by ! ,biblio?que nationale de ,france   
7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at                    
http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7       ,?omas   
,hill ,gre5   ,an ,e/imate ( ,! ,value &
 ,influ5ce  ,(  ,works ( ,fiction ,9    
,mod]n ,times   ,edit$ ,) ,introduction 
& ,notes  ,by  ,fr$ ,newton ,scott      
,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric 9 ! ,univ]sity (  
,mi*igan                                
,george ,wahr                           
,ann ,arbor                             
,mi*igan                                
#aiaa   ,,copyright  ,,fr$ ,,newton     
,,scott  #aiaa   ,,! ,,ann ,,arbor      
,,press ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,mi*4           
,,preface   ,= a good _m ye>s ,i h us$  
?is essay ( ,gre5's ) an advanc$ class 9
 ! !ory ( prose fiction4 ,x has work$   
well4 ,x always ar\ses discussion1 & 9  
do+ s x has ! great virtue t x imp]i\sly
 leads ! argum5t away f sup]ficialities 
& c5t]s x ^u fundam5tals4 ,its s]vice z 
a /imulus to high ?9k+ _c easily be     
ov]e/imat$4 ,= any /ud5t1 & especially =
 "o :o has kn[n only ! unidea'd         

criticism ( fiction s popul> today1 x is
 a f9e ?+ to come 9 contact ) a         
high-m9d$1 /urdy1 & uncompromis+ ?9k]   
su* z ,gre5 is4 ,z ,gre5 says ( ! he>] (
 trag$y1 ,he be>s ab\t him1 = a "t at   
lea/1 among ! rank vapors ( ! e>?1      
some?+ ( ! fre%ness & fragrance ( !     
high] air4 ,i tru/ t ?is repr9t1 by mak+
 ! essay m easily accessible ?an x has  
be5 h]et(ore1 w help to raise ! grade ( 
/ud5t ?\ght & ta/e & criticism4         
,f4 ,n4 ,s4 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan       
,decemb] #a1 #aiaj4     ,,cont5ts4      
,,page ,introduction                    
#i ,i4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,art            
#ai    a4 ,epic1 ,drama1 & ,novel       
#ai    b4 ,imitation vs4 ,art           
#ba    c4 ,nature ! ,creation ( ,?\ght  
#bb    d4 ,! ',outw>d' aspect ( ,nature 
#bc    e4 ,conque/ ( ,nature by ,art    
#bd    f4 ,! ,arti/ z ,idealiz]         
#bf    g4 ,! ,epic                      
#bg    h4 ,trag$y z ,purifi] ( !        
,passions                   #bi    i4   
,trag$y ! ,elevation ( ,life            

#cc    j4 ,conditions ,favorable to     
,trag$y                       #cd ,,ii4 
,,! ,,novel ,,an ,,inf]ior ,,=m ,,(     
,,art                       #ce    a4   
,beg9n+s ( ! ,novel                     
#ce    b4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,spectator   
#cf    c4 ,! ,mod]n ,novel a ,reflection
 ( ,ord9>y ,life        #ch    d4       
,naturalism vs4 ,idealism               
#dc    e4 ,trag$y & ! ,novel            
#dd    f4 ,! ,epic & ! ,novel           
#dg    g4 ,poetry & ,prose              
#di    h4 ,! ,novel an ,incomplete      
,pres5tation ( ,life          #eb    i4 
,prud5ce ! ,noveli/'s ,highe/ ,morality 
#ed    j4 ,evil ,effects ( ,novel-read+ 
#ef ,,iii4 ,,true ,,function ,,( ,,!    
,,novel                             #fj 
a4 ,a ,wid5] ( ,exp]i5ce                
#fj    b4 ,an ,exp&] ( ,sympa?ies       
#fc    c4 ,a ,creator ( ,public ,s5tim5t
                         #fi    d4 ,a   
,levell] ( ,intellects                  
#fi  ,,app5dix4     a4 ,an ,appreciation
 ( ,gre5's ,essay                       

#gb    b4 ,hegel on ! ,novel            
#gg     ,,introduction   ,?omas ,hill   
,gre5 0 born 9 ,birk91 ,york%ire1 ,april
 #g1 #ahcf4 ,8 e>ly education 0 acquir$ 
fir/ at home "u 8 fa!r1 ! rector (      
,birk91 !n at ,rugby1 :]e he 0 s5t at ! 
age ( f\rte54 ,9 #ahee he ent]$ ,balliol
 ,college1 ,ox=d1 & came "u ! influ5ce (
 ,j[ett1 aft]w>ds fam\s z ,ma/] (       
,balliol & translator ( ,plato4 ,?\gh he
 matur$ e>ly1 ,gre5 0 n a brilliant     
/ud5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he appe>$ to be   
indol5t & sluggi%4 ,no man1 wrote "o ( 8
 fell[-/ud5ts 9 #ahfb1 is driv5 ) great]
 difficulty to "w n to 8 ta/e4444 ,he   
wrote "s ( ! be/ college essays3 he nev]
 s5t !m 9 on ! "r day1 & might g5]ally  
be se5 on ! ,monday pond]+ ov] essays   
:i* e "o else _h s5t 9 on ! ,friday     
night4 ,^! traits1 h[ev]1 z x prov$     
lat]1 7 ! index n ( a vagrant m9d1 b (  
indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & ( preoccupation )  
weighti] matt]s4 ,to quote aga9 f !     
tribute ( a fell[-/ud5t3 ,on ev]y?+ he  
said or wrote !re 0 /amp$ ! impress ( a 

=cible individuality1 a m9d t ?\ght =   
itself1 & ^: ?\ghts _h ! rugg$ /r5g? (  
an orig9al "* :]e9 grimness 0 m+l$ )    
humor1 & practical %rewdness ) a love = 
ab/ract speculation4 ,9 ! end1 8 solid  
qualities ( m9d & "* made s /rong an    
impression ^u ! ,univ]sity au?orities t 
9 #ahfj he 0 elect$ fell[ ( ,balliol4   
,at ! same "t he became lectur] on      
anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4 ,?\gh f ! beg9n+ 
( 8 /ud5t life he _h be5 drawn to an    
academic c>e] & especially to ! /udy (  
philosophy1 he 0 n[ = a p]iod undecid$  
:at to make 8 life-"w4 ,at "o "t he     
?\ght ( go+ into j\rnalism 9 ,india4 ,9 
#ahfd1 hav+ accept$ a place ) ! ,royal  
,commission on ,middle ,class ,s*ools1  
he prep>$ a valuable report ^u !        
organization ( high s*ools & _! relation
 to ! univ]sity4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 9      
#ahff1 8 indecision 0 br\ght to an end4 
,obta9+ an appo9tm5t 9 t ye> to a       
position on ! tea*+ /aff ( ,balliol     
,college1 he settl$ d[n to ! "w ( a     
tutor 9 philosophy4 ,:5 ,j[ett 0 made   

,ma/] ( ,balliol1 ,gre5 became1 "u him1 
! responsible manag] ( ! college1 p]=m+ 
! manifold small duties ( ! position )  
pati5ce1 ?or\ghness1 & tact4  ,9 #ahga  
he 0 m>ri$ to ,miss ,*>lotte ,symonds1  
si/] ( ,john ,add+ton ,symonds4  ,twice 
,gre5 0 c&idate = a pr(essor%ip2 once 9 
#ahfd :5 he appli$ = ! *air ( moral     
philosophy at ,/4 ,&rews1 & aga9 9 #ahfg
 :5 ! ,waynflate pr(essor%ip ( moral &  
metaphysical philosophy fell vacant at  
,ox=d4 ,9 bo? cases he 0 unsuccessful4  
,x 0 n until #ahgh1 by 8 election to !  
,:yte's pr(essor%ip ( moral philosophy1 
t he obta9$ ! position & ! indep5d5ce he
 _h long des]v$4 ,8 enjoym5t ( ! honor 0
 brief4 ,he di$ ( blood-poison+1 aft] an
 illness ( only t5 days1 ,m>* #bf1      
#ahhb4  ,gre5's "* 0 comp\nd$ ( a v>iety
 ( elem5ts4 ,! %yness & res]ve          
*>act]i/ic ( _m cultivat$ ,engli%m51 0  
acc5tuat$ 9 8 case by a natural au/]ity 
& an absorption 9 s]i\s ?\ght4 ,b ?\gh 8
 temp] 0 puritanic & incl9$ to          
moros5ess1 !re 0 no s\rness or cynicism 

9 x4 ,if1 he wrote to ,miss ,symonds1 ,i
 am r a melan*oly bird1 giv5 to physical
 fatigue & depression1 yet ,i h nev]    
kn[n = a mom5t :at x 0 to be we>y (     
life1 z ! y\? ( ?is age are fond ( say+ 
t !y are4 ,! _w has always seem$ v good 
to me4 ,grim ?\gh he might be outw>dly1 
he _h a ke5 s5se ( humor & a w>m? (     
int]e/ 9 8 fell[s t made him1 = ^? :o   
broke ?r\gh 8 res]ve1 a *>m+ companion4 
,8 mo/ *>act]i/ic quality 0 elevation ( 
m9d4 ,9 ! essay t is "h repr9t$ he      
speaks ( t aspir+ pride :i* arises f !  
s5se ( walk+ 9 intellect on ! necks ( a 
subject cr[d4 ,some?+ ( ?is elevation1  
?is alo(ness f ! vulg>1 *>act]iz$ all ( 
8 utt]ances & gave to !m at times a     
solemn f]v5cy ak9 to t ( ! ,hebrew      
prophets4 ,?is trait is f9ely portray$ 9
 ! foll[+ description ( ! tutor ,grey 7a
 ?9 disguise = ,gre57 9 ,mrs4 ,w>d's    
',rob]t ,elsm]e3'        ,9 aft] ye>s   
memory c\ld always recall to him at w ! 
face      & figure ( ! speak]1 ! massive
 head1 ! deep eyes sunk      "u ! br[s1 

! midl& acc5t1 ! make ( limb & features 
:i* seem$ to h "s sugge/ion 9 !m ( !    
rude /r5g?      & simplicity ( a peasant
 ance/ry2 & !n ! nobility1 !      fire1 
! spiritual beauty fla%+ ?r\gh x all6   
,"h1 inde$1      0 a man on :om 8 fell[s
 might lean1 a man 9 :om !      g5]ation
 ( spiritual =ce 0 s /rong & cont9u\s t 
x      ov]fl[$ ( necessity into ! poor]1
 b>r5] lives ar\nd him1      k9dl+ &    
enri*+4   ,gre5's contributions to      
philosophy 7 p>tly con/ructive1 p>tly 7&
 p]haps ma9ly7 critical & de/ructive4   
,on ! critical side1 8 greate/ ef=t 0 8 
attack ^u ! philosophy ( ,hume 9 two    
ma/]ly ,introductions to an edition (   
,hume's ',works1' publi%$ 9 #ahgd-e4    
,engli% philosophical ?9k+1 s ,gre5     
held1 _h /uck fa/ 9 ! scepticism (      
,hume4 ,su* =w>d movem5t 9 ?\ght z !re  
_h be5 s9ce ! #ah? ,c5tury1 _h come     
ma9ly ?r\gh ! writ+s ( m5 l ,wordswor? &
 ,%elley--m5 :o hav+ se5 deeply into    
life1 _h express$ !mselves 9 imag9ative1
 n 9 philosophical ways4 ,to set !      

/agnant tide ( speculative ?9k+ 9       
motion1 involv$ a two-fold task3 on "o  
side ! break+ d[n ( ! b>ri]s erect$ by !
 s5sationali/ & mat]iali/ s*ools ( !    
#ag? & #ah? c5turies1 & on ! o!r side ! 
lett+ 9 ( a curr5t ( fre% ideas f "s    
s\rce outside ( ,engl&4 ,! fir/1 or     
de/ructive1 task ,gre5 p]=m$ ) rem>kable
 success 9 ! two ,introductions4 ,= !   
new & tru] ideas :i* 7 to displace !    
old1 he naturally look$ to ,g]many1 ^:  
me?ods ( rese>* 7 j com+ into vogue at  
,ox=d ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,pattison &    
,j[ett4 ,& s9ce to speculative ?9k]s ( t
 "t ,g]man philosophy meant ! philosophy
 ( ,hegel1 ,gre5's fundam5tal           
conceptions 7 d]iv$ by ,hegelian modes (
 ?9k+4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 a             
neo-,hegelian4 ,b1 z 8 biograph] notes1 
he nev] committ$ himself unres]v$ly to !
 ,hegelian cr$o4 ,:ile he reg>d$        
,hegel's sy/em z ! 'la/ ^w (            
philosophy1' he did n occupy himself ) !
 exposition ( x1 b ) ! reconsid]ation ( 
! elem5ts 9 ,kant ( :i* x 0 !           

developm5t4 ,t is1 he 0 a neo-,kantian z
 well z a neo-,hegelian4 ,( 8           
con/ructive ?9k+ 9 ^! *annels ! mo/     
complete embodim5t is 8 ',prolegom5a to 
,e?ics4'  ,?\gh naturally 8             
contributions to philosophy are fir/ 9  
bulk & importance1 ,gre5's writ+s cov] a
 consid]able range ( subjects4 ,li/$ 9 !
 ord] ( publication1 !y are z foll[s3   
',! ,=ce ( ,circum/ances1' publi%$ 9    
,und]graduate ,pap]s1 #aheh2 ',an       
,e/imate ( ! ,value & ,influ5ce ( ,prose
 ,fiction1' publi%$ z a prize essay1    
#ahfb2 ',! ,philosophy ( ,ari/otle' &   
',popul> ,philosophy 9 its relation to  
,life1' ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,sept41  
#ahff1 & ,m>*1 #ahfh2 ,introductions to 
',hume's ,treatise ( ,human ,nature'    
#ahgd-e2 ',! ,grad+ ( ,second>y         
,s*ools1' ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,may1   
#ahgg2 ,review ( ,e4 ,caird's           
',philosophy ( ,kant1' ,academy1 ,sept4 
#bb1 #ahgg2 ',mr4 ,sp5c] on ! ,relations
 ( ,subject & ,object1' ,contempor>y    
,review1 ,dec41 #ahgg2 ',mr4 ,sp5c] on !

