file :i* includes ! orig9al #cgi illu/rations4 ,see #bjhdf-;h4htm or #bjhdf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_ /h_/a_/bjhdf_/bjhdf-;h_/#bjhdf-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_ /h_/a_/bjhdf_/bjhdf-;h4zip7 ,,h&work ,,9 ,,wood by ,,william ,,noyes1 ,m4,a4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,new ,york ,city ,illu/ration ,! ,manual ,arts ,press ,peoria1 ,ill9ois ,copyright ,william ,noyes #aiaj ,to my /ud5ts pa/ pres5t & future a tok5 ( gratitude = help & inspiration ,,=eword ,?is book is int5d$ prim>ily = tea*]s ( woodwork1 b ! au?or hopes t !re w also be o!r work]s 9 wood1 pr(essional & amateur1 :o w f9d 9 x matt] ( int]e/ & pr(it4 ,! successful completion ( ! book is due *iefly to ! untir+ assi/ance ( my wife1 ,anna ,gausmann ,noyes1 :o has made almo/ all ( ! draw+s1 correct$ ! text1 read ! pro(1 & att5d$ to numb]less details4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are h]eby ?ankfully giv5 = corrections & sugge/ions 9 ! text made by ! foll[+ p]sons3 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,w4 ,weick ( ,tea*]s ,college1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,vroom ( ,public ,s*ool ,no4 #e1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 = revision ( ,*apt]s ,,iv & ,v on tools & fa/5+s4 ,mr4 ,cl9ton ,s4 ,van,deusen ( ,bradley ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 = revision ( ,*apt] ,x on wood f9i%+4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 = ! orig9als ( ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #cc1 & #ed4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,=e/ ,fi% & ,game ,commission = ! orig9als ( ,figs4 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 & #dg4 ,t4 ,h4 ,mc,allister ( ,new ,york = ! orig9als ( ,figs4 #af & #bj4 ,! ,detroit ,publi%+ ,company = ! orig9al ( ,fig4 #f4 ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,/urtevant ,company1 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,mass41 = ! orig9al ( ,fig4 #eg4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 = ! orig9al ( ,fig4 #cj4 ,mr4 ,l\is ,a4 ,bacon1 ,indianapolis4 ,ind41 = ! clamp+ device %[n 9 ,fig4 #bee4 ,s>g5t ,company1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ,w4 ,c4 ,toles ,company1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,! ,b]l9 ,ma*9e ,works1 ,beloit1 ,wis41 ,a4 ,a4 ,loets*]1 ,dubuque1 ,i[a1 & ! ,/anley ,rule & ,level ,co41 ,new ,brita91 ,conn41 = electrotypes4 ,allis ,*alm]s ,company1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ,cl>k ,bro!rs1 ,belmont1 ,n4 ,y41 ,! ,m4 ,g>l& ,company1 ,bay ,city1 ,mi*41 ,! ,prescott ,company1 ,m5om9ee1 ,mi*41 = illu/rations ( sawmill+ ma*9]y4 ,& mo/ ( all1 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my obligation to ! num]\s writ]s ( ^: books & articles ,i h made free use1 to :i* ref]5ces are made 9 ! appropriate places4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,g5]al ,bibliography #d ,i ,logg+ #g ,,ii ,sawmill+ #cj ,,iii ,! ,season+ & ,measur+ ( ,wood #de ,,iv ,wood ,h& ,tools #ea ,v ,wood ,fa/5+s #abc ,,vi ,equipm5t & ,c>e ( ! ,%op #acf ,,vii ,! ,common ,jo9ts #aea ,,viii ,types ( ,wood5 ,/ructures #ahc ,,ix ,pr9ciples ( ,jo9]y #bjc ,x ,wood ,f9i%+ #bji ,index #bbd ,,g5]al ,,bibliography ,adams1 ,h5ry1 ,jo9ts 9 ,wood-,"w4 ,london3 #fj ,que5 ,victoria ,/4 #ahid4 ,alex&]1 ,j]ome1 ,! ,grad+ & ,use ( ,glue4 ,wood ,craft1 #e3 #afh1 ,sep4 '#jf4 ,bailey1 ,*>les ,h41 ,a ,/udy ( ,manual ,tra9+ ,equipm5ts4 ,manual ,tra9+ ,magaz9e1 #f3 #hb4 ,jan4 '#je4 ,b>n>d1 ,*>les1 ,tools & ,ma*9es4 ,n4 ,y43 ,silv]1 ,burdett & ,co4 #aijc4 ,b>t]1 ,s4 ,m41 ,woodwork4 ,london3 ,:ittak] & ,co4 #ahib4 ,b5son1 ,w4 ,a4 ,s41 ,elem5ts ( ,h&icraft & ,design4 ,london3 ,macmillan & ,co4 #ahic4 ,brannt1 ,w4 ,t41 ,pa9t]1 ,gild] & ,v>ni%]4 ,philadelphia3 ,h4 ,c4 ,baird ,co4 #ahic4 ,brunck51 ,erne/1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,=e/s & ,=e/ry4 ,n4 ,y43 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahii4 ,cl>k1 ,r4 ,i41 ,v>ni% & ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,london3 ,*as4 ,letts ,co4 ,no date4 ,compton1 ,a4 ,g41 ,fir/ ,lessons 9 ,woodwork+4 ,n4 ,y43 ,ivison1 ,blakeman1 ,taylor & ,co4 #ahhh4 ,craw%aw1 ,fr$ ,d41 ,problems 9 ,furniture ,mak+4 ,peoria4 ,ill43 ,! ,manual ,arts ,press4 #aijf4 ,dis/on1 ,h5ry1 & ,sons1 ,h&book = ,lumb]m54 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,dunlap1 ,fr$]ick4 ,kiln-dry+ ,h>dwood ,lumb]4 ,wood ,craft1 #f3 #acc1 ,feb4 '#jg4 ,ellis1 ,george1 ,mod]n ,practical ,jo9]y4 ,london3 ,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d1 #dhf pp41 #aijb1 '#jc1 '#jd & '#jg4 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 ,lac1 ,v>ni%4 ,n4 ,y43 ,scribn]'s4 #ahgh4 ,fo/]1 ,edw9 ,w41 ,elem5t>y ,woodwork+4 ,bo/on3 ,g9n & ,co4 ,goss1 ,w4 ,f4 ,m41 ,b5* ,"w 9 ,wood4 ,bo/on3 ,g9n & ,co4 #ahhg & #aije4 ,griffi?1 ,ira ,s41 ,ess5tials ( ,woodwork+4 ,peoria ,ill43 ,manual ,arts ,press4 #aijh4 ,hamma*]1 ,s*lemm] ,co41 ,tools4 ,catalog ,no4 #cee4 ,n4 ,y4 #aijh4 ,hamma*]1 ,s*lemm] ,co41 ,cab9et ,h>dw>e4 ,catalog ,no4 #aea4 ,n4 ,y4 #aijd4 ,hodgson1 ,fr$ ,t41 ,! ,up-to-date ,h>dwood ,f9i%]4 ,*icago3 ,fr$ ,j4 ,drake & ,co4 #aijd4 ,hodgson1 ,fr$ ,t41 ,! ,c>p5t]'s ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses4 ,n4 ,y43 ,indu/rial ,publi%+ ,co4 #ahhj4 ,hovey-,k+1 ,alv91 ,! ,lumb] ,indu/ry ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,review ( ,reviews1 #bg3 #cag1 ,mr41 '#jc4 ,hulb]t1 ,w4 ,h41 ,! ,lumb] ,jack & ,8 ,job4 ,outlook1 #gf3 #hja1 ,ap4 #b1 '#jd4 ,int]national ,correspond5ce ,s*ool1 ,! ,build+ ,trades ,pocketbook4 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,int]national ,textbook ,co4 #bnd edition4 #aije4 ,int]national ,encyclop$ia1 ,lac-,insect ,v>ni%4 ,n4 ,y43 ,dodd1 ,mead & ,co4 #aijb-aijd4 ,jones1 ,j4 ,e41 ,lumb]+ 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,cosmopolitan1 #ae3 #fc1 ,may #ahic4 ,l>sson1 ,gu/af1 ,elem5t>y ,sloyd & ,:ittl+4 ,n4 ,y43 ,silv]1 ,burdett ,co4 #aijf4 ,maire1 ,f41 ,! ,mod]n ,wood ,f9i%]4 ,*icago3 ,press ( ! ,we/]n ,pa9t]4 ,munn1 ,m4 ,j41 ,great ,indu/ries ( ! ,u4 ,s4--,lumb]4 ,cosmopolitan1 #cg3 #dda1 ,aug4 '#jd4 ,murray1 ,m4 ,w41 ,problems 9 ,wood-work+4 ,peoria1 ,ill43 ,manual ,arts ,press4 #aije4 ,murray1 ,m4 ,w41 ,! ,manual ,tra9+ ,room & ,its ,equipm5t4 ,ye> ,book ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,sup]visors =- #aijf1 pp4 #fi-hf4 ,p>k1 ,joseph ,c4 ,educational ,woodwork+ = ,s*ool & ,home4 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aijh4 ,pi*ot1 ,gif=d1 ,a ,prim] ( ,=e/ry4 ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agric4 ,=4 ,s]v4 ,bull4 ,no4 #bd4 #ahii & #aije4 ,purfield1 ,h4 ,t41 ,! ,l5g? ( ,nails4 ,wood ,craft1 #e3 #aha1 ,sp4 '#jf4 ,riv+/on1 see ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,c\ncil on ,education4 ,r\illion1 ,l\is1 ,economies ( ,manual ,tra9+4 ,n4 ,y43 ,! ,d]ry ,coll>d ,company4 #aije4 ,ro?1 ,filib]t1 ,a ,fir/ ,book ( ,=e/ry4 ,bo/on3 ,g9n ,co4 #aijb4 ,s>g5t ,co41 ,/&>d ,/eel ,squ>es4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,seaton1 ,geo4 ,a41 ,a ,clamp = ,use at ! ,gr9d/one4 ,woodcraft1 #f3 #if4 ,jan41 '#jg4 ,seld51 ,f4 ,h41 ,elem5t>y ,woodwork4 ,n4 ,y43 ,r&1 ,mc,nally ,co4 #aijf4 ,sickels1 ,iv91 ,ex]cises 9 ,woodwork+4 ,n4 ,y43 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhi4 ,smi?1 ,k41 ,lumb]+ by ,ma*9]y4 ,_w's ,"w1 #g3 #ddce4 ,feb4 '#jd4 ,smi?1 ,r4 ,h41 ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,london3 ,cassell ,co4 #ahhd4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,c\ncil on ,education1 ,notes on ,build+ ,con/ruction4 #c vols4 ,london3 ,riv+ton4 #ahhc-ahhi4 ,/&age1 ,h4 ,c41 ,glues & ,cem5ts = ! ,use ( ,woodwork]s4 ,wood ,craft1 #g3 #dh1 ,may1 '#jg4 ,tate1 ,james ,m41 ,tra9+ 9 ,wood ,"w4 ,m9neapolis3 ,nor? ,we/]n ,s*ool ,supply ,co4 ,ab\t #aije4 ,tr\t1 ,w4 ,h41 ,! ,mod]n ,saw ,mill4 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e1 #aa3 #hc-ie4 #ahd-aie1 ,dec4 '#if & ,jan4 '#ig4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,=e/ ,s]vice ,classifi$ ,li/ ( ,publications4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,bullet9s3 ,no4 #aj4 ,filib]t1 ,ro?4 ,timb]4 #ahie4 ,no4 #cd4 ,wm4 ,f4 ,fox1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,lumb] ,indu/ry 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,no4 #da4 ,h]mann von ,s*r5k1 ,season+ ( ,timb]4 #aijc4 ,van ,deus51 ,cl9ton ,s41 ,me?ods ( ,wood ,f9i%+4 ,manual ,tra9+ ,magaz9e1 #f3 #ic4 ,jan4 '#je4 ,van ,deus51 ,cl9ton ,s41 ,logg+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,manual ,tra9+ ,magaz9e1 #a3 #ic4 ,jan4 '#jj4 ,:eel]1 ,c4 ,g41 ,woodwork+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,n4 ,y43 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahii4 ,:ite1 ,/ew>t ,edw>d1 ,! ,blaz$ ,trail4 ,n4 ,y43 ,mc,clure1 ,phillips ,co4 #aijd4 ,:ite1 ,/ew>t ,edw>d1 ,f ,=e/ to ,saw ,mill4 ,junior ,munsey1 #aj3 #cfb1 ,je4 '#ja4 ,anonym\s4 ,nails4 ,wood ,craft4 #e3 #ajc1 ,jl4 '#jf4 ,a ,dry-,kiln ( ,progressive ,/yle4 ,wood ,craft1 #f3 #ca4 ,nov4 '#jf4 ,lumb]+ 9 ,l\isiana4 ,wood ,craft1 #d3 #ee1 ,nov4 '#je4 ,! ,lac ,indu/ry ( ,assam4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 #di3 #aib4 ,feb #h '#ja4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,logg+4 ,! r\gh & ready me?ods common 9 ,am]ican logg+ op]ations are ! result p>tly ( a tradition ( inexhau/ible supply1 p>tly ( ! fe> ( fire & ! avoidance ( taxes1 p>tly ( an eag]ness to get ri* quick4 ,mo/ ( ! logg+ has be5 done on privately own$ l& or on %amelessly /ol5 public l&1 & ! lumb]man _h no fur!r int]e/ 9 ! =e/ ?an to lumb] x exp$iti\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,mak+ a ,valuation ,survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,blazes on ,trees4 ,prelim9>y to ! actual logg+ are c]ta9 necess>y /eps4 ,fir/ ( all is l&look+4 ,?is includes ! survey ( ! =e/ l& = ! purpose ( locat+ good timb]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,mo/ ( ! woodl& has previ\sly be5 r\ghly survey$ by ! gov]nm5t & maps made indicat+ :i* p>ts are private l& & :i* are /ill held by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! b\nd>ies ( t[n%ips1 sections1 qu>t] sections1 eighties1 =ties1 etc41 are indicat$ by blazes on trees1 ,fig4 #b1 s t ! cruis] or look] z he goes ?ru ! woods c id5tify !m ) ^? on 8 oil pap] map4 ,! cruis] also /udies ! k9ds & "* ( ! trees1 ! cont\r ( ! gr\nd1 ! proximity to /reams1--all ) ! view to m>ket+ ! product4 ,act+ on ! in=mation ?us ga9$ by ! cruis]1 ! lumb]man pur*ases 8 sections at ! prop] l& (fice1 or if he is less scrupul\s1 buys only en\gh to s]ve z a basis = op]ations4 ,enorm\s =tunes h be5 made by timb] ?ieves1 n[ respectable memb]s ( ! community4 ,z a fur!r prelim9>y /ep to lumb]+ itself1 ! tote road & camp are built4 ,! tote road is a r\gh road on :i* supplies = crew & cattle c be tak5 to camp f civilization4 ,x is b>ely passable = a team & a wagon1 b x s]ves its purpose1 & ov] x come m m5 & horses4 ,lumb] = ! floors & ro(s ( ! %anties & = ! rude pieces ( furniture t w be ne$$1 t>r$ pap] to make ! ro(s tight1 a few glaz$ w9d[ sa%es1 a huge range & a numb] ( box /oves1 di%es & kit*5 ut5sils1 a little /ock ( goods = ! van1 blankets by ! doz5 & score1 & c\ntless boxes & b>rels & bags ( provisions4#a ,footnote #a3 ,hulb]t3 ,! ,lumb] ,jack2 ,outlook1 #gf3 #hja1 ,april #b1 '#jd4 ,! camp itself1 ,fig4 #c1 is built ( logs1 ro($ ) plank1 cov]$ ) heavy t> pap]1 & dimly light$4 ,!re are usually five build+s1--! m5's camp1 ! cook camp1 ! (fice1 ! b>n1 & ! blacksmi?'s %op4 ,_m camps accommodate f eighty to "o hundr$ m54 ,! m5's camp is fill$ ) bunks & is heat$ by a /ove & 9 g5]al r\ghly furni%$4 ,cook+ & eat+ are done 9 ! cook camp1 :]e ! cook & 8 assi/ant1 ! cookee1 sleep4 ,! (fice is occupi$ by ! =eman1 log-seal]s & cl]ks4 ,"h ! books & acc\nts are kept1 & "h is ! van1 /ock$ ) su* goods z w supply ! imm$iate ne$s ( ! lumb] jacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,w9t] ,logg+ ,camp4 ,itasco ,c\nty1 ,m9nesota4 ,be=e w9t] sets 9 ! ma9 road is built1 ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #ag1 v c>efully grad$ f ! camp d[n to ! ne>e/ mill or railway sid+1 or (t5] to ! /ream d[n :i* ! logs are to be float$4 ,?is road has to be z wide z a city /reet1 #be feet4 ,! r\te is c>efully *os51 & ! grade is made z easy z possible4 ,mu* labor is sp5t ^u x1 cle>+ away /umps & rocks1 level+ up ) corduroy1 build+ bridges /rong en\gh to c>ry enorm\s loads1 & o!rwise mak+ x z passable z c be2 = :5 ne$$ lat]1 its good condition is ( fir/ importance4 ,?is ma9 road is q di/9ct f & mu* sup]ior to ! tote road4 ,at int]vals alongside ! ma9 road1 small squ>es call$ skidways are cle>$ ( bru% & 9 ea* ( !m two tree trunks1 skids1 are laid at "r angles to ! road4 ,on ^! ! logs1 :5 cut lat]1 are to be pil$4 ,back f ! skidways1 into ! woods ! swamp]s cut r\gh1 n>r[ roads call$ dray roads or travoy roads1--m]e trails suffici5tly cle>$ ( bru% to all[ a team ( horses to pull a log ?ru4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,tools us$ 9 ,logg+4 ,all ^! are op]ations prelim9>y to ! fell+ ( trees4 ,! tools commonly us$ 9 logg+ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready = fell+1 ! fitt] goes ahead m>k+ ea* tree to be fell$ & ! direction 9 :i* x is to fall by cutt+ a not* on t side4 ,!n come ! sawy]s 9 pairs1 ,fig4 #e4 ,fir/ !y *op a deep ga% on ! side ( ! tree t[>d :i* x is to fall1 & !n f ! opposite side beg9 cutt+ ) a long1 ,tuttle-too?1 crosscut-saw4 ,! saw is a long1 flexible ribbon ( /eel1 ) h&les s affix$ to ea* end t !y c be remov$ easily4 ,! cut is made on ! pull+ /roke1 & h5ce ! k]f c be v n>r[4 ,z soon z ! saw is well )9 ! trunk1 ! sawy]s drive iron w$ges into ! k]f beh9d x1 p>tly to keep ! weight ( ! trunk f b9d+ ! saw1 & p>tly to direct its fall4 ,!n ! saw is pull$ back & =?1 & ! w$ges driv5 9 f>!r & f>!r1 until e /roke ( ! maul t drives !m s5ds a %iv] ?ru ! :ole tree4 ,j z ! tree is ready to g ov]1 ! saw h&le at "o end is unhook$ & ! saw pull$ out at ! o!r side4 ,timb]61 ! m5 cry out z a w>n+ to any work+ ne> by1 = ! tree has begun to lean slightly4 ,!n ) a ha/5+ ru% ! top :i/les ?ru ! air1 & te>s ?ru ! bran*es ( o!r trees1 & ! trunk ) a trem5d\s cra% /rikes ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 h>d5$ logg]s c h>dly keep f %\t+1 s impressive is ! sight ( a fall+ giant tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fell+ ,r$ ,spruce ) a ,saw4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,saw+ ,logs into ,l5g?s4 ,all ?is seems simple en\gh 9 outl9e1 b ! actual execution requires consid]able skill4 ,trees seldom /& q v]tical1 !re is dang] ( lodg+ 9 "s o!r tree 9 ?ick woods1 & x is !re=e necess>y to ?r[ trees q exactly4 ,"s m5 become s exp]t at ?is t !y c plant a /ake & drive x into ! gr\nd by ! fall+ trunk z truly z if !y hit x ) a maul4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s]i\s accid5ts (t5 happ5 9 fall+ trees4 ,mo/ ( !m come f side w9d]s1 i4 e41 ! fall+ ( small] trees /ruck by ! fell$ trees4 ,aft] fall+ a tree1 ! sawy]s m>k (f & saw ! trunk into log l5g?s1 ,fig4 #f1 pay+ due att5tion to ! necessity ( avoid+ knots1 =ks1 & rott5 places1 s t "s ( ! logs are eighte5 feet1 "s sixte5 feet1 "s f\rte5 feet1 & "s only twelve feet 9 l5g?4 ,mean:ile ! swamp]s trim (f ! bran*es1 ,fig4 #g1 a job requir+ no little skill1 9 ord] t ! trunk may be %av$ close b n ga%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,trimm+ (f ,bran*es ( ,spruce4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,haul+ ,spruce ,logs to ! ,skidway4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,york4 ,?is f9i%es ! second gr\p ( op]ations1 ! fell+4 ,next ! logs are dragg$ out to ! dray roads1 ,fig4 #h4 ,a heavy pair ( tongs1 l ice-tongs1 is atta*$ to "o end1 & ! log is snak$ out by horses to ! skidway4 ,if ! log is v heavy1 "o end is put on a dray4 ,by "o way or ano!r ! log is dragg$ out & across ! two p>allel skids1 on :i* x is roll$ by cant-hooks to ! end ( skids t[>d ! road way4 ,if o!r logs already occupy ! skids1 ea* new log z x arrives is pil$ on ! fir/ ti]4 ,z ! pile gr[s high]1 ea* log is deck$1 t is1 roll$ up p>allel poles laid slant+ up ! face ( ! pile1 by means ( a *a9 pass$ "u & ov] ! log & back ov] ! pile1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a horse hit*$ to ! end ( ! *a9 hauls up ! log1 :i* is guid$ by ! s5d-up m5 ) _! cant-hooks4 ,once pil$ ! logs are scal$1 t is measur$ 9 ord] to compute ! numb] ( bo>d feet 9 !m1 ,fig4 #i4 ,! scal] g5]ally has an assi/ant1 = logs 9 l>ge piles mu/ be measur$ at bo? ends 9 ord] to det]m9e :i* is ! top1 ! body ( ! log be+ out ( sight4 ,:5 measur$ ea* end ( ! log is /amp$ ) a hamm] ) ! own]'s m>k1 by :i* x c aft]w>d be id5tifi$4 ,"h ! logs re/ & ! fell+ & skidd+ cont9ue until deep sn[ falls & !n ! sleigh haul beg9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,scal+ ,logs on ! ,skids4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,mak+ an ,ice ,road by ,flood+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,deck+ ,logs on ,skidway4 ,= ?is ! ma9 road is especially prep>$4 ,fir/ ! road is c>efully pl[$ ) an imm5se ,v pl[1 weight$ d[n by logs4 ,to ! pl[ are atta*$ fans4 ,only an in* or two ( sn[ is left on ! gr\nd by ?is pl[1 :i* is foll[$ by ano!r special pl[ to g\ge ! ruts1 & by a gang ( road monkeys :o cle> ! road ?oroly4 ,!n foll[s an imm5se tank set on runn]s & hold+ p]haps sev5ty-five b>rels ( wat]1 & s arrang$ z to flood ! road f holes 9 ! bottom ( ! tank1 a sort ( r\gh road spr9kl]1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! spr9kl] goes ov] ! road aga9 & aga9 until ! road is cov]$ by a cle>1 solid %eet ( ice (t5 two feet ?ick1 ext5d+ f ! skidways to ! bank+ gr\nds4 ,?is ice road is "o ( ! mod]n improvem5ts 9 logg+4 ,once f9i%$1 ^! roads are beautiful pieces ( con/ruction ) deep1 cle> ruts4 ,!y h to be con/antly wat*$ & repair$1 & ?is is ! "w ( ! road monkeys4 ,if possible ! road has be5 made entirely ) d[n grades b "s ( ^! are s /eep t a man mu/ be prep>$ ) s& or hay to *eck too headlong a desc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,load+ a ,sl$ f a ,skidway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a ,load ( ,logs4 ,fla!ad ,c\nty1 ,montana4 ,:5 all is ready ! sleigh haul beg9s4 ,pil+ on ! sleighs or bobs1 ,fig4 #ab1 is simil> to pil+ on ! skidways1 b m difficult1 = ! load has to be c>efully balanc$1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,*a9s b9d ! loads b ! pil+ is only too apt to be defective1 & ! :ole load squa% out ) a ru%4 ,x is a "t ( fev]i% activity4 ,! spr9kl]s are at "w till aft] midnight1 ! load]s are out long be=e daylight4 ,! blacksmi? is busy ) repairs1 ! road monkeys "w ov]time1 & ! cook works all ! "t4 ,ev]ybody works4 ,! haul itself is full ( excitem5t4 ,! pond]\s load ( logs1 weigh+ any:]e f eight to ?irty-five tons has to be conduct$ l>gely by its own mom5tum d[n ?is glassy road4 ,if a horse fall no?+ c save its life4 ,if ! runn]s get out ( ! ruts1 ! :ole load1 driv] & all1 is likely to be upset4 ,x is an extremely haz>d\s job1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,z ea* load comes d[n to ! bank+ gr\nds1 ,fig4 #ad1 or log dump1 x is /opp$ opposite long p>allel skids4 ,! wrapp+ *a9s are unhook$ & ! l[] log on ! skid side is work$ out ) cant-hooks till ! :ole load flatt5s out4 ,! logs are !n deck$ on imm5se piles1 sometimes a mile long & fill+ ! :ole riv] f bank to bank4 ,a deck+ *a9 #cjj feet long is sometimes requir$ to roll ! logs to _! prop] places4 ,"h ! logs re/ till ! spr+ fre%ets come4 ,?is completes ! transportation by l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,bank+ ,gr\nds4 ,) ! com+ ( ! spr+ ?aw1 ! riv] b$ is fill$ ) a fre%et ( wat] :i* seizes & c>ries ! logs d[n /ream4 ,_m on ! banks1 h[ev]1 h to be />t$ on _! way1 & ?is is call$ break+ out ! roll ways4 ,!y (t5 />t on _! wat] j\rney ) a great cra%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! ,sleigh ,haul4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,sack+ ! ,re>4 ,n[ comes ! drive1 an ardu\s & (t5 p]il\s task4 ,"s ( ! m5 are /ation$ along ! %ores to prev5t ! logs f lodg+ or float+ into bays or setbacks4 ,"s /& at ! heads ( b>s or isl&s1 :]e ) pike poles !y %ove (f ! logs t might /op !re & =m a jam2 o!rs foll[ sack+ ! re> to clean out su* logs z may h become /r&$4 ,?is sack+ ! re> takes mo/ ( ! "t1 ,fig4 #af4 ,:ile on ! drive m5 (t5 "w f\rte5 h\rs a day1 a good "p ( ! "t up to _! wai/s 9 ice wat]4 ,_! boots are %od ) caulks1 or spikes1 to keep !m f slipp+ on ! logs1 & !y c>ry ei!r pike poles or peaveys1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! latt] are simil> to cant-hooks1 except t !y h %>p pikes at _! ends4 ,s arm$1 !y h to ride any k9d ( a log 9 any wat]1 to propel a log by jump+ on x1 by roll+ x squirrel fa%ion ) ! feet1 by punt+ x z "o w\ld a canoe2 to be skilful 9 pu%+1 pry+1 & pol+ o!r logs f ! qu>t] deck ( ! same cranky craft4 ,al?o ! logs are c>ri$ by ! riv]1 !y h to be driv5 ) amaz+ skill & brav]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,log ,driv+ on ! ,ausable ,riv]4 ,! climax ( h>d%ip & c\rage is rea*$ :5 a jam is =m$1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,sometimes "o or two logs are caught 9 su* a way z to be lock$ or jamm$ & !n soon o!r logs beg9 to accumulate beh9d !m1 till ! :ole riv] is full ( a seem+ly inextricable mass4 ,sometimes ^! jams c be loos5$ by be+ pull$ ap>t1 "o log at a "t4 ,a hundr$ m5 c pull out an amaz+ numb] ( logs 9 a day4 ,! problem always is to set free or cut out c]ta9 key logs1 :i* lock ! :ole mass4 ,foll[+ is a description by ,/ew>t ,edw>d ,:ite ( ! break+ ( su* a jam3 ,! crew 7 work+ desp]ately4 ,d[n on ! heap some:]e1 two logs 7 cross$ 9 su* a mann] z to lock ! :ole4 ,!y s\ght ^? logs4 ,?irty feet above ! b$ ( ! riv] six m5 clamp$ _! peaveys into ! s(t p9e2 j]k+1 pull+1 lift+1 slid+ ! great logs f _! places4 ,?irty feet bel[1 "u ! ?reat5+ face1 six o!r m5 coolly pick$ out & set adrift "o by "o1 ! timb]s n inextricably imb$d$4 ,f "t to "t ! mass creak$1 settl$1 p]haps ev5 mov$ a foot or two2 b always ! practis$ riv]m51 aft] a glance1 b5t m eag]ly to _! "w4 99 99 99 ,sudd5ly ! six m5 bel[ ! jam scatt]$4 99 99 99 hold+ _! peaveys across _! bodies1 !y jump$ lightly f "o float+ log to ano!r 9 ! zig-zag to %ore4 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,log ,jam4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! meantime a b>ely p]ceptible motion 0 communicat+ itself f "o p>ticle to ano!r ?ru ! c5t] ( ! jam4 99 99 99 ,! crew r$\bl$ its ex]tion1 clamp+ its peaveys "h & !re1 app>5tly at r&om1 b 9 reality ) ! mo/ def9ite ( purposes4 ,a %>p crack explod$ imm$iately und]nea?4 ,!re c\ld no long] exi/ any d\bt z to ! motion1 al?o x 0 z yet sluggi%1 glacial4 ,!n 9 sil5ce a log %ift$--9 sil5ce & sl[ly--b ) irresi/ible =ce 99 99 99 o!r logs 9 all directions up-end$4 99 99 99 ,!n all at once d[n by ! face some?+ cra%$1 ! entire /ream became alive4 ,x hiss$ & ro>$1 x %riek$1 groan$1 & grumbl$4 ,at fir/ sl[ly1 !n m rapidly1 ! v =e-front ( ! c5t] melt$ inw>d & =w>d & d[nw>d1 until x caught ! fi]ce ru% ( ! fre%et & %ot out f "u ! jam4 ,f> up-/ream1 bri/l+ & =midable1 ! tons ( logs1 gr9d+ savagely toge!r1 swept =w>d4 99 99 99 ,!n 9 a mann] wond]ful to behold1 ?ru ! smo!r ( foam & spray1 ?ru ! cra% & yell ( timb]s1 prote/+ ! flood's hurry+1 ?ru ! leap ( de/ruction1 ! driv]s zigzagg$ calmly & surely to ! %ore4 ,sometimes cables h to be /ret*$ across ! *asm1 & special rigg+ devis$ to let ! m5 d[n to _! dang]\s task & m especially to save !m f dang] :5 ! cra% comes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,spla%-,dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,logs 9 ,boom4 ,gl5s ,falls1 ,new ,york4 ,9 case su* ef=ts are unavail+1 x is necess>y to %oot ! jam ) dynamite4 ,ano!r device resort$ to :]e ! supply ( wat] is insuffici5t is ! spla%-dam1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! object is to make ! op]ator indep5d5t ( fre%ets1 by accumulat+ a head ( wat] & !n1 by lift+ ! gates1 creat+ an artificial fre%et1 suffici5t to float ! timb] d[n /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,sort+ ,jack4 ,?us by "o means & ano!r1 ! logs are driv5 along until caught by a boom1 ,fig4 #ba1 :i* consi/s ( a *a9 ( logs /ret*$ across ! riv]1 usually at a mill4 ,s9ce ! riv] is a common c>ri]1 ! drives ( a numb] ( logg+ companies may float into ! mill pond toge!r4 ,b ea* log is /amp$ on bo? ends1 s t x c be sort$ out1 ,fig4 #bb1 & s5t into ! boom ( its own]4 ,,me*anical ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,lumb]+4 ,! op]ations describ$ above are ^? common 9 ! lumb] regions ( ! nor!a/ & ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,b special conditions produce special me?ods4 ,a v effective device :]e /reams are small is ! flume1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,?is is a long wood5 tr\gh ?ru :i* wat] is l$1 & ! logs float$ end on4 ,x is sometimes _m miles long2 9 "o case 9 ,cali=nia tw5ty-five miles4 ,9 ! ,s\? :]e !re is no sn[1 logs are l>gely br\ght out to ! railway or riv] by be+ hung "u imm5se two-:eel$ trucks1 call$ slip-tongue c>ts1 drawn by mules1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! :eels are ne>ly eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,six ,mile ,flume4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,york4 ,"s k9ds ( wood are s heavy t !y w n float at all1 & "s s9k s readily t x does n pay to transport !m by riv]4 ,9 su* cases tempor>y railways are usually resort$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,haul+ ,logs by ,mules4 ,oscilla1 ,georgia4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/1 :]e ! =e/s are d5se1 ! trees ( enorm\s size1 & no ice road is possible1 /ill o!r special me?ods h be5 devis$4 ,on s great a scale are ! op]ations conduct$ t !y may prop]ly be call$ eng9e]+ feats4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! size ( ! trees3 r$ fir ranges f five to fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 is commonly two hundr$ fifty feet high1 & sometimes ?ree hundr$ tw5ty-five feet high4 ,! logs are commonly cut tw5ty-five feet long1 & su* logs (t5 weigh ?irty to =ty tons ea*1 & ! logs ( a s+le tree may weigh toge!r "o hundr$ fifty tons4 ,! logg+ ( su* trees requires special appliances4 ,until rec5tly all ! improv$ me?ods 7 9 =ms ( transportation1 ! fell+ /ill be+ done by h& ) v long saws1 ,fig4 #be1 b n[ ev5 ! fell+ & saw+ ( logs 9 ! =e/ is p>tly done by ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,a ,tw5ty-,five ,foot ,saw us$ = ,crosscutt+ ,big ,logs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,haul+ ,big ,logs by ,donkey ,eng9e4 ,to "w ! saw1 p[] is suppli$ by a /eam or gasol9e eng9e m\nt$ ^u a truck :i* c be tak5 readily f place to place4 ,z ! maximum p[] requir$ is n ov] t5-horse-p[]1 ! app>atus is s light t x c be mov$ ab\t easily4 ,! saw c be adju/$ to cut horizontally1 v]tically1 or obliquely1 & h5ce is us$ = saw+ into l5g?s z well z = fell+4 ,fall+ b$s4 ,s9ce ! weight ( a two hundr$ fifty foot fir is su* t if ! impact ( its fall be n gradually *eck$ ! =ce ) :i* x /rikes ! gr\nd may split ! trunk1 a b$ = its fall is prep>$ by ! swamp]s4 ,usually piles ( bru% are plac$ z buff]s along ! fall+ l9e s t ! trunk w /rike ^!4 ,if ! tree /&s on ! hill side1 x is ?r[n up hill1 9 ord] to %ort5 ! fall4 ,aft] ! fell+ comes ! trimm+ ( bran*es & knots & ross+ ( b>k1 to less5 ! friction 9 slid+ along ! skidway4 ,! skidway4 ,by ! skidway 9 ! ,puget ,s\nd region is meant a corduroy road4 ,?is is con/ruct$ ( trunks ( trees rang+ f a foot to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,^! are ross$1 t is1 /ripp$ ( _! b>k & laid across ! road1 :]e !y are held 9 place by pegs driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & by /rips spik$ ^u ! tops ( ! logs4 ,if possible !y are laid 9 swampy places to keep ! surface damp & slipp]y4 ,at turns 9 ! road1 pulleys are hung1 ?ru :i* ! haul+ cables pass4 ,! skidway runs to ! railway sid+ or wat]'s edge4 ,ov] ^! skidways ! logs are haul$ out by v>i\s means4 ,=m]ly /r+s ( ox5 or ,p]*]on horses 7 us$1 b !y are n[ l>gely sup]s$$ by "s =m ( donkey eng9e1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,^! are plac$ at ! c5t] ( a y>d4 ,y>d+ is ! skidd+ ( logs to ! railway or wat] way by means ( ^! donkey eng9es4 ,atta*$ to ! donkey eng9e are two drums1 "o = ! direct cable1 ?ree-f\r?s to "o in* 9 diamet] & (t5 half a mile long1 to haul 9 ! logs1 ! o!r = ! small] return cable1 twice z long z ! direct cable & us$ to haul back ! direct cable4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! skidway1 :5 ! logs are ready to be tak5 to ! railway or boom$1 !y are fa/5$ toge!r1 end to end1 9 turns ( f\r or m4 ,! direct cable is atta*$ to ! front ( ! turn1 & ! return cable to ! re> end4 ,by w9d+ ! direct cable on its drum1 ! turn is haul$ 94 ,! return cable is us$ to haul back ! end ( ! direct cable1 & also1 9 case ( a jam1 to pull back & /raight5 out ! turn4 ,in/ead ( a return cable a horse is (t5 us$ to haul out ! direct cable4 ,signal+ f ! upp] end ( ! skidway to ! eng9e] is done by a wire connect$ to ! donkey's :i/le1 by an electric bell1 or by telephone4 ,sometimes ^! donkey eng9es are 9 relays1 "o eng9e haul+ a turn ( logs to )9 rea* ( ! next "o1 :i* passes x on to ! next until ! sid+ is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,/eam ,skidd] at ,"w4 ,grant ,c\nty1 ,arkansas4 ,:]e !re are /eep canons to be cross$1 a wire trolley may be /ret*$ & ! great logs c>ri$ ov] susp5d$ f x4 ,9 ! ,s\? a complicat$ ma*9e call$ a /eam skidd]1 ,fig4 #bg1 equipp$ ) drums1 booms1 etc41 is mu* us$ bo? = skidd+ 9 ! logs & !n = load+ !m on ! c>s4 ,x is itself m\nt$ on a flat c>4 ,an improvem5t on ?is is ! locomotive boom d]rick :i* is widely us$ bo? on ! ,pacific coa/ & ( late 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior region4 ,x is a comb9$ locomotive1 skidd] & load]4 ,its mo/ unique feature is t x c be lift$ (f ! track s z to all[ flat c>s to run und]nea? x4 ,?is feat is accompli%$ ?us3 ,a device1 :i* is some?+ l t us$ 9 elevat+ ! bodies ( coal wagons1 lifts ! eng9e sev]al feet above ! rails4 ,!n /eel legs1 :i* are curv$ outw>dly1 are l[]$ until ! %oes :i* are atta*$ to !m re/ on ! outw>d end ( ! railroad ties4 ,! truck ( ! locomotive is !n fold$ up "u x out ( ! way & c>s c run "u x1 ! curv$ legs giv+ pl5ty ( cle>ance4 ,! d]rick atta*$ is ( ! brea/ type1 ! two legs be+ firmly fa/5$4 ,:5 an*or$ ! eng9e c be us$ ei!r = skidd+ or load+4 ,= skidd+1 !re are two cables1 "o be+ run out :ile ! o!r is be+ w\nd on its drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,log ,tra91 ,humboldt ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,9 load+1 ! ma*9e is locat$ s t ! empty c> w be directly 9 front ( x1 & !n ! logs are lift$ up & plac$ on ! c> by ! d]rick4 ,:5 ! c> is load$ ! ma*9e c ei!r move on to ! next c>1 or pull x "u itself into place4 ,) ! help ( f\r m5 x c load f #abe1jjj to #aej1jjj feet ( timb] 9 a day4 ,by means ( ! cable x c make up a tra91 & !n by l[]+ ! truck & rais+ ! legs out ( ! way1 x is conv]t$ into a locomotive & hauls ! tra9 away to ! mill or railway /ation at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r miles at h\r4 ,z =e/s are cut away along ! wat] c\rses1 railways h to be resort$ to m & m1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,?is has _h a /imulative effect on ! logg+ bus9ess1 = n[ ! logg] is indep5d5t ( ! sn[4 ,on acc\nt ( ! /eep grades & %>p curves (t5 necess>y 9 logg+ railways1 a ge>$ locomotive is sometimes us$1 ,fig4 #bi4 ,x c haul a tra9 ( tw5ty load$ c>s up a twelve p] c5t grade4 ,! ge>$ eng9e has also be5 us$ z a sub/itute = cable p[]1 9 y>d+ op]ations4 ,! turns ( logs are drawn ov] ! gr\nd betwe5 ! rails1 be+ fa/5$ to ! re> ( ! eng9e by hook & cable4 ,?is has prov$ to be a v economical use ( p[] & plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,donkey ,eng9e ,y>d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,giant ,raft4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is a complet$ raft2 9 ! =egr\nd a cradle 9 :i* a raft is be+ built4 ,ano!r me?od ( traction :]e ! woodl& is op5 en\gh is ) a traction eng9e4 ,! ones employ$ h sixty to "o hundr$ horse p[]4 ,! great logs may be plac$ on wood roll]s1 z a h\se is :5 mov$1 or ! logs may be haul$ 9 on a l[ truck ) broad :eels4 ,! tractor hauls ! log direct to ! railway if ! di/ance is n too great4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,sn[ ,locomotive4 ,takes ! place ( #ab team/]s & #ab horses4 ,m9nesota4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi*igan a sn[ locomotive1 ,fig4 #ca1 is com+ into use1 :i* has trem5d\s tractive p[]1 haul+ "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ fifty tons ( lumb] ov] sn[ or ice4 ,x moves on runn]s1 b !re is betwe5 !m a l>ge cyl9d] arm$ ) tee?4 ,?is cyl9d] c be rais$ or l[]$ by ! op]ator z x moves ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! tee? cat* 9 ! sn[ or ice1 & s9ce ! cyl9d] is heat$ by ! exhau/ /eam1 x melts & packs ! sn[ = ! trucks foll[+ x4 ,! drum is six feet 9 diamet]1 ) walls an in* & a half ?ick1 & x weighs sev5 tons4 ,x is us$ 9 all sorts ( places :]e horses _c g1 z 9 swamps1 & by sub/itut+ :eels = runn]s x has ev5 be5 us$ on s&4 ,9 ! ,canadian lakes !re has be5 devis$ a que] creature call$ an alligator1 a small & heavily equipp$ vessel = haul+ ! logs ?ru ! lakes4 ,:5 its op]ations 9 "o lake are f9i%$1 a wire cable is tak5 a%ore & made fa/ to "s tree or o!r safe an*orage1 ! cap/an on its =w>d deck is revolv$ by /eam & ! alligator hauls itself out ( ! wat] across lots to ! next lake & beg9s "w !re4 ,! greate/ improvem5t 9 wat] transportation is ! giant raft1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,:5 su* a raft is made up1 logs ( uni=m l5g? are plac$ toge!r1 ! wid? ( ! raft be+ f sixty to "o hundr$ feet & its l5g?1 "o ?\s& feet or m4 ,x may conta9 a million bo>d feet ( timb]4 ,! diff]5t sections are plac$ end to end1 & long boom /icks1 i4 e41 logs sixty to sev5ty feet long1 are plac$ ar\nd !m to b9d ! diff]5t sections toge!r1 & f9ally ! :ole mass is heavily *a9$4 ,su* a raft has be5 t[$ across ! ,pacific4 ,,logg+4 ,,ref]5ces993 ,riv] ,lumb]+4 ,p9*ot1 ,prim]1 ,,ii1 pp4 #dj-ec4 ,:ite1 ,blaz$ ,trail1 pp4 #e-ae1 #be1 #ch-ci1 #eb-ec1 #fc-fe1 #gb-he1 #ia-ii1 #aac-abe1 #acd1 #aha-aif1 #baf-bbi1 #beg1 #bfh1 #cbj-cdc1 #cee1 #cfe ff4 ,=4 ,bull41 ,no4 #cd1 pp4 #cc-da1 ,fox4 ,:ite1 ,jun4 ,mun41 #aj3 #cfb4 ,hulb]t1 ,outl41 #gf2 #hja4 ,wood ,craft1 #d3 #ee4 ,smi?1 ,k41 ,_w's ,"w1 #g3 #ddce4 ,me*anical ,me?ods4 ,_w's ,"w1 #g3 #ddce4 ,outl41 #gf3 #hab4 ,brunck51 p4 #hf4 ,brunck51 pp4 #gf-hg4 ,munn1 ,cosmop41 #cg3 #dda4 ,ro?1 ,fir/ ,book1 pp4 #acc-agd4 ,hovey-,k+1 ,rev4 ( ,rev41 #bg3 #cag4 ,jones1 ,cosmop41 #ae3 #fc4 ,price1 ,_w's ,"w1 #e3 #cbjg4 ,=4 ,bull41 ,no4 #fa4 ,cassi]1 #bi3 #ddc1 ,april1 '#jf4 ,cosmop41 #cg3 #dde4 ,rev4 ( ,rev41 #bh3 #cai4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see page #d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sawmill+4 ,! pr9cipal saws 9 a mill are ( ?ree k9ds1 ! circul>1 ,fig4 #cb1 ! gang1 ,fig4 #cc1 & ! b&1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! circul>-saw1 ?o v rapid1 is ! mo/ wa/eful because ( ! wide k]f1 & ( c\rse ! l>g] ! saw ! ?ick] x is & ! wid] ! k]f4 ,! wa/e 9 sawdu/ is ab\t "o-fif? ( ! log4 ,9 ord] to less5 ?is am\nt two small] saws1 "o hung directly above ! o!r1 h be5 us$4 ,"o saws ! l[] half ( ! log & ! o!r ! upp] half4 ,9 ?is way1 x is possible to cut v l>ge logs ) ! circul>-saw & ) less wa/e4 ,! circul>-saw is n a p]fectly flat disc1 b :5 at re/ is slightly convex on "o side & concave on ! o!r4 ,?is fullness c be pu%$ back & =? z c ! bottom ( an oil-c4 ,:5 mov+ at a high rate ( spe$1 h[ev]1 ! saw flatt5s itself by c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is enables x to cut /raight ) great accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,d\ble ,circul>-,saw & ,c>riage4 ,a gang-saw is simply a s]ies ( /raight saw-blades set 9 a v]tical frame4 ,?is has a reciprocat+ motion1 enabl+ x to cut a log into a numb] ( bo>ds at "o "t4 ,x has ?is drawback1 t x mu/ cut ! size ( lumb] = :i* x is set2 t is1 ! sawy] has no *oice 9 cutt+ ! ?ickness1 b x is v economical1 wa/+ only "o-eigh? ( ! log 9 sawdu/4 ,a special =m is ! floor+ gang4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( saws plac$ "o in* ap>t4 ,?ick planks are run ?ru x to saw up floor+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,gang-,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,b&-,saw4 ,! b&-saw is fa/ displac+ ! o!r two1 :]ev] x c be us$4 ,x cuts ) great rapidity & ! k]f is n>r[4 ,:5 fir/ us$ x c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to cut /raight1 b by utiliz+ ! same pr9ciple t is us$ 9 ! circul>-saw1 ( putt+ ! cutt+ edge "u great t5sion by mak+ x slightly %ort] ?an ! middle ( ! saw1 x n[ cuts ) great accuracy4 ,b&-saws are n[ made up to #ab in*es wide1 #ej feet long1 & run at ! rate ( #aj1jjj feet a m9ute4 ,!y are ev5 made ) ! cutt+ tee? on bo? edges1 s t ! log c be saw$ bo? go+ & com+4 ,?is idea 0 unsuccessful until ! inv5tion ( ! telescopic b&-mill1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,9 ?is ! entire me*anism c>ry+ ! :eels on :i* ! b&-saw revolves c be mov$ up & d[n1 s z to br+ ! po9t :]e ! saw leaves ! upp] :eel z close to ! top ( ! diff]5t siz$ logs z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,d\ble-,c>ry+ ,telescopic ,b&-,mill4 ,mill 9 rais$ position = l>ge log4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,jack-,ladd]1 ) ,endless ,*a94 ,! usual mod]n mill is a two /ory build+1 ,fig4 #cg1 built at a conv5i5t locality bo? = receiv+ ! logs & = %ipp+ ! lumb]4 ,:e!r ! logs arrive by wat] or by rail1 !y are1 if possible1 /or$ 9 a mill-pond until us$ 9 ord] to prev5t *eck+1 discoloration1 decay1 & worm attack4 ,f ! pond !y are haul$ up out ( ! wat] on to a jack-ladd]1 by means ( an endless *a91 provid$ ) saddles or spurs :i* engage ! logs & draw !m up into ! second /ory on to ! log slip1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,two-,/ory ,mill at ,virg9ia1 ,m9nesota1 ,%[+ ,jack-,ladd]s & ,consum]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,log-,flipp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,log-,/op & ,load]4 ,by lett+ /eam into ! cyl9d]1 ! project+ arm revolves1 roll+ "o log ov] onto ! c>riage & hold+ ! next "o till want$4 ,aft] ! logs h ent]$ ! mill1 !y are inspect$ = /ones lodg$ 9 ! b>k1 & = spikes left by ! riv] m51 & !n measur$4 ,"u ! log-slip is ! /eam flipp] or kick]1 ,fig4 #ch1 by means ( :i* ! scal] or 8 assi/ant1 ?r[+ a lev]1 causes ! log to be kick$ ov] to "o side or ! o!r1 on to ! log-deck1 an incl9$ floor slop+ t[>d ! saw-c>riage4 ,d[n ?is ! log rolls until /opp$ by a log-/op1 or log-load]1 ,fig4 #ci1 a d\ble-aim$ projection1 :i* prev5ts x f roll+ on ! c>riage till want$4 ,?is /op is also work$ by /eam4 ,by lett+ ! /eam into ! cyl9d] :i* controls x1 "o log is roll$ ov] on ! c>riage & ! next "o held4 ,! log on ! c>riage is at once dogg$1 t is1 clamp$ tight by iron dogs1 ! c>riage is set = ! prop] cut1 & moves =w>d to ! saw :i* cuts (f ! fir/ slab4 ,! c>riage is !n gigg$ or rev]s$4 ,?is op]ation (fsets ! c>riage "o-eigh? ( an in* s t ! log returns entirely cle> ( ! saw4 ,9 ! same way two or ?ree #a bo>ds are tak5 (f1 ! dogs are !n knock$ out1 & ! log cant$ ov] half a revolution4 ,?is is done by means ( ! /eam nigg]1 ,fig4 #dj1 a long1 p]p5dicul> too!d b> :i* comes up ?ru ! floor1 engages ! log1 & turns x ov] till ! sawn side comes up aga9/ ! knees ( ! c>riage4 ,! log is dogg$ aga9 & a second slab & sev]al bo>ds are tak5 (f4 ,! log or /ock z x is n[ call$1 is #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 or #af ?ick2 ! nigg] !n gives x a qu>t]-turn1 leav+ x ly+ on a sawn side4 ,x is dogg$ aga91 & all sawn up except en\gh to make a few bo>ds4 ,?is la/ piece is giv5 a half-turn1 br++ ! sawn side aga9/ ! knees1 & x is sawn up4 ,ea* bo>d z x is sawn (f is ?r[n by ! bo>d-flipp] or cant-flipp]1#b ,fig4 #da1 on to ! live roll]s1 :i* take x to ! next process4 ,ano!r log comes on ! c>riage & ! process is repeat$4 ,footnote #b3 ,a cant is a squ>$ or p>tly squ>$ log4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! ,/eam ,nigg]4 ,! too!d b> turns ! log ov] into ! desir$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,/eam ,cant-,flipp]4 ,?is ma*9e is us$ to move cants1 timb]1 or lumb] f live roll]s to gangs1 b& resaw mills1 or else:]e4 ,! timb] is dis*>g$ ^u skid roll]s1 z %[n1 or ^u transf] *a9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,log-,c>riage1 hold+ qu>t]$ log 9 position to saw4 ,! saw-c>riage1 ,fig4 #db1 is propell$ =w>d & back by a pi/on runn+ 9 a long cyl9d]1 into ei!r end ( :i* /eam c be turn$ by ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,d\ble ,gang ,edg]4 ,?is ma*9e trims (f ! r\gh edges ( ! waney bo>ds by means ( ! f\r saws 9 ! ma9 frame ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,automatic ,/eam ,transf] = ,timb]1 ,lumb] & ,slabs4 ,! bo>ds are c>ri$ along by ! cyl9d]s1 ,,ccc1 until !y hit ! bump]1 ,b4 ,?is movem5t admits /eam to ! cyl9d]1 ,,cy1 :i* raises ! revolv+ *a9s or skids1 :i* transf]s ! /ock sidewise to o!r live roll]s z requir$4 ,z ! sawn bo>ds fall (f ! log1 !y l& on live1 t is1 revolv+ roll]s1 :i* c>ry !m along at ! rate ( #bjj to #bej feet a m9ute4 ,/ops are provid$ f>!r along to /op ! bo>ds :]ev] want$1 z at ! edg]1 ,fig4 #dc1 or ! sla%]4 ,f ! live roll]s ! bo>ds are transf]r$ automatically1 ,fig4 #dd1 by *a9s runn+ at "r angles to ! roll]s & br\ght )9 rea* ( ! edg] man4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! bo>ds ( a log h r\gh edges1 & are call$ waney4 ,^! mu/ g ?ru ! edg] to make _! edges p>allel4 ,! edg] man works ) great spe$4 ,he sees at once :at c be made out ( a bo>d1 places x 9 position & runs x ?ru4 ,f ! edg] ! bo>ds are c>ri$ to ! trimm]1 :i* cuts ! l5g?4 ,! lumb]man's rule is to cut s t y c cut aga94 ,! s-call$ #af' logs are really #af' #f4 ,! trimm]1 ,fig4 #de1 n[ trims ^! bo>ds to #af' #a1 s t if desir$ !y c /ill be cut aga94 ,! trimm] may be set to cut at any desir$ l5g? accord+ to ! specifications4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,automatic ,gang ,lumb]-,trimm]4 ,x may be set to cut automatically to any desir$ l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,lumb] ,sort+ ,%$4 ,virg9ia1 ,m9nesota4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! bo>ds are n[ grad$ z to quality into ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 etc41 ,fig4 #df1 & run out ( ! mill1 to be /ack$ up 9 piles1 ,fig4 #dg4 ,big timb]s g directly f ! saw on ! rolls to ! back end ( ! mill1 :]e ! fir/ end is trimm$ by a butt+-saw or cut-(f-saw :i* sw+s1 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! timb] is !n %ov$ along on dead rolls & ! la/ end trimm$ by ! butt+-saw to a def9ite l5g? z specifi$1 & %ov$ out4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ! mod]n mill is its spe$4 ,f ! "t ! log appe>s till ! la/ piece ( x goes rac+ out ( ! mill1 h>dly m ?an a m9ute may h elaps$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,cut-(f-,saw4 ,?is saw trims ! ends ( timb]s4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! problem ( sawmill+ is ! disposal ( ! wa/e4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! sawdu/4 ,9 all fir/ class mills1 ?is toge!r ) %av+s 7if a plan+-mill is comb9$7 is burn$ = fuel4 ,x is suck$ up f ! ma*9es & c>ri$ 9 l>ge tubes to ! boil]-room & !re is me*anically suppli$ to ! fires4 ,! slabs1 once consid]$ z wa/e1 conta9 mu* mat]ial t is n[ utiliz$4 ,f ! live rolls1 on :i* all ! mat]ial falls f ! ma9 b&-saw1 ! slabs are c>ri$ (f by transf] *a9s1 & by ano!r set ( five roll]s to ! sla%]1 ,fig4 #ej1 :i* consi/s ( a l9e ( circul>-saws plac$ #d' #a ap>t4 ,?is sla%] cuts up ! slabs into l5g?s suitable = la? or f5ce-pickets4 ,fig4 #di4 ,or !y c be resawn into #af l5g?s = %+les or fire-wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,t5 ,saw ,gang ,la? ,bolt]4 ,?is ma*9e cuts up mat]ial l5g?wise into la?