 #ajb2 divisions (1 #ajd2 "* ( ! anci5t & ! mod]n1 #ajg2 kn[n 9 ,p]sia1 #aac2 a new />t 91 #aae2 its /udy v pr(itable1 #bge4 ,,satapa?a ,brahmana1 #ia4 ,,s*op5hau]1 on ! ,upani%ads1 #bgc4 ,,seasons1 h[ regulat$1 #adh4 ,,self-,,k1 ! highe/ goal ( ! ,v$a1 #abe4 ,,s9dhu1 ! ,indus riv]1 #ahc2 address to1 #ahd2 mean+ (1 #ahi4 ,,sleeman1 ,colonel1 8 rambles & recollections1 #fj2 8 life 9 village communities1 #fc2 8 op9ion ( ,h9dus1 #fg4 ,,sol> my?s1 #baf4 ,,solomon',s judgm5t comp>$1 #bi4 ,,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on ance/or wor%ip1 #bci2 8 mis/atem5t correct$1 #bdj4 ,,sraddhas1 or ,love ,fea/s1 #bdh2 to ! dep>t$1 #bed2 _! s\rce1 #beg2 _! numb]1 #beh2 /rik+ resemblance1 #bfa4 ,,sudas1 #bjj4 ,,sun1 ! c5tral ?\ght 9 ,aryan my?ology1 #baf4 ,,surya1 god ( ! sun1 #afh4 ,t4 ,,tamil1 #ie4 ,,tane-,,mahuta1 =e/-god1 #agd4 ,,t>as1 ! />s1 #aea4 ,,t]re/rial gods1 #afi4 ,,teutonic my?ology1 #aff4 ,,!ogony1 #bce4 ,,?orr1 #aff4 ,,?ree beyonds1 #bbj4 ,,?s9 dyna/y1 #aeb4 ,,?ugs1 #fc4 ,,tortoise1 ! /ory ( !1 #aed4 ,,t[]s ( ,sil5ce1 #bb4 ,,t[ns1 names (1 9 ,india1 #ahi4 ,,troy1 siege (1 #agb4 ,,tru?1 root mean+ 9 ,sanskrit1 #hb4 ,,tru?fulness1 a luxury1 #ia4 ,,turanian invasion1 #ajd4 ,,two wom5 & *ild1 /ory (1 #bi4 ,,tyr & ,t91 #bac4 ,u4 ,,ugvis1 ,li?uanian1 #da4 ,,univ]sities1 ! object ( _! tea*+1 #ai4 ,,untru?fulness ( ! ,h9dus1 #ec4 ,,upani%ads1 #bfg2 _! beauty1 #bgc4 ,,uranos & ,v>una1 #bja4 ,,urvasi1 #aaj4 ,,u%as & ,eos1 #bjb4 ,,utt>apak%a1 #acf4 ,v4 ,,vaga1 #ahc2 z plural1 #ahd4 ,,vaisvadeva1 (f]+1 #bdi4 ,,vaisya1 a1 #afb4 ,,vak1 wife ( ,vata1 #afe4 ,,valmiki1 ! poet1 #ajj4 ,,v>ahamih>a1 #aab4 ,,v>una1 #aef2 hymns to1 #bjd4 ,,vasi%?a1 on righte\sness1 #ic4 ,,vata1 ! w9d1 #bjj2 & ,wotan1 #bja4 ,,v$a1 _! antiquity1 #aja2 silly conceptions1 #aah2 religion (1 #abi2 necess>y to ! /udy ( man1 #acc2 objections to1 #ace2 native "* (1 #aei2 lessons (1 #afa2 use ( _! /udy1 #afb2 "* ( _! poetry1 #ahb2 k ( ,god progressive 91 #aid2 _! hymns1 a specim51 #bje2 _! gods1 numb] (1 #bai2 mean+ ( _! names1 #bbj2 ?ree p]iods 9 _! lit]ature1 #bcd2 ?ree religions 91 #bcf4 ,,v$ic ,my?ology1 its influ5ce1 #bg2 contra/s1 #afi4 ,,v$a-,,end1 #bfg4 ,,v$anta philosophy1 #bfe2 ! pres5t religion 9 ,india1 #bfi2 its preval5ce1 #bgj2 comm5d$ to /ud5ts1 #bga2 its highe/ k1 #bgc4 ,,vidala1 cat1 #db4 ,,vih>as1 or colleges1 ! anci5t1 #bf4 ,,vikramaditya1 #aaj2 8 v>i$ exp]i5ce1 #aac4 ,,village communities 9 ,india1 #fd2 l>ge numb] (1 #fe2 morality 91 #fg4 ,,visvak>man1 #aeg4 ,,vyasa1 ! poet1 #ajj4 ,w4 ,,w>riors1 native & =eign1 #aaf4 ,,wat]s1 div]s gods ( !1 #afg4 ,,weasel & ! woman1 #bh4 ,,wilson1 ,pr(41 on ! ,h9dus1 #eg4 ,,witnesses1 ?ree classes (1 #fi4 ,,wolf1 ,f4 ,a41 8 que/ions1 #bba2 8 dictum1 #bbc4 ,,work+m51 #aaf4 ,,wor%ip ( ! dead1 #bdj4 ,,wotan & ,vata1 #bja4 ,,writ+ unkn[n 9 anci5t ,india1 #bbf4 ,x4 ,,xan?os1 ! ,lydian1 #bbc4 ,y4 ,,yag1 i%ta1 #bjh4 ,,yagnadattabadha1 #aaj4 ,,yagnavalkya1 on virtue1 #ib4 ,,yahweh1 wor%ip (1 #bgb4 ,,yama1 "l ( ! dep>t$1 #he2 on immortality1 #hf2 invok$1 #bdb2 z ! fir/ man1 #bdb2 dialogue on dea?1 #bfg4 ,,yaska1 division ( ! ,v$ic gods1 #afh4 ,,yueh-,,*i1 ,!1 & ! ,go?s1 #ajd4 ,z4 ,,zeus1 #abi2 ! survivor ( ,dyaus1 #bac2 ! int]val betwe51 #bce4 ,,zeus1 ,dyaus1 & ,jupit]1 #aih4 ,,zimm]1 ,pr(41 on poly!ism1 #aff2 translation ( ,sanskrit words1 #ahe4 ,,zodiacal signs1 kn[n to ,sanskrit a/ronom]s1 #aad4 ,,zodiac1 ,! ,babylonian1 #adg4 ,,zoroa/rianism1 #ca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,9 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y4 ,,_! ,,/]l+ ,,wor?4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,critics4 ,i4 ,life ( ,cromwell4 ,,new ,,york ,,sun3 ,mr4 ,hood's biography is a positive boon to ! mass ( read]s1 because x pres5ts a m correct view ( ! great soldi] ?an any ( ! %ort] lives publi%$1 :e!r we comp>e x ) ,s\!y's1 ,guizot's1 or ev5 ,=/]'s4 ,,pacific ,,*ur*man1 ,san ,francisco3 ,! faire/ & mo/ readable ( ! num]\s biographies ( ,cromwell4 ,,good ,,lit]ature1 ,new ,york3 ,if all ^! books w prove z fre% & readable z ,hood's ',cromwell1' ! lit]>y m]it ( ! s]ies w be z high z ! price is l[4 ,,new ,,york ,,daily ,,graphic3 ,hood's ',cromwell' is an excell5t acc\nt ( ! great ,protector4 ,cromwell 0 ! h]oic s]vant ( a sublime cause4 ,a complete sket* ( ! man & ! p]iod4 ,,*ri/ian ,,union1 ,new ,york3 ,a valuable biography ( ,cromwell1 told ) int]e/ 9 e "p & ) su* cond5sation & skill 9 arrangem5t t prom95t ev5ts are made cle> to all4 ,,s*ool ,,j\rnal1 ,new ,york3 ,mr4 ,hood's /yle is pleasant1 cle>1 & fl[+1 & he sets =? & holds 8 own op9ion well4 ,,episcopal ,,record]1 ,philadelphia3 ,an admirable & able ,life ( ,oliv] ,cromwell1 ( :i* we c unhesitat+ly speak words ( praise4 ,,new ,,york ,,telegram3 ,full ( ! k9d ( in=mation ) :i* ev5 ! well-read l to refre% !mselves4 ,,indianapolis ,,s5t9el1 ,ind43 ,! book is "o ( deep int]e/4 ,! /yle is good1 ! analysis se>*+1 & w add mu* to ! au?or's fame z an able biograph]4 ,,! ,,workman1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa43 ,?is book tells ! /ory ( ,cromwell's life 9 a captivat+ way4 ,x reads l a romance4 ,! pap] & pr9t+ are v attractive4 ,,new ,,york ,,h]ald3 ,! book is "o ( deep int]e/4 ,! /yle is good1 ! analysis se>*+4 ,,ii4 ,sci5ce 9 ,%ort ,*apt]s4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,education1 ,bo/on3 ',sci5ce 9 ,%ort ,*apt]s' supplies a gr[+ want among a l>ge class ( busy p1 :o h n "t to consult sci5tific treatises4 ,writt5 9 cle> & simple /yle4 ,v int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,,academy1 ,london1 ,engl&3 ,mr4 ,williams has pres5t$ ^! sci5tific subjects to ! popul> m9d ) mu* cle>ness & =ce4 ,x may be read ) advantage by ^? )\t special sci5tific tra9+4 ,,religi\s ,,telescope1 ,dayton1 ,ohio3 ,x is hi/oric1 sci5tific1 & racy4 ,a book ( int5se practical ?\ght1 :i* "o wi%es to read c>efully & !n read aga94 ,,new ,,york ,,s*ool ,,j\rnal3 ,a volume ( h&y sci5ce1 n only int]e/+ z an ab/ract subject1 b valuable = its cle> expositions ( e-day sci5ce4 ,( ,pr(essor ,williams z an au?ority ^u su* subjects1 x is unnecess>y to comm5t4 ,he already has a fame z a sci5tific writ] :i* ne$s no recomm5dation4 ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette1 ,london1 ,engl&3 ,orig9al & ( sci5tific value4 ,,graphic1 ,london3 ,cle>1 simple1 & pr(itable4 ,,canada ,,bapti/1 ,toronto3 ,a ri* book at a m>vell\sly l[ price4 ,! /yle is sprightly & simple4 ,e *apt] conta9s some?+ we all want to "k4 ,,new>k ,,daily ,,adv]tis]1 ,n4,j43 ,z an educator ?is book is wor? a ye>'s s*ool+1 & x w g :]e s*ools ( a high grade _c p5etrate4 ,= su* a book tw5ty-five c5ts seems a ridicul\s sum4 ,j4,w4 ,,ba%=d1 ,auburndale1 ,mass43 ,a m>vell\s book1 z fasc9at+ z ,dick5s1 to be consult$ z an au?ority along ) ,britannica1 & ev5 full] ( practical h9ts ?an ! latt]'s articles4 ,i d n "k h[ y c pr9t its #cjj pages = #be c5ts4 ,,am]ican1 ,philadelphia3 ,mr4 ,williams' "w is a practical comp5dium4 ,,iii4 ,! ,am]ican ,humori/4 ,,comm]cial ,,gazette1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio3 ,x is f9ely critical & appreciative2 exce$+ly crisp & unusually ent]ta9+ f fir/ to la/4 ,,*ri/ian ,,intellig5c]1 ,new ,york3 ,a book ( pleasant read+1 ) en\gh sp>kle 9 x to cure any "o ( ! blues4 ,,congregationali/1 ,bo/on3 ,!y are bas$ ^u consid]able /udy ( ^! au?ors1 are highly appreciative 9 tone1 & %[ a p]ceptivity ( ,am]ican humor :i* is yet a r>ity among ,engli%m54 ,,salem ,,times1 ,mass43 ,no writ] 9 ,engl& 01 9 all respects1 bett] qualifi$ to write a book on ,am]ican ,humori/s ?an ,haweis4 ,,*ri/ian ,,j\rnal1 ,toronto3 ,we h be5 specially amus$ ) ! *apt] on poor ,artemus ,w>d1 :i* we read on a railway j\rney4 ,we fe> our fell[-pass5g]s w\ld ?9k some?