 ,indep5d5ce ( ,matt]1' ibid41 ,m>*1    
#ahgh2 ',mr4 ,lewes' ,acc\nt (          
,exp]i5ce1' ibid41 ,july1 #ahgh2 review 
( ,j4 ,caird's ',introduction to !      
,philosophy ( ,religion1' ,academy1     
,july #aj1 #ahhj2 ',answ] to ,mr4       
,hodgson1' ,contempor>y ,review1        
,janu>y1 #ahha2 review ( ,j4 ,watson's  
',kant & 8 ,engli% ,critics1' ,academy1 
,septemb] #ag1 #bd1 #ahha2 ',lib]al     
,legislation & ,fre$om ( ,control1'     
#ahha2 ',! ,"w to be done by ! ,new     
,ox=d ,high ,s*ool1' #ahhb2 ',prolegom5a
 to ,e?ics1' #ahhc2 ',! ,witness ( ,god'
 & ',fai?' 7deliv]$ 9 #ahgj & #ahgg1 &  
at ! "t pr9t$ = private circulation71   
#ahhd4  ,all ( ! =ego+1 ) ! exception ( 
! ',prolegom5a to ,e?ics1' are includ$ 9
 ! ',works' edit$ by ,r4 ,l4 ,nettle%ip 
7#c ,vols41 #ahhe1 #b;d ,ed4 #ahhi1     
,longmans74 ,! ',works' conta91 9       
addition1 ! foll[+ writ+s n previ\sly   
publi%$3 ,an essay on ',! ,influ5ce (   
,civilization on ,g5ius'2 an essay on   
',*ri/ian ,dogma'2 an article on ',mr4  

,lewes' ,acc\nt ( ! ,social ,m$ium1'    
writt5 = ! ,contempor>y ,review1 b n    
us$2 f\r lectures or addresses on ! ,new
 ,te/am5t2 f\r lectures on ',! ,engli%  
,commonweal?'2 a s]ies ( lectures on ',!
 ,philosophy ( ,kant1' on ',logic' & on 
',! pr9ciples ( ,political              
,obligations'2 a lecture on ',! ,diff]5t
 ,s5ses ( ,fre$om z ,appli$ to ,w & to !
 ,moral ,progress ( ,man'2 & a fragm5t  
on ',immortality4'  ,aside f occasional 
ref]5ces to poetry & art 9 8            
philosophical writ+s1 z1 = example1 9 ! 
op5+ p>agraphs ( ! ',prolegom5a1' !     
essay on fiction "h repr9t$ is ,gre5's  
only v5ture 9 ! field ( ae/hetic        
criticism4 ,:5 we rememb] t x 0 "o ( 8  
e>lie/ productions1 hav+ be5 submitt$ = 
! ,*ancellor's prize 9 #ahfb1 :5 ,gre5 0
 b #bf ye>s ( age1 ! maturity ( bo? /yle
 & cont5ts seems rem>kable4 ,x is 9 fact
 a monum5tal piece ( lit]>y criticism1  
suffici5t to e/abli% ! reputation ( _m a
 less] writ]4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !re 
is ab\t x an air ( con/ra9t :i* %[s t ! 

au?or 0 n at ease 9 ?is k9d (           
speculation4 ,he 0 f5c+1 s to speak1 ) 8
 left h&4 ,8 m9d 0 s absorb$ 9 !        
metaphysical1 e?ical1 & religi\s aspects
 ( exp]i5ce t ^u ! ae/hetic z su* he _h 
little att5tion to be/[4 ,:5 he approa*$
 ae/hetic problems at all x 0 = !       
purpose ( obta9+ data :i* he c\ld employ
 9 o!r fields ( ?\ght4 ,he 0 obvi\sly n 
9 sympa?y ) ! aims ( ,engli% noveli/s4  
,he _h no exp]t k ( ! hi/ory ( fiction 9
 ,engl&1 & no k at all1 s f> z appe>s1 (
 its hi/ory 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,probably he
 misund]/ood ! relation1 9 c]ta9        
p>ticul>s1 ( ! novel to ! epic4         
,nev]!less1 8 appreciation ( concrete   
works ( art 0 s g5u9e & pr(\nd1 8       
insight s cle>1 8 express$ judgm5ts s   
c&id1 t any contact ( 8 m9d ) art1      
lit]>y or o!r1 c\ld n fail to be        
illum9at+4 ,:atev] its limitations1 !   
essay has at lea/ "o di/+ui%+ m]it3 9 x 
a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( criticism is    
appli$ ) m]ciless rigor to ! solution ( 
a lit]>y problem4 ,! products ( su* a   

me?od are c]ta9 to be int]e/+ &         
valuable4 ,:e!r we agree ) ! au?or's    
conclusions or n1 we c at lea/ see :5ce 
he d]ives !m & feel ! /imulus :i* always
 comes f ! spectacle ( a p[]ful m9d     
grappl+ 9 deadly e>ne/ ) mom5t\s        
que/ions ( art & life4                  
,,an ,,e/imate                    ( !   
,value & ,influ5ce (                    
,works ( ,fiction 9                     
,mod]n ,times     ,i4 ,,pr9ciples ,,(   
,,art     ,a4 ,,epic1 ,,drama1 ,,&      
,,novel   #a4 ,we commonly di/+ui%      
writ+s :i* appeal directly to ! emotions
 f ^? ( :i* ! imm$iate object is !      
conveyance ( k1 by apply+ to ! =m] a t]m
 ( conv5i5tly loose mean+1 works (      
imag9ation4 ,( ! k9ds includ$ 9 ! wide  
d5otation ( ?is t]m !re are ?ree1 betwe5
 :i* x seems difficult at fir/ sight to 
draw a def9ite l9e2 :i* appeal to simil>
 feel+s1 & excite a simil> int]e/1 9 !  
diff]5t ages to :i* ea* is appropriate4 
,^! are ! epic poem1 ! drama1 & ! novel4
 ,ea* purports to be1 9 "s sort1 a      

reflex ( human life & action1 z obey+   
c]ta9 laws & t5d+ to a c]ta9 end4 ,9 ea*
 m5 are repres5t$1 n z at re/1 or 9     
contemplative isolation1 b 9 co-op]ation
 or collision4 ,9 ea* !re is a          
comb9ation ( two elem5ts1 an out] elem5t
 ( incid5t1 an inn] ( passion & "*4 ,9  
view ( ^! common features1 we might be  
tempt$ at fir/ sight to suppose !       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree k9ds to be m]ely 
"o ( =m1 m]ely ! diff]5ce betwe5 !      
vehicle ( prose & ! vehicle ( metre4 ,we
 %all f9d1 h[ev]1 on deep] inquiry1 t to
 ! true arti/1 :o does n f9d 8 mat]ials 
9 ! _w1 b creates !m accord+ to ! inn]  
laws by :i* ! _w & himself are gov]n$1 !
 vehicle is n m a "p ( 8 creation ?an ! 
impassion$ tru? :i* x conveys4 ,"h1 z   
else:]e1 =m & sub/ance are insep>able2 &
 ! diff]5ce ( =m t di/+ui%es ! novel f !
 o!r k9ds ( composition :i* x seems = ! 
pres5t to h sup]s$$1 symbolises1 or r is
 id5tical )1 a diff]5t pot5cy 9 ! art by
 :i* ! sub/ance is creat$4#a            
,,footnote3  #a ,?\gh 9 its mo/ g5]al   

s5se ! sub/ance & matt] ( all f9e art is
 ! same1 issu+ f ! common s\rce ( !     
human desire = expression1 yet ! region 
( fancy correspond+ to ea* m$ium (      
utt]ance is mold$ by int]c\rse ) t      
m$ium1 & acquires an individuality :i*  
is n directly r$ucible to t]ms ( any o!r
 region ( ae/hetic fancy4 ,feel+1 9     
%ort1 is modifi$ 9 becom+ communicable2 
& ! feel+ :i* has become communicable 9 
music is n capable ( re-translation into
 ! feel+ :i* has become communicable 9  
pa9t+4 ,?us ! arts h no d\bt 9 common a 
human & ev5 rational cont5t--rational 9 
s f> z ! feel+s :i* are embodi$ 9       
expression1 = expression's sake1 arise 9
 connection ) ideas & purposes2 b ea* ( 
!m has sep>ately its own peculi>        
physical m$ium ( expression & also a    
:ole region ( modifi$ feel+ or fancy :i*
 con/itutes ! mat]ial prop] to be       
express$ 9 ! m$ium & accord+ to ! laws (
 ea* p>ticul> art4--,b4 ,bosanquet1 ',! 
,relation ( ! ,f9e ,arts to ,"o ,ano!r' 
7,proce$+s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,society74  

,b4 ,,imitation vs4 ,,art   #b4 ,m]e    
copy+ is n art4 ,! f>!r ! arti/ rises   
above ! /age ( imitation1 ! high] is 8  
art1 ! m elevat+ its influ5ce on ^? :o c
 ent] into its _s4 ,if ! l&scape-pa9t]  
does no?+ m ?an repres5t nature z se5 by
 ! outw>d eye1 ! vulg> objection aga9/  
look+ at pictures--,i c see z f9e a view
 z ?is any day--is unque/ionably valid4 
,b if ! pa9t] is any?+ bett] ?an a      
photograph]1 he does f> m ?an ?is4 ,he  
br+s nature be=e u1 z we h se5 x1       
p]haps1 only once or twice 9 our lives1 
"u ! influ5ce ( "s /rong emotion4 ,he   
does t = u :i* we _c d = ourselves2 he  
reproduces ^? mom5ts ( spiritual        
exaltation 9 :i* we feel t we are great]
 ?an we "k--mom5ts :i* we c rememb]1 & (
 :i* ! m]e memory may be ! light ( our  
lives1 b :i* no act ( our own w c br+   
back4 ,x is n till ! di/9ction has be5  
appreciat$ betwe5 nature z x is & nature
 z we make x to be1 betwe5 t :i* we see 
& t :i* hav+ n se5 we love1 t any bran* 
( art c be reckon$ 9 its prop] value4   

,c4 ,,nature ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,?\ght 
#c4 ,9 "o s5se ( ! ! ^w1 x w\ld no d\bt 
be true to say t nature is simply &     
altoge!r t :i* we make x to be4 ,mod]n  
philosophy has disc>d$ ! language :i*   
repres5t$ our k ( ?+s z ! result (      
impressions & ! transmission ( images4#b
 ,if we /ill n only speak b ?9k (       
ourselves z prim>ily passive & 9 contact
 ) an ali5 _w1 ?is arises simply f !    
difficulty ( conceiv+ a pure spontane\s 
activity4 ,driv5 f ! crude imag9ation   
:i* f\nd ! prim>y condition ( k 9 !     
reception ( ideas f )\t1 common s5se    
took refuge 9 ! m ref9$ hypo!sis (      
unkn[n objects1 :i* cause our s5sations1
 & ?r\gh s5sations our k4#c ,b ?is      
/&+-gr\nd has be5 swept away by !       
consid]ation t su* a cause may be f\nd  
)9 z well z )\t1 9 ! laws ( ! subject's 
activity z well z 9 objects confess$ly  
beyond ! rea* ( cognition4 ,our ultimate
 analysis c f9d no elem5t 9 k :i* is n  
suppli$ by ourselves 9 con=mity to a    
rul+ law1 or :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( !  

action ( human ?\ght4  ,,footnotes3  #b 
,z1 e4g41 9 ! philosophy ( ,locke4  #c  
,probably ref]r+ to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4      
,d4 ,,! ,,outw>d ,,aspect ,,( ,,nature  
#d4 ,b ?\gh ! _w ( nature is1 9 ?is     
s5se1 a _w ( man's own creation1 x is s 
9 a diff]5t way f ! _w ( art & (        
philosophy4 ,?\ght is inde$ its p>5t1 b 
?\ght 9 its prim>y /age fails to        
recognize x z its own1 fails to transf] 
to x its own attributes ( univ]sality1 &
 id5tity 9 diff]5ce4 ,x sees outw>d     
objects m]ely 9 _! div]sity & isolation4
 ,x seeks to p5etrate nature by endless 
di*otomy1 glory+ 9 t dissection ( unity 
:i* is ! abdication ( its own           
pr]ogative4#d ,x treats outw>d ?+s z    
m9i/]+ to animal wants1 z ! s\rces (    
p]sonal & p>ticul> pleasures & pa9s2 &  
?us induces ! s5se ( bondage1 (         
collision ) a _w 9 :i* x has n yet le>nt
 to f9d itself4 ,x places ! end ( human 
life n 9 h>mony ) ! law :i* is ! highe/ 
=m ( itself1 b 9 happ9ess1 i4e41 9 !    
extraction ( ! greate/ possible am\nt ( 

enjoym5t f a _w to :i* x seems to be    
accid5tally relat$4 ,! view ( ?+s       
correspond+ to ?is /age ( ?\ght is :at  
we commonly call _! outw>d aspect4 ,x is
 ! aspect ( matt]-(-fact1 ( logic1 ( m]e
 morality1 z oppos$ to t ( art1 (       
philosophy1 & religion4  ,,footnote3  #d
 ,life1 says ,pr(essor ,dewey 7',/udies 
9 ,logical ,!ory1' p4 #ha71 proposes to 
ma9ta9 at all haz>ds ! unity ( its own  
process4 ,& 9 a foot-note he adds3      
,pr(essor ,james's satisfaction 9 !     
contemplation ( b>e pluralism1 (        
disconnection1 ( radical                
hav+-no?+-to-d-)-"o-ano!r1 is a case 9  
po9t4 ,! satisfaction po9ts to an       
ae/hetic attitude 9 :i* ! brute div]sity
 becomes itself "o int]e/+ object2 & ?us
 unity ass]ts itself 9 its own d5ial4   
,:5 discords are h>d & /ubborn1 &       
intellectual & practical unification are
 f> to seek1 no?+ is common] ?an !      
device ( secur+ ! ne$$ unity by rec\rse 
to an emotion :i* fe$s on ! v brute     
v>iety4 ,religion & art & romantic      

affection are full ( examples4     ,e4  
,,conque/ ,,( ,,nature ,,by ,,art   #e4 
,! p]fection ( ?is ( latt] & high] view 
involves ! absolute fusion ( ?\ght &    
?+s4 ,its full atta9m5t is a new        
creation ( ! _w4 ,yet x is b ! discov]y 
( a relation%ip :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1 !     
adoption by ?\ght ( a *ild :i* 0 nev]   
o!r ?an its own4 ,! habitual            
int]pretation ( natural ev5ts by !      
analogy ( human design1 to :i* e h\r's  
conv]sation te/ifies1 is ! evid5ce t to 
! ord9>y man nature pres5ts itself n z  
some?+ ext]nal1 b1 l a fri5d1 z ano!r   
himself4 ,! true conque/ ( nature is b !
 completion ( ! reconciliation ?us      
anticipat$ 9 ! ev]yday language &       
consci\sness ( mank9d4 ,:5 ! m9d has    
come to see 9 ! endless flux ( outw>d   
?+s1 n a succession ( isolat$ ph5om5a1 b
 ! reflex ( its own developm5t into an  
inf9ite v>iety ( laws on a basis (      
id5tity--:5 ! laws ( nature are rais$ to
 ! "* ( laws :i* regulate admiration &  
love--:5 ! exp]i5ces ( life are held    

toge!r 9 a m$ium ( pure emotion1 & !    
animal elem5t s fus$ ) ! spiritual z to 
=m "o organization ?r\gh :i* ! same     
impulse runs ) unimp$$ en]gy--!n man has
 made nature 8 own1 by becom+ a consci\s
 p>tak] ( ! reason :i* animates him &   
x4#e ,! atta9m5t ( ?is consummation is !
 end ( life3 b x is an end t c nev] be  
fully realis$1 :ile dualism rema9s a    
necess>y condition ( humanity4 ,to mo/  
m5 x is z a l& v f> (f1 ( :i* occasional
 glimpses are caught f "s specul> m\nt (
 philosophic or poetic ?\ght4 ,x c only 
approa* realisation ?r\gh ! op]ation ( a
 p[] :i* c p5etrate ! :ole man1 & act on
 e mom5t ( 8 life4 ,b t p[]1 :i* 9 ! =m 
( religion c make e meal a sacram5t1 &  
trans=m human passion into ! lik5ess (  
div9e love1 is repres5t$ at a l[] /age1 
n only by ! unify+ action ( speculative 
philosophy1 b by ! comb9+ =ce ( art4    
,,footnote3  #e ,! same ?\ght may be    
f\nd1 9 concrete & poetic =m1 9         
,wordswor?'s l9es3                      
,& ,i h felt      ,a pres5ce t di/urbs  