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,slab-,sla%]4 ,?is ma*9e cuts up ! slabs into l5g?s suitable = la? or f5ce-pickets4 ,f ! sla%] ! #d' #a l5g?s are c>ri$ on by travel+ plat=ms1 *a9s1 etc41 to ! la?-ma*9es1 ,fig4 #ea1 :]e !y are sawn up1 c\nt$ z sawn1 b\nd 9 bundles ( #ajj1 trimm$ to exactly #d' 9 l5g? & s5t (f to be /or$4 ,! %+le bolts are pick$ (f ! mov+ plat=ms by m5 or boys1 & s5t to ! %+le-ma*9e1 ,fig4 #eb1 :]e !y are sawn into %+les & dropp$ d[n-/airs to be pack$4 ,%+le-bolts are also made f crook$ or o!rwise imp]fect logs4 ,( :at is left1 a good "p goes into ! gr9d] or hog1 ,fig4 #ec1 :i* *ews up all sorts ( refuse into small *ips suitable = fuel to supplem5t ! sawdu/ if necess>y4 ,b&-saws make s little du/ & su* f9e du/ t ?is is (t5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,comb9ation ,la?-,b9d] & ,trimm]4 ,) ?is ma*9e ! op]ator c trim ! bundles ( la? simply by tilt+ ! pack+ frame ov] f him caus+ ! bundles to pass betwe5 ! saws1 !reby trimm+ bo? ends at "o movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,h& ,%+le-,ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e is us$ 9 ,sawmills 9 :i* x is desir$ to utilize slabs & trimm+s by saw+ %+les !refrom1 or to saw %+les f prep>$ bolts4 ,if !re is any refuse t _c be us$ at all x goes to ! scrap-pile1 ,fig4 #ed1 or to ! consum]1 ! tall /ack %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 see p4 #cc4 ,bo>ds ord9>ily sawn f logs are sla%-sawn1 i4 e41 !y are tang5tial or ba/>d1 ea* cut p>allel to ! previ\s "o4 ,by ?is process1 only ! c5tral bo>ds w\ld be radial or rift bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,edg+ gr9d] or ,hog4 ,x cuts any k9d ( wood into co>se or f9e *ips suitable to be h&l$ by *a9 conveyor or bl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,scrap-,pile4 ,oscilla4 ,georgia4 ,b1 = a numb] ( reasons1 radial bo>ds are bett]4 ,!y w>p less because ! annual r+s cross ! bo>d m ev5ly4 ,yell[ p9e floor+ t is rift-sawn is m valuable ?an sla%-sawn1 because ! edge ( ! annual r+s makes a m ev5 gra91 ,fig4 #ee4 ,:]e sla%-gra9$ floor+ is us$1 ! bo>ds %\ld be laid s t ! outside ( ea* bo>d w be up 9 ord] t ! inn] r+s may n %ell out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,sla%-,gra9 & ,comb-,gra9 ,floor+4 ,9 saw+ oak = valuable furniture or trim1 ! log is fir/ qu>t]$ & !n ! qu>t]s sawn up z ne>ly radially z is desir$4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( cutt+ qu>t]$ logs1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,me?ods ( ,saw+ ,qu>t]$ ,logs4 ,9 mak+ /aves = wat]-tight b>rels1 x is ess5tial t !y be cut radially 9 ! log1 9 ord] t ! /aves be z non-p]meable to wat] z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,lumb]-,kiln4 ,,sawmill+4 ,,ref]5ces399 ,tr\t1 ,cassi] #aa3 #hc1 #ahd4 ,woodcraft #e3 #ef1 ,may '#jf4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,season+4 ,! season+ ( wood is important = sev]al reasons4 ,x r$uces weight1 x increases /r5g?1 x prev5ts *anges 9 volume aft] x is work$ into %ape1 & x prev5ts *eck+ & decay4 ,decay c also be prev5t$ by subm]g5ce & bury+1 if by s do+ logs are kept f fungal attacks4 ,! piles ( ! ,swiss ,lake dwell+s1 :i* are 9 a /ate ( good pres]vation1 are ( prehi/oric age4 ,wood "u wat] la/s long] ?an /eel or iron "u wat]4 ,b = almo/ all purposes wood has to be dri$ 9 ord] to be pres]v$4 ,! wood is cut up1 :5 gre51 to z ?9 pieces z w be conv5i5t = its use lat]1 = ! rate ( dry+ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! %ape & size ( ! piece1 an in* bo>d dry+ m ?an f\r times z fa/ z a f\r in* plank1 & m ?an tw5ty times z fa/ z a t5 in* timb]4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( season+3 7#a7 ,natural or air-season+ is ! mo/ common1 & 9 "s respects ! be/4 ,9 ?is me?od1 ! wood is c>efully & regul>ly pil$ 9 ! season+-y>d1 s z to be protect$ z f> z possible f sun & ra91 b ) air circulat+ freely on all sides ( ! bo>ds1 ,fig4 #dg1 see p4 #ch4 ,to accompli% ?is1 /ick+ is employ$1 i4 e41 /rips ( wood are plac$ crosswise close to ! ends & at int]vals betwe5 ! bo>ds4 ,9 ?is way ! weight ( ! sup]pos$ bo>ds t5ds to keep ^? "u !m f w>p+4 ,! pile is skidd$ a foot or two (f ! gr\nd & is protect$ above by a ro( made ( bo>ds s laid t ! ra9 w dra9 (f4 ,fire-wood is be/ dri$ rapidly s t x w *eck1 mak+ air spaces :i* facilitate ignition1 b lumb] ne$s to be sl[ly dri$ 9 cool air s t ! fib]s may accommodate !mselves to ! *ange ( =m & ! wood *eck z little z possible4 ,good air-dry+ consumes f two to six ye>s1 ! long] ! bett]4 7#b7 ,kiln-dry+ or hot-air-season+ is a mu* m rapid process ?an air-season+ & is n[ 9 common use1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! dry+ is also m complete1 = :ile air-dri$ wood reta9s f #aj to #bj ( moi/ure1 kiln-dri$ wood may h no m ?an #e z x comes f ! kiln4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 reabsorb "s moi/ure f ! air1 :5 expos$ to x4 ,! wood ( conif]s1 ) its v regul> /ructure1 dries & %r9ks m ev5ly & mu* m rapidly ?an ! wood ( broad-leav$ trees1 & h5ce is (t5 put into ! kiln )\t previ\s air-dry+1 & dri$ 9 a week or ev5 less "t4 ,oak is ! mo/ difficult wood to dry prop]ly4 ,:5 x & o!r h>dwoods are rapidly dri$ )\t suffici5t surr\nd+ moi/ure1 ! wood case-h>d5s1 t is1 ! out] "p dries & %r9ks be=e ! int]ior has _h a *ance to d ! same1 & ?is =ms a %ell or case ( %runk51 & (t5 *eck$ wood ar\nd ! int]ior :i* also *ecks lat]4 ,?is int]ior *eck+ is call$ honeycomb+4 ,h>dwood lumb] is commonly air-dri$ f two to six mon?s1 be=e be+ kiln-dri$4 ,= ! sake ( economy 9 "t1 ! t5d5cy is to elim9ate y>d-dry+1 & sub/itute kiln-dry+4 ,kiln-dry+ ( "o in* oak1 takes "o or two weeks1 qu>t]-sawn bo>ds tak+ "o & a half times z long z pla9-sawn4 ,! be/ me?od ( dry+ is t :i* gradually raises ! temp]ature ( bo? ! wood & ( ! wat] :i* x conta9s to ! po9t at :i* ! dry+ is to take place4 ,c>e is !re=e tak5 n to let ! surface become entirely dry be=e ! int]nal moi/ure is heat$4 ,?is is done by reta9+ ! moi/ure fir/ vaporiz$ ab\t ! wood1 by means ( wet /eam4 ,:5 ! surface is made p]meable to moi/ure1 dry+ may take place rapidly4 ,curta9s ( canvas are hung all ar\nd ! lumb] on ! same pr9ciple t w9d[s 9 newly pla/]$ build+s are hung ) musl94 ,! moi/ure is absorb$ on ! inn] surface ( ! curta9 & evaporates f ! out] surface4 ,improvem5ts 9 kiln-dry+ are along ! l9e ( moi/ air op]ation4 ,9 common practice1 h[ev]1 ! moi/ air pr9ciple is (t5 neglect$4 ,!re are two me?ods 9 op]ation1 ! progressive me?od & ! *>ge me?od4 ,9 ! progressive1 ! process is cont9u\s1 ! loads go+ 9 at "o end ( ! kiln1 & out at ! o!r1 ! temp]ature & ! moi/ure be+ s di/ribut$ 9 ! kiln1 t 9 pass+ f ! gre5 to ! dry end1 a load ( lumb] is fir/ moi/5$1 !n heat$1 & f9ally dri$ out4 ,9 ! *>ge sy/em1 ! process is int]mitt5t1 "o *>ge be+ remov$ be=e a new "o is admitt$4 ,?is gives ! be/ results ) high grade lumb] = special uses4 ,a modification ( hot-air-season+ is t :i* subjects ! wood to a mod]ate heat 9 a moi/ atmosph]e *>g$ ) ! products ( ! combu/ion ( fuel4 7#c7 ,small pieces ( wood may be effectively season$ by be+ boil$ 9 wat] & !n dri$4 ,! process seems to consi/ ( dissolv+ out album9\s sub/ances & ?us all[+ fre] evaporation4 ,its effect is probably weak5+4 7#d7 ,soak+ 9 wat] is sometimes us$ z a good prep>ation = air-season+4 ,previ\s soak+ ha/5s season+4 ,riv] m5 insi/ t timb] is improv$ by raft+4 ,x is a common practice to let cypress logs soak 9 ! swamps :]e !y gr[ = sev]al mon?s be=e !y are m9$ out4 ,!y are eag]ly s\ght aft] by jo9]s & c>p5t]s1 because _! t5d5cy to w>p is less5$4 ,ebony is wat]-soak$ 9 ! isl& ( ,mauritius z soon z cut4 ,salt wat] r5d]s wood h>d]1 heavi]1 & m durable & is sometimes appli$ to %ip timb]s1 b _c be us$ ) timb]s int5d$ = ord9>y purposes1 z ! pres5ce ( salt t5ds to absorb atmosph]ic moi/ure4 7#e7 ,boil+ 9 oil is resort$ to = special purposes1 bo? = pres]vation & to give /r5g?4 ,= example1 ! be/ h&screws are s treat$4 ,! oil also prev5ts glue f /ick+1 ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( injury to h&screws4 7#f7 ,!re are a numb] ( impregnation me?ods ( pres]v+ timb]1 & _! practice is spread+ rapidly4 ,( ! v>i\s pres]vative processes1 ^? us+ coal t> creosote & z9c *loride h prov$ mo/ effici5t4 ,! purpose is to =ce ! pres]vative into ! pores ( ! wood1 ei!r by pa9t+1 soak+1 or putt+ "u pressure4 ,su* impregnation me?ods d\ble or treble ! life ( railway ties4 ,x is n[ be+ us$ ) great success to pres]ve electric wire poles1 m9e-props1 pil+1 f5ce-po/s1 etc4 ,wood pres]vation has ?ree great advantages1 x prolongs ! life ( timb]s 9 use1 r$uces _! co/1 & makes possible ! use ( species t once 7 consid]$ wor?less4 ,= example1 ! *eap & abundant loblolly p9e c be made1 by pres]vative me?ods1 to take ! place ( high pric$ long-leaf p9e = _m purposes4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,/or+ ,,lumb]4 ,"u ! ha/y me?ods preval5t 9 ! mill1 v little wood comes to ! %op well season$1 & x %\ld !re=e be c>efully /or$ be=e us+1 s z to h ! fulle/ possible air circulation ar\nd x4 ,:]e ! bo>ds are l>ge en\gh1 /ick+ is ! be/ me?od ( /orage1 i4 e41 n>r[ /rips ( wood are plac$ at %ort int]vals betwe5 ! pieces :i* are pil$ flat4 ,! weight ( ! bo>ds !mselves helps to prev5t w>p+4 ,bo>ds set upright or on edge are likely to be di/ort$ soon4 ,x is (t5 wise to press toge!r ) weights or to clamp toge!r ) h&screws bo>ds t %[ a t5d5cy to w>p1 putt+ ! two concave sides toge!r4 ,!n ! convex side is expos$ & ! bo>d may /raight5 ?us3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,by wrapp+ up small bo>ds 9 pap] or clo? 9 ! int]vals betwe5 "w on !m1 !y may be kept /raight until !y are assembl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,clamp+ up ,bo>ds to ,prev5t ,w>p+4 ,ano!r precaution to take is to be sure to plane bo? sides ( a bo>d if ei!r is plan$1 especially if ! bo>d has be5 expos$ to air-dry+ = "s "t4 ,,wood ,,measurem5ts4 ,lumb] is a g5]al t]m = all k9ds ( sawn wood4 ,logs may be sawn into timb]1 t is1 beams & joi/s1 into planks1 :i* are #b to #d ?ick1 or into bo>ds :i* are f #a_/d to #a-c_/d ?ick4 ,^! may be resawn into special sizes4 ,lumb] is measur$ by ! sup]ficial foot1 :i* is a bo>d #a ?ick1 #ab wide1 & #ab long1 s t a bo>d #a ?ick1 7or #g_/h dress$7 #f wide & #ab' #j long1 measures #f' ,b4 ,m4 7bo>d measure74 ,bo>ds #a or m ?ick are sold by ! bo>d foot :i* is equival5t to #ab squ>e & #a ?ick4 ,bo>ds less ?an #a ?ick are sold by ! squ>e foot1 face measure4 ,dress$ lumb] comes 9 sizes #a_/h less ?an sawn lumb]4 ,regul> sizes are3 #e_/h dress$ to #a_/b #c_/d dress$ to #e_/h #a dress$ to #g_/h #a-a_/d dress$ to #a-a_/h #a-a_/b dress$ to #a-c_/h #b dress$ to #a-g_/h ,any ( ^! may be dress$ d[n to ?9n] bo>ds1 or resawn on a special b&-saw4 ,9 ord]+ x is common to give ! dim5sions want$1 9 ! ord] ( ?ickness1 wid?1 & l5g?1 because t is ! ord] 9 :i* dim5sions are gott5 out4 ,e4 g43 #f pcs4 qu>4 oak1 #g_/h #f #c'j #b pcs4 qu>4 oak1 #c_/d #g-a_/b #ae ,if a piece want$ is %ort ! way ! gra9 goes1 ! ord] w\ld be ! same1 ?us3 #c_/d #aa 7wide7 #f 7long74 ,t is1 long means ! way ! gra9 runs4 ,x is always safe to specify 9 su* a case4 ,x is common :5 small pieces are ord]$ to add "o-qu>t] to ! co/ = wa/e4 ,9 l>ge lots lumb] is ord]$ ?us3 #hjj' 7,b4 ,m47 :itewood1 dress$ #b sides to #g_/h1 #aj & up4 ,?is means t ! wid? ( any piece mu/ n be less ?an #aj4 ,prices are usually giv5 p] ,m1 i4 e41 p] #ajjj ft43 e4 g43 basswood may be quot$ at #dj4jj p] ,m4 ,:5 ?9 bo>ds are desir$ x is (t5 economical to buy in* /uff & h x resawn4 ,"s lumb] is also ord]$ by ! runn+ or l9eal foot1 especially mold+s1 etc41 or by ! piece1 if !re is a /&>d size z 9 f5ce-po/s1 /uds1 etc4 ,la?s & %+les are ord]$ by ! bundle to cov] a c]ta9 area4 #ajjj #d %+les 7#d bundles7 cov] #aaj sq4 ft4 ) #d wea!r exposure4 #ajj la?s 7#a bundle7 ea* #a_/d #a-a_/b #d'j cov] ab\t #aej sq4 ft4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( measur+ lumb]4 ,! g5]al rule is to multiply ! l5g? 9 feet by ! wid? & ?ickness 9 in*es & divide by #ab1 ?us3 #a #f #ae' #ab #g-a_/b feet4 ,! use ( ! ,essex bo>d-measure & ! ,lumb]man's bo>d-measure are describ$ 9 ,*apt] #d1 pp4 #aji & #aaa4 ,,! ,,season+ ,,& ,,measur+ ,,( ,,wood4 ,,ref]5ces399 ,,season+4 ,=4 ,bull41 ,no1 #da1 pp4 #e-ab1 von ,s*r5k4 ,dunlap1 ,wood ,craft1 #f3 #acc1 ,feb4 '#jg4 ,=4 ,circ4 ,no4 #dj1 pp4 #aj-af1 ,h]ty4 ,b>t]1 pp4 #ci-ec4 ,b\lg]1 pp4 #ff-gj1 #hj-hh4 ,wood ,craft1 #f3 #ca1 ,nov4 '#jf4 ,=4 ,circ4 ,no4 #aci4 ,agric4 ,yr4 ,bk41 #aije1 pp4 #dee-dfd4 ,,measur+ ,sickels1 pp4 #bb1 #bi4 ,goss1 p4 #ab4 ,build+ ,trades ,pocketbook1 pp4 #cce1 #cdi1 #ceg4 ,tate1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,wood ,,h& ,,tools4 ,! h& tools 9 common use 9 woodwork+ %ops may1 = conv5i5ce1 be divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3 #a1 ,cutt+2 #b1 ,bor+2 #c1 ,*opp+2 #d1 ,scrap+2 #e1 ,p\nd+2 #f1 ,hold+2 #g1 ,measur+ & ,m>k+2 #h1 ,%>p5+2 #i1 ,clean+4 #a4 ,,cutt+ ,,tools4 ,! mo/ primitive z well z ! simple/ ( all tools = ! divid+ ( wood into p>ts1 is ! w$ge4 ,! w$ge does n ev5 cut ! wood1 b only cru%es en\gh ( x ) its edge to all[ its ma9 body to split ! wood ap>t4 ,z soon z ! split has begun1 ! edge ( ! w$ge s]ves no fur!r purpose1 b ! sides be> aga9/ ! split surfaces ( ! wood4 ,! split runs ahead ( ! w$ge z x is driv5 along until ! piece is divid$4 ,x 0 by means ( ! w$ge t primitive p obta9$ slabs ( wood1 & ! great *ange f primitive to civiliz$ me?ods 9 manipulat+ wood consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( cutt+ = splitt+1 ( edge tools = ! w$ge4 ,! w$ge foll[s ! gra9 ( ! wood1 b ! edge tool c foll[ a l9e det]m9$ by ! work]4 ,! edge is a ref9em5t & improvem5t ^u ! w$ge & enables ! work] to be some:at indep5d5t ( ! natural gra9 ( ! wood4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! function ( all cutt+ tools is to sep>ate "o portion ( mat]ial f ano!r along a def9ite pa?4 ,all su* tools act1 fir/1 by ! ke5 edge divid+ ! mat]ial into two p>ts2 second1 by ! w$ge or ! blade =c+ ^! two portions ap>t4 ,if a true cont9u\s cut is to be made1 bo? ( ^! actions mu/ occur toge!r4 ,! edge mu/ be %>p en\gh to ent] betwe5 ! small p>ticles ( mat]ial1 cutt+ )\t bruis+ !m1 & ! blade ( ! tool mu/ con/antly =ce ap>t ! two portions 9 ord] t ! cutt+ action ( ! edge may cont9ue4 ,! action ( an ax 9 splitt+ wood is n a true cut1 = only ! second process is tak+ place1 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! split :i* op5s 9 front ( ! cutt+ edge anticipates its cutt+ & !re=e ! surfaces ( ! op5+ are r\gh & torn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,w$ge ,action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,edge ,action4 ,:5 a knife or *isel is press$ into a piece ( wood at "r angles to ! gra91 & at "s di/ance f ! end ( ! wood1 z 9 ,fig4 #fj1 a cont9u\s cutt+ action is prev5t$1 because soon ! blade _c =ce ap>t ! sides ( ! cut made by ! advanc+ edge1 & ! knife is br\ght to re/4 ,9 ?is case1 x is practically only ! fir/ action :i* has tak5 place4 ,bo? ! actions1 ! cutt+ & ! splitt+1 mu/ take place toge!r to produce a true cont9u\s cut4 ,! edge mu/ always be 9 contact ) ! solid mat]ial1 & ! blade mu/ always be pu%+ aside ! portions :i* h be5 cut4 ,?is c happ5 only :5 ! mat]ial on "o side ( ! blade is ?9 en\gh & weak en\gh to be readily b5t out ( ! way )\t op5+ a split 9 front ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,?is cutt+ action may take place ei!r along ! gra91 ,fig4 #fa1 or across x1 ,fig4 #fb4 ,! b5d+ aside ( ! %av+ w require less =ce ! small] ! tap] ( ! w$ge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w$ge mu/ be /rong en\gh to su/a9 ! b5d+ resi/ance & also to support ! cutt+ edge4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m acute ! cutt+ edge1 ! easi] ! "w1 & h5ce ! w$ge is made z ?9 z is consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,?is v>ies all ! way f holl[ gr\nd razors to cold-*isels4 ,= s(t wood1 ! cutt+ angle 7or bevel1 or bezel7 ( *isels1 g\ges & plane-irons1 is small1 ev5 z l[ z #bj2 = h>d wood1 x mu/ be great]4 ,= metals1 x v>ies f #ed = wr\ght iron to #ff = gun metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,edge & ,w$ge ,action ,) ! ,gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,edge & ,w$ge ,action ,across ! ,gra94 ,ord9>ily a cutt+ tool %\ld be s appli$ t ! face ne>e/ ! mat]ial lies z ne>ly z possible 9 ! direction ( ! cut desir$1 suffici5t cle>ance be+ necess>y to insure contact ( ! actual edge4 ,!re are two me?ods ( us+ edge tools3 "o1 ! *isel or /raight cut1 by direct pressure2 ! o!r1 ! knife or slid+ cut4 ,! /raight cut1 ,fig4 #fc1 takes place :5 ! tool is mov$ into ! mat]ial at "r angles to ! cutt+ edge4 ,examples are3 ! action ( metalwork+ tools & plan+ ma*9es1 rip-saw+1 turn+1 plan+ 7:5 ! plane is held p>allel to ! edge ( ! bo>d be+ plan$71 & *isel+1 :5 ! *isel is pu%$ directly 9 l9e ) its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,/raight ,cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,slid+ ,cut4 ,! knife or slid+ cut1 ,fig4 #fd1 takes place :5 ! tool is mov$ =w>d obliquely to its cutt+ edge1 ei!r along or across ! gra94 ,x is well illu/rat$ 9 cutt+ s(t mat]ials1 su* z bread1 meat1 rubb]1 cork1 etc4 ,x is an advantage 9 delicate *isel+ & g\g+4 ,t ?is slid+ action is easi] ?an ! /raight pressure c easily be prov$ ) a p5knife on ?9 wood1 or by plan+ ) ! plane held at an angle to1 r ?an 9 l9e )1 ! direction ( ! plan+ motion4 ,! edge ( ! cutt] !n slides into ! mat]ial4 ,! reason :y ! slid+ cut is easi]1 is p>tly because ! angle ( ! bevel ) ! wood is r$uc$ by hold+ ! tool obliquely1 & p>tly because ev5 ! %>pe/ cutt+ edge is not*$ ) v f9e tee? all along its edge s t 9 ! slid+ cut x acts l a saw4 ,9 an aug]-bit1 bo? me?ods ( cutt+ take place at once4 ,! scor+ nib cuts ) a slid+ cut1 :ile ! cutt+ lip is ?ru/ directly into ! wood4 ,! *isel & ! knife1 "o ) ! edge on ! end1 & ! o!r ) ! edge on ! side1 are ! orig9al =ms ( all mod]n cutt+ tools4 ,! *isel 0 at fir/ only a *ipp$ /one1 !n x came to be a gr\nd /one1 lat] x 0 made ( bronze1 & /ill lat] ( iron1 & n[ x is made ( /eel4 ,9 its e>ly =m x is kn[n by paleontologi/s z a celt1 & at fir/ _h no h&le1 b lat] develop$ into ! ax & adze = *opp+ & hew+1 & ! *isel = cuts made by driv+ & p>+4 ,x is q likely t ! celt itself 0 simply a developm5t ( ! w$ge4 ,9 ! mod]n *isel1 all ! gr9d+ is done on "o side4 ,?is con/itutes ! ess5tial feature ( ! *isel1 namely1 t ! back ( ! blade is kept p]fectly flat & ! face is gr\nd to a bevel4 ,blades v>y 9 wid? f #a_/af in* to #b in*es4 ,next to ! blade on ! end ( :i* is ! cutt+ edge1 is ! %ank1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,next1 z 9 socket$ *isels1 !re is ! socket to receive ! h&le1 or1 9 tang$ *isels1 a %\ld] & f\r-sid$ tang :i* is driv5 into ! h&le1 :i* is b\nd at its l[] end by a f]rule4 ,! h&le is usually made ( apple wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,firm]-,*isel4 ,! mo/ famili> =m is ! firm]-*isel1 ,fig4 #fe1 :i* is said to get its "n f ! fact t x is firm] or /iff] ?an ! p>+-*isel4 7,see bel[47 ,! firm]-*isel is a g5]al utility tool1 be+ suit$ = h& pressure or mallet p\nd+1 = p>+ or = light mortis+4 ,diff]5t v>ieties ( *isels are nam$2 7#a7 accord+ to _! uses2 z p>+-*isels1 fram+-*isels1 mortise-*isels1 c>v+-*isels1 turn+-*isels1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,p>+-,*isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,fram+-,*isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,mortise-,*isel4 ,! p>+-*isel1 ,fig4 #ff1 has a h&le specially %ap$ to give control ov] its movem5ts1 & a long ?9 blade1 :i* 9 ! be/ =m is bevel$ on ! two edges to facilitate groov+4 ,x is int5d$ only = /eady pressure ) ! h& & n = use ) a mallet4 ,! fram+-*isel1 ,fig4 #fg1 is ?ick & heavy & 0 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 h\se fram+4 ,x is usually made ) ! h&le fitt+ into a socket on ! %ank1 9 ord] to )/& ! %ock ( heavy bl[s f ! mallet4 ,! mortise-*isel1 ,fig4 #fh1 is made abnormally ?ick to give ! /iffness necess>y = lev]+ ! wa/e out ( mortises4 7#b7 ,*isels are also nam$ accord+ to _! %apes3 z1 skew-*isels1 corn]-*isels1 r\nd-nos$ *isels1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,p>+ ) a ,*isel4 ,! angle ( ! bevel ( a *isel is det]m9$ by ! k9d ( wood = :i* x is mo/ us$1 h>d wood requir+ a wid] angle ?an s(t wood1 9 ord] to support ! edge4 ,= ord9>y "w1 ! bevel is correctly gr\nd to an angle ( ab\t #bj4 ,! *isel is a necess>y tool 9 mak+ almo/ e k9d ( jo9t4 ,x may almo/ be said t "o m>k ( a good workman is 8 pref]5ce = ! *isel4 ,inde$ an excell5t motto = ! woodwork] is3 ,:5 9 d\bt1 use a *isel4 ,9 g5]al1 !re are two uses = ! *isel 7#a71 :5 x is driv5 by a pu% ) ! h&1 z 9 p>+1 & 7#b71 :5 x is driv5 by bl[s ( a mallet1 z 9 digg+ mortises4 ,9 relation to ! gra9 ( ! wood1 x is us$ 9 ?ree directions3 7#a7 longitud9ally1 t is ) ! gra91 call$ p>+2 7#b7 lat]ally1 across ! surface1 call$ cutt+ sidewise2 7#c7 transv]sely1 t is across ! end1 call$ cutt+ end-wood4 #a4 ,p>+4 ,to remove %av+s rapidly1 ! *isel is held flat side up1 ! h&le grasp$ by ! "r h&1 ) ! ?umb po9t+ t[>d ! %ank1 & ! blade held 9 ! left h&1 z 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,held 9 ?is way great control c be ex]t$ & mu* =ce appli$4 ,= p>+ ! surface z flat & smoo? z possible1 ! *isel %\ld be rev]s$1 t is1 held s t ! flat side w act z a guide4 ,held 9 ?is way ! *isel has no equal = p>+ except ! plane4 ,p>+ ) ! *isel is ! me?od us$ 9 cutt+ /op *amf]s4 7,see p4 #ahe1 ,*apt] ,,viii47 ,by hold+ ! cutt+ edge obliquely to ! direction ( ! gra9 & ( ! cut1 ! effective slid+ cut is obta9$1 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,*isel+ ,out a ,dado4 7,fir/ ,/ep74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,*isel+ ,out a ,dado4 7,second ,/ep74 #b4 ,9 sidewise *isel+ ! *isel is held 9 ! same mann] z 9 p>+4 ,a typical =m ( sidewise *isel+ is ! cutt+ out ( a dado1 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! "w may be plac$ on ! b5*-hook or held 9 ! vise ) ! side up f :i* ! groove is to be cut4 ,! *isel is pu%$ directly across ! gra91 ! blade be+ some:at incl9$ to ! upp] surface s z to cut (f a corn] next ! saw k]f4 ,aft] a few cuts ?us made ) ! *isel incl9$ alt]nately bo? ways1 ! ridge ?us =m$ is tak5 (f1 ,fig4 #ga4 ,9 ?is way ! surface is l[]$ to ! requir$ dep?4 ,if m =ce be requir$1 ! palm ( ! h& may be us$ z a mallet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,p]p5dicul> ,*isel+4 #c4 ,9 *isel+ end-wood1 x is well1 if possible1 to re/ ! piece to be trimm$ flat on ! cutt+ bo>d or on a piece ( wa/e wood4 ,"w done 9 ?is way is (t5 call$ p]p5dicul> *isel+1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! h&le is grasp$ 9 ! "r h&1 ?umb up1 :ile ! blade ( ! *isel passes betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! left h&1 ! back ( :i* re/s on ! "w & holds x 9 place4 ,z ! "r h& pu%es ! *isel d[nw>ds ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! left h& control its motion4 ,:5 *isel+ x is well to /& s z to look along ! l9e be+ cut4 ,incl9e ! *isel t[>d y1 & use ! ne> "p ( ! cutt+ edge = a guide & ! f>!r corn] = cutt+1 pu%+ ! h&le bo? d[n & =w>d at ! same "t1 ,fig4 #gc4 ,or1 by pu%+ ! *isel sidewise ) ! ?umb ( ! left h& at ! same "t t ! "r h& pu%es x d[nw>d1 ! effective slid+ cut is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,*isel+ ,end ,wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,p>+ a ,corn] ,r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,"r & ,wrong ,ways ( ,p]p5dicul> ,*isel+4 ,end *isel+ requires consid]able =ce & !re=e only ?9 %av+s %\ld be cut (f at a "t4 ,or ! mallet may be us$ ) caution4 ,9 ord] to leave a smoo? surface ! *isel mu/ be v %>p4 ,ev5 !n ! l[] arris 7corn]7 is likely to be spl9t]$ (f4 ,?is c be prev5t$ by clamp+ ! "w d[n tight ) a h&screw to a p]fectly smoo? cutt+ bo>d4 ,x is (t5 advisable h[ev]1 to set ! piece upright 9 ! vise & p>e (f ?9 %av+s horizontally1 ,fig4 #gd4 ,9 r\nd+ a corn]1 bo? ?is & p]p5dicul> *isel+ are common me?ods4 ,9 bo? cases c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut f ! side t[>d ! end & n into ! gra91 le/ ! piece split1 ,fig4 #ge4 ,9 horizontal end p>+1 ,fig4 #gd1 9 ord] to prev5t spl9t]+1 x is well to trim d[n ! arrises diagonally to ! l9e & !n to r$uce ! re/ ( ! end surface4 ,9 all h& *isel+1 x is a wise precaution n to try to cut out mu* mat]ial at ea* /roke b to "w back gradually to ! l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,mallet ,*isel+4 ,! ,piece is ,clamp$ ,d[n on ! ,b5* ,) ! ,b5* ,hook4 ,a typical =m ( mallet *isel+ is ! digg+ ( a mortise1 ,fig4 #gf4 7,see also p4 #ef47 ,! *isel is held p]p5dicul> 9 ! left h&1 :ile ! "r h& drives bl[s ) ! mallet4 ,! hamm] %\ld nev] be us$4 7,see mallet1 p4 #if47 ,by rock+ ! *isel & at ! same "t giv+ x a twi/+ motion :ile ! edge is kept on ! wood1 ! edge c be /epp$ to ! exact place desir$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to "w back to ! l9es gradually1 to cut only "p way ?ru f ea* side 79 ! case ( a ?ru mortise-&-t5on71 & to keep ! cut faces p]p5dicul> to ! surfaces4 ,9 %>p5+ a *isel x is ( fir/ importance t ! back be kept p]fectly flat4 ,! bevel is fir/ gr\nd on ! gr9d/one to an angle ( ab\t #bj & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! edge /raight & at "r angles to ! sides ( ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,:ett+ a ,plane-,bit4 ,aft] gr9d+ x is necess>y to :et ! *isel & o!r edg$ tools4 7,see also "u oil/ones1 p4 #aba47 ,fir/ see t !re is pl5ty ( oil on ! /one4 ,if an iron box be us$1 ,fig4 #gg1 ! oil is obta9$ simply by turn+ ! /one ov]1 = x re/s on a pad ( felt :i* is kept wet ) k]os5e4 ,place ! bevel$ edge flat on ! /one1 feel+ to see if x does lie flat1 !n tip up ! *isel & rub x at an angle slightly m obtuse ?an t :i* x 0 gr\nd1 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! m ne>ly ! *isel c be :ett$ at ! angle at :i* x 0 gr\nd ! bett]4 ,9 rubb+1 use z mu* ( ! /one z possible1 s z to we> x d[n ev5ly4 ,! motion may be back & =? or spiral1 b 9 ei!r case x %\ld be /eady & n rock+4 ,?is :ett+ turns a light wire edge ov] on ! flat side4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is wire edge1 ! back ( ! *isel1 t is1 ! /raight1 unbevel$ side1 is held p]fectly flat on ! :et/one & rubb$1 !n x is turn$ ov] & ! bevel rubb$ aga9 on ! /one4 ,x is necess>y to rev]se ! *isel 9 ?is way a numb] ( times1 9 ord] to remove ! wire edge1 b ! *isel %\ld nev] be tipp$ s z to put any bevel at all on its flat side4 ,f9ally1 ! edge is t\*$ up 7/ropp$7 by be+ drawn ov] a piece ( lea!r a few times1 fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r1 /ill cont9u+ to hold ! *isel s z to keep ! bevel p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,gr9d+ ,angle1 #bj4 ,:ett+ ,angle1 #be4 ,to te/ ! %>pness ( a :ett$ edge1 draw ! tip ( ! f+] or ?umb lightly along x1 ,fig4 #gi4 ,if ! edge be dull1 x w feel smoo?3 if x be %>p1 & if c>e be tak51 x w score ! sk9 a little1 n en\gh to cut ?ru1 b j en\gh to be felt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,te/+ ! ,%>pness ( a ,*isel4 ,! g\ge is a =m ( *isel1 ! blade ( :i* is concave1 & h5ce ! edge curv$4 ,:5 ! bevel is on ! outside1 ! common =m1 x is call$ an outside bevel g\ge or simply a g\ge1 ,fig4 #hj2 if ! bevel is on ! inside1 x is call$ an inside bevel1 or inside gr\nd1 or scrib+-g\ge1 or p>+-g\ge1 ,fig4 #ha4c ,footnote #c3 ,ano!r confus+ nom5clature 7,goss7 gives ! "n inside g\ges to ^? ) ! cutt+ edge on ! inside1 & outside g\ges to ^? ) ! cutt+ edge on ! outside4 ,c>v+ tools are1 prop]ly speak+1 all *isels1 & are ( diff]5t %apes = facility 9 c>v+4 ,= ord9>y g\g+1 ,fig4 #hb1 ! blade is gripp$ firmly by ! left h& ) ! knuckles up1 s t a /rong control c be ex]t$ ov] x4 ,! g\ge is manipulat$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! *isel1 & l ! *isel x is us$ longitud9ally1 lat]ally1 & transv]sely4 ,9 work+ ) ! gra91 by twi/+ ! blade on its axis z x moves =w>d1 delicate p>+ cuts may be made4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 work+ cross-gra9$ wood1 & is a good illu/ration ( ! advantage ( ! slid+ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,firm]-,g\ge ,outside ,bevel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,inside ,bevel ,g\ge4 ,9 g\g+ out broad surfaces l trays or saddle seats x w be f\nd ( great advantage to "w lat]ally1 t is across ! surface1 especially 9 ev5 gra9$ woods z sweet gum4 ,! tool is n s likely to slip (f & run 9 z :5 work+ ) ! gra94 ,! g\ge t is commonly us$ = cutt+ concave outl9es on end gra91 is ! inside bevel g\ge4 ,l ! *isel 9 cutt+ convex outl9es1 x is pu%$ or driv5 p]p5dicul>ly ?ru ! wood laid flat on a cutt+ bo>d on ! b5*1 z 9 p]p5dicul> *isel+4 ,fig4 #gb1 p4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,g\g+4 ,9 %>p5+ an outside bevel g\ge1 ! ma9 bevel is obta9$ on ! gr9d/one1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! g\ge rock+ on its axis1 s z to get an ev5 curve4 ,x is !n :ett$ on ! flat side ( a slip/one1 ,fig4 #hc1 ! bevel already obta9$ on ! gr9d/one be+ made slightly m obtuse at ! edge4 ,a good me?od is to rock ! g\ge on its axis ) ! left h&1 :ile ! slip/one held 9 ! "r h& is rubb$ back & =? on ! edge4 ,!n ! concave side is rubb$ on ! r\nd edge ( ! slip/one1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid putt+ a bevel on x4 ,inside bevel g\ges ne$ to be gr\nd on a c>borundum or o!r revolv+ /one hav+ a r\nd edge4 ,! outfit ( ! agacite gr9d]1 7,fig4 #bbd1 p4 #abj71 conta9s "o ( ^! /ones4 ,! :ett+1 ( c\rse1 is ! rev]se ( t on ! outside bevel g\ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,:ett+ a ,g\ge4 ,! knife diff]s f ! *isel 9 two respects1 7#a7 ! edge is along ! side in/ead ( ! end1 & 7#b7 x has a two-bevel$ edge4 ,knives are sometimes made ) "o side flat = c]ta9 k9ds ( p>+ "w1 b ^! are uncommon4 ,! two-bevel$ edge is an advantage to ! work] 9 enabl+ him to cut into ! wood at any angle1 b x is a disadvantage 9 t x is incapable ( mak+ flat surfaces4 ,! knife is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 woodwork = scor+ & = c]ta9 em]g5cies4 ,! sloyd knife1 ,fig4 #hd1 is a tool likely to be misus$ 9 ! h&s ( small *ildr51 b :5 %>p & 9 /rong h&s1 has _m valuable uses4 ,a conv5i5t size has a #b-a_/b in* blade4 ,:5 gr9d+ & :ett+ a knife1 ! fact t bo? sides are bevel$ alike %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,sloyd ,knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,draw-,knife4 ,! draw-knife1 ,fig4 #he1 is gr\nd l a *isel1 ) ! bevel only on "o side1 b ! edge is along ! side l a knife4 ,in/ead ( be+ pu%$ into ! wood1 l a *isel1 x is drawn into x by ! h&les :i* project 9 advance ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,! h&les are sometimes made to fold ov] ! edge1 & ?us protect x :5 n 9 use4 ,! size is indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,x is p>ticul>ly useful 9 r$uc+ n>r[ surfaces & 9 slic+ (f l>ge pieces1 b x is liable to split r ?an cut ! wood4 ,,saws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,h& ,saw4 ,! object ( ! saw is to cut ?ru a piece ( mat]ial along a det]m9$ l9e4 ,its effici5cy dep5ds ^u 7#a7 ! n>r[ness ( ! saw cut or k]f1 & 7#b7 ^u ! =ce requir$ to drive x ?ru ! mat]ial4 ,! ?9n] ! blade1 ! less mat]ial w be cut out & wa/$1 & ! less =ce w h to be appli$4 ,9 ord] to h ! saw z ?9 z possible1 almo/ all ! p ( ! _w1 except ! ,anglo ,saxons1 h saws t cut :5 !y are pull$ t[>d ! work]4 ,! blade is 9 t5sion :ile cutt+ & 9 compression only :5 be+ return$ = a new cut4 ,g]man c>p5t]s use a saw l our turn+-saw4 ,engli% & ,am]icans h develop$ ! saw on ! opposite pr9ciple1 namely1 t x %\ld cut on ! pu%+ /roke4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! crosscut-saw cuts some:at on ! back /roke4 ,! pu%+ /roke necessitates a ?ick5+ ( ! blade suffici5t to prev5t buckl+1--a n uncommon occurr5ce 9 ! b&s ( a novice1 9 spite ( ?is ?ick5+4 ,b ?o ?is requires m =ce1 & involves m wa/e1 !re are ! comp5sations t ! arm c ex]t m pressure 9 pu%+ ?an 9 pull+1 especially :5 ! work] /&s upright or /oops ov] 8 "w1 & ! /iff] wide blade acts z a guide to ! sawy]4 ,ea* me?od has its advantages4 ,:atev] may be true ( h&-saws1 9 ma*9e-saws ! t5sion me?od1 z illu/rat$ by ! gang-saw & ! b&-saw1 is /eadily displac+ ! compression me?od utiliz$ 9 ! circul>-saw4 ,_m k9ds ( "w1 h[ev]1 c be done only on ! circul>-saw4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ! disadvantages ( ! ?ru/+ /roke1 ! mod]n h&-saw1 ,fig4 #hf1 has be5 gradually improv$ z ! result ( mu* exp]i5ce & ?\ght4 ,! outl9e ( ! blade is tap]$ 9 wid? f h&le to po9t2 x is ?ick] also at ! heel 7! h&le end7 ?an at ! po9t2 its ?ickness also tap]s f ! tee? to ! back4 ,all ^! tap]s gives /iffness :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,x is made wide = ! sake ( giv+ /ead9ess 9 saw+4 ,! fact t x is ?9n] at ! back ?an along ! tee? gives x cle>ance 9 pass+ back & =? 9 ! k]f1 b ! friction is /ill great1 especially 9 saw+ s(t or damp wood4 ,to avoid ?is b9d+ /ill fur!r1 ! tee? are set alt]nately "o to "o side & ! next to ! o!r1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,rip ,saw ,tee?3 ,a-edge view1 ,b-side view1 ,c cross-section4 ,crosscut-,saw ,tee?3 ,a'-edge view1 ,b'-side view1 ,c'-cross-section4 ,! size ( saws is indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! blade 9 in*es4 ,! co>s5ess ( ! too? is indicat$ by ! numb] ( po9ts to ! in*4 ,po9ts %\ld n be confus$ ) tee? z !re is always "o m po9t p] in* ?an !re are tee?4 ,= example1 a five po9t rip-saw has five po9ts to ! in* b only f\r full tee?1 ,fig4 #hg4 ,rip-saws run f #d to #g po9ts p] in*2 crosscut-saws f #f to #ab po9ts p] in*4 ,9 g5]al1 saws are ( two k9ds1 rip-saws & crosscut-saws4 ,! rip-saw1 ,fig4 #hg1 may be ?\ght ( z a s]ies ( *isels set 9 two p>allel r[s :i* ov]lap ea* o!r1 = ea* too? is fil$ to a %>p edge :i*1 at ea* /roke1 *isels (f a small p>ticle f ! end ( ! wood fib]s4 ,! %ape ( ! tee? is ! result ( exp]i5ce 9 unit+ a numb] ( factors3 z1 /r5g? ( ! individual too?1 ! acut5ess ( ! cutt+ angle1 & ! ease ( %>p5+4 ,! /eel ( a saw is s(t] ?an t ( a *isel1 9 ord] t x may be fil$ & set4 ,h5ce x is weak] & ! edge _c be s acute4 ,a typical =m ( too? is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg1 9 :i* ,a is an edge view1 ,b ! side view1 & ,c a cross section4 ,! angle ( ea* too? cov]s #fj1 "o side1 ! face1 be+ at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! tee?4 ,! cutt+ edge runs at "r angles to ! sides ( ! blade4 ,?is arrangem5t works ) entire success along ! gra91 b if a rip-saw is us$ to cut across ! gra91 s9ce !re is no provision = cutt+ ?ru ! fib]s1 ea* too? cat*es 9 !m & te>s !m out1 ?us leav+ a r\gh & jagg$ surface4 ,9 ! crosscut-saw1 !re=e1 ! tee? are fil$ to po9ts1 & ! cutt+ edge is on ! =w>d side ( ea* alt]nate too?4 ,9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,a' is ! edge view1 ,b' is ! side view & ,c' is a cross-section4 ,9 a prop]ly fil$ crosscut-saw a ne$le w slide betwe5 ^! two r[s ( tee? f "o end ( ! saw to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,rip-,saw+ on a ,horse4 ,9 action ! po9ts1 especially _! =w>d edges1 cut or score ! fibres ( wood1 & !n ! triangul> elevation ( wood left betwe5 ! two r[s ( po9ts is crumbl$ (f by friction z ! saw passes ?r\gh4 ,?us x drops f>!r & f>!r into ! cut4 ,a crosscut-saw may be ?\ght ( z a s]ies ( knife po9ts1 arrang$ 9 two p>allel r[s4 ,ord9>ily ! angle ( ! face ( ea* too? ) ! l9e ( ! tee? is ab\t #fe1 & slightly /eep] ?an ! back ( ! too?4 ,! angle ( ! cutt+ edge ( ea* too? may be fil$ m acute :5 ! saw is to be us$ = s(t wood only4 ,a crosscut-saw :5 us$ to rip a bo>d1 works sl[ly1 = !re is no *isel action to cut out ! fibres betwe5 ! po9ts1 b ! cut1 ?o sl[1 is smoo?4 ,9 cutt+ diagonally across a piece ( wood1 especially s(t wood1 a rip-saw cuts fa/]1 b a crosscut1 smoo!r4 ,9 ripp+ a bo>d1 all[ance %\ld always be made = plan+ to ! l9e aft]w>d4 ,9 />t+ a cut ) ! rip-saw1 ! weight ( ! saw %\ld be borne by ! "r h& s t ! tee? may pass ov] ! edge ( ! wood z lightly z possible4 ,! left ?umb acts z a guide4 ,if ! saw be h&l$ ?us1 & ! angle ) ! bo>d be q acute1 x is n necess>y to />t ) a back /roke4 ,:5 ! k]f is well />t$1 ! :ole weight ( ! saw may be appli$4 ,an easy light /roke is bett] ?an a furi\s "o4 ,! l9e %\ld be foll[$ c>efully1 b if ! saw runs f ! l9e x may be br\ght back by tak+ %ort /rokes ne> ! po9t ( ! saw & twi/+ ! blade slightly 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,if ! saw b9ds & buckles because ( ! spr++ toge!r ( ! wood1 ! k]f may be w$g$ op5 ) a screwdriv] or a bit ( wa/e wood4 ,a drop ( oil rubb$ across ea* side ( ! saw w make x "w m easily4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 f9i%+ a cut to hold up firmly ! "p ( ! wood :i* is be+ sawn (f s t x w n split (f or spl9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,rip-saw+ ) ,wood ,held 9 ,b5*-,vise4 ,saw+ may be done ei!r on a saw-horse1 ,fig4 #hh1 or at a b5*4 ,= big1 r\gh "w1 ! =m] is ! common way1 ! work] hold+ ! mat]ial 9 place ) "o knee1 because ?is me?od enables him to ex]t 8 greate/ /r5g?4 ,a conv5i5t way = rip-saw+ a small piece ( wood is to ins]t x 9 ! vise1 ,fig4 #hi1 ) ! broad side ( ! bo>d p>allel to ! vise screw1 & ! bo>d incl9$ away f ! work] :o /&s upright4 ,! />t is easy1 ! sawdu/ does n cov] ! l9e1 & ! bo>d is n 9 dang] ( splitt+4 ,! bo>d1 h[ev]1 has to be rev]s$ aft] x is sawn "p way ?ru1 9 ord] to f9i% ! saw cut4 ,! back-saw or t5on-saw1 ,fig4 #ij1 is a f9e crosscut-saw1 ) a rib ( /eel along ! back1 :i* gives to x its "n4 ,s9ce x is int5d$ = small accurate "w1 ! tee? h little or no set4 ,9 saw+1 ! wood may be held ei!r 9 ! vise or on ! b5*-hook4 ,to help />t ! saw & at ! same "t to keep ! edges ( ! cut %>p1 x is well to make a little groove ) ! knife1 on ! wa/e side ( ! l9e to be foll[$1 cutt+ ! side ( ! groove next to ! l9e at "r angles to ! surface4 ,! saw drops directly into ?is groove1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,9 />t+ ! saw cut1 ! saw %\ld be guid$ by hold+ ! ?umb ( ! left h& aga9/ ! side ( ! saw j above ! tee?4 ,until ! k]f is well />t$1 ! saw %\ld be held s t ! tee? j t\* ! wood4 ,x is bett] n to attempt to />t ! saw level1 i4e41 ) ! tee? re/+ cle> across ! wood1 b ! h&le %\ld be rais$ s t ! />t is made only at ! f>!r edge ( ! wood4 ,!n z ! saw is gradually l[]$1 ! k]f w ext5d q across ! wood4 ,fig4 #ib4 ,:5 ! back-saw is us$ = ripp+1 ! wood is held 9 ! vise1 end up4 ,beg9 saw+ z 9 crosscutt+1 t is1 at ! f>!r corn] ) ! h&le end ( ! saw up1 & gradually drop ! h&le4 ,wat* ! l9es on bo? ! front & back sides1 & if necess>y1 rev]se ! piece to foll[ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,us+ ! ,back-,saw ) ,b5*-,hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,/>t+ a ,saw ,cut 9 a ,tr\gh ,cut ,) ,knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,direction ( ! ,back-,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,dovetail-saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,compass-,saw4 ,! dovetail-saw1 ,fig4 #ic1 is a small back-saw = delicate "w4 ,! compass-saw1 ,fig4 #id1 is n>r[1 po9t$1 ?ick1 to prev5t buckl+1 & ) a wide set to ! tee?1 to help 9 foll[+ ! curves4 ,! tee? are a cross betwe5 ! rip & crosscut tee?4 ,x is us$ 9 saw+ curves4 ,! turn+-saw1 ,fig4 #ie1 is a n>r[ saw1 set 9 a frame1 :i* /ret*es ! saw tight1 s t x works z a t5sion saw 7cf4 p4 #fb74 ,! be/ frames are made s t ! h&les :i* hold ! blade c revolve 9 ! frame4 ,! turn+-saw is us$ *iefly = cutt+ curves4 ,a #ad in* blade1 #c_/af ( an in* wide is a good size = ord9>y use4 ,! tee? are l ^? ( a rip-saw1 s t !y are q likely to te> ! wood 9 cutt+ across ! gra94 ,all[ance %\ld be made = ?is & ! surplus remov$ ) a spoke%ave4 ,! turn+-saw may be us$ to cut on ei!r ! pull+ or ! pu%+ /roke1 ) ! tee? po9t$ ei!r t[>d or away f ! work]4 ,! pull+ cut is g5]ally bett]1 z x puts less /ra9 on ! frame ?an ! pu%+ cut4 ,bo? h&s %\ld grasp ! frame z ne> ! end ( ! blade z possible1 ,fig4 #ie4 ,turns are made by revolv+ ! frame on ! blade z an axis1 :i* %\ld always be kept at "r angles to ! surface ( ! bo>d4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to twi/ ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,us+ a ,turn+ ,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,saw-,vise4 ,to file & set a saw1 ! saw is fir/ fa/5$ 9 ! saw-vise1 ,fig4 #if1 ) ! tee? up4 ,x is !n top-jo9t$ by runn+ a flat file or a saw-jo9t]1 ,fig4 #ig1 back & =? l5g?wise along ! tops ( ! tee? to br+ !m to a level4 ,aft] jo9t+ ! saw %\ld be set4 ,= ?is purpose a saw-set1 ,fig4 #ih1 is necess>y4 ,e alt]nate too? is b5t 9 ! direction ( its set by ! plung] 9 ! in/rum5t pu%+ aga9/ ! anvil1 :i* is an adju/able ecc5tric disc4 ,aft] ! saw is set1 x is fil$4 ,?is is done ) a triangul> file1 ,fig4 #add1 p4 #ij1 :i* is held 9 ! "r h& & its po9t 9 ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! left4 ,pressure is appli$ only on ! =w>d /roke1 :i* %\ld be long & ev51 ! file be+ rais$ above ! too? on ! return /roke4 ,! file %\ld cut 9 ! direction ( ! set1 t is1 ! tee? hav+ ! set away f ! work] are fil$ fir/4 ,e alt]nate too?1 #a/4 #c;d1 #e?1 etc41 is fil$1 & !n ! saw is rev]s$ & ! o!r set1 ! #bnd1 #d?1 #f?1 etc41 is fil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,a ,saw-,jo9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,saw-,set4 ,9 fil+ a rip-saw ! file %\ld move exactly p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( ! saw blade1 t is1 directly across ! tee?4 ,! fil+ is done on ! back ( ! tee?1 ! file j t\*+ ! face ( ! next "o4 ,! fil+ is cont9u$1 ) "o1 two1 or ?ree /rokes1 = ea* too?1 z ! case may require1 or j until ea* too? is %>p4 ,9 fil+ a crosscut-saw1 ! file is held po9t+ upw>d & t[>d ! po9t ( ! saw4 ,! file %\ld cut 9 ! direction ( ! set4 ,! angle ( ! cutt+ edge is det]m9$ by ! horizontal incl9ation ( ! file to ! blade2 ! angle ( ! po9t is det]m9$ by ! p]p5dicul> incl9ation ( ! file to ! blade4 ,f9ally ! sides ( ! tee? are rubb$ lightly ) a slip/one to remove ! wire edge4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t a saw is an edge tool1 & its edges are z liable to injury z any edges4 ,,planes4 ,! plane is a modifi$ *isel4 ,! *ief diff]5ce 9 action betwe5 a *isel & a plane 9 p>+ is ?is3 ! back ( ! *isel lies close d[n on ! surface ( ! wood t is cut1 & acts z a guide2 :]eas1 9 ! plane1 ! cutt] is elevat$ at an angle away f ! surface ( ! wood1 & only its cutt+ edge t\*es ! wood1 & x is held & guid$ me*anically by ! plane me*anism4 ,9 o!r words1 a plane is a *isel firmly held 9 a device :i* raises ! cutt] at an angle f ! "w1 regulates ! dep? ( ! cut1 & favors ! cutt+ r ?an ! splitt+ action4 ,an illu/ration ( a *isel conv]t$ into a plane is ! adju/able *isel-gage1 ,fig4 #ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,adju/able ,*isel-,gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,wood5 ,b5*-,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,section ( ,jack ,plane4 ,! plane has develop$ z foll[s3 x 0 fir/ a *isel held 9 a block ( wood4 ,?is is all t ori5tal planes are n[1 simply a %>p5$ w$ge driv5 into a block ( wood4 ,:5 ! hole works too loose1 ! ,japanese c>p5t] ins]ts a piece ( pap] to tight5 x1 or he makes a new block4 ,! fir/ improvem5t 0 ! addition ( a wood5 w$ge to hold 9 place ! plane-iron1 z ! cutt] 0 =m]ly call$4 ,9 ?is =m1 ! cutt] or plane-iron1 ?o /ill w$ge-%ap$1 0 rev]s$1 be+ made heavi] at ! cutt+ edge 9 ord] to facilitate fa/5+ x 9 ! wood5 plane-/ock by means ( ! wood5 w$ge4 ,!n a h&le 0 add$ = conv5i5ce4 ,!n came ! cap1 ! object ( :i* is to break back ! %av+ & ?us weak5 x z soon z possible aft] x is cut4 ,until a few ye>s ago1 ?is 0 all t !re 0 9 a plane1 & su* planes are /ill common1 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,f9ally !re appe>$ ! iron plane1 ,fig4 #aja1 ) x v>i\s me*anical adju/m5ts4 ,! foll[+ are ! p>ts ( ! ,bailey iron plane3#d #a4 ,cutt]1 or bit1 or blade1 or plane-iron4 #b4 ,cap1 or plane-iron cap1 or curl+ iron4 #c4 ,cutt] screw1 or plane-iron ,screw4 #d4 ,clamp1 or lev] cap1 or w$ge4 #e4 ,clamp screw1 or cap screw4 #f4 ,frog4 #g4 ,y ,adju/m5t4 #h4 ,brass set screw1 or brass adju/+ nut4 #i4 ,lev] 7= lat]al adju/m5t74 #aj4 ,frog screw4 #aa4 ,h&le4 #ab4 ,knob4 #ac4 ,h&le bolt & nut4 #ad4 ,knob screw1 or ,knob bolt & nut4 #ae4 ,h&le screw4 #af4 ,bottom1 or sole4 #ag4 ,toe4 #ah4 ,heel4 #ai4 ,?roat4 #bj4 ,?umb piece1 or clamp lev]1 or cam4 ,footnote #d3 ,! numb]s & names 9 italics are ^? giv5 9 ,/anley's ,catalog1 ,no4 #cd4 ,"s ( ^! names1 z plane-iron1 are survivals f ! days ( ! wood5 plane & are obvi\sly unsuitable n[4 ,!re are v>i\s pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! action ( ! plane4 ,! effect ( ! flat sole is to regulate ! cut ( ! cutt]4 ,if ! surface be unev51 ! cutt] w n cut at all1 or b little1 9 pass+ ov] l[ places1 s9ce ! toe & heel ( ! sole w !n be re/+ on high] places2 b :5 ! cutt] rea*es a high place a %av+ w be tak5 (f4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! long] ! plane1 ! /raight] w be ! surface produc$4 ,! l5g? ( ! plane us$ is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! wood to be plan$1 & ! degree ( /raightness desir$4 ,! "p ( ! sole directly 9 front ( ! cutt] presses firmly d[n on ! wood & s prev5ts ! %av+ f splitt+ f> 9 advance ( ! edge4 ,x foll[s t ! n>r[ness ( ! m\? 