+ ail$ u1 = laugh we did1 9 spite ( all attempts to pres]ve a s$ate appe>ance4 ,,occid5t1 ,san ,francisco3 ,?is book is pleasant read+1 ) sp>kle en\gh 9 x--z ! writ] is himself a wit--to cure "o ( ! 'blues4' ,,danbury ,,news1 ,conn43 ,mr4 ,haweis gives a brief bibliographical sket* ( ea* writ] m5tion$ 9 ! book1 an analysis ( 8 /yle1 & classifies ea* into a di/9ct type f ! o!rs4 ,he pres5ts copi\s extracts f _! works1 mak+ an ent]ta9+ book4 ,,c5tral ,,bapti/1 ,/4 ,l\is3 ,a p]usal ( ?is volume w give ! read] a m correct idea ( ! "* discuss$ ?an he w\ld probably get f read+ _! biographies4 ,! lecture is analytical1 p5etrative1 t]se1 incisive1 & c&id4 ,! book is wor? its price1 & w amply repay read+4 ,,s*ool ,,j\rnal1 ,new ,york3 ,t]se & brief z ! s\l ( wit itself4 ,,indianapolis ,,s5t9el1 ,indiana3 ,x pres5ts1 9 f9e sett+1 ! wit & wisdom ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 ,oliv] ,w4 ,holmes1 ,james ,r4 ,l[ell1 ,artemus ,w>d1 ,m>k ,twa91 & ,bret ,h>te1 & does x con amore4 ,,! ,,mail1 ,toronto1 ,ont43 ,rev4 ,h4 ,r4 ,haweis is a writ] too well-kn[n to ne$ comm5dation at our h&s =1 at lea/1 8 lit]>y /yle4 ,! g5]al result is t n a page repels u & n a s5t5ce tires4 ,we f9d ourselves drawn pleasantly along 9 j ! way we want to g2 all our favorite po9ts rememb]$1 all our own pet phrases prais$1 & ! good ?+s ( ea* writ] br\ght =w>d to refre% "o's memory4 ,9 f9e1 ! book is a mo/ agreeable companion4 ,,lu!ran ,,obs]v]1 ,philadelphia3 ,! peculi> /yle1 ! m5tal "*1 & ! secret ( success1 ( ea* ( ^! prom95t writ]s1 are pres5t$ ) great cle>ness & discrim9ation4 ,,iv4 ,lives ( ,illu/ri\s ,%oemak]s4 ,,we/]n ,,*ri/ian ,,advocate1 ,c9c9nati3 ,:5 we fir/ took up ?is volume we 7 surpris$ t anybody %\ld attempt to make a book ) precisely ?is =m & title4 ,b z we read its pages we 7 f> m surpris$ to f9d !m replete ) int]e/ & in/ruction4 ,x %\ld be sold by ! scores ( ?\s&s4 ,,presbyt]ian ,,obs]v]1 ,baltimore3 ,! writ] ( ?is book well und]/&s h[ to write biography--a gift v\*saf$ only to a few4 ,,new ,,york ,,h]ald3 ,! sons ( ,/4 ,crisp9 h always be5 not$ = indep5d5ce ( ?\ght 9 politics & 9 religion2 & ,mr4 ,w9ks has writt5 a v readable acc\nt ( ! lives ( ! m fam\s ( ! craft4 ,! book is q int]e/+4 ,,danbury ,,news1 ,conn43 ,! ,/&>d ,libr>y has be5 enri*$ by ?is addition4 ,,lit]>y ,,_w1 ,london3 ,! pages conta9 a great deal ( int]e/+ mat]ial--rem>kable episodes ( exp]i5ce & hi/ory4 ,,bo/on ,,globe3 ,a valuable book1 conta9+ mu* int]e/+ matt] & an enc\ragem5t to self-help4 ,,*ri/ian ,,/&>d1 ,c9c9nati3 ,x w inspire a noble ambition1 & may r$eem _m a life f failure4 ,,*ri/ian ,,secret>y1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn43 ,writt5 9 a sprightly & popul> mann]4 ,full ( int]e/4 ,,evangelical ,,mess5g]1 ,clevel&3 ,ev]ybody c read ! book ) int]e/1 b ! "y w be specially pr(it$ by its p]usal4 ,,leice/] ,,*ronicle1 ,engl&3 ,a "w ( ! deepe/ int]e/ & ( s+ul> ability4 ,,comm]cial ,,gazette1 ,c9c9nati3 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> books publi%$ lately4 ,,c5tral ,,me?odi/1 ,k5tucky3 ,?is is a *oice "w--full ( fact & biography4 ,x w be read ) int]e/1 m especially by t l>ge class ^: awl & hamm] provide ! human family ) soles = _! feet4 ,,! ,,we/]n ,,mail1 ,engl&3 ,writt5 ) ta/e & tact1 9 a graceful1 easy /yle4 ,a book mo/ int]e/+ to y\?4 ,,*ri/ian ,,gu>dian1 ,toronto3 ,x is a capital book4 ,,evangelical ,,*ur*man1 ,toronto3 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ book1 writt5 9 a v popul> /yle4 ,v4 ,flotsam & ,jetsam4 ,,saturday ,,review1 ,eng43 ,amus+ & readable 444 ,among ! successful books ( ?is ord] mu/ be class$ t :i* ,mr4 ,b[les has rec5tly (f]$ to ! public4 ,,new ,,york ,,_w3 ,?is s]ies ( reflections1 "s philosophic1 o!rs practical1 & _m humor\s1 make a *e]ful & heal?ful little volume1 made ! m valuable by its index4 ,,c5tral ,,me?odi/1 ,cattlesburgh1 ,ky4 ,?is is a romance ( ! sea1 & is "o ( ! mo/ readable & enjoyable books ( ! season4 ,,lu!ran ,,obs]v]1 ,phil43 ,! c>go on ?is wreck mu/ h be5 above all e/imate 9 value4 ,h[ mu* ',jetsam' !re may be we _c tell1 b :at we h se5 is all ',flotsam1' & w float & f9d its way 9 enri*+ influ5ce to a ?\s& he>ts & homes4 ,,new ,,york ,,h]ald3 ,x is a clev] book1 full ( qua9t conceits & deep m$itation4 ,!re is pl5ty ( ent]ta9+ & orig9al ?\ght1 & ',flotsam & ,jetsam' is inde$ wor? read+4 ,,*ri/ian ,,advocate1 ,na%ville1 ,t5n43 ,_m ( ! au?or's comm5ts are q acute1 & _! p]sonal tone w give !m an additional flavor4 ,,me?odi/ ,,record]1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa43 ,9 addition to ! *>m+ incid5ts relat$1 x fairly sp>kles ) fre% & orig9al ?\ghts :i* _c fail to int]e/ & pr(it4 ,,good ,,lit]ature1 ,new ,york3 444 ,nev] fails to amuse & int]e/1 & x is "o ( ! pleasante/ features ( ! book t "o may op5 x at a v5ture & be sure ( f9d+ some?+ orig9al & readable4 ,,h]ald ,,& ,,presbyt]1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio3 ,8 mann] ( tell+ ! /ory ( 8 v>i$ obs]vations & exp]i5ces1 ) 8 reflections accompany+1 is s easy & famili>1 z to l5d 8 pages a fasc9ation :i* r5d]s x almo/ impossible to lay d[n ! book until x is read to ! end4 ,,new ,,york ,,l$g]3 ,x is q out ( ! usual me?od ( books ( travel1 & w be reli%$ all ! m by ^? :o enjoy bits ( quiet humor & piquant sket*es ( m5 & ?