me ) ! joy      ,( elevat$ ?\ghts2 a    
s5se sublime      ,( some?+ f> m deeply 
int]fus$1      ,^: dwell+ is ! light (  
sett+ suns1      ,& ! r\nd ocean & !    
liv+ air1      ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d 
( man2      ,a motion & a _s1 t impels  
,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ght1 
,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,!re=e am ,i    
/ill      ,a lov] ( ! mead[s & ! woods1 
,& m\nta9s4     ,f4 ,,! ,,arti/ ,,z     
,,idealiz]   #f4 ,! arti/1 ev5 at 8 l[e/
 level1 is m ?an an imitator (          
imitations4#f ,abridgm5t1 selection1    
comb9ation1 are ! necess>y in/rum5ts ( 8
 craft2 & by _! aid he introduces h>mony
 & ord] into ! confus$ multiplicity (   
s5su\s images4 ,he sub/itutes = ! prim>y
 outw>d aspect ( ?+s a new view1 9 :i*  
?\ght already f9ds a re/+ place4 ,j z   
/rong emotion t5ds to make all kn[n     
exi/5ce ! sett+ ( a s+le =m2 j z int5se 
m$itation sees 9 all exp]i5ce !         
manife/ation ( a s+le idea2 s ! arti/1  
ev5 if he be m]ely tell+ a /ory1 or     
pa9t+ a common l&scape1 puts "s ( 8     

mat]ials 9 a relief1 & comb9es all 9 a  
h>mony1 :i* ! untaught eye does n f9d 9 
! _w z x is4 ,he pres5ts to u ! facts 9 
! "o case1 ! outw>d objects 9 ! o!r1 z  
already act$ ^u by ?\ght & emotion4 ,9  
?is s5se e arti/1 in/ead ( copy+ nature1
 idealises x4 ,9 degree & mode1 h[ev]1 !
 idealisation v>ies inf9itely 9 ! v>i\s 
k9ds ( art4 ,x is by consid]+ ! height  
to :i* x is c>ri$ 9 ! epic poem & !     
drama t we %all be/ appreciate its      
limitations 9 ! novel4  ,,footnote3  #f 
,"h are ?ree b$s3 "o exi/+ 9 nature1 :i*
 is made by ,god1 z ,i ?9k t we may     
say--= no "o else c be !                
mak]8--,no4--,!re is ano!r :i* is ! "w (
 ! c>p5t]8--,yes4--,& ! "w ( ! pa9t] is 
a ?ird8--,yes8--,b$s1 !n1 are ( ?ree    
k9ds1 & !re are ?ree arti/s :o sup]9t5d 
!m3 ,god1 ! mak] ( ! b$1 & !            
pa9t]8--,yes1 !re are ?ree ( !m4--,god1 
:e!r f *oice or f necessity1 made "o b$ 
9 nature & "o only2 two or m su* ideal  
b$s nei!r ev] h be5 nor ev] w be made by
 ,god4444 ,%all we1 !n1 speak ( ,him z !

 natural au?or or mak] ( ! b$8--,yes1 he
 repli$2 inasmu* z by ! natural process 
( creation ,he is ! au?or ( ?is & ( all 
o!r ?+s4--,& :at %all we say ( !        
c>p5t]--is he n also ! mak] ( !         
b$8--,yes4--,b w\ld y call ! pa9t] a    
creator & mak]8--,c]ta9ly n4--,yet if he
 is n ! mak]1 :at is he 9 relation to ! 
b$8--,i ?9k1 he said1 t we may fairly   
designate him z ! imitator ( t :i* !    
o!rs make4--,good1 ,i said2 !n y call   
him :o is ?ird 9 ! desc5t f nature an   
imitator8--,c]ta9ly1 he said4--,& !     
tragic poet is an imitator1 & !re=e1 l  
all o!r imitators1 he is ?rice remov$ f 
! k+ & f ! tru?4--,t appe>s to be       
s4--,plato1 ',republic1' ,x4 #eig4      
,g4 ,,! ,,epic   #g4 ,9 outw>d =m ! epic
 poem is simply a n>rative 9 v]se4      
,hi/orically x seems to h orig9at$ 9 !  
records ( ance/ral h]oism1 :i* pass$ f  
m\? to m\? 9 metre1 z ! natural =m (    
oral communication 9 an unlett]$ age4 ,9
 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey we fir/ f9d ?is    
outw>d =m p5etrat$ by a new _s1 :i*     

conv]ts ! n>rative into ! poem4 ,!re is 
no ne$ to d viol5ce to hi/orical        
probability by suppos+ t ,hom] 0 a      
consci\s arti/1 or t he imag9$ himself  
to be do+ any?+ else ?an repres5t+ ev5ts
 z !y happ5$4 ,we h simply to notice t 9
 him facts h become poetry1 & to ask    
ourselves :at con/itutes ! *ange4 ,h[ is
 x t ! epic poet1 :ile hold+ up ! mirror
 to nature1 yet %[s u 9 ! glass a glory 
:i* belongs n to nature z we see x1 9   
its mat]ial limitations8 ,! answ] is1 t 
?\gh he foll[s ! ess5tial laws ( ! human
 _s1 8 sc5e is n ! e>? we live 94 ,he   
fills x ) actors o!r ?an ! m5 :o ho>d & 
sleep & fe$ ar\nd u4 ,he places ! action
 ei!r 9 h]oic ages--9 ! pa/ :i* 0 nev]  
pres5t1 :5 gods 7 m human & m5 m        
div9e--or 9 heav5ly places1 & among !   
p[]s ( ! air4 ,! action is simple 9     
proportion to its remot5ess f ! reality 
( life1 & rapid 9 proportion to its     
simplicity4 ,x arises f ! op]ation ( !  
mo/ elem5t>y passions1 ! wra? ( ,a*illes
 or ! pride ( ,satan1 9 collision ) an  

ov]rul+ p[]4 ,= ! animal wants & tricks 
( =tune1 :i* entangle ! web ( man's     
affairs1 x has no place4 ,! animal      
elem5t1 if n bani%$ f view altoge!r1    
becomes m]ely ! organ ( ! rul+ motions (
 ! _s2 & =tune is lo/ 9 de/9y or        
provid5ce4 ,?us ! incid5ts ( ! n>rative 
cease to be m]e incid5ts4 ,!y are held  
toge!r by passion2 !y are !mselves1 s to
 speak1 manife/ations ( passion work+ ) 
m & m int5sity to ! f9al consummation4  
,n ! laws :i* regulate curiosity1 b ^?  
:i* regulate hope & awe1 are ! laws :i* 
!y h to satisfy4     ,h4 ,,trag$y ,,z   
,,purifi] ,,( ,,! ,,passions   #h4 ,9   
trag$y1 z ! product ( a m cultivat$ age1
 ^! *>act]i/ics appe> m /rongly ?an 9 ! 
primitive epic4 ,! ,hom]ic poems are    
/ill leg5d>y n>ratives1 ?\gh n>ratives  
unconsci\sly transmut$ by ! highe/ art4 
,trag$y1 on ! contr>y1 has no extrane\s 
elem5ts4 ,x implies a consci\s ef=t ( ! 
_s1 made = its own sake1 to re-create   
human life accord+ to spiritual laws2 to
 transport itself f a _w1 :]e *ance &   

appetite seem h\rly to give ! lie to its
 self-ass]tion1 into "o :]e x may "w    
unimp$$ by any?+ b ! antagonism inh]5t 9
 itself & ! pres5ce ( an ov]rul+ law4   
,?is result is atta9$ simply by ! action
 ( ! prop] in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 ab/raction
 & syn!sis4 ,! trag$ian pres5ts to u    
sc5es ( life1 n its cont9u\s fl[ (      
incid5t4 ,9 ,macbe?1 = in/ance1 !re is  
an hiatus ( "s ye>s betwe5 ! e>li] &    
lat] acts2#g b we are n s5sible ( !     
void2 = ! passions :i* lead to !        
cata/rophe are b ! developm5t ( ^? :i*  
appe> at ! beg9n+1 & to ! law aga9/ :i* 
!y /ruggle a ?\s& ye>s are b z ye/]day4 
,"t1 h[ev]1 is b "o among _m            
circum/ances :i* ! trag$ian ignores4 ,! 
common facts ( life z x is1 & always mu/
 h be51 ! influ5ce ( cu/om1 ! transition
 ( passion into me*anical habit1 !      
impossibility ( cont9u\s ef=t1 !        
necess>y arrangem5ts ( society1 ! wants 
( our animal nature & all t results f   
!m1 ^! are exclud$ f view1 & s mu* only 
( ! mat]ial ( humanity is reta9$ z c    

take its =m f ! action ( ! _s1 & become 
a vehicle ( pure passion4 ,b ! syn!sis  
keeps pace ) ! ab/raction1 = ! trag$ian 
creates n passions b m54 ,! out] g>m5t1 
! fle% itself1 is /ript (f f man1 t ! _s
 may be left to re-clo! itself1 accord+ 
to its prop] impulses & its prop] laws4 
,! false di/9ctions ( dress1 ( mann]1 ( 
physiognomy1 are oblit]at$1 t ! true    
individuality :i* results f ! int]nal   
modifications ( passion may be se5 9    
cle>] outl9e4 ,^! modifications are z   
inf9ite & z complex z ! _s ( man itself2
 & if ! *>act]s ( ! anci5t dramati/s1 9 
_! broad simplicity1 fail to exhibit !  
f9] l9eam5ts ( real life1 yet 9         
,%akespe>e ! v>iations ( pure passion   
are z num]\s & z subtle z ^? ( ! fle%ly 
or cu/om>y mask by :i* man ?9ks t he    
kn[s 8 neighb\r4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce   
lies 9 ! fact t !y are v>iations ( !    
spiritual1 n ! animal1 man2 t !y arise f
 ! qualifications ( ! _s by itself1 n f 
its int]mixture ) matt]4 ,x is ?is :i*  
gives trag$y its p[] ov] life4 ,!       

problem ( ! diabolic nature1 ( !        
possibility ( a fall5 _s1 is n = man to 
solve4 ,he may be satisfi$ ) ! diagnosis
 ( 8 own disease1 ) ! k t x is 8        
littl5ess1 n 8 greatness1 t sep>ates him
 f ! div9e2 t n intellectual pride1 n   
spiritual self-ass]tion1 b ! meanness ( 
8 ord9>y desires1 ! degradation ( 8     
high] nature to ! pursuit ( animal ends1
 keep him "u ! curse4 ,f ?is curse      
trag$y1 9 its measure1 helps to relieve 
him4 ,x purifies 8 passions#h by        
extricat+ !m f _! e>?ly imm]sion4 ,= an 
h\r1 x may be1 or a day1 x raises him   
into a _w ( absolute ideality1 :]e he   
may =get 8 wants & 8 vanity1 & lose     
himself 9 a /ruggle 9 :i* ! combatants  
are ! =ces ( ! _s1 & ( :i* ! end is t   
annihilation 9 collision ) de/9y :i* is 
b ! blank side ( reconciliation ) x4 ,& 
?\gh 8 soj\rn 9 ?is region be %ort1 yet1
 :5 he falls aga91 ! smell ( ! div9e    
fire has pass$ ^u him1 & he be>s ab\t   
him1 = a "t at lea/1 among ! rank vap\rs
 ( ! e>?1 some?+ ( ! fre%ness &         

fragrance ( ! high] air4  ,,footnotes3  
#g ,! actual "t repres5t$ 9 ! play has  
be5 calculat$ to be n9e days1 ) int]vals
 ( a week or two betwe5 ,acts ,,ii &    
,,iii1 sc5es ii & iii ( ,act ,,iv1 &    
sc5es i & ii ( ,act ,v4 ,see ,new       
,%akespe>e ,society ,publications1      
#ahgg-gi4  #h ,! phrase is ,ari/otle's2 
cf4 ! ',poetics1' ,*ap4 vi1 &1 = comm5t1
 ,but*]'s ',ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry &
 ,f9e ,art1' ,*apt] vi4     ,i4 ,,trag$y
 ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,life   #i4 ,9 ?is
 s5se1 !n1 trag$y satisfies its         
def9ition z ! flight or elevation (     
life4 ,! two indisp5sable supports :i*  
r5d] ?is elevation possible1 are        
metrical expression & great situations4 
,9 ! reg5]ation ! language ( !          
m>ket-place & ! morn+ call may answ] to 
! realis$ h>mony ( life2 !re may1 inde$1
 be ! fif? act ( a trag$y 9 e dea?-b$2  
!re may be no di/9ction ( great or      
little1 high or l[4 ,b x is an          
affectation to conf\nd :at %all be ) :at
 is4 ,we _c dissociate ord9>y incid5ts f

 ! petty wants out ( :i* !y ord9>ily    
spr+1 nor common language f !           
common-place ?\ghts :i* x usually       
expresses4 ,! action 9 trag$y mu/ be    
relative to ! situation2 & if !         
situation be "o :i* we are unable to    
sep>ate f matt]-(-fact associations1    
nei!r c ! action be s sep>at$ except by 
an ef=t :i* ( itself depresses ! so>+   
_s4 ,nor1 aga91 if ! action be          
high-wr\ght1 above ! measure ( man's    
ord9>y activity1 c x f9d expression 9 ! 
unrhy?mical language#i :i* corresponds  
to t ord9>y activity4 ,new w9e mu/ n be 
put 9 old bottles2 nor mu/ ! motions (  
dis5?rall$ passion be conf9$ 9 vessels  
worn by ! uses ( daily life4            
,,footnote3  #i ,! language ( prose is n
 necess>ily unrhy?mical1 nor is x always
 commonplace1 z witness1 = example1 ! m 
mov+ & imag9ative passages ( ! ,engli%  
,bible4 ,on ?is po9t consult ,gumm]e's  
',beg9n+s ( ,poetry1' ,*apt] ii 7,rhy?m 
z ! ,ess5tial ,fact ( ,poetry1          
especially pp4 #ef-fj72 ,watts's article

 ',poetry' 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica2
 & ! ,publications ( ! ,mod]n ,language 
,association1 xx4 #d4     ,j4           
,,conditions ,,favorable ,,to ,,trag$y  
#aj4 ,^! consid]ations may expla9 to u  
:y ! production ( a great trag$y is     
almo/ an impossibility 9 our own "t4 ,! 
age mo/ fav\rable to x w\ld seem to be  
"o 9 :i* m5 /& on ! edge ( an old & b   
half-kn[n _w--z ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles  
/ood on ! edge ( ! my?ologic1 ,%akespe>e
 on t ( ! feudal _w--an age ( suffici5t 
culture & reflection = m5 to be consci\s
 ( ! glory !y h left beh9d1 :ile yet    
civilisation has n rea*$ ! /age (       
acquiesc5ce 9 ?+s z !y are1 & scepticism
 z to all beyond !m4 ,^? great          
situations furni%$ by ! my/]i\s pa/1 9  
:i* passion quits ! e>?1 soon lose _!   
*>m1 & ) ! reign ( wond] t ( trag$y     
ceases4 ,at ,a!ns x gives place to ! new
 com$y1 ^: highe/ boa/ 0 to copy pres5t 
life 7,greek3  ,m5&re kai ,bie1 pot]os  
ar' humn pot]on apemimsato273#aj 9 mod]n
 ,europe x has yield$ to ! novel4       