9 a plane is an important factor 9 ! production ( smoo? surfaces4 ,?is c be regulat$ by adju/+ ! toe 9 ! block-plane1 & by mov+ ! frog 9 ! jack- & smoo?-planes4 ,a rec5t improvem5t 9 jack-1 smoo?-1 & =e-planes consi/s ( an adju/able frog1 by means ( :i* ! ?roat c be n>r[$ or wid5$ at w by means ( a set-screw 9 ! re> ( ! frog )\t remov+ ! clamp & cutt]4 ,x is made by ,s>g5t & ,company4 ,! ,/anley ,b$ ,rock plane has a simil> b less conv5i5t device4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,sight+ ,along ! ,sole ( ,jack-,plane4 ,! splitt+ ( ! wood 9 advance ( ! edge is also prev5t$ by ! break+ ( ! %av+ z x hits aga9/ ! cutt] or its cap4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( b5d+ up & break+ or p>tly break+ ! %av+ z soon z possible aft] x is cut4 ,?is %[s :y ! cap is set close to ! edge ( ! cutt]4 ,ano!r reason is t x !reby /iff5s ! cutt] & prev5ts *att]+4 ,if a ?ick %av+ be desir$ ! cap has to be set f>!r back4 ,9 a smoo?-plane #a_/cb in* is en\gh1 9 a jack-plane #a_/h in* is (t5 desirable4 ,! foll[+ are ! planes 9 common use3 ,! jack-plane1 ,fig4 #ajb1 #ad to #ae long1 is ! "o us$ :]e a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial is to be tak5 (f to br+ a piece ( wood to size1 & !re=e ! outl9e ( ! cutt+ edge in/ead ( be+ /raight is slightly curv$ or cr[n$ s t 9 plan+ ! surface ( a bo>d x makes a s]ies ( %all[ grooves1 ! ridges ( :i* mu/ aft]w>d be smoo!d (f by ano!r plane4 ,also = beg9n]s ^: h&s are n /rong x is sometimes wise to gr9d ! cutt] ) "s cr[n1 9 ord] to take (f n>r[ %av+s1 :i* require less /r5g?4 ,= s*ool use1 :]e ! jack-plane is us$ = all purposes1 ! cutt] is usually gr\nd almo/ /raight & only ! corn]s r\nd$ z 9 ! smoo?-plane & ! =e-plane4#e ,footnote #e3 ,9 :ett+ a plane-bit1 a slight cr[n may be giv5 x by rubb+ a bit h>d] at ! ends ( ! edge ?an 9 ! middle4 ,/rop 9 ! same way z a *isel 7p4 #ei74 ,! =e-plane1 #bb to #bf long1 & ! jo9t]1 #bh to #cj long1 are l>ge planes1 simil> to ! jack-plane1 except t ! cutt+ edge is /raight4 ,!y are us$ = /raight5+ & smoo?+ long pieces4 ,! smoo?-plane1 #e-a_/b to #aj long1 is a %ort plane1 simil> to ! jack-plane1 except t ! cutt+ edge is /raight4 ,x is us$ = smoo?+4 ,^! f\r planes1 ! jack-plane1 ! =e-plane1 ! jo9t]1 & ! smoo?-plane1 are ess5tially alike1 & directions = ! use ( "o apply to all4 ,!re are two *ief adju/m5ts 9 ! ,bailey iron plane3 ! brass set-screw1 see #h 9 ,fig4 #aja1 :i* regulates ! dep? ( ! cut1 & ! lev]1 #i1 :i* moves ! cutt] sidewise s t x may be made to cut ev5ly4 ,! skilful work] keeps con/ant wat* ( ^! adju/m5ts4 ,x is well to =m ! habit ( always sight+ along ! sole be=e beg9n+ to plane1 9 ord] to see t ! cutt] projects prop]ly1 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,x is a common mi/ake among beg9n]s to let ! cutt] project too f>4 ,x is important to "k :at is ! be/ ord] ( proc$ure 9 plan+ up a bo>d4 ,!re are (t5 reasons = omitt+ ! plan+ up ( "o or m surfaces1 b x is wise to =m ! habit ( foll[+ a regul> ord]1 & ! foll[+ is sugge/$ z a good "o3 #a4 ,work+ face4 ,plane "o broad side flat & smoo?4 ,f9i% ) ! plane set to cut l9e %av+s4 ,te/ ) try-squ>e4 ,m>k ?is face ) a di/9ct p5cil m>k1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ajc4 #b4 ,work+ edge4 ,plane "o n>r[ side /raight & squ>e ) ! work+ face4 ,te/ ) try-squ>e1 press+ ! block ( ! try-squ>e aga9/ ! work+ face4 ,m>k ! work+ edge ) two di/9ct p5cil m>ks1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ajc4 #c4 ,end4 ,fir/ m>k ! wid? on ! work+ face ) ! m>k+-gage1 ,c1 #a-b1 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,*isel (f ! corn]1 a1 ( ! piece outside ?is gag$ l9e4 ,true & smoo? ?is end ) ! plane1 mak+ x squ>e ) bo? work+ face & work+ edge1 ,d1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,fig4 #ajc4 #d4 ,l5g?4 ,measure ! l5g? f ! f9i%$ end1 ,d1 #b-c-d1 score across ! work+ face1 ,d1 #e-f1 & work+ edge1 ,d1 #f-g1 us+ a %>p knife po9t & ! try-squ>e4 ,saw j outside ?is l9e1 ,d1 #e-f-g1 ) ! back-saw1 cut (f ! n>r[ corn]1 ,d1 b1 beyond ! gag$ l9e & plane true1 ,e1 ,fig4 #ajc4 #e4 ,wid?4 ,plane to ! c5t] ( ! gag$ l9e1 ,e1 #a-b4 ,te/ ?is edge f ! work+ face1 ,f1 ,fig4 #ajc4 #f4 ,?ickness4 ,m>k ! ?ickness ) ! m>k+-gage all ar\nd ! piece1 ,f1 #h-i-aj4 ,plane to ! c5t] ( ! gag$ l9e1 ,g1 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,te/ ?is face = flatness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,! ,ord] ( ,plan+ a ,bo>d4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ord] to be foll[$ is graphically repres5t$ 9 ,h1 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,! surfaces are numb]$ consecutively 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are to be plan$4 ,! advantages ( ?is ord] are ^!3 by plan+ ! work+ face fir/1 a broad surface is secur$ to :i* ! o!rs may be made true4 ,by plan+ ! ends be=e ! wid? is plan$1 ! dang] ( splitt+ (f fragm5ts c be avoid$ by *isel+ ! corn] ( ! unf9i%$ edges1 ,c1 a1 & ,d1 b1 ,fig4 #ajc1 into a buttress4 ,by plan+ ! ends & ! wid? be=e ! ?ickness is plan$1 a dress$ face is secur$ all ar\nd = gag+ ! ?ickness4 ,9 foll[+ ?is ord] all measurem5ts & m>k+s are made on a dress$ face4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,sight+ = ,w9d4 ,if !re be any w9d or twi/ 9 ! bo>d1 ?is %\ld be discov]$ fir/ ( all4 ,?is may be done r\ghly by sight+ across ! broad side ( ! bo>d1 ,fig4 #ajd1 & m accurately by ! use ( w9d+ /icks1 see ,fig4 #bje1 p4 #aac4 ,or ! surface may be te/$ ) ! plane itself by tilt+ ! plane on its long corn] edge1 & re/+ x on ! bo>d1 :ile ! work] looks betwe5 ! bo>d & ! plane t[>d ! light4 ,x is evid5t t ! plane mu/ be turn$ 9 v>i\s directions to te/ = w9d1 & t a bo>d only z long or z wide z ! plane is long c be te/$ 9 ?is way4 ,! try-squ>e or any /raight edge may be us$ = ! same purpose1 ,fig4 #aje4 ,if !re be any w9d 9 ! bo>d1 ?is %\ld at once be tak5 out ( "o face by plan+ d[n ! high corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,te/+ f ,edge to ,edge4 ,9 />t+ to plane1 ! work] %\ld be> d[n on ! knob at ! front end ( ! plane4 ,:5 ! plane is well on ! bo>d1 he %\ld be> d[n equally on bo? knob & h&le1 & z ! plane beg9s to pass (f ! bo>d he %\ld put all ! pressure on ! h&le end1 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,by tak+ pa9s ?us1 a convex surface w be avoid$1 ! mak+ ( :i* is a common error ( beg9n]s4 ,on ! return /roke1 ! plane %\ld be lift$ or tilt$ s t ! cutt+ edge w n be dull$ by rubb+ on ! wood4 ,?is is especially important on r\gh & dirty bo>ds1 z x saves ! cutt+ edge1 & 9 f9e "w1 z x saves ! "w4 ,if ! plane te> ! wood in/ead ( cutt+ x smoo?1 z x %\ld1 x is because ! plan+ is aga9/ ! gra94 ,?is c (t5 be avoid$ by notic+ ! direction ( ! gra9 be=e beg9n+ to plane4 ,b ev5 if x be n not$ be=eh&1 a /roke or two w %[ ! r\ghness4 ,9 su* a case1 x is necess>y simply to turn ! wood ar\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,plan+ an ,edge4 ,! accuracy ( ! "w z x progresses %\ld frequ5tly be te/$1 & ! eye %\ld con/antly be tra9$ s t x c m & m be dep5d$ ^u to detect inaccuracy1 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,z ea* surface is tru$1 x %\ld be c>efully smoo!d ) ! cutt] set to cut f9e %av+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,sight+ an ,edge4 ,9 plan+ a v cross-gra9$ piece ( wood1 !re are sev]al me?ods to use = secur+ a smoo? surface4 ,! frog ( ! plane %\ld be mov$ =w>d s t ! ?roat 9 ! front ( ! cutt] is a m]e slit4 ,9 ! ord9>y plane x is necess>y to remove ! cutt] 9 ord] to reset ! frog1 b 9 ! ,s>g5t plane & ! ,/anley b$ rock plane1 x c be set by a set-screw at ! re> ( ! frog4 ,next1 ! cap %\ld be set s t ! cutt] projects b v little beyond x1 or1 9 te*nical language1 ! cutt] %\ld be set f9e4 ,a slid+ cut1 see p4 #ec1 %\ld be tak5 ) ! plane1 & sometimes x may be necess>y to move ! plane ne>ly at "r angles to ! g5]al direction ( ! gra94 ,by ^! means ev5 refractory pieces ( wood c be well smoo!d4 ,see also scrap]s1 p4 #ia4 ,! *ok+ ( a plane is ! /oppage ( ! ?roat by %av+s4 ,x may be due simply to ! fact t ! cutt] is dull or t x projects too f> bel[ ! sole ( ! plane4 ,9 a wood5 plane *ok+ is sometimes due to ! cr[d+ ( %av+s "u "s "p ( ! w$ge4 ,:5 ! adju/able frog 9 a mod]n plane is improp]ly plac$ *ok+ may result4 ,! frog %\ld be f> en\gh =w>d s t ! cutt] re/s squ>ely ^u x4 ,*ok+ may1 & mo/ commonly does1 take place because ! cap does n fit d[n tight on ! cutt]4 ,?is happ5s if ! cap be nick$ or unev54 ,9 consequ5ce1 m9ute %av+s are driv5 betwe5 ^! two irons & *ok+ soon results4 ,! rem$y is to %>p5 ! cap1 s t its edge makes a close fit ) ! cutt]4 ,! fit may be made /ill tight] by rubb+ ) a screwdriv] ! edge ( ! cap d[n on ! cutt] aft] x is screw$ 9 place4 ,9 no tool is x m important to keep ! cutt] %>p ?an 9 ! plane4 ,to remove ! cutt]1 9 ord] to %>p5 x1 fir/ loos5 ! clamp lev] & remove ! clamp4 ,c>efully remove ! cap & cutt] tak+ pa9s n to let ! edge hit any "p ( ! plane1 !n us+ ! clamp z a screwdriv]1 loos5 ! cap-screw & slide ! cap back along ! slot 9 ! cutt]1 :]e x c be held fa/ by a turn ( ! cap-screw4 ,! edge is n[ free & c readily be :ett$4 ,:5 ! cap ne$s to be entirely remov$1 = in/ance1 = gr9d+1 aft] x has be5 slid along ! cutt] slot1 z be=e1 x is turn$ at "r angles to ! cutt]1 & !n slid d[n ! slot until ! cap-screw unbuttons f ! cutt]4 ,! object 9 slid+ ! cap up ! slot be=e turn+ x1 is to prev5t ! dang] ( injur+ ! edge4 ,"s caps are n[ made ) ! buttonhole at ! upp] end ( ! slot4 ,aft] %>p5+1 7see "u %>p5+1 p4 #aag47 ! ord] is rev]s$ = replac+ ! cutt]4 ,! cap is set at "r angles to ! cutt]1 ! cap-screw dropp$ into ! slot1 ! cap is slid up ! slot1 & turn$ into l9e ) ! cutt]1 & !n slid d[n ! slot till ! edge ( ! cap comes q ne> ! edge ( ! cutt]4 ,!n ! two are held firmly toge!r ) ! left h& until ! cap screw is turn$ tight4 ,9 replac+ ! cutt] & cap 9 ! plane1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to injure ! edge & to see t ! ,y adju/m5t lev] fits into ! little slot 9 ! cap2 !n f9ally ! lev] is ?r[n d[n tight4 ,!n1 by turn+ ! plane sole upw>d & glanc+ d[n x1 ! prop] adju/m5ts ) ! brass set-screw & lat]al adju/m5t lev] are made4 ,:5 ! plane is n be+ us$1 x %\ld re/ ei!r on a pill[ 7a little /rip ( wood 9 ! b5* tr\gh71 or on its side4 ,9 no case %\ld x be dropp$ sole d[n flat on ! b5*4 ,! block-plane1 ,fig4 #ajh1 gets its "n f ! fact t x 0 fir/ made = plan+ (f ! ends ( clap-bo>ds1 a process call$ block+ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,section ( ,block-,plane4 ,! names ( ! p>ts ( ! ,bailey block-plane are#f3 #a4 ,cutt] or bit or plane-iron4 #b4 ,clamp or lev] cup4 #c4 ,cap-screw4 #d4 ,adju/+ lev]4 #e4 ,adju/+ nut4 #f4 ,lat]al adju/m5t4 #g4 ,bottom4 #h4 ,m\? piece4 #i4 ,ecc5tric plate4 #aj4 ,knob4 ,footnote #f3 ,see footnote p4 #gj ,! block-plane 0 devis$ = use ) "o h&1 z :5 x is us$ by c>p5t]s 9 plan+ pieces n readily tak5 to a vise or 9 plan+ ) a b5*-hook4 ,h5ce x is made small1 #c-a_/b to #h long1 ! clamp is r\nd$ s z to act z a h&le1 & ! cutt] is l[]$ to an angle ( ab\t #bj to make ! plane easy to grasp4 ,! l[] angle ( ! cutt] makes x necess>y t ! bevel be on ! upp] side4 ,o!rwise1 to give cle>ance1 ! bevel w\ld h to be made s long & s ?9 z to be weak4 ,by putt+ ! bevel up1 ! angle betwe5 ! wood & ! cutt] is ma9ta9$ practically z 9 ! smoo?-plane4 ,s9ce ! block-plane is int5d$ *iefly = use on end gra91 no cap is ne$$ to break ! %av+s4 ,! adju/able ?roat makes x possible to cut a v f9e %av+4 ,to facilitate ! cutt+ action1 sev]al =ms ( block-planes ) a v l[ angle are n[ made4 ,:]e bo? h&s are free to hold ! plane1 ! block-plane has no advantage ov] a smoo?-plane1 ev5 on end gra94 ,moreov]1 ! cutt] _c be held s firmly 9 place z t ( a smoo?-plane1 s t x requires con/ant adju/m5t4 ,h5ce x is n an easy tool = amateurs to h&le4 ,!re is consid]able lo/ motion 9 ! adju/+ nut1 & ! set-screw1 :i* acts z a knob1 is likely to "w loose & be lo/4 ,x is h>dly to be recomm5d$ z a "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! individual b5* 9 s*ool %ops4 ,! piece to be plan$ ) ! block-plane may be held ei!r 9 ! vise1 end up1 or on a b5*-hook1 ,fig4 #aji4 ,9 end plan+ 9 ! vise1 9 ord] to avoid spl9t]+ ! precaution %\ld be tak5 to trim (f a corn] on ! undress$ edge1 z direct$ on page #gc1 or else ! plan+ mu/ be done f bo? edges t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! slid+ cut is mu* easi] ?an ! /raight cut1 & h5ce !re is a con/ant temptation to turn ! plane at an angle p]haps at an exp5se ( ! flat surface desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,us+ ! ,block-,plane & ,b5*-,hook4 ,9 us+ ! b5*-hook ! piece to be block-plan$ is plac$ ) ! work+ edge aga9/ ! block1 ) ! end to be plan$ to ! "r & flu% ) ! edge ( ! b5*-hook1 9 :i* position x is held ) ! left h&4 ,! block-plane1 held 9 ! "r h&1 is plac$ on its side on ! b5* fac+ t[>d ! "w4 ,9 plan+1 ! left h& holds ! "w firmly aga9/ ! block ( ! b5*-hook1 press+ x some:at to ! "r aga9/ ! plane4 ,! "r h& holds ! side ( ! plane flat on ! b5* & presses x to ! left aga9/ ! b5*-hook & "w4 ,held 9 ?is position ! plane is pu%$ =w>d & back until ! end is smoo!d4 ,consid]able practice is necess>y to h&le ! block-plane well4 ,! scrub-plane is a %ort plane 9 :i* ! cr[n ( ! cutt]1 ,fig4 #aaj1 is q curv$4 ,x is us$ to r$uce surfaces rapidly4 ,! scrat*-plane1 ,fig4 #aaa1 has a too!d cutt] :i* scrat*es f9e l9es along its c\rse4 ,x is us$ to r\gh5 surfaces ( h>d wood :i* are to be glu$ toge!r1 = o!rwise ! glue w\ld n adh]e well4 ,"s tropical woods are s h>d t _! surfaces c be r$uc$ only by a scrat*-plane4 ,x is also useful 9 prep>+ ! surface ( a v cross-gra9$ piece ( wood :i* _c be plan$ )\t *ipp+4 ,by fir/ scrat*+ x c>efully 9 all directions1 x c !n be scrap$ smoo?4 ,x is also call$ a scrap]-plane1 because accompany+ ! plane is a scrap] :i* c be ins]t$ 9 ! same /ock & incl9$ at any requir$ angle4 ,?is plane-/ock prev5ts ! scrap] f unduly l[]+ "s portions ( ! surface4 ,see also v5e]-scrap]1 p4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,cutt] ( ,scrub-,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,scrat*-,plane & ,scrap]-,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,rabbet-,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,mold+-,plane4 ,! rabbet+- or rebat+-plane1 ,fig4 #aab1 is design$ = use 9 cutt+ out a rectangul> recess1 su* z ! rabbet on ! back ( ! picture-frames4 ,9 l9e ) ! "r h& corn] ( ! cutt] is a removable spur to score ! wood s t ! %av+ :i* foll[s may be cut out clean & n torn out4 ,) ! addition ( a guid+ f5ce x is call$ a fillet/]4 ,?is may be us$ on ei!r ! "r or left side4 ,9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab1 !re is also a dep? gage4 ,9 us+ ?is plane see t ! corn] ( ! cutt] is 9 l9e ) ! sole1 & t bo? x & ! spur are %>p4 ,set ! f5ce & ! /op at ! desir$ wid? & dep? ( ! rabbet4 ,at ! fir/ /roke ! spur w score ! wid?4 ,?is & e /roke %\ld be tak5 z ev5ly & c>efully z if x 7 ! only "o4 ,9 ! ef=t to keep ! f5ce press$ close to ! side ( ! wood1 ! t5d5cy is to tilt ! plane ov]4 ,?is causes ! v opposite effect f t desir$1 = ! spur runs (f diagonally1 z 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,result ( ,c>eless use ( ,rabbet-,plane4 ,if ?is happ5s /op plan+ at once1 clean out ! recess prop]ly ) a *isel & !n proce$4 ,! dado-plane is mu* l ! rabbet+-plane1 except t x is provid$ ) two spurs1 "o at ea* side ( ! cutt+ edge1 to score ! wood be=e cutt+4 ,! mold+-plane1 ,fig4 #aac1 z x "n indicates1 is = mak+ mold+s ( v>i\s =ms2 z1 qu>t]-r\nd1 half-r\nd1 ogee1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,tongu+-&-,groov+ ,plane4 ,! tongu+-&-groov+-plane1 ,fig4 #aae1 is = mat*+ bo>ds1 i4e4 mak+ a tongue 9 "o to fit into a groove 9 ano!r4 ,see ,fig4 #bfi1 ,no4 #gb1 p4 #ahb4 ,! circul>-plane1 ,fig4 #aaf1 has a flexible /eel face :i* c be adju/$ to any requir$ arc1 convex or concave1 s t curv$ surfaces may be plan$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,circul>-,plane4 ,! univ]sal plane1 ,fig4 #aag1 is a comb9ation ( v>i\s mold+-1 rabbet+-1 mat*+- & o!r planes4 ,x is capable ( _m adju/m5ts & applications4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ?is plane are3 a ma9 /ock1 ,a1 ) two sets ( transv]se slid+ arms1 a dep?-gage1 ,f1 adju/$ by a screw1 & a slitt+ cutt] ) /op1 a slid+ section1 ,b1 ) a v]tically adju/able bottom1 ! auxili>y c5t] bottom1 ,c1 to be plac$ :5 ne$$ 9 front ( ! cutt] z an extra support or /op4 ,?is bottom is adju/able bo? v]tically & lat]ally4 ,f5ces1 ,d & ,e4 ,= f9e "w1 f5ce ,d has a lat]al adju/m5t by means ( a ?umb-screw4 ,! f5ces c be us$ on ei!r side ( ! plane1 & ! rosewood guides c be tilt$ to any desir$ angle up to #de1 by loos5+ ! screws on ! face4 ,f5ce ,e c be rev]s$ = c5t]-bead+ wide bo>ds4 ,= "w ?9n] ?an ! dep? ( ! f5ce1 ! "w may ov]hang ! edge ( ! b5* & f5ce ,e be remov$4 ,an adju/able /op1 to be us$ 9 bead+ ! edges ( mat*$ bo>ds1 is ins]t$ on ! left side ( ! slid+ section ,b4 ,a great v>iety ( cutt]s are suppli$1 su* z3 mold+1 mat*+1 sa%1 bead+1 re$+1 flut+1 holl[1 r\nd1 pl[1 rabbet1 & fillet/]4 ,special %apes c be obta9$ by ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,univ]sal ,plane4 ,! ,use ( ! ,univ]sal ,plane4 ,ins]t ! prop] cutt]1 adju/+ x s t ! portion ( x 9 l9e ) ! ma9 /ock1 ,a1 w project bel[ ! sole ! prop] di/ance = cutt+4 ,adju/ ! bottom ( ! slid+ section1 ,b1 s t ! l[e/ portion ( ! cutt] w project ! prop] di/ance bel[ x = cutt+4 ,tight5 ! *eck nuts on ! transv]se arms & !n tight5 ! ?umb-screws :i* secure ! slid+ section to ! arms4 ,! slid+ section is n always necess>y1 z 9 a n>r[ rabbet or bead4 ,:5 an additional support is ne$$ = ! cutt]1 ! auxili>y c5t] bottom1 ,c1 may be adju/$ 9 front ( x4 ,?is may also be us$ z a /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,iron ,spoke%ave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,patt]n-mak]'s ,spoke%ave4 ,adju/ "o or bo? ( ! f5ces1 ,d & ,e1 & fa/5 ) ! ?umb-screws4 ,adju/ ! dep?-gage1 ,f1 at ! prop] dep?4 ,= a dado remove ! f5ces & set ! spurs p>allel ) ! edges ( ! cutt]4 ,ins]t ! long adju/able /op on ! left h& ( ! slid+ section4 ,= slitt+1 ins]t ! cutt] & /op on ! "r side ( ! ma9 /ock & use ei!r f5ce = a guide4 ,= a *amf]1 ins]t ! desir$ cutt]1 & tilt ! rosewood guides on ! f5ces to ! requir$ angle4 ,= *amf] bead+ use 9 ! same mann]1 & gradually fe$ ! cutt] d[n by means ( ! adju/+ ?umb-nut4 ,!re are also a numb] ( planelike tools su* z ! foll[+3 ,! spoke-%ave1 ,fig4 #aah1 works on ! same pr9ciple z a plane1 except t ! guid+ surface is v %ort4 ,?is adapts x to "w ) curv$ outl9es4 ,x is a sort ( regulat$ draw-%ave4 ,x is sometimes made ( iron ) an adju/able m\?1 :i* is a conv5i5t =m = beg9n]s to use1 & is easy to %>p54 ,! patt]n-mak]s spoke%ave1 ,fig4 #aai1 :i* has a wood5 frame1 is bett] suit$ to m c>eful "w4 ,! me?od ( us+ ! spoke%ave is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 7,see p4 #ajj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,us+ a ,spoke%ave4 ,! r\t]-plane1 ,figs4 #aba & #abb1 is us$ to l[] a c]ta9 "p ( a surface & yet keep x p>allel ) ! surr\nd+ "p1 & x is p>ticul>ly useful 9 cutt+ panels1 dadoes1 & grooves4 ,! cutt] has to be adju/$ = ea* successive cut4 ,:]e !re are a numb] ( dadoes to be cut ( ! same dep?1 x is wise n to f9i% !m "o at a "t1 b to c>ry on ! cutt+ ( all toge!r1 l[]+ ! cutt] aft] ea* r\nd4 ,9 ?is way all ! dadoes w be f9i%$ at exactly ! same dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,r\t]-,plane4 ,! d[el-po9t]1 ,fig4 #abc1 is a conv5i5t tool = remov+ ! %>p edges f ! ends ( d[el p9s4 ,x is held 9 a brace4 ,! cutt] is adju/able & is removable = %>p5+4 ,! corn]+ tool1 ,fig4 #abd1 is a simple device = r\nd+ %>p corn]s4 ,a cutt] at ea* end cuts bo? ways s t x c be us$ ) ! gra9 )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! "w4 ,! dep? ( ! cut is fix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,us+ a ,r\t]-,plane4 #b4 ,,bor+ ,,tools4 ,"s bor+ tools1 l awls1 =ce ! mat]ial ap>t1 & "s1 l aug]s1 remove mat]ial4 ,! brad-awl1 ,fig4 #abe1 is w$ge-%ap$1 & h5ce c>e ne$s to be tak5 9 us+ x to keep ! edge across ! gra9 s z to avoid splitt+ ! wood1 especially ?9 wood4 ,! size is indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! blade :5 new1--a /upid me?od4 ,! awl is useful = mak+ small holes 9 s(t wood1 & x c readily be %>p5$ by gr9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,d[el-,po9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,corn]+ ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,brad-,awl4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,twi/-,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,twi/-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,g]man ,gimlet-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,bit-,po9t ,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,aug]-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,plug-,cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,c5t]-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,fo]/n] ,aug]-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,expansive-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,ream]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,rose ,c\nt]s9k4 ,gimlets & drills are alike 9 t !y cut away mat]ial1 b unlike 9 t ! cutt+ edge ( ! gimlet is on ! side1 :ile ! cutt+ edge ( ! drill is on ! end4 ,twi/-drills1 ,fig4 #abf1 are v h>d & may be us$ 9 drill+ metal4 ,!y are !re=e useful :]e !re is dang] ( meet+ nails1 z 9 repair "w4 ,_! sizes are indicat$ by a special drill gage1 ,fig4 #bbj1 p4 #aag4 ,twi/-bits1 ,fig4 #abg1 are l twi/-drills except t !y are n h>d en\gh to use = metal4 ,_! sizes are indicat$ on ! tang 9 #cbnds ( an in*4 ,bo? twi/-bits & drill-bits h ! advantage ov] gimlet-bits 9 t !y are less likely to split ! wood4 ,twi/-bits & twi/-drills are %>p5$ on a gr9d/one1 c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve ! orig9al angle ( ! cutt+ edge s t ! edge w meet ! wood & !re w be cle>ance4 ,g]man gimlet-bits1 ,fig4 #abh1 h ! advantage ( c5t]+ well4 ,! size is indicat$ on ! tang 9 #cbnds ( an in*4 ,!y are useful 9 bor+ holes = %ort blunt screws z well z deep holes4 ,!y _c be %>p5$ readily b are *eap & easily replac$4 ,bit-po9t drills1 ,fig4 #abi1 are useful = accurate "w1 b are exp5sive4 ,aug]-bits1 ,fig4 #acj1 h sev]al important features4 ,! spur c5t]s ! bit 9 its motion1 & s9ce x is 9 ! =m ( a po9t$ screw draws ! aug] into ! wood4 ,two %>p nibs on ei!r side score ! circle1 out ( :i* ! lips cut ! %av+s1 :i* are !n c>ri$ out ( ! hole by ! ma9 screw ( ! tool4 ,! size ( aug]-bits is indicat$ by a figure on ! tang 9 #af?s ( an in*4 ,?us #i means a diamet] ( #i_/af4 ,!re are ?ree *ief precautions to be tak5 9 us+ aug]-bits4 7#a7 ,"o is to bore p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface4 ,a good way to d ?is is to lay ! "w flat1 ei!r on ! b5* or 9 ! vise1 & sight fir/ f ! front & !n f ! side ( ! "w1 to see t ! bit is p]p5dicul> bo? ways4 ,! te/ may also be made ) ! try-squ>e1 ,fig4 #acg1 or ) a plumb-l9e1 ei!r by ! work]1 or 9 difficult pieces1 by a fell[ work]4 ,! s5se ( p]p5dicul>ity1 h[ev]1 %\ld con/antly be cultivat$4 7#b7 ,ano!r precaution is t1 9 ?ru bor+1 ! holes %\ld n be bor$ q ?ru f "o side1 le/ ! wood be spl9t]$ (f on ! back4 ,:5 ! spur pricks ?ru1 ! bit %\ld be remov$1 ! piece turn$ ov]1 & ! bor+ f9i%$1 putt+ ! spur 9 ! hole :i* is prick$ ?ru 9 bor+ f ! fir/ side4 ,x is seldom necess>y to press aga9/ ! knob ( ! brace 9 bor+1 z ! ?read on ! spur w pull ! bit ?ru1 especially 9 s(t wood4 ,inde$1 z ! bit rea*es ne>ly ?ru ! bo>d1 if ! knob is g5tly pull$ back1 !n :5 ! spur pricks ?ru ! bit w be pull$ out ( its hole4 ,?is avoids ! necessity ( con/antly wat*+ ! back ( ! bo>d to see if ! spur is ?ru4 7#c7 ,9 /op bor+1 z 9 bor+ = d[els or 9 mak+ a bl9d mortise1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to bore ?ru ! piece4 ,= ?is purpose an aug]-bit-gage1 ,fig4 #bai1 p4 #aaf1 may be us$1 or a block ( wood ( ! prop] l5g? ?ru :i* a hole has be5 bor$1 may be slipp$ ov] ! bit1 or ! l5g? ( bit may be not$ be=e bor+1 & !n ! l5g? ( ! project+ portion d$uct$1 or ! numb] ( turns ne$$ to rea* ! requir$ dep? may be c\nt$ on a trial piece4 ,ty+ a /r+ ar\nd a bit1 or mak+ a *alk m>k on x is folly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,us+ a ,try-,squ>e z a ,guide 9 ,bor+4 ,aug]-bits are %>p5$ ) an aug]-bit file1 ,fig4 #adb1 p4 #ij1 a small flat file ) two n>r[ safe edges at "o end & two wide safe edges at ! o!r4 ,! nibs %\ld be fil$ on ! inside s t ! diamet] ( ! cut may rema9 z l>ge z t ( ! body ( ! bit4 ,! cutt+ lip %\ld be %>p5$ f ! side t[>d ! spur1 c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve ! orig9al angle s z to give cle>ance4 ,if %>p5$ f ! upp] side1 t is1 ! side t[>d ! %ank1 ! nibs w t5d to become %ort]4 ,! plug-cutt]1 ,fig4 #aca1 is useful = cutt+ plugs ) :i* to cov] ! heads ( screws t are deeply c\nt]sunk4 ,c5t]-bits1 ,fig4 #acb1 "w on ! same pr9ciple z aug]-bits1 except t ! spurs h no screw1 & h5ce h to be pu%$ =cibly into ! wood4 ,sizes are giv5 9 #af?s ( an in*4 ,!y are useful = s(t wood1 & 9 bor+ l>ge holes 9 ?9 mat]ial :i* is likely to split4 ,!y are %>p5$ 9 ! same way z aug]-bits4 ,fo]/n] bits1 ,fig4 #acc1 are peculi> 9 hav+ no spur1 b are c5t]$ by a %>p edge ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,! size is indicat$ on ! tang1 9 #af?s ( an in*4 ,!y are useful 9 bor+ into end gra91 & 9 bor+ "p way into wood s ?9 t a spur w\ld pi]ce ?ru4 ,!y c be %>p5$ only ) special appliances4 ,expansive-bits1 ,fig4 #acd1 are s made z to bore holes ( diff]5t sizes by adju/+ ! movable nib & cutt]4 ,!re are two sizes1 ! small "o ) two cutt]s1 bor+ f #a_/b to #a-a_/b & ! l>ge "o ) ?ree cutt]s bor+ f #g_/h to #d4 ,!y are v useful on p>ticul> occasions1 b h to be us$ ) c>e4 ,ream]s1 ,fig4 #ace1 are us$ = enl>g+ holes already made4 ,!y are made squ>e1 half-r\nd & six corn]$ 9 %ape4 ,c\nt]s9ks1 ,fig4 #acf1 are ream]s 9 ! %ape ( a flat cone1 & are us$ to make holes = ! heads ( screws4 ,! rose c\nt]s9k is ! mo/ satisfactory =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,wa%]-,cutt]4 ,! wa%]-cutt]1 ,fig4 #ach1 is useful n only = cutt+ out wa%]s b also = cutt+ holes 9 ?9 wood4 ,! size is adju/able4 #c4 ,,*opp+ ,,tools4 ,! primitive celt1 :i* 0 h>dly m ?an a w$ge1 has be5 diff]5tiat$ into ?ree mod]n h& tools1 ! *isel1 see above1 p4 #ec1 ! ax1 ,fig4 #aci1 & ! adze1 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! ax has also be5 diff]5tiat$ into ! hat*et1 ) a %ort h&le1 = use ) "o h&1 :ile ! ax-h&le is long1 = use ) two h&s4 ,its %ape is an adaption to its mann] ( use4 ,x is oval 9 ord] to be /ronge/ 9 ! direction ( ! bl[ & also 9 ord] t ! axman may feel & guide ! direction ( ! blade4 ,! curve at ! end is to avoid ! awkw>d rais+ ( ! left h& at ! mom5t ( /rik+ ! bl[1 & ! knob keeps x f slipp+ ?ru ! h&4 ,9 bo? ax & hat*et !re is a two-bevel$ edge4 ,?is is = ! sake ( facility 9 cutt+ into ! wood at any angle4 ,!re are two pr9cipal =ms1 ! common ax & ! two bitt$ ax1 ! latt] us$ *iefly 9 lumb]+4 ,!re is also a w$ge-%ap$ ax = splitt+ wood4 ,z among all tools1 !re is among axes a great v>iety = special uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,ax4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,%+l+ ,hat*et4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,c>p5t]'s ,adze4 ,! hat*et has1 beside ! cutt+ edge1 a head = driv+ nails1 & a not* = draw+ !m1 ?us comb9+ ?ree tools 9 "o4 ,! %+l+ hat*et1 ,fig4 #adj1 is a type ( ?is4 ,! adze1 ! c>p5t]'s h\se adze1 ,fig4 #ada1 is flat on ! l[] side1 s9ce its use is = /raight5+ surfaces4 ,,wood ,,h& ,,tools4 ,,ref]5ces399 7#a7 ,cutt+4 ,goss1 p4 #bb4 ,smi?1 ,r4 ,h41 pp4 #a-h4 ,*isel4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #ei-gc4 ,seld51 pp4 #dd-ej1 #ade-adg4 ,b>t]1 pp4 #ic-if4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #ec-fd4 ,goss1 pp4 #bj-bf4 ,sickels1 pp4 #fd-fg4 ,:eel]1 #ceg1 #dba1 #ddb4 ,knife4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #dh-eh4 ,seld51 pp4 #bf-bh1 #aeh4 ,saw4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #bj-bg4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #aad-abd4 ,seld51 pp4 #da-dc1 #agi-ahb4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dff-dgc4 ,hamma*]1 pp4 #cji-cff4 ,goss1 pp4 #bf-da4 ,sickels1 pp4 #gf-gi1 #hd4 ,smi?1 ,r4 ,h41 #dc-ee4 ,di/on1 pp4 #abi-ach4 ,plane4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #gd-hj4 ,seld51 pp4 #aa-bf1 #afe-age4 ,sickels pp4 #gb-ge1 #aaf4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dde-deh4 ,hamma*]1 pp4 #cgg-djj4 ,smi?1 ,r4 ,h41 #af-ca4 ,l>sson1 p4 #ai4 ,goss1 pp4 #da-eb4 ,b>t]1 pp4 #if-aji4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #bh-de4 7#b7 ,bor+ ,tools4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #abe-ace4 ,goss1 pp4 #ec-ei4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #dg-eb4 ,seldon1 pp4 #ch-dj1 #ada-add4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #cec-cef4 7#c7 ,*opp+ ,tools4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #hj-hh4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,iv1 ,,cont9u$4 ,,wood ,,h& ,,tools4 #d4 ,,scrap+ ,,tools4 ,scrap+ tools are ( su* nature t !y c only abrade or smoo? surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,aug]-,bit-,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,s+le-,cut ,blunt1 ,flat1 ,ba/>d ,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,?ree-,squ>e ,s+le-,cut ,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,op5 ,cut1 ,tap]1 ,half-,r\nd ,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,d\ble-,cut ,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,cab9et ,wood-,rasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,file-,c>d4 ,files4 ,figs4 #adb-adf1 are =m$ ) a s]ies ( cutt+ edges or tee?4 ,^! tee? are cut :5 ! metal is s(t & cold & !n ! tool is h>d5$4 ,!re are 9 use at lea/ ?ree ?\s& v>ieties ( files1 ea* ( :i* is adapt$ to its p>ticul> purpose4 ,l5g?s are measur$ f po9t to heel exclusive ( ! tang4 ,!y are classifi$3 7#a7 accord+ to _! outl9es into blunt1 7i4 e41 hav+ a uni=m cross section ?ru\t71 & tap]2 7#b7 accord+ to ! %ape ( _! cross-section1 into flat1 squ>e1 ?ree-squ>e or triangul>1 knife1 r\nd or rat-tail1 half-r\nd1 etc42 7#c7 accord+ to ! mann] ( _! s]rations1 into s+le cut or float 7hav+ s+le1 unbrok51 p>allel1 *isel cuts across ! surface71 d\ble-cut1 7hav+ two sets ( *isel cuts cross+ ea* o!r obliquely17 op5 cut1 7hav+ s]ies ( p>allel cuts1 slightly /agg]$17 & safe edge1 7or side17 hav+ "o or m uncut surfaces2 & 7#d7 accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! cut1 z r\gh1 ba/>d1 second cut1 smoo?1 & dead smoo?4 ,! mill file1 a v common =m1 is a flat1 tap]$1 s+le-cut file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 a4 ,diagram ( a ,rasp ,too?4 b4 ,cross-,section ( a ,s+le-,cut ,file4 ,rasps1 ,fig4 #adg1 diff] f files 9 t in/ead ( hav+ cutt+ tee? made by l9es1 co>se projections are made by mak+ ind5tations ) a triangul> po9t :5 ! iron is s(t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 files & rasps is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,x is a good rule t files & rasps are to be us$ on wood only z a la/ resort1 :5 no cutt+ tool w s]ve4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to file flat1 n lett+ ! tool rock4 ,x is bett] to file only on ! =w>d /roke1 = t is ! way ! tee? are made to cut1 & a flatt] surface is m likely to be obta9$4 ,bo? files & rasps c be clean$ ) a file-c>d1 ,fig4 #adh4 ,!y are sometimes %>p5$ ) a s&bla/1 b ord9>ily :5 dull are disc>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,mold+-,scrap]s4 ,scrap]s are ?91 flat pieces ( /eel4 ,!y may be rectangul>1 or "s ( ! edges may be curv$4 ,= scrap+ holl[ surfaces curv$ scrap]s ( v>i\s %apes are necess>y4 ,conv5i5t %apes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,! cutt+ p[] ( scrap]s dep5ds ^u ! delicate burr or fea!r along _! edges4 ,:5 prop]ly %>p5$ !y take (f n du/ b f9e %av+s4 ,scrap]s are p>ticul>ly useful 9 smoo?+ cross-gra9$ pieces ( wood1 & 9 clean+ (f glue1 old v>ni%1 etc4 ,!re are v>i\s devices = hold+ scrap]s 9 frames or h&les1 su* z ! scrap]-plane1 ,fig4 #aaa1 p4 #gi1 ! v5e]-scrap]1 & box-scrap]s4 ,! v5e]-scrap]1 ,fig4 #aea1 has ! advantage t ! blade may be sprung to a slight curve by a ?umb-screw 9 ! middle ( ! back1 j z an ord9>y scrap] is :5 held 9 ! h&s4 ,9 use1 ,fig4 #aeb1 ! scrap] may be ei!r pu%$ or pull$4 ,:5 pu%$1 ! scrap] is held firmly 9 bo? h&s1 ! f+]s on ! =w>d & ! ?umbs on ! back side4 ,x is tilt$ =w>d1 away f ! op]ator1 f> en\gh s t x w n *att] & is b[$ back slightly1 by pressure ( ! ?umbs1 s t !re is no risk ( ! corn]s digg+ 94 ,:5 pull$ ! position is rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,us+ a ,v5e]-,scrap]4 ,"o me?od ( %>p5+ ! scrap] is z foll[s3 ! scrap] is fir/ br\ght to ! desir$ %ape1 /raight or curv$4 ,?is may be done ei!r by gr9d+ on ! gr9d/one or by fil+ ) a smoo?1 flat file1 ! scrap]1 :ile held 9 a vise4 ,! edge is !n c>efully draw-fil$1 i4 e41 ! file1 a smoo? "o1 is held 7"o h& at ea* end7 directly at "r angles to ! edge ( ! scrap]1 ,fig4 #aec1 & mov$ sidewise f end to end ( ! scrap]1 until ! edge is q squ>e ) ! sides4 ,!n ! scrap] is laid flat on ! oil/one & rubb$1 fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r till ! sides are bright & smoo? along ! edge1 ,fig4 #aed4 ,!n x is set on edge on ! /one & rubb$ till !re are two %>p squ>e corn]s all along ! edge1 ,fig4 #aee4 ,!n x is put 9 ! vise aga9 & by means ( a burni%]1 or scrap] /eel1 bo? ( ^! corn]s are c>efully turn$ or b5t ov] s z to =m a f9e burr4 ,?is is done by tipp+ ! scrap] /eel at a slight angle ) ! edge & rubb+ x firmly along ! %>p corn]1 ,fig4 #aef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,us+ a ,cab9et-,scrap]4 ,to re%>p5 ! scrap] x is n necess>y to file x afre% e "t1 b only to flatt5 out ! edges & turn !m aga9 ) slightly m bevel4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! oil/one an easi]1 ?o less p]fect1 way to flatt5 out ! burr on ! edges is to lay ! scrap] flat on ! b5* ne> ! edge4 ,! scrap] /eel is !n pass$ rapidly to & fro on ! flat side ( ! scrap]1 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,aft] t ! edge %\ld be turn$ z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,%>p5+ a ,cab9et-,scrap]3 #a/ ,/ep1 ,drawfil+4 ,s&pap]4 ,! s& is cru%$ qu>tz & is v h>d & %>p4 ,o!r mat]ials on pap] or clo? are also us$1 z c>borundum1 em]y1 & s on4 ,s&pap] comes 9 v>i\s grades ( co>s5ess f ,no4 #jj 7! f9e/7 to ,no4 #c1 indicat$ on ! back ( ea* %eet4 ,= ord9>y purposes ,no4 #jj & ,no4 #a are suffici5t4 ,s&pap] %eets may readily be torn by plac+ ! s&$ side d[n1 "o-half ( ! %eet project+ ov] ! squ>e edge ( ! b5*4 ,) a quick d[nw>d motion ! project+ portion easily p>ts4 ,or x may be torn /raight by lay+ ! s&pap] on a b5*1 s& side d[n1 hold+ ! tee? ( a back-saw along ! l9e to be torn4 ,9 ?is case1 ! smoo? surface ( ! s&pap] w\ld be aga9/ ! saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,%>p5+ a ,cab9et-,scrap]3 #bnd ,/ep1 ,:ett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,%>p5+ a ,cab9et-,scrap]3 #crd ,/ep1 ,remov+ ! ,wire-,edge4 ,s&pap] %\ld nev] be us$ to scrape & scrub "w into %ape1 b only to obta9 an extra smoo?ness4 ,nor ord9>ily %\ld x be us$ on a piece ( wood until all ! "w ) cutt+ tools is done1 = ! f9e p>ticles ( s& rema9+ 9 ! wood dull ! edge ( ! tool4 ,sometimes 9 a piece ( cross-gra9$ wood r\gh places w be discov]$ by s&pap]+4 ,! surface %\ld !n be wip$ free ( s& & scrap$ be=e us+ a cutt+ tool aga94 ,9 ord] to avoid cross scrat*es1 "w %\ld be s&$ ) ! gra91 ev5 if ?is takes mu* tr\ble4 ,= flat surfaces1 & to t\* (f edges1 x is be/ to wrap ! s&pap] ov] a rectangul> block ( wood1 ( :i* ! corn]s are slightly r\nd$1 or x may be fitt$ ov] special %apes ( wood = specially %ap$ surfaces4 ,! objection to us+ ! ?umb or f+]s in/ead ( a block1 is t ! s(t portions ( ! wood are cut d[n fa/] ?an ! h>d portions1 :]eas ! use ( a block t5ds to keep ! surface ev54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,%>p5+ a ,cab9et-,scrap]3 #d? ,/ep1 ,turn+ ! ,edge4 ,/eel wool is made by turn+ (f f9e %av+s f ! edges ( a numb] ( ?9 discs ( /eel1 held toge!r 9 a la!4 ,!re are v>i\s grades ( co>s5ess1 f ,no4 #jj to ,no4 #c4 ,its uses are manifold3 z a sub/itute = s&pap]1 especially on curv$ surfaces1 to clean up pa9t1 & to rub d[n %ellac to an egg-%ell f9i%4 ,l s&pap] x %\ld n be us$ till all ! "w ) cutt+ tools is done4 ,x c be manipulat$ until utt]ly worn out4 #e4 ,,p\nd+ ,,tools4 ,! hamm] consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ! head & ! h&le4 ,! head is made ( /eel1 s h>d t x w n be ind5t$ by hitt+ aga9/ nails or ! butt ( nailsets1 pun*es1 etc41 :i* are comp>atively s(t4 ,x c easily be injur$ ?o1 by be+ driv5 aga9/ /eel h>d] ?an itself4 ,! h&le is ( hickory & ( an oval %ape to prev5t its twi/+ 9 ! h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,re%>p5+ a ,cab9et-,scrap]3 ,flatt5+ ! ,edge4 ,hamm]s may be classifi$ z foll[s3 7#a7 hamm]s = /rik+ bl[s only2 z1 ! blacksmi?'s hamm] & ! /one-mason's hamm]1 & 7#b7 comp\nd hamm]s1 :i* consi/ ( two tools comb9$1 ! face = /rik+1 & ! pe5 :i* may be a claw1 pick1 w$ge1 %ovel1 *isel1 awl or r\nd head = o!r uses4 ,!re are altoge!r ab\t fifty /yles ( hamm]s v>y+ 9 size f a jewel]'s hamm] to a blacksmi?'s great /raight-h&l$ sl$ge-hamm]1 weigh+ tw5ty p\nds or m4 ,!y are nam$ mo/ly accord+ to _! uses2 z1 ! rivet+-hamm]1 ,fig4 #aei1 ! uphol/]]'s hamm]1 ,fig4 #afj1 ! v5e]+-hamm]1 ,fig4 #afb1 etc4 ,magnetiz$ hamm]s1 ,fig4 #afa1 are us$ 9 _m trades = driv+ brads & tacks1 :]e x is h>d to hold !m 9 place ) ! f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,claw-,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,rivet+-,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,uphol/]'s ,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,magnetiz$ ,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,v5e]+-,hamm]4 ,9 ! bell-fac$ hamm]1 ! face is slightly convex1 9 ord] t ! la/ bl[ 9 driv+ nails may set ! nail-head bel[ ! surface4 ,x is m difficult to /rike a squ>e bl[ ) x ?an ) a pla9-fac$ hamm]4 ,= ord9>y woodwork ! pla9-fac$1 t is1 flat-fac$ claw-hamm]1 ,fig4 #aeh1 is be/4 ,x is commonly us$ 9 c>p5t] "w4 ,x is ess5tial t ! face ( ! hamm] be kept free f glue 9 ord] to avoid its /ick+ on ! nail-head & s b5d+ ! nail4 ,hamm]s %\ld be us$ to hit iron only2 = hitt+ wood1 mallets are us$4 ,9 /rik+ ) ! hamm]1 ! wri/1 ! elb[ & ! %\ld] are "o or all br\ght into play1 accord+ to ! h>dness ( ! bl[4 ,! ess5tial precautions are t ! h&le be grasp$ at ! end1 t ! bl[ be squ>e & quick1 & t ! wood be n injur$4 ,at ! la/ bl[ ! hamm] %\ld n foll[ ! nail1 b %\ld be br\ght back ) a quick reb\nd4 ,to s5d ! nail bel[ ! surface1 a nailset is us$4 7,see bel[47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,draw+ a ,nail ) ,claw-,hamm]4 ,! claw is us$ = extract+ nails4 ,to protect ! wood 9 )draw+ a nail a block may be put "u ! hamm]-head4 ,:5 a nail is p>tly drawn1 ! lev]age c be greatly increas$ by cont9u+ to block up 9 ?is way1 ,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,mallets4 ,! mallet1 ,fig4 #afd1 diff]s f ! hamm] 9 hav+ a wood5 in/ead ( a /eel head4 ,a maul or beetle is a heavy wood5 mallet4 ,! effect ( ! bl[ ( a mallet is q diff]5t f t ( a hamm]1 9 t ! =ce is ex]t$ m gradually2 :]eas ! effect ( ! hamm] bl[ is direct1 imm$iate1 & local1 & is tak5 up at once4 ,b a mallet cont9ues to act aft] ! fir/ impulse1 pu%+1 z x 74 ,?is is because ( ! ela/icity ( ! head4 ,a *isel1 !re=e1 %\ld always be driv5 ) a mallet1 = ! *isel h&le w\ld soon g to pieces "u ! bl[s ( a hamm]1 because ( _! sudd5ness2 :]eas ! mallet bl[ :i* is sl[] w n only drive ! blade deep] ) ! same =ce1 b w n injure ! h&le s rapidly4 ,mallet-heads are made squ>e1 cyl9drical1 & b>rel-%ap$4 ,c>v]'s mallets are (t5 turn$ f "o piece1 hamm] & head on "o axis4 ,nailsets1 ,fig4 #afe1 are made ) h>d5$ po9ts1 b s(t] butts1 s t ! hamm] w n be injur$4 ,!y 7 =m]ly made squ>e :5 nail heads 7 squ>e1 b n[ r\nd ones are common4 ,to obviate slipp+1 "s h cup po9ts1 t is1 ) a concave tip1 & "s spur po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,us+ a ,nailset4 ,to keep ! nailset 9 its place on ! nail-head x may be held closely aga9/ ! ?ird f+] ( ! left h&1 :i* re/s on ! wood close to ! nail4 ,:5 a nailset is lack+1 ! head ( a brad1 held ne>ly flat1 may be us$4 ,b c>e is necess>y to avoid bruis+ ! wood4 #f4 ,,hold+ ,,tools4 ,a4 ,tools = ,hold+ ,"w4 ,! advance 9 ease ( h&work+ may l>gely be measur$ by ! facilities = hold+ mat]ials or o!r tools4 ,! primitive man us$ no devices = hold+ except 8 h&s & feet4 ,! ,japanese1 :o p]haps are ! mo/ skilful ( jo9]s1 /ill l>gely use _! f+]s & toes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,anglo-,saxons h develop$ an enorm\s v>iety ( me?ods = hold+ "w & tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,b5* made ) ,p9n$ ,mortise-&-,t5on ,jo9ts1 ,l[ ,back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,woodwork+ ,b5* us$ at ,pratt ,in/itute1 ,%[+ ,self-,adju/+ ,upright ,vise4 ,b5*es4 ,! ess5tial features ( a "w-b5* are a firm1 /eady table ) a vise & places = tools4 ,! jo9ts are ei!r p9n$ or w$g$ mortise-&-t5on1 or draw-bolt jo9ts4 ,! be/ b5*es are made ( maple1 ! tops be+ /rips jo9$ or tongu$-&-groov$ toge!r4 ,x is common also to h a tr\gh at ! back ( ! top ( ! b5*1 i4 e41 a space #f or #h wide1 set l[] ?an ! upp] surface1 9 :i* tools may be plac$ s z n to roll (f4 ,a l[ pill[1 fa/5$ at ! left h& end ( ! tr\gh1 on :i* to set planes 9 ord] t ! edge ( ! cutt] may n be injur$1 is an advantage4 ,! tool-rack is ( capital importance4 ,x has be5 common 9 s*ool b5*es to affix x to a bo>d1 :i* rises consid]ably above ! top ( ! b5*1 ,fig4 #afi1 b a bett] plan is to h ! top ( x no high] ?an ! b5*-top1 ,fig4 #aff4 ,!n ! light on ! b5* is n obscur$1 & :5 a flat top is ne$$ = l>ge "w x c readily be _h by remov+ ! tools4 ,elaborate b5*es ) lock draw]s are also mu* us$ 9 ! %ops ( l>ge city s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,a ,rapid-,act+ ,vise4 ,vises = hold+ wood are ( ?ree g5]al /yles1 7#a7 ^? ) an upright wood5 jaw1 ,fig4 #afg1 :i* holds wide pieces ( "w well4 ,!y are n[ made ) an automatic adju/+ device by :i* ! jaw & ! face ( ! b5* are kept p>allel2 7#b7 wood5 vises ) a horizontal jaw1 guid$ by p>allel runn]s1 ,fig4 #aff1 &1 7#c7 metal rapid-act+ vises1 ,fig4 #afh4 ,! latt] are ! mo/ durable & 9 mo/ respects m conv5i5t4 ,special vises are also made = wood-c>v]s1 = saw-fil+1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,hold+ a ,l>ge ,bo>d 9 ,vise = ,plan+4 ,! be/ woodwork+ b5*es are equipp$ ) bo? side- & tail-vises4 ,! tail-vise is supplem5t$ by movable b5*-/ops = hold+ pieces ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,9 plan+ ! side ( a bo>d x is held 9 place betwe5 ! tail-vise & "o ( ! b5*-/ops4 ,a bo>d %\ld n be squeez$ sidewise betwe5 ! jaws ( a vise :5 x is to be plan$1 le/ x be b5t out ( %ape4 ,9 plan+ ! edge ( a bo>d x is ord9>ily held 9 ! side-vise4 ,a long bo>d1 "o end ( :i* is 9 ! vise1 may also ne$ to be support$ at ! o!r end4 ,?is may be done by clamp+ to x a h&screw1 ! jaw ( :i* re/s on ! top ( ! b5*1 ,fig4 #afi4 ,:5 ! vise is likely to be twi/$ out ( squ>e by ! ins]tion ( a piece ( wood at "o end ( x1 x is well to ins]t ano!r piece ( equal ?ickness at ! o!r end ( ! vise to keep x squ>e1 z 9 ,fig4 #abj1 p4 #hb4 ,9 ?is case1 7,fig4 #abj17 ! extra piece also supports ! piece be+ work$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,saw-,horse4 ,! vise is also ( great use 9 c>ry+ on _m o!r processes1 b a good workman does n use x to ! exclusion ( ! saw-horse & b5*-hook4 ,horses are ( great use bo? = ! r\gh saw+ ( mat]ial & 9 support+ l>ge pieces dur+ ! process ( con/ruction4 ,! common =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agj1 b a m conv5i5t =m = saw+ has an op5 top1 z 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,saw-,horse4 ,! picture-frame-vise1 ,fig4 #agb1 is a v conv5i5t tool = mak+ mit]$ jo9ts1 z 9 picture-frames4 ,! vise holds two sides firmly s t aft] glu+ !y may be ei!r nail$ toge!r or a spl9e ins]t$ 9 a saw cut previ\sly made4 ,see ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #ee1 p4 #aha4 ,if ! la/ jo9t 9 a picture-frame does n q mat*1 a k]f may be sawn at ! junction ( ! two pieces1 :i* c !n be drawn close toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,picture-,frame-,vise4 ,h&screws1 ,fig4 #agc1 consi/ ( f\r p>ts1 ! %\ld] jaw & ! screw jaw1 made ( maple1 & ! end sp9dle & ! middle sp9dle1 made ( hickory4 ,! p>ts :5 brok5 c be b\ght sep>ately4 ,h&screws v>y 9 size f ^? ) jaws f\r in*es long to ^? ) jaws tw5ty-two in*es long4 ,! be/ k9d are oil$ s t glue w n adh]e to !m4 ,9 adju/+ ! jaws1 if ! h&le ( ! middle sp9dle is held 9 "o h&1 & ! h&le ( ! end sp9dle 9 ! o!r h&1 & bo? are revolv$ toge!r1 ! jaws may be clos$ or op5$ ev5ly1 ,fig4 #agd4 ,9 use c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! jaws p>allel1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ pressure & to prev5t ! sp9dles f be+ brok54 ,x is always important to h ! jaws press on ! "w ev5ly4 ,to secure ?is1 ! middle sp9dle %\ld be tight5$ fir/1 & !n ! end sp9dle4 ,h&screws are conv5i5t = a great v>iety ( uses1 z clamp+ up glu$ pieces1 hold+ pieces toge!r tempor>ily = bor+1 ,fig4 #bdg1 p4 #aec1 hold+ "w at any desir$ angle 9 ! vise1 z = *amf]+ or bevel+1 ,fig4 #age1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,h&screw4 ,clamps are made ( bo? wood & iron1 ! mo/ satisfactory = spe$1 /r5g?1 & durability are /eel-b> c>p5t] clamps1 ,fig4 #agf4 ,!y v>y 9 l5g? f #a-a_/b ft4 to #h ft4 ,! sep>ate p>ts are ! /eel b> ,a1 ! ca/-iron frame ,b1 ! tip ,c into :i* fits ! screw ,d1 on ! o!r end ( :i* is ! crank ,e1 & ! slide ,f ) its dog ,g1 :i* engages 9 ! not*es on ! b>4 ,any "p1 if brok51 c be replac$ sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,adju/+ ,h&screw4 ,iron ,h&screws1 also call$ ,c clamps & c>riage-mak]s' clamps4 ,fig4 #agg1 are useful 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( "w1 z 9 glu+ 9 special places & 9 wood-c>v+4 ,all iron clamps ne$ blocks ( s(t wood to be plac$ betwe5 !m & ! f9i%$ "w4 ,p9*-dogs1 ,fig4 #agh1 are a conv5i5t device = draw+ toge!r two pieces ( wood1 :5 injury to ! surfaces 9 :i* !y are driv5 does n matt]4 ,!y v>y 9 size f #c_/d to #b-c_/d4 ,= ord9>y purposes ! smalle/ size is suffici5t4 ,= especially f9e "w1 d\ble-po9t$ tacks1 prop]ly fil$1 are conv5i5t4 ,! b5*-hook1 ,fig4 #agi1 is a simple device = hold+ firmly small pieces ( "w :5 !y are be+ sawn1 *isl$1 etc4 ,x also saves ! b5* f be+ m>r$4 ,! angles %\ld be kept exactly squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,us+ a ,h&screw to hold a ,bo>d at an ,angle4 ,! mit]-box1 ,fig4 #ahj1 is a simil> device ) ! addition ( a guide = ! saw4 ,! iron mit]-box1 ,fig4 #aha1 ) ! saw adju/able to v>i\s angles1 insures accurate "w4 ,su* tools z pli]s1 ,fig4 #ahb1 p9c]s1 ,fig4 #ahc1 & nipp]s1 ,fig4 #ahd1 made = gripp+ iron1 are (t5 useful 9 ! woodwork+ %op4 ,s are v>i\s sorts ( wr5*es2 z fix$1 socket$1 adju/able1 monkey- & pipe-wr5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,/eel-,b> ,c>p5t]'s ,clamp4 a4 ,/eel ,b>4 b4 ,frame4 c4 ,tip4 d4 ,screw4 e4 ,crank4 f4 ,slide4 g4 ,dog4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,iron ,h&screw1 7,c>riage-,mak]'s ,clamp74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,p9*-,dog4 ,b4 ,tools = hold+ o!r tools4 ,! brace or bit-/ock1 ,fig4 #ahe1 holds all sorts ( bor+ tools z well z screwdriv]s1 d[el-po9t]s1 etc4 ,! simple brace or bit-/ock consi/s ( a *uck1 a h&le1 & a knob1 & is suffici5t = ord9>y use2 b ! rat*et-brace enables ! us] to bore ne> to surfaces or corn]s :]e a complete sweep _c be made4 ,x is also useful :]e suffici5t p[] c be appli$ only at "o "p ( ! sweep4 ,by means ( pawls :i* engage 9 ! rat*et-:eel1 ! bit c be turn$ 9 ei!r direction at ! w ( ! us]4 ,! size ( ! brace is indicat$ by ! sweep1 t is1 ! diamet] ( ! circle ?ru :i* ! sw++ h&le turns4 ,to ins]t a bit or o!r tool1 ,fig4 #ahf1 grasp firmly ) "o h& ! sleeve ( ! *uck po9t+ x upw>d1 & revolve ! h&le ) ! o!r h&1 unscrew+ ! sleeve until ! jaws op5 en\gh to admit ! :ole tang ( ! bit4 ,!n rev]se ! motion & ! bit w be held tightly 9 place4 ,v>i\s h&-1 brea/-1 b5*-1 b[-drills & automatic drills are ( use 9 do+ quick "w & = bor+ small holes1 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,b5*-,hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,mit]-,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,iron ,mit]-,box4 ,! screwdriv]1 ,fig4 #ahh1 is a sort ( hold+ tool = turn+1 & s driv+ screws4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 tri$ to prev5t ! twi/+ 9 ! h&le4 ,?is is n[ practically assur$ 9 v>i\s makes4 ,! o!r important matt] 9 a screwdriv] is t ! po9t be ( ! "r temp]1 s z nei!r to b5d nor to break4 ,if ! corn]s break !y c be regr\nd1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to make ! angle too obtuse or ! driv] w slip out ( ! slot 9 ! screw-head4 ,! bevel %\ld h a long tap]4 ,a %op %\ld be equipp$ ) diff]5t sizes ( screwdriv]s to fit ! diff]5t sizes ( screws4 ,screwdriv]s v>y 9 size1 ! %ank rang+ 9 l5g? f #b-a_/b to #ah4 ,a long screwdriv] is m p[]ful ?an a %ort "o1 = ! screwdriv] is r>ely exactly 9 l9e ) ! axis ( ! screw1 b ! h&le revolves 9 a circle4 ,?is means an increas$ lev]age1 s t ! long] ! screwdriv]1 ! great] ! lev]age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,pli]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,p9c]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,nipp]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,rat*et-,brace4 ,= heavy "w1 screwdriv]-bits1 ,fig4 #ahi1 9 a bit-/ock are useful1 & = quick "w1 ! spiral screwdriv]1 ,fig4 #aij1 & = small "w1 ! rat*et-screwdriv]4 #g4 ,,measur+ ,,& ,,m>k+ ,,tools4 ,x is a long /ep f ! "t :5 "o in* meant ! wid? ( ! ?umb1 & "o foot meant ! l5g? ( ! foot1 to ! measur+ ( di/ances & ( angles :i* v>y almo/ inf9itesimally4 ,no su* accuracy is necess>y 9 measur+ wood z 9 measur+ metal1 b /ill !re is a consid]able v>iety ( tools = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,ins]t+ a ,bit 9 ,/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,h&-,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,screwdriv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,screwdriv]-,bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,spiral ,screwdriv]4 ,= measur+ di/ances1 ! rule1 ,fig4 #aia1 is ! "o 9 mo/ common use4 ,x is usually made ( boxwood4 ,= conv5i5ce x is h+$ s z to fold4 ,a rule is call$ two-fold :5 x is made ( two pieces1 f\r-fold :5 made ( f\r pieces1 etc4 ,:5 measur+ or m>k+ f x1 x c be us$ m accurately by turn+ x on edge1 s t ! l9es ( ! graduations may come directly aga9/ ! "w4 ,! "o 9 mo/ common use 9 s*ool %ops1 is a two-foot1 two-fold rule4 ,"s in/ructors pref] to h pupils use a f\r-fold rule1 because t is ! =m commonly us$ 9 ! woodwork+ trades4 ,/eel b5*-rules1 ,fig4 #aib1 are satisfactory 9 s*ool "w because unbreakable & because !y d n disappe> s rapidly z pocket rules4 ,!y ne$ to be burni%$ occasionally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,two-,foot ,rule4 ,two ,fold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,/eel ,b5*-,rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,back ( ,/eel ,squ>e1 ,brace ,measure4 ,! /eel squ>e1 ,figs4 #aic1 #aid1 #aif1 #aig1 is useful1 n only z a /raight-edge & try-squ>e1 b also = a numb] ( graduations & tables :i* are /amp$ on x4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms1 b ! "o 9 mo/ common use consi/s ( a blade or body #bdb & a tongue1 #afa-a_/b1 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,s>g5t's trade numb] = ?is =m is #ajj4 ,x includes graduations 9 hundr$?s1 ?irty-seconds1 sixte5?s1 twelf?s1 t5?s1 & eigh?s ( an in*1 also a brace-measure1 an eight-squ>e measure1 & ! ,essex bo>d-measure4 ,ano!r /yle1 in/ead ( an ,essex bo>d-measure1 & ! hundr$?s graduation has a raft]-table4 ,! side ^u :i* ! "n ( ! mak] is /amp$1 is call$ ! face1 & ! rev]se side ! back4 ,! brace-measure is to be f\nd along ! c5t] ( ! back ( ! tongue1 ,fig4 #aic4 ,x is us$ ?us3 ! two equal numb]s set "o above ! o!r repres5t ! sides ( a squ>e1 & ! s+le numb] to _! "r1 repres5ts 9 in*es & decimals1 ! diagonal ( t squ>e4 ,e4 g41 #ed_/ed #gf4cg means t a squ>e ! sides ( :i* are #ed w\ld h a diagonal ( #gf4cg4 ,= det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! long side 7hypo!nuse7 ( a "r angle triangle1 :5 ! o!r two giv5 sides are n equal1 ! foot rule1 or ano!r /eel squ>e may be laid diagonally across ! blade & arm1 & appli$ directly to ! prop] graduations !reon1 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m measur$ on ! rule4 ,if ! di/ance to be measur$ is 9 feet1 use ! #a_/ab graduations on ! back ( ! squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,face ( ,/eel ,squ>e1 ,octagon1 ,eight-,squ>e1 ,scale4 ,to use ! octagonal 7or #h-squ>e7 scale1 ,fig4 #aid1 :i* is along ! c5t] ( ! face ( ! tongue1 ) ! divid]s1 take ! numb] ( spaces 9 ! scale to correspond ) ! numb] ( in*es ! piece ( wood is squ>e1 & lay ?is di/ance (f f ! c5t] po9t1 on ea* edge ( ! bo>d4 ,connect ! po9ts ?us obta9$1 diagonally across ! corn]s1 & a ne>ly exact octagon w be _h4 ,e4g41 on a bo>d #ab squ>e1 ,fig4 #aie1 f9d ,a4,b4,c4,d41 ! c5t]s ( ea* edge4 ,n[ ) ! divid]s take #ab spaces f ! #h-squ>e scale4 ,lay (f ?is di/ance on ea* side z ,a' ,a f ,a1 ,b' ,b f ,b1 etc4 ,n[ connect ,a ) ,b'1 ,b ) ,c'1 ,c ) ,d'1 ,d ) ,a'1 & ! octagon is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,me?od ( ,us+ ! ,eight-,squ>e ,scale on ! ,/eel-,squ>e4 ,9 mak+ a squ>e piece ( timb] octagonal1 ! same me?od is us$ on ! butt1 saw$ true4 ,:5 ! di/ance f "o c5t] is laid (f1 ! m>k+-gage may be set to ! di/ance f ! po9t ?us obta9$ to ! corn] ( ! timb]1 & ! piece gag$ f all f\r corn]s bo? ways4 ,cutt+ (f ! outside arrises to ! gag$ l9es leaves an octagonal /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,back ( ,/eel ,squ>e1 ,essex ,bo>d ,measure4 ,! bo>d-measure is /amp$ on ! back ( ! blade ( ! squ>e1 ,fig4 #aif4 ,! figure #ab on ! out] edge ( ! blade is ! />t+ po9t = all calculations4 ,x repres5ts a #a bo>d1 #ab wide1 & ! small] figures "u x indicate ! l5g? ( bo>ds 9 feet4 ,?us a bo>d #ab wide1 & #h' long measures #h squ>e feet & s on d[n ! column4 ,to use x1 = bo>ds o!r ?an #ab wide3--f9d ! l5g? ( ! bo>d 9 feet1 "u ! #ab m>k$ on ! out] edge ( ! blade1 !n run "r or left along t l9e to ! wid? ( ! bo>d 9 in*es4 ,! numb] "u ! wid? 9 in*es on ! l9e %[+ ! l5g? 9 feet1 gives ! bo>d feet = lumb] #a ?ick4 ,= example1 to measure a bo>d #ad' long1 & #aa wide1--"u ! figure #ab1 f9d #ad 7l5g? ( ! bo>d72 to ! left ( ?is1 "u #aa is ! numb] #ab4aj2 #ab' #aj is ! bo>d-measure ( ! bo>d 9 "q4 ,s9ce a bo>d #ab' long w\ld h z _m bo>d feet 9 x z x is in*es wide1 ! ,b4 ,m4 is omitt$ = #ab' bo>ds4 ,likewise a bo>d #f' long w\ld h #a_/b ! numb] ( bo>d feet t x is in*es wide4 ,if ! bo>d is %ort] ?an ! l[e/ figure giv5 7#h7 x c be f\nd by divid+ its d\ble by #b42 e4 g41 to measure a bo>d #e' long & #i wide1 take #aj "u ! #ab1 run to ! left ( ! numb] "u #i1 :i* is #g' #f3 #a_/b ( ?is w\ld be #c' #i1 ! numb] ( bo>d feet 9 ! bo>d4 ,if ! bo>d to be measur$ is long] ?an any figure giv51 divide ! l5g? into two p>ts & add ! result ( ! two p>ts obta9$ sep>ately4 ,= example1 = a bo>d #bc' long & #ac wide1--take #ab'ac #ac'2 add to x1 #aa'ac #aa' #aa2 total1 #bd'aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,/eel ,squ>e ) ,raft] ,table4 ,a good g5]al rule is to ?9k fir/ :e!r or n ! problem c be done 9 "o's head )\t ! assi/ance ( ! squ>e4 ,! table is made1 z its "n1 ,bo>d-,measure 7,b4 ,m47 implies1 = measur+ bo>ds1 :i* are commonly #a ?ick4 ,= mat]ials m ?an #a ?ick1 multiply ! ,b4 ,m4 ( "o surface by ! numb] ( in*es ?ick ! piece measures4 ,! raft]-table is f\nd on ! back ( ! body ( ! squ>e1 ,fig4 #aig4 ,auxili>y to x are ! twelf? in* graduations1 on ! outside edges1 :i* may repres5t ei!r feet or in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,! ,run & ,rise ( a ,raft]4 ,by ! run ( ! raft] is meant ! horizontal di/ance :5 x is set 9 place f ! end ( its foot to a plumb l9e f ! ridge end1 i4 e41 "o half ! l5g? ( ! build+1 ,fig4 #aih4 ,by ! rise ( ! raft] is meant ! p]p5dicul> di/ance f ! ridge end to ! level ( ! foot ( ! raft]4 ,by ! pit* is meant ! ratio ( ! rise to twice ! run1 i4 e41 to ! total wid? ( ! build+4 ,9 a #a_/b pit*1 ! rise equals ! run1 or #a_/b ! wid? ( ! build+2 9 a #a_/c pit* ! rise is #a_/c ! wid? ( ! build+2 9 a #c_/d pit* ! rise is #c_/d ! wid? ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,lumb]man's ,bo>d ,rule4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( a raft] by ! use ( ! table1 fir/ f9d ! requir$ pit*1 at ! left end ( ! table4 ,opposite ?is & "u ! graduation on ! edge repres5t+ ! run 9 feet1 w be f\nd ! l5g? ( ! raft]2 e4g41 a raft] hav+ a run ( #ab' ) a #a_/d pit*1 is #ac' #e long1 "o ) a run ( #aa' & a #a_/c pit*1 is #ac' #b-h_/ab1 "o ) a run ( #g' & a #e_/h pit*1 is #aa' #b-f_/ab long1 etc4 ,:5 ! run is 9 in*es1 ! read+s are = #a_/ab ( ! run 9 feet3 e4g41 a raft] ) a run ( #ab & a #a_/d pit* is #ac-e_/ab1 "o ) a run ( #aa & a #a_/c pit*1 is #ac-c_/ab4 ,:]e ! run is 9 bo? feet & in*es1 f9d ! feet & ! in*es sep>ately2 & add toge!r2 e4g41 a raft] ) a run ( #aa' #f1 & a #a_/b pit*1 is #ae' #f-h_/ab #h-f_/ab #af' #c-b_/ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,try-,squ>e4 ,fig4 #bja4 ,mit]-,squ>e4 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,slid+-,t ,bevel4 ,! lumb]man's bo>d-rule1 ,fig4 #aii4 ,to measure wood by x1 note ! l5g? ( ! bo>d 9 feet at ! end ( ! measure4 ,! dot ne>e/ ! wid? 7measur$ 9 in*es7 gives ! ,b4 ,m4 = lumb] #a ?ick4 ,! try-squ>e1 ,fig4 #bjj1 :i* is mo/ commonly us$ = measur+ ! accuracy ( "r angles1 is also conv5i5t = te/+ ! wid? ( a bo>d at v>i\s places along its l5g?1 = mak+ %ort measurem5ts1 & z a guide 9 lay+ out l9es ) a p5cil or knife at "r angles to a surface or edge4 ,! sizes are v>i\s & are indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! blade4 ,a conv5i5t size = ! individual b5* & = ord9>y use has a blade #f long4 ,x is also well to h 9 ! %op "o l>ge "o ) a #ab blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,us+ ! ,try-,squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,scrib+ ) ,knife by ,try-,squ>e4 ,9 te/+ ! squ>5ess ( "w ) ! try-squ>e1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! head re/s firmly aga9/ ! surface f :i* ! te/ is made1 & !n slipp$ d[n till ! blade t\*es ! edge be+ te/$1 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,! edge %\ld be te/$ at a numb] ( places 9 ! same way3 t is1 x %\ld n be slid along ! piece4 ,! try-squ>e is also ( great use 9 scrib+ l9es across bo>ds1 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,a good me?od is to put ! po9t ( ! knife at ! beg9n+ ( ! desir$ l9e1 slide ! squ>e1 along until x t\*es ! knife-edge2 !n1 re/+ ! head ( ! squ>e firmly aga9/ ! edge1 draw ! knife along1 press+ x lightly aga9/ ! blade1 hold+ x p]p5dicul>ly4 ,to prev5t ! knife f runn+ away f ! blade ( ! try-squ>e1 turn its edge slightly t[>ds ! blade4 ,! mit]-squ>e1 ,fig4 #bja1 is a try-squ>e fix$ at an angle ( #de4 ,! slid+ ,t bevel1 ,fig4 #bjb1 has a blade adju/able to any angle4 ,x may be set ei!r f a sample l9e1 drawn on ! wood1 f a giv5 l9e on a protractor1 f draw+ triangles1 f ! graduations on a fram+ squ>e1 or 9 o!r ways4 ,x is us$ simil>ly to ! ,t-squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,w9d+-,/icks1 #ab in*es ,long4 ,w9d+-/icks1 ,fig4 #bje1 consi/ ( a pair ( /raight /rips ( exactly ! same wid? ?ru\t4 ,!y are us$ to f9d out :e!r !re is any twi/ or w9d 9 a bo>d4 ,?is is done by plac+ !m p>allel to ea* o!r1 "o at "o end ( ! bo>d1 & ! o!r at ! o!r end4 ,by sight+ across !m1 "o c readily see :e!r ! bo>d be twi/$ or n1 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,! blades ( two fram+-squ>es may be us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,me?od ( ,us+ ! ,w9d+-,/icks4 ,compasses or divid]s1 ,fig4 #bjg1 consi/ ( two legs turn+ on a jo9t1 & hav+ %>p5$ po9ts4 ,a conv5i5t =m is ! w+ divid] :i* c be accurately adju/$ by set-screws4 ,a p5cil c be sub/itut$ = ! removable po9t4 ,!y are us$ = describ+ circles & arcs1 = spac+1 = measur+1 = subdivid+ di/ances1 & = scrib+4 ,9 scrib+ a l9e p>allel ) a giv5 outl9e1 "o leg foll[s ! giv5 edge1 or outl9e1 & ! po9t ( ! o!r1 m>ks ! desir$ l9e4 ,us$ 9 ?is way !y are v conv5i5t = m>k+ out *amf]s1 especially on curv$ edges1 a %>p p5cil be+ sub/itut$ = ! /eel po9t4 ,! beam-compass1 ,fig4 #bjh1 consi/s ( two trammel-po9ts runn+ on a beam :i* may be made ( any conv5i5t l5g?4 ,x is us$ = describ+ l>ge circles4 ,a p5cil may be atta*$ to "o po9t4 ,calip]s1 outside & inside1 ,figs4 #bji1 #baj1 are necess>y = ! accurate gag+ ( diamet]s1 z 9 wood-turn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,w+$ ,divid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,beam-,compass or ,trammel ,po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,outside ,calip]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,inside ,calip]s4 ,! m>k+-gage1 ,fig4 #baa1 consi/s ( a head or block slid+ on a beam or b>1 to :i* x is fix$ by means ( a set-screw4 ,on ! face ( ! head is a brass %oe to keep ! face f we>+4 ,project+ ?ru ! beam is a /eel spur or po9t1 :i* %\ld be fil$ to a flat1 %>p edge1 a little r\nd$ & %>p5$ on ! edge t[>d :i* ! gage is to be mov$1 ,fig4 #bab4 ,x %\ld project ab\t #a_/h f ! beam4 ,if ! spur be at all out ( place1 z x is likely to be1 ! graduations on a beam w be unreliable4 ,h5ce x is be/ to neglect !m entirely :5 sett+ ! gage & always to measure ) ! rule f ! head to ! spur1 ,fig4 #bac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,m>k+-,gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,spur ( ,m>k+-,gage4 ,9 use ! beam %\ld be tilt$ =w>d1 s z to slide on its corn]1 ,fig4 #bad4 ,9 ?is way ! dep? ( ! gage l9e c be regulat$4 ,ord9>ily1 ! f9] ! l9e ! bett]4 ,! head mu/ always be kept firmly press$ aga9/ ! edge ( ! wood s t ! spur w n run or jump away f its desir$ c\rse4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak51 except 9 r\gh pieces1 to run gage l9es no f>!r ?an is necess>y = ! sake ( ! appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,to secure accuracy1 all gag+ on ! surface ( wood1 %\ld be done f ! work+ face or work+ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,sett+ a ,m>k+-,gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,us+ ! ,m>k+-,gage4 ,x is sometimes advisable1 z 9 lay+ out *amf]s1 n to m>k _! edges ) a m>k+-gage1 because ! m>ks w %[ aft] ! *amf] is plan$ (f4 ,a p5cil m>k %\ld be made in/ead4 ,= ?is purpose a p5cil-gage may be made by remov+ ! spur ( a m>k+-gage1 & bor+ 9 its place a hole to receive a p5cil /ub ) a blunt po9t1 or a small not* may be cut 9 ! back end ( ! beam1 9 :i* a p5cil po9t is held :ile ! gage is work$ z usual except t its position is rev]s$4 ,= "w requir+ less c>e1 ! p5cil may be held 9 ! mann] usual 9 writ+1 ! middle f+] s]v+ z a guide1 or a pair ( p5cil compasses may be us$1 "o leg s]v+ z a guide4 ,a special gage is made = gag+ curv$ l9es1 ,fig4 #bae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,m>k+-,gage = ,curves4 ,! cutt+-gage1 ,fig4 #baf1 is simil> to a m>k+-gage1 except t x has a knife-po9t ins]t$ in/ead ( a spur4 ,x is v useful 9 cutt+ up s(t1 ?9 wood ev5 z ?ick z #a_/d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,cutt+-,gage4 ,! slitt+-gage is us$ 9 a simil> way1 b is l>g] & has a h&le4 ,! mortise-gage1 ,fig4 #bag1 is a m>k+-gage ) two spurs1 ) :i* two p>allel l9es c be drawn at once1 z 9 lay+ out mortises4 ,"o =m is made entirely ( /eel hav+1 in/ead ( spurs1 discs ) %>p5$ edges4 ,! scrat*-awl1 ,fig4 #bah1 has a long1 sl5d] po9t :i* is useful n only = m>k+ l9es1 b = c5t]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,roll] ,mortise-,gage4 ,! aug]-bit-gage1 ,fig4 #bai1 is a conv5i5t tool = measur+ ! dep? ( holes bor$1 b = ord9>y purposes a block ( wood sawn to ! prop] l5g? ?ru :i* a hole is bor$1 is a satisfactory sub/itute4 ,screw- & wire-gages1 ,fig4 #bbj1 are useful 9 measur+ ! l5g?s & sizes ( screws & wire :5 fitt+ or ord]+4 ,! _s-level1 & ! plumb-l9e :i* x has l>gely replac$1 are 9 con/ant use 9 c>p5t]+1 b are r>ely ne$$ 9 %opwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,scrat*-,awl4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,aug]-,bit-,gage4 ,blackbo>d compasses1 triangles1 etc41 are conv5i5t accessories 9 a woodwork+ classroom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,screw- & ,wire-,gages4 a4 ,screw-,gage4 b4 ,wire-,gage4 c4 ,twi/-,drill-,gage4 #h4 ,,%>p5+ ,,tools4 ,! gr9d/one = woodwork+ tools is be/ :5 r f9e & s(t4 ,! gr9d+ surface %\ld be /raight & nev] concave4 ,! /one %\ld run z true z possible4 ,x c be made true by us+ a piece ( #a gas pipe z a tru+ tool held aga9/ ! /one :5 run dry4 ,p[] gr9d/ones usually h tru+ devices atta*$ to !m1 ,fig4 #bba4 ,a common =m is a h>d5$ /eel screw1 ! ?read ( :i*1 9 work+ across ! face ( ! gr9d/one1 z !y bo? revolve1 %e>s (f ! face ( ! /one4 ,! surface %\ld always be wet :5 9 use bo? to c>ry (f ! p>ticles ( /one & /eel1 & ?us pres]ve ! cutt+ quality ( ! /one1 & to keep ! tool cool1 z o!rwise1 its temp] w\ld be drawn1 :i* w\ld %[ by its turn+ blue4 ,b a gr9d/one %\ld nev] /& 9 wat] or x w\ld rot4 ,x is well to h ! wa/e f ! gr9d/one empty into a ci/]nlike box "u x1 ,fig4 #bba4 ,9 ?is box ! s$im5t w settle :ile ! wat] ov]fl[s f x into ! dra94 ,)\t su* a box1 ! s$im5t w be c>ri$ into & may clog ! dra94 ,! box is to be empti$ occasionally1 be=e ! s$im5t ov]fl[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,p[] ,gr9d/one4 ,9 ord] t ! tool may be gr\nd accurately1 !re are v>i\s devices = hold+ x firmly & /eadily aga9/ ! /one4 ,a good "o is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bba & #bbb4 ,?is device is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,a bo>d ,a is made #b ?ick1 #f wide1 & long en\gh :5 9 position to rea* f ! floor to a po9t above ! level ( ! top ( ! /one4 ,x is bevel$ at ! l[] end s z to re/ snugly aga9/ a cleat nail$ d[n at ! prop] place on ! floor4 ,! bo>d is held 9 place by a loop ( iron1 ,b1 :i* hooks into ! holes 9 ! tr\gh ( ! gr9d/one4 ,9 ! bo>d a s]ies ( holes 7say #a 9 diamet]7 are bor$4 ,^! run p>allel to ! floor :5 ! bo>d is 9 place1 & receive ! end ( ! tool-hold]4 ,! tool-hold] consi/s ( f\r p>ts3 7#a7 a /rip ,c1 #a-a_/b ?ick1 & z wide z ! wide/ plane-bit to be gr\nd4 ,! =w>d end is bevel$ on "o side2 ! back end is r\nd$ to fit ! holes 9 ! ma9 bo>d ,a4 ,its l5g? is det]m9$ by ! di/ance f ! edge ( ! tool be+ gr\nd to ! mo/ conv5i5t hole 9 ,a1 into :i* ! re> end is to be ins]t$4 ,x is bett] to use z high a hole z conv5i5t1 s t z ! gr9d/one we>s d[n1 ! /ick w /ill be s]viceable2 7#b7 a /rip1 ,d1 ( ! same wid? z ,a & #g_/h ?ick1 & #ae to #ah long2 7#c7 a cleat1 ,e1 #e_/hc_/d1 nail$ across ,d2 7#d7 a rectangul> loop ( wr\ght iron or brass1 ,f1 :i* passes ar\nd ! f>!r end ( ! two /rips1 ,c & ,d1 & is fa/5$ loosely to ,d by /aples or screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,gr9d+ ,device4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,hold] = ,gr9d+ ,*isels or ,plane-,bits4 ,! tool to be gr\nd slips betwe5 ?is loop & ! /rip ,c1 & is held firmly 9 place by ! pressure appli$ to ! back end ( ,d1 :i* ?us acts z a lev] on ! fulcrum ,e4 ,any desir$ bevel may be obta9$ on ! tool to be %>p5$1 by *oos+ ! prop] hole 9 ,a = ! back end ( ,c or by adju/+ ! tool =w>d or backw>d 9 ! clamp4 ,z mu* pressure may be put on ! tool z ! driv+ belt w /& )\t slipp+ (f4 ,a /ill simpl] hold] = ! plane-bit only1 is a /rip ( wood #a-a_/b ?ick & #b wide1 cut 9 ! %ape ,g %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,! plane-bit fits into ! saw-k]f ,k1 & 9 gr9d+ is easily held firmly 9 place by ! h&4 ,by ins]t+ ! re> end ( ! /ick ,g into a high] or l[] hole 9 ! bo>d ,a1 any desir$ angle may be obta9$4 ,g is %[n 9 position 9 ,fig4 #bba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,agacite ,gr9d]4 ,all su* devices necessitate a p]fectly true /one4 ,! ess5tial features are1 to h a rigid support aga9/ :i* ! tool may be pu%$ by ! revolv+ /one1 to hold ! tool at a fix$ angle :i* may be adju/$1 & to press ! tool aga9/ ! /one ) consid]able pressure4 ,! :eel %\ld revolve t[>d ! edge :i* is be+ gr\nd1 = two reasons4 ,x is easi] to hold ! tool /eadily ?us1 & ! dang] ( produc+ a wire edge is less5$4 ,! edge z x becomes ?91 t5ds to spr+ away f ! /one & ?is t5d5cy is aggravat$ if ! /one revolves away f ! edge4 ,if ! /one does n run true & !re is a consequ5t dang] ( digg+ into ! /one ) ! tool :i* is be+ %>p5$1 ! /one w\ld bett] revolve away f ! edge4 ,! gr9d+ %\ld cont9ue until ! gr\nd surface rea*es ! cutt+ edge & !re is no bright l9e left along ! edge4 ,if ! gr9d+ is cont9u$ beyond ?is po9t1 no?+ is ga9$1 & a heavy wire edge w be =m$4 ,a v conv5i5t & inexp5sive gr9d+ tool1 ,fig4 #bbd1 sold z ! ,agacite gr9d]1#g has a numb] ( diff]5t %ap$ gr9d+ /ones made *iefly ( c>borundum4 ,! oil/one4 ,aft] gr9d+1 edge tools ne$ :ett+4 ,?is is done on ! :et/one1 or oil/one4 ,! be/ natural /ones are f\nd ne> ,hot ,spr+s1 ,arkansas4 ,! f9e :ite ones are call$ ,arkansas /ones1 & ! co>s] ones ,wa%ita /ones4 ,! latt] are bett] = ord9>y woodwork+ tools4 ,! ,india oil/one1 an artificial /one1 ,fig4 #gg1 p4 #eh1 cuts ev5 m quickly ?an ! natural /ones4 ,x is made 9 sev]al grades ( co>s5ess4 ,! m$ium grade is recomm5d$ = ord9>y %op use4 ,oil is us$ on oil/ones = ! same purpose z wat] on a gr9d/one4 ,:5 an oil/one becomes holl[ or unev5 by use1 x may be tru$ by rubb+ x on a flat bo>d cov]$ ) %>p s&1 or on s&pap] tack$ ov] a block ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,slip/one4 ,slip/ones1 ,fig4 #bbe1 are small oil/ones1 made into v>i\s %apes 9 ord] to fit diff]5t tools1 z g\ges1 ! bits ( mold+-planes1 etc4 ,files are us$ = %>p5+ saws1 aug]s1 scrap]s1 etc4 ,see above1 p4 #ij4 #i4 ,,clean+ ,,tools4 ,! b5* du/]4 ,"o may be not$ hang+ on ! b5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff1 p4 #ih4 ,bri/le bru%es = clean+ ! b5*es are ess5tial if ! %op is to be kept tidy4 ,buff]4 ,:]ev] a la! or o!r conv5i5t revolv+ %aft is available1 a buff] made ( _m ?icknesses ( cotton clo? is v valuable = poli%+ tools4 ,! addition ( a little tripoli greatly facilitates ! clean+4 ,footnote #g3 ,made by ! ,empire ,implem5t ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,wood ,,h& ,,tools4--,cont9u$4 ,,ref]5ces399 7#d7 ,scrap+ ,tools4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #acf-adb4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dfe1 #dgc4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #ga-ge4 ,seld51 pp4 #adi1 #agg1 #ahb4 ,hodgson1 ,i1 pp4 #fa-gd4 7#e7 ,p\nd+ ,tools4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #bd-dg4 ,sickels1 p4 #gj4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dad1 #dbh-dcb4 ,seld51 pp4 #ca1 #aaa1 #aef4 ,goss1 p4 #fj4 ,b>t]1 p4 #abh4 7#f7 ,pun*+ ,tools4 ,b>n>d1 p4 #bi4 ,:eel]1 p4 #dcc4 ,seld51 p4 #afa4 7#g7 ,gripp+ ,tools4 ,= hold+ "w3 ,goss1 p4 #fc4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #fe-ge1 #dge4 ,seld51 pp4 #adj1 #adg1 #ahf1 #aid4 ,hamma*]1 pp4 #bhf-bia4 ,= hold+ o!r tools3 ,goss1 pp4 #ef-ei4 ,seld51 p4 #adc4 7#h7 ,measur+ & ,m>k+ ,tools4 ,goss1 pp4 #i-bj4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #i-ai4 ,hodgson1 ,! ,/eel ,squ>e4 ,:eel]1 p4 #dfe4 ,tate1 pp4 #ba-be4 ,build+ ,trades ,pocketbook1 pp4 #bcd-bcg4 ,seld51 pp4 #adi1 #aej-aeb1 #age4 ,s>g5t's ,/eel ,squ>es4 7#i7 ,%>p5+ ,tools4 ,b>n>d1 pp4 #acf-adb4 ,sickels1 pp4 #hj-he4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dhj-dhh4 ,seld51 pp4 #aec1 #afb1 #agb1 #ahj4 ,goss1 pp4 #ci1 #fd-fi4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,wood ,,fa/5+s4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief means by :i* pieces ( wood are fa/5$ toge!r3 nails1 screws1 bolts1 plates1 d[els1 glue1 h+es1 & locks4 ,,nails ,nails1 ,fig4 #bbf1 may be classifi$ accord+ to ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made2 z1 /eel1 iron1 copp]1 & brass4 ,iron nails may be galvaniz$ to protect !m f ru/4 ,copp] & brass nails are us$ :]e !y are subject to mu* dang] ( corrosion1 z 9 boats4 ,nails may also be classifi$ accord+ to ! process ( manufacture2 z1 cut nails1 wr\ght nails1 & wire nails4 ,cut nails are cut f a plate ( metal 9 su* a way t ! wid? ( ! nail is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 & ! l5g? ( ! nail to ! wid? ( ! plate4 ,9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 ! nail is w$ge-%ap$1 ?9 at ! po9t & ?ick at ! head4 ,unless prop]ly driv51 su* nails are likely to split ! wood1 b if prop]ly driv5 !y are v firm4 ,9 driv+1 ! w$ge %\ld spread ) & n across ! gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 a4 ,cut nail1 common4 b4 ,flat-head wire nail1 ,no4 #a1 common4 c4 ,f9i%+ nail1 or brad4 ,wr\ght nails are work$ into %ape f hot /eel1 & h little or no temp]1 s t !y c be b5t ov] )\t break+1 z :5 cl9*$4 ,horse%oe- & trunk-nails are ( ?is sort4 ,!y are ( ! same %ape z cut nails4 ,wire nails are made f drawn /eel wire1 & are po9t$1 head$1 & r\gh5$ by ma*9]y4 ,!y are comp>atively *eap1 hold ne>ly if n q z well z cut nails1 :i* !y h l>gely displac$1 c be b5t )\t break+1 & c be cl9*$4 ,nails are also classifi$ accord+ to ! %ape ( _! heads2 z1 common or flat-heads1 & brads or f9i%+ nails4 ,flat-heads are us$ 9 ord9>y "w1 :]e ! heads are n to be sunk 9 ! wood or set4 ,"s nails get _! names f _! special uses2 z1 %+le-nails1 trunk-nails1 boat-nails1 la?-nails1 picture-nails1 b>rel-nails1 etc4 ,! size ( nails is indicat$ by ! l5g? 9 in*es1 & by ! size ( ! wire = wire nails4 ,! old nom5clature = cut nails also survives1 9 :i* c]ta9 numb]s are prefix$ to p5ny4 ,= example1 a ?reep5ny nail is #a-a_/d long1 a f\rp5ny nail is #a-a_/b long1 a fivep5ny nail is #a-c_/d long1 a sixp5ny nail is #b long4 ,9 o!r words1 f ?reep5ny to t5p5ny #a_/d is add$ = ea* p5ny1 b a twelvep5ny nail is #c-a_/d long1 a sixte5p5ny nail is #c-a_/b long1 a tw5typ5ny nail is #d long4 ,?is is expla9$ z mean+ t t5p5ny nails1 = example1 co/ t5p5ce a hundr$4 ,ano!r explanation is t orig9ally #ajjj ( su* nails weigh$ a p\nd4 ,! size ( cut nails is usually /ill s indicat$4 ,nails are sold by ! p\nd4 ,! advantages ( nails are t !y are quickly & easily appli$1 !y are /rong & *eap1 & ! "w c be sep>at$1 ?o ) difficulty4 ,! disadvantages are ! appe>ance &1 9 "s cases1 ! insecurity4 ,! hold+ p[] ( nails may be increas$ by driv+ !m into ! wood at o!r ?an a "r angle1 especially :]e sev]al nails unite two pieces ( wood4 ,by driv+ "s at "o incl9ation & "s at ano!r1 !y b9d ! pieces ( wood toge!r ) mu* great] =ce ?an :5 driv5 9 /raight4 ,! t]m brads 0 once conf9$ to small f9i%+ nails1 b is n[ us$ = all f9i%+ nails1 9 di/9ction f common or flat-head$ nails4 ,! heads are made r\nd in/ead ( flat s t !y may be set easily ) a nailset & ! hole fill$ ) a plug1 or1 :]e ! wood is to be pa9t$1 ) putty4 ,!y are us$ = int]ior f9i%+ & o!r nice "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,tack4 ,tacks1 ,fig4 #bbg1 v>y 9 size & %ape accord+ to _! use2 z1 flat-head$1 gimp1 r\nd-head$1 & d\ble-po9t$ or matt+ tacks1 a sort ( small /aple4 ,_! size is indicat$ by ! ^w ounce4 ,= example1 a two-ounce tack is #a_/d long1 a ?ree-ounce tack is #c_/h long1 a f\r-ounce tack is #g_/af long1 a six-ounce tack is #a_/b long1 etc4 ,?is t]m once meant ! numb] ( ounces ( iron requir$ to make #ajjj tacks4 ,tacks are useful only 9 fa/5+ to wood ?9 mat]ial1 su* z v5e]s1 textiles1 lea!r1 matt+1 t91 etc4 ,t9n]'s tacks1 :i* are us$ = cl9*+1 are commonly call$ cl9*-nails4 ,wire tacks1 al?o made1 are n s successful z cut tacks because !y lack a %>p po9t1 :i* is ess5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,corrugat$ ,fa/5]4 ,corrugat$ fa/5]s1 ,fig4 #bbh1 or flut$ nails1 are us$ to fa/5 toge!r two pieces ( wood by driv+ ! fa/5] s t "o-half ( x w be on ea* side ( ! jo9t4 ,_! size is indicat$ by ! l5g? & ! numb] ( corrugations1 z #a_/b1 f\r4 ,!y are (t5 useful :]e nails are impracticable4 ,glazi]s' po9ts are small1 triangul> pieces ( z9c1 us$ to fa/5 glass into sa%es4 ,,screws 7a7 ,wood-screws1 ,fig4 #bbi1 may be classifi$ by ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made2 z1 /eel or brass4 ,/eel screws may be ei!r bright1--! common f9i%1--blu$ by heat or acid to h9d] ru/+1 t9n$1 or bronz$4 ,brass screws are ess5tial :]ev] ru/ w\ld be detrim5tal1 z 9 boats4 7b7 ,screws are also classifi$ by %ape2 z1 flat-head$1 r\nd-head$1 filli/]-head$1 oval-c\nt]sunk-head$1 & squ>e-head$ screws4 ,flat-heads are mo/ commonly us$4 ,!re are also special %apes = p>ticul> purposes4 ,r\nd-heads may be us$ ei!r = decoration or :]e great draw+ p[] is desirable4 ,9 ! latt] case1 wa%]s are commonly ins]t$ "u ! heads to prev5t !m f s9k+ into ! wood4 ,oval-heads are us$ decoratively1 ! head fill+ ! c\nt]sunk hole1 z ) flat-heads1 & project+ a trifle besides4 ,!y are mu* us$ 9 ! int]ior f9i% ( railway c>s4 ,!y are suitable = ! /rap h+es ( a *e/4 ,! ?read ( ! screw beg9s 9 a f9e po9t s t x may p5etrate ! wood easily :]e no hole has be5 bor$ z is (t5 ! case 9 s(t wood4 ,! ?read ext5ds ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! screw4 ,any long] ?read w\ld only weak5 ! screw :]e x mo/ ne$s /r5g?1 ne> ! head1 & x does n ne$ friction ) ! piece ?ru :i* x passes4 ,! size ( screws is indicat$ by _! l5g? 9 in*es1 & by ! diamet] ( ! wire f :i* !y are made1 us+ ! /&>d screw-gage1 ,fig4 #bbj1 p4 #aag4 ,!y v>y 9 size f ,no4 #j 7less ?an #a_/af7 to ,no4 #cj 7m ?an #g_/af7 9 diamet]1 & 9 l5g? f #a_/d to #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 a4 ,flat-head ,wood-screw4 b4 ,r\nd-head ,wood-screw4 c4 ,filli/]-head ,wood-screw4 d4 ,oval-c\nt]sunk-head ,wood-screw4 e4 ,drive-screw4 f4 ,squ>e-head 7lag- or coa*-7 ,screw4 ,! foll[+ is a good g5]al rule = ! use ( screws3 make ! hole 9 ! piece ?ru :i* ! screw passes1 l>ge en\gh = ! screw to slip ?ru easily4 ,c\nt]s9k ?is hole en\gh to all[ ! head to s9k flu% ) ! surface4 ,make ! hole 9 ! piece into :i* ! screw goes small en\gh = ! ?read ( ! screw to cat* tight4 ,!n all ! /r5g? ex]t$ 9 driv+1 goes t[>d draw+ ! pieces toge!r1 n 9 ov]com+ friction4 ,! hole mu/ be deep en\gh1 especially 9 h>d wood & = brass screws1 to prev5t ! possibility ( twi/+ (f & break+ ! screw4 ,soap is (t5 useful z a lubricant to facilitate ! driv+ ( screws4 ,:]e x is desirable t ! heads d n %[1 a hole may fir/ be bor$ ) an aug]-bit l>ge en\gh to receive ! head & deep en\gh to ins]t a plug ( wood1 :i* is cut out ) a plug-cutt]1 ,fig4 #aca1 p4 #hd1 & glu$ 9 place4 ,if pa9s are tak5 to mat* ! gra91 ! sc> ?us =m$ is inconspicu\s4 ,9 r\gh "w1 ! screw may be driv5 into place ) a hamm] ?ru mo/ ( its l5g?1 & !n a few f9al turns be giv5 ) a screwdriv]1 b ?is breaks ! fib]s ( ! wood & weak5s _! hold4 ,9 drive-screws1 ,fig4 #bbi1 e1 ! slot is n cut all ! way across ! head1 9 ord] t ! bl[s ( ! hamm] may n close ! slot4 ,! advantages ( screws are1 t !y are v /rong & t ! "w c easily be tak5 ap>t4 ,if !y loos5 !y c be retight5$4 ,! disadvantages are1 t !y are exp5sive1 t !y take "t to ins]t1 t !y %[ v pla9ly1 & t !y d n hold well 9 end gra94 ,,bolts ,bolts ) nuts are useful :]e great /r5g? is desir$4 ,!re are ?ree *ief v>ieties1 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 a4 ,/ove-bolt4 b4 ,c>riage-bolt4 c4 ,ma*9e-bolt4 ,/ove-bolts are *eaply made 7ca/7 bolts hav+ ei!r flat or r\nd heads ) a slot = ! screwdriv]1 l ord9>y screws4 ,c>riage-bolts are di/+ui%$ by hav+ ! "p ( ! %ank :i* is ne> ! head1 squ>e4 ,ma*9e-bolts h squ>e1 hexagonal1 or button heads4 ,ma*9e-screws1 ,fig4 #bca1 are simil> to /ove-bolts1 b are accurately cut & are measur$ ) a screw-gage4 ,! v>ieties are1 a1 flat-head1 b1 r\nd-head1 c1 filli/]-head1 d1 oval-c\nt]sunk-head1 all ) slots = screwdriv]4 ,plates1 ,fig4 #bcb1 include corn]-irons1 /raight plates & panel-irons4 ,^! are made ( ei!r iron or brass & are us$ 9 fa/5+ legs to ! floor1 9 /iff5+ jo9ts1 affix+ tops1 etc4 ,d[el-rods4 ,d[el-rods are cyl9drical rods1 f #c_/af to #a 9 diamet]1 & #cf1 #db1 & #dh long4 ,!y are commonly made ( bir* or maple1 b maple is m satisfactory z x %r9ks less & is /rong] ?an bir*4 ,d[els are us$ z p9s = jo9+ bo>ds edge to edge1 & z a sub/itute = mortise-&-t5on jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,ma*9e-screws4 a4 ,flat-head4 b4 ,r\nd-head4 c4 ,filli/]-head4 d4 ,oval-c\nt]sunk-head4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a prejudice aga9/ d[els on ! "p ( cab9et-mak]s due1 possibly1 to ! will+ness to h x appe> t d[el+ is a device ( inf]ior me*anics4 ,b d[el+ is *eap] & quick] ?an t5on+1 & !re are _m places 9 wood con/ruction :]e x is j z satisfactory &1 if prop]ly done1 j z /rong4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ev5 ! be/ furniture are s put toge!r4 ,%oe pegs s]ve well z small d[els4 ,!y are dipp$ 9 glue & driv5 into brad-awl holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 a4 ,corn]-iron4 b4 ,/raight plate4 c4 ,panel-iron4 ,w$ges are commonly us$ 9 door con/ruction betwe5 ! edges ( t5ons & ! insides ( mortises :i* are slightly bevel$1 ,no4 #cd1 ,fig4 #bff1 p4 #agi4 ,or ! end ( a t5on may be split to receive ! w$ges1 ,no4 #ce1 ,fig4 #bff4 ,! bl9d w$ge is us$ 9 ! fox-tail jo9t1 ,no4 #cf1 ,fig4 #bff4 ,,glue ,glue is an inf]ior k9d ( gelat91 & is ( two k9ds1--animal glue & fi% glue4 ,animal glue is made ( bones & trimm+s1 cutt+s & fle%+s f hides & sk9s ( animals4 ,s9ews1 feet1 tails1 sn\ts1 e>s1 & horn pi? are also l>gely us$4 ,cattle1 calves1 goats1 pigs1 horses1 & rabbits1 all yield *>act]i/ic glues4 ,! be/ glue is made f hides ( ox51 :i* are soak$ 9 lime wat] until fatty or p>tly decay$ matt] is eat5 out & only ! glue is left4 ,! product is clean$1 boil$ d[n & dri$4 ,! be/ & cle>e/ bone glues are obta9$ by lea*+ ! bones ) dilute acid :i* dissolves out ! lime salts & leaves ! gelat9\s matt]s4 ,su* lea*$ bone is sold z a glue /ock1 "u ! "n ( osse9e4 ,?is mat]ial toge!r ) hides1 s9ews1 etc41 has ! gelat9 or glue extract$ by boil+ aga9 & aga91 j z s\p /ock might be boil$ sev]al times4 ,ea* extraction is call$ a run4 ,sometimes z _m z t5 or fifte5 runs are tak5 f ! same kettle ( /ock1 & ea* may be f9i%$ alone or mix$ ) o!r runs f o!r /ock1 result+ 9 a great v>iety ( comm]cial glues4 ,manufactur]s use _m te/s = glue1 su* z ! viscosity or runn+ te/1 ! odor1 ! pres5ce ( grease or ( foam1 rate ( set1 ! melt+-po9t1 keep+ prop]ties1 jelly /r5g? 7te/$ betwe5 ! f+] tips71 wat] absorption 7"s glues absorb only once _! weight1 o!rs t5 or twelve times71 & b9d+ or adhesive te/s4 ,?is latt] v>ies s mu* ) diff]5t mat]ials t :at may be good glue = "o mat]ial is poor = ano!r4 ,putt+ all ^! ?+s toge!r1 glues are classifi$ f grade #aj to #afj1 #aj be+ ! poore/4 ,! high] /&>ds f #fj & upw>ds are neutral hide glues1 cle>1 clean1 free f odor1 foam1 & grease4 ,! l[] /&>ds are *iefly bone glues1 us$ = siz+ /raw hats1 etc4 ,!y are rigid z comp>$ ) ! flexibility ( hide glues4 ,= wood jo9ts ! grade %\ld be #gj or ov]4 ,= lea!r1 no?