+s on a ya*t+ j\rney4 ,,new ,,york ,,/>3 ,n too pr(\nd = ent]ta9m5t1 & yet pleasantly sugge/ive4 ,a volume ( clev] say+s4 ,,*ri/ian ,,secret>y1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn43 ,x is a book well wor? read+1444 full ( ?\ght4 ,,presbyt]ian ,,j\rnal1 ,philadelphia3 ,a racy1 orig9al1 ?\ghtful book4 ,on ! slight ?read ( sea-voyag+ x hangs ! t]se ?\ghts ( an orig9al m9d on _m subjects4 ,! /yle is s spicy t "o reads ) int]e/ ev5 :5 n approv+4 ,,*ri/ian ,,intellig5c]1 ,new ,york3 ,no "o c sp5d an h\r or two 9 ,mr4 ,b[les' gall]y ( graphic p5-pictures )\t be+ s deeply impress$ ) _! orig9ality ( conception & lively1 spicy expression1 z to talk ab\t !m to o!rs4 ,,vi4 ,! ,highways ( ,lit]ature4 ,,national ,,bapti/1 ,phila43 ,a book full ( wisdom2 exce$+ly bright & practical4 ,,pacific ,,*ur*man1 ,san ,francisco3 ,! be/ answ] we h se5 to ! common & mo/ puzzl+ "q1 ',:at %all ,i read8' ,s*ol>ly & beautiful4 ,,danbury ,,news3 ,its h9ts1 rules1 & directions = read+ are1 j n[1 :at ?\s&s ( p are ne$+4 ,,*ri/ian ,,witness1 ,newm>ket1 ,n4,h43 ,cle>1 t]se1 elegant 9 /yle4 ,a boon to "y /ud5ts1 a pleasure = s*ol>s4 ,,new ,,york ,,h]ald3 ,mr4 ,david ,pryde1 ! au?or ( ',highways ( ,lit]ature2 or1 ,:at to ,read1 & ,h[ to ,read1' is an erudite ,scot*man :o has taught ) mu* success 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,8 h9ts on ! be/ books & ! be/ me?od ( ma/]+ !m are valuable1 & likely to prove ( great practical use4 ,,new ,,york ,,tablet3 ,?is is a mo/ useful & int]e/+ "w4 ,x consi/s ( pap]s 9 :i* ! au?or (f]s rules by :i* ! read] may discov] ! be/ books1 & be enabl$ to /udy !m prop]ly4 ,,vii4 ,col9 ,cl\t's ,cal5d>4 ,,le$s ,,m]cury1 ,engl&3 ,! be/ specim5s ( popul> sci5tific expositions t we h ev] _h ! good =tune to fall 9 )4 ,,new ,,york ,,nation3 ,! *>m ( su* books is n a little height5$ :51 z 9 ?is case1 a few t\*es ( local hi/ory1 ( cu/oms1 words1 & places are add$4 ,,am]ican ,,re=m]1 ,new ,york3 ,!re c]ta9ly is no det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! books ( ! ,/&>d ,libr>y4 ,?is book consi/s ( %ort *apt]s ^u natural hi/ory1 writt5 9 an easy1 fasc9at+ /yle1 giv+ r>e & valuable in=mation conc]n+ trees1 plants1 fl[]s1 & animals4 ,su* books %\ld h a wide circulation beyond ! li/ ( regul> subscrib]s4 ,"s w criticise ! au?or's incl9ation to attribute ! m>vell\s ?