,,footnote3  #aj ,a say+ ( ,ari/ophanes1
 ! ,gramm>ian1 quot$ by ,syrianus on    
,h]mog5es1 ,,iv4 #aja4 ,x may be        
translat$3 ,o ,m5&] & ,life6 ,:i* ( y   
copies ! o!r8     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,novel ,,an
 ,,inf]ior ,,=m ,,( ,,art     ,a4       
,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,novel   #aa4 ,!     
novel 9 its prop] %ape did n come to !  
bir? 9 ,engl& till ! "t ( ,field+ &     
,ri*>dson1 b x _h long be5 9 process (  
=mation4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury at its close
 _h lo/ ! tragic impulse ( its y\?4 ,!  
ec/atic hope ( a new _w1 comb9$ ) ! sad 
& wond]+ recollection ( ! old1 :i* _h   
rais$ ! human _s to ! height ( !        
,%akesp]ian trag$y1 _h di$ out1 & ! age 
_h become em95tly satisfi$ ) itself4    
,wits1 philosoph]s1 & poets1 alike 7    
full ( ! pres5t "t4 ,:ile ! wits        
complim5t$ ea* o!r on _! sup]iority to !
 weaknesses ( mank9d1 !y made no scruple
 ( indulg+ ^? weaknesses 9 _! own       
p]sons4 ,x 0 "p ( _! bus9ess to d s1 = x
 0 "p ( life4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m
 & o!r m5 0 t !y 7 weak & laugh$ ov] x1 

:ile o!rs 7 weak & s]i\s4 ,philosoph]s  
congratulat$ !mselves on _! new         
enlight5m5t2 b x 0 an enlight5m5t :i*   
gave !m insight into ?+s z !y are1 n z  
!y are to be4 ,! prop] /udy ( mank9d1 !y
 held 0 man2 man1 h[ev]1 n 9 8 b\ndless 
promise1 b 9 ! mean p]=mance ) :i* !y   
proclaim$ !mselves satisfi$4 ,! poetry (
 ! "t 01 at be/1 m]ely common-s5se )    
ornam5tation4 ,x 0 nei!r lyrical nor    
tragic1 ?\gh x may h tri$ to be bo?4 ,x 
repres5t$ man nei!r z )drawn into       
himself1 nor z transport$ into an ideal 
_w ( action1 b z obs]v+ & reason+ on 8  
pres5t affairs4 ,! satire & moral essay 
7 its *>act]i/ic =ms4     ,b4           
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,spectator   #ab4
 ,! mo/ pleas+ expression ( ?is         
self-satisfaction ( ! age is f\nd 9 !   
,spectator1 ! fir/ & be/ repres5tative (
 t special /yle ( lit]ature--! only     
really popul> lit]ature ( our "t--:i*   
consi/s 9 talk+ to ! public ab\t itself4
 ,humanity is tak5 z reflect$ 9 ! ord9>y
 life ( m52 &1 z ?us reflect$1 x is     

copi$ ) ! mo/ m9ute fidelity4 ,no       
attempt is made ei!r to suppress ! bas] 
elem5ts ( man's nature1 or to           
transfigure !m by a /rong] light ?an t (
 ! common und]/&+4 ,no deep] laws are   
recognis$ ?an ^? :i* v9dicate !mselves  
to ! eye ( daily obs]vation1 no motives 
pur] ?an ! mix$ ones :i* ! practical    
philosoph] delights to analyse1 no life 
high] ?an t :i* is qualifi$ by animal   
wants4 ,! read] nev] f9ds himself c>ri$ 
into a region :]e x requires an ef=t to 
travel1 or :i* is above ! exi/+ level ( 
op9ion & morality4 ,x is f ?is levelness
 ) life t ! ,spectator d]ives its       
int]e/--an int]e/ s ne>ly ! same1 b>r+ !
 abs5ce ( plot1 ) t ( ! novel1 z to lead
 ,macaulay to pron\nce ,addison ! =]unn]
 ( ! great ,engli% noveli/s4#aa ,!      
elem5ts ( ! novel1 inde$1 already exi/$ 
9 ,addison's "t1 & only requir$         
comb9ation4 ,fictiti\s biography1 :i*   
may be reg>d$ z its raw mat]ial1 _h be5 
writt5 by ,defoe ) a life-l reality :i* 
has nev] s9ce be5 equall$2 & ! popul>   

drama furni%$ plots1 9 ! %ape ( love    
/ories drawn f pres5t life4 ,let !      
adv5tures ( ! fictiti\s biography1      
in/ead ( be+ m]ely ext]nal to ! man1 z 9
 ,defoe1 be made subs]vi5t to t display 
( "* 9 :i* ,addison _h %[n himself a    
ma/]1 & let !m become /eps 9 !          
developm5t ( a love-plot1 & ! novel--!  
novel ( ! la/ c5tury1 at any rate--is   
fully =m$4 ,z 0 ! self-cont5t$1 & !re=e 
uncreative & prosaic1 ?\ght ( ! age1 :i*
 produc$ ! novel1 su* ! novel itself    
cont9u$ to be4 ,man1 com=table &        
acquiesc5t1 wi%$ to amuse himself by a  
reflex ( ! life :i* he no long] aspir$  
to transc5d4 ,he want$ to enjoy himself 
twice ov]--9 act & 9 fancy2 or1 if ! =m]
 7 d5i$ him1 at lea/ to explore 9 fancy 
! _w ( pleasure & excitem5t1 ( :i*      
circum/ances abridg$ or di/urb$ 8       
enjoym5t 9 fact4 ,9 ! smoo? tale1       
g5]ally ( love1#ab ! noveli/ suppli$ !  
want4  ,,footnotes3  #aa ,we h n ! lea/ 
d\bt t1 if ,addison _h writt5 a novel1  
on an ext5sive plan1 x w\ld h be5       

sup]ior to any t we possess4 ,z x is1 he
 is entitl$ to be consid]$1 n only z !  
greate/ ( ! ,engli% essayi/s1 b z !     
=]unn] ( ! great ,engli%                
noveli/s4--,macaulay1 ',life & writ+s ( 
,addison4'  #ab ,a small tale1 g5]ally (
 love4--,johnson's ,diction>y4     ,c4  
,,! ,,mod]n ,,novel ,a ,,reflection ,,( 
,,ord9>y ,,life   #ac4 ,?is ,johnsonian 
def9ition may be object$ to z m]ely     
accid5tal1 & z inconsi/5t ) ! romantic  
"* :i* ! novel assum$ 9 ! h&s ( ,sir    
,walt] ,scott4 ,x expresses1 h[ev]1     
adequately en\gh ! view :i* ! popul>    
noveli/s prior to ,scott took ( _! own  
productions4 ,c]vantes1 ?\gh 9 8 own    
great "w atta9+ t rhapsody (            
grotesqu5ess :i* lies on ! edge (       
poetry1 _h yet e/abli%$ ! idea ( ! novel
 z ! anti!sis ( romance4 ,^! noveli/s1  
accord+ly1 if !y are n always tell+ !   
read] 7l ,field+71 seem yet to be always
 ?9k+ to !mselves1 h[ p]fectly natural  
_! /ories are4 ,x is on ?is naturalness 
!y pride !mselves2 & naturalness1 9 _!  

s5se1 meant con=mity to nature z x is   
commonly se54 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic      
feature ( ! class4 ,:e!r1 l ,ri*>dson1  
!y analyse "* f )91 or1 l ,miss ,au/51  
develop x 9 ! outw>d p>ticul>ities ( an 
unruffl$ life--:e!r !y describe1 l      
,field+1 ! buoyancy ( a g5]\s animalism1
 or1 l ,miss ,edgewor? & ,miss ,burney1 
! precise dec5cies ( conv5tional        
morality--!y deal simply )              
eighte5?-c5tury life z se5 by           
eighte5?-c5tury eyesight4 ,all romantic 
virtue1 all idealis$ passion1 !y        
rigor\sly es*ew4 ,prud5ce !y make !     
guide1 happ9ess ! end1 ( life4 ,& !y d  
well4 ,!y und]take to copy pres5t life1 
& !y d s4 ,!y h to reflect man's        
habitual consci\sness2 x is n = !m to   
anticipate a consci\sness :i* has n yet 
be5 atta9$1 or to repres5t man's l[]    
nature z absorb$ 9 a spiritual movem5t  
:i*1 because we _c arre/ x1 we          
habitually ignore4 ,x is j _! defici5cy 
9 ?is respect :i* gives !m _! peculi>   
fasc9ation4 ,man is n really m]e man1   

?\gh he may ?9k himself s4 ,he is always
 some?+ pot5tially1 :i* he is n         
actually2 always inadequate to himself2 
& z su*1 di/urb$ & mis]able4 ,! novel1  
on ! contr>y1 repres5ts him z be+ :at he
 va9ly tries to be--adequate to himself4
 ,x (f]s to 8 imag9ation ! full enjoym5t
 ( e>?ly life1 un*all5g$ by ob/9ate     
surmises1 untr\bl$ by ye>n+s aft] !     
div9e4 ,ord9>y m5 are satisfi$ ) ?is    
enjoym5t2 ! highe/ are allur$ by its    
temptation4 ,! read+ public is *>m$ ) ! 
contemplation ( its own lik5ess1 twice z
 natural z life4 ,its own wisdom1 its   
own wi%es1 its own vanity1 are set be=e 
x 9 little ) a complet5ess & f9i% :i* ! 
deep] laws ( ! univ]se1 v9dicat+        
!mselves by app>5t disord] & mis=tune1  
happily prev5t f be+ atta9$ 9 real      
life4#ac ,x is ?us pleasantly flatt]$   
into cont5tm5t ) itself--a cont5tm5t n  
di/urb$ by ! occasional c5sure (        
practices :i* good ta/e condemns z      
ungraceful1 or prud5ce z prejudicial to 
happ9ess4 ,b ! man ( ke5] insight1 :o1  

in/ead ( wre/l+ ) ! riddle ( life1 seeks
 = a "t to =get x1 & to place 9 its /ead
 ! r\nd$ repres5tation ( activity :i* ! 
noveli/ supplies1 _c b f9d ! vanity (   
hid+ 8 face f ! pres5ce :i* he dreads4  
,out ( he>t ) ! _w ab\t him--consci\s ( 
its actual meanness1 & )\t vigor to     
re-ca/ x 9 ! m\ld ( 8 own ?\ght--he     
fancies t aft] a soj\rn 9 ! _w ( fiction
 he may come back brac$ = 8 /ruggle )   
life4 ,9 8 /udy1 ) a novel1 he hopes to 
ov]look ! walls ( 8 prison-h\se1 to see 
! beg9n+ & ! end ( human /rife4 ,b he   
soon f9ds himself 9 ! embrace ( ! v p[] 
:i* he s\ght to escape4 ,"h is ! _w     
itself br\ght back to him4 ,"h is a     
p]fect copy ( t :i* 9 actual exp]i5ce he
 sees b p>tially4 ,! mirror is b too    
truly held up to nature4 ,! gett+ &     
sp5d+1 ! m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage1 !      
dom9ion ( =tune :i* makes life a riddle1
 ! prud5tial motives & wor%ip ( happ9ess
 :i* hide its div9ity1 ^! meet him "h z 
!y meet him 9 life1 untransmut$1        
unidealis$4 ,yet ! *>m ( art ov]comes   

him4 ,! p]fectness ( ! repres5tation1 ! 
skill ) :i* ! incid5ts are comb9$ to    
result 9 a cr[n+ happ9ess beh9d :i* no  
sorr[ seems to lie1 make him f9d a      
pleasure 9 ! copy :i* he _c f9d 9 actual
 life1 :5 9 p]sonal & pa9ful collision )
 x4 ,b mean:ile he ga9s no real /r5g?1  
he readies no new height (              
contemplation4 ,he comes back to ! _w1 z
 a man ) a diseas$ dige/ion1 aft] liv+ =
 a "t on spic$ meats1 comes back to     
ord9>y food4 ,he has n brac$ !          
assimilative p[] ( 8 ?\ght by a flight  
into ! ideal _w1 or le>nt ev5 = a "t to 
turn matt] to _s by sublimation /range4 
,he has rema9$ on ! e>?1 & ?\gh 8 fancy 
has = ! h\r giv5 ! e>? a *>m1 he is no  
bett] able ?an he 0 be=e to raise 8 eyes
 f its dead level1 or remove ! limits ( 
its horizon4   #ad4 ,?us1 !n1 ! old     
qu>rel ( ! philosoph] ) ! imitative arts
 seems to be reviv$ 9 respect ( ! novel4
 ,b ?\gh novel-writ]s might be bani%$ f 
a new republic1#ad x w\ld n be z arti/s1
 b = ! inf]iority ( _! art4 ,an arti/   

inde$ ! noveli/ is2 he comb9es ev5ts &  
p]sons ) ref]5ce to ends2 he conc5trates
 into a dialogue ( a few s5t5ces an     
am\nt ( feel+ & "* :i* x w\ld take real 
m5 "s h\rs to express2 he imp>ts a      
rapidity to ! /ream ( incid5t q unlike !
 sluggi%ness ( our daily exp]i5ce4 ,9   
?is s5se he does n copy :at we see1 b   
%[s u :at we c n see = ourselves4 ,our  
compla9t aga9/ him is t ! aspect ( ?+s  
:i* he %[s u is m]ely ! outw>d &        
natural1 z oppos$ to ! inn] or ideal4 ,8
 answ] w\ld probably be ei!r t ! ideal1 
9 any s5se 9 :i* x c be oppos$ to !     
natural1 mu/ be false & delusive2 or t x
 is m]ely an accid5t ( novel-writ+1 z   
hi!rto practis$1 & n any?+ ess5tial to  
?is species ( composition1 :i* has      
prev5t$ x f exhibit+ ! highe/ aspect (  
?+s2 or1 f9ally1 t admitt+ ! view :i* ! 
novel pres5ts to be necess>ily l[] ?an !
 poetic1 x yet is a m useful view = man 
to contemplate4  ,,footnotes3  #ac ,?is 
r obscure phrase may be int]pret$ z     
foll[s3 ,! av]age man w\ld l to live su*

 a r\nd$ & symmetrical life z is        
portray$ 9 ! novel4 ,he w\ld l to see 8 
wisdom ju/ify+ itself1 8 vanity         
triumphant1 8 selfi%ness a*iev+ its end2
 & he ?9ks t 8 crav+s are be+ satisfi$4 
,b ! deep] laws ( ! univ]se w n be      
balk$1 !y are ly+ 9 wait4 ,& pres5tly :5
 he ?9ks1 good easy man1 8 little       
b\rgeois _w is r\nd+ into ! p]fect      
sph]e1 !y spr+ up 9 8 pa?1 %att] 8      
sug>-c&y p>adise1 & ru?lessly v9dicate  
!mselves 7t is1 prove t !y _c be        
disreg>d$1 t !y mu/ be reckon$ )7 by    
br++ into 8 life disord] & mis=tune4    
#ad ,z poets 7 f ! republic ( ,plato4   
,:5 any "o ( ^! pantomimic g5tlem51 :o  
are s clev] t !y c imitate any?+1 comes 
to u1 & makes a proposal to exhibit     
himself & 8 poetry1 we w fall d[n &     
wor%ip him z a sweet & holy & wond]ful  
be+2 b we mu/ also in=m him t 9 our /ate
 su* z he are n p]mitt$ to exi/2 ! law w
 n all[ !m4 ,& s :5 we h ano9t$ him )   
myrrh1 & set a g>l& ( wool ^u 8 head1 we
 %all s5d him away to ano!r city4 ,= we 

mean to employ = our s\ls' heal? ! r\gh]
 & sev]] poet or /ory-tell]1 :o w       
imitate ! /yle ( ! virtu\s only1 & w    
foll[ ^? models :i* we prescrib$ at fir/
 :5 we began ! education ( our          
soldi]s4--,plato1 ',republic1' ,,iii4   
#cih4     ,d4 ,,naturalism vs4          
,,idealism   #ae4 ,mu* fruitless        
controv]sy betwe5 naturalism & idealism 
9 art might h be5 sav$ by a consid]ation
 ( ! true "* ( ! anti!sis4 ,x becomes   
unmean+ z soon z nature is exp&$ to !   
fulness ( ! idea4 ,& s exp&$ x may be1  
=1 accord+ to ! old =mula1 x is always 9
 flux4 ,x is nev] 9 be+1 always 9       
becom+4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 x 
is :at we see2 & we see accord+ to high]
 & l[] laws ( vision4 ,we may look at   
man & ! _w ei!r f )\t or f )94 ,we may  
obs]ve man's actions l o!r ph5om5a1 & f 
obs]vation le>n to ascribe !m to c]ta9  
g5]al b di/9ct motives & faculties1 :i* 
we d n ref] to any high] unity2 or1 on !
 o!r h&1 by ! light ( our own           
consci\sness we may recognise t 9 man ( 