+ less ?an #ajj %\ld be us$1 & special cem5ts are bett] /ill4 ,! be/ glue is transp>5t1 h>d 9 ! cake1 free f spots1 ( an amb] color1 & has little or no smell4 ,a good practical te/ = glue is to soak x 9 wat] till x swells & becomes jelly-l4 ,! m x swells )\t dissolv+ ! bett] ! quality4 ,poor glue dissolves4 ,glue is sometimes blea*$1 becom+ br[ni% :ite 9 color1 b x is some:at weak5$ !reby4 ,fi% glue is made f ! scales & muscul> tissue ( fi%4 ,is+lass is a sort ( glue made f ! visc]a & air bladd] ( c]ta9 fi%1 z cod & /urgeon4 ,liquid glue may be made ei!r f animal or fi% glue4 ,! ,le,page liquid glue is made 9 ,gl\ce/]1 ,mass41 "o ( ! greate/ fi% m>kets 9 ! c\ntry4 ,liquid glue is v conv5i5t because always ready1 b is n s /rong z hot glue1 & has an (f5sive odor4 ,liquid glues are also made by r5d]+ ord9>y glue non-gelat9iz+1 :i* c be done by sev]al means2 z1 = in/ance1 by ! addition ( oxalic1 nitric1 or hydro*loric acid to ! glue solution4 ,to prep>e hot glue1 break x into small pieces1 soak x 9 en\gh cold wat] to cov] x well1 until x is s(t1 say twelve h\rs1 & heat 9 a glue-pot or d\ble boil]1 ,fig4 #bdc1 p4 #adh4 ,! fre%] ! glue is1 ! bett]1 z too _m heat+s weak5 x4 ,:5 us$ x %\ld be ?9 en\gh to drip f ! bru% 9 a ?9 /ream1 s t x w fill ! pores ( ! wood & s get a grip4 ,two surfaces to be glu$ toge!r %\ld be z close z possible1 n sep>at$ by a mass ( glue4 ,x is ess5tial t ! glue be hot & ! wood w>m1 s t ! glue may rema9 z liquid z possible until ! surfaces are =c$ toge!r4 ,glue holds be/ on side gra94 ,end gra9 c be made to /ick only by siz+ ) ?9 glue to /op ! pores4 ,pieces ?us siz$ & dri$ c be glu$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 b su* jo9ts are seldom good4 ,surfaces ( h>d wood t are to be glu$ %\ld fir/ be scrat*$ ) a scrat*-plane1 ,fig4 #aaa1 ,p4 #gi4 ,to make wat]pro( glue1 add "o "p ( potassium bi*romate to fifty p>ts ( glue4 ,x w h>d5 :5 expos$ to ! air & light & be an insoluble liquid4#h ,footnote #h3 ,= recipes = ?is & o!r glues1 see ,woodcraft1 ,may '#jg1 p4 #di4 ,g5]al directions = glu+4#i ,be=e apply+ glue to ! p>ts to be fa/5$ toge!r1 x is a good plan to assemble !m tempor>ily )\t glue1 to see t all ! p>ts fit4 ,:5 x is desirable t a c]ta9 "p1 z ! panel1 9 panel con/ruction1 %\ld n be glu$ 9 place1 x is a wise precaution to apply wax1 soap1 or oil to its edges be=e ins]tion4 ,s9ce hot glue sets quickly1 x is necess>y aft] ! glue is appli$ to get ! p>ts toge!r z soon z possible4 ,"o mu/ le>n to "w fa/ b to keep cool4 ,to exp$ite matt]s1 ev]y?+ %\ld be q ready be=e ! process is begun1 clamps1 protect+ blocks ( wood1 pap] to protect ! blocks f /ick+ to ! wood1 braces to /raight5 angles1 mallet1 try-squ>e1 & all o!r appliances likely to be requir$4 ,footnote #i3 ,= special directions1 = p>ticul> jo9ts1 see "u ! v>i\s jo9ts1 7,*ap4 ,,vii47 ,:5ev] x is possible to break up ! process into /eps1 ea* /ep c be tak5 ) m delib]ation4 ,= example1 9 assembl+ fram$ pieces t are d[el$1 x is well to glue ! d[els into "o set ( holes be=eh&1 mak+ t5ons ( !m1 z x 74 ,"t is ?us sav$ = ! f9al assembl+ :5 ha/e is imp]ative4 ,! sup]flu\s glue ar\nd ! d[els %\ld be c>efully wip$ (f4 ,likewise 9 glu+ up fram$ pieces1 sections may be put toge!r sep>ately3 z1 ! ends ( a table1 & :5 !y are dry !n ! :ole may be assembl$4 ,:5 ! pieces are toge!r ! jo9ts %\ld be te/$ to see t !y are true1 & t !re are no twi/s4 ,a good way to insure squ>5ess1 is to ins]t a diagonal brace on ! inside1 corn] to corn]1 z 9 ,fig4 #bid1 p4 #aie4 ,su* a brace %\ld be provid$ :5 ! trial assembly is made4 ,ano!r good way to insure squ>5ess is to pass a rope ar\nd two diagonally opposite po/s1 & !n by twi/+ ! rope1 to draw ^! corn]s t[>d ea* o!r until ! frame is squ>e4 ,! sup]flu\s glue may be wip$ (f at once ) a w>m damp clo?1 b n ) en\gh wat] to wet ! wood4 ,or by wait+ a few m9utes until ! glue ?ick5s1 mu* ( x c readily be peel$ (f ) an edge tool4 ,ei!r ( ^! ways makes ! clean+ easi] ?an to let ! sup]flu\s glue h>d54 ,! "w :5 glu$ %\ld rema9 at lea/ six h\rs 9 ! clamps to h>d54 ,,h+es ,h+es1 ,fig4 #bcc1 are made 9 sev]al =ms4 ,! mo/ common are ! butt-h+e or butt1 ! two leaves ( :i* are rectangul>1 z 9 a door-h+e2 ! /rap-h+e1 ! leaves ( :i* are long & /rap-%ap$2 ! ,tee-h+e1 "o leaf ( :i* is a butt1 & ! o!r /rap-%ap$2 ! *e/-h+e1 "o leaf ( :i* is b5t at a "r angle1 us$ = *e/ cov]s2 ! table-h+e us$ = fold+ table tops ) a rule jo9t2 ! piano-h+e1 z long z ! jo9t2 ! blank h+e or scre5-h+e :i* op5s bo? ways2 ! /op-h+e1 :i* op5s only #ij2 & ! hook-&-eye or gate h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 a4 ,butt-h+e4 b4 ,tee-h+e4 c4 ,*e/-h+e4 d4 ,table-h+e4 e4 ,blank or ,scre5-h+e4 ,! knuckle ( ! h+e is ! cyl9drical "p t connects ! two leaves1 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,! acorn is ! head ( ! p9tle or p9 t passes ?ru ! knuckle4 ,sizes ( butts are indicat$ 9 in*es = l5g?1 & z n>r[1 middle1 broad & desk = wid?4 ,! p9 may be ei!r rivet$ into ! knuckle z 9 box-h+es or removable z 9 door-butts4 ,sometimes1 z 9 bl9d-h+es1 ! p9tle is fa/5$ into "o knuckle1 b turns freely 9 ! o!r4 ,a butt-h+e may be set 9 "o ( ?ree positions1 ,fig4 #bce3 7#a7 ,:]e x is desir$ to h ! h+e op5 z wide z possible1 z 9 a door4 ,"h ! knuckle is set well out f ! wood4 7#b7 ,:]e x is desir$ to h ! h+$ portion op5 flat & no m4 ,"h ! c5t] ( ! p9 is 9 l9e ) ! outside surface ( ! wood4 ,?is is less likely to rack ! h+e ?an ! o!r two positions4 7#c7 ,:]e x is desir$ to h ! knuckle project z little z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,p>ts ( a butt-h+e4 #a4a4 ,leaves4 #b4b4b4 ,knuckle4 #c4 ,p9tle4 #d4 ,acorn4 ,,h++ ,9 sett+ ! h+es ( a box cov]1 fir/ see t ! cov] fits ! box exactly all ! way ar\nd4 ,9 ! case ( a door1 see t x fits its frame1 ev5ly all ! way ar\nd1 b ) a little play4 ,to insure a tight] fit at ! sw++ edge ?is edge %\ld be slightly bevel$ inw>ds4 ,9 atta*+ a butt-h+e1 ! ess5tial ?+ is to s9k ! h+e into ! wood1 exactly ! ?ickness ( ! knuckle4 ,! ga9s may be cut 9 "o or bo? ( ! pieces to be h+$ toge!r4 ,) ^! matt]s det]m9$ proce$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! case ( a box cov]1 ! h+es %\ld be set ab\t z f> f ! ends ( ! box z ! h+e is long4 ,9 ! case ( an upright door1 locate ! h+es respectively above & bel[ ! l[] & upp] rails ( ! door4 ,m>k ) ! knife on ! edge ( ! door ! l5g? ( ! h+e1 & squ>e across approximately ! wid? ( ! ga9 to receive x4 ,d ?is = bo? h+es4 ,betwe5 ^! l9es gage ! prop] wid? ( ! ga9s4 ,set ano!r gage to "o half ! ?ickness ( ! knuckle & gage on ! door face ! dep? ( ! ga9s4 ,*isel out ! ga9s1 set ! h+es 9 place1 bore ! holes1 & drive ! screws4 ,place ! door 9 position aga9 to te/ ! fit4 ,if all is well1 m>k ! position ( ! h+es on ! frame1 gage & cut ! ga9s1 & fa/5 9 ! h+es4 ,:]e ! h+e is ga9$ its full ?ickness into ! door1 no ga91 ( c\rse1 is cut 9 ! frame4 ,if ! h+es are set too %all[1 x is an easy matt] to unscrew "o leaf ( ea* & cut a little deep]4 ,if !y are set too deep ! screws may be loos5$ & a piece ( pap] or a %av+ ins]t$ und]nea? along ! out] arris ( ! ga94 ,,locks ,! *ief p>ts ( a lock are3 ! bolt1 its ess5tial feature1 ! selvage1 ! plate :i* appe>s at ! edge ( ! door or draw]1 ! box1 :i* conta9s ! me*anism includ+ ! tumbl]1 w>d1 spr+1 etc41 ! key-p91 into or ar\nd :i* ! key is ins]t$1 ! /rike1 ! plate atta*$ opposite ! selvage1 7(t5 left out z 9 draw]-locks1 b ess5tial 9 hook-bolt locks1 & self-lock+ locks17 & ! escut*eon1 ! plate ar\nd ! keyhole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,?ree ,positions ( ,h+es4 ,locks may be classifi$3 7#a7 ,accord+ to _! uses1 ( :i* !re are two types4 7a71 ,fig4 #bcf1 ,= draw]s1 cupbo>ds1 tills1 w>drobes1 & doors4 ,9 ^! ! bolt simply projects at "r angles to ! selvage into ! /rike1 & resi/s pressure sidewise ( ! lock4 7b71 ,fig4 #bcg1 ,= desks1 roll-top desks1 *e/s1 boxes & slid+ doors4 ,9 ^!1 ! bolt includes a hook device ( "s k9d to resi/ pressure p]p5dicul> to ! selvage4 ,9 "s locks1 ! hook or hooks project sidewise f ! bolt1 9 o!rs ! bolt engages 9 hooks or eyes atta*$ to ! /rike4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,rim-lock1 = ,draw]4 #a4 ,bolt4 #b4 ,selvage4 #c4 ,box4 #d4 ,key-p94 7#b7 ,accord+ to ! me?od ( application1 z rim locks1 :i* are fa/5$ on ! surface1 & mortise locks :i* are mortis$ into ! edge ( a door or draw] or box4 ,,ins]t+ ,,locks ,to ins]t a rim-lock1 measure ! di/ance f ! selvage to ! key-p91 locate ?is z ! c5t] ( ! keyhole1 & bore ! hole4 ,if ! lock has a selvage1 ga9 out ! edge ( ! door or draw] to receive x4 ,if ! lock box has to be ga9$ 91 d t next1 tak+ c>e t ! bolt has room to slide4 ,cut ! keyhole to ! prop] %ape ) a keyhole-saw or small *isel4 ,fa/5 ! lock 9 place1 & if !re is a /rike or face-plate1 m>k its place & mortise x 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,mortise-lock1 = ,box4 ,to ins]t a mortise-lock1 locate & bore ! keyhole1 mortise 9 ! box & ! selvage1 f9i% ! keyhole1 fa/5 9 ! lock1 add ! escut*eon1 locate & mortise 9 ! /rike1 & screw x 9 place4 ,,wood ,,fa/5+s ,,ref]5ces399 ,hamma*] ,s*lemm]4 ,catalog ,no4 #aea4 ,nails4 ,goss1 p4 #aec4 ,purfield1 ,wood ,craft1 #e3 #aha4 ,p>k1 pp4 #abi-ace4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #ge-gh4 ,wood ,craft1 #e3 #ajc4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dbh-dcc4 ,tacks4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #dbi-dcc4 ,sickels1 p4 #gj4 ,goss1 p4 #aee4 ,b>t]1 pp4 #hd-hf4 ,screws4 ,goss1 p4 #aee4 ,:eel]1 p4 #dgf4 ,b>t]1 p4 #hf4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #gh-hj4 ,p>k1 pp4 #acf-adj4 ,d[els4 ,goss1 p4 #aec4 ,:eel]1 p4 #cgd4 ,sickels1 p4 #ajd4 ,griffi?1 p4 #ib4 ,w$ges4 ,goss1 p4 #aea4 ,glue4 ,goss1 p4 #aef4 ,riv+ton1 ,,iii1 p4 #dcb4 ,b>t]1 p4 #hb4 ,/&age1 ,wood ,craft1 #g3 #dh4 ,p>k1 pp4 #ada-adf4 ,sickels1 p4 #ajf4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #cia-cif4 ,alex&]1 ,wood ,craft1 #e3 #afh4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #hj-hc4 ,h+es4 ,sickels1 p4 #aah4 ,:eel]1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,equipm5t ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,%op4 ,tool equipm5t4 ,! *oice ( tools 9 any p>ticul> %op be/ comes out ( long exp]i5ce4 ,"s tea*]s pref] to emphasize c]ta9 processes or me?ods1 o!rs lay /ress on diff]5t ones4 ,! foll[+ t5tative li/ is sugge/$ = a full equipm5t = tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts4 ,"o b5* & its tools may be add$ = ! tea*]4 ,! prices giv5 are quot$ f ,disc\nt ,%eet ,no4 #a = ,catalogue ( ,tools1 ,no4 #cee issu$ by ,hamma*]1 ,s*lemm] ,co41 ,f\r? ,av5ue & #ac? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 dat$ #aijh1 & are correct at ! pres5t date 7#aiaj74 ,aggregate ord]s1 h[ev]1 are always subject to special concessions1 & x is sugge/$ t be=e ord]+ ! pur*as] submit a li/ ( specifications = :i* special figures w be quot$4 ,!re are good b5*es1 vises1 & tools ( o!r makes on ! m>ket1 b ^? specifi$ bel[ are typical good ones4 ,foll[+ are two equipm5ts = classes ( tw5ty-f\r pupils1 "o sev]ely economical to co/ approximately #djj1 & ! o!r m elaborate to co/ approximately #gej4 #djj ,,tool ,,equipm5t4 ,,individual ,,tools4 #bd ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,b5*es1 ,h4 ,s4 ,l1 #h4ej4 #bjd4jj #bd ,/anley ,jack-,planes1 ,no4 #e1 #ad1 #a4gd ea*4 #da4gf #bd ,dis/on's ,back-,saws1 ,no4 #d1 #aj1 #ic;c ea*4 #bb4cb #ab ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,*isels1 ,no4 #b1 #a_/d1 h&l$ & %>p5$4 #b4ba #ab ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,*isels1 ,no4 #b1 #a_/b1 h&l$ & %>p5$4 #b4fh #bd ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,*isels1 ,no4 #b1 #a1 h&l$ & %>p5$4 #g4ca #bd ,sloyd ,knives1 ,no4 #g1 #b-a_/b4 #f4ej #ab ,hammond's ,adze-eye ,claw-,hamm]1 ,no4 #c1 #g oz4 #d4ij #bd ,try-squ>es1 ,no4 #e-a_/b1 #f4 #e4cb #bd ,bee* ,m>k+-,gages1 ,no4 #fd-a_/b4 #d4hf #bd ,boxwood ,rules1 ,no4 #c1 #ab long4 #a4hj #ab ,fab]'s ,measur+ ,compass1 ,no4 #ageb4 #a4ej #ab ,b5*-,hooks4 #b4jj #ab ,b5*-,du/]s1 ,no4 #aj4 #b4gj ------- ,total = individual tools4 #cji4hf ,,g5]al ,,tools #f ,dis/on's ,crosscut-,saws1 ,no4 #g1 #bb1 #aj po9ts4 #f4ge #f ,dis/on's ,rip-,saws1 ,no4 #g1 #bb1 #h po9ts4 #f4ge #b ,turn+-,saws 9 frames1 #ad1 ,m4 ,f4 ,co4 #a4gd #a ,doz5 ,turn+-,saw ,blades1 #ad1 ,h4 ,s4 ,co4 #a4jf #a ,hack-,saw ,frame1 ,no4 #ej4 4#de #a ,dis/on's ,dovetail-,saw1 #f1 iron back4 4#dh #a ,/anley ,mit]-,box1 ,no4 #bdj4 #h4bj #b ,/anley ,block-,planes1 ,no4 #fe-a_/b4 #a4ef #a ,/anley ,=e-,plane1 ,no4 #f4 #b4bb #a ,/anley ,rabbet-,plane & ,fillet/]1 ,no4 #gh4 #a4aj #a ,/anley ,b$ ,rock ,plane1 ,no4 #fjc4 #a4eh #f ,iron ,spoke%aves1 ,no4 #ed4 #a4db #a ,v5e]-,scrap]1 ,no4 #hj4 4#gj #f ,ea* ,mold+-,scrap]s1 ,no4 #b & ,no4 #g4 4#ij #a ,scrap] ,/eel1 ,ri*>dson's4 4#aj #c ,flat ,ba/>d ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #h1 h&l$4 4#de #c ,half-,r\nd ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #h1 h&l$4 4#ee #c ,rat-tail ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #h1 h&l$4 4#cc #d ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #f1 slim tap]4 4#cf #a ,aug]-,bit-,file4 4#ac #a ,file-,c>d1 ,no4 #a4 4#ad #a ,empire ,tool-,gr9d]4 #b4hj #a ,gr9d/one1 ,no4 #aa1 ) /one4 #ae4jj #a ,india ,oil/one1 ,no4 #j1 9 box4 4#ie #a ,s(t ,arkansas ,oil ,slip/one1 ,no4 #f4 4#ah #a ,copp]iz$ ,/eel ,oil]1 ,no4 #ad;,a1 #a_/b p9t4 4#bc #b ,dis/on's ,slid+ ,t ,bevel1 ,no4 #c1 #f4 4#df #a ,/anley ,mit]-,squ>e1 ,no4 #af1 #aj4 4#fj #a ,s>g5t ,/eel ,squ>e1 ,no4 #b4 4#fi #a ,pair ,/>rett's ,w+$ ,divid]s1 ,no4 #ib1 #h4 4#ge #a ,*isel1 ,no4 #b1 #a_/h1 h&l$4 4#bj #c ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,g\ges1 ,no4 #h1 #a4 #a4bi #a ,buck ,bro!rs' ,g\ge1 ,no4 #aj1 inside bevel1 regul> sweep1 #c_/d4 4#dc #d ,b>b]'s ,braces1 ,no4 #ad1 #f sweep4 #c4eb #a ,b>b]'s ,rat*et-,brace1 ,no4 #ca1 #ab sweep4 #a4fb #e ,gimlet-,bits1 #a ea* ( #b_/cb1 #c_/cb1 #d_/cb1 #e_/cb1 #f_/cb4 4#dj #a ,set ,aug]-,bits1 ,r4 ,j5n+s'4 #d4df #a ,cl>k's ,expansive-,bit1 small4 4#eg #b ,screwdriv]-,bits1 #a_/b1 r\nd blade1 ,no4 #aj1 #d4 4#cb #c ,rose ,c\nt]s9ks1 ,no4 #aj1 #e_/h4 4#fh #f ,brad-,awls1 assort$ #a-a-a_/b4 4#cj #a ,h&-,drill1 ,no4 #e-a_/b4 #b4de ,extra ,drills1 #b ea* ( ,no4 #ajg1 size1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #be1 #cj1 #ce1 #dj1 #de1 #ej1 #ee1 #fj4 #a4db #f ,new ,c5tury ,screwdriv]s1 #d4 4#if #a ,new ,c5tury ,screwdriv]1 #ab4 4#ed #f ,o4 ,k4 ,nailsets1 assort$4 4#db #f ,c>p5t]'s ,/eel ,b> ,clamps1 #c ft4 #i4fj #ab ,aldri*'s ,oil$ ,h&screws1 ,no4 #af1 #aj4 #d4gi #ab ,aldri*'s ,oil$ ,h&screws1 ,no4 #ag-a_/b1 #f4 #c4db #d ,c>riage-,mak]'s ,clamps1 #f4 #a4cb #a ,automatic ,mit]-,clamp4 #a4hj #a ,pair ,pli]s1 ,no4 #bjj1 #e4 4#ba #a ,coe's ,monkey-,wr5*1 #aj4 4#fj #a ,glue-,pot1 ,no4 #c4 4#hb #a ,p>k]'s ,wood-work+ ,vise1 ,no4 #bgf4 #h4jg #a ,gas ,/ove1 #ii;,a4 4#ee #a ,pair ,end-,cutt+ ,nipp]s1 ,no4 #aed1 #e4 4#hh #a ,glass-,cutt]1 ,no4 #aj4 4#bg #c ,flat ,v>ni% ,bru%es1 ,no4 #ed1 #a-a_/b1 h>d-rubb]-b\nd 7= %ellac74 4#if #f ,*eap ,bru%es1 #a1 t9-b\nd 7= /a9s71 ,,ee4 4#ij #f ,extra ,jack-,plane ,cutt]s 7,no4 #e74 #a4hj #f ,enamel ,cups1 #a_/b p9t4 4#fj #a ,maple ,y>d-,/ick1 ,no4 #da4 4#ag ------- ,total = g5]al tools4 #aad4ig ,total = individual tools4 #cji4hf ------- #dbd4hc ,disc\nt = s*ools1 #aj p] c5t4 #db4dh ------- #chb4ce ,lock]s = individual "w4 #aej4jj #gej ,,tool ,,equipm5t ,,includ+ #a ,,b5* ,,& ,,set ,,( ,,tools ,,= ,,in/ructor ,,& ,,individual ,,tools #be ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,b5*es1 ,hamma*]1 ,s*lemm] ,co4's ,j ) ,toles' quick-act+ ,vise on side1 #bj4 #ejj4jj #be ,/anley ,jack-,planes1 ,no4 #e1 #ad1 #a4gd ea*4 #dc4ej #be ,dis/on's ,back-,saws1 ,no4 #d1 #aj1 #ic;c ea*4 #bc4be #be ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,*isels1 #a_/d1 h&l$ & %>p5$1 #b4ba doz4 #d4fa #be ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,*isels1 #a_/b1 h&l$ & %>p5$1 #b4fh doz4 #e4eh #be ,buck ,bro!rs' ,firm]-,*isels1 #a1 h&l$ & %>p5$1 #c4fe #g4fa #cj ,sloyd ,knives1 ,no4 #g1 #b-a_/b blade 7#f extra7 #c4be doz4 #h4ab #be ,hammond's ,adze-eye ,hamm]s1 ,no4 #c1 #g oz41 #d4ij doz4 #aj4ba #be ,r\nd ,hickory ,mallets1 ,no4 #d1 #a4dj doz4 #b4ia #be ,h>d5$ ,blade ,try-,squ>es1 ,no4 #e-a_/b1 #f1 #b4ff doz4 #e4eg #be ,bee* ,m>k+-,gages1 ,no4 #fd-a_/b1 #h1 #b4dc doz4 #e4jg #be ,/eel ,b5*-,rules1 ,no4 #cjj;,d1 #d4hj doz4 #aj4jj #cf ,fab]'s ,measur+ ,compass1 ,no4 #ageb 7#ab extra74 #d4ej #be ,maple ,b5*-,hooks1 #b4jj doz4 #d4ah #be ,b5*-,du/]s1 ,no4 #aj1 #b4gj doz4 #e4fc ------- ,total = individual tools4 #fdj4gd ,,g5]al ,,tools #f ,dis/on's ,crosscut-,saws1 ,no4 #g1 #bb1 #aj po9ts4 #f4ge #f ,dis/on's ,rip-,saws1 ,no4 #g1 #bb1 #h po9ts4 #f4ge #d ,turn+-,saws 9 frames1 #ad4 #c4dh #a ,doz4 ,turn+-,saw ,blades1 #ad4 #a4jf #a ,compass-,saw1 ,dis/on's ,no4 #b1 #aj4 4#bg #a ,/anley ,mit]-,box1 ,no4 #bdj4 #h4bj #a ,dis/on's ,dovetail-,saw1 #f1 iron back4 4#dh #b ,cop+-,saws1 ,no4 #aaj4 4#dj #a ,gross ,cop+-,saw ,blades1 #f4 #a4jj #f ,/anley ,block-,planes1 ,no4 #fe-a_/b4 #d4fh #a ,/anley ,=e-,plane1 ,no4 #f4 #b4bb #a ,/anley ,rabbet-,plane & ,fillet/]1 ,no4 #gh4 #a4aj #b ,/anley's ,b$ ,rock ,smoo?-,planes1 ,no4 #fjc or #c4af ,s>g5t's ,adju/able-,frog ,smoo?-,plane4 #ab ,extra ,jack-,plane ,cutt]s 7,no4 #e71 #b4 #c4fj #a ,/anley ,bead+ ,rabbet1 & ,mat*+ ,plane1 ,no4 #de4 #e4he #a ,/anley ,r\t]-,plane1 ,no4 #ga4 #a4cg #f ,iron ,spoke%aves1 ,no4 #ed4 #a4db #f ,patt]n-,mak]s' ,spoke%aves1 applewood1 small1 #a-a_/b4 #a4eb #b ,draw+-,knives1 ,:ite's ,no4 #ca1 #f4 #a4fj #a ,/anley ,adju/able ,scrap]-,plane1 ,no4 #aab1 ) too?+ cutt]4 #a4dc #a ,v5e]-,scrap]1 ,no4 #hj4 4#gj #c ,ea* ,mold+-,scrap]s1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #g4 4#de #b ,d[el-,po9t]s1 ,no4 #a4 4#fj #a ,d[el-,plate4 4#cj #a ,scrap] ,/eel1 ,ri*>dson's4 4#aj #a ,iron ,screw-,box1 ,fr5*1 #c_/h4 #a4hj #d ,flat ,ba/>d ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #h1 h&l$4 4#fj #d ,half-,r\nd ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #h1 h&l$4 4#gb #d ,rat-tail ,files1 ,k4 ,f41 #h1 h&l$4 4#dd #d ,files1 #f1 slim tap]4 4#cf #b ,aug]-,bit-,files4 4#be #a ,file-,c>d1 ,no4 #a4 4#ad #a ,empire ,tool-,gr9d]4 #b4hj #a ,gr9d/one1 ,no4 #aa1 7iron frame & /one74 #ae4jj #b ,india ,oil/ones1 ,no4 #bi 7m$ium71 9 iron box4 #a4cd #a ,s(t ,arkansas ,oil ,slip/one1 ,no4 #f4 4#ah #b ,copp]iz$ ,/eel ,oil]s1 #ad;,a1 #a_/b p9t4 4#df #f ,dis/on's ,slid+ ,t ,bevels1 ,no4 #c1 #f4 #a4ch #a ,/anley ,mit]-,squ>e1 ,no4 #af1 #aj4 4#fj #a ,s>g5t ,/eel ,squ>e1 ,no4 #b4 4#fj #b ,pairs ,divid]s1 ,/>rett's w+$1 ,no4 #ib1 #h4 #a4ej #c ,scrat*-,awls1 ,colli]'s1 #d4 4#cc #a ,pair ,trammel-,po9ts1 ,no4 #a4 4#gd #a ,try-,squ>e1 ,no4 #e-a_/b1 #ab1 h>d5$ blade4 4#eb #a ,mortise-,gage1 ,no4 #gg4 4#ee #a ,cutt+-,gage1 ,no4 #gj4 4#ag #c ,ea* ,firm]-,*isels1 ,buck ,bros4' ,no4 #b1 h&l$ & %>p5$2 #a_/af1 #a_/h1 #c_/af1 #c_/h1 #c_/d1 #a-a_/b4 #d4db #c ,ea* outside-,bevel ,g\ges1 ,buck ,bros4' ,firm]1 ,no4 #h h&l$ & %>p5$3 #a_/d1 #a_/b1 #c_/d1 #a4 #c4ee #c ,addis' ,c>v+-,tools1 r\nd maple h&les1 ,no4 #aa1 #e_/cb4 4#if #c ,addis' ,ve9+-,tools1 r\nd maple h&les1 ,no4 #aa1 #a_/af4 4#if #c ,inside-,bevel ,g\ges1 regul> sweep1 ,no4 #aj1 #c_/d4 #a4bi #f ,b>b]'s ,nickel-,plat$ ,braces1 ,no4 #ad1 #f sweep4 #e4be #a ,b>b]'s ,rat*et-,brace1 ,no4 #ca1 #ab sweep4 #a4fb #c ,ea* ,g]man ,gimlet-,bits1 #b_/cb1 #c_/cb1 #d_/cb1 #e_/cb1 #f_/cb4 #a4jj #c ,ea* ,russell ,j5n+s' ,aug]-,bits1 #c_/af1 #d_/af1 #e_/af1 #f_/af1 #g_/af1 #h_/af4 #d4ah #b ,ea* ,russell ,j5n+s' ,aug]-,bits1 g5u9e1 #aj_/af1 #aa_/af1 #ab_/af1 #ac_/af1 #ad_/af1 #ae_/af1 #af_/af4 #f4ai #a ,ea* ,fo]/n]'s ,aug]-,bits1 #a_/d1 #c_/h1 #a_/b4 #a4gi #a ,cl>k's ,expansive-,bit1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b4 4#eg #c ,buck ,bros4' ,rose ,c\nt]s9ks1 ,no4 #aj1 #e_/h4 4#gh #a ,wa%]-,cutt]1 ,no4 #cej4 4#fe #a ,plug-,cutt]1 #c_/h4 4#cb #b ,screwdriv]-,bits1 #a_/b1 r\nd blade1 #d long4 4#cb #d ,ea* ,brad-,awls1 h&l$1 #a1 #a-a_/d1 #a-a_/b4 4#fj #f ,new ,c5tury ,screwdriv]s1 #d4 4#if #a ,new ,c5tury ,screwdriv]1 #ab4 4#ed #a ,new ,c5tury ,screwdriv]1 #h4 4#cf #a ,new ,c5tury ,screwdriv]1 #c-a_/b1 slim4 4#af #a ,d[el-,plate1 ca/ /eel4 4#cj #f ,o4,k4 ,nailsets1 assort$ #a_/af1 #c_/cb1 #a_/h4 4#db #f ,c>p5t] ,/eel ,b> ,clamps1 #c ft4 #i4fj #b ,c>p5t] ,/eel ,b> ,clamps1 #e ft4 #c4fj #ab ,aldri*'s ,oil$ ,h&screws1 ,no4 #af1 #aj4 #d4gi #ab ,aldri*'s ,oil$ ,h&screws1 ,no4 #ag-a_/b1 #f4 #c4db #d ,c>riage-,mak]s' ,clamps1 #f4 #a4cb #a ,automatic ,mit]-,clamp4 #a4hj #b ,doz4 ,acme ,p9*-,dogs1 #c_/d4 4#cj #a ,glue-,pot1 ,no4 #c4 4#hb #a ,gas ,/ove1 ,no4 #ii;,a4 4#ee #a ,coe's ,monkey-,wr5*1 #aj4 4#fj #a ,glass-,cutt]1 ,no4 #aj4 4#bg #f ,flat ,v>ni% ,bru%es ,no4 #ed4 #a-a_/b1 h>d-rubb]-b\nd 7= %ellac74 #a4eh #ab ,*eap ,bru%es1 t9-b\nd1 7= /a9s71 ,,ee1 #a4 #a4hj #f ,enamel$ ,cups1 #a_/b p9t4 4#fj #a ,maple ,y>d-,/ick1 ,no4 #da4 4#ag #a ,pair ,blackbo>d ,compasses or ,divid]s4 #a4ej #a ,blackbo>d ,triangle1 #de4 4#ej #a ,blackbo>d ,triangle1 #cjfj4 4#ej ------- ,total = g5]al tools4 #ahi4hc ,,metal ,,work+ ,,tools #a ,b5*1 ,no4 #a1 )\t vises4 #h4jj #a ,p>k]'s ,wood-work+ ,vise1 ,no4 #bgf4 #h4jg #a ,h&-,vise1 ,no4 #abcj-a_/b1 #d4 4#ed #a ,hay-,budd5 ,anvil1 #aj lb4 #c4jg #a ,rivet+-,hamm]1 ,a?a1 #d oz4 4#cb #a ,rivet-,set1 ,no4 #d4 4#bg #a ,cold-,*isel1 #c_/h cutt+ edge4 4#aa #a ,cold-,*isel1 #e_/h cutt+ edge4 4#ae #a ,cape-,*isel1 #c_/h cutt+ edge4 4#ac #a ,r\nd-nos$ ,*isel1 #c_/h4 4#ac #a ,pair ,end-,cutt+ ,nipp]s1 ,no4 #aed1 #e4 4#hh #a ,pair ,compton's ,metal ,snips1 ,no4 #ab1 #b4 4#fc #b ,pair ,flat-nose ,pli]s1 ,no4 #ahjf-a_/b1 #e4 4#eh #a ,die-,hold]1 ,no4 #aa4 4#cb #a ,die1 #e_/ha_/d1 #f_/cb4 4#bg #a ,h&-,drill1 ,no4 #e-a_/b4 #b4de ,extra ,drills1 ,morse's ,no4 #ajg1 #b ea*1 ,nos4 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #be1 #cj1 #ce1 #dj1 #de1 #ej1 #ee1 #fj4 #a4db #a ,metal ,c\nt]s9k1 ,no4 #ae1 #e_/h4 4#ah #a ,hack-,saw ,frame1 ,no4 #ej4 4#de #f ,hack-,saw ,blades1 #h1 ,h4 ,s4 ,co4 4#be #a ,melt+ ,ladle1 #c4 4#ai #a ,sold]+ ,copp]1 #a lb4 4#ca #a ,mill ,ba/>d ,file1 #h1 #a safe edge1 h&l$4 #a ,mill ,smoo? ,file1 #f1 h&l$4 #a ,squ>e ,ba/>d ,file1 #h1 h&l$4 #a ,half-r\nd ,ba/>d ,file1 #h1 h&l$4 #a ,slim ,tap] ,saw-,file1 #f1 h&l$4 #a ,r\nd ,ba/>d ,file1 #d1 h&l$4 4#he #a ,a?a ,ma*9i/'s ,hamm]1 ,ball-pe51 #f oz4 4#ch ------ ,total = metal work+ tools4 #bi4ie ,glue & ,/a9 ,b5*4 #ae4jj ,lock]s = individual "w = #cfj pupils4 #cfj4jj ,nail & ,screw ,cab9et4 #ce4jj ------- #daj4jj ,individual ,tools4 #fdj4gd ,g5]al ,tools4 #ahi4hc ------- #hcj4eg ,disc\nt = s*ools1 #aj p] c5t4 #hc4jf ------- #gdg4ea ,cab9ets1 lock]s1 etc4 #daj4jj --------- #a1aeg4ea ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,woodwork+ ,,%op ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! room4 ,! important factors are ! s\rce or s\rces ( light1 & ! l9es ( travel4 ,! common arrangem5t ( b5*es :]e two sides ( ! room are light$1 is %[n 9 a1 ,fig4 #bch4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 z ea* work] faces 8 b5*1 he also faces "o set ( w9d[s & has ano!r set ( w9d[s at 8 left4 ,! advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is t x is easy to te/ "o's "w ) ! try-squ>e by lift+ x up to ! light4 ,ano!r arrangem5t1 %[n 9 b1 ,fig4 #bch1 has ?is advantage1 t !re are no %ad[s on ! "w :5 x is ly+ on ! b5* & ! work] is hold+ 8 rule or try-squ>e on x ) 8 left h&4 ,:5 all ! w9d[s are on "o side ( ! room ! latt] is ! m advantage\s arrangem5t4 ,9 det]m9+ ! position ( ! b5*es1 especially ) ref]5ce to _! di/ance f ea* o!r1 ?\ght %\ld be giv5 to ! g5]al l9es ( travel1 f ! individual b5*es to ! g5]al tool-rack1 to ! f9i%+-table1 to ! lock]s1 etc4 ,ev5 if all ! aisles _c be wide en\gh bo? = passage & = "w1 "o wid] "o ?ru ! c5t] ( ! room may solve ! difficulty4 ,:]e rooms are cr[d$1 space may be economiz$ by plac+ ! b5*es 9 pairs1 back to back1 c & d1 ,fig4 #bch4 ,9 any case1 room %\ld always be res]v$ = a ti] ( demon/ration seats1 fac+ ! tea*]'s b5*1 = ! sake ( mak+ x easy = ! pupils to li/5 & to ?9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,f\r ,diff]5t ,arrangem5ts ( ,b5*es 9 a ,%op4 ,! ,tools4 ,e %op soon has its own traditions z to ! arrangem5t ( tools1 b !re are two pr9ciples always wor? obs]v+4 7#a7 ,x is an old say+ t !re %\ld be a place = ev]y?+ & ev]y?+ 9 its place4 ,?is is em95tly true ( a well-ord]$ woodwork+ %op1 & !re is ano!r pr9ciple j z important4 7#b7 ,?+s ( ! same sort %\ld be arrang$ toge!r1 & arrang$ by sizes1 :e!r !y be g5]al tools or individual tools4 ,9 arrang+ ! rack = g5]al tools1 a few sugge/ions are (f]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 arrange !m s t !re w be no dang] ( cutt+ "o's f+]s on "o tool :5 attempt+ to take d[n ano!r4 ,:]e ! rack mu/ ne$s be high1 all ! tools c be br\ght )9 rea*1 by plac+ long tools1 l files1 screwdriv]s1 etc41 at ! top4 ,su* an arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,z to ! individual b5*es1 ^? )\t high backs are to be pref]r$1 n only because ( _! conv5i5ce :5 x is desir$ to "w on l>ge pieces1 l table tops1 & because ! backs d n int]f]e ) ! light1 b because x is easi] = ! tea*] to look ov] ! room to see t ev]y?+ is 9 ord]4 ,if ! equipm5t is kept complete1 x is an easy matt] to glance ov] all ! b5*es & ! g5]al rack to see t ev]y?+ is 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,g5]al ,tool rack 9 a ,s*ool ,%op4 ,9 g5]al1 !re are two me?ods ( keep+ gu>d ov] tools1 ! op5 & ! clos$4 ,9 ! op5 me?od1 ev]y?+ is kept 9 sight s t empty places c be discov]$ readily4 ,?is me?od is a conv5i5t "o1 &1 besides1 ! tools are always easily accessible4 ,9 ! clos$ me?od1 ! tools are kept 9 draw]s & cases :]e !y c be lock$ up4 ,?is me?od is suitable :]e pupils are equipp$ ) individual sets ( cutt+ tools4 ,9 su* a case1 ! common tools = ea* b5* are kept 9 a common draw] & individual pupils' tools 9 sep>ate draw]s4 ,?is me?od has ! disadvantage t ?+s are out ( sight1 & if !y disappe> _! loss may n be discov]$ imm$iately4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! draw]s & cases are kept c>efully lock$1 ! dang] ( loss is r$uc$ almo/ to a m9imum4 ,sometimes a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods is tri$1 ! tools be+ kept 9 unlock$ draw]s4 ,?is me?od furni%es ! greate/ difficulty 9 keep+ tools f disappe>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,nail & ,screw ,cab9et4 ,ev5 :5 tools are well arrang$1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties 9 ! way ( %op ord]1 is to keep tools 9 _! places4 ,pupils :o are 9 a hurry1 slip 9 ! tools :]ev] !y w fit1 n :]e !y belong4 ,labels at ! places ( ! diff]5t sets may help some:at2 a m effici5t me?od is to pa/e or pa9t ! =m ( ea* tool on ! wall or bo>d aga9/ :i* x hangs4 ,pupils w see t1 :5 !y w n /op to read a label4 ,9 spite ( all precautions1 "s tools w disappe>4 ,a plan to cov] ! co/ ( ^!1 :i* works well 9 "s s*ools1 is to require a deposit at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> to cov] ^! losses4 ,!n at ! end ( ! ye>1 aft] d$uct+ ! co/ ( losses1 ! balance is return$ pro rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,an ,inexp5sive ,lock] = ,unf9i%$ ,"w4 ,!re is div]sity ( practice 9 ! di/ribution ( tools on ! g5]al case & on ! individual b5*es4 ,"s tools1 l ! plane & *isel1 & try-squ>e1 are s frequ5tly 9 use t ea* work] mu/ h "o at h&4 ,z to o!rs1 ! dem& mu/ det]m9e ! supply4 ,"o o!r consid]ation may be express$ by ! pr9ciple t ^? tools1 ! use ( :i* is to be enc\rag$1 %\ld be kept z accessible z possible1 & ^? ^: use is to be disc\rag$1 %\ld be kept remote4 ,"s tools1 l files1 x may be well to keep 9 a sep>ate lock] to be _h only :5 ask$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,a ,m ,exp5sive ,lock] = ,unf9i%$ ,"w4 ,a cab9et ( draw]s1 su* z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdj1 = hold+ nails1 screws1 & o!r fa/5+s1 is bo? a conv5i5ce & a mat]ial aid 9 pres]v+ ! ord] ( ! %op4 ,z = ! c>e ( tools dur+ vacation1 !y %\ld be sme>$ ) vasel9e1 :i* is *eap1 & put away out ( ! dampness4 ,! planes %\ld be tak5 ap>t & ea* "p sme>$4 ,to clean !m aga9 = use1 !n becomes an easy matt]4 ,! be/ me?od ( remov+ ru/ & t>ni% is to poli% ! tools on a p[] buff+ :eel on :i* has be5 rubb$ "s tripoli4 ,!y may !n be poli%$ on a clean buff] )\t tripoli4 ,! ,lock]s4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 good ord] 9 ! %op1 an almo/ indisp5sable "p ( ! equipm5t is a set ( lock]s = hold+ ! unf9i%$ "w ( pupils4 ,an inexp5sive outfit may consi/ simply ( sets ( %elves1 say #e ap>t1 #ab deep1 & #ah long1 ,fig4 #bda4 ,ord9>y spr+-roll] curta9s may be hung 9 front ( ea* set ( %elves to conceal & protect ! cont5ts4 ,su* a case %\ld co/ at ! rate ( ab\t #dj;c4 = ea* comp>tm5t4 ,a m sub/antial & m conv5i5t case1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdb1 consi/s ( comp>tm5ts ea* #i-a_/b high1 #f wide1 & #ah deep4 ,^! proportions may be *ang$ to suit v>y+ conditions4 ,9 front ( ea* ti] ( #ab comp>tm5ts is a flap door op5+ d[nw>d4 ,su* a case built ( yell[ p9e 7panel$7 may co/ at ! rate ( #a4jj p] comp>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,glu+ & ,/a9+ ,b5* ,cov]$ ) ,z9c4 ,!re %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a sep>ate comp>tm5t = ea* pupil us+ ! %op4 ,:]e possible1 !re %\ld be a special table = /a9+ & glu+4 ,:]e /rict economy mu/ be practic$1 a good siz$ kit*5 table cov]$ ) oilclo? answ]s e purpose4 ,a bett] equipm5t w\ld include a well-built b5*1 su* z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdc1 ! top & back ( :i* are cov]$ ) z9c4 ,:]e no /a9+-table is possible1 tempor>y cov]+s ( oilclo? may be provid$ to lay ov] any b5* :i* is conv5i5t = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,%ellac ,ut5sils4 ,c>e ( bru%es & mat]ials us$ 9 f9i%+ wood4 ,%ellac %\ld be kept 9 glass or pott]y or alum9um receptacles b n 9 any metal l t91 :i* d>k5s x4 ,a good plan is to h a bottle = fre%1 unt\*$ %ellac1 a wide-m\!d j> = t :i* has be5 dilut$ & us$1 & an enamel$ cup = use4 ,!re %\ld also be a special bru%1 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,at ! "t ( us+1 fir/ see t ! bru% is s(t & pliable4 ,if x is /iff1 x c be soak$ quickly & s(t5$ 9 a little alcohol 9 ! cup4 ,?is alcohol may !n be p\r$ into ! j> & mix$ 9 by %ak+4 ,!n p\r out a little f ! j> into ! cup1 & if x is too ?91 ?ick5 ) "s fre% %ellac4 ,aft] us+1 p\r back ! residue into ! j>1 c>efully wip+ ! bru% on ! edge ( ! j>2 & if x is n to be us$ aga9 = "s "t1 r9se x 9 a little alcohol1 :i* may also be p\r$ into ! j>1 :i* %\ld !n be cov]$4 ,:at little %ellac rema9s 9 ! bru% & cup w d no h>m & ! bru% may be left /&+ 9 ! cup until requir$4 ,! important ?+s are to keep ! %ellac cup & bru% = %ellac only1 7inde$1 x is a good plan to label !m ,,%ellac ,,only17 & to keep ! %ellac cov]$ s t ! alcohol 9 x w n evaporate4 ,9 a patt]n-mak+ %op1 :]e ! %ellac cup is to be frequ5tly us$1 x is well to h cups ) cov]s ?ru :i* ! bru%es hang1 l ! bru% 9 a mucilage j>4 ,v>ni% bru%es ne$ to be clean$ ?oroly aft] ea* us+4 ,if !y get dry !y become too h>d to be clean$ )\t great difficulty4 ,bru%es = wat] /a9s are easily tak5 c>e ( by wa%+ ) wat] & !n lay+ !m flat 9 a box4 ,cups 9 :i* ! wat] /a9s h be5 us$ c also be easily r9s$ ) wat]4 ,bru%es = oil /a9s are mo/ easily kept 9 good condition1 by be+ hung 9 a bru%-keep]1 ,fig4 #bde1 7sold by ,devoe ,reynolds1 #aja ,fulton ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c47 p>tly fill$ ) turp5t9e4 ,! same bru%es may also be us$ = fill]s4 ,oil /a9s %\ld be p\r$ back into _! respective bottles1 & ! cups wip$ out ) cotton wa/e4 ,:5 !y get 9 bad condition1 !y c be clean$ readily aft] a prelim9>y soak+ 9 a /rong solution ( pota%4 ,! same treatm5t may be giv5 to bru%es1 b if !y are left soak+ too long 9 ! solution1 ! bri/les w be eat5 (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,bru%-keep]4 ,,equipm5t ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,%op ,,ref]5ces399 ,murray1 ,ye> ,book #aijf1 p4 #fi4 ,bailey1 ,m4 ,t4 ,mag41 #i3 #ach4 ,dec4 '#jg4 ,robillion1 pp4 #dh-ij4 ,hamma*] & ,s*lemm]1 passim4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography1 see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,common ,,jo9ts4 ,:]ev] two or m pieces ( wood are fa/5$ toge!r we h :at is prop]ly call$ jo9]y4 ,9 common usage ! t]m indicates ! fram+ ( ! int]ior wood f9i% ( build+s & %ips1 b x is also us$ to include cab9et-mak+1 :i* is ! art ( con/ruct+ furniture1 & ev5 ! trades ( ! :eelwright1 c>riage-mak]1 & coop]4 ,s9ce jo9]y involves ! con/ant use ( jo9ts1 a ref]5ce li/ ( !m1 ) illu/rations1 def9itions1 uses1 & directions = mak+ typical ones may be ( conv5i5ce to work]s 9 wood4 ,,head+ ,,jo9ts ,no4 #a4 ,a lapp$ & /rapp$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 p4 #agg1 is made by lay+ ! end ( "o timb] ov] ano!r & fa/5+ !m bo? toge!r ) b5t /raps on ! ends ( :i* are screws by :i* !y may be tight5$4 ,x is a v /rong jo9t & is us$ :]e ! beams ne$ l5g!n+ z 9 false "w or 9 long ladd]s & flag poles4 ,no4 #b4 ,a fi%$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is made by butt+ ! squ>$ ends ( two timb]s toge!r & plac+ %ort pieces ( wood or iron1 call$ fi%-plates1 ov] ! faces ( ! timb]s & bolt+ or spik+ ! :ole firmly toge!r4 ,x is us$ = jo9+ timb]s 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 z 9 boat con/ruction4 ,no4 #c4 ,9 a fi%$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 keys are (t5 ins]t$ betwe5 ! fi%-plate & beam at "r angles to ! bolts 9 ord] to less5 ! /ra9 t comes ^u ! bolts :5 ! jo9t is subject$ to t5sion4 ,9 wide pieces & = extra /r5g?1 z 9 bridge "w1 ! bolts may be /agg]$4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f & #g4 ,a sc>f or splic$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is made by jo9+ toge!r ) flu% surfaces ! ends ( two timb]s 9 su* a way z to enable !m to resi/ compression1 z 9 ,no4 #d2 t5sion1 z 9 ,no4 #e2 bo?1 z 9 ,no4 #f1 :]e ! sc>f is tabl$2 or cross /ra9 z 9 ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #d is us$ 9 h\se sills & 9 splic+ out %ort po/s1 ,nos4 #e & #f 9 op5 frame "w4 ,no4 #g ) or )\t ! fi%-plate1 is us$ 9 boats & canoes1 & is sometimes call$ a boat-build]'s jo9t1 to di/+ui% x f ,no4 #d1 a c>p5t]'s jo9t4 ,a jo9t to resi/ cross /ra9 is /rong] :5 sc>f$ 9 ! direction ( ! /ra9 ?an across x4 ,no4 #g is ! plan1 n elevation1 ( a jo9t to receive v]tical cross /ra94 ,,butt ,,jo9ts ,no4 #h4 ,a d[el$ butt-jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is made by ins]t+1 ) glue1 d[el-p9s into holes bor$ into ! two memb]s4 ,! end ( "o memb] is butt$ aga9/ ! face or edge ( ! o!r4 ,x is us$ 9 cab9et-mak+ :]e ! pres5ce ( nails w\ld be unseemly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,lay-out by ,?ru ,d[l+4 ,9 a d[el$ butt-jo9t ! d[els may g cle> ?ru ! outside memb]1 & be f9i%$ z buttons on ! outside1 :]e !y %[4 ,to lay out ?is jo9t m>k ne> ! ends ( ! edges ( ! abutt+ memb]1 ,x1 ,fig4 #bdf1 c5t]-l9es ,a ,b4 ,draw on ! o!r memb] ,y1 a %>p p5cil-l9e to :i* :5 ! l9es ,,ab on ,x are fitt$1 ,x w be 9 its prop] place4 ,c>ry ! l9e ar\nd to ! o!r side ( ,y & locate on x ! prop] c5t]s = ! d[el-holes ,e & ,f4 ,!n fa/5 on ! end ( ,x a h&screw 9 su* a way t ! jaws w be flu% ) ! end4 ,) ano!r h&screw1 clamp ?is h&screw to ,y 9 su* a way t ! m>ks on ! two pieces mat*1 ,a to ,c & ,b to ,d1 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,bore at ! prop] places1 ,e & ,f1 holes directly ?ru ,y into ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,?ru ,bor+ = a ,butt ,jo9t4 ,fig4 #bdh illu/rates ! glu+ toge!r ( a f\r-legg$ /& 9 :i* ! jo9ts are made 9 ?is way4 ,! cross-lap jo9ts ( ! /ret*]s are fir/ glu$ toge!r1 !n ! o!r jo9ts are assembl$ )\t glue1 to see t all ! p>ts fit & f9ally two opposite sides are glu$ at a "t4 ,pieces ( pap] are laid inside ! glu+ blocks to prev5t !m f /ick+ to ! legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,glu+-,up a ,f\r-,legg$ ,/&4 ,9 case ! d[els are to be hidd5 ! *ief difficulty is to locate ! holes prop]ly4 ,"o me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,to d[el ! end ( "o memb] aga9/ ! face ( ! o!r z a /r+] into a rail or a rail into a table leg1 fir/ lay out ! position ( ! d[els 9 ! end ( ! fir/ memb]1 ,x1 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,gage a c5t]-l9e1 ,a ,b1 across ?is end l5g?wise1 locate ! c5t]s ( ! d[el-holes1 & squ>e across ) a knife po9t1 z ,,cd & ,,ef4 ,gage a l9e on ! o!r memb] to correspond ) ! l9e ,,ab4 ,on ! face s gag$1 lay ! fir/ memb] on its side s t "o arris lies along ?is gag$ l9e & prick (f ! po9ts ,d & ,f1 to get ! c5t]s ( ! d[el-holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,lay+ out a ,d[el ,jo9t4 ,if1 z is usual1 !re are a numb] ( simil> jo9ts to be made1 a device l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdi w exp$ite matt]s4 #a & #b are po9ts ( brads driv5 ?ru a piece ( s(t wood1 :i* has be5 not*$ out1 & are z f> ap>t z ! d[els4 ,a-#a is ! di/ance f ! work+ edge ( ! rail to ! fir/ d[el4 ,! same measure c be us$ f ! end ( ! leg4 ,:5 ! c5t]s are all m>k$1 bore ! holes4 ,ins]t ! d[els into ! holes & make a trial assembly4 ,if any rail is twi/$ f its prop] plane1 note c>efully :]e ! error is1 take ap>t1 glue a d[el into ! hole1 t is wrong1 p>e x (f flu% ) ! surface1 & re-bore 9 su* a place t ! p>ts1 :5 assembl$ w come up true4 ,:5 ev]y?+ fits1 glue & clamp toge!r4 ,no4 #i4 ,a toe-nail$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is made by driv+ nails diagonally ?ru ! corn]s ( "o memb] into ! o!r4 ,x is us$ 9 fa/5+ ! /udd+ to ! sill 9 balloon fram+4 ,no4 #aj4 ,a draw-bolt jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is made by ins]t+ an iron bolt ?ru a hole 9 "o memb] & into ! o!r to meet a nut ins]t$ f ! side ( ! second memb]4 ,x is v /rong & is us$ 9 b5* con/ruction1 wood5 ma*9]y1 etc4 ,no4 #aa4 ,a pla9 butt-jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is "o 9 :i* ! memb]s jo9 endwise or edgewise )\t ov]lapp+4 ,x is us$ on returns z 9 ord9>y boxes & cases4 ,no4 #ab4 ,a glu$ & block$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is made by glu+ & rubb+ a block 9 ! inside corn] ( two pieces :i* are butt$ & glu$ toge!r4 ,x is us$ 9 /air-"w & cab9et-"w1 z 9 ! corn]s ( bureaus4 ,no4 #ac4 ,a hopp]-jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is a butt-jo9t1 b is peculi> 9 t ! edges ( ! bo>ds are n squ>e ) _! faces on acc\nt ( ! pit* ( ! sides4 ,x is us$ 9 hopp]s1 b9s1 *utes1 etc4 ,! difficulty 9 lay+ out ?is jo9t is to obta9 ! prop] angle = ! edges ( ! pieces4 ,?is may be done z foll[s3 ,aft] ! pieces are plan$ to ! correct ?ickness1 plane ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! end pieces to ! correct bevel z %[n by ! pit* ( ! sides4 ,lay out ! pit* ( ! sides ( ! hopp] on ! outside ( ! end pieces4 ,f ! ends ( ^! l9es1 on ! upp] & l[] bevel$ edges score l9es at "r angles ) ! knife & try-squ>e4 ,connect ^! l9es on :at w be ! inside ( ! hopp]4 ,saw (f ! surplus wood & plane to ! l9es ?us scor$4 ,! side pieces may be f9i%$ 9 ! same way1 & ! p>ts are !n ready to be assembl$4 ,,halv+-,,jo9ts ,a halv$ jo9t is "o 9 :i* half ! ?ickness ( ea* memb] is not*$ out & ! rema9+ portion ( "o j fits into ! not* 9 ! o!r1 s t ! upp] & "u surfaces ( ! memb]s are flu%4 ,no4 #ad4 ,a cross-lap jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 is a halv$ jo9t 9 :i* bo? memb]s project bo? ways f ! jo9t4 ,?is is a v common jo9t us$ 9 bo? c>p5try & jo9]y1 z :]e /r+]s cross ea* o!r 9 ! same plane4 ,! two pieces are fir/ dress$ exactly to ! requir$ size1 ei!r sep>ately or by ! me?od ( mak+ duplicate p>ts1 see ,*ap4 ,,ix1 p4 #bjd4 ,lay "o memb]1 call$ ,x1 across ! o!r 9 ! position :i* !y are to occupy :5 f9i%$ & m>k pla9ly _! upp] faces1 :i* w be flu% :5 ! piece is f9i%$4 ,locate ! middle ( ! l5g? ( ! l[] piece1 call$ ,y1 on "o arris1 & f ?is po9t lay (f on ?is arris half ! wid? ( ! upp] piece1 ,x4 ,f ?is po9t squ>e across ,y ) ! knife & try-squ>e4 ,lay ,x aga9 9 its place1 exactly along ! l9e j scor$4 ,!n m>k ) ! knife on ,y ! wid? ( ,x1 :i* may !n be remov$ & ! second l9e squ>$ across ,y4 ,f ^! two l9es squ>e across bo? edges ( ,y to approximately "o-half ! ?ickness4 ,n[ turn ,x face d[n1 lay ,y on x1 & m>k x 9 ! same way z ,y4 ,set ! gage at "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! pieces1 & gage betwe5 ! l9es on ! edges1 tak+ c>e to hold ! head ( ! gage aga9/ ! m>k$ faces4 ,!n ev5 if "o piece is gag$ s z to be cut a little too deep1 ! o!r w be gag$ s z to be cut proportionately less1 & ! jo9t w fit4 ,cut a slight triangul> groove on ! wa/e side ( ! knife-m>ks1 ,fig4 #ia1 p4 #ff1 saw accurately to ! gag$ l9es1 & *isel out ! wa/e z 9 a dado1 see ,figs4 #gj & #ga1 p4 #ef4 ,! bottom ( ! dado ?us cut %\ld be flat s z to af=d surface = glu+4 ,:5 well made1 a cross-lap jo9t does n ne$ to be p\nd$ toge!r b w fit tight "u pressure ( ! h&s4 ,no4 #ae4 ,a middle-lap jo9t or halv$ tee1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made 9 ! same way z a cross-lap jo9t1 b "o memb] projects f ! jo9t 9 only "o direction1 x is us$ to jo9 /ret*]s to rails z 9 floor timb]s4 ,no4 #af4 ,an end-lap jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made 9 ! same way z a cross-lap jo9t except t ! jo9t is at ! end ( bo? memb]s4 ,x is us$ at ! corn]s ( sills & plates1 also sometimes 9 *air-seats4 ,to make an end-lap jo9t1 place ! memb]s 9 _! relative positions1 faces up1 & m>k pla9ly4 ,m>k c>efully on ea* memb] ! inside corn]1 all[+ ! end ( ea* memb] slightly 7#a_/af7 to ov]lap ! o!r4 ,squ>e across at ^! po9ts ) a %>p knife po9t1 on ! "u side ( ! upp] memb]1 & on ! upp] side ( ! l[] memb]4 ,n[ proce$ z 9 ! cross-lap jo9t1 except t ! gag$ l9e runs ar\nd ! end & ! cutt+ mu/ be done exactly to ?is l9e4 ,no4 #ag4 ,9 an end-lap jo9t on rabbet$ pieces1 ,fig4 #bfe1 ! jo9t mu/ be adapt$ to ! rabbet4 ,! rabbet %\ld !re=e be pl[$ be=e ! jo9t is made4 ,! rabbet at ! end ( ! piece ,x is cut n ! entire wid? ( ! piece ,y1 b only ! wid? ( ! lap1--c-fa-e4 ,?is jo9t is us$ occasionally 9 picture-frames4 ,no4 #ah4 ,a dovetail halv+ or lap-dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is a middle-lap jo9t ) ! p9 made dovetail 9 %ape1 & is ?us bett] able to resi/ t5sion4 ,x is us$ = /rong tee jo9ts4 ,no4 #ai4 ,a bevel$ halv+1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made l a middle-lap jo9t except t ! inn] end ( ! upp] memb] is ?9n] s t ! adjo9+ *eeks are bevel$4 ,x is v /rong :5 load$ above4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ 9 h\se fram+4 ,,modifi$ ,,halv+ ,,jo9ts ,no4 #bj4 ,a not*$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made by cutt+ out a portion ( "o timb]4 ,x is us$ :]e x is desir$ to r$uce ! height occupi$ by ! upp] timb]4 ,joi/s are not*$ on to wall plates4 ,no4 #ba4 ,a *eck$ jo9t or d\ble not*1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made by cutt+ out not*es f bo? ! timb]s s z to engage ea* o!r4 ,x is us$ :]e a s+le not* w\ld weak5 "o memb] too mu*4 ,no4 #bb4 ,a cogg$ or cork$ or caulk$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made by cutt+ out only p>ts ( ! not* on ! l[] piece1 leav+ a cog uncut4 ,f ! upp] piece a not* is cut only wide en\gh to receive ! cog4 ,a cogg$ jo9t is /rong] ?an a not*$ because ! upp] beam is n weak5$ at its po9t ( support4 ,x is us$ 9 heavy fram+4 ,no4 #bc4 ,a =k$ t5on jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is made by cutt+ a =k 9 ! end ( "o memb]1 & not*+ ! o!r memb] to fit into ! =k1 s t nei!r piece c slip4 ,x is us$ 9 knock-d[n furniture & 9 connect+ a munt9 to a rail1 :]e x is desir$ t ! munt9 %\ld run ?ru & also t ! rail be cont9u\s4 ,no4 #bd4 ,a rabbet or rebate or l$ge jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 is made by cutt+ out a portion ( ! side or end ( a bo>d or timb] ,x to receive ! end or side ( ano!r1 ,y4 ,x may !n be nail$ f ei!r ! side or end or f bo?4 ,! neate/ way 9 small boxes is f ! end1 or bett] /ill x may be only glu$4 ,no4 #be4 ,a dado or groov$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 is made by cutt+ 9 "o memb] a groove into :i* ! end or edge ( ! o!r memb] fits4 ,prop]ly speak+ a groove runs ) ! gra91 a dado across x1 s t ! bottom ( a draw] is ins]t$ 9 a groove :ile ! back ( ! draw] is ins]t$ 9 a dado4 ,:]e ! :ole ( ! end ( "o memb] is let into ! o!r1 su* a dado is also call$ a h\s$ dado4 ,treads ( /airs are h\s$ into /r+ bo>ds4 ,to lay out a dado jo9t3 ,aft] c>efully dress+ up bo? pieces to be jo9$1 locate accurately ) a knife po9t1 on ! memb] to be dado$1 call$ ,x1 "o side ( ! dado1 & squ>e across ! piece ) a try-squ>e & knife4 ,!n locate ! o!r side ( ! dado by plac+1 if possible1 ! prop] "p ( ! o!r memb]1 call$ ,y1 close to ! l9e drawn4 ,if ?is me?od ( sup]position is n possible1 locate by measurem5t4 ,m>k1 ) a knife po9t1 on ,x1 ! ?ickness ?us obta9$4 ,squ>e bo? ^! l9es z f> across ! edges ( ,x z ,y is to be ins]t$4 ,gage to ! requir$ dep? on bo? edges ) ! m>k+-gage4 ,to cut ! jo9t3 ,fir/ make ) ! knife a triangul> groove on ! wa/e side ( ea* l9e1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ia1 p4 #ff1 & />t+ 9 ! grooves ?us made1 saw ) ! back-saw to ! gag$ l9es on bo? edges4 ,! wa/e may n[ be tak5 out ei!r ) a *isel or ) a r\t]1 ,fig4 #abb1 p4 #hc4 ,! second memb]1 ,y1 %\ld j fit into a dado ?us made1 b if ! jo9t is too tight1 ! *eeks ( ! dado may be p>$ ) a *isel4 ,9 delicate "w x is (t5 wise n to saw at all1 b to use only ! knife & *isel4 ,no4 #bf4 ,a dado & rabbet1 ,fig4 #bff1 is made by cutt+ a dado 9 "o memb]1 ,x1 & a rabbet on ! o!r1 ,y1 9 su* a way t ! project+ p>ts ( bo? memb]s w fit tight 9 ! returns ( ! o!r memb]4 ,x is us$ 9 boxes & gives pl5ty ( surface = glu+4 ,no4 #bg4 ,a dado1 tongue & rabbet1 ,fig4 #bff1 is a comp\nd jo9t1 made by cutt+ a rabbet on "o memb]1 ,y1 & !n a dado 9 ?is rabbet1 into :i* fits a tongue ( ! o!r memb]1 ,x4 ,x is us$ 9 ma*9e-made draw]s4 ,no4 #bh4 ,a dovetail dado or ga91 ,fig4 #bff1 is made by cutt+ "o or bo? ( ! sides ( ! infitt+ memb]1 ,y1 on an angle s t x has to be slid into place & _c be pull$ out sidewise4 ,x is us$ 9 book-cases & simil> "w1 9 :i* ! %elves are fix$4 ,to make ?is jo9t1 fir/ lay out ! dovetail on ! memb] to be ins]t$1 call$ ,y1 ?us3 ,across "o end squ>e a l9e 7,a ,b1 ,no4 #bh71 at ! dep? to :i* ?is memb] is to be dado$ 94 ,set ! bevel-squ>e at ! prop] angle = a dovetail1 ,fig4 #bej4 ,score ?is angle on ! edges ( ! memb]1 z at ,c ,d4 ,cut a groove ) a knife on ! wa/e side ( ,a ,b4 ,saw to ! dep? ,a ,c1 & *isel out ! int]ior angle ,a ,c ,d4 ,!n lay out ! o!r memb]1 ,x1 ?us3 m>k ) ! knife ! prop] place = ! flat side ( ,y1 squ>e ?is l9e across ! face & on ! edges z = a simple dado4 ,lay out ! ?ickness ( ,y on ! face ( ,x by sup]position or o!rwise & squ>e ! face & edges1 n ) a knife b ) a %>p p5cil po9t4 ,gage ! requir$ dep? on ! edges4 ,n[ ) ! bevel-squ>e z already set1 lay out ! angle ,a ,c ,d on ! edges ( ,x1 & across ! face at ,c score a l9e ) knife & try-squ>e4 ,cut out grooves 9 ! wa/e = ! saw z 9 a simple dado1 & saw to ! prop] dep? & at ! prop] angle4 ,*isel or r\t out ! wa/e & :5 complete1 fit ! pieces toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,lay+ ,out a ,dovetail ,jo9t4 ,no4 #bi4 ,a ga9 jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 is a dado :i* runs only p>tly across "o memb]1 ,x4 ,9 ord] to make ! edges ( bo? memb]s flu% & to conceal ! bl9d end ( ! ga91 ! corn] ( ! o!r memb]1 ,y1 is correspond+ly not*$ out4 ,9 book %elves a ga9 gives a bett] appe>ance ?an a dado4 ,a ga9 jo9t is laid out 9 ! same way z ! dado1 except t ! l9es are n c>ri$ cle> across ! face ( ,x1 & only "o edge is squ>$ & gag$ to ! requir$ dep?4 ,knife grooves are made 9 ! wa/e = />t+ ! saw z 9 ! dado4 ,be=e saw+1 ! bl9d end ( ! ga9 is to be *isel$ out = a little space s z to give play = ! back-saw 9 cutt+ d[n to ! requir$ dep?4 ,to avoid saw+ too deep at ! bl9d end1 ! saw+ & *isel+ out ( wa/e may be c>ri$ on alt]nately1 a little at a "t1 till ! requir$ dep? is rea*$4 ,x is easy to measure ! dep? ( ! cut by means ( a small nail project+ ! prop] am\nt f a trial /ick1 ,fig4 #bea4 ,! use ( ! r\t]1 ,fig4 #abb1 p4 #hc1 facilitates ! cutt+1 & insures an ev5 dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,dep?