+s :i* are f\nd 9 ^! plants1 animals1 etc41 to a long process ( developm5t r ?an to ,div9e ag5cy4 ,b ! in=mation is none ! less valuable1 :atev] may be ! process ( ^! developm5ts4 ,a ,,great ,,sacrifice4 ,"y's ,analytical ,concordance ,,r$uc$ ,,to #b4ej1 ,,= ,a ,,limit$ ,,"t4 ,dr4 ,"y _c endure to h ?is1 ! great "w ( 8 life1 judg$ by ! unau?oriz$ editions ) :i* ! ,am]ican m>ket is flood$4 ,^! editions1 he feels1 d 8 "w & ! ,am]ican public great inju/ice4 ,t ,am]icans may be able to see ! "w z pr9t$ "u 8 eye & f 8 own plates1 he w sell "s ?\s&s ( copies at ,a ,great ,pecuni>y ,sacrifice4 ,! sale at ! r$uc$ prices w beg9 ,m>* #a1 #ahhc1 & w cont9ue until ! ?\s&s ( copies set ap>t = ?is sale are exhau/$4 ,?is is ! au?oriz$1 late/ revis$ & unabridg$ edition--9 e respect ! same type1 pap]1 b9d+1 etc41 z we h sold at ! high] prices4 ,x is a burn+ %ame t ! great life-"w ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s1 a "w pron\nc$ 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica z "o ( ! mo/ labori\s & important t ?is c5tury has produc$1 embrac+ ne>ly #aajj l>ge qu>to pages1 ea* l>g] & conta9+ m matt] ?an ,web/]'s ,unabridg$ ,diction>y1 %\ld prove a great f9ancial loss to its au?or6 ,?is great "w is sell+ 9 ,engl& at #i1 & is n[ import$ & sold 9 ,am]ica at #b4ej66 ,ord]s w be fill$ 9 ! ord] receiv$ up to ! "t ( ! exhau/ion ( ! /ock4 ,"y's ,great ,concordance4 ,,d ,,n ,,be ,,deceiv$4 ,!re is b "o au?oriz$ & correct edition ( ,"y's ,concordance sold 9 ,am]ica4 ,e copy ( ?is edition has on ! title-page ! words ,au?oriz$ ,edition1 & at ! bottom ( ! page ! impr9t ,,new ,,york3 ,,funk ,,wagnalls4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,george ,,adam ,,"y ,,company4 ,all copies1 no matt] by :om sold1 t h n ^! words pr9t$ on ! title-page are pr9t$ on ! bungl+ plates made by ! late ,am]ican ,book ,ex*ange4 ,dr4 ,,"y says3 ,?is unau?oriz$ ,am]ican edition is an outrage on ! ,am]ican public1 & on me1 conta9+ gross errors4 ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,hall says3 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,"y's ,analytical ,concordance is wor?y ( ! lifetime ( labor he has sp5t ^u x4 ,i deeply regret t 8 natural & j expectation ( "s return f its sale on ?is side ( ! ocean is n realiz$2 & ,i hope ! s5se ( ju/ice to a mo/ pa9/ak+ au?or w lead to ! *oice by _m pur*as]s ( ! edition :i* ,dr4 ,"y approves--t ( ,messrs4 ,,funk ,,wagnalls1 ) :om ,dr4 ,"y coop]ates 9 br++ out "h ! be/ edition4 ,,new ,,york4 ,,john ,,hall4 ,d n be deceiv$ by misrepres5tations4 ,insi/ t y\r booksell] furni% y ! ,au?oriz$ edition4 ,,r$uc$ ,,prices3 #aajj qu>to pages 7ea* l>g] ?an a page 9 ,web/]'s ,unabridg$ ,diction>y71 ,clo?1 #b #ej ,%eep #d #jj ,fr5* im4 morocco #d #ej ,s5t po/-free4 ,,funk ,,wagnalls1 #aj #ab ,dey ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99