:i* no obs]vation ( 8 actions c\ld tell 
u--some?+ :i* is 9 him1 b yet is n 8    
own2 :i* comb9es ) all 8 faculties1 b is
 none ( !m2 :i* gives !m a unity1 to :i*
 _! div]sity is m]ely relative4 ,s aga9 
) reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( ! _w2 we may look
 on ^! ei!r simply z ph5om5a1 or z      
manife/ations ( de/9y or div9e w4 ,! =m]
 view ( man & ! _w we may conv5i5tly    
call natural1 because ! only view t m]e 
obs]vation c give u2 ! latt] ideal1     
because mak+ obs]vation po/]ior to      
some?+ giv5 9 ?\ght4     ,e4 ,,trag$y   
,,& ,,! ,,novel   #af4 ,! trag$ian1 !n1 
idealises1 because he />ts f )94 ,he    
rea*es1 z x 71 ! c5tral fire1 9 ! heat (
 :i* e sep>ate faculty1 e animal want1 e
 =tuit\s incid5t is melt$ d[n & lo/4 ,we
 nev] c\ld obs]ve 9 actual exp]i5ce     
passion su* z ,le>'s1 or m$itation su* z
 ,hamlet's1 fus+ ev]y?+ else into       
itself4 ,facts at e /ep w\ld int]f]e to 
prev5t su* a possibility4 ,b let u place
 ourselves1 by ! poet's help1 )9 ! s\l (
 ,le> or ,hamlet1 & we %all be able to  

foll[ ! process by :i* ! spiritual p[]1 
tak+ ! =m ( passion 9 ! "o1 & ( ?\ght 9 
! o!r1 & work+ outw>ds1 draws ev]y?+    
into its own unity1 accord+ to ! same   
activity ( :i*1 h[ev] imp$$ by !        
imp]fections ( matt]1 we are consci\s 9 
ourselves4 ,! incid5ts ( ! trag$y are   
:olly subord9ate1 issu+ ei!r f ?is      
spiritual en]gy ( ! actors on ! "o h&1  
or1 on ! o!r1 f de/9y1 to ^: ?rone !    
poet p5etrates4 ,!y ?us pres5t an aspect
 entirely diff]5t f t ( ev5ts :i* we    
approa* f )\t4 ,! novel1 on ! contr>y1  
/>ts f ! outside4 ,its ma9 texture is a 
web ( incid5ts ?r\gh :i* ! motions ( !  
_s mu/ be disc]n$1 if disc]n$ at all4   
,^! incid5ts mu/ be probable1 mu/ be su*
 z are consi/5t ) ! obs]v$ sequ5ces ( ! 
_w4 ,! view ( man1 !re=e1 :i* we atta9  
?r\gh !m1 c only be t :i* is atta9able  
by obs]vation ( outw>d actions & ev5ts2 
or1 9 o!r words1 accord+ to ! di/9ction 
:i* we h attempt$ to e/abli%1 x is !    
natural view1 n ! ideal4 ,its "*        
corresponds to its orig94 ,obs]vation   

%[s u man n z self-det]m9$1 b z !       
creature ( circum/ances1 z a ph5om5on   
among o!r ph5om5a4 ,z su*1 too1 he is   
pres5t$ to u 9 ! novel4 ,we d n see him1
 z 9 trag$y1 /&+ 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 own _s1  
remak+ ! _w by its p[]1 det]m9$ by x =  
good or evil1 dep5d5t on x = all t may  
be attractive or repell5t ab\t him4 ,!  
h]o ( a novel attracts 9 "p by 8        
physiognomy1 8 mann]1 or ev5 8 dress2 8 
"* is qualifi$ by circum/ances &        
society2 8 impulses v>y accord+ to !    
impressions ( outw>d ?+s2 he is ! sport 
( =tune1 dep5d5t = weal or woe on !     
acquisition ( "s ext]nal bless+ :i* !   
developm5t ( ! plot may or may n be/[ on
 him4 ,z circum/ances make 8 life :at x 
is1 s ! p>ticul> comb9ation (           
circum/ances1 call$ happ9ess1 con/itutes
 its end4 ,in/ead ( los+ 8 m]ely p]sonal
 & p>ticul> self1 z 9 ! cata/rophe ( a  
trag$y1 he satisfies x ) its appropriate
 pleasure4 ,he t love? wife or *ildr5 m 
?an me1 is n wor?y ( me1 are ! words ( !
 ,au?or ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,m>ry1 enjoy 

dome/ic bliss1 & ?\ ha/ atta9$ ! end (  
virtue--su* is ! ord9>y moral ( ! ord9>y
 novel2 nay1 ! only consi/5t moral ( !  
consi/5t novel4 ,z ! noveli/ s[s1 s mu/ 
he reap2 z 8 plot is1 su* mu/ its       
consummation be4 ,9 ! body ( ! "w he    
mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 repres5t m5 z 
!y appe> 9 fact1 & he _c fitly r\nd x (f
 by repres5t+ !m z !y are only 9 idea4  
,he _c /ep at pleasure f "o sph]e ( art 
to ano!r2 by attempt+ to d s he de/roys 
! h>mony )\t :i* !re is no art at all1 &
 leaves u ) a s5se ( dissatisfaction &  
unreality4 ,! read]1 :o ?r\gh ! :ole    
?ree volumes till close ^u ! end has be5
 travell+ 9 an atmosph]e ( ord9>y       
morality & e-day aspiration1 kn[s n h[ 9
 ! la/ *apt] to brea! ! air ( a high]   
life4     ,f4 ,,! ,,epic ,,& ,,! ,,novel
   #ag4 ,x may be object$ to ?is        
limitation ( ! capabilities ( ! novel1 t
 x mu/ /& on ! same foot+ ) ! epic poem1
 :i* is no less made up ( a texture (   
incid5t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 accord+ to !     
pres5t argum5t1 c only rea* ! spr+s (   

man's actions f )\t4 ,su* an objection  
has "s tru? ) ref]5ce to ! ,hom]ic      
poems4 ,^!1 z we h se51 h ! leg5d>y     
n>rative = _! primitive elem5t1 & 9 s f>
 z !y are m]ely a reflex ( ,greek life 9
 ! ,hom]ic age1 _! int]e/ is t ( a      
novel1 n prop]ly ( ! epic4 ,! true epic 
7( :i* ! ,p>adise ,lo/ w\ld seem to be a
 less mix$ =m ?an ! ,iliad or ,odyssey71
 no less ?an trag$y1 seizes ! idea ( a  
self-det]m9$ _s on ! "o h&1 & ( de/9y or
 div9e law on ! o!r4 ,^! are ! prim>y   
spr+s f :i* x makes action & incid5t    
issue1 ) a p]fect subord9ation :i* !    
laws ( our l[] nature & ( social life   
mu/ prev5t f be+ realis$ 9 ! _w (       
exp]i5ce1 & :i* ! noveli/ !re=e1 ti$ d[n
 to ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 only (f5ds u by    
attempt+ to exhibit4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ! 
novel is n *ang$ by its assumption ( !  
=m ( a romance4 ,9 ! romantic _w ( !    
middle ages1 ! great ,italian poets did 
inde$ f9d _! mat]ials4 ,to _! eyes x 0 a
 _w 9 :i* hope & wond] might roam at    
l>ge3 x furni%$ actions :i*1 glorifi$ by

 !m1 became manife/ations ( ! div9e &   
h]oic 9 man4 ,b x is ano!r _w z se5 by !
 noveli/1 ev5 by su* a "o z ,walt]      
,scott4 ,! romantic life :i* he depicts 
is simply ! life :i* we see our own     
neighbors live1 ) m picturesque         
situations1 ) m to excite curiosity 9 ! 
read]1 & activity 9 ! imag9>y h]o4 ,we  
ga9 m f him1 x is true1 ?an f ^? copies 
( ! too famili> faces ar\nd u :i* are ! 
/aple commodity 9 novels ( ! day4 ,he at
 lea/ c>ries u into sc5es ( adv5ture1   
:]e we may =get ! smoo? tale ( our      
n9ete5?-c5tury life4 ,b fur!r he _c g1 =
 he approa*es m5 f )\t4 ,he does n rea*1
 by o!r me?ods ?an obs]vation1 to any a 
priori affection ( ! _s1 & to ?is       
subord9ate incid5t4 ,_h he done s1 he   
c\ld n h utt]$ himself 9 ! language (   
common life4 ,9 ! _w ( h]oes or angels1 
i4e41 ( m5 idealis$1 to :i* ! epic poet 
raises u1 he su/a9s u by ! p[] ( v]se4  
,! exalt$ action & ! poetic expression  
are z ess5tially correlative 9 ! epic1 z
 are ! natural incid5t & ! prosaic      

expression 9 ! novel4     ,g4 ,,poetry  
,,& ,,prose   #ah4 ,! ho/ility (        
,wordswor? to ! poetic diction ( 8 "t   
re/$ on pr9ciples ( :i* he sc>cely seems
 himself to h be5 consci\s4#ae ,! poets 
( ! la/ c5tury _h lo/ ! g5u9e s5se ( _! 
high call+4 ,_! productions = ! mo/ "p  
71 at be/1 practical philosophy 9 v]se4 
,!y obs]v$ ! out] aspect ( ?+s1 & to    
make _! obs]vations poetry !y clo!d !m 9
 poetic diction1 :i* ?us became (f5sive1
 because artificial--because a sup]add$ 
ornam5t1 & n ! natural expression (     
exalt$ passion or ! emotion :i*         
accompanies our passage beh9d ! veil4   
,repugnance to ?is artificiality misl$  
,wordswor? into ! celebrat$ ass]tion t  
betwe5 ! language ( prose & t ( metrical
 composition1 !re nei!r is1 nor c be1   
any ess5tial diff]5ce3 an ass]tion :i*1 
z prompt$ by a feel+ ( ! incompatibility
 ( poetic language ) prosaic ?\ght1 is  
really a witness to ! ess5tial anti!sis 
betwe5 poetry & prose4 ,v]se is simple1 
h>moni\s1 & unfamili>4 ,x is ?us ! fitt+

 organ = t en]gy ( ?\ght :i* simplifies 
! ph5om5a ( life by ref]r+ !m to a      
spiritual pr9ciple2 :i* bl5ds its %ift+ 
col\rs 9 ! light ( a ma/]-passion1 &    
passes f ! contradictory data ( ! common
 und]/&+ to ! unity ( a deep]           
consci\sness4 ,ev5 ! spirituali/        
philosoph]1 no less ?an ! poet1 w\ld h  
to speak 9 v]se1 if1 in/ead ( mak+      
/atem5ts1 he portray$3 if1 besides      
ass]t+ t all ?+s are to be se5 9 ,god1  
he s\ght to excite 9 ! read] ! emotion  
appropriate to ! sight4 ,prose is !     
oratio soluta4 ,x is complex1 irregul>1 
inh>moni\s4 ,x ?us corresponds to !     
natural or ph5om5al view ( life2 ! view 
( x1 t is1 9 its div]sity1 z qualifi$ 9 
innum]able modes by animal wants &      
app>5t accid5t1 & n h>monis$ by ! action
 ( ! _s4#af ,! noveli/ mu/ express      
himself 9 prose1 because ?is is 8 view (
 life3 & ?is mu/ be 8 view ( life1      
because he ?us expresses himself4 ,x is 
inde$ a view :i* may v>y accord+ to !   
circum/ances ( ! case1 b only )9 def9ite

 limits4 ,!re is an e>ne/ness ab\t "s ( 
our mod]n noveli/s1 ,miss ,bront =      
in/ance1 :i* w\ld h seem$ out ( place to
 ^? ( fifty ye>s ago2 b ?is is m]ely    
because ! life !y see ar\nd !m is m     
e>ne/4 ,x pres5ts to !m sc5es ( /]n]    
significance ?an 7 to be f\nd among !   
coquetry & dissipation ( ! fa%ionable _w
 or ! dull c\rtesies ( a c\ntry h\se4 ,b
 t !y d n transc5d ?is outw>d life we h 
"o crucial pro(4 ,j 9 s f> z ea* ( u    
le>ns to reg>d 8 own individual be+ f   
)91 & n f )\t1 does he disc>d dep5d5ce  
on happ9ess z aris+ f ext]nal           
circum/ances1 & becomes already 9 idea1 
z he t5ds to become 9 reality1 8 own _w 
& 8 own law4 ,no noveli/ atta9s to !    
ass]tion ( ?is spiritual pr]ogative4 ,z 
we foll[ 9 sympa?y ! /ory ( 8 h]o1 we   
f9d ourselves lift$ up & ca/ d[n z =tune
 *anges1 our life bright5+ z ! cl\ds    
break above1 & d>k5+ z !y close aga94   
,if ! au?or *ooses to disappo9t u ) a   
bad end+1 he leaves u1 n z we are left  
at ! conclusion ( a trag$y1 purifi$ f   

p]sonal desires1 b vex$ & sorr[ful1     
sadd] b n wis] m54  ,,footnotes3  #ae   
,humble & ru/ic life 0 g5]ally *os51    
because 9 t condition ! ess5tial        
passions ( ! he>t f9d a bett] soil 9 :i*
 !y c atta9 _! maturity1 are less "u    
re/ra9t1 & speak a pla9] & m emphatic   
language2 because 9 t condition ( life  
our elem5t>y feel+s co-exi/ 9 a /ate (  
great] simplicity1 &1 consequ5tly1 may  
be m accurately contemplat$1 & m =cibly 
communicat$4444 ,! language1 too1 ( ^!  
m5 has be5 adopt$ 7purifi$ inde$ f :at  
appe> to be its real defects1 f all la/+
 & rational causes ( dislike or disgu/71
 because su* m5 h\rly communicate ) !   
be/ objects f :i* ! be/ "p ( language is
 orig9ally d]iv$2 & because1 f _! rank 9
 society & ! sam5ess & n>r[ circle ( _! 
int]c\rse1 be+ less "u ! influ5ce (     
social vanity1 !y convey _! feel+s &    
notions 9 simple & unelaborat$          
expressions4 ,accord+ly1 su* a language 
aris+ out ( repeat$ exp]i5ce & regul>   
feel+1 is a m p]man5t1 & a f> m         

philosophical language1 ?an t :i* is    
frequ5tly sub/itut$ = x by ,poets1 :o   
?9k t !y are conf]r+ honor ^u !mselves &
 _! art 9 proportion z !y sep>ate       
!mselves f ! sympa?ies ( m51 & indulge 9
 arbitr>y & caprici\s habits (          
expression1 9 ord] to furni% food =     
fickle ta/es & fickle appetites ( _! own
 creation4--,wordswor?1 ,preface to !   
',lyrical ,ballads4'  #af ,on !         
relations ( prose & poetry1 see ,ald5's 
',an introduction to ,poetry1' pp4      
#bc-bh1 #abh-ach1 #afj-afd1 & ! ref]5ces
 !re giv54     ,h4 ,,! ,,novel ,,an     
,,incomplete ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,life   
#ai4 ,by ! m]e explanation ( ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 ! ideal & ! natural1 ! poetic &  
noveli/ic1 views ( ! _w1 we may seem to 
h already settl$ ! "q z to ! b5eficial  
effects ( ea*4 ,! "q1 be x obs]v$1 is n 
z to ! comp>ative influ5ce ( ! discipl9e
 ( art & t ( real life4 ,! man :o seeks 
8 entire culture 9 art ( any k9d w soon 
f9d ! old antagonism betwe5 speculation 
& action beg9 to appe>4 ,!re w be a     