-gage = ,dado4 ,,mortise-,,&-,,t5on ,,jo9ts ,! t5on 9 its simple/ =m is made by divid+ ! end ( a piece ( wood into ?ree p>ts & cutt+ out rectangul> pieces on bo? sides ( ! "p left 9 ! middle4 ,! mortise is ! rectangul> hole cut to receive ! t5on & is made slightly deep] ?an ! t5on is long4 ,! sides ( ! t5on & ( ! mortise are call$ *eeks & ! %\ld]s ( ! t5on are ! p>ts abutt+ aga9/ ! mortis$ piece4 ,no4 #cj4 ,a /ub mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bff1 is made by cutt+ only two sides ( ! t5on beam4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ = l[] ends ( /udd+ or o!r upright pieces to prev5t lat]al motion4 ,no4 #ca4 ,a ?ru mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bff1 is made by cutt+ ! mortise cle> ?ru "o memb] & by cutt+ ! dep? ( ! t5on equal to or m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! mortis$ memb]4 ,! *eeks ( ! t5on may be cut on two or f\r sides4 ,x is us$ 9 w9d[ sa%es4 ,a ?ru mortise-&-t5on jo9t is made 9 ! same way z a bl9d mortise-&-t5on 7see bel[71 except t ! mortise is laid out on ! two opposite surfaces1 & ! bor+ & cutt+ are done f bo?1 cutt+ fir/ f "o side & !n f ! o!r4 ,no4 #cb4 ,a bl9d mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bff1 is simil> to ! simple mortise-&-t5on describ$ 9 #cj4 ,! t5on does n ext5d ?ru ! mortis$ memb] & ! *eeks ( ! t5on may be cut on two or f\r sides4 ,to make a bl9d mortise-&-t5on1 fir/ make ! t5on ?us3 ,locate accurately ) a knife po9t ! %\ld]s ( ! t5on & squ>e entirely ar\nd ! piece4 ,on ! work+ edge ne> ! end m>k ! ?ickness ( ! t5on4 ,set ! m>k+-gage at ! prop] di/ance f ! work+ face to "o *eek ( ! t5on & gage ! end & ! two edges betwe5 ! end & ! knife-l9es4 ,reset ! gage to m>k ! ?ickness ( ! t5on & gage t 9 ! same way f ! work+ face4 ,!n m>k & gage ! wid? ( ! t5on 9 ! same way4 ,:5ev] !re are sev]al t5ons ( ! same size to be cut1 !y %\ld all be laid out toge!r1 t is ! m>k+-gage set once to m>k all face *eeks & once to m>k all back *eeks4 ,if a mortise-gage is available1 use t4 ,always m>k f ! work+ face or work+ edge4 ,cut out a triangul> groove on ! wa/e side ( ! knife l9es 7at ! %\ld]s7 z 9 cutt+ a dado1 ,fig4 #ia1 p4 #ff4 ,9 cutt+ ! t5on1 fir/ rip-saw j outside ! gag$ l9es1 !n crosscut at ! %\ld] l9es4 ,d all ! rip-saw+ be=e ! crosscutt+4 ,if ! pieces are small ! back-saw may be us$ = all cuts4 ,x is well to *amf] ! arrises at ! end ( ! t5on to insure its />t+ easily into ! mortise4 ,locate ! ends ( ! mortise & squ>e l9es across ) a %>p p5cil 9 ord] to avoid leav+ knife m>ks on ! f9i%$ piece4 ,!n locate ! sides ( ! mortise f ! ?ickness ( ! t5on1 already det]m9$1 & gage betwe5 ! cross l9es4 ,z 9 ! case ( l t5ons1 if !re are a numb] ( mortises all alike1 set ! gage only twice = !m all4 ,9 cutt+ ! mortice1 fir/ fa/5 ! piece s t x w re/ solid on ! b5*4 ,?is may be done ei!r 9 a tail vise or by a h&screw1 or by clamp+ ! b5*-hook firmly 9 ! vise 9 su* a way t ! cleat ( ! b5*-hook ov]hangs ! piece4 ,!n tap ! b5*-hook ) a mallet & ! piece w be f\nd to be held tightly d[n on ! b5*4 ,see ,fig4 #gf1 p4 #eh4 ,x is common to loos5 up ! wood by fir/ bor+ a s]ies ( adjo9+ holes ^: c5t]s foll[ ! c5t]-l9e ( ! mortise & ^: diamet] is slightly less ?an ! wid? ( ! mortise4 ,take c>e to bore p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface1 see ,fig4 #acg1 p4 #hf1 & no deep] ?an necess>y4 ,dig out ! portions ( wood betwe5 ! aug] holes & *isel (f ?9 slices1 back to ! gage-l9es & to ! knife-l9es1 tak+ c>e all ! "t to keep ! sides ( ! mortise p]p5dicul> to ! face4 ,?is may be te/$ by plac+ ! *isel aga9/ ! side ( ! mortise & /&+ alongside x a try-squ>e ) its head re/+ on ! surface4 ,f9ally te/ ! t5on 9 ! mortise not+ c>efully :]e x p9*es1 if any:]e1 & trim c>efully4 ,! tight] x fits )\t dang] ( splitt+ ! mortis$ memb]1 ! /rong] w be ! jo9t4 ,_m pref] to dig mortises )\t fir/ bor+ holes4 ,= ?is purpose a mortise-*isel1 ,fig4 #fh1 p4 #ed1 is desirable4 ,! me?od is to beg9 at ! middle ( ! mortise1 plac+ ! *isel--:i* %\ld be z wide z ! mortise--at "r angles to ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,*isel out a ,v %ap$ op5+ ab\t z deep z ! mortise1 & !n f ?is hole "w back to ea* end1 occasionally pry+ out ! *ips4 ,"w ) ! flat side ( ! *isel t[>d ! middle except ! la/ cut or two at ! ends ( ! mortise4 ,no4 #cc4 ,9 a mortise-&-t5on jo9t on rabbet$ pieces1 ,fig4 #bff1 ! t5on is z mu* %ort] on "o side ?an ! o!r z ! rabbet is wide4 ,9 ,fig4 #cc1 abcd4 ,no4 #cd4 ,a w$g$ mortise-&-t5on jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 is a ?ru jo9t 9 :i* aft] ! t5on is driv5 home1 w$ges are driv5 9 betwe5 ! t5on & ! sides ( ! mortise4 ,! w$ges are dipp$ 9 glue or :ite lead be=e be+ ins]t$4 ,! sides ( ! mortise may be slightly dovetail$4 ,x is us$ to keep a t5on tightly fix$ z 9 :eel spokes4 ,no4 #ce4 ,a w$g$ mortise-&-t5on jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 may also be made by driv+ ! w$ges into saw k]fs 9 ! t5on in/ead ( along its sides z 9 ,no4 #cd4 ,x is us$ 9 ornam5tal jo9ts z well z 9 c>p5try4 ,no4 #cf4 ,a fox-tail t5on1 ,fig4 #bff1 is a bl9d mortise-&-t5on 9 :i* ! mortise is made slightly wid] at ! bottom ?an ! wid? ( ! t5on4 ,w$ges are driv5 into saw k]fs 9 ! t5on be=e ins]t+ into ! mortise2 !n :5 x is driv5 home ! w$ges spread out ! t5on & make x fill out ! mortise4 ,x is us$ 9 /rong doors & also :]e ! mortis$ memb] is already 9 place s t a w$g$ mortise-&-t5on is impossible4 ,no4 #cg4 ,a dovetail mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bff1 is a ?ru mortise-&-t5on bevel$ on "o side s z to =m half a dovetail4 ,! correspond+ side ( ! mortise is also bevel$ & made wide en\gh s t :5 ! t5on is press$ well up aga9/ its bevel$ side a w$ge may be driv5 into ! space left on ! /raight side4 ,x is us$ to t5on a beam into a po/ especially :]e ! po/ is fix$ aga9/ a wall4 ,x is also us$ 9 ma*9]y frames :i* are made ( wood4 ,no4 #ch4 ,a p9n$ mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is "o 9 :i* a p9 is driv5 ?ru holes bor$ ?ru ! mortis$ beam & ?ru ! t5on to keep !m f draw+ ap>t4 ,x is us$ 9 heavy fram+ z 9 bridges1 9 wagon-mak+1 9 w9d[-sa%1 etc4 ,no4 #ci4 ,a key$ mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is "o 9 :i* ! t5on protrudes ?ru ! mortise f> en\gh to receive a removable key & ?us be drawn up tight to ! mortis$ memb]4 ,x is us$ 9 "w-b5*es & 9 ornam5tal jo9ts l knock-d[n bookcases & 9 o!r mission furniture4 ,! key$ mortise-&-t5on is made z 9 a ?ru mortise-&-t5on1 except t be=e cutt+ ! t5ons ! holes = w$ges %\ld be laid out ?us3 measur+ f ! %\ld] ( ! t5on1 locate by sup]position or measurem5t ! outside ( ! mortis$ memb]4 ,d$uct f ?is #a_/af & squ>e a f9e p5cil-l9e across ! face & opposite side4 ,?is l9e w be ! inside ( ! hole = ! w$ge1 & ! #a_/af is d$uct$ to make sure t ! key w$ges aga9/ ! mortis$ memb]4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! t5on1 lay (f t[>d ! end ! wid? ( ! w$ge at ?is po9t1 ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #beb1 & squ>e across4 ,on ! "u surface1 lay (f ! wid? ( ! w$ge at ?is po9t1 ,c ,d1 & squ>e across4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,key$ ,mortise-&-,t5on ,jo9t4 ,gage ! sides ( ! w$ge hole on bo? upp] & l[] surfaces ( ! t5on4 ,aft] cutt+ ! mortise & t5on1 bore & *isel out ! hole = ! w$ge1 tak+ c>e to cut ! side t[>d ! end on a bevel to fit ! w$ge4 ,no4 #dj4 ,a tusk t5on or %\ld] t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is "o 9 :i* ! t5on prop] is q ?9 b is re9=c$ by a ?ick] %\ld] call$ a tusk4 ,! upp] %\ld] is bevel$4 ,! object ( ?is =m is to weak5 ! mortis$ memb] z little z possible b at ! same "t to increase ! /r5g? ( ! t5on4 ,x is us$ 9 jo9+ tail beams to head]s 9 floor fram+4 ,no4 #da4 ,a d\ble mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 consi/s ( two t5ons side by side 9 "o piece fitt+ into two correspond+ mortises4 ,x is us$ 9 jo9]y1 z 9 door-frames1 b n 9 c>p5try4 ,no4 #db4 ,a haun*$ mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is made by cutt+ away "p ( ! t5on s t t "p ( x w be mu* %ort] ?an ! re/4 ,! haun* gives ! t5on great lat]al /r5g? & saves cutt+ s l>ge a mortise hole4 ,x is us$ 9 panel con/ruction1 z :]e ! rails are jo9$ to ! /iles ( doors4 ,fir/ pl[ ! groove 9 all ! memb]s4 ,?is %\ld be ( ! same wid? z ! ?ickness ( ! t5ons1 :i* is ord9>ily "o-?ird ( ! ?ickness ( ! frame4 ,! groove is approximately z deep z x is wide4 ,lay out & cut ! t5on ! wid? ( ! entire piece1 m9us1 ( c\rse1 ! dep? ( ! groove4 ,! mortise %\ld n come too ne> ! end1 or ! portion ( wood outside x w %e> out4 ,h5ce ! t5on is n>r[$ on ! outside en\gh to insure /r5g? 9 ! mortis$ piece4 ,! rule is t ! t5on %\ld be "o-half ! wid? ( ! rail1 m9us ! groove4 ,b en\gh ( ! t5on is left full wid? to fill up ! groove at ! out] end ( ! mortis$ piece4 ,?is is call$ ! haun*4 ,! wid? ( ! mortise is equal to ! wid? ( ! groove1 its l5g? to ! wid? ( ! t5on4 ,be=e assembl+ ! panel frame1 put soap or tall[ on ! corn]s ( ! panel to prev5t its be+ glu$ to ! frame4 ,no4 #dc4 ,table or tap] haun*+1 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,sometimes1 z 9 table con/ruction1 = ! sake ( /iff5+ ! rail1 or 9 places :]e x is desirable t ! haun* does n %[1 ! haun* is bevel$ f ! t5on to ! edge ( ! rail4 ,no4 #dd4 ,a b>e-fac$ t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is "o 9 :i* a *eek is cut f only "o side4 ,x is us$ :]e ! rail is ?9n] ?an ! /ile & x is desirable to keep ! mortise ne> ! middle ( ! /ile4 ,no4 #de4 ,a h\s$ mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is "o 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! end ( "o memb] is let 9 = a %ort di/ance or h\s$ into ! o!r4 ,x is common 9 grill "w & 9 rail+s4 ,no4 #df4 ,a slip-jo9t or end or op5 mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is :at w\ld rema9 if a mortis$ memb] 7 sawn (f along "o side ( ! t5on$ memb]4 ,w9d[ scre5s & o!r light frames su* z ^? = slates & = pr9t+ photographs h ?is jo9t4 ,?is jo9t multipli$ is us$ = small ma*9e-made boxes1 & is !n call$ corn] lock+4 ,,dovetail ,,jo9ts ,dovetail ref]s to ! %ape ( ! projections ( "o memb]1 :5 look$ at broadside4 ,^! projections are call$ dovetails1 or m]ely tails4 ,! projections on ! o!r memb] are call$ t5ons or p9s1 & ! spaces betwe5 bo? tails & t5ons are call$ mortises or sockets4 ,no4 #dg4 ,a ?ru s+le dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is simil> to a slip-jo9t except t in/ead ( a t5on !re is a dovetail4 ,x is us$ 9 w9d[-sa%es4 ,no4 #dh4 ,a ?ru-multiple dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( alt]nate tails & t5ons :i* fit "o ano!r closely4 ,x is us$ 9 tool-*e/s & 9 o!r /rong z well z f9e boxes4 ,to make a ?ru multiple dovetail jo9t1 fir/ squ>e l9es ) a %>p p5cil ar\nd ! ends ( bo? memb]s to locate ! inn] ends ( ! dovetails & ! p9s1 d e on ,x1 ,fig4 #bej1 & l m on ,y4 ,! di/ance ( ?is l9e f ! ends ( ea* memb] may1 if desir$1 be slightly 7#a_/cb7 great] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! o!r memb]4 ,divide ?is l9e1 d e1 on ! memb] to be dovetail$1 ,x1 into z _m equal spaces z !re are to be tails 7dovetails74 ,f ! division po9ts ( ^! spaces1 a b c1 to ! "r & left lay (f "o-half ( ! greate/ wid? ( ! mortises to be cut out1 & also ! same di/ance f d & f e1 z at f f f f & g g g g4 ,! /ronge/ arrangem5t ( dovetails is to make !m equal 9 wid? to ! spaces betwe5 !m1 z 9 ,no4 #dh1 p4 #bfg4 ,= ! sake ( appe>ance !y may be z mu* z f\r times z wide z ! spaces1 b ord9>ily %\ld n be wid] ?an #a-c_/d4 ,set ! bevel-squ>e s t x w fit ! angle ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #bej1 p4 #aei1 9 a "r angle triangle1 ! long side ( :i* is #c & ! %ort side #e_/h4 ,?is is approximately an angle ( #hj or a little m ?an "o to five4 ,f ! po9ts f f f f & g g g g lay (f ?is angle to ! end ( ! piece4 ,c>ry ^! l9es across ! end at "r angles to ! surface1 h i1 ,fig4 #bej1 & repeat ! dovetail angles on ! o!r surface4 ,m>k pla9ly ! p>ts to be cut out 7! mortises71 z on ,x 9 ,fig4 #bej4 ,score ) a knife po9t ! inn] ends ( ! mortises1 d to f1 g to f1 etc41 & across ! edge at d & at e4 ,) a dovetail-saw1 ,fig4 #ic1 p4 #ff1 cut on ! mortise side ( ea* l9e d[n to ! cross l9e1 d-e1 & also along ! cross l9e f d to f & e to g4 ,*isel out ! mortises tak+ c>e to keep ! l9e d-e /raight & squ>e4 ,! ends 7n ! sides7 ( ! mortises may be slightly und]cut to insure a tight fit4 ,fa/5 ! o!r memb]1 ,y1 upright 9 ! vise s t ! end to be t5on$ w be flu% ) ! top ( ! b5*1 & ) ! work+ face t[>d ! b5*4 ,place on x ! work+ face ( ,x1 7! memb] already dovetail$17 tak+ c>e t ! inn] ends ( ! mortises are 9 l9e ) ! work+ face ( ,y1 & t ! edges ( ! two memb]s are 9 ! same plane1 z ,x on ,y 9 ,fig4 #bej4 ,scribe ) a knife po9t along ! sides ( ! tails on ! end ( ,y 7f'-j' & g'-h'74 ,remove ,y f ! vise & squ>e d[n ^! l9es to ! cross l9e l-m 7j'-n & h'-o74 ,score ) ! knife po9t ! inn] ends ( ! mortises ( ,y 7n-o74 ,saw ) a dovetail-saw on ! mortise sides ( ^! l9es1 *isel out ! mortises & fit ! p>ts toge!r4 ,:5 glu$ toge!r1 ! jo9ts %\ld be dress$ (f4 ,:]e !re are sev]al p>ts to be made alike1 x is necess>y to lay out ! dovetails on only "o ,x memb]4 ,?is may be us$ z a templet = lay+ out ! o!rs & !y c !n be sawn sep>ately4 ,or all ! ,x memb]s may be clamp$ c>efully toge!r1 ) "o ,x already laid out1 rights & lefts 9 pairs1 & edges & ends flu%1 ! dep? m>k gag$ all ar\nd1 & !n all sawn at once4 ,! dovetail jo9t is also made by fir/ lay+ out & cutt+ ! memb]s hav+ ! p9s1 & !n sup]pos+ ?is on ! piece to be dovetail$1 & scrib+ ar\nd ! p9s4 ,no4 #di4 ,a lap or half bl9d dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is a dovetail jo9t 9 :i* ! tails on "o memb] d n ext5d entirely ?ru ! ?ickness ( ! o!r memb]4 ,x is us$ 9 jo9+ ! sides to ! fronts ( draw]s & o!r fitt+s :]e only "o side is se54 ,if ! jo9t is to be us$ = a draw] front1 ! groove = ! draw] bottom %\ld be cut or at lea/ laid out be=e lay+ out ! jo9t4 ,see also draw]s1 p4 #aij1 & ,fig4 #bhg1 p4 #aia4 ,on ! end ( ! draw] front1 gage ! dep? ( ! jo9t4 ,gage ! same di/ance on bo? broad surfaces ( ! draw] sides1 m>k+ f ! front ends4 ,lay out & cut ! dovetails z 9 a ?ru dovetail jo9t1 tak+ especial c>e to h ! groove = ! bottom completely )9 ! l[] tail4 ,take c>e also to make ! sides1 "o "r & "o left1 n bo? alike1 s t ! groove w come inside4 ,lay out ! draw] front by sup]pos+ ! dovetail$ side1 ,x1 on ! end ( ! front1 ,y1 z 9 a ?ru dovetail4 ,saw & *isel out ! mortises & fit toge!r4 ,no4 #ej4 ,a /opp$ lap dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is "o 9 :i* nei!r ! tails nor ! p9s ext5d ?ru ! o!r memb]s4 ,h5ce ! jo9t is conceal$4 ,! lap may be r\nd$4 ,x is us$ 9 f9e boxes1 trays1 etc4 ,no4 #ea4 ,! bl9d mit] or secret dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 is a jo9t 9 :i* only "p1 say "o-half1 ( bo? bo>ds is dovetail$1 ! out] portion be+ mit]$4 ,! edges ( ! bo>ds are also mit]$ "r ?ru = a %ort di/ance s t :5 f9i%$ ! dovetails are invisible4 ,x is us$ 9 highly f9i%$ boxes4 ,,bevel$ ,,jo9ts ,a bevel$ jo9t is made by bevel+ ! memb]s s t ! plane ( ! jo9t bisects ! angle at :i* ! memb]s meet4 ,?is is call$ ! mit] & may be #de degrees or any o!r angle4 ,x is a neat b weak jo9t unless re9=c$ by a spl9e1 nails1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,glu+ ,toge!r a ,picture-,frame 7,see also ,fig4 #bed47 ,no4 #eb4 ,a pla9 mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is a jo9t :]e ! bevel$ edges or ends abut & are simply glu$ or nail$ toge!r4 ,x is commonly us$ 9 picture-frames1 inside trim1 columns1 boxes1 & taborets1 f\r or m sid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,picture-,frame-,clamp4 ,= glu+ mit]$ frames1 ! mo/ conv5i5t way is ) ! aid ( ! picture-frame-vise1 ,fig4 #agb1 p4 #aja4 ,nails are driv5 or spl9es ins]t$ z soon z ea* jo9t is glu$4 ,:]e ?is vise is n available1 an ord9>y metalwork+ vise may be us$1 z foll[s3 ,fa/5 "o memb]1 ,x1 face side up1 firmly 9 ! vise4 ,bore holes 9 ! o!r memb]1 ,y1 at ! prop] places = ! nails4 ,ins]t nails 9 ! holes1 apply ! glue to bo? mit]$ surfaces1 place ! glu$ surfaces toge!r1 lett+ ,y project ab\t #a_/h beyond ,x4 ,a conv5i5t way to hold ,y 9 place is 9 ! left h&1 palm up1 :ile ! left =e>m re/s ^u ,x4 ,drive "o ( ! nails home1 & cont9ue driv+ until ! p>ts exactly fit4 ,!n drive home ! o!r nail4 ,n[ fa/5 toge!r 9 ! same way ! o!r two memb]s ( ! picture-frame1 & !n1 "o at a "t1 ! ?ird & f\r? jo9t4 ,?is is ! me?od us$ 9 picture-frame factories1 & :5 once le>n$ is v simple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,picture-,frame-,clamp4 7,see also ,fig4 #bed47 ,= glu+ toge!r at once all ! memb]s ( a mit]$ frame1 ! device %[n 9 ,fig4 #bec is conv5i5t & is easily made4 ,out ( two pieces ( wood some:at long] ?an ! two end pieces ( ! frame1 ga9s are cut ( ! exact l5g? ( ! ends1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,by apply+ two clamps l5g?wise on ! frame1 all f\r jo9ts may be glu$ toge!r at once4 ,if ! frame does n come up squ>e1 x may be squ>$ by means ( a tempor>y brace1 ,a1 9 ,fig4 #bec4 ,! device %[n 9 ,figs4 #bed & #bee1 is also an easily made & effici5t tool4 ,at lea/ ! small pieces1 :i* receive ! corn]s ( ! frame1 %\ld be made ( h>d wood su* z maple4 ,x is self-adju/+ b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to buckle ! p>ts ( a n>r[ frame by ov] pressure4 ,x is well to soap or oil ! corn] pieces to prev5t _! be+ glu$ to ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,glu+ up a ,column ,jo9t4 7,p9*-,dogs at ,top ( ,jo9ts47 ,9 glu+ toge!r long mit]$ jo9ts1 9 six or eight sid$ taborets or columns1 9 :i* ! memb]s meet edgewise1 "o me?od is to wrap a few turns ( bale wire ar\nd ! p>ts & drive 9 w$ges "u ! wire to obta9 pressure1 ,fig4 #bef4 ,ano!r me?od is to wrap a /\t rope1 su* z is us$ = w9d[ weights1 ar\nd all ! pieces1 prop]ly set up1 !n to tight5 x by twi/+ x ) a /ick ?ru a loop1 ,fig4 #beg4 ,a /ill m effective way is by means ( ! ,noxall ,column ,clamp1 a p[]ful device1 us$ *iefly = glu+ up su* pieces z ! pill> ( a c5trally support$ table1 ,fig4 #bei4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 ) all ^! devices to protect ! corn]s1 unless !y are to be r\nd$ (f aft]w>d4 ,a good way to protect !m is ) pieces fa/5$ toge!r 9 ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #beh1 b1 & ,fig4 #beg1 ! int]ior angle be+ equal to ! ext]ior angle ( ! piece to be glu$4 ,9 ! case ( a taboret ) sl5d] legs1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to ins]t blocks betwe5 ! sep>ate legs z well1 to brace !m ap>t & to keep !m f b5d+ "u ! pressure4 ,^! me?ods h ! advantage t !y are spe$y1 s9ce all ! pieces g toge!r at once2 b unless ! pieces fit exactly ! jo9ts w n close4 ,ano!r me?od is to glue & clamp ! pieces ( ! taboret toge!r two by two1 us+ blocks z %[n 9 ,fig4 #beh1 a4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to put ! pressure ( ! h&screws z f> out z possible s z to be sure t ! outside ( ! jo9t closes4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage t1 z only "o jo9t is glu$ at a "t1 ! "w c be done m delib]ately4 ,moreov]1 if :5 ?ree pairs ( a six-sid$ taboret are toge!r1 ! o!r ?ree jo9ts d n fit exactly1 !y c !n be refitt$4 ,ano!r me?od is to glue pieces ( s(t wood on ! ext]ior ( ea* pieces z %[n 9 ,fig4 #beh1 c4 ,^! blocks %\ld be ( su* %ape t ! opposite sides ( ea* pair are p>allel4 ,:5 ! glue is dry1 !y are us$ z corn]s on :i* to clamp ! h&screws4 ,?is me?od has ! disadvantage t ! blocks may break loose at a critical mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,"o ,me?od ( ,glu+ up a ,six-,sid$ ,taboret4 ,9 addition to any ( ^! me?ods ( tight5+ ! jo9ts1 to make sure t ! ends ( ! jo9ts close tight1 p9*-dogs1 ,fig4 #agh1 p4 #ajc1 may be driv5 into ! end gra91 & corrugat$ fa/5]s1 ,fig4 #bbh1 p4 #abe1 also driv5 into ! ends1 make ! jo9t q secure4 ,no4 #ec4 ,a d[el$ mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is "o 9 :i* "o or m d[els are ins]t$ & glu$ into holes bor$ into ! bevel$ edges4 ,x may be us$ in/ead ( nails1 z 9 l>ge picture frames4 ,no4 #ed4 ,a spl9e or tongue mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is "o :i* has a spl9e or tongue ins]t$ at "r angles to ! jo9t4 ,s9ce x furni%es m glu+ surface1 x is /rong] ?an a pla9 mit]4 ,no4 #ee4 ,a slip-fea!r or slip-key mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is "o :i* is /r5g!n$ by a slip ( h>dwood glu$ into a saw k]f cut across ! mit]$ angle4 ,x is us$ 9 picture-frames & 9 boxes4 ,no4 #ef4 ,a slip-dovetail mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is "o 9 :i* a trapezoidal %ap$ key is ins]t$ 9 a dovetail socket cut /raight across ! mit]4 ,:5 dress$ (f1 x gives ! appe>ance ( a dovetail on ea* face4 ,x is us$ = ! same purpose z a spl9e mit]4 ,no4 #eg4 ,a d\ble dovetail key$ mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is "o 9 :i* a d\ble dovetail key made ( h>d wood is inlaid across ! jo9t4 ,?is is a favorite jo9t ) ,ori5tal jo9]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,devices = ,glu+ ,bevel$ ,edges4 ,no4 #eh4 ,a l$ge & mit] or lipp$ mit] jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is made by rabbet+ & mit]+ ! bo>ds to be jo9$ s t ! out] portion ( ! two bo>ds meet 9 a mit]4 ,x is /rong & good look+ & may be glu$ or nail$4 ,x is us$ = f9e boxes4 ,no4 #ei4 ,a /opp$ mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is useful = jo9+ pieces ( diff]5t wid?s1 :5 bo? sides c be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,column-,clamp4 ,no4 #fj4 ,a d\ble-tongue mit]1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is made by cutt+ on ! adjo9+ edges tongues :i* engage 9 ea* o!r4 ,x is us$ 9 high class jo9]y1 on memb]s t jo9 l5g?wise ( ! gra94 ,no4 #fa4 ,a /ret*] jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is a slip jo9t 9 :i* "o or bo? sides is mit]$4 ,x is us$ 9 frames = /ret*+ canvass = pa9t+s by driv+ w$ges f ! inside4 ,two =ms are %[n 9 #fa;a & #fa;b4 ,no4 #fb4 ,a /rut jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is a =m ( mit] jo9t us$ 9 mak+ trusses4 ,no4 #fc & #fd4 ,a ?ru/ jo9t or tie jo9t or toe jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfh1 is "o 9 :i* two beams meet at an oblique angle1 "o receiv+ ! ?ru/ ( ! o!r4 ,! toe may be ei!r squ>e z 9 #fc1 or oblique z 9 #fd4 ,! pieces are bolt$ or /rapp$ toge!r ) iron4 ,x is us$ = ! batt] braces ( bridges4 ,no4 #fe4 ,a pla9 brace jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is "o 9 :i* ! brace is simply mit]$ & nail$ into place4 ,x is us$ = bracket supports4 ,no4 #ff4 ,a h\s$ brace jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is a jo9t 9 :i* ! brace is h\s$ into ! rectangul> memb]s except t ! out] end ( ! mortise is cut at "r angles & ! inn] end diagonally to receive ! brace :i* is cut to correspond4 ,x is mu* /rong] ?an #fe4 ,no4 #fg4 ,an oblique mortise-&-t5on or bevel-%\ld] jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is "o 9 :i* ! %\ld]s ( ! t5on$ beam are cut obliquely & its end is cut (f at "r angles4 ,! *eeks ( ! mortise are correspond+ly sunk4 ,by ^! means ! t5on prev5ts lat]al motion :ile ! :ole wid? ( ! beam presses aga9/ ! abutm5t4 ,?us a mu* l>g] be>+ surface is obta9$4 ,! :ole is bolt$ or /rapp$ toge!r4 ,x is us$ 9 heavy truss "w4 ,no4 #fh4 ,a bridle jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is an oblique jo9t 9 :i* a bridle or tongue is left 9 an oblique not* cut out ( "o beam4 ,ov] ?is tongue is fitt$ a groov$ socket cut obliquely 9 ! o!r beam4 ,x is us$ 9 truss con/ruction4 ,no4 #fi4 ,a bird's m\? jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is an angul> not* cut 9 a timb] to all[ x to fit snugly ov] ! memb] on :i* x re/s4 ,x is us$ 9 raft]s :]e !y fit ov] ! plate4 ,no4 #gj4 ,a pla9 or rubb$ or squeez$ or glue jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is "o 9 :i* ! edges ( two bo>ds are glu$ & rubb$ toge!r tight4 ,x is us$ 9 table-tops1 draw+-bo>ds1 etc4 ,to make ?is jo9t1 fir/ ! bo>ds are all laid d[n flat1 side by side1 & arrang$ 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,?ree consid]ations det]m9e :at ?is ord] is to be3 7#a71 if ! gra9 is ( prime importance1 z 9 qu>t]$ oak1 !n ! bo>ds are arrang$ s z to give ! be/ appe>ance ( ! gra94 7#b71 if possible1 ! bo>ds %\ld be s arrang$ t ! w>p+ ( ea* bo>d %all c\nt]act t ( ! adjac5t ones4 ,= ?is purpose ! bo>ds are s laid t ! annual r+s ( "o %all alt]nate 9 direction ) ! annual r+s ( ! next1 ,fig4 #bhj1 a1 p4 #ahh4 7#c71 if possible1 ! bo>ds %\ld be s arrang$ t aft] be+ glu$ toge!r !y c all be plan$ smoo? 9 ! same direction4 ,:5 ! above requirem5ts h be5 met s f> z possible1 ?is ord] %\ld be m>k$ on adjo9+ edges = lat] id5tification4 ,! edges ( ! bo>ds to be jo9$ %\ld be f9i%$ ) a jo9t]4 ,!re are two pr9cipal me?ods ( glu+ edge-to-edge jo9ts1 rubb+ & squeez+4 ,9 a rubb$ jo9t1 ! surfaces to be jo9$ %\ld be plan$ s z to meet ?ru\t exactly4 ,aft] prop]ly plan+ "o edge ( ea* bo>d1 keep "o bo>d 9 ! vise1 jo9t$ edge up1 & place its to-be neighbor 9 position ^u x4 ,!n use ^! f\r te/s = an exact fit4 7#a7 ,sight d[n ! end to see t ! faces lie 9 ! same plane4 7#b7 ,exam9e ! crack f bo? sides4 ,be sure t bo? ends t\*4 ,te/ ?is by pull+ d[n h>d on "o end ( ! upp] bo>d & notic+ if ! o!r end is /ill 9 contact4 ,if ! o!r end op5s1 sw+ ! upp] bo>d horizontally on ! l[] bo>d to see :]e ! high place is & !n correct x4 7#c7 ,see if ! upp] bo>d /&s firmly on ! l[] bo>d by feel+ g5tly to see if x rocks1 or by rapp+ lightly ! l[] bo>d4 7#d7 ,slide ! top bo>d sl[ly on ! l[] "o to see if x adh]es or sucks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,apply+ ,glue = an ,edge-to-,edge ,jo9t4 ,aft] ! pieces h be5 w>m$1 :i* %\ld be done if possible1 ! glue is spread on !m1 ,fig4 #bfj1 & !y are !n rubb$ sl[ly back & =? 9 ! direction ( ! gra91 pressure be+ appli$ by ! h& & c>e be+ tak5 n to op5 ! jo9t 9 ! lea/4 ,z ! glue sets1 ! rubb+ becomes m difficult4 ,x %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! bo>ds are 9 _! prop] relative positions4 ,9 rubb+ toge!r ! edges ( two bo>ds1 h&screws may be fa/5$ to "o 9 su* a way t _! jaws s]ve z guides = ! o!r bo>d to slide betwe51 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! jaws ( ! h&screw div]ge en\gh n to p9* ! upp] bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,rubb+ a ,glu$ ,jo9t4 ,ano!r me?od is to clamp a sp>e bo>d alongside & project+ above ! l[] bo>d4 ,?is sp>e bo>d acts z a guide aga9/ :i* ! upp] bo>d c be pu%$ z x is rubb$ back & =?4 ,! rubb$ jo9t is especially suitable = %ort bo>ds4 ,9 jo9+ long bo>ds1 a squeez$ jo9t is common4 ,9 ?is case1 ! edges are plan$ s z to be v slightly concave f end to end4 ,! object ( ?is is to c\nt]act ! subsequ5t %r9kage :i* is likely to take place at ! ends ( ! bo>ds be=e x does at ! middle4 ,! pressure ( ! clamps may be dep5d$ ^u to close up ! middle1 &1 especially if d[els are ins]t$1 z 9 ,no4 #ge1 ! jo9t w be /rong en\gh to resi/ ! ela/icity ( ! bo>ds4 ,:5 ! fit is good1 w>m ! wood if possible1 prep>e ! clamps1 put a ?9 film ( glue ov] bo? edges :i* are to be toge!r1 apply ! clamps rapidly1 keep+ ! faces flu%1 & set away to dry = at lea/ six h\rs4 ,!n ano!r piece may be add$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,if ! bo>ds are ?9 & wide1 & !re=e likely to buckle1 !y may fir/ be h&screw$ to cross-/rips to prev5t _! buckl+4 ,! cross-/rips are1 ( c\rse1 slightly %ort] ?an ! comb9$ wid? ( ! bo>ds s t ! full pressure ( ! clamps may come on ! glu$ jo9t4 ,no4 #ga4 ,a rebat$1 rabbet$ or filli/]$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,rebat+ is ! cutt+ ( a rectangul> slip out ( ! side ( a piece ( wood4 ,! re-ent]+ angle left ^u ! wood is call$ ! rebate or rabbet4 ,a rebat$ jo9t1 !n1 is "o 9 :i* correspond+ rebates are tak5 (f edges s t ! jo9$ bo>ds may ov]lap4 ,x is us$ 9 floor+ & sid+4 ,a bo>d is rebat$ & fillet$ :5 two adjo9+ rebates are fill$ ) a fillet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,edge-to-,edge ,jo9t1 ,d[el$4 ,no4 #gb4 ,a mat*$ or tongue-&-groove jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is made by mak+ a projection or tongue 9 ! c5t] ( ! edge ( "o bo>d1 & a correspond+ groove 9 ! c5t] ( ! o!r s t !y w mat* toge!r4 ,:5 us$ = floor+1 ! l[] side ( ! groov$ bo>d is slightly rebat$ s t ! upp] edges w surely t\*4 ,?is sort ( floor+ c be bl9d-nail$4 ,no4 #gc4 ,a bead$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is simil> to a mat*$ jo9t except t a bead is work$ on "o edge to disguise ! jo9t = decorative purposes4 ,no4 #gd4 ,a spl9e-jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is made by pl[+ correspond+ grooves 9 ! edges to be jo9$ & ins]t+ a spl9e or slip-fea!r4 ,x is us$ 9 plank floor+4 ,no4 #ge4 ,a d[el$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 is made by jo9t+ ! two edges c>efully1 bor+ holes opposite ea* o!r & ins]t+ d[el p9s :5 ! two edges are glu$ toge!r4 ,x is us$ 9 table tops1 etc4 ,:]e ! bo>ds are ?ick en\gh to all[ x1 a squeez$ jo9t is greatly /r5g!n$ by ! ins]tion ( d[els4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 ins]t+ d[els is to h ! holes = !m directly opposite "o ano!r & at "r angles to ! surface4 ,! foll[+ is a conv5i5t me?od :]e bo>ds are to be jo9$ edge to edge1 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,place ! two bo>ds back to back 9 ! vise ) ! edges & ends flu%4 ,det]m9e approximately :]e ! d[els are to be ins]t$4 ,) ! gage1 m>k %ort l9es at ! po9ts ( ins]tion 9 ! c5t] ( ea* edge1 gag+ f ! outside faces4 ,across ^! l9es score accurately ) a try-squ>e & knife4 ,!n bore ! holes ) a d[el-bit at ! int]section ( ! l9es1 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,if ?is is c>efully done1 ! holes w be directly opposite "o ano!r1 & equidi/ant f ! faces ( bo? bo>ds4 ,all ! holes %\ld be ( equal dep?1 say #a1 9 ord] t ! d[el-p9s1 :i* %\ld also be cut ( equal l5g?s1 may be int]*angeable4 ,aft] bor+1 ! holes may be slightly c\nt]sunk 9 ord] to insure a tight jo9t & ! easy slipp+ ( ! p9s into place4 ,! latt] result may also be obta9$ by slightly po9t+ ! p9s ) a d[el-po9t]1 ,fig4 #abc1 p4 #hc4 ,x is also a wise precaution to cut a small groove along ! l5g? ( ! p9 to all[ sup]flu\s glue to escape f ! hole4 ,! d[el %\ld be dipp$ 9 glue & ins]t$ :5 ! glue is appli$ to ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,bor+ = ,d[els 9 an ,edge-to-,edge ,jo9t4 ,,! ,,common ,,jo9ts ,,ref]5ces399 ,riv+ton1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eg-gg1 #ace-acg1 #bch-bdb2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bia-bie4 ,adams1 pp4 #a-cj4 ,sickels1 pp4 #hf-abd4 ,goss1 pp4 #abh-aeb4 ,ellis1 pp4 #ace-aea4 ,b>t]1 pp4 #baa-bge4 ,seld51 pp4 #ef-acj4 ,build+ ,trades ,pocketbook1 pp4 #bag-bba1 #bcg4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #hf-ajd1 #afd-agj4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography1 see p4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 #a ,lapp$ & ,/rapp$ #b ,fi%$ #c ,fi%$ & key$ #d ,splic$ = compression #e ,splic$ = t5sion #f ,splic$ & ,tabl$ #g ,splic$ = cross /ra9 #h ,d[ell$ butt #i ,toe-nail$ #aj ,draw-bolt #aa ,pla9 butt #ab ,glu$ & block$ #ac ,hopp] #ad ,cross lap ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 #ae ,middle lap #af ,end lap #ag ,end lap ) rabbet #ah ,dovetail halv+ #ai ,bevel$ halv+ #bj ,not*$ #ba ,*eck$ #bb ,cogg$ #bc ,=k$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 #bd ,rabbet #be ,dado #bf ,dado & rabbet #bg ,dado tongue & rabbet #bh ,dovetail dado #bi ,ga9 #cj ,/ub mortise & t5on #ca ,?ru mortise & t5on #cb ,bl9d mortise & t5on #cc ,mortise & t5on ) rabbet #cd ,w$g$ mortise & t5on #ce ,w$g$ mortise & t5on #cf ,fox tail t5on #cg ,dovetail mortise & t5on ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 #ch ,p9n$ mortise & t5on #ci ,key$ mortise & t5on #dj ,tusk t5on #da ,d\ble mortise & t5on #db ,haun*$ mortise & t5on #dc ,table haun*+ #dd ,b>e fac$ t5on #de ,h\s$ mortise & t5on #df ,slip #dg ,?ru s+le dovetail #dh ,?ru multiple dovetail #di ,lap dovetail #ej ,/opp$ lap dovetail #ea ,bl9d dovetail ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 #eb ,mit] #ec ,d[el$ mit] #ed ,spl9e mit] #ee ,slip fea!r mit] #ef ,slip dovetail mit] #eg ,d\ble dovetail key$ #eh ,l$ge & mit] #ei ,/opp$ mit] #fj ,d\ble tongue mit] #fa ,/ret*] #fb ,/rut #fc ,squ>e ?ru/ #fd ,oblique ?ru/ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 #fe ,brace #ff ,h\s$ brace #fg ,oblique mortise & t5on #fh ,bridle #fi ,bird's m\? #gj ,glue #ga ,rabbet$ #gb ,mat*$ #gc ,bead$ #gd ,spl9e #ge ,d[el$ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,types ,,( ,,wood5 ,,/ructures4 ,! articles suitable to be made 9 wood ) h& tools may = conv5i5ce be divid$ into f\r g5]al classes3 7#a7 ,unjo9$ pieces2 7#b7 bo>d /ructures2 7#c7 panel /ructures2 7#d7 fram$ /ructures4 ,a few illu/rations ( ea* class are giv5 bel[4 7#a7 ,,simple ,,or ,,unjo9$ ,,pieces ,( ^! !re are a numb] t are advantage\s = ! le>n+ ( tool processes2 at ! same "t !y give opportunity = expression 9 design1 & :5 f9i%$ are ( use4 ,examples are3 key-bo>ds1 *isel+-bo>ds1 bread-bo>ds1 sleeve-bo>ds1 iron+-bo>ds1 coat- & skirt-hang]s1 & g\g$ trays4 ,"s ( ^! are s simple z to include h>dly any process b plan+1 directions = :i* are giv5 above1 p4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,p5-,tray4 ,:]e !re is m ?an "o process involv$1 ! ord] ( proc$ure is ( importance4 ,9 g5]al1 a safe rule to foll[ 9 ea* case is to plane up ! piece true & squ>e1 or1 9 te*nical language1 to true x up4 ,at lea/ z _m ( its surfaces %\ld be tru$ z are necess>y = ! lay out4 ,:]e ! piece is to be rectangul> all ! surfaces %\ld be true2 :]e "s ( ! surfaces are to be curv$ x is unnecess>y & a wa/e ( "t to squ>e !m fir/4 ,= example1 9 mak+ a g\g$ tray ) curv$ outl9e1 ,fig4 #bgj1 ! work+ face1 ! work+ edge1 & ! ?ickness %\ld all be true be=e ! plan is laid out4 ,!n1 aft] ! outl9e is drawn1 ! tr\gh may be g\g$1 ! outl9e cut ) turn+-saw1 *isel1 & spoke%ave1 & ! edges mold$ ) ! g\ge or *isel4 ,if !re is incis$ decoration x %\ld be cut be=e ! mold+ is cut1 s t :ile be+ incis$1 ! piece w lie flat )\t tipp+4 ,^! simple pieces1 z well z o!rs1 are (t5 embelli%$ by *amf]+4 ,a *amf] is a surface produc$ by cutt+ away an arris4 ,x diff]s f a bevel 9 t a bevel incl9es all ! way to ! next arris1 :ile a *amf] makes a new arris1 ,fig4 #bga4 ,a ?ru *amf] ext5ds ! :ole l5g? or wid? ( a piece1 :ile a /op *amf] ext5ds only "p way4 ,= ! lay+ out ( a *amf] see p4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,*amf] & ,bevel4 ,?ru *amf]+ is be/ done ) a plane1 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,= ?is purpose ! piece may be held 9 ! b5*-vise & ! plane tipp$ to ! prop] angle1 or ! piece may be held 9 a h&screw :i* 9 turn is held 9 ! vise z 9 ,fig4 #age1 p4 #ajb4 ,! *amf]s ) ! gra9 %\ld be plan$ be=e ^? across ! gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,?ru ,*amf]+4 ,9 *amf]+ a f\r-squ>e /ick into an eight-squ>e1 ! piece may be gripp$ 9 ! vise diagonally1 ,fig4 #bgc1 or x may be held 9 a tr\gh made ( two /rips ( wood f ea* ( :i* an arris has be5 *amf]$ & !n ! two nail$ toge!r1 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,a d[el or nail may be ins]t$ 9 ! tr\gh = a /op4 ,/op *amf]s are p>$ be/ ) a *isel1 ,fig4 #bge1 held accord+ to conv5i5ce ei!r flat side or bevel side up4 ,see "u *isel1 p4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,piece ,held 9 ,vise to ,*amf]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,tr\gh = ,plan+ ,*amf]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,/op ,*amf]+4 7#b7 ,,bo>d ,,/ructures4 ,^! include su* pieces z wall brackets1 sets ( %elves1 book-racks1 plate-racks1 draw+-bo>ds1 foot-/ools1 taborets1 & boxes4 ,! advantage ( ?is =m ( con/ruction is t x is comp>atively easy to make2 ! disadvantage is t if ! bo>ds are wide1 !y are sure to %r9k & swell4 ,x is wise 9 all su* "w to true & smoo? up all ! pieces at once1 & if ! wood is n ?oroly season$1 to keep ! bo>ds "u pressure till !y are assembl$4 ,9 ! case ( sev]al bo>ds to be jo9t$ into "o piece1 !y %\ld be glu$ toge!r be=e ! surfaces are smoo!d4 ,sugge/ions reg>d+ a few typical pieces foll[3 ,wall ,brackets4 7#a7 ,!re are ?ree ess5tial p>ts1 ! %elf1 ! support or supports1 & ! back3 ! %elf to hold ! articles1 ! support to hold up ! %elf1 & ! back to hold all toge!r1 ,fig4 #bgf1 a4 ,! gra9 ( ! wood 9 ! %elf %\ld run left & "r1 n =w>d & back1 because ?us x re/s on ! support 9 su* a way z n to break easily1 & x also acts z a /iff5] = ! back4 ,9 case ! back ext5ds above ! %elf1 z 9 ,fig4 #bgf1 a1 ! %elf c be secur$ firmly to ! back1 s9ce !re is side gra9 9 :i* to drive nails or screws4 ,z to ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! support & ! back1 ?is %\ld run 9 ! direction ( ! l>ge/ dim5sion ( ea*4 ,:]e ! back is long horizontally1 = security 9 hang+1 x is bett] to h two supports4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,see ! ,s*ool ,arts ,book = ,nov41 #aijf1 ,design 9 ! ,woodwork+ ,class1 by ,anna & ,william ,noyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,wall ,brackets1 ,d\ble-,hung3 a4 ,s+le ,support4 b4 ,d\ble ,support4 ,wall book-%elves1 ,fig4 #bgg1 plate-racks1 etc41 are simply comp\nd brackets4 ,! %elf is ! ess5tial piece1 ! sides take ! place ( ! supports1 & ! back is (t5 r$uc$ to /rips m]ely wide en\gh to give rigidity4 ,! %elves may be ei!r ga9$ into ! supports1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bh or ,no4 #bi1 p4 #agi1 or a key$ mortise-&-t5on may be us$1 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,9 ! latt] case ! back /rip may h a %ort b>efac$ bl9d t5on :i* is mortis$ into ! upright1 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,x also fits into a rabbet on ! upp] back side ( ! %elf4 ,made 9 ?is way ! %elves c be knock$ d[n easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,wall ,book-,case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,con/ruction ( a ,knock-,d[n ,book-,%elf ,se5 ,f ! ,back4 ,foot ,/ool or ,cricket1 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,! gra9 ( ! supports %\ld run up & d[n1 because pieces ) ! gra9 horizontal w\ld be likely to break "u pressure4 ,braces or a rail give additional support4 ,! top %\ld n be l>g] ?an ! base ( ! legs2 o!rwise a p]son /&+ c>elessly on ! /ool is 9 dang] ( be+ upset4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,cricket4 ,a ,draw+-,bo>d is made up ( n>r[ bo>ds1 ) glu$ jo9ts1 ) ! bo>ds s laid t ! annual r+s w alt]nate 9 direction1 ,fig4 #bhj1 a4 ,x mu/ be made s t x c %r9k & swell & yet rema9 flat4 ,= ! purpose ( giv+ lat]al /iffness cleats are add$4 ,!y may simply be screw$ on ! und]side1 ! screw holes be+ l>ge en\gh to all[ = %r9kage1 or !y may be dado$ 9 ) a