*asm1 :i* he _c fill1 betwe5 8 life 9 ! 
closet & 8 life 9 ! _w2 8 impot5ce to   
c>ry 8 ?\ght into act w limit & weak5 ! 
?\ght itself4 ,b ?is ill result w       
equally ensue1 :e!r ! art 9 :i* he f9ds 
8 nurture be t ( ! noveli/ or t ( !     
poet4 ,! novel-read] sees human action  
pass be=e him l a panorama1 b he feels  
none ( its pa9s & p5alties2 8 fancy fe$s
 on its pleasures1 b he has n to face ! 
/ruggle ( resi/ance to pleasure1 or !   
suff]+ :i* foll[s on indulg5ce4 ,nor is 
x m]ely f t weakness ( effect :i*1 9 "o 
s5se1 mu/ always belong to repres5tation
 z oppos$ to reality1 t ! novel suff]s4 
,! repres5tation itself is incomplete4  
,! noveli/1 l e o!r arti/1 mu/ abridge &
 select4 ,= _m ( ! elem5ts ^: action    
builds up our human s\l1 !re is no place
 9 8 canvas4 ,a great "p ( ! discipl9e (
 life arises simply f its sl[ness4 ,!   
long ye>s ( pati5t wait+ & sil5t labor1 
! /ruggle ) li/lessness & pa91 ! loss ( 
"t by illness1 ! hope def]r$1 ! d\bt t  
lays hold on delay--^! are ! te/s ( t   

p]t9acity 9 man :i* is b a /ep bel[     
h]oism4 ,! exhibition ( !m 9 ! novel1   
h[ev]1 is prev5t$ by t rapidity (       
movem5t :i* is ess5tial to its          
fasc9ation2 & h5ce to "o ^: acqua9tance 
) life 0 d]iv$ simply f novels1 its ma9 
bus9ess w\ld be unkn[n4 ,!y are p]haps m
 br\ght home to u by ,defoe ?an by any  
o!r writ] ( fiction2 b ?is is due to t v
 defici5cy ( arti/ic p[] :i* makes 8    
agglom]ation ( details#ag su* heavy     
read+ to all b s*ool-boys4  ,,footnote3 
#ag ,mod]n criticism incl9es to ! view t
 ,defoe's agglom]ation ( details is !   
result ( high & consci\s art4 ,if       
',rob9son ,crusoe' 7 kept away f        
s*oolboys x w\ld d\btless be read       
pleasurably by adults4     ,i4 ,,prud5ce
 ,,! ,,noveli/',s ,,highe/ ,,morality   
#bj4 ,! novel1 !n1 z be+ a "w ( art1 mu/
 fail to tea* ! lesson ( life 9 its     
complet5ess3 z an inf]ior "w ( art1 x   
has peculi> weaknesses ( its own4 ,h[ev]
 ext5sive ! influ5ce ( ! lit]ature (    
fiction may h be51 its int5sity has be5 

9 inv]se proportion4 ,a great poem1 once
 made our own1 abides ) u = ev]4        
,amid ! fretful /ir      ,unpr(itable1 &
 ! fev] ( ! _w1#ah   ! _s1 return+ to x1
 may ga9 a fre% assurance ( its own     
bir?right1 & purify itself1 z 9 a riv] (
 ,le!1 = an ideal transition to its     
prop] home4 ,! novel1 itself ! reflex ( 
! fretful /ir unpr(itable1 c ex]cise no 
su* p[]4 ,x c b make u m at home 9 !    
region f :i* a great poem transports u4 
,! value ( t exp]i5ce ( ! _w1 :i* x is  
its object to imp>t1 is commonly ov]rat$
 9 our day4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* x is imp>t$ by
 ! noveli/1 we h p]haps _h too mu* ( x  
)\t 8 aid4 ,our ext]nal environm5t is q 
en\gh 9 our ?\ghts3 we are n too        
reluctant to admit t we are :at we seem 
to be1 dep5d5t = good or evil on        
circum/ances :i* we d n make =          
ourselves4 ,?is dep5d5ce is 9 itself1 no
 d\bt1 a fact2 b x ceases to be s = u :5
 we contemplate x 9 =getfulness ( t spr+
 ( pot5tial fre$om :i* und]lies x1 & ( !
 law ( duty correlative to fre$om4 ,to !

 exclusive consid]ation ( x we owe ^?   
pr(itless recipes = elicit+ moral heal? 
f circum/ances :i* are ! plague ( mod]n 
lit]ature1 & :i* "o ( our able/ writ]s  
has lately condesc5d$ to disp5se1 9 an  
essay on organisation 9 daily life4 ,?is
 circum/antial view ( life1 if we may   
use ! t]m1 be+ ! only "o t ! noveli/ c  
convey1 prud5ce is 8 highe/ morality4 ,b
 x may be d\bt$ :e!r prud5ce is :at any 
"o has great ne$ to le>n4 ,! pla9 man1  
:o front+ circum/ances boldly on ! "o   
h&1 looks rev]5tly to ! /]n face ( duty 
on ! o!r1 c disp5se ) its maxims4 ,= !  
moral valetud9>ian small b5efit is to be
 ga9$ f a doctor :o w        ,read ea*  
w\nd1 ea* weakness cle>1      ,w /rike 8
 f+] on ! place      ,& say1 ',?\ aile/ 
"h & "h'4#ai   ,x is f> bett] = him1    
in/ead ( por+ ov] a detail ( ! causes & 
symptoms ( ! disease :i* he hugs1 to be 
/imulat$ to an ef=t 9 :i*1 ?\gh x be b  
tempor>y1 ec/atic1 & = an end n actually
 atta9able1 he may at lea/ =get !       
disease altoge!r4 ,su* a /imulus a great

 poem may af=d him2 b 9 ! :ole expanse (
 novel-lit]ature he m]ely sees 8 own    
sickly exp]i5ce modifi$ 9 an inf9ite    
v>iety ( reflections1 till he fancies t 
! /range disease ( mod]n life is ! prop]
 con/itution ( ,god's univ]se4          
,,footnotes3  #ah                   ,:5 
! fretful /ir      ,unpr(itable1 & !    
fev] ( ! _w      ,h hung ^u ! beat+s (  
my he>t4                                
--,wordswor?1 ',t9t]n ,abbey4'  #ai     
,mat!w ,arnold's ',memorial ,v]ses1'    
l9es #bj-bb1 adapt$ to ! context4       
,j4 ,,evil ,,effects ,,( ,,novel-,,read+
   #ba4 ,novel-read+ ?us aggravates two 
( ! wor/ maladies ( mod]n times1        
self-consci\sness & want ( rev]5ce4 ,_m 
a man 9 ^! days1 in/ead ( do+ "s s\nd   
piece ( "w = mank9d1 sp5ds 8 "t 9       
expla9+ to himself :y x is t he does n d
 x1 & h[1 aft] all1 he is sup]ior to ^? 
:o d4 ,ev5 m5 ( a high] sort nev] seem  
to =get !mselves 9 _! "w4 ,our popul>   
writ]s g5]ally take ! read] into        
confid5ce z to _! private feel+s z !y g 

along2 our m5 ( action are burd5$ by a  
s5se ( _! reputation ) intellig5t       
circles4 ,no "o loses himself 9 a cause4
 ,sc>cely und]/&+ :at is meant by a     
div9e indiff]5ce z to ! fate (          
individual exi/5ces 9 ! evolution (     
,god's plan1 we we>y heav5 ) compla9ts t
 we f9d ! _w contr>y1 or t we _c satisfy
 ourselves ) a !ory ( life4 ,?us measur+
 ourselves by ourselves1 & comp>+       
ourselves among ourselves1 we are n     
wise4 ,! novel furni%es ! /&>d = !      
measurem5t1 & ! data = ! comp>ison4 ,x  
pres5ts u ) a s]ies ( fictiti\s         
exp]i5ces1 9 ! light ( :i* we read our  
own1 & become m critically consci\s (   
!m4 ,in/ead ( idealis+ life1 if we may s
 express ourselves1 x s5tim5talises x4  
,x does n subord9ate incid5ts to ideas2 
yet x does n treat !m simply z ph5om5a  
to excite curiosity1 b z mis=tunes or   
bless+s to excite s5tim5t4 ,! writ] ( ! 
,mill on ! ,floss rea*es almo/ ! tragic 
pit* t[>ds ! close ( h] book1 & if %e _h
 be5 cont5t to leave u ) ! dea? ( !     

h]o9e & h] bro!r#bj 9 ! flood1 we might 
h suppos$ t 9 ?is case1 z repres5t+ !   
annihilation ( human passion 9 ! /ruggle
 ) de/9y1 ! noveli/ _h inde$ atta9$ !   
ideal view ( life4 ,b ! noveli/ic in/9ct
 does n all[ h] to d s4 ,at ! conclusion
 we are %[n ! o!r *ief actors /&+1 )    
appropriate emotions1 ov] ! h]o9e's     
grave1 & ?us f9d t ! cata/rophe has n   
really be5 ! manife/ation ( an idea1 b  
an occasion ( s5tim5t4 ,! habitual      
novel-read]1 f ?us look+ s5tim5tally at 
! fictiti\s life :i* is ! reflex ( 8    
own1 soon comes to look s5tim5tally at  
himself4 ,he ?9ks 8 p]sonal joys &      
sorr[s ( int]e/ to angels & m52 & in/ead
 ( gaz+ ) awe & exultation ^u ! _w1 z a 
!atre = ! display ( ,god's glory & !    
unkn[n might ( man1 he sees 9 x m]ely an
 organism = affect+ himself ) pa9s &    
pleasures4 ,?us reg>d$1 x mu/ ne$s lose 
its claim on 8 rev]5ce1 = x is n>r[$ to 
! limits ( 8 own consci\sness4          
,conv]sant ) pres5t life 9 all its      
outw>d aspects1 he =gets ! inf9ite      

spaces :i* lie ar\nd & above x4 ,?is    
conf9em5t ( view1 :i* among ! m         
intellig5t appe>s m]ely z disbelief 9 ! 
possibilities ( man1 takes a m (f5sive  
=m 9 ! complac5t bl9dness ( ord9>y m9ds4
 ,we h no wi% to disp>age our own age 9 
comp>ison ) any t h prec$$ x4 ,"y m5 h  
always be5 ignorant1 & ignorance has    
always be5 conceit$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is
 diff]5ce4 ,! ignorant "y m5 ( pa/ "t1  
su* z ! five sons ( ,sir ,hildebr&      
,osbaldi/one1#ba knew t !y 7 ignorant1 b
 ?\ght x no %ame3 ! ignorant "y m5 ( our
 days1 ) ! miscellane\s k ( life :i* !y 
d]ive f ! popul> noveli/s1 fancy        
!mselves wis] ?an ! ag$4 ,:oev] be !    
philosoph]1 ! coxcomb n[adays w answ]   
him n m]ely ) a gr91 b ) a joke :i* he  
has /ill 9 lav5d] f ,dick5s or 8        
imitators4 ,! comic aspect ( life is    
inde$ pla9 en\gh to see1 nor is ! m]ely 
pa!tic mu* less obvi\s2 b !re is little 
good 9 look+ at ei!r4 ,x is f> easi] to 
laugh or to weep ?an to ?9k2 to give    
ei!r a ludicr\s or s5tim5tal turn to a  

great pr9ciple ( morals or religion ?an 
to ent] into its real mean+4 ,b ! vulg> 
read] ( our comic noveli/s1 :5 he has   
le>nt f !m a je/ or a s5tim5t = e       
occasion ( life1 fancies t no?+ m rema9s
 unse5 & unsaid4  ,,footnotes3  #bj     
,lov] 9 ! orig9al text ( ! essay4 ,!    
error does n mu* affect ! argum5t4  #ba 
,9 ,scott's ',rob ,roy4'     ,,iii4     
,,true ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,novel       
,a4 ,a ,,wid5] ,,( ,,exp]i5ce   #bb4 ,b 
!re is ano!r side to ?is "q :i* we mu/ n
 all[ ourselves to ov]look4 ,we h %[n   
:at ! novel _c d1 & its ill effect on ^?
 :o tru/ to x = _! culture4 ,we mu/ n   
=get t x has a prop] "w ( its own :i*1  
if mod]n progress be any?+ m ?an a      
euphemism1 mu/ be a "w = good4 ,lea/ (  
all %\ld x be depreciat$ by ! /ud5t1 :o 
may f9d 9 x deliv]ance f ! necess>y     
conf9em5t ( 8 actual life4 ,= !         
production ( poetic effect1 z we h se51 
l>ge ab/raction is necess>y4 ,x is ) man
 9 ! purity ( 8 inw>d be+1 ) nature 9   
its simple greatness1 t ! poet deals4 ,!

 glory :i* he ca/s on life is f> high]  
?an any :i* ! noveli/ kn[s1 b x is only 
on c]ta9 ( ! elem5ts ( life t x c be ca/
 at all4 ,! noveli/ works on a f> wid]  
field4 ,) *oice ( subject & situation he
 sc>cely ne$ tr\ble himself1 except 9   
reg>d to 8 own intellectual             
qualifications4 ,:]ev] human ?\ght is   
free1 & human "* c display itself1 :e!r 
9 ! s]vants' hall or ! draw+-room1 :e!r 
9 ! c\ntry mansion or ! back alley1 he  
may f9d 8 mat]ials4 ,he is ?us a great  
exp&] ( sympa?ies2 & if he _c help u to 
make ! _w our own by ! p[] ( ideas1 he  
at lea/ c>ries our ?\ght into _m a f>   
c\ntry ( human exp]i5ce1 :i* x c\ld n   
o!rwise h rea*$4 ,we he> mu* 9 ^! days (
 ! sacrifice ( ! individual to society  
?r\gh pr(essional limitations4 ,9 !     
progressive division ( labor1 :ile we   
become m useful z citiz5s1 we seem to   
lose our complet5ess z m54 ,!           
requirem5ts ( special /udy become m     
exact+1 at ! same "t t ! p]fect         
organisation ( mod]n society removes !  

excitem5t ( adv5ture & ! occasion =     
indep5d5t ef=t4 ,!re is less ( human    
int]e/ to t\* u )9 our call+1 & we h    
less leisure to seek x beyond4 ,h5ce x  
foll[s t "o :o has made ! mo/ ( 8       
pr(ession is apt to feel t he has n     
atta9$ 8 full /ature z a man2 t he has  
faculties :i* he c nev] use1 capacities 
= admiration & affection :i* c nev] meet
 ) an adequate object4 ,to ?is feel+1   
probably1 are ma9ly due our lam5tations 
ov] a pa/ age ( h]o-wor%ip & romance1 :5
 action 0 m decisive & passion a full]  
/ream4 ,its alleviation1 if n its rem$y1
 is to be f\nd 9 ! newspap] & ! novel4  
,e "o inde$ mu/ lay 9 8 own exp]i5ce !  
f\ndation ( ! imag9>y _w :i* he re>s =  
himself4 ,!re is a prim>y virtue :i* _c 
be taught4 ,no man c le>n f ano!r !     
mean+ ( human activity or !             
possibilities ( human emotion4 ,b ?is   
,greek3 p\ / be+ giv51 ev5 ! cloi/]$    
/ud5t may f9d t1 z 8 s\l passes into !  
/rife ( social =ces & ! complication (  
individual exp]i5ce1 :i* ! newspap] & ! 

novel sev]ally repres5t1 8 sympa?ies    
break f ! bondage ( 8 p]sonal situation 
& rea* to ! utmo/ conf9es ( human life4 
,! p]sonal exp]i5ce & ! fictiti\s act & 
react on ea* o!r1 ! p]sonal exp]i5ce    
giv+ reality to ! fictiti\s1 ! fictiti\s
 expansion to ! p]sonal4 ,he ne$ no     
long] envy ! man ( action & adv5ture1 or
 sigh = new regions ( ent]prise4 ,! _w  
is all be=e him4 ,he may explore its    
recesses )\t be+ di/urb$ by its         
passions2 & if ! end ( exp]i5ce be ! k (
 ,god's g>m5t1 z prelim9>y to t ( ,god  
,himself1 8 eye may be z well tra9$ = ! 
vision beatific1 z if he _h himself be5 
an actor 9 ! sc5es to :i* imag9ation    
transf]s him4     ,b4 ,,an ,,exp&] ,,(  
,,sympa?ies   #bc4 ,! noveli/ n only    
works on m v>i\s elem5ts1 he appeals to 
m ord9>y m9ds ?an ! poet4 ,?is inde$ is 
! /ronge/ practical pro( ( 8 ess5tial   
inf]iority z an arti/4 ,all :o are      
capable ( an int]e/ 9 incid5ts ( life   
:i* d n affect !mselves1 may feel ! same
 int]e/ m ke5ly 9 a novel2 b to ^? only 

:o c lift ! curta9 does a poem speak    
intelligibly4 ,x is ! tw(old *>act]i/ic1
 ( univ]sal intelligibility &           
indiscrim9ate adoption ( mat]ials1 t    
gives ! novel its place z ! great re=m] 
& levell] ( our "t4 ,re=m+ & levell+ are
 inde$ m closely alli$ ?an we are       
commonly dispos$ to admit4 ,social      
abuses are ne>ly always ! result (      
defective organisation4 ,! dem>cations (
 family1 ( t]ritory1 or ( class1 prev5t 
! prop] fusion ( p>ts into ! :ole4 ,! "w
 ( ! re=m] progresses z ! social =ce is 
br\ght to be> m & m fully on classes &  
individuals1 m]g+ di/9ctions ( privilege
 & position 9 ! "o social organism4 ,!  
novel is "o ( ! ma9 ag5cies ?r\gh :i*   
?is =ce acts4 ,x ga!rs up manifold      
exp]i5ces1 correspond+ to manifold      
situations ( life2 & subord9at+ ea* to !
 :ole1 gives to e p>ticul> situation a  
new "*1 z qualifi$ by all ! re/4 ,e good
 novel1 !re=e1 does some?+ to *eck :at  
may be call$ ! despotism ( situations2  
to prev5t t ossification into prejudices

 aris+ f situation1 to :i* all feel a   
t5d5cy4 ,! g5]al novel lit]ature ( any  
age may be reg>d$ z an ass]tion by      
mank9d at l>ge1 9 its !n developm5t1 (  
its claims1 z aga9/ ! influ5ce ( class &
 position2 :e!r t influ5ce appe> 9 ! =m 
( positive social inju/ice1 ( oppressive
 cu/om1 or simply ( defici5t sympa?y4   
#bd4 ,to be :at he is1 ! noveli/ mu/ be 
a man ) l>ge p[]s ( sympa!tic           
obs]vation4 ,he mu/ h an eye = !        
humanities :i* und]lie ! e/rang+ b>ri]s 
( social dem>cation1 & 9 relation to :i*
 ! influ5ce ( ^? b>ri]s c alone be      
rightly appreciat$4 ,we h already spok5 
( t acquiesc5ce 9 ! dom9ion (           
circum/ance1 to :i* we are all too ready
 to give way1 & :i* exclusive           
novel-read+ t5ds to fo/]4 ,!            
circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ^: rule we         
recognise1 are apt to be m]ely our own  
or ^? ( our class4 ,we are bl9d to o!r  
idola ?an ^? ( our own cave2 we d n     
und]/& t ! feel+s :i* betray u into     
indiscretions may1 :5 diff]5tly modifi$ 

by a diff]5t situation1 lead o!rs to    
game-/eal+ or trade-outrages4 ,f ?is    
n>r[ness ( view ! noveli/ may d mu* to  
deliv] u4 ,! v>iations ( feel+ & action 
) ^? ( circum/ance1 & ! ess5tial human  
id5tity :i* ^! v>iations _c t\*1 are 8  
special prov9ce4 ,he %[s u t crime does 
n always imply s91 t a social h]esy may 
be ! ass]tion ( a native "r1 t an (f5ce 
:i* leads to conv5tional outlawry may be
 m]ely ! rebellion ( a g5]\s nature     
aga9/ conv5tional tyranny4 ,?us1 if he  
does n d ev]y?+1 he does mu*4 ,?\gh he  
_c reveal to u ! inn] side ( life1 he at
 lea/ gives a m adequate conception (   
its surface4 ,?\gh he _c raise u to a   
po9t ( view f :i* circum/ances appe>    
subord9ate to spiritual laws1 he yet    
saves u f be+ bl9d$1 if n f be+         
influ5c$1 by ! circum/ances ( our own   
position4 ,?\gh he _c %[ ! prison]s !   
way ( escape f _! e>?ly conf9em5t1 yet  
by break+ d[n ! p>titions betwe5 ! cells
 he enables !m to comb9e _! /r5g? = a   
bett] arrangem5t ( ! prison-h\se4 ,! mo/

 w\nd+ social wrongs m (t5 arise f      
ignorance ?an f malice1 f acquiesc5ce 9 
! op9ion ( a class r ?an f delib]ate    
selfi%ness4 ,! ma/] _c ent] into !      
feel+s ( ! s]vant1 nor ! s]vant into ^? 
( 8 ma/]4 ,! ma/] _c und]/& h[ any good 
quality c lead "o to =get 8 /ation2 to !
 s]vant ! _s ( managem5t 9 ! ma/] seems 
m]e driv+4 ,?is is only a sample ( :at  
is go+ on all society ov]4 ,! relation  
betwe5 ! high] & l[] classes becomes    
irritat+1 & !re=e injuri\s1 n f any     
consci\s unfairness on ei!r side1 b     
simply f ! want ( a common und]/&+2 :ile
 at ! same "t e class suff]s )9 its own 
limits f ! preval5ce ( habits & ideas1  
"u ! au?ority ( class-conv5tion1 :i*    
c\ld n long ma9ta9 !mselves if once     
plac$ 9 ! light ( g5]al op9ion4 ,aga9/  
?is tw(old oppression1 ! novel1 f its   
fir/ e/abli%m5t z a sub/antive bran* (  
lit]ature1 has made vigor\s w>4 ,f      
,defoe to ,k+sley its hi/ory boa/s ( a  
noble army ( social re=m]s2 yet ! "w :i*
 ^! writ]s h a*iev$ has _h little to d )

 ! morals--commonly valueless1 if n     
false & s5tim5tal--:i* !y h sev]ally    
believ$ !mselves to convey4 ,defoe's    
notion ( a moral seems to h be5 ! vulg> 
"o t vice mu/ be palpably puni%$ &      
virtue rew>d$2 he recomm5ds 8 ,moll     
,fl&]s to ! read] on ! gr\nd t !re is n 
a wick$ action 9 any "p ( x b is fir/ or
 la/ r5d]$ unhappy &#bb un=tunate4 ,!   
moral ( ,field+'s novels1 if moral x c  
be call$1 is simply ! importance ( t    
prud5ce :i* 8 h]oes might h disp5s$ )1 b
 = ! wildness ( _! animal lic5se4 ,yet  
bo? ,defoe & ,field+ _h a real lesson to
 tea* mank9d4 ,! ?ieves & h>lots :om    
,defoe prides himself on puni%+1 b ^:   
adv5tures he describes ) ! m9ut5ess (   
affection1 are :at we ourselves might h 
be52 & 9 _! hi/ories we he>1 if n !     
music1 yet ! h>% & grat+ cry ( suff]+   
humanity4 ,field+'s m]it is ( ! same    
k9d2 b ! sympa?ies :i* he excites are m 
g5]al1 z 8 sc5es are m v>i$1 ?an ^? (   
,defoe4 ,8 co>s5ess is ev]y:]e r$eem$ by
 a g5u9e feel+ = ! contumeli\s buffets  

to :i* weakness is expos$4 ,he has !    
practical insight ( ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay1 
)\t _! infusion ( s5tim5t4 ,he does n   
moralise ov] ! contra/ betwe5 ! ri*     
man's law & ! poor man's1 ov] !         
indiff]5ce ( rural ju/ice1 ov] ! ly+ &  
adult]y ( fa%ionable life4 ,he simply   
makes u see ! facts1 :i* are ev]y:]e "u 
our eyes1 b too close to u = disc]nm5t4 
,he %[s society :]e its sores lie1      
appeal+ f ! judgm5t ( ! diseas$ class   
itself to t public intellig5ce :i*1 9   
spite ( ! cynic's sne] on ! task (      
produc+ an hone/y f ! comb9$ action (   
knaves1 has really p[] to ov]-ride      
private selfi%ness4 ,! same s]mon has   
f\nd _m prea*]s s9ce1 ! unconsci\s      
mission>ies be+ p]haps ! greate/4 ,scott
 0 a ,tory ( ! pure/ wat]4 ,8 m9d 0 busy
 ) ! revival ( a pseudo-feudalism3 no   
?\ght ( re=m+ abuses probably ev] ent]$ 
x4 ,yet 8 g5ial human insight made him a
 re=m] aga9/ 8 w4 ,he :o makes man bett]
 kn[n to man takes ! fir/ /eps t[>d     
heal+ ! w\nds :i* man inflicts on man4  

,! p]man5t value ( ,scott's novels lies 
9 8 pictures ( ! ,scot* peasantry4 ,he  
popul>is$ ! "w :i* ! ,lake poets _h     
begun1 ( re-op5+ ! prim>y spr+s ( human 
passion4 ,love he _h f\nd 9 huts :]e    
poor m5 lie1 & he ann\nc$ ! discov]y2   
tea*+ ! _w ( ,engli% g5try :at = a      
c5tury & a half !y _h seem$ to =get1 t !
 human s\l1 9 its /r5g? no less ?an 9   
its weakness1 is indep5d5t ( !          
accessories ( =tune4 ,he left no equals1
 b ! comb9$ =ce ( 8 successors has be5  
con/antly gr[+ 9 practical effect4 ,!y h
 probably done m ?an ! j\rnali/s to     
produce t improvem5t 9 ! organisation ( 
mod]n life :i* leads to ! notion t1     
because social grievances are less      
obvi\s1 !y h ceas$ to exi/4 ,! noveli/  
cat*es ! cry ( suff]+ be=e x has obta9$ 
! /r5g?1 or g5]al recognition1 :i* are  
pre-suppos$ :5 ! newspap] becomes its   
m\?piece4 ,! mis]ies ( ! m>riage-m>ket  
_h be5 told by ,?ack]ay1 ) almo/        
we>isome it]ation1 _m ye>s be=e !y f\nd 
utt]ance 9 ! columns ( ! ,times4        

,,footnote3  #bb ,or 9 ,gre5's text4    
,c4 ,a ,,creator ,,( ,,public ,,s5tim5t 
#be4 ,x may inde$ be truly said t1 aft] 
all1 human selfi%ness is mu* ! same z x 
ev] 02 t luxury /ill dr[ns sympa?y2 t   
ri*es & pov]ty h /ill _! old e/rang+    
influ5ce4 ,! novel1 z has be5 %[n1 _c   
give a new bir? to ! _s1 or initiate !  
ef=t to transc5d ! sep>ations ( place & 
circum/ance2 b x is no small ?+ t x %\ld
 remove ! b>ri]s ( ignorance & antipa?y 
:i* w\ld o!rwise r5d] ! ef=t unavail+4  
,x at lea/ br+s man ne>] to 8 neighbor1 
& enables ea* class to see itself z o!rs
 see x4 ,& f ! fusion ( op9ions &       
sympa?ies ?us produc$1 a g5]al s5tim5t  
is elicit$1 to :i* oppression ( any k9d1
 :e!r ( "o class by ano!r1 or (         
individuals by ! tyranny ( sect>ian     
cu/om1 seldom appeals 9 va94     ,d4 ,a 
,,levell] ,,( ,,intellects   #bf4 ,!    
noveli/ is a levell] also 9 ano!r s5se  
?an t ( :i* we h already spok54 ,he     
helps to level intellects z well z      
situations4 ,he supplies a k9d ( lit]>y 

food :i* ! weake/ natures c assimilate z
 well z ! /ronge/1 & by ! consumption ( 
:i* ! =m] sort lose mu* ( _! weakness & 
! latt] mu* ( _! /r5g?4 ,:ile m9ds ( !  
l[] ord] acquire f novel-read+ a        
cultivation :i* !y previ\sly lack$1 !   
high] seem proportionately to s9k4 ,!y  
lose t aspir+ pride :i* arises f ! s5se 
( walk+ 9 intellect on ! necks ( a      
subject cr[d2 !y no long] feel ! brac+  
influ5ce ( liv+ solely among ! highe/   
=ms ( art2 !y become con=m$ ins5sibly1  
to ! g5]al op9ion :i* ! new lit]ature ( 
! p creates4 ,a simil> *ange is go+ on 9
 e dep>tm5t ( man's activity4 ,! hi/ory 
( ?\ght 9 its arti/ic =m is p>allel to  
its hi/ory 9 its o!r manife/ations4 ,!  
_s desc5ds1 t x may rise aga92 x        
p5etrates m & m widely into matt]1 t x  
may make ! _w m completely its own4     
,political life seems no long]          
attractive1 n[ t political ideas & p[]  
are dissem9at$ among ! mass1 & ! reason 
is recognis$ z belong+ n to a rul+ ca/e 
m]ely1 b to all4 ,a /atesman 9 a        

political society re/+ on a sub/ratum ( 
slav]y1 & admitt+ no limits to ! prov9ce
 ( gov]nm5t1 0 a v diff]5t p]son f !    
mod]n s]vant ( a nation ( %opkeep]s1 ^: 
be/ "w is to save ! pockets ( ! poor4 ,x
 w\ld seem z if man lo/ 8 nobl5ess :5 he
 ceas$ to gov]n1 & z if ! equal rule (  
all 0 equival5t to ! rule ( none4 ,yet  
we hold fa/ to ! fai? t ! cultivation ( 
! masses1 :i* has = ! pres5t sup]s$$ !  
developm5t ( ! individual1 w 9 its      
maturity produce "s high] type ev5 (    
individual manhood ?an any :i* ! old _w 
has kn[n4 ,we may re/ on ! same fai? 9  
trac+ ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,9 ! novel  
we mu/ admit t ! creative faculty has   
tak5 a l[] =m ?an x held 9 ! epic & !   
trag$y4 ,b s9ce 9 ?is =m x acts on m    
ext5sive mat]ial & rea*es m m51 we may  
well believe t ?is tempor>y decl5sion is
 prep>atory to "s high] developm5t1 :5 !
 poet %all idealise life )\t mak+       
ab/raction ( any ( its elem5ts1 & :5 !  
secret ( exi/5ce1 :i* he n[ speaks to ! 
inw>d e> ( a few1 may be proclaim$ on ! 