dovetail dado1 ,fig4 #bhj1 b1 or !y may be groov$ to admit a tongue on ! end ( a bo>d1 ,fig4 #bhj1 c4 ,9 ?is case screws pass+ ?ru l>ge holes 9 ! cleats hold !m 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,draw+-,bo>d ,con/ruction3 a4 ,) ,cleats ,screw$ on ,b5ea?2 b4 ,) ,cleats ,dovetail-,dado$ 92 c4 ,) ,cleats ,mat*$ on ,ends4 ,taborets4 ,! t]m taboret orig9ally meant a little tabor or drum1 & 0 !re=e us$ to designate a small /ool1 ! seat ( :i* consi/$ ( a piece ( /ret*$ lea!r4 ,! t]m n[ includes small1 tablelike /ructures = hold+ fl[]pots1 vases1 etc4 ,x might m prop]ly be call$ a table-ette4 ,:5 made up ) bo>ds hav+ _! long edges mit]$1 x has f f\r to eight sides4 ,a six-sid$ "o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bha4 ,9 mak+1 x is be/ to fit ! jo9ts exactly fir/1 :ile ! bo>d is /iff1 & !n to cut out ! patt]n ( ! legs4 ,directions = glu+ are giv5 on p4 #afi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,taboret4 ,scrap-boxes1 ,fig4 #bhb1 & fl[]-pot boxes may be made ) ! same con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,scrap-,box4 ,rectangul> ,boxes4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( jo9+ _! sides4 ,! butt jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,no4 #aa1 p4 #agg1 is pla91 simple1 & good = co>se "w4 ,?is jo9t may be re9=c$ z 9 pack+ boxes1 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,re9=c$ ,butt ,jo9t 9 ,box4 ,mit]$ jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #eb1 p4 #aha1 are neat b weak1 unless re9=c$ by a spl9e1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #ed4 ,! rabbet or l$ge jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bd1 p4 #agi1 is bo? /rong & neat4 ,x c be glu$ & also nail$ if desir$4 ,! rabbet & dado jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bf1 c be glu$ )\t nails & is good = small boxes4 ,! h\s$ dado1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #be1 is good = wat]-tight boxes4 ,! mit]$ l$ge1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #eh1 makes a v neat1 /rong jo9t :i* c be nail$ or glu$1 b is m difficult to fit ?an a simpl] jo9t4 ,! dovetail jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #dh1 is v /rong & hone/1 b ! jo9t is prom95t f ! outside & x takes mu* "t & labor to make4 ,x is glu$4 ,! bl9d dovetail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #ea1 is v neat & /rong1 & ! jo9t is entirely conceal$ :5 done1 b is v difficult to make4 ,! ,bottoms ( ,boxes4 ,! pla9 or full bottom1 ,fig4 #bhd1 ,a1 is likely to %r9k 7see dott$ l9e71 & x is held 9 place only by ! friction ( ! nails4 ,! ext5d$ bottom1 ,fig4 #bhd1 ,b1 ov]comes ! objection to %r9kage & adds a decorative feature4 ,! bottom may be set 91 ,fig4 #bhd1 ,c4 ,?is is /rong] ?an ! pla9 bottom1 b ! nail holes %[4 ,! bottom may be rabbet$ 91 ,fig4 #bhd1 ,d4 ,?is is bett] ?an ! set-9 bottom s f> z ! %[+ ( ! nail holes goes1 = ! nails may be driv5 9 f bel[1 & a little %r9kage is n conspicu\s4 ,x is practicable1 if a rabbet or mit]$ jo9t is us$ 9 ! sides1 b if ! side pieces are butt$ or dado$1 ! rabbet = ! bottom %[s4 ,?is may be clev]ly conceal$ by an ins]t1 b t is pat*work1 & n fir/-rate con/ruction4 ,re9=c$ bottom1 ,fig4 #bhd1 ,e4 ,a pla9 or full bottom is sometimes cov]$ by a base or cov] /rip to hide ! jo9t & secure ! bottom1 z 9 tool *e/s4 ,?is /rip may be mit]$ at ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,me?ods ( ,atta*+ ,box ,bottoms4 ,! ,lids ( ,boxes4 ,! simple/ =m is a full flat cov]1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,a1 :i* may be nail$ or screw$ to ! box1 z 9 pack+ cases4 ,! cov] may slide into a groove1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,b1 along ! sides & into "o end1 ! o!r end be+ l[]$ to admit x4 ,! cov] may h cleats on its und]side1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,c1 :i* fit j inside ! box & keep ! top 9 place4 ,! cleats also prev5t ! top f w>p+4 ,?is is a common ,japanese con/ruction1 ev5 9 f9e boxes4 ,! ,japanese tie ! top on ) a tape or ribbon4 ,! lid may be box$1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,d1 t is1 portions ( ! sides may be affix$ to ! top4 ,^! extra pieces are a help to /iff5 ! top & to keep x f w>p+4 ,a box$ top may h ! top bo>d flu% ) ! sides1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,e4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is is t ! top may %r9k & "p f ! sides & give a bad appe>ance4 ,! ov]lapp+ top1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,f1 obviates ?is tr\ble ( %r9kage & adds a decorative elem5t4 ,9 ?is case ! top may be glu$ on or screw$ f bel[ ?ru ! side /rips4 ,! top may be mit]$ into ! sides1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,g4 ,! %r9kage tr\ble /ill obta9s "h4 ,o!rwise ! appe>ance is excell5t4 ,! top may be panel$ into ! sides1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,h4 ,?is has a good appe>ance if ! sides are mit]$ & l$g$ b n if ! sides are butt$ or dado$1 because !n ! groove = ! top %[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,=ms ( ,box ,con/ruction4 ,any ( ^! lids may be made removable or h+$1 except ! slid+ top4 ,= me?ods ( h++ see p4 #acb4 ,9 glu+ boxes toge!r1 x is a good plan to glue ! ends & sides toge!r fir/ & to let ^! jo9ts dry be=e glu+ on ! bottom &1 9 ! case ( a box$ top1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,d1 ! top4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! sides d n b[ "u ! pressure4 ,to prev5t ?is1 "o or m false1 tempor>y p>titions z ,a1 ,b1 9 ,fig4 #bhf1 ( exactly ! l5g? to keep ! sides /raight1 may be ins]t$4 ,9 glu+ toge!r boxes ) rabbet$ jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,h1 pressure %\ld be appli$ 9 bo? directions4 ,9 glu+ on ! bottom ( a box t is also to be nail$1 ! nails %\ld be driv5 into ! bottom fir/1 s t ! po9ts j come ?ru4 ,^! po9ts /ick+ into ! sides w prev5t ! bottom f slipp+ :5 pressure is appli$4 ,x is (t5 undesirable to h nail heads %[1 z 9 a top4 ,9 su* a case1 & also to prev5t ! top f slipp+ "u pressure1 a c\ple ( small brads may be driv5 "p way into ! upp] edges ( ! sides1 ! heads bitt5 (f ) ! nipp]s1 & po9ts fil$ on ! project+ portion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,glue+ ,toge!r a ,box4 ,draw]s4 ,9 ! be/ =m1 ! sides are dovetail$ to ! front = /r5g?1 ,fig4 #bhg1 = :5ev] ! draw] is op5$ ! front t5ds to pull away f ! sides4 ,?is dovetail is half bl9d1 s t ! jo9t w n appe> :5 ! draw] is %ut4 ,9 ord] t ! draw] may always run freely & yet ! front fit ! op5+ z close z possible1 x is common practice to cut a %all[ rabbet on ! ends ( ! front1 s t ! body ( ! draw] is a little n>r[] ?an ! front is long1 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,or ! front may be atta*$ to ! sides ) a dado tongue & rabbet jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bg1 p4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,dovetail$ ,draw] ,con/ruction4 ,! bottom is groov$ into ! sides ) its gra9 p>allel to ! front & fa/5$ only to ! front s t x has pl5ty ( play = %r9kage4 ,! back is dado$ into ! sides1 ) ei!r a /raight dado1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #be1 p4 #agi1 or dovetail dado1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bh1 & re/s on ! bottom4 ,! ext5sion ( ! bottom beyond ! back all[s ample room = %r9kage4 ,! be/ ma*9e-made draw]s are n[ made ) ! bottom panel$ or dado$ 9 all ar\nd s t pap]s _c slip out4 ,! back1 z well z ! front1 is dovetail$4 ,directions = ,mak+ a ,table ,draw]4 ,dress ! front & sides to size4 ,fit ! front ( ! draw] to its place 9 ! table or cab9et1 leav+ a little play all ar\nd x4 ,pl[ ! groove 9 ! front & sides = ! draw] bottom4 ,= ord9>y draw]s1 a groove #a_/d wide is prop]4 ,if ! ends ( ! front are to be rabbet$ 7see above71 d ?is next4 ,! sides are be/ jo9$ to ! front ) ! half-bl9d dovetail jo9t4 7,= directions see p4 #aff74 ,aft] fitt+ ^!1 lay out & cut ! dadoes = ! back ( ! draw]4 ,prep>e ! bottom ( ! draw] ?us3 ! gra9 %\ld run "r & left1 nev] front & back4 ,if ! draw] is s long z to require x1 glue-jo9t ! bottom1 & fit x snugly to place4 ,!re ne$ be no play "r & left1 & ! bottom %\ld ext5d z f> back z ! sides4 ,if necess>y1 bevel ! "u side to fit ! grooves4 ,assemble all ! p>ts to see t !y fit1 take !m ap>t1 glue ! sides to ! front & back1 slip ! bottom into place1 apply ! clamps1 & see to x t all jo9ts are squ>e1 us+ a diagonal brace if necess>y1 ,fig4 #bid4 ,fa/5 ! bottom to ! front by means ( a ?9 block glu$ into ! int]ior angle betwe5 ! "u side ( ! bottom & ! back side ( ! front4 ,:5 dry1 clean up ! draw] & fit x to its place4 7#c7 ,,panel ,,/ructures ,^! include doors & cab9ets ( all sorts4 ,! pr9ciple ( panel or cab9et con/ruction is t !re %all be a frame compos$ ( n>r[ memb]s ^: gra9 foll[s ! pr9cipal dim5sions4 ,9 ! be/ con/ruction ?is frame is mortis$ & t5on$ toge!r & )9 ?is frame !re is set a ?9 bo>d or panel :i* is free to %r9k or swell b is prev5t$ f w>p+ by ! /iff] frame4 ,! object is to cov] an ext5d$ surface 9 su* a way t ! g5]al dim5sions & good appe>ance w n be affect$ by :atev] %r9kage !re is4 ,s9ce ! frame itself is made up ( n>r[ pieces1 !re is b little %r9kage 9 !m4 ,t %r9kage is all t affects ! size ( ! :ole /ructure1 because wood does n %r9k longitud9ally to any appreciable ext5t4 ,! %r9k+ or swell+ ( ! panel does n affect ! g5]al size4 ,! cross con/ruction ( ! frame also prev5ts w>p+1 s9ce1 9 ! be/ con/ruction e jo9t is mortis$ & t5on$4 ,! panel may simply be fa/5$ on ! back ( ! frame1 b a bett] con/ruction is to ins]t x 9 a groove made 9 ! inside ( ! frame 9 :i* ! panel is to lie & h free play4 ,! panel may be made ( "o bo>d or ( mat*$ bo>ds1 may be pla9 or h rais$ or c>v$ surfaces1 or be ( glass2 & ! jo9ts betwe5 frame & panel may be embelli%$ ) mold+s mit]$ 91 b ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 all cases4 ,! frame ( a door1 ,fig4 #bhh1 illu/rates ! panel con/ruction4 ,! upright1 outside pieces are call$ ! /iles1 ! horizontal pieces ! rails4 ,!re are also ! top-rail1 ! bottom-rail1 ! lock-rail 7:]e ! door-knob & lock are ins]t$71 & sometimes ! frieze-rail betwe5 ! lock rail & ! top rail4 ,! munt9 is ! upright betwe5 ! two /iles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,door1 ,illu/rat+ ,panel ,con/ruction3 ,s4 ,/ile2 ,t4 ,r4 ,top ,rail2 ,l4 ,r4 ,lock ,rail2 ,b4 ,r4 ,bottom ,rail2 ,m4 ,munt92 ,p4 ,panel2 ,a4 ,d\ble ,mortise-&-,t5on2 ,f4 ,fillet2 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,=ms ( ,panels4 ,! jo9t commonly us$ is ! haun*$ or reli%$ mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #db1 p4 #ahj2 7,see p4 #afc = directions = mak+74 ,! t5on is sometimes d\bl$1 ,fig4 #bhh1 & a fillet 7f7 may be ins]t$ to cov] ! ends ( ! t5ons1 or ! jo9t may be a bl9d mortise-&-t5on1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #cb1 or 9 *eap con/ruction1 d[els may be us$4 ,! be/ doors are n[ made ) cores ( p9e cov]$ on ! visible sides ) heavy v5e]4 ,l>ge surfaces are cov]$ by increas+ ! numb] ( p>ts r ?an _! size1 z 9 wa9scot+4 ,picture-frames also belong 9 ?is class ( /ructures1 ! glass tak+ ! place ( ! panel4 ,!y are made ) mortise-&-t5on jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #cc1 slip jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #df1 d[ell$ butt jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,no4 #h1 end lap jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfe1 ,no4 #ag1 &1 f> m commonly1 mit]$ jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #eb4 ,mit]$ jo9ts are ! easie/ to make1 = ! jo9ts c be cut 9 a mit]-box1 ,fig4 #aha1 p4 #ajd1 & glu$ 9 a picture-frame-vise1 ,fig4 #agb1 p4 #aja4 ,?is jo9t ne$s re9=cem5t by nails1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #eb1 by d[els1 ,no4 #ec1 or by spl9es1 ,no4 #ee4 ,if ! sides are ( diff]5t wid?s1 ! fitt+ ( ! jo9t is m difficult4 ,mit]$ jo9ts are ! only k9d suitable = mold$ frames4 ,! rabbets are cut out ) a rabbet+-plane be=e mit]+ & assembl+4 ,! pr9ciple disadvantage ( a mit]$ jo9t is t1 if ! wood %r9ks at all1 x op5s at ! inside corn]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #bhi1 because wood %r9ks sidewise b n l5g?wise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,! ,way a ,mit]$ ,jo9t ,op5s on ,acc\nt ( ,%r9kage4 ,9 w9d[ sa%es1 ! dovetail jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #dg1 is ! common "o at ! upp] end ( ! l[] sa% & ! l[] end ( ! upp] sa%1 & ! mortise-&-t5on jo9t modifi$ is us$ at ! l[] end ( ! l[] & upp] end ( ! upp] sa%4 ,! glass takes ! place ( ! panel4 ,9 bl9d sa%es1 ! p9n$ mortise-&-t5on jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #ch1 is commonly us$4 ,:5 panels are jo9$ toge!r to enclose a space1 !n we h :at is prop]ly call$ cab9et con/ruction4 ,illu/rations are cab9ets1 bureaus1 desks1 lock]s1 *e/s1 etc4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! con/ruct$ panels may be treat$ z sep>ate bo>ds & jo9$ toge!r ) d[el p9s or spl9es or dado$ toge!r )\t any o!r framework1 ?o ! corn]s are (t5 re9=c$ by cleats or blocks glu$ into !m4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 z 9 *e/s1 ,fig4 #bij1 po/s are us$ in/ead ( /iles1 & rails are mortis$ or d[el$ into !m & ! panels set into grooves 9 bo? po/s & rails4 ,9 ?is case ! bottom is rais$ f ! floor1 & may be dado$ into ! bottom rails1 or d[ell$ into !m or ev5 support$ by /rips atta*$ along _! l[] inside edges4 ,! *e/ really is a union ( bo? panel$ & fram$ /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,*e/ ,con/ruction4 7#d7 ,,fram$ ,,/ructures ,! pr9ciple ( ! fram$ /ructure is simil> to t ( ! panel con/ruction 9 t ! object is to all[ = %r9kage )\t h>m to con/ruction & also to economize mat]ials4 ,common examples are tables1 *airs1 "w-b5*es1 & frame h\ses4 ,! ,mak+ ( a ,table4 ,! /&>d height ( a table is #cj4 ,!re %\ld be #be cle>ance "u ! rails4 ,?is leaves approximately #d = ! wid? ( ! rails4 ,assum+ t ! table is to be ( a simple /raight l9e type ) "o draw]1 ! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure is sugge/$3 ,cut ! bo>ds = ! top to ! approximate l5g? & /ick1 7see p4 #dg7 & clamp !m1 s z to season !m z well z possible be=e jo9t+4 ,dress to size ! legs & rails4 ,/& ! legs 9 _! prop] positions relative to ea* o!r1 & m>k !m ,f ,r 7front "r71 ,f ,l 7front left71 ,b ,r 7back "r71 & ,b ,l 7back left74 ,pl[ out ! grooves on ! inside ( ! rails = ! fa/5+s ( ! top1 ,fig4 #big1 ,d1 if !y are to be us$4 ,lay out & cut ! t5ons & mortises = ! end rails & back rail4 ,! prop] =m ( ! t5on is "o ) a wide %\ld] above x s t ! top ( ! leg above ! mortise w n %e> out4 ,! rails %\ld be set ne> ! outside ( ! leg s t ! t5on may be z long z possible & ! portion ( ! leg inside x z /rong z possible4 ,a haun*$ mortise-&-t5on jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #dc is sometimes us$1 giv+ additional lat]al /iffness to ! rail4 ,! prop] proportions are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bia4 ,:5 cut1 ^! p>ts %\ld be tempor>ily assembl$ to see if !y fit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,a4 ,cross-,section ,?ru ,back ,left ,leg & ,adjo9+ ,rails ( ,table4 7,plan74 ,b4 ,elevation1 ,%[+ ,wide ,%\ld] on ,t5on ( ,rail4 ,inasmu* z a draw] takes ! place ( a front rail1 ! front legs mu/ be ti$ toge!r 9 "s o!r way4 ,= ?is purpose two /r+]s or draw] rails may be us$1 _! front edges be+ z f> f ! face ( ! legs z are ! rails f ! side & back4 ,! upp] draw] rail may be dovetail$ at bo? ends into ! tops ( ! legs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bib4 ,if ?is takes m room ?an c well be sp>$ f ! dep? ( ! draw]1 x may be omitt$1 b x adds greatly to ! /iffness ( ! table & is an excell5t means ( fa/5+ on ! top by ! use ( screws pass+ ?ru x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,table ,con/ruction3 ,upp] ,draw] ,rail ( ,table ,dovetail$ into ,left ,front ,leg4 ,! draw] rail1 also call$ ! =e edge1 is long en\gh to p>tly ov]lap ! side rails1 into ! l[] edges ( :i* x is ga9$ s z to be flu% ) !m1 & may be fa/5$ to !m ) screws1 ,fig4 #bic4 ,! con/ruction may be fur!r /r5g!n$ by also d[el+ ! end ( ?is /ret*] into ! legs4 ,if !re are two draw]s1 ! p>tition betwe5 !m may be d[el$ or ga9$ into ^! upp] & l[] /ret*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,! ,fix+ ( a ,draw] ,rail1 ,se5 ,f ,bel[4 ,if ! legs are to be tap]$ or o!rwise %ap$1 t %\ld be done next4 ,!n glue & assemble ! end rails ) _! prop] legs1 tak+ c>e to see n only t ! jo9ts come up squ>e1 b t ! legs are 9 ! same plane4 ,f9ally assemble ! :ole1 ins]t+1 if necess>y1 a tempor>y diagonal brace to insure squ>5ess1 ,fig4 #bid4 ,:5 dry1 clean up ! jo9ts4 ,= ! mak+ ( a table draw]1 see above1 p4 #aia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,brace to ,insure ,"r ,angles 9 ,assembl+ a ,fram$ /ructure4 ,to fit ! draw] to its place1 runn]s & guides1 ,fig4 #bie1 mu/ fir/ be fa/5$ 94 ,! runn]s are 9 l9e ) ! draw] rail1 & are glu$ & nail$ or screw$ to ! side rails betwe5 ! back ( ! l[] /r+] & ! back po/s4 ,on top ( !m & 9 l9e ) ! inn] face ( ! legs are ! guides runn+ betwe5 ! front & back po/s4 ,or ! runn] & guide may be made ( "o piece prop]ly rabbet$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,draw] ,me*anism4 ,if !re are two draw]s1 a d\ble runn] lies betwe51 & is ga9$ into ! middles ( ! back rail & ! /r+]1 & on x is a guide = bo? draw]s1 equal 9 wid? to ! p>tition betwe5 ! draw]s4 ,! draw]s %\ld run easily 9 _! prop] places4 ,9 ord] to insure ?is1 ! draw] %\ld be slightly n>r[] ?an ! op5+ :i* receives x4 ,a little ,fr5* *alk1 rubb$ on ! sides & runn]s1 makes ! runn+ smoo!r4 ,sometimes ! op5+ = a draw] is cut out ( ! front rail1 z 9 ,fig4 #bif4 ,9 ?is case ! draw] runn]s are support$ betwe5 ! front & back rails1 into :i* !y may be ga9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,op5+ = ,draw] ,cut ,out ( ,front ,rail ( ,table4 ,= ! mak+ ( ! table top see edge-to-edge jo9t1 p4 #agb4 ,dress up ! top to size1 tak+ special pa9s ) ! upp] surface4 ,if ! gra9 is cross$1 use ! v5e]-scrap]1 ,fig4 #aea1 p4 #ib1 !n s&1 fir/ ) ,no4 #a1 !n ) ,no4 #jj s&pap]1 f9i% ! edges c>efully1 & atta* to ! frame4 ,= fa/5+ ! top to ! table rails1 sev]al me?ods are us$4 ,! top may be screw$ to ! rails by ! screws pass+ ?ru ! rails !mselves ei!r /raight up1 ,fig4 #big1 ,a1 or diagonally f ! inside1 ,b1 or ?ru blocks or angle irons1 ,c1 :i* are screw$ to ! inside ( ! rails1 or ?ru buttons1 or panel irons1 ,d1 :i* are free to move 9 a groove cut ne> ! top ( ! rail4 ,! la/ me?od is ! be/ because x all[s = ! inevitable %r9kage & swell+ ( ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,me?ods ( atta*+ ,table ,top to ,rails4 ,*airs may be s simplifi$ 9 =m z to be possible = ! amateur to con/ruct4 ,! two front legs & ! rail & /ret*] betwe5 !m (f] little difficulty because ! angles are squ>e4 ,! two back legs1 may1 = ! purpose ( simplification1 be kept p>allel to ea* o!r & at "r angles to ! seat rails betwe5 !m1 z 9 ,fig4 #bih1 ,a1 & n at an angle z 9 ,b4 ,! jo9+ ( ! back w !n (f] little difficulty4 ,! pr9cipal difficulties lie 9 ! facts t = com=t & appe>ance ! back ( ! *air %\ld incl9e backw>d bo? above & bel[ ! seat1 & t ! back ( ! seat %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! front4 ,by keep+ at "r angles to ! floor ! "p ( ! back legs :i* receives ! seat rail1 ! side seat rails w meet ! back legs at a "r angle 9 a side view1 ,fig4 #bih4 ,! back legs %\ld be slightly %ort] ?an ! front legs1 z %[n 9 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,*air ,con/ruction4 ,! second difficulty involves ! mak+ ( incl9$ mortise-&-t5on jo9ts1 ,a1 :]e ! side rails fit into ! legs4 ,! mak+ ( ^! c be facilitat$ by lay+ out a plan ( ! full size & tak+ ! desir$ angles directly f t4 ,x is common to re9=ce ^! jo9ts ) corn] blocks glu$ & screw$ 9 place z %[n 9 ,a4 ,if !re are additional rails bel[ ! seat rails1 ! easie/ way to fit !m 9 place is fir/ to fit & clamp toge!r ! *air ) ! seat rails only1 tak+ pa9s to h all angles p]fectly true1 & !n to take ! exact measurem5ts = ! l[] rails directly f ! *air4 ,! same me?od may be us$ = lay+ out a /r+] betwe5 ! l[] rails4 ,if x is desir$ to b[ ! rails ( ! back1 :i* are above ! seat rail1 ?is c be done by boil+ !m 9 wat] = #cj m9utes & !n clamp+ !m ov] a =m ( ! prop] %ape1 ) a piece ( /iff %eet iron on ! outside1 z 9 ,fig4 #bii4 ,!y %\ld be ?oroly dri$ 9 a w>m place4 ,!n ! t5ons may be laid out on ! ends p>allel to a /raight-edge laid along ! concave side4 ,! *air bottom may be made ( solid wood1 ei!r flat or model$ into a saddle seat2 x may be cov]$ ) cane or ru%1 or x may be uphol/]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,b5d+ ,bo>ds into ,%ape aft] ,boil+ ,!m4 ,to uphol/] a *air seat1 a frame %\ld fir/ be made ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #bih1 ,c4 ,! /rips are ab\t #b wide & #a_/b ?ick ) _! ends half-lapp$4 ,! seat rails are rabbet$ #a_/b deep & #a_/b wide to receive ?is frame1 :i* %\ld be #a_/h small] all ar\nd ?an ! place to receive x4 ,! returns at ! corn]s fit ar\nd ! legs at #a_/h di/ance f !m4 ,?is #a_/h provides space = ! cov]+s4 ,aft] ! frame is fitt$1 x is cov]$ ) #c webb+ tack$ firmly to ! upp] side4 ,! webb+ :i* goes back & =? is int]wov5 ) t :i* goes f "r to left4 ,ov] ?is is /ret*$ & tack$ 7also to ! upp] side7 a piece ( unblea*$ musl94 ,a second piece ( musl9 is tack$ to ! back edge & "p way along ! side edges1 leav+ = ! "t ! corn]s unf9i%$4 ,9 ! pocket ?us =m$ horsehair or o!r /uff+ is pu%$1 c>e be+ tak5 to di/ribute x ev5ly & n too ?ick4 ,:5 ! pocket is fill$1 ! musl9 is tack$ f>!r along ! sides & m hair put 91 until ! front is rea*$1 :5 ! musl9 is tack$ to ! front edge4 ,! corn]s are n[ drawn 9 tight1 a c>eful snip ) ! scissors p>t+ !m diagonally s z to lie 9 well4 ,! p>t+s may be turn$ d[n & tack$ on ! "u side ( ! frame4 ,f9ally ! lea!r or o!r cov]+ is /ret*$ ov] ! :ole z ev5ly z possible4 ,! corn]s %\ld be left to ! la/1 !n clipp$ diagonally to ! exact inside corn] & ! p>t+s drawn d[n & tack$1 z 0 ! musl94 ,! sup]flu\s lea!r may !n be trimm$ (f1 & ! seat %\ld fit 9 its place4 ,or ! seat frame may be omitt$1 & ! cov]+s tack$ directly to ! *air rails4 ,! balloon-frame h\se is a typical =m ( fram$ con/ruction1 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a balloon-frame are3 #a4 ,,sill1 #dh1 :i* re/s on ! f\ndation4 #b4 ,,beams1 #dh1 :i* re/ on ! cell> po/s1 #ff4 7,n %[n 9 illu/ration47 #c4 ,,floor ,,joi/s1 #bh1 :i* re/ on ! sill & beams4 #d4 ,,corn] ,,po/s1 #df1 ) #bd /uds nail$ to !m4 #e4 ,,/udd+1 #bd1 :i* /& #af betwe5 c5t]s4 #f4 ,,wall ,,ribbon1 or girt1 #ah1 :i* supports ! upp] /ory joi/s4 #g4 ,,plates1 two #bd nail$ toge!r1 re/+ on /uds4 #h4 ,,raft]s1 #bf1 :i* support ! ro(4 #i4 ,,tie-,,beams1 #bf1 :i* prev5t ! ro( f spread+ ! walls4 7,n %[n 9 illu/ration47 #aj4 ,,ridge-,,pole1 #bh1 aga9/ :i* ! raft]s butt4 #aa4 ,,bridg+1 #bb1 :i* /iff5s ! floor joi/s4 #ab4 ,,%ea?+1 7#a ?ick71 put on diagonally to brace ! build+4 ,! re/ is cov]+4 #ac4 ,,floor+1 7,see also ,fig4 #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,h\se ,con/ruction4 ,9 floor+1 ,fig4 #cja1 ! bo>ds are made n>r[ s z to r$uce ! size ( op5+s at ! jo9ts :5 !y %r9k1 & also to r$uce ! t5d5cy to w>p4 ,!y may be laid side by side z 9 ! *eape/ floors1 or mat*$ to close ! jo9t4 ,= diff]5ce betwe5 sla%- & comb-gra9 floor+1 see ,fig4 #ee1 p4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,sid+1 ,ceil+1 ,floor+4 #ad4 ,,build+ ,,pap]4 #ae4 ,,sid+ ,,or ,,clapbo>ds1 7,see ,fig4 #cja47 may ei!r ov]lap )\t a jo9t or be rabbet$ to fit4 ,! be/ sid+ is rabbet$4 #af4 ,,wat]-,,table4 #ag4 ,,corn]-,,bo>d4 #ah4 ,,furr+4 #ai4 ,,%+les4 #bj4 ,,la?+4 #ba4 ,,ceil+1 ,fig4 #cja1 consi/s ( mat*$ bo>ds hav+ a bead to disguise ! jo9t & give a decorative effect4 ,,types ,,( ,,wood5 ,,/ructures ,,ref]5ces399 ,simple ,jo9$ ,/ructures4 ,b5son1 pp4 #cb-cg4 ,goss1 pp4 #ia-if4 ,noyes1 ,s*ool ,arts ,book1 #f3 #hi1 #agi4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #hf1 #bai-bbg1 #cgf4 ,sickels1 p4 #abj4 ,griffi?1 pp4 #hd-ajd4 ,panel & ,cab9et ,con/ruction4 ,goss1 pp4 #aag-aah1 #adh-aea4 ,compton1 pp4 #adf-aea4 ,sickels1 p4 #acd4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #cff-cgb4 ,fram$ ,/ructures4 ,craw%aw4 ,:eel]1 pp4 #bjc-bjf1 #bch-big4 ,sickels1 p4 #abd4 ,build+ ,trades ,pocketbook1 pp4 #bba1 #bcj4 ,cov]+s4 ,sickels1 pp4 #abh-aca4 ,goss1 pp4 #ada-add4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,jo9]y4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,pr(essor ,rank9e's ,five ,pr9ciples3 #a4 ,to cut ! jo9ts & arrange ! fa/5+s s z to weak5 ! pieces ( timb] !y connect z little z possible4 #b4 ,to place ea* abutt+ surface 9 a jo9t z ne>ly z possible p]p5dicul> to ! pressure :i* x has to transmit4 #c4 ,to proportion ! area ( ea* surface to ! pressure :i* x has to be> s t ! timb] may be safe aga9/ injury "u ! heavie/ load :i* occurs 9 practice1 & to =m & fit e pair ( su* surfaces accurately 9 ord] to di/ribute ! /ress uni=mly4 #d4 ,to proportion ! fa/5+s s t !y may be ( equal /r5g? ) ! pieces :i* !y connect4 #e4 ,to place ! fa/5+s 9 ea* piece ( timb] s t !re %all be suffici5t resi/ance to ! giv+ way ( ! jo9t by ! fa/5+s %e>+ or cru%+ _! way ?ru ! timb]4 #a4 ,avoid multiplication ( errors by mak+ all measurem5ts 7z f> z possible7 f a common />t+ po9t1 & lay+ (f all angles f ! same l9e or surface4 ,illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple are z foll[s3 ,be=e proce$+ ) o!r processes1 a work+ face & work+ edge & z _m o!r surfaces z w f9ally appe> 9 ! f9i%$ piece1 %\ld be tru$ up4 ,at lea/ ! work+ face & work+ edge are ess5tial to ! prop] lay-out ( ! piece1 :5ev] measurem5ts are made f an edge4 ,9 lay+ out a s]ies ( measurem5ts1 x is important1 :5 possible1 t ! rule be laid d[n once = all1 & ! additions be made on t1 r ?an t ! rule %\ld be mov$ along = ea* new memb] ( ! s]ies4 ,9 scor+ ar\nd a bo>d ) knife & try-squ>e1 ! head ( ! try-squ>e %\ld be held aga9/ ! work+ face 9 scor+ bo? edges1 & aga9/ ! work+ edge 9 scor+ bo? faces1 & n pass$ f "o surface to ano!r 9 succession4 ,9 ! lay+ out ( a halv$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfe1 ,nos4 #ae-ai1 p4 #agh1 ! gag+ is all done f :at w be "o ( ! flu% surfaces ( ! jo9$ pieces4 ,!n1 if ! gag$ l9e %\ld be slightly m or less ?an half ! ?ickness ( ! pieces ! clos5ess ( ! jo9t w\ld n be affect$4 #b4 ,:5 possible1 9 lay+ out a jo9t1 use ! me?od ( sup]position4 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,by ?is is meant ! me?od by :i* ! lay-out ( "o memb] is obta9$ directly f ! o!r by lay+ 7sup]pos+7 ! latt] on ! =m] & m>k+ or scrib+ ! ne$$ dim5sions directly1 in/ead ( by measurem5t4 ,x has ! advantages ( simplicity1 spe$1 & great] probability ( fit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,m>k+ by ,sup]position4 ,famili> illu/rations are 9 ! mak+ ( halv$ jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfe1 ,nos4 #ae-ai1 p4 #agh1 dovetail jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,nos4 #db-de1 p4 #ahj1 & sc>f$ or splic$ jo9ts1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,nos4 #d-g1 p4 #agg4 #c4 ,"w sy/ematically4 ,9 case ! same process is to be repeat$ on a numb] ( p>ts1 complete ?is process 9 all be=e tak+ up ano!r process4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( labor appli$ to ! individual workman4 ,9 lay+ out duplicate or multiple p>ts1 ! prop] cross measurem5ts %\ld be c>efully laid out on "o piece & !n transf]r$ ) a try-squ>e to ! o!r p>ts laid accurately beside x4 ,s :5 a numb] ( l pieces are to be gag$1 all ! p>ts requir+ ! same sett+ %\ld be gag$ be=e ! gage is reset = ano!r gag+4 ,?is is a great sav+ ( "t & insures accuracy4 ,9 mak+ a numb] ( l p>ts1 if !y are n too l>ge mu* ( ! "w c (t5 be done 9 "o piece be=e x is cut up4 ,= example1 to make a numb] ( slats f a giv5 piece ( wood1 ! piece may fir/ be br\ght to su* dim5sions t ! l5g? w be correct = ! f9i%$ pieces & ! ?ickness ( ! piece be equal to ! wid? ( ! slats1 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,! face may !n be gag$ ) a s]ies ( l9es s t e o!r space w be equal to ! requir$ ?ickness ( ea* slat1 & ! alt]nate spaces be j suffici5t = ! saw k]f & dress+4 ,! slats may !n be ripp$ ap>t & dress$ to size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,mak+ a ,numb] ( ,l ,pieces f a ,giv5 ,piece4 ,or a long /rip may be plan$ to ?ickness & wid? & !n be sawn up & f9i%$ to ! prop] l5g?s4 ,= example1 9 a mit]$ picture-frame x may be conv5i5t to plane up two pieces1 ea* "o long en\gh to make "o long side & "o %ort side4 ,9 fitt+ up fram$ /ructures ea* "p :5 fitt$ %\ld be di/9ctly m>k$1 s t !re may be no confusion 9 assembl+4 #d4 ,:]e practicable secure ! same conditions ( gra9 9 diff]5t elem5ts ( jo9$ /ructures4 ,illu/rations ( ?is are z foll[s3 ,! gra9 ( ! sides ( a box %\ld run cont9u\sly ar\nd ! box1 or1 9 ! case ( a tall1 slim box1 ! gra9 ( all ! sides %\ld run up & d[n4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! gra9 9 ! diff]5t sides is p>allel4 ,9 a rubb$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 ,no4 #gj1 p4 #ahb1 to be plan$ d[n aft]w>d1 9 case ! gra9 is n /raight1 mu* tr\ble 9 plan+ may be sav$ if ! diff]5t pieces are laid s t !y c all be plan$ smoo? 9 ! same direction4 ,?is may n be possible :]e ! bo>ds are jo9$ s z to mat* ! gra91 z 9 qu>t]$ oak1 or :]e ! annual r+s ( sla% bo>ds are made to alt]nate 9 direction s z to less5 w>p+1 ,fig4 #bhj1 p4 #ahh4 #e4 ,:]e possible1 all[ = %r9kage )\t prejudice to con/ruction4 ,! mo/ obvi\s illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple is panel con/ruction4 ,9 a panel1 ! frame1 :i* is comp>atively n>r[1 foll[s ! pr9cipal dim5sions1 & h5ce does n s]i\sly %r9k or swell itself4 ,b ! panel1 :i* is groov$ into ! frame c %r9k or swell )\t h>m to ! g5]al /ructure4 ,9 a ga9$ jo9t1 z 9 a case ( %elves1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bi1 p4 #agi1 ! ga9 9 ! uprights does n ext5d q to ! front ( ! %elves1 & !re is a correspond+ slight %\ld] at ! front end ( ! %elf1 s t if ! %elf & support %r9k unev5ly1 no gap w be app>5t4 ,a draw+-bo>d1 ,fig4 #bhj1 p4 #ahh1 is s made t x c %r9k or swell )\t los+ its flatness4 ,%+les :5 prop]ly laid1 c %r9k or swell )\t ! ro( leak+4 #f4 ,:]e feasible1 und]cut jo9$ surfaces s z to give cle>ance on ! inside & insure a tight appe>ance4 ,b glu$ surfaces %\ld be made to meet flat4 ,illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple are z foll[s3 ,! inn] end ( ! socket 9 a dovetail jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #dh1 p4 #ahj1 may be und]cut slightly s z to insure ! p9's fall+ close into place4 ,! %\ld] ( any t5on may be und]cut s z to all[ ! edges ( ! t5on$ piece to close up tight aga9/ ! mortis$ piece4 ,9 an end-lap halv$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfe1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #agh1 ! edges %\ld meet all ar\nd2 if !y are to be glu$ toge!r1 !y %\ld n be und]cut or !y w n glue well4 ,9 mat*$ floor+1 ! und]side ( ! bo>ds is slightly n>r[] ?an ! upp] side s t ! jo9t may close on ! upp] side )\t fail1 ,fig4 #cja1 p4 #aii4 ,! ends ( floor+ bo>ds are also slightly bevel$ s z to make a tight fit on ! upp] side4 #g4 ,select ! simple/ =m ( jo9t & use ! smalle/ numb] ( abutm5ts 7be>+ surfaces7 possible1 because ! m complicat$ ! jo9t or ! great] ! numb] ( be>+ surfaces1 ! less likelihood !re is ( a s\nd & inexp5sive con/ruction4 ,illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple are z foll[s3 ,usually a s+le mortise-&-t5on jo9t is bett] ?an a d\ble "o because ( simplicity1 /r5g? & ease ( mak+4 ,:]e mu* surface is requir$ = glu+1 a d\ble "o may be bett]4 ,9 a dovetail dado1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #agi1 x is usually suffici5t to make ! dovetail on "o side only4 ,_m v elaborately splic$ jo9ts h be5 devis$1 :i* h no practical advantage ov] ! simple ones1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,nos4 #d-g1 p4 #agg4 ,a butt jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,no4 #aa1 is /rong] ?an a mit]$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #eb1 9 a box1 = ! latt] is almo/ sure to %r9k ap>t4 ,:]e appe>ance is important1 a l$ge & mit] jo9t has ! advantage ( bo?1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #eh4 #h4 ,keep a due proportion ( /r5g? betwe5 ! fa/5+s 7jo9ts7 & ! pieces fa/5$3 i4 e41 ! con/ruction %\ld nei!r be frail on ! "o h&1 because ! pieces ( wood are weak5$ by too mu* cutt+1 nor clumsy1 on ! o!r h&1 because !n ! fa/5+s w\ld be inord9ately /rong4 ,9 o!r words1 ! diff]5t p>ts %\ld be equally /rong4 ,illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple are z foll[s3 ,9 a fi%$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,no4 #b1 ! plate %\ld be atta*$ s z to re9=ce ! splice at ! weake/ po9t4 ,9 a sc>f jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,nos4 #e & #g1 ! angle %\ld be oblique en\gh to give ! greate/ lev]age4 ,9 a tusk t5on1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #dj1 ! t5on is made b "o-six? ! ?ickness ( ! timb]1 :]eas ! tusk is made mu* l>g]4 ,:]e a mortise is to be cut 9 a timb] be>+ weight1 x %\ld be cut 9 ! neutral axis1 :]e ! cutt+ ( fibres w weak5 x lea/4 ,9 ! mortise-&-t5on ( a table-rail1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,no4 #dc1 !re %\ld be a wide %\ld] above ! t5on ( ! rail s t ! top ( ! leg above ! mortise w n %e> out4 ,! mortise %\ld be z ne> ! outside ( ! leg z possible s t ! inn] corn] ( ! leg may rema9 /rong4 ,! t5on %\ld be /rong en\gh to %>e ! /ra9 ) ! %\ld]s4 ,a dado jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #be1 %\ld n be s deep z to weak5 ! support+ bo>d4 ,a t5on %\ld n be s l>ge z to weak5 ! mortis$ piece4 ,p9s or o!r fa/5+s1 ,fig4 #bfg1 ,nos4 #ch & #ci1 may weak5 r ?an /r5g!n a jo9t if !y are s plac$ or are s l>ge z to %e> or cru% _! way ?ru ! timb]4 #i4 ,place ea* abutt+ surface 9 a jo9t z ne>ly z possible p]p5dicul> to ! pressure :i* x has to transmit4 ,illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple are z foll[s3 ! angle 9 a /rut jo9t1 ,fig4 #bff1 ,no4 #fb1 %\ld be equally divid$ betwe5 ! two beams4 ,! ?ru/ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfh1 ,no4 #fc1 9 a bridge truss1 is exactly at "r angles to ! pressure4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is pr9ciple t a splic$ jo9t = compression1 ,fig4 #bfd1 ,no4 #d1 is diff]5t f a splic$ jo9t = t5sion1 ,no4 #e2 & t a h\s$ brac$ jo9t1 ,fig4 #bfi1 ,no4 #ff1 is bett] ?an a pla9 brac$ jo9t1 ,no4 #fe4 ,a jo9t to resi/ v]tical cross /ra9 is /rong] :5 sc>f$ v]tically ?an horizontally4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,jo9]y ,,ref]5ces399 ,goss1 p4 #acb4 ,adams1 p4 #ab4 ,riv+ton1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,wood ,,f9i%+4 ,,/a9s4 ,! function ( /a9s is to *ange ! color1 & to en*ance ! gra9 & texture ( ! wood4 ,/a9s may be divid$ into f\r g5]al classes1 :i* are n1 h[ev]1 entirely di/9ct4 7#a7 ,oil /a9s1 7#b7 ,wat] /a9s1 7a7 made f anil9es1 7b7 made f dyes o!r ?an anil9es1 7#c7 ,_s /a9s1 7#d7 ,/a9s due to *emical *anges4 7#a7 ,oil /a9s4 ,advantages3 !y are easily prep>$1 are easy to apply ev5ly1 & !y d n raise ! gra94 ,disadvantages3 !y cov] ! gra9 some:at1 are apt to give a muddy effect1 !y d n p5etrate v deeply into ! wood1 & x is impossible to /a9 h>d wood d>k ) !m & at ! same "t keep ! gra9 & texture ( ! wood cle>4 ,a conv5i5t =m 9 :i* to h&le ^! pigm5ts is ,devoe's coa* colors1 gr\nd 9 japan4 ,to prev5t evaporation f cans once op5$1 x is well to keep !m p>tly fill$ ) wat] & ! wat] cov]$ ) a little oil4 ,= use1 ! pigm5ts are ?9n$ ) turp5t9e or b5z9e1 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd ( color to "o-half gallon ( turp5t9e or b5z9e4 ,b5z9e is mu* *eap] ?an turp5t9e1 b evaporates m quickly4 ,! addition ( a little boil$ oil gives a body to ! /a91 s t :5 ! wood is well rubb$ d[n a s(t lu/re c be _h )\t any fur!r f9i%4 ,! /a9 %\ld be appli$ ) a bru% to ! wood1 :i* may !n be rubb$ clean ) cotton wa/e4 ,oil /a9s p5etrate h>d woods bett] :5 ! wood has fir/ be5 fum$ 9 ammonia4 7,see bel[1 p4 #baa74 ,or1 ! addition ( a little ammonia to ! /a9 j be=e apply+ aids x 9 p5etrat+ ! wood4 ,! pigm5ts mo/ us$ = oil /a9s are3 burnt & raw umb]1 burnt & raw si5na1 ,v&yke br[n1 drop black1 & m$ium *rome yell[4 ,^! colors may be v>i$ by mix+4 ,= example1 = a gre5 /a91 take two p>ts ( drop black & "o "p ( m$ium *rome yell[1 & dissolve 9 turp5t9e or b5z9e4 ,! addition ( a little v]milion gives a gray] gre54 ,! gre5 may be made blu] by ! addition ( ,prussian blue1 b ! blue already conta9$ 9 ! black gives a s(t1 pleasant gre54 ,= antique oak1 add a trifle ( burnt umb] & black to raw si5na ?9n$ to ! "r consi/5cy4 ,= a r$di% br[n1 ?9 burnt umb] to ! "r consi/5cy4 ,?is may be gray$ by ! addition ( a little gre54 ,a walnut /a9 may be _h by add+ a little ,v5etian r$ to asphaltum1 ?9n$ ) turp5t9e or b5z9e4 ,anil9e oil /a9s4 ,advantages3 ! colors are cle> & easily obta9able4 ,disadvantages3 ! colors are likely to be crude & too bright1 & unless great c>e is tak5 ! tones are metallic & n s(t en\gh to suit wood4 ,x is necess>y to pur*ase colors soluble 9 oil4 ,^! c be _h ( ,william ,z9ns] & ,company1 #aig ,william ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,f\r colors are necess>y to get ! desir$ %ades1 ,bism>ck br[n1 d>k yell[1 d>k blue1 & black4 ,bism>ck br[n comes 9 p[d]$ =m at #b4dj p] lb41 d>k yell[ comes 9 p[d]$ =m at #b4dj p] lb41 d>k blue comes 9 lumps at #c4bj p] lb41 black comes 9 lumps at #b4dj p] lb4 ,^! may be dissolv$ 9 ?ree ounces ( turp5t9e to "o ounce ( boil$ oil1 to "o teaspoonful ( color1 a process t w take place mu* fa/] if ! mixture is heat$4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 n to set fire to ! turp5t9e4 ,:5 cool1 ?9 ) turp5t9e to ! prop] consi/5cy1 apply to ! wood ) a bru% & rub clean ) cotton wa/e4 7#b7 ,wat] ,/a9s4 ,advantages3 !y are *eap & cle> & d n obscure ! gra9 z oil /a9s are likely to d1 & !y p5etrate deeply into ! wood1 especially :5 appli$ hot4 ,!y may be made ( any color+ matt] t is soluble 9 wat]1 & are p>ticul>ly good = h>d woods & = use 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x is possible to /a9 wood mu* d>k] ) !m ?an ) oil /a9s4 ,moreov]1 ! bru%es us$ ) !m are easily tak5 c>e (4 ,disadvantages3 !y are difficult to prep>e & !y raise ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! =m] disadvantage may be ov]come by buy+ !m all prep>$4 ,! difficulty ( ! rais+ ( ! gra9 is to be obviat$ ei!r by wa%+ ! wood 9 wat] &1 :5 dry1 rubb+ d[n ) s&pap] be=e apply+ ! /a91 or rubb+ d[n aft] /a9+ & re-/a9+ :5 necess>y4 a4 ,wat] /a9s made f anil9es4 ,anil9e /a9s are likely to fade1 b ! addition ( a little v9eg> is said to h9d] fad+4 ,= ,mahogany1 dissolve #a oz4 ,bism>ck br[n 9 #c qu>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,use :5 cool4 b4 ,wat] /a9s made f dyes o!r ?an anil9es4 ,! numb] ( ^! is legion2 "s ( ! simpl] are giv54 ,r$di% ,br[n4 ,dissolve extract ( logwood ( ! size ( a walnut 9 #a_/b cup 7#d oz47 ( hot wat]4 ,apply hot to wood repeat$ly until desir$ color is obta9$4 ,black4 ,dissolve extract ( logwood ( ! size ( a walnut 9 #a_/b cup 7#d oz47 ( boil+ wat]4 ,add a teaspoonful ( alum4 ,apply repeat$ly until ! wood is d>k br[n4 ,prep>e acetate ( iron accord+ to directions = mak+ d>k br[n1 on next page4 ,apply ?is to wood already br[n$ ) logwood4 ,if ! gra9 is rais$1 s&pap] lightly1 or rub ) /eel wool & !n ) boil$ oil4 7#c7 ,_s ,/a9s4 ,^! are exp5sive & h5ce little us$4 ,a few illu/rations are giv54#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,= detail$ directions = treatm5t ( diff]5t woods1 see ,hodgson1 pp4 #aab-aec4 ,black4 ,anil9e black1 cut 9 alcohol1 gives a blui% effect b if ! wood ?us /a9$ is rubb$ ) raw l9se$ oil1 x becomes black4 ,ano!r ,black4 ,dissolve extract ( logwood 9 wood alcohol4 ,develop ! color by go+ ov] ! "w ) t9cture ( muriate ( iron4 ,gold5 ,oak4 ,dissolve asphaltum 9 naph?a until x is z ?9 z wat] & makes a yell[i% /a92 or to equal p>ts ( asphaltum1 v>ni%1 & gold size japan1 add en\gh turp5t9e to ?9 to prop] consi/5cy4 ,mahogany4 ,dissolve ,bism>ck ,br[n 9 alcohol4 ,anil9e /a9s may be cut 9 alcohol & mix$ ) equal p>ts ( :ite %ellac & banana oil 7amyl acetate7 & all appli$ 9 "o coat4 7#d7 ,/a9s due to *emical *anges4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances l ammonia1 potassium bi*romate1 & acetate ( iron1 give *emical reactions on c]ta9 woods & make v effective & inexp5sive /a9s4 ,moreov] ! arti/ic effect ( "s ( !m is unexcell$4 ,:5 appli$ 9 solution !y are likely to raise ! gra94 ,! effect ( ammonia1 ei!r ! liquid or fumes1 is mu* ! same z ! effect produc$ by ag+ or wea!r+4 ,ammonia also cuts ! pi? rays ( oak & makes x possible = o!r /a9s to take hold4 ,= ?is reason x is mu* us$ z a prelim9>y treatm5t = oak f9i%es4 ,! color effect is to less5 ! yell[ & increase ! gray4 ,! me?od ( application is simply to expose ! wood = a day or m to ! fumes ( /rong ammonia 7#bh7 9 a tightly clos$ box4 ,if ! surface ( ! wood is moi/5$ ) wat] j be=e exposure1 x turns d>k] ?an if expos$ dry4 ,! /a9 p5etrates s deeply t x may be s&pap]$ aft] ! exposure )\t h>m4 ,aft] fum+ & s&pap]+ ! surface %\ld be oil$ to prev5t f+] m>ks4 ,d>k br[n = *e/nut1 or oak1 or mahogany4 ,?is is obta9$ ) a solution ( acetate ( iron1 made z foll[s3 dige/ "o "p by measure ( iron du/ 9 #h p>ts ( glacial acetic acid4 ,aft] ! *emical action is well />t$1 add sev]al times z mu* wat] to keep ! mixture liquid4 ,:5 ! *emical action has ceas$1 ! /a9 is ready = use4 ,if a light] %ade is desir$ x may be /ill fur!r dilut$4 ,to d>k5 mahogany4 ,make a saturate solution ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,dilute a portion ( x ) wat] #a_/b1 or #a_/c1 or #a_/d1 or 9 any proportion accord+ to ! d>kness requir$4 ,"o "p ( ! solution to two or ?ree p>ts ( wat] gives a good color4 ,apply ! solution to mahogany ) a bru%4 ,?is solution alone is likely to be too br[n4 ,! r$di% t+e ( ! wood may be sav$ by mix+ z foll[s3 #ajj solution ( bi*romate ( pota% #a "p ,bre9ig's mahogany wat] /a9 #a "p ,wat] #b p>ts ,apply ) a bru% & wipe (f ! surplus4 ,bi*romate ( pota% on oak gives a ri* br[n4 ,bi*romate ( pota% on a% gives a ri* r$4 ,bi*romate ( pota% on black walnut gives a d>k br[n4 ,a decoction ( logwood treat$ ) tann9 gives yell[ r$1 ) sug> ( lead gives gray br[n1 ) f]ric nitrate gives black4 ,a decoction ( fu/ic extract treat$ ) dilute nitric acid gives br[n1 etc4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,= o!r effects obta9$ by *emical *anges1 see table on pp4 #ahe-ahi 9 ,brannt's ,pa9t]1 ,gild] & ,v>ni%]1 & also ,woodcraft #i3 #ga1 ,june1 '#jh4 ,comm]cial ,/a9s4 ,"s ( ! m notewor?y comm]cial /a9s1 suitable = s*ool use1 are ^? (3 ,! ,bridgeport ,wood ,f9i%+ ,company1 #ee ,fulton ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,among _! wat] /a9s "s ( ! be/ are3 ,flemi% oak1 wea!r$ oak1 walnut1 silv] gray1 =e/ gre51 & mahogany1 especially if ! latt] is modifi$ ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,o!r effects may be obta9$ by mix+ ^!1 z =e/ gre51 :i* is too bright alone1 mix$ ) walnut or "s o!r r$di% color gives a grayi% gre54 ,( ! p5etrat+ oil /a9s ! gold5 oak & mahogany are v good4 ,! ,%]w9 ,williams ,company1 ( ,clevel&1 ,new>k1 ,*icago1 etc41 produce a f9e l9e ( _s /a9s4 ,! ,adams & ,elt+ ,company1 ,*icago1 h a /a9 call$ adelite1 9 :i* banana oil appe>s to be ! solv5t4 ,x is v easy ( application1 only "o coat be+ ne$$4 ,x is appli$ ) ! bru%4 ,b]ry ,bro!rs1 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 ! fam\s v>ni% mak]s1 furni% a great v>iety ( colors 9 _! wat] /a9s & also a comb9$ /a9 & f9i% "u ! trade "n ( ,lacklu/re4 ,devoe & ,reynolds1 #aja ,fulton ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 make a v>iety ( oil /a9s :i* c be appli$ ei!r 9 "o coat ) a bru% or rubb$ 9 ) cotton wa/e4 ,! ,*icago ,v>ni% ,company1 make a specialty ( arti/ic1 *emical /a9s1 b un=tunately !y are n yet 7#aiaj7 available 9 small quantities4 ,s4 ,c4 ,johnson & ,son1 ,rac9e1 ,wis41 furni% a v>iety ( _s /a9s call$ wood dyes4 ,! ,craftsman ,work%ops1 ,ea/wood1 ,n4 ,y41 furni% oil /a9s to be appli$ ) a bru% or wa/e4 ,^! are des]v$ly fam\s = !y give especially s(t1 agreeable effects on fum$ oak4 ,9 g5]al1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t oil /a9s are bett] = s(t woods1 wat] /a9s = h>d woods1 & ! _s /a9s are good = bo?4 ,b )\t a s5se ( color1 no numb] ( recipes w avail4 ,,fill+ ,! object ( fill+ is to give a p]fectly level & non-absorb5t basis = v>ni% cov]+ or o!r f9i%4 ,?is c be done ) %ellac c>efully rubb$ d[n ) f9e oil$ s&pap]1 b ?is me?od requires mu* toil & pati5ce1 & has !re=e be5 giv5 up by furniture f9i%]s4 ,! be/ fill]s1 7su* z ,:eel]'s ,wood fill]71#ad are made ( silex 9 ne$le-%ap$ p>ticles mix$ ) raw l9se$ oil1 japan & turp5t9e4 ,:5 appli$ to wood x %\ld be ?9n$ ) turp5t9e or b5z9e1 & appli$ ) a bru% along ! gra94 ,z x dries1 ! color becomes grayi% & x %\ld !n be rubb$ (f across ! gra9 ) f9e %av+s or cotton wa/e4 ,x is be/ to h fill]s ( sev]al colors on h&1 su* z light1 black1 mahogany1 & gold5 oak to be us$ accord+ to ! /a9 appli$4 ,! fill] %\ld be appli$ aft] /a9+ ! wood & %\ld be all[$ to dry ?oroly1 say =ty-eight h\rs1 be=e x is cov]$ ) %ellac or v>ni%4 ,its use is m necess>y on op5 gra9$ woods1 l oak1 *e/nut1 & mahogany1 ?an on close gra9$ woods1 l :itewood1 maple1 & p9e1 b x is be/ to use x on all woods t are to be highly poli%$4 ,footnote #ad3 ,made by ! ,bridgeport ,wood ,f9i%+ ,co41 #aee ,fulton ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,cans %\ld be kept tightly cov]$ :5 n 9 use4 ,s9ce oil d>k5s wood1 if wood is to be kept light1 a fill] )\t oil1 z :it+ & turp5t9e1 %\ld be us$4 ,,poli%es ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal =ms ( wood poli%es1 ea* ( :i* has its virtues & defects4 ,!y are3 7a7 oil1 7b7 wax1 7c7 ! v>ni%es4 7a7 ,oil4 ,! great advantage ( oil poli%+ is its p]man5ce4 ,x w /& bo? wett+ & w>m? & gives a dull1 glossy f9i%4 ,9 "s woods1 z sweet gum & mahogany1 x br+s up ! figure4 ,process4 ,apply ei!r raw or boil$ l9se$ oil dilut$ ) five p>ts ( b5z9e or turp5t9e4 ,! advantages ( dilution are t ! mixture p5etrates ! wood bett]1 leaves a ?9n] film on ! surface & is m economical4 ,!n rub1 rub1 rub1 day aft] day4 ,little & (t5 ) unlimit$ friction1 is ! be/ rule4 ,?is makes a nice f9i% = well-fum$ *e/nut1 turn+ ! color to a ri* br[n4 7b7 ,wax4 ,wax is an old ,engli% poli%1 commonly us$ be=e ,fr5* poli% & v>ni% 7 introduc$1 especially = h>d woods l oak4 ,its advantages are t x is *eap1 easily prep>$1 easily appli$1 & easily repair$4 ,its disadvantages are t x w n /& wett+1 is easily m>r$1 requires con/ant c>e1 is n s h>d & dry z v>ni%1 turns slightly /icky ) w>m?1 & is likely to turn :ite 9 crevices4 ,to prep>e x4 ,to "o "p ( melt$ beeswax add "o "p ( turp5t9e4 ,mix & cool4 ,x c be b\ght prep>$1 z1 ,bridgeport ,wood ,f9i%+ ,company's ,old ,dut* ,f9i%1 ,but*]'s ,wax1 ,johnson's ,wax1 & o!rs4 ,process4 ,rub ! wax ev5ly ov] ! surface ) a /iff bru% or ! f+]s4 ,let x dry = "s h\rs1 & !n rub ) a clo?3 flannel or a piece ( felt is be/4 ,put on sev]al coats1 leav+ ! "w ov] night betwe5 coats4 ,rub (t5 ) a w>m clo?4 7c7 ,v>ni%es4 ,! function ( v>ni%es is to cov] wood ) a h>d1 transp>5t coat+ t is non-por\s & imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,!re is a great range among !m1 f ?91 easily worn1 dull f9i%es to durable1 /rong1 & highly poli%$ coat+s call$ rubb+ v>ni%es4 ,! poli%$ surface c be secur$ only by mu* labor ?ru ! application ( successive ?9 coats ( good v>ni%1 c>efully rubb$ d[n4 ,v>ni% may be appli$ to wood1 /a9$1 pa9t$1 or 9 its natural condition z well z to metal1 lea!r1 pap]1 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances4 ,a good v>ni% %\ld be adhesive1 t is1 x %\ld cl+ firmly to ! surface to :i* x is appli$2 x %\ld be ela/ic1 s z n to crack on acc\nt ( ! expansion & contraction ( ! mat]ial to :i* x is appli$2 x %\ld dry 9 a reasonable "t2 x %\ld be limpid s z to fl[ easily 9 application2 x %\ld be transp>5t & brilliant :5 poli%$2 & x %\ld be durable4 ,! necess>y conditions = all good v>ni%+ are a p]fectly smoo?1 ev51 fill$ surface ( dry wood1 a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj & no du/ 9 ! air4 ,9 g5]al1 !re are two classes ( v>ni%1 bas$ on ! "* ( ! solv5t1 7#a7 ,_s v>ni%es & 7#b7 ,oil v>ni%es4 7#a7 ,_s v>ni%es are sometimes made ) copal res9s dissolv$ 9 "s _s1 z "o ( ! alcohols1 b5z9e1 acetone1 etc4 ,!y dry ) great rapidity ow+ to ! volatilization ( ! solv5t _s1 leav+ a coat ( pure res9 ( great h>dness & brilliance1 b "o :i* is likely to crack & scale :5 expos$4 ,!y are n mu* us$4 ,%ellac is ! mo/ common & ! mo/ useful ( ! _s v>ni%es4 ,its basis is res9 lac1 a comp\nd res9\s sub/ance exud$ f an ,ea/ ,india scale insect 7,c>t]ia lacca7 f\nd mo/ly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,assam4 ,! t]m lac is ! same z lakh :i* means #ajj1jjj & is indicative ( ! c\ntless ho/s ( insects :i* are ! s\rce f :i* ?is gum is obta9$4 ,! l>val insects ins]t _! proboscides into ! b>k ( "y %oots ( c]ta9 lac-be>+ trees1 v>ieties ( ,ficus1 draw out ! sap = nutrim5t1 & at once exude a res9\s secretion :i* entirely cov]s _! bodies & ! twigs1 (t5 to ! ?ickness ( "o-half in*4 ,! females nev] escape & aft] impregnation _! ov>ies become fill$ ) a r$ fluid :i* =ms a valuable dye kn[n z lac dye4 ,! encru/$ twigs are ga!r$ by ! natives 9 ! spr+ & aga9 9 ! autumn1 be=e ! "y are hat*$1 & 9 ?is condition ! product is kn[n z /ick lac4 ,aft] be+ cru%$ & sep>at$ f ! twigs & wa%$ free f ! color+ matt] ! product is kn[n z se$ lac4 ,x is !n melt$ & /ra9$ & spread out 9 ?9 lay]s 9 a =m call$ %ell lac4 ,?is is :at is kn[n z orange %ellac 9 ! m>ket4 ,x may be blea*$ by boil+ 9 cau/ic pota%1 & pass+ *lor9e ?ru x until ! res9 is precipitat$4 ,x is fur!r :it5$ by be+ pull$4 ,?is is :at is kn[n 9 ! m>ket z :ite %ellac4 ,x comes 9 lumps4 ,orange %ellac is ! /rong] & is less likely to det]iorate1 b :ite is easi] to apply because x sets less rapidly4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! :ite is its colorlessness4 ,%ellac is soluble 9 bo? gra9 alcohol 7e?yl alcohol7 & wood alcohol 7me?yl alcohol71 b gra9 alcohol is pref]able4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to mix ev5 a drop ( wat] 9 x or x w curdle4 ,to make p]fect ! process ( ord9>y fill+1 %ellac may be us$ z a fill] ei!r by itself or prep>atory to o!r processes4 ,s9ce x dries quickly x c be rubb$ d[n 9 six or eight h\rs ei!r ) ,no4 #jj s&pap] oil$1 or bett]1 ) ,no4 #jj /eel wool4 ,?is process :5 repeat$ sev]al times gives a good egg-%ell f9i%4 ,x may be appli$ alone ov] /a9$ wood or ! %ellac itself may be color$ ) anil9e dyes cut 9 alcohol4 ,?is1 = example1 is an easy way to get a black f9i%4 ,a good wat]pro( wood poli% is made ?us3 #a p9t alcohol1 #b oz4 gum b5zo91 #a_/d oz4 gum s&>ac1 #a_/d oz4 gum anime4 ,put 9 a bottle1 & put ! bottle 9 a hot wat] ba? until all solids are dissolv$4 ,/ra9 & add #a_/d gill cle> poppy oil4 ,%ake well & apply ) cotton clo?4 ,a s(t1 dull1 glossy f9i% may be obta9$ by apply+ two coats ( a mixture ( "o "p ea* ( :ite %ellac & banana oil 7amyl acetate74 ,:5 dry1 s&pap] lightly & wax4 ,fr5* poli%+4 ,! f9e/ ( %ellac f9i%es is ,fr5* poli%4 ,x is a ?91 cle>1 p]man5t f9i%1 b ! process takes "t & pati5ce4 ,x is n mu* us$ 9 practical "w1 because ( ! "t exp5se1 b is (t5 employ$ 9 s*ool %ops1 because only a few mat]ials are necess>y1 x dries quickly1 & gives a beautiful f9i%4 ,! poli%$ surface is obta9$ by add+ successive ?9 coats accord+ to ! foll[+ process3 7#a7 ,prep>ation4 ,! surface ( ! wood mu/ be p]fectly smoo? & ev51 s&pap]$ 9 ! direction ( ! gra91 /a9$1 if desir$1 fill$1 rubb$ smoo? & q dry4 7#b7 ,apply two or ?ree ?9 coats ( %ellac4 ,aft] ea* coat :5 dry1 rub ) ,no4 #jj oil$ s&pap] or ,no4 #jj /eel wool4 ,wipe ?oroly4 7#c7 ,make ?ree pads1 ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 ( clean1 :ite1 cotton wa/e1 enclos$ 9 "s f9e old or wa%$ clo? ) no siz+ or l9t1--"o pad = %ellac1 "o = oil1 & "o = alcohol4 ,fill "o pad ) %ellac ( ! consi/5cy ( milk1 en\gh 9 ! pad s t :5 squeez$ h>d x w ooze out4 ,! common mi/ake is to put too mu* %ellac into ! pad4 ,rub ) circul> motion1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cjd1 nev] lett+ ! pad /op on ! surface4 7#d7 ,spr9kle a v little f9ely p[d]$ pumice/one & put a little oil on ! surface ( ! wood "h & !re ) ! tip ( a f+]4 ,rub ) second pad until surface is dull4 ,wipe clean4 ,repeat 7#c7 & 7#d7 sev]al times4 ,"s use raw l9se$ oil to prev5t /ick+4 ,o!rs use ?ree or f\r clo? cov]+s on ! %ellac pad1 remov+ ! out] "o z x dries4 ,a simpl] way is to keep ! %ellac 9 pad1 #a1 ?9 by moi/5+ ) a little alcohol4 7#e7 ,spirit+ (f 7,foll[s process #d47 ,damp5 pad1 #c1 ) v little alcohol & wipe quickly 9 ! direction ( ! gra94 ,?is %\ld remove ! circul> m>ks4 ,too mu* alcohol 9 ?is ?ird pad w burn a dull spot4 ,! rubb]s are said to improve ) use1 & may be pres]v$ 9 closely /opp]$ j>s to prev5t evaporation4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( pads %\ld be kept sep>ate4 ,or ! cotton wa/e may be ?r[n away1 & ! clo?s wa%$ 9 /rong borax wat]4 ,9 ! process j describ$1 %ellac alone1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 is us$4 ,! %ellac may be us$ ) o!r +r$i5ts3 = example1 #a p9t gra9 alcohol1 #a_/d oz4 gum copal1 #a_/d oz4 gum arabic1 #a oz4 %ellac4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh musl94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,direction ( ! ,pad 9 ,fr5* ,poli%+4 ,ano!r recipe = f9i%+4 ,use #d drams gra9 alcohol1 #b drams orange %ellac1 #e drams t9cture ( b5zo91 #a teaspoonful ( olive oil4 ,dissolve & /ra94 ,apply ) pad 9 direction ( gra94 ,oil or ,copal ,v>ni%es4 ,! old ,cremona v>ni% once us$ = viol9s is suppos$ to h _h amb] 7,greek1 electron7 z its base4 ,x 0 a fossiliz$ conif]\s res9 f\nd on ! %ore ( ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,! art ( mak+ x is said to be lo/1 probably because ( ! difficulty & dang] ( melt+ x1 = ?is c be done only 9 oil on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( ignition4 ,h5ce its use has be5 ab&on$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all v>ni%es is lacqu]1 mu* us$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x is made f ! juice ( ! lacqu] tree1 7,rhus v]nicif]a7 :i* is tapp$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,! juice is /ra9$ & evaporat$ & !n mix$ ) v>i\s sub/ances1 su* z oil1 f9e clay1 body pigm5t1 & metallic du/1 accord+ to ! w>e = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! manufactur+ secrets are c>efully gu>d$4 ,! application ( x is v difficult1 ! sap ( "y trees be+ us$ = fir/ coats1 & ( old trees = ! f9i%+ coats4 ,x mu/ be dri$ 9 a damp1 close atmosph]e4 ,= ! be/ "w t5 or twelve coats are elaborately rubb$ d[n & poli%$4 ,ev5 ! pres5ce ( x is v poison\s to "s p & all work]s 9 x are m or less affect$4 ,! solv5t or vehicle ( ! mod]n copal v>ni%es consi/s pr9cipally ( l9se$ oil ) "s turp5t9e4 ,_! base is ,copal1 a fossil1 res9\s sub/ance ( vegetable orig94 ,! gums ( :i* !y are made h be5 *emically alt]$ by long exposure 9 ! e>?4 ,o!r gums1 z ma/ic1 damm>1 s&>ac1 & ev5 res9 are sometimes mix$ ) copal to *eap5 ! product or to cause m rapid dry+4 ,copal is a g5]ic "n giv5 orig9ally to all fossil res9s4 ,copals1 z !y are call$1 come f ,new ,zeal&1 ,mozambique1 ,zanzib>1 ,we/ ,africa1 ,brazil1 & ! ,philipp9es4 ,! be/ ( ! ,copals is said to be ! ,kauri gum1 orig9ally exud$ f ! ,kauri p9e tree ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! tree is /ill exi/5t & produces a s(t1 spongy sap1 b ! res9 us$ 9 v>ni% is dug up f a few feet "u gr\nd 9 regions :]e !re are n[ no trees4 ,a comm]cially important copal & "o not$ = its h>dness is ! ,zanzib> or ,ea/ ,african ,copal4 ,x is f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! e>? at a dep? n great] ?an f\r feet ov] a wide belt ( ! ma9l& coa/ ( ,zanzib>1 on tracts :]e n a s+le tree n[ gr[s4 ,x occurs 9 lumps f ! size ( small pebbles to pieces weigh+ f\r or five p\nds4 ,! supply is said to be practically inexhau/ible4 ,z to ! manufacture ( ! ,copal v>ni%es3 fir/ ( all1 a high grade oil is boil$ at a high temp]ature1 ) diff]5t mat]ials to oxidize x2 = in/ance1 r$ lead or oxide ( manganese4 ,! heat ?r[s (f ! oxyg5 f ! r$ lead or manganese4 ,! oxyg5 is absorb$ by ! l9se$ oil1 :i* is !n put away to settle & age4 ,:5 a bat* ( v>ni% is made1 ! gums are melt$ 9 a l>ge kettle & !n ! requisite am\nt ( oil is add$ & ^! c>efully boil$ toge!r4 ,?is is remov$ f ! fire & cool$ d[n to a po9t1 :]e turp5t9e c be add$ )\t volatiliz+4 ,^! are ?oroly mix$ & !n filt]$ "u pressure & tank$ & ag$4 ,! diff]5t grades ( v>ni% dep5d ^u ! treatm5t ( ! oil1 ! proportion ( oil & turp5t9e1 ! qualities ( ! gums1 ! ag+1 etc4 ,"s by rubb+ give a v high poli%1 "s give a dull waxy f9i%1 "s are = out-(-door use1 z ,sp> v>ni% & c>riage v>ni%1 "s are = floors1 "s = furniture1 "s are high pric$1 "s are *eap4 ,process ( ,v>ni%+4 ,! prelim9>y processes are ! same z ^? = apply+ %ellac1 i4 e41 ! surface ( ! wood mu/ be p]fectly ev5 & smoo?1 & ! /a9+1 fill+1 & dry+ complete4 ,quick dry+ v>ni%es1 l %ellac1 are appli$1 ) b little on ! bru%4 ,! heavy1 high lu/re v>ni%es1 on ! o!r h&1 are appli$ ) ! bru% full s t ! v>ni% may ev5 drip (f ! "w4 ,!n proce$ z foll[s3 ,wipe (f f ! "w ! extra v>ni% ) ! bru% & clean ! bru% on ! edge ( ! cup4 ,repeat till ! v>ni% is fl[$ ov] ! "w ev5ly4 ,be p>ticul>ly c>eful1 9 t respect1 ( edges & corn]s4 ,set to dry 9 a du/less place4 ,:5 dry & h>d repeat ! process f ?ree to six times4 ,ea* coat mu/ dry ?oroly be=e ! next coat is appli$4 ,v>ni% poli%+ consi/s 9 rubb+ (f ! v>ni%1 n 9 rubb+ x on1 z 9 ,fr5* poli%+4 ,to poli% v>ni%1 rub ) a felt pad1 p[d]$ pumice-/one & wat]4 ,rub till ! surface is smoo?1 unpitt$ & ev51 be+ c>eful n to rub ?ru ! edges4 ,wipe clean ) a wet sponge & *amois sk94 ,?is gives a dull or egg-%ell f9i%4 ,= poli%+ v>ni%1 a simple me?od is to rub ) a rot>y motion1 us+ a mixture ( #a_/b sweet oil or cottonse$ oil1 & #a_/b alcohol4 ,a m labori\s process is z foll[s3 ,aft] rubb+ to a dull f9i%1 rub gr\nd rott5 /one & wat] ) *amois sk9 9 a circul> motion4 ,let ! rott5 /one dry on ! surface4 ,!n wipe (f ) ! nak$ h&1 rubb+ 9 a circul> direction & wip+ ! h& e "t aft] pass+ ov] ! "w4 ,?is looks simple1 b is really a f9e art4 ,^! processes h practically replac$ ,fr5* poli%+ 9 ! trade4 ,,pa9t+ ,pa9ts are us$ = ! same purpose z o!r f9i%es1 ) ! additional "o ( giv+ an opaque color$ cov]+4 ,! mat]ials us$ are3 #a4 ,a body ^: function is to give cov]+ p[]4 ,?is is usually :ite lead1 b x is (t5 adult]at$ ) z9c oxide2 #b4 ,pigm5ts2 #c4 ,l9se$ oils1 raw & boil$1 :i* are us$ to give consi/5cy1 adhesiv5ess & also ela/icity to ! coat :5 dry4 ,= outdoor "w boil$ oil is us$ & = indoor "w1 raw oil2 #d4 ,turp5t9e1 :i* is us$ to ?9 out ! pa9t & to make x dry m quickly4 ,! common me?od ( pa9t+ is3 #a4 ,set any nails ) nailset2 #b4 ,s&pap]2 #c4 ,%ellac ! knots2 #d4 ,prime ) a ?9 coat ( pa9t1 mo/ly :ite lead1 7t is1 little color17 boil$ oil1 & turp5t9e 7! proportion ( dry+ oil is great] ?an 9 ord9>y pa9t72 #e4 ,putty up cracks1 nail holes1 etc42 #f4 ,s&pap] if a small nice job2 #g4 ,!n pa9t two or ?ree coats ) pa9t ?ick en\gh s x w n run1 ) long1 ev5 /rokes ) ! gra94 ,! ord] ( pa9t+ a door is1 panels1 munt9s1 rails1 & la/1 /iles4 ,= inside "w use half z mu* turp5t9e z oil4 ,?is gives a dull f9i%4 ,= outside "w1 :]e lu/re is want$1 little or no turp5t9e is us$4 ,?is is ! old way1 & is /ill us$ = all common "w4 ,b = f9e pa9t+1 z c>riage "w1 a fill] is n[ us$ fir/1 because a prim+ to be durable %\ld unite ) ! wood1 grasp+ ! fib]s & fill+ ! pores1 s t aft] coats _c s9k 94 ,! object is to cem5t ! surface4 ,prim+ is (t5 call$ r\gh /uff4 ,! old way did n d ?is1 ) ! result t ! oil sep>at$ f ! lead & kept soak+ into ! wood4 ,! pr9cipal mak]s ( pa9ts n[ recomm5d a fill] be=e any :ite lead is add$4 ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,wood ,,f9i%+ ,bru%es4 ,x is well to h sev]al v>ieties to help keep !m di/9ct4 ,= v>ni% & %ellac1 ! be/ are ^? ) ! bri/les set 9 h>d rubb]4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 bru%es "o in* wide are satisfactory4 ,= /a9s1 *eap1 t9-b\nd bru%es are good en\gh1 & are easily replac$4 ,cups4 ,half-p9t enamel$ /eel cups are *eap1 satisfactory1 & easily kept clean4 ,= ! c>e ( cups & bru%es1 see ,*apt] ,,vi1 ,! ,equipm5t & ,c>e ( ! ,%op4 ,/eel wool4 ,?is consi/s ( %av+s1 turn$ f ?9 /eel discs set toge!r 9 a la!4 ,x comes 9 v>i\s grades1 ,no4 #jj to ,no4 #c4 ,! f9e/1 ,no4 #jj1 is co>se en\gh = ord9>y purposes4 ,s&pap]4 ,use ,no4 #jj sme>$ ) boil$ oil4 ,pulv]iz$ pumice /one & pulv]iz$ rott5 /one1 bo? v f9e1 are us$ to rub d[n inequalities & to give a dull f9i% to %ellac or v>ni%4 ,use ) oil on %ellac & ) oil or wat] on copal v>ni%4 ,horsehair & s(t wood %av+s are (t5 us$ to rub d[n v>ni%4 ,fr5* felt1 m$ium h>d1 is us$ = rubb+ d[n copal v>ni% ) pumice /one4 ,cotton wa/e is ! *eape/ available mat]ial = wip+4 ,*eese clo? is bett] = "s purposes1 b m exp5sive4 ,s(t clo? )\t l9t is necess>y = ,fr5* poli%+4 ,b]keley musl91 ,old ,glory1 & ,lilly ,:ite are trade names4 ,a f9e quality is necess>y4 ,! />* %\ld be wa%$ out & ! clo? dri$ be=e us+1 & !n torn into little pieces1 say #d squ>e4 ,fill]s consi/ ( silex or ( gr\nd e>?s mix$ ) oil1 japan1 & turp5t9e4 ,_! object is to give a p]fectly level & non-absorb5t basis = v>ni% cov]+4 ,oils4 ,raw l9se$ oil is v fat & dries sl[ly4 ,x is us$ = int]ior "w4 ,boil$ oil is l9se$ oil boil$ ) li?>ge 7,pb,o7 & :ite vitriol1 :i* removes mu* ( ! fatty +r$i5t & gives x dry+ quality4 ,turp5t9e is a volatile oil f ! sap ( long-leaf p9e4 ,x is mix$ ) oil 9 pa9t+ to give fur!r dry+ qualities4 ,b5z9e is a *eap sub/itute = turp5t9e4 ,x is a highly inflammable product ( coal t> & evaporates quickly4 ,dri] is an oil 9 :i* res9 has be5 dissolv$4 ,x is mix$ ) v>ni%es & pa9t to make !m dry quickly4 ,x is also sometimes us$ z a v>ni% itself4 ,japan is a v>ni%-l liquid made ( %ellac or o!r res91 l9se$ oil1 metallic oxides1 & turp5t9e4 ,x is us$ z a m$ium 9 :i* to gr9d colors & z a dri]4 ,,wood ,,f9i%+ ,,ref]5ces399 7#a7 ,/a9s4 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #be-ei1 #aee-afd4 ,van ,deus51 ,man4 ,tr4 ,mag41 #f3 #ic4 ,maire1 pp4 #df-fd4 7#b7 ,fill]s4 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #g-be4 ,maire1 #fe-gb4 7#c7 ,oil ,f9i%4 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ii-ajc4 ,maire1 p4 #aag4 7#d7 ,wax4 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ic-ii4 ,maire1 pp4 #aab-aaf4 7#e7 ,v>ni%4 ,%ellac4 ,maire1 pp4 #gc-hj1 #aja-aaa4 ,j\rnal1 ,soc4 ,arts1 #di3 #aib4 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,lac4 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ff-ic4 ,int]4 ,encyc41 ,vol4 ,x1 ,lac4 ,oil ,v>ni%4 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ei-ff4 ,cl>k1 pp4 #a-fi4 ,maire1 pp4 #ha-ajj4 ,encyc4 ,brit41 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 ,v>ni%4 7#f7 ,pa9ts4 ,brannt1 p4 #acd-aeb4 ,build+ ,trades ,pocketbook1 pp4 #ceg-cfj4 ,= detail$ directions = ! treatm5t ( diff]5t woods1 see ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aab-aec1 ,maire1 pp4 #abd-ada4 ,footnote 993 ,= g5]al bibliography see p4 #d4 ,,index4 ,acorn ( h+e1 #aca4 ,adju/m5t ( plane1 #gj1 #gb4 ,adze1 #hh4 ,agacite gr9d]1 #fa1 #abj1 #aba1 #acg4 ,alcohol3 ,gra9 7,e?yl71 #baf4 ,wood 7,me?yl71 #baf4 ,alligator1 #bh4 ,ammonia1 #bji1 #baa4 ,angle ( bevel1 #eh1 #ei4 ,anil9e /a9s3 ,alcohol1 #baa4 ,oil1 #baj4 ,wat]1 #baa4 ,antique oak1 #baj4 ,anvil1 #ada4 ,arrangem5t ( %op1 #adb-add4 ,arris1 #eg1 #ahd4 ,asphaltum1 #baj4 ,aug]-bit1 #ec1 #hd1 #he1 #acg1 #adj4 ,aug]-bit-gage1 #aaf4 ,ax1 #aj1 #ea1 #hg4 ,back-saw1 #fe1 #acf1 #ach4 ,balloon frame1 #bja4 ,banana oil1 #bac1 #baf4 ,b&-saw1 #ca4 ,bank+ gr\nds1 #af4 ,beam-compass1 #aad4 ,beams1 #bja4 ,b5*1 #ig-ii1 #acf1 #ach1 #ada1 #adc4 ,glue & ,/a91 #adb1 #adi4 ,b5*-hook1 #gh1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #acg1 #aci4 ,b5d+ wood1 #aii4 ,b5z9e1 #bji1 #baj1 #bad1 #bbb4 ,bevel ( cutt+ tools1 #eb1 #ee1 #abj4 ,bevel1 ,slid+ ,t1 #aac1 #acg1 #adj4 ,bezel1 ,see ,bevel4 ,bill-hook1 #aj4 ,b9d+ ( saw1 #fc1 #fe4 ,bit1 ,plane1 #gj1 #gg4 ,bits1 #hd-hg1 #acg1 #adj4 ,bit1 ,twi/1 #hd1 #he4 ,bit-po9t drill1 #hd1 #he4 ,bit-/ock1 ,see ,brace4 ,black1 #bji1 #baa4 ,blank-h+e1 #aca4 ,blazes on trees1 #g1 #h4 ,bl9ds1 #aid4 ,block1 ,corn]1 #aee ,no4 #ab1 #agg1 #aii4 ,block-plane1 ,see ,plane1 ,block4 ,blue1 ,prussian1 #baj4 ,bo>d1 #dh4 ,bo>d con/ruction1 #ahd-aib4 ,bo>d-dipp]1 #ce1 #cf4 ,bo>d foot1 #dh1 #aji4 ,bo>d measure1 #dh1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,bo>d /ructures1 #ahd-aib4 ,bolt ( lock1 #acc4 ,bolts1 #abg4 ,book %elves1 #ahe4 ,boom1 ,log1 #bj1 #ba4 ,bor+1 ,directions =1 #he4 ,bor+ tools1 #hc-hg4 ,box1 #ahg-aia4 ,bottoms1 #ahh4 ,lids1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,( lock1 #acc4 ,brace1 #ajc1 #aje1 #acg1 #adj4 ,brace1 ,rat*et1 #ajc1 #aje1 #acg4 ,brace-measure1 #ajg4 ,bracket1 #ahe4 ,brad-awl1 #hc1 #hd1 #ach1 #adj4 ,brads1 #abd4 ,break+ out ! roll-ways1 #af4 ,bridg+1 #bja4 ,br[n1 ,bism>ck1 #baj1 #baa4 ,d>k1 #bab4 ,r$di%1 #baj1 #baa4 ,v&yke1 #bji4 ,bru%1 #ach1 #ada1 #adi1 #bji1 #baj1 #bba4 ,bru%1 ,see also ,du/]4 ,bru%-,keep]1 #aej4 ,buckl+ ( saw1 #fb1 #fe1 #fg4 ,buff]1 #aba1 #adg4 ,burn ( %ellac1 #bag4 ,butt-h+e1 #aca4 ,cab9et con/ruction1 #aib-aie4 ,cab9et = nails & screws1 #adb1 #ade1 #adg4 ,calip]s1 #aad4 ,camp1 logg+1 #h1 #i4 ,cant1 #ce1 foot-note4 ,cant-flipp]1 #ce1 #cf4 ,cant-hook1 #aj1 #ac4 ,cape-*isel1 #ada4 ,c>e ( ! %op1 #adb-aej4 ,c>riage-bolts1 #abg4 ,c>t]ia lacca1 #bae4 ,c>v+ tools1 #fj1 #adj4 ,case-h>d5+1 #df4 ,c-,clamps4 ,see c>riage-mak]s' clamps4 ,ceil+1 #bja4 ,c5t]-bit1 #hd1 #hf4 ,*a91 #aj1 #ac1 #ae1 #af4 ,*air1 #aih-bja4 ,*alk1 ,fr5*1 #aig4 ,*amf]1 #hb1 #aae1 #afa1 #ahd4 ,*att]1 #ga1 #ib4 ,*eek ( jo9t1 #afj4 ,*eese-clo?1 #bba4 ,*e/1 #aic1 #aie4 ,*e/-h+e1 #aca4 ,*isel1 #eb-ei1 #acf1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ahc4 ,see also ,*isel+ end-wood1 ,p>+1 ,sidewise *isel+4 ,*isel1 ,cape1 #ada4 ,c>v+1 #ed4 ,cold1 #ada4 ,corn]1 #ee4 ,firm]1 #ed1 #acf1 #aci4 ,fram+1 #ee4 ,mortise1 #ed1 #ee1 #afa4 ,p>+1 #ed4 ,r\nd-nos$ #ee1 #ada4 ,skew1 #ee4 ,turn+1 #ed4 ,*isel-gage1 #fi4 ,*isel+1 end-wood1 #ef1 #eg1 #ahc4 ,sidewise1 #ef4 ,p]p5dicul>1 #ef4 ,*ok+ ( ,plane1 #gf4 ,*opp+ tools1 #hg1 #hh4 ,clamp1 #aja1 #ach1 #ada1 #afi4 ,c>riage-mak]s1 #ajb1 #ach1 #ada4 ,column1 #afi4 ,plane1 #gj1 #gg4 ,clapbo>ds1 #bja4 ,claw hamm]1 #if4 ,clean+ tools1 #aba4 ,cleats1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,comb-gra91 #da1 #db4 ,compass1 #aac1 #aad1 #acg1 #aci4 ,blackbo>d1 #aag1 #ada4 ,compass-saw1 #ff1 #aci4 ,consum]1 #cc1 #da4 ,copal1 #bah4 ,cop+-saw1 #aci4 ,copp]1 ,sold]+1 #ada4 ,corn]-blocks1 #aee1 ,no4 #ab1 #agg1 #aii4 ,corn]-bo>d1 #bja4 ,corn]+ tool1 #hc4 ,corn]-iron1 #abg1 #abh4 ,corn] lock+1 #afd4 ,corrugat$ fa/5]s1 #abe1 #agj4 ,co/ ( ,equipm5t1 #acf-adb4 ,c\nt]s9k1 #hd1 #hg1 #abf1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada4 ,cricket1 #ahf4 ,crosscut-saw1 #aj1 #fd-ff1 #acg1 #aci4 ,cross-gra9$ wood1 ,plan+1 #ge4 ,cr[b>1 #aj4 ,cr[n ( ,plane-cutt]1 #ga4 ,cruis+1 #h4 ,cup1 #ach1 #ada1 #bba4 ,curl+-iron1 #gj4 ,cutt]1 ,plane1 #gj1 #gf1 #gg1 #ach4 ,cutt+-gage1 #aaf1 #adj4 ,cutt+ tools1 #ea-hc4 ,dado1 #ef1 #hj4 ,see also ,jo9t1 ,dado4 ,dado-plane1 #hj4 ,dam1 ,spla%1 #bj1 #ba4 ,decay1 #cb1 #de4 ,deck+ logs1 #ac4 ,demon/ration seats1 #adc4 ,d]rick1 ,locomotive boom1 #be4 ,de/ructive lumb]+1 causes (1 #g4 ,die1 #ada4 ,die-hold]1 #ada4 ,divid]s1 #aac1 #aad1 #acg1 #adj4 ,dogs1 log1 #cd4 ,donkey eng9e1 #bd4 ,door1 #aib1 #aic4 ,dovetail-saw1 #ff1 #acg1 #aci4 ,d[el+1 #abg1 #acj1 #aeb1 #aed1 #age4 ,d[el-plate1 #aci1 #adj4 ,d[el-po9t]1 #hc1 #aci1 #age4 ,d[el-rods1 #abg1 #age4 ,draw-bolt1 #aed4 ,draw-knife1 #fa1 #aci4 ,draw]1 #aff1 #aij-aib4 ,guide1 #aif4 ,rail1 #aif4 ,runn]1 #aif4 ,draw+-bo>d1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bje4 ,dray-road1 #i1 #ac4 ,dri]1 #bbb4 ,drill4 ,see ,h& ,drill4 ,twi/1 #hd1 #he1 #ach1 #ada4 ,drive1 ,! log1 #af-ah4 ,duplicate p>ts1 #aee1 #bjd4 ,du/]1 ,b5*1 #aba1 #acg1 #aci4 ,dynamite1 #ba4 ,edge action1 #eb4 ,edg$ ,tools1 #ea ff4 ,edg]1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg4 ,eight-squ>e scale1 #ajh4 ,egg-%ell f9i%1 #id1 #baf4 ,equipm5t1 ,*ap4 ,,vi1 #acf-aej4 ,escut*eon ( lock1 #acc4 ,expansive-bit1 #hd1 #hg1 #acg1 #adj4 ,fall+ b$s1 #bd4 ,fa/5+s1 ,*ap4 ,v1 #abc-ace4 ,fell+ trees1 #aj1 #aa1 #bc4 ,f]rule1 #ed4 ,file1 #ij1 #ia1 #acg1 #adj1 #adb1 #adg4 ,file-c>d1 #ia1 #acg1 #adj4 ,fil+ a saw1 #fg4 ,fillet/]1 #hj1 #acg1 #aci4 ,fill]1 #bac1 #bba4 ,f9i%+1 ,wood1 ,*ap4 ,x1 #bji-bbc4 ,firm]-*isel1 ,see "u ,*isel4 ,firm]-g\ge1 ,see "u ,g\ge4 ,fi% glue1 #abi4 ,fitt]1 #i4 ,floor+1 #cj1 #db1 #agd1 #bja1 #bjf4 ,flume1 #ba1 #bb4 ,fo]/n] ,aug]-bit1 #hd1 #hg4 ,foot-/ool1 #ahf4 ,=e-edge1 #aif4 ,=e-plane1 ,see "u ,plane4 ,fram$ /ructures1 #aie-bja4 ,fram+-*isel1 ,see "u ,*isel4 ,frog1 ,plane1 #gj1 #ge4 ,fum+ ) ammonia1 #bab1 #bad4 ,furr+1 #bja4 ,gages1 #aad-aaf4 ,*isel1 #fi4 ,cutt+1 #aaf1 #adj4 ,m>k+1 #aad-aaf1 #acf1 #aci1 #bjc4 ,mortise1 #aaf1 #adj1 #afa4 ,p5cil1 #aae4 ,screw1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abf4 ,slitt+1 #aaf4 ,twi/-drill1 #aag4 ,wire1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,gelat91 #abh4 ,gimlet-bit1 #hd1 #he1 #acg1 #adj4 ,glass-cutt]1 #ach1 #ada4 ,glazi]s po9ts1 #abe4 ,glue1 #abh-aca4 ,fi%1 #abi4 ,liquid1 #abi4 ,prep>ation (1 #abi4 ,te/s (1 #abi4 ,glue-pot1 #abi1 #ach1 #ada1 #adh4 ,glu+1 ,directions =1 #acj1 #aec1 #afg-agj1 #agc1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,gold5 ,oak1 #baa4 ,g\ge1 #ei1 #fj1 #acg1 #adj1 #ahc4 ,grad+ ( lumb]1 #cf4 ,gra9 ( wood1 #fj1 #ge1 #agb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aib1 #bje1 #bji1 #baj4 ,gre51 #bji4 ,gr9d] or ,hog1 #da4 ,gr9d]1 ,empire ,tool1 #fa1 #abj1 #aba1 #acg1 #adj4 ,gr9d+ ( tools4 ,see %>p5+4 ,gr9d/one1 #aag-abj1 #acg1 #adj4 ,groove = draw]1 #aia4 ,groove = panel1 #afd4 ,groove1 ,triangul>1 #ff1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa4 ,hack-saw1 #acg1 #ada4 ,hamm]1 #eh1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #acf1 #aci4 ,ball-pe51 #adb4 ,bell-fac$1 #ie4 ,rivet+1 #ada4 ,h&-drill1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ach1 #ada4 ,h&screw1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ach1 #ada1 #agj1 #agc4 ,h&screw1 ,iron1 #ajb4 ,see also ,clamp1 c>riage-mak]s4 ,hat*et1 #hh4 ,haul+ logs1 #ac1 #ae1 #bb1 #bc4 ,h+es1 #aca-acc4 ,h+es1 sizes (1 #aca4 ,h++1 ,directions =1 #acb4 ,hog1 #da4 ,hold+ tools1 #ig-aje4 ,honeycomb+1 #df4 ,horse1 #fd1 #fe1 #ajj4 ,horsehair1 #bjj4 ,h\se con/ruction1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,ice-road1 #ac1 #ad4 ,impregnation ( timb]1 #dg4 ,iron acetate1 #baa1 #bab4 ,iron1 ,sold]+4 ,see copp]4 ,jack-ladd]1 #cb4 ,jack-plane4 ,see ,plane4 ,jam1 log1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba4 ,japan1 #bji1 #bbb4 ,japanese1 #fi1 #ig1 #ahi4 ,jo9]y1 #aea4 ,jo9t1 ,bead$1 #age1 ,no4 #gc1 #ahb4 ,bevel-%\ld]1 #agb1 ,no4 #fg1 #ahb4 ,bird's m\?1 #agb1 ,no4 #fi1 #ahb4 ,boat-build]s1 #aeb1 ,no4 #g1 #agg4 ,brace1 #aga1 ,no4 #fe1 #ahb4 ,brace1 ,h\s$1 #agb1 ,no4 #ff1 #ahb1 #bjg4 ,bridle1 #agb1 ,no4 #fh1 #ahb4 ,butt1 #aee1 ,no4 #aa1 #agg1 #ahg1 #bjf4 ,butt1 ,d[el$1 #aeb1 ,no4 #h1 #aec1 #agg1 #aid4 ,caulk$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bb1 #agh4 ,*eck$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #ba1 #agh4 ,cogg$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bb1 #agh4 ,cork$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bb1 #agh4 ,column1 #afi1 ,no4 #eb1 #aha4 ,cross-lap1 #aee1 ,no4 #ad1 #agg4 ,dado1 #aeg1 ,no4 #be1 #agi1 #aia4 ,dado & rabbet1 #aeh1 ,no4 #bf1 #agi1 #ahg4 ,dado1 ,dovetail1 #aeh1 ,no4 #bh1 #agi1 #aia1 #bjf4 ,dado1 h\s$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #be1 #agi1 #ahg1 #bjg4 ,dado1 tongue1 & rabbet1 #aeh1 ,no4 #bg1 #agi1 #aia4 ,dovetail1 ,bl9d mit]1 #afg1 ,no4 #ea1 #ahj1 #ahg4 ,half-bl9d1 #aff1 ,no4 #di1 #ahj4 ,lap1 #aff1 ,no4 #di1 #ahj4 ,secret1 #afg1 ,no4 #ea1 #ahj1 #ahg4 ,/opp$ lap1 #aff1 ,no4 #ej1 #ahj4 ,?ru multiple1 #afe1 ,no4 #dh1 #ahj1 #ahg1 #bjf4 ,?ru s+le1 #afe1 ,no4 #dg1 #ahj1 #aid4 ,d[el$1 #age1 ,no4 #ge1 #ahb4 ,draw-bolt1 #aed1 ,no4 #aj1 #agg4 ,edge-to-edge1 #agb-agd4 ,end-lap1 #aef1 ,no4 #af1 #agh1 #aid1 #bjf4 ,filli/]$1 #agd1 ,no4 #ga1 #ahb4 ,fi%$1 #aea1 ,no4 #b1 #agg1 #bjg4 ,=k$ t5on1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bc1 #agh4 ,ga91 #aei1 ,no4 #bi1 #agi1 #bje4 ,dovetail1 #aeh1 ,no4 #bh1 #agi4 ,glue1 #agb1 ,no4 #gj1 #ahb4 ,glu$-&-block$1 #aee1 ,no4 #ab1 #agg4 ,groov$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #be1 #agi4 ,halv$ ,tee1 #aef1 ,no4 #ae1 #agh4 ,halv+1 ,dovetail1 #aeg1 ,no4 #ah1 #agh4 ,halv+1 ,bevel$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #ai1 #agh4 ,halv+1 #aee-aeg4 ,see also ,jo9t1 ,cross-lap1 ,end-lap1 ,middle lap4 ,haun*+1 ,table1 #afd1 ,no4 #dc1 #ahj4 ,tap]1 #afd1 ,no4 #dc1 #ahj4 ,hopp]1 #aee1 ,no4 #ac1 #agg4 ,lap-dovetail1 #aeg1 ,no4 #ah1 #agh4 ,lapp$ & /rapp$1 #aea1 ,no4 #a1 #agg4 ,l$ge1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bd1 #agi1 #ahg4 ,l$ge & mit]1 #aga1 ,no4 #eh1 #aha1 #ahg1 #bjf4 ,mat*$1 #agd1 ,no4 #gb1 #ahb4 ,middle-lap1 #aef1 ,no4 #ae1 #agh4 ,mit]1 #afg1 ,no4 #eb1 #aha1 #ahg1 #aid1 #bjf4 ,d\ble dovetail key$1 #aga1 ,no4 #eg1 #aha4 ,d\ble tongue1 #aga1 ,no4 #fj1 #aha4 ,d[el$1 #agj1 ,no4 #ec1 #aha4 ,lipp$1 #aga1 ,no4 #eh1 #aha4 ,slip dovetail1 #aga1 ,no4 #ef1 #aha4 ,slip-fea!r1 #agj1 ,no4 #ee1 #aha4 ,slip-key1 #agj1 ,no4 #ee1 #aha4 ,spl9e1 #agj1 ,no4 #ed1 #aha1 #ahg4 ,/opp$1 #aga1 ,no4 #ei1 #aha4 ,tongue1 #agj1 ,no4 #ed1 #aha4 ,mortise-&-t5on1 #eh1 #abg1 #afj-afd1 #agb1 #aid4 ,b>e-fac$1 #afd1 ,no4 #dd1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,bl9d1 #afj1 ,no4 #cb1 #agi1 #aic4 ,d\ble1 #afc1 ,no4 #da1 #ahj4 ,dovetail1 #afb1 ,no4 #cg1 #agi4 ,end1 #afd1 ,no4 #df1 #ahj4 ,foxtail1 #afb1 ,no4 #cf1 #agi4 ,haun*$1 #afc1 ,no4 #db1 #ahj1 #aic1 #aif1 #bjg4 ,h\s$1 #afd1 ,no4 #de1 #ahj4 ,key$1 #afc1 ,no4 #ci1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,oblique1 #agb1 ,no4 #fg1 #ahb4 ,op51 #afd1 ,no4 #df1 #ahj4 ,p9n$1 #afb1 ,no4 #ch1 #ahj1 #aid1 #bjg4 ,%\ld]1 #afc1 ,no4 #dj1 #ahj4 ,/ub1 #afj1 ,no4 #cj1 #agi4 ,?ru1 #afj1 ,no4 #ca1 #agi4 ,tusk1 #afc1 ,no4 #dj1 #ahj1 #bjg4 ,w$g$1 #abh1 #afb1 ,nos4 #cd & #ce1 #agi4 ,not*$1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bj1 #agh4 ,not*1 ,d\ble1 #aeg1 ,no4 #ba1 #agh4 ,rabbet1 #aeg1 ,no4 #bd1 #agi1 #agd2 ,no4 #ga1 #ahb1 #ahg4 ,rebat$1 ,see ,jo9t1 ,rabbet4 ,rubb$1 #agb1 ,no4 #gj1 #agc1 #ahb1 #bje4 ,sc>f1 #aea1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f & #g1 #agg1 #bjd1 #bjg4 ,slip1 #afd1 ,no4 #df1 #ahj1 #aid4 ,splic$1 #aea1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #agg1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,spl9e1 #age1 ,no4 #gd1 #ahb4 ,squeez$1 #agb1 ,no4 #gj1 #agd1 #ahb4 ,/ret*]1 #aga1 ,no4 #fa1 #aha4 ,/rut1 #aga1 ,no4 #fb1 #aha1 #bjg4 ,?ru/1 #aga1 ,nos4 #fc & #fd1 #aha1 #bjg4 ,tie1 #aga1 ,nos4 #fc & #fd1 #aha4 ,toe1 #aga1 ,nos4 #fc & #fd1 #aha4 ,toe-nail$1 #aed1 ,no4 #i1 #agg4 ,tongue-&-groove1 #agd1 ,no4 #gb1 #ahb4 ,jo9t]-plane1 #gb4 ,jo9t+ a saw1 #fh4 ,jo9ts1 ,*ap4 ,,vii1 #aea-ahb4 ,bevel$1 #afg-agb4 ,butt1 #aeb-aee4 ,dovetail1 #afd-afg1 #bjd4 ,halv+1 #aee-afj1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,head+1 #aea-aeb4 ,mortise-&-t5on1 #eh1 #abg1 #afj-afd1 #agb4 ,joi/s1 #bja4 ,k]f1 #aj1 #cj1 #fb1 #fe4 ,key-p9 ( lock1 #acc4 ,kiln1 lumb]1 #dd1 #df4 ,knife1 #fa1 #acf1 #aci4 ,knife1 ,sloyd1 #fa4 ,knob1 ,plane1 #gj4 ,knock-d[n furniture1 #afc4 ,knuckle ( h+e1 #aca4 ,lac1 insect1 #bae4 ,se$1 #baf4 ,%ell1 #baf4 ,/ick1 #baf4 ,lacqu]1 #bah4 ,ladle1 #ada4 ,l&look+1 #g4 ,la?-ma*9es1 #ci1 #da4 ,la?s1 #ci1 #di1 #bja4 ,lay-out1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afc1 #afe1 #ahc1 #aia1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,lea!r1 #ei1 #bjj4 ,leaves ( h+e1 #acb4 ,level1 ,_s1 #aaf4 ,lev]-cap1 #gj1 #gg4 ,lid ( box1 #ahh4 ,light+ ( %op1 #adb4 ,live roll]s1 #ce4 ,load+ logs1 #ae4 ,lock1 mortise1 #acd4 ,rim1 #acc1 #acd4 ,lock]s1 #ach1 #adb1 #adf1 #adg4 ,locks1 #acc1 #acd4 ,locomotive1 ,ge>$1 #bf4 ,sn[1 #bh4 ,boom-d]rick1 #be4 ,log-boom1 #bj1 #ba4 ,log-c>riage1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,log-flipp]1 #cd4 ,logg+1 ,*ap4 ,i1 #g-bi4 ,log-kick]1 #cd4 ,log-slip1 #cd4 ,log-/op1 #cd4 ,logwood1 #baa1 #bab4 ,loss ( tools1 #add-adf4 ,lumb]1 #dh4 ,lumb] y>d1 #cf1 #ch4 ,lumb]man's bo>d rule1 #aaa4 ,lumb] mill1 #cb1 #cc4 ,m 7#ajjj feet71 #dh1 #di4 ,ma*9e-screws1 #abg4 ,mahogany1 #baa4 ,mallet1 #eh1 #if1 #aci4 ,m>k+-gage1 #aad-aaf1 #acf1 #aci1 #bjc4 ,m>k+ tools1 #aac-aag4 ,mat*+-plane1 #hj1 #aci4 ,maul1 #aj4 ,measurem5ts1 #bjc4 ,measur+-tools1 #aje-aag4 ,measur+ wood1 #ac1 #dh1 #di1 #aje-aaf4 ,mill-pond1 #ba1 #cb4 ,mit]-box1 #ajb1 #acg1 #aci1 #aid4 ,mit]-clamp1 #ach1 #ada4 ,mit]-squ>e1 #aac1 #acg1 #adj4 ,mold+-plane1 #hj4 ,monkey-wr5*1 #ajc1 #ach1 #ada4 ,mortise1 #eh1 #afj4 ,mortise-&-t5on4 ,see ,jo9t1 ,mortise-&-t5on4 ,mortise-*isel1 #ed1 #ee1 #afa4 ,mortise-gage1 #aaf1 #adj1 #afa4 ,multiple p>ts1 #bjd4 ,munt91 #aib1 #aic4 ,musl91 #bjj1 #bba4 ,nails1 #abc1 #abd4 ,flat-head1 #abd4 ,size (1 #abd4 ,wire1 #abc4 ,wr\ght1 #abc4 ,nailset1 #ig1 #ach1 #ada4 ,nigg]1 /eam1 #cd1 #ce4 ,nipp]s1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ach1 #ada4 ,octagonal scale1 #ajh4 ,oil1 #fe1 #acj1 #bba4 ,banana1 #bac1 #baf4 ,boil$1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbb4 ,oil]1 #acg1 #adj4 ,oil/one1 #eh1 #aba1 #acg1 #adj4 ,ord]+ ( lumb]1 #di4 ,pa9t1 #bbj-bba4 ,panel con/ruction1 #afd1 #aib-aie1 #bje4 ,panel-iron1 #abg1 #abh4 ,pap]1 ,build+1 #bja4 ,p>+1 #ee1 #eg4 ,p>+-*isel1 #ed4 ,peavey1 #ah4 ,pe5 ( hamm]1 #ie4 ,picture-frame1 #afg-afi1 #aid1 #bje4 ,clamp1 #afg1 #afh4 ,vise1 #ajj1 #aja1 #afg1 #aid4 ,pigm5ts1 #bji4 ,pill[1 #gg4 ,p9c]s1 #ajc1 #aje4 ,p9*-dog1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ada1 #agj4 ,p9tle ( h+e1 #aca4 ,plane1 p>ts (1 #gj4 ,b$ rock1 #ga1 #ge1 #acg1 #aci4 ,block1 #gg1 #acg1 #aci4 ,circul>1 #hj4 ,=e1 #gb1 #acg1 #aci4 ,jack1 #ga1 #acf1 #ach4 ,jo9t]1 #gb4 ,mat*+1 #hj1 #aci4 ,mold+1 #hj4 ,ori5tal1 #fi4 ,rabbet1 #gi1 #acg1 #aci1 #aid4 ,r\t]1 #hc1 #aci1 #afj4 ,scrap]1 #gi1 #aci4 ,scrat*1 #gi1 #acj4 ,scrub1 #gh4 ,smoo?1 #gb1 #ge1 #acg1 #aci4 ,tongue-&-groove1 #hj4 ,univ]sal1 #ha1 #hb4 ,plane-iron1 #gj1 #gg4 ,planes1 #fi-hb4 ,plan+1 ,directions =1 #gd-gf1 #gh4 ,ord] (1 #gb4 ,plate-rack1 #ahe4 ,plates1 metal1 #abg4 ,plate1 wall1 #bja4 ,pli]s1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ach1 #ada4 ,pl[1 ,sn[1 #ac4 ,plug-cutt]1 #hd1 #hf1 #abf1 #adj4 ,po9ts 9 saw-tee?1 #fc4 ,poli%1 ,fr5*1 #bag-bah4 ,oil1 #bad4 ,v>ni%1 #bbj4 ,wax1 #bad4 ,poli%es1 #bad-bbj4 ,position ( b5*es1 #adb4 ,po/s1 corn]1 #bja4 ,pota%1 #aej4 ,potassium bi*romate1 #acj1 #baa1 #bab4 ,p\nd+ tools1 #id-ig4 ,pres]vation ( lumb]1 #dg4 ,see also season+4 ,pr9ciples ( jo9]y1 ,*ap4 ,,ix1 #bjc-bjh4 ,pumice /one1 #bag4 ,qu>t]-saw+1 #db1 #dc4 ,rabbet-plane1 #gi1 #acg1 #aci1 #aid4 ,raft1 ,giant1 #bg1 #bi4 ,raft]-table1 #aaj4 ,raft]s1 #bja4 ,rail1 #ahf1 #aic4 ,rail1 ,draw]1 #aif4 ,railways1 logg+1 #bb1 #bf4 ,rasp1 #ia4 ,rat*et-brace1 #ajc1 #aje1 #acg4 ,ream]1 #hd1 #hg4 ,rebate4 ,see ,rabbet4 ,r$1 ,v5etian1 #baj4 ,ribbon1 ,wall1 #bja4 ,ridge-pole1 #bja4 ,rift-saw+1 #da4 ,rip-saw1 #fc1 #acg1 #aci4 ,rivet-set1 #ada4 ,road1 ,ice1 #ac1 #ad4 ,logg+1 #i1 #ac1 #ad4 ,monkeys1 #ac1 #ae4 ,tote1 #h4 ,roll]s1 ,dead1 #cf4 ,roll]s1 ,live1 #ce4 ,roll-ways1 #af4 ,ross+ ( b>k1 #bd4 ,r\t]-plane1 #hc1 #aci1 #afj4 ,rule1 #aje1 #ajf1 #acg1 #aci1 #bjc4 ,runn+ foot1 #di4 ,ru/1 #abe4 ,on tools1 #adg4 ,sack+ ! re>1 #af4 ,saddle seat1 #fj1 #aii4 ,s&pap]1 #ic1 #bba4 ,saw1 #fb-fh4 ,selvage ( lock1 #acc4 ,saw1 ,back1 #fe1 #acf1 #ach4 ,b&1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 ,butt+1 #cf4 ,circul>1 #cj4 ,compass1 #ff1 #aci4 ,compression1 #fb4 ,cop+1 #aci4 ,crosscut1 #aj1 #fd1 #acg1 #aci4 ,cut-(f1 #cf1 #ci4 ,dovetail1 #ff1 #acg1 #aci4 ,gang1 #cj4 ,hack1 #acg1 #ada4 ,logg+1 #aj1 #bc4 ,pull+1 #aj1 #fb1 #fg4 ,pu%+1 #fb4 ,rip1 #fc1 #acg1 #aci4 ,t5sion1 #fb1 #fg4 ,turn+1 #fg1 #acg1 #aci4 ,saw-c>riage1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,sawdu/1 #ci4 ,saw-fil+ & sett+1 #fg4 ,saw-horse1 #fd1 #fe1 #ajj4 ,saw+1 ,directions =1 #fd1 #fe4 ,saw-jo9t]1 #fh4 ,sawmill1 #cb1 #cc4 ,sawmill+1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #cj-dd4 ,saw-set1 #fh4 ,saw-vise1 #fg1 #fh4 ,saw+ into l5g?s1 #aa1 #ab1 #bd4 ,scal+ logs1 #ac4 ,scrap-box1 #ahg4 ,scrap]1 #gf1 #ia1 #acg1 #aci4 ,scrap]1 ,v5e]1 #ia1 #ib1 #acg1 #aci4 ,scrap]-plane1 #gi1 #aci4 ,scrap] /eel1 #ib1 #acg1 #aci4 ,scrap+ tools1 #ij-id4 ,scrap pile1 #da1 #db4 ,scrat*-awl1 #aaf1 #adj4 ,scrat*-plane1 #gi1 #acj4 ,scre5-h+e1 #aca4 ,screw-box1 #aci4 ,screwdriv]1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ach1 #adj4 ,bit1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ach1 #adj4 ,screw-gage1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abf4 ,screws1 #abe-abg4 ,rule = us+1 #abf4 ,sizes (1 #abf4 ,scrib+1 #aab4 ,scrub-plane1 #gh4 ,season+1 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #de-dh4 ,air1 #de4 ,hot-air1 #df4 ,kiln1 #df4 ,oil1 #dg4 ,wat]1 #dg4 ,set ( saw1 #fc1 #fg4 ,%ank1 #ed4 ,%>p5+ ( tools1 ,!1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fg1 #gf1 #he1 #hf1 #ib-ic1 #aag-aba4 ,%>p5+-tools1 #aag-aba4 ,%ea?+1 #bja4 ,%ellac1 #adi1 #bae-bah4 ,orange1 #baf4 ,:ite1 #baf4 ,%elves1 #ahe1 #bje4 ,%+les1 #di1 #bja1 #bje4 ,%+le-ma*9e1 #ci1 #da4 ,%oe-pegs1 #abh4 ,%\ld] ( jo9t1 #afj4 ,%r9kage1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aib1 #aid1 #bje4 ,sid+1 #bja4 ,si5na1 #bji4 ,sight+1 #ga1 #ge4 ,silex1 #bad4 ,sill1 #bja4 ,siz+1 #acj4 ,skidd]1 /eam1 #be4 ,skidway1 #i1 #ac1 #bd4 ,slab1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci4 ,slab-sla%]1 #ci1 #dj4 ,sla%-gra91 #da1 #db4 ,sla%-saw+1 #da4 ,sleigh haul1 #ac1 #ae4 ,slid+ cut1 #ec1 #ef1 #ge1 #gh4 ,slid+ ,t bevel1 #aac4 ,slip/one1 #fj1 #aba1 #acg1 #adj4 ,slip-tongue c>ts1 #bb4 ,smoo?-plane1 #gb1 #acg1 #aci4 ,snips1 #ada4 ,sn[-locomotive1 #bh4 ,soap1 z a lubricant1 #abf4 ,to prev5t glu+1 #acj4 ,sole ( ,plane1 #gj4 ,sort+-jack1 #ba4 ,sort+-%$1 #ch4 ,spirit+ (f1 #bag4 ,spla%-dam1 #bj1 #ba4 ,splitt+ tools1 #ea4 ,spoke%ave1 #hb1 #acg1 #aci1 #ahc4 ,/a9s1 #bji-bac4 ,*emical1 #baa-bac4 ,oil1 #aej1 #bji1 #baj4 ,_s1 #baa4 ,wat]1 #baj1 #baa4 ,/eel squ>e1 #ajg-aaa1 #acg1 #adj4 ,/eel wool1 #id1 #baa1 #bag1 #bba4 ,/ick+1 #de1 #dh4 ,/ile1 #aic4 ,/or+ ( lumb]1 #dh4 ,/ove1 ,gas1 #ach1 #ada1 #adh4 ,/ove-bolts1 #abg4 ,/raight cut1 #ec4 ,/r5g? ( jo9ts1 #bjf4 ,/rike ( lock1 #acc4 ,/r+]1 #aif4 ,/ropp+1 #ei4 ,/udd+1 #bja4 ,sup]position1 ,me?od (1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afc1 #aff1 #bjd4 ,survey ( =e/ l&1 #g4 ,swamp]1 #ab4 ,sweep ( brace1 #ajc4 ,table-h+e1 #aca4 ,table con/ruction1 #acj1 #afd1 #aie4 ,see also ,table ,top4 ,table top1 #agb1 #age1 #aig4 ,taboret1 #afi1 #agj1 #ahf4 ,tacks1 #abd4 ,tacks1 d\ble-po9t$1 #ajb1 #abd4 ,tang1 #ed4 ,tank1 #ad4 ,tap] ( cutt+ tools1 #eb4 ,tee-h+e1 #aca4 ,tee? ( saw1 #fc4 ,t5on1 #afj1 #bjf4 ,see also ,mortise & t5on4 ,jo9t1 ,mortise & t5on4 ,t5on-saw1 #fe4 ,toe ( ,plane1 #gj1 #ga4 ,?roat ( ,plane1 #gj4 ,tie-beams1 #bja4 ,timb]1 #dh4 ,tongu+-&-groov+-plane1 #hj4 ,tool-gr9d]1 #fa1 #abj1 #aba1 #acg1 #adj4 ,tool-hold] = gr9d+1 #aah-abj4 ,tool-rack1 #adc1 #add4 ,tools1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ea-abb4 ,tools1 logg+1 #aj4 ,traction eng9e1 #bh4 ,tools1 ,loss (1 #add-adf4 ,tractor1 #bh4 ,trammel-po9ts1 #aad1 #adj4 ,transf]1 ,lumb]1 #cf1 #cg4 ,transportation ( logs1 #ac1 #ae1 #af ff1 #bc4 ,travoy1 #i4 ,tray1 #fj1 #ahc4 ,triangle1 ,blackbo>d1 #ada4 ,trimm]1 #cf1 #ch4 ,trimm+ logs1 #ab4 ,tripoli1 #aba1 #adg4 ,trolley = logs1 #be4 ,try-squ>e1 #aab1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj1 #bjc4 ,tumbl] ( lock1 #acc4 ,turn+-saw1 #fg1 #acg1 #aci1 #ahc4 ,turp5t9e1 #bji1 #baj1 #bad1 #bbb4 ,tusk4 ,see ,jo9t1 mortise-&-t5on1 tusk4 ,twi/-bit1 #hd1 #he4 ,twi/-drill1 #hd1 #he1 #ach4 ,twi/-drill-gage1 #aag4 ,umb]1 #bji4 ,und]cut1 #bjf4 ,univ]sal plane1 #ha4 ,unjo9$ pieces1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,uphol/]+1 #aii-bja4 ,valuation survey1 #g4 ,van1 ,logg+ camp1 #i4 ,v>ni%1 #adi1 #bae-bbj4 ,copal1 #bah-bbj4 ,cremona1 #bah4 ,_s1 #bae-bah4 ,v>ni%+1 ,process (1 #bai4 ,vasel9e1 #adg4 ,ve9+ tools1 #adj4 ,v5e]-scrap]1 #ia1 #ib1 #acg1 #aci4 ,v]milion1 #baj4 ,vise1 #ii1 #ach4 ,iron1 #ach1 #ada4 ,walnut1 #baj4 ,waney bo>ds1 #cf4 ,w>p+1 #dh4 ,wa%]-cutt]1 #hg1 #adj4 ,wa/e1 cotton1 #bji1 #bba4 ,wa/e1 sawmill1 #ci4 ,wat]pro( glue1 #acj4 ,wat]-/a9s1 #baj4 ,wat]-table1 #bja4 ,wax1 #bad4 ,webb+1 #bjj4 ,w$ge1 ,plane1 #fi1 #gj4 ,w$ge1 #aj1 #ea1 #eb1 #abh1 #afb4 ,action #ea1 #eb4 ,:ett+ tools1 #eh4 ,w9d 9 bo>d1 #gd4 ,w9d+ /icks1 #gd1 #aac4 ,w9d[-sa%1 #aid4 ,wire edge1 #ei4 ,wire-gage1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,wood5 /ructures1 types (1 ,*ap4 ,,viii1 #ahc-bjb4 ,work+ edge1 #gb1 #aae4 ,work+ face1 #gb1 #aae4 ,wr5*1 #ajc4 ,see also ,monkey-wr5*4 ,y>d+ logs1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg4 ,y>d-/ick1 #ach1 #ada4 ,yell[1 ,*rome1 #bji4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #ai2 & ,fig4 #dg has no caption4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations 7 on numb]$ pages :i* conta9$ no text4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ to m relevant places1 & extrane\s page numb]s remov$4 7sundry commas add$ to ,bibliograpy1 z ne$$ = consi/5cy47 ,,errata1 & sic ,page #ac3 '?oroly' sic p]iod spell+ = '?\\ghly'4 ,page #af3 ',if a horse fall 444' sic ',if a horse 7%\ld7 fall 444' ,page #dg3 'e>g]ly' correct$ to 'eag]ly'4 7,!y are eag]ly s\ght aft]44474 ,page #dg3 '*lorid' correct$ to '*loride'4 7z9c *loride74 ,page #eh3 'spl9tt]+' correct$ to 'spl9t]+'4 ,page #fc3 'especally' correct$ to 'especially'4 ,page #ij3 'v>ities' correct$ to 'v>ieties'4 ,page #afj3 '%\d]s' correct$ to '%\ld]s'4 7,locate accurately ) a knife po9t ! %\ld]s44474 ,page #afb3 ,replac$ two gaps 9 text ) 'w$ges' & ',no4 #cd'4 7,no4 #ce4 ,a w$g$ 444 by driv+ ! w$ges into saw k]fs 9 ! t5on in/ead ( along its sides z 9 ,no4 #cd47 ,page #ahi3 ',fig4 #bhe1 ,e' correct$ to ',fig4 #bhe1 ,c' 7,! cov] may h cleats on its und]side1 ,fig4 #bhe1 ,c1 :i* fit j inside ! box & keep ! top 9 place47 ,page #bai3 'funiture' correct$ to 'furniture'4 7444"s are = floors1 "s = furniture14447