h\se-tops to ! common intellig5ce (     
mank9d4     ,,app5dix     ,a4 ,,an      
,,appreciation ,,( ,,gre5',s ,,essay    
,x is int]e/+ to see h[ ! lead+ ideas 9 
8 ,gre5's m9d gov]n$ ! treatm5t ( an    
app>5tly ali5 mat]ial 9 8 la/ piece (   
academic "w1 ! essay on novels1 :i* ga9$
 ! ,*ancellor's prize 9 #ahfb4 ,! essay 
has also ! additional int]e/ ( be+ almo/
 ! only record ( 8 views on art & its   
relation to life4 ,! fundam5tal         
conception ^u :i* x is bas$ is "o ) :i* 
we h already met4 ,! _w 9 its tru? is a 
unity1 gov]n$ by a s+le law1 animat$ by 
an undivid$ life1 a :ole 9 e "p4 ,b to  
human appreh5sion x is fragm5t>y &      
me*anical1 a *aos ( elem5ts ( :i* ea* is
 ext]nal to ! o!r & all are ext]nal to  
our m9ds1 & 9 :i* *ance temp]$ by       
famili>ity seems to be ! only law4 ,to  
exceptional m51 or at exceptional crises
 9 life1 9 ! mom5ts ( int5se insight or 
emotion :i* philosophy calls k &        
religion fai?1 ! weight ( cu/om falls   
away1 ! tru? breaks ?r\gh ! veil1 & !   

mo/ trivial object or accid5t comes to  
reflect 9 itself ! :ole sy/em ( nature  
or ! :ole provid5ce ( ,god4 ,at su*     
mom5ts man realises t 9 ord] to live he 
mu/ die1 t 9 ord] to be free he mu/     
obey1 & t only by surr5d]+ 8 fanci$     
indep5d5ce c he ent] into ! div9e unity4
 ,to ?is lib]ation ( ! self f its own   
bondage art contributes its %>e4 ,!     
poetic g5ius1 l ! speculative & !       
religi\s1 p5etrates ! monoton\s disord] 
( ev]yday life1 & lays b>e ! impassion$ 
expression :i* is !re = ^? :o c read x4 
,! dramati/1 = in/ance1 ) :om ! noveli/ 
is "h comp>$1 %[s u "s elem5tal =ce (   
humanity1 /ripp$ ( ! accid5ts ( "t &    
place1 work+ itself out 9 free conflict 
) o!r =ces1 & f9ally break+ itself aga9/
 ! et]nal fact t no man c ga9 ! _w )\t  
fir/ los+ himself4 ,x is ?is cata/rophe 
:i* makes ! real trag$y ( life2 x is ?is
 :i* ! tragic poet has ! eye to see & ! 
words to portray2 & 9 proportion z we c 
foll[ him 9 imag9ation1 we come away f !
 spectacle ) our own he>ts brok5 &      

purg$1 b /r5g!n$ to face ! fact & obey !
 law4 ,! noveli/ does ) inf]ior means1 &
 = m9ds at a l[] level1 :at ! dramati/  
may d = a m9d at its highe/4 ,he        
idealises en\gh to make u feel pleasure 
or pa91 n en\gh to make u =get          
ourselves4 ,he excites curiosity or     
susp5se1 n awe or hope4 ,if ! novel ends
 well1 x flatt]s our complac5cy ) !     
feel+ t ! _w z x is is n su* a bad place
 aft] all2 if x ends badly1 x /r5g!ns ! 
indol5t conviction t aimless mis]y is ! 
law ( ! univ]se4 ,!re are h[ev] two ways
 9 :i* novels may be ( real s]vice &    
value4 ,if !y _c tea* m5 h[ to live1 !y 
may1 ?r\gh ! wide range ( _! subjects1  
enable ^? :o h already f\nd a pr9ciple (
 life to give x a fre] application ?an  
_! limit$ circum/ances w\ld o!rwise     
all[2 ! fictiti\s exp]i5ce may give     
expansion to ! p]sonal1 :ile ! p]sonal  
gives reality to ! fictiti\s1 & ?us may 
be mitigat$ t sacrifice ( ! individual  
to society :i* ! mod]n division ( labor 
t5ds to br+ ab\t4 ,& secondly1 by       

appeal+ to su* v>i\s classes &          
capacities1 & exhibit+ ! id5tity ( human
 nature "u su* v>i\s circum/ances1      
novels supply a vehicle ?r\gh :i* ! =ce 
( public op9ion may "w1 fus+ diff]5ces1 
break+ d[n prejudices1 & *eck+ !        
despotism ( situations4 ,! essay        
concludes *>act]i/ically ) ! refusal to 
believe t democracy is necess>ily       
unpoetic4 ,z we hold fa/ to ! fai? t !  
'cultivation ( ! masses1' :i* has = !   
pres5t sup]s$$ ! developm5t ( !         
individual1 w 9 its maturity produce "s 
high] type ( individual manhood ?an any 
:i* ! old _w has kn[n1 s1 ?\gh 9 ! novel
 ! creative faculty has tak5 a l[] =m   
?an x held 9 ! epic & ! trag$y1 we may  
well believe t ?is tempor>y decl5sion is
 prep>atory to "s high] developm5t1 :5 !
 poet %all idealise life )\t mak+       
ab/raction ( any ( its elem5ts1 & :5 !  
secret ( exi/5ce1 :i* he n[ speaks to ! 
inw>d e> ( a few1 may be proclaim$ on ! 
h\setops to ! common intellig5ce (      
mank9d4  ,read]s ( ! essay :o are also  

novel-read]s w be incl9$ to say t !     
writ] 0 n mu* 9 sympa?y ) 8 subject2 &  
he himself1 on gett+ ! prize1 rem>ks t x
 is curi\s t ,i %\ld h be5 successful 9 
an essay on novels1 ab\t :i* ,i "k & c>e
 little1 & %\ld h fail$ 9 bo? my ef=ts 9
 !ology1 = :i* ,i c>e consid]ably4 ,at !
 same "t x is probably true1 z he once  
said1 t he _h read m novels ?an 8 fri5ds
 gave him cr$it =1 & x is c]ta9ly true t
 :at 8 read+ lack$ 9 ext5t x made up 9  
int5sity4 ,z might be suppos$1 8 ta/e 9 
fiction 0 = =cible del9eation & robu/   
humor4 ,! flavor ( /rong1 heal?y        
individuality 0 :at attract$ him2 =     
r>ities1 niceties1 & abnormalities (    
m5tal organisation he c>$ no?+4 ,he lik$
 ?+s :i* he c\ld take hold ( ) 8 m9d1 n 
?+s :i* m]ely gave him s5sations1       
pleasant or pa9ful4 ,bo? 9 8 deepe/ & 8 
lighte/ moods he 0 absolutely simple &  
above bo>d1 & ?is simplicity made him   
ke5ly alive to ! proximity ( ! sublime  
to ! ridicul\s or ! exquisite to !      
grotesque4 ,?\gh he _h little ( ! animal

 9 him1 & 0 nev] tr\bl$ by 8 appetites1 
he 0 q free f prud]y4 ,if obsc5ity mov$ 
him at all1 x 0 to frank laught] or to  
grim contempt2 he nev] dwelt ^u x1 ei!r 
9 ! way ( enjoym5t or loa?+4 ,= rules ( 
ascetic discipl9e1 says a fri5d1 he _h  
no ne$4 ,! view ( life sugge/$ by s mu* 
( ! be/ ,fr5* lit]ature1 t ?9k+ m5 are  
g5]ally 9 a practical dilemma betwe5 !  
extremes ( s5sual excess & ( spiritual  
exaltation1 did n comm5d itself to him 9
 ! lea/4 ,! only =ms ( art to :i* he 0  
ke5ly susceptible 7 ^? ( oratory &      
poetry4 ,he _h no e> = music1 ?\gh he   
seem$ to get a c]ta9 exaltation f li/5+ 
to x4 ,9 reg>d to pa9t+ & sculpture he  
always pr(ess$ himself incompet5t1 b he 
0 n )\t decid$ ta/es4 ,on 8 fir/ visit  
to ! ,cont95t he 0 m attract$ by        
,rembr&t1 ,holbe91 & ,dr] ?an by !      
,italians2 ^! m51 he said1 grasp$ ! idea
 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,( ,dur]'s f\r sa9ts at 
,muni* he writes1 ,i c\ld contemplate !m
 ) int]e/ = h\rs2 he has contriv$ to    
give ,/4 ,john an almo/ p]fect          

expression ( 'div9e philosophy'4 ,9 lat]
 ye>s :5 he w5t to ,italy he sp5t a good
 deal ( "t 9 look+ at e>ly ,italian     
pictures1 & admitt$ t !y w\ld soon h got
 a great hold ^u him4 ,b on ! :ole 8    
attitude to ! arts 7exclud+ ^? (        
language7 0 "o ( def]5tial ignorance4   
,he _h n himself any arti/ic gifts2 he  
did n ev5 write v]ses4 ,yet to 8 fri5ds1
 z "o ( !m says1 he nev] repres5t$ !    
prose ( exi/5ce4 ,) all 8 gravity1 ) all
 8 firm grip on fact & mat]ial int]e/s1 
he _h ! en?usia/ic movem5t ( ! _w's     
poetry 9 him4--,f ! ,memoir by ,r4 ,l4  
,nettle%ip1 ,gre5's ',works1' ,vol4 #c1 
pp4 xxx-xxxiii4     ,b4 ,,hegel ,,on ,,!
 ,,novel   ,among ! mongrel =ms ( epic  
%\ld be includ$ ! half descriptive1 half
 lyric poems :i* 7 popul> among !       
,engli%1 deal+ *iefly ) nature1 !       
seasons ( ! ye>1 etc4 ,!re belong also  
to ?is division num]\s didactic poems 9 
:i* a prosaic cont5t is dress$ up 9     
poetic =m1 su* z comp5diums ( physics1  
a/ronomy1 & m$ic9e1 & treatises on *ess1

 fi%+1 hunt+1 & ! conduct ( life4 ,poems
 ( ?is sort 7 mo/ artfully elaborat$ by 
! lat] ,greeks1 by ! ,romans1 &1 9 mod]n
 times1 especially by ! ,fr5*4 ,despite 
_! g5]al epic tone1 !y l5d !mselves     
readily to lyric treatm5t4  ,m poetical1
 b /ill )\t ! *>act]i/ics necess>y =    
def9ite classification1 are romances &  
ballads4 ,be+ epic 9 cont5t b lyric 9   
treatm5t1 ^! products ( ! ,middle ,ages 
& ( mod]n times may be assign$ to ei!r  
class indiff]5tly4  ,! case ( ! novel1 !
 mod]n popul> epic1 is v diff]5t4 ,"h we
 f9d ! same weal? & v>iety ( int]e/s1   
circum/ances1 *>act]s1 & human          
relation%ips1 ! same _w-backgr\nd1 & !  
same h&l+ ( ev5ts1 t *>act]ize ! true   
epic4 ,b !re is lack+ to x ! primitive  
poetic /ate ( ! _w1 9 :i* ! true epic   
took its rise4 ,! novel1 9 ! mod]n      
acceptation ( ! t]m1 presupposes a      
prosaically ord]$ reality4 ,b work+ f ! 
basis ( ?is reality1 & mov+ )9 its own  
circle1 ! novel1 bo? z reg>ds           
picturesqu5ess ( incid5t & z reg>ds     

*>act]s & _! fate1 retrieves = poetry 7s
 f> z ! above presupposition p]mits7 h] 
lo/ pr]ogatives4#bc  ,?us x happ5s t !  
/ruggle betwe5 ! poetry ( ! he>t & !    
oppos+ prose ( outw>d circum/ances is = 
! novel "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ suitable  
conflicts4 ,?is /ruggle may end         
comically1 or tragically1 or 9 a        
reconciliation ( ! oppos+ =ces4 ,9 ! la/
 case ! *>act]s :o at fir/ oppose !     
ord9>y _w-ord] may1 by le>n+ to         
recognize ! true & abid+ elem5ts 9 x1   
become reconcil$ to ! exi/+             
circum/ances1 & take an active "p 9 !m2 
or1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may /rip (f !       
prosaic hull f de$ & accompli%m5t1 & ?us
 put 9 ! place ( ! orig9al prose a      
reality :i* is on intimate & fri5dly    
t]ms ) beauty & art4  ,z f> z ! range ( 
repres5tation is conc]n$1 ! true novel1 
l ! epic1 requires a complete _w & a    
complete view ( life1 ! _m-sid$ mat]ials
 & relation%ips ( :i* exhibit !mselves 9
 ! p>ticul> action t is ! nucleus ( !   
:ole4 ,z to details ( conception &      

developm5t1 h[ev]1 ! au?or mu/ be all[$ 
great lib]ty1 = x is difficult to br+ ! 
prose ( real life into ! repres5tation  
)\t /ick+ fa/ 9 ! prosaic &             
commonplace4--,hegel1 ',ae/hetik4' #c4  
,?l41 ,kap4 ,,iii4 ,abt4 #c41 ,s4       
#cid-cif4  ,,footnote3  #bc ,9 simpl]   
t]ms3 ,! novel1 be+ a =m ( epic1 %\ld h 
all ! *>act]i/ics ( poetry4 ,b ?is is   
impossible because x is compell$ to "w 9
 ! humble field ( prose4 ,nev]!less1 by 
a skilful use ( description1 n>ration1 &
 dramatic situation1 x causes a poetic  
oasis to spr+ up 9 ! des]t ( prose1 & s 
w9s back "s